id sid tid token lemma pos 43431 1 1 CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE NNP 43431 1 2 BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL NNP 43431 1 3 SERIES SERIES NNP 43431 1 4 . . . 43431 2 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 2 2 EDITOR:--ARTHUR editor:--arthur CD 43431 2 3 E. E. NNP 43431 2 4 SHIPLEY SHIPLEY NNP 43431 2 5 , , , 43431 2 6 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 3 1 FELLOW FELLOW NNP 43431 3 2 AND and CC 43431 3 3 TUTOR TUTOR NNP 43431 3 4 OF of IN 43431 3 5 CHRIST CHRIST NNP 43431 3 6 'S 'S NNP 43431 3 7 COLLEGE COLLEGE NNP 43431 3 8 , , , 43431 3 9 CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE NNP 43431 3 10 . . . 43431 4 1 THE the DT 43431 4 2 VERTEBRATE vertebrate NN 43431 4 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 4 4 . . . 43431 5 1 London London NNP 43431 5 2 : : : 43431 5 3 C.J. C.J. NNP 43431 6 1 CLAY CLAY NNP 43431 6 2 AND and CC 43431 6 3 SONS son NNS 43431 6 4 , , , 43431 6 5 CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE NNP 43431 6 6 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY NNP 43431 6 7 PRESS PRESS NNP 43431 6 8 WAREHOUSE WAREHOUSE JJR 43431 6 9 , , , 43431 6 10 AVE AVE NNP 43431 6 11 MARIA MARIA NNP 43431 6 12 LANE LANE NNP 43431 6 13 , , , 43431 6 14 AND and CC 43431 6 15 H.K. H.K. NNP 43431 7 1 LEWIS LEWIS NNP 43431 7 2 , , , 43431 7 3 136 136 CD 43431 7 4 , , , 43431 7 5 GOWER GOWER NNP 43431 7 6 STREET STREET NNP 43431 7 7 , , , 43431 7 8 W.C. W.C. NNP 43431 7 9 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7 10 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7 12 Glasgow Glasgow NNP 43431 7 13 : : : 43431 7 14 50 50 CD 43431 7 15 , , , 43431 7 16 WELLINGTON WELLINGTON NNP 43431 7 17 STREET STREET NNP 43431 7 18 . . . 43431 8 1 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 43431 8 2 : : : 43431 8 3 F.A. F.A. NNP 43431 9 1 BROCKHAUS BROCKHAUS NNP 43431 9 2 . . . 43431 10 1 New New NNP 43431 10 2 York York NNP 43431 10 3 : : : 43431 10 4 THE the DT 43431 10 5 MACMILLAN MACMILLAN NNP 43431 10 6 COMPANY COMPANY NNP 43431 10 7 . . . 43431 11 1 Bombay Bombay NNP 43431 11 2 and and CC 43431 11 3 Calcutta Calcutta NNP 43431 11 4 : : : 43431 11 5 MACMILLAN MACMILLAN NNP 43431 11 6 AND and CC 43431 11 7 CO CO NNP 43431 11 8 . . NNP 43431 11 9 , , , 43431 11 10 LTD LTD NNP 43431 11 11 . . . 43431 11 12 [ [ -LRB- 43431 11 13 _ _ NNP 43431 11 14 All all DT 43431 11 15 Rights Rights NNPS 43431 11 16 reserved reserve VBD 43431 11 17 . . . 43431 11 18 _ _ NNP 43431 11 19 ] ] -RRB- 43431 11 20 THE the DT 43431 11 21 VERTEBRATE vertebrate NN 43431 11 22 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 11 23 BY by IN 43431 11 24 SIDNEY SIDNEY NNP 43431 11 25 H. H. NNP 43431 11 26 REYNOLDS REYNOLDS NNP 43431 11 27 , , , 43431 11 28 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 11 29 , , , 43431 11 30 TRINITY TRINITY NNP 43431 11 31 COLLEGE COLLEGE NNP 43431 11 32 , , , 43431 11 33 CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE NNP 43431 11 34 ; ; : 43431 11 35 LECTURER LECTURER NNP 43431 11 36 AND and CC 43431 11 37 DEMONSTRATOR DEMONSTRATOR NNP 43431 11 38 IN in IN 43431 11 39 GEOLOGY GEOLOGY NNP 43431 11 40 AND and CC 43431 11 41 ZOOLOGY ZOOLOGY NNP 43431 11 42 AT AT NNP 43431 11 43 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY NNP 43431 11 44 COLLEGE COLLEGE NNP 43431 11 45 , , , 43431 11 46 BRISTOL BRISTOL NNP 43431 11 47 . . . 43431 12 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 43431 12 2 : : : 43431 12 3 AT at IN 43431 12 4 THE the DT 43431 12 5 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY NNP 43431 12 6 PRESS PRESS NNP 43431 12 7 . . . 43431 13 1 1897 1897 CD 43431 13 2 [ [ -LRB- 43431 13 3 _ _ NNP 43431 13 4 All all DT 43431 13 5 Rights Rights NNPS 43431 13 6 reserved reserve VBD 43431 13 7 . . . 43431 13 8 _ _ NNP 43431 13 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 13 10 = = SYM 43431 13 11 Cambridge= Cambridge= NNP 43431 13 12 : : : 43431 13 13 PRINTED PRINTED NNP 43431 13 14 BY by IN 43431 13 15 J. J. NNP 43431 14 1 & & CC 43431 14 2 C.F. C.F. NNP 43431 15 1 CLAY CLAY NNP 43431 15 2 , , , 43431 15 3 AT AT NNP 43431 15 4 THE the DT 43431 15 5 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY NNP 43431 15 6 PRESS PRESS NNP 43431 15 7 . . . 43431 16 1 PREFACE PREFACE NNP 43431 16 2 . . . 43431 17 1 IN in IN 43431 17 2 the the DT 43431 17 3 following follow VBG 43431 17 4 pages page NNS 43431 17 5 the the DT 43431 17 6 term term NN 43431 17 7 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 17 8 is be VBZ 43431 17 9 used use VBN 43431 17 10 in in IN 43431 17 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 17 12 widest wide JJS 43431 17 13 sense sense NN 43431 17 14 , , , 43431 17 15 so so IN 43431 17 16 as as IN 43431 17 17 to to TO 43431 17 18 include include VB 43431 17 19 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 17 20 or or CC 43431 17 21 tegumentary tegumentary JJ 43431 17 22 structures structure NNS 43431 17 23 , , , 43431 17 24 as as RB 43431 17 25 well well RB 43431 17 26 as as IN 43431 17 27 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 17 28 structures structure NNS 43431 17 29 . . . 43431 18 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 18 2 was be VBD 43431 18 3 thought think VBN 43431 18 4 advisable advisable JJ 43431 18 5 to to TO 43431 18 6 include include VB 43431 18 7 some some DT 43431 18 8 account account NN 43431 18 9 of of IN 43431 18 10 the the DT 43431 18 11 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 18 12 of of IN 43431 18 13 the the DT 43431 18 14 lowest low JJS 43431 18 15 Chordata Chordata NNP 43431 18 16 -- -- : 43431 18 17 animals animal NNS 43431 18 18 which which WDT 43431 18 19 are be VBP 43431 18 20 not not RB 43431 18 21 strictly strictly RB 43431 18 22 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 18 23 , , , 43431 18 24 but but CC 43431 18 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 18 26 seemed seem VBD 43431 18 27 undesirable undesirable JJ 43431 18 28 to to TO 43431 18 29 alter alter VB 43431 18 30 the the DT 43431 18 31 title title NN 43431 18 32 of of IN 43431 18 33 the the DT 43431 18 34 book book NN 43431 18 35 in in IN 43431 18 36 consequence consequence NN 43431 18 37 . . . 43431 19 1 The the DT 43431 19 2 plan plan NN 43431 19 3 adopted adopt VBN 43431 19 4 in in IN 43431 19 5 the the DT 43431 19 6 treatment treatment NN 43431 19 7 of of IN 43431 19 8 each each DT 43431 19 9 group group NN 43431 19 10 has have VBZ 43431 19 11 been be VBN 43431 19 12 to to TO 43431 19 13 give give VB 43431 19 14 first first RB 43431 19 15 an an DT 43431 19 16 account account NN 43431 19 17 of of IN 43431 19 18 the the DT 43431 19 19 general general JJ 43431 19 20 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 19 21 characters character NNS 43431 19 22 of of IN 43431 19 23 the the DT 43431 19 24 group group NN 43431 19 25 in in IN 43431 19 26 question question NN 43431 19 27 and and CC 43431 19 28 of of IN 43431 19 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 19 30 several several JJ 43431 19 31 subdivisions subdivision NNS 43431 19 32 ; ; : 43431 19 33 secondly secondly RB 43431 19 34 to to TO 43431 19 35 describe describe VB 43431 19 36 in in IN 43431 19 37 detail detail NN 43431 19 38 the the DT 43431 19 39 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 19 40 of of IN 43431 19 41 one one CD 43431 19 42 or or CC 43431 19 43 more more JJR 43431 19 44 selected select VBN 43431 19 45 types type NNS 43431 19 46 ; ; : 43431 19 47 and and CC 43431 19 48 thirdly thirdly RB 43431 19 49 to to TO 43431 19 50 treat treat VB 43431 19 51 the the DT 43431 19 52 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 19 53 as as IN 43431 19 54 developed develop VBN 43431 19 55 in in IN 43431 19 56 the the DT 43431 19 57 group group NN 43431 19 58 organ organ NN 43431 19 59 by by IN 43431 19 60 organ organ NNP 43431 19 61 . . . 43431 20 1 A a DT 43431 20 2 beginner beginner NN 43431 20 3 is be VBZ 43431 20 4 advised advise VBN 43431 20 5 to to TO 43431 20 6 commence commence VB 43431 20 7 , , , 43431 20 8 not not RB 43431 20 9 with with IN 43431 20 10 the the DT 43431 20 11 introductory introductory JJ 43431 20 12 chapter chapter NN 43431 20 13 , , , 43431 20 14 but but CC 43431 20 15 with with IN 43431 20 16 the the DT 43431 20 17 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 20 18 of of IN 43431 20 19 the the DT 43431 20 20 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 20 21 , , , 43431 20 22 then then RB 43431 20 23 to to TO 43431 20 24 pass pass VB 43431 20 25 to to IN 43431 20 26 the the DT 43431 20 27 skeletons skeleton NNS 43431 20 28 of of IN 43431 20 29 the the DT 43431 20 30 Newt Newt NNP 43431 20 31 and and CC 43431 20 32 Frog Frog NNP 43431 20 33 , , , 43431 20 34 and and CC 43431 20 35 then then RB 43431 20 36 to to IN 43431 20 37 that that DT 43431 20 38 of of IN 43431 20 39 the the DT 43431 20 40 Dog Dog NNP 43431 20 41 . . . 43431 21 1 After after IN 43431 21 2 that that IN 43431 21 3 he -PRON- PRP 43431 21 4 might may MD 43431 21 5 pass pass VB 43431 21 6 to to IN 43431 21 7 the the DT 43431 21 8 introductory introductory JJ 43431 21 9 chapter chapter NN 43431 21 10 and and CC 43431 21 11 work work NN 43431 21 12 straight straight RB 43431 21 13 through through IN 43431 21 14 the the DT 43431 21 15 book book NN 43431 21 16 . . . 43431 22 1 I -PRON- PRP 43431 22 2 have have VBP 43431 22 3 endeavoured endeavour VBN 43431 22 4 to to TO 43431 22 5 make make VB 43431 22 6 the the DT 43431 22 7 account account NN 43431 22 8 of of IN 43431 22 9 each each DT 43431 22 10 type type NN 43431 22 11 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 22 12 complete complete JJ 43431 22 13 in in IN 43431 22 14 itself -PRON- PRP 43431 22 15 ; ; : 43431 22 16 this this DT 43431 22 17 has have VBZ 43431 22 18 necessitated necessitate VBN 43431 22 19 a a DT 43431 22 20 certain certain JJ 43431 22 21 amount amount NN 43431 22 22 of of IN 43431 22 23 repetition,--a repetition,--a NNP 43431 22 24 fault fault NN 43431 22 25 that that IN 43431 22 26 I -PRON- PRP 43431 22 27 have have VBP 43431 22 28 found find VBN 43431 22 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 22 30 equally equally RB 43431 22 31 difficult difficult JJ 43431 22 32 to to TO 43431 22 33 avoid avoid VB 43431 22 34 in in IN 43431 22 35 other other JJ 43431 22 36 parts part NNS 43431 22 37 of of IN 43431 22 38 the the DT 43431 22 39 book book NN 43431 22 40 . . . 43431 23 1 Throughout throughout IN 43431 23 2 the the DT 43431 23 3 book book NN 43431 23 4 generic generic JJ 43431 23 5 names name NNS 43431 23 6 are be VBP 43431 23 7 printed print VBN 43431 23 8 in in IN 43431 23 9 italics italic NNS 43431 23 10 ; ; : 43431 23 11 and and CC 43431 23 12 italics italic NNS 43431 23 13 are be VBP 43431 23 14 used use VBN 43431 23 15 in in IN 43431 23 16 the the DT 43431 23 17 accounts account NNS 43431 23 18 of of IN 43431 23 19 the the DT 43431 23 20 type type NN 43431 23 21 skeletons skeleton NNS 43431 23 22 for for IN 43431 23 23 the the DT 43431 23 24 names name NNS 43431 23 25 of of IN 43431 23 26 membrane membrane NN 43431 23 27 bones bone NNS 43431 23 28 . . . 43431 24 1 Clarendon Clarendon NNP 43431 24 2 type type NN 43431 24 3 is be VBZ 43431 24 4 used use VBN 43431 24 5 to to TO 43431 24 6 emphasise emphasise VB 43431 24 7 certain certain JJ 43431 24 8 words word NNS 43431 24 9 . . . 43431 25 1 In in IN 43431 25 2 the the DT 43431 25 3 classificatory classificatory NN 43431 25 4 table table NN 43431 25 5 the the DT 43431 25 6 names name NNS 43431 25 7 of of IN 43431 25 8 extinct extinct JJ 43431 25 9 genera genera NN 43431 25 10 only only RB 43431 25 11 , , , 43431 25 12 are be VBP 43431 25 13 printed print VBN 43431 25 14 in in IN 43431 25 15 italics italic NNS 43431 25 16 . . . 43431 26 1 In in IN 43431 26 2 a a DT 43431 26 3 book book NN 43431 26 4 in in IN 43431 26 5 which which WDT 43431 26 6 an an DT 43431 26 7 attempt attempt NN 43431 26 8 is be VBZ 43431 26 9 made make VBN 43431 26 10 to to TO 43431 26 11 cover cover VB 43431 26 12 to to IN 43431 26 13 some some DT 43431 26 14 extent extent NN 43431 26 15 such such PDT 43431 26 16 a a DT 43431 26 17 vast vast JJ 43431 26 18 field field NN 43431 26 19 , , , 43431 26 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 26 21 would would MD 43431 26 22 be be VB 43431 26 23 vain vain JJ 43431 26 24 to to TO 43431 26 25 hope hope VB 43431 26 26 to to TO 43431 26 27 have have VB 43431 26 28 avoided avoid VBN 43431 26 29 many many JJ 43431 26 30 errors error NNS 43431 26 31 both both DT 43431 26 32 of of IN 43431 26 33 omission omission NN 43431 26 34 and and CC 43431 26 35 commission commission NN 43431 26 36 , , , 43431 26 37 and and CC 43431 26 38 I -PRON- PRP 43431 26 39 owe owe VBP 43431 26 40 it -PRON- PRP 43431 26 41 to to IN 43431 26 42 the the DT 43431 26 43 kindness kindness NN 43431 26 44 of of IN 43431 26 45 several several JJ 43431 26 46 friends friend NNS 43431 26 47 that that IN 43431 26 48 the the DT 43431 26 49 errors error NNS 43431 26 50 are be VBP 43431 26 51 not not RB 43431 26 52 much much RB 43431 26 53 more more RBR 43431 26 54 numerous numerous JJ 43431 26 55 . . . 43431 27 1 I -PRON- PRP 43431 27 2 can can MD 43431 27 3 not not RB 43431 27 4 however however RB 43431 27 5 too too RB 43431 27 6 emphatically emphatically RB 43431 27 7 say say VBP 43431 27 8 that that IN 43431 27 9 for for IN 43431 27 10 those those DT 43431 27 11 which which WDT 43431 27 12 remain remain VBP 43431 27 13 I -PRON- PRP 43431 27 14 alone alone RB 43431 27 15 am be VBP 43431 27 16 responsible responsible JJ 43431 27 17 . . . 43431 28 1 Messrs Messrs NNPS 43431 28 2 C.W. C.W. NNP 43431 29 1 Andrews Andrews NNP 43431 29 2 , , , 43431 29 3 E. E. NNP 43431 29 4 Fawcett Fawcett NNP 43431 29 5 , , , 43431 29 6 S.F. S.F. NNP 43431 30 1 Harmer Harmer NNP 43431 30 2 , , , 43431 30 3 J. J. NNP 43431 30 4 Graham Graham NNP 43431 30 5 Kerr Kerr NNP 43431 30 6 , , , 43431 30 7 and and CC 43431 30 8 B. B. NNP 43431 30 9 Rogers Rogers NNP 43431 30 10 have have VBP 43431 30 11 all all DT 43431 30 12 been be VBN 43431 30 13 kind kind JJ 43431 30 14 enough enough RB 43431 30 15 to to TO 43431 30 16 help help VB 43431 30 17 me -PRON- PRP 43431 30 18 by by IN 43431 30 19 reading read VBG 43431 30 20 proofs proof NNS 43431 30 21 or or CC 43431 30 22 manuscript manuscript NN 43431 30 23 , , , 43431 30 24 while while IN 43431 30 25 the the DT 43431 30 26 assistance assistance NN 43431 30 27 that that WDT 43431 30 28 I -PRON- PRP 43431 30 29 have have VBP 43431 30 30 received receive VBN 43431 30 31 from from IN 43431 30 32 Dr Dr NNP 43431 30 33 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 30 34 during during IN 43431 30 35 the the DT 43431 30 36 earlier early JJR 43431 30 37 stages stage NNS 43431 30 38 and and CC 43431 30 39 from from IN 43431 30 40 Prof. Prof. NNP 43431 30 41 Lloyd Lloyd NNP 43431 30 42 Morgan Morgan NNP 43431 30 43 and and CC 43431 30 44 Mr Mr NNP 43431 30 45 Shipley Shipley NNP 43431 30 46 throughout throughout IN 43431 30 47 the the DT 43431 30 48 whole whole JJ 43431 30 49 progress progress NN 43431 30 50 of of IN 43431 30 51 the the DT 43431 30 52 work work NN 43431 30 53 has have VBZ 43431 30 54 been be VBN 43431 30 55 very very RB 43431 30 56 great great JJ 43431 30 57 . . . 43431 31 1 To to IN 43431 31 2 all all PDT 43431 31 3 these these DT 43431 31 4 gentlemen gentleman NNS 43431 31 5 my -PRON- PRP$ 43431 31 6 best good JJS 43431 31 7 thanks thank NNS 43431 31 8 are be VBP 43431 31 9 tendered tender VBN 43431 31 10 . . . 43431 32 1 All all PDT 43431 32 2 the the DT 43431 32 3 figures figure NNS 43431 32 4 except except IN 43431 32 5 1 1 CD 43431 32 6 , , , 43431 32 7 35 35 CD 43431 32 8 , , , 43431 32 9 55 55 CD 43431 32 10 , , , 43431 32 11 and and CC 43431 32 12 84 84 CD 43431 32 13 were be VBD 43431 32 14 drawn draw VBN 43431 32 15 by by IN 43431 32 16 Mr Mr NNP 43431 32 17 Edwin Edwin NNP 43431 32 18 Wilson Wilson NNP 43431 32 19 , , , 43431 32 20 to to IN 43431 32 21 whose whose WP$ 43431 32 22 care care NN 43431 32 23 and and CC 43431 32 24 skill skill NN 43431 32 25 I -PRON- PRP 43431 32 26 am be VBP 43431 32 27 much much RB 43431 32 28 indebted indebted JJ 43431 32 29 . . . 43431 33 1 The the DT 43431 33 2 majority majority NN 43431 33 3 are be VBP 43431 33 4 from from IN 43431 33 5 photographs photograph NNS 43431 33 6 taken take VBN 43431 33 7 by by IN 43431 33 8 my -PRON- PRP$ 43431 33 9 sister sister NN 43431 33 10 Miss Miss NNP 43431 33 11 K.M. K.M. NNP 43431 34 1 Reynolds reynold NNS 43431 34 2 or or CC 43431 34 3 by by IN 43431 34 4 myself -PRON- PRP 43431 34 5 in in IN 43431 34 6 the the DT 43431 34 7 British British NNP 43431 34 8 Museum Museum NNP 43431 34 9 and and CC 43431 34 10 in in IN 43431 34 11 the the DT 43431 34 12 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 43431 34 13 University University NNP 43431 34 14 Museum Museum NNP 43431 34 15 of of IN 43431 34 16 Zoology Zoology NNP 43431 34 17 , , , 43431 34 18 and and CC 43431 34 19 I -PRON- PRP 43431 34 20 take take VBP 43431 34 21 this this DT 43431 34 22 opportunity opportunity NN 43431 34 23 of of IN 43431 34 24 thanking thank VBG 43431 34 25 Sir Sir NNP 43431 34 26 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 35 1 Flower Flower NNP 43431 35 2 and and CC 43431 35 3 Mr Mr NNP 43431 35 4 S.F. S.F. NNP 43431 36 1 Harmer harmer NN 43431 36 2 for for IN 43431 36 3 the the DT 43431 36 4 facilities facility NNS 43431 36 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 36 6 have have VBP 43431 36 7 afforded afford VBN 43431 36 8 and and CC 43431 36 9 for for IN 43431 36 10 permission permission NN 43431 36 11 to to TO 43431 36 12 figure figure VB 43431 36 13 many many JJ 43431 36 14 objects object NNS 43431 36 15 in in IN 43431 36 16 the the DT 43431 36 17 museums museum NNS 43431 36 18 respectively respectively RB 43431 36 19 under under IN 43431 36 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 36 21 charge charge NN 43431 36 22 . . . 43431 37 1 I -PRON- PRP 43431 37 2 have have VBP 43431 37 3 also also RB 43431 37 4 to to TO 43431 37 5 thank thank VB 43431 37 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 37 7 1 1 LS 43431 37 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 37 9 Prof. Prof. NNP 43431 37 10 von von NNP 43431 37 11 Zittel Zittel NNP 43431 37 12 for for IN 43431 37 13 permission permission NN 43431 37 14 to to TO 43431 37 15 reproduce reproduce VB 43431 37 16 figs fig NNS 43431 37 17 . . . 43431 38 1 27 27 CD 43431 38 2 , , , 43431 38 3 41 41 CD 43431 38 4 , , , 43431 38 5 52 52 CD 43431 38 6 , , , 43431 38 7 69 69 CD 43431 38 8 , , , 43431 38 9 70 70 CD 43431 38 10 , , , 43431 38 11 80 80 CD 43431 38 12 , , , 43431 38 13 106 106 CD 43431 38 14 A a NN 43431 38 15 , , , 43431 38 16 and and CC 43431 38 17 107 107 CD 43431 38 18 C c NN 43431 38 19 ; ; : 43431 38 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 38 21 2 2 LS 43431 38 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 38 23 Sir Sir NNP 43431 38 24 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 39 1 Flower Flower NNP 43431 39 2 and and CC 43431 39 3 Messrs Messrs NNP 43431 39 4 A. A. NNP 43431 39 5 and and CC 43431 39 6 C. C. NNP 43431 39 7 Black Black NNP 43431 39 8 for for IN 43431 39 9 figs fig NNS 43431 39 10 . . . 43431 40 1 1 1 CD 43431 40 2 and and CC 43431 40 3 84 84 CD 43431 40 4 ; ; : 43431 40 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 40 6 3 3 LS 43431 40 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 40 8 Prof. Prof. NNP 43431 40 9 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 41 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 41 2 and and CC 43431 41 3 Dr Dr NNP 43431 41 4 H. H. NNP 43431 41 5 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 41 6 for for IN 43431 41 7 fig fig NN 43431 41 8 . . . 43431 42 1 35 35 CD 43431 42 2 ; ; : 43431 42 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 42 4 4 4 LS 43431 42 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 42 6 Dr Dr NNP 43431 42 7 C.H. C.H. NNP 43431 43 1 Hurst Hurst NNP 43431 43 2 and and CC 43431 43 3 Messrs Messrs NNP 43431 43 4 Smith Smith NNP 43431 43 5 , , , 43431 43 6 Elder Elder NNP 43431 43 7 , , , 43431 43 8 and and CC 43431 43 9 Co. Co. NNP 43431 43 10 for for IN 43431 43 11 fig fig NN 43431 43 12 . . . 43431 44 1 55 55 CD 43431 44 2 . . . 43431 45 1 A a DT 43431 45 2 few few JJ 43431 45 3 references reference NNS 43431 45 4 are be VBP 43431 45 5 given give VBN 43431 45 6 , , , 43431 45 7 but but CC 43431 45 8 no no DT 43431 45 9 attempt attempt NN 43431 45 10 has have VBZ 43431 45 11 been be VBN 43431 45 12 made make VBN 43431 45 13 to to TO 43431 45 14 give give VB 43431 45 15 anything anything NN 43431 45 16 like like IN 43431 45 17 a a DT 43431 45 18 complete complete JJ 43431 45 19 list list NN 43431 45 20 . . . 43431 46 1 The the DT 43431 46 2 abbreviations abbreviation NNS 43431 46 3 of of IN 43431 46 4 the the DT 43431 46 5 titles title NNS 43431 46 6 of of IN 43431 46 7 periodicals periodical NNS 43431 46 8 are be VBP 43431 46 9 those those DT 43431 46 10 used use VBN 43431 46 11 in in IN 43431 46 12 the the DT 43431 46 13 _ _ NNP 43431 46 14 Zoological Zoological NNP 43431 46 15 Record Record NNP 43431 46 16 _ _ NNP 43431 46 17 . . . 43431 47 1 I -PRON- PRP 43431 47 2 have have VBP 43431 47 3 always always RB 43431 47 4 referred refer VBN 43431 47 5 freely freely RB 43431 47 6 to to IN 43431 47 7 the the DT 43431 47 8 textbooks textbook NNS 43431 47 9 treating treat VBG 43431 47 10 of of IN 43431 47 11 the the DT 43431 47 12 subjects subject NNS 43431 47 13 dealt deal VBD 43431 47 14 with with IN 43431 47 15 , , , 43431 47 16 and and CC 43431 47 17 in in IN 43431 47 18 particular particular JJ 43431 47 19 I -PRON- PRP 43431 47 20 should should MD 43431 47 21 like like VB 43431 47 22 to to TO 43431 47 23 mention mention VB 43431 47 24 that that IN 43431 47 25 the the DT 43431 47 26 section section NN 43431 47 27 devoted devote VBN 43431 47 28 to to IN 43431 47 29 the the DT 43431 47 30 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 47 31 of of IN 43431 47 32 mammals mammal NNS 43431 47 33 is be VBZ 43431 47 34 , , , 43431 47 35 as as IN 43431 47 36 it -PRON- PRP 43431 47 37 could could MD 43431 47 38 hardly hardly RB 43431 47 39 fail fail VB 43431 47 40 to to TO 43431 47 41 be be VB 43431 47 42 , , , 43431 47 43 to to IN 43431 47 44 a a DT 43431 47 45 considerable considerable JJ 43431 47 46 extent extent NN 43431 47 47 based base VBN 43431 47 48 on on IN 43431 47 49 Sir Sir NNP 43431 47 50 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 48 1 Flower Flower NNP 43431 48 2 's 's POS 43431 48 3 _ _ NNP 43431 48 4 Osteology Osteology NNP 43431 48 5 of of IN 43431 48 6 the the DT 43431 48 7 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 48 8 _ _ NNP 43431 48 9 . . . 43431 49 1 SIDNEY SIDNEY NNP 43431 49 2 H. H. NNP 43431 49 3 REYNOLDS REYNOLDS NNP 43431 49 4 . . . 43431 50 1 _ _ NNP 43431 50 2 March March NNP 43431 50 3 10 10 CD 43431 50 4 , , , 43431 50 5 1897 1897 CD 43431 50 6 . . . 43431 50 7 _ _ NNP 43431 50 8 CONTENTS CONTENTS NNP 43431 50 9 . . . 43431 51 1 PAGE PAGE NNP 43431 51 2 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 51 3 I. i. NN 43431 52 1 Introductory introductory JJ 43431 52 2 account account NN 43431 52 3 of of IN 43431 52 4 the the DT 43431 52 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 52 6 in in IN 43431 52 7 general general JJ 43431 52 8 1 1 CD 43431 52 9 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 52 10 II II NNP 43431 52 11 . . . 43431 53 1 Classification classification NN 43431 53 2 30 30 CD 43431 53 3 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 53 4 III iii CD 43431 53 5 . . . 43431 54 1 Skeleton Skeleton NNP 43431 54 2 of of IN 43431 54 3 Hemichordata Hemichordata NNP 43431 54 4 , , , 43431 54 5 Urochordata Urochordata NNP 43431 54 6 and and CC 43431 54 7 Cephalochordata Cephalochordata NNP 43431 54 8 50 50 CD 43431 54 9 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 54 10 IV IV NNP 43431 54 11 . . . 43431 55 1 Skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 55 2 characters character NNS 43431 55 3 of of IN 43431 55 4 the the DT 43431 55 5 Vertebrata Vertebrata NNP 43431 55 6 . . . 43431 56 1 The the DT 43431 56 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 56 3 in in IN 43431 56 4 the the DT 43431 56 5 Cyclostomata Cyclostomata NNP 43431 56 6 53 53 CD 43431 56 7 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 56 8 V. V. NNP 43431 56 9 Skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 56 10 characters character NNS 43431 56 11 of of IN 43431 56 12 the the DT 43431 56 13 Ichthyopsida Ichthyopsida NNP 43431 56 14 . . . 43431 57 1 Characters character NNS 43431 57 2 of of IN 43431 57 3 the the DT 43431 57 4 several several JJ 43431 57 5 groups group NNS 43431 57 6 of of IN 43431 57 7 Pisces Pisces NNPS 43431 57 8 59 59 CD 43431 57 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 57 10 VI VI NNP 43431 57 11 . . . 43431 58 1 The the DT 43431 58 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 58 3 of of IN 43431 58 4 the the DT 43431 58 5 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 58 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 58 7 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 58 8 canicula canicula NN 43431 58 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 58 10 71 71 CD 43431 58 11 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 58 12 VII vii NN 43431 58 13 . . . 43431 59 1 The the DT 43431 59 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 59 3 of of IN 43431 59 4 the the DT 43431 59 5 Codfish Codfish NNP 43431 59 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 59 7 _ _ NNP 43431 59 8 Gadus Gadus NNP 43431 59 9 morrhua morrhua NN 43431 59 10 _ _ NNP 43431 59 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 59 12 and and CC 43431 59 13 the the DT 43431 59 14 skull skull NN 43431 59 15 of of IN 43431 59 16 the the DT 43431 59 17 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 59 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 59 19 _ _ NNP 43431 59 20 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 59 21 salar salar JJ 43431 59 22 _ _ NNP 43431 59 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 59 24 83 83 CD 43431 59 25 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 59 26 VIII viii NN 43431 59 27 . . . 43431 60 1 General general JJ 43431 60 2 account account NN 43431 60 3 of of IN 43431 60 4 the the DT 43431 60 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 60 6 in in IN 43431 60 7 Fishes Fishes NNP 43431 60 8 104 104 CD 43431 60 9 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 60 10 IX IX NNP 43431 60 11 . . . 43431 61 1 Characters character NNS 43431 61 2 of of IN 43431 61 3 the the DT 43431 61 4 several several JJ 43431 61 5 groups group NNS 43431 61 6 of of IN 43431 61 7 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 61 8 133 133 CD 43431 61 9 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 61 10 X. X. NNP 43431 62 1 The the DT 43431 62 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 62 3 of of IN 43431 62 4 the the DT 43431 62 5 Newt Newt NNP 43431 62 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 62 7 _ _ NNP 43431 62 8 Molge Molge NNP 43431 62 9 cristata cristata NN 43431 62 10 _ _ NNP 43431 62 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 62 12 138 138 CD 43431 62 13 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 62 14 XI XI NNP 43431 62 15 . . . 43431 63 1 The the DT 43431 63 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 63 3 of of IN 43431 63 4 the the DT 43431 63 5 Frog Frog NNP 43431 63 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 63 7 _ _ NNP 43431 63 8 Rana Rana NNP 43431 63 9 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 63 10 _ _ NNP 43431 63 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 63 12 151 151 CD 43431 63 13 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 63 14 XII XII NNP 43431 63 15 . . . 43431 64 1 General general JJ 43431 64 2 account account NN 43431 64 3 of of IN 43431 64 4 the the DT 43431 64 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 64 6 in in IN 43431 64 7 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 64 8 168 168 CD 43431 64 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 64 10 XIII XIII NNP 43431 64 11 . . . 43431 65 1 Skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 65 2 characters character NNS 43431 65 3 of of IN 43431 65 4 the the DT 43431 65 5 Sauropsida Sauropsida NNP 43431 65 6 . . . 43431 66 1 Characters character NNS 43431 66 2 of of IN 43431 66 3 the the DT 43431 66 4 several several JJ 43431 66 5 groups group NNS 43431 66 6 of of IN 43431 66 7 Reptiles Reptiles NNP 43431 66 8 189 189 CD 43431 66 9 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 66 10 XIV XIV NNP 43431 66 11 . . . 43431 67 1 The the DT 43431 67 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 67 3 of of IN 43431 67 4 the the DT 43431 67 5 Green Green NNP 43431 67 6 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 67 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 67 8 _ _ NNP 43431 67 9 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 67 10 midas midas NNP 43431 67 11 _ _ NNP 43431 67 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 67 13 214 214 CD 43431 67 14 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 67 15 XV xv NN 43431 67 16 . . . 43431 68 1 The the DT 43431 68 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 68 3 of of IN 43431 68 4 the the DT 43431 68 5 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 68 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 68 7 _ _ NNP 43431 68 8 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 68 9 palustris palustris NNP 43431 68 10 _ _ NNP 43431 68 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 68 12 237 237 CD 43431 68 13 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 68 14 XVI XVI NNP 43431 68 15 . . . 43431 69 1 General general JJ 43431 69 2 account account NN 43431 69 3 of of IN 43431 69 4 the the DT 43431 69 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 69 6 in in IN 43431 69 7 Reptiles Reptiles NNP 43431 69 8 270 270 CD 43431 69 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 69 10 XVII XVII NNP 43431 69 11 . . . 43431 70 1 Characters character NNS 43431 70 2 of of IN 43431 70 3 the the DT 43431 70 4 several several JJ 43431 70 5 groups group NNS 43431 70 6 of of IN 43431 70 7 Birds Birds NNPS 43431 70 8 295 295 CD 43431 70 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 70 10 XVIII xviii NN 43431 70 11 . . . 43431 71 1 The the DT 43431 71 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 71 3 of of IN 43431 71 4 the the DT 43431 71 5 Wild Wild NNP 43431 71 6 Duck Duck NNP 43431 71 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 71 8 _ _ NNP 43431 71 9 Anas Anas NNP 43431 71 10 boschas boschas IN 43431 71 11 _ _ NNP 43431 71 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 71 13 302 302 CD 43431 71 14 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 71 15 XIX XIX NNP 43431 71 16 . . . 43431 72 1 General general JJ 43431 72 2 account account NN 43431 72 3 of of IN 43431 72 4 the the DT 43431 72 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 72 6 in in IN 43431 72 7 Birds Birds NNP 43431 72 8 328 328 CD 43431 72 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 72 10 XX XX NNP 43431 72 11 . . . 43431 73 1 Characters character NNS 43431 73 2 of of IN 43431 73 3 the the DT 43431 73 4 several several JJ 43431 73 5 groups group NNS 43431 73 6 of of IN 43431 73 7 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 73 8 343 343 CD 43431 73 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 73 10 XXI XXI NNP 43431 73 11 . . . 43431 74 1 The the DT 43431 74 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 74 3 of of IN 43431 74 4 the the DT 43431 74 5 Dog Dog NNP 43431 74 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 74 7 _ _ NNP 43431 74 8 Canis Canis NNP 43431 74 9 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 74 10 _ _ NNP 43431 74 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 74 12 374 374 CD 43431 74 13 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 74 14 XXII xxii NN 43431 74 15 . . . 43431 75 1 General general JJ 43431 75 2 account account NN 43431 75 3 of of IN 43431 75 4 the the DT 43431 75 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 75 6 in in IN 43431 75 7 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 75 8 . . . 43431 76 1 The the DT 43431 76 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton JJ 43431 76 3 and and CC 43431 76 4 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 76 5 column column NN 43431 76 6 416 416 CD 43431 76 7 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 76 8 XXIII xxiii NN 43431 76 9 . . . 43431 77 1 General general JJ 43431 77 2 account account NN 43431 77 3 of of IN 43431 77 4 the the DT 43431 77 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 77 6 in in IN 43431 77 7 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 77 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 77 9 _ _ NNP 43431 77 10 continued continue VBD 43431 77 11 _ _ NNP 43431 77 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 77 13 . . . 43431 78 1 The the DT 43431 78 2 skull skull NN 43431 78 3 and and CC 43431 78 4 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 78 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 78 6 455 455 CD 43431 78 7 LIST LIST NNP 43431 78 8 OF of IN 43431 78 9 ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATIONS NNP 43431 78 10 . . . 43431 79 1 FIG FIG NNP 43431 79 2 . . . 43431 80 1 PAGE page NN 43431 80 2 1 1 CD 43431 80 3 Diagrammatic diagrammatic JJ 43431 80 4 sections section NNS 43431 80 5 of of IN 43431 80 6 various various JJ 43431 80 7 forms form NNS 43431 80 8 of of IN 43431 80 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 80 10 6 6 CD 43431 80 11 2 2 CD 43431 80 12 Cervical cervical JJ 43431 80 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 80 14 of of IN 43431 80 15 an an DT 43431 80 16 Ox Ox NNP 43431 80 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 18 _ _ NNP 43431 80 19 Bos Bos NNP 43431 80 20 taurus taurus NNP 43431 80 21 _ _ NNP 43431 80 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 23 15 15 CD 43431 80 24 3 3 CD 43431 80 25 Diagram Diagram NNP 43431 80 26 of of IN 43431 80 27 the the DT 43431 80 28 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 80 29 of of IN 43431 80 30 _ _ NNP 43431 80 31 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 80 32 lanceolatus lanceolatus NN 43431 80 33 _ _ NNP 43431 80 34 51 51 CD 43431 80 35 4 4 CD 43431 80 36 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 37 , , , 43431 80 38 lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 39 , , , 43431 80 40 and and CC 43431 80 41 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 42 views view NNS 43431 80 43 of of IN 43431 80 44 the the DT 43431 80 45 skull skull NN 43431 80 46 of of IN 43431 80 47 _ _ NNP 43431 80 48 Petromyzon Petromyzon NNP 43431 80 49 marinus marinus NN 43431 80 50 _ _ NNP 43431 80 51 56 56 CD 43431 80 52 5 5 CD 43431 80 53 Skull Skull NNP 43431 80 54 of of IN 43431 80 55 a a DT 43431 80 56 male male NN 43431 80 57 _ _ NNP 43431 80 58 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 80 59 monstrosa monstrosa NNP 43431 80 60 _ _ NNP 43431 80 61 65 65 CD 43431 80 62 6 6 CD 43431 80 63 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 64 view view NN 43431 80 65 of of IN 43431 80 66 the the DT 43431 80 67 skull skull NN 43431 80 68 of of IN 43431 80 69 a a DT 43431 80 70 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 80 71 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 72 _ _ NNP 43431 80 73 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 80 74 canicula canicula NN 43431 80 75 _ _ NNP 43431 80 76 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 77 75 75 CD 43431 80 78 7 7 CD 43431 80 79 Semidorsal Semidorsal NNP 43431 80 80 view view NN 43431 80 81 of of IN 43431 80 82 the the DT 43431 80 83 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 80 84 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 85 and and CC 43431 80 86 fins fin NNS 43431 80 87 of of IN 43431 80 88 a a DT 43431 80 89 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 80 90 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 91 _ _ NNP 43431 80 92 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 80 93 canicula canicula NN 43431 80 94 _ _ NNP 43431 80 95 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 96 80 80 CD 43431 80 97 8 8 CD 43431 80 98 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 99 view view NN 43431 80 100 of of IN 43431 80 101 the the DT 43431 80 102 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 80 103 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 104 and and CC 43431 80 105 fins fin NNS 43431 80 106 of of IN 43431 80 107 a a DT 43431 80 108 male male JJ 43431 80 109 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 80 110 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 111 _ _ NNP 43431 80 112 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 80 113 canicula canicula NN 43431 80 114 _ _ NNP 43431 80 115 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 116 81 81 CD 43431 80 117 9 9 CD 43431 80 118 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 119 and and CC 43431 80 120 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 121 views view NNS 43431 80 122 of of IN 43431 80 123 the the DT 43431 80 124 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 125 of of IN 43431 80 126 a a DT 43431 80 127 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 80 128 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 129 _ _ NNP 43431 80 130 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 80 131 salar salar JJ 43431 80 132 _ _ NNP 43431 80 133 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 134 from from IN 43431 80 135 which which WDT 43431 80 136 most most JJS 43431 80 137 of of IN 43431 80 138 the the DT 43431 80 139 membrane membrane NN 43431 80 140 bones bone NNS 43431 80 141 have have VBP 43431 80 142 been be VBN 43431 80 143 removed remove VBN 43431 80 144 88 88 CD 43431 80 145 10 10 CD 43431 80 146 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 147 view view NN 43431 80 148 of of IN 43431 80 149 the the DT 43431 80 150 chondrocranium chondrocranium NN 43431 80 151 of of IN 43431 80 152 a a DT 43431 80 153 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 80 154 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 155 _ _ NNP 43431 80 156 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 80 157 salar salar JJ 43431 80 158 _ _ NNP 43431 80 159 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 160 90 90 CD 43431 80 161 11 11 CD 43431 80 162 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 163 view view NN 43431 80 164 of of IN 43431 80 165 the the DT 43431 80 166 skull skull NN 43431 80 167 of of IN 43431 80 168 a a DT 43431 80 169 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 80 170 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 171 _ _ NNP 43431 80 172 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 80 173 salar salar JJ 43431 80 174 _ _ NNP 43431 80 175 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 176 92 92 CD 43431 80 177 12 12 CD 43431 80 178 Mandibular Mandibular NNP 43431 80 179 and and CC 43431 80 180 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 80 181 arches arch NNS 43431 80 182 of of IN 43431 80 183 a a DT 43431 80 184 Cod Cod NNP 43431 80 185 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 186 _ _ NNP 43431 80 187 Gadus Gadus NNP 43431 80 188 morrhua morrhua NN 43431 80 189 _ _ NNP 43431 80 190 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 191 99 99 CD 43431 80 192 13 13 CD 43431 80 193 Right right JJ 43431 80 194 half half NN 43431 80 195 of of IN 43431 80 196 the the DT 43431 80 197 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 80 198 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 199 and and CC 43431 80 200 right right JJ 43431 80 201 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 80 202 fin fin NN 43431 80 203 of of IN 43431 80 204 a a DT 43431 80 205 Cod Cod NNP 43431 80 206 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 207 _ _ NNP 43431 80 208 Gadus Gadus NNP 43431 80 209 morrhua morrhua NN 43431 80 210 _ _ NNP 43431 80 211 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 212 102 102 CD 43431 80 213 14 14 CD 43431 80 214 Diagram diagram NN 43431 80 215 of of IN 43431 80 216 a a DT 43431 80 217 section section NN 43431 80 218 through through IN 43431 80 219 the the DT 43431 80 220 jaw jaw NN 43431 80 221 of of IN 43431 80 222 a a DT 43431 80 223 Shark Shark NNP 43431 80 224 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 225 _ _ NNP 43431 80 226 Odontaspis Odontaspis NNP 43431 80 227 americanus americanus NNP 43431 80 228 _ _ NNP 43431 80 229 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 230 showing show VBG 43431 80 231 the the DT 43431 80 232 succession succession NN 43431 80 233 of of IN 43431 80 234 teeth tooth NNS 43431 80 235 107 107 CD 43431 80 236 15 15 CD 43431 80 237 Part part NN 43431 80 238 of of IN 43431 80 239 the the DT 43431 80 240 lower low JJR 43431 80 241 jaw jaw NN 43431 80 242 of of IN 43431 80 243 a a DT 43431 80 244 Shark Shark NNP 43431 80 245 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 246 _ _ NNP 43431 80 247 Galeus Galeus NNP 43431 80 248 _ _ NNP 43431 80 249 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 250 108 108 CD 43431 80 251 16 16 CD 43431 80 252 Skulls Skulls NNPS 43431 80 253 of of IN 43431 80 254 _ _ NNP 43431 80 255 Notidanus Notidanus NNP 43431 80 256 _ _ NNP 43431 80 257 and and CC 43431 80 258 _ _ NNP 43431 80 259 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 80 260 _ _ NNP 43431 80 261 118 118 CD 43431 80 262 17 17 CD 43431 80 263 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 264 view view NN 43431 80 265 of of IN 43431 80 266 the the DT 43431 80 267 branchial branchial JJ 43431 80 268 arches arch NNS 43431 80 269 of of IN 43431 80 270 _ _ NNP 43431 80 271 Heptanchus Heptanchus NNP 43431 80 272 _ _ NNP 43431 80 273 120 120 CD 43431 80 274 18 18 CD 43431 80 275 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 276 view view NN 43431 80 277 of of IN 43431 80 278 the the DT 43431 80 279 skull skull NN 43431 80 280 of of IN 43431 80 281 a a DT 43431 80 282 Sturgeon Sturgeon NNP 43431 80 283 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 284 _ _ NNP 43431 80 285 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 80 286 sturio sturio NN 43431 80 287 _ _ NNP 43431 80 288 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 289 122 122 CD 43431 80 290 19 19 CD 43431 80 291 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 292 and and CC 43431 80 293 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 294 views view NNS 43431 80 295 of of IN 43431 80 296 the the DT 43431 80 297 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 298 of of IN 43431 80 299 _ _ NNP 43431 80 300 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 80 301 miolepis miolepis NN 43431 80 302 _ _ NNP 43431 80 303 125 125 CD 43431 80 304 20 20 CD 43431 80 305 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 306 view view NN 43431 80 307 of of IN 43431 80 308 the the DT 43431 80 309 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 80 310 of of IN 43431 80 311 _ _ NNP 43431 80 312 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 80 313 miolepis miolepis NN 43431 80 314 _ _ NNP 43431 80 315 128 128 CD 43431 80 316 21 21 CD 43431 80 317 Dorsal Dorsal NNP 43431 80 318 , , , 43431 80 319 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 320 and and CC 43431 80 321 lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 322 views view NNS 43431 80 323 of of IN 43431 80 324 the the DT 43431 80 325 skull skull NN 43431 80 326 of of IN 43431 80 327 a a DT 43431 80 328 Newt Newt NNP 43431 80 329 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 330 _ _ NNP 43431 80 331 Molge Molge NNP 43431 80 332 cristata cristata NN 43431 80 333 _ _ NNP 43431 80 334 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 335 142 142 CD 43431 80 336 22 22 CD 43431 80 337 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 338 and and CC 43431 80 339 lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 340 views view NNS 43431 80 341 of of IN 43431 80 342 the the DT 43431 80 343 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 80 344 - - HYPH 43431 80 345 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 346 and and CC 43431 80 347 sternum sternum NN 43431 80 348 of of IN 43431 80 349 an an DT 43431 80 350 old old JJ 43431 80 351 male male NN 43431 80 352 Crested Crested NNP 43431 80 353 Newt Newt NNP 43431 80 354 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 355 _ _ NNP 43431 80 356 Molge Molge NNP 43431 80 357 cristata cristata NN 43431 80 358 _ _ NNP 43431 80 359 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 360 146 146 CD 43431 80 361 23 23 CD 43431 80 362 Right right JJ 43431 80 363 posterior posterior NN 43431 80 364 and and CC 43431 80 365 anterior anterior JJ 43431 80 366 limbs limb NNS 43431 80 367 of of IN 43431 80 368 a a DT 43431 80 369 Newt Newt NNP 43431 80 370 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 371 _ _ NNP 43431 80 372 Molge Molge NNP 43431 80 373 cristata cristata NN 43431 80 374 _ _ NNP 43431 80 375 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 376 148 148 CD 43431 80 377 24 24 CD 43431 80 378 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 379 and and CC 43431 80 380 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 381 views view NNS 43431 80 382 of of IN 43431 80 383 the the DT 43431 80 384 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 385 of of IN 43431 80 386 a a DT 43431 80 387 Common Common NNP 43431 80 388 Frog Frog NNP 43431 80 389 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 390 _ _ NNP 43431 80 391 Rana Rana NNP 43431 80 392 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 80 393 _ _ NNP 43431 80 394 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 395 155 155 CD 43431 80 396 25 25 CD 43431 80 397 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 398 and and CC 43431 80 399 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 400 views view NNS 43431 80 401 of of IN 43431 80 402 the the DT 43431 80 403 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 404 of of IN 43431 80 405 a a DT 43431 80 406 Common Common NNP 43431 80 407 Frog Frog NNP 43431 80 408 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 409 _ _ NNP 43431 80 410 Rana Rana NNP 43431 80 411 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 80 412 _ _ NNP 43431 80 413 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 414 from from IN 43431 80 415 which which WDT 43431 80 416 the the DT 43431 80 417 membrane membrane NN 43431 80 418 bones bone NNS 43431 80 419 have have VBP 43431 80 420 mostly mostly RB 43431 80 421 been be VBN 43431 80 422 removed remove VBN 43431 80 423 157 157 CD 43431 80 424 26 26 CD 43431 80 425 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 426 view view NN 43431 80 427 of of IN 43431 80 428 the the DT 43431 80 429 skull skull NN 43431 80 430 and and CC 43431 80 431 posterior posterior JJ 43431 80 432 view view NN 43431 80 433 of of IN 43431 80 434 the the DT 43431 80 435 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 436 of of IN 43431 80 437 a a DT 43431 80 438 Common Common NNP 43431 80 439 Frog Frog NNP 43431 80 440 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 441 _ _ NNP 43431 80 442 Rana Rana NNP 43431 80 443 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 80 444 _ _ NNP 43431 80 445 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 446 159 159 CD 43431 80 447 27 27 CD 43431 80 448 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 449 view view NN 43431 80 450 of of IN 43431 80 451 the the DT 43431 80 452 skull skull NN 43431 80 453 of of IN 43431 80 454 a a DT 43431 80 455 Labyrinthodont Labyrinthodont NNP 43431 80 456 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 457 _ _ NNP 43431 80 458 Capitosaurus Capitosaurus NNP 43431 80 459 nasutus nasutus NN 43431 80 460 _ _ NNP 43431 80 461 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 462 176 176 CD 43431 80 463 28 28 CD 43431 80 464 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 465 view view NN 43431 80 466 of of IN 43431 80 467 the the DT 43431 80 468 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 469 , , , 43431 80 470 and and CC 43431 80 471 lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 472 view view NN 43431 80 473 of of IN 43431 80 474 the the DT 43431 80 475 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 476 and and CC 43431 80 477 mandible mandible JJ 43431 80 478 of of IN 43431 80 479 _ _ NNP 43431 80 480 Siphonops Siphonops NNP 43431 80 481 annulatus annulatus NN 43431 80 482 _ _ NNP 43431 80 483 178 178 CD 43431 80 484 29 29 CD 43431 80 485 Visceral visceral JJ 43431 80 486 arches arch NNS 43431 80 487 of of IN 43431 80 488 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 80 489 : : : 43431 80 490 A a DT 43431 80 491 , , , 43431 80 492 _ _ NNP 43431 80 493 Molge Molge NNP 43431 80 494 cristata cristata VBP 43431 80 495 _ _ NNP 43431 80 496 ; ; , 43431 80 497 B B NNP 43431 80 498 , , , 43431 80 499 _ _ NNP 43431 80 500 Rana Rana NNP 43431 80 501 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 80 502 _ _ NNP 43431 80 503 , , , 43431 80 504 adult adult NN 43431 80 505 ; ; : 43431 80 506 C C NNP 43431 80 507 , , , 43431 80 508 Tadpole Tadpole NNP 43431 80 509 of of IN 43431 80 510 _ _ NNP 43431 80 511 Rana Rana NNP 43431 80 512 _ _ NNP 43431 80 513 ; ; : 43431 80 514 D D NNP 43431 80 515 , , , 43431 80 516 _ _ NNP 43431 80 517 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 80 518 pisciformis pisciformis NN 43431 80 519 _ _ NNP 43431 80 520 181 181 CD 43431 80 521 30 30 CD 43431 80 522 Shoulder Shoulder NNP 43431 80 523 - - HYPH 43431 80 524 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 525 and and CC 43431 80 526 sternum sternum NN 43431 80 527 of of IN 43431 80 528 an an DT 43431 80 529 adult adult NN 43431 80 530 male male NN 43431 80 531 Common Common NNP 43431 80 532 Frog Frog NNP 43431 80 533 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 534 _ _ NNP 43431 80 535 Rana Rana NNP 43431 80 536 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 80 537 _ _ NNP 43431 80 538 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 539 , , , 43431 80 540 and and CC 43431 80 541 of of IN 43431 80 542 an an DT 43431 80 543 adult adult NN 43431 80 544 female female JJ 43431 80 545 _ _ NNP 43431 80 546 Docidophryne Docidophryne NNP 43431 80 547 gigantea gigantea NN 43431 80 548 _ _ NNP 43431 80 549 183 183 CD 43431 80 550 31 31 CD 43431 80 551 A A NNP 43431 80 552 , , , 43431 80 553 Right right JJ 43431 80 554 antibrachium antibrachium NN 43431 80 555 and and CC 43431 80 556 manus manus NN 43431 80 557 of of IN 43431 80 558 a a DT 43431 80 559 larval larval NN 43431 80 560 Salamander Salamander NNP 43431 80 561 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 562 _ _ NNP 43431 80 563 Salamandra Salamandra NNP 43431 80 564 maculosa maculosa NN 43431 80 565 _ _ NNP 43431 80 566 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 567 ; ; : 43431 80 568 B b UH 43431 80 569 , , , 43431 80 570 Right right UH 43431 80 571 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 80 572 and and CC 43431 80 573 adjoining adjoining JJ 43431 80 574 bones bone NNS 43431 80 575 of of IN 43431 80 576 _ _ NNP 43431 80 577 Molge Molge NNP 43431 80 578 sp sp NNP 43431 80 579 . . . 43431 80 580 _ _ NNP 43431 80 581 186 186 CD 43431 80 582 32 32 CD 43431 80 583 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 584 and and CC 43431 80 585 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 586 views view NNS 43431 80 587 of of IN 43431 80 588 the the DT 43431 80 589 skull skull NN 43431 80 590 of of IN 43431 80 591 an an DT 43431 80 592 _ _ NNP 43431 80 593 Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus NNP 43431 80 594 _ _ NNP 43431 80 595 196 196 CD 43431 80 596 33 33 CD 43431 80 597 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 598 view view NN 43431 80 599 and and CC 43431 80 600 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 80 601 section section NN 43431 80 602 of of IN 43431 80 603 the the DT 43431 80 604 skull skull NN 43431 80 605 of of IN 43431 80 606 a a DT 43431 80 607 Lizard Lizard NNP 43431 80 608 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 609 _ _ NNP 43431 80 610 Varanus Varanus NNP 43431 80 611 varius varius NN 43431 80 612 _ _ NNP 43431 80 613 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 614 201 201 CD 43431 80 615 34 34 CD 43431 80 616 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 617 view view NN 43431 80 618 of of IN 43431 80 619 the the DT 43431 80 620 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 80 621 - - HYPH 43431 80 622 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 623 of of IN 43431 80 624 a a DT 43431 80 625 Lizard Lizard NNP 43431 80 626 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 627 _ _ NNP 43431 80 628 Varanus Varanus NNP 43431 80 629 _ _ NNP 43431 80 630 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 631 202 202 CD 43431 80 632 35 35 CD 43431 80 633 Restored restore VBN 43431 80 634 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 80 635 of of IN 43431 80 636 _ _ NNP 43431 80 637 Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus NNP 43431 80 638 nasicornis nasicornis NN 43431 80 639 _ _ NNP 43431 80 640 206 206 CD 43431 80 641 36 36 CD 43431 80 642 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 643 and and CC 43431 80 644 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 645 views view NNS 43431 80 646 of of IN 43431 80 647 the the DT 43431 80 648 carapace carapace NN 43431 80 649 of of IN 43431 80 650 a a DT 43431 80 651 Loggerhead Loggerhead NNP 43431 80 652 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 80 653 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 654 _ _ NNP 43431 80 655 Thalassochelys Thalassochelys NNP 43431 80 656 caretta caretta NN 43431 80 657 _ _ NNP 43431 80 658 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 659 216 216 CD 43431 80 660 37 37 CD 43431 80 661 Plastron Plastron NNP 43431 80 662 of of IN 43431 80 663 a a DT 43431 80 664 Green Green NNP 43431 80 665 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 80 666 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 667 _ _ NNP 43431 80 668 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 80 669 midas midas NNP 43431 80 670 _ _ NNP 43431 80 671 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 672 218 218 CD 43431 80 673 38 38 CD 43431 80 674 The the DT 43431 80 675 skull skull NN 43431 80 676 of of IN 43431 80 677 a a DT 43431 80 678 Green Green NNP 43431 80 679 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 80 680 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 681 _ _ NNP 43431 80 682 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 80 683 midas midas NNP 43431 80 684 _ _ NNP 43431 80 685 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 686 223 223 CD 43431 80 687 39 39 CD 43431 80 688 Longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 80 689 vertical vertical JJ 43431 80 690 section section NN 43431 80 691 through through IN 43431 80 692 the the DT 43431 80 693 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 694 of of IN 43431 80 695 a a DT 43431 80 696 Green Green NNP 43431 80 697 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 80 698 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 699 _ _ NNP 43431 80 700 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 80 701 midas midas NNP 43431 80 702 _ _ NNP 43431 80 703 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 704 226 226 CD 43431 80 705 40 40 CD 43431 80 706 Anterior Anterior NNP 43431 80 707 limb limb NN 43431 80 708 of of IN 43431 80 709 a a DT 43431 80 710 young young JJ 43431 80 711 Hawksbill Hawksbill NNP 43431 80 712 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 80 713 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 714 _ _ NNP 43431 80 715 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 80 716 imbricata imbricata NN 43431 80 717 _ _ NNP 43431 80 718 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 719 , , , 43431 80 720 and and CC 43431 80 721 posterior posterior NN 43431 80 722 limb limb NN 43431 80 723 of of IN 43431 80 724 a a DT 43431 80 725 large large JJ 43431 80 726 Green Green NNP 43431 80 727 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 80 728 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 729 _ _ NNP 43431 80 730 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 80 731 midas midas NNP 43431 80 732 _ _ NNP 43431 80 733 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 734 234 234 CD 43431 80 735 41 41 CD 43431 80 736 The the DT 43431 80 737 first first JJ 43431 80 738 four four CD 43431 80 739 cervical cervical JJ 43431 80 740 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 80 741 of of IN 43431 80 742 a a DT 43431 80 743 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 80 744 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 745 _ _ NNP 43431 80 746 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 80 747 vulgaris vulgaris NN 43431 80 748 _ _ NNP 43431 80 749 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 750 239 239 CD 43431 80 751 42 42 CD 43431 80 752 Anterior Anterior NNP 43431 80 753 view view NN 43431 80 754 of of IN 43431 80 755 a a DT 43431 80 756 late late JJ 43431 80 757 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 80 758 and and CC 43431 80 759 the the DT 43431 80 760 first first JJ 43431 80 761 sacral sacral JJ 43431 80 762 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 80 763 of of IN 43431 80 764 a a DT 43431 80 765 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 80 766 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 767 _ _ NNP 43431 80 768 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 80 769 palustris palustris NNP 43431 80 770 _ _ NNP 43431 80 771 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 772 242 242 CD 43431 80 773 43 43 CD 43431 80 774 Palatal palatal JJ 43431 80 775 aspect aspect NN 43431 80 776 of of IN 43431 80 777 the the DT 43431 80 778 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 779 and and CC 43431 80 780 mandible mandible JJ 43431 80 781 of of IN 43431 80 782 an an DT 43431 80 783 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 80 784 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 785 _ _ NNP 43431 80 786 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 80 787 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 80 788 _ _ NNP 43431 80 789 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 790 245 245 CD 43431 80 791 44 44 CD 43431 80 792 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 793 view view NN 43431 80 794 of of IN 43431 80 795 the the DT 43431 80 796 skull skull NN 43431 80 797 of of IN 43431 80 798 an an DT 43431 80 799 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 80 800 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 801 _ _ NNP 43431 80 802 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 80 803 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 80 804 _ _ NNP 43431 80 805 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 806 248 248 CD 43431 80 807 45 45 CD 43431 80 808 Longitudinal Longitudinal NNP 43431 80 809 section section NN 43431 80 810 through through IN 43431 80 811 the the DT 43431 80 812 skull skull NN 43431 80 813 of of IN 43431 80 814 an an DT 43431 80 815 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 80 816 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 817 _ _ NNP 43431 80 818 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 80 819 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 80 820 _ _ NNP 43431 80 821 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 822 253 253 CD 43431 80 823 46 46 CD 43431 80 824 Sternum Sternum NNP 43431 80 825 and and CC 43431 80 826 associated associate VBN 43431 80 827 membrane membrane NN 43431 80 828 bones bone NNS 43431 80 829 of of IN 43431 80 830 a a DT 43431 80 831 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 80 832 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 833 _ _ NNP 43431 80 834 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 80 835 palustris palustris NNP 43431 80 836 _ _ NNP 43431 80 837 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 838 261 261 CD 43431 80 839 47 47 CD 43431 80 840 Left left JJ 43431 80 841 half half NN 43431 80 842 of of IN 43431 80 843 the the DT 43431 80 844 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 80 845 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 846 of of IN 43431 80 847 an an DT 43431 80 848 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 80 849 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 850 _ _ NNP 43431 80 851 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 80 852 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 80 853 _ _ NNP 43431 80 854 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 855 262 262 CD 43431 80 856 48 48 CD 43431 80 857 Right right JJ 43431 80 858 anterior anterior NN 43431 80 859 and and CC 43431 80 860 posterior posterior NN 43431 80 861 limbs limb NNS 43431 80 862 of of IN 43431 80 863 an an DT 43431 80 864 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 80 865 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 866 _ _ NNP 43431 80 867 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 80 868 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 80 869 _ _ NNP 43431 80 870 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 871 264 264 CD 43431 80 872 49 49 CD 43431 80 873 Pelvis Pelvis NNP 43431 80 874 and and CC 43431 80 875 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 80 876 of of IN 43431 80 877 an an DT 43431 80 878 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 80 879 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 880 _ _ NNP 43431 80 881 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 80 882 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 80 883 _ _ NNP 43431 80 884 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 885 267 267 CD 43431 80 886 50 50 CD 43431 80 887 Preparation preparation NN 43431 80 888 of of IN 43431 80 889 part part NN 43431 80 890 of of IN 43431 80 891 the the DT 43431 80 892 right right JJ 43431 80 893 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 80 894 ramus ramus NN 43431 80 895 of of IN 43431 80 896 _ _ NNP 43431 80 897 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 80 898 palustris palustris NN 43431 80 899 _ _ NNP 43431 80 900 274 274 CD 43431 80 901 51 51 CD 43431 80 902 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 903 and and CC 43431 80 904 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 905 views view NNS 43431 80 906 of of IN 43431 80 907 the the DT 43431 80 908 skull skull NN 43431 80 909 of of IN 43431 80 910 a a DT 43431 80 911 Common Common NNP 43431 80 912 Snake Snake NNP 43431 80 913 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 914 _ _ NNP 43431 80 915 Tropidonotus Tropidonotus NNP 43431 80 916 natrix natrix NN 43431 80 917 _ _ NNP 43431 80 918 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 919 279 279 CD 43431 80 920 52 52 CD 43431 80 921 Skull Skull NNP 43431 80 922 of of IN 43431 80 923 Hatteria Hatteria NNP 43431 80 924 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 925 _ _ NNP 43431 80 926 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 80 927 punctatus punctatus NN 43431 80 928 _ _ NNP 43431 80 929 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 930 282 282 CD 43431 80 931 53 53 CD 43431 80 932 Hyoids hyoid NNS 43431 80 933 of of IN 43431 80 934 an an DT 43431 80 935 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 80 936 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 937 _ _ NNP 43431 80 938 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 80 939 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 80 940 _ _ NNP 43431 80 941 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 942 , , , 43431 80 943 and and CC 43431 80 944 of of IN 43431 80 945 a a DT 43431 80 946 Green Green NNP 43431 80 947 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 80 948 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 949 _ _ NNP 43431 80 950 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 80 951 midas midas NNP 43431 80 952 _ _ NNP 43431 80 953 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 954 285 285 CD 43431 80 955 54 54 CD 43431 80 956 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 957 view view NN 43431 80 958 of of IN 43431 80 959 the the DT 43431 80 960 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 80 961 - - HYPH 43431 80 962 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 963 and and CC 43431 80 964 sternum sternum NN 43431 80 965 of of IN 43431 80 966 _ _ NNP 43431 80 967 Loemanctus Loemanctus NNP 43431 80 968 longipes longipe VBZ 43431 80 969 _ _ NNP 43431 80 970 287 287 CD 43431 80 971 55 55 CD 43431 80 972 Left left JJ 43431 80 973 half half NN 43431 80 974 of of IN 43431 80 975 the the DT 43431 80 976 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 80 977 of of IN 43431 80 978 a a DT 43431 80 979 Common Common NNP 43431 80 980 Fowl Fowl NNP 43431 80 981 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 982 _ _ NNP 43431 80 983 Gallus Gallus NNP 43431 80 984 bankiva bankiva NN 43431 80 985 _ _ NNP 43431 80 986 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 987 301 301 CD 43431 80 988 56 56 CD 43431 80 989 The the DT 43431 80 990 wing wing NN 43431 80 991 of of IN 43431 80 992 a a DT 43431 80 993 Wild Wild NNP 43431 80 994 Duck Duck NNP 43431 80 995 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 996 _ _ NNP 43431 80 997 Anas Anas NNP 43431 80 998 boschas boschas IN 43431 80 999 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1000 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1001 304 304 CD 43431 80 1002 57 57 CD 43431 80 1003 Wings wing NNS 43431 80 1004 of of IN 43431 80 1005 a a DT 43431 80 1006 Wild Wild NNP 43431 80 1007 Duck Duck NNP 43431 80 1008 with with IN 43431 80 1009 the the DT 43431 80 1010 coverts covert NNS 43431 80 1011 removed remove VBN 43431 80 1012 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1013 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1014 Anas Anas NNP 43431 80 1015 boschas boschas IN 43431 80 1016 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1017 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1018 305 305 CD 43431 80 1019 58 58 CD 43431 80 1020 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 80 1021 and and CC 43431 80 1022 ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 1023 views view NNS 43431 80 1024 of of IN 43431 80 1025 the the DT 43431 80 1026 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 80 1027 and and CC 43431 80 1028 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 80 1029 of of IN 43431 80 1030 a a DT 43431 80 1031 Duck Duck NNP 43431 80 1032 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1033 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1034 Anas Anas NNP 43431 80 1035 boschas boschas IN 43431 80 1036 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1037 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1038 311 311 CD 43431 80 1039 59 59 CD 43431 80 1040 Skull Skull NNP 43431 80 1041 of of IN 43431 80 1042 a a DT 43431 80 1043 Duck Duck NNP 43431 80 1044 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1045 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1046 Anas Anas NNP 43431 80 1047 boschas boschas IN 43431 80 1048 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1049 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1050 312 312 CD 43431 80 1051 60 60 CD 43431 80 1052 A a NN 43431 80 1053 , , , 43431 80 1054 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 80 1055 view view NN 43431 80 1056 of of IN 43431 80 1057 the the DT 43431 80 1058 cranium cranium NN 43431 80 1059 of of IN 43431 80 1060 a a DT 43431 80 1061 Duck Duck NNP 43431 80 1062 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1063 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1064 Anas Anas NNP 43431 80 1065 boschas boschas IN 43431 80 1066 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1067 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1068 ; ; : 43431 80 1069 B B NNP 43431 80 1070 , , , 43431 80 1071 Cranium Cranium NNP 43431 80 1072 and and CC 43431 80 1073 mandible mandible JJ 43431 80 1074 seen see VBN 43431 80 1075 from from IN 43431 80 1076 the the DT 43431 80 1077 left left JJ 43431 80 1078 side side NN 43431 80 1079 313 313 CD 43431 80 1080 61 61 CD 43431 80 1081 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 80 1082 view view NN 43431 80 1083 of of IN 43431 80 1084 the the DT 43431 80 1085 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 80 1086 and and CC 43431 80 1087 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 80 1088 of of IN 43431 80 1089 a a DT 43431 80 1090 Duck Duck NNP 43431 80 1091 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1092 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1093 Anas Anas NNP 43431 80 1094 boschas boschas IN 43431 80 1095 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1096 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1097 325 325 CD 43431 80 1098 62 62 CD 43431 80 1099 Third third JJ 43431 80 1100 cervical cervical JJ 43431 80 1101 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 80 1102 of of IN 43431 80 1103 an an DT 43431 80 1104 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 80 1105 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1106 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1107 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 80 1108 camelus camelus JJ 43431 80 1109 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1110 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1111 331 331 CD 43431 80 1112 63 63 CD 43431 80 1113 Shoulder shoulder NN 43431 80 1114 - - HYPH 43431 80 1115 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 1116 and and CC 43431 80 1117 sternum sternum NN 43431 80 1118 of of IN 43431 80 1119 A a NN 43431 80 1120 , , , 43431 80 1121 Black Black NNP 43431 80 1122 Vulture Vulture NNP 43431 80 1123 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1124 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1125 Vultur Vultur NNP 43431 80 1126 cinereus cinereu NNS 43431 80 1127 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1128 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1129 ; ; : 43431 80 1130 B B NNP 43431 80 1131 , , , 43431 80 1132 Peacock Peacock NNP 43431 80 1133 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1134 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1135 Pavo Pavo NNP 43431 80 1136 cristatus cristatus NN 43431 80 1137 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1138 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1139 ; ; : 43431 80 1140 C C NNP 43431 80 1141 , , , 43431 80 1142 Pelican Pelican NNP 43431 80 1143 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1144 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1145 Pelicanus Pelicanus NNP 43431 80 1146 conspicillatus conspicillatus NN 43431 80 1147 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1148 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1149 337 337 CD 43431 80 1150 64 64 CD 43431 80 1151 Bones bone NNS 43431 80 1152 of of IN 43431 80 1153 the the DT 43431 80 1154 right right JJ 43431 80 1155 wing wing NN 43431 80 1156 of of IN 43431 80 1157 A a NN 43431 80 1158 , , , 43431 80 1159 a a DT 43431 80 1160 Penguin Penguin NNP 43431 80 1161 ; ; , 43431 80 1162 B b NN 43431 80 1163 , , , 43431 80 1164 an an DT 43431 80 1165 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 80 1166 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1167 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1168 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 80 1169 camelus camelus POS 43431 80 1170 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1171 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1172 and and CC 43431 80 1173 C C NNP 43431 80 1174 , , , 43431 80 1175 a a DT 43431 80 1176 Gannet Gannet NNP 43431 80 1177 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1178 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1179 Sula Sula NNP 43431 80 1180 alba alba VBZ 43431 80 1181 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1182 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1183 339 339 CD 43431 80 1184 65 65 CD 43431 80 1185 Pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 80 1186 girdle girdle NN 43431 80 1187 and and CC 43431 80 1188 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 80 1189 of of IN 43431 80 1190 A A NNP 43431 80 1191 , , , 43431 80 1192 Cassowary Cassowary NNP 43431 80 1193 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1194 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1195 Casuarius Casuarius NNP 43431 80 1196 galeatus galeatus NN 43431 80 1197 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1198 ) ) -RRB- 43431 80 1199 ; ; : 43431 80 1200 B b UH 43431 80 1201 , , , 43431 80 1202 Owen Owen NNP 43431 80 1203 's 's POS 43431 80 1204 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 80 1205 ( ( -LRB- 43431 80 1206 _ _ NNP 43431 80 1207 A. A. NNP 43431 81 1 oweni oweni NNP 43431 81 2 _ _ NNP 43431 81 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 81 4 ; ; : 43431 81 5 C C NNP 43431 81 6 , , , 43431 81 7 Broad Broad NNP 43431 81 8 - - HYPH 43431 81 9 billed bill VBN 43431 81 10 Rhea Rhea NNP 43431 81 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 81 12 _ _ NNP 43431 81 13 R. R. NNP 43431 82 1 macrorhyncha macrorhyncha NNP 43431 82 2 _ _ NNP 43431 82 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 4 ; ; : 43431 82 5 D D NNP 43431 82 6 , , , 43431 82 7 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 82 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 9 _ _ NNP 43431 82 10 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 82 11 camelus camelus JJ 43431 82 12 _ _ NNP 43431 82 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 14 340 340 CD 43431 82 15 66 66 CD 43431 82 16 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 82 17 view view NN 43431 82 18 of of IN 43431 82 19 the the DT 43431 82 20 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 82 21 - - HYPH 43431 82 22 girdle girdle NN 43431 82 23 and and CC 43431 82 24 sternum sternum NN 43431 82 25 of of IN 43431 82 26 a a DT 43431 82 27 Duckbill Duckbill NNP 43431 82 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 29 _ _ NNP 43431 82 30 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 82 31 paradoxus paradoxus NN 43431 82 32 _ _ NNP 43431 82 33 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 34 347 347 CD 43431 82 35 67 67 CD 43431 82 36 Cervical cervical JJ 43431 82 37 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 82 38 of of IN 43431 82 39 a a DT 43431 82 40 Ca'ing ca'e VBG 43431 82 41 Whale Whale NNP 43431 82 42 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 43 _ _ NNP 43431 82 44 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 82 45 melas mela NNS 43431 82 46 _ _ NNP 43431 82 47 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 48 354 354 CD 43431 82 49 68 68 CD 43431 82 50 Dentition Dentition NNP 43431 82 51 of of IN 43431 82 52 a a DT 43431 82 53 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 54 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 55 _ _ NNP 43431 82 56 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 57 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 58 _ _ NNP 43431 82 59 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 60 375 375 CD 43431 82 61 69 69 CD 43431 82 62 Atlas atla NNS 43431 82 63 and and CC 43431 82 64 axis axis JJ 43431 82 65 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 82 66 of of IN 43431 82 67 a a DT 43431 82 68 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 69 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 70 _ _ NNP 43431 82 71 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 72 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 73 _ _ NNP 43431 82 74 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 75 379 379 CD 43431 82 76 70 70 CD 43431 82 77 Second second JJ 43431 82 78 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 82 79 and and CC 43431 82 80 second second JJ 43431 82 81 lumbar lumbar JJ 43431 82 82 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 82 83 of of IN 43431 82 84 a a DT 43431 82 85 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 86 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 87 _ _ NNP 43431 82 88 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 89 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 90 _ _ NNP 43431 82 91 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 92 382 382 CD 43431 82 93 71 71 CD 43431 82 94 Diagram Diagram NNP 43431 82 95 of of IN 43431 82 96 the the DT 43431 82 97 relations relation NNS 43431 82 98 of of IN 43431 82 99 the the DT 43431 82 100 principal principal JJ 43431 82 101 bones bone NNS 43431 82 102 in in IN 43431 82 103 the the DT 43431 82 104 Mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 82 105 skull skull NN 43431 82 106 385 385 CD 43431 82 107 72 72 CD 43431 82 108 Vertical vertical JJ 43431 82 109 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 82 110 section section NN 43431 82 111 through through IN 43431 82 112 skull skull NN 43431 82 113 of of IN 43431 82 114 a a DT 43431 82 115 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 116 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 117 _ _ NNP 43431 82 118 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 119 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 120 _ _ NNP 43431 82 121 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 122 387 387 CD 43431 82 123 73 73 CD 43431 82 124 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 82 125 view view NN 43431 82 126 of of IN 43431 82 127 the the DT 43431 82 128 cranium cranium NN 43431 82 129 of of IN 43431 82 130 a a DT 43431 82 131 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 132 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 133 _ _ NNP 43431 82 134 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 135 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 136 _ _ NNP 43431 82 137 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 138 389 389 CD 43431 82 139 74 74 CD 43431 82 140 Diagram diagram NN 43431 82 141 of of IN 43431 82 142 the the DT 43431 82 143 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 82 144 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 82 145 cavity cavity NN 43431 82 146 and and CC 43431 82 147 associated associated JJ 43431 82 148 bones bone NNS 43431 82 149 391 391 CD 43431 82 150 75 75 CD 43431 82 151 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 82 152 view view NN 43431 82 153 of of IN 43431 82 154 the the DT 43431 82 155 cranium cranium NN 43431 82 156 of of IN 43431 82 157 a a DT 43431 82 158 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 159 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 160 _ _ NNP 43431 82 161 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 162 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 163 _ _ NNP 43431 82 164 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 165 396 396 CD 43431 82 166 76 76 CD 43431 82 167 Sternum Sternum NNP 43431 82 168 and and CC 43431 82 169 sternal sternal JJ 43431 82 170 ribs rib NNS 43431 82 171 of of IN 43431 82 172 a a DT 43431 82 173 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 174 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 175 _ _ NNP 43431 82 176 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 177 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 178 _ _ NNP 43431 82 179 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 180 403 403 CD 43431 82 181 77 77 CD 43431 82 182 Bones bone NNS 43431 82 183 of of IN 43431 82 184 the the DT 43431 82 185 left left JJ 43431 82 186 upper upper JJ 43431 82 187 arm arm NN 43431 82 188 and and CC 43431 82 189 fore fore NN 43431 82 190 - - HYPH 43431 82 191 arm arm NN 43431 82 192 of of IN 43431 82 193 a a DT 43431 82 194 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 195 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 196 _ _ NNP 43431 82 197 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 198 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 199 _ _ NNP 43431 82 200 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 201 407 407 CD 43431 82 202 78 78 CD 43431 82 203 Right right JJ 43431 82 204 innominate innominate JJ 43431 82 205 bone bone NN 43431 82 206 , , , 43431 82 207 A A NNP 43431 82 208 , , , 43431 82 209 of of IN 43431 82 210 a a DT 43431 82 211 full full RB 43431 82 212 - - HYPH 43431 82 213 grown grown JJ 43431 82 214 Terrier Terrier NNP 43431 82 215 ; ; , 43431 82 216 B b NN 43431 82 217 , , , 43431 82 218 of of IN 43431 82 219 a a DT 43431 82 220 Collie Collie NNP 43431 82 221 Puppy Puppy NNP 43431 82 222 410 410 CD 43431 82 223 79 79 CD 43431 82 224 Left left JJ 43431 82 225 leg leg NN 43431 82 226 bones bone NNS 43431 82 227 of of IN 43431 82 228 a a DT 43431 82 229 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 230 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 231 _ _ NNP 43431 82 232 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 233 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 234 _ _ NNP 43431 82 235 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 236 411 411 CD 43431 82 237 80 80 CD 43431 82 238 A a NN 43431 82 239 , , , 43431 82 240 Right right JJ 43431 82 241 manus manus NN 43431 82 242 ; ; : 43431 82 243 B b NN 43431 82 244 , , , 43431 82 245 Right right JJ 43431 82 246 pes pe NNS 43431 82 247 of of IN 43431 82 248 a a DT 43431 82 249 Dog Dog NNP 43431 82 250 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 251 _ _ NNP 43431 82 252 Canis Canis NNP 43431 82 253 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 82 254 _ _ NNP 43431 82 255 ) ) -RRB- 43431 82 256 413 413 CD 43431 82 257 81 81 CD 43431 82 258 Skull Skull NNP 43431 82 259 of of IN 43431 82 260 a a DT 43431 82 261 young young JJ 43431 82 262 Indian Indian NNP 43431 82 263 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 82 264 ( ( -LRB- 43431 82 265 _ _ NNP 43431 82 266 R. R. NNP 43431 83 1 unicornis unicornis NNP 43431 83 2 _ _ NNP 43431 83 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 4 showing show VBG 43431 83 5 the the DT 43431 83 6 change change NN 43431 83 7 of of IN 43431 83 8 the the DT 43431 83 9 dentition dentition NN 43431 83 10 421 421 CD 43431 83 11 82 82 CD 43431 83 12 Palatal Palatal NNP 43431 83 13 aspect aspect NN 43431 83 14 of of IN 43431 83 15 the the DT 43431 83 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 83 17 and and CC 43431 83 18 mandible mandible JJ 43431 83 19 of of IN 43431 83 20 a a DT 43431 83 21 Donkey Donkey NNP 43431 83 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 23 _ _ NNP 43431 83 24 Equus Equus NNP 43431 83 25 asinus asinus NN 43431 83 26 _ _ NNP 43431 83 27 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 28 431 431 CD 43431 83 29 83 83 CD 43431 83 30 Skull Skull NNP 43431 83 31 of of IN 43431 83 32 _ _ NNP 43431 83 33 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 83 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 35 Dendrohyrax Dendrohyrax NNP 43431 83 36 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 37 dorsalis dorsalis NNP 43431 83 38 _ _ NNP 43431 83 39 433 433 CD 43431 83 40 84 84 CD 43431 83 41 Carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 83 42 or or CC 43431 83 43 sectorial sectorial JJ 43431 83 44 teeth tooth NNS 43431 83 45 of of IN 43431 83 46 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 83 47 436 436 CD 43431 83 48 85 85 CD 43431 83 49 Mandible mandible JJ 43431 83 50 of of IN 43431 83 51 Isabelline Isabelline NNP 43431 83 52 Bear Bear NNP 43431 83 53 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 54 _ _ NNP 43431 83 55 Ursus Ursus NNP 43431 83 56 isabellinus isabellinu VBD 43431 83 57 _ _ NNP 43431 83 58 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 59 438 438 CD 43431 83 60 86 86 CD 43431 83 61 Left left JJ 43431 83 62 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 83 63 ramus ramus NN 43431 83 64 of of IN 43431 83 65 the the DT 43431 83 66 Sea Sea NNP 43431 83 67 Leopard Leopard NNP 43431 83 68 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 69 _ _ NNP 43431 83 70 Ogmorhinus Ogmorhinus NNP 43431 83 71 leptonyx leptonyx NN 43431 83 72 _ _ NNP 43431 83 73 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 74 439 439 CD 43431 83 75 87 87 CD 43431 83 76 Cervical cervical JJ 43431 83 77 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 83 78 of of IN 43431 83 79 a a DT 43431 83 80 young young JJ 43431 83 81 Fin Fin NNP 43431 83 82 Whale Whale NNP 43431 83 83 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 84 _ _ NNP 43431 83 85 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 83 86 musculus musculus NN 43431 83 87 _ _ NNP 43431 83 88 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 89 444 444 CD 43431 83 90 88 88 CD 43431 83 91 Atlas atla NNS 43431 83 92 and and CC 43431 83 93 axis axis JJ 43431 83 94 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 83 95 of of IN 43431 83 96 an an DT 43431 83 97 Ox Ox NNP 43431 83 98 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 99 _ _ NNP 43431 83 100 Bos Bos NNP 43431 83 101 taurus taurus NNP 43431 83 102 _ _ NNP 43431 83 103 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 104 445 445 CD 43431 83 105 89 89 CD 43431 83 106 First first JJ 43431 83 107 and and CC 43431 83 108 second second JJ 43431 83 109 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 83 110 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 83 111 of of IN 43431 83 112 an an DT 43431 83 113 Ox Ox NNP 43431 83 114 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 115 _ _ NNP 43431 83 116 Bos Bos NNP 43431 83 117 taurus taurus NNP 43431 83 118 _ _ NNP 43431 83 119 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 120 449 449 CD 43431 83 121 90 90 CD 43431 83 122 Skulls skull NNS 43431 83 123 of of IN 43431 83 124 Tasmanian Tasmanian NNP 43431 83 125 Wolf Wolf NNP 43431 83 126 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 127 _ _ NNP 43431 83 128 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 83 129 cynocephalus cynocephalus NN 43431 83 130 _ _ NNP 43431 83 131 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 132 and and CC 43431 83 133 Hairy Hairy NNP 43431 83 134 - - HYPH 43431 83 135 nosed nosed JJ 43431 83 136 Wombat Wombat NNP 43431 83 137 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 138 _ _ NNP 43431 83 139 Phascolomys Phascolomys NNP 43431 83 140 latifrons latifron NNS 43431 83 141 _ _ NNP 43431 83 142 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 143 456 456 CD 43431 83 144 91 91 CD 43431 83 145 Skull Skull NNP 43431 83 146 of of IN 43431 83 147 Two two CD 43431 83 148 - - HYPH 43431 83 149 fingered finger VBN 43431 83 150 Sloth Sloth NNP 43431 83 151 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 152 _ _ NNP 43431 83 153 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 83 154 didactylus didactylus NN 43431 83 155 _ _ NNP 43431 83 156 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 157 458 458 CD 43431 83 158 92 92 CD 43431 83 159 Skull Skull NNP 43431 83 160 of of IN 43431 83 161 _ _ NNP 43431 83 162 Rhytina Rhytina NNP 43431 83 163 stelleri stelleri NN 43431 83 164 _ _ NNP 43431 83 165 460 460 CD 43431 83 166 93 93 CD 43431 83 167 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 83 168 view view NN 43431 83 169 and and CC 43431 83 170 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 83 171 section section NN 43431 83 172 of of IN 43431 83 173 the the DT 43431 83 174 skull skull NN 43431 83 175 of of IN 43431 83 176 a a DT 43431 83 177 young young JJ 43431 83 178 Ca'ing ca'e VBG 43431 83 179 Whale Whale NNP 43431 83 180 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 181 _ _ NNP 43431 83 182 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 83 183 melas mela NNS 43431 83 184 _ _ NNP 43431 83 185 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 186 463 463 CD 43431 83 187 94 94 CD 43431 83 188 Cranium cranium NN 43431 83 189 and and CC 43431 83 190 mandible mandible JJ 43431 83 191 of of IN 43431 83 192 a a DT 43431 83 193 Pig Pig NNP 43431 83 194 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 195 _ _ NNP 43431 83 196 Sus Sus NNP 43431 83 197 scrofa scrofa NNP 43431 83 198 _ _ NNP 43431 83 199 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 200 466 466 CD 43431 83 201 95 95 CD 43431 83 202 Mandible mandible JJ 43431 83 203 of of IN 43431 83 204 a a DT 43431 83 205 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 83 206 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 207 _ _ NNP 43431 83 208 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 83 209 amphibius amphibius NN 43431 83 210 _ _ NNP 43431 83 211 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 212 467 467 CD 43431 83 213 96 96 CD 43431 83 214 Skull Skull NNP 43431 83 215 of of IN 43431 83 216 a a DT 43431 83 217 young young JJ 43431 83 218 Indian Indian NNP 43431 83 219 Elephant Elephant NNP 43431 83 220 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 221 _ _ NNP 43431 83 222 Elephas Elephas NNP 43431 83 223 indicus indicus NNP 43431 83 224 _ _ NNP 43431 83 225 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 226 474 474 CD 43431 83 227 97 97 CD 43431 83 228 Longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 83 229 section section NN 43431 83 230 of of IN 43431 83 231 the the DT 43431 83 232 skull skull NN 43431 83 233 of of IN 43431 83 234 a a DT 43431 83 235 young young JJ 43431 83 236 Indian Indian NNP 43431 83 237 Elephant Elephant NNP 43431 83 238 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 239 _ _ NNP 43431 83 240 Elephas Elephas NNP 43431 83 241 indicus indicus NNP 43431 83 242 _ _ NNP 43431 83 243 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 244 475 475 CD 43431 83 245 98 98 CD 43431 83 246 Half half JJ 43431 83 247 - - HYPH 43431 83 248 front front JJ 43431 83 249 view view NN 43431 83 250 of of IN 43431 83 251 the the DT 43431 83 252 skull skull NN 43431 83 253 of of IN 43431 83 254 a a DT 43431 83 255 Porcupine Porcupine NNP 43431 83 256 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 257 _ _ NNP 43431 83 258 Hystrix Hystrix NNP 43431 83 259 cristata cristata NN 43431 83 260 _ _ NNP 43431 83 261 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 262 477 477 CD 43431 83 263 99 99 CD 43431 83 264 Skulls skull NNS 43431 83 265 of of IN 43431 83 266 an an DT 43431 83 267 old old JJ 43431 83 268 and and CC 43431 83 269 of of IN 43431 83 270 a a DT 43431 83 271 young young JJ 43431 83 272 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 83 273 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 274 _ _ NNP 43431 83 275 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 83 276 savagei savagei NN 43431 83 277 _ _ NNP 43431 83 278 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 279 483 483 CD 43431 83 280 100 100 CD 43431 83 281 Malleus Malleus NNP 43431 83 282 , , , 43431 83 283 stapes stape NNS 43431 83 284 , , , 43431 83 285 and and CC 43431 83 286 incus incus NN 43431 83 287 of of IN 43431 83 288 Man Man NNP 43431 83 289 , , , 43431 83 290 Dog Dog NNP 43431 83 291 , , , 43431 83 292 and and CC 43431 83 293 Rabbit Rabbit NNP 43431 83 294 485 485 CD 43431 83 295 101 101 CD 43431 83 296 Skeleton Skeleton NNP 43431 83 297 of of IN 43431 83 298 a a DT 43431 83 299 Cape Cape NNP 43431 83 300 Buffalo Buffalo NNP 43431 83 301 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 302 _ _ NNP 43431 83 303 Bubalus Bubalus NNP 43431 83 304 caffer caffer NN 43431 83 305 _ _ NNP 43431 83 306 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 307 492 492 CD 43431 83 308 102 102 CD 43431 83 309 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 83 310 and and CC 43431 83 311 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 83 312 views view NNS 43431 83 313 of of IN 43431 83 314 the the DT 43431 83 315 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 83 316 - - HYPH 43431 83 317 girdle girdle NN 43431 83 318 and and CC 43431 83 319 part part NN 43431 83 320 of of IN 43431 83 321 the the DT 43431 83 322 sternum sternum NN 43431 83 323 of of IN 43431 83 324 the the DT 43431 83 325 Spiny Spiny NNP 43431 83 326 Anteater Anteater NNP 43431 83 327 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 328 _ _ NNP 43431 83 329 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 83 330 aculeata aculeata NN 43431 83 331 _ _ NNP 43431 83 332 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 333 494 494 CD 43431 83 334 103 103 CD 43431 83 335 Skeleton Skeleton NNP 43431 83 336 of of IN 43431 83 337 a a DT 43431 83 338 Llama Llama NNP 43431 83 339 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 340 _ _ NNP 43431 83 341 Auchenia Auchenia NNP 43431 83 342 glama glama NN 43431 83 343 _ _ NNP 43431 83 344 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 345 496 496 CD 43431 83 346 104 104 CD 43431 83 347 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 83 348 view view NN 43431 83 349 of of IN 43431 83 350 the the DT 43431 83 351 sternum sternum NN 43431 83 352 and and CC 43431 83 353 right right JJ 43431 83 354 half half NN 43431 83 355 of of IN 43431 83 356 the the DT 43431 83 357 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 83 358 girdle girdle NN 43431 83 359 of of IN 43431 83 360 _ _ NNP 43431 83 361 Mus Mus NNP 43431 83 362 sylvaticus sylvaticus NN 43431 83 363 _ _ NNP 43431 83 364 498 498 CD 43431 83 365 105 105 CD 43431 83 366 Anterior Anterior NNP 43431 83 367 surface surface NN 43431 83 368 of of IN 43431 83 369 the the DT 43431 83 370 right right JJ 43431 83 371 humerus humerus NN 43431 83 372 of of IN 43431 83 373 a a DT 43431 83 374 Wombat Wombat NNP 43431 83 375 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 376 _ _ NNP 43431 83 377 Phascolomys Phascolomys NNP 43431 83 378 latifrons latifron NNS 43431 83 379 _ _ NNP 43431 83 380 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 381 500 500 CD 43431 83 382 106 106 CD 43431 83 383 Manus manu NNS 43431 83 384 of of IN 43431 83 385 Perissodactyles Perissodactyles NNPS 43431 83 386 : : : 43431 83 387 A a DT 43431 83 388 , , , 43431 83 389 Left leave VBD 43431 83 390 manus manus NN 43431 83 391 of of IN 43431 83 392 _ _ NNP 43431 83 393 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 83 394 _ _ NNP 43431 83 395 ; ; : 43431 83 396 B b NN 43431 83 397 , , , 43431 83 398 Right right JJ 43431 83 399 manus manus NN 43431 83 400 of of IN 43431 83 401 _ _ NNP 43431 83 402 Titanotherium Titanotherium NNP 43431 83 403 _ _ NNP 43431 83 404 ; ; : 43431 83 405 C C NNP 43431 83 406 , , , 43431 83 407 Left leave VBD 43431 83 408 manus manus NN 43431 83 409 of of IN 43431 83 410 _ _ NNP 43431 83 411 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 83 412 giganteum giganteum NN 43431 83 413 _ _ NNP 43431 83 414 508 508 CD 43431 83 415 107 107 CD 43431 83 416 Left leave VBD 43431 83 417 manus manus NN 43431 83 418 of of IN 43431 83 419 A a NN 43431 83 420 , , , 43431 83 421 _ _ NNP 43431 83 422 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 83 423 hamatus hamatus NN 43431 83 424 _ _ NNP 43431 83 425 ; ; : 43431 83 426 B B NNP 43431 83 427 , , , 43431 83 428 _ _ NNP 43431 83 429 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 83 430 primaevus primaevu VBD 43431 83 431 _ _ NNP 43431 83 432 ; ; : 43431 83 433 C C NNP 43431 83 434 , , , 43431 83 435 _ _ NNP 43431 83 436 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 83 437 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 438 Dendrohyrax Dendrohyrax NNP 43431 83 439 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 440 arboreus arboreu VBZ 43431 83 441 _ _ NNP 43431 83 442 510 510 CD 43431 83 443 108 108 CD 43431 83 444 Left Left NNP 43431 83 445 anterior anterior NN 43431 83 446 and and CC 43431 83 447 posterior posterior NNP 43431 83 448 limbs limbs NNP 43431 83 449 and and CC 43431 83 450 limb limb VB 43431 83 451 girdles girdle NNS 43431 83 452 of of IN 43431 83 453 _ _ NNP 43431 83 454 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 83 455 mirabile mirabile NN 43431 83 456 _ _ NNP 43431 83 457 516 516 CD 43431 83 458 109 109 CD 43431 83 459 Left Left NNP 43431 83 460 femur femur NN 43431 83 461 of of IN 43431 83 462 an an DT 43431 83 463 Ox Ox NNP 43431 83 464 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 465 _ _ NNP 43431 83 466 Bos Bos NNP 43431 83 467 taurus taurus NNP 43431 83 468 _ _ NNP 43431 83 469 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 470 and and CC 43431 83 471 of of IN 43431 83 472 a a DT 43431 83 473 Sumatran Sumatran NNP 43431 83 474 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 83 475 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 476 _ _ NNP 43431 83 477 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 83 478 sumatrensis sumatrensis NN 43431 83 479 _ _ NNP 43431 83 480 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 481 518 518 CD 43431 83 482 110 110 CD 43431 83 483 Pes Pes NNP 43431 83 484 of of IN 43431 83 485 A a NN 43431 83 486 , , , 43431 83 487 a a DT 43431 83 488 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 83 489 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 490 _ _ NNP 43431 83 491 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 83 492 americanus americanus IN 43431 83 493 _ _ NNP 43431 83 494 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 495 ; ; : 43431 83 496 B b NN 43431 83 497 , , , 43431 83 498 a a DT 43431 83 499 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 83 500 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 501 _ _ NNP 43431 83 502 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 83 503 sumatrensis sumatrensis NN 43431 83 504 _ _ NNP 43431 83 505 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 506 ; ; : 43431 83 507 C C NNP 43431 83 508 , , , 43431 83 509 _ _ NNP 43431 83 510 Hipparion Hipparion NNP 43431 83 511 gracile gracile NNP 43431 83 512 _ _ NNP 43431 83 513 ; ; : 43431 83 514 D D NNP 43431 83 515 , , , 43431 83 516 a a DT 43431 83 517 Horse Horse NNP 43431 83 518 ( ( -LRB- 43431 83 519 _ _ NNP 43431 83 520 Equus Equus NNP 43431 83 521 caballus caballus NNP 43431 83 522 _ _ NNP 43431 83 523 ) ) -RRB- 43431 83 524 524 524 CD 43431 83 525 ERRATA ERRATA NNP 43431 83 526 . . . 43431 84 1 p. p. NN 43431 84 2 172 172 CD 43431 84 3 , , , 43431 84 4 note note NN 43431 84 5 , , , 43431 84 6 _ _ NNP 43431 84 7 for for IN 43431 84 8 _ _ NNP 43431 84 9 14 14 CD 43431 84 10 _ _ NNP 43431 84 11 read read VBD 43431 84 12 _ _ NNP 43431 84 13 15 15 CD 43431 84 14 . . . 43431 84 15 p. p. NN 43431 84 16 279 279 CD 43431 84 17 , , , 43431 84 18 description description NN 43431 84 19 of of IN 43431 84 20 figure figure NN 43431 84 21 , , , 43431 84 22 _ _ NNP 43431 84 23 for for IN 43431 84 24 _ _ NNP 43431 84 25 Tropidinotus Tropidinotus NNP 43431 84 26 _ _ NNP 43431 84 27 read read VBD 43431 84 28 _ _ NNP 43431 84 29 Tropidonotus Tropidonotus NNP 43431 84 30 . . . 43431 85 1 p. p. NN 43431 85 2 287 287 CD 43431 85 3 , , , 43431 85 4 description description NN 43431 85 5 of of IN 43431 85 6 figure figure NN 43431 85 7 , , , 43431 85 8 _ _ NNP 43431 85 9 for for IN 43431 85 10 _ _ NNP 43431 85 11 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 85 12 - - HYPH 43431 85 13 girdle girdle NN 43431 85 14 of of IN 43431 85 15 sternum sternum NNP 43431 85 16 _ _ NNP 43431 85 17 read read VBD 43431 85 18 _ _ NNP 43431 85 19 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 85 20 - - HYPH 43431 85 21 girdle girdle NN 43431 85 22 and and CC 43431 85 23 sternum sternum NNP 43431 85 24 . . . 43431 86 1 p. p. NN 43431 86 2 393 393 CD 43431 86 3 , , , 43431 86 4 middle middle NN 43431 86 5 of of IN 43431 86 6 page page NN 43431 86 7 , , , 43431 86 8 _ _ NNP 43431 86 9 for for IN 43431 86 10 _ _ NNP 43431 86 11 VIII VIII NNP 43431 86 12 _ _ NNP 43431 86 13 read read VBD 43431 86 14 _ _ NNP 43431 86 15 VII VII NNP 43431 86 16 . . . 43431 87 1 p. p. NN 43431 87 2 427 427 CD 43431 87 3 , , , 43431 87 4 line line NN 43431 87 5 2 2 CD 43431 87 6 , , , 43431 87 7 _ _ NNP 43431 87 8 for for IN 43431 87 9 _ _ NNP 43431 87 10 Grampus Grampus NNP 43431 87 11 _ _ NNP 43431 87 12 read read VBD 43431 87 13 _ _ NNP 43431 87 14 Killer Killer NNP 43431 87 15 . . . 43431 88 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 88 2 I. I. NNP 43431 89 1 INTRODUCTORY introductory JJ 43431 89 2 ACCOUNT account NN 43431 89 3 OF of IN 43431 89 4 THE the DT 43431 89 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 89 6 IN in IN 43431 89 7 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 89 8 . . . 43431 90 1 BY by IN 43431 90 2 the the DT 43431 90 3 term term NN 43431 90 4 = = SYM 43431 90 5 skeleton= skeleton= NNP 43431 90 6 is be VBZ 43431 90 7 meant mean VBN 43431 90 8 the the DT 43431 90 9 hard hard JJ 43431 90 10 structures structure NNS 43431 90 11 whose whose WP$ 43431 90 12 function function NN 43431 90 13 is be VBZ 43431 90 14 to to TO 43431 90 15 support support VB 43431 90 16 or or CC 43431 90 17 to to TO 43431 90 18 protect protect VB 43431 90 19 the the DT 43431 90 20 softer soft JJR 43431 90 21 tissues tissue NNS 43431 90 22 of of IN 43431 90 23 the the DT 43431 90 24 animal animal NN 43431 90 25 body body NN 43431 90 26 . . . 43431 91 1 The the DT 43431 91 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 91 3 is be VBZ 43431 91 4 divisible divisible JJ 43431 91 5 into into IN 43431 91 6 A. a. NN 43431 92 1 The the DT 43431 92 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 92 3 , , , 43431 92 4 which which WDT 43431 92 5 is be VBZ 43431 92 6 external external JJ 43431 92 7 ; ; : 43431 92 8 B. B. NNP 43431 93 1 The the DT 43431 93 2 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON NNP 43431 93 3 , , , 43431 93 4 which which WDT 43431 93 5 is be VBZ 43431 93 6 as as IN 43431 93 7 a a DT 43431 93 8 rule rule NN 43431 93 9 internal internal JJ 43431 93 10 ; ; : 43431 93 11 though though IN 43431 93 12 in in IN 43431 93 13 some some DT 43431 93 14 cases case NNS 43431 93 15 , , , 43431 93 16 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 94 1 the the DT 43431 94 2 antlers antler NNS 43431 94 3 of of IN 43431 94 4 deer deer NN 43431 94 5 , , , 43431 94 6 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 94 7 structures structure NNS 43431 94 8 become become VBP 43431 94 9 , , , 43431 94 10 as as IN 43431 94 11 development development NN 43431 94 12 proceeds proceed NNS 43431 94 13 , , , 43431 94 14 external external JJ 43431 94 15 . . . 43431 95 1 In in IN 43431 95 2 Invertebrates Invertebrates NNPS 43431 95 3 the the DT 43431 95 4 hard hard JJ 43431 95 5 , , , 43431 95 6 supporting support VBG 43431 95 7 structures structure NNS 43431 95 8 of of IN 43431 95 9 the the DT 43431 95 10 body body NN 43431 95 11 are be VBP 43431 95 12 mainly mainly RB 43431 95 13 = = SYM 43431 95 14 exoskeletal= exoskeletal= NNP 43431 95 15 , , , 43431 95 16 in in IN 43431 95 17 Vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 95 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 95 19 are be VBP 43431 95 20 mainly mainly RB 43431 95 21 = = SYM 43431 95 22 endoskeletal= endoskeletal= JJ 43431 95 23 ; ; : 43431 95 24 but but CC 43431 95 25 the the DT 43431 95 26 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 95 27 includes include VBZ 43431 95 28 , , , 43431 95 29 especially especially RB 43431 95 30 in in IN 43431 95 31 the the DT 43431 95 32 skull skull NN 43431 95 33 , , , 43431 95 34 a a DT 43431 95 35 number number NN 43431 95 36 of of IN 43431 95 37 elements element NNS 43431 95 38 , , , 43431 95 39 the the DT 43431 95 40 = = SYM 43431 95 41 dermal= dermal= NN 43431 95 42 or or CC 43431 95 43 = = SYM 43431 95 44 membrane= membrane= NN 43431 95 45 bones bone NNS 43431 95 46 , , , 43431 95 47 which which WDT 43431 95 48 are be VBP 43431 95 49 shown show VBN 43431 95 50 by by IN 43431 95 51 development development NN 43431 95 52 to to TO 43431 95 53 have have VB 43431 95 54 been be VBN 43431 95 55 originally originally RB 43431 95 56 of of IN 43431 95 57 external external JJ 43431 95 58 origin origin NN 43431 95 59 . . . 43431 96 1 These these DT 43431 96 2 membrane membrane NN 43431 96 3 bones bone NNS 43431 96 4 are be VBP 43431 96 5 so so RB 43431 96 6 intimately intimately RB 43431 96 7 related related JJ 43431 96 8 to to IN 43431 96 9 the the DT 43431 96 10 true true JJ 43431 96 11 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 96 12 that that IN 43431 96 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 96 14 will will MD 43431 96 15 be be VB 43431 96 16 described describe VBN 43431 96 17 with with IN 43431 96 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 96 19 . . . 43431 97 1 The the DT 43431 97 2 simplest simple JJS 43431 97 3 and and CC 43431 97 4 lowest low JJS 43431 97 5 types type NNS 43431 97 6 of of IN 43431 97 7 both both DT 43431 97 8 vertebrate vertebrate NN 43431 97 9 and and CC 43431 97 10 invertebrate invertebrate JJ 43431 97 11 animals animal NNS 43431 97 12 have have VBP 43431 97 13 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 97 14 skeletons skeleton NNS 43431 97 15 ; ; : 43431 97 16 with with IN 43431 97 17 the the DT 43431 97 18 need need NN 43431 97 19 for for IN 43431 97 20 flexibility flexibility NN 43431 97 21 however however RB 43431 97 22 segmentation segmentation NN 43431 97 23 arose arise VBD 43431 97 24 both both CC 43431 97 25 in in IN 43431 97 26 the the DT 43431 97 27 case case NN 43431 97 28 of of IN 43431 97 29 the the DT 43431 97 30 invertebrate invertebrate JJ 43431 97 31 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 97 32 and and CC 43431 97 33 the the DT 43431 97 34 vertebrate vertebrate JJ 43431 97 35 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 97 36 . . . 43431 98 1 The the DT 43431 98 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 98 3 in in IN 43431 98 4 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 98 5 is be VBZ 43431 98 6 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB 43431 98 7 older old JJR 43431 98 8 than than IN 43431 98 9 the the DT 43431 98 10 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 98 11 , , , 43431 98 12 as as IN 43431 98 13 is be VBZ 43431 98 14 indicated indicate VBN 43431 98 15 by by IN 43431 98 16 both both DT 43431 98 17 palaeontology palaeontology NN 43431 98 18 and and CC 43431 98 19 embryology embryology NN 43431 98 20 . . . 43431 99 1 Palaeontological palaeontological JJ 43431 99 2 evidence evidence NN 43431 99 3 is be VBZ 43431 99 4 afforded afford VBN 43431 99 5 by by IN 43431 99 6 the the DT 43431 99 7 fact fact NN 43431 99 8 that that IN 43431 99 9 all all PDT 43431 99 10 the the DT 43431 99 11 lower low JJR 43431 99 12 groups group NNS 43431 99 13 of of IN 43431 99 14 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 99 15 -- -- : 43431 99 16 Fish fish NN 43431 99 17 , , , 43431 99 18 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 99 19 , , , 43431 99 20 and and CC 43431 99 21 Reptiles Reptiles NNP 43431 99 22 -- -- : 43431 99 23 had have VBD 43431 99 24 in in IN 43431 99 25 former former JJ 43431 99 26 geological geological JJ 43431 99 27 periods period NNS 43431 99 28 a a DT 43431 99 29 greater great JJR 43431 99 30 proportion proportion NN 43431 99 31 of of IN 43431 99 32 species specie NNS 43431 99 33 protected protect VBN 43431 99 34 by by IN 43431 99 35 well well RB 43431 99 36 - - HYPH 43431 99 37 developed develop VBN 43431 99 38 dermal dermal JJ 43431 99 39 armour armour NN 43431 99 40 than than IN 43431 99 41 is be VBZ 43431 99 42 the the DT 43431 99 43 case case NN 43431 99 44 at at IN 43431 99 45 present present NN 43431 99 46 . . . 43431 100 1 Embryological embryological JJ 43431 100 2 evidence evidence NN 43431 100 3 tends tend VBZ 43431 100 4 the the DT 43431 100 5 same same JJ 43431 100 6 way way NN 43431 100 7 , , , 43431 100 8 inasmuch inasmuch JJ 43431 100 9 as as IN 43431 100 10 dermal dermal JJ 43431 100 11 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 100 12 appear appear VBP 43431 100 13 much much RB 43431 100 14 earlier early RBR 43431 100 15 in in IN 43431 100 16 the the DT 43431 100 17 developing develop VBG 43431 100 18 animal animal NN 43431 100 19 than than IN 43431 100 20 do do VBP 43431 100 21 the the DT 43431 100 22 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 100 23 in in IN 43431 100 24 the the DT 43431 100 25 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 100 26 . . . 43431 101 1 Skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 101 2 structures structure NNS 43431 101 3 may may MD 43431 101 4 be be VB 43431 101 5 derived derive VBN 43431 101 6 from from IN 43431 101 7 each each DT 43431 101 8 of of IN 43431 101 9 the the DT 43431 101 10 three three CD 43431 101 11 germinal germinal JJ 43431 101 12 layers layer NNS 43431 101 13 . . . 43431 102 1 Thus thus RB 43431 102 2 = = SYM 43431 102 3 hairs= hairs= NN 43431 102 4 and and CC 43431 102 5 = = SYM 43431 102 6 feathers= feathers= NNP 43431 102 7 are be VBP 43431 102 8 = = SYM 43431 102 9 epiblastic= epiblastic= NNP 43431 102 10 in in IN 43431 102 11 origin origin NNP 43431 102 12 , , , 43431 102 13 = = NFP 43431 102 14 bones= bones= NNP 43431 102 15 are be VBP 43431 102 16 = = SYM 43431 102 17 mesoblastic= mesoblastic= NNP 43431 102 18 , , , 43431 102 19 and and CC 43431 102 20 the the DT 43431 102 21 = = SYM 43431 102 22 notochord= notochord= NN 43431 102 23 is be VBZ 43431 102 24 = = NFP 43431 102 25 hypoblastic=. hypoblastic=. XX 43431 103 1 The the DT 43431 103 2 different different JJ 43431 103 3 types type NNS 43431 103 4 of of IN 43431 103 5 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 103 6 structures structure NNS 43431 103 7 may may MD 43431 103 8 now now RB 43431 103 9 be be VB 43431 103 10 considered consider VBN 43431 103 11 and and CC 43431 103 12 classified classify VBN 43431 103 13 more more RBR 43431 103 14 fully fully RB 43431 103 15 . . . 43431 104 1 A. a. JJ 43431 104 2 EXOSKELETAL EXOSKELETAL NNP 43431 104 3 STRUCTURES STRUCTURES NNP 43431 104 4 . . . 43431 105 1 I. I. NNP 43431 105 2 EPIBLASTIC EPIBLASTIC NNP 43431 105 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 105 4 epidermal epidermal NNP 43431 105 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 105 6 . . . 43431 106 1 Exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 106 2 structures structure NNS 43431 106 3 of of IN 43431 106 4 epiblastic epiblastic JJ 43431 106 5 origin origin NN 43431 106 6 may may MD 43431 106 7 be be VB 43431 106 8 developed develop VBN 43431 106 9 on on IN 43431 106 10 both both CC 43431 106 11 the the DT 43431 106 12 inner inner JJ 43431 106 13 and and CC 43431 106 14 outer outer JJ 43431 106 15 surfaces surface NNS 43431 106 16 of of IN 43431 106 17 the the DT 43431 106 18 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 106 19 layer layer NN 43431 106 20 of of IN 43431 106 21 the the DT 43431 106 22 epidermis[1 epidermis[1 NNP 43431 106 23 ] ] -RRB- 43431 106 24 . . . 43431 107 1 Those those DT 43431 107 2 developed develop VBN 43431 107 3 on on IN 43431 107 4 the the DT 43431 107 5 outer outer JJ 43431 107 6 surface surface NN 43431 107 7 include include VBP 43431 107 8 = = SYM 43431 107 9 hairs= hairs= NNP 43431 107 10 , , , 43431 107 11 = = SYM 43431 107 12 feathers= feathers= NNP 43431 107 13 , , , 43431 107 14 = = SYM 43431 107 15 scales= scales= JJ 43431 107 16 , , , 43431 107 17 = = SYM 43431 107 18 nails= nails= NNP 43431 107 19 , , , 43431 107 20 = = SYM 43431 107 21 beaks= beaks= NNP 43431 107 22 and and CC 43431 107 23 = = SYM 43431 107 24 tortoiseshell= tortoiseshell= NNP 43431 107 25 ; ; , 43431 107 26 and and CC 43431 107 27 are be VBP 43431 107 28 specially specially RB 43431 107 29 found find VBN 43431 107 30 in in IN 43431 107 31 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 107 32 higher high JJR 43431 107 33 than than IN 43431 107 34 fishes fish NNS 43431 107 35 . . . 43431 108 1 Those those DT 43431 108 2 developed develop VBN 43431 108 3 on on IN 43431 108 4 the the DT 43431 108 5 inner inner JJ 43431 108 6 surface surface NN 43431 108 7 of of IN 43431 108 8 the the DT 43431 108 9 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 108 10 layer layer NN 43431 108 11 include include VBP 43431 108 12 only only RB 43431 108 13 the the DT 43431 108 14 = = SYM 43431 108 15 enamel= enamel= NN 43431 108 16 of of IN 43431 108 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 108 18 and and CC 43431 108 19 some some DT 43431 108 20 kinds kind NNS 43431 108 21 of of IN 43431 108 22 scales scale NNS 43431 108 23 . . . 43431 109 1 With with IN 43431 109 2 the the DT 43431 109 3 exception exception NN 43431 109 4 of of IN 43431 109 5 feathers feather NNS 43431 109 6 , , , 43431 109 7 which which WDT 43431 109 8 are be VBP 43431 109 9 partly partly RB 43431 109 10 formed form VBN 43431 109 11 from from IN 43431 109 12 the the DT 43431 109 13 horny horny JJ 43431 109 14 layer layer NN 43431 109 15 , , , 43431 109 16 all all PDT 43431 109 17 these these DT 43431 109 18 parts part NNS 43431 109 19 are be VBP 43431 109 20 mainly mainly RB 43431 109 21 derived derive VBN 43431 109 22 from from IN 43431 109 23 the the DT 43431 109 24 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 109 25 layer layer NN 43431 109 26 of of IN 43431 109 27 the the DT 43431 109 28 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 109 29 . . . 43431 110 1 = = NFP 43431 110 2 Hairs= Hairs= NNP 43431 110 3 are be VBP 43431 110 4 slender slend JJR 43431 110 5 , , , 43431 110 6 elongated elongated JJ 43431 110 7 structures structure NNS 43431 110 8 which which WDT 43431 110 9 arise arise VBP 43431 110 10 by by IN 43431 110 11 the the DT 43431 110 12 proliferation proliferation NN 43431 110 13 of of IN 43431 110 14 cells cell NNS 43431 110 15 from from IN 43431 110 16 the the DT 43431 110 17 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 110 18 layer layer NN 43431 110 19 of of IN 43431 110 20 the the DT 43431 110 21 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 110 22 . . . 43431 111 1 These these DT 43431 111 2 cells cell NNS 43431 111 3 in in IN 43431 111 4 the the DT 43431 111 5 case case NN 43431 111 6 of of IN 43431 111 7 each each DT 43431 111 8 hair hair NN 43431 111 9 form form VBP 43431 111 10 a a DT 43431 111 11 short short JJ 43431 111 12 papilla papilla NN 43431 111 13 , , , 43431 111 14 which which WDT 43431 111 15 sinks sink VBZ 43431 111 16 inwards inward NNS 43431 111 17 and and CC 43431 111 18 becomes become VBZ 43431 111 19 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 111 20 at at IN 43431 111 21 the the DT 43431 111 22 bottom bottom NN 43431 111 23 of of IN 43431 111 24 a a DT 43431 111 25 follicle follicle NN 43431 111 26 in in IN 43431 111 27 the the DT 43431 111 28 dermis dermis NN 43431 111 29 . . . 43431 112 1 Each each DT 43431 112 2 hair hair NN 43431 112 3 is be VBZ 43431 112 4 normally normally RB 43431 112 5 composed compose VBN 43431 112 6 of of IN 43431 112 7 an an DT 43431 112 8 inner inner JJ 43431 112 9 cellular cellular JJ 43431 112 10 pithy pithy NN 43431 112 11 portion portion NN 43431 112 12 containing contain VBG 43431 112 13 much much JJ 43431 112 14 air air NN 43431 112 15 , , , 43431 112 16 and and CC 43431 112 17 an an DT 43431 112 18 outer outer JJ 43431 112 19 denser denser NN 43431 112 20 cortical cortical JJ 43431 112 21 portion portion NN 43431 112 22 of of IN 43431 112 23 a a DT 43431 112 24 horny horny JJ 43431 112 25 nature nature NN 43431 112 26 . . . 43431 113 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 113 2 , , , 43431 113 3 as as IN 43431 113 4 in in IN 43431 113 5 Deer Deer NNP 43431 113 6 , , , 43431 113 7 the the DT 43431 113 8 hair hair NN 43431 113 9 is be VBZ 43431 113 10 mainly mainly RB 43431 113 11 formed form VBN 43431 113 12 of of IN 43431 113 13 the the DT 43431 113 14 pithy pithy JJ 43431 113 15 portion portion NN 43431 113 16 , , , 43431 113 17 and and CC 43431 113 18 is be VBZ 43431 113 19 then then RB 43431 113 20 easily easily RB 43431 113 21 broken break VBN 43431 113 22 . . . 43431 114 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 114 2 the the DT 43431 114 3 horny horny JJ 43431 114 4 part part NN 43431 114 5 predominates predominate VBZ 43431 114 6 , , , 43431 114 7 as as IN 43431 114 8 in in IN 43431 114 9 the the DT 43431 114 10 bristles bristle NNS 43431 114 11 of of IN 43431 114 12 Pigs pig NNS 43431 114 13 . . . 43431 115 1 A a DT 43431 115 2 highly highly RB 43431 115 3 vascular vascular JJ 43431 115 4 dermal dermal JJ 43431 115 5 papilla papilla NN 43431 115 6 projects project NNS 43431 115 7 into into IN 43431 115 8 the the DT 43431 115 9 base base NN 43431 115 10 of of IN 43431 115 11 the the DT 43431 115 12 hair hair NN 43431 115 13 . . . 43431 116 1 = = NFP 43431 116 2 Feathers= Feathers= NNP 43431 116 3 , , , 43431 116 4 like like IN 43431 116 5 hairs hair NNS 43431 116 6 , , , 43431 116 7 arise arise VBP 43431 116 8 from from IN 43431 116 9 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 116 10 papillae papilla NNS 43431 116 11 which which WDT 43431 116 12 become become VBP 43431 116 13 imbedded imbedded JJ 43431 116 14 in in IN 43431 116 15 pits pit NNS 43431 116 16 in in IN 43431 116 17 the the DT 43431 116 18 dermis dermis NN 43431 116 19 . . . 43431 117 1 But but CC 43431 117 2 the the DT 43431 117 3 feather feath JJS 43431 117 4 germ germ NN 43431 117 5 differs differ VBZ 43431 117 6 from from IN 43431 117 7 the the DT 43431 117 8 hair hair NN 43431 117 9 germ germ NN 43431 117 10 , , , 43431 117 11 in in IN 43431 117 12 the the DT 43431 117 13 fact fact NN 43431 117 14 that that IN 43431 117 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 117 16 first first RB 43431 117 17 grows grow VBZ 43431 117 18 out out RP 43431 117 19 like like IN 43431 117 20 a a DT 43431 117 21 cone cone NN 43431 117 22 on on IN 43431 117 23 the the DT 43431 117 24 surface surface NN 43431 117 25 of of IN 43431 117 26 the the DT 43431 117 27 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 117 28 , , , 43431 117 29 and and CC 43431 117 30 that that IN 43431 117 31 the the DT 43431 117 32 horny horny NN 43431 117 33 as as RB 43431 117 34 well well RB 43431 117 35 as as IN 43431 117 36 the the DT 43431 117 37 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 117 38 layer layer NN 43431 117 39 takes take VBZ 43431 117 40 part part NN 43431 117 41 in in IN 43431 117 42 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 117 43 formation formation NN 43431 117 44 . . . 43431 118 1 = = NFP 43431 118 2 Nails= Nails= NNS 43431 118 3 , , , 43431 118 4 = = SYM 43431 118 5 claws= claws= NNS 43431 118 6 , , , 43431 118 7 = = SYM 43431 118 8 hoofs= hoofs= NNP 43431 118 9 , , , 43431 118 10 and and CC 43431 118 11 the the DT 43431 118 12 = = SYM 43431 118 13 horns horn NNS 43431 118 14 of of IN 43431 118 15 Oxen= oxen= NN 43431 118 16 are be VBP 43431 118 17 also also RB 43431 118 18 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 118 19 , , , 43431 118 20 as as IN 43431 118 21 are be VBP 43431 118 22 such such JJ 43431 118 23 structures structure NNS 43431 118 24 as as IN 43431 118 25 the the DT 43431 118 26 = = SYM 43431 118 27 scales= scales= JJ 43431 118 28 of of IN 43431 118 29 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 118 30 , , , 43431 118 31 of of IN 43431 118 32 birds bird NNS 43431 118 33 ' ' POS 43431 118 34 feet foot NNS 43431 118 35 , , , 43431 118 36 and and CC 43431 118 37 of of IN 43431 118 38 _ _ NNP 43431 118 39 Manis Manis NNP 43431 118 40 _ _ NNP 43431 118 41 among among IN 43431 118 42 mammals mammal NNS 43431 118 43 , , , 43431 118 44 the the DT 43431 118 45 = = SYM 43431 118 46 rattle= rattle= NN 43431 118 47 of of IN 43431 118 48 the the DT 43431 118 49 rattlesnake rattlesnake NN 43431 118 50 , , , 43431 118 51 the the DT 43431 118 52 = = SYM 43431 118 53 nasal nasal NN 43431 118 54 horns= horns= NNP 43431 118 55 of of IN 43431 118 56 _ _ NNP 43431 118 57 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 118 58 _ _ NNP 43431 118 59 , , , 43431 118 60 and and CC 43431 118 61 the the DT 43431 118 62 = = SYM 43431 118 63 baleen= baleen= NN 43431 118 64 of of IN 43431 118 65 whales whale NNS 43431 118 66 . . . 43431 119 1 All all PDT 43431 119 2 these these DT 43431 119 3 structures structure NNS 43431 119 4 will will MD 43431 119 5 be be VB 43431 119 6 described describe VBN 43431 119 7 later later RB 43431 119 8 . . . 43431 120 1 = = NFP 43431 120 2 Nails= nails= CD 43431 120 3 arise arise VB 43431 120 4 in in IN 43431 120 5 the the DT 43431 120 6 interior interior NN 43431 120 7 of of IN 43431 120 8 the the DT 43431 120 9 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 120 10 by by IN 43431 120 11 the the DT 43431 120 12 thickening thickening NN 43431 120 13 and and CC 43431 120 14 cornification cornification NN 43431 120 15 of of IN 43431 120 16 the the DT 43431 120 17 stratum stratum JJ 43431 120 18 lucidum lucidum NN 43431 120 19 . . . 43431 121 1 The the DT 43431 121 2 outer outer JJ 43431 121 3 border border NN 43431 121 4 of of IN 43431 121 5 the the DT 43431 121 6 nail nail NN 43431 121 7 soon soon RB 43431 121 8 becomes become VBZ 43431 121 9 free free JJ 43431 121 10 , , , 43431 121 11 and and CC 43431 121 12 growth growth NN 43431 121 13 takes take VBZ 43431 121 14 place place NN 43431 121 15 by by IN 43431 121 16 additions addition NNS 43431 121 17 to to IN 43431 121 18 the the DT 43431 121 19 inner inner JJ 43431 121 20 surface surface NN 43431 121 21 and and CC 43431 121 22 attached attached JJ 43431 121 23 end end NN 43431 121 24 . . . 43431 122 1 When when WRB 43431 122 2 a a DT 43431 122 3 nail nail NN 43431 122 4 tapers taper VBZ 43431 122 5 to to IN 43431 122 6 a a DT 43431 122 7 sharp sharp JJ 43431 122 8 point point NN 43431 122 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 122 10 is be VBZ 43431 122 11 called call VBN 43431 122 12 a a DT 43431 122 13 = = NNS 43431 122 14 claw=. claw=. XX 43431 123 1 In in IN 43431 123 2 many many JJ 43431 123 3 cases case NNS 43431 123 4 the the DT 43431 123 5 nails nail NNS 43431 123 6 more more RBR 43431 123 7 or or CC 43431 123 8 less less RBR 43431 123 9 surround surround VBP 43431 123 10 the the DT 43431 123 11 ends end NNS 43431 123 12 of of IN 43431 123 13 the the DT 43431 123 14 digits digit NNS 43431 123 15 by by IN 43431 123 16 which which WDT 43431 123 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 123 18 are be VBP 43431 123 19 borne bear VBN 43431 123 20 . . . 43431 124 1 Horny horny NN 43431 124 2 = = SYM 43431 124 3 beaks= beaks= NN 43431 124 4 of of IN 43431 124 5 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 124 6 origin origin NN 43431 124 7 occur occur VBP 43431 124 8 casing case VBG 43431 124 9 the the DT 43431 124 10 jaw jaw NN 43431 124 11 - - HYPH 43431 124 12 bones bone NNS 43431 124 13 in in IN 43431 124 14 several several JJ 43431 124 15 widely widely RB 43431 124 16 distinct distinct JJ 43431 124 17 groups group NNS 43431 124 18 of of IN 43431 124 19 animals animal NNS 43431 124 20 . . . 43431 125 1 Thus thus RB 43431 125 2 among among IN 43431 125 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 125 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 125 5 are be VBP 43431 125 6 found find VBN 43431 125 7 in in IN 43431 125 8 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 125 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 125 10 tortoises tortoise NNS 43431 125 11 and and CC 43431 125 12 turtles turtle NNS 43431 125 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 125 14 as as RB 43431 125 15 well well RB 43431 125 16 as as IN 43431 125 17 in in IN 43431 125 18 some some DT 43431 125 19 extinct extinct JJ 43431 125 20 forms form NNS 43431 125 21 ; ; : 43431 125 22 they -PRON- PRP 43431 125 23 occur occur VBP 43431 125 24 in in IN 43431 125 25 all all DT 43431 125 26 living live VBG 43431 125 27 birds bird NNS 43431 125 28 , , , 43431 125 29 in in IN 43431 125 30 _ _ NNP 43431 125 31 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 125 32 _ _ NNP 43431 125 33 among among IN 43431 125 34 mammals mammal NNS 43431 125 35 , , , 43431 125 36 and and CC 43431 125 37 in in IN 43431 125 38 the the DT 43431 125 39 larvae larvae NN 43431 125 40 of of IN 43431 125 41 many many JJ 43431 125 42 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 125 43 . . . 43431 126 1 In in IN 43431 126 2 a a DT 43431 126 3 few few JJ 43431 126 4 animals animal NNS 43431 126 5 , , , 43431 126 6 such such JJ 43431 126 7 as as IN 43431 126 8 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 126 9 and and CC 43431 126 10 _ _ NNP 43431 126 11 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 126 12 _ _ NNP 43431 126 13 , , , 43431 126 14 the the DT 43431 126 15 jaws jaws NNP 43431 126 16 bear bear NNP 43431 126 17 horny horny NNP 43431 126 18 tooth tooth NNP 43431 126 19 - - HYPH 43431 126 20 like like JJ 43431 126 21 structures structure NNS 43431 126 22 of of IN 43431 126 23 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 126 24 origin origin NN 43431 126 25 . . . 43431 127 1 The the DT 43431 127 2 = = SYM 43431 127 3 enamel= enamel= NN 43431 127 4 of of IN 43431 127 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 127 6 and and CC 43431 127 7 of of IN 43431 127 8 placoid placoid JJ 43431 127 9 scales scale NNS 43431 127 10 is be VBZ 43431 127 11 also also RB 43431 127 12 epiblastic epiblastic JJ 43431 127 13 in in IN 43431 127 14 origin[2 origin[2 NNP 43431 127 15 ] ] -RRB- 43431 127 16 , , , 43431 127 17 and and CC 43431 127 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 127 19 may may MD 43431 127 20 be be VB 43431 127 21 well well JJ 43431 127 22 at at IN 43431 127 23 this this DT 43431 127 24 point point NN 43431 127 25 to to TO 43431 127 26 give give VB 43431 127 27 some some DT 43431 127 28 account account NN 43431 127 29 of of IN 43431 127 30 the the DT 43431 127 31 structure structure NN 43431 127 32 of of IN 43431 127 33 teeth tooth NNS 43431 127 34 , , , 43431 127 35 though though IN 43431 127 36 they -PRON- PRP 43431 127 37 are be VBP 43431 127 38 partly partly RB 43431 127 39 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 127 40 in in IN 43431 127 41 origin origin NN 43431 127 42 . . . 43431 128 1 The the DT 43431 128 2 simplest simple JJS 43431 128 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 128 4 are be VBP 43431 128 5 those those DT 43431 128 6 met meet VBN 43431 128 7 with with IN 43431 128 8 in in IN 43431 128 9 sharks sharks NNP 43431 128 10 and and CC 43431 128 11 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 128 12 , , , 43431 128 13 where where WRB 43431 128 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 128 15 are be VBP 43431 128 16 merely merely RB 43431 128 17 the the DT 43431 128 18 slightly slightly RB 43431 128 19 modified modify VBN 43431 128 20 scales scale NNS 43431 128 21 developed develop VBN 43431 128 22 in in IN 43431 128 23 the the DT 43431 128 24 integument integument NN 43431 128 25 of of IN 43431 128 26 the the DT 43431 128 27 mouth mouth NN 43431 128 28 . . . 43431 129 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 129 2 pass pass VBP 43431 129 3 by by IN 43431 129 4 quite quite RB 43431 129 5 insensible insensible JJ 43431 129 6 gradations gradation NNS 43431 129 7 into into IN 43431 129 8 normal normal JJ 43431 129 9 placoid placoid JJ 43431 129 10 scales scale NNS 43431 129 11 , , , 43431 129 12 such such JJ 43431 129 13 as as IN 43431 129 14 cover cover VB 43431 129 15 the the DT 43431 129 16 general general JJ 43431 129 17 surface surface NN 43431 129 18 of of IN 43431 129 19 the the DT 43431 129 20 body body NN 43431 129 21 . . . 43431 130 1 A a DT 43431 130 2 = = SYM 43431 130 3 placoid placoid NN 43431 130 4 scale=[3 scale=[3 NN 43431 130 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 130 6 is be VBZ 43431 130 7 developed develop VBN 43431 130 8 on on IN 43431 130 9 a a DT 43431 130 10 papilla papilla NN 43431 130 11 of of IN 43431 130 12 the the DT 43431 130 13 dermis dermis NN 43431 130 14 which which WDT 43431 130 15 projects project VBZ 43431 130 16 outwards outward NNS 43431 130 17 and and CC 43431 130 18 backwards backwards RB 43431 130 19 , , , 43431 130 20 and and CC 43431 130 21 is be VBZ 43431 130 22 covered cover VBN 43431 130 23 by by IN 43431 130 24 the the DT 43431 130 25 columnar columnar JJ 43431 130 26 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 130 27 layer layer NN 43431 130 28 of of IN 43431 130 29 the the DT 43431 130 30 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 130 31 . . . 43431 131 1 The the DT 43431 131 2 outer outer JJ 43431 131 3 layer layer NN 43431 131 4 of of IN 43431 131 5 the the DT 43431 131 6 dermal dermal JJ 43431 131 7 papilla papilla NN 43431 131 8 then then RB 43431 131 9 gradually gradually RB 43431 131 10 becomes become VBZ 43431 131 11 converted convert VBN 43431 131 12 into into IN 43431 131 13 dentine dentine NN 43431 131 14 and and CC 43431 131 15 bone bone NN 43431 131 16 , , , 43431 131 17 while while IN 43431 131 18 enamel enamel NNP 43431 131 19 is be VBZ 43431 131 20 developed develop VBN 43431 131 21 on on IN 43431 131 22 the the DT 43431 131 23 inner inner JJ 43431 131 24 side side NN 43431 131 25 of of IN 43431 131 26 the the DT 43431 131 27 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 131 28 layer layer NN 43431 131 29 , , , 43431 131 30 forming form VBG 43431 131 31 a a DT 43431 131 32 cap cap NN 43431 131 33 to to IN 43431 131 34 the the DT 43431 131 35 scale scale NN 43431 131 36 . . . 43431 132 1 The the DT 43431 132 2 Malpighian Malpighian NNP 43431 132 3 and and CC 43431 132 4 horny horny NN 43431 132 5 layers layer NNS 43431 132 6 of of IN 43431 132 7 the the DT 43431 132 8 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 132 9 get get VBP 43431 132 10 rubbed rub VBN 43431 132 11 off off RP 43431 132 12 the the DT 43431 132 13 enamel enamel NNP 43431 132 14 cap cap NN 43431 132 15 , , , 43431 132 16 so so IN 43431 132 17 that that IN 43431 132 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 132 19 comes come VBZ 43431 132 20 to to TO 43431 132 21 project project VB 43431 132 22 freely freely RB 43431 132 23 on on IN 43431 132 24 the the DT 43431 132 25 surface surface NN 43431 132 26 of of IN 43431 132 27 the the DT 43431 132 28 body body NN 43431 132 29 . . . 43431 133 1 As as IN 43431 133 2 regards regard VBZ 43431 133 3 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 133 4 attachment attachment NN 43431 133 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 133 6 may may MD 43431 133 7 be be VB 43431 133 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 133 9 1 1 LS 43431 133 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 133 11 attached attach VBN 43431 133 12 to to IN 43431 133 13 the the DT 43431 133 14 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 133 15 integument integument NN 43431 133 16 of of IN 43431 133 17 the the DT 43431 133 18 mouth mouth NN 43431 133 19 , , , 43431 133 20 or or CC 43431 133 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 133 22 2 2 LS 43431 133 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 133 24 fixed fix VBN 43431 133 25 to to IN 43431 133 26 the the DT 43431 133 27 jaws jaw NNS 43431 133 28 or or CC 43431 133 29 other other JJ 43431 133 30 bones bone NNS 43431 133 31 of of IN 43431 133 32 the the DT 43431 133 33 mouth mouth NN 43431 133 34 , , , 43431 133 35 or or CC 43431 133 36 ( ( -LRB- 43431 133 37 3 3 LS 43431 133 38 ) ) -RRB- 43431 133 39 planted plant VBN 43431 133 40 in in IN 43431 133 41 grooves groove NNS 43431 133 42 , , , 43431 133 43 or or CC 43431 133 44 ( ( -LRB- 43431 133 45 4 4 CD 43431 133 46 ) ) -RRB- 43431 133 47 in in IN 43431 133 48 definite definite JJ 43431 133 49 sockets socket NNS 43431 133 50 in in IN 43431 133 51 the the DT 43431 133 52 jaw jaw NN 43431 133 53 - - HYPH 43431 133 54 bones bone NNS 43431 133 55 ( ( -LRB- 43431 133 56 see see VB 43431 133 57 p. p. NN 43431 133 58 107 107 CD 43431 133 59 ) ) -RRB- 43431 133 60 . . . 43431 134 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 134 2 in in IN 43431 134 3 general general JJ 43431 134 4 consist consist NN 43431 134 5 of of IN 43431 134 6 three three CD 43431 134 7 tissues tissue NNS 43431 134 8 , , , 43431 134 9 = = SYM 43431 134 10 enamel= enamel= CD 43431 134 11 , , , 43431 134 12 = = SYM 43431 134 13 dentine= dentine= NN 43431 134 14 and and CC 43431 134 15 = = SYM 43431 134 16 cement= cement= NN 43431 134 17 , , , 43431 134 18 enclosing enclose VBG 43431 134 19 a a DT 43431 134 20 central central JJ 43431 134 21 pulp pulp NN 43431 134 22 - - HYPH 43431 134 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 134 24 containing contain VBG 43431 134 25 blood blood NN 43431 134 26 - - HYPH 43431 134 27 vessels vessel NNS 43431 134 28 and and CC 43431 134 29 nerves nerve NNS 43431 134 30 . . . 43431 135 1 Enamel Enamel NNP 43431 135 2 is be VBZ 43431 135 3 , , , 43431 135 4 however however RB 43431 135 5 , , , 43431 135 6 often often RB 43431 135 7 absent absent JJ 43431 135 8 , , , 43431 135 9 as as IN 43431 135 10 in in IN 43431 135 11 all all DT 43431 135 12 living live VBG 43431 135 13 Edentates edentate NNS 43431 135 14 . . . 43431 136 1 = = NFP 43431 136 2 Enamel= enamel= NN 43431 136 3 generally generally RB 43431 136 4 forms form VBZ 43431 136 5 the the DT 43431 136 6 outermost outermost JJ 43431 136 7 layer layer NN 43431 136 8 of of IN 43431 136 9 the the DT 43431 136 10 crown crown NN 43431 136 11 or or CC 43431 136 12 visible visible JJ 43431 136 13 part part NN 43431 136 14 of of IN 43431 136 15 the the DT 43431 136 16 tooth tooth NN 43431 136 17 ; ; : 43431 136 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 136 19 is be VBZ 43431 136 20 the the DT 43431 136 21 hardest hard JJS 43431 136 22 tissue tissue NN 43431 136 23 occurring occur VBG 43431 136 24 in in IN 43431 136 25 the the DT 43431 136 26 animal animal NN 43431 136 27 body body NN 43431 136 28 and and CC 43431 136 29 consists consist VBZ 43431 136 30 of of IN 43431 136 31 prismatic prismatic JJ 43431 136 32 fibres fibre NNS 43431 136 33 arranged arrange VBN 43431 136 34 at at IN 43431 136 35 right right JJ 43431 136 36 angles angle NNS 43431 136 37 to to IN 43431 136 38 the the DT 43431 136 39 surface surface NN 43431 136 40 of of IN 43431 136 41 the the DT 43431 136 42 tooth tooth NN 43431 136 43 . . . 43431 137 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 137 2 is be VBZ 43431 137 3 characterised characterise VBN 43431 137 4 by by IN 43431 137 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 137 6 bluish bluish JJ 43431 137 7 - - HYPH 43431 137 8 white white JJ 43431 137 9 translucent translucent JJ 43431 137 10 appearance appearance NN 43431 137 11 . . . 43431 138 1 II ii CD 43431 138 2 . . . 43431 139 1 MESOBLASTIC MESOBLASTIC NNP 43431 139 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 139 3 mesodermal mesodermal NNP 43431 139 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 139 5 . . . 43431 140 1 = = NFP 43431 140 2 Dentine= dentine= NN 43431 140 3 or or CC 43431 140 4 = = SYM 43431 140 5 ivory= ivory= NN 43431 140 6 generally generally RB 43431 140 7 forms form VBZ 43431 140 8 the the DT 43431 140 9 main main JJ 43431 140 10 mass mass NN 43431 140 11 of of IN 43431 140 12 a a DT 43431 140 13 tooth tooth NN 43431 140 14 . . . 43431 141 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 141 2 is be VBZ 43431 141 3 a a DT 43431 141 4 hard hard JJ 43431 141 5 , , , 43431 141 6 white white JJ 43431 141 7 substance substance NN 43431 141 8 allied ally VBN 43431 141 9 to to IN 43431 141 10 bone bone NN 43431 141 11 . . . 43431 142 1 When when WRB 43431 142 2 examined examine VBN 43431 142 3 microscopically microscopically RB 43431 142 4 dentine dentine NNP 43431 142 5 is be VBZ 43431 142 6 seen see VBN 43431 142 7 to to TO 43431 142 8 be be VB 43431 142 9 traversed traverse VBN 43431 142 10 by by IN 43431 142 11 great great JJ 43431 142 12 numbers number NNS 43431 142 13 of of IN 43431 142 14 nearly nearly RB 43431 142 15 parallel parallel JJ 43431 142 16 branching branching NN 43431 142 17 tubules tubule NNS 43431 142 18 which which WDT 43431 142 19 radiate radiate VBP 43431 142 20 outwards outward NNS 43431 142 21 from from IN 43431 142 22 the the DT 43431 142 23 pulp pulp NN 43431 142 24 - - HYPH 43431 142 25 cavity cavity NN 43431 142 26 . . . 43431 143 1 In in IN 43431 143 2 fishes fish NNS 43431 143 3 as as IN 43431 143 4 a a DT 43431 143 5 rule rule NN 43431 143 6 , , , 43431 143 7 and and CC 43431 143 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 143 9 in in IN 43431 143 10 other other JJ 43431 143 11 animals animal NNS 43431 143 12 , , , 43431 143 13 a a DT 43431 143 14 variety variety NN 43431 143 15 of of IN 43431 143 16 dentine dentine NNP 43431 143 17 containing contain VBG 43431 143 18 blood blood NN 43431 143 19 - - HYPH 43431 143 20 vessels vessel NNS 43431 143 21 occurs occur VBZ 43431 143 22 , , , 43431 143 23 this this DT 43431 143 24 is be VBZ 43431 143 25 called call VBN 43431 143 26 = = FW 43431 143 27 vasodentine=. vasodentine=. XX 43431 144 1 = = NFP 43431 144 2 Cement= Cement= NNS 43431 144 3 or or CC 43431 144 4 = = SYM 43431 144 5 crusta crusta NNP 43431 144 6 petrosa= petrosa= NN 43431 144 7 forms form VBZ 43431 144 8 the the DT 43431 144 9 outermost outermost JJ 43431 144 10 layer layer NN 43431 144 11 of of IN 43431 144 12 the the DT 43431 144 13 root root NN 43431 144 14 of of IN 43431 144 15 the the DT 43431 144 16 tooth tooth NN 43431 144 17 . . . 43431 145 1 In in IN 43431 145 2 composition composition NN 43431 145 3 and and CC 43431 145 4 structure structure NN 43431 145 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 145 6 is be VBZ 43431 145 7 practically practically RB 43431 145 8 identical identical JJ 43431 145 9 with with IN 43431 145 10 bone bone NN 43431 145 11 . . . 43431 146 1 In in IN 43431 146 2 the the DT 43431 146 3 more more RBR 43431 146 4 complicated complicated JJ 43431 146 5 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 146 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 146 7 , , , 43431 146 8 besides besides IN 43431 146 9 enveloping envelop VBG 43431 146 10 the the DT 43431 146 11 root root NN 43431 146 12 , , , 43431 146 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 146 14 fills fill VBZ 43431 146 15 up up RP 43431 146 16 the the DT 43431 146 17 spaces space NNS 43431 146 18 between between IN 43431 146 19 the the DT 43431 146 20 folds fold NNS 43431 146 21 of of IN 43431 146 22 the the DT 43431 146 23 enamel enamel NN 43431 146 24 . . . 43431 147 1 The the DT 43431 147 2 hard hard JJ 43431 147 3 parts part NNS 43431 147 4 of of IN 43431 147 5 a a DT 43431 147 6 tooth tooth NN 43431 147 7 commonly commonly RB 43431 147 8 enclose enclose VB 43431 147 9 a a DT 43431 147 10 central central JJ 43431 147 11 pulp pulp NN 43431 147 12 - - HYPH 43431 147 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 147 14 into into IN 43431 147 15 which which WDT 43431 147 16 projects project NNS 43431 147 17 the the DT 43431 147 18 pulp pulp NN 43431 147 19 , , , 43431 147 20 a a DT 43431 147 21 papilla papilla NN 43431 147 22 of of IN 43431 147 23 the the DT 43431 147 24 dermis dermis NN 43431 147 25 including include VBG 43431 147 26 blood blood NN 43431 147 27 - - HYPH 43431 147 28 vessels vessel NNS 43431 147 29 and and CC 43431 147 30 nerves nerve NNS 43431 147 31 . . . 43431 148 1 As as RB 43431 148 2 long long RB 43431 148 3 as as IN 43431 148 4 growth growth NN 43431 148 5 continues continue VBZ 43431 148 6 the the DT 43431 148 7 outer outer JJ 43431 148 8 layers layer NNS 43431 148 9 of of IN 43431 148 10 this this DT 43431 148 11 pulp pulp NN 43431 148 12 become become VBN 43431 148 13 successively successively RB 43431 148 14 calcified calcify VBN 43431 148 15 and and CC 43431 148 16 added add VBD 43431 148 17 to to IN 43431 148 18 the the DT 43431 148 19 substance substance NN 43431 148 20 of of IN 43431 148 21 the the DT 43431 148 22 dentine dentine NN 43431 148 23 . . . 43431 149 1 In in IN 43431 149 2 young young JJ 43431 149 3 growing grow VBG 43431 149 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 149 5 the the DT 43431 149 6 pulp pulp NN 43431 149 7 - - HYPH 43431 149 8 cavity cavity NN 43431 149 9 remains remain VBZ 43431 149 10 widely widely RB 43431 149 11 open open JJ 43431 149 12 , , , 43431 149 13 but but CC 43431 149 14 in in IN 43431 149 15 mammals mammal NNS 43431 149 16 the the DT 43431 149 17 general general JJ 43431 149 18 rule rule NN 43431 149 19 is be VBZ 43431 149 20 that that IN 43431 149 21 as as IN 43431 149 22 a a DT 43431 149 23 tooth tooth NN 43431 149 24 gets get VBZ 43431 149 25 older old JJR 43431 149 26 and and CC 43431 149 27 the the DT 43431 149 28 crown crown NN 43431 149 29 becomes become VBZ 43431 149 30 fully fully RB 43431 149 31 formed form VBN 43431 149 32 , , , 43431 149 33 the the DT 43431 149 34 remainder remainder NN 43431 149 35 of of IN 43431 149 36 the the DT 43431 149 37 pulp pulp NN 43431 149 38 becomes become VBZ 43431 149 39 converted convert VBN 43431 149 40 into into IN 43431 149 41 one one CD 43431 149 42 or or CC 43431 149 43 more more JJR 43431 149 44 tapering taper VBG 43431 149 45 roots root NNS 43431 149 46 which which WDT 43431 149 47 are be VBP 43431 149 48 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 149 49 in in IN 43431 149 50 the the DT 43431 149 51 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 149 52 cavities cavity NNS 43431 149 53 of of IN 43431 149 54 the the DT 43431 149 55 jaws jaw NNS 43431 149 56 . . . 43431 150 1 The the DT 43431 150 2 opening opening NN 43431 150 3 of of IN 43431 150 4 the the DT 43431 150 5 pulp pulp NN 43431 150 6 - - HYPH 43431 150 7 cavity cavity NN 43431 150 8 is be VBZ 43431 150 9 then then RB 43431 150 10 reduced reduce VBN 43431 150 11 to to IN 43431 150 12 a a DT 43431 150 13 minute minute NN 43431 150 14 perforation perforation NN 43431 150 15 at at IN 43431 150 16 the the DT 43431 150 17 base base NN 43431 150 18 of of IN 43431 150 19 each each DT 43431 150 20 root root NN 43431 150 21 . . . 43431 151 1 A a DT 43431 151 2 tooth tooth NN 43431 151 3 of of IN 43431 151 4 this this DT 43431 151 5 kind kind NN 43431 151 6 is be VBZ 43431 151 7 called call VBN 43431 151 8 a a DT 43431 151 9 = = NN 43431 151 10 rooted= rooted= NNP 43431 151 11 tooth tooth NN 43431 151 12 . . . 43431 152 1 But but CC 43431 152 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 152 3 is be VBZ 43431 152 4 not not RB 43431 152 5 only only RB 43431 152 6 in in IN 43431 152 7 young young JJ 43431 152 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 152 9 that that IN 43431 152 10 the the DT 43431 152 11 pulp pulp NN 43431 152 12 - - HYPH 43431 152 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 152 14 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 152 15 remains remain VBZ 43431 152 16 widely widely RB 43431 152 17 open open JJ 43431 152 18 ; ; : 43431 152 19 for for IN 43431 152 20 some some DT 43431 152 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 152 22 , , , 43431 152 23 such such JJ 43431 152 24 as as IN 43431 152 25 the the DT 43431 152 26 tusks tusk NNS 43431 152 27 of of IN 43431 152 28 Elephants Elephants NNPS 43431 152 29 and and CC 43431 152 30 the the DT 43431 152 31 incisor incisor NN 43431 152 32 teeth tooth NNS 43431 152 33 of of IN 43431 152 34 Rodents rodent NNS 43431 152 35 , , , 43431 152 36 form form VBP 43431 152 37 no no DT 43431 152 38 roots root NNS 43431 152 39 and and CC 43431 152 40 continue continue VB 43431 152 41 to to TO 43431 152 42 grow grow VB 43431 152 43 throughout throughout IN 43431 152 44 the the DT 43431 152 45 animal animal NN 43431 152 46 's 's POS 43431 152 47 life life NN 43431 152 48 . . . 43431 153 1 Such such JJ 43431 153 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 153 3 are be VBP 43431 153 4 said say VBN 43431 153 5 to to TO 43431 153 6 be be VB 43431 153 7 rootless rootless JJ 43431 153 8 or or CC 43431 153 9 to to TO 43431 153 10 have have VB 43431 153 11 persistent persistent JJ 43431 153 12 pulps pulp NNS 43431 153 13 . . . 43431 154 1 An an DT 43431 154 2 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 154 3 condition condition NN 43431 154 4 is be VBZ 43431 154 5 seen see VBN 43431 154 6 in in IN 43431 154 7 some some DT 43431 154 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 154 9 , , , 43431 154 10 such such JJ 43431 154 11 as as IN 43431 154 12 the the DT 43431 154 13 grinding grind VBG 43431 154 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 154 15 of of IN 43431 154 16 Horses horse NNS 43431 154 17 . . . 43431 155 1 These these DT 43431 155 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 155 3 grow grow VBP 43431 155 4 for for IN 43431 155 5 a a DT 43431 155 6 very very RB 43431 155 7 long long JJ 43431 155 8 time time NN 43431 155 9 , , , 43431 155 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 155 11 crowns crown NNS 43431 155 12 wearing wear VBG 43431 155 13 away away RB 43431 155 14 as as RB 43431 155 15 fast fast RB 43431 155 16 as as IN 43431 155 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 155 18 bases basis NNS 43431 155 19 are be VBP 43431 155 20 produced produce VBN 43431 155 21 ; ; : 43431 155 22 finally finally RB 43431 155 23 however however RB 43431 155 24 definite definite JJ 43431 155 25 roots root NNS 43431 155 26 are be VBP 43431 155 27 formed form VBN 43431 155 28 and and CC 43431 155 29 growth growth NN 43431 155 30 ceases cease NNS 43431 155 31 . . . 43431 156 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 156 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 156 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 156 4 . . . 43431 157 1 1 1 LS 43431 157 2 . . . 43431 158 1 DIAGRAMMATIC diagrammatic JJ 43431 158 2 SECTIONS section NNS 43431 158 3 OF of IN 43431 158 4 VARIOUS various NN 43431 158 5 FORMS form NNS 43431 158 6 OF of IN 43431 158 7 TEETH TEETH NNP 43431 158 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 158 9 from from IN 43431 158 10 FLOWER FLOWER NNP 43431 158 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 158 12 . . . 43431 159 1 I. I. NNP 43431 159 2 Incisor Incisor NNP 43431 159 3 or or CC 43431 159 4 tusk tusk NN 43431 159 5 of of IN 43431 159 6 elephant elephant NN 43431 159 7 , , , 43431 159 8 with with IN 43431 159 9 pulp pulp NN 43431 159 10 - - HYPH 43431 159 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 159 12 persistently persistently RB 43431 159 13 open open JJ 43431 159 14 at at IN 43431 159 15 base base NN 43431 159 16 . . . 43431 160 1 II ii CD 43431 160 2 . . . 43431 161 1 Human human JJ 43431 161 2 incisor incisor NN 43431 161 3 during during IN 43431 161 4 development development NN 43431 161 5 with with IN 43431 161 6 root root NN 43431 161 7 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 161 8 formed form VBN 43431 161 9 , , , 43431 161 10 and and CC 43431 161 11 pulp pulp NN 43431 161 12 - - HYPH 43431 161 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 161 14 widely widely RB 43431 161 15 open open JJ 43431 161 16 at at IN 43431 161 17 base base NN 43431 161 18 . . . 43431 162 1 III iii CD 43431 162 2 . . . 43431 163 1 Completely completely RB 43431 163 2 formed form VBN 43431 163 3 human human JJ 43431 163 4 incisor incisor NN 43431 163 5 , , , 43431 163 6 with with IN 43431 163 7 pulp pulp NN 43431 163 8 - - HYPH 43431 163 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 163 10 contracted contract VBD 43431 163 11 to to IN 43431 163 12 a a DT 43431 163 13 small small JJ 43431 163 14 aperture aperture NN 43431 163 15 at at IN 43431 163 16 the the DT 43431 163 17 end end NN 43431 163 18 of of IN 43431 163 19 the the DT 43431 163 20 root root NN 43431 163 21 . . . 43431 164 1 IV IV NNP 43431 164 2 . . . 43431 165 1 Human human JJ 43431 165 2 molar molar NN 43431 165 3 with with IN 43431 165 4 broad broad JJ 43431 165 5 crown crown NN 43431 165 6 and and CC 43431 165 7 two two CD 43431 165 8 roots root NNS 43431 165 9 . . . 43431 166 1 V. V. NNP 43431 166 2 Molar Molar NNP 43431 166 3 of of IN 43431 166 4 Ox Ox NNP 43431 166 5 , , , 43431 166 6 with with IN 43431 166 7 the the DT 43431 166 8 enamel enamel NNP 43431 166 9 covering cover VBG 43431 166 10 the the DT 43431 166 11 crown crown NN 43431 166 12 , , , 43431 166 13 deeply deeply RB 43431 166 14 folded fold VBN 43431 166 15 and and CC 43431 166 16 the the DT 43431 166 17 depressions depression NNS 43431 166 18 filled fill VBN 43431 166 19 with with IN 43431 166 20 cement cement NN 43431 166 21 . . . 43431 167 1 The the DT 43431 167 2 surface surface NN 43431 167 3 is be VBZ 43431 167 4 worn wear VBN 43431 167 5 by by IN 43431 167 6 use use NN 43431 167 7 , , , 43431 167 8 otherwise otherwise RB 43431 167 9 the the DT 43431 167 10 enamel enamel NNP 43431 167 11 coating coating NN 43431 167 12 would would MD 43431 167 13 be be VB 43431 167 14 continuous continuous JJ 43431 167 15 at at IN 43431 167 16 the the DT 43431 167 17 top top NN 43431 167 18 of of IN 43431 167 19 the the DT 43431 167 20 ridges ridge NNS 43431 167 21 . . . 43431 168 1 In in IN 43431 168 2 all all PDT 43431 168 3 the the DT 43431 168 4 figures figure NNS 43431 168 5 the the DT 43431 168 6 enamel enamel NNP 43431 168 7 is be VBZ 43431 168 8 black black JJ 43431 168 9 , , , 43431 168 10 the the DT 43431 168 11 pulp pulp NN 43431 168 12 white white NN 43431 168 13 , , , 43431 168 14 the the DT 43431 168 15 dentine dentine NN 43431 168 16 represented represent VBN 43431 168 17 by by IN 43431 168 18 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 168 19 lines line NNS 43431 168 20 , , , 43431 168 21 and and CC 43431 168 22 the the DT 43431 168 23 cement cement NN 43431 168 24 by by IN 43431 168 25 dots dot NNS 43431 168 26 . . . 43431 168 27 ] ] -RRB- 43431 169 1 The the DT 43431 169 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 169 3 of of IN 43431 169 4 any any DT 43431 169 5 animal animal NN 43431 169 6 may may MD 43431 169 7 be be VB 43431 169 8 = = SYM 43431 169 9 homodont= homodont= UH 43431 169 10 , , , 43431 169 11 that that RB 43431 169 12 is is RB 43431 169 13 , , , 43431 169 14 all all DT 43431 169 15 having have VBG 43431 169 16 the the DT 43431 169 17 same same JJ 43431 169 18 general general JJ 43431 169 19 character character NN 43431 169 20 , , , 43431 169 21 or or CC 43431 169 22 = = SYM 43431 169 23 heterodont= heterodont= NN 43431 169 24 , , , 43431 169 25 that that RB 43431 169 26 is is RB 43431 169 27 , , , 43431 169 28 having have VBG 43431 169 29 different different JJ 43431 169 30 forms form NNS 43431 169 31 adapted adapt VBN 43431 169 32 to to IN 43431 169 33 different different JJ 43431 169 34 functions function NNS 43431 169 35 . . . 43431 170 1 The the DT 43431 170 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 170 3 is be VBZ 43431 170 4 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 170 5 in in IN 43431 170 6 a a DT 43431 170 7 few few JJ 43431 170 8 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 170 9 and and CC 43431 170 10 the the DT 43431 170 11 majority majority NN 43431 170 12 of of IN 43431 170 13 mammals mammal NNS 43431 170 14 . . . 43431 171 1 SUCCESSION succession NN 43431 171 2 OF of IN 43431 171 3 TEETH tooth NNS 43431 171 4 . . . 43431 172 1 In in IN 43431 172 2 most most JJS 43431 172 3 fishes fish NNS 43431 172 4 , , , 43431 172 5 and and CC 43431 172 6 many many JJ 43431 172 7 amphibians amphibian NNS 43431 172 8 and and CC 43431 172 9 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 172 10 the the DT 43431 172 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 172 12 can can MD 43431 172 13 be be VB 43431 172 14 renewed renew VBN 43431 172 15 indefinitely indefinitely RB 43431 172 16 . . . 43431 173 1 In in IN 43431 173 2 sharks shark NNS 43431 173 3 , , , 43431 173 4 for for IN 43431 173 5 example example NN 43431 173 6 , , , 43431 173 7 numerous numerous JJ 43431 173 8 rows row NNS 43431 173 9 of of IN 43431 173 10 reserve reserve NN 43431 173 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 173 12 are be VBP 43431 173 13 to to TO 43431 173 14 be be VB 43431 173 15 seen see VBN 43431 173 16 folded fold VBN 43431 173 17 back back RB 43431 173 18 behind behind IN 43431 173 19 those those DT 43431 173 20 in in IN 43431 173 21 use use NN 43431 173 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 173 23 see see VB 43431 173 24 fig fig NN 43431 173 25 . . . 43431 174 1 15 15 CD 43431 174 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 174 3 . . . 43431 175 1 The the DT 43431 175 2 majority majority NN 43431 175 3 of of IN 43431 175 4 mammals mammal NNS 43431 175 5 have have VBP 43431 175 6 only only RB 43431 175 7 two two CD 43431 175 8 sets set NNS 43431 175 9 of of IN 43431 175 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 175 11 , , , 43431 175 12 and and CC 43431 175 13 are be VBP 43431 175 14 said say VBN 43431 175 15 to to TO 43431 175 16 be be VB 43431 175 17 = = -RRB- 43431 175 18 diphyodont= diphyodont= NN 43431 175 19 ; ; : 43431 175 20 some some DT 43431 175 21 have have VBP 43431 175 22 only only RB 43431 175 23 a a DT 43431 175 24 single single JJ 43431 175 25 series series NN 43431 175 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 175 27 = = SYM 43431 175 28 monophyodont= monophyodont= NN 43431 175 29 ) ) -RRB- 43431 175 30 . . . 43431 176 1 DEVELOPMENT development NN 43431 176 2 OF of IN 43431 176 3 TEETH TEETH NNP 43431 176 4 . . . 43431 177 1 A a DT 43431 177 2 brief brief JJ 43431 177 3 sketch sketch NN 43431 177 4 of of IN 43431 177 5 the the DT 43431 177 6 method method NN 43431 177 7 in in IN 43431 177 8 which which WDT 43431 177 9 development development NN 43431 177 10 of of IN 43431 177 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 177 12 takes take VBZ 43431 177 13 place place NN 43431 177 14 in in IN 43431 177 15 the the DT 43431 177 16 higher high JJR 43431 177 17 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 177 18 may may MD 43431 177 19 here here RB 43431 177 20 be be VB 43431 177 21 given give VBN 43431 177 22 . . . 43431 178 1 Along along IN 43431 178 2 the the DT 43431 178 3 surface surface NN 43431 178 4 of of IN 43431 178 5 the the DT 43431 178 6 jaws jaw NNS 43431 178 7 a a DT 43431 178 8 thickening thickening NN 43431 178 9 of of IN 43431 178 10 the the DT 43431 178 11 epiblastic epiblastic JJ 43431 178 12 epithelium epithelium NN 43431 178 13 takes take VBZ 43431 178 14 place place NN 43431 178 15 , , , 43431 178 16 giving give VBG 43431 178 17 rise rise NN 43431 178 18 to to IN 43431 178 19 a a DT 43431 178 20 ridge ridge NN 43431 178 21 , , , 43431 178 22 which which WDT 43431 178 23 sinks sink VBZ 43431 178 24 inwards inward NNS 43431 178 25 into into IN 43431 178 26 the the DT 43431 178 27 tissue tissue NN 43431 178 28 of of IN 43431 178 29 the the DT 43431 178 30 jaw jaw NN 43431 178 31 , , , 43431 178 32 and and CC 43431 178 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 178 34 is be VBZ 43431 178 35 known know VBN 43431 178 36 as as IN 43431 178 37 the the DT 43431 178 38 primary primary JJ 43431 178 39 enamel enamel NNP 43431 178 40 organ organ NNP 43431 178 41 . . . 43431 179 1 At at IN 43431 179 2 the the DT 43431 179 3 points point NNS 43431 179 4 where where WRB 43431 179 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 179 6 are be VBP 43431 179 7 to to TO 43431 179 8 be be VB 43431 179 9 developed develop VBN 43431 179 10 special special JJ 43431 179 11 ingrowths ingrowth NNS 43431 179 12 of of IN 43431 179 13 this this DT 43431 179 14 primary primary JJ 43431 179 15 enamel enamel NNP 43431 179 16 organ organ NNP 43431 179 17 take take VBP 43431 179 18 place place NN 43431 179 19 , , , 43431 179 20 and and CC 43431 179 21 into into IN 43431 179 22 each each DT 43431 179 23 there there EX 43431 179 24 projects project VBZ 43431 179 25 a a DT 43431 179 26 vascular vascular JJ 43431 179 27 dental dental JJ 43431 179 28 papilla papilla NN 43431 179 29 from from IN 43431 179 30 the the DT 43431 179 31 surrounding surround VBG 43431 179 32 mesoblast mesoblast NN 43431 179 33 of of IN 43431 179 34 the the DT 43431 179 35 jaw jaw NN 43431 179 36 . . . 43431 180 1 Each each DT 43431 180 2 ingrowth ingrowth NN 43431 180 3 of of IN 43431 180 4 the the DT 43431 180 5 enamel enamel NNP 43431 180 6 organ organ NNP 43431 180 7 forms form VBZ 43431 180 8 an an DT 43431 180 9 = = -RRB- 43431 180 10 enamel enamel NNP 43431 180 11 cap= cap= NNP 43431 180 12 , , , 43431 180 13 which which WDT 43431 180 14 gradually gradually RB 43431 180 15 embraces embrace VBZ 43431 180 16 the the DT 43431 180 17 dental dental JJ 43431 180 18 papilla papilla NN 43431 180 19 , , , 43431 180 20 and and CC 43431 180 21 at at IN 43431 180 22 the the DT 43431 180 23 same same JJ 43431 180 24 time time NN 43431 180 25 appears appear VBZ 43431 180 26 to to TO 43431 180 27 be be VB 43431 180 28 pushed push VBN 43431 180 29 on on IN 43431 180 30 one one CD 43431 180 31 side side NN 43431 180 32 , , , 43431 180 33 owing owe VBG 43431 180 34 to to IN 43431 180 35 the the DT 43431 180 36 growth growth NN 43431 180 37 not not RB 43431 180 38 being be VBG 43431 180 39 uniform uniform JJ 43431 180 40 . . . 43431 181 1 The the DT 43431 181 2 external external JJ 43431 181 3 layer layer NN 43431 181 4 of of IN 43431 181 5 the the DT 43431 181 6 dental dental NNP 43431 181 7 papilla papilla NNP 43431 181 8 is be VBZ 43431 181 9 composed compose VBN 43431 181 10 of of IN 43431 181 11 long long RB 43431 181 12 nucleated nucleate VBN 43431 181 13 cells cell NNS 43431 181 14 , , , 43431 181 15 the the DT 43431 181 16 = = SYM 43431 181 17 odontoblasts= odontoblasts= NN 43431 181 18 , , , 43431 181 19 and and CC 43431 181 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 181 21 is be VBZ 43431 181 22 by by IN 43431 181 23 these these DT 43431 181 24 that that WDT 43431 181 25 the the DT 43431 181 26 dentine dentine NNP 43431 181 27 is be VBZ 43431 181 28 formed form VBN 43431 181 29 . . . 43431 182 1 Similarly similarly RB 43431 182 2 the the DT 43431 182 3 internal internal JJ 43431 182 4 layer layer NN 43431 182 5 of of IN 43431 182 6 the the DT 43431 182 7 enamel enamel NNP 43431 182 8 organ organ NNP 43431 182 9 is be VBZ 43431 182 10 formed form VBN 43431 182 11 of of IN 43431 182 12 columnar columnar NNP 43431 182 13 enamel enamel NNP 43431 182 14 cells cell NNS 43431 182 15 , , , 43431 182 16 which which WDT 43431 182 17 give give VBP 43431 182 18 rise rise NN 43431 182 19 to to IN 43431 182 20 the the DT 43431 182 21 enamel enamel NNP 43431 182 22 . . . 43431 183 1 The the DT 43431 183 2 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 183 3 cells cell NNS 43431 183 4 surrounding surround VBG 43431 183 5 the the DT 43431 183 6 base base NN 43431 183 7 of of IN 43431 183 8 the the DT 43431 183 9 tooth tooth NN 43431 183 10 give give VBP 43431 183 11 rise rise NN 43431 183 12 to to IN 43431 183 13 the the DT 43431 183 14 cement cement NN 43431 183 15 . . . 43431 184 1 = = NFP 43431 184 2 Bone= Bone= NNP 43431 184 3 is be VBZ 43431 184 4 in in IN 43431 184 5 many many JJ 43431 184 6 cases case NNS 43431 184 7 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 184 8 , , , 43431 184 9 but but CC 43431 184 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 184 11 will will MD 43431 184 12 be be VB 43431 184 13 most most RBS 43431 184 14 conveniently conveniently RB 43431 184 15 described describe VBN 43431 184 16 with with IN 43431 184 17 the the DT 43431 184 18 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 184 19 . . . 43431 185 1 The the DT 43431 185 2 = = NNS 43431 185 3 scales scale NNS 43431 185 4 of of IN 43431 185 5 fish= fish= NN 43431 185 6 are be VBP 43431 185 7 wholly wholly RB 43431 185 8 or or CC 43431 185 9 in in IN 43431 185 10 part part NN 43431 185 11 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 185 12 in in IN 43431 185 13 origin origin NN 43431 185 14 , , , 43431 185 15 being be VBG 43431 185 16 totally totally RB 43431 185 17 different different JJ 43431 185 18 from from IN 43431 185 19 those those DT 43431 185 20 of of IN 43431 185 21 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 185 22 . . . 43431 186 1 The the DT 43431 186 2 = = SYM 43431 186 3 cycloid= cycloid= NN 43431 186 4 and and CC 43431 186 5 = = SYM 43431 186 6 ctenoid= ctenoid= NN 43431 186 7 scales scale NNS 43431 186 8 of of IN 43431 186 9 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 186 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 186 11 see see VB 43431 186 12 p. p. NN 43431 186 13 105 105 CD 43431 186 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 186 15 are be VBP 43431 186 16 thin thin JJ 43431 186 17 plates plate NNS 43431 186 18 coated coat VBD 43431 186 19 with with IN 43431 186 20 epidermis epidermis NNP 43431 186 21 . . . 43431 187 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 187 2 are be VBP 43431 187 3 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 187 4 bony bony JJ 43431 187 5 , , , 43431 187 6 but but CC 43431 187 7 as as IN 43431 187 8 a a DT 43431 187 9 rule rule NN 43431 187 10 are be VBP 43431 187 11 simply simply RB 43431 187 12 calcified calcify VBN 43431 187 13 . . . 43431 188 1 = = NFP 43431 188 2 Ganoid= ganoid= NN 43431 188 3 scales scale NNS 43431 188 4 are be VBP 43431 188 5 flat flat JJ 43431 188 6 plates plate NNS 43431 188 7 of of IN 43431 188 8 bone bone NN 43431 188 9 coated coat VBN 43431 188 10 with with IN 43431 188 11 an an DT 43431 188 12 enamel enamel NN 43431 188 13 - - HYPH 43431 188 14 like like JJ 43431 188 15 substance substance NN 43431 188 16 , , , 43431 188 17 and and CC 43431 188 18 articulating articulate VBG 43431 188 19 together together RB 43431 188 20 with with IN 43431 188 21 a a DT 43431 188 22 peg peg NN 43431 188 23 and and CC 43431 188 24 socket socket NN 43431 188 25 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 188 26 ; ; : 43431 188 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 188 28 are be VBP 43431 188 29 probably probably RB 43431 188 30 identical identical JJ 43431 188 31 with with IN 43431 188 32 enlarged enlarged JJ 43431 188 33 and and CC 43431 188 34 flattened flatten VBN 43431 188 35 placoid placoid JJ 43431 188 36 scales scale NNS 43431 188 37 . . . 43431 189 1 The the DT 43431 189 2 = = SYM 43431 189 3 armour armour NN 43431 189 4 plates= plates= NN 43431 189 5 of of IN 43431 189 6 fossil fossil JJ 43431 189 7 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 189 8 , , , 43431 189 9 Labyrinthodonts Labyrinthodonts NNP 43431 189 10 , , , 43431 189 11 and and CC 43431 189 12 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 189 13 , , , 43431 189 14 and and CC 43431 189 15 of of IN 43431 189 16 living live VBG 43431 189 17 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 189 18 , , , 43431 189 19 some some DT 43431 189 20 Lizards Lizards NNPS 43431 189 21 and and CC 43431 189 22 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 189 23 , , , 43431 189 24 are be VBP 43431 189 25 composed compose VBN 43431 189 26 of of IN 43431 189 27 bone bone NN 43431 189 28 . . . 43431 190 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 190 2 are be VBP 43431 190 3 always always RB 43431 190 4 covered cover VBN 43431 190 5 by by IN 43431 190 6 a a DT 43431 190 7 layer layer NN 43431 190 8 of of IN 43431 190 9 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 190 10 . . . 43431 191 1 The the DT 43431 191 2 = = SYM 43431 191 3 antlers antler NNS 43431 191 4 of of IN 43431 191 5 deer= deer= NNS 43431 191 6 are be VBP 43431 191 7 also also RB 43431 191 8 composed compose VBN 43431 191 9 of of IN 43431 191 10 bone bone NN 43431 191 11 ; ; : 43431 191 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 191 13 will will MD 43431 191 14 be be VB 43431 191 15 more more RBR 43431 191 16 fully fully RB 43431 191 17 described describe VBN 43431 191 18 in in IN 43431 191 19 the the DT 43431 191 20 chapter chapter NN 43431 191 21 on on IN 43431 191 22 mammals mammal NNS 43431 191 23 . . . 43431 192 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 192 2 may may MD 43431 192 3 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 192 4 be be VB 43431 192 5 well well JJ 43431 192 6 to to TO 43431 192 7 mention mention VB 43431 192 8 them -PRON- PRP 43431 192 9 here here RB 43431 192 10 , , , 43431 192 11 though though IN 43431 192 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 192 13 really really RB 43431 192 14 belong belong VBP 43431 192 15 to to IN 43431 192 16 the the DT 43431 192 17 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 192 18 , , , 43431 192 19 being be VBG 43431 192 20 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 192 21 from from IN 43431 192 22 the the DT 43431 192 23 frontal frontal JJ 43431 192 24 bones bone NNS 43431 192 25 . . . 43431 193 1 B. B. NNP 43431 193 2 ENDOSKELETAL ENDOSKELETAL NNP 43431 193 3 STRUCTURES STRUCTURES NNP 43431 193 4 . . . 43431 194 1 I. I. NNP 43431 194 2 HYPOBLASTIC HYPOBLASTIC NNP 43431 194 3 . . . 43431 195 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 195 2 _ _ NNP 43431 195 3 a a DT 43431 195 4 _ _ NNP 43431 195 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 195 6 The the DT 43431 195 7 = = SYM 43431 195 8 notochord= notochord= NN 43431 195 9 is be VBZ 43431 195 10 an an DT 43431 195 11 elastic elastic JJ 43431 195 12 rod rod NN 43431 195 13 formed form VBN 43431 195 14 of of IN 43431 195 15 large large JJ 43431 195 16 vacuolated vacuolate VBN 43431 195 17 cells cell NNS 43431 195 18 , , , 43431 195 19 and and CC 43431 195 20 is be VBZ 43431 195 21 surrounded surround VBN 43431 195 22 by by IN 43431 195 23 a a DT 43431 195 24 membranous membranous JJ 43431 195 25 sheath sheath NN 43431 195 26 of of IN 43431 195 27 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 195 28 origin origin NN 43431 195 29 . . . 43431 196 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 196 2 is be VBZ 43431 196 3 the the DT 43431 196 4 primitive primitive JJ 43431 196 5 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 196 6 in in IN 43431 196 7 the the DT 43431 196 8 Chordata Chordata NNP 43431 196 9 , , , 43431 196 10 all all DT 43431 196 11 of of IN 43431 196 12 which which WDT 43431 196 13 possess possess VBP 43431 196 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 196 15 at at IN 43431 196 16 some some DT 43431 196 17 period period NN 43431 196 18 of of IN 43431 196 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 196 20 existence existence NN 43431 196 21 ; ; : 43431 196 22 while while IN 43431 196 23 in in IN 43431 196 24 many many JJ 43431 196 25 of of IN 43431 196 26 the the DT 43431 196 27 lower low JJR 43431 196 28 forms form NNS 43431 196 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 196 30 persists persist VBZ 43431 196 31 throughout throughout IN 43431 196 32 life life NN 43431 196 33 . . . 43431 197 1 Even even RB 43431 197 2 in in IN 43431 197 3 the the DT 43431 197 4 highest high JJS 43431 197 5 Chordata Chordata NNP 43431 197 6 it -PRON- PRP 43431 197 7 is be VBZ 43431 197 8 the the DT 43431 197 9 sole sole JJ 43431 197 10 representative representative NN 43431 197 11 of of IN 43431 197 12 the the DT 43431 197 13 axial axial JJ 43431 197 14 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 197 15 for for IN 43431 197 16 a a DT 43431 197 17 considerable considerable JJ 43431 197 18 part part NN 43431 197 19 of of IN 43431 197 20 the the DT 43431 197 21 early early JJ 43431 197 22 embryonic embryonic JJ 43431 197 23 life life NN 43431 197 24 . . . 43431 198 1 A a DT 43431 198 2 simple simple JJ 43431 198 3 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 198 4 notochord notochord NN 43431 198 5 persists persist VBZ 43431 198 6 throughout throughout IN 43431 198 7 life life NN 43431 198 8 in in IN 43431 198 9 the the DT 43431 198 10 Cephalochordata Cephalochordata NNP 43431 198 11 , , , 43431 198 12 Cyclostomata Cyclostomata NNP 43431 198 13 , , , 43431 198 14 and and CC 43431 198 15 some some DT 43431 198 16 Pisces pisce NNS 43431 198 17 , , , 43431 198 18 such such JJ 43431 198 19 as as IN 43431 198 20 Sturgeons Sturgeons NNPS 43431 198 21 and and CC 43431 198 22 Chimaeroids Chimaeroids NNPS 43431 198 23 . . . 43431 199 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 199 2 _ _ NNP 43431 199 3 b b NNP 43431 199 4 _ _ NNP 43431 199 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 199 6 The the DT 43431 199 7 enamel enamel NN 43431 199 8 of of IN 43431 199 9 the the DT 43431 199 10 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 199 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 199 12 of of IN 43431 199 13 the the DT 43431 199 14 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 199 15 and and CC 43431 199 16 many many JJ 43431 199 17 other other JJ 43431 199 18 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 199 19 is be VBZ 43431 199 20 hypoblastic hypoblastic JJ 43431 199 21 in in IN 43431 199 22 origin origin NN 43431 199 23 . . . 43431 200 1 The the DT 43431 200 2 epiblast epiblast NN 43431 200 3 of of IN 43431 200 4 the the DT 43431 200 5 stomodaeum stomodaeum NN 43431 200 6 , , , 43431 200 7 in in IN 43431 200 8 which which WDT 43431 200 9 the the DT 43431 200 10 other other JJ 43431 200 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 200 12 are be VBP 43431 200 13 developed develop VBN 43431 200 14 , , , 43431 200 15 passes pass VBZ 43431 200 16 into into IN 43431 200 17 the the DT 43431 200 18 hypoblast hypoblast NN 43431 200 19 of of IN 43431 200 20 the the DT 43431 200 21 mesenteron mesenteron NN 43431 200 22 in in IN 43431 200 23 which which WDT 43431 200 24 these these DT 43431 200 25 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 200 26 teeth tooth NNS 43431 200 27 are be VBP 43431 200 28 formed form VBN 43431 200 29 . . . 43431 201 1 II ii CD 43431 201 2 . . . 43431 202 1 MESOBLASTIC MESOBLASTIC NNP 43431 202 2 . . . 43431 203 1 The the DT 43431 203 2 most most RBS 43431 203 3 primitive primitive JJ 43431 203 4 type type NN 43431 203 5 of of IN 43431 203 6 a a DT 43431 203 7 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 203 8 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 203 9 consists consist VBZ 43431 203 10 of of IN 43431 203 11 a a DT 43431 203 12 membranous membranous JJ 43431 203 13 sheath sheath NN 43431 203 14 surrounding surround VBG 43431 203 15 the the DT 43431 203 16 notochord notochord NN 43431 203 17 , , , 43431 203 18 as as IN 43431 203 19 in in IN 43431 203 20 _ _ NNP 43431 203 21 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 203 22 _ _ NNP 43431 203 23 and and CC 43431 203 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 203 25 allies ally NNS 43431 203 26 . . . 43431 204 1 The the DT 43431 204 2 first first JJ 43431 204 3 stage stage NN 43431 204 4 of of IN 43431 204 5 complication complication NN 43431 204 6 is be VBZ 43431 204 7 by by IN 43431 204 8 the the DT 43431 204 9 development development NN 43431 204 10 of of IN 43431 204 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 204 12 in in IN 43431 204 13 the the DT 43431 204 14 notochordal notochordal JJ 43431 204 15 sheath sheath NN 43431 204 16 , , , 43431 204 17 as as IN 43431 204 18 in in IN 43431 204 19 _ _ NNP 43431 204 20 Petromyzon Petromyzon NNP 43431 204 21 _ _ NNP 43431 204 22 . . . 43431 205 1 Often often RB 43431 205 2 the the DT 43431 205 3 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 205 4 becomes become VBZ 43431 205 5 calcified calcify VBN 43431 205 6 in in IN 43431 205 7 places place NNS 43431 205 8 , , , 43431 205 9 as as IN 43431 205 10 in in IN 43431 205 11 the the DT 43431 205 12 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 205 13 centra centra NN 43431 205 14 of of IN 43431 205 15 _ _ NNP 43431 205 16 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 205 17 _ _ NNP 43431 205 18 and and CC 43431 205 19 other other JJ 43431 205 20 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 205 21 . . . 43431 206 1 Lastly lastly RB 43431 206 2 , , , 43431 206 3 the the DT 43431 206 4 formation formation NN 43431 206 5 of of IN 43431 206 6 bone bone NN 43431 206 7 takes take VBZ 43431 206 8 place place NN 43431 206 9 ; ; : 43431 206 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 206 11 generally generally RB 43431 206 12 constitutes constitute VBZ 43431 206 13 the the DT 43431 206 14 most most RBS 43431 206 15 important important JJ 43431 206 16 of of IN 43431 206 17 the the DT 43431 206 18 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 206 19 structures structure NNS 43431 206 20 . . . 43431 207 1 = = NFP 43431 207 2 Bone= Bone= NNP 43431 207 3 may may MD 43431 207 4 be be VB 43431 207 5 formed form VBN 43431 207 6 in in IN 43431 207 7 two two CD 43431 207 8 ways:-- ways:-- NNS 43431 207 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 207 10 1 1 LS 43431 207 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 207 12 by by IN 43431 207 13 the the DT 43431 207 14 direct direct JJ 43431 207 15 ossification ossification NN 43431 207 16 of of IN 43431 207 17 pre pre JJ 43431 207 18 - - JJ 43431 207 19 existing exist VBG 43431 207 20 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 207 21 , , , 43431 207 22 when when WRB 43431 207 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 207 24 is be VBZ 43431 207 25 known know VBN 43431 207 26 as as IN 43431 207 27 = = SYM 43431 207 28 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 207 29 bone= bone= NN 43431 207 30 or or CC 43431 207 31 = = SYM 43431 207 32 endochondral endochondral JJ 43431 207 33 bone= bone= NN 43431 207 34 ; ; , 43431 207 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 207 36 2 2 LS 43431 207 37 ) ) -RRB- 43431 207 38 by by IN 43431 207 39 independent independent JJ 43431 207 40 ossification ossification NN 43431 207 41 in in IN 43431 207 42 connective connective JJ 43431 207 43 tissue tissue NN 43431 207 44 ; ; : 43431 207 45 it -PRON- PRP 43431 207 46 is be VBZ 43431 207 47 then then RB 43431 207 48 known know VBN 43431 207 49 as as IN 43431 207 50 = = SYM 43431 207 51 membrane= membrane= NN 43431 207 52 or or CC 43431 207 53 = = SYM 43431 207 54 dermal= dermal= NNP 43431 207 55 or or CC 43431 207 56 = = SYM 43431 207 57 periosteal periosteal NN 43431 207 58 bone=. bone=. ADD 43431 208 1 With with IN 43431 208 2 the the DT 43431 208 3 exception exception NN 43431 208 4 of of IN 43431 208 5 the the DT 43431 208 6 _ _ NNP 43431 208 7 clavicle_[4 clavicle_[4 NNP 43431 208 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 208 9 all all PDT 43431 208 10 the the DT 43431 208 11 bones bone NNS 43431 208 12 of of IN 43431 208 13 the the DT 43431 208 14 trunk trunk NN 43431 208 15 and and CC 43431 208 16 limbs limb NNS 43431 208 17 , , , 43431 208 18 together together RB 43431 208 19 with with IN 43431 208 20 a a DT 43431 208 21 large large JJ 43431 208 22 proportion proportion NN 43431 208 23 of of IN 43431 208 24 those those DT 43431 208 25 of of IN 43431 208 26 the the DT 43431 208 27 skull skull NN 43431 208 28 , , , 43431 208 29 are be VBP 43431 208 30 preformed preform VBN 43431 208 31 in in IN 43431 208 32 the the DT 43431 208 33 embryo embryo NN 43431 208 34 in in IN 43431 208 35 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 208 36 , , , 43431 208 37 and and CC 43431 208 38 are be VBP 43431 208 39 grouped group VBN 43431 208 40 as as IN 43431 208 41 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 208 42 bones bone NNS 43431 208 43 ; ; : 43431 208 44 while while IN 43431 208 45 the the DT 43431 208 46 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 208 47 and and CC 43431 208 48 most most JJS 43431 208 49 of of IN 43431 208 50 the the DT 43431 208 51 roofing roofing NN 43431 208 52 and and CC 43431 208 53 jaw jaw NN 43431 208 54 - - HYPH 43431 208 55 bones bone NNS 43431 208 56 of of IN 43431 208 57 the the DT 43431 208 58 skull skull NN 43431 208 59 are be VBP 43431 208 60 not not RB 43431 208 61 preformed preform VBN 43431 208 62 in in IN 43431 208 63 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 208 64 , , , 43431 208 65 being be VBG 43431 208 66 developed develop VBN 43431 208 67 simply simply RB 43431 208 68 in in IN 43431 208 69 connection connection NN 43431 208 70 with with IN 43431 208 71 a a DT 43431 208 72 membrane membrane NN 43431 208 73 . . . 43431 209 1 Hence hence RB 43431 209 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 209 3 is be VBZ 43431 209 4 customary customary JJ 43431 209 5 to to TO 43431 209 6 draw draw VB 43431 209 7 a a DT 43431 209 8 very very RB 43431 209 9 strong strong JJ 43431 209 10 line line NN 43431 209 11 of of IN 43431 209 12 distinction distinction NN 43431 209 13 between between IN 43431 209 14 these these DT 43431 209 15 two two CD 43431 209 16 kinds kind NNS 43431 209 17 of of IN 43431 209 18 bone bone NN 43431 209 19 ; ; : 43431 209 20 in in IN 43431 209 21 reality reality NN 43431 209 22 however however RB 43431 209 23 this this DT 43431 209 24 distinction distinction NN 43431 209 25 is be VBZ 43431 209 26 often often RB 43431 209 27 exaggerated exaggerated JJ 43431 209 28 , , , 43431 209 29 and and CC 43431 209 30 the the DT 43431 209 31 two two CD 43431 209 32 kinds kind NNS 43431 209 33 pass pass VBP 43431 209 34 into into IN 43431 209 35 one one NN 43431 209 36 another another DT 43431 209 37 , , , 43431 209 38 and and CC 43431 209 39 as as IN 43431 209 40 will will MD 43431 209 41 be be VB 43431 209 42 shown show VBN 43431 209 43 immediately immediately RB 43431 209 44 , , , 43431 209 45 the the DT 43431 209 46 permanent permanent JJ 43431 209 47 osseous osseous JJ 43431 209 48 tissue tissue NN 43431 209 49 of of IN 43431 209 50 many many JJ 43431 209 51 of of IN 43431 209 52 those those DT 43431 209 53 which which WDT 43431 209 54 are be VBP 43431 209 55 generally generally RB 43431 209 56 regarded regard VBN 43431 209 57 as as IN 43431 209 58 typical typical JJ 43431 209 59 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 209 60 bones bone NNS 43431 209 61 , , , 43431 209 62 is be VBZ 43431 209 63 really really RB 43431 209 64 to to IN 43431 209 65 a a DT 43431 209 66 great great JJ 43431 209 67 extent extent NN 43431 209 68 of of IN 43431 209 69 periosteal periosteal NN 43431 209 70 origin origin NN 43431 209 71 . . . 43431 210 1 The the DT 43431 210 2 palatine palatine NN 43431 210 3 bone bone NN 43431 210 4 , , , 43431 210 5 for for IN 43431 210 6 instance instance NN 43431 210 7 , , , 43431 210 8 of of IN 43431 210 9 the the DT 43431 210 10 higher high JJR 43431 210 11 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 210 12 in in IN 43431 210 13 general general JJ 43431 210 14 is be VBZ 43431 210 15 preceded precede VBN 43431 210 16 by by IN 43431 210 17 a a DT 43431 210 18 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 210 19 bar bar NN 43431 210 20 , , , 43431 210 21 but but CC 43431 210 22 is be VBZ 43431 210 23 itself -PRON- PRP 43431 210 24 almost almost RB 43431 210 25 entirely entirely RB 43431 210 26 a a DT 43431 210 27 membrane membrane NN 43431 210 28 bone bone NN 43431 210 29 . . . 43431 211 1 Before before IN 43431 211 2 describing describe VBG 43431 211 3 the the DT 43431 211 4 development development NN 43431 211 5 of of IN 43431 211 6 bone bone NN 43431 211 7 it -PRON- PRP 43431 211 8 will will MD 43431 211 9 be be VB 43431 211 10 well well JJ 43431 211 11 to to TO 43431 211 12 briefly briefly RB 43431 211 13 describe describe VB 43431 211 14 the the DT 43431 211 15 structure structure NN 43431 211 16 of of IN 43431 211 17 adult adult NN 43431 211 18 bone bone NN 43431 211 19 and and CC 43431 211 20 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 211 21 . . . 43431 212 1 The the DT 43431 212 2 commonest common JJS 43431 212 3 kind kind NN 43431 212 4 of of IN 43431 212 5 = = SYM 43431 212 6 cartilage= cartilage= NN 43431 212 7 , , , 43431 212 8 and and CC 43431 212 9 that that IN 43431 212 10 which which WDT 43431 212 11 preforms preform VBZ 43431 212 12 so so RB 43431 212 13 many many JJ 43431 212 14 of of IN 43431 212 15 the the DT 43431 212 16 bones bone NNS 43431 212 17 of of IN 43431 212 18 the the DT 43431 212 19 embryo embryo NN 43431 212 20 , , , 43431 212 21 is be VBZ 43431 212 22 = = NFP 43431 212 23 hyaline= hyaline= NNP 43431 212 24 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 212 25 . . . 43431 213 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 213 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 213 3 of of IN 43431 213 4 oval oval JJ 43431 213 5 nucleated nucleated JJ 43431 213 6 cells cell NNS 43431 213 7 occupying occupy VBG 43431 213 8 cavities cavity NNS 43431 213 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 213 10 = = SYM 43431 213 11 lacunae= lacunae= NNP 43431 213 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 213 13 in in IN 43431 213 14 a a DT 43431 213 15 clear clear JJ 43431 213 16 intercellular intercellular JJ 43431 213 17 semitransparent semitransparent NN 43431 213 18 matrix matrix NN 43431 213 19 , , , 43431 213 20 which which WDT 43431 213 21 is be VBZ 43431 213 22 probably probably RB 43431 213 23 secreted secrete VBN 43431 213 24 by by IN 43431 213 25 the the DT 43431 213 26 cells cell NNS 43431 213 27 . . . 43431 214 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 214 2 one one CD 43431 214 3 cell cell NN 43431 214 4 is be VBZ 43431 214 5 seen see VBN 43431 214 6 in in IN 43431 214 7 each each DT 43431 214 8 lacuna lacuna NN 43431 214 9 , , , 43431 214 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 214 11 shortly shortly RB 43431 214 12 after after IN 43431 214 13 cell cell NN 43431 214 14 - - HYPH 43431 214 15 division division NN 43431 214 16 a a DT 43431 214 17 lacuna lacuna NN 43431 214 18 may may MD 43431 214 19 contain contain VB 43431 214 20 two two CD 43431 214 21 or or CC 43431 214 22 more more JJR 43431 214 23 cells cell NNS 43431 214 24 . . . 43431 215 1 The the DT 43431 215 2 free free JJ 43431 215 3 surface surface NN 43431 215 4 of of IN 43431 215 5 the the DT 43431 215 6 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 215 7 is be VBZ 43431 215 8 invested invest VBN 43431 215 9 by by IN 43431 215 10 a a DT 43431 215 11 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 215 12 membrane membrane NN 43431 215 13 , , , 43431 215 14 the the DT 43431 215 15 = = SYM 43431 215 16 perichondrium=. perichondrium=. XX 43431 216 1 = = NFP 43431 216 2 Bone= Bone= NNP 43431 216 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 216 4 of of IN 43431 216 5 a a DT 43431 216 6 series series NN 43431 216 7 of of IN 43431 216 8 lamellae lamellae NNP 43431 216 9 of of IN 43431 216 10 ossified ossify VBN 43431 216 11 substance substance NN 43431 216 12 between between IN 43431 216 13 which which WDT 43431 216 14 are be VBP 43431 216 15 oval oval NN 43431 216 16 spaces space NNS 43431 216 17 , , , 43431 216 18 the the DT 43431 216 19 = = SYM 43431 216 20 lacunae= lacunae= NN 43431 216 21 , , , 43431 216 22 giving give VBG 43431 216 23 rise rise NN 43431 216 24 to to IN 43431 216 25 numerous numerous JJ 43431 216 26 fine fine JJ 43431 216 27 channels channel NNS 43431 216 28 , , , 43431 216 29 the the DT 43431 216 30 = = SYM 43431 216 31 canaliculi= canaliculi= NN 43431 216 32 , , , 43431 216 33 which which WDT 43431 216 34 radiate radiate VBP 43431 216 35 off off RP 43431 216 36 in in IN 43431 216 37 all all DT 43431 216 38 directions direction NNS 43431 216 39 . . . 43431 217 1 The the DT 43431 217 2 lacunae lacunae NN 43431 217 3 are be VBP 43431 217 4 occupied occupy VBN 43431 217 5 by by IN 43431 217 6 the the DT 43431 217 7 = = SYM 43431 217 8 bone bone NN 43431 217 9 cells= cells= NN 43431 217 10 which which WDT 43431 217 11 correspond correspond VBP 43431 217 12 to to IN 43431 217 13 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 217 14 cells cell NNS 43431 217 15 , , , 43431 217 16 from from IN 43431 217 17 which which WDT 43431 217 18 if if IN 43431 217 19 the the DT 43431 217 20 bone bone NN 43431 217 21 is be VBZ 43431 217 22 young young JJ 43431 217 23 , , , 43431 217 24 processes process NNS 43431 217 25 pass pass VBP 43431 217 26 off off RP 43431 217 27 into into IN 43431 217 28 the the DT 43431 217 29 canaliculi canaliculi NNP 43431 217 30 . . . 43431 218 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 218 2 is be VBZ 43431 218 3 obvious obvious JJ 43431 218 4 that that IN 43431 218 5 the the DT 43431 218 6 ossified ossified JJ 43431 218 7 substance substance NN 43431 218 8 of of IN 43431 218 9 bone bone NN 43431 218 10 is be VBZ 43431 218 11 intercellular intercellular JJ 43431 218 12 in in IN 43431 218 13 character character NN 43431 218 14 , , , 43431 218 15 and and CC 43431 218 16 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 218 17 to to IN 43431 218 18 the the DT 43431 218 19 matrix matrix NN 43431 218 20 of of IN 43431 218 21 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 218 22 . . . 43431 219 1 Bone bone NN 43431 219 2 may may MD 43431 219 3 be be VB 43431 219 4 compact compact JJ 43431 219 5 , , , 43431 219 6 or or CC 43431 219 7 loose loose JJ 43431 219 8 and and CC 43431 219 9 spongy spongy VB 43431 219 10 in in IN 43431 219 11 character character NN 43431 219 12 , , , 43431 219 13 when when WRB 43431 219 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 219 15 is be VBZ 43431 219 16 known know VBN 43431 219 17 as as IN 43431 219 18 = = SYM 43431 219 19 cancellous cancellous JJ 43431 219 20 bone=. bone=. NN 43431 220 1 In in IN 43431 220 2 compact compact JJ 43431 220 3 bone bone NN 43431 220 4 many many JJ 43431 220 5 of of IN 43431 220 6 the the DT 43431 220 7 lamellae lamella NNS 43431 220 8 are be VBP 43431 220 9 arranged arrange VBN 43431 220 10 concentrically concentrically RB 43431 220 11 round round JJ 43431 220 12 cavities cavity NNS 43431 220 13 , , , 43431 220 14 the the DT 43431 220 15 = = SYM 43431 220 16 Haversian Haversian NNP 43431 220 17 canals= canals= NN 43431 220 18 , , , 43431 220 19 which which WDT 43431 220 20 in in IN 43431 220 21 life life NN 43431 220 22 are be VBP 43431 220 23 occupied occupy VBN 43431 220 24 by by IN 43431 220 25 blood blood NN 43431 220 26 - - HYPH 43431 220 27 vessels vessel NNS 43431 220 28 . . . 43431 221 1 Each each DT 43431 221 2 Haversian haversian JJ 43431 221 3 canal canal NN 43431 221 4 with with IN 43431 221 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 221 6 lamellae lamellae JJ 43431 221 7 forms form NNS 43431 221 8 a a DT 43431 221 9 = = SYM 43431 221 10 Haversian Haversian NNP 43431 221 11 system=. system=. . 43431 222 1 In in IN 43431 222 2 spongy spongy NN 43431 222 3 bone bone NN 43431 222 4 instead instead RB 43431 222 5 of of IN 43431 222 6 Haversian haversian JJ 43431 222 7 canals canal NNS 43431 222 8 there there RB 43431 222 9 occur occur VBP 43431 222 10 large large JJ 43431 222 11 irregular irregular JJ 43431 222 12 spaces space NNS 43431 222 13 filled fill VBN 43431 222 14 with with IN 43431 222 15 marrow marrow NN 43431 222 16 , , , 43431 222 17 which which WDT 43431 222 18 consists consist VBZ 43431 222 19 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 222 20 of of IN 43431 222 21 blood blood NN 43431 222 22 - - HYPH 43431 222 23 vessels vessel NNS 43431 222 24 and and CC 43431 222 25 fatty fatty NN 43431 222 26 tissue tissue NN 43431 222 27 . . . 43431 223 1 The the DT 43431 223 2 centre centre NN 43431 223 3 of of IN 43431 223 4 a a DT 43431 223 5 long long JJ 43431 223 6 bone bone NN 43431 223 7 is be VBZ 43431 223 8 generally generally RB 43431 223 9 occupied occupy VBN 43431 223 10 by by IN 43431 223 11 one one CD 43431 223 12 large large JJ 43431 223 13 continuous continuous JJ 43431 223 14 marrow marrow NN 43431 223 15 cavity cavity NN 43431 223 16 . . . 43431 224 1 The the DT 43431 224 2 whole whole JJ 43431 224 3 bone bone NN 43431 224 4 is be VBZ 43431 224 5 surrounded surround VBN 43431 224 6 by by IN 43431 224 7 a a DT 43431 224 8 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 224 9 connective connective JJ 43431 224 10 tissue tissue NN 43431 224 11 membrane membrane NN 43431 224 12 , , , 43431 224 13 = = NFP 43431 224 14 the the DT 43431 224 15 periosteum=. periosteum=. NN 43431 225 1 THE the DT 43431 225 2 DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT NNP 43431 225 3 OF of IN 43431 225 4 BONE BONE NNP 43431 225 5 . . . 43431 226 1 = = NFP 43431 226 2 Periosteal periosteal NN 43431 226 3 ossification.= ossification.= CD 43431 226 4 An an DT 43431 226 5 example example NN 43431 226 6 of of IN 43431 226 7 a a DT 43431 226 8 bone bone NN 43431 226 9 entirely entirely RB 43431 226 10 formed form VBN 43431 226 11 in in IN 43431 226 12 this this DT 43431 226 13 way way NN 43431 226 14 is be VBZ 43431 226 15 afforded afford VBN 43431 226 16 by by IN 43431 226 17 the the DT 43431 226 18 parietal parietal NN 43431 226 19 . . . 43431 227 1 The the DT 43431 227 2 first first JJ 43431 227 3 trace trace NN 43431 227 4 of of IN 43431 227 5 ossification ossification NN 43431 227 6 is be VBZ 43431 227 7 shown show VBN 43431 227 8 by by IN 43431 227 9 the the DT 43431 227 10 appearance appearance NN 43431 227 11 , , , 43431 227 12 below below IN 43431 227 13 the the DT 43431 227 14 membrane membrane NN 43431 227 15 which which WDT 43431 227 16 occupies occupy VBZ 43431 227 17 the the DT 43431 227 18 place place NN 43431 227 19 of of IN 43431 227 20 the the DT 43431 227 21 bone bone NN 43431 227 22 in in IN 43431 227 23 the the DT 43431 227 24 early early JJ 43431 227 25 embryo embryo NN 43431 227 26 , , , 43431 227 27 of of IN 43431 227 28 calcareous calcareous JJ 43431 227 29 spicules spicule NNS 43431 227 30 of of IN 43431 227 31 bony bony NN 43431 227 32 matter matter NN 43431 227 33 , , , 43431 227 34 which which WDT 43431 227 35 are be VBP 43431 227 36 laid lay VBN 43431 227 37 down down RP 43431 227 38 round round IN 43431 227 39 themselves -PRON- PRP 43431 227 40 by by IN 43431 227 41 certain certain JJ 43431 227 42 large large JJ 43431 227 43 cells cell NNS 43431 227 44 , , , 43431 227 45 the the DT 43431 227 46 = = -RRB- 43431 227 47 osteoblasts=. osteoblasts=. XX 43431 228 1 These these DT 43431 228 2 osteoblasts osteoblast NNS 43431 228 3 gradually gradually RB 43431 228 4 get get VBP 43431 228 5 surrounded surround VBN 43431 228 6 by by IN 43431 228 7 the the DT 43431 228 8 matter matter NN 43431 228 9 which which WDT 43431 228 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 228 11 secrete secrete VBP 43431 228 12 and and CC 43431 228 13 become become VBP 43431 228 14 converted converted JJ 43431 228 15 into into IN 43431 228 16 bone bone NN 43431 228 17 cells cell NNS 43431 228 18 , , , 43431 228 19 and and CC 43431 228 20 in in IN 43431 228 21 this this DT 43431 228 22 way way NN 43431 228 23 a a DT 43431 228 24 mass mass NN 43431 228 25 of of IN 43431 228 26 spongy spongy NN 43431 228 27 bone bone NN 43431 228 28 is be VBZ 43431 228 29 gradually gradually RB 43431 228 30 produced produce VBN 43431 228 31 . . . 43431 229 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB 43431 229 2 a a DT 43431 229 3 definite definite JJ 43431 229 4 periosteum periosteum NN 43431 229 5 has have VBZ 43431 229 6 been be VBN 43431 229 7 formed form VBN 43431 229 8 round round IN 43431 229 9 the the DT 43431 229 10 developing develop VBG 43431 229 11 bone bone NN 43431 229 12 , , , 43431 229 13 and and CC 43431 229 14 on on IN 43431 229 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 229 16 inner inner JJ 43431 229 17 side side NN 43431 229 18 fresh fresh JJ 43431 229 19 osteoblasts osteoblast NNS 43431 229 20 are be VBP 43431 229 21 produced produce VBN 43431 229 22 , , , 43431 229 23 and and CC 43431 229 24 these these DT 43431 229 25 with with IN 43431 229 26 the the DT 43431 229 27 others other NNS 43431 229 28 gradually gradually RB 43431 229 29 render render VBP 43431 229 30 the the DT 43431 229 31 bone bone NN 43431 229 32 larger large JJR 43431 229 33 and and CC 43431 229 34 more more RBR 43431 229 35 and and CC 43431 229 36 more more RBR 43431 229 37 compact compact JJ 43431 229 38 . . . 43431 230 1 Finally finally RB 43431 230 2 , , , 43431 230 3 the the DT 43431 230 4 middle middle JJ 43431 230 5 layer layer NN 43431 230 6 of of IN 43431 230 7 the the DT 43431 230 8 bone bone NN 43431 230 9 becomes become VBZ 43431 230 10 again again RB 43431 230 11 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 230 12 out out RP 43431 230 13 and and CC 43431 230 14 rendered render VBN 43431 230 15 spongy spongy JJ 43431 230 16 by by IN 43431 230 17 the the DT 43431 230 18 absorption absorption NN 43431 230 19 of of IN 43431 230 20 part part NN 43431 230 21 of of IN 43431 230 22 the the DT 43431 230 23 bony bony NN 43431 230 24 matter matter NN 43431 230 25 . . . 43431 231 1 = = NFP 43431 231 2 Endochondral Endochondral NNP 43431 231 3 ossification=[5 ossification=[5 , 43431 231 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 231 5 . . . 43431 232 1 This this DT 43431 232 2 is be VBZ 43431 232 3 best well RBS 43431 232 4 studied study VBN 43431 232 5 in in IN 43431 232 6 the the DT 43431 232 7 case case NN 43431 232 8 of of IN 43431 232 9 a a DT 43431 232 10 long long JJ 43431 232 11 bone bone NN 43431 232 12 like like IN 43431 232 13 the the DT 43431 232 14 femur femur NN 43431 232 15 or or CC 43431 232 16 humerus humerus NNP 43431 232 17 . . . 43431 233 1 Such such PDT 43431 233 2 a a DT 43431 233 3 long long JJ 43431 233 4 bone bone NN 43431 233 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 233 6 of of IN 43431 233 7 a a DT 43431 233 8 shaft shaft NN 43431 233 9 , , , 43431 233 10 which which WDT 43431 233 11 forms form VBZ 43431 233 12 the the DT 43431 233 13 main main JJ 43431 233 14 part part NN 43431 233 15 , , , 43431 233 16 and and CC 43431 233 17 two two CD 43431 233 18 terminal terminal JJ 43431 233 19 portions portion NNS 43431 233 20 , , , 43431 233 21 which which WDT 43431 233 22 form form VBP 43431 233 23 the the DT 43431 233 24 = = SYM 43431 233 25 epiphyses= epiphyses= JJ 43431 233 26 , , , 43431 233 27 or or CC 43431 233 28 portions portion NNS 43431 233 29 ossifying ossify VBG 43431 233 30 from from IN 43431 233 31 centres centre NNS 43431 233 32 distinct distinct JJ 43431 233 33 from from IN 43431 233 34 that that DT 43431 233 35 forming form VBG 43431 233 36 the the DT 43431 233 37 shaft shaft NN 43431 233 38 or or CC 43431 233 39 main main JJ 43431 233 40 part part NN 43431 233 41 of of IN 43431 233 42 the the DT 43431 233 43 bone bone NN 43431 233 44 . . . 43431 234 1 In in IN 43431 234 2 the the DT 43431 234 3 earliest early JJS 43431 234 4 stage stage NN 43431 234 5 the the DT 43431 234 6 future future JJ 43431 234 7 bone bone NN 43431 234 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 234 9 of of IN 43431 234 10 hyaline hyaline NN 43431 234 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 234 12 surrounded surround VBN 43431 234 13 by by IN 43431 234 14 a a DT 43431 234 15 vascular vascular JJ 43431 234 16 sheath sheath NN 43431 234 17 , , , 43431 234 18 the the DT 43431 234 19 perichondrium perichondrium NN 43431 234 20 . . . 43431 235 1 Then then RB 43431 235 2 , , , 43431 235 3 starting start VBG 43431 235 4 from from IN 43431 235 5 the the DT 43431 235 6 centre centre NN 43431 235 7 , , , 43431 235 8 the the DT 43431 235 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 235 10 becomes become VBZ 43431 235 11 permeated permeate VBN 43431 235 12 by by IN 43431 235 13 a a DT 43431 235 14 number number NN 43431 235 15 of of IN 43431 235 16 channels channel NNS 43431 235 17 into into IN 43431 235 18 which which WDT 43431 235 19 pass pass NN 43431 235 20 vessels vessel NNS 43431 235 21 from from IN 43431 235 22 the the DT 43431 235 23 perichondrium perichondrium NN 43431 235 24 and and CC 43431 235 25 osteoblasts osteoblast NNS 43431 235 26 . . . 43431 236 1 In in IN 43431 236 2 this this DT 43431 236 3 way way NN 43431 236 4 the the DT 43431 236 5 centre centre NN 43431 236 6 of of IN 43431 236 7 the the DT 43431 236 8 developing develop VBG 43431 236 9 shaft shaft NN 43431 236 10 becomes become VBZ 43431 236 11 converted convert VBN 43431 236 12 into into IN 43431 236 13 a a DT 43431 236 14 mass mass NN 43431 236 15 of of IN 43431 236 16 cavities cavity NNS 43431 236 17 separated separate VBN 43431 236 18 by by IN 43431 236 19 bands band NNS 43431 236 20 or or CC 43431 236 21 trabeculae trabeculae NN 43431 236 22 of of IN 43431 236 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 236 24 . . . 43431 237 1 This this DT 43431 237 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 237 3 next next RB 43431 237 4 becomes become VBZ 43431 237 5 calcified calcified JJ 43431 237 6 , , , 43431 237 7 but but CC 43431 237 8 as as IN 43431 237 9 yet yet RB 43431 237 10 is be VBZ 43431 237 11 not not RB 43431 237 12 converted convert VBN 43431 237 13 into into IN 43431 237 14 true true JJ 43431 237 15 bone bone NN 43431 237 16 . . . 43431 238 1 The the DT 43431 238 2 osteoblasts osteoblast NNS 43431 238 3 in in IN 43431 238 4 connection connection NN 43431 238 5 with with IN 43431 238 6 the the DT 43431 238 7 cavities cavity NNS 43431 238 8 now now RB 43431 238 9 begin begin VBP 43431 238 10 to to TO 43431 238 11 deposit deposit VB 43431 238 12 true true JJ 43431 238 13 endochondral endochondral JJ 43431 238 14 spongy spongy NN 43431 238 15 bone bone NN 43431 238 16 , , , 43431 238 17 and and CC 43431 238 18 then then RB 43431 238 19 after after IN 43431 238 20 a a DT 43431 238 21 time time NN 43431 238 22 this this DT 43431 238 23 becomes become VBZ 43431 238 24 absorbed absorb VBN 43431 238 25 by by IN 43431 238 26 certain certain JJ 43431 238 27 large large JJ 43431 238 28 cells cell NNS 43431 238 29 , , , 43431 238 30 the the DT 43431 238 31 osteoclasts osteoclast NNS 43431 238 32 , , , 43431 238 33 and and CC 43431 238 34 resolved resolve VBN 43431 238 35 into into IN 43431 238 36 marrow marrow NN 43431 238 37 or or CC 43431 238 38 vascular vascular JJ 43431 238 39 tissue tissue NN 43431 238 40 loaded load VBN 43431 238 41 with with IN 43431 238 42 fat fat NN 43431 238 43 . . . 43431 239 1 So so RB 43431 239 2 that that IN 43431 239 3 the the DT 43431 239 4 centre centre NN 43431 239 5 of of IN 43431 239 6 the the DT 43431 239 7 shaft shaft NN 43431 239 8 passes pass VBZ 43431 239 9 from from IN 43431 239 10 the the DT 43431 239 11 condition condition NN 43431 239 12 of of IN 43431 239 13 hyaline hyaline JJ 43431 239 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 239 15 to to IN 43431 239 16 that that DT 43431 239 17 of of IN 43431 239 18 calcified calcify VBN 43431 239 19 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 239 20 , , , 43431 239 21 thence thence NN 43431 239 22 to to IN 43431 239 23 the the DT 43431 239 24 condition condition NN 43431 239 25 of of IN 43431 239 26 spongy spongy NNP 43431 239 27 bone bone NN 43431 239 28 , , , 43431 239 29 and and CC 43431 239 30 finally finally RB 43431 239 31 to to IN 43431 239 32 that that DT 43431 239 33 of of IN 43431 239 34 marrow marrow NN 43431 239 35 . . . 43431 240 1 At at IN 43431 240 2 the the DT 43431 240 3 same same JJ 43431 240 4 time time NN 43431 240 5 beneath beneath IN 43431 240 6 the the DT 43431 240 7 perichondrium perichondrium NN 43431 240 8 osteoblasts osteoblast NNS 43431 240 9 are be VBP 43431 240 10 developed develop VBN 43431 240 11 which which WDT 43431 240 12 also also RB 43431 240 13 begin begin VBP 43431 240 14 to to TO 43431 240 15 give give VB 43431 240 16 rise rise NN 43431 240 17 to to TO 43431 240 18 spongy spongy VB 43431 240 19 bone bone NN 43431 240 20 . . . 43431 241 1 The the DT 43431 241 2 perichondrium perichondrium NN 43431 241 3 thus thus RB 43431 241 4 becomes become VBZ 43431 241 5 the the DT 43431 241 6 periosteum periosteum NN 43431 241 7 , , , 43431 241 8 and and CC 43431 241 9 the the DT 43431 241 10 bone bone NN 43431 241 11 produced produce VBN 43431 241 12 by by IN 43431 241 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 241 14 , , , 43431 241 15 is be VBZ 43431 241 16 periosteal periosteal NN 43431 241 17 or or CC 43431 241 18 membrane membrane NN 43431 241 19 bone bone NN 43431 241 20 . . . 43431 242 1 So so RB 43431 242 2 that that IN 43431 242 3 while while IN 43431 242 4 a a DT 43431 242 5 continuous continuous JJ 43431 242 6 marrow marrow NN 43431 242 7 cavity cavity NN 43431 242 8 is be VBZ 43431 242 9 gradually gradually RB 43431 242 10 being be VBG 43431 242 11 formed form VBN 43431 242 12 in in IN 43431 242 13 the the DT 43431 242 14 centre centre NN 43431 242 15 of of IN 43431 242 16 the the DT 43431 242 17 shaft shaft NN 43431 242 18 , , , 43431 242 19 the the DT 43431 242 20 layer layer NN 43431 242 21 of of IN 43431 242 22 periosteal periosteal NN 43431 242 23 bone bone NN 43431 242 24 round round IN 43431 242 25 the the DT 43431 242 26 margin margin NN 43431 242 27 is be VBZ 43431 242 28 gradually gradually RB 43431 242 29 thickening thicken VBG 43431 242 30 , , , 43431 242 31 and and CC 43431 242 32 becoming become VBG 43431 242 33 more more RBR 43431 242 34 and and CC 43431 242 35 more more RBR 43431 242 36 compact compact JJ 43431 242 37 by by IN 43431 242 38 the the DT 43431 242 39 narrowing narrowing NN 43431 242 40 down down RP 43431 242 41 of of IN 43431 242 42 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 242 43 cavities cavity NNS 43431 242 44 to to IN 43431 242 45 the the DT 43431 242 46 size size NN 43431 242 47 of of IN 43431 242 48 Haversian haversian JJ 43431 242 49 canals canal NNS 43431 242 50 . . . 43431 243 1 The the DT 43431 243 2 absorption absorption NN 43431 243 3 of of IN 43431 243 4 endochondral endochondral NN 43431 243 5 and and CC 43431 243 6 formation formation NN 43431 243 7 of of IN 43431 243 8 periosteal periosteal NN 43431 243 9 bone bone NN 43431 243 10 goes go VBZ 43431 243 11 on on RP 43431 243 12 , , , 43431 243 13 till till IN 43431 243 14 in in IN 43431 243 15 time time NN 43431 243 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 243 17 comes come VBZ 43431 243 18 about about IN 43431 243 19 that that IN 43431 243 20 the the DT 43431 243 21 whole whole NN 43431 243 22 of of IN 43431 243 23 the the DT 43431 243 24 shaft shaft NN 43431 243 25 , , , 43431 243 26 except except IN 43431 243 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 243 28 terminations termination NNS 43431 243 29 , , , 43431 243 30 is be VBZ 43431 243 31 of of IN 43431 243 32 periosteal periosteal NN 43431 243 33 origin origin NN 43431 243 34 . . . 43431 244 1 At at IN 43431 244 2 the the DT 43431 244 3 extremities extremity NNS 43431 244 4 of of IN 43431 244 5 the the DT 43431 244 6 shaft shaft NN 43431 244 7 , , , 43431 244 8 however however RB 43431 244 9 , , , 43431 244 10 and and CC 43431 244 11 at at IN 43431 244 12 the the DT 43431 244 13 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 244 14 , , , 43431 244 15 each each DT 43431 244 16 of of IN 43431 244 17 which which WDT 43431 244 18 is be VBZ 43431 244 19 for for IN 43431 244 20 a a DT 43431 244 21 long long JJ 43431 244 22 time time NN 43431 244 23 separated separate VBN 43431 244 24 from from IN 43431 244 25 the the DT 43431 244 26 shaft shaft NN 43431 244 27 by by IN 43431 244 28 a a DT 43431 244 29 pad pad NN 43431 244 30 of of IN 43431 244 31 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 244 32 , , , 43431 244 33 the the DT 43431 244 34 ossification ossification NN 43431 244 35 is be VBZ 43431 244 36 mainly mainly RB 43431 244 37 endochondral endochondral JJ 43431 244 38 , , , 43431 244 39 the the DT 43431 244 40 periosteal periosteal NN 43431 244 41 bone bone NN 43431 244 42 being be VBG 43431 244 43 represented represent VBN 43431 244 44 only only RB 43431 244 45 by by IN 43431 244 46 a a DT 43431 244 47 thin thin JJ 43431 244 48 layer layer NN 43431 244 49 . . . 43431 245 1 Until until IN 43431 245 2 the the DT 43431 245 3 adult adult NN 43431 245 4 condition condition NN 43431 245 5 is be VBZ 43431 245 6 reached reach VBN 43431 245 7 and and CC 43431 245 8 growth growth NN 43431 245 9 ceases cease NNS 43431 245 10 , , , 43431 245 11 the the DT 43431 245 12 pad pad NN 43431 245 13 of of IN 43431 245 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 245 15 between between IN 43431 245 16 the the DT 43431 245 17 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 245 18 and and CC 43431 245 19 the the DT 43431 245 20 shaft shaft NN 43431 245 21 continues continue VBZ 43431 245 22 to to TO 43431 245 23 grow grow VB 43431 245 24 , , , 43431 245 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 245 26 outer outer JJ 43431 245 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 245 28 epiphysial epiphysial JJ 43431 245 29 ) ) -RRB- 43431 245 30 half half NN 43431 245 31 growing grow VBG 43431 245 32 by by IN 43431 245 33 the the DT 43431 245 34 formation formation NN 43431 245 35 of of IN 43431 245 36 fresh fresh JJ 43431 245 37 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 245 38 as as RB 43431 245 39 fast fast RB 43431 245 40 as as IN 43431 245 41 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 245 42 inner inner JJ 43431 245 43 half half NN 43431 245 44 is be VBZ 43431 245 45 encroached encroach VBN 43431 245 46 on on RP 43431 245 47 by by IN 43431 245 48 the the DT 43431 245 49 growth growth NN 43431 245 50 of of IN 43431 245 51 bone bone NN 43431 245 52 from from IN 43431 245 53 the the DT 43431 245 54 shaft shaft NN 43431 245 55 . . . 43431 246 1 The the DT 43431 246 2 terminal terminal JJ 43431 246 3 or or CC 43431 246 4 articular articular JJ 43431 246 5 surfaces surface NNS 43431 246 6 of of IN 43431 246 7 the the DT 43431 246 8 bone bone NN 43431 246 9 remain remain VBP 43431 246 10 throughout throughout IN 43431 246 11 life life NN 43431 246 12 covered cover VBN 43431 246 13 by by IN 43431 246 14 layers layer NNS 43431 246 15 of of IN 43431 246 16 articular articular JJ 43431 246 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 246 18 . . . 43431 247 1 Even even RB 43431 247 2 after after IN 43431 247 3 the the DT 43431 247 4 adult adult NN 43431 247 5 condition condition NN 43431 247 6 is be VBZ 43431 247 7 reached reach VBN 43431 247 8 the the DT 43431 247 9 bone bone NN 43431 247 10 is be VBZ 43431 247 11 subject subject JJ 43431 247 12 to to IN 43431 247 13 continual continual JJ 43431 247 14 change change NN 43431 247 15 , , , 43431 247 16 processes process NNS 43431 247 17 of of IN 43431 247 18 absorption absorption NN 43431 247 19 and and CC 43431 247 20 fresh fresh JJ 43431 247 21 formation formation NN 43431 247 22 going go VBG 43431 247 23 on on RP 43431 247 24 for for IN 43431 247 25 a a DT 43431 247 26 time time NN 43431 247 27 and and CC 43431 247 28 tending tend VBG 43431 247 29 to to TO 43431 247 30 render render VB 43431 247 31 the the DT 43431 247 32 bone bone NN 43431 247 33 more more RBR 43431 247 34 compact compact JJ 43431 247 35 . . . 43431 248 1 METHODS methods JJ 43431 248 2 IN in IN 43431 248 3 WHICH which WDT 43431 248 4 BONES bone NNS 43431 248 5 ARE are VBP 43431 248 6 UNITED united JJ 43431 248 7 TO to IN 43431 248 8 ONE ONE NNP 43431 248 9 ANOTHER ANOTHER NNP 43431 248 10 . . . 43431 249 1 The the DT 43431 249 2 various various JJ 43431 249 3 bones bone NNS 43431 249 4 composing compose VBG 43431 249 5 the the DT 43431 249 6 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 249 7 are be VBP 43431 249 8 united united JJ 43431 249 9 to to IN 43431 249 10 one one CD 43431 249 11 another another DT 43431 249 12 either either CC 43431 249 13 by by IN 43431 249 14 = = SYM 43431 249 15 sutures= sutures= CD 43431 249 16 or or CC 43431 249 17 by by IN 43431 249 18 movable movable JJ 43431 249 19 = = -RRB- 43431 249 20 joints=. joints=. XX 43431 250 1 When when WRB 43431 250 2 two two CD 43431 250 3 bones bone NNS 43431 250 4 are be VBP 43431 250 5 suturally suturally RB 43431 250 6 united united JJ 43431 250 7 , , , 43431 250 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 250 9 edges edge NNS 43431 250 10 fit fit VBP 43431 250 11 closely closely RB 43431 250 12 together together RB 43431 250 13 and and CC 43431 250 14 often often RB 43431 250 15 interlock interlock NN 43431 250 16 , , , 43431 250 17 being be VBG 43431 250 18 also also RB 43431 250 19 bound bind VBN 43431 250 20 together together RB 43431 250 21 by by IN 43431 250 22 the the DT 43431 250 23 periosteum periosteum NN 43431 250 24 . . . 43431 251 1 In in IN 43431 251 2 many many JJ 43431 251 3 cases case NNS 43431 251 4 this this DT 43431 251 5 sutural sutural JJ 43431 251 6 union union NN 43431 251 7 passes pass VBZ 43431 251 8 into into IN 43431 251 9 fusion fusion NN 43431 251 10 or or CC 43431 251 11 = = SYM 43431 251 12 ankylosis= ankylosis= JJ 43431 251 13 , , , 43431 251 14 ossification ossification NN 43431 251 15 extending extend VBG 43431 251 16 completely completely RB 43431 251 17 from from IN 43431 251 18 one one CD 43431 251 19 bone bone NN 43431 251 20 to to IN 43431 251 21 the the DT 43431 251 22 other other JJ 43431 251 23 with with IN 43431 251 24 the the DT 43431 251 25 obliteration obliteration NN 43431 251 26 of of IN 43431 251 27 the the DT 43431 251 28 intervening intervene VBG 43431 251 29 suture suture NN 43431 251 30 . . . 43431 252 1 This this DT 43431 252 2 feature feature NN 43431 252 3 is be VBZ 43431 252 4 especially especially RB 43431 252 5 well well RB 43431 252 6 marked mark VBN 43431 252 7 in in IN 43431 252 8 the the DT 43431 252 9 cranium cranium NN 43431 252 10 of of IN 43431 252 11 most most JJS 43431 252 12 birds bird NNS 43431 252 13 . . . 43431 253 1 The the DT 43431 253 2 various various JJ 43431 253 3 kinds kind NNS 43431 253 4 of of IN 43431 253 5 joints joint NNS 43431 253 6 or or CC 43431 253 7 articulations[6 articulations[6 NNP 43431 253 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 253 9 may may MD 43431 253 10 be be VB 43431 253 11 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 253 12 into into IN 43431 253 13 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 253 14 joints joint NNS 43431 253 15 and and CC 43431 253 16 perfect perfect JJ 43431 253 17 joints joint NNS 43431 253 18 . . . 43431 254 1 In in IN 43431 254 2 = = SYM 43431 254 3 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 254 4 joints= joints= NN 43431 254 5 , , , 43431 254 6 such such JJ 43431 254 7 as as IN 43431 254 8 the the DT 43431 254 9 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 254 10 joints joint NNS 43431 254 11 of of IN 43431 254 12 mammals mammal NNS 43431 254 13 , , , 43431 254 14 the the DT 43431 254 15 two two CD 43431 254 16 contiguous contiguous JJ 43431 254 17 surfaces surface NNS 43431 254 18 are be VBP 43431 254 19 united unite VBN 43431 254 20 by by IN 43431 254 21 a a DT 43431 254 22 mass mass NN 43431 254 23 of of IN 43431 254 24 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 254 25 tissue tissue NN 43431 254 26 which which WDT 43431 254 27 allows allow VBZ 43431 254 28 only only RB 43431 254 29 a a DT 43431 254 30 limited limit VBN 43431 254 31 amount amount NN 43431 254 32 of of IN 43431 254 33 motion motion NN 43431 254 34 . . . 43431 255 1 In in IN 43431 255 2 = = SYM 43431 255 3 perfect perfect JJ 43431 255 4 joints= joints= NN 43431 255 5 the the DT 43431 255 6 contiguous contiguous JJ 43431 255 7 articular articular JJ 43431 255 8 surfaces surface NNS 43431 255 9 are be VBP 43431 255 10 covered cover VBN 43431 255 11 with with IN 43431 255 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 255 13 , , , 43431 255 14 and and CC 43431 255 15 between between IN 43431 255 16 them -PRON- PRP 43431 255 17 lies lie VBZ 43431 255 18 a a DT 43431 255 19 synovial synovial JJ 43431 255 20 membrane membrane NN 43431 255 21 which which WDT 43431 255 22 secretes secrete VBZ 43431 255 23 a a DT 43431 255 24 viscid viscid NN 43431 255 25 lubricating lubricating NN 43431 255 26 fluid fluid NN 43431 255 27 . . . 43431 256 1 The the DT 43431 256 2 amount amount NN 43431 256 3 of of IN 43431 256 4 motion motion NN 43431 256 5 possible possible JJ 43431 256 6 varies varie NNS 43431 256 7 according accord VBG 43431 256 8 to to IN 43431 256 9 the the DT 43431 256 10 nature nature NN 43431 256 11 of of IN 43431 256 12 the the DT 43431 256 13 articular articular JJ 43431 256 14 surfaces surface NNS 43431 256 15 ; ; : 43431 256 16 these these DT 43431 256 17 include-- include-- NNP 43431 256 18 _ _ NNP 43431 256 19 a. a. NN 43431 256 20 _ _ NNP 43431 256 21 = = SYM 43431 256 22 ball ball NN 43431 256 23 and and CC 43431 256 24 socket socket NN 43431 256 25 joints= joints= NN 43431 256 26 , , , 43431 256 27 like like IN 43431 256 28 the the DT 43431 256 29 hip hip NN 43431 256 30 and and CC 43431 256 31 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 256 32 , , , 43431 256 33 in in IN 43431 256 34 which which WDT 43431 256 35 the the DT 43431 256 36 end end NN 43431 256 37 of of IN 43431 256 38 one one CD 43431 256 39 bone bone NN 43431 256 40 works work VBZ 43431 256 41 in in IN 43431 256 42 a a DT 43431 256 43 cup cup NN 43431 256 44 provided provide VBN 43431 256 45 by by IN 43431 256 46 another another DT 43431 256 47 , , , 43431 256 48 and and CC 43431 256 49 movements movement NNS 43431 256 50 can can MD 43431 256 51 take take VB 43431 256 52 place place NN 43431 256 53 in in IN 43431 256 54 a a DT 43431 256 55 variety variety NN 43431 256 56 of of IN 43431 256 57 planes plane NNS 43431 256 58 . . . 43431 257 1 _ _ NNP 43431 257 2 b. b. NNP 43431 257 3 _ _ NNP 43431 257 4 = = SYM 43431 257 5 hinge hinge NNP 43431 257 6 joints= joints= NN 43431 257 7 , , , 43431 257 8 like like IN 43431 257 9 the the DT 43431 257 10 elbow elbow NN 43431 257 11 and and CC 43431 257 12 knee knee NN 43431 257 13 , , , 43431 257 14 in in IN 43431 257 15 which which WDT 43431 257 16 as as IN 43431 257 17 in in IN 43431 257 18 ball ball NN 43431 257 19 - - HYPH 43431 257 20 and and CC 43431 257 21 - - HYPH 43431 257 22 socket socket NN 43431 257 23 joints joint NNS 43431 257 24 one one CD 43431 257 25 bone bone NN 43431 257 26 works work VBZ 43431 257 27 in in IN 43431 257 28 a a DT 43431 257 29 cup cup NN 43431 257 30 provided provide VBN 43431 257 31 by by IN 43431 257 32 another another DT 43431 257 33 , , , 43431 257 34 but but CC 43431 257 35 movements movement NNS 43431 257 36 can can MD 43431 257 37 take take VB 43431 257 38 place place NN 43431 257 39 in in IN 43431 257 40 one one CD 43431 257 41 plane plane NN 43431 257 42 only only RB 43431 257 43 . . . 43431 258 1 THE the DT 43431 258 2 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON NNP 43431 258 3 . . . 43431 259 1 The the DT 43431 259 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 259 3 is be VBZ 43431 259 4 divisible divisible JJ 43431 259 5 into into IN 43431 259 6 = = SYM 43431 259 7 axial= axial= NNP 43431 259 8 and and CC 43431 259 9 = = SYM 43431 259 10 appendicular= appendicular= NN 43431 259 11 parts part NNS 43431 259 12 ; ; : 43431 259 13 and and CC 43431 259 14 the the DT 43431 259 15 = = SYM 43431 259 16 axial= axial= NNP 43431 259 17 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 259 18 into-- into-- NNP 43431 259 19 1 1 CD 43431 259 20 . . . 43431 259 21 the the DT 43431 259 22 spinal spinal JJ 43431 259 23 column column NN 43431 259 24 , , , 43431 259 25 2 2 CD 43431 259 26 . . . 43431 259 27 the the DT 43431 259 28 skull skull NN 43431 259 29 { { -LRB- 43431 259 30 _ _ NNP 43431 259 31 a. a. NN 43431 259 32 _ _ NNP 43431 259 33 the the DT 43431 259 34 cranium cranium NN 43431 259 35 , , , 43431 259 36 { { -LRB- 43431 259 37 _ _ NNP 43431 259 38 b. b. NN 43431 259 39 _ _ NNP 43431 259 40 the the DT 43431 259 41 jaws jaw NNS 43431 259 42 and and CC 43431 259 43 visceral visceral JJ 43431 259 44 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 259 45 , , , 43431 259 46 3 3 CD 43431 259 47 . . . 43431 259 48 the the DT 43431 259 49 ribs rib NNS 43431 259 50 and and CC 43431 259 51 sternum[7 sternum[7 NNP 43431 259 52 ] ] -RRB- 43431 259 53 . . . 43431 260 1 I. I. NNP 43431 261 1 THE the DT 43431 261 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 261 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 261 4 . . . 43431 262 1 1 1 LS 43431 262 2 . . . 43431 263 1 THE the DT 43431 263 2 SPINAL SPINAL NNP 43431 263 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 263 4 . . . 43431 264 1 The the DT 43431 264 2 spinal spinal JJ 43431 264 3 column column NN 43431 264 4 in in IN 43431 264 5 the the DT 43431 264 6 simplest simple JJS 43431 264 7 cases case NNS 43431 264 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 264 9 of of IN 43431 264 10 an an DT 43431 264 11 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 264 12 rod rod NN 43431 264 13 , , , 43431 264 14 the the DT 43431 264 15 notochord notochord NN 43431 264 16 , , , 43431 264 17 surrounded surround VBN 43431 264 18 by by IN 43431 264 19 the the DT 43431 264 20 = = SYM 43431 264 21 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 264 22 layer= layer= NNS 43431 264 23 , , , 43431 264 24 a a DT 43431 264 25 sheath sheath NN 43431 264 26 of of IN 43431 264 27 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 264 28 origin origin NN 43431 264 29 , , , 43431 264 30 which which WDT 43431 264 31 also also RB 43431 264 32 envelops envelop VBZ 43431 264 33 the the DT 43431 264 34 nerve nerve NN 43431 264 35 cord cord NN 43431 264 36 . . . 43431 265 1 Several several JJ 43431 265 2 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 265 3 stages stage NNS 43431 265 4 connect connect VBP 43431 265 5 this this DT 43431 265 6 simple simple JJ 43431 265 7 spinal spinal JJ 43431 265 8 column column NN 43431 265 9 with with IN 43431 265 10 the the DT 43431 265 11 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 265 12 column column NN 43431 265 13 characteristic characteristic NN 43431 265 14 of of IN 43431 265 15 higher high JJR 43431 265 16 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 265 17 . . . 43431 266 1 A a DT 43431 266 2 typical typical JJ 43431 266 3 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 266 4 column column NN 43431 266 5 may may MD 43431 266 6 be be VB 43431 266 7 said say VBN 43431 266 8 to to TO 43431 266 9 consist consist VB 43431 266 10 of of IN 43431 266 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 266 12 1 1 LS 43431 266 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 266 14 a a DT 43431 266 15 series series NN 43431 266 16 of of IN 43431 266 17 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 266 18 or or CC 43431 266 19 bony bony NN 43431 266 20 blocks block NNS 43431 266 21 , , , 43431 266 22 the the DT 43431 266 23 vertebral vertebral NN 43431 266 24 = = SYM 43431 266 25 centra= centra= NN 43431 266 26 , , , 43431 266 27 which which WDT 43431 266 28 arise arise VBP 43431 266 29 in in IN 43431 266 30 the the DT 43431 266 31 sheath sheath NN 43431 266 32 surrounding surround VBG 43431 266 33 the the DT 43431 266 34 notochord notochord NN 43431 266 35 . . . 43431 267 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 267 2 cause cause VBP 43431 267 3 the the DT 43431 267 4 notochord notochord NN 43431 267 5 to to TO 43431 267 6 become become VB 43431 267 7 constricted constrict VBN 43431 267 8 and and CC 43431 267 9 to to TO 43431 267 10 atrophy atrophy VB 43431 267 11 to to IN 43431 267 12 a a DT 43431 267 13 varying varying NN 43431 267 14 extent extent NN 43431 267 15 , , , 43431 267 16 though though IN 43431 267 17 a a DT 43431 267 18 remnant remnant NN 43431 267 19 of of IN 43431 267 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 267 21 persists persist VBZ 43431 267 22 , , , 43431 267 23 either either CC 43431 267 24 permanently permanently RB 43431 267 25 or or CC 43431 267 26 for for IN 43431 267 27 a a DT 43431 267 28 long long JJ 43431 267 29 period period NN 43431 267 30 , , , 43431 267 31 within within IN 43431 267 32 each each DT 43431 267 33 centrum centrum NN 43431 267 34 or or CC 43431 267 35 between between IN 43431 267 36 successive successive JJ 43431 267 37 centra centrum NNS 43431 267 38 . . . 43431 268 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 268 2 2 2 LS 43431 268 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 268 4 From from IN 43431 268 5 the the DT 43431 268 6 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 268 7 surface surface NN 43431 268 8 of of IN 43431 268 9 each each DT 43431 268 10 centrum centrum NN 43431 268 11 arise arise VBP 43431 268 12 a a DT 43431 268 13 pair pair NN 43431 268 14 of of IN 43431 268 15 processes process NNS 43431 268 16 which which WDT 43431 268 17 grow grow VBP 43431 268 18 round round IN 43431 268 19 the the DT 43431 268 20 spinal spinal JJ 43431 268 21 cord cord NN 43431 268 22 and and CC 43431 268 23 unite unite VB 43431 268 24 above above IN 43431 268 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 268 26 , , , 43431 268 27 forming form VBG 43431 268 28 a a DT 43431 268 29 = = SYM 43431 268 30 dorsal= dorsal= NN 43431 268 31 or or CC 43431 268 32 = = SYM 43431 268 33 neural neural JJ 43431 268 34 arch=. arch=. XX 43431 269 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 269 2 3 3 LS 43431 269 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 269 4 A a DT 43431 269 5 similar similar JJ 43431 269 6 pair pair NN 43431 269 7 of of IN 43431 269 8 processes process NNS 43431 269 9 arising arise VBG 43431 269 10 from from IN 43431 269 11 the the DT 43431 269 12 ventral ventral JJ 43431 269 13 surface surface NN 43431 269 14 of of IN 43431 269 15 the the DT 43431 269 16 centrum centrum NN 43431 269 17 form form NN 43431 269 18 the the DT 43431 269 19 = = SYM 43431 269 20 ventral= ventral= NNP 43431 269 21 or or CC 43431 269 22 = = SYM 43431 269 23 haemal haemal NN 43431 269 24 arch=. arch=. XX 43431 270 1 To to IN 43431 270 2 the the DT 43431 270 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 270 4 arch arch VB 43431 270 5 the the DT 43431 270 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 270 7 strictly strictly RB 43431 270 8 belong belong VB 43431 270 9 , , , 43431 270 10 and and CC 43431 270 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 270 12 tends tend VBZ 43431 270 13 to to TO 43431 270 14 surround surround VB 43431 270 15 the the DT 43431 270 16 ventral ventral JJ 43431 270 17 blood blood NN 43431 270 18 - - HYPH 43431 270 19 vessels vessel NNS 43431 270 20 and and CC 43431 270 21 the the DT 43431 270 22 body body NN 43431 270 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 270 24 with with IN 43431 270 25 the the DT 43431 270 26 alimentary alimentary JJ 43431 270 27 canal canal NN 43431 270 28 and and CC 43431 270 29 other other JJ 43431 270 30 viscera viscera NNS 43431 270 31 . . . 43431 271 1 A a DT 43431 271 2 = = SYM 43431 271 3 neural neural NN 43431 271 4 spine= spine= JJ 43431 271 5 or or CC 43431 271 6 spinous spinous JJ 43431 271 7 process process NN 43431 271 8 commonly commonly RB 43431 271 9 projects project VBZ 43431 271 10 upwards upwards RB 43431 271 11 from from IN 43431 271 12 the the DT 43431 271 13 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 271 14 surface surface NN 43431 271 15 of of IN 43431 271 16 the the DT 43431 271 17 neural neural JJ 43431 271 18 arch arch NN 43431 271 19 , , , 43431 271 20 and and CC 43431 271 21 a a DT 43431 271 22 pair pair NN 43431 271 23 of of IN 43431 271 24 = = NFP 43431 271 25 transverse transverse JJ 43431 271 26 processes= processes= NN 43431 271 27 project project NN 43431 271 28 outwards outward NNS 43431 271 29 from from IN 43431 271 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 271 31 sides side NNS 43431 271 32 . . . 43431 272 1 When when WRB 43431 272 2 , , , 43431 272 3 as as IN 43431 272 4 is be VBZ 43431 272 5 commonly commonly RB 43431 272 6 the the DT 43431 272 7 case case NN 43431 272 8 , , , 43431 272 9 the the DT 43431 272 10 two two CD 43431 272 11 halves half NNS 43431 272 12 of of IN 43431 272 13 the the DT 43431 272 14 haemal haemal JJ 43431 272 15 arch arch NN 43431 272 16 do do VBP 43431 272 17 not not RB 43431 272 18 meet meet VB 43431 272 19 , , , 43431 272 20 the the DT 43431 272 21 ventral ventral JJ 43431 272 22 surface surface NN 43431 272 23 of of IN 43431 272 24 the the DT 43431 272 25 centrum centrum NN 43431 272 26 often often RB 43431 272 27 bears bear VBZ 43431 272 28 a a DT 43431 272 29 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 272 30 - - HYPH 43431 272 31 projecting projecting NN 43431 272 32 = = -RRB- 43431 272 33 hypapophysis=. hypapophysis=. FW 43431 273 1 The the DT 43431 273 2 character character NN 43431 273 3 of of IN 43431 273 4 the the DT 43431 273 5 surfaces surface NNS 43431 273 6 by by IN 43431 273 7 which which WDT 43431 273 8 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 273 9 centra centrum NNS 43431 273 10 articulate articulate NN 43431 273 11 with with IN 43431 273 12 one one CD 43431 273 13 another another DT 43431 273 14 varies vary VBZ 43431 273 15 much much JJ 43431 273 16 . . . 43431 274 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 274 2 both both DT 43431 274 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 274 4 are be VBP 43431 274 5 concave concave NNP 43431 274 6 , , , 43431 274 7 and and CC 43431 274 8 the the DT 43431 274 9 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 274 10 is be VBZ 43431 274 11 then then RB 43431 274 12 said say VBN 43431 274 13 to to TO 43431 274 14 be be VB 43431 274 15 = = SYM 43431 274 16 amphicoelous= amphicoelous= UH 43431 274 17 ; ; : 43431 274 18 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 274 19 a a DT 43431 274 20 centrum centrum NN 43431 274 21 is be VBZ 43431 274 22 convex convex NNP 43431 274 23 in in IN 43431 274 24 front front NNP 43431 274 25 and and CC 43431 274 26 concave concave VBP 43431 274 27 behind behind RB 43431 274 28 , , , 43431 274 29 the the DT 43431 274 30 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 274 31 is be VBZ 43431 274 32 then then RB 43431 274 33 = = SYM 43431 274 34 opisthocoelous= opisthocoelous= NNP 43431 274 35 , , , 43431 274 36 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 274 37 concave concave NNP 43431 274 38 in in IN 43431 274 39 front front NNP 43431 274 40 and and CC 43431 274 41 convex convex NNS 43431 274 42 behind behind RB 43431 274 43 , , , 43431 274 44 when when WRB 43431 274 45 the the DT 43431 274 46 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 274 47 is be VBZ 43431 274 48 = = NFP 43431 274 49 procoelous=. procoelous=. FW 43431 275 1 Again again RB 43431 275 2 , , , 43431 275 3 in in IN 43431 275 4 many many JJ 43431 275 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 275 6 both both CC 43431 275 7 faces face NNS 43431 275 8 of of IN 43431 275 9 the the DT 43431 275 10 centra centrum NNS 43431 275 11 are be VBP 43431 275 12 flat flat JJ 43431 275 13 , , , 43431 275 14 while while IN 43431 275 15 in in IN 43431 275 16 others other NNS 43431 275 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 275 18 are be VBP 43431 275 19 saddle saddle NN 43431 275 20 - - HYPH 43431 275 21 shaped shaped JJ 43431 275 22 , , , 43431 275 23 as as IN 43431 275 24 in in IN 43431 275 25 the the DT 43431 275 26 neck neck NN 43431 275 27 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 275 28 of of IN 43431 275 29 living living NN 43431 275 30 birds bird NNS 43431 275 31 , , , 43431 275 32 or or CC 43431 275 33 biconvex biconvex NNP 43431 275 34 , , , 43431 275 35 as as IN 43431 275 36 in in IN 43431 275 37 the the DT 43431 275 38 case case NN 43431 275 39 of of IN 43431 275 40 the the DT 43431 275 41 first first JJ 43431 275 42 caudal caudal JJ 43431 275 43 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 275 44 of of IN 43431 275 45 crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 275 46 . . . 43431 276 1 In in IN 43431 276 2 the the DT 43431 276 3 higher high JJR 43431 276 4 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 276 5 pads pad NNS 43431 276 6 of of IN 43431 276 7 fibrocartilage fibrocartilage NN 43431 276 8 -- -- : 43431 276 9 the the DT 43431 276 10 = = SYM 43431 276 11 intervertebral intervertebral NNP 43431 276 12 discs=--are discs=--are NNP 43431 276 13 commonly commonly RB 43431 276 14 interposed interpose VBN 43431 276 15 between between IN 43431 276 16 successive successive JJ 43431 276 17 centra centrum NNS 43431 276 18 , , , 43431 276 19 these these DT 43431 276 20 or or CC 43431 276 21 parts part NNS 43431 276 22 of of IN 43431 276 23 them -PRON- PRP 43431 276 24 often often RB 43431 276 25 ossify ossify RB 43431 276 26 , , , 43431 276 27 especially especially RB 43431 276 28 in in IN 43431 276 29 the the DT 43431 276 30 trunk trunk NN 43431 276 31 and and CC 43431 276 32 tail tail NN 43431 276 33 , , , 43431 276 34 and and CC 43431 276 35 are be VBP 43431 276 36 then then RB 43431 276 37 known know VBN 43431 276 38 as as IN 43431 276 39 = = SYM 43431 276 40 inter int AFX 43431 276 41 centra=. centra=. . 43431 277 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 277 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 277 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 277 4 . . . 43431 278 1 2 2 LS 43431 278 2 . . . 43431 279 1 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 279 2 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 279 3 OF of IN 43431 279 4 AN an DT 43431 279 5 OX ox NN 43431 279 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 279 7 _ _ NNP 43431 279 8 Bos Bos NNP 43431 279 9 taurus taurus NNP 43431 279 10 _ _ NNP 43431 279 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 279 12 . . . 43431 280 1 A a DT 43431 280 2 , , , 43431 280 3 is be VBZ 43431 280 4 the the DT 43431 280 5 fifth fifth JJ 43431 280 6 ; ; : 43431 280 7 B b NN 43431 280 8 , , , 43431 280 9 the the DT 43431 280 10 fourth fourth JJ 43431 280 11 ; ; : 43431 280 12 C C NNP 43431 280 13 , , , 43431 280 14 the the DT 43431 280 15 third third JJ 43431 280 16 . . . 43431 281 1 x x LS 43431 281 2 1/4 1/4 CD 43431 281 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 281 4 Camb camb NN 43431 281 5 . . . 43431 282 1 Mus mus NN 43431 282 2 . . . 43431 282 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 283 1 1 1 LS 43431 283 2 . . . 43431 283 3 neural neural JJ 43431 283 4 spine spine NNP 43431 283 5 . . . 43431 284 1 2 2 LS 43431 284 2 . . . 43431 284 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 284 4 process process NN 43431 284 5 . . . 43431 285 1 3 3 LS 43431 285 2 . . . 43431 285 3 hypapophysis hypapophysis NN 43431 285 4 . . . 43431 286 1 4 4 LS 43431 286 2 . . . 43431 286 3 convex convex NNP 43431 286 4 anterior anterior NNP 43431 286 5 face face NN 43431 286 6 of of IN 43431 286 7 the the DT 43431 286 8 centrum centrum NN 43431 286 9 . . . 43431 287 1 5 5 LS 43431 287 2 . . . 43431 287 3 concave concave NNP 43431 287 4 posterior posterior NNP 43431 287 5 face face NN 43431 287 6 of of IN 43431 287 7 the the DT 43431 287 8 centrum centrum NN 43431 287 9 . . . 43431 288 1 6 6 LS 43431 288 2 . . . 43431 288 3 prezygapophysis prezygapophysis NN 43431 288 4 . . . 43431 289 1 7 7 LS 43431 289 2 . . . 43431 289 3 postzygapophysis postzygapophysis NNP 43431 289 4 . . . 43431 290 1 8 8 LS 43431 290 2 . . . 43431 290 3 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 290 4 canal canal NN 43431 290 5 . . . 43431 291 1 9 9 LS 43431 291 2 . . . 43431 291 3 neural neural NNP 43431 291 4 canal canal NNP 43431 291 5 . . . 43431 292 1 10 10 CD 43431 292 2 . . . 43431 292 3 inferior inferior JJ 43431 292 4 lamella lamella NN 43431 292 5 of of IN 43431 292 6 transverse transverse JJ 43431 292 7 process process NN 43431 292 8 . . . 43431 292 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 293 1 The the DT 43431 293 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 293 3 of of IN 43431 293 4 the the DT 43431 293 5 higher high JJR 43431 293 6 forms form NNS 43431 293 7 can can MD 43431 293 8 generally generally RB 43431 293 9 be be VB 43431 293 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 293 11 in in IN 43431 293 12 the the DT 43431 293 13 following following JJ 43431 293 14 five five CD 43431 293 15 groups group NNS 43431 293 16 , , , 43431 293 17 each each DT 43431 293 18 marked mark VBN 43431 293 19 by by IN 43431 293 20 certain certain JJ 43431 293 21 special special JJ 43431 293 22 characteristics characteristic NNS 43431 293 23 : : : 43431 293 24 1 1 CD 43431 293 25 . . . 43431 294 1 The the DT 43431 294 2 = = SYM 43431 294 3 cervical= cervical= NN 43431 294 4 or or CC 43431 294 5 = = SYM 43431 294 6 neck neck NN 43431 294 7 vertebrae=. vertebrae=. . 43431 295 1 These these DT 43431 295 2 connect connect VBP 43431 295 3 the the DT 43431 295 4 skull skull NN 43431 295 5 with with IN 43431 295 6 the the DT 43431 295 7 thorax thorax NN 43431 295 8 , , , 43431 295 9 and and CC 43431 295 10 are be VBP 43431 295 11 characterised characterise VBN 43431 295 12 by by IN 43431 295 13 relatively relatively RB 43431 295 14 great great JJ 43431 295 15 freedom freedom NN 43431 295 16 of of IN 43431 295 17 movement movement NN 43431 295 18 . . . 43431 296 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 296 2 often often RB 43431 296 3 bear bear VBP 43431 296 4 small small JJ 43431 296 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 296 6 , , , 43431 296 7 but but CC 43431 296 8 are be VBP 43431 296 9 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 296 10 from from IN 43431 296 11 the the DT 43431 296 12 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 296 13 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 296 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 296 15 by by IN 43431 296 16 the the DT 43431 296 17 fact fact NN 43431 296 18 that that IN 43431 296 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 296 20 ribs rib NNS 43431 296 21 do do VBP 43431 296 22 not not RB 43431 296 23 reach reach VB 43431 296 24 the the DT 43431 296 25 sternum sternum NN 43431 296 26 . . . 43431 297 1 The the DT 43431 297 2 first first JJ 43431 297 3 cervical cervical JJ 43431 297 4 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 297 5 which which WDT 43431 297 6 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 297 7 with with IN 43431 297 8 the the DT 43431 297 9 skull skull NN 43431 297 10 is be VBZ 43431 297 11 called call VBN 43431 297 12 the the DT 43431 297 13 = = SYM 43431 297 14 atlas= atlas= NNP 43431 297 15 , , , 43431 297 16 but but CC 43431 297 17 a a DT 43431 297 18 study study NN 43431 297 19 of of IN 43431 297 20 the the DT 43431 297 21 nerve nerve NN 43431 297 22 exits exit NNS 43431 297 23 shows show VBZ 43431 297 24 that that IN 43431 297 25 the the DT 43431 297 26 first first JJ 43431 297 27 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 297 28 is be VBZ 43431 297 29 not not RB 43431 297 30 serially serially RB 43431 297 31 homologous homologous JJ 43431 297 32 throughout throughout IN 43431 297 33 the the DT 43431 297 34 Ichthyopsida Ichthyopsida NNP 43431 297 35 , , , 43431 297 36 so so IN 43431 297 37 that that IN 43431 297 38 it -PRON- PRP 43431 297 39 is be VBZ 43431 297 40 best good JJS 43431 297 41 to to TO 43431 297 42 reserve reserve VB 43431 297 43 the the DT 43431 297 44 term term NN 43431 297 45 atlas atlas NN 43431 297 46 for for IN 43431 297 47 the the DT 43431 297 48 first first JJ 43431 297 49 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 297 50 in in IN 43431 297 51 Sauropsida Sauropsida NNP 43431 297 52 and and CC 43431 297 53 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 297 54 . . . 43431 298 1 2 2 LS 43431 298 2 . . . 43431 299 1 The the DT 43431 299 2 = = SYM 43431 299 3 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 299 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NNP 43431 299 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 299 6 often often RB 43431 299 7 called call VBN 43431 299 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 299 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 299 10 bear bear NNP 43431 299 11 movably movably RB 43431 299 12 articulated articulate VBD 43431 299 13 ribs rib NNS 43431 299 14 which which WDT 43431 299 15 unite unite VBP 43431 299 16 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 299 17 with with IN 43431 299 18 the the DT 43431 299 19 sternum sternum NN 43431 299 20 . . . 43431 300 1 3 3 LS 43431 300 2 . . . 43431 301 1 The the DT 43431 301 2 = = SYM 43431 301 3 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 301 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NN 43431 301 5 are be VBP 43431 301 6 generally generally RB 43431 301 7 large large JJ 43431 301 8 , , , 43431 301 9 and and CC 43431 301 10 are be VBP 43431 301 11 often often RB 43431 301 12 more more RBR 43431 301 13 movable movable JJ 43431 301 14 on on IN 43431 301 15 one one CD 43431 301 16 another another DT 43431 301 17 than than IN 43431 301 18 are be VBP 43431 301 19 the the DT 43431 301 20 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 301 21 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 301 22 . . . 43431 302 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 302 2 bear bear VBP 43431 302 3 no no DT 43431 302 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 302 5 . . . 43431 303 1 4 4 LS 43431 303 2 . . . 43431 304 1 The the DT 43431 304 2 = = SYM 43431 304 3 sacral sacral JJ 43431 304 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NN 43431 304 5 are be VBP 43431 304 6 characterised characterise VBN 43431 304 7 by by IN 43431 304 8 the the DT 43431 304 9 fact fact NN 43431 304 10 that that IN 43431 304 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 304 12 are be VBP 43431 304 13 firmly firmly RB 43431 304 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 304 15 together together RB 43431 304 16 , , , 43431 304 17 and and CC 43431 304 18 are be VBP 43431 304 19 united unite VBN 43431 304 20 with with IN 43431 304 21 the the DT 43431 304 22 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 304 23 girdle girdle NN 43431 304 24 by by IN 43431 304 25 means mean NNS 43431 304 26 of of IN 43431 304 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 304 28 transverse transverse JJ 43431 304 29 processes process NNS 43431 304 30 and and CC 43431 304 31 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 304 32 ribs rib NNS 43431 304 33 . . . 43431 305 1 5 5 CD 43431 305 2 . . . 43431 306 1 The the DT 43431 306 2 = = SYM 43431 306 3 caudal= caudal= NN 43431 306 4 or or CC 43431 306 5 = = SYM 43431 306 6 tail tail NN 43431 306 7 vertebrae= vertebrae= NN 43431 306 8 succeed succeed VB 43431 306 9 the the DT 43431 306 10 sacral sacral NN 43431 306 11 . . . 43431 307 1 The the DT 43431 307 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 307 3 ones one NNS 43431 307 4 are be VBP 43431 307 5 often often RB 43431 307 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 307 7 with with IN 43431 307 8 one one CD 43431 307 9 another another DT 43431 307 10 and and CC 43431 307 11 with with IN 43431 307 12 the the DT 43431 307 13 sacrals sacral NNS 43431 307 14 , , , 43431 307 15 but but CC 43431 307 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 307 17 differ differ VBP 43431 307 18 from from IN 43431 307 19 true true JJ 43431 307 20 sacral sacral JJ 43431 307 21 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 307 22 in in IN 43431 307 23 that that IN 43431 307 24 there there EX 43431 307 25 are be VBP 43431 307 26 no no DT 43431 307 27 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 307 28 ribs rib NNS 43431 307 29 between between IN 43431 307 30 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 307 31 transverse transverse JJ 43431 307 32 processes process NNS 43431 307 33 and and CC 43431 307 34 the the DT 43431 307 35 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 307 36 girdle girdle NN 43431 307 37 . . . 43431 308 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 308 2 often often RB 43431 308 3 bear bear VBP 43431 308 4 V V NNP 43431 308 5 - - HYPH 43431 308 6 shaped shaped JJ 43431 308 7 = = SYM 43431 308 8 chevron chevron NNP 43431 308 9 bones=. bones=. NNP 43431 309 1 In in IN 43431 309 2 fish fish NN 43431 309 3 and and CC 43431 309 4 snakes snake VBZ 43431 309 5 the the DT 43431 309 6 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 309 7 column column NN 43431 309 8 is be VBZ 43431 309 9 divisible divisible JJ 43431 309 10 into into IN 43431 309 11 only only RB 43431 309 12 two two CD 43431 309 13 regions region NNS 43431 309 14 , , , 43431 309 15 an an DT 43431 309 16 anterior anterior JJ 43431 309 17 trunk trunk NN 43431 309 18 region region NN 43431 309 19 , , , 43431 309 20 whose whose WP$ 43431 309 21 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 309 22 bear bear VBP 43431 309 23 ribs ribs NNP 43431 309 24 , , , 43431 309 25 and and CC 43431 309 26 a a DT 43431 309 27 posterior posterior NN 43431 309 28 tail tail NN 43431 309 29 region region NN 43431 309 30 , , , 43431 309 31 whose whose WP$ 43431 309 32 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 309 33 are be VBP 43431 309 34 ribless ribless JJ 43431 309 35 . . . 43431 310 1 2 2 LS 43431 310 2 . . . 43431 311 1 THE the DT 43431 311 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 311 3 . . . 43431 312 1 Before before IN 43431 312 2 giving give VBG 43431 312 3 a a DT 43431 312 4 general general JJ 43431 312 5 account account NN 43431 312 6 of of IN 43431 312 7 the the DT 43431 312 8 adult adult NN 43431 312 9 skull skull NN 43431 312 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 312 11 will will MD 43431 312 12 be be VB 43431 312 13 well well JJ 43431 312 14 to to TO 43431 312 15 briefly briefly RB 43431 312 16 describe describe VB 43431 312 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 312 18 development development NN 43431 312 19 . . . 43431 313 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 313 2 DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT NNP 43431 313 3 OF of IN 43431 313 4 THE the DT 43431 313 5 CRANIUM[8 CRANIUM[8 NNP 43431 313 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 313 7 . . . 43431 314 1 Shortly shortly RB 43431 314 2 after after IN 43431 314 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 314 4 appearance appearance NN 43431 314 5 , , , 43431 314 6 the the DT 43431 314 7 central central JJ 43431 314 8 nervous nervous JJ 43431 314 9 system system NN 43431 314 10 becomes become VBZ 43431 314 11 surrounded surround VBN 43431 314 12 by by IN 43431 314 13 a a DT 43431 314 14 membranous membranous JJ 43431 314 15 mesodermal mesodermal JJ 43431 314 16 investment investment NN 43431 314 17 which which WDT 43431 314 18 in in IN 43431 314 19 the the DT 43431 314 20 region region NN 43431 314 21 of of IN 43431 314 22 the the DT 43431 314 23 spinal spinal JJ 43431 314 24 cord cord NN 43431 314 25 is be VBZ 43431 314 26 called call VBN 43431 314 27 the the DT 43431 314 28 = = SYM 43431 314 29 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 314 30 layer= layer= NNS 43431 314 31 or or CC 43431 314 32 = = SYM 43431 314 33 perichordal perichordal NN 43431 314 34 sheath= sheath= NN 43431 314 35 , , , 43431 314 36 while while IN 43431 314 37 in in IN 43431 314 38 the the DT 43431 314 39 region region NN 43431 314 40 of of IN 43431 314 41 the the DT 43431 314 42 brain brain NN 43431 314 43 it -PRON- PRP 43431 314 44 is be VBZ 43431 314 45 called call VBN 43431 314 46 the the DT 43431 314 47 = = NNPS 43431 314 48 membranous membranous JJ 43431 314 49 cranium=. cranium=. . 43431 315 1 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 315 2 to to IN 43431 315 3 the the DT 43431 315 4 central central JJ 43431 315 5 nervous nervous JJ 43431 315 6 system system NN 43431 315 7 is be VBZ 43431 315 8 the the DT 43431 315 9 notochord notochord NN 43431 315 10 , , , 43431 315 11 which which WDT 43431 315 12 extends extend VBZ 43431 315 13 far far RB 43431 315 14 into into IN 43431 315 15 the the DT 43431 315 16 region region NN 43431 315 17 of of IN 43431 315 18 the the DT 43431 315 19 future future JJ 43431 315 20 cranium cranium NN 43431 315 21 , , , 43431 315 22 and and CC 43431 315 23 like like IN 43431 315 24 the the DT 43431 315 25 nervous nervous JJ 43431 315 26 system system NN 43431 315 27 , , , 43431 315 28 is be VBZ 43431 315 29 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 315 30 by by IN 43431 315 31 the the DT 43431 315 32 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 315 33 layer layer NN 43431 315 34 . . . 43431 316 1 The the DT 43431 316 2 primitive primitive JJ 43431 316 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 316 4 cranium cranium NN 43431 316 5 is be VBZ 43431 316 6 formed form VBN 43431 316 7 by by IN 43431 316 8 histological histological JJ 43431 316 9 differentiation differentiation NN 43431 316 10 within within IN 43431 316 11 the the DT 43431 316 12 substance substance NN 43431 316 13 of of IN 43431 316 14 the the DT 43431 316 15 membranous membranous JJ 43431 316 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 316 17 and and CC 43431 316 18 always always RB 43431 316 19 consists consist VBZ 43431 316 20 of of IN 43431 316 21 the the DT 43431 316 22 following follow VBG 43431 316 23 parts part NNS 43431 316 24 : : : 43431 316 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 316 26 _ _ NNP 43431 316 27 a a DT 43431 316 28 _ _ NNP 43431 316 29 ) ) -RRB- 43431 316 30 the the DT 43431 316 31 = = NFP 43431 316 32 parachordals=. parachordals=. XX 43431 317 1 These these DT 43431 317 2 are be VBP 43431 317 3 a a DT 43431 317 4 pair pair NN 43431 317 5 of of IN 43431 317 6 flat flat JJ 43431 317 7 curved curved JJ 43431 317 8 plates plate NNS 43431 317 9 of of IN 43431 317 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 317 11 , , , 43431 317 12 each each DT 43431 317 13 of of IN 43431 317 14 which which WDT 43431 317 15 has have VBZ 43431 317 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 317 17 inner inner JJ 43431 317 18 edge edge NN 43431 317 19 grooved groove VBN 43431 317 20 where where WRB 43431 317 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 317 22 comes come VBZ 43431 317 23 in in IN 43431 317 24 contact contact NN 43431 317 25 with with IN 43431 317 26 the the DT 43431 317 27 notochord notochord NN 43431 317 28 . . . 43431 318 1 The the DT 43431 318 2 parachordals parachordal NNS 43431 318 3 , , , 43431 318 4 together together RB 43431 318 5 with with IN 43431 318 6 the the DT 43431 318 7 notochord notochord NN 43431 318 8 , , , 43431 318 9 form form VB 43431 318 10 a a DT 43431 318 11 continuous continuous JJ 43431 318 12 plate plate NN 43431 318 13 , , , 43431 318 14 which which WDT 43431 318 15 is be VBZ 43431 318 16 known know VBN 43431 318 17 as as IN 43431 318 18 the the DT 43431 318 19 = = SYM 43431 318 20 basilar basilar NN 43431 318 21 plate=. plate=. . 43431 319 1 The the DT 43431 319 2 basilar basilar JJ 43431 319 3 plate plate NN 43431 319 4 is be VBZ 43431 319 5 the the DT 43431 319 6 primitive primitive JJ 43431 319 7 floor floor NN 43431 319 8 below below IN 43431 319 9 the the DT 43431 319 10 hind- hind- JJ 43431 319 11 and and CC 43431 319 12 mid mid NN 43431 319 13 - - NN 43431 319 14 brain brain NN 43431 319 15 . . . 43431 320 1 In in IN 43431 320 2 front front NN 43431 320 3 the the DT 43431 320 4 parachordals parachordal NNS 43431 320 5 abut abut JJ 43431 320 6 upon upon IN 43431 320 7 another another DT 43431 320 8 pair pair NN 43431 320 9 of of IN 43431 320 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 320 11 bars bar NNS 43431 320 12 , , , 43431 320 13 the the DT 43431 320 14 trabeculae trabeculae NNP 43431 320 15 , , , 43431 320 16 the the DT 43431 320 17 two two CD 43431 320 18 pairs pair NNS 43431 320 19 of of IN 43431 320 20 structures structure NNS 43431 320 21 being be VBG 43431 320 22 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 320 23 continuous continuous JJ 43431 320 24 with with IN 43431 320 25 one one CD 43431 320 26 another another DT 43431 320 27 from from IN 43431 320 28 the the DT 43431 320 29 first first JJ 43431 320 30 ; ; , 43431 320 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 320 32 _ _ NNP 43431 320 33 b b NNP 43431 320 34 _ _ NNP 43431 320 35 ) ) -RRB- 43431 320 36 the the DT 43431 320 37 = = SYM 43431 320 38 trabeculae= trabeculae= CD 43431 320 39 which which WDT 43431 320 40 meet meet VBP 43431 320 41 behind behind RB 43431 320 42 and and CC 43431 320 43 embrace embrace VB 43431 320 44 the the DT 43431 320 45 front front JJ 43431 320 46 end end NN 43431 320 47 of of IN 43431 320 48 the the DT 43431 320 49 notochord notochord NN 43431 320 50 . . . 43431 321 1 Further further RB 43431 321 2 forwards forwards RB 43431 321 3 they -PRON- PRP 43431 321 4 at at IN 43431 321 5 first first JJ 43431 321 6 diverge diverge NN 43431 321 7 from from IN 43431 321 8 one one CD 43431 321 9 another another DT 43431 321 10 , , , 43431 321 11 and and CC 43431 321 12 then then RB 43431 321 13 converge converge VB 43431 321 14 again again RB 43431 321 15 , , , 43431 321 16 enclosing enclose VBG 43431 321 17 a a DT 43431 321 18 space space NN 43431 321 19 , , , 43431 321 20 the the DT 43431 321 21 = = SYM 43431 321 22 pituitary pituitary NN 43431 321 23 space=. space=. . 43431 322 1 After after IN 43431 322 2 a a DT 43431 322 3 time time NN 43431 322 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 322 5 generally generally RB 43431 322 6 fuse fuse VBP 43431 322 7 with with IN 43431 322 8 one one CD 43431 322 9 another another DT 43431 322 10 in in IN 43431 322 11 the the DT 43431 322 12 middle middle JJ 43431 322 13 line line NN 43431 322 14 , , , 43431 322 15 and and CC 43431 322 16 , , , 43431 322 17 with with IN 43431 322 18 the the DT 43431 322 19 parachordals parachordal NNS 43431 322 20 behind behind RB 43431 322 21 , , , 43431 322 22 form form VBP 43431 322 23 an an DT 43431 322 24 almost almost RB 43431 322 25 continuous continuous JJ 43431 322 26 basal basal NN 43431 322 27 plate plate NN 43431 322 28 . . . 43431 323 1 The the DT 43431 323 2 trabeculae trabeculae NN 43431 323 3 generally generally RB 43431 323 4 appear appear VBP 43431 323 5 before before IN 43431 323 6 the the DT 43431 323 7 parachordals parachordal NNS 43431 323 8 . . . 43431 324 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 324 2 form form VBP 43431 324 3 the the DT 43431 324 4 primitive primitive JJ 43431 324 5 floor floor NN 43431 324 6 below below IN 43431 324 7 the the DT 43431 324 8 fore fore NN 43431 324 9 - - HYPH 43431 324 10 brain brain NN 43431 324 11 ; ; : 43431 324 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 324 13 _ _ NNP 43431 324 14 c c NNP 43431 324 15 _ _ NNP 43431 324 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 324 17 the the DT 43431 324 18 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 324 19 = = SYM 43431 324 20 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 324 21 of of IN 43431 324 22 the the DT 43431 324 23 three three CD 43431 324 24 pairs pair NNS 43431 324 25 of of IN 43431 324 26 = = SYM 43431 324 27 sense sense VBP 43431 324 28 organs=. organs=. NNP 43431 325 1 At at IN 43431 325 2 a a DT 43431 325 3 very very RB 43431 325 4 early early JJ 43431 325 5 stage stage NN 43431 325 6 of of IN 43431 325 7 development development NN 43431 325 8 involutions involution NNS 43431 325 9 of of IN 43431 325 10 the the DT 43431 325 11 surface surface NN 43431 325 12 epiblast epiblast NN 43431 325 13 give give VBP 43431 325 14 rise rise NN 43431 325 15 to to IN 43431 325 16 the the DT 43431 325 17 three three CD 43431 325 18 pairs pair NNS 43431 325 19 of of IN 43431 325 20 special special JJ 43431 325 21 sense sense NN 43431 325 22 organs organ NNS 43431 325 23 -- -- : 43431 325 24 the the DT 43431 325 25 olfactory olfactory NN 43431 325 26 or or CC 43431 325 27 nasal nasal NN 43431 325 28 organs organ NNS 43431 325 29 in in IN 43431 325 30 front front NN 43431 325 31 , , , 43431 325 32 the the DT 43431 325 33 optic optic NN 43431 325 34 in in IN 43431 325 35 the the DT 43431 325 36 middle middle NN 43431 325 37 , , , 43431 325 38 and and CC 43431 325 39 the the DT 43431 325 40 auditory auditory NN 43431 325 41 behind behind RB 43431 325 42 . . . 43431 326 1 The the DT 43431 326 2 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 326 3 and and CC 43431 326 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 326 5 organs organ NNS 43431 326 6 always always RB 43431 326 7 become become VBP 43431 326 8 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 326 9 in in IN 43431 326 10 definite definite JJ 43431 326 11 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 326 12 capsules capsule NNS 43431 326 13 , , , 43431 326 14 the the DT 43431 326 15 eyes eye NNS 43431 326 16 often often RB 43431 326 17 as as IN 43431 326 18 in in IN 43431 326 19 the the DT 43431 326 20 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 326 21 , , , 43431 326 22 become become VB 43431 326 23 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 326 24 in in IN 43431 326 25 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 326 26 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 326 27 capsules capsule NNS 43431 326 28 , , , 43431 326 29 while while IN 43431 326 30 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 326 31 , , , 43431 326 32 as as IN 43431 326 33 in in IN 43431 326 34 mammals mammal NNS 43431 326 35 , , , 43431 326 36 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 326 37 protecting protect VBG 43431 326 38 capsules capsule NNS 43431 326 39 are be VBP 43431 326 40 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 326 41 . . . 43431 327 1 Each each DT 43431 327 2 pair pair NN 43431 327 3 of of IN 43431 327 4 sense sense NN 43431 327 5 capsules capsule NNS 43431 327 6 comes come VBZ 43431 327 7 into into IN 43431 327 8 relation relation NN 43431 327 9 with with IN 43431 327 10 part part NN 43431 327 11 of of IN 43431 327 12 the the DT 43431 327 13 primitive primitive JJ 43431 327 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 327 15 , , , 43431 327 16 and and CC 43431 327 17 greatly greatly RB 43431 327 18 modifies modify VBZ 43431 327 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 327 20 . . . 43431 328 1 Thus thus RB 43431 328 2 the the DT 43431 328 3 auditory auditory JJ 43431 328 4 or or CC 43431 328 5 periotic periotic JJ 43431 328 6 capsules capsule NNS 43431 328 7 press press VBP 43431 328 8 on on IN 43431 328 9 the the DT 43431 328 10 parachordals parachordal NNS 43431 328 11 till till IN 43431 328 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 328 13 come come VBP 43431 328 14 to to TO 43431 328 15 be be VB 43431 328 16 more more RBR 43431 328 17 or or CC 43431 328 18 less less RBR 43431 328 19 imbedded imbedded JJ 43431 328 20 in in IN 43431 328 21 them -PRON- PRP 43431 328 22 . . . 43431 329 1 Perhaps perhaps RB 43431 329 2 owing owe VBG 43431 329 3 to to IN 43431 329 4 the the DT 43431 329 5 pressure pressure NN 43431 329 6 of of IN 43431 329 7 the the DT 43431 329 8 nasal nasal NN 43431 329 9 capsules capsule VBZ 43431 329 10 the the DT 43431 329 11 trabeculae trabeculae NNP 43431 329 12 fuse fuse NNP 43431 329 13 in in IN 43431 329 14 front front NN 43431 329 15 , , , 43431 329 16 and and CC 43431 329 17 then then RB 43431 329 18 grow grow VB 43431 329 19 out out RP 43431 329 20 into into IN 43431 329 21 an an DT 43431 329 22 anterior anterior JJ 43431 329 23 pair pair NN 43431 329 24 of of IN 43431 329 25 processes process NNS 43431 329 26 , , , 43431 329 27 the the DT 43431 329 28 = = SYM 43431 329 29 cornua cornua VBP 43431 329 30 trabeculae= trabeculae= NNP 43431 329 31 , , , 43431 329 32 and and CC 43431 329 33 a a DT 43431 329 34 posterior posterior NN 43431 329 35 pair pair NN 43431 329 36 , , , 43431 329 37 the the DT 43431 329 38 = = SYM 43431 329 39 antorbital antorbital JJ 43431 329 40 processes= processes= NN 43431 329 41 , , , 43431 329 42 which which WDT 43431 329 43 together together RB 43431 329 44 almost almost RB 43431 329 45 completely completely RB 43431 329 46 surround surround VBP 43431 329 47 the the DT 43431 329 48 nasal nasal NN 43431 329 49 capsules capsule NNS 43431 329 50 . . . 43431 330 1 The the DT 43431 330 2 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 330 3 capsules capsule NNS 43431 330 4 of of IN 43431 330 5 the the DT 43431 330 6 eyes eye NNS 43431 330 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 330 8 modify modify VBP 43431 330 9 the the DT 43431 330 10 cranium cranium NN 43431 330 11 , , , 43431 330 12 although although IN 43431 330 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 330 14 never never RB 43431 330 15 become become VBP 43431 330 16 completely completely RB 43431 330 17 united united JJ 43431 330 18 with with IN 43431 330 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 330 20 . . . 43431 331 1 The the DT 43431 331 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 331 3 cranium cranium NN 43431 331 4 formed form VBN 43431 331 5 of of IN 43431 331 6 the the DT 43431 331 7 basal basal NNP 43431 331 8 plate plate NN 43431 331 9 , , , 43431 331 10 together together RB 43431 331 11 with with IN 43431 331 12 the the DT 43431 331 13 sense sense NN 43431 331 14 capsules capsule NNS 43431 331 15 , , , 43431 331 16 does do VBZ 43431 331 17 not not RB 43431 331 18 long long RB 43431 331 19 remain remain VB 43431 331 20 merely merely RB 43431 331 21 as as IN 43431 331 22 a a DT 43431 331 23 floor floor NN 43431 331 24 . . . 43431 332 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 332 2 sides side NNS 43431 332 3 grow grow VBP 43431 332 4 vertically vertically RB 43431 332 5 upwards upwards RB 43431 332 6 , , , 43431 332 7 forming form VBG 43431 332 8 the the DT 43431 332 9 = = SYM 43431 332 10 exoccipital= exoccipital= JJ 43431 332 11 region region NN 43431 332 12 of of IN 43431 332 13 the the DT 43431 332 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 332 15 behind behind RB 43431 332 16 , , , 43431 332 17 and and CC 43431 332 18 the the DT 43431 332 19 = = SYM 43431 332 20 alisphenoidal= alisphenoidal= NNP 43431 332 21 and and CC 43431 332 22 = = SYM 43431 332 23 orbitosphenoidal= orbitosphenoidal= NN 43431 332 24 regions region NNS 43431 332 25 further further RB 43431 332 26 forwards forwards RB 43431 332 27 . . . 43431 333 1 In in IN 43431 333 2 many many JJ 43431 333 3 forms form NNS 43431 333 4 , , , 43431 333 5 such such JJ 43431 333 6 as as IN 43431 333 7 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 333 8 , , , 43431 333 9 all all PDT 43431 333 10 these these DT 43431 333 11 upgrowths upgrowth NNS 43431 333 12 meet meet VBP 43431 333 13 round round IN 43431 333 14 the the DT 43431 333 15 brain brain NN 43431 333 16 , , , 43431 333 17 roofing roof VBG 43431 333 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 333 19 in in RP 43431 333 20 and and CC 43431 333 21 forming form VBG 43431 333 22 an an DT 43431 333 23 almost almost RB 43431 333 24 complete complete JJ 43431 333 25 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 333 26 cranium cranium NN 43431 333 27 . . . 43431 334 1 But but CC 43431 334 2 in in IN 43431 334 3 most most JJS 43431 334 4 vertebrata vertebrata NN 43431 334 5 , , , 43431 334 6 while while IN 43431 334 7 in in IN 43431 334 8 the the DT 43431 334 9 occipital occipital JJ 43431 334 10 region region NN 43431 334 11 , , , 43431 334 12 the the DT 43431 334 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 334 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 334 15 is be VBZ 43431 334 16 completed complete VBN 43431 334 17 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 334 18 , , , 43431 334 19 in in IN 43431 334 20 the the DT 43431 334 21 alisphenoidal alisphenoidal JJ 43431 334 22 and and CC 43431 334 23 orbitosphenoidal orbitosphenoidal NN 43431 334 24 regions region NNS 43431 334 25 the the DT 43431 334 26 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 334 27 merely merely RB 43431 334 28 forms form VBZ 43431 334 29 the the DT 43431 334 30 lateral lateral JJ 43431 334 31 walls wall NNS 43431 334 32 of of IN 43431 334 33 the the DT 43431 334 34 cranium cranium NN 43431 334 35 , , , 43431 334 36 the the DT 43431 334 37 greater great JJR 43431 334 38 part part NN 43431 334 39 of of IN 43431 334 40 the the DT 43431 334 41 brain brain NN 43431 334 42 having have VBG 43431 334 43 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 334 44 to to IN 43431 334 45 it -PRON- PRP 43431 334 46 a a DT 43431 334 47 wide wide JJ 43431 334 48 space space NN 43431 334 49 , , , 43431 334 50 closed close VBN 43431 334 51 by by IN 43431 334 52 merely merely RB 43431 334 53 membranous membranous JJ 43431 334 54 tissue tissue NN 43431 334 55 in in IN 43431 334 56 connection connection NN 43431 334 57 with with IN 43431 334 58 which which WDT 43431 334 59 the the DT 43431 334 60 large large JJ 43431 334 61 frontal frontal JJ 43431 334 62 and and CC 43431 334 63 parietal parietal JJ 43431 334 64 bones bone NNS 43431 334 65 are be VBP 43431 334 66 subsequently subsequently RB 43431 334 67 formed form VBN 43431 334 68 . . . 43431 335 1 The the DT 43431 335 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 335 3 includes include VBZ 43431 335 4 _ _ NNP 43431 335 5 a. a. NN 43431 335 6 _ _ NNP 43431 335 7 the the DT 43431 335 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 335 9 , , , 43431 335 10 _ _ NNP 43431 335 11 b. b. NN 43431 335 12 _ _ NNP 43431 335 13 the the DT 43431 335 14 jaws jaw NNS 43431 335 15 and and CC 43431 335 16 visceral visceral JJ 43431 335 17 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 335 18 . . . 43431 336 1 The the DT 43431 336 2 = = SYM 43431 336 3 cranium= cranium= NN 43431 336 4 can can MD 43431 336 5 be be VB 43431 336 6 further further RB 43431 336 7 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 336 8 into into IN 43431 336 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 336 10 1 1 LS 43431 336 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 336 12 an an DT 43431 336 13 axial axial JJ 43431 336 14 portion portion NN 43431 336 15 , , , 43431 336 16 the the DT 43431 336 17 = = SYM 43431 336 18 cranium cranium NN 43431 336 19 proper= proper= NNS 43431 336 20 or or CC 43431 336 21 = = SYM 43431 336 22 brain brain NN 43431 336 23 case= case= NNS 43431 336 24 ; ; , 43431 336 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 336 26 2 2 LS 43431 336 27 ) ) -RRB- 43431 336 28 = = NFP 43431 336 29 the the DT 43431 336 30 sense sense NN 43431 336 31 capsules.= capsules.= CD 43431 336 32 The the DT 43431 336 33 capsules capsule NNS 43431 336 34 of of IN 43431 336 35 the the DT 43431 336 36 auditory auditory JJ 43431 336 37 and and CC 43431 336 38 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 336 39 sense sense NN 43431 336 40 organs organ NNS 43431 336 41 are be VBP 43431 336 42 always always RB 43431 336 43 present present JJ 43431 336 44 , , , 43431 336 45 and and CC 43431 336 46 as as IN 43431 336 47 has have VBZ 43431 336 48 been be VBN 43431 336 49 already already RB 43431 336 50 mentioned mention VBN 43431 336 51 , , , 43431 336 52 in in IN 43431 336 53 many many JJ 43431 336 54 animals animal NNS 43431 336 55 the the DT 43431 336 56 eye eye NN 43431 336 57 likewise likewise RB 43431 336 58 is be VBZ 43431 336 59 included include VBN 43431 336 60 in in IN 43431 336 61 a a DT 43431 336 62 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 336 63 capsule capsule NN 43431 336 64 . . . 43431 337 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 337 2 1 1 LS 43431 337 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 337 4 THE the DT 43431 337 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 337 6 PROPER proper NN 43431 337 7 OR or CC 43431 337 8 BRAIN BRAIN NNP 43431 337 9 CASE case NN 43431 337 10 . . . 43431 338 1 The the DT 43431 338 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 338 3 varies vary VBZ 43431 338 4 much much JJ 43431 338 5 in in IN 43431 338 6 form form NN 43431 338 7 and and CC 43431 338 8 structure structure NN 43431 338 9 . . . 43431 339 1 In in IN 43431 339 2 lower low JJR 43431 339 3 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 339 4 , , , 43431 339 5 such such JJ 43431 339 6 as as IN 43431 339 7 Sharks Sharks NNP 43431 339 8 and and CC 43431 339 9 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 339 10 , , , 43431 339 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 339 12 remains remain VBZ 43431 339 13 entirely entirely RB 43431 339 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 339 15 and and CC 43431 339 16 membranous membranous JJ 43431 339 17 , , , 43431 339 18 retaining retain VBG 43431 339 19 throughout throughout IN 43431 339 20 life life NN 43431 339 21 much much JJ 43431 339 22 of of IN 43431 339 23 the the DT 43431 339 24 character character NN 43431 339 25 of of IN 43431 339 26 the the DT 43431 339 27 embryonic embryonic JJ 43431 339 28 rudiment rudiment NN 43431 339 29 of of IN 43431 339 30 the the DT 43431 339 31 cranium cranium NN 43431 339 32 of of IN 43431 339 33 higher high JJR 43431 339 34 forms form NNS 43431 339 35 . . . 43431 340 1 The the DT 43431 340 2 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 340 3 's 's POS 43431 340 4 cranium cranium NN 43431 340 5 , , , 43431 340 6 described describe VBN 43431 340 7 on on IN 43431 340 8 pp pp NNP 43431 340 9 . . . 43431 341 1 73 73 CD 43431 341 2 to to TO 43431 341 3 76 76 CD 43431 341 4 , , , 43431 341 5 is be VBZ 43431 341 6 a a DT 43431 341 7 good good JJ 43431 341 8 instance instance NN 43431 341 9 of of IN 43431 341 10 a a DT 43431 341 11 cranium cranium NN 43431 341 12 of of IN 43431 341 13 this this DT 43431 341 14 type type NN 43431 341 15 . . . 43431 342 1 But but CC 43431 342 2 in in IN 43431 342 3 the the DT 43431 342 4 majority majority NN 43431 342 5 of of IN 43431 342 6 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 342 7 the the DT 43431 342 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 342 9 becomes become VBZ 43431 342 10 more more RBR 43431 342 11 or or CC 43431 342 12 less less RBR 43431 342 13 replaced replace VBN 43431 342 14 by by IN 43431 342 15 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 342 16 bone bone NN 43431 342 17 , , , 43431 342 18 while while IN 43431 342 19 membrane membrane NN 43431 342 20 bones bone NNS 43431 342 21 are be VBP 43431 342 22 also also RB 43431 342 23 largely largely RB 43431 342 24 developed developed JJ 43431 342 25 and and CC 43431 342 26 supplant supplant VB 43431 342 27 the the DT 43431 342 28 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 342 29 . . . 43431 343 1 The the DT 43431 343 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 343 3 of of IN 43431 343 4 most most JJS 43431 343 5 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 343 6 includes include VBZ 43431 343 7 a a DT 43431 343 8 very very RB 43431 343 9 large large JJ 43431 343 10 number number NN 43431 343 11 of of IN 43431 343 12 bones bone NNS 43431 343 13 whose whose WP$ 43431 343 14 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 343 15 varies vary VBZ 43431 343 16 much much JJ 43431 343 17 , , , 43431 343 18 but but CC 43431 343 19 one one PRP 43431 343 20 can can MD 43431 343 21 distinguish distinguish VB 43431 343 22 a a DT 43431 343 23 definite definite JJ 43431 343 24 = = NFP 43431 343 25 basicranial basicranial NNP 43431 343 26 axis= axis= NNP 43431 343 27 formed form VBN 43431 343 28 of of IN 43431 343 29 the the DT 43431 343 30 basi basi NN 43431 343 31 - - HYPH 43431 343 32 occipital occipital NN 43431 343 33 , , , 43431 343 34 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 343 35 , , , 43431 343 36 and and CC 43431 343 37 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 343 38 bones bone NNS 43431 343 39 , , , 43431 343 40 which which WDT 43431 343 41 is be VBZ 43431 343 42 a a DT 43431 343 43 continuation continuation NN 43431 343 44 forwards forwards RB 43431 343 45 of of IN 43431 343 46 the the DT 43431 343 47 axis axi NNS 43431 343 48 of of IN 43431 343 49 the the DT 43431 343 50 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 343 51 column column NN 43431 343 52 . . . 43431 344 1 From from IN 43431 344 2 the the DT 43431 344 3 basicranial basicranial NN 43431 344 4 axis axis NNP 43431 344 5 a a DT 43431 344 6 wide wide JJ 43431 344 7 arch arch JJ 43431 344 8 arises arise NNS 43431 344 9 , , , 43431 344 10 composed compose VBN 43431 344 11 of of IN 43431 344 12 a a DT 43431 344 13 number number NN 43431 344 14 of of IN 43431 344 15 bones bone NNS 43431 344 16 , , , 43431 344 17 which which WDT 43431 344 18 form form VBP 43431 344 19 the the DT 43431 344 20 sides side NNS 43431 344 21 and and CC 43431 344 22 roof roof NN 43431 344 23 of of IN 43431 344 24 the the DT 43431 344 25 brain brain NN 43431 344 26 - - HYPH 43431 344 27 case case NN 43431 344 28 These these DT 43431 344 29 bones bone NNS 43431 344 30 are be VBP 43431 344 31 arranged arrange VBN 43431 344 32 in in IN 43431 344 33 such such PDT 43431 344 34 a a DT 43431 344 35 manner manner NN 43431 344 36 that that IN 43431 344 37 if if IN 43431 344 38 both both DT 43431 344 39 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 344 40 and and CC 43431 344 41 membrane membrane NN 43431 344 42 bones bone NNS 43431 344 43 are be VBP 43431 344 44 included include VBN 43431 344 45 they -PRON- PRP 43431 344 46 can can MD 43431 344 47 be be VB 43431 344 48 divided divide VBN 43431 344 49 into into IN 43431 344 50 three three CD 43431 344 51 rings ring NNS 43431 344 52 or or CC 43431 344 53 segments segment NNS 43431 344 54 . . . 43431 345 1 The the DT 43431 345 2 hinder hinder NN 43431 345 3 one one CD 43431 345 4 of of IN 43431 345 5 these these DT 43431 345 6 segments segment NNS 43431 345 7 is be VBZ 43431 345 8 the the DT 43431 345 9 occipital occipital NN 43431 345 10 , , , 43431 345 11 the the DT 43431 345 12 middle middle NN 43431 345 13 the the DT 43431 345 14 parietal parietal NN 43431 345 15 , , , 43431 345 16 and and CC 43431 345 17 the the DT 43431 345 18 anterior anterior NN 43431 345 19 one one CD 43431 345 20 the the DT 43431 345 21 frontal frontal NN 43431 345 22 . . . 43431 346 1 The the DT 43431 346 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 346 3 segment segment NN 43431 346 4 is be VBZ 43431 346 5 formed form VBN 43431 346 6 of of IN 43431 346 7 four four CD 43431 346 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 346 9 bones bone NNS 43431 346 10 , , , 43431 346 11 the the DT 43431 346 12 = = SYM 43431 346 13 basi basi NNP 43431 346 14 - - HYPH 43431 346 15 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 346 16 below below RB 43431 346 17 , , , 43431 346 18 two two CD 43431 346 19 = = SYM 43431 346 20 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NN 43431 346 21 at at IN 43431 346 22 the the DT 43431 346 23 sides side NNS 43431 346 24 , , , 43431 346 25 and and CC 43431 346 26 the the DT 43431 346 27 = = SYM 43431 346 28 supra supra NNP 43431 346 29 - - HYPH 43431 346 30 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 346 31 above above RB 43431 346 32 . . . 43431 347 1 The the DT 43431 347 2 parietal parietal JJ 43431 347 3 segment segment NN 43431 347 4 is be VBZ 43431 347 5 formed form VBN 43431 347 6 of of IN 43431 347 7 the the DT 43431 347 8 = = SYM 43431 347 9 basisphenoid= basisphenoid= NN 43431 347 10 below below RB 43431 347 11 , , , 43431 347 12 two two CD 43431 347 13 = = SYM 43431 347 14 alisphenoids= alisphenoids= NN 43431 347 15 at at IN 43431 347 16 the the DT 43431 347 17 sides side NNS 43431 347 18 and and CC 43431 347 19 two two CD 43431 347 20 membrane membrane NN 43431 347 21 bones bone NNS 43431 347 22 , , , 43431 347 23 the the DT 43431 347 24 _ _ NNP 43431 347 25 parietals parietal NNS 43431 347 26 _ _ NNP 43431 347 27 above above RB 43431 347 28 , , , 43431 347 29 and and CC 43431 347 30 the the DT 43431 347 31 frontal frontal JJ 43431 347 32 segment segment NN 43431 347 33 in in IN 43431 347 34 like like NNP 43431 347 35 manner manner NN 43431 347 36 consists consist VBZ 43431 347 37 of of IN 43431 347 38 the the DT 43431 347 39 = = SYM 43431 347 40 presphenoid= presphenoid= NN 43431 347 41 below below RB 43431 347 42 , , , 43431 347 43 the the DT 43431 347 44 two two CD 43431 347 45 = = SYM 43431 347 46 orbitosphenoids= orbitosphenoids= NN 43431 347 47 at at IN 43431 347 48 the the DT 43431 347 49 sides side NNS 43431 347 50 , , , 43431 347 51 and and CC 43431 347 52 two two CD 43431 347 53 membrane membrane NN 43431 347 54 bones bone NNS 43431 347 55 , , , 43431 347 56 the the DT 43431 347 57 _ _ NNP 43431 347 58 frontals frontal VBZ 43431 347 59 _ _ NNP 43431 347 60 , , , 43431 347 61 above above RB 43431 347 62 . . . 43431 348 1 The the DT 43431 348 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 348 3 and and CC 43431 348 4 frontals frontal NNS 43431 348 5 , , , 43431 348 6 being be VBG 43431 348 7 membrane membrane NN 43431 348 8 bones bone NNS 43431 348 9 , , , 43431 348 10 are be VBP 43431 348 11 not not RB 43431 348 12 comparable comparable JJ 43431 348 13 to to IN 43431 348 14 the the DT 43431 348 15 supra supra NN 43431 348 16 - - HYPH 43431 348 17 occipital occipital NN 43431 348 18 , , , 43431 348 19 in in IN 43431 348 20 the the DT 43431 348 21 way way NN 43431 348 22 that that WDT 43431 348 23 the the DT 43431 348 24 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 348 25 and and CC 43431 348 26 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 348 27 are be VBP 43431 348 28 to to IN 43431 348 29 the the DT 43431 348 30 basi basi NN 43431 348 31 - - HYPH 43431 348 32 occipital occipital NN 43431 348 33 . . . 43431 349 1 The the DT 43431 349 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 349 3 bones bone NNS 43431 349 4 of of IN 43431 349 5 the the DT 43431 349 6 occipital occipital JJ 43431 349 7 segments segment NNS 43431 349 8 are be VBP 43431 349 9 derived derive VBN 43431 349 10 from from IN 43431 349 11 the the DT 43431 349 12 parachordals parachordal NNS 43431 349 13 of of IN 43431 349 14 the the DT 43431 349 15 embryonic embryonic NNP 43431 349 16 skull skull NNP 43431 349 17 , , , 43431 349 18 those those DT 43431 349 19 of of IN 43431 349 20 the the DT 43431 349 21 parietal parietal JJ 43431 349 22 and and CC 43431 349 23 frontal frontal JJ 43431 349 24 segments segment NNS 43431 349 25 from from IN 43431 349 26 the the DT 43431 349 27 trabeculae trabeculae NN 43431 349 28 . . . 43431 350 1 In in IN 43431 350 2 front front NN 43431 350 3 of of IN 43431 350 4 the the DT 43431 350 5 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 350 6 the the DT 43431 350 7 basicranial basicranial NNP 43431 350 8 axis axis NNP 43431 350 9 is be VBZ 43431 350 10 continued continue VBN 43431 350 11 by by IN 43431 350 12 the the DT 43431 350 13 = = SYM 43431 350 14 mesethmoid=. mesethmoid=. . 43431 351 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 351 2 2 2 LS 43431 351 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 351 4 THE the DT 43431 351 5 SENSE SENSE NNS 43431 351 6 CAPSULES capsule NNS 43431 351 7 . . . 43431 352 1 These these DT 43431 352 2 enclose enclose VBP 43431 352 3 and and CC 43431 352 4 protect protect VBP 43431 352 5 the the DT 43431 352 6 special special JJ 43431 352 7 sense sense NN 43431 352 8 organs organ NNS 43431 352 9 . . . 43431 353 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 353 2 _ _ NNP 43431 353 3 a a DT 43431 353 4 _ _ NN 43431 353 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 353 6 = = NFP 43431 353 7 Auditory auditory NN 43431 353 8 capsule.= capsule.= VBD 43431 353 9 The the DT 43431 353 10 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 353 11 is be VBZ 43431 353 12 always always RB 43431 353 13 continuous continuous JJ 43431 353 14 with with IN 43431 353 15 the the DT 43431 353 16 basi basi NN 43431 353 17 - - HYPH 43431 353 18 occipital occipital NN 43431 353 19 , , , 43431 353 20 but but CC 43431 353 21 the the DT 43431 353 22 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 353 23 is be VBZ 43431 353 24 not not RB 43431 353 25 continuous continuous JJ 43431 353 26 with with IN 43431 353 27 the the DT 43431 353 28 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 353 29 as as IN 43431 353 30 the the DT 43431 353 31 = = SYM 43431 353 32 periotic= periotic= NN 43431 353 33 or or CC 43431 353 34 = = SYM 43431 353 35 auditory auditory JJ 43431 353 36 capsule= capsule= NNP 43431 353 37 is be VBZ 43431 353 38 interposed interpose VBN 43431 353 39 between between IN 43431 353 40 them -PRON- PRP 43431 353 41 . . . 43431 354 1 Each each DT 43431 354 2 periotic periotic JJ 43431 354 3 capsule capsule NN 43431 354 4 has have VBZ 43431 354 5 three three CD 43431 354 6 principal principal JJ 43431 354 7 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 354 8 ; ; : 43431 354 9 an an DT 43431 354 10 anterior anterior NN 43431 354 11 bone bone NN 43431 354 12 , , , 43431 354 13 the the DT 43431 354 14 = = SYM 43431 354 15 pro pro JJ 43431 354 16 - - JJ 43431 354 17 otic= otic= JJ 43431 354 18 , , , 43431 354 19 a a DT 43431 354 20 posterior posterior NN 43431 354 21 bone bone NN 43431 354 22 , , , 43431 354 23 the the DT 43431 354 24 = = SYM 43431 354 25 opisthotic= opisthotic= NN 43431 354 26 , , , 43431 354 27 and and CC 43431 354 28 a a DT 43431 354 29 superior superior JJ 43431 354 30 bone bone NN 43431 354 31 , , , 43431 354 32 the the DT 43431 354 33 = = SYM 43431 354 34 epi epi NNP 43431 354 35 - - HYPH 43431 354 36 otic=. otic=. NN 43431 355 1 These these DT 43431 355 2 bones bone NNS 43431 355 3 may may MD 43431 355 4 severally severally RB 43431 355 5 unite unite VB 43431 355 6 , , , 43431 355 7 or or CC 43431 355 8 instead instead RB 43431 355 9 of of IN 43431 355 10 uniting unite VBG 43431 355 11 with with IN 43431 355 12 one one NN 43431 355 13 another another DT 43431 355 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 355 15 may may MD 43431 355 16 unite unite VB 43431 355 17 with with IN 43431 355 18 the the DT 43431 355 19 neighbouring neighbouring NN 43431 355 20 bones bone NNS 43431 355 21 . . . 43431 356 1 Thus thus RB 43431 356 2 the the DT 43431 356 3 epi epi JJ 43431 356 4 - - JJ 43431 356 5 otic otic JJ 43431 356 6 often often RB 43431 356 7 unites unite VBZ 43431 356 8 with with IN 43431 356 9 the the DT 43431 356 10 supra supra NN 43431 356 11 - - HYPH 43431 356 12 occipital occipital NN 43431 356 13 , , , 43431 356 14 and and CC 43431 356 15 the the DT 43431 356 16 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 356 17 with with IN 43431 356 18 the the DT 43431 356 19 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 356 20 . . . 43431 357 1 Two two CD 43431 357 2 other other JJ 43431 357 3 bones bone NNS 43431 357 4 developed develop VBN 43431 357 5 in in IN 43431 357 6 the the DT 43431 357 7 walls wall NNS 43431 357 8 of of IN 43431 357 9 the the DT 43431 357 10 auditory auditory JJ 43431 357 11 capsule capsule NN 43431 357 12 are be VBP 43431 357 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 357 14 added add VBN 43431 357 15 , , , 43431 357 16 as as IN 43431 357 17 in in IN 43431 357 18 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 357 19 ; ; : 43431 357 20 these these DT 43431 357 21 are be VBP 43431 357 22 the the DT 43431 357 23 = = SYM 43431 357 24 pterotic= pterotic= NN 43431 357 25 and and CC 43431 357 26 = = SYM 43431 357 27 sphenotic=. sphenotic=. XX 43431 358 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 358 2 _ _ NNP 43431 358 3 b b NNP 43431 358 4 _ _ NNP 43431 358 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 358 6 = = NFP 43431 358 7 Optic optic NN 43431 358 8 capsule.= capsule.= VBD 43431 358 9 The the DT 43431 358 10 eye eye NN 43431 358 11 is be VBZ 43431 358 12 frequently frequently RB 43431 358 13 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 358 14 in in IN 43431 358 15 a a DT 43431 358 16 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 358 17 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 358 18 capsule capsule NN 43431 358 19 , , , 43431 358 20 and and CC 43431 358 21 in in IN 43431 358 22 this this DT 43431 358 23 a a DT 43431 358 24 number number NN 43431 358 25 of of IN 43431 358 26 scale scale NN 43431 358 27 - - HYPH 43431 358 28 like like JJ 43431 358 29 bones bone NNS 43431 358 30 are be VBP 43431 358 31 often often RB 43431 358 32 developed develop VBN 43431 358 33 . . . 43431 359 1 Several several JJ 43431 359 2 membrane membrane NN 43431 359 3 bones bone NNS 43431 359 4 are be VBP 43431 359 5 commonly commonly RB 43431 359 6 formed form VBN 43431 359 7 around around IN 43431 359 8 the the DT 43431 359 9 orbit orbit NN 43431 359 10 or or CC 43431 359 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 359 12 for for IN 43431 359 13 the the DT 43431 359 14 eye eye NN 43431 359 15 . . . 43431 360 1 The the DT 43431 360 2 most most RBS 43431 360 3 constant constant JJ 43431 360 4 of of IN 43431 360 5 these these DT 43431 360 6 is be VBZ 43431 360 7 the the DT 43431 360 8 _ _ NNP 43431 360 9 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 360 10 _ _ NNP 43431 360 11 which which WDT 43431 360 12 lies lie VBZ 43431 360 13 in in IN 43431 360 14 the the DT 43431 360 15 anterior anterior JJ 43431 360 16 corner corner NN 43431 360 17 ; ; : 43431 360 18 frequently frequently RB 43431 360 19 too too RB 43431 360 20 , , , 43431 360 21 as as IN 43431 360 22 in in IN 43431 360 23 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 360 24 , , , 43431 360 25 there there EX 43431 360 26 is be VBZ 43431 360 27 a a DT 43431 360 28 _ _ NNP 43431 360 29 supra supra NNP 43431 360 30 - - HYPH 43431 360 31 orbital orbital JJ 43431 360 32 _ _ NNP 43431 360 33 lying lie VBG 43431 360 34 in in IN 43431 360 35 the the DT 43431 360 36 upper upper JJ 43431 360 37 part part NN 43431 360 38 of of IN 43431 360 39 the the DT 43431 360 40 orbit orbit NN 43431 360 41 , , , 43431 360 42 or or CC 43431 360 43 as as IN 43431 360 44 in in IN 43431 360 45 many many JJ 43431 360 46 Reptiles reptile NNS 43431 360 47 , , , 43431 360 48 a a DT 43431 360 49 _ _ NNP 43431 360 50 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 360 51 _ _ NNP 43431 360 52 lying lie VBG 43431 360 53 in in IN 43431 360 54 the the DT 43431 360 55 posterior posterior NN 43431 360 56 part part NN 43431 360 57 of of IN 43431 360 58 the the DT 43431 360 59 orbit orbit NN 43431 360 60 . . . 43431 361 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 361 2 _ _ NNP 43431 361 3 c c NNP 43431 361 4 _ _ NNP 43431 361 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 361 6 = = NFP 43431 361 7 Nasal nasal NN 43431 361 8 capsule.= capsule.= VBN 43431 361 9 In in IN 43431 361 10 relation relation NN 43431 361 11 to to IN 43431 361 12 the the DT 43431 361 13 nasal nasal NN 43431 361 14 capsules capsule VBZ 43431 361 15 various various JJ 43431 361 16 bones bone NNS 43431 361 17 occur occur VBP 43431 361 18 . . . 43431 362 1 The the DT 43431 362 2 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 362 3 axis axi NNS 43431 362 4 in in IN 43431 362 5 front front NN 43431 362 6 of of IN 43431 362 7 the the DT 43431 362 8 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 362 9 is be VBZ 43431 362 10 ossified ossify VBN 43431 362 11 , , , 43431 362 12 as as IN 43431 362 13 the the DT 43431 362 14 = = SYM 43431 362 15 mesethmoid= mesethmoid= NN 43431 362 16 , , , 43431 362 17 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 362 18 to to TO 43431 362 19 which which WDT 43431 362 20 there there EX 43431 362 21 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 362 22 , , , 43431 362 23 as as IN 43431 362 24 in in IN 43431 362 25 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 362 26 , , , 43431 362 27 occur occur VB 43431 362 28 a a DT 43431 362 29 _ _ NNP 43431 362 30 median median JJ 43431 362 31 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 362 32 _ _ NNP 43431 362 33 and and CC 43431 362 34 a a DT 43431 362 35 pair pair NN 43431 362 36 of of IN 43431 362 37 = = SYM 43431 362 38 lateral lateral JJ 43431 362 39 ethmoids=[9 ethmoids=[9 '' 43431 362 40 ] ] -RRB- 43431 362 41 . . . 43431 363 1 Two two CD 43431 363 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 363 3 of of IN 43431 363 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 363 5 bones bone NNS 43431 363 6 very very RB 43431 363 7 commonly commonly RB 43431 363 8 occur occur VBP 43431 363 9 in in IN 43431 363 10 this this DT 43431 363 11 region region NN 43431 363 12 , , , 43431 363 13 viz viz NN 43431 363 14 . . . 43431 364 1 the the DT 43431 364 2 _ _ NNP 43431 364 3 nasals nasal NNS 43431 364 4 _ _ NNP 43431 364 5 which which WDT 43431 364 6 lie lie VBP 43431 364 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 364 8 to to IN 43431 364 9 the the DT 43431 364 10 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 364 11 , , , 43431 364 12 and and CC 43431 364 13 the the DT 43431 364 14 _ _ NNP 43431 364 15 vomers vomer NNS 43431 364 16 _ _ NNP 43431 364 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 364 18 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 364 19 there there EX 43431 364 20 is be VBZ 43431 364 21 only only RB 43431 364 22 one one CD 43431 364 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 364 24 which which WDT 43431 364 25 lie lie VBP 43431 364 26 ventral ventral JJ 43431 364 27 to to IN 43431 364 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 364 29 . . . 43431 365 1 The the DT 43431 365 2 part part NN 43431 365 3 of of IN 43431 365 4 the the DT 43431 365 5 skull skull NN 43431 365 6 lying lie VBG 43431 365 7 immediately immediately RB 43431 365 8 in in IN 43431 365 9 front front NN 43431 365 10 of of IN 43431 365 11 the the DT 43431 365 12 cranial cranial JJ 43431 365 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 365 14 and and CC 43431 365 15 in in IN 43431 365 16 relation relation NN 43431 365 17 to to IN 43431 365 18 the the DT 43431 365 19 nasal nasal NN 43431 365 20 capsules capsule NNS 43431 365 21 constitutes constitute VBZ 43431 365 22 the the DT 43431 365 23 = = SYM 43431 365 24 ethmoidal ethmoidal NN 43431 365 25 region=. region=. NN 43431 366 1 There there EX 43431 366 2 remain remain VBP 43431 366 3 certain certain JJ 43431 366 4 other other JJ 43431 366 5 membrane membrane NN 43431 366 6 bones bone NNS 43431 366 7 which which WDT 43431 366 8 are be VBP 43431 366 9 often often RB 43431 366 10 found find VBN 43431 366 11 connected connect VBN 43431 366 12 with with IN 43431 366 13 the the DT 43431 366 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 366 15 . . . 43431 367 1 Of of IN 43431 367 2 these these DT 43431 367 3 , , , 43431 367 4 one one CD 43431 367 5 of of IN 43431 367 6 the the DT 43431 367 7 largest large JJS 43431 367 8 is be VBZ 43431 367 9 the the DT 43431 367 10 _ _ NNP 43431 367 11 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 367 12 _ _ NNP 43431 367 13 which which WDT 43431 367 14 , , , 43431 367 15 in in IN 43431 367 16 Ichthyopsids Ichthyopsids NNP 43431 367 17 , , , 43431 367 18 is be VBZ 43431 367 19 found find VBN 43431 367 20 underlying underlie VBG 43431 367 21 the the DT 43431 367 22 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 367 23 axis axis NN 43431 367 24 . . . 43431 368 1 _ _ NNP 43431 368 2 Prefrontals Prefrontals NNP 43431 368 3 _ _ NNP 43431 368 4 often often RB 43431 368 5 , , , 43431 368 6 as as IN 43431 368 7 in in IN 43431 368 8 most most JJS 43431 368 9 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 368 10 , , , 43431 368 11 occur occur VB 43431 368 12 lying lie VBG 43431 368 13 partly partly RB 43431 368 14 at at IN 43431 368 15 the the DT 43431 368 16 sides side NNS 43431 368 17 and and CC 43431 368 18 partly partly RB 43431 368 19 in in IN 43431 368 20 front front NN 43431 368 21 of of IN 43431 368 22 the the DT 43431 368 23 frontal frontal NN 43431 368 24 , , , 43431 368 25 and and CC 43431 368 26 _ _ NNP 43431 368 27 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 368 28 _ _ NNP 43431 368 29 similarly similarly RB 43431 368 30 occur occur VB 43431 368 31 behind behind IN 43431 368 32 the the DT 43431 368 33 orbit orbit NN 43431 368 34 lying lie VBG 43431 368 35 partly partly RB 43431 368 36 behind behind IN 43431 368 37 the the DT 43431 368 38 frontals frontal NNS 43431 368 39 and and CC 43431 368 40 partly partly RB 43431 368 41 at at IN 43431 368 42 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 368 43 sides side NNS 43431 368 44 . . . 43431 369 1 Lastly lastly RB 43431 369 2 a a DT 43431 369 3 _ _ NNP 43431 369 4 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 369 5 bone bone NN 43431 369 6 _ _ NNP 43431 369 7 is be VBZ 43431 369 8 , , , 43431 369 9 as as IN 43431 369 10 in in IN 43431 369 11 Mammals Mammals NNPS 43431 369 12 , , , 43431 369 13 very very RB 43431 369 14 commonly commonly RB 43431 369 15 developed develop VBN 43431 369 16 , , , 43431 369 17 and and CC 43431 369 18 lies lie VBZ 43431 369 19 external external JJ 43431 369 20 and and CC 43431 369 21 partly partly RB 43431 369 22 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 369 23 to to IN 43431 369 24 the the DT 43431 369 25 auditory auditory JJ 43431 369 26 capsules capsule NNS 43431 369 27 . . . 43431 370 1 THE the DT 43431 370 2 JAWS JAWS NNP 43431 370 3 AND and CC 43431 370 4 VISCERAL VISCERAL NNP 43431 370 5 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 370 6 . . . 43431 371 1 In in IN 43431 371 2 the the DT 43431 371 3 most most RBS 43431 371 4 primitive primitive JJ 43431 371 5 fish fish NN 43431 371 6 these these DT 43431 371 7 consist consist VBP 43431 371 8 of of IN 43431 371 9 a a DT 43431 371 10 series series NN 43431 371 11 of of IN 43431 371 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 371 13 rings ring NNS 43431 371 14 or or CC 43431 371 15 arches arch NNS 43431 371 16 placed place VBD 43431 371 17 one one CD 43431 371 18 behind behind IN 43431 371 19 another another DT 43431 371 20 and and CC 43431 371 21 encircling encircle VBG 43431 371 22 the the DT 43431 371 23 anterior anterior JJ 43431 371 24 end end NN 43431 371 25 of of IN 43431 371 26 the the DT 43431 371 27 alimentary alimentary JJ 43431 371 28 canal canal NN 43431 371 29 . . . 43431 372 1 Originally originally RB 43431 372 2 they -PRON- PRP 43431 372 3 are be VBP 43431 372 4 mainly mainly RB 43431 372 5 concerned concern VBN 43431 372 6 with with IN 43431 372 7 branchial branchial JJ 43431 372 8 respiration respiration NN 43431 372 9 . . . 43431 373 1 The the DT 43431 373 2 first first JJ 43431 373 3 or or CC 43431 373 4 = = SYM 43431 373 5 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 373 6 - - HYPH 43431 373 7 mandibular= mandibular= NN 43431 373 8 arch arch JJ 43431 373 9 forms form NNS 43431 373 10 the the DT 43431 373 11 upper upper JJ 43431 373 12 jaw jaw NN 43431 373 13 and and CC 43431 373 14 the the DT 43431 373 15 lower low JJR 43431 373 16 jaw jaw NN 43431 373 17 or or CC 43431 373 18 mandible mandible JJ 43431 373 19 . . . 43431 374 1 The the DT 43431 374 2 second second JJ 43431 374 3 or or CC 43431 374 4 = = SYM 43431 374 5 hyoid= hyoid= FW 43431 374 6 arch arch JJ 43431 374 7 bears bear NNS 43431 374 8 gills gill NNS 43431 374 9 and and CC 43431 374 10 often often RB 43431 374 11 assists assist VBZ 43431 374 12 in in IN 43431 374 13 attaching attach VBG 43431 374 14 the the DT 43431 374 15 jaws jaw NNS 43431 374 16 to to IN 43431 374 17 the the DT 43431 374 18 cranium cranium NN 43431 374 19 . . . 43431 375 1 The the DT 43431 375 2 remaining remain VBG 43431 375 3 arches arch NNS 43431 375 4 may may MD 43431 375 5 bear bear VB 43431 375 6 gills gill NNS 43431 375 7 , , , 43431 375 8 though though IN 43431 375 9 the the DT 43431 375 10 last last JJ 43431 375 11 is be VBZ 43431 375 12 commonly commonly RB 43431 375 13 without without IN 43431 375 14 them -PRON- PRP 43431 375 15 . . . 43431 376 1 The the DT 43431 376 2 above above JJ 43431 376 3 condition condition NN 43431 376 4 is be VBZ 43431 376 5 only only RB 43431 376 6 found find VBN 43431 376 7 in in IN 43431 376 8 fishes fish NNS 43431 376 9 , , , 43431 376 10 in in IN 43431 376 11 higher high JJR 43431 376 12 animals animal NNS 43431 376 13 the the DT 43431 376 14 visceral visceral JJ 43431 376 15 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 376 16 is be VBZ 43431 376 17 greatly greatly RB 43431 376 18 reduced reduce VBN 43431 376 19 and and CC 43431 376 20 modified modify VBN 43431 376 21 . . . 43431 377 1 The the DT 43431 377 2 first first JJ 43431 377 3 or or CC 43431 377 4 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 377 5 - - HYPH 43431 377 6 mandibular mandibular NN 43431 377 7 arch arch NN 43431 377 8 is be VBZ 43431 377 9 divisible divisible JJ 43431 377 10 into into IN 43431 377 11 a a DT 43431 377 12 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 377 13 portion portion NN 43431 377 14 , , , 43431 377 15 the the DT 43431 377 16 = = SYM 43431 377 17 palato palato NN 43431 377 18 - - HYPH 43431 377 19 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 377 20 - - HYPH 43431 377 21 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 377 22 bar= bar= NNP 43431 377 23 , , , 43431 377 24 which which WDT 43431 377 25 forms form VBZ 43431 377 26 the the DT 43431 377 27 primitive primitive JJ 43431 377 28 upper upper JJ 43431 377 29 jaw jaw NN 43431 377 30 and and CC 43431 377 31 enters enter VBZ 43431 377 32 into into IN 43431 377 33 very very RB 43431 377 34 close close JJ 43431 377 35 relations relation NNS 43431 377 36 with with IN 43431 377 37 the the DT 43431 377 38 cranium cranium NN 43431 377 39 , , , 43431 377 40 and and CC 43431 377 41 a a DT 43431 377 42 ventral ventral JJ 43431 377 43 portion portion NN 43431 377 44 , , , 43431 377 45 = = NFP 43431 377 46 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 377 47 's 's POS 43431 377 48 cartilage= cartilage= NN 43431 377 49 , , , 43431 377 50 which which WDT 43431 377 51 forms form VBZ 43431 377 52 the the DT 43431 377 53 primitive primitive JJ 43431 377 54 lower low JJR 43431 377 55 jaw jaw NN 43431 377 56 . . . 43431 378 1 The the DT 43431 378 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 378 3 rudiments rudiment NNS 43431 378 4 of of IN 43431 378 5 both both PDT 43431 378 6 these these DT 43431 378 7 portions portion NNS 43431 378 8 disappear disappear VBP 43431 378 9 to to IN 43431 378 10 a a DT 43431 378 11 greater great JJR 43431 378 12 or or CC 43431 378 13 less less RBR 43431 378 14 extent extent NN 43431 378 15 and and CC 43431 378 16 become become VBP 43431 378 17 partly partly RB 43431 378 18 ossified ossify VBN 43431 378 19 , , , 43431 378 20 partly partly RB 43431 378 21 replaced replace VBN 43431 378 22 by by IN 43431 378 23 or or CC 43431 378 24 enveloped envelop VBN 43431 378 25 in in IN 43431 378 26 membrane membrane NN 43431 378 27 bone bone NN 43431 378 28 . . . 43431 379 1 The the DT 43431 379 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 379 3 part part NN 43431 379 4 of of IN 43431 379 5 the the DT 43431 379 6 palato palato NN 43431 379 7 - - HYPH 43431 379 8 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 379 9 - - HYPH 43431 379 10 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 379 11 bar bar NN 43431 379 12 becomes become VBZ 43431 379 13 ossified ossified JJ 43431 379 14 to to TO 43431 379 15 form form VB 43431 379 16 the the DT 43431 379 17 = = SYM 43431 379 18 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 379 19 , , , 43431 379 20 the the DT 43431 379 21 anterior anterior JJ 43431 379 22 part part NN 43431 379 23 to to TO 43431 379 24 form form VB 43431 379 25 the the DT 43431 379 26 palatine palatine NN 43431 379 27 and and CC 43431 379 28 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 379 29 , , , 43431 379 30 or or CC 43431 379 31 the the DT 43431 379 32 two two CD 43431 379 33 latter latter JJ 43431 379 34 may may MD 43431 379 35 be be VB 43431 379 36 formed form VBN 43431 379 37 partially partially RB 43431 379 38 or or CC 43431 379 39 entirely entirely RB 43431 379 40 of of IN 43431 379 41 periosteal periosteal NN 43431 379 42 bone bone NN 43431 379 43 , , , 43431 379 44 developed develop VBD 43431 379 45 round round IN 43431 379 46 the the DT 43431 379 47 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 379 48 bar bar NN 43431 379 49 . . . 43431 380 1 Two two CD 43431 380 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 380 3 of of IN 43431 380 4 important important JJ 43431 380 5 membrane membrane NN 43431 380 6 bones bone NNS 43431 380 7 , , , 43431 380 8 the the DT 43431 380 9 _ _ NNP 43431 380 10 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 380 11 _ _ NNP 43431 380 12 and and CC 43431 380 13 _ _ NNP 43431 380 14 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 380 15 _ _ NNP 43431 380 16 form form NN 43431 380 17 the the DT 43431 380 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 380 19 part part NN 43431 380 20 of of IN 43431 380 21 the the DT 43431 380 22 upper upper JJ 43431 380 23 jaw jaw NN 43431 380 24 , , , 43431 380 25 and and CC 43431 380 26 behind behind IN 43431 380 27 the the DT 43431 380 28 maxilla maxilla NN 43431 380 29 lies lie VBZ 43431 380 30 another another DT 43431 380 31 membrane membrane NN 43431 380 32 bone bone NN 43431 380 33 , , , 43431 380 34 the the DT 43431 380 35 _ _ NNP 43431 380 36 jugal jugal NN 43431 380 37 _ _ NNP 43431 380 38 or or CC 43431 380 39 _ _ NNP 43431 380 40 malar malar NNP 43431 380 41 _ _ NNP 43431 380 42 , , , 43431 380 43 which which WDT 43431 380 44 is be VBZ 43431 380 45 connected connect VBN 43431 380 46 with with IN 43431 380 47 the the DT 43431 380 48 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 380 49 by by IN 43431 380 50 a a DT 43431 380 51 _ _ NNP 43431 380 52 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 380 53 _ _ NNP 43431 380 54 . . . 43431 381 1 The the DT 43431 381 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 381 3 have have VBP 43431 381 4 a a DT 43431 381 5 large large JJ 43431 381 6 share share NN 43431 381 7 in in IN 43431 381 8 bounding bound VBG 43431 381 9 the the DT 43431 381 10 external external JJ 43431 381 11 nasal nasal NN 43431 381 12 openings opening NNS 43431 381 13 or or CC 43431 381 14 anterior anterior NN 43431 381 15 nares naris NNS 43431 381 16 . . . 43431 382 1 In in IN 43431 382 2 lower low JJR 43431 382 3 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 382 4 the the DT 43431 382 5 nasal nasal NN 43431 382 6 passage passage NN 43431 382 7 leads lead VBZ 43431 382 8 directly directly RB 43431 382 9 into into IN 43431 382 10 the the DT 43431 382 11 front front JJ 43431 382 12 part part NN 43431 382 13 of of IN 43431 382 14 the the DT 43431 382 15 mouth mouth NN 43431 382 16 cavity cavity NN 43431 382 17 and and CC 43431 382 18 opens open VBZ 43431 382 19 by by IN 43431 382 20 the the DT 43431 382 21 posterior posterior NNP 43431 382 22 nares naris NNS 43431 382 23 . . . 43431 383 1 In in IN 43431 383 2 some some DT 43431 383 3 higher high JJR 43431 383 4 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 383 5 , , , 43431 383 6 such such JJ 43431 383 7 as as IN 43431 383 8 mammals mammal NNS 43431 383 9 and and CC 43431 383 10 crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 383 11 , , , 43431 383 12 processes process NNS 43431 383 13 arise arise VBP 43431 383 14 from from IN 43431 383 15 the the DT 43431 383 16 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 383 17 and and CC 43431 383 18 palatines palatine NNS 43431 383 19 , , , 43431 383 20 and and CC 43431 383 21 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 383 22 from from IN 43431 383 23 the the DT 43431 383 24 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 383 25 , , , 43431 383 26 which which WDT 43431 383 27 meet meet VBP 43431 383 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 383 29 fellows fellow NNS 43431 383 30 in in IN 43431 383 31 the the DT 43431 383 32 middle middle JJ 43431 383 33 line line NN 43431 383 34 and and CC 43431 383 35 form form VB 43431 383 36 the the DT 43431 383 37 palate palate NN 43431 383 38 , , , 43431 383 39 shutting shut VBG 43431 383 40 off off RP 43431 383 41 the the DT 43431 383 42 nasal nasal NN 43431 383 43 passage passage NN 43431 383 44 from from IN 43431 383 45 the the DT 43431 383 46 mouth mouth NN 43431 383 47 cavity cavity NN 43431 383 48 and and CC 43431 383 49 causing cause VBG 43431 383 50 the the DT 43431 383 51 posterior posterior NN 43431 383 52 nares nare VBZ 43431 383 53 to to TO 43431 383 54 open open VB 43431 383 55 far far RB 43431 383 56 back back RB 43431 383 57 . . . 43431 384 1 The the DT 43431 384 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 384 3 of of IN 43431 384 4 the the DT 43431 384 5 lower low JJR 43431 384 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 384 7 is be VBZ 43431 384 8 in in IN 43431 384 9 all all DT 43431 384 10 animals animal NNS 43431 384 11 with with IN 43431 384 12 ossified ossify VBN 43431 384 13 skeletons skeleton NNS 43431 384 14 , , , 43431 384 15 except except IN 43431 384 16 the the DT 43431 384 17 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 384 18 , , , 43431 384 19 partly partly RB 43431 384 20 replaced replace VBN 43431 384 21 by by IN 43431 384 22 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 384 23 bone bone NN 43431 384 24 forming form VBG 43431 384 25 the the DT 43431 384 26 = = SYM 43431 384 27 articular= articular= NNS 43431 384 28 , , , 43431 384 29 partly partly RB 43431 384 30 overlain overlain VBP 43431 384 31 by by IN 43431 384 32 a a DT 43431 384 33 series series NN 43431 384 34 of of IN 43431 384 35 membrane membrane NN 43431 384 36 bones bone VBZ 43431 384 37 the the DT 43431 384 38 _ _ NNP 43431 384 39 dentary dentary NN 43431 384 40 _ _ NNP 43431 384 41 , , , 43431 384 42 _ _ NNP 43431 384 43 splenial splenial JJ 43431 384 44 _ _ NNP 43431 384 45 , , , 43431 384 46 _ _ NNP 43431 384 47 angular angular JJ 43431 384 48 _ _ NNP 43431 384 49 , , , 43431 384 50 _ _ NNP 43431 384 51 supra supra NNP 43431 384 52 - - HYPH 43431 384 53 angular angular NNP 43431 384 54 _ _ NNP 43431 384 55 and and CC 43431 384 56 _ _ NNP 43431 384 57 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 384 58 _ _ NNP 43431 384 59 . . . 43431 385 1 In in IN 43431 385 2 many many JJ 43431 385 3 sharks shark NNS 43431 385 4 large large JJ 43431 385 5 paired pair VBD 43431 385 6 accessory accessory JJ 43431 385 7 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 385 8 occur occur VBP 43431 385 9 at at IN 43431 385 10 the the DT 43431 385 11 sides side NNS 43431 385 12 of of IN 43431 385 13 the the DT 43431 385 14 jaws jaw NNS 43431 385 15 ; ; : 43431 385 16 and and CC 43431 385 17 in in IN 43431 385 18 a a DT 43431 385 19 few few JJ 43431 385 20 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 385 21 and and CC 43431 385 22 some some DT 43431 385 23 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 385 24 , , , 43431 385 25 such such JJ 43431 385 26 as as IN 43431 385 27 the the DT 43431 385 28 Frog Frog NNP 43431 385 29 , , , 43431 385 30 the the DT 43431 385 31 ossified ossify VBN 43431 385 32 representative representative NN 43431 385 33 of of IN 43431 385 34 the the DT 43431 385 35 anterior anterior NN 43431 385 36 of of IN 43431 385 37 these these DT 43431 385 38 structures structure NNS 43431 385 39 occurs occur VBZ 43431 385 40 forming form VBG 43431 385 41 the the DT 43431 385 42 = = SYM 43431 385 43 mento mento NN 43431 385 44 - - HYPH 43431 385 45 meckelian= meckelian= NN 43431 385 46 bone bone NN 43431 385 47 . . . 43431 386 1 In in IN 43431 386 2 mammals mammal NNS 43431 386 3 the the DT 43431 386 4 lower low JJR 43431 386 5 jaw jaw NN 43431 386 6 includes include VBZ 43431 386 7 but but CC 43431 386 8 a a DT 43431 386 9 single single JJ 43431 386 10 bone bone NN 43431 386 11 . . . 43431 387 1 The the DT 43431 387 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 387 3 in in IN 43431 387 4 all all DT 43431 387 5 animals animal NNS 43431 387 6 with with IN 43431 387 7 ossified ossify VBN 43431 387 8 skeletons skeleton NNS 43431 387 9 , , , 43431 387 10 except except IN 43431 387 11 the the DT 43431 387 12 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 387 13 , , , 43431 387 14 forms form VBZ 43431 387 15 the the DT 43431 387 16 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 387 17 of of IN 43431 387 18 the the DT 43431 387 19 mandible mandible JJ 43431 387 20 or or CC 43431 387 21 the the DT 43431 387 22 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 387 23 link link NN 43431 387 24 between between IN 43431 387 25 the the DT 43431 387 26 jaw jaw NN 43431 387 27 and and CC 43431 387 28 the the DT 43431 387 29 cranium cranium NN 43431 387 30 ; ; : 43431 387 31 in in IN 43431 387 32 the the DT 43431 387 33 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 387 34 , , , 43431 387 35 however however RB 43431 387 36 , , , 43431 387 37 the the DT 43431 387 38 mandible mandible JJ 43431 387 39 articulates articulate NNS 43431 387 40 with with IN 43431 387 41 the the DT 43431 387 42 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 387 43 , , , 43431 387 44 while while IN 43431 387 45 the the DT 43431 387 46 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 387 47 is be VBZ 43431 387 48 greatly greatly RB 43431 387 49 reduced reduce VBN 43431 387 50 , , , 43431 387 51 and and CC 43431 387 52 is be VBZ 43431 387 53 now now RB 43431 387 54 generally generally RB 43431 387 55 considered consider VBN 43431 387 56 to to TO 43431 387 57 be be VB 43431 387 58 represented represent VBN 43431 387 59 by by IN 43431 387 60 the the DT 43431 387 61 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 387 62 ring ring NN 43431 387 63 of of IN 43431 387 64 the the DT 43431 387 65 ear ear NN 43431 387 66 . . . 43431 388 1 The the DT 43431 388 2 second second JJ 43431 388 3 visceral visceral JJ 43431 388 4 or or CC 43431 388 5 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 388 6 arch arch NN 43431 388 7 in in IN 43431 388 8 fishes fish NNS 43431 388 9 consists consist VBZ 43431 388 10 of of IN 43431 388 11 two two CD 43431 388 12 pieces piece NNS 43431 388 13 of of IN 43431 388 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 388 15 , , , 43431 388 16 a a DT 43431 388 17 proximal[1 proximal[1 NNP 43431 388 18 ] ] -RRB- 43431 388 19 piece piece NN 43431 388 20 the the DT 43431 388 21 = = SYM 43431 388 22 hyomandibular= hyomandibular= NN 43431 388 23 , , , 43431 388 24 and and CC 43431 388 25 a a DT 43431 388 26 distal[10 distal[10 NN 43431 388 27 ] ] -RRB- 43431 388 28 piece piece NN 43431 388 29 the the DT 43431 388 30 = = SYM 43431 388 31 cerato cerato NNP 43431 388 32 - - HYPH 43431 388 33 hyal=. hyal=. NNP 43431 389 1 The the DT 43431 389 2 cerato cerato NN 43431 389 3 - - HYPH 43431 389 4 hyals hyal NNS 43431 389 5 of of IN 43431 389 6 the the DT 43431 389 7 two two CD 43431 389 8 sides side NNS 43431 389 9 are be VBP 43431 389 10 commonly commonly RB 43431 389 11 united unite VBN 43431 389 12 by by IN 43431 389 13 a a DT 43431 389 14 median median JJ 43431 389 15 ventral ventral JJ 43431 389 16 plate plate NN 43431 389 17 , , , 43431 389 18 the the DT 43431 389 19 = = SYM 43431 389 20 basi basi NN 43431 389 21 - - HYPH 43431 389 22 hyal=. hyal=. NNP 43431 390 1 The the DT 43431 390 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 390 3 arch arch NN 43431 390 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 390 5 gills gill VBZ 43431 390 6 on on IN 43431 390 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 390 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 390 9 border border NN 43431 390 10 , , , 43431 390 11 but but CC 43431 390 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 390 13 most most RBS 43431 390 14 important important JJ 43431 390 15 function function NN 43431 390 16 in in IN 43431 390 17 most most JJS 43431 390 18 fishes fish NNS 43431 390 19 is be VBZ 43431 390 20 to to TO 43431 390 21 act act VB 43431 390 22 as as IN 43431 390 23 the the DT 43431 390 24 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 390 25 . . . 43431 391 1 In in IN 43431 391 2 higher high JJR 43431 391 3 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 391 4 the the DT 43431 391 5 representative representative NN 43431 391 6 of of IN 43431 391 7 the the DT 43431 391 8 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 391 9 is be VBZ 43431 391 10 much much RB 43431 391 11 reduced reduce VBN 43431 391 12 in in IN 43431 391 13 size size NN 43431 391 14 , , , 43431 391 15 and and CC 43431 391 16 comes come VBZ 43431 391 17 into into IN 43431 391 18 relation relation NN 43431 391 19 with with IN 43431 391 20 the the DT 43431 391 21 ear ear NN 43431 391 22 forming form VBG 43431 391 23 the the DT 43431 391 24 = = NNS 43431 391 25 auditory auditory JJ 43431 391 26 ossicles= ossicles= NNP 43431 391 27 ; ; : 43431 391 28 the the DT 43431 391 29 cerato cerato NNP 43431 391 30 - - HYPH 43431 391 31 hyal hyal NNP 43431 391 32 looses loose VBZ 43431 391 33 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 391 34 attachment attachment NN 43431 391 35 to to IN 43431 391 36 the the DT 43431 391 37 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 391 38 and and CC 43431 391 39 becomes become VBZ 43431 391 40 directly directly RB 43431 391 41 attached attach VBN 43431 391 42 to to IN 43431 391 43 the the DT 43431 391 44 cranium cranium NN 43431 391 45 , , , 43431 391 46 forming form VBG 43431 391 47 a a DT 43431 391 48 large large JJ 43431 391 49 part part NN 43431 391 50 of of IN 43431 391 51 the the DT 43431 391 52 hyoid hyoid JJ 43431 391 53 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 391 54 of of IN 43431 391 55 most most JJS 43431 391 56 higher high JJR 43431 391 57 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 391 58 . . . 43431 392 1 Behind behind IN 43431 392 2 the the DT 43431 392 3 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 392 4 arch arch NN 43431 392 5 come come VBP 43431 392 6 the the DT 43431 392 7 branchial branchial JJ 43431 392 8 arches arch NNS 43431 392 9 . . . 43431 393 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 393 2 are be VBP 43431 393 3 best best RB 43431 393 4 developed develop VBN 43431 393 5 in in IN 43431 393 6 fishes fish NNS 43431 393 7 , , , 43431 393 8 in in IN 43431 393 9 which which WDT 43431 393 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 393 11 are be VBP 43431 393 12 commonly commonly RB 43431 393 13 five five CD 43431 393 14 in in IN 43431 393 15 number number NN 43431 393 16 and and CC 43431 393 17 bear bear NN 43431 393 18 gills gill NNS 43431 393 19 . . . 43431 394 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 394 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 394 3 ends end NNS 43431 394 4 are be VBP 43431 394 5 united unite VBN 43431 394 6 in in IN 43431 394 7 pairs pairs NNP 43431 394 8 by by IN 43431 394 9 median median JJ 43431 394 10 pieces piece NNS 43431 394 11 , , , 43431 394 12 the the DT 43431 394 13 = = SYM 43431 394 14 copulae=. copulae=. XX 43431 395 1 In in IN 43431 395 2 higher high JJR 43431 395 3 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 395 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 395 5 become become VBP 43431 395 6 greatly greatly RB 43431 395 7 reduced reduced JJ 43431 395 8 , , , 43431 395 9 and and CC 43431 395 10 all all DT 43431 395 11 except except IN 43431 395 12 the the DT 43431 395 13 first first JJ 43431 395 14 and and CC 43431 395 15 second second JJ 43431 395 16 completely completely RB 43431 395 17 disappear disappear VBP 43431 395 18 . . . 43431 396 1 In in IN 43431 396 2 the the DT 43431 396 3 highest high JJS 43431 396 4 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 396 5 , , , 43431 396 6 the the DT 43431 396 7 mammals mammal NNS 43431 396 8 , , , 43431 396 9 the the DT 43431 396 10 second second JJ 43431 396 11 has have VBZ 43431 396 12 disappeared disappear VBN 43431 396 13 , , , 43431 396 14 but but CC 43431 396 15 in in IN 43431 396 16 birds bird NNS 43431 396 17 and and CC 43431 396 18 many many JJ 43431 396 19 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 396 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 396 21 is be VBZ 43431 396 22 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 396 23 well well RB 43431 396 24 developed developed JJ 43431 396 25 . . . 43431 397 1 3 3 LS 43431 397 2 . . . 43431 398 1 THE the DT 43431 398 2 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 398 3 AND and CC 43431 398 4 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 398 5 . . . 43431 399 1 The the DT 43431 399 2 = = SYM 43431 399 3 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 399 4 are be VBP 43431 399 5 a a DT 43431 399 6 series series NN 43431 399 7 of of IN 43431 399 8 segmentally segmentally RB 43431 399 9 arranged arrange VBN 43431 399 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 399 11 or or CC 43431 399 12 bony bony NN 43431 399 13 rods rod NNS 43431 399 14 , , , 43431 399 15 attached attach VBN 43431 399 16 to to IN 43431 399 17 the the DT 43431 399 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 399 19 ; ; : 43431 399 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 399 21 tend tend VBP 43431 399 22 to to TO 43431 399 23 surround surround VB 43431 399 24 the the DT 43431 399 25 body body NN 43431 399 26 cavity cavity NN 43431 399 27 , , , 43431 399 28 and and CC 43431 399 29 to to TO 43431 399 30 protect protect VB 43431 399 31 the the DT 43431 399 32 organs organ NNS 43431 399 33 contained contain VBN 43431 399 34 within within IN 43431 399 35 it -PRON- PRP 43431 399 36 . . . 43431 400 1 Ribs Ribs NNP 43431 400 2 are be VBP 43431 400 3 very very RB 43431 400 4 frequently frequently RB 43431 400 5 found find VBN 43431 400 6 attached attach VBN 43431 400 7 to to IN 43431 400 8 the the DT 43431 400 9 transverse transverse JJ 43431 400 10 processes process NNS 43431 400 11 of of IN 43431 400 12 the the DT 43431 400 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 400 14 , , , 43431 400 15 but but CC 43431 400 16 a a DT 43431 400 17 study study NN 43431 400 18 of of IN 43431 400 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 400 20 origin origin NN 43431 400 21 in in IN 43431 400 22 fish fish NN 43431 400 23 shows show VBZ 43431 400 24 that that IN 43431 400 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 400 26 are be VBP 43431 400 27 really really RB 43431 400 28 the the DT 43431 400 29 cut cut NN 43431 400 30 off off RP 43431 400 31 terminations termination NNS 43431 400 32 of of IN 43431 400 33 the the DT 43431 400 34 ventral ventral JJ 43431 400 35 arch arch NN 43431 400 36 , , , 43431 400 37 not not RB 43431 400 38 of of IN 43431 400 39 the the DT 43431 400 40 transverse transverse JJ 43431 400 41 processes process NNS 43431 400 42 which which WDT 43431 400 43 are be VBP 43431 400 44 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 400 45 from from IN 43431 400 46 the the DT 43431 400 47 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 400 48 arch arch NN 43431 400 49 . . . 43431 401 1 In in IN 43431 401 2 the the DT 43431 401 3 tail tail NN 43431 401 4 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 401 5 function function NN 43431 401 6 is be VBZ 43431 401 7 to to TO 43431 401 8 surround surround VB 43431 401 9 and and CC 43431 401 10 protect protect VB 43431 401 11 structures structure NNS 43431 401 12 like like IN 43431 401 13 the the DT 43431 401 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 401 15 blood blood NN 43431 401 16 - - HYPH 43431 401 17 vessels vessel NNS 43431 401 18 which which WDT 43431 401 19 do do VBP 43431 401 20 not not RB 43431 401 21 vary vary VB 43431 401 22 much much JJ 43431 401 23 in in IN 43431 401 24 size size NN 43431 401 25 , , , 43431 401 26 consequently consequently RB 43431 401 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 401 28 meet meet VBP 43431 401 29 one one CD 43431 401 30 another another DT 43431 401 31 , , , 43431 401 32 and and CC 43431 401 33 form form VB 43431 401 34 a a DT 43431 401 35 series series NN 43431 401 36 of of IN 43431 401 37 complete complete JJ 43431 401 38 ventral ventral JJ 43431 401 39 or or CC 43431 401 40 haemal haemal JJ 43431 401 41 arches arch NNS 43431 401 42 . . . 43431 402 1 But but CC 43431 402 2 the the DT 43431 402 3 trunk trunk NN 43431 402 4 contains contain VBZ 43431 402 5 organs organ NNS 43431 402 6 like like IN 43431 402 7 the the DT 43431 402 8 lungs lung NNS 43431 402 9 and and CC 43431 402 10 stomach stomach NN 43431 402 11 which which WDT 43431 402 12 are be VBP 43431 402 13 liable liable JJ 43431 402 14 to to TO 43431 402 15 vary vary VB 43431 402 16 much much JJ 43431 402 17 in in IN 43431 402 18 size size NN 43431 402 19 at at IN 43431 402 20 different different JJ 43431 402 21 times time NNS 43431 402 22 , , , 43431 402 23 consequently consequently RB 43431 402 24 the the DT 43431 402 25 halves half NNS 43431 402 26 of of IN 43431 402 27 the the DT 43431 402 28 haemal haemal JJ 43431 402 29 arch arch NN 43431 402 30 do do VBP 43431 402 31 not not RB 43431 402 32 meet meet VB 43431 402 33 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 402 34 , , , 43431 402 35 and and CC 43431 402 36 then then RB 43431 402 37 the the DT 43431 402 38 ribs rib NNS 43431 402 39 become become VBP 43431 402 40 detached detach VBN 43431 402 41 from from IN 43431 402 42 the the DT 43431 402 43 rest rest NN 43431 402 44 of of IN 43431 402 45 the the DT 43431 402 46 haemal haemal JJ 43431 402 47 arch arch NN 43431 402 48 . . . 43431 403 1 Having have VBG 43431 403 2 once once RB 43431 403 3 become become VBN 43431 403 4 detached detached JJ 43431 403 5 , , , 43431 403 6 they -PRON- PRP 43431 403 7 are be VBP 43431 403 8 able able JJ 43431 403 9 to to TO 43431 403 10 shift shift VB 43431 403 11 about about RB 43431 403 12 and and CC 43431 403 13 unite unite VB 43431 403 14 themselves -PRON- PRP 43431 403 15 to to IN 43431 403 16 various various JJ 43431 403 17 points point NNS 43431 403 18 of of IN 43431 403 19 the the DT 43431 403 20 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 403 21 . . . 43431 404 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 404 2 frequently frequently RB 43431 404 3 , , , 43431 404 4 as as IN 43431 404 5 has have VBZ 43431 404 6 been be VBN 43431 404 7 already already RB 43431 404 8 mentioned mention VBN 43431 404 9 , , , 43431 404 10 become become VBN 43431 404 11 entirely entirely RB 43431 404 12 attached attach VBN 43431 404 13 to to IN 43431 404 14 the the DT 43431 404 15 transverse transverse JJ 43431 404 16 process process NN 43431 404 17 , , , 43431 404 18 or or CC 43431 404 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 404 20 may may MD 43431 404 21 be be VB 43431 404 22 attached attach VBN 43431 404 23 to to IN 43431 404 24 the the DT 43431 404 25 transverse transverse JJ 43431 404 26 process process NN 43431 404 27 by by IN 43431 404 28 a a DT 43431 404 29 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 404 30 or or CC 43431 404 31 = = SYM 43431 404 32 tubercular= tubercular= NNP 43431 404 33 portion portion NN 43431 404 34 and and CC 43431 404 35 to to IN 43431 404 36 the the DT 43431 404 37 centrum centrum NN 43431 404 38 or or CC 43431 404 39 to to IN 43431 404 40 the the DT 43431 404 41 ventral ventral JJ 43431 404 42 arch arch NN 43431 404 43 by by IN 43431 404 44 a a DT 43431 404 45 ventral ventral NN 43431 404 46 or or CC 43431 404 47 = = SYM 43431 404 48 capitular= capitular= NN 43431 404 49 portion portion NN 43431 404 50 . . . 43431 405 1 In in IN 43431 405 2 all all DT 43431 405 3 animals animal NNS 43431 405 4 above above IN 43431 405 5 fishes fish VBZ 43431 405 6 the the DT 43431 405 7 distal distal JJ 43431 405 8 ends end NNS 43431 405 9 of of IN 43431 405 10 the the DT 43431 405 11 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 405 12 ribs ribs NNP 43431 405 13 unite unite NNP 43431 405 14 with with IN 43431 405 15 a a DT 43431 405 16 median median JJ 43431 405 17 breast breast NN 43431 405 18 bone bone NN 43431 405 19 or or CC 43431 405 20 sternum sternum NN 43431 405 21 which which WDT 43431 405 22 generally generally RB 43431 405 23 has have VBZ 43431 405 24 the the DT 43431 405 25 form form NN 43431 405 26 of of IN 43431 405 27 a a DT 43431 405 28 segmented segmented JJ 43431 405 29 rod rod NN 43431 405 30 . . . 43431 406 1 The the DT 43431 406 2 = = NNS 43431 406 3 sternum= sternum= NN 43431 406 4 is be VBZ 43431 406 5 really really RB 43431 406 6 formed form VBN 43431 406 7 by by IN 43431 406 8 the the DT 43431 406 9 fusion fusion NN 43431 406 10 of of IN 43431 406 11 the the DT 43431 406 12 distal distal JJ 43431 406 13 ends end NNS 43431 406 14 of of IN 43431 406 15 a a DT 43431 406 16 series series NN 43431 406 17 of of IN 43431 406 18 ribs ribs NNP 43431 406 19 . . . 43431 407 1 In in IN 43431 407 2 many many JJ 43431 407 3 animals animal NNS 43431 407 4 elements element NNS 43431 407 5 of of IN 43431 407 6 the the DT 43431 407 7 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 407 8 girdle girdle NNP 43431 407 9 enter enter VB 43431 407 10 into into IN 43431 407 11 close close JJ 43431 407 12 relation relation NN 43431 407 13 with with IN 43431 407 14 the the DT 43431 407 15 rib rib NN 43431 407 16 elements element NNS 43431 407 17 of of IN 43431 407 18 the the DT 43431 407 19 sternum sternum NN 43431 407 20 . . . 43431 408 1 II ii CD 43431 408 2 . . . 43431 409 1 THE the DT 43431 409 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 409 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 409 4 . . . 43431 410 1 This this DT 43431 410 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 410 3 of of IN 43431 410 4 the the DT 43431 410 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 410 6 of of IN 43431 410 7 the the DT 43431 410 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 410 9 or or CC 43431 410 10 = = SYM 43431 410 11 pectoral= pectoral= NN 43431 410 12 , , , 43431 410 13 and and CC 43431 410 14 the the DT 43431 410 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 410 16 or or CC 43431 410 17 = = SYM 43431 410 18 pelvic= pelvic= NN 43431 410 19 limbs limb NNS 43431 410 20 , , , 43431 410 21 and and CC 43431 410 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 410 23 girdles girdle NNS 43431 410 24 . . . 43431 411 1 In in IN 43431 411 2 every every DT 43431 411 3 case case NN 43431 411 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 411 5 except except IN 43431 411 6 in in IN 43431 411 7 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 411 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 411 9 the the DT 43431 411 10 parts part NNS 43431 411 11 of of IN 43431 411 12 the the DT 43431 411 13 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 411 14 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 411 15 lie lie VBP 43431 411 16 external external JJ 43431 411 17 to to IN 43431 411 18 the the DT 43431 411 19 ribs rib NNS 43431 411 20 . . . 43431 412 1 1 1 LS 43431 412 2 . . . 43431 413 1 THE the DT 43431 413 2 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 413 3 GIRDLES GIRDLES NNP 43431 413 4 . . . 43431 414 1 = = NFP 43431 414 2 The the DT 43431 414 3 Pectoral Pectoral NNP 43431 414 4 girdle=[11 girdle=[11 NNP 43431 414 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 414 6 . . . 43431 415 1 In in IN 43431 415 2 the the DT 43431 415 3 simplest simple JJS 43431 415 4 case case NN 43431 415 5 the the DT 43431 415 6 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 415 7 or or CC 43431 415 8 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 415 9 girdle girdle NN 43431 415 10 consists consist VBZ 43431 415 11 of of IN 43431 415 12 a a DT 43431 415 13 hoop hoop NN 43431 415 14 of of IN 43431 415 15 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 415 16 incomplete incomplete VBP 43431 415 17 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 415 18 . . . 43431 416 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 416 2 is be VBZ 43431 416 3 attached attach VBN 43431 416 4 by by IN 43431 416 5 muscle muscle NN 43431 416 6 to to IN 43431 416 7 the the DT 43431 416 8 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 416 9 column column NN 43431 416 10 , , , 43431 416 11 and and CC 43431 416 12 is be VBZ 43431 416 13 divided divide VBN 43431 416 14 on on IN 43431 416 15 either either DT 43431 416 16 side side NN 43431 416 17 into into IN 43431 416 18 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 416 19 and and CC 43431 416 20 ventral ventral JJ 43431 416 21 portions portion NNS 43431 416 22 by by IN 43431 416 23 a a DT 43431 416 24 cavity cavity NN 43431 416 25 , , , 43431 416 26 the the DT 43431 416 27 = = SYM 43431 416 28 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 416 29 cavity= cavity= NNP 43431 416 30 , , , 43431 416 31 at at IN 43431 416 32 the the DT 43431 416 33 point point NN 43431 416 34 where where WRB 43431 416 35 the the DT 43431 416 36 anterior anterior NNP 43431 416 37 limb limb NN 43431 416 38 articulates articulate NNS 43431 416 39 . . . 43431 417 1 In in IN 43431 417 2 higher high JJR 43431 417 3 fishes fish NNS 43431 417 4 this this DT 43431 417 5 hoop hoop NN 43431 417 6 is be VBZ 43431 417 7 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 417 8 divided divide VBN 43431 417 9 into into IN 43431 417 10 right right JJ 43431 417 11 and and CC 43431 417 12 left left JJ 43431 417 13 halves half NNS 43431 417 14 ; ; : 43431 417 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 417 16 becomes become VBZ 43431 417 17 more more RBR 43431 417 18 or or CC 43431 417 19 less less RBR 43431 417 20 ossified ossified JJ 43431 417 21 , , , 43431 417 22 and and CC 43431 417 23 a a DT 43431 417 24 pair pair NN 43431 417 25 of of IN 43431 417 26 important important JJ 43431 417 27 bones bone NNS 43431 417 28 , , , 43431 417 29 the the DT 43431 417 30 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 417 31 , , , 43431 417 32 are be VBP 43431 417 33 developed develop VBN 43431 417 34 in in IN 43431 417 35 connection connection NN 43431 417 36 with with IN 43431 417 37 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 417 38 ventral ventral JJ 43431 417 39 portion portion NN 43431 417 40 . . . 43431 418 1 In in IN 43431 418 2 higher high JJR 43431 418 3 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 418 4 ossification ossification NN 43431 418 5 sets set VBZ 43431 418 6 up up RP 43431 418 7 in in IN 43431 418 8 the the DT 43431 418 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 418 10 and and CC 43431 418 11 gives give VBZ 43431 418 12 rise rise NN 43431 418 13 on on IN 43431 418 14 each each DT 43431 418 15 side side NN 43431 418 16 to to IN 43431 418 17 a a DT 43431 418 18 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 418 19 bone bone NN 43431 418 20 , , , 43431 418 21 the the DT 43431 418 22 = = SYM 43431 418 23 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 418 24 , , , 43431 418 25 and and CC 43431 418 26 frequently frequently RB 43431 418 27 to to IN 43431 418 28 an an DT 43431 418 29 anterior anterior JJ 43431 418 30 ventral ventral JJ 43431 418 31 bone bone NN 43431 418 32 , , , 43431 418 33 the the DT 43431 418 34 = = SYM 43431 418 35 precoracoid= precoracoid= NN 43431 418 36 , , , 43431 418 37 and and CC 43431 418 38 a a DT 43431 418 39 posterior posterior NN 43431 418 40 ventral ventral JJ 43431 418 41 bone bone NN 43431 418 42 , , , 43431 418 43 the the DT 43431 418 44 = = SYM 43431 418 45 coracoid=. coracoid=. . 43431 419 1 The the DT 43431 419 2 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 419 3 is be VBZ 43431 419 4 often often RB 43431 419 5 not not RB 43431 419 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 419 7 , , , 43431 419 8 and and CC 43431 419 9 upon upon IN 43431 419 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 419 11 is be VBZ 43431 419 12 developed develop VBN 43431 419 13 the the DT 43431 419 14 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 419 15 which which WDT 43431 419 16 more more RBR 43431 419 17 or or CC 43431 419 18 less less JJR 43431 419 19 replaces replace NNS 43431 419 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 419 21 . . . 43431 420 1 In in IN 43431 420 2 some some DT 43431 420 3 forms form NNS 43431 420 4 a a DT 43431 420 5 = = -RRB- 43431 420 6 T= t= DT 43431 420 7 shaped shaped JJ 43431 420 8 _ _ NNP 43431 420 9 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 420 10 _ _ NNP 43431 420 11 occurs occur VBZ 43431 420 12 , , , 43431 420 13 in in IN 43431 420 14 others other NNS 43431 420 15 = = SYM 43431 420 16 epicoracoids= epicoracoids= NN 43431 420 17 are be VBP 43431 420 18 found find VBN 43431 420 19 in in IN 43431 420 20 front front NN 43431 420 21 of of IN 43431 420 22 the the DT 43431 420 23 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 420 24 . . . 43431 421 1 In in IN 43431 421 2 all all DT 43431 421 3 vertebrata vertebrata NN 43431 421 4 above above IN 43431 421 5 fish fish NN 43431 421 6 , , , 43431 421 7 except except IN 43431 421 8 the the DT 43431 421 9 great great JJ 43431 421 10 majority majority NN 43431 421 11 of of IN 43431 421 12 mammals mammal NNS 43431 421 13 , , , 43431 421 14 the the DT 43431 421 15 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 421 16 are be VBP 43431 421 17 large large JJ 43431 421 18 and and CC 43431 421 19 articulate articulate JJ 43431 421 20 with with IN 43431 421 21 the the DT 43431 421 22 sternum sternum NN 43431 421 23 . . . 43431 422 1 But but CC 43431 422 2 in in IN 43431 422 3 mammals mammal NNS 43431 422 4 the the DT 43431 422 5 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 422 6 are be VBP 43431 422 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 422 8 always always RB 43431 422 9 quite quite RB 43431 422 10 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 422 11 , , , 43431 422 12 and and CC 43431 422 13 the the DT 43431 422 14 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 422 15 girdle girdle NN 43431 422 16 is be VBZ 43431 422 17 attached attach VBN 43431 422 18 to to IN 43431 422 19 the the DT 43431 422 20 axial axial JJ 43431 422 21 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 422 22 by by IN 43431 422 23 the the DT 43431 422 24 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 422 25 or or CC 43431 422 26 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 422 27 by by IN 43431 422 28 muscles muscle NNS 43431 422 29 and and CC 43431 422 30 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 422 31 only only RB 43431 422 32 . . . 43431 423 1 The the DT 43431 423 2 = = SYM 43431 423 3 Pelvic Pelvic NNP 43431 423 4 girdle=[12 girdle=[12 NNPS 43431 423 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 423 6 like like IN 43431 423 7 the the DT 43431 423 8 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 423 9 consists consist VBZ 43431 423 10 primitively primitively RB 43431 423 11 of of IN 43431 423 12 a a DT 43431 423 13 simple simple JJ 43431 423 14 rod rod NN 43431 423 15 or or CC 43431 423 16 hoop hoop NN 43431 423 17 of of IN 43431 423 18 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 423 19 , , , 43431 423 20 which which WDT 43431 423 21 in in IN 43431 423 22 vertebrata vertebrata NN 43431 423 23 above above IN 43431 423 24 fishes fishes NNP 43431 423 25 is be VBZ 43431 423 26 divided divide VBN 43431 423 27 into into IN 43431 423 28 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 423 29 and and CC 43431 423 30 ventral ventral JJ 43431 423 31 portions portion NNS 43431 423 32 , , , 43431 423 33 by by IN 43431 423 34 a a DT 43431 423 35 cavity cavity NN 43431 423 36 , , , 43431 423 37 the the DT 43431 423 38 = = SYM 43431 423 39 acetabulum= acetabulum= NN 43431 423 40 , , , 43431 423 41 with with IN 43431 423 42 which which WDT 43431 423 43 the the DT 43431 423 44 posterior posterior NN 43431 423 45 limb limb NN 43431 423 46 articulates articulate NNS 43431 423 47 . . . 43431 424 1 In in IN 43431 424 2 the the DT 43431 424 3 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 424 4 girdle girdle NN 43431 424 5 as as IN 43431 424 6 in in IN 43431 424 7 the the DT 43431 424 8 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 424 9 one one CD 43431 424 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 424 11 , , , 43431 424 12 and and CC 43431 424 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 424 14 commonly commonly RB 43431 424 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 424 16 two two CD 43431 424 17 ventral ventral JJ 43431 424 18 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 424 19 take take VBP 43431 424 20 place place NN 43431 424 21 . . . 43431 425 1 The the DT 43431 425 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 425 3 bone bone NN 43431 425 4 is be VBZ 43431 425 5 the the DT 43431 425 6 = = SYM 43431 425 7 ilium= ilium= NNS 43431 425 8 and and CC 43431 425 9 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 425 10 to to IN 43431 425 11 the the DT 43431 425 12 scapula scapula NN 43431 425 13 . . . 43431 426 1 The the DT 43431 426 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 426 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 426 4 bone bone NN 43431 426 5 is be VBZ 43431 426 6 the the DT 43431 426 7 = = SYM 43431 426 8 ischium= ischium= NNS 43431 426 9 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 426 10 to to IN 43431 426 11 the the DT 43431 426 12 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 426 13 . . . 43431 427 1 The the DT 43431 427 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 427 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 427 4 bone bone NN 43431 427 5 is be VBZ 43431 427 6 the the DT 43431 427 7 = = SYM 43431 427 8 pubis= pubis= JJ 43431 427 9 and and CC 43431 427 10 is be VBZ 43431 427 11 generally generally RB 43431 427 12 compared compare VBN 43431 427 13 to to IN 43431 427 14 the the DT 43431 427 15 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 427 16 , , , 43431 427 17 but but CC 43431 427 18 in in IN 43431 427 19 some some DT 43431 427 20 cases case NNS 43431 427 21 a a DT 43431 427 22 fourth fourth JJ 43431 427 23 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 427 24 element element NN 43431 427 25 , , , 43431 427 26 the the DT 43431 427 27 = = SYM 43431 427 28 acetabular= acetabular= NN 43431 427 29 or or CC 43431 427 30 = = SYM 43431 427 31 cotyloid= cotyloid= NN 43431 427 32 bone bone NN 43431 427 33 is be VBZ 43431 427 34 found find VBN 43431 427 35 , , , 43431 427 36 and and CC 43431 427 37 this this DT 43431 427 38 may may MD 43431 427 39 correspond correspond VB 43431 427 40 to to IN 43431 427 41 the the DT 43431 427 42 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 427 43 . . . 43431 428 1 The the DT 43431 428 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 428 3 girdle girdle VBP 43431 428 4 differs differ NNS 43431 428 5 from from IN 43431 428 6 the the DT 43431 428 7 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 428 8 in in IN 43431 428 9 the the DT 43431 428 10 fact fact NN 43431 428 11 that that IN 43431 428 12 the the DT 43431 428 13 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 428 14 bones bone NNS 43431 428 15 -- -- : 43431 428 16 the the DT 43431 428 17 ilia ilia NNP 43431 428 18 -- -- : 43431 428 19 are be VBP 43431 428 20 nearly nearly RB 43431 428 21 always always RB 43431 428 22 firmly firmly RB 43431 428 23 united united JJ 43431 428 24 to to IN 43431 428 25 transverse transverse VB 43431 428 26 processes process NNS 43431 428 27 of of IN 43431 428 28 the the DT 43431 428 29 sacral sacral JJ 43431 428 30 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 428 31 , , , 43431 428 32 by by IN 43431 428 33 means mean NNS 43431 428 34 of of IN 43431 428 35 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 428 36 ribs rib NNS 43431 428 37 . . . 43431 429 1 The the DT 43431 429 2 pubes pubis NNS 43431 429 3 and and CC 43431 429 4 ischia ischia NNP 43431 429 5 generally generally RB 43431 429 6 meet meet VBP 43431 429 7 in in IN 43431 429 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 429 9 symphyses symphysis NNS 43431 429 10 . . . 43431 430 1 2 2 LS 43431 430 2 . . . 43431 431 1 THE the DT 43431 431 2 LIMBS LIMBS NNP 43431 431 3 . . . 43431 432 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 432 2 will will MD 43431 432 3 be be VB 43431 432 4 most most RBS 43431 432 5 convenient convenient JJ 43431 432 6 to to TO 43431 432 7 defer defer VB 43431 432 8 a a DT 43431 432 9 discussion discussion NN 43431 432 10 of of IN 43431 432 11 the the DT 43431 432 12 limbs limb NNS 43431 432 13 of of IN 43431 432 14 fishes fish NNS 43431 432 15 to to IN 43431 432 16 chap chap NNP 43431 432 17 . . . 43431 433 1 VIII VIII NNP 43431 433 2 . . . 43431 434 1 All all DT 43431 434 2 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 434 3 above above IN 43431 434 4 fishes fish NNS 43431 434 5 have have VBP 43431 434 6 the the DT 43431 434 7 limbs limb NNS 43431 434 8 divisible divisible JJ 43431 434 9 into into IN 43431 434 10 three three CD 43431 434 11 main main JJ 43431 434 12 segments:-- segments:-- '' 43431 434 13 = = SYM 43431 434 14 Anterior Anterior NNP 43431 434 15 or or CC 43431 434 16 Fore Fore NNP 43431 434 17 limb.= limb.= NNP 43431 434 18 = = : 43431 434 19 Posterior Posterior NNP 43431 434 20 or or CC 43431 434 21 Hind hind NN 43431 434 22 limb.= limb.= NNP 43431 434 23 Proximal Proximal NNP 43431 434 24 segment segment NN 43431 434 25 . . . 43431 435 1 upper upper JJ 43431 435 2 arm arm NN 43431 435 3 or or CC 43431 435 4 _ _ NNP 43431 435 5 brachium brachium NN 43431 435 6 _ _ NNP 43431 435 7 . . . 43431 436 1 thigh thigh NNP 43431 436 2 . . . 43431 437 1 Middle middle JJ 43431 437 2 segment segment NN 43431 437 3 . . . 43431 438 1 fore fore NN 43431 438 2 - - HYPH 43431 438 3 arm arm NN 43431 438 4 or or CC 43431 438 5 _ _ NNP 43431 438 6 antibrachium antibrachium NN 43431 438 7 _ _ NNP 43431 438 8 . . . 43431 439 1 shin shin NNP 43431 439 2 or or CC 43431 439 3 _ _ NNP 43431 439 4 crus crus NN 43431 439 5 _ _ NNP 43431 439 6 . . . 43431 440 1 Distal distal JJ 43431 440 2 segment segment NN 43431 440 3 . . . 43431 441 1 _ _ NNP 43431 441 2 manus manus NN 43431 441 3 _ _ NNP 43431 441 4 . . . 43431 442 1 _ _ NNP 43431 442 2 pes pes NNP 43431 442 3 _ _ NNP 43431 442 4 . . . 43431 443 1 The the DT 43431 443 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 443 3 segments segment NNS 43431 443 4 each each DT 43431 443 5 contain contain VBP 43431 443 6 one one CD 43431 443 7 bone bone NN 43431 443 8 , , , 43431 443 9 the the DT 43431 443 10 = = SYM 43431 443 11 humerus= humerus= NN 43431 443 12 in in IN 43431 443 13 the the DT 43431 443 14 case case NN 43431 443 15 of of IN 43431 443 16 the the DT 43431 443 17 upper upper JJ 43431 443 18 arm arm NN 43431 443 19 , , , 43431 443 20 and and CC 43431 443 21 the the DT 43431 443 22 = = SYM 43431 443 23 femur= femur= NNP 43431 443 24 in in IN 43431 443 25 the the DT 43431 443 26 case case NN 43431 443 27 of of IN 43431 443 28 the the DT 43431 443 29 thigh thigh NN 43431 443 30 . . . 43431 444 1 The the DT 43431 444 2 middle middle JJ 43431 444 3 segments segment NNS 43431 444 4 each each DT 43431 444 5 contain contain VBP 43431 444 6 two two CD 43431 444 7 bones bone NNS 43431 444 8 , , , 43431 444 9 the the DT 43431 444 10 = = SYM 43431 444 11 radius= radius= NNP 43431 444 12 and and CC 43431 444 13 = = SYM 43431 444 14 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 444 15 in in IN 43431 444 16 the the DT 43431 444 17 case case NN 43431 444 18 of of IN 43431 444 19 the the DT 43431 444 20 fore fore NN 43431 444 21 - - HYPH 43431 444 22 arm arm NN 43431 444 23 , , , 43431 444 24 and and CC 43431 444 25 the the DT 43431 444 26 = = SYM 43431 444 27 tibia= tibia= NNP 43431 444 28 and and CC 43431 444 29 = = SYM 43431 444 30 fibula= fibula= NN 43431 444 31 in in IN 43431 444 32 the the DT 43431 444 33 case case NN 43431 444 34 of of IN 43431 444 35 the the DT 43431 444 36 shin shin NN 43431 444 37 . . . 43431 445 1 * * NFP 43431 445 2 * * NFP 43431 445 3 * * NFP 43431 445 4 * * NFP 43431 445 5 * * NFP 43431 445 6 The the DT 43431 445 7 manus manus NN 43431 445 8 and and CC 43431 445 9 pes pe NNS 43431 445 10 are be VBP 43431 445 11 further further RB 43431 445 12 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 445 13 into into IN 43431 445 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 445 15 _ _ NNP 43431 445 16 a a DT 43431 445 17 _ _ NNP 43431 445 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 445 19 two two CD 43431 445 20 or or CC 43431 445 21 three three CD 43431 445 22 proximal proximal JJ 43431 445 23 rows row NNS 43431 445 24 of of IN 43431 445 25 bones bone NNS 43431 445 26 forming form VBG 43431 445 27 the the DT 43431 445 28 wrist wrist NN 43431 445 29 or or CC 43431 445 30 = = SYM 43431 445 31 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 445 32 in in IN 43431 445 33 the the DT 43431 445 34 case case NN 43431 445 35 of of IN 43431 445 36 the the DT 43431 445 37 manus manus NN 43431 445 38 , , , 43431 445 39 and and CC 43431 445 40 the the DT 43431 445 41 ankle ankle NN 43431 445 42 or or CC 43431 445 43 = = SYM 43431 445 44 tarsus= tarsus= CD 43431 445 45 in in IN 43431 445 46 the the DT 43431 445 47 case case NN 43431 445 48 of of IN 43431 445 49 the the DT 43431 445 50 pes pe NNS 43431 445 51 . . . 43431 446 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 446 2 _ _ NNP 43431 446 3 b b NNP 43431 446 4 _ _ NNP 43431 446 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 446 6 a a DT 43431 446 7 middle middle JJ 43431 446 8 row row NN 43431 446 9 called call VBD 43431 446 10 respectively respectively RB 43431 446 11 the the DT 43431 446 12 = = SYM 43431 446 13 metacarpus= metacarpus= NN 43431 446 14 and and CC 43431 446 15 = = SYM 43431 446 16 metatarsus=. metatarsus=. FW 43431 447 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 447 2 _ _ NNP 43431 447 3 c c NNP 43431 447 4 _ _ NNP 43431 447 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 447 6 a a DT 43431 447 7 number number NN 43431 447 8 of of IN 43431 447 9 distal distal JJ 43431 447 10 bones bone NNS 43431 447 11 called call VBD 43431 447 12 the the DT 43431 447 13 = = SYM 43431 447 14 phalanges= phalanges= NN 43431 447 15 which which WDT 43431 447 16 form form VBP 43431 447 17 the the DT 43431 447 18 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 447 19 of of IN 43431 447 20 the the DT 43431 447 21 fingers finger NNS 43431 447 22 and and CC 43431 447 23 toes toe NNS 43431 447 24 , , , 43431 447 25 or or CC 43431 447 26 = = SYM 43431 447 27 digits=. digits=. FW 43431 448 1 Typically typically RB 43431 448 2 the the DT 43431 448 3 manus manus NN 43431 448 4 and and CC 43431 448 5 pes pe NNS 43431 448 6 both both DT 43431 448 7 have have VBP 43431 448 8 five five CD 43431 448 9 digits digit NNS 43431 448 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 448 11 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 448 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 448 13 . . . 43431 449 1 The the DT 43431 449 2 first first JJ 43431 449 3 digit digit NN 43431 449 4 of of IN 43431 449 5 the the DT 43431 449 6 manus manus NN 43431 449 7 is be VBZ 43431 449 8 commonly commonly RB 43431 449 9 called call VBN 43431 449 10 the the DT 43431 449 11 = = SYM 43431 449 12 pollex= pollex= NN 43431 449 13 , , , 43431 449 14 and and CC 43431 449 15 the the DT 43431 449 16 first first JJ 43431 449 17 digit digit NN 43431 449 18 of of IN 43431 449 19 the the DT 43431 449 20 pes pe NNS 43431 449 21 the the DT 43431 449 22 = = SYM 43431 449 23 hallux=. hallux=. FW 43431 450 1 In in IN 43431 450 2 a a DT 43431 450 3 very very RB 43431 450 4 simple simple JJ 43431 450 5 = = SYM 43431 450 6 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 450 7 such such JJ 43431 450 8 as as IN 43431 450 9 that that DT 43431 450 10 of of IN 43431 450 11 _ _ NNP 43431 450 12 Chelydra Chelydra NNP 43431 450 13 _ _ NNP 43431 450 14 , , , 43431 450 15 there there EX 43431 450 16 are be VBP 43431 450 17 nine nine CD 43431 450 18 bones bone NNS 43431 450 19 . . . 43431 451 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 451 2 are be VBP 43431 451 3 arranged arrange VBN 43431 451 4 in in IN 43431 451 5 a a DT 43431 451 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 451 7 row row NN 43431 451 8 of of IN 43431 451 9 three three CD 43431 451 10 , , , 43431 451 11 the the DT 43431 451 12 radiale radiale NN 43431 451 13 , , , 43431 451 14 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 451 15 , , , 43431 451 16 and and CC 43431 451 17 ulnare,--the ulnare,--the DT 43431 451 18 first first JJ 43431 451 19 being being NN 43431 451 20 on on IN 43431 451 21 the the DT 43431 451 22 radial radial JJ 43431 451 23 side side NN 43431 451 24 of of IN 43431 451 25 the the DT 43431 451 26 limb limb NN 43431 451 27 , , , 43431 451 28 and and CC 43431 451 29 a a DT 43431 451 30 distal distal JJ 43431 451 31 row row NN 43431 451 32 of of IN 43431 451 33 five five CD 43431 451 34 called call VBN 43431 451 35 respectively respectively RB 43431 451 36 carpale carpale VB 43431 451 37 1 1 CD 43431 451 38 , , , 43431 451 39 2 2 CD 43431 451 40 , , , 43431 451 41 3 3 CD 43431 451 42 , , , 43431 451 43 4 4 CD 43431 451 44 , , , 43431 451 45 5 5 CD 43431 451 46 , , , 43431 451 47 beginning begin VBG 43431 451 48 on on IN 43431 451 49 the the DT 43431 451 50 radial radial JJ 43431 451 51 side side NN 43431 451 52 . . . 43431 452 1 Between between IN 43431 452 2 these these DT 43431 452 3 two two CD 43431 452 4 rows row NNS 43431 452 5 is be VBZ 43431 452 6 a a DT 43431 452 7 single single JJ 43431 452 8 bone bone NN 43431 452 9 the the DT 43431 452 10 centrale centrale NN 43431 452 11 , , , 43431 452 12 or or CC 43431 452 13 there there EX 43431 452 14 may may MD 43431 452 15 be be VB 43431 452 16 two two CD 43431 452 17 . . . 43431 453 1 Similarly similarly RB 43431 453 2 there there EX 43431 453 3 are be VBP 43431 453 4 nine nine CD 43431 453 5 bones bone NNS 43431 453 6 in in IN 43431 453 7 a a DT 43431 453 8 simple simple JJ 43431 453 9 = = SYM 43431 453 10 tarsus= tarsus= CD 43431 453 11 such such JJ 43431 453 12 as as IN 43431 453 13 that that DT 43431 453 14 of of IN 43431 453 15 _ _ NNP 43431 453 16 Salamandra Salamandra NNP 43431 453 17 _ _ NNP 43431 453 18 . . . 43431 454 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 454 2 form form VBP 43431 454 3 a a DT 43431 454 4 proximal proximal JJ 43431 454 5 row row NN 43431 454 6 of of IN 43431 454 7 three three CD 43431 454 8 , , , 43431 454 9 the the DT 43431 454 10 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 454 11 , , , 43431 454 12 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 454 13 and and CC 43431 454 14 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 454 15 , , , 43431 454 16 and and CC 43431 454 17 a a DT 43431 454 18 distal distal JJ 43431 454 19 row row NN 43431 454 20 of of IN 43431 454 21 five five CD 43431 454 22 , , , 43431 454 23 called call VBD 43431 454 24 respectively respectively RB 43431 454 25 tarsale tarsale JJ 43431 454 26 1 1 CD 43431 454 27 , , , 43431 454 28 2 2 CD 43431 454 29 , , , 43431 454 30 3 3 CD 43431 454 31 , , , 43431 454 32 4 4 CD 43431 454 33 , , , 43431 454 34 5 5 CD 43431 454 35 , , , 43431 454 36 beginning begin VBG 43431 454 37 on on IN 43431 454 38 the the DT 43431 454 39 tibial tibial JJ 43431 454 40 side side NN 43431 454 41 . . . 43431 455 1 Between between IN 43431 455 2 the the DT 43431 455 3 two two CD 43431 455 4 rows row NNS 43431 455 5 there there EX 43431 455 6 is be VBZ 43431 455 7 a a DT 43431 455 8 centrale centrale NN 43431 455 9 as as IN 43431 455 10 in in IN 43431 455 11 the the DT 43431 455 12 carpus carpus NN 43431 455 13 , , , 43431 455 14 or or CC 43431 455 15 there there EX 43431 455 16 may may MD 43431 455 17 be be VB 43431 455 18 two two CD 43431 455 19 . . . 43431 456 1 * * NFP 43431 456 2 * * NFP 43431 456 3 * * NFP 43431 456 4 * * NFP 43431 456 5 * * NFP 43431 456 6 The the DT 43431 456 7 following follow VBG 43431 456 8 names name NNS 43431 456 9 derived derive VBN 43431 456 10 from from IN 43431 456 11 human human JJ 43431 456 12 anatomy anatomy NN 43431 456 13 are be VBP 43431 456 14 commonly commonly RB 43431 456 15 applied apply VBN 43431 456 16 to to IN 43431 456 17 the the DT 43431 456 18 various various JJ 43431 456 19 carpal carpal NN 43431 456 20 and and CC 43431 456 21 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 456 22 bones bone NNS 43431 456 23 : : : 43431 456 24 = = NFP 43431 456 25 Carpus.= Carpus.= NNP 43431 456 26 radiale radiale NNP 43431 456 27 = = SYM 43431 456 28 scaphoid scaphoid NNP 43431 456 29 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 456 30 = = SYM 43431 456 31 lunar lunar NNP 43431 456 32 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 456 33 = = SYM 43431 456 34 cuneiform cuneiform NNP 43431 456 35 centrale centrale NNP 43431 456 36 = = SYM 43431 456 37 central central NNP 43431 456 38 carpale carpale NNP 43431 456 39 1 1 CD 43431 456 40 = = SYM 43431 456 41 trapezium trapezium NN 43431 456 42 " " `` 43431 456 43 2 2 CD 43431 456 44 = = SYM 43431 456 45 trapezoid trapezoid NN 43431 456 46 " " '' 43431 456 47 3 3 CD 43431 456 48 = = SYM 43431 456 49 magnum magnum NN 43431 456 50 " " `` 43431 456 51 4 4 CD 43431 456 52 } } -RRB- 43431 456 53 = = SYM 43431 456 54 unciform unciform NN 43431 456 55 " " '' 43431 456 56 5 5 CD 43431 456 57 } } -RRB- 43431 456 58 = = SYM 43431 456 59 Tarsus.= Tarsus.= NNP 43431 456 60 tibiale tibiale NNP 43431 456 61 } } -RRB- 43431 456 62 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 456 63 } } -RRB- 43431 456 64 astragalus astragalus NNP 43431 456 65 fibulare fibulare NNP 43431 456 66 = = SYM 43431 456 67 calcaneum calcaneum NNP 43431 456 68 centrale centrale NNP 43431 456 69 = = SYM 43431 456 70 navicular navicular NNP 43431 456 71 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 456 72 1 1 CD 43431 456 73 = = SYM 43431 456 74 internal internal JJ 43431 456 75 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 456 76 " " '' 43431 456 77 2 2 NNP 43431 456 78 = = SYM 43431 456 79 middle middle JJ 43431 456 80 " " '' 43431 456 81 " " `` 43431 456 82 3 3 NNP 43431 456 83 = = SYM 43431 456 84 external external JJ 43431 456 85 " " '' 43431 456 86 " " `` 43431 456 87 4 4 CD 43431 456 88 } } -RRB- 43431 456 89 = = SYM 43431 456 90 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 456 91 " " `` 43431 456 92 5 5 CD 43431 456 93 } } -RRB- 43431 456 94 NOTE note NN 43431 456 95 . . . 43431 457 1 The the DT 43431 457 2 above above JJ 43431 457 3 is be VBZ 43431 457 4 the the DT 43431 457 5 view view NN 43431 457 6 commonly commonly RB 43431 457 7 accepted accept VBN 43431 457 8 concerning concern VBG 43431 457 9 the the DT 43431 457 10 homology homology NN 43431 457 11 of of IN 43431 457 12 the the DT 43431 457 13 carpal carpal NN 43431 457 14 and and CC 43431 457 15 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 457 16 bones bone NNS 43431 457 17 . . . 43431 458 1 But but CC 43431 458 2 with with IN 43431 458 3 regard regard NN 43431 458 4 to to IN 43431 458 5 the the DT 43431 458 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 458 7 row row NN 43431 458 8 of of IN 43431 458 9 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 458 10 bones bone NNS 43431 458 11 there there EX 43431 458 12 is be VBZ 43431 458 13 difference difference NN 43431 458 14 of of IN 43431 458 15 opinion opinion NN 43431 458 16 . . . 43431 459 1 All all DT 43431 459 2 anatomists anatomist NNS 43431 459 3 are be VBP 43431 459 4 agreed agree VBN 43431 459 5 that that IN 43431 459 6 the the DT 43431 459 7 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 459 8 is be VBZ 43431 459 9 the the DT 43431 459 10 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 459 11 and and CC 43431 459 12 that that IN 43431 459 13 the the DT 43431 459 14 intermedium intermedium NN 43431 459 15 is be VBZ 43431 459 16 contained contain VBN 43431 459 17 in in IN 43431 459 18 the the DT 43431 459 19 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 459 20 , , , 43431 459 21 but but CC 43431 459 22 while while IN 43431 459 23 the the DT 43431 459 24 majority majority NN 43431 459 25 regard regard VBP 43431 459 26 the the DT 43431 459 27 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 459 28 as as IN 43431 459 29 the the DT 43431 459 30 fused fuse VBN 43431 459 31 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 459 32 and and CC 43431 459 33 intermedium intermedium NN 43431 459 34 , , , 43431 459 35 Baur Baur NNP 43431 459 36 considers consider VBZ 43431 459 37 that that IN 43431 459 38 a a DT 43431 459 39 small small JJ 43431 459 40 bone bone NN 43431 459 41 found find VBN 43431 459 42 on on IN 43431 459 43 the the DT 43431 459 44 tibial tibial JJ 43431 459 45 side side NN 43431 459 46 of of IN 43431 459 47 the the DT 43431 459 48 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 459 49 in in IN 43431 459 50 _ _ NNP 43431 459 51 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 459 52 _ _ NNP 43431 459 53 , , , 43431 459 54 many many JJ 43431 459 55 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 459 56 , , , 43431 459 57 Insectivores Insectivores NNPS 43431 459 58 , , , 43431 459 59 and and CC 43431 459 60 the the DT 43431 459 61 male male JJ 43431 459 62 _ _ NNP 43431 459 63 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 459 64 _ _ NNP 43431 459 65 , , , 43431 459 66 is be VBZ 43431 459 67 the the DT 43431 459 68 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 459 69 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 459 70 , , , 43431 459 71 and and CC 43431 459 72 regards regard VBZ 43431 459 73 the the DT 43431 459 74 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 459 75 as as IN 43431 459 76 the the DT 43431 459 77 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 459 78 alone[13 alone[13 NN 43431 459 79 ] ] -RRB- 43431 459 80 . . . 43431 460 1 He -PRON- PRP 43431 460 2 also also RB 43431 460 3 considers consider VBZ 43431 460 4 that that IN 43431 460 5 the the DT 43431 460 6 mammalian mammalian NNP 43431 460 7 scaphoid scaphoid NNP 43431 460 8 represents represent VBZ 43431 460 9 a a DT 43431 460 10 centrale centrale NN 43431 460 11 . . . 43431 461 1 MODIFICATIONS modification NNS 43431 461 2 IN in IN 43431 461 3 THE the DT 43431 461 4 POSITIONS position NNS 43431 461 5 OF of IN 43431 461 6 THE the DT 43431 461 7 LIMBS[14 limbs[14 NN 43431 461 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 461 9 . . . 43431 462 1 In in IN 43431 462 2 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 462 3 primitive primitive JJ 43431 462 4 position position NN 43431 462 5 the the DT 43431 462 6 limbs limb NNS 43431 462 7 are be VBP 43431 462 8 straight straight JJ 43431 462 9 and and CC 43431 462 10 are be VBP 43431 462 11 extended extend VBN 43431 462 12 parallel parallel NN 43431 462 13 to to IN 43431 462 14 one one CD 43431 462 15 another another DT 43431 462 16 at at IN 43431 462 17 right right JJ 43431 462 18 angles angle NNS 43431 462 19 to to IN 43431 462 20 the the DT 43431 462 21 axis axi NNS 43431 462 22 of of IN 43431 462 23 the the DT 43431 462 24 trunk trunk NN 43431 462 25 . . . 43431 463 1 Each each DT 43431 463 2 limb limb NN 43431 463 3 then then RB 43431 463 4 has have VBZ 43431 463 5 a a DT 43431 463 6 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 463 7 surface surface NN 43431 463 8 , , , 43431 463 9 a a DT 43431 463 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 463 11 surface surface NN 43431 463 12 , , , 43431 463 13 an an DT 43431 463 14 anterior anterior NN 43431 463 15 or or CC 43431 463 16 = = SYM 43431 463 17 pre pre JJ 43431 463 18 - - JJ 43431 463 19 axial= axial= JJ 43431 463 20 edge edge NN 43431 463 21 , , , 43431 463 22 and and CC 43431 463 23 a a DT 43431 463 24 posterior posterior NN 43431 463 25 or or CC 43431 463 26 = = SYM 43431 463 27 postaxial= postaxial= NN 43431 463 28 edge edge NN 43431 463 29 . . . 43431 464 1 In in IN 43431 464 2 the the DT 43431 464 3 anterior anterior NN 43431 464 4 limb limb NN 43431 464 5 the the DT 43431 464 6 radius radius NN 43431 464 7 and and CC 43431 464 8 the the DT 43431 464 9 pollex pollex NN 43431 464 10 are be VBP 43431 464 11 pre pre JJ 43431 464 12 - - JJ 43431 464 13 axial axial JJ 43431 464 14 , , , 43431 464 15 the the DT 43431 464 16 ulna ulna NN 43431 464 17 and and CC 43431 464 18 the the DT 43431 464 19 fifth fifth JJ 43431 464 20 finger finger NN 43431 464 21 are be VBP 43431 464 22 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 464 23 . . . 43431 465 1 In in IN 43431 465 2 the the DT 43431 465 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 465 4 limb limb NN 43431 465 5 the the DT 43431 465 6 tibia tibia NNP 43431 465 7 and and CC 43431 465 8 the the DT 43431 465 9 hallux hallux NN 43431 465 10 are be VBP 43431 465 11 pre pre JJ 43431 465 12 - - JJ 43431 465 13 axial axial JJ 43431 465 14 , , , 43431 465 15 the the DT 43431 465 16 fibula fibula NN 43431 465 17 and and CC 43431 465 18 the the DT 43431 465 19 fifth fifth JJ 43431 465 20 toe toe NN 43431 465 21 are be VBP 43431 465 22 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 465 23 . . . 43431 466 1 The the DT 43431 466 2 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 466 3 and and CC 43431 466 4 various various JJ 43431 466 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 466 6 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 466 7 , , , 43431 466 8 such such JJ 43431 466 9 as as IN 43431 466 10 _ _ NNP 43431 466 11 Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus NNP 43431 466 12 _ _ NNP 43431 466 13 and and CC 43431 466 14 _ _ NNP 43431 466 15 Plesiosaurus Plesiosaurus NNP 43431 466 16 _ _ NNP 43431 466 17 , , , 43431 466 18 have have VBP 43431 466 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 466 20 limbs limb NNS 43431 466 21 in in IN 43431 466 22 practically practically RB 43431 466 23 this this DT 43431 466 24 primitive primitive JJ 43431 466 25 position position NN 43431 466 26 . . . 43431 467 1 The the DT 43431 467 2 first first JJ 43431 467 3 modification modification NN 43431 467 4 from from IN 43431 467 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 467 6 is be VBZ 43431 467 7 produced produce VBN 43431 467 8 by by IN 43431 467 9 the the DT 43431 467 10 bending bend VBG 43431 467 11 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 467 12 of of IN 43431 467 13 the the DT 43431 467 14 middle middle JJ 43431 467 15 segments segment NNS 43431 467 16 of of IN 43431 467 17 both both DT 43431 467 18 limbs limb NNS 43431 467 19 upon upon IN 43431 467 20 the the DT 43431 467 21 proximal proximal JJ 43431 467 22 segments segment NNS 43431 467 23 , , , 43431 467 24 while while IN 43431 467 25 the the DT 43431 467 26 distal distal JJ 43431 467 27 segment segment NN 43431 467 28 is be VBZ 43431 467 29 bent bent JJ 43431 467 30 in in IN 43431 467 31 the the DT 43431 467 32 opposite opposite JJ 43431 467 33 direction direction NN 43431 467 34 on on IN 43431 467 35 the the DT 43431 467 36 middle middle JJ 43431 467 37 segment segment NN 43431 467 38 . . . 43431 468 1 Then then RB 43431 468 2 the the DT 43431 468 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 468 4 surfaces surface NNS 43431 468 5 of of IN 43431 468 6 the the DT 43431 468 7 antibrachium antibrachium NN 43431 468 8 and and CC 43431 468 9 crus crus NN 43431 468 10 come come VBP 43431 468 11 to to TO 43431 468 12 look look VB 43431 468 13 inwards inward NNS 43431 468 14 , , , 43431 468 15 and and CC 43431 468 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 468 17 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 468 18 surfaces surface NNS 43431 468 19 to to TO 43431 468 20 look look VB 43431 468 21 outwards outward NNS 43431 468 22 . . . 43431 469 1 The the DT 43431 469 2 brachium brachium NN 43431 469 3 and and CC 43431 469 4 manus manus NN 43431 469 5 , , , 43431 469 6 thigh thigh NN 43431 469 7 and and CC 43431 469 8 pes pe NNS 43431 469 9 still still RB 43431 469 10 have have VBP 43431 469 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 469 12 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 469 13 surfaces surface NNS 43431 469 14 facing face VBG 43431 469 15 upwards upwards RB 43431 469 16 and and CC 43431 469 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 469 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 469 19 surfaces surface NNS 43431 469 20 facing face VBG 43431 469 21 downwards downwards RB 43431 469 22 as as IN 43431 469 23 before before RB 43431 469 24 , , , 43431 469 25 and and CC 43431 469 26 the the DT 43431 469 27 relations relation NNS 43431 469 28 of of IN 43431 469 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 469 30 pre pre JJ 43431 469 31 - - JJ 43431 469 32 and and CC 43431 469 33 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 469 34 borders border NNS 43431 469 35 remain remain VBP 43431 469 36 as as IN 43431 469 37 they -PRON- PRP 43431 469 38 were be VBD 43431 469 39 . . . 43431 470 1 Many many JJ 43431 470 2 Amphibians Amphibians NNPS 43431 470 3 and and CC 43431 470 4 Reptiles reptile NNS 43431 470 5 , , , 43431 470 6 such such JJ 43431 470 7 as as IN 43431 470 8 tortoises tortoise NNS 43431 470 9 , , , 43431 470 10 carry carry VBP 43431 470 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 470 12 limbs limb NNS 43431 470 13 in in IN 43431 470 14 this this DT 43431 470 15 position position NN 43431 470 16 . . . 43431 471 1 In in IN 43431 471 2 all all DT 43431 471 3 higher high JJR 43431 471 4 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 471 5 , , , 43431 471 6 however however RB 43431 471 7 , , , 43431 471 8 a a DT 43431 471 9 further further JJ 43431 471 10 change change NN 43431 471 11 takes take VBZ 43431 471 12 place place NN 43431 471 13 , , , 43431 471 14 each each DT 43431 471 15 limb limb NN 43431 471 16 is be VBZ 43431 471 17 rotated rotate VBN 43431 471 18 as as IN 43431 471 19 a a DT 43431 471 20 whole whole NN 43431 471 21 from from IN 43431 471 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 471 23 proximal proximal JJ 43431 471 24 end end NN 43431 471 25 , , , 43431 471 26 the the DT 43431 471 27 rotation rotation NN 43431 471 28 taking take VBG 43431 471 29 place place NN 43431 471 30 in in IN 43431 471 31 opposite opposite JJ 43431 471 32 directions direction NNS 43431 471 33 in in IN 43431 471 34 the the DT 43431 471 35 fore fore NN 43431 471 36 and and CC 43431 471 37 hind hind NN 43431 471 38 limbs limb NNS 43431 471 39 respectively respectively RB 43431 471 40 . . . 43431 472 1 The the DT 43431 472 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 472 3 limb limb NN 43431 472 4 is be VBZ 43431 472 5 rotated rotate VBN 43431 472 6 backwards backwards RB 43431 472 7 from from IN 43431 472 8 the the DT 43431 472 9 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 472 10 , , , 43431 472 11 so so IN 43431 472 12 that that IN 43431 472 13 the the DT 43431 472 14 brachium brachium NN 43431 472 15 lies lie VBZ 43431 472 16 nearly nearly RB 43431 472 17 parallel parallel JJ 43431 472 18 to to IN 43431 472 19 the the DT 43431 472 20 body body NN 43431 472 21 , , , 43431 472 22 and and CC 43431 472 23 the the DT 43431 472 24 elbow elbow JJ 43431 472 25 points point VBZ 43431 472 26 backwards backwards RB 43431 472 27 , , , 43431 472 28 the the DT 43431 472 29 antibrachium antibrachium NN 43431 472 30 downwards downwards RB 43431 472 31 , , , 43431 472 32 and and CC 43431 472 33 the the DT 43431 472 34 manus manus NN 43431 472 35 backwards backwards RB 43431 472 36 ; ; : 43431 472 37 the the DT 43431 472 38 pre pre JJ 43431 472 39 - - JJ 43431 472 40 axial axial JJ 43431 472 41 surface surface NN 43431 472 42 of of IN 43431 472 43 the the DT 43431 472 44 whole whole JJ 43431 472 45 limb limb NN 43431 472 46 with with IN 43431 472 47 the the DT 43431 472 48 radius radius NN 43431 472 49 and and CC 43431 472 50 pollex pollex NN 43431 472 51 now now RB 43431 472 52 faces face VBZ 43431 472 53 outwards outward NNS 43431 472 54 , , , 43431 472 55 and and CC 43431 472 56 the the DT 43431 472 57 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 472 58 surface surface NN 43431 472 59 with with IN 43431 472 60 the the DT 43431 472 61 ulna ulna NNP 43431 472 62 and and CC 43431 472 63 fifth fifth JJ 43431 472 64 finger finger NN 43431 472 65 now now RB 43431 472 66 faces face VBZ 43431 472 67 inwards inward NNS 43431 472 68 . . . 43431 473 1 In in IN 43431 473 2 the the DT 43431 473 3 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 473 4 and and CC 43431 473 5 , , , 43431 473 6 to to IN 43431 473 7 a a DT 43431 473 8 certain certain JJ 43431 473 9 extent extent NN 43431 473 10 , , , 43431 473 11 in in IN 43431 473 12 the the DT 43431 473 13 Sea Sea NNP 43431 473 14 lions lion VBZ 43431 473 15 the the DT 43431 473 16 anterior anterior NNP 43431 473 17 limb limb NN 43431 473 18 remains remain VBZ 43431 473 19 throughout throughout IN 43431 473 20 life life NN 43431 473 21 in in IN 43431 473 22 this this DT 43431 473 23 position position NN 43431 473 24 . . . 43431 474 1 The the DT 43431 474 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 474 3 limb limb NN 43431 474 4 is be VBZ 43431 474 5 also also RB 43431 474 6 rotated rotate VBN 43431 474 7 , , , 43431 474 8 but but CC 43431 474 9 the the DT 43431 474 10 rotation rotation NN 43431 474 11 in in IN 43431 474 12 this this DT 43431 474 13 case case NN 43431 474 14 takes take VBZ 43431 474 15 place place NN 43431 474 16 forwards forwards RB 43431 474 17 , , , 43431 474 18 so so IN 43431 474 19 that that IN 43431 474 20 the the DT 43431 474 21 thigh thigh NN 43431 474 22 lies lie VBZ 43431 474 23 nearly nearly RB 43431 474 24 parallel parallel JJ 43431 474 25 to to IN 43431 474 26 the the DT 43431 474 27 body body NN 43431 474 28 , , , 43431 474 29 the the DT 43431 474 30 knee knee NN 43431 474 31 - - HYPH 43431 474 32 joint joint NN 43431 474 33 pointing pointing NN 43431 474 34 forwards forwards RB 43431 474 35 ; ; : 43431 474 36 the the DT 43431 474 37 crus crus NN 43431 474 38 downwards downwards RB 43431 474 39 and and CC 43431 474 40 the the DT 43431 474 41 pes pe NNS 43431 474 42 forwards forwards RB 43431 474 43 . . . 43431 475 1 The the DT 43431 475 2 pre pre JJ 43431 475 3 - - JJ 43431 475 4 axial axial JJ 43431 475 5 surface surface NN 43431 475 6 of of IN 43431 475 7 the the DT 43431 475 8 whole whole JJ 43431 475 9 limb limb NN 43431 475 10 with with IN 43431 475 11 the the DT 43431 475 12 tibia tibia NNP 43431 475 13 and and CC 43431 475 14 hallux hallux NN 43431 475 15 looks look VBZ 43431 475 16 towards towards IN 43431 475 17 the the DT 43431 475 18 middle middle NN 43431 475 19 of of IN 43431 475 20 the the DT 43431 475 21 body body NN 43431 475 22 , , , 43431 475 23 the the DT 43431 475 24 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 475 25 surface surface NN 43431 475 26 with with IN 43431 475 27 the the DT 43431 475 28 fibula fibula NN 43431 475 29 and and CC 43431 475 30 fifth fifth JJ 43431 475 31 toe toe NN 43431 475 32 looks look VBZ 43431 475 33 outwards outward NNS 43431 475 34 . . . 43431 476 1 This this DT 43431 476 2 is be VBZ 43431 476 3 the the DT 43431 476 4 position position NN 43431 476 5 in in IN 43431 476 6 which which WDT 43431 476 7 the the DT 43431 476 8 hind hind NN 43431 476 9 limb limb NN 43431 476 10 is be VBZ 43431 476 11 carried carry VBN 43431 476 12 in in IN 43431 476 13 nearly nearly RB 43431 476 14 all all DT 43431 476 15 mammals mammal NNS 43431 476 16 . . . 43431 477 1 In in IN 43431 477 2 nearly nearly RB 43431 477 3 all all DT 43431 477 4 mammals mammal NNS 43431 477 5 a a DT 43431 477 6 further further JJ 43431 477 7 change change NN 43431 477 8 takes take VBZ 43431 477 9 place place NN 43431 477 10 in in IN 43431 477 11 the the DT 43431 477 12 position position NN 43431 477 13 of of IN 43431 477 14 the the DT 43431 477 15 anterior anterior NNP 43431 477 16 limb limb NN 43431 477 17 . . . 43431 478 1 The the DT 43431 478 2 radius radius NN 43431 478 3 and and CC 43431 478 4 ulna ulna NNP 43431 478 5 have have VBP 43431 478 6 hitherto hitherto VBN 43431 478 7 been be VBN 43431 478 8 parallel parallel JJ 43431 478 9 to to IN 43431 478 10 one one CD 43431 478 11 another another DT 43431 478 12 , , , 43431 478 13 but but CC 43431 478 14 now now RB 43431 478 15 the the DT 43431 478 16 lower low JJR 43431 478 17 end end NN 43431 478 18 of of IN 43431 478 19 the the DT 43431 478 20 radius radius NN 43431 478 21 , , , 43431 478 22 carrying carry VBG 43431 478 23 with with IN 43431 478 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 478 25 the the DT 43431 478 26 manus manus NN 43431 478 27 , , , 43431 478 28 comes come VBZ 43431 478 29 to to TO 43431 478 30 be be VB 43431 478 31 rotated rotate VBN 43431 478 32 forwards forwards RB 43431 478 33 round round IN 43431 478 34 the the DT 43431 478 35 ulna ulna NN 43431 478 36 , , , 43431 478 37 so so IN 43431 478 38 that that IN 43431 478 39 the the DT 43431 478 40 manus manus NN 43431 478 41 , , , 43431 478 42 as as RB 43431 478 43 well well RB 43431 478 44 as as IN 43431 478 45 the the DT 43431 478 46 pes pe NNS 43431 478 47 , , , 43431 478 48 comes come VBZ 43431 478 49 to to TO 43431 478 50 be be VB 43431 478 51 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 478 52 - - HYPH 43431 478 53 directed direct VBN 43431 478 54 , , , 43431 478 55 and and CC 43431 478 56 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 478 57 pre pre JJ 43431 478 58 - - JJ 43431 478 59 axial axial JJ 43431 478 60 surface surface NN 43431 478 61 faces face VBZ 43431 478 62 inwards inwards RB 43431 478 63 . . . 43431 479 1 In in IN 43431 479 2 the the DT 43431 479 3 majority majority NN 43431 479 4 of of IN 43431 479 5 mammals mammal NNS 43431 479 6 the the DT 43431 479 7 radius radius NN 43431 479 8 and and CC 43431 479 9 ulna ulna NNP 43431 479 10 are be VBP 43431 479 11 permanently permanently RB 43431 479 12 fixed fix VBN 43431 479 13 in in IN 43431 479 14 this this DT 43431 479 15 , , , 43431 479 16 which which WDT 43431 479 17 is be VBZ 43431 479 18 known know VBN 43431 479 19 as as IN 43431 479 20 the the DT 43431 479 21 = = SYM 43431 479 22 prone= prone= NN 43431 479 23 position position NN 43431 479 24 , , , 43431 479 25 but but CC 43431 479 26 in in IN 43431 479 27 man man NN 43431 479 28 and and CC 43431 479 29 some some DT 43431 479 30 other other JJ 43431 479 31 mammals mammal NNS 43431 479 32 the the DT 43431 479 33 manus manus NN 43431 479 34 can can MD 43431 479 35 be be VB 43431 479 36 pronated pronate VBN 43431 479 37 or or CC 43431 479 38 turned turn VBN 43431 479 39 into into IN 43431 479 40 this this DT 43431 479 41 position position NN 43431 479 42 at at IN 43431 479 43 will will NN 43431 479 44 . . . 43431 480 1 When when WRB 43431 480 2 the the DT 43431 480 3 radius radius NN 43431 480 4 and and CC 43431 480 5 ulna ulna NNP 43431 480 6 are be VBP 43431 480 7 parallel parallel JJ 43431 480 8 throughout throughout IN 43431 480 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 480 10 whole whole JJ 43431 480 11 length length NN 43431 480 12 the the DT 43431 480 13 manus manus NN 43431 480 14 is be VBZ 43431 480 15 said say VBN 43431 480 16 to to TO 43431 480 17 be be VB 43431 480 18 in in IN 43431 480 19 the the DT 43431 480 20 = = SYM 43431 480 21 supine= supine= NN 43431 480 22 position position NN 43431 480 23 . . . 43431 481 1 The the DT 43431 481 2 = = SYM 43431 481 3 extensor= extensor= NN 43431 481 4 side side NN 43431 481 5 of of IN 43431 481 6 a a DT 43431 481 7 limb limb NN 43431 481 8 is be VBZ 43431 481 9 that that DT 43431 481 10 to to TO 43431 481 11 which which WDT 43431 481 12 the the DT 43431 481 13 muscles muscle NNS 43431 481 14 which which WDT 43431 481 15 straighten straighten VBP 43431 481 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 481 17 are be VBP 43431 481 18 attached attach VBN 43431 481 19 , , , 43431 481 20 the the DT 43431 481 21 = = SYM 43431 481 22 flexor= flexor= NN 43431 481 23 side side NN 43431 481 24 is be VBZ 43431 481 25 that that DT 43431 481 26 to to TO 43431 481 27 which which WDT 43431 481 28 the the DT 43431 481 29 muscles muscle NNS 43431 481 30 which which WDT 43431 481 31 bend bend VBP 43431 481 32 it -PRON- PRP 43431 481 33 are be VBP 43431 481 34 attached attach VBN 43431 481 35 . . . 43431 482 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 482 2 : : : 43431 482 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 482 4 1 1 LS 43431 482 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 482 6 The the DT 43431 482 7 skin skin NN 43431 482 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 482 9 of of IN 43431 482 10 an an DT 43431 482 11 outer outer JJ 43431 482 12 layer layer NN 43431 482 13 of of IN 43431 482 14 epiblastic epiblastic JJ 43431 482 15 origin origin NN 43431 482 16 , , , 43431 482 17 the the DT 43431 482 18 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 482 19 , , , 43431 482 20 and and CC 43431 482 21 an an DT 43431 482 22 inner inner JJ 43431 482 23 layer layer NN 43431 482 24 of of IN 43431 482 25 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 482 26 origin origin NN 43431 482 27 , , , 43431 482 28 the the DT 43431 482 29 dermis dermis NN 43431 482 30 . . . 43431 483 1 The the DT 43431 483 2 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 483 3 is be VBZ 43431 483 4 divided divide VBN 43431 483 5 into into IN 43431 483 6 two two CD 43431 483 7 principal principal JJ 43431 483 8 layers layer NNS 43431 483 9 , , , 43431 483 10 an an DT 43431 483 11 outer outer JJ 43431 483 12 one one NN 43431 483 13 , , , 43431 483 14 the the DT 43431 483 15 horny horny JJ 43431 483 16 layer layer NN 43431 483 17 or or CC 43431 483 18 _ _ NNP 43431 483 19 stratum stratum JJ 43431 483 20 corneum corneum NN 43431 483 21 _ _ NNP 43431 483 22 , , , 43431 483 23 and and CC 43431 483 24 an an DT 43431 483 25 inner inner JJ 43431 483 26 one one NN 43431 483 27 , , , 43431 483 28 the the DT 43431 483 29 _ _ NNP 43431 483 30 stratum stratum NN 43431 483 31 Malpighii Malpighii NNP 43431 483 32 _ _ NNP 43431 483 33 . . . 43431 484 1 The the DT 43431 484 2 innermost innermost JJS 43431 484 3 part part NN 43431 484 4 of of IN 43431 484 5 the the DT 43431 484 6 stratum stratum JJ 43431 484 7 corneum corneum NN 43431 484 8 is be VBZ 43431 484 9 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 484 10 as as IN 43431 484 11 the the DT 43431 484 12 _ _ NNP 43431 484 13 stratum stratum NN 43431 484 14 lucidum lucidum NN 43431 484 15 _ _ NNP 43431 484 16 , , , 43431 484 17 and and CC 43431 484 18 the the DT 43431 484 19 outermost outermost JJ 43431 484 20 part part NN 43431 484 21 of of IN 43431 484 22 the the DT 43431 484 23 stratum stratum JJ 43431 484 24 Malpighii Malpighii NNP 43431 484 25 as as IN 43431 484 26 the the DT 43431 484 27 _ _ NNP 43431 484 28 stratum stratum NN 43431 484 29 granulosum granulosum NNP 43431 484 30 _ _ NNP 43431 484 31 . . . 43431 485 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 485 2 2 2 LS 43431 485 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 485 4 The the DT 43431 485 5 enamel enamel NN 43431 485 6 of of IN 43431 485 7 the the DT 43431 485 8 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 485 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 485 10 of of IN 43431 485 11 some some DT 43431 485 12 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 485 13 is be VBZ 43431 485 14 hypoblastic hypoblastic JJ 43431 485 15 in in IN 43431 485 16 origin origin NN 43431 485 17 . . . 43431 486 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 486 2 3 3 LS 43431 486 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 486 4 See see VB 43431 486 5 also also RB 43431 486 6 p. p. NN 43431 486 7 71 71 CD 43431 486 8 . . . 43431 487 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 487 2 4 4 CD 43431 487 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 487 4 It -PRON- PRP 43431 487 5 is be VBZ 43431 487 6 usual usual JJ 43431 487 7 to to TO 43431 487 8 regard regard VB 43431 487 9 the the DT 43431 487 10 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 487 11 as as IN 43431 487 12 a a DT 43431 487 13 membrane membrane NN 43431 487 14 bone bone NN 43431 487 15 , , , 43431 487 16 but but CC 43431 487 17 Kölliker Kölliker NNP 43431 487 18 has have VBZ 43431 487 19 shown show VBN 43431 487 20 that that IN 43431 487 21 in in IN 43431 487 22 rabbit rabbit NN 43431 487 23 embryos embryo NNS 43431 487 24 of of IN 43431 487 25 about about RB 43431 487 26 the the DT 43431 487 27 17th 17th JJ 43431 487 28 day day NN 43431 487 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 487 30 is be VBZ 43431 487 31 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 487 32 . . . 43431 488 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 488 2 5 5 CD 43431 488 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 488 4 In in IN 43431 488 5 compiling compile VBG 43431 488 6 these these DT 43431 488 7 paragraphs paragraph NNS 43431 488 8 on on IN 43431 488 9 Histology Histology NNP 43431 488 10 , , , 43431 488 11 free free JJ 43431 488 12 use use NN 43431 488 13 has have VBZ 43431 488 14 been be VBN 43431 488 15 made make VBN 43431 488 16 of of IN 43431 488 17 Klein Klein NNP 43431 488 18 and and CC 43431 488 19 Noble Noble NNP 43431 488 20 Smith Smith NNP 43431 488 21 's 's POS 43431 488 22 _ _ NNP 43431 488 23 Atlas Atlas NNP 43431 488 24 of of IN 43431 488 25 Histology Histology NNP 43431 488 26 _ _ NNP 43431 488 27 , , , 43431 488 28 the the DT 43431 488 29 small small JJ 43431 488 30 Histologies Histologies NNPS 43431 488 31 of of IN 43431 488 32 Klein Klein NNP 43431 488 33 and and CC 43431 488 34 Schäfer schã¤fer NN 43431 488 35 , , , 43431 488 36 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 488 37 's 's POS 43431 488 38 _ _ NNP 43431 488 39 Elementary Elementary NNP 43431 488 40 Physiology Physiology NNP 43431 488 41 _ _ NNP 43431 488 42 , , , 43431 488 43 and and CC 43431 488 44 Lloyd Lloyd NNP 43431 488 45 Morgan Morgan NNP 43431 488 46 's 's POS 43431 488 47 _ _ NNP 43431 488 48 Animal Animal NNP 43431 488 49 Biology Biology NNP 43431 488 50 _ _ NNP 43431 488 51 . . . 43431 489 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 489 2 6 6 CD 43431 489 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 489 4 See see VB 43431 489 5 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 489 6 's 's POS 43431 489 7 _ _ NNP 43431 489 8 Elementary Elementary NNP 43431 489 9 Physiology Physiology NNP 43431 489 10 _ _ NNP 43431 489 11 , , , 43431 489 12 Revised revise VBN 43431 489 13 edition edition NN 43431 489 14 , , , 43431 489 15 London London NNP 43431 489 16 , , , 43431 489 17 1886 1886 CD 43431 489 18 , , , 43431 489 19 p. p. NN 43431 489 20 180 180 CD 43431 489 21 . . . 43431 490 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 490 2 7 7 CD 43431 490 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 490 4 Strictly strictly RB 43431 490 5 speaking speak VBG 43431 490 6 the the DT 43431 490 7 jaws jaw NNS 43431 490 8 , , , 43431 490 9 visceral visceral JJ 43431 490 10 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 490 11 , , , 43431 490 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 490 13 and and CC 43431 490 14 sternum sternum NNP 43431 490 15 do do VBP 43431 490 16 not not RB 43431 490 17 form form VB 43431 490 18 part part NN 43431 490 19 of of IN 43431 490 20 the the DT 43431 490 21 axis axis NN 43431 490 22 , , , 43431 490 23 but but CC 43431 490 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 490 25 is be VBZ 43431 490 26 convenient convenient JJ 43431 490 27 to to TO 43431 490 28 group group VB 43431 490 29 them -PRON- PRP 43431 490 30 as as IN 43431 490 31 parts part NNS 43431 490 32 of of IN 43431 490 33 the the DT 43431 490 34 axial axial JJ 43431 490 35 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 490 36 . . . 43431 491 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 491 2 8 8 CD 43431 491 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 491 4 F.M. F.M. NNP 43431 492 1 Balfour Balfour NNP 43431 492 2 , , , 43431 492 3 _ _ NNP 43431 492 4 Comparative Comparative NNP 43431 492 5 Embryology Embryology NNP 43431 492 6 _ _ NNP 43431 492 7 , , , 43431 492 8 vol vol NNP 43431 492 9 . . . 43431 493 1 II II NNP 43431 493 2 . . NNP 43431 493 3 , , , 43431 493 4 London London NNP 43431 493 5 , , , 43431 493 6 1881 1881 CD 43431 493 7 , , , 43431 493 8 p. p. NN 43431 493 9 465 465 CD 43431 493 10 . . . 43431 494 1 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 495 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 495 2 and and CC 43431 495 3 G.T. G.T. NNP 43431 496 1 Bettany Bettany NNP 43431 496 2 , , , 43431 496 3 _ _ NNP 43431 496 4 The the DT 43431 496 5 Morphology Morphology NNP 43431 496 6 of of IN 43431 496 7 the the DT 43431 496 8 Skull Skull NNP 43431 496 9 _ _ NNP 43431 496 10 , , , 43431 496 11 London London NNP 43431 496 12 , , , 43431 496 13 1877 1877 CD 43431 496 14 . . . 43431 497 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 497 2 9 9 CD 43431 497 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 497 4 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 497 5 also also RB 43431 497 6 called call VBD 43431 497 7 ectethmoids ectethmoid NNS 43431 497 8 or or CC 43431 497 9 parethmoids parethmoid NNS 43431 497 10 . . . 43431 498 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 498 2 10 10 CD 43431 498 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 498 4 The the DT 43431 498 5 _ _ NNP 43431 498 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 498 7 _ _ NNP 43431 498 8 end end NN 43431 498 9 of of IN 43431 498 10 anything anything NN 43431 498 11 is be VBZ 43431 498 12 the the DT 43431 498 13 one one NN 43431 498 14 nearest near JJS 43431 498 15 the the DT 43431 498 16 point point NN 43431 498 17 of of IN 43431 498 18 origin origin NN 43431 498 19 or or CC 43431 498 20 attachment attachment NN 43431 498 21 , , , 43431 498 22 the the DT 43431 498 23 _ _ NNP 43431 498 24 distal distal JJ 43431 498 25 _ _ NNP 43431 498 26 end end NN 43431 498 27 is be VBZ 43431 498 28 the the DT 43431 498 29 one one CD 43431 498 30 furthest furthest NN 43431 498 31 from from IN 43431 498 32 the the DT 43431 498 33 point point NN 43431 498 34 of of IN 43431 498 35 origin origin NN 43431 498 36 or or CC 43431 498 37 attachment attachment NN 43431 498 38 . . . 43431 499 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 499 2 11 11 CD 43431 499 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 499 4 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 500 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 500 2 , , , 43431 500 3 _ _ NNP 43431 500 4 A A NNP 43431 500 5 Monograph Monograph NNP 43431 500 6 of of IN 43431 500 7 the the DT 43431 500 8 Shoulder Shoulder NNP 43431 500 9 Girdle Girdle NNP 43431 500 10 and and CC 43431 500 11 Sternum Sternum NNP 43431 500 12 _ _ NNP 43431 500 13 , , , 43431 500 14 Ray Ray NNP 43431 500 15 Soc Soc NNP 43431 500 16 . . . 43431 501 1 London London NNP 43431 501 2 , , , 43431 501 3 1868 1868 CD 43431 501 4 . . . 43431 502 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 502 2 12 12 CD 43431 502 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 502 4 See see VB 43431 502 5 R. R. NNP 43431 502 6 Wiedersheim Wiedersheim NNP 43431 502 7 , , , 43431 502 8 _ _ NNP 43431 502 9 Zeitschr Zeitschr NNP 43431 502 10 . . . 43431 503 1 wiss wiss NNP 43431 503 2 . . . 43431 504 1 Zool Zool NNP 43431 504 2 . . . 43431 504 3 _ _ NNP 43431 504 4 vol vol NNP 43431 504 5 . . . 43431 505 1 LIII LIII NNP 43431 505 2 . . . 43431 506 1 suppl suppl NN 43431 506 2 . . . 43431 507 1 p. p. NN 43431 507 2 43 43 CD 43431 507 3 , , , 43431 507 4 1892 1892 CD 43431 507 5 . . . 43431 508 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 508 2 13 13 CD 43431 508 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 508 4 G. G. NNP 43431 508 5 Baur Baur NNP 43431 508 6 , , , 43431 508 7 _ _ NNP 43431 508 8 Beiträge Beiträge NNP 43431 508 9 zur zur NN 43431 508 10 Morphogenie Morphogenie NNP 43431 508 11 des des FW 43431 508 12 Carpus Carpus NNP 43431 508 13 und und VBP 43431 508 14 Tarsus Tarsus NNP 43431 508 15 der der VBP 43431 508 16 Vertebraten Vertebraten NNP 43431 508 17 _ _ NNP 43431 508 18 , , , 43431 508 19 Theil Theil NNP 43431 508 20 1 1 CD 43431 508 21 . . . 43431 509 1 Batrachia Batrachia NNS 43431 509 2 . . . 43431 510 1 Jena Jena NNP 43431 510 2 , , , 43431 510 3 1888 1888 CD 43431 510 4 , , , 43431 510 5 and and CC 43431 510 6 _ _ NNP 43431 510 7 Amer Amer NNP 43431 510 8 . . . 43431 511 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 511 2 . . . 43431 511 3 _ _ NNP 43431 511 4 , , , 43431 511 5 vol vol NNP 43431 511 6 . . . 43431 512 1 XIX XIX NNP 43431 512 2 . . . 43431 513 1 1885 1885 CD 43431 513 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 513 3 several several JJ 43431 513 4 papers paper NNS 43431 513 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 513 6 . . . 43431 514 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 514 2 14 14 CD 43431 514 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 514 4 This this DT 43431 514 5 account account NN 43431 514 6 is be VBZ 43431 514 7 based base VBN 43431 514 8 on on IN 43431 514 9 Chapter Chapter NNP 43431 514 10 XX XX NNP 43431 514 11 . . . 43431 515 1 of of IN 43431 515 2 Flower Flower NNP 43431 515 3 's 's POS 43431 515 4 _ _ NNP 43431 515 5 Osteology Osteology NNP 43431 515 6 of of IN 43431 515 7 the the DT 43431 515 8 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 515 9 _ _ NNP 43431 515 10 . . . 43431 516 1 London London NNP 43431 516 2 1876 1876 CD 43431 516 3 . . . 43431 517 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 517 2 II II NNP 43431 517 3 . . . 43431 518 1 CLASSIFICATION classification NN 43431 518 2 . . . 43431 519 1 THE the DT 43431 519 2 following follow VBG 43431 519 3 classification classification NN 43431 519 4 includes include VBZ 43431 519 5 _ _ NNP 43431 519 6 only only RB 43431 519 7 the the DT 43431 519 8 forms form NNS 43431 519 9 mentioned mention VBN 43431 519 10 in in IN 43431 519 11 the the DT 43431 519 12 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 519 13 pages page NNS 43431 519 14 _ _ NNP 43431 519 15 . . . 43431 520 1 The the DT 43431 520 2 relative relative JJ 43431 520 3 value value NN 43431 520 4 of of IN 43431 520 5 some some DT 43431 520 6 of of IN 43431 520 7 the the DT 43431 520 8 terms term NNS 43431 520 9 employed employ VBN 43431 520 10 in in IN 43431 520 11 classification classification NN 43431 520 12 is be VBZ 43431 520 13 not not RB 43431 520 14 identical identical JJ 43431 520 15 throughout throughout IN 43431 520 16 the the DT 43431 520 17 book book NN 43431 520 18 . . . 43431 521 1 This this DT 43431 521 2 remark remark NN 43431 521 3 applies apply VBZ 43431 521 4 specially specially RB 43431 521 5 to to IN 43431 521 6 the the DT 43431 521 7 term term NN 43431 521 8 _ _ NNP 43431 521 9 group group NN 43431 521 10 _ _ NNP 43431 521 11 , , , 43431 521 12 which which WDT 43431 521 13 is be VBZ 43431 521 14 a a DT 43431 521 15 convenient convenient JJ 43431 521 16 one one NN 43431 521 17 , , , 43431 521 18 owing owe VBG 43431 521 19 to to IN 43431 521 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 521 21 not not RB 43431 521 22 having have VBG 43431 521 23 such such PDT 43431 521 24 a a DT 43431 521 25 hard hard JJ 43431 521 26 and and CC 43431 521 27 fast fast JJ 43431 521 28 zoological zoological JJ 43431 521 29 meaning meaning NN 43431 521 30 as as IN 43431 521 31 has have VBZ 43431 521 32 the the DT 43431 521 33 term term NN 43431 521 34 _ _ NNP 43431 521 35 family family NN 43431 521 36 _ _ NNP 43431 521 37 , , , 43431 521 38 for for IN 43431 521 39 instance instance NN 43431 521 40 . . . 43431 522 1 The the DT 43431 522 2 term term NN 43431 522 3 _ _ NNP 43431 522 4 group group NN 43431 522 5 _ _ NNP 43431 522 6 is be VBZ 43431 522 7 applied apply VBN 43431 522 8 in in IN 43431 522 9 this this DT 43431 522 10 book book NN 43431 522 11 to to IN 43431 522 12 divisions division NNS 43431 522 13 of of IN 43431 522 14 the the DT 43431 522 15 animal animal NN 43431 522 16 kingdom kingdom NN 43431 522 17 of of IN 43431 522 18 very very RB 43431 522 19 different different JJ 43431 522 20 classificatory classificatory JJ 43431 522 21 importance importance NN 43431 522 22 . . . 43431 523 1 PHYLUM PHYLUM NNP 43431 523 2 CHORDATA CHORDATA NNP 43431 523 3 . . . 43431 524 1 SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM NNP 43431 524 2 A. A. NNP 43431 524 3 HEMICHORDATA HEMICHORDATA NNP 43431 524 4 . . . 43431 525 1 Balanoglossus Balanoglossus NNP 43431 525 2 . . . 43431 526 1 Cephalodiscus Cephalodiscus NNP 43431 526 2 . . . 43431 527 1 Rhabdopleura Rhabdopleura NNP 43431 527 2 . . . 43431 528 1 ? ? . 43431 529 1 Phoronis Phoronis NNP 43431 529 2 . . . 43431 530 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 530 2 ? ? . 43431 531 1 Actinotrocha Actinotrocha NNS 43431 531 2 -- -- : 43431 531 3 larval larval JJ 43431 531 4 Phoronis Phoronis NNP 43431 531 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 531 6 . . . 43431 532 1 SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM NNP 43431 532 2 B. B. NNP 43431 532 3 UROCHORDATA UROCHORDATA NNP 43431 532 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 532 5 TUNICATA TUNICATA NNP 43431 532 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 532 7 . . . 43431 533 1 Group group NN 43431 533 2 LARVACEA LARVACEA NNP 43431 533 3 and and CC 43431 533 4 others other NNS 43431 533 5 . . . 43431 534 1 SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM NNP 43431 534 2 C. C. NNP 43431 534 3 CEPHALOCHORDATA CEPHALOCHORDATA NNP 43431 534 4 . . . 43431 535 1 Amphioxus amphioxus JJ 43431 535 2 -- -- : 43431 535 3 lancelet lancelet NN 43431 535 4 . . . 43431 536 1 NOTE NOTE NNP 43431 536 2 . . . 43431 537 1 In in IN 43431 537 2 this this DT 43431 537 3 chapter chapter NN 43431 537 4 all all PDT 43431 537 5 the the DT 43431 537 6 generic generic JJ 43431 537 7 names name NNS 43431 537 8 printed print VBN 43431 537 9 in in IN 43431 537 10 italics italic NNS 43431 537 11 are be VBP 43431 537 12 those those DT 43431 537 13 of of IN 43431 537 14 extinct extinct JJ 43431 537 15 animals animal NNS 43431 537 16 . . . 43431 538 1 SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM NNP 43431 538 2 D. D. NNP 43431 538 3 VERTEBRATA VERTEBRATA NNP 43431 538 4 . . . 43431 539 1 DIVISION DIVISION NNP 43431 539 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 539 3 I i NN 43431 539 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 539 5 . . . 43431 540 1 CYCLOSTOMATA cyclostomata UH 43431 540 2 . . . 43431 541 1 Order order NN 43431 541 2 1 1 CD 43431 541 3 . . . 43431 542 1 MARSIPOBRANCHII MARSIPOBRANCHII NNS 43431 542 2 . . . 43431 543 1 Family family NN 43431 543 2 = = SYM 43431 543 3 Myxinoidei=. myxinoidei=. NN 43431 544 1 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 544 2 -- -- : 43431 544 3 hag hag NN 43431 544 4 - - HYPH 43431 544 5 fish fish NN 43431 544 6 . . . 43431 545 1 Bdellostoma Bdellostoma NNP 43431 545 2 . . . 43431 546 1 Family family NN 43431 546 2 = = SYM 43431 546 3 Petromyzontidae=. Petromyzontidae=. NNP 43431 547 1 Petromyzon Petromyzon NNP 43431 547 2 -- -- : 43431 547 3 lamprey lamprey NNP 43431 547 4 . . . 43431 548 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 548 2 Ammocoetes ammocoete NNS 43431 548 3 -- -- : 43431 548 4 larval larval NNP 43431 548 5 lamprey lamprey NNP 43431 548 6 . . . 43431 548 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 549 1 Family family NN 43431 549 2 = = SYM 43431 549 3 Palaeospondylidae=. palaeospondylidae=. NN 43431 550 1 _ _ NNP 43431 550 2 Palaeospondylus Palaeospondylus NNP 43431 550 3 . . . 43431 550 4 _ _ NNP 43431 550 5 Order Order NNP 43431 550 6 2 2 CD 43431 550 7 . . . 43431 551 1 OSTRACODERMI OSTRACODERMI NNP 43431 551 2 . . . 43431 552 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 552 2 1 1 CD 43431 552 3 . . . 43431 553 1 HETEROSTRACI HETEROSTRACI NNP 43431 553 2 . . . 43431 554 1 Family family NN 43431 554 2 = = SYM 43431 554 3 Pteraspidae=. Pteraspidae=. NNP 43431 555 1 _ _ NNP 43431 555 2 Pteraspis Pteraspis NNP 43431 555 3 . . . 43431 555 4 _ _ NNP 43431 555 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 555 6 2 2 CD 43431 555 7 . . . 43431 556 1 OSTEOSTRACI OSTEOSTRACI NNP 43431 556 2 . . . 43431 557 1 Family family NN 43431 557 2 = = SYM 43431 557 3 Cephalaspidae=. cephalaspidae=. NN 43431 558 1 _ _ NNP 43431 558 2 Cephalaspis Cephalaspis NNP 43431 558 3 . . . 43431 558 4 _ _ NNP 43431 558 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 558 6 3 3 CD 43431 558 7 . . . 43431 559 1 ANTIARCHA ANTIARCHA NNP 43431 559 2 . . . 43431 560 1 Family family NN 43431 560 2 = = SYM 43431 560 3 Asterolepidae=. asterolepidae=. FW 43431 561 1 _ _ NNP 43431 561 2 Pterichthys Pterichthys NNP 43431 561 3 . . . 43431 561 4 _ _ NNP 43431 561 5 _ _ NNP 43431 561 6 Asterolepis Asterolepis NNP 43431 561 7 . . . 43431 561 8 _ _ NNP 43431 561 9 DIVISION DIVISION NNP 43431 561 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 561 11 II II NNP 43431 561 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 561 13 . . . 43431 562 1 GNATHOSTOMATA GNATHOSTOMATA NNP 43431 562 2 . . . 43431 563 1 A. A. NNP 43431 563 2 ICHTHYOPSIDA ICHTHYOPSIDA NNP 43431 563 3 . . . 43431 564 1 CLASS CLASS NNP 43431 564 2 I. i. NN 43431 564 3 PISCES pisces NN 43431 564 4 . . . 43431 565 1 Order order NN 43431 565 2 1 1 CD 43431 565 3 . . . 43431 566 1 ELASMOBRANCHII ELASMOBRANCHII NNP 43431 566 2 . . . 43431 567 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 567 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 567 3 1 1 CD 43431 567 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 567 5 . . . 43431 568 1 ICHTHYOTOMI ICHTHYOTOMI NNS 43431 568 2 . . . 43431 569 1 Family family NN 43431 569 2 = = SYM 43431 569 3 Pleuracanthidae=. pleuracanthidae=. NN 43431 570 1 _ _ NNP 43431 570 2 Xenacanthus Xenacanthus NNP 43431 570 3 . . . 43431 570 4 _ _ NNP 43431 570 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 570 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 570 7 2 2 CD 43431 570 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 570 9 . . . 43431 571 1 PLEUROPTERYGII PLEUROPTERYGII NNP 43431 571 2 . . . 43431 572 1 _ _ NNP 43431 572 2 Cladoselache Cladoselache NNP 43431 572 3 . . . 43431 572 4 _ _ NNP 43431 572 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 572 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 572 7 3 3 CD 43431 572 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 572 9 . . . 43431 573 1 SELACHII SELACHII NNP 43431 573 2 . . . 43431 574 1 Group Group NNP 43431 574 2 SQUALIDAE SQUALIDAE NNP 43431 574 3 . . . 43431 575 1 Family family NN 43431 575 2 = = SYM 43431 575 3 Notidanidae=. Notidanidae=. NNP 43431 576 1 Heptanchus heptanchus UH 43431 576 2 . . . 43431 577 1 Hexanchus Hexanchus NNP 43431 577 2 . . . 43431 578 1 Chlamydoselache Chlamydoselache NNP 43431 578 2 -- -- : 43431 578 3 frill frill NN 43431 578 4 - - HYPH 43431 578 5 gilled gille VBN 43431 578 6 shark shark NN 43431 578 7 . . . 43431 579 1 Family family NN 43431 579 2 = = SYM 43431 579 3 Cochliodontidae=. Cochliodontidae=. NNS 43431 580 1 _ _ NNP 43431 580 2 Cochliodus Cochliodus NNP 43431 580 3 . . . 43431 580 4 _ _ NNP 43431 580 5 Family Family NNP 43431 580 6 = = SYM 43431 580 7 Cestraciontidae=. cestraciontidae=. FW 43431 581 1 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 581 2 -- -- : 43431 581 3 Port Port NNP 43431 581 4 Jackson Jackson NNP 43431 581 5 shark shark NN 43431 581 6 . . . 43431 582 1 _ _ NNP 43431 582 2 Acrodus Acrodus NNP 43431 582 3 . . . 43431 582 4 _ _ NNP 43431 582 5 Family Family NNP 43431 582 6 = = SYM 43431 582 7 Scylliidae=. Scylliidae=. NNP 43431 583 1 Scyllium scyllium NN 43431 583 2 -- -- : 43431 583 3 spotted spot VBN 43431 583 4 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 583 5 . . . 43431 584 1 Family family NN 43431 584 2 = = SYM 43431 584 3 Lamnidae=. lamnidae=. NN 43431 585 1 Odontaspis odontaspis NN 43431 585 2 . . . 43431 586 1 Family family NN 43431 586 2 = = SYM 43431 586 3 Carcharidae=. Carcharidae=. NNP 43431 587 1 Galeus galeus NN 43431 587 2 -- -- : 43431 587 3 tope tope NN 43431 587 4 . . . 43431 588 1 Family family NN 43431 588 2 = = SYM 43431 588 3 Spinacidae=. spinacidae=. NN 43431 589 1 Acanthias acanthias RB 43431 589 2 -- -- : 43431 589 3 spiny spiny JJ 43431 589 4 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 589 5 . . . 43431 590 1 Scymnus scymnus NN 43431 590 2 . . . 43431 591 1 Family family NN 43431 591 2 = = SYM 43431 591 3 Squatinidae=. squatinidae=. NN 43431 592 1 Squatina Squatina NNP 43431 592 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 592 3 Rhina)--angel Rhina)--angel NNP 43431 592 4 fish fish NN 43431 592 5 . . . 43431 593 1 Group group NN 43431 593 2 BATOIDEI BATOIDEI NNP 43431 593 3 . . . 43431 594 1 Family family NN 43431 594 2 = = SYM 43431 594 3 Pristidae=. Pristidae=. NNP 43431 595 1 Pristis Pristis NNP 43431 595 2 -- -- : 43431 595 3 saw saw NN 43431 595 4 - - HYPH 43431 595 5 fish fish NN 43431 595 6 . . . 43431 596 1 Family family NN 43431 596 2 = = SYM 43431 596 3 Raiidae=. raiidae=. NN 43431 597 1 Raia Raia NNP 43431 597 2 -- -- : 43431 597 3 skate skate VB 43431 597 4 . . . 43431 598 1 Family family NN 43431 598 2 = = SYM 43431 598 3 Myliobatidae=. Myliobatidae=. NNP 43431 599 1 Myliobatis myliobatis NN 43431 599 2 -- -- : 43431 599 3 eagle eagle NN 43431 599 4 ray ray NN 43431 599 5 . . . 43431 600 1 Family family NN 43431 600 2 = = SYM 43431 600 3 Trygonidae=. trygonidae=. ADD 43431 601 1 Trygon Trygon NNP 43431 601 2 -- -- : 43431 601 3 sting ste VBG 43431 601 4 ray ray NN 43431 601 5 . . . 43431 602 1 Family family NN 43431 602 2 = = SYM 43431 602 3 Torpedinidae=. torpedinidae=. NN 43431 603 1 Torpedo torpedo NN 43431 603 2 -- -- : 43431 603 3 electric electric JJ 43431 603 4 ray ray NN 43431 603 5 . . . 43431 604 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 604 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 604 3 4 4 CD 43431 604 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 604 5 . . . 43431 605 1 ACANTHODII acanthodii NN 43431 605 2 . . . 43431 606 1 Family family NN 43431 606 2 = = SYM 43431 606 3 Acanthodidae=. Acanthodidae=. NNP 43431 607 1 _ _ NNP 43431 607 2 Acanthodes Acanthodes NNP 43431 607 3 . . . 43431 607 4 _ _ NNP 43431 607 5 Family Family NNP 43431 607 6 = = SYM 43431 607 7 Diplacanthidae=. Diplacanthidae=. NNP 43431 608 1 _ _ NNP 43431 608 2 Diplacanthus Diplacanthus NNP 43431 608 3 . . . 43431 608 4 _ _ NNP 43431 608 5 Order Order NNP 43431 608 6 2 2 CD 43431 608 7 . . . 43431 609 1 HOLOCEPHALI HOLOCEPHALI NNS 43431 609 2 . . . 43431 610 1 Family family NN 43431 610 2 = = SYM 43431 610 3 Chimaeridae=. chimaeridae=. FW 43431 611 1 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 611 2 -- -- : 43431 611 3 rabbit rabbit NN 43431 611 4 fish fish NN 43431 611 5 . . . 43431 612 1 Harriotta Harriotta NNP 43431 612 2 . . . 43431 613 1 Callorhynchus callorhynchu NNS 43431 613 2 . . . 43431 614 1 _ _ NNP 43431 614 2 Ischyodus Ischyodus NNP 43431 614 3 . . . 43431 614 4 _ _ NNP 43431 614 5 Order order NN 43431 614 6 3 3 CD 43431 614 7 . . . 43431 615 1 GANOIDEI GANOIDEI NNP 43431 615 2 . . . 43431 616 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 616 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 616 3 1 1 CD 43431 616 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 616 5 . . . 43431 617 1 CHONDROSTEI CHONDROSTEI NNP 43431 617 2 . . . 43431 618 1 Family family NN 43431 618 2 = = SYM 43431 618 3 Palaeoniscidae=. palaeoniscidae=. NN 43431 619 1 _ _ NNP 43431 619 2 Palaeoniscus Palaeoniscus NNP 43431 619 3 . . . 43431 619 4 _ _ NNP 43431 619 5 _ _ NNP 43431 619 6 Trissolepis Trissolepis NNP 43431 619 7 . . . 43431 619 8 _ _ NNP 43431 619 9 Family Family NNP 43431 619 10 = = SYM 43431 619 11 Acipenseridae=. acipenseridae=. NN 43431 620 1 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 620 2 -- -- : 43431 620 3 sturgeon sturgeon NN 43431 620 4 . . . 43431 621 1 Scaphirhynchus scaphirhynchu NNS 43431 621 2 . . . 43431 622 1 Family family NN 43431 622 2 = = SYM 43431 622 3 Polyodontidae=. Polyodontidae=. NNP 43431 623 1 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 623 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 623 3 Spatularia)--spoon spatularia)--spoon RB 43431 623 4 - - HYPH 43431 623 5 beaked beak VBN 43431 623 6 sturgeon sturgeon NN 43431 623 7 . . . 43431 624 1 Psephurus Psephurus NNP 43431 624 2 -- -- : 43431 624 3 slender slender NN 43431 624 4 - - HYPH 43431 624 5 beaked beak VBN 43431 624 6 sturgeon sturgeon NN 43431 624 7 . . . 43431 625 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 625 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 625 3 2 2 CD 43431 625 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 625 5 . . . 43431 626 1 CROSSOPTERYGII CROSSOPTERYGII NNP 43431 626 2 . . . 43431 627 1 Family family NN 43431 627 2 = = SYM 43431 627 3 Holoptychiidae=. holoptychiidae=. NN 43431 628 1 _ _ NNP 43431 628 2 Holoptychius Holoptychius NNP 43431 628 3 . . . 43431 628 4 _ _ NNP 43431 628 5 Family Family NNP 43431 628 6 = = SYM 43431 628 7 Rhizodontidae=. Rhizodontidae=. NNP 43431 629 1 _ _ NNP 43431 629 2 Rhizodus Rhizodus NNP 43431 629 3 . . . 43431 629 4 _ _ NNP 43431 629 5 Family Family NNP 43431 629 6 = = SYM 43431 629 7 Osteolepidae=. osteolepidae=. NN 43431 630 1 _ _ NNP 43431 630 2 Osteolepis Osteolepis NNP 43431 630 3 . . . 43431 630 4 _ _ NNP 43431 630 5 Family Family NNP 43431 630 6 = = SYM 43431 630 7 Polypteridae=. Polypteridae=. NNP 43431 631 1 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 631 2 -- -- : 43431 631 3 bichir bichir JJ 43431 631 4 . . . 43431 632 1 Calamoichthys calamoichthys NN 43431 632 2 -- -- : 43431 632 3 reed reed NN 43431 632 4 - - HYPH 43431 632 5 fish fish NN 43431 632 6 . . . 43431 633 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 633 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 633 3 3 3 CD 43431 633 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 633 5 . . . 43431 634 1 HOLOSTEI HOLOSTEI NNP 43431 634 2 . . . 43431 635 1 Family family NN 43431 635 2 = = SYM 43431 635 3 Lepidosteidae=. Lepidosteidae=. '' 43431 636 1 Lepidosteus lepidosteus NN 43431 636 2 -- -- : 43431 636 3 gar gar VB 43431 636 4 pike pike NNP 43431 636 5 . . . 43431 637 1 Family family NN 43431 637 2 = = SYM 43431 637 3 Semionotidae=. semionotidae=. NN 43431 638 1 _ _ NNP 43431 638 2 Lepidotus Lepidotus NNP 43431 638 3 . . . 43431 638 4 _ _ NNP 43431 638 5 Family Family NNP 43431 638 6 = = SYM 43431 638 7 Amiidae=. amiidae=. NN 43431 639 1 Amia Amia NNP 43431 639 2 -- -- : 43431 639 3 bow bow NN 43431 639 4 - - HYPH 43431 639 5 fin fin NNP 43431 639 6 . . . 43431 640 1 Order order NN 43431 640 2 4 4 CD 43431 640 3 . . . 43431 641 1 TELEOSTEI TELEOSTEI NNP 43431 641 2 . . . 43431 642 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 642 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 642 3 1 1 CD 43431 642 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 642 5 . . . 43431 643 1 PLECTOGNATHI plectognathi NN 43431 643 2 . . . 43431 644 1 Family family NN 43431 644 2 = = SYM 43431 644 3 Balistidae=. balistidae=. NN 43431 645 1 Balistes baliste NNS 43431 645 2 -- -- : 43431 645 3 file file NN 43431 645 4 - - HYPH 43431 645 5 fish fish NN 43431 645 6 . . . 43431 646 1 Family family NN 43431 646 2 = = SYM 43431 646 3 Gymnodontidae=. gymnodontidae=. NN 43431 647 1 Diodon Diodon NNP 43431 647 2 -- -- : 43431 647 3 globe globe NN 43431 647 4 - - HYPH 43431 647 5 fish fish NN 43431 647 6 . . . 43431 648 1 Family family NN 43431 648 2 = = SYM 43431 648 3 Ostracionidae=. ostracionidae=. NN 43431 649 1 Ostracion ostracion NN 43431 649 2 -- -- : 43431 649 3 coffer coffer NN 43431 649 4 - - HYPH 43431 649 5 fish fish NN 43431 649 6 . . . 43431 650 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 650 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 650 3 2 2 CD 43431 650 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 650 5 . . . 43431 651 1 PHYSOSTOMI PHYSOSTOMI NNP 43431 651 2 . . . 43431 652 1 Family family NN 43431 652 2 = = SYM 43431 652 3 Siluridae=.--cat siluridae=.--cat NN 43431 652 4 - - HYPH 43431 652 5 fishes fish NNS 43431 652 6 . . . 43431 653 1 Family family NN 43431 653 2 = = SYM 43431 653 3 Cyprinidae=. cyprinidae=. NN 43431 654 1 Cyprinus cyprinus JJ 43431 654 2 -- -- : 43431 654 3 carp carp NN 43431 654 4 . . . 43431 655 1 Family family NN 43431 655 2 = = SYM 43431 655 3 Esocidae=. Esocidae=. NNP 43431 656 1 Esox esox UH 43431 656 2 -- -- : 43431 656 3 pike pike RB 43431 656 4 . . . 43431 657 1 Family family NN 43431 657 2 = = SYM 43431 657 3 Salmonidae=. salmonidae=. NN 43431 658 1 Salmo salmo JJ 43431 658 2 -- -- : 43431 658 3 salmon salmon NN 43431 658 4 . . . 43431 659 1 Family family NN 43431 659 2 = = SYM 43431 659 3 Clupeidae=. clupeidae=. NN 43431 660 1 Clupeus Clupeus NNP 43431 660 2 -- -- : 43431 660 3 herring herre VBG 43431 660 4 . . . 43431 661 1 Exocaetus--'flying exocaetus--'flye VBG 43431 661 2 fish fish NN 43431 661 3 ' ' '' 43431 661 4 . . . 43431 662 1 Family family NN 43431 662 2 = = SYM 43431 662 3 Muraenidae=. Muraenidae=. NNP 43431 663 1 Anguilla anguilla JJ 43431 663 2 -- -- : 43431 663 3 eel eel NN 43431 663 4 . . . 43431 664 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 664 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 664 3 3 3 CD 43431 664 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 664 5 . . . 43431 665 1 ANACANTHINI ANACANTHINI NNS 43431 665 2 . . . 43431 666 1 Family family NN 43431 666 2 = = SYM 43431 666 3 Gadidae=. Gadidae=. VBZ 43431 667 1 Gadus Gadus NNP 43431 667 2 -- -- : 43431 667 3 cod cod NN 43431 667 4 , , , 43431 667 5 haddock haddock NN 43431 667 6 , , , 43431 667 7 whiting white VBG 43431 667 8 . . . 43431 668 1 Family family NN 43431 668 2 = = SYM 43431 668 3 Pleuronectidae=. pleuronectidae=. NN 43431 669 1 Solea solea JJ 43431 669 2 -- -- : 43431 669 3 sole sole JJ 43431 669 4 . . . 43431 670 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 670 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 670 3 4 4 CD 43431 670 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 670 5 . . . 43431 671 1 PHARYNGOGNATHI PHARYNGOGNATHI NNP 43431 671 2 . . . 43431 672 1 Family family NN 43431 672 2 = = SYM 43431 672 3 Labridae=. Labridae=. NNP 43431 673 1 Labrus Labrus NNP 43431 673 2 -- -- : 43431 673 3 wrasse wrasse NNP 43431 673 4 . . . 43431 674 1 Scarus Scarus NNP 43431 674 2 -- -- : 43431 674 3 parrot parrot JJ 43431 674 4 fish fish NN 43431 674 5 . . . 43431 675 1 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 675 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 675 3 5 5 CD 43431 675 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 675 5 . . . 43431 676 1 ACANTHOPTERYGII ACANTHOPTERYGII NNP 43431 676 2 . . . 43431 677 1 Family family NN 43431 677 2 = = SYM 43431 677 3 Cataphracti=. cataphracti=. FW 43431 678 1 Dactylopterus Dactylopterus NNP 43431 678 2 -- -- : 43431 678 3 flying fly VBG 43431 678 4 gurnard gurnard NN 43431 678 5 . . . 43431 679 1 Family family NN 43431 679 2 = = SYM 43431 679 3 Percidae=. percidae=. NN 43431 680 1 Perca Perca NNP 43431 680 2 -- -- : 43431 680 3 perch perch NN 43431 680 4 . . . 43431 681 1 Order order NN 43431 681 2 5 5 CD 43431 681 3 . . . 43431 682 1 DIPNOI DIPNOI NNP 43431 682 2 . . . 43431 683 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 683 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 683 3 1 1 CD 43431 683 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 683 5 . . . 43431 684 1 SIRENOIDEI SIRENOIDEI NNP 43431 684 2 . . . 43431 685 1 Family family NN 43431 685 2 = = SYM 43431 685 3 Dipteridae=. dipteridae=. NN 43431 686 1 _ _ NNP 43431 686 2 Dipterus Dipterus NNP 43431 686 3 . . . 43431 686 4 _ _ NNP 43431 686 5 Family Family NNP 43431 686 6 = = SYM 43431 686 7 Monopneumona=. monopneumona=. NN 43431 687 1 Ceratodus ceratodus UH 43431 687 2 -- -- : 43431 687 3 barramunda barramunda NN 43431 687 4 . . . 43431 688 1 Family family NN 43431 688 2 = = SYM 43431 688 3 Dipneumona=. dipneumona=. NN 43431 689 1 Protopterus protopterus JJ 43431 689 2 -- -- : 43431 689 3 African african JJ 43431 689 4 mud mud NN 43431 689 5 - - HYPH 43431 689 6 fish fish NN 43431 689 7 . . . 43431 690 1 Lepidosiren Lepidosiren NNP 43431 690 2 . . . 43431 691 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 691 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 691 3 2 2 CD 43431 691 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 691 5 . . . 43431 692 1 ARTHRODIRA ARTHRODIRA NNP 43431 692 2 . . . 43431 693 1 Family family NN 43431 693 2 = = SYM 43431 693 3 Coccosteidae=. coccosteidae=. FW 43431 694 1 _ _ NNP 43431 694 2 Coccosteus Coccosteus NNP 43431 694 3 . . . 43431 694 4 _ _ NNP 43431 694 5 _ _ NNP 43431 694 6 Dinichthys Dinichthys NNP 43431 694 7 . . . 43431 694 8 _ _ NNP 43431 694 9 NOTE NOTE NNP 43431 694 10 . . . 43431 695 1 Palaeontological palaeontological JJ 43431 695 2 research research NN 43431 695 3 has have VBZ 43431 695 4 disclosed disclose VBN 43431 695 5 the the DT 43431 695 6 existence existence NN 43431 695 7 of of IN 43431 695 8 a a DT 43431 695 9 great great JJ 43431 695 10 number number NN 43431 695 11 of of IN 43431 695 12 forms form NNS 43431 695 13 which which WDT 43431 695 14 seem seem VBP 43431 695 15 to to TO 43431 695 16 connect connect VB 43431 695 17 with with IN 43431 695 18 one one NN 43431 695 19 another another DT 43431 695 20 almost almost RB 43431 695 21 all all PDT 43431 695 22 the the DT 43431 695 23 orders order NNS 43431 695 24 of of IN 43431 695 25 fishes fish NNS 43431 695 26 as as IN 43431 695 27 usually usually RB 43431 695 28 recognised recognise VBN 43431 695 29 . . . 43431 696 1 Forms form NNS 43431 696 2 connecting connect VBG 43431 696 3 the the DT 43431 696 4 living live VBG 43431 696 5 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 696 6 with with IN 43431 696 7 the the DT 43431 696 8 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 696 9 have have VBP 43431 696 10 been be VBN 43431 696 11 especially especially RB 43431 696 12 numerous numerous JJ 43431 696 13 , , , 43431 696 14 so so IN 43431 696 15 that that IN 43431 696 16 these these DT 43431 696 17 terms term NNS 43431 696 18 Ganoid Ganoid NNP 43431 696 19 and and CC 43431 696 20 Teleostean Teleostean NNP 43431 696 21 can can MD 43431 696 22 hardly hardly RB 43431 696 23 be be VB 43431 696 24 any any RB 43431 696 25 longer long RBR 43431 696 26 used use VBN 43431 696 27 in in IN 43431 696 28 a a DT 43431 696 29 precise precise JJ 43431 696 30 and and CC 43431 696 31 scientific scientific JJ 43431 696 32 sense sense NN 43431 696 33 . . . 43431 697 1 This this DT 43431 697 2 has have VBZ 43431 697 3 rendered render VBN 43431 697 4 the the DT 43431 697 5 subject subject NN 43431 697 6 of of IN 43431 697 7 the the DT 43431 697 8 classification classification NN 43431 697 9 of of IN 43431 697 10 fishes fish NNS 43431 697 11 a a DT 43431 697 12 very very RB 43431 697 13 difficult difficult JJ 43431 697 14 one one CD 43431 697 15 . . . 43431 698 1 Though though IN 43431 698 2 unsuitable unsuitable JJ 43431 698 3 for for IN 43431 698 4 adoption adoption NN 43431 698 5 in in IN 43431 698 6 a a DT 43431 698 7 work work NN 43431 698 8 like like IN 43431 698 9 the the DT 43431 698 10 present present NN 43431 698 11 , , , 43431 698 12 by by IN 43431 698 13 far far RB 43431 698 14 the the DT 43431 698 15 most most RBS 43431 698 16 natural natural JJ 43431 698 17 classification classification NN 43431 698 18 hitherto hitherto NNP 43431 698 19 proposed propose VBD 43431 698 20 seems seem VBZ 43431 698 21 to to TO 43431 698 22 be be VB 43431 698 23 that that DT 43431 698 24 of of IN 43431 698 25 Smith Smith NNP 43431 698 26 Woodward[15 Woodward[15 NNP 43431 698 27 ] ] -RRB- 43431 698 28 . . . 43431 699 1 He -PRON- PRP 43431 699 2 considers consider VBZ 43431 699 3 that that IN 43431 699 4 the the DT 43431 699 5 course course NN 43431 699 6 of of IN 43431 699 7 development development NN 43431 699 8 of of IN 43431 699 9 fishes fish NNS 43431 699 10 has have VBZ 43431 699 11 followed follow VBN 43431 699 12 two two CD 43431 699 13 distinct distinct JJ 43431 699 14 lines line NNS 43431 699 15 , , , 43431 699 16 the the DT 43431 699 17 autostylic autostylic JJ 43431 699 18 and and CC 43431 699 19 hyostylic hyostylic NNP 43431 699 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 699 21 see see VB 43431 699 22 p. p. NN 43431 699 23 119 119 CD 43431 699 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 699 25 , , , 43431 699 26 and and CC 43431 699 27 groups group NNS 43431 699 28 the the DT 43431 699 29 various various JJ 43431 699 30 forms form NNS 43431 699 31 as as IN 43431 699 32 follows follow VBZ 43431 699 33 : : : 43431 699 34 HYOSTYLIC HYOSTYLIC NNP 43431 699 35 . . . 43431 700 1 AUTOSTYLIC AUTOSTYLIC NNP 43431 700 2 . . . 43431 701 1 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 701 2 1 1 CD 43431 701 3 . . . 43431 702 1 ELASMOBRANCHII ELASMOBRANCHII NNP 43431 702 2 . . . 43431 703 1 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 703 2 3 3 CD 43431 703 3 . . . 43431 704 1 HOLOCEPHALI HOLOCEPHALI NNS 43431 704 2 . . . 43431 705 1 1 1 LS 43431 705 2 . . . 43431 706 1 Ichthyotomi ichthyotomi NN 43431 706 2 . . . 43431 707 1 1 1 LS 43431 707 2 . . . 43431 708 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 708 2 unknown unknown JJ 43431 708 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 708 4 . . . 43431 709 1 2 2 LS 43431 709 2 . . . 43431 710 1 Selachii Selachii NNP 43431 710 2 . . . 43431 711 1 2 2 LS 43431 711 2 . . . 43431 712 1 Chimaeroidei Chimaeroidei NNP 43431 712 2 . . . 43431 713 1 3 3 LS 43431 713 2 . . . 43431 714 1 Acanthodii acanthodii JJ 43431 714 2 . . . 43431 715 1 3 3 LS 43431 715 2 . . . 43431 716 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 716 2 unknown unknown JJ 43431 716 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 716 4 . . . 43431 717 1 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 717 2 2 2 CD 43431 717 3 . . . 43431 718 1 TELEOSTOMI TELEOSTOMI NNP 43431 718 2 . . . 43431 719 1 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 719 2 4 4 CD 43431 719 3 . . . 43431 720 1 DIPNOI DIPNOI NNP 43431 720 2 . . . 43431 721 1 1 1 LS 43431 721 2 . . . 43431 722 1 Crossopterygii Crossopterygii NNS 43431 722 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 722 3 Palaeozoic Palaeozoic NNP 43431 722 4 1 1 CD 43431 722 5 . . . 43431 723 1 Sirenoidei Sirenoidei NNP 43431 723 2 . . . 43431 724 1 and and CC 43431 724 2 Mesozoic Mesozoic NNP 43431 724 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 724 4 . . . 43431 725 1 2 2 LS 43431 725 2 . . . 43431 726 1 Crossopterygii Crossopterygii NNS 43431 726 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 726 3 Cainozoic Cainozoic NNP 43431 726 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 726 5 . . . 43431 727 1 2 2 LS 43431 727 2 . . . 43431 728 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 728 2 unknown unknown JJ 43431 728 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 728 4 . . . 43431 729 1 3 3 LS 43431 729 2 . . . 43431 730 1 Actinopterygii Actinopterygii NNS 43431 730 2 . . . 43431 731 1 3 3 LS 43431 731 2 . . . 43431 732 1 Arthrodira arthrodira NN 43431 732 2 . . . 43431 733 1 The the DT 43431 733 2 primitive primitive JJ 43431 733 3 forms form NNS 43431 733 4 in in IN 43431 733 5 each each DT 43431 733 6 of of IN 43431 733 7 these these DT 43431 733 8 four four CD 43431 733 9 subclasses subclass NNS 43431 733 10 have have VBP 43431 733 11 the the DT 43431 733 12 fins fin NNS 43431 733 13 archipterygia archipterygia NN 43431 733 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 733 15 see see VB 43431 733 16 p. p. NN 43431 733 17 127 127 CD 43431 733 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 733 19 . . . 43431 734 1 CLASS CLASS NNP 43431 734 2 II II NNP 43431 734 3 . . . 43431 735 1 AMPHIBIA AMPHIBIA NNP 43431 735 2 . . . 43431 736 1 Order order NN 43431 736 2 1 1 CD 43431 736 3 . . . 43431 737 1 URODELA urodela NN 43431 737 2 . . . 43431 738 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 738 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 738 3 1 1 CD 43431 738 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 738 5 . . . 43431 739 1 ICHTHYOIDEA ICHTHYOIDEA NNP 43431 739 2 . . . 43431 740 1 Group Group NNP 43431 740 2 A. a. NN 43431 740 3 PERENNIBRANCHIATA PERENNIBRANCHIATA NNP 43431 740 4 . . . 43431 741 1 Family family NN 43431 741 2 = = SYM 43431 741 3 Menobranchidae=. Menobranchidae=. NNP 43431 742 1 Menobranchus menobranchu NNS 43431 742 2 . . . 43431 743 1 Family family NN 43431 743 2 = = SYM 43431 743 3 Proteidae=. proteidae=. NN 43431 744 1 Proteus proteus NN 43431 744 2 -- -- : 43431 744 3 olm olm NN 43431 744 4 . . . 43431 745 1 Family family NN 43431 745 2 = = SYM 43431 745 3 Sirenidae=. sirenidae=. NN 43431 746 1 Siren Siren NNP 43431 746 2 . . . 43431 747 1 Group Group NNP 43431 747 2 B. B. NNP 43431 747 3 DEROTREMATA DEROTREMATA NNP 43431 747 4 . . . 43431 748 1 Family family NN 43431 748 2 = = SYM 43431 748 3 Amphiumidae=. Amphiumidae=. NNP 43431 749 1 Megalobatrachus Megalobatrachus NNP 43431 749 2 . . . 43431 750 1 Cryptobranchus Cryptobranchus NNP 43431 750 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 750 3 Menopoma Menopoma NNP 43431 750 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 750 5 . . . 43431 751 1 Amphiuma Amphiuma NNP 43431 751 2 . . . 43431 752 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 752 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 752 3 2 2 CD 43431 752 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 752 5 . . . 43431 753 1 SALAMANDRINA SALAMANDRINA NNP 43431 753 2 . . . 43431 754 1 Family family NN 43431 754 2 = = SYM 43431 754 3 Salamandridae=. salamandridae=. NN 43431 755 1 Salamandra salamandra NN 43431 755 2 -- -- : 43431 755 3 salamander salamander JJ 43431 755 4 . . . 43431 756 1 Molge Molge NNS 43431 756 2 -- -- : 43431 756 3 newt newt NN 43431 756 4 . . . 43431 757 1 Onychodactylus onychodactylus NN 43431 757 2 . . . 43431 758 1 Amblystoma Amblystoma NNP 43431 758 2 . . . 43431 759 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 759 2 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 759 3 -- -- : 43431 759 4 axolotl axolotl NNP 43431 759 5 , , , 43431 759 6 larval larval JJ 43431 759 7 Amblystoma Amblystoma NNP 43431 759 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 759 9 . . . 43431 760 1 Batrachoseps batrachosep NNS 43431 760 2 . . . 43431 761 1 Spelerpes Spelerpes NNP 43431 761 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 761 3 Gyrinophilus Gyrinophilus NNP 43431 761 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 761 5 . . . 43431 762 1 Order order NN 43431 762 2 2 2 CD 43431 762 3 . . . 43431 763 1 LABYRINTHODONTIA LABYRINTHODONTIA NNP 43431 763 2 . . . 43431 764 1 Group group NN 43431 764 2 = = SYM 43431 764 3 Lepospondyli=. lepospondyli=. NN 43431 765 1 _ _ NNP 43431 765 2 Branchiosaurus Branchiosaurus NNP 43431 765 3 . . . 43431 765 4 _ _ NNP 43431 765 5 Group Group NNP 43431 765 6 = = SYM 43431 765 7 Temnospondyli=. temnospondyli=. NN 43431 766 1 _ _ NNP 43431 766 2 Archegosaurus Archegosaurus NNP 43431 766 3 . . . 43431 766 4 _ _ NNP 43431 766 5 _ _ NNP 43431 766 6 Nyrania Nyrania NNP 43431 766 7 . . . 43431 766 8 _ _ NNP 43431 766 9 _ _ NNP 43431 766 10 Euchirosaurus Euchirosaurus NNP 43431 766 11 . . . 43431 766 12 _ _ NNP 43431 766 13 Group Group NNP 43431 766 14 = = SYM 43431 766 15 Stereospondyli=. stereospondyli=. NN 43431 767 1 _ _ NNP 43431 767 2 Capitosaurus Capitosaurus NNP 43431 767 3 . . . 43431 767 4 _ _ NNP 43431 767 5 _ _ NNP 43431 767 6 Mastodonsaurus Mastodonsaurus NNP 43431 767 7 . . . 43431 767 8 _ _ NNP 43431 767 9 Order order NN 43431 767 10 3 3 CD 43431 767 11 . . . 43431 768 1 GYMNOPHIONA GYMNOPHIONA NNP 43431 768 2 . . . 43431 769 1 Family family NN 43431 769 2 = = SYM 43431 769 3 Caeciliidae=. caeciliidae=. ADD 43431 770 1 Siphonops siphonop NNS 43431 770 2 . . . 43431 771 1 Epicrium epicrium NN 43431 771 2 . . . 43431 772 1 Order order NN 43431 772 2 4 4 CD 43431 772 3 . . . 43431 773 1 ANURA ANURA NNP 43431 773 2 . . . 43431 774 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 774 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 774 3 1 1 CD 43431 774 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 774 5 . . . 43431 775 1 AGLOSSA AGLOSSA NNP 43431 775 2 . . . 43431 776 1 Family family NN 43431 776 2 = = SYM 43431 776 3 Xenopidae=. xenopidae=. NN 43431 777 1 Xenopus Xenopus NNP 43431 777 2 . . . 43431 778 1 Family family NN 43431 778 2 = = SYM 43431 778 3 Pipidae=. pipidae=. NN 43431 779 1 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 779 2 -- -- : 43431 779 3 Surinam Surinam NNP 43431 779 4 toad toad NN 43431 779 5 . . . 43431 780 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 780 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 780 3 2 2 CD 43431 780 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 780 5 . . . 43431 781 1 PHANEROGLOSSA PHANEROGLOSSA NNP 43431 781 2 . . . 43431 782 1 Group Group NNP 43431 782 2 ARCIFERA ARCIFERA NNP 43431 782 3 . . . 43431 783 1 Family family NN 43431 783 2 = = SYM 43431 783 3 Discoglossidae=. Discoglossidae=. NNP 43431 784 1 Discoglossus Discoglossus NNP 43431 784 2 -- -- : 43431 784 3 painted paint VBN 43431 784 4 frog frog NN 43431 784 5 . . . 43431 785 1 Bombinator bombinator NN 43431 785 2 -- -- : 43431 785 3 fire fire NN 43431 785 4 - - HYPH 43431 785 5 bellied bellied JJ 43431 785 6 frog frog NN 43431 785 7 . . . 43431 786 1 Alytes alyte NNS 43431 786 2 -- -- : 43431 786 3 midwife midwife NN 43431 786 4 frog frog NN 43431 786 5 . . . 43431 787 1 Family family NN 43431 787 2 = = SYM 43431 787 3 Pelobatidae=. pelobatidae=. NN 43431 788 1 Pelobates pelobate NNS 43431 788 2 -- -- : 43431 788 3 toad toad NN 43431 788 4 frog frog NN 43431 788 5 . . . 43431 789 1 Family family NN 43431 789 2 = = SYM 43431 789 3 Hylidae=. Hylidae=. NNP 43431 790 1 Hyla Hyla NNP 43431 790 2 -- -- : 43431 790 3 green green JJ 43431 790 4 tree tree NN 43431 790 5 - - HYPH 43431 790 6 frog frog NN 43431 790 7 . . . 43431 791 1 Family family NN 43431 791 2 = = SYM 43431 791 3 Bufonidae=. Bufonidae=. NNS 43431 792 1 Bufo bufo NN 43431 792 2 -- -- : 43431 792 3 toad toad NN 43431 792 4 . . . 43431 793 1 Docidophryne Docidophryne NNP 43431 793 2 . . . 43431 794 1 Family family NN 43431 794 2 = = SYM 43431 794 3 Cystignathidae=. cystignathidae=. NN 43431 795 1 Ceratophrys Ceratophrys NNP 43431 795 2 -- -- : 43431 795 3 horned horned JJ 43431 795 4 frog frog NN 43431 795 5 . . . 43431 796 1 Group Group NNP 43431 796 2 FIRMISTERNIA FIRMISTERNIA NNP 43431 796 3 . . . 43431 797 1 Family family NN 43431 797 2 = = SYM 43431 797 3 Ranidae=. ranidae=. NN 43431 798 1 Rana Rana NNP 43431 798 2 -- -- : 43431 798 3 common common JJ 43431 798 4 and and CC 43431 798 5 edible edible JJ 43431 798 6 frogs frog NNS 43431 798 7 . . . 43431 799 1 Family family NN 43431 799 2 = = SYM 43431 799 3 Engystomatidae=. engystomatidae=. FW 43431 800 1 Brachycephalus Brachycephalus NNP 43431 800 2 . . . 43431 801 1 B. B. NNP 43431 801 2 SAUROPSIDA SAUROPSIDA NNP 43431 801 3 . . . 43431 802 1 CLASS CLASS NNP 43431 802 2 I. I. NNP 43431 802 3 REPTILIA[16 REPTILIA[16 '' 43431 802 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 802 5 . . . 43431 803 1 Order order NN 43431 803 2 1 1 CD 43431 803 3 . . . 43431 804 1 THEROMORPHA THEROMORPHA NNP 43431 804 2 . . . 43431 805 1 Group group NN 43431 805 2 = = NFP 43431 805 3 Anomodontia=. anomodontia=. IN 43431 806 1 _ _ NNP 43431 806 2 Dicynodon Dicynodon NNP 43431 806 3 . . . 43431 806 4 _ _ NNP 43431 806 5 _ _ NNP 43431 806 6 Udenodon Udenodon NNP 43431 806 7 . . . 43431 806 8 _ _ NNP 43431 806 9 Group Group NNP 43431 806 10 = = SYM 43431 806 11 Placodontia=. placodontia=. NN 43431 807 1 _ _ NNP 43431 807 2 Placodus Placodus NNP 43431 807 3 . . . 43431 807 4 _ _ NNP 43431 807 5 Group Group NNP 43431 807 6 = = SYM 43431 807 7 Pariasauria=. pariasauria=. NN 43431 808 1 _ _ NNP 43431 808 2 Pariasaurus Pariasaurus NNP 43431 808 3 . . . 43431 808 4 _ _ NNP 43431 808 5 _ _ NNP 43431 808 6 Elginia Elginia NNP 43431 808 7 . . . 43431 808 8 _ _ NNP 43431 808 9 Group Group NNP 43431 808 10 = = SYM 43431 808 11 Theriodontia=. theriodontia=. NN 43431 809 1 _ _ NNP 43431 809 2 Dimetrodon Dimetrodon NNP 43431 809 3 . . . 43431 809 4 _ _ NNP 43431 809 5 _ _ NNP 43431 809 6 Galesaurus Galesaurus NNP 43431 809 7 . . . 43431 809 8 _ _ NNP 43431 809 9 _ _ NNP 43431 809 10 Cynognathus Cynognathus NNP 43431 809 11 . . . 43431 809 12 _ _ NNP 43431 809 13 Order Order NNP 43431 809 14 2 2 CD 43431 809 15 . . . 43431 810 1 SAUROPTERYGIA SAUROPTERYGIA NNP 43431 810 2 . . . 43431 811 1 Family family NN 43431 811 2 = = SYM 43431 811 3 Mesosauridae=. mesosauridae=. NN 43431 812 1 _ _ NNP 43431 812 2 Mesosaurus Mesosaurus NNP 43431 812 3 . . . 43431 812 4 _ _ NNP 43431 812 5 Family Family NNP 43431 812 6 = = SYM 43431 812 7 Nothosauridae=. Nothosauridae=. NNP 43431 813 1 _ _ NNP 43431 813 2 Nothosaurus Nothosaurus NNP 43431 813 3 . . . 43431 813 4 _ _ NNP 43431 813 5 Family Family NNP 43431 813 6 = = SYM 43431 813 7 Plesiosauridae=. Plesiosauridae=. NNP 43431 814 1 _ _ NNP 43431 814 2 Plesiosaurus Plesiosaurus NNP 43431 814 3 . . . 43431 814 4 _ _ NNP 43431 814 5 _ _ NNP 43431 814 6 Pliosaurus Pliosaurus NNP 43431 814 7 . . . 43431 814 8 _ _ NNP 43431 814 9 Order Order NNP 43431 814 10 3 3 CD 43431 814 11 . . . 43431 815 1 CHELONIA CHELONIA NNP 43431 815 2 . . . 43431 816 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 816 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 816 3 1 1 CD 43431 816 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 816 5 . . . 43431 817 1 TRIONYCHIA TRIONYCHIA NNP 43431 817 2 . . . 43431 818 1 Family family NN 43431 818 2 = = SYM 43431 818 3 Trionychidae=. trionychidae=. NN 43431 819 1 Trionyx trionyx NN 43431 819 2 -- -- : 43431 819 3 snapping snapping NN 43431 819 4 turtle turtle NN 43431 819 5 . . . 43431 820 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 820 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 820 3 2 2 CD 43431 820 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 820 5 . . . 43431 821 1 CRYPTODIRA CRYPTODIRA NNP 43431 821 2 . . . 43431 822 1 Family family NN 43431 822 2 = = SYM 43431 822 3 Dermochelydidae=. Dermochelydidae=. NNP 43431 823 1 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 823 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 823 3 Sphargis)--leathery Sphargis)--leathery NNP 43431 823 4 turtle turtle NN 43431 823 5 . . . 43431 824 1 Family family NN 43431 824 2 = = SYM 43431 824 3 Chelonidae=. Chelonidae=. VBZ 43431 825 1 Chelone Chelone VBN 43431 825 2 -- -- : 43431 825 3 green green JJ 43431 825 4 turtle turtle NN 43431 825 5 . . . 43431 826 1 Family family NN 43431 826 2 = = SYM 43431 826 3 Chelydridae=. chelydridae=. ADD 43431 827 1 Chelydra Chelydra NNS 43431 827 2 -- -- : 43431 827 3 terrapin terrapin NN 43431 827 4 . . . 43431 828 1 Family family NN 43431 828 2 = = SYM 43431 828 3 Chersidae=. Chersidae=. VBZ 43431 829 1 Testudo Testudo NNP 43431 829 2 -- -- : 43431 829 3 tortoise tortoise NN 43431 829 4 . . . 43431 830 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 830 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 830 3 3 3 CD 43431 830 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 830 5 . . . 43431 831 1 PLEURODIRA PLEURODIRA NNP 43431 831 2 . . . 43431 832 1 Family family NN 43431 832 2 = = SYM 43431 832 3 Chelydae=. chelydae=. NN 43431 833 1 Chelys Chelys NNP 43431 833 2 . . . 43431 834 1 Order order NN 43431 834 2 4 4 CD 43431 834 3 . . . 43431 835 1 ICHTHYOSAURIA ICHTHYOSAURIA NNP 43431 835 2 . . . 43431 836 1 Family family NN 43431 836 2 = = SYM 43431 836 3 Ichthyosauridae=. ichthyosauridae=. NN 43431 837 1 _ _ NNP 43431 837 2 Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus NNP 43431 837 3 . . . 43431 837 4 _ _ NNP 43431 837 5 Order Order NNP 43431 837 6 5 5 CD 43431 837 7 . . . 43431 838 1 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA RHYNCHOCEPHALIA NNP 43431 838 2 . . . 43431 839 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 839 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 839 3 1 1 CD 43431 839 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 839 5 . . . 43431 840 1 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA RHYNCHOCEPHALIA NNP 43431 840 2 VERA VERA NNP 43431 840 3 . . . 43431 841 1 Family family NN 43431 841 2 = = SYM 43431 841 3 Sphenodontidae=. sphenodontidae=. NN 43431 842 1 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 842 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 842 3 Hatteria Hatteria NNP 43431 842 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 842 5 . . . 43431 843 1 Family family NN 43431 843 2 = = SYM 43431 843 3 Rhynchosauridae=. rhynchosauridae=. NN 43431 844 1 _ _ NNP 43431 844 2 Hyperodapedon Hyperodapedon NNP 43431 844 3 . . . 43431 844 4 _ _ NNP 43431 844 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 844 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 844 7 2 2 CD 43431 844 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 844 9 . . . 43431 845 1 PROGANOSAURIA PROGANOSAURIA NNS 43431 845 2 . . . 43431 846 1 Family family NN 43431 846 2 = = SYM 43431 846 3 Proterosauridae=. proterosauridae=. NN 43431 847 1 _ _ NNP 43431 847 2 Proterosaurus Proterosaurus NNP 43431 847 3 . . . 43431 847 4 _ _ NNP 43431 847 5 Order Order NNP 43431 847 6 6 6 CD 43431 847 7 . . . 43431 848 1 SQUAMATA SQUAMATA NNP 43431 848 2 . . . 43431 849 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 849 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 849 3 1 1 CD 43431 849 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 849 5 . . . 43431 850 1 LACERTILIA LACERTILIA NNP 43431 850 2 . . . 43431 851 1 Group Group NNP 43431 851 2 = = SYM 43431 851 3 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 851 4 vera=. vera=. CD 43431 852 1 Family family NN 43431 852 2 = = SYM 43431 852 3 Geckonidae=. geckonidae=. ADD 43431 853 1 Gecko Gecko NNP 43431 853 2 . . . 43431 854 1 Family family NN 43431 854 2 = = SYM 43431 854 3 Pygopodidae=. pygopodidae=. NN 43431 855 1 Lialis Lialis NNP 43431 855 2 -- -- : 43431 855 3 scale scale NN 43431 855 4 - - HYPH 43431 855 5 foot foot NN 43431 855 6 . . . 43431 856 1 Family family NN 43431 856 2 = = SYM 43431 856 3 Agamidae=. Agamidae=. NNP 43431 857 1 Draco Draco NNP 43431 857 2 -- -- : 43431 857 3 flying fly VBG 43431 857 4 lizard lizard NN 43431 857 5 . . . 43431 858 1 Agama Agama NNP 43431 858 2 . . . 43431 859 1 Family family NN 43431 859 2 = = SYM 43431 859 3 Iguanidae=. Iguanidae=. NNP 43431 860 1 Iguana Iguana NNP 43431 860 2 . . . 43431 861 1 Family family NN 43431 861 2 = = SYM 43431 861 3 Anguidae=. Anguidae=. NNP 43431 862 1 Ophisaurus Ophisaurus NNP 43431 862 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 862 3 Bipes Bipes NNP 43431 862 4 , , , 43431 862 5 Pseudopus Pseudopus NNP 43431 862 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 862 7 . . . 43431 863 1 Anguis Anguis NNP 43431 863 2 -- -- : 43431 863 3 blindworm blindworm NN 43431 863 4 . . . 43431 864 1 Family family NN 43431 864 2 = = SYM 43431 864 3 Varanidae=. Varanidae=. NNP 43431 865 1 Varanus varanus JJ 43431 865 2 -- -- : 43431 865 3 monitor monitor NN 43431 865 4 . . . 43431 866 1 Family family NN 43431 866 2 = = SYM 43431 866 3 Amphisbaenidae=. amphisbaenidae=. ADD 43431 867 1 Chirotes chirote NNS 43431 867 2 . . . 43431 868 1 Amphisbaena Amphisbaena NNP 43431 868 2 . . . 43431 869 1 Family family NN 43431 869 2 = = SYM 43431 869 3 Scincidae=. Scincidae=. . 43431 870 1 Tiliqua Tiliqua NNP 43431 870 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 870 3 Cyclodus Cyclodus NNP 43431 870 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 870 5 . . . 43431 871 1 Scincus Scincus NNP 43431 871 2 -- -- : 43431 871 3 skink skink NN 43431 871 4 . . . 43431 872 1 Chalcides chalcide NNS 43431 872 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 872 3 Seps Seps NNP 43431 872 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 872 5 . . . 43431 873 1 Group group NN 43431 873 2 = = SYM 43431 873 3 Rhiptoglossa=. rhiptoglossa=. NN 43431 874 1 Family family NN 43431 874 2 = = SYM 43431 874 3 Chamaeleonidae=. chamaeleonidae=. UH 43431 875 1 Chamaeleon Chamaeleon NNP 43431 875 2 . . . 43431 876 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 876 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 876 3 2 2 CD 43431 876 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 876 5 . . . 43431 877 1 OPHIDIA OPHIDIA NNP 43431 877 2 . . . 43431 878 1 Family family NN 43431 878 2 = = SYM 43431 878 3 Typhlopidae=. typhlopidae=. NN 43431 879 1 Typhlops typhlop NNS 43431 879 2 -- -- : 43431 879 3 blind blind JJ 43431 879 4 snake snake NN 43431 879 5 . . . 43431 880 1 Family family NN 43431 880 2 = = SYM 43431 880 3 Boidae=. boidae=. NN 43431 881 1 Python Python NNP 43431 881 2 . . . 43431 882 1 Family family NN 43431 882 2 = = SYM 43431 882 3 Colubridae=. colubridae=. FW 43431 883 1 Tropidonotus Tropidonotus NNP 43431 883 2 -- -- : 43431 883 3 ringed ring VBN 43431 883 4 snake snake NN 43431 883 5 . . . 43431 884 1 Family family NN 43431 884 2 = = SYM 43431 884 3 Hydrophidae=--sea Hydrophidae=--sea NNP 43431 884 4 snakes snake NNS 43431 884 5 . . . 43431 885 1 Family family NN 43431 885 2 = = SYM 43431 885 3 Crotalidae=. crotalidae=. NN 43431 886 1 Crotalus crotalus NN 43431 886 2 -- -- : 43431 886 3 rattlesnake rattlesnake NN 43431 886 4 . . . 43431 887 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 887 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 887 3 3 3 CD 43431 887 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 887 5 . . . 43431 888 1 PYTHONOMORPHA PYTHONOMORPHA NNP 43431 888 2 . . . 43431 889 1 Family family NN 43431 889 2 = = SYM 43431 889 3 Mosasauridae=. mosasauridae=. NN 43431 890 1 _ _ NNP 43431 890 2 Mosasaurus Mosasaurus NNP 43431 890 3 . . . 43431 890 4 _ _ NNP 43431 890 5 Order Order NNP 43431 890 6 7 7 CD 43431 890 7 . . . 43431 891 1 DINOSAURIA DINOSAURIA NNS 43431 891 2 . . . 43431 892 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 892 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 892 3 1 1 CD 43431 892 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 892 5 . . . 43431 893 1 SAUROPODA sauropoda NN 43431 893 2 . . . 43431 894 1 Family family NN 43431 894 2 = = SYM 43431 894 3 Atlantosauridae=. atlantosauridae=. FW 43431 895 1 _ _ NNP 43431 895 2 Brontosaurus Brontosaurus NNP 43431 895 3 . . . 43431 895 4 _ _ NNP 43431 895 5 Family Family NNP 43431 895 6 = = SYM 43431 895 7 Cetiosauridae=. Cetiosauridae=. . 43431 896 1 _ _ NNP 43431 896 2 Morosaurus Morosaurus NNP 43431 896 3 . . . 43431 896 4 _ _ NNP 43431 896 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 896 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 896 7 2 2 CD 43431 896 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 896 9 . . . 43431 897 1 THEROPODA THEROPODA NNP 43431 897 2 . . . 43431 898 1 Family family NN 43431 898 2 = = SYM 43431 898 3 Megalosauridae=. megalosauridae=. NN 43431 899 1 _ _ NNP 43431 899 2 Megalosaurus Megalosaurus NNP 43431 899 3 _ _ NNP 43431 899 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 899 5 _ _ NNP 43431 899 6 Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus NNP 43431 899 7 _ _ NNP 43431 899 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 899 9 . . . 43431 900 1 Family family NN 43431 900 2 = = SYM 43431 900 3 Compsognathidae=. Compsognathidae=. NNP 43431 901 1 _ _ NNP 43431 901 2 Compsognathus Compsognathus NNP 43431 901 3 . . . 43431 901 4 _ _ NNP 43431 901 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 901 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 901 7 3 3 CD 43431 901 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 901 9 . . . 43431 902 1 ORTHOPODA ORTHOPODA NNP 43431 902 2 . . . 43431 903 1 Section section NN 43431 903 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 903 3 _ _ NNP 43431 903 4 a a DT 43431 903 5 _ _ NNP 43431 903 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 903 7 . . . 43431 904 1 STEGOSAURIA STEGOSAURIA NNP 43431 904 2 . . . 43431 905 1 Family family NN 43431 905 2 = = SYM 43431 905 3 Scelidosauridae=. Scelidosauridae=. . 43431 906 1 _ _ NNP 43431 906 2 Polacanthus Polacanthus NNP 43431 906 3 . . . 43431 906 4 _ _ NNP 43431 906 5 Family Family NNP 43431 906 6 = = SYM 43431 906 7 Stegosauridae=. stegosauridae=. NN 43431 907 1 _ _ NNP 43431 907 2 Stegosaurus Stegosaurus NNP 43431 907 3 . . . 43431 907 4 _ _ NNP 43431 907 5 Section Section NNP 43431 907 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 907 7 _ _ NNP 43431 907 8 b b NNP 43431 907 9 _ _ NNP 43431 907 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 907 11 . . . 43431 908 1 CERATOPSIA CERATOPSIA NNP 43431 908 2 . . . 43431 909 1 Family family NN 43431 909 2 = = SYM 43431 909 3 Ceratopsidae=. ceratopsidae=. NN 43431 910 1 _ _ NNP 43431 910 2 Polyonax Polyonax NNP 43431 910 3 _ _ NNP 43431 910 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 910 5 _ _ NNP 43431 910 6 Ceratops Ceratops NNPS 43431 910 7 _ _ NNP 43431 910 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 910 9 . . . 43431 911 1 Section section NN 43431 911 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 911 3 _ _ NNP 43431 911 4 c c NNP 43431 911 5 _ _ NNP 43431 911 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 911 7 . . . 43431 912 1 ORNITHOPODA ORNITHOPODA NNP 43431 912 2 . . . 43431 913 1 Family family NN 43431 913 2 = = SYM 43431 913 3 Camptosauridae=. camptosauridae=. FW 43431 914 1 _ _ NNP 43431 914 2 Hypsilophodon Hypsilophodon NNP 43431 914 3 . . . 43431 914 4 _ _ NNP 43431 914 5 Family Family NNP 43431 914 6 = = SYM 43431 914 7 Iguanodontidae=. Iguanodontidae=. NNP 43431 915 1 _ _ NNP 43431 915 2 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 915 3 . . . 43431 915 4 _ _ NNP 43431 915 5 Family Family NNP 43431 915 6 = = SYM 43431 915 7 Hadrosauridae=. Hadrosauridae=. NNP 43431 916 1 _ _ NNP 43431 916 2 Hadrosaurus Hadrosaurus NNP 43431 916 3 . . . 43431 916 4 _ _ NNP 43431 916 5 Order Order NNP 43431 916 6 8 8 CD 43431 916 7 . . . 43431 917 1 CROCODILIA CROCODILIA NNP 43431 917 2 . . . 43431 918 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 918 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 918 3 1 1 CD 43431 918 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 918 5 . . . 43431 919 1 PARASUCHIA PARASUCHIA NNP 43431 919 2 . . . 43431 920 1 Family family NN 43431 920 2 = = SYM 43431 920 3 Phytosauridae=. Phytosauridae=. NNP 43431 921 1 _ _ NNP 43431 921 2 Phytosaurus Phytosaurus NNP 43431 921 3 _ _ NNP 43431 921 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 921 5 _ _ NNP 43431 921 6 Belodon Belodon NNP 43431 921 7 _ _ NNP 43431 921 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 921 9 . . . 43431 922 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 922 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 922 3 2 2 CD 43431 922 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 922 5 . . . 43431 923 1 EUSUCHIA EUSUCHIA NNP 43431 923 2 . . . 43431 924 1 Family family NN 43431 924 2 = = SYM 43431 924 3 Teleosauridae=. teleosauridae=. NN 43431 925 1 _ _ NNP 43431 925 2 Teleosaurus Teleosaurus NNP 43431 925 3 . . . 43431 925 4 _ _ NNP 43431 925 5 _ _ NNP 43431 925 6 Metriorhynchus Metriorhynchus NNP 43431 925 7 . . . 43431 925 8 _ _ NNP 43431 925 9 Family Family NNP 43431 925 10 = = SYM 43431 925 11 Goniopholidae=. goniopholidae=. NN 43431 926 1 _ _ NNP 43431 926 2 Goniopholis Goniopholis NNP 43431 926 3 . . . 43431 926 4 _ _ NNP 43431 926 5 Family Family NNP 43431 926 6 = = SYM 43431 926 7 Alligatoridae=. Alligatoridae=. NNP 43431 927 1 Alligator alligator NN 43431 927 2 . . . 43431 928 1 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 928 2 . . . 43431 929 1 Jacare jacare NN 43431 929 2 . . . 43431 930 1 Family family NN 43431 930 2 = = SYM 43431 930 3 Crocodilidae=. crocodilidae=. NN 43431 931 1 Crocodilus crocodilus NN 43431 931 2 . . . 43431 932 1 Family family NN 43431 932 2 = = SYM 43431 932 3 Garialidae=. garialidae=. ADD 43431 933 1 Garialis Garialis NNP 43431 933 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 933 3 Gavialis Gavialis NNP 43431 933 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 933 5 . . . 43431 934 1 Order order NN 43431 934 2 9 9 CD 43431 934 3 . . . 43431 935 1 PTEROSAURIA PTEROSAURIA NNP 43431 935 2 . . . 43431 936 1 Family family NN 43431 936 2 = = SYM 43431 936 3 Pterodactylidae=. pterodactylidae=. NN 43431 937 1 _ _ NNP 43431 937 2 Pterodactylus Pterodactylus NNP 43431 937 3 . . . 43431 937 4 _ _ NNP 43431 937 5 Family Family NNP 43431 937 6 = = SYM 43431 937 7 Rhamphorhynchidae=. rhamphorhynchidae=. NN 43431 938 1 _ _ NNP 43431 938 2 Rhamphorhynchus Rhamphorhynchus NNP 43431 938 3 . . . 43431 938 4 _ _ NNP 43431 938 5 Family Family NNP 43431 938 6 = = SYM 43431 938 7 Pteranodontidae=. pteranodontidae=. NN 43431 939 1 _ _ NNP 43431 939 2 Pteranodon Pteranodon NNP 43431 939 3 . . . 43431 939 4 _ _ NNP 43431 939 5 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 939 6 : : : 43431 939 7 [ [ -LRB- 43431 939 8 15 15 CD 43431 939 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 939 10 A. a. NN 43431 939 11 Smith Smith NNP 43431 939 12 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 939 13 , , , 43431 939 14 _ _ NNP 43431 939 15 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 43431 939 16 of of IN 43431 939 17 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 939 18 Fishes Fishes NNP 43431 939 19 in in IN 43431 939 20 the the DT 43431 939 21 British British NNP 43431 939 22 Museum Museum NNP 43431 939 23 _ _ NNP 43431 939 24 , , , 43431 939 25 Part Part NNP 43431 939 26 II II NNP 43431 939 27 . . NNP 43431 939 28 , , , 43431 939 29 Introduction introduction NN 43431 939 30 , , , 43431 939 31 p. p. NN 43431 939 32 xii xii NNP 43431 939 33 . . . 43431 940 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 940 2 16 16 CD 43431 940 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 940 4 This this DT 43431 940 5 classification classification NN 43431 940 6 of of IN 43431 940 7 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 940 8 is be VBZ 43431 940 9 mainly mainly RB 43431 940 10 based base VBN 43431 940 11 on on IN 43431 940 12 that that DT 43431 940 13 of of IN 43431 940 14 Lydekker Lydekker NNP 43431 940 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 940 16 _ _ NNP 43431 940 17 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 43431 940 18 of of IN 43431 940 19 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 940 20 Reptiles reptile NNS 43431 940 21 in in IN 43431 940 22 the the DT 43431 940 23 British British NNP 43431 940 24 Museum Museum NNP 43431 940 25 _ _ NNP 43431 940 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 940 27 but but CC 43431 940 28 in in IN 43431 940 29 some some DT 43431 940 30 respects respect NNS 43431 940 31 that that DT 43431 940 32 of of IN 43431 940 33 von von NNP 43431 940 34 Zittel Zittel NNP 43431 940 35 has have VBZ 43431 940 36 been be VBN 43431 940 37 followed follow VBN 43431 940 38 . . . 43431 941 1 CLASS CLASS NNP 43431 941 2 II II NNP 43431 941 3 . . . 43431 942 1 AVES[17 AVES[17 NFP 43431 942 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 942 3 . . . 43431 943 1 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 943 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 943 3 I i NN 43431 943 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 943 5 . . . 43431 944 1 ARCHAEORNITHES ARCHAEORNITHES NNP 43431 944 2 . . . 43431 945 1 _ _ NNP 43431 945 2 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 945 3 . . . 43431 945 4 _ _ NNP 43431 945 5 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 945 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 945 7 II II NNP 43431 945 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 945 9 . . . 43431 946 1 NEORNITHES NEORNITHES NNP 43431 946 2 . . . 43431 947 1 Order order NN 43431 947 2 1 1 CD 43431 947 3 . . . 43431 948 1 RATITAE RATITAE NNP 43431 948 2 . . . 43431 949 1 Group Group NNP 43431 949 2 = = SYM 43431 949 3 à à NNP 43431 949 4 � � NNP 43431 949 5 pyornithes=. pyornithes=. NN 43431 950 1 _ _ NNP 43431 950 2 à à NNP 43431 950 3 � � NNP 43431 950 4 pyornis pyorni NNS 43431 950 5 . . . 43431 950 6 _ _ NNP 43431 950 7 Group Group NNP 43431 950 8 = = SYM 43431 950 9 Apteryges=. apteryges=. NN 43431 951 1 Apteryx apteryx NN 43431 951 2 -- -- : 43431 951 3 kiwi kiwi NN 43431 951 4 . . . 43431 952 1 Group group NN 43431 952 2 = = SYM 43431 952 3 Dinornithes=. dinornithes=. NN 43431 953 1 Moas Moas NNP 43431 953 2 . . . 43431 954 1 Group group NN 43431 954 2 = = SYM 43431 954 3 Megistanes=. megistanes=. NN 43431 955 1 Casuarius Casuarius NNP 43431 955 2 -- -- : 43431 955 3 cassowary cassowary JJ 43431 955 4 . . . 43431 956 1 Dromaeus dromaeus NN 43431 956 2 -- -- : 43431 956 3 emeu emeu NN 43431 956 4 . . . 43431 957 1 Group Group NNP 43431 957 2 = = SYM 43431 957 3 Rheornithes=. rheornithes=. NN 43431 958 1 Rhea Rhea NNP 43431 958 2 -- -- : 43431 958 3 American american JJ 43431 958 4 ostrich ostrich NN 43431 958 5 . . . 43431 959 1 Group Group NNP 43431 959 2 = = SYM 43431 959 3 Struthiornithes=. struthiornithes=. NN 43431 960 1 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 960 2 -- -- : 43431 960 3 ostrich ostrich NN 43431 960 4 . . . 43431 961 1 Order order NN 43431 961 2 2 2 CD 43431 961 3 . . . 43431 962 1 ODONTOLCAE ODONTOLCAE NNP 43431 962 2 . . . 43431 963 1 _ _ NNP 43431 963 2 Hesperornis Hesperornis NNP 43431 963 3 . . . 43431 963 4 _ _ NNP 43431 963 5 Order order NN 43431 963 6 3 3 CD 43431 963 7 . . . 43431 964 1 CARINATAE CARINATAE NNP 43431 964 2 . . . 43431 965 1 Group group NN 43431 965 2 = = SYM 43431 965 3 Ichthyornithiformes=. ichthyornithiformes=. NN 43431 966 1 _ _ NNP 43431 966 2 Ichthyornis Ichthyornis NNP 43431 966 3 . . . 43431 966 4 _ _ NNP 43431 966 5 _ _ NNP 43431 966 6 Apatornis Apatornis NNP 43431 966 7 . . . 43431 966 8 _ _ NNP 43431 966 9 _ _ NNP 43431 966 10 Odontopteryx Odontopteryx NNP 43431 966 11 . . . 43431 966 12 _ _ NNP 43431 966 13 Group Group NNP 43431 966 14 = = SYM 43431 966 15 Colymbiformes=. Colymbiformes=. NNP 43431 967 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 967 2 Colymbi Colymbi NNP 43431 967 3 -- -- : 43431 967 4 divers diver NNS 43431 967 5 . . . 43431 968 1 Group Group NNP 43431 968 2 = = SYM 43431 968 3 Sphenisciformes=. sphenisciformes=. NN 43431 969 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 969 2 Sphenisci Sphenisci NNP 43431 969 3 -- -- : 43431 969 4 penguins penguin NNS 43431 969 5 . . . 43431 970 1 Group Group NNP 43431 970 2 = = SYM 43431 970 3 Ciconiiformes=. ciconiiformes=. NN 43431 971 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 971 2 Steganopodes Steganopodes NNP 43431 971 3 . . . 43431 972 1 Sula sula NN 43431 972 2 -- -- : 43431 972 3 gannet gannet NN 43431 972 4 . . . 43431 973 1 Pelicanus pelicanus JJ 43431 973 2 -- -- : 43431 973 3 pelican pelican JJ 43431 973 4 . . . 43431 974 1 Phaëthon Phaëthon NNP 43431 974 2 -- -- : 43431 974 3 frigate frigate JJ 43431 974 4 bird bird NN 43431 974 5 . . . 43431 975 1 Phalacrocorax phalacrocorax JJ 43431 975 2 -- -- : 43431 975 3 cormorant cormorant NN 43431 975 4 . . . 43431 976 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 976 2 Ardeae Ardeae NNP 43431 976 3 . . . 43431 977 1 Ardea Ardea NNP 43431 977 2 -- -- : 43431 977 3 heron heron NNP 43431 977 4 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 977 5 Ciconiae Ciconiae NNP 43431 977 6 . . . 43431 978 1 Leptoptilus leptoptilus NN 43431 978 2 -- -- : 43431 978 3 adjutant adjutant NN 43431 978 4 . . . 43431 979 1 Ciconia Ciconia NNP 43431 979 2 -- -- : 43431 979 3 white white JJ 43431 979 4 stork stork NN 43431 979 5 . . . 43431 980 1 Group Group NNP 43431 980 2 = = SYM 43431 980 3 Anseriformes=. anseriformes=. NN 43431 981 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 981 2 Palamedeae Palamedeae NNP 43431 981 3 . . . 43431 982 1 Palamedea Palamedea NNP 43431 982 2 } } -RRB- 43431 982 3 } } -RRB- 43431 982 4 screamers screamer NNS 43431 982 5 . . . 43431 983 1 Chauna Chauna NNP 43431 983 2 } } -RRB- 43431 983 3 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 983 4 Anseres Anseres NNPS 43431 983 5 . . . 43431 984 1 Anas ana NNS 43431 984 2 -- -- : 43431 984 3 wild wild JJ 43431 984 4 duck duck NN 43431 984 5 . . . 43431 985 1 Anser anser NN 43431 985 2 -- -- : 43431 985 3 goose goose NN 43431 985 4 . . . 43431 986 1 Plectropterus Plectropterus NNP 43431 986 2 -- -- : 43431 986 3 spur spur NN 43431 986 4 - - HYPH 43431 986 5 winged wing VBN 43431 986 6 goose goose NN 43431 986 7 . . . 43431 987 1 Cygnus cygnus NN 43431 987 2 -- -- : 43431 987 3 swan swan NN 43431 987 4 . . . 43431 988 1 Mergus Mergus NNP 43431 988 2 -- -- : 43431 988 3 merganser merganser NN 43431 988 4 . . . 43431 989 1 Group Group NNP 43431 989 2 = = SYM 43431 989 3 Falconiformes=. falconiformes=. NN 43431 990 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 990 2 Cathartae Cathartae NNP 43431 990 3 . . . 43431 991 1 Cathartes Cathartes NNPS 43431 991 2 -- -- : 43431 991 3 American american JJ 43431 991 4 vulture vulture NN 43431 991 5 . . . 43431 992 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 992 2 Accipitres Accipitres NNPS 43431 992 3 . . . 43431 993 1 Falco Falco NNP 43431 993 2 -- -- : 43431 993 3 falcon falcon NN 43431 993 4 . . . 43431 994 1 Vultur Vultur NNP 43431 994 2 -- -- : 43431 994 3 vulture vulture NN 43431 994 4 . . . 43431 995 1 Harpagus Harpagus NNP 43431 995 2 . . . 43431 996 1 Gypogeranus gypogeranus JJ 43431 996 2 -- -- : 43431 996 3 secretary secretary NN 43431 996 4 bird bird NN 43431 996 5 . . . 43431 997 1 Group group NN 43431 997 2 = = SYM 43431 997 3 Tinamiformes=. tinamiformes=. NN 43431 998 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 998 2 Tinami Tinami NNP 43431 998 3 . . . 43431 999 1 Tinamus Tinamus NNP 43431 999 2 . . . 43431 1000 1 Group Group NNP 43431 1000 2 = = SYM 43431 1000 3 Galliformes=. galliformes=. NN 43431 1001 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1001 2 Galli Galli NNP 43431 1001 3 . . . 43431 1002 1 Gallus gallus JJ 43431 1002 2 -- -- : 43431 1002 3 fowl fowl NN 43431 1002 4 . . . 43431 1003 1 Pavo Pavo NNP 43431 1003 2 -- -- : 43431 1003 3 peacock peacock NN 43431 1003 4 . . . 43431 1004 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1004 2 Opisthocomi Opisthocomi NNP 43431 1004 3 . . . 43431 1005 1 Opisthocomus Opisthocomus NNP 43431 1005 2 -- -- : 43431 1005 3 hoatzin hoatzin NNP 43431 1005 4 . . . 43431 1006 1 Group group NN 43431 1006 2 = = SYM 43431 1006 3 Gruiformes=. Gruiformes=. NNP 43431 1007 1 Gruidae gruidae NN 43431 1007 2 -- -- : 43431 1007 3 cranes crane NNS 43431 1007 4 . . . 43431 1008 1 Group group NN 43431 1008 2 = = SYM 43431 1008 3 Stereornithes=. stereornithes=. FW 43431 1009 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1009 2 Phororhacos Phororhacos NNP 43431 1009 3 . . . 43431 1009 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1009 5 Group Group NNP 43431 1009 6 = = SYM 43431 1009 7 Charadriiformes=. charadriiformes=. NN 43431 1010 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1010 2 Limicolae Limicolae NNP 43431 1010 3 . . . 43431 1011 1 Charadriidae Charadriidae NNP 43431 1011 2 -- -- : 43431 1011 3 plovers plover NNS 43431 1011 4 . . . 43431 1012 1 Parra Parra NNP 43431 1012 2 -- -- : 43431 1012 3 jacana jacana NNP 43431 1012 4 . . . 43431 1013 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1013 2 Lari Lari NNP 43431 1013 3 . . . 43431 1014 1 Laridae laridae NN 43431 1014 2 -- -- : 43431 1014 3 gulls gull NNS 43431 1014 4 . . . 43431 1015 1 Alcidae Alcidae NNP 43431 1015 2 -- -- : 43431 1015 3 auks auks NN 43431 1015 4 . . . 43431 1016 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1016 2 Pteroclidae Pteroclidae NNP 43431 1016 3 . . . 43431 1017 1 Pterocles pterocle NNS 43431 1017 2 -- -- : 43431 1017 3 sandgrouse sandgrouse NN 43431 1017 4 . . . 43431 1018 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1018 2 Columbidae Columbidae NNP 43431 1018 3 . . . 43431 1019 1 Columbae columbae NN 43431 1019 2 -- -- : 43431 1019 3 pigeons pigeon NNS 43431 1019 4 . . . 43431 1020 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1020 2 Didus_--dodo Didus_--dodo NNP 43431 1020 3 . . . 43431 1021 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1021 2 Pezophaps_--solitaire Pezophaps_--solitaire NNP 43431 1021 3 . . . 43431 1022 1 Group group NN 43431 1022 2 = = SYM 43431 1022 3 Cuculiformes=. cuculiformes=. NN 43431 1023 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1023 2 Cuculi Cuculi NNP 43431 1023 3 . . . 43431 1024 1 Scythrops scythrop NNS 43431 1024 2 . . . 43431 1025 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1025 2 Psittaci Psittaci NNP 43431 1025 3 . . . 43431 1026 1 Stringops stringop NNS 43431 1026 2 -- -- : 43431 1026 3 owl owl NN 43431 1026 4 - - HYPH 43431 1026 5 parrot parrot NN 43431 1026 6 . . . 43431 1027 1 Group Group NNP 43431 1027 2 = = SYM 43431 1027 3 Coraciiformes=. coraciiformes=. FW 43431 1028 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1028 2 Coraciae Coraciae NNP 43431 1028 3 . . . 43431 1029 1 Coracias Coracias NNP 43431 1029 2 -- -- : 43431 1029 3 roller roller NN 43431 1029 4 . . . 43431 1030 1 Buceros Buceros NNP 43431 1030 2 -- -- : 43431 1030 3 hornbill hornbill NN 43431 1030 4 . . . 43431 1031 1 Upupa Upupa NNP 43431 1031 2 -- -- : 43431 1031 3 hoopoe hoopoe RB 43431 1031 4 . . . 43431 1032 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1032 2 Striges Striges NNP 43431 1032 3 . . . 43431 1033 1 Owls owl NNS 43431 1033 2 . . . 43431 1034 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1034 2 Cypseli Cypseli NNP 43431 1034 3 . . . 43431 1035 1 Cypselidae cypselidae NN 43431 1035 2 -- -- : 43431 1035 3 swifts swift NNS 43431 1035 4 . . . 43431 1036 1 Trochilidae trochilidae NN 43431 1036 2 -- -- : 43431 1036 3 humming humming NN 43431 1036 4 - - HYPH 43431 1036 5 birds bird NNS 43431 1036 6 . . . 43431 1037 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1037 2 Trogonidae Trogonidae NNP 43431 1037 3 . . . 43431 1038 1 Trogons trogon NNS 43431 1038 2 . . . 43431 1039 1 Subgroup Subgroup NNP 43431 1039 2 Pici Pici NNP 43431 1039 3 . . . 43431 1040 1 Rhamphastos Rhamphastos NNP 43431 1040 2 -- -- : 43431 1040 3 toucan toucan NN 43431 1040 4 . . . 43431 1041 1 Picus Picus NNP 43431 1041 2 -- -- : 43431 1041 3 woodpecker woodpeck JJR 43431 1041 4 . . . 43431 1042 1 Group group NN 43431 1042 2 = = SYM 43431 1042 3 Passeriformes=. passeriformes=. NN 43431 1043 1 Crows crow NNS 43431 1043 2 , , , 43431 1043 3 finches finch NNS 43431 1043 4 , , , 43431 1043 5 larks lark NNS 43431 1043 6 , , , 43431 1043 7 warblers warbler NNS 43431 1043 8 , , , 43431 1043 9 and and CC 43431 1043 10 many many JJ 43431 1043 11 others other NNS 43431 1043 12 . . . 43431 1044 1 C. C. NNP 43431 1044 2 MAMMALIA[18 MAMMALIA[18 NNP 43431 1044 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1044 4 . . . 43431 1045 1 Class class NN 43431 1045 2 MAMMALIA mammalia NN 43431 1045 3 . . . 43431 1046 1 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 1046 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1046 3 I i NN 43431 1046 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1046 5 . . . 43431 1047 1 ORNITHODELPHIA ORNITHODELPHIA NNP 43431 1047 2 or or CC 43431 1047 3 PROTOTHERIA prototheria NN 43431 1047 4 . . . 43431 1048 1 Order order NN 43431 1048 2 . . . 43431 1049 1 MONOTREMATA MONOTREMATA NNP 43431 1049 2 . . . 43431 1050 1 Family family NN 43431 1050 2 = = SYM 43431 1050 3 Ornithorhynchidae=. ornithorhynchidae=. NN 43431 1051 1 Ornithorhynchus ornithorhynchus NN 43431 1051 2 -- -- : 43431 1051 3 duck duck NN 43431 1051 4 - - HYPH 43431 1051 5 bill bill NN 43431 1051 6 . . . 43431 1052 1 Family family NN 43431 1052 2 = = SYM 43431 1052 3 Echidnidae=. echidnidae=. NN 43431 1053 1 Echidna echidna NN 43431 1053 2 -- -- : 43431 1053 3 spiny spiny JJ 43431 1053 4 ant ant NN 43431 1053 5 - - HYPH 43431 1053 6 eater eater NN 43431 1053 7 . . . 43431 1054 1 Group group NN 43431 1054 2 = = SYM 43431 1054 3 Multituberculata=. multituberculata=. NN 43431 1055 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1055 2 Tritylodon Tritylodon NNP 43431 1055 3 . . . 43431 1055 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1055 5 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 1055 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1055 7 II II NNP 43431 1055 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1055 9 . . . 43431 1056 1 DIDELPHIA DIDELPHIA NNP 43431 1056 2 or or CC 43431 1056 3 METATHERIA METATHERIA NNP 43431 1056 4 . . . 43431 1057 1 Order order NN 43431 1057 2 . . . 43431 1058 1 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 1058 2 . . . 43431 1059 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1059 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1059 3 1 1 CD 43431 1059 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1059 5 . . . 43431 1060 1 POLYPROTODONTIA POLYPROTODONTIA NNP 43431 1060 2 . . . 43431 1061 1 Family family NN 43431 1061 2 = = SYM 43431 1061 3 Amphitheriidae=. Amphitheriidae=. NNP 43431 1062 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1062 2 Phascolotherium Phascolotherium NNP 43431 1062 3 . . . 43431 1062 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1062 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1062 6 = = SYM 43431 1062 7 Didelphyidae=. Didelphyidae=. NNP 43431 1063 1 Didelphys didelphys JJ 43431 1063 2 -- -- : 43431 1063 3 opossum opossum NN 43431 1063 4 . . . 43431 1064 1 Family family NN 43431 1064 2 = = SYM 43431 1064 3 Dasyuridae=. dasyuridae=. NN 43431 1065 1 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 1065 2 -- -- : 43431 1065 3 Tasmanian tasmanian JJ 43431 1065 4 wolf wolf NN 43431 1065 5 . . . 43431 1066 1 Sarcophilus sarcophilus JJ 43431 1066 2 -- -- : 43431 1066 3 Tasmanian tasmanian JJ 43431 1066 4 devil devil NN 43431 1066 5 . . . 43431 1067 1 Dasyurus Dasyurus NNP 43431 1067 2 . . . 43431 1068 1 Family family NN 43431 1068 2 = = SYM 43431 1068 3 Peramelidae=. peramelidae=. NN 43431 1069 1 Perameles peramele NNS 43431 1069 2 -- -- : 43431 1069 3 bandicoot bandicoot VB 43431 1069 4 . . . 43431 1070 1 Choeropus Choeropus NNP 43431 1070 2 . . . 43431 1071 1 Family family NN 43431 1071 2 = = SYM 43431 1071 3 Notoryctidae=. notoryctidae=. NN 43431 1072 1 Notoryctes notorycte NNS 43431 1072 2 -- -- : 43431 1072 3 marsupial marsupial JJ 43431 1072 4 mole mole NN 43431 1072 5 . . . 43431 1073 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1073 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1073 3 2 2 CD 43431 1073 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1073 5 . . . 43431 1074 1 DIPROTODONTIA DIPROTODONTIA NNP 43431 1074 2 . . . 43431 1075 1 Family family NN 43431 1075 2 = = SYM 43431 1075 3 Phascolomyidae=. Phascolomyidae=. NNS 43431 1076 1 Phascolomys phascolomys NN 43431 1076 2 -- -- : 43431 1076 3 wombat wombat NNP 43431 1076 4 . . . 43431 1077 1 Family family NN 43431 1077 2 Phalangeridae Phalangeridae NNP 43431 1077 3 . . . 43431 1078 1 Tarsipes tarsipe NNS 43431 1078 2 . . . 43431 1079 1 Phalanger phalanger NN 43431 1079 2 -- -- : 43431 1079 3 cuscus cuscus NN 43431 1079 4 . . . 43431 1080 1 Phascolarctus Phascolarctus NNP 43431 1080 2 -- -- : 43431 1080 3 koala koala NNP 43431 1080 4 . . . 43431 1081 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1081 2 Thylacoleo Thylacoleo NNP 43431 1081 3 . . . 43431 1081 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1081 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1081 6 = = SYM 43431 1081 7 Diprotodontidae=. Diprotodontidae=. NNP 43431 1082 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1082 2 Diprotodon Diprotodon NNP 43431 1082 3 . . . 43431 1082 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1082 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1082 6 = = SYM 43431 1082 7 Nototheriidae=. nototheriidae=. ADD 43431 1083 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1083 2 Nototherium Nototherium NNP 43431 1083 3 . . . 43431 1083 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1083 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1083 6 = = SYM 43431 1083 7 Macropodidae=. Macropodidae=. NNP 43431 1084 1 Macropus Macropus NNP 43431 1084 2 -- -- : 43431 1084 3 kangaroo kangaroo NNP 43431 1084 4 . . . 43431 1085 1 Family family NN 43431 1085 2 = = SYM 43431 1085 3 Epanorthidae=. epanorthidae=. NN 43431 1086 1 Coenolestes coenoleste NNS 43431 1086 2 . . . 43431 1087 1 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 1087 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1087 3 III III NNP 43431 1087 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1087 5 . . . 43431 1088 1 MONODELPHIA MONODELPHIA NNP 43431 1088 2 or or CC 43431 1088 3 EUTHERIA eutheria NN 43431 1088 4 . . . 43431 1089 1 Order order NN 43431 1089 2 1 1 CD 43431 1089 3 . . . 43431 1090 1 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 1090 2 . . . 43431 1091 1 Family family NN 43431 1091 2 = = SYM 43431 1091 3 Bradypodidae=. bradypodidae=. NN 43431 1092 1 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 1092 2 } } -RRB- 43431 1092 3 } } -RRB- 43431 1092 4 --sloths --sloth NNS 43431 1092 5 . . . 43431 1093 1 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 1093 2 } } -RRB- 43431 1093 3 Family Family NNP 43431 1093 4 = = SYM 43431 1093 5 Megatheriidae=. megatheriidae=. NN 43431 1094 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1094 2 Megatherium_--ground Megatherium_--ground NNP 43431 1094 3 sloth sloth NNP 43431 1094 4 . . . 43431 1095 1 Family family NN 43431 1095 2 = = SYM 43431 1095 3 Myrmecophagidae=. myrmecophagidae=. NN 43431 1096 1 Myrmecophaga Myrmecophaga NNP 43431 1096 2 -- -- : 43431 1096 3 great great JJ 43431 1096 4 ant ant NN 43431 1096 5 - - HYPH 43431 1096 6 eater eater NN 43431 1096 7 . . . 43431 1097 1 Cycloturus Cycloturus NNP 43431 1097 2 -- -- : 43431 1097 3 two two CD 43431 1097 4 - - HYPH 43431 1097 5 toed toed CD 43431 1097 6 ant ant NN 43431 1097 7 - - HYPH 43431 1097 8 eater eater NN 43431 1097 9 . . . 43431 1098 1 Family family NN 43431 1098 2 = = SYM 43431 1098 3 Dasypodidae=. dasypodidae=. NN 43431 1099 1 Chlamydophorus Chlamydophorus NNP 43431 1099 2 } } -RRB- 43431 1099 3 Dasypus Dasypus NNP 43431 1099 4 } } -RRB- 43431 1099 5 --armadillos --armadillo NNS 43431 1099 6 . . . 43431 1100 1 Priodon Priodon NNP 43431 1100 2 } } -RRB- 43431 1100 3 Tatusia Tatusia NNP 43431 1100 4 } } -RRB- 43431 1100 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1100 6 = = SYM 43431 1100 7 Glyptodontidae=. Glyptodontidae=. . 43431 1101 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1101 2 Glyptodon Glyptodon NNP 43431 1101 3 . . . 43431 1101 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1101 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1101 6 = = SYM 43431 1101 7 Manidae=. Manidae=. NNP 43431 1102 1 Manis Manis NNP 43431 1102 2 -- -- : 43431 1102 3 pangolin pangolin NNP 43431 1102 4 . . . 43431 1103 1 Family family NN 43431 1103 2 = = SYM 43431 1103 3 Orycteropodidae=. orycteropodidae=. NN 43431 1104 1 Orycteropus Orycteropus NNP 43431 1104 2 -- -- : 43431 1104 3 aard aard NN 43431 1104 4 - - HYPH 43431 1104 5 vark vark NN 43431 1104 6 . . . 43431 1105 1 Order order NN 43431 1105 2 2 2 CD 43431 1105 3 . . . 43431 1106 1 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 1106 2 . . . 43431 1107 1 Family family NN 43431 1107 2 = = SYM 43431 1107 3 Manatidae=. manatidae=. NN 43431 1108 1 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 1108 2 -- -- : 43431 1108 3 manatee manatee NN 43431 1108 4 . . . 43431 1109 1 Family family NN 43431 1109 2 = = SYM 43431 1109 3 Rhytinidae=. Rhytinidae=. NNP 43431 1110 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1110 2 Rhytina_--Steller Rhytina_--Steller NNP 43431 1110 3 's 's POS 43431 1110 4 sea sea NN 43431 1110 5 - - HYPH 43431 1110 6 cow cow NN 43431 1110 7 . . . 43431 1111 1 Family family NN 43431 1111 2 = = SYM 43431 1111 3 Halicoridae=. Halicoridae=. NNP 43431 1112 1 Halicore Halicore NNP 43431 1112 2 -- -- : 43431 1112 3 dugong dugong NN 43431 1112 4 . . . 43431 1113 1 Family family NN 43431 1113 2 = = SYM 43431 1113 3 Halitheriidae=. Halitheriidae=. NNP 43431 1114 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1114 2 Halitherium Halitherium NNP 43431 1114 3 . . . 43431 1114 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1114 5 Order order NN 43431 1114 6 3 3 CD 43431 1114 7 . . . 43431 1115 1 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 1115 2 . . . 43431 1116 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1116 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1116 3 1 1 CD 43431 1116 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1116 5 . . . 43431 1117 1 ARCHAEOCETI ARCHAEOCETI NNP 43431 1117 2 . . . 43431 1118 1 Family family NN 43431 1118 2 = = SYM 43431 1118 3 Zeuglodontidae=. zeuglodontidae=. NN 43431 1119 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1119 2 Zeuglodon Zeuglodon NNP 43431 1119 3 . . . 43431 1119 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1119 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1119 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1119 7 2 2 CD 43431 1119 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1119 9 . . . 43431 1120 1 MYSTACOCETI MYSTACOCETI NNP 43431 1120 2 or or CC 43431 1120 3 BALAENOIDEA BALAENOIDEA NNP 43431 1120 4 . . . 43431 1121 1 Family family NN 43431 1121 2 = = SYM 43431 1121 3 Balaenidae=. balaenidae=. NN 43431 1122 1 Balaena Balaena NNP 43431 1122 2 -- -- : 43431 1122 3 right right JJ 43431 1122 4 whale whale NN 43431 1122 5 . . . 43431 1123 1 Megaptera Megaptera NNP 43431 1123 2 -- -- : 43431 1123 3 humpbacked humpbacke VBN 43431 1123 4 whale whale NN 43431 1123 5 . . . 43431 1124 1 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 1124 2 -- -- : 43431 1124 3 rorqual rorqual JJ 43431 1124 4 . . . 43431 1125 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1125 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1125 3 3 3 CD 43431 1125 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1125 5 . . . 43431 1126 1 ODONTOCETI ODONTOCETI NNP 43431 1126 2 . . . 43431 1127 1 Family family NN 43431 1127 2 = = SYM 43431 1127 3 Physeteridae=. physeteridae=. NN 43431 1128 1 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 1128 2 -- -- : 43431 1128 3 sperm sperm JJ 43431 1128 4 whale whale NN 43431 1128 5 . . . 43431 1129 1 Hyperoödon Hyperoödon NNP 43431 1129 2 -- -- : 43431 1129 3 bottlenose bottlenose NN 43431 1129 4 . . . 43431 1130 1 Ziphius Ziphius NNP 43431 1130 2 . . . 43431 1131 1 Mesoplodon Mesoplodon NNP 43431 1131 2 . . . 43431 1132 1 Family family NN 43431 1132 2 = = SYM 43431 1132 3 Physodontidae=. physodontidae=. NN 43431 1133 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1133 2 Physodon Physodon NNP 43431 1133 3 . . . 43431 1133 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1133 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1133 6 = = SYM 43431 1133 7 Squalodontidae=. squalodontidae=. NN 43431 1134 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1134 2 Squalodon Squalodon NNP 43431 1134 3 . . . 43431 1134 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1134 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1134 6 = = SYM 43431 1134 7 Platanistidae=. platanistidae=. NN 43431 1135 1 Platanista platanista JJ 43431 1135 2 -- -- : 43431 1135 3 Gangetic gangetic JJ 43431 1135 4 dolphin dolphin NN 43431 1135 5 . . . 43431 1136 1 Inia Inia NNP 43431 1136 2 . . . 43431 1137 1 Pontoporia pontoporia NN 43431 1137 2 . . . 43431 1138 1 Family family NN 43431 1138 2 = = SYM 43431 1138 3 Delphinidae=. delphinidae=. NN 43431 1139 1 Monodon Monodon NNP 43431 1139 2 -- -- : 43431 1139 3 narwhal narwhal NN 43431 1139 4 . . . 43431 1140 1 Phocaena phocaena NN 43431 1140 2 -- -- : 43431 1140 3 porpoise porpoise NN 43431 1140 4 . . . 43431 1141 1 Orca orca NN 43431 1141 2 -- -- : 43431 1141 3 killer killer NN 43431 1141 4 . . . 43431 1142 1 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 1142 2 -- -- : 43431 1142 3 Ca'ing ca'e VBG 43431 1142 4 whale whale JJ 43431 1142 5 . . . 43431 1143 1 Grampus Grampus NNP 43431 1143 2 . . . 43431 1144 1 Lagenorhynchus Lagenorhynchus NNP 43431 1144 2 . . . 43431 1145 1 Delphinus delphinus JJ 43431 1145 2 -- -- : 43431 1145 3 dolphin dolphin NN 43431 1145 4 . . . 43431 1146 1 Tursiops tursiop NNS 43431 1146 2 . . . 43431 1147 1 Prodelphinus Prodelphinus NNP 43431 1147 2 . . . 43431 1148 1 Order order NN 43431 1148 2 4 4 CD 43431 1148 3 . . . 43431 1149 1 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 1149 2 . . . 43431 1150 1 Division division NN 43431 1150 2 A. A. NNP 43431 1150 3 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 1150 4 VERA VERA NNP 43431 1150 5 . . . 43431 1151 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1151 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1151 3 1 1 CD 43431 1151 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1151 5 . . . 43431 1152 1 ARTIODACTYLA ARTIODACTYLA NNP 43431 1152 2 . . . 43431 1153 1 Section section NN 43431 1153 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1153 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1153 4 a a DT 43431 1153 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1153 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1153 7 . . . 43431 1154 1 SUINA SUINA NNP 43431 1154 2 . . . 43431 1155 1 Family family NN 43431 1155 2 = = SYM 43431 1155 3 Hippopotamidae=. hippopotamidae=. NN 43431 1156 1 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 1156 2 . . . 43431 1157 1 Family family NN 43431 1157 2 = = SYM 43431 1157 3 Suidae=. suidae=. NN 43431 1158 1 Sus sus NN 43431 1158 2 -- -- : 43431 1158 3 pig pig NN 43431 1158 4 . . . 43431 1159 1 Babirussa Babirussa NNP 43431 1159 2 . . . 43431 1160 1 Phacochaerus phacochaerus VB 43431 1160 2 -- -- : 43431 1160 3 wart wart JJ 43431 1160 4 hog hog NN 43431 1160 5 . . . 43431 1161 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1161 2 Hyotherium Hyotherium NNP 43431 1161 3 . . . 43431 1161 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1161 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1161 6 = = SYM 43431 1161 7 Cotylopidae=. cotylopidae=. FW 43431 1162 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1162 2 Cotylops Cotylops NNP 43431 1162 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1162 4 Oreodon Oreodon NNP 43431 1162 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1162 6 . . . 43431 1162 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1162 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1162 9 Cyclopidius Cyclopidius NNP 43431 1162 10 . . . 43431 1162 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1162 12 Family Family NNP 43431 1162 13 = = SYM 43431 1162 14 Agriochoeridae=. Agriochoeridae=. NNP 43431 1163 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1163 2 Agriochoerus Agriochoerus NNP 43431 1163 3 . . . 43431 1163 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1163 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1163 6 = = SYM 43431 1163 7 Anoplotheriidae=. Anoplotheriidae=. . 43431 1164 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1164 2 Anoplotherium Anoplotherium NNP 43431 1164 3 . . . 43431 1164 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1164 5 Section Section NNP 43431 1164 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1164 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1164 8 b b NNP 43431 1164 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1164 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1164 11 . . . 43431 1165 1 TYLOPODA tylopoda NN 43431 1165 2 . . . 43431 1166 1 Family family NN 43431 1166 2 = = SYM 43431 1166 3 Camelidae=. camelidae=. NN 43431 1167 1 Camelus camelus JJ 43431 1167 2 -- -- : 43431 1167 3 camel camel NN 43431 1167 4 . . . 43431 1168 1 Auchenia Auchenia NNP 43431 1168 2 -- -- : 43431 1168 3 llama llama NN 43431 1168 4 . . . 43431 1169 1 Section section NN 43431 1169 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1169 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1169 4 c c NNP 43431 1169 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1169 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1169 7 . . . 43431 1170 1 TRAGULINA TRAGULINA NNP 43431 1170 2 . . . 43431 1171 1 Family family NN 43431 1171 2 = = SYM 43431 1171 3 Tragulidae=. tragulidae=. NN 43431 1172 1 Dorcatherium Dorcatherium NNP 43431 1172 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1172 3 Hyomoschus)--chevrotain hyomoschus)--chevrotain UH 43431 1172 4 . . . 43431 1173 1 Section section NN 43431 1173 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1173 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1173 4 d d NNP 43431 1173 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1173 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1173 7 . . . 43431 1174 1 RUMINANTIA RUMINANTIA NNP 43431 1174 2 or or CC 43431 1174 3 PECORA pecora NN 43431 1174 4 . . . 43431 1175 1 Family family NN 43431 1175 2 = = SYM 43431 1175 3 Cervidae=. cervidae=. NN 43431 1176 1 Moschus Moschus NNP 43431 1176 2 -- -- : 43431 1176 3 musk musk JJ 43431 1176 4 deer deer NN 43431 1176 5 . . . 43431 1177 1 Cervus cervus NN 43431 1177 2 -- -- : 43431 1177 3 deer deer NN 43431 1177 4 . . . 43431 1178 1 Cervulus Cervulus NNP 43431 1178 2 -- -- : 43431 1178 3 muntjac muntjac NN 43431 1178 4 . . . 43431 1179 1 Hydropotes hydropote NNS 43431 1179 2 -- -- : 43431 1179 3 Chinese chinese JJ 43431 1179 4 water water NN 43431 1179 5 deer deer NN 43431 1179 6 . . . 43431 1180 1 Family family NN 43431 1180 2 = = SYM 43431 1180 3 Giraffidae=. giraffidae=. NN 43431 1181 1 Giraffa Giraffa NNP 43431 1181 2 -- -- : 43431 1181 3 giraffe giraffe NNP 43431 1181 4 . . . 43431 1182 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1182 2 Sivatherium Sivatherium NNP 43431 1182 3 . . . 43431 1182 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1182 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1182 6 = = SYM 43431 1182 7 Antilocapridae=. Antilocapridae=. NNP 43431 1183 1 Antilocapra Antilocapra NNP 43431 1183 2 -- -- : 43431 1183 3 prongbuck prongbuck NNP 43431 1183 4 . . . 43431 1184 1 Family family NN 43431 1184 2 = = SYM 43431 1184 3 Bovidae=. bovidae=. NN 43431 1185 1 Tetraceros Tetraceros NNP 43431 1185 2 -- -- : 43431 1185 3 four four CD 43431 1185 4 - - HYPH 43431 1185 5 horned horn VBN 43431 1185 6 antelope antelope NNS 43431 1185 7 . . . 43431 1186 1 Gazella Gazella NNP 43431 1186 2 -- -- : 43431 1186 3 gazelle gazelle NNP 43431 1186 4 . . . 43431 1187 1 Bos bos NN 43431 1187 2 -- -- : 43431 1187 3 ox ox UH 43431 1187 4 . . . 43431 1188 1 Bison Bison NNP 43431 1188 2 . . . 43431 1189 1 Bubalus Bubalus NNP 43431 1189 2 -- -- : 43431 1189 3 buffalo buffalo NNP 43431 1189 4 . . . 43431 1190 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1190 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1190 3 2 2 CD 43431 1190 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1190 5 . . . 43431 1191 1 PERISSODACTYLA PERISSODACTYLA NNP 43431 1191 2 . . . 43431 1192 1 Family family NN 43431 1192 2 = = SYM 43431 1192 3 Tapiridae=. tapiridae=. NN 43431 1193 1 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 1193 2 -- -- : 43431 1193 3 tapir tapir NN 43431 1193 4 . . . 43431 1194 1 Family family NN 43431 1194 2 = = SYM 43431 1194 3 Lophiodontidae=. Lophiodontidae=. NNS 43431 1195 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1195 2 Lophiodon Lophiodon NNP 43431 1195 3 . . . 43431 1195 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1195 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1195 6 Hyracotherium Hyracotherium NNP 43431 1195 7 . . . 43431 1195 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1195 9 Family Family NNP 43431 1195 10 = = SYM 43431 1195 11 Palaeotheriidae=. Palaeotheriidae=. NNP 43431 1196 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1196 2 Palaeotherium Palaeotherium NNP 43431 1196 3 . . . 43431 1196 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1196 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1196 6 = = SYM 43431 1196 7 Equidae=. Equidae=. NNP 43431 1197 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1197 2 Hipparion Hipparion NNP 43431 1197 3 . . . 43431 1197 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1197 5 Equus Equus NNP 43431 1197 6 -- -- : 43431 1197 7 horse horse NN 43431 1197 8 . . . 43431 1198 1 Family family NN 43431 1198 2 = = SYM 43431 1198 3 Rhinocerotidae=. rhinocerotidae=. NN 43431 1199 1 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 1199 2 . . . 43431 1200 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1200 2 Elasmotherium Elasmotherium NNP 43431 1200 3 . . . 43431 1200 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1200 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1200 6 = = SYM 43431 1200 7 Titanotheriidae=. Titanotheriidae=. NNP 43431 1201 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1201 2 Titanotherium Titanotherium NNP 43431 1201 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1201 4 Brontops Brontops NNP 43431 1201 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1201 6 . . . 43431 1201 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1201 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1201 9 Palaeosyops Palaeosyops NNP 43431 1201 10 . . . 43431 1201 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1201 12 Family Family NNP 43431 1201 13 = = SYM 43431 1201 14 Chalicotheriidae=. chalicotheriidae=. NN 43431 1202 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1202 2 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 1202 3 . . . 43431 1202 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1202 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1202 6 = = SYM 43431 1202 7 Macraucheniidae=. Macraucheniidae=. NNP 43431 1203 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1203 2 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 1203 3 . . . 43431 1203 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1203 5 Division Division NNP 43431 1203 6 B. B. NNP 43431 1203 7 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 1203 8 . . . 43431 1204 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1204 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1204 3 1 1 CD 43431 1204 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1204 5 . . . 43431 1205 1 TOXODONTIA TOXODONTIA NNP 43431 1205 2 . . . 43431 1206 1 Family family NN 43431 1206 2 = = SYM 43431 1206 3 Astrapotheriidae=. Astrapotheriidae=. NNP 43431 1207 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1207 2 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 1207 3 . . . 43431 1207 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1207 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1207 6 = = SYM 43431 1207 7 Nesodontidae=. Nesodontidae=. NNP 43431 1208 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1208 2 Nesodon Nesodon NNP 43431 1208 3 . . . 43431 1208 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1208 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1208 6 = = SYM 43431 1208 7 Toxodontidae=. toxodontidae=. FW 43431 1209 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1209 2 Toxodon Toxodon NNP 43431 1209 3 . . . 43431 1209 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1209 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1209 6 = = SYM 43431 1209 7 Typotheriidae=. Typotheriidae=. NNP 43431 1210 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1210 2 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 1210 3 . . . 43431 1210 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1210 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1210 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1210 7 2 2 CD 43431 1210 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1210 9 . . . 43431 1211 1 CONDYLARTHRA CONDYLARTHRA NNP 43431 1211 2 . . . 43431 1212 1 Family family NN 43431 1212 2 = = SYM 43431 1212 3 Phenacodontidae=. phenacodontidae=. NN 43431 1213 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1213 2 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 1213 3 . . . 43431 1213 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1213 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1213 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1213 7 3 3 CD 43431 1213 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1213 9 . . . 43431 1214 1 HYRACOIDEA HYRACOIDEA NNP 43431 1214 2 . . . 43431 1215 1 Family family NN 43431 1215 2 = = SYM 43431 1215 3 Hyracidae=. hyracidae=. ADD 43431 1216 1 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 1216 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1216 3 Hyrax Hyrax NNP 43431 1216 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1216 5 . . . 43431 1217 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1217 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1217 3 4 4 CD 43431 1217 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1217 5 . . . 43431 1218 1 AMBLYPODA amblypoda NN 43431 1218 2 . . . 43431 1219 1 Family family NN 43431 1219 2 = = SYM 43431 1219 3 Coryphodontidae=. coryphodontidae=. NN 43431 1220 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1220 2 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 1220 3 . . . 43431 1220 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1220 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1220 6 = = SYM 43431 1220 7 Uintatheriidae=. uintatheriidae=. NN 43431 1221 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1221 2 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 1221 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1221 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1221 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1221 6 Dinoceras Dinoceras NNPS 43431 1221 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1221 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1221 9 . . . 43431 1222 1 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1222 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1222 3 5 5 CD 43431 1222 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1222 5 . . . 43431 1223 1 PROBOSCIDEA PROBOSCIDEA NNP 43431 1223 2 . . . 43431 1224 1 Family family NN 43431 1224 2 = = SYM 43431 1224 3 Dinotheriidae=. Dinotheriidae=. . 43431 1225 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1225 2 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 1225 3 . . . 43431 1225 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1225 5 Family Family NNP 43431 1225 6 = = SYM 43431 1225 7 Elephantidae=. Elephantidae=. VBZ 43431 1226 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1226 2 Mastodon Mastodon NNP 43431 1226 3 . . . 43431 1226 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1226 5 Elephas Elephas NNP 43431 1226 6 -- -- : 43431 1226 7 elephant elephant NN 43431 1226 8 . . . 43431 1227 1 Group Group NNP 43431 1227 2 Tillodontia Tillodontia NNP 43431 1227 3 . . . 43431 1228 1 Order order NN 43431 1228 2 5 5 CD 43431 1228 3 . . . 43431 1229 1 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 1229 2 . . . 43431 1230 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1230 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1230 3 1 1 CD 43431 1230 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1230 5 . . . 43431 1231 1 SIMPLICIDENTATA SIMPLICIDENTATA NNP 43431 1231 2 . . . 43431 1232 1 Section section NN 43431 1232 2 SCIUROMORPHA SCIUROMORPHA NNP 43431 1232 3 . . . 43431 1233 1 Family family NN 43431 1233 2 = = SYM 43431 1233 3 Castoridae=. Castoridae=. NNP 43431 1234 1 Castor castor NN 43431 1234 2 -- -- : 43431 1234 3 beaver beaver NN 43431 1234 4 . . . 43431 1235 1 Section section NN 43431 1235 2 MYOMORPHA MYOMORPHA NNP 43431 1235 3 . . . 43431 1236 1 Family family NN 43431 1236 2 = = SYM 43431 1236 3 Lophiomyidae=. lophiomyidae=. NN 43431 1237 1 Lophiomys Lophiomys NNP 43431 1237 2 . . . 43431 1238 1 Family family NN 43431 1238 2 = = SYM 43431 1238 3 Muridae=. muridae=. NN 43431 1239 1 Hydromys hydromys NN 43431 1239 2 . . . 43431 1240 1 Acanthomys acanthomys NN 43431 1240 2 -- -- : 43431 1240 3 spiny spiny JJ 43431 1240 4 mouse mouse NN 43431 1240 5 . . . 43431 1241 1 Mus mus NN 43431 1241 2 -- -- : 43431 1241 3 mouse mouse NN 43431 1241 4 . . . 43431 1242 1 Family family NN 43431 1242 2 = = SYM 43431 1242 3 Spalacidae=. spalacidae=. NN 43431 1243 1 Bathyergus Bathyergus NNP 43431 1243 2 . . . 43431 1244 1 Family family NN 43431 1244 2 = = SYM 43431 1244 3 Dipodidae=. Dipodidae=. NNP 43431 1245 1 Dipus Dipus NNP 43431 1245 2 -- -- : 43431 1245 3 jerboa jerboa NNP 43431 1245 4 . . . 43431 1246 1 Pedetes Pedetes NNPS 43431 1246 2 -- -- : 43431 1246 3 Cape Cape NNP 43431 1246 4 jumping jumping NN 43431 1246 5 - - HYPH 43431 1246 6 hare hare NN 43431 1246 7 . . . 43431 1247 1 Section section NN 43431 1247 2 HYSTRICOMORPHA HYSTRICOMORPHA NNS 43431 1247 3 . . . 43431 1248 1 Family family NN 43431 1248 2 = = SYM 43431 1248 3 Hystricidae=. hystricidae=. NN 43431 1249 1 Hystrix Hystrix NNP 43431 1249 2 -- -- : 43431 1249 3 porcupine porcupine NN 43431 1249 4 . . . 43431 1250 1 Family family NN 43431 1250 2 = = SYM 43431 1250 3 Chinchillidae=. Chinchillidae=. NNP 43431 1251 1 Chinchilla chinchilla NN 43431 1251 2 . . . 43431 1252 1 Lagostomus Lagostomus NNP 43431 1252 2 -- -- : 43431 1252 3 viscacha viscacha NNP 43431 1252 4 . . . 43431 1253 1 Family family NN 43431 1253 2 = = SYM 43431 1253 3 Dasyproctidae=. dasyproctidae=. NN 43431 1254 1 Coelogenys coelogenys NN 43431 1254 2 -- -- : 43431 1254 3 paca paca NN 43431 1254 4 . . . 43431 1255 1 Dasyprocta Dasyprocta NNP 43431 1255 2 -- -- : 43431 1255 3 agouti agouti NNP 43431 1255 4 . . . 43431 1256 1 Family family NN 43431 1256 2 = = SYM 43431 1256 3 Caviidae=. caviidae=. ADD 43431 1257 1 Cavia Cavia NNP 43431 1257 2 -- -- : 43431 1257 3 guinea guinea NN 43431 1257 4 - - HYPH 43431 1257 5 pig pig NN 43431 1257 6 . . . 43431 1258 1 Hydrochaerus Hydrochaerus NNP 43431 1258 2 -- -- : 43431 1258 3 capybara capybara NNP 43431 1258 4 . . . 43431 1259 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1259 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1259 3 2 2 CD 43431 1259 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1259 5 . . . 43431 1260 1 DUPLICIDENTATA DUPLICIDENTATA NNP 43431 1260 2 . . . 43431 1261 1 Family family NN 43431 1261 2 = = SYM 43431 1261 3 Leporidae=. Leporidae=. NNS 43431 1262 1 Lepus Lepus NNP 43431 1262 2 -- -- : 43431 1262 3 hare hare NN 43431 1262 4 and and CC 43431 1262 5 rabbit rabbit NN 43431 1262 6 . . . 43431 1263 1 Order order NN 43431 1263 2 6 6 CD 43431 1263 3 . . . 43431 1264 1 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 1264 2 . . . 43431 1265 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1265 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1265 3 1 1 CD 43431 1265 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1265 5 . . . 43431 1266 1 CREODONTA CREODONTA NNP 43431 1266 2 . . . 43431 1267 1 Family family NN 43431 1267 2 = = SYM 43431 1267 3 Hyaenodontidae=. hyaenodontidae=. NN 43431 1268 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1268 2 Hyaenodon Hyaenodon NNP 43431 1268 3 . . . 43431 1268 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1268 5 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1268 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1268 7 2 2 CD 43431 1268 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1268 9 . . . 43431 1269 1 CARNIVORA CARNIVORA NNP 43431 1269 2 VERA VERA NNP 43431 1269 3 or or CC 43431 1269 4 FISSIPEDIA fissipedia NN 43431 1269 5 . . . 43431 1270 1 Section section NN 43431 1270 2 à ã NN 43431 1270 3 � � NN 43431 1270 4 LUROIDEA luroidea NN 43431 1270 5 . . . 43431 1271 1 Family family NN 43431 1271 2 = = SYM 43431 1271 3 Felidae=. felidae=. NN 43431 1272 1 Felis felis NN 43431 1272 2 -- -- : 43431 1272 3 cat cat NN 43431 1272 4 , , , 43431 1272 5 lion lion NN 43431 1272 6 , , , 43431 1272 7 tiger tiger NNP 43431 1272 8 . . . 43431 1273 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1273 2 Machaerodus_--sabre Machaerodus_--sabre NNP 43431 1273 3 - - HYPH 43431 1273 4 toothed toothed JJ 43431 1273 5 lion lion NN 43431 1273 6 . . . 43431 1274 1 Family family NN 43431 1274 2 = = SYM 43431 1274 3 Viverridae=. Viverridae=. VBZ 43431 1275 1 Viverra Viverra NNP 43431 1275 2 -- -- : 43431 1275 3 civet civet NNP 43431 1275 4 . . . 43431 1276 1 Paradoxurus Paradoxurus NNP 43431 1276 2 -- -- : 43431 1276 3 palm palm NN 43431 1276 4 civet civet NNS 43431 1276 5 . . . 43431 1277 1 Family family NN 43431 1277 2 = = SYM 43431 1277 3 Protelidae=. protelidae=. NN 43431 1278 1 Proteles protele NNS 43431 1278 2 -- -- : 43431 1278 3 aard aard NN 43431 1278 4 wolf wolf NNP 43431 1278 5 . . . 43431 1279 1 Family family NN 43431 1279 2 = = SYM 43431 1279 3 Hyaenidae=. Hyaenidae=. NNS 43431 1280 1 Hyaena Hyaena NNP 43431 1280 2 . . . 43431 1281 1 Section section NN 43431 1281 2 CYNOIDEA cynoidea NN 43431 1281 3 . . . 43431 1282 1 Family family NN 43431 1282 2 = = SYM 43431 1282 3 Canidae=. canidae=. NN 43431 1283 1 Canis canis NN 43431 1283 2 -- -- : 43431 1283 3 dog dog NN 43431 1283 4 , , , 43431 1283 5 wolf wolf NNP 43431 1283 6 , , , 43431 1283 7 fox fox NNP 43431 1283 8 . . . 43431 1284 1 Section section NN 43431 1284 2 ARCTOIDEA arctoidea NN 43431 1284 3 . . . 43431 1285 1 Family family NN 43431 1285 2 = = SYM 43431 1285 3 Ursidae=. ursidae=. NN 43431 1286 1 Ursus Ursus NNP 43431 1286 2 -- -- : 43431 1286 3 bear bear NN 43431 1286 4 . . . 43431 1287 1 Family family NN 43431 1287 2 = = SYM 43431 1287 3 Mustelidae=. mustelidae=. NN 43431 1288 1 Latax latax NN 43431 1288 2 -- -- : 43431 1288 3 sea sea NN 43431 1288 4 otter otter NN 43431 1288 5 . . . 43431 1289 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1289 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1289 3 3 3 CD 43431 1289 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1289 5 . . . 43431 1290 1 PINNIPEDIA PINNIPEDIA NNP 43431 1290 2 . . . 43431 1291 1 Family family NN 43431 1291 2 = = SYM 43431 1291 3 Otariidae=. Otariidae=. NNP 43431 1292 1 Otaria Otaria NNP 43431 1292 2 -- -- : 43431 1292 3 sea sea NN 43431 1292 4 lion lion NN 43431 1292 5 . . . 43431 1293 1 Family family NN 43431 1293 2 = = SYM 43431 1293 3 Trichechidae=. trichechidae=. FW 43431 1294 1 Trichechus Trichechus NNPS 43431 1294 2 -- -- : 43431 1294 3 walrus walrus NNP 43431 1294 4 . . . 43431 1295 1 Family family NN 43431 1295 2 = = SYM 43431 1295 3 Phocidae=. phocidae=. NN 43431 1296 1 Ogmorhinus ogmorhinus NN 43431 1296 2 -- -- : 43431 1296 3 sea sea NN 43431 1296 4 leopard leopard NN 43431 1296 5 . . . 43431 1297 1 Order order NN 43431 1297 2 7 7 CD 43431 1297 3 . . . 43431 1298 1 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 1298 2 . . . 43431 1299 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1299 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1299 3 1 1 CD 43431 1299 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1299 5 . . . 43431 1300 1 DERMOPTERA DERMOPTERA NNP 43431 1300 2 . . . 43431 1301 1 Family family NN 43431 1301 2 = = SYM 43431 1301 3 Galeopithecidae=. galeopithecidae=. ADD 43431 1302 1 Galeopithecus--'flying galeopithecus--'flye VBG 43431 1302 2 lemur lemur NNP 43431 1302 3 ' ' '' 43431 1302 4 . . . 43431 1303 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1303 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1303 3 2 2 CD 43431 1303 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1303 5 . . . 43431 1304 1 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 1304 2 VERA VERA NNP 43431 1304 3 . . . 43431 1305 1 Family family NN 43431 1305 2 = = SYM 43431 1305 3 Macroscelidae=. Macroscelidae=. VBZ 43431 1306 1 Macroscelides macroscelide NNS 43431 1306 2 -- -- : 43431 1306 3 jumping jump VBG 43431 1306 4 shrew shrew NN 43431 1306 5 . . . 43431 1307 1 Family family NN 43431 1307 2 = = SYM 43431 1307 3 Erinaceidae=. erinaceidae=. NN 43431 1308 1 Erinaceus erinaceus NN 43431 1308 2 -- -- : 43431 1308 3 hedgehog hedgehog NN 43431 1308 4 . . . 43431 1309 1 Gymnura Gymnura NNP 43431 1309 2 . . . 43431 1310 1 Family family NN 43431 1310 2 = = SYM 43431 1310 3 Soricidae=. soricidae=. NN 43431 1311 1 Sorex Sorex NNP 43431 1311 2 -- -- : 43431 1311 3 shrew shrew VBD 43431 1311 4 . . . 43431 1312 1 Family family NN 43431 1312 2 = = SYM 43431 1312 3 Talpidae=. talpidae=. NN 43431 1313 1 Talpa Talpa NNP 43431 1313 2 -- -- : 43431 1313 3 mole mole NN 43431 1313 4 . . . 43431 1314 1 Family family NN 43431 1314 2 = = SYM 43431 1314 3 Potamogalidae=. potamogalidae=. NN 43431 1315 1 Potamogale Potamogale NNP 43431 1315 2 . . . 43431 1316 1 Family family NN 43431 1316 2 = = SYM 43431 1316 3 Solenodontidae=. Solenodontidae=. NNP 43431 1317 1 Solenodon Solenodon NNP 43431 1317 2 . . . 43431 1318 1 Family family NN 43431 1318 2 = = SYM 43431 1318 3 Centetidae=. centetidae=. FW 43431 1319 1 Microgale Microgale NNP 43431 1319 2 . . . 43431 1320 1 Centetes centete NNS 43431 1320 2 -- -- : 43431 1320 3 tenrec tenrec NN 43431 1320 4 . . . 43431 1321 1 Family family NN 43431 1321 2 = = SYM 43431 1321 3 Chrysochloridae=. Chrysochloridae=. NNS 43431 1322 1 Chrysochloris Chrysochloris NNP 43431 1322 2 -- -- : 43431 1322 3 golden golden JJ 43431 1322 4 mole mole NN 43431 1322 5 . . . 43431 1323 1 Order order NN 43431 1323 2 8 8 CD 43431 1323 3 . . . 43431 1324 1 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 1324 2 . . . 43431 1325 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1325 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1325 3 1 1 CD 43431 1325 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1325 5 . . . 43431 1326 1 MEGACHIROPTERA megachiroptera RB 43431 1326 2 . . . 43431 1327 1 Family family NN 43431 1327 2 = = SYM 43431 1327 3 Pteropidae=. pteropidae=. NN 43431 1328 1 Pteropus Pteropus NNP 43431 1328 2 -- -- : 43431 1328 3 flying fly VBG 43431 1328 4 fox fox NN 43431 1328 5 . . . 43431 1329 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1329 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1329 3 2 2 CD 43431 1329 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1329 5 . . . 43431 1330 1 MICROCHIROPTERA MICROCHIROPTERA NNP 43431 1330 2 . . . 43431 1331 1 Family family NN 43431 1331 2 = = SYM 43431 1331 3 Rhinolophidae=. rhinolophidae=. ADD 43431 1332 1 Horseshoe Horseshoe NNP 43431 1332 2 bats bat NNS 43431 1332 3 . . . 43431 1333 1 Family family NN 43431 1333 2 = = SYM 43431 1333 3 Phyllostomatidae=. phyllostomatidae=. NN 43431 1334 1 Desmodus Desmodus NNP 43431 1334 2 -- -- : 43431 1334 3 vampire vampire NN 43431 1334 4 . . . 43431 1335 1 Order order NN 43431 1335 2 9 9 CD 43431 1335 3 . . . 43431 1336 1 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 1336 2 . . . 43431 1337 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1337 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1337 3 1 1 CD 43431 1337 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1337 5 . . . 43431 1338 1 LEMUROIDEA LEMUROIDEA NNP 43431 1338 2 . . . 43431 1339 1 Family family NN 43431 1339 2 = = SYM 43431 1339 3 Tarsiidae=. tarsiidae=. ADD 43431 1340 1 Tarsius tarsius NN 43431 1340 2 -- -- : 43431 1340 3 tarsier tarsi JJR 43431 1340 4 . . . 43431 1341 1 Family family NN 43431 1341 2 = = SYM 43431 1341 3 Chiromyidae=. chiromyidae=. NN 43431 1342 1 Chiromys chiromys NN 43431 1342 2 -- -- : 43431 1342 3 aye aye UH 43431 1342 4 aye aye UH 43431 1342 5 . . . 43431 1343 1 Suborder suborder NN 43431 1343 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1343 3 2 2 CD 43431 1343 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1343 5 . . . 43431 1344 1 ANTHROPOIDEA ANTHROPOIDEA NNP 43431 1344 2 . . . 43431 1345 1 Family family NN 43431 1345 2 = = SYM 43431 1345 3 Hapalidae=. hapalidae=. NN 43431 1346 1 Hapale Hapale NNP 43431 1346 2 -- -- : 43431 1346 3 marmoset marmoset NN 43431 1346 4 . . . 43431 1347 1 Family family NN 43431 1347 2 = = SYM 43431 1347 3 Cebidae=. cebidae=. FW 43431 1348 1 Mycetes Mycetes NNP 43431 1348 2 -- -- : 43431 1348 3 howling howl VBG 43431 1348 4 monkey monkey NN 43431 1348 5 . . . 43431 1349 1 Ateles atele NNS 43431 1349 2 -- -- : 43431 1349 3 spider spider NN 43431 1349 4 monkey monkey NN 43431 1349 5 . . . 43431 1350 1 Family family NN 43431 1350 2 = = SYM 43431 1350 3 Cercopithecidae=. cercopithecidae=. NN 43431 1351 1 Cynocephalus cynocephalus JJ 43431 1351 2 -- -- : 43431 1351 3 baboon baboon NN 43431 1351 4 . . . 43431 1352 1 Macacus Macacus NNP 43431 1352 2 . . . 43431 1353 1 Colobus Colobus NNP 43431 1353 2 . . . 43431 1354 1 Family family NN 43431 1354 2 = = SYM 43431 1354 3 Simiidae=. simiidae=. NN 43431 1355 1 Hylobates Hylobates NNP 43431 1355 2 -- -- : 43431 1355 3 gibbon gibbon NN 43431 1355 4 . . . 43431 1356 1 Simia Simia NNP 43431 1356 2 -- -- : 43431 1356 3 orang orang NNP 43431 1356 4 . . . 43431 1357 1 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 1357 2 . . . 43431 1358 1 Anthropopithecus anthropopithecus NN 43431 1358 2 -- -- : 43431 1358 3 chimpanzee chimpanzee NN 43431 1358 4 . . . 43431 1359 1 Family family NN 43431 1359 2 = = SYM 43431 1359 3 Hominidae=. hominidae=. NN 43431 1360 1 Homo homo NN 43431 1360 2 -- -- : 43431 1360 3 man man NN 43431 1360 4 . . . 43431 1361 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 1361 2 : : : 43431 1361 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1361 4 17 17 CD 43431 1361 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1361 6 This this DT 43431 1361 7 classification classification NN 43431 1361 8 of of IN 43431 1361 9 birds bird NNS 43431 1361 10 is be VBZ 43431 1361 11 essentially essentially RB 43431 1361 12 that that DT 43431 1361 13 of of IN 43431 1361 14 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 1361 15 and and CC 43431 1361 16 Selenka Selenka NNP 43431 1361 17 in in IN 43431 1361 18 Bronn Bronn NNP 43431 1361 19 's 's POS 43431 1361 20 _ _ NNP 43431 1361 21 Classen Classen NNP 43431 1361 22 und und VBD 43431 1361 23 Ordnungen Ordnungen NNP 43431 1361 24 des des NNP 43431 1361 25 Thierreichs Thierreichs NNP 43431 1361 26 _ _ NNP 43431 1361 27 , , , 43431 1361 28 Band Band NNP 43431 1361 29 VI VI NNP 43431 1361 30 . . NNP 43431 1361 31 , , , 43431 1361 32 Abth Abth NNP 43431 1361 33 . . . 43431 1362 1 IV IV NNP 43431 1362 2 . . NNP 43431 1362 3 , , , 43431 1362 4 Vögel Vögel NNP 43431 1362 5 . . . 43431 1363 1 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 43431 1363 2 , , , 43431 1363 3 1891 1891 CD 43431 1363 4 . . . 43431 1364 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1364 2 18 18 CD 43431 1364 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1364 4 The the DT 43431 1364 5 classification classification NN 43431 1364 6 adopted adopt VBN 43431 1364 7 is be VBZ 43431 1364 8 almost almost RB 43431 1364 9 entirely entirely RB 43431 1364 10 that that IN 43431 1364 11 given give VBN 43431 1364 12 in in IN 43431 1364 13 Flower Flower NNP 43431 1364 14 and and CC 43431 1364 15 Lydekker Lydekker NNP 43431 1364 16 's 's POS 43431 1364 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1364 18 Mammals Mammals NNPS 43431 1364 19 Living Living NNP 43431 1364 20 and and CC 43431 1364 21 Extinct Extinct NNP 43431 1364 22 _ _ NNP 43431 1364 23 . . . 43431 1365 1 London London NNP 43431 1365 2 , , , 43431 1365 3 1891 1891 CD 43431 1365 4 . . . 43431 1366 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 1366 2 III III NNP 43431 1366 3 . . . 43431 1367 1 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 1367 2 OF of IN 43431 1367 3 HEMICHORDATA HEMICHORDATA NNP 43431 1367 4 , , , 43431 1367 5 UROCHORDATA UROCHORDATA NNP 43431 1367 6 , , , 43431 1367 7 AND and CC 43431 1367 8 CEPHALOCHORDATA CEPHALOCHORDATA NNP 43431 1367 9 . . . 43431 1368 1 SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM NNP 43431 1368 2 A. A. NNP 43431 1368 3 HEMICHORDATA HEMICHORDATA NNP 43431 1368 4 . . . 43431 1369 1 THE the DT 43431 1369 2 subphylum subphylum NN 43431 1369 3 includes include VBZ 43431 1369 4 three three CD 43431 1369 5 genera genera NN 43431 1369 6 , , , 43431 1369 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1369 8 Balanoglossus_[19 Balanoglossus_[19 NNP 43431 1369 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1369 10 , , , 43431 1369 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1369 12 Cephalodiscus Cephalodiscus NNP 43431 1369 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1369 14 and and CC 43431 1369 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1369 16 Rhabdopleura Rhabdopleura NNP 43431 1369 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1369 18 ; ; : 43431 1369 19 and and CC 43431 1369 20 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 1369 21 a a DT 43431 1369 22 fourth fourth JJ 43431 1369 23 , , , 43431 1369 24 _ _ NNP 43431 1369 25 Phoronis Phoronis NNP 43431 1369 26 _ _ NNP 43431 1369 27 . . . 43431 1370 1 The the DT 43431 1370 2 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 1370 3 structures structure NNS 43431 1370 4 found find VBN 43431 1370 5 in in IN 43431 1370 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1370 7 Balanoglossus_[20 Balanoglossus_[20 NNP 43431 1370 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1370 9 are be VBP 43431 1370 10 all all RB 43431 1370 11 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 1370 12 . . . 43431 1371 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 1371 2 include include VBP 43431 1371 3 : : : 43431 1371 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1371 5 1 1 LS 43431 1371 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1371 7 The the NN 43431 1371 8 = = SYM 43431 1371 9 notochord=. notochord=. FW 43431 1372 1 This this DT 43431 1372 2 arises arise VBZ 43431 1372 3 as as IN 43431 1372 4 a a DT 43431 1372 5 diverticulum diverticulum NN 43431 1372 6 from from IN 43431 1372 7 the the DT 43431 1372 8 alimentary alimentary JJ 43431 1372 9 canal canal NN 43431 1372 10 which which WDT 43431 1372 11 grows grow VBZ 43431 1372 12 forwards forwards RB 43431 1372 13 into into IN 43431 1372 14 the the DT 43431 1372 15 proboscis probosci NNS 43431 1372 16 and and CC 43431 1372 17 extends extend VBZ 43431 1372 18 beyond beyond IN 43431 1372 19 the the DT 43431 1372 20 front front JJ 43431 1372 21 end end NN 43431 1372 22 of of IN 43431 1372 23 the the DT 43431 1372 24 central central JJ 43431 1372 25 nervous nervous JJ 43431 1372 26 system system NN 43431 1372 27 . . . 43431 1373 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 1373 2 is be VBZ 43431 1373 3 hypoblastic hypoblastic JJ 43431 1373 4 in in IN 43431 1373 5 origin origin NN 43431 1373 6 and and CC 43431 1373 7 arises arise VBZ 43431 1373 8 in in IN 43431 1373 9 the the DT 43431 1373 10 same same JJ 43431 1373 11 way way NN 43431 1373 12 as as IN 43431 1373 13 does do VBZ 43431 1373 14 the the DT 43431 1373 15 notochord notochord NN 43431 1373 16 of of IN 43431 1373 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1373 18 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 1373 19 _ _ NNP 43431 1373 20 . . . 43431 1374 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1374 2 cells cell NNS 43431 1374 3 become become VBP 43431 1374 4 highly highly RB 43431 1374 5 vacuolated vacuolated JJ 43431 1374 6 and and CC 43431 1374 7 take take VB 43431 1374 8 on on RP 43431 1374 9 the the DT 43431 1374 10 typical typical JJ 43431 1374 11 notochordal notochordal NN 43431 1374 12 structure[21 structure[21 NNP 43431 1374 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1374 14 . . . 43431 1375 1 The the DT 43431 1375 2 cavity cavity NN 43431 1375 3 of of IN 43431 1375 4 the the DT 43431 1375 5 primitive primitive JJ 43431 1375 6 diverticulum diverticulum NN 43431 1375 7 becomes become VBZ 43431 1375 8 obliterated obliterate VBN 43431 1375 9 in in IN 43431 1375 10 front front NN 43431 1375 11 , , , 43431 1375 12 but but CC 43431 1375 13 behind behind IN 43431 1375 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1375 15 opens open VBZ 43431 1375 16 throughout throughout IN 43431 1375 17 life life NN 43431 1375 18 into into IN 43431 1375 19 the the DT 43431 1375 20 alimentary alimentary JJ 43431 1375 21 canal canal NN 43431 1375 22 . . . 43431 1376 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1376 2 2 2 LS 43431 1376 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1376 4 The the DT 43431 1376 5 = = SYM 43431 1376 6 axial axial JJ 43431 1376 7 skeletal skeletal NN 43431 1376 8 rods=. rods=. NN 43431 1377 1 These these DT 43431 1377 2 are be VBP 43431 1377 3 a a DT 43431 1377 4 pair pair NN 43431 1377 5 of of IN 43431 1377 6 chitinous chitinous JJ 43431 1377 7 rods rod NNS 43431 1377 8 which which WDT 43431 1377 9 lie lie VBP 43431 1377 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1377 11 to to IN 43431 1377 12 the the DT 43431 1377 13 notochord notochord NN 43431 1377 14 and and CC 43431 1377 15 in in IN 43431 1377 16 the the DT 43431 1377 17 collar collar NN 43431 1377 18 region region NN 43431 1377 19 unite unite VB 43431 1377 20 to to TO 43431 1377 21 form form VB 43431 1377 22 a a DT 43431 1377 23 single single JJ 43431 1377 24 mass mass NN 43431 1377 25 . . . 43431 1378 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1378 2 3 3 LS 43431 1378 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1378 4 The the DT 43431 1378 5 = = SYM 43431 1378 6 branchial branchial NN 43431 1378 7 skeleton=. skeleton=. NNP 43431 1379 1 The the DT 43431 1379 2 gill gill JJ 43431 1379 3 bars bar NNS 43431 1379 4 separating separate VBG 43431 1379 5 the the DT 43431 1379 6 gill gill JJ 43431 1379 7 slits slit NNS 43431 1379 8 from from IN 43431 1379 9 one one CD 43431 1379 10 another another DT 43431 1379 11 are be VBP 43431 1379 12 strengthened strengthen VBN 43431 1379 13 by by IN 43431 1379 14 chitinous chitinous JJ 43431 1379 15 rods rod NNS 43431 1379 16 in in IN 43431 1379 17 a a DT 43431 1379 18 way way NN 43431 1379 19 closely closely RB 43431 1379 20 similar similar JJ 43431 1379 21 to to IN 43431 1379 22 that that DT 43431 1379 23 in in IN 43431 1379 24 _ _ NNP 43431 1379 25 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 1379 26 _ _ NNP 43431 1379 27 . . . 43431 1380 1 But but CC 43431 1380 2 between between IN 43431 1380 3 one one CD 43431 1380 4 primary primary JJ 43431 1380 5 forked forked JJ 43431 1380 6 rod rod NN 43431 1380 7 and and CC 43431 1380 8 the the DT 43431 1380 9 next next JJ 43431 1380 10 there there EX 43431 1380 11 are be VBP 43431 1380 12 two two CD 43431 1380 13 secondary secondary JJ 43431 1380 14 unforked unforked JJ 43431 1380 15 rods rod NNS 43431 1380 16 -- -- : 43431 1380 17 not not RB 43431 1380 18 one one CD 43431 1380 19 , , , 43431 1380 20 as as IN 43431 1380 21 in in IN 43431 1380 22 _ _ NNP 43431 1380 23 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 1380 24 _ _ NNP 43431 1380 25 . . . 43431 1381 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1381 2 4 4 LS 43431 1381 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1381 4 The the DT 43431 1381 5 = = SYM 43431 1381 6 chondroid chondroid NN 43431 1381 7 tissue=. tissue=. NN 43431 1382 1 This this DT 43431 1382 2 is be VBZ 43431 1382 3 of of IN 43431 1382 4 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 1382 5 origin origin NN 43431 1382 6 and and CC 43431 1382 7 may may MD 43431 1382 8 be be VB 43431 1382 9 regarded regard VBN 43431 1382 10 as as IN 43431 1382 11 an an DT 43431 1382 12 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 1382 13 sheath sheath NN 43431 1382 14 for for IN 43431 1382 15 the the DT 43431 1382 16 notochord notochord NN 43431 1382 17 . . . 43431 1383 1 In in IN 43431 1383 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1383 3 Cephalodiscus Cephalodiscus NNP 43431 1383 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1383 5 and and CC 43431 1383 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1383 7 Rhabdopleura Rhabdopleura NNP 43431 1383 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1383 9 as as IN 43431 1383 10 in in IN 43431 1383 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1383 12 Balanoglossus Balanoglossus NNP 43431 1383 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1383 14 the the DT 43431 1383 15 notochord notochord NN 43431 1383 16 forms form VBZ 43431 1383 17 a a DT 43431 1383 18 small small JJ 43431 1383 19 diverticulum diverticulum NN 43431 1383 20 growing grow VBG 43431 1383 21 forwards forwards RB 43431 1383 22 from from IN 43431 1383 23 the the DT 43431 1383 24 alimentary alimentary JJ 43431 1383 25 canal canal NN 43431 1383 26 into into IN 43431 1383 27 the the DT 43431 1383 28 proboscis proboscis NNP 43431 1383 29 stalk stalk NN 43431 1383 30 . . . 43431 1384 1 Recent recent JJ 43431 1384 2 researches research NNS 43431 1384 3 on on IN 43431 1384 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1384 5 Phoronis_[22 Phoronis_[22 NNP 43431 1384 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1384 7 show show VBP 43431 1384 8 the the DT 43431 1384 9 existence existence NN 43431 1384 10 in in IN 43431 1384 11 the the DT 43431 1384 12 collar collar NN 43431 1384 13 region region NN 43431 1384 14 of of IN 43431 1384 15 the the DT 43431 1384 16 larva larva NN 43431 1384 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1384 18 _ _ NNP 43431 1384 19 Actinotrocha Actinotrocha NNP 43431 1384 20 _ _ NNP 43431 1384 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1384 22 of of IN 43431 1384 23 a a DT 43431 1384 24 paired pair VBN 43431 1384 25 organ organ NN 43431 1384 26 , , , 43431 1384 27 which which WDT 43431 1384 28 is be VBZ 43431 1384 29 regarded regard VBN 43431 1384 30 by by IN 43431 1384 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1384 32 discoverer discoverer NN 43431 1384 33 as as IN 43431 1384 34 representing represent VBG 43431 1384 35 a a DT 43431 1384 36 double double JJ 43431 1384 37 notochord notochord NN 43431 1384 38 . . . 43431 1385 1 SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM NNP 43431 1385 2 B. B. NNP 43431 1385 3 UROCHORDATA UROCHORDATA NNP 43431 1385 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1385 5 TUNICATA TUNICATA NNP 43431 1385 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1385 7 . . . 43431 1386 1 Skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 1386 2 structures structure NNS 43431 1386 3 of of IN 43431 1386 4 epiblastic epiblastic JJ 43431 1386 5 and and CC 43431 1386 6 hypoblastic hypoblastic JJ 43431 1386 7 origin origin NN 43431 1386 8 occur occur VBP 43431 1386 9 in in IN 43431 1386 10 the the DT 43431 1386 11 Urochordata Urochordata NNP 43431 1386 12 . . . 43431 1387 1 Most Most JJS 43431 1387 2 Tunicates Tunicates NNPS 43431 1387 3 are be VBP 43431 1387 4 invested invest VBN 43431 1387 5 by by IN 43431 1387 6 a a DT 43431 1387 7 thick thick JJ 43431 1387 8 gelatinous gelatinous JJ 43431 1387 9 test test NN 43431 1387 10 which which WDT 43431 1387 11 often often RB 43431 1387 12 contains contain VBZ 43431 1387 13 calcareous calcareous JJ 43431 1387 14 spicules spicule NNS 43431 1387 15 , , , 43431 1387 16 and and CC 43431 1387 17 serves serve VBZ 43431 1387 18 as as IN 43431 1387 19 a a DT 43431 1387 20 supporting support VBG 43431 1387 21 organ organ NN 43431 1387 22 for for IN 43431 1387 23 the the DT 43431 1387 24 soft soft JJ 43431 1387 25 body body NN 43431 1387 26 . . . 43431 1388 1 The the DT 43431 1388 2 cells cell NNS 43431 1388 3 of of IN 43431 1388 4 this this DT 43431 1388 5 test test NN 43431 1388 6 are be VBP 43431 1388 7 mesodermal mesodermal JJ 43431 1388 8 in in IN 43431 1388 9 origin origin NN 43431 1388 10 . . . 43431 1389 1 In in IN 43431 1389 2 larval larval JJ 43431 1389 3 Tunicata Tunicata NNP 43431 1389 4 and and CC 43431 1389 5 in in IN 43431 1389 6 adults adult NNS 43431 1389 7 of of IN 43431 1389 8 the the DT 43431 1389 9 group group NN 43431 1389 10 Larvacea Larvacea NNP 43431 1389 11 the the DT 43431 1389 12 tail tail NN 43431 1389 13 is be VBZ 43431 1389 14 supported support VBN 43431 1389 15 by by IN 43431 1389 16 a a DT 43431 1389 17 typical typical JJ 43431 1389 18 notochord notochord NN 43431 1389 19 , , , 43431 1389 20 which which WDT 43431 1389 21 is be VBZ 43431 1389 22 confined confine VBN 43431 1389 23 to to IN 43431 1389 24 the the DT 43431 1389 25 tail tail NN 43431 1389 26 . . . 43431 1390 1 In in IN 43431 1390 2 all all DT 43431 1390 3 Tunicata Tunicata NNP 43431 1390 4 except except IN 43431 1390 5 Larvacea Larvacea NNP 43431 1390 6 all all DT 43431 1390 7 trace trace NN 43431 1390 8 of of IN 43431 1390 9 the the DT 43431 1390 10 notochord notochord NN 43431 1390 11 is be VBZ 43431 1390 12 lost lose VBN 43431 1390 13 in in IN 43431 1390 14 the the DT 43431 1390 15 adult adult NN 43431 1390 16 . . . 43431 1391 1 SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM NNP 43431 1391 2 C. C. NNP 43431 1391 3 CEPHALOCHORDATA CEPHALOCHORDATA NNP 43431 1391 4 . . . 43431 1392 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1392 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 1392 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 1392 4 . . . 43431 1393 1 3 3 LS 43431 1393 2 . . . 43431 1394 1 DIAGRAM DIAGRAM NNS 43431 1394 2 OF of IN 43431 1394 3 THE the DT 43431 1394 4 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 1394 5 OF of IN 43431 1394 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1394 7 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 1394 8 lanceolatus lanceolatus NN 43431 1394 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1394 10 à à NNP 43431 1394 11 � � NNP 43431 1394 12 3 3 CD 43431 1394 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1394 14 after after IN 43431 1394 15 a a DT 43431 1394 16 drawing drawing NN 43431 1394 17 in in IN 43431 1394 18 the the DT 43431 1394 19 Index Index NNP 43431 1394 20 collection collection NN 43431 1394 21 at at IN 43431 1394 22 the the DT 43431 1394 23 Brit Brit NNP 43431 1394 24 . . . 43431 1395 1 Mus mus NN 43431 1395 2 . . . 43431 1395 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1395 4 . . . 43431 1396 1 1 1 LS 43431 1396 2 . . . 43431 1396 3 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 1396 4 of of IN 43431 1396 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1396 6 fin fin NNP 43431 1396 7 . . . 43431 1397 1 2 2 LS 43431 1397 2 . . . 43431 1397 3 notochord notochord NN 43431 1397 4 . . . 43431 1398 1 3 3 LS 43431 1398 2 . . . 43431 1398 3 neural neural JJ 43431 1398 4 tube tube NN 43431 1398 5 . . . 43431 1399 1 4 4 LS 43431 1399 2 . . . 43431 1399 3 buccal buccal JJ 43431 1399 4 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1399 5 . . . 43431 1400 1 5 5 LS 43431 1400 2 . . . 43431 1400 3 branchial branchial NNP 43431 1400 4 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 1400 5 . . . 43431 1401 1 6 6 LS 43431 1401 2 . . . 43431 1401 3 septa septa NNP 43431 1401 4 separating separate VBG 43431 1401 5 the the DT 43431 1401 6 myotomes myotome NNS 43431 1401 7 . . . 43431 1402 1 7 7 LS 43431 1402 2 . . . 43431 1402 3 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 1402 4 of of IN 43431 1402 5 ventral ventral NNP 43431 1402 6 fin fin NNP 43431 1402 7 . . . 43431 1402 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1403 1 This this DT 43431 1403 2 subphylum subphylum NN 43431 1403 3 includes include VBZ 43431 1403 4 the the DT 43431 1403 5 well well RB 43431 1403 6 - - HYPH 43431 1403 7 known know VBN 43431 1403 8 genus genus NN 43431 1403 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1403 10 Amphioxus_[23 Amphioxus_[23 NNP 43431 1403 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1403 12 . . . 43431 1404 1 In in IN 43431 1404 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1404 3 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 1404 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1404 5 the the DT 43431 1404 6 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1404 7 is be VBZ 43431 1404 8 very very RB 43431 1404 9 simple simple JJ 43431 1404 10 . . . 43431 1405 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 1405 2 contains contain VBZ 43431 1405 3 no no DT 43431 1405 4 trace trace NN 43431 1405 5 of of IN 43431 1405 6 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1405 7 or or CC 43431 1405 8 bone bone NN 43431 1405 9 and and CC 43431 1405 10 remains remain VBZ 43431 1405 11 throughout throughout IN 43431 1405 12 life life NN 43431 1405 13 in in IN 43431 1405 14 a a DT 43431 1405 15 condition condition NN 43431 1405 16 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 1405 17 to to IN 43431 1405 18 a a DT 43431 1405 19 very very RB 43431 1405 20 early early JJ 43431 1405 21 stage stage NN 43431 1405 22 in in IN 43431 1405 23 Vertebrata Vertebrata NNP 43431 1405 24 . . . 43431 1406 1 The the DT 43431 1406 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1406 3 of of IN 43431 1406 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1406 5 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 1406 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1406 7 is be VBZ 43431 1406 8 partly partly RB 43431 1406 9 hypoblastic hypoblastic JJ 43431 1406 10 , , , 43431 1406 11 partly partly RB 43431 1406 12 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 1406 13 in in IN 43431 1406 14 origin origin NN 43431 1406 15 . . . 43431 1407 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1407 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1407 3 a a DT 43431 1407 4 _ _ NN 43431 1407 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1407 6 = = NFP 43431 1407 7 Hypoblastic hypoblastic JJ 43431 1407 8 skeleton.= skeleton.= CD 43431 1407 9 The the DT 43431 1407 10 = = SYM 43431 1407 11 notochord= notochord= NN 43431 1407 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1407 13 fig fig NN 43431 1407 14 . . . 43431 1408 1 3 3 CD 43431 1408 2 , , , 43431 1408 3 2 2 CD 43431 1408 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1408 5 is be VBZ 43431 1408 6 an an DT 43431 1408 7 elastic elastic JJ 43431 1408 8 rod rod NN 43431 1408 9 extending extend VBG 43431 1408 10 along along IN 43431 1408 11 the the DT 43431 1408 12 whole whole JJ 43431 1408 13 length length NN 43431 1408 14 of of IN 43431 1408 15 the the DT 43431 1408 16 body body NN 43431 1408 17 past past IN 43431 1408 18 the the DT 43431 1408 19 anterior anterior JJ 43431 1408 20 end end NN 43431 1408 21 of of IN 43431 1408 22 the the DT 43431 1408 23 nerve nerve NN 43431 1408 24 cord cord NN 43431 1408 25 . . . 43431 1409 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 1409 2 lies lie VBZ 43431 1409 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1409 4 to to IN 43431 1409 5 the the DT 43431 1409 6 nerve nerve NN 43431 1409 7 cord cord NN 43431 1409 8 , , , 43431 1409 9 and and CC 43431 1409 10 shows show VBZ 43431 1409 11 no no DT 43431 1409 12 trace trace NN 43431 1409 13 of of IN 43431 1409 14 segmentation segmentation NN 43431 1409 15 . . . 43431 1410 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 1410 2 is be VBZ 43431 1410 3 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 1410 4 made make VBN 43431 1410 5 up up RP 43431 1410 6 of of IN 43431 1410 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 1410 8 vacuolated vacuolate VBN 43431 1410 9 cells cell NNS 43431 1410 10 containing contain VBG 43431 1410 11 lymph lymph NN 43431 1410 12 , , , 43431 1410 13 but but CC 43431 1410 14 near near IN 43431 1410 15 the the DT 43431 1410 16 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1410 17 and and CC 43431 1410 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1410 19 surfaces surface NNS 43431 1410 20 the the DT 43431 1410 21 cells cell NNS 43431 1410 22 are be VBP 43431 1410 23 less less RBR 43431 1410 24 vacuolated vacuolated JJ 43431 1410 25 . . . 43431 1411 1 The the DT 43431 1411 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1411 3 is be VBZ 43431 1411 4 immediately immediately RB 43431 1411 5 surrounded surround VBN 43431 1411 6 by by IN 43431 1411 7 a a DT 43431 1411 8 structureless structureless JJ 43431 1411 9 cuticular cuticular JJ 43431 1411 10 layer layer NN 43431 1411 11 , , , 43431 1411 12 the the DT 43431 1411 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1411 14 chordal chordal NN 43431 1411 15 sheath sheath NN 43431 1411 16 _ _ NNP 43431 1411 17 , , , 43431 1411 18 and and CC 43431 1411 19 outside outside IN 43431 1411 20 this this DT 43431 1411 21 comes come VBZ 43431 1411 22 the the DT 43431 1411 23 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 1411 24 _ _ NNP 43431 1411 25 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1411 26 layer layer NN 43431 1411 27 _ _ NNP 43431 1411 28 , , , 43431 1411 29 which which WDT 43431 1411 30 also also RB 43431 1411 31 surrounds surround VBZ 43431 1411 32 the the DT 43431 1411 33 nerve nerve NN 43431 1411 34 cord cord NN 43431 1411 35 . . . 43431 1412 1 The the DT 43431 1412 2 = = SYM 43431 1412 3 branchial branchial NN 43431 1412 4 skeleton=. skeleton=. NNP 43431 1413 1 This this DT 43431 1413 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 1413 3 of of IN 43431 1413 4 a a DT 43431 1413 5 series series NN 43431 1413 6 of of IN 43431 1413 7 chitinous chitinous JJ 43431 1413 8 elastic elastic JJ 43431 1413 9 rods rod NNS 43431 1413 10 which which WDT 43431 1413 11 strengthen strengthen VBP 43431 1413 12 the the DT 43431 1413 13 gill gill JJ 43431 1413 14 bars bar NNS 43431 1413 15 and and CC 43431 1413 16 are be VBP 43431 1413 17 alternately alternately RB 43431 1413 18 forked forked JJ 43431 1413 19 and and CC 43431 1413 20 unforked unforke VBN 43431 1413 21 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 1413 22 . . . 43431 1414 1 The the DT 43431 1414 2 forked forked JJ 43431 1414 3 rods rod NNS 43431 1414 4 are be VBP 43431 1414 5 primary primary JJ 43431 1414 6 , , , 43431 1414 7 and and CC 43431 1414 8 are be VBP 43431 1414 9 U u NN 43431 1414 10 - - HYPH 43431 1414 11 shaped shaped JJ 43431 1414 12 in in IN 43431 1414 13 section section NN 43431 1414 14 , , , 43431 1414 15 the the DT 43431 1414 16 unforked unforked JJ 43431 1414 17 rods rod NNS 43431 1414 18 are be VBP 43431 1414 19 secondary secondary JJ 43431 1414 20 , , , 43431 1414 21 and and CC 43431 1414 22 are be VBP 43431 1414 23 circular circular JJ 43431 1414 24 in in IN 43431 1414 25 section section NN 43431 1414 26 . . . 43431 1415 1 All all PDT 43431 1415 2 these these DT 43431 1415 3 rods rod NNS 43431 1415 4 are be VBP 43431 1415 5 united unite VBN 43431 1415 6 at at IN 43431 1415 7 intervals interval NNS 43431 1415 8 by by IN 43431 1415 9 transverse transverse JJ 43431 1415 10 rods rod NNS 43431 1415 11 . . . 43431 1416 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1416 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1416 3 b b NNP 43431 1416 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1416 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1416 6 = = NFP 43431 1416 7 Mesoblastic Mesoblastic NNP 43431 1416 8 skeleton.= skeleton.= NN 43431 1416 9 The the DT 43431 1416 10 = = SYM 43431 1416 11 buccal buccal JJ 43431 1416 12 skeleton=. skeleton=. NN 43431 1417 1 On on IN 43431 1417 2 each each DT 43431 1417 3 side side NN 43431 1417 4 of of IN 43431 1417 5 the the DT 43431 1417 6 mouth mouth NN 43431 1417 7 there there EX 43431 1417 8 is be VBZ 43431 1417 9 a a DT 43431 1417 10 curved curved JJ 43431 1417 11 bar bar NN 43431 1417 12 resembling resemble VBG 43431 1417 13 the the DT 43431 1417 14 notochord notochord NN 43431 1417 15 in in IN 43431 1417 16 structure structure NN 43431 1417 17 . . . 43431 1418 1 The the DT 43431 1418 2 bars bar NNS 43431 1418 3 are be VBP 43431 1418 4 segmented segment VBN 43431 1418 5 , , , 43431 1418 6 and and CC 43431 1418 7 each each DT 43431 1418 8 segment segment NN 43431 1418 9 bears bear VBZ 43431 1418 10 a a DT 43431 1418 11 smaller small JJR 43431 1418 12 rod rod NN 43431 1418 13 which which WDT 43431 1418 14 supports support VBZ 43431 1418 15 a a DT 43431 1418 16 tentacle tentacle NN 43431 1418 17 , , , 43431 1418 18 the the DT 43431 1418 19 whole whole JJ 43431 1418 20 forming form VBG 43431 1418 21 the the DT 43431 1418 22 buccal buccal JJ 43431 1418 23 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1418 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1418 25 fig fig NN 43431 1418 26 . . . 43431 1419 1 3 3 CD 43431 1419 2 , , , 43431 1419 3 4 4 CD 43431 1419 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1419 5 . . . 43431 1420 1 The the DT 43431 1420 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1420 3 is be VBZ 43431 1420 4 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 1420 5 in in IN 43431 1420 6 a a DT 43431 1420 7 thick thick JJ 43431 1420 8 = = NN 43431 1420 9 sheath= sheath= NN 43431 1420 10 of of IN 43431 1420 11 connective connective JJ 43431 1420 12 tissue tissue NN 43431 1420 13 continuous continuous JJ 43431 1420 14 with with IN 43431 1420 15 a a DT 43431 1420 16 thinner thin JJR 43431 1420 17 sheath sheath NN 43431 1420 18 round round IN 43431 1420 19 the the DT 43431 1420 20 nerve nerve NN 43431 1420 21 cord cord NN 43431 1420 22 . . . 43431 1421 1 The the DT 43431 1421 2 sheaths sheath NNS 43431 1421 3 of of IN 43431 1421 4 the the DT 43431 1421 5 notochord notochord NN 43431 1421 6 and and CC 43431 1421 7 nerve nerve NN 43431 1421 8 cord cord NN 43431 1421 9 together together RB 43431 1421 10 form form VBP 43431 1421 11 the the DT 43431 1421 12 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1421 13 layer layer NN 43431 1421 14 , , , 43431 1421 15 and and CC 43431 1421 16 prolongations prolongation NNS 43431 1421 17 of of IN 43431 1421 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1421 19 form form VBP 43431 1421 20 the the DT 43431 1421 21 myomeres myomere NNS 43431 1421 22 or or CC 43431 1421 23 septa septa NN 43431 1421 24 between between IN 43431 1421 25 the the DT 43431 1421 26 myotomes myotome NNS 43431 1421 27 or or CC 43431 1421 28 segments segment NNS 43431 1421 29 of of IN 43431 1421 30 the the DT 43431 1421 31 great great JJ 43431 1421 32 lateral lateral JJ 43431 1421 33 muscles muscle NNS 43431 1421 34 of of IN 43431 1421 35 the the DT 43431 1421 36 body body NN 43431 1421 37 . . . 43431 1422 1 The the DT 43431 1422 2 = = SYM 43431 1422 3 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1422 4 of of IN 43431 1422 5 each each DT 43431 1422 6 median median JJ 43431 1422 7 fin= fin= NNP 43431 1422 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 1422 9 of of IN 43431 1422 10 small small JJ 43431 1422 11 cubical cubical JJ 43431 1422 12 masses masse NNS 43431 1422 13 of of IN 43431 1422 14 a a DT 43431 1422 15 gelatinous gelatinous JJ 43431 1422 16 substance substance NN 43431 1422 17 arranged arrange VBN 43431 1422 18 in in IN 43431 1422 19 rows row NNS 43431 1422 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1422 21 fig fig NN 43431 1422 22 . . . 43431 1423 1 3 3 CD 43431 1423 2 , , , 43431 1423 3 1 1 CD 43431 1423 4 and and CC 43431 1423 5 7 7 CD 43431 1423 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1423 7 , , , 43431 1423 8 and and CC 43431 1423 9 serving serve VBG 43431 1423 10 to to TO 43431 1423 11 strengthen strengthen VB 43431 1423 12 the the DT 43431 1423 13 fins fin NNS 43431 1423 14 . . . 43431 1424 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 1424 2 : : : 43431 1424 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1424 4 19 19 CD 43431 1424 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1424 6 The the DT 43431 1424 7 name name NN 43431 1424 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1424 9 Balanoglossus Balanoglossus NNP 43431 1424 10 _ _ NNP 43431 1424 11 is be VBZ 43431 1424 12 used use VBN 43431 1424 13 here here RB 43431 1424 14 in in IN 43431 1424 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1424 16 widest wide JJS 43431 1424 17 sense sense NN 43431 1424 18 to to TO 43431 1424 19 include include VB 43431 1424 20 all all PDT 43431 1424 21 the the DT 43431 1424 22 Enteropneusta Enteropneusta NNP 43431 1424 23 . . . 43431 1425 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1425 2 20 20 CD 43431 1425 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1425 4 See see VB 43431 1425 5 W. W. NNP 43431 1425 6 Bateson Bateson NNP 43431 1425 7 , , , 43431 1425 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1425 9 Quart Quart NNP 43431 1425 10 . . . 43431 1426 1 J. J. NNP 43431 1426 2 Micr Micr NNP 43431 1426 3 . . . 43431 1427 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 1427 2 . . NNP 43431 1427 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1427 4 n. n. NNP 43431 1427 5 s. s. NNP 43431 1427 6 vol vol NNP 43431 1427 7 . . . 43431 1428 1 XXIV XXIV NNP 43431 1428 2 . . . 43431 1429 1 1884 1884 CD 43431 1429 2 , , , 43431 1429 3 p. p. NN 43431 1429 4 208 208 CD 43431 1429 5 and and CC 43431 1429 6 later later RB 43431 1429 7 ; ; : 43431 1429 8 also also RB 43431 1429 9 E.W. E.W. NNP 43431 1430 1 Macbride Macbride NNP 43431 1430 2 , , , 43431 1430 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1430 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 43431 1430 5 . . . 43431 1430 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1430 7 vol vol NNP 43431 1430 8 . . . 43431 1431 1 XXXVI XXXVI NNP 43431 1431 2 . . . 43431 1432 1 1894 1894 CD 43431 1432 2 , , , 43431 1432 3 p. p. NN 43431 1432 4 385 385 CD 43431 1432 5 . . . 43431 1433 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1433 2 21 21 CD 43431 1433 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1433 4 See see VB 43431 1433 5 p. p. NN 43431 1433 6 52 52 CD 43431 1433 7 . . . 43431 1434 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1434 2 22 22 CD 43431 1434 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1434 4 A.T. A.T. NNP 43431 1434 5 Masterman Masterman NNP 43431 1434 6 , , , 43431 1434 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1434 8 P.R. P.R. NNP 43431 1435 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 1435 2 . . . 43431 1436 1 Edinb Edinb NNP 43431 1436 2 . . . 43431 1436 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1436 4 1895 1895 CD 43431 1436 5 - - SYM 43431 1436 6 96 96 CD 43431 1436 7 , , , 43431 1436 8 p. p. NN 43431 1436 9 59 59 CD 43431 1436 10 ; ; : 43431 1436 11 and and CC 43431 1436 12 _ _ NNP 43431 1436 13 Anat Anat NNP 43431 1436 14 . . . 43431 1437 1 Anz Anz NNP 43431 1437 2 . . . 43431 1437 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1437 4 1896 1896 CD 43431 1437 5 , , , 43431 1437 6 p. p. NN 43431 1437 7 266 266 CD 43431 1437 8 . . . 43431 1438 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1438 2 23 23 CD 43431 1438 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1438 4 See see VB 43431 1438 5 E. E. NNP 43431 1438 6 Ray Ray NNP 43431 1438 7 Lankester Lankester NNP 43431 1438 8 , , , 43431 1438 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1438 10 Quart Quart NNP 43431 1438 11 . . . 43431 1439 1 J. J. NNP 43431 1439 2 Micr Micr NNP 43431 1439 3 . . . 43431 1440 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 1440 2 . . NNP 43431 1440 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1440 4 vol vol NNP 43431 1440 5 . . . 43431 1441 1 XXIX XXIX NNP 43431 1441 2 . . . 43431 1442 1 n. n. NNP 43431 1442 2 s. s. NNP 43431 1442 3 1889 1889 CD 43431 1442 4 , , , 43431 1442 5 p. p. NN 43431 1442 6 365 365 CD 43431 1442 7 . . . 43431 1443 1 W.B. W.B. NNP 43431 1444 1 Benham Benham NNP 43431 1444 2 , , , 43431 1444 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1444 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 43431 1444 5 . . . 43431 1444 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1444 7 vol vol NNP 43431 1444 8 . . . 43431 1445 1 XXXV XXXV NNP 43431 1445 2 . . . 43431 1446 1 n. n. NNP 43431 1446 2 s. s. NNP 43431 1446 3 1893 1893 CD 43431 1446 4 , , , 43431 1446 5 p. p. NN 43431 1446 6 97 97 CD 43431 1446 7 . . . 43431 1447 1 J.W. J.W. NNP 43431 1448 1 Kirkaldy Kirkaldy NNP 43431 1448 2 , , , 43431 1448 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1448 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 43431 1448 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1448 6 . . . 43431 1449 1 vol vol NNP 43431 1449 2 . . . 43431 1450 1 XXXVII XXXVII NNP 43431 1450 2 . . . 43431 1451 1 n. n. NNP 43431 1451 2 s. s. NNP 43431 1451 3 1895 1895 CD 43431 1451 4 , , , 43431 1451 5 p. p. NN 43431 1451 6 303 303 CD 43431 1451 7 . . . 43431 1452 1 The the DT 43431 1452 2 last last RB 43431 1452 3 - - HYPH 43431 1452 4 named name VBN 43431 1452 5 writer writer NN 43431 1452 6 divides divide VBZ 43431 1452 7 the the DT 43431 1452 8 genus genus NN 43431 1452 9 into into IN 43431 1452 10 three three CD 43431 1452 11 subgenera subgenera NN 43431 1452 12 . . . 43431 1453 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 1453 2 IV IV NNP 43431 1453 3 . . . 43431 1454 1 SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM NNP 43431 1454 2 D. D. NNP 43431 1454 3 VERTEBRATA VERTEBRATA NNP 43431 1454 4 . . . 43431 1455 1 THE the DT 43431 1455 2 animals animal NNS 43431 1455 3 included include VBN 43431 1455 4 in in IN 43431 1455 5 this this DT 43431 1455 6 great great JJ 43431 1455 7 group group NN 43431 1455 8 all all DT 43431 1455 9 possess possess VBP 43431 1455 10 an an DT 43431 1455 11 internal internal JJ 43431 1455 12 axial axial JJ 43431 1455 13 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1455 14 forming form VBG 43431 1455 15 the the DT 43431 1455 16 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1455 17 column column NN 43431 1455 18 or or CC 43431 1455 19 back back NN 43431 1455 20 - - HYPH 43431 1455 21 bone bone NN 43431 1455 22 ; ; : 43431 1455 23 and and CC 43431 1455 24 a a DT 43431 1455 25 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1455 26 spinal spinal NN 43431 1455 27 cord cord NN 43431 1455 28 . . . 43431 1456 1 The the DT 43431 1456 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1456 3 column column NN 43431 1456 4 is be VBZ 43431 1456 5 developed develop VBN 43431 1456 6 from from IN 43431 1456 7 the the DT 43431 1456 8 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1456 9 layer layer NN 43431 1456 10 , , , 43431 1456 11 which which WDT 43431 1456 12 surrounds surround VBZ 43431 1456 13 the the DT 43431 1456 14 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1456 15 cord cord NN 43431 1456 16 together together RB 43431 1456 17 with with IN 43431 1456 18 the the DT 43431 1456 19 notochord notochord NN 43431 1456 20 and and CC 43431 1456 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1456 22 sheath sheath NN 43431 1456 23 ; ; , 43431 1456 24 and and CC 43431 1456 25 in in IN 43431 1456 26 the the DT 43431 1456 27 great great JJ 43431 1456 28 majority majority NN 43431 1456 29 of of IN 43431 1456 30 cases case NNS 43431 1456 31 the the DT 43431 1456 32 notochord notochord NN 43431 1456 33 becomes become VBZ 43431 1456 34 more more RBR 43431 1456 35 or or CC 43431 1456 36 less less RBR 43431 1456 37 modified modify VBN 43431 1456 38 and and CC 43431 1456 39 reduced reduce VBN 43431 1456 40 in in IN 43431 1456 41 the the DT 43431 1456 42 adult adult NN 43431 1456 43 . . . 43431 1457 1 In in IN 43431 1457 2 some some DT 43431 1457 3 cases case NNS 43431 1457 4 the the DT 43431 1457 5 notochord notochord NN 43431 1457 6 remains remain VBZ 43431 1457 7 unmodified unmodified JJ 43431 1457 8 and and CC 43431 1457 9 the the DT 43431 1457 10 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1457 11 layer layer NN 43431 1457 12 surrounding surround VBG 43431 1457 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1457 14 is be VBZ 43431 1457 15 not not RB 43431 1457 16 segmented segment VBN 43431 1457 17 to to TO 43431 1457 18 form form VB 43431 1457 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1457 20 , , , 43431 1457 21 but but CC 43431 1457 22 in in IN 43431 1457 23 every every DT 43431 1457 24 case case NN 43431 1457 25 the the DT 43431 1457 26 neural neural JJ 43431 1457 27 arches arch NNS 43431 1457 28 which which WDT 43431 1457 29 protect protect VBP 43431 1457 30 the the DT 43431 1457 31 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1457 32 cord cord NN 43431 1457 33 are be VBP 43431 1457 34 segmented segment VBN 43431 1457 35 . . . 43431 1458 1 The the DT 43431 1458 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1458 3 never never RB 43431 1458 4 extends extend VBZ 43431 1458 5 further further RB 43431 1458 6 forwards forwards RB 43431 1458 7 than than IN 43431 1458 8 the the DT 43431 1458 9 mid mid JJ 43431 1458 10 - - NN 43431 1458 11 brain brain NN 43431 1458 12 . . . 43431 1459 1 All all DT 43431 1459 2 true true JJ 43431 1459 3 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 1459 4 possess possess VBP 43431 1459 5 a a DT 43431 1459 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 1459 7 or or CC 43431 1459 8 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 1459 9 box box NN 43431 1459 10 enclosing enclose VBG 43431 1459 11 the the DT 43431 1459 12 brain brain NN 43431 1459 13 . . . 43431 1460 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1460 2 I. i. NN 43431 1460 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1461 1 CYCLOSTOMATA cyclostomata UH 43431 1461 2 . . . 43431 1462 1 The the DT 43431 1462 2 mouth mouth NN 43431 1462 3 in in IN 43431 1462 4 living live VBG 43431 1462 5 forms form NNS 43431 1462 6 is be VBZ 43431 1462 7 suctorial suctorial JJ 43431 1462 8 and and CC 43431 1462 9 is be VBZ 43431 1462 10 not not RB 43431 1462 11 supported support VBN 43431 1462 12 by by IN 43431 1462 13 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1462 14 . . . 43431 1463 1 In in IN 43431 1463 2 some some DT 43431 1463 3 fossil fossil JJ 43431 1463 4 forms form NNS 43431 1463 5 the the DT 43431 1463 6 character character NN 43431 1463 7 of of IN 43431 1463 8 the the DT 43431 1463 9 mouth mouth NN 43431 1463 10 is be VBZ 43431 1463 11 unknown unknown JJ 43431 1463 12 . . . 43431 1464 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1464 2 Order Order NNP 43431 1464 3 I. I. NNP 43431 1464 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1464 5 MARSIPOBRANCHII[24 MARSIPOBRANCHII[24 '' 43431 1464 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1464 7 . . . 43431 1465 1 In in IN 43431 1465 2 these these DT 43431 1465 3 animals animal NNS 43431 1465 4 limbs limb NNS 43431 1465 5 and and CC 43431 1465 6 limb limb NN 43431 1465 7 girdles girdle NNS 43431 1465 8 are be VBP 43431 1465 9 always always RB 43431 1465 10 completely completely RB 43431 1465 11 absent absent JJ 43431 1465 12 . . . 43431 1466 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 1466 2 have have VBP 43431 1466 3 no no DT 43431 1466 4 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1466 5 except except IN 43431 1466 6 horny horny NN 43431 1466 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1466 8 . . . 43431 1467 1 The the DT 43431 1467 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 1467 3 , , , 43431 1467 4 excluding exclude VBG 43431 1467 5 the the DT 43431 1467 6 notochord notochord NN 43431 1467 7 , , , 43431 1467 8 is be VBZ 43431 1467 9 entirely entirely RB 43431 1467 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1467 11 or or CC 43431 1467 12 membranous membranous JJ 43431 1467 13 . . . 43431 1468 1 The the DT 43431 1468 2 axial axial JJ 43431 1468 3 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1468 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 1468 5 of of IN 43431 1468 6 a a DT 43431 1468 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1468 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 1468 9 without without IN 43431 1468 10 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1468 11 , , , 43431 1468 12 succeeded succeed VBN 43431 1468 13 by by IN 43431 1468 14 a a DT 43431 1468 15 thick thick JJ 43431 1468 16 persistent persistent JJ 43431 1468 17 notochord notochord NN 43431 1468 18 enveloped envelop VBN 43431 1468 19 in in IN 43431 1468 20 a a DT 43431 1468 21 sheath sheath NN 43431 1468 22 . . . 43431 1469 1 The the DT 43431 1469 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1469 3 in in IN 43431 1469 4 living live VBG 43431 1469 5 forms form NNS 43431 1469 6 is be VBZ 43431 1469 7 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 1469 8 , , , 43431 1469 9 but but CC 43431 1469 10 segmented segment VBD 43431 1469 11 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1469 12 neural neural JJ 43431 1469 13 arches arch NNS 43431 1469 14 are be VBP 43431 1469 15 present present JJ 43431 1469 16 in in IN 43431 1469 17 some some DT 43431 1469 18 cases case NNS 43431 1469 19 . . . 43431 1470 1 A a DT 43431 1470 2 complicated complicated JJ 43431 1470 3 series series NN 43431 1470 4 of of IN 43431 1470 5 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1470 6 elements element NNS 43431 1470 7 occurs occur VBZ 43431 1470 8 in in IN 43431 1470 9 relation relation NN 43431 1470 10 to to IN 43431 1470 11 the the DT 43431 1470 12 mouth mouth NN 43431 1470 13 , , , 43431 1470 14 gills gill NNS 43431 1470 15 , , , 43431 1470 16 and and CC 43431 1470 17 sense sense NN 43431 1470 18 organs organ NNS 43431 1470 19 . . . 43431 1471 1 The the DT 43431 1471 2 median median JJ 43431 1471 3 fins fin NNS 43431 1471 4 are be VBP 43431 1471 5 supported support VBN 43431 1471 6 by by IN 43431 1471 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1471 8 pieces piece NNS 43431 1471 9 , , , 43431 1471 10 the the DT 43431 1471 11 radiale radiale NN 43431 1471 12 . . . 43431 1472 1 The the DT 43431 1472 2 order order NN 43431 1472 3 includes include VBZ 43431 1472 4 the the DT 43431 1472 5 Lampreys Lampreys NNPS 43431 1472 6 and and CC 43431 1472 7 Hags Hags NNP 43431 1472 8 . . . 43431 1473 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1473 2 Order Order NNP 43431 1473 3 II II NNP 43431 1473 4 . . . 43431 1473 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1473 6 OSTRACODERMI[25 OSTRACODERMI[25 NNP 43431 1473 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1473 8 . . . 43431 1474 1 The the DT 43431 1474 2 forms form NNS 43431 1474 3 included include VBN 43431 1474 4 in in IN 43431 1474 5 this this DT 43431 1474 6 group group NN 43431 1474 7 have have VBP 43431 1474 8 long long RB 43431 1474 9 been be VBN 43431 1474 10 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1474 11 , , , 43431 1474 12 being be VBG 43431 1474 13 known know VBN 43431 1474 14 only only RB 43431 1474 15 from from IN 43431 1474 16 beds bed NNS 43431 1474 17 of of IN 43431 1474 18 Upper Upper NNP 43431 1474 19 Silurian Silurian NNP 43431 1474 20 and and CC 43431 1474 21 Lower low JJR 43431 1474 22 Devonian Devonian NNP 43431 1474 23 age age NN 43431 1474 24 . . . 43431 1475 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 1475 2 differ differ VBP 43431 1475 3 much much RB 43431 1475 4 from from IN 43431 1475 5 all all DT 43431 1475 6 other other JJ 43431 1475 7 known know VBN 43431 1475 8 animals animal NNS 43431 1475 9 . . . 43431 1476 1 The the DT 43431 1476 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1476 3 is be VBZ 43431 1476 4 always always RB 43431 1476 5 greatly greatly RB 43431 1476 6 developed develop VBN 43431 1476 7 and and CC 43431 1476 8 includes include VBZ 43431 1476 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1476 10 1 1 LS 43431 1476 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1476 12 large large JJ 43431 1476 13 bony bony NN 43431 1476 14 plates plate NNS 43431 1476 15 covering cover VBG 43431 1476 16 the the DT 43431 1476 17 anterior anterior NN 43431 1476 18 region region NN 43431 1476 19 ; ; : 43431 1476 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1476 21 2 2 LS 43431 1476 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1476 23 scales scale NNS 43431 1476 24 covering cover VBG 43431 1476 25 the the DT 43431 1476 26 posterior posterior NN 43431 1476 27 region region NN 43431 1476 28 . . . 43431 1477 1 The the DT 43431 1477 2 plates plate NNS 43431 1477 3 are be VBP 43431 1477 4 deeply deeply RB 43431 1477 5 marked mark VBN 43431 1477 6 by by IN 43431 1477 7 canals canal NNS 43431 1477 8 belonging belong VBG 43431 1477 9 to to IN 43431 1477 10 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1477 11 sense sense NN 43431 1477 12 organs organ NNS 43431 1477 13 . . . 43431 1478 1 Jaws Jaws NNP 43431 1478 2 are be VBP 43431 1478 3 unknown unknown JJ 43431 1478 4 , , , 43431 1478 5 and and CC 43431 1478 6 arches arch NNS 43431 1478 7 for for IN 43431 1478 8 the the DT 43431 1478 9 support support NN 43431 1478 10 of of IN 43431 1478 11 the the DT 43431 1478 12 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 1478 13 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1478 14 are be VBP 43431 1478 15 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 1478 16 or or CC 43431 1478 17 absent absent JJ 43431 1478 18 . . . 43431 1479 1 The the DT 43431 1479 2 tail tail NN 43431 1479 3 is be VBZ 43431 1479 4 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1479 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1479 6 see see VB 43431 1479 7 p. p. NN 43431 1479 8 60 60 CD 43431 1479 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1479 10 . . . 43431 1480 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1480 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1480 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1480 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1480 5 1 1 CD 43431 1480 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1480 7 . . . 43431 1481 1 HETEROSTRACI HETEROSTRACI NNP 43431 1481 2 . . . 43431 1482 1 The the DT 43431 1482 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1482 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 1482 4 principally principally RB 43431 1482 5 of of IN 43431 1482 6 calcifications calcification NNS 43431 1482 7 forming form VBG 43431 1482 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1482 9 and and CC 43431 1482 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1482 11 shields shield NNS 43431 1482 12 which which WDT 43431 1482 13 cover cover VBP 43431 1482 14 the the DT 43431 1482 15 head head NN 43431 1482 16 and and CC 43431 1482 17 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 1482 18 region region NN 43431 1482 19 ; ; : 43431 1482 20 the the DT 43431 1482 21 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1482 22 shield shield NN 43431 1482 23 is be VBZ 43431 1482 24 formed form VBN 43431 1482 25 of of IN 43431 1482 26 a a DT 43431 1482 27 few few JJ 43431 1482 28 plates plate NNS 43431 1482 29 firmly firmly RB 43431 1482 30 united unite VBD 43431 1482 31 , , , 43431 1482 32 the the DT 43431 1482 33 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1482 34 shield shield NN 43431 1482 35 of of IN 43431 1482 36 a a DT 43431 1482 37 single single JJ 43431 1482 38 plate plate NN 43431 1482 39 . . . 43431 1483 1 The the DT 43431 1483 2 shields shield NNS 43431 1483 3 are be VBP 43431 1483 4 composed compose VBN 43431 1483 5 of of IN 43431 1483 6 three three CD 43431 1483 7 layers layer NNS 43431 1483 8 , , , 43431 1483 9 the the DT 43431 1483 10 middle middle JJ 43431 1483 11 layer layer NN 43431 1483 12 being be VBG 43431 1483 13 traversed traverse VBN 43431 1483 14 by by IN 43431 1483 15 canals canal NNS 43431 1483 16 belonging belong VBG 43431 1483 17 to to IN 43431 1483 18 the the DT 43431 1483 19 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1483 20 sense sense NN 43431 1483 21 organs organ NNS 43431 1483 22 which which WDT 43431 1483 23 open open VBP 43431 1483 24 to to IN 43431 1483 25 the the DT 43431 1483 26 exterior exterior NN 43431 1483 27 by by IN 43431 1483 28 a a DT 43431 1483 29 series series NN 43431 1483 30 of of IN 43431 1483 31 pores pore NNS 43431 1483 32 . . . 43431 1484 1 The the DT 43431 1484 2 tail tail NN 43431 1484 3 is be VBZ 43431 1484 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1484 5 covered cover VBN 43431 1484 6 by by IN 43431 1484 7 scales scale NNS 43431 1484 8 . . . 43431 1485 1 The the DT 43431 1485 2 orbits orbit NNS 43431 1485 3 are be VBP 43431 1485 4 widely widely RB 43431 1485 5 separated separate VBN 43431 1485 6 and and CC 43431 1485 7 laterally laterally RB 43431 1485 8 placed place VBN 43431 1485 9 . . . 43431 1486 1 Paired pair VBN 43431 1486 2 appendages appendage NNS 43431 1486 3 are be VBP 43431 1486 4 absent absent JJ 43431 1486 5 . . . 43431 1487 1 These these DT 43431 1487 2 curious curious JJ 43431 1487 3 forms form NNS 43431 1487 4 are be VBP 43431 1487 5 found find VBN 43431 1487 6 in in IN 43431 1487 7 beds bed NNS 43431 1487 8 of of IN 43431 1487 9 Upper Upper NNP 43431 1487 10 Silurian Silurian NNP 43431 1487 11 and and CC 43431 1487 12 Lower low JJR 43431 1487 13 Devonian Devonian NNP 43431 1487 14 age age NN 43431 1487 15 . . . 43431 1488 1 One one CD 43431 1488 2 of of IN 43431 1488 3 the the DT 43431 1488 4 best well RBS 43431 1488 5 known know VBN 43431 1488 6 genera genera NN 43431 1488 7 is be VBZ 43431 1488 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1488 9 Pteraspis Pteraspis NNP 43431 1488 10 _ _ NNP 43431 1488 11 . . . 43431 1489 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1489 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1489 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1489 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1489 5 2 2 CD 43431 1489 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1489 7 . . . 43431 1490 1 OSTEOSTRACI OSTEOSTRACI NNP 43431 1490 2 . . . 43431 1491 1 The the DT 43431 1491 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1491 3 as as IN 43431 1491 4 in in IN 43431 1491 5 the the DT 43431 1491 6 Heterostraci Heterostraci NNP 43431 1491 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 1491 8 of of IN 43431 1491 9 shields shield NNS 43431 1491 10 and and CC 43431 1491 11 scales scale NNS 43431 1491 12 , , , 43431 1491 13 the the DT 43431 1491 14 shields shield NNS 43431 1491 15 being be VBG 43431 1491 16 divisible divisible JJ 43431 1491 17 into into IN 43431 1491 18 three three CD 43431 1491 19 layers layer NNS 43431 1491 20 . . . 43431 1492 1 The the DT 43431 1492 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 1492 3 part part NN 43431 1492 4 of of IN 43431 1492 5 the the DT 43431 1492 6 body body NN 43431 1492 7 is be VBZ 43431 1492 8 covered cover VBN 43431 1492 9 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 1492 10 by by IN 43431 1492 11 a a DT 43431 1492 12 single single JJ 43431 1492 13 large large JJ 43431 1492 14 shield shield NN 43431 1492 15 which which WDT 43431 1492 16 differs differ VBZ 43431 1492 17 from from IN 43431 1492 18 those those DT 43431 1492 19 of of IN 43431 1492 20 the the DT 43431 1492 21 Heterostraci Heterostraci NNP 43431 1492 22 in in IN 43431 1492 23 having have VBG 43431 1492 24 the the DT 43431 1492 25 inner inner JJ 43431 1492 26 layer layer NN 43431 1492 27 ossified ossify VBN 43431 1492 28 . . . 43431 1493 1 The the DT 43431 1493 2 middle middle JJ 43431 1493 3 layer layer NN 43431 1493 4 contains contain VBZ 43431 1493 5 canals canal NNS 43431 1493 6 for for IN 43431 1493 7 the the DT 43431 1493 8 passage passage NN 43431 1493 9 of of IN 43431 1493 10 blood blood NN 43431 1493 11 vessels vessel NNS 43431 1493 12 , , , 43431 1493 13 but but CC 43431 1493 14 the the DT 43431 1493 15 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1493 16 shows show VBZ 43431 1493 17 no no DT 43431 1493 18 impressions impression NNS 43431 1493 19 of of IN 43431 1493 20 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1493 21 sense sense NN 43431 1493 22 organs organ NNS 43431 1493 23 . . . 43431 1494 1 The the DT 43431 1494 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 1494 3 part part NN 43431 1494 4 of of IN 43431 1494 5 the the DT 43431 1494 6 body body NN 43431 1494 7 is be VBZ 43431 1494 8 covered cover VBN 43431 1494 9 by by IN 43431 1494 10 large large JJ 43431 1494 11 quadrangular quadrangular JJ 43431 1494 12 scales scale NNS 43431 1494 13 . . . 43431 1495 1 Paired pair VBN 43431 1495 2 appendages appendage NNS 43431 1495 3 are be VBP 43431 1495 4 absent absent JJ 43431 1495 5 , , , 43431 1495 6 but but CC 43431 1495 7 median median JJ 43431 1495 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1495 9 and and CC 43431 1495 10 caudal caudal NN 43431 1495 11 fins fin NNS 43431 1495 12 occur occur VBP 43431 1495 13 supported support VBN 43431 1495 14 by by IN 43431 1495 15 scales scale NNS 43431 1495 16 , , , 43431 1495 17 not not RB 43431 1495 18 fin fin NN 43431 1495 19 - - HYPH 43431 1495 20 rays ray NNS 43431 1495 21 . . . 43431 1496 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1496 2 Cephalaspis Cephalaspis NNP 43431 1496 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1496 4 , , , 43431 1496 5 the the DT 43431 1496 6 best well RBS 43431 1496 7 known know VBN 43431 1496 8 of of IN 43431 1496 9 these these DT 43431 1496 10 animals animal NNS 43431 1496 11 , , , 43431 1496 12 occurs occur VBZ 43431 1496 13 in in IN 43431 1496 14 beds bed NNS 43431 1496 15 of of IN 43431 1496 16 Lower low JJR 43431 1496 17 Devonian Devonian NNP 43431 1496 18 age age NN 43431 1496 19 . . . 43431 1497 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1497 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1497 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1497 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1497 5 3 3 CD 43431 1497 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1497 7 . . . 43431 1498 1 ANTIARCHA ANTIARCHA NNP 43431 1498 2 . . . 43431 1499 1 The the DT 43431 1499 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1499 3 is be VBZ 43431 1499 4 formed form VBN 43431 1499 5 of of IN 43431 1499 6 bony bony NN 43431 1499 7 plates plate NNS 43431 1499 8 , , , 43431 1499 9 the the DT 43431 1499 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1499 11 and and CC 43431 1499 12 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1499 13 shields shield NNS 43431 1499 14 each each DT 43431 1499 15 consisting consist VBG 43431 1499 16 of of IN 43431 1499 17 several several JJ 43431 1499 18 symmetrically symmetrically RB 43431 1499 19 arranged arrange VBN 43431 1499 20 pieces piece NNS 43431 1499 21 . . . 43431 1500 1 The the DT 43431 1500 2 tail tail NN 43431 1500 3 may may MD 43431 1500 4 be be VB 43431 1500 5 covered cover VBN 43431 1500 6 with with IN 43431 1500 7 small small JJ 43431 1500 8 scales scale NNS 43431 1500 9 or or CC 43431 1500 10 may may MD 43431 1500 11 be be VB 43431 1500 12 naked naked JJ 43431 1500 13 . . . 43431 1501 1 The the DT 43431 1501 2 head head NN 43431 1501 3 is be VBZ 43431 1501 4 articulated articulate VBN 43431 1501 5 with with IN 43431 1501 6 the the DT 43431 1501 7 trunk trunk NN 43431 1501 8 , , , 43431 1501 9 and and CC 43431 1501 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1501 11 angles angle NNS 43431 1501 12 are be VBP 43431 1501 13 drawn draw VBN 43431 1501 14 out out RP 43431 1501 15 into into IN 43431 1501 16 a a DT 43431 1501 17 pair pair NN 43431 1501 18 of of IN 43431 1501 19 segmented segment VBN 43431 1501 20 paddle paddle NN 43431 1501 21 - - HYPH 43431 1501 22 like like JJ 43431 1501 23 appendages appendage NNS 43431 1501 24 , , , 43431 1501 25 covered cover VBN 43431 1501 26 with with IN 43431 1501 27 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1501 28 plates plate NNS 43431 1501 29 . . . 43431 1502 1 The the DT 43431 1502 2 orbits orbit NNS 43431 1502 3 are be VBP 43431 1502 4 close close JJ 43431 1502 5 together together RB 43431 1502 6 . . . 43431 1503 1 A a DT 43431 1503 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1503 3 fin fin NN 43431 1503 4 and and CC 43431 1503 5 traces trace NNS 43431 1503 6 of of IN 43431 1503 7 mouth mouth NN 43431 1503 8 parts part NNS 43431 1503 9 occur occur VBP 43431 1503 10 in in IN 43431 1503 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1503 12 Pterichthys Pterichthys NNP 43431 1503 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1503 14 , , , 43431 1503 15 but but CC 43431 1503 16 the the DT 43431 1503 17 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 1503 18 is be VBZ 43431 1503 19 unknown unknown JJ 43431 1503 20 . . . 43431 1504 1 The the DT 43431 1504 2 best well RBS 43431 1504 3 known know VBN 43431 1504 4 forms form NNS 43431 1504 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1504 6 Pterichthys_[26 Pterichthys_[26 NNP 43431 1504 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1504 8 and and CC 43431 1504 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1504 10 Asterolepis Asterolepis NNP 43431 1504 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1504 12 occur occur VBP 43431 1504 13 in in IN 43431 1504 14 beds bed NNS 43431 1504 15 of of IN 43431 1504 16 Lower low JJR 43431 1504 17 Devonian Devonian NNP 43431 1504 18 age age NN 43431 1504 19 . . . 43431 1505 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 1505 2 ACCOUNT account NN 43431 1505 3 OF of IN 43431 1505 4 THE the DT 43431 1505 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 1505 6 OF of IN 43431 1505 7 MARSIPOBRANCHII MARSIPOBRANCHII NNS 43431 1505 8 . . . 43431 1506 1 The the DT 43431 1506 2 Marsipobranchii Marsipobranchii NNP 43431 1506 3 are be VBP 43431 1506 4 worm worm NN 43431 1506 5 - - HYPH 43431 1506 6 like like JJ 43431 1506 7 animals animal NNS 43431 1506 8 . . . 43431 1507 1 The the DT 43431 1507 2 living live VBG 43431 1507 3 forms form NNS 43431 1507 4 include include VBP 43431 1507 5 two two CD 43431 1507 6 families family NNS 43431 1507 7 , , , 43431 1507 8 the the DT 43431 1507 9 Myxinoidei Myxinoidei NNP 43431 1507 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1507 11 Hags)--genera Hags)--genera NNP 43431 1507 12 _ _ NNP 43431 1507 13 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 1507 14 _ _ NNP 43431 1507 15 and and CC 43431 1507 16 _ _ NNP 43431 1507 17 Bdellostoma_--and Bdellostoma_--and NNP 43431 1507 18 the the DT 43431 1507 19 Petromyzontidae Petromyzontidae NNP 43431 1507 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1507 21 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1507 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1507 23 . . . 43431 1508 1 Three three CD 43431 1508 2 species specie NNS 43431 1508 3 of of IN 43431 1508 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1508 5 Petromyzon Petromyzon NNP 43431 1508 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1508 7 are be VBP 43431 1508 8 known know VBN 43431 1508 9 , , , 43431 1508 10 _ _ NNP 43431 1508 11 P. P. NNP 43431 1509 1 fluviatilis fluviatilis NNP 43431 1509 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1509 3 , , , 43431 1509 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1509 5 P. P. NNP 43431 1510 1 marinus marinus NNP 43431 1510 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1510 3 and and CC 43431 1510 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1510 5 P. P. NNP 43431 1511 1 planeri planeri NNP 43431 1511 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1511 3 . . . 43431 1512 1 The the DT 43431 1512 2 larval larval JJ 43431 1512 3 forms form NNS 43431 1512 4 were be VBD 43431 1512 5 for for IN 43431 1512 6 a a DT 43431 1512 7 long long JJ 43431 1512 8 time time NN 43431 1512 9 thought think VBN 43431 1512 10 to to TO 43431 1512 11 belong belong VB 43431 1512 12 to to IN 43431 1512 13 a a DT 43431 1512 14 separate separate JJ 43431 1512 15 genus genus NN 43431 1512 16 and and CC 43431 1512 17 were be VBD 43431 1512 18 called call VBN 43431 1512 19 _ _ NNP 43431 1512 20 Ammocoetes Ammocoetes NNP 43431 1512 21 _ _ NNP 43431 1512 22 . . . 43431 1513 1 The the DT 43431 1513 2 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1513 3 , , , 43431 1513 4 although although IN 43431 1513 5 very very RB 43431 1513 6 highly highly RB 43431 1513 7 specialised specialised JJ 43431 1513 8 in in IN 43431 1513 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1513 10 own own JJ 43431 1513 11 way way NN 43431 1513 12 , , , 43431 1513 13 are be VBP 43431 1513 14 at at IN 43431 1513 15 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 1513 16 a a DT 43431 1513 17 lower low JJR 43431 1513 18 stage stage NN 43431 1513 19 of of IN 43431 1513 20 development development NN 43431 1513 21 than than IN 43431 1513 22 the the DT 43431 1513 23 adult adult NN 43431 1513 24 Lamprey Lamprey NNP 43431 1513 25 , , , 43431 1513 26 and and CC 43431 1513 27 come come VB 43431 1513 28 nearer nearer RB 43431 1513 29 to to IN 43431 1513 30 the the DT 43431 1513 31 larval larval NN 43431 1513 32 Lamprey Lamprey NNP 43431 1513 33 or or CC 43431 1513 34 Ammocoete Ammocoete NNP 43431 1513 35 . . . 43431 1514 1 SPINAL SPINAL NNP 43431 1514 2 COLUMN COLUMN NNP 43431 1514 3 . . . 43431 1515 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1515 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 1515 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 1515 4 . . . 43431 1516 1 4 4 LS 43431 1516 2 . . . 43431 1517 1 A a DT 43431 1517 2 , , , 43431 1517 3 DORSAL dorsal NN 43431 1517 4 ; ; : 43431 1517 5 B b NN 43431 1517 6 , , , 43431 1517 7 LATERAL LATERAL NNP 43431 1517 8 AND and CC 43431 1517 9 C C NNP 43431 1517 10 , , , 43431 1517 11 VENTRAL VENTRAL NNP 43431 1517 12 VIEW view NN 43431 1517 13 OF of IN 43431 1517 14 THE the DT 43431 1517 15 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 1517 16 OF of IN 43431 1517 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1517 18 Petromyzon Petromyzon NNP 43431 1517 19 marinus marinus NN 43431 1517 20 _ _ NNP 43431 1517 21 à à NNP 43431 1517 22 � � NNP 43431 1517 23 1 1 CD 43431 1517 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1517 25 after after IN 43431 1517 26 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 1517 27 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1517 28 . . . 43431 1518 1 1 1 LS 43431 1518 2 . . . 43431 1518 3 horny horny NN 43431 1518 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1518 5 . . . 43431 1519 1 2 2 LS 43431 1519 2 . . . 43431 1519 3 labial labial JJ 43431 1519 4 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1519 5 . . . 43431 1520 1 3 3 LS 43431 1520 2 . . . 43431 1520 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 1520 4 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1520 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1520 6 . . . 43431 1521 1 4 4 LS 43431 1521 2 . . . 43431 1521 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 1521 4 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1521 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1521 6 . . . 43431 1522 1 5 5 LS 43431 1522 2 . . . 43431 1522 3 nasal nasal NNP 43431 1522 4 capsule capsule NNP 43431 1522 5 . . . 43431 1523 1 6 6 LS 43431 1523 2 . . . 43431 1523 3 auditory auditory JJ 43431 1523 4 capsule capsule NN 43431 1523 5 . . . 43431 1524 1 7 7 LS 43431 1524 2 . . . 43431 1524 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1524 4 portion portion NN 43431 1524 5 of of IN 43431 1524 6 trabeculae trabeculae NNP 43431 1524 7 . . . 43431 1525 1 8 8 LS 43431 1525 2 . . . 43431 1525 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 1525 4 distal distal JJ 43431 1525 5 mandibular mandibular NNP 43431 1525 6 . . . 43431 1526 1 9 9 LS 43431 1526 2 . . . 43431 1526 3 lingual lingual JJ 43431 1526 4 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1526 5 . . . 43431 1527 1 10 10 CD 43431 1527 2 . . . 43431 1527 3 branchial branchial NNP 43431 1527 4 basket basket NN 43431 1527 5 . . . 43431 1528 1 11 11 CD 43431 1528 2 . . . 43431 1528 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous NNP 43431 1528 4 cup cup NNP 43431 1528 5 supporting support VBG 43431 1528 6 pericardium pericardium NN 43431 1528 7 . . . 43431 1529 1 12 12 CD 43431 1529 2 . . . 43431 1529 3 sheath sheath NN 43431 1529 4 of of IN 43431 1529 5 notochord notochord NN 43431 1529 6 . . . 43431 1530 1 13 13 CD 43431 1530 2 . . . 43431 1530 3 neural neural JJ 43431 1530 4 plate plate NN 43431 1530 5 . . . 43431 1530 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1531 1 In in IN 43431 1531 2 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1531 3 and and CC 43431 1531 4 larval larval NN 43431 1531 5 lampreys lamprey NNS 43431 1531 6 , , , 43431 1531 7 the the DT 43431 1531 8 notochord notochord NN 43431 1531 9 is be VBZ 43431 1531 10 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 1531 11 in in IN 43431 1531 12 a a DT 43431 1531 13 thick thick JJ 43431 1531 14 chordal chordal NN 43431 1531 15 sheath sheath NN 43431 1531 16 , , , 43431 1531 17 in in IN 43431 1531 18 connection connection NN 43431 1531 19 with with IN 43431 1531 20 which which WDT 43431 1531 21 in in IN 43431 1531 22 the the DT 43431 1531 23 tail tail NN 43431 1531 24 region region NN 43431 1531 25 there there EX 43431 1531 26 occur occur VBP 43431 1531 27 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1531 28 pieces piece NNS 43431 1531 29 forming form VBG 43431 1531 30 neural neural JJ 43431 1531 31 arch arch JJ 43431 1531 32 elements element NNS 43431 1531 33 . . . 43431 1532 1 In in IN 43431 1532 2 the the DT 43431 1532 3 trunk trunk NN 43431 1532 4 region region NN 43431 1532 5 , , , 43431 1532 6 however however RB 43431 1532 7 , , , 43431 1532 8 no no DT 43431 1532 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1532 10 occurs occur VBZ 43431 1532 11 in in IN 43431 1532 12 connection connection NN 43431 1532 13 with with IN 43431 1532 14 the the DT 43431 1532 15 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1532 16 column column NN 43431 1532 17 , , , 43431 1532 18 the the DT 43431 1532 19 only only JJ 43431 1532 20 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1532 21 present present NN 43431 1532 22 being be VBG 43431 1532 23 that that IN 43431 1532 24 forming form VBG 43431 1532 25 the the DT 43431 1532 26 radiale radiale NN 43431 1532 27 of of IN 43431 1532 28 the the DT 43431 1532 29 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1532 30 fin fin NN 43431 1532 31 . . . 43431 1533 1 On on IN 43431 1533 2 the the DT 43431 1533 3 other other JJ 43431 1533 4 hand hand NN 43431 1533 5 in in IN 43431 1533 6 most most JJS 43431 1533 7 species specie NNS 43431 1533 8 of of IN 43431 1533 9 lamprey lamprey NNP 43431 1533 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1533 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1533 12 Petromyzon Petromyzon NNP 43431 1533 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1533 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1533 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1533 16 pieces piece NNS 43431 1533 17 forming form VBG 43431 1533 18 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 1533 19 neural neural JJ 43431 1533 20 arches arch NNS 43431 1533 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1533 22 fig fig VB 43431 1533 23 . . . 43431 1534 1 4 4 LS 43431 1534 2 , , , 43431 1534 3 B b NN 43431 1534 4 , , , 43431 1534 5 13 13 CD 43431 1534 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1534 7 are be VBP 43431 1534 8 found find VBN 43431 1534 9 lying lie VBG 43431 1534 10 in in IN 43431 1534 11 the the DT 43431 1534 12 tough tough JJ 43431 1534 13 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1534 14 layer layer NN 43431 1534 15 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1534 16 to to IN 43431 1534 17 the the DT 43431 1534 18 notochord notochord NN 43431 1534 19 , , , 43431 1534 20 and and CC 43431 1534 21 extending extend VBG 43431 1534 22 throughout throughout IN 43431 1534 23 the the DT 43431 1534 24 whole whole JJ 43431 1534 25 length length NN 43431 1534 26 of of IN 43431 1534 27 the the DT 43431 1534 28 trunk trunk NN 43431 1534 29 and and CC 43431 1534 30 tail tail NN 43431 1534 31 . . . 43431 1535 1 Two two CD 43431 1535 2 of of IN 43431 1535 3 these these DT 43431 1535 4 pieces piece NNS 43431 1535 5 , , , 43431 1535 6 which which WDT 43431 1535 7 are be VBP 43431 1535 8 probably probably RB 43431 1535 9 homologous homologous JJ 43431 1535 10 with with IN 43431 1535 11 the the DT 43431 1535 12 neural neural JJ 43431 1535 13 plates plate NNS 43431 1535 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1535 15 see see VB 43431 1535 16 p. p. NN 43431 1535 17 72 72 CD 43431 1535 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1535 19 of of IN 43431 1535 20 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 1535 21 , , , 43431 1535 22 occur occur VBP 43431 1535 23 to to IN 43431 1535 24 each each DT 43431 1535 25 _ _ NNP 43431 1535 26 neuromere neuromere RB 43431 1535 27 _ _ NNP 43431 1535 28 , , , 43431 1535 29 or or CC 43431 1535 30 segment segment NN 43431 1535 31 as as IN 43431 1535 32 determined determine VBN 43431 1535 33 by by IN 43431 1535 34 the the DT 43431 1535 35 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1535 36 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1535 37 . . . 43431 1536 1 The the DT 43431 1536 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1536 3 and and CC 43431 1536 4 caudal caudal NN 43431 1536 5 fins fin NNS 43431 1536 6 are be VBP 43431 1536 7 supported support VBN 43431 1536 8 by by IN 43431 1536 9 paired pair VBN 43431 1536 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1536 11 radiale radiale NN 43431 1536 12 which which WDT 43431 1536 13 are be VBP 43431 1536 14 connected connect VBN 43431 1536 15 proximally proximally RB 43431 1536 16 with with IN 43431 1536 17 the the DT 43431 1536 18 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1536 19 layer layer NN 43431 1536 20 . . . 43431 1537 1 THE the DT 43431 1537 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 1537 3 . . . 43431 1538 1 In in IN 43431 1538 2 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1538 3 the the DT 43431 1538 4 cranium cranium NN 43431 1538 5 is be VBZ 43431 1538 6 a a DT 43431 1538 7 mere mere JJ 43431 1538 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1538 9 floor floor NN 43431 1538 10 without without IN 43431 1538 11 side side NN 43431 1538 12 walls wall NNS 43431 1538 13 or or CC 43431 1538 14 roof roof NN 43431 1538 15 , , , 43431 1538 16 and and CC 43431 1538 17 the the DT 43431 1538 18 trabeculae[27 trabeculae[27 NN 43431 1538 19 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1538 20 end end NN 43431 1538 21 without without IN 43431 1538 22 growing grow VBG 43431 1538 23 forwards forwards RB 43431 1538 24 into into IN 43431 1538 25 cornua cornua NN 43431 1538 26 . . . 43431 1539 1 In in IN 43431 1539 2 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1539 3 the the DT 43431 1539 4 trabeculae trabeculae NN 43431 1539 5 grow grow VBP 43431 1539 6 forwards forward NNS 43431 1539 7 and and CC 43431 1539 8 send send VB 43431 1539 9 up up RP 43431 1539 10 plates plate NNS 43431 1539 11 of of IN 43431 1539 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1539 13 which which WDT 43431 1539 14 meet meet VBP 43431 1539 15 above above JJ 43431 1539 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1539 17 fig fig NN 43431 1539 18 . . . 43431 1540 1 4 4 CD 43431 1540 2 , , , 43431 1540 3 7 7 CD 43431 1540 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1540 5 and and CC 43431 1540 6 form form VB 43431 1540 7 side side NN 43431 1540 8 walls wall NNS 43431 1540 9 and and CC 43431 1540 10 a a DT 43431 1540 11 roof roof NN 43431 1540 12 for for IN 43431 1540 13 part part NN 43431 1540 14 of of IN 43431 1540 15 the the DT 43431 1540 16 brain brain NN 43431 1540 17 case case NN 43431 1540 18 . . . 43431 1541 1 In in IN 43431 1541 2 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1541 3 a a DT 43431 1541 4 labial labial JJ 43431 1541 5 suctorial suctorial JJ 43431 1541 6 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1541 7 is be VBZ 43431 1541 8 well well RB 43431 1541 9 developed developed JJ 43431 1541 10 , , , 43431 1541 11 including include VBG 43431 1541 12 a a DT 43431 1541 13 large large JJ 43431 1541 14 ring ring NN 43431 1541 15 - - HYPH 43431 1541 16 like like JJ 43431 1541 17 piece piece NN 43431 1541 18 of of IN 43431 1541 19 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1541 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1541 21 fig fig NN 43431 1541 22 . . . 43431 1542 1 4 4 CD 43431 1542 2 , , , 43431 1542 3 2 2 CD 43431 1542 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1542 5 which which WDT 43431 1542 6 supports support VBZ 43431 1542 7 the the DT 43431 1542 8 oral oral JJ 43431 1542 9 funnel funnel NN 43431 1542 10 and and CC 43431 1542 11 bears bear VBZ 43431 1542 12 a a DT 43431 1542 13 large large JJ 43431 1542 14 armament armament NN 43431 1542 15 of of IN 43431 1542 16 horny horny NN 43431 1542 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1542 18 . . . 43431 1543 1 In in IN 43431 1543 2 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1543 3 on on IN 43431 1543 4 the the DT 43431 1543 5 other other JJ 43431 1543 6 hand hand NN 43431 1543 7 the the DT 43431 1543 8 labial labial JJ 43431 1543 9 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1543 10 is be VBZ 43431 1543 11 small small JJ 43431 1543 12 and and CC 43431 1543 13 consists consist VBZ 43431 1543 14 merely merely RB 43431 1543 15 of of IN 43431 1543 16 barbels barbel NNS 43431 1543 17 round round VBP 43431 1543 18 the the DT 43431 1543 19 mouth mouth NN 43431 1543 20 . . . 43431 1544 1 The the DT 43431 1544 2 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 1544 3 organ organ NN 43431 1544 4 of of IN 43431 1544 5 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1544 6 has have VBZ 43431 1544 7 a a DT 43431 1544 8 very very RB 43431 1544 9 curious curious JJ 43431 1544 10 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1544 11 . . . 43431 1545 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 1545 2 is be VBZ 43431 1545 3 covered cover VBN 43431 1545 4 with with IN 43431 1545 5 a a DT 43431 1545 6 kind kind NN 43431 1545 7 of of IN 43431 1545 8 grating grating NN 43431 1545 9 of of IN 43431 1545 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1545 11 which which WDT 43431 1545 12 is be VBZ 43431 1545 13 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 1545 14 in in IN 43431 1545 15 front front NN 43431 1545 16 into into IN 43431 1545 17 a a DT 43431 1545 18 tube tube NN 43431 1545 19 composed compose VBN 43431 1545 20 of of IN 43431 1545 21 a a DT 43431 1545 22 series series NN 43431 1545 23 of of IN 43431 1545 24 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 1545 25 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1545 26 rings ring NNS 43431 1545 27 . . . 43431 1546 1 In in IN 43431 1546 2 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1546 3 the the DT 43431 1546 4 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 1546 5 organ organ NN 43431 1546 6 opens open VBZ 43431 1546 7 merely merely RB 43431 1546 8 by by IN 43431 1546 9 a a DT 43431 1546 10 short short JJ 43431 1546 11 membranous membranous JJ 43431 1546 12 passage passage NN 43431 1546 13 . . . 43431 1547 1 In in IN 43431 1547 2 correlation correlation NN 43431 1547 3 with with IN 43431 1547 4 the the DT 43431 1547 5 small small JJ 43431 1547 6 development development NN 43431 1547 7 of of IN 43431 1547 8 the the DT 43431 1547 9 labial labial JJ 43431 1547 10 suctorial suctorial JJ 43431 1547 11 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1547 12 in in IN 43431 1547 13 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1547 14 the the DT 43431 1547 15 lingual lingual JJ 43431 1547 16 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1547 17 is be VBZ 43431 1547 18 very very RB 43431 1547 19 greatly greatly RB 43431 1547 20 developed developed JJ 43431 1547 21 . . . 43431 1548 1 The the DT 43431 1548 2 tongue tongue NN 43431 1548 3 in in IN 43431 1548 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1548 5 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 1548 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1548 7 has have VBZ 43431 1548 8 been be VBN 43431 1548 9 said say VBN 43431 1548 10 to to TO 43431 1548 11 ' ' '' 43431 1548 12 dominate dominate VB 43431 1548 13 the the DT 43431 1548 14 whole whole JJ 43431 1548 15 body body NN 43431 1548 16 ' ' '' 43431 1548 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1548 18 Parker Parker NNP 43431 1548 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1548 20 . . . 43431 1549 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 1549 2 is be VBZ 43431 1549 3 supported support VBN 43431 1549 4 by by IN 43431 1549 5 a a DT 43431 1549 6 great great JJ 43431 1549 7 median median JJ 43431 1549 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1549 9 bar bar NN 43431 1549 10 which which WDT 43431 1549 11 when when WRB 43431 1549 12 followed follow VBN 43431 1549 13 forwards forward VBZ 43431 1549 14 first first RB 43431 1549 15 becomes become VBZ 43431 1549 16 bifid bifid NN 43431 1549 17 and and CC 43431 1549 18 still still RB 43431 1549 19 further further RB 43431 1549 20 forwards forwards RB 43431 1549 21 becomes become VBZ 43431 1549 22 four four CD 43431 1549 23 - - HYPH 43431 1549 24 cleft cleft NN 43431 1549 25 . . . 43431 1550 1 The the DT 43431 1550 2 horny horny NN 43431 1550 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1550 4 in in IN 43431 1550 5 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1550 6 are be VBP 43431 1550 7 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 1550 8 borne bear VBN 43431 1550 9 on on IN 43431 1550 10 the the DT 43431 1550 11 very very RB 43431 1550 12 large large JJ 43431 1550 13 supralingual supralingual JJ 43431 1550 14 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1550 15 . . . 43431 1551 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 1551 2 form form VBP 43431 1551 3 a a DT 43431 1551 4 double double JJ 43431 1551 5 series series NN 43431 1551 6 arranged arrange VBN 43431 1551 7 in in IN 43431 1551 8 the the DT 43431 1551 9 form form NN 43431 1551 10 of of IN 43431 1551 11 an an DT 43431 1551 12 arch arch NN 43431 1551 13 . . . 43431 1552 1 In in IN 43431 1552 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1552 3 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 1552 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1552 5 there there EX 43431 1552 6 are be VBP 43431 1552 7 seven seven CD 43431 1552 8 large large JJ 43431 1552 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1552 10 and and CC 43431 1552 11 nine nine CD 43431 1552 12 small small JJ 43431 1552 13 ones one NNS 43431 1552 14 on on IN 43431 1552 15 each each DT 43431 1552 16 side side NN 43431 1552 17 . . . 43431 1553 1 In in IN 43431 1553 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1553 3 Bdellostoma Bdellostoma NNP 43431 1553 4 _ _ IN 43431 1553 5 the the DT 43431 1553 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1553 7 of of IN 43431 1553 8 the the DT 43431 1553 9 two two CD 43431 1553 10 rows row NNS 43431 1553 11 are be VBP 43431 1553 12 more more RBR 43431 1553 13 equal equal JJ 43431 1553 14 in in IN 43431 1553 15 size size NN 43431 1553 16 . . . 43431 1554 1 In in IN 43431 1554 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1554 3 Bdellostoma Bdellostoma NNP 43431 1554 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1554 5 and and CC 43431 1554 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1554 7 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 1554 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1554 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1554 10 has have VBZ 43431 1554 11 been be VBN 43431 1554 12 shown show VBN 43431 1554 13 that that IN 43431 1554 14 imperfect imperfect NN 43431 1554 15 calcified calcified JJ 43431 1554 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1554 17 occur occur VB 43431 1554 18 below below IN 43431 1554 19 the the DT 43431 1554 20 horny horny NN 43431 1554 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1554 22 . . . 43431 1555 1 In in IN 43431 1555 2 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1555 3 the the DT 43431 1555 4 lingual lingual JJ 43431 1555 5 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1555 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1555 7 fig fig NN 43431 1555 8 . . . 43431 1556 1 4 4 LS 43431 1556 2 , , , 43431 1556 3 C C NNP 43431 1556 4 , , , 43431 1556 5 9 9 CD 43431 1556 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1556 7 is be VBZ 43431 1556 8 well well RB 43431 1556 9 developed developed JJ 43431 1556 10 , , , 43431 1556 11 but but CC 43431 1556 12 not not RB 43431 1556 13 excessively excessively RB 43431 1556 14 so so RB 43431 1556 15 . . . 43431 1557 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 1557 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 1557 3 of of IN 43431 1557 4 a a DT 43431 1557 5 long long JJ 43431 1557 6 median median JJ 43431 1557 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1557 8 bar bar NN 43431 1557 9 which which WDT 43431 1557 10 ends end VBZ 43431 1557 11 in in IN 43431 1557 12 front front NN 43431 1557 13 with with IN 43431 1557 14 a a DT 43431 1557 15 semicircular semicircular JJ 43431 1557 16 piece piece NN 43431 1557 17 of of IN 43431 1557 18 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1557 19 supporting support VBG 43431 1557 20 the the DT 43431 1557 21 median median JJ 43431 1557 22 part part NN 43431 1557 23 of of IN 43431 1557 24 the the DT 43431 1557 25 tongue tongue NN 43431 1557 26 . . . 43431 1558 1 In in IN 43431 1558 2 both both DT 43431 1558 3 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1558 4 and and CC 43431 1558 5 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1558 6 there there EX 43431 1558 7 is be VBZ 43431 1558 8 a a DT 43431 1558 9 complicated complicated JJ 43431 1558 10 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1558 11 basket basket NN 43431 1558 12 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1558 13 , , , 43431 1558 14 but but CC 43431 1558 15 while while IN 43431 1558 16 in in IN 43431 1558 17 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1558 18 the the DT 43431 1558 19 basket basket NN 43431 1558 20 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1558 21 is be VBZ 43431 1558 22 interbranchial interbranchial JJ 43431 1558 23 , , , 43431 1558 24 formed form VBN 43431 1558 25 deep deep RB 43431 1558 26 within within IN 43431 1558 27 the the DT 43431 1558 28 head head NN 43431 1558 29 near near IN 43431 1558 30 the the DT 43431 1558 31 hypoblastic hypoblastic JJ 43431 1558 32 lining lining NN 43431 1558 33 of of IN 43431 1558 34 the the DT 43431 1558 35 throat throat NN 43431 1558 36 , , , 43431 1558 37 in in IN 43431 1558 38 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1558 39 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1558 40 is be VBZ 43431 1558 41 extra extra JJ 43431 1558 42 - - HYPH 43431 1558 43 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1558 44 and and CC 43431 1558 45 formed form VBN 43431 1558 46 outside outside IN 43431 1558 47 the the DT 43431 1558 48 head head NN 43431 1558 49 cavities cavity NNS 43431 1558 50 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1558 51 fig fig NN 43431 1558 52 . . . 43431 1559 1 4 4 CD 43431 1559 2 , , , 43431 1559 3 10 10 CD 43431 1559 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1559 5 . . . 43431 1560 1 The the DT 43431 1560 2 two two CD 43431 1560 3 sides side NNS 43431 1560 4 of of IN 43431 1560 5 the the DT 43431 1560 6 basket basket NN 43431 1560 7 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1560 8 in in IN 43431 1560 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1560 10 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 1560 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1560 12 are be VBP 43431 1560 13 not not RB 43431 1560 14 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 1560 15 . . . 43431 1561 1 In in IN 43431 1561 2 the the DT 43431 1561 3 interbranchial interbranchial JJ 43431 1561 4 basket basket NN 43431 1561 5 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 1561 6 of of IN 43431 1561 7 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1561 8 the the DT 43431 1561 9 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1561 10 and and CC 43431 1561 11 first first JJ 43431 1561 12 and and CC 43431 1561 13 second second JJ 43431 1561 14 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1561 15 arches arch NNS 43431 1561 16 can can MD 43431 1561 17 be be VB 43431 1561 18 recognised recognise VBN 43431 1561 19 . . . 43431 1562 1 Traces trace NNS 43431 1562 2 of of IN 43431 1562 3 the the DT 43431 1562 4 interbranchial interbranchial JJ 43431 1562 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1562 6 of of IN 43431 1562 7 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1562 8 can can MD 43431 1562 9 be be VB 43431 1562 10 detected detect VBN 43431 1562 11 in in IN 43431 1562 12 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1562 13 , , , 43431 1562 14 and and CC 43431 1562 15 similarly similarly RB 43431 1562 16 in in IN 43431 1562 17 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 1562 18 , , , 43431 1562 19 there there EX 43431 1562 20 are be VBP 43431 1562 21 indications indication NNS 43431 1562 22 of of IN 43431 1562 23 the the DT 43431 1562 24 extra extra JJ 43431 1562 25 - - HYPH 43431 1562 26 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1562 27 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1562 28 of of IN 43431 1562 29 _ _ NNP 43431 1562 30 Petromyzon Petromyzon NNP 43431 1562 31 _ _ NNP 43431 1562 32 . . . 43431 1563 1 The the DT 43431 1563 2 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1563 3 basket basket NN 43431 1563 4 in in IN 43431 1563 5 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 1563 6 forms form NNS 43431 1563 7 at at IN 43431 1563 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1563 9 posterior posterior NN 43431 1563 10 end end VBP 43431 1563 11 a a DT 43431 1563 12 kind kind NN 43431 1563 13 of of IN 43431 1563 14 cup cup NN 43431 1563 15 which which WDT 43431 1563 16 supports support VBZ 43431 1563 17 the the DT 43431 1563 18 pericardium pericardium NN 43431 1563 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1563 20 fig fig NN 43431 1563 21 . . . 43431 1564 1 4 4 CD 43431 1564 2 , , , 43431 1564 3 11 11 CD 43431 1564 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1564 5 . . . 43431 1565 1 A a DT 43431 1565 2 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 1565 3 Cyclostome Cyclostome NNP 43431 1565 4 named name VBN 43431 1565 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1565 6 Palaeospondylus_[28 Palaeospondylus_[28 NNP 43431 1565 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1565 8 has have VBZ 43431 1565 9 recently recently RB 43431 1565 10 been be VBN 43431 1565 11 described describe VBN 43431 1565 12 from from IN 43431 1565 13 the the DT 43431 1565 14 Scottish Scottish NNP 43431 1565 15 Old Old NNP 43431 1565 16 Red Red NNP 43431 1565 17 Sandstone Sandstone NNP 43431 1565 18 . . . 43431 1566 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 1566 2 differs differ VBZ 43431 1566 3 however however RB 43431 1566 4 from from IN 43431 1566 5 all all DT 43431 1566 6 living live VBG 43431 1566 7 Cyclostomes cyclostome NNS 43431 1566 8 , , , 43431 1566 9 in in IN 43431 1566 10 having have VBG 43431 1566 11 a a DT 43431 1566 12 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1566 13 column column NN 43431 1566 14 formed form VBN 43431 1566 15 of of IN 43431 1566 16 distinct distinct JJ 43431 1566 17 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1566 18 with with IN 43431 1566 19 well well RB 43431 1566 20 - - HYPH 43431 1566 21 developed develop VBN 43431 1566 22 neural neural JJ 43431 1566 23 arches arch NNS 43431 1566 24 . . . 43431 1567 1 The the DT 43431 1567 2 caudal caudal JJ 43431 1567 3 fin fin NN 43431 1567 4 is be VBZ 43431 1567 5 well well RB 43431 1567 6 developed developed JJ 43431 1567 7 and and CC 43431 1567 8 the the DT 43431 1567 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1567 10 radiale radiale NN 43431 1567 11 are be VBP 43431 1567 12 forked fork VBN 43431 1567 13 as as IN 43431 1567 14 in in IN 43431 1567 15 lampreys lamprey NNS 43431 1567 16 . . . 43431 1568 1 The the DT 43431 1568 2 skull skull NN 43431 1568 3 is be VBZ 43431 1568 4 well well RB 43431 1568 5 calcified calcify VBN 43431 1568 6 and and CC 43431 1568 7 the the DT 43431 1568 8 auditory auditory JJ 43431 1568 9 capsules capsule NNS 43431 1568 10 are be VBP 43431 1568 11 specially specially RB 43431 1568 12 large large JJ 43431 1568 13 . . . 43431 1569 1 The the DT 43431 1569 2 mouth mouth NN 43431 1569 3 is be VBZ 43431 1569 4 very very RB 43431 1569 5 similar similar JJ 43431 1569 6 to to IN 43431 1569 7 that that DT 43431 1569 8 of of IN 43431 1569 9 lampreys lamprey NNS 43431 1569 10 , , , 43431 1569 11 being be VBG 43431 1569 12 circular circular JJ 43431 1569 13 and and CC 43431 1569 14 without without IN 43431 1569 15 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1569 16 ; ; : 43431 1569 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1569 18 is be VBZ 43431 1569 19 provided provide VBN 43431 1569 20 with with IN 43431 1569 21 barbels barbel NNS 43431 1569 22 or or CC 43431 1569 23 cirri cirri NNP 43431 1569 24 . . . 43431 1570 1 There there EX 43431 1570 2 is be VBZ 43431 1570 3 no no DT 43431 1570 4 trace trace NN 43431 1570 5 of of IN 43431 1570 6 limbs limb NNS 43431 1570 7 and and CC 43431 1570 8 the the DT 43431 1570 9 average average JJ 43431 1570 10 length length NN 43431 1570 11 is be VBZ 43431 1570 12 only only RB 43431 1570 13 about about RB 43431 1570 14 1 1 CD 43431 1570 15 - - SYM 43431 1570 16 1 1 CD 43431 1570 17 - - HYPH 43431 1570 18 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 1570 19 inches inch NNS 43431 1570 20 . . . 43431 1571 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 1571 2 : : : 43431 1571 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1571 4 24 24 CD 43431 1571 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1571 6 See see VB 43431 1571 7 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 1572 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 1572 2 On on IN 43431 1572 3 the the DT 43431 1572 4 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1572 5 of of IN 43431 1572 6 the the DT 43431 1572 7 Marsipobranch Marsipobranch NNP 43431 1572 8 fishes fish NNS 43431 1572 9 , , , 43431 1572 10 _ _ NNP 43431 1572 11 Phil Phil NNP 43431 1572 12 . . . 43431 1573 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 1573 2 . . . 43431 1573 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1573 4 1883 1883 CD 43431 1573 5 , , , 43431 1573 6 London London NNP 43431 1573 7 . . . 43431 1574 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1574 2 25 25 CD 43431 1574 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1574 4 See see VB 43431 1574 5 A. a. NN 43431 1574 6 Smith Smith NNP 43431 1574 7 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 1574 8 , , , 43431 1574 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1574 10 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 43431 1574 11 of of IN 43431 1574 12 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 1574 13 Fish Fish NNP 43431 1574 14 in in IN 43431 1574 15 the the DT 43431 1574 16 British British NNP 43431 1574 17 Museum Museum NNP 43431 1574 18 _ _ NNP 43431 1574 19 , , , 43431 1574 20 Part Part NNP 43431 1574 21 II II NNP 43431 1574 22 . . NNP 43431 1574 23 , , , 43431 1574 24 1891 1891 CD 43431 1574 25 . . . 43431 1575 1 A. A. NNP 43431 1575 2 Smith Smith NNP 43431 1575 3 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 1575 4 , , , 43431 1575 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1575 6 Nat Nat NNP 43431 1575 7 . . . 43431 1576 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 1576 2 . . NNP 43431 1576 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1576 4 vol vol NNP 43431 1576 5 . . . 43431 1577 1 I. I. NNP 43431 1578 1 1892 1892 CD 43431 1578 2 , , , 43431 1578 3 p. p. NN 43431 1578 4 596 596 CD 43431 1578 5 . . . 43431 1579 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1579 2 26 26 CD 43431 1579 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1579 4 See see VB 43431 1579 5 R.H. R.H. NNP 43431 1579 6 Traquair Traquair NNP 43431 1579 7 , , , 43431 1579 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1579 9 Ann Ann NNP 43431 1579 10 . . . 43431 1580 1 Nat Nat NNP 43431 1580 2 . . . 43431 1581 1 Hist Hist NNP 43431 1581 2 . . . 43431 1581 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1581 4 , , , 43431 1581 5 ser ser NNP 43431 1581 6 . . . 43431 1582 1 6 6 CD 43431 1582 2 , , , 43431 1582 3 vol vol NNP 43431 1582 4 . . . 43431 1583 1 II ii CD 43431 1583 2 . . . 43431 1584 1 1888 1888 CD 43431 1584 2 , , , 43431 1584 3 p. p. NN 43431 1584 4 485 485 CD 43431 1584 5 . . . 43431 1585 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1585 2 27 27 CD 43431 1585 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1585 4 See see VB 43431 1585 5 p. p. NN 43431 1585 6 17 17 CD 43431 1585 7 . . . 43431 1586 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1586 2 28 28 CD 43431 1586 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1586 4 R.H. R.H. NNP 43431 1586 5 Traquair Traquair NNP 43431 1586 6 , , , 43431 1586 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1586 8 Ann Ann NNP 43431 1586 9 . . . 43431 1587 1 Nat Nat NNP 43431 1587 2 . . . 43431 1588 1 Hist Hist NNP 43431 1588 2 . . . 43431 1588 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1588 4 vol vol NNP 43431 1588 5 . . . 43431 1589 1 VI VI NNP 43431 1589 2 . . . 43431 1590 1 1890 1890 CD 43431 1590 2 , , , 43431 1590 3 p. p. NN 43431 1590 4 485 485 CD 43431 1590 5 ; ; : 43431 1590 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1590 7 P. P. NNP 43431 1591 1 Phys phys NN 43431 1591 2 . . . 43431 1592 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 1592 2 . . . 43431 1593 1 Edinb Edinb NNP 43431 1593 2 . . . 43431 1593 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1593 4 vol vol NNP 43431 1593 5 . . . 43431 1594 1 XII XII NNP 43431 1594 2 . . . 43431 1595 1 1892 1892 CD 43431 1595 2 - - SYM 43431 1595 3 93 93 CD 43431 1595 4 , , , 43431 1595 5 pp pp ADD 43431 1595 6 . . . 43431 1596 1 87 87 CD 43431 1596 2 - - SYM 43431 1596 3 94 94 CD 43431 1596 4 , , , 43431 1596 5 and and CC 43431 1596 6 312 312 CD 43431 1596 7 - - SYM 43431 1596 8 320 320 CD 43431 1596 9 . . . 43431 1597 1 A. A. NNP 43431 1597 2 Smith Smith NNP 43431 1597 3 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 1597 4 , , , 43431 1597 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1597 6 Nat Nat NNP 43431 1597 7 . . . 43431 1598 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 1598 2 . . NNP 43431 1598 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1598 4 vol vol NNP 43431 1598 5 . . . 43431 1599 1 III iii CD 43431 1599 2 . . . 43431 1600 1 p. p. NN 43431 1600 2 128 128 CD 43431 1600 3 , , , 43431 1600 4 1893 1893 CD 43431 1600 5 . . . 43431 1601 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 1601 2 V. V. NNP 43431 1602 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1602 2 II II NNP 43431 1602 3 . . . 43431 1602 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1603 1 GNATHOSTOMATA GNATHOSTOMATA NNP 43431 1603 2 . . . 43431 1604 1 THE the DT 43431 1604 2 mouth mouth NN 43431 1604 3 is be VBZ 43431 1604 4 supported support VBN 43431 1604 5 by by IN 43431 1604 6 definite definite JJ 43431 1604 7 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1604 8 . . . 43431 1605 1 ICHTHYOPSIDA ICHTHYOPSIDA NNP 43431 1605 2 . . . 43431 1606 1 The the DT 43431 1606 2 epiblastic epiblastic JJ 43431 1606 3 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1606 4 is be VBZ 43431 1606 5 generally generally RB 43431 1606 6 unimportant unimportant JJ 43431 1606 7 , , , 43431 1606 8 the the DT 43431 1606 9 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 1606 10 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1606 11 is be VBZ 43431 1606 12 usually usually RB 43431 1606 13 well well RB 43431 1606 14 developed developed JJ 43431 1606 15 . . . 43431 1607 1 The the DT 43431 1607 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1607 3 with with IN 43431 1607 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1607 5 membranous membranous JJ 43431 1607 6 sheath sheath NN 43431 1607 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1607 8 1 1 CD 43431 1607 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1607 10 may may MD 43431 1607 11 remain remain VB 43431 1607 12 unmodified unmodified JJ 43431 1607 13 , , , 43431 1607 14 or or CC 43431 1607 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1607 16 2 2 LS 43431 1607 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1607 18 may may MD 43431 1607 19 be be VB 43431 1607 20 replaced replace VBN 43431 1607 21 by by IN 43431 1607 22 bone bone NN 43431 1607 23 or or CC 43431 1607 24 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1607 25 derived derive VBN 43431 1607 26 from from IN 43431 1607 27 the the DT 43431 1607 28 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1607 29 layer layer NN 43431 1607 30 , , , 43431 1607 31 or or CC 43431 1607 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1607 33 3 3 LS 43431 1607 34 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1607 35 may may MD 43431 1607 36 be be VB 43431 1607 37 calcified calcify VBN 43431 1607 38 to to IN 43431 1607 39 a a DT 43431 1607 40 varying varying NN 43431 1607 41 extent extent NN 43431 1607 42 . . . 43431 1608 1 The the DT 43431 1608 2 first first JJ 43431 1608 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 1608 4 is be VBZ 43431 1608 5 not not RB 43431 1608 6 homologous homologous JJ 43431 1608 7 throughout throughout IN 43431 1608 8 the the DT 43431 1608 9 whole whole JJ 43431 1608 10 series series NN 43431 1608 11 and and CC 43431 1608 12 so so RB 43431 1608 13 is be VBZ 43431 1608 14 not not RB 43431 1608 15 strictly strictly RB 43431 1608 16 comparable comparable JJ 43431 1608 17 to to IN 43431 1608 18 the the DT 43431 1608 19 atlas atla NNS 43431 1608 20 of of IN 43431 1608 21 Sauropsids Sauropsids NNPS 43431 1608 22 and and CC 43431 1608 23 Mammals Mammals NNPS 43431 1608 24 . . . 43431 1609 1 The the DT 43431 1609 2 centra centra NN 43431 1609 3 of of IN 43431 1609 4 the the DT 43431 1609 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1609 6 have have VBP 43431 1609 7 no no DT 43431 1609 8 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 1609 9 . . . 43431 1610 1 The the DT 43431 1610 2 skull skull NN 43431 1610 3 may may MD 43431 1610 4 be be VB 43431 1610 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1610 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1610 7 a a DT 43431 1610 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1610 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1610 10 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 1610 11 and and CC 43431 1610 12 membranous membranous JJ 43431 1610 13 , , , 43431 1610 14 or or CC 43431 1610 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1610 16 _ _ NNP 43431 1610 17 b b NNP 43431 1610 18 _ _ NNP 43431 1610 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1610 20 more more RBR 43431 1610 21 or or CC 43431 1610 22 less less RBR 43431 1610 23 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1610 24 , , , 43431 1610 25 or or CC 43431 1610 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1610 27 _ _ NNP 43431 1610 28 c c NNP 43431 1610 29 _ _ NNP 43431 1610 30 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1610 31 bony bony NN 43431 1610 32 . . . 43431 1611 1 Membrane membrane NN 43431 1611 2 bones bone NNS 43431 1611 3 are be VBP 43431 1611 4 not not RB 43431 1611 5 included include VBN 43431 1611 6 in in IN 43431 1611 7 the the DT 43431 1611 8 cranial cranial JJ 43431 1611 9 walls wall NNS 43431 1611 10 , , , 43431 1611 11 and and CC 43431 1611 12 there there EX 43431 1611 13 are be VBP 43431 1611 14 large large JJ 43431 1611 15 unossified unossified JJ 43431 1611 16 tracts tract NNS 43431 1611 17 in in IN 43431 1611 18 the the DT 43431 1611 19 skull skull NN 43431 1611 20 . . . 43431 1612 1 When when WRB 43431 1612 2 membrane membrane NN 43431 1612 3 bones bone NNS 43431 1612 4 are be VBP 43431 1612 5 developed develop VBN 43431 1612 6 in in IN 43431 1612 7 connection connection NN 43431 1612 8 with with IN 43431 1612 9 the the DT 43431 1612 10 skull skull NN 43431 1612 11 , , , 43431 1612 12 a a DT 43431 1612 13 large large JJ 43431 1612 14 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 1612 15 occurs occur VBZ 43431 1612 16 . . . 43431 1613 1 The the DT 43431 1613 2 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 1613 3 is be VBZ 43431 1613 4 always always RB 43431 1613 5 small small JJ 43431 1613 6 or or CC 43431 1613 7 absent absent JJ 43431 1613 8 . . . 43431 1614 1 The the DT 43431 1614 2 skull skull NN 43431 1614 3 may may MD 43431 1614 4 be be VB 43431 1614 5 immovably immovably RB 43431 1614 6 fixed fix VBN 43431 1614 7 to to IN 43431 1614 8 the the DT 43431 1614 9 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1614 10 column column NN 43431 1614 11 , , , 43431 1614 12 or or CC 43431 1614 13 may may MD 43431 1614 14 articulate articulate VB 43431 1614 15 with with IN 43431 1614 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1614 17 by by IN 43431 1614 18 a a DT 43431 1614 19 single single JJ 43431 1614 20 or or CC 43431 1614 21 double double JJ 43431 1614 22 occipital occipital JJ 43431 1614 23 condyle condyle NN 43431 1614 24 . . . 43431 1615 1 When when WRB 43431 1615 2 the the DT 43431 1615 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 1615 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 1615 5 is be VBZ 43431 1615 6 double double JJ 43431 1615 7 , , , 43431 1615 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1615 9 is be VBZ 43431 1615 10 formed form VBN 43431 1615 11 by by IN 43431 1615 12 the the DT 43431 1615 13 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 1615 14 , , , 43431 1615 15 and and CC 43431 1615 16 the the DT 43431 1615 17 basi basi NN 43431 1615 18 - - HYPH 43431 1615 19 occipital occipital NN 43431 1615 20 is be VBZ 43431 1615 21 small small JJ 43431 1615 22 or or CC 43431 1615 23 unossified unossified JJ 43431 1615 24 . . . 43431 1616 1 The the DT 43431 1616 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 1616 3 may may MD 43431 1616 4 be be VB 43431 1616 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1616 6 _ _ NNP 43431 1616 7 a a DT 43431 1616 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1616 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1616 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1616 11 , , , 43431 1616 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1616 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1616 14 b b NNP 43431 1616 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1616 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1616 17 partially partially RB 43431 1616 18 ossified ossify VBN 43431 1616 19 , , , 43431 1616 20 or or CC 43431 1616 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1616 22 _ _ NNP 43431 1616 23 c c NNP 43431 1616 24 _ _ NNP 43431 1616 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1616 26 membrane membrane NN 43431 1616 27 bones bone NNS 43431 1616 28 may may MD 43431 1616 29 be be VB 43431 1616 30 developed develop VBN 43431 1616 31 in in IN 43431 1616 32 connection connection NN 43431 1616 33 with with IN 43431 1616 34 it,--if it,--if NNP 43431 1616 35 so so RB 43431 1616 36 , , , 43431 1616 37 there there EX 43431 1616 38 is be VBZ 43431 1616 39 usually usually RB 43431 1616 40 more more JJR 43431 1616 41 than than IN 43431 1616 42 one one CD 43431 1616 43 membrane membrane NN 43431 1616 44 bone bone NN 43431 1616 45 developed develop VBN 43431 1616 46 in in IN 43431 1616 47 connection connection NN 43431 1616 48 with with IN 43431 1616 49 each each DT 43431 1616 50 half half NN 43431 1616 51 . . . 43431 1617 1 There there EX 43431 1617 2 are be VBP 43431 1617 3 at at RB 43431 1617 4 least least JJS 43431 1617 5 four four CD 43431 1617 6 pairs pair NNS 43431 1617 7 of of IN 43431 1617 8 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1617 9 arches arch NNS 43431 1617 10 present present JJ 43431 1617 11 during during IN 43431 1617 12 development development NN 43431 1617 13 . . . 43431 1618 1 The the DT 43431 1618 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 1618 3 , , , 43431 1618 4 if if IN 43431 1618 5 present present JJ 43431 1618 6 , , , 43431 1618 7 is be VBZ 43431 1618 8 not not RB 43431 1618 9 costal costal JJ 43431 1618 10 in in IN 43431 1618 11 origin origin NN 43431 1618 12 . . . 43431 1619 1 CLASS CLASS NNP 43431 1619 2 I. i. NN 43431 1619 3 PISCES pisces NN 43431 1619 4 . . . 43431 1620 1 The the DT 43431 1620 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1620 3 is be VBZ 43431 1620 4 in in IN 43431 1620 5 the the DT 43431 1620 6 form form NN 43431 1620 7 of of IN 43431 1620 8 scales scale NNS 43431 1620 9 , , , 43431 1620 10 which which WDT 43431 1620 11 may may MD 43431 1620 12 be be VB 43431 1620 13 entirely entirely RB 43431 1620 14 mesoblastic mesoblastic JJ 43431 1620 15 or or CC 43431 1620 16 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1620 17 in in IN 43431 1620 18 origin origin NN 43431 1620 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1620 20 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 1621 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1621 2 cycloid cycloid NNP 43431 1621 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1621 4 and and CC 43431 1621 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1621 6 ctenoid ctenoid NN 43431 1621 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1621 8 scales scale VBZ 43431 1621 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1621 10 , , , 43431 1621 11 or or CC 43431 1621 12 may may MD 43431 1621 13 be be VB 43431 1621 14 formed form VBN 43431 1621 15 of of IN 43431 1621 16 both both CC 43431 1621 17 mesoblast mesoblast NN 43431 1621 18 and and CC 43431 1621 19 epiblast epiblast NN 43431 1621 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1621 21 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 1622 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1622 2 placoid placoid NNP 43431 1622 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1622 4 and and CC 43431 1622 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1622 6 ganoid ganoid NN 43431 1622 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1622 8 scales scale VBZ 43431 1622 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1622 10 . . . 43431 1623 1 Large large JJ 43431 1623 2 bony bony NN 43431 1623 3 plates plate NNS 43431 1623 4 may may MD 43431 1623 5 be be VB 43431 1623 6 derived derive VBN 43431 1623 7 from from IN 43431 1623 8 both both PDT 43431 1623 9 these these DT 43431 1623 10 types type NNS 43431 1623 11 of of IN 43431 1623 12 scale scale NN 43431 1623 13 . . . 43431 1624 1 In in IN 43431 1624 2 general general JJ 43431 1624 3 fish fish NN 43431 1624 4 with with IN 43431 1624 5 a a DT 43431 1624 6 greatly greatly RB 43431 1624 7 developed develop VBN 43431 1624 8 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1624 9 armour armour NN 43431 1624 10 have have VBP 43431 1624 11 the the DT 43431 1624 12 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 1624 13 poorly poorly RB 43431 1624 14 developed develop VBN 43431 1624 15 ; ; : 43431 1624 16 and and CC 43431 1624 17 the the DT 43431 1624 18 converse converse NN 43431 1624 19 also also RB 43431 1624 20 holds hold VBZ 43431 1624 21 good good JJ 43431 1624 22 . . . 43431 1625 1 The the DT 43431 1625 2 integument integument NN 43431 1625 3 of of IN 43431 1625 4 the the DT 43431 1625 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1625 6 and and CC 43431 1625 7 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1625 8 surfaces surface NNS 43431 1625 9 is be VBZ 43431 1625 10 commonly commonly RB 43431 1625 11 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 1625 12 into into IN 43431 1625 13 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 1625 14 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 1625 15 fins fin NNS 43431 1625 16 , , , 43431 1625 17 supported support VBN 43431 1625 18 by by IN 43431 1625 19 an an DT 43431 1625 20 internal internal JJ 43431 1625 21 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1625 22 . . . 43431 1626 1 These these DT 43431 1626 2 fins fin NNS 43431 1626 3 are be VBP 43431 1626 4 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 1626 5 according accord VBG 43431 1626 6 to to IN 43431 1626 7 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1626 8 position position NN 43431 1626 9 as as IN 43431 1626 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1626 11 , , , 43431 1626 12 caudal caudal NN 43431 1626 13 and and CC 43431 1626 14 anal anal JJ 43431 1626 15 fins fin NNS 43431 1626 16 . . . 43431 1627 1 The the DT 43431 1627 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1627 3 and and CC 43431 1627 4 anal anal JJ 43431 1627 5 fins fin NNS 43431 1627 6 are be VBP 43431 1627 7 used use VBN 43431 1627 8 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 1627 9 as as IN 43431 1627 10 directing direct VBG 43431 1627 11 organs organ NNS 43431 1627 12 , , , 43431 1627 13 the the DT 43431 1627 14 caudal caudal JJ 43431 1627 15 fin fin NN 43431 1627 16 is be VBZ 43431 1627 17 however however RB 43431 1627 18 a a DT 43431 1627 19 most most RBS 43431 1627 20 important important JJ 43431 1627 21 organ organ NN 43431 1627 22 of of IN 43431 1627 23 propulsion propulsion NN 43431 1627 24 . . . 43431 1628 1 Three three CD 43431 1628 2 types type NNS 43431 1628 3 of of IN 43431 1628 4 tail tail NN 43431 1628 5 are be VBP 43431 1628 6 found find VBN 43431 1628 7 in in IN 43431 1628 8 fishes fish NNS 43431 1628 9 , , , 43431 1628 10 viz viz NN 43431 1628 11 . . . 43431 1629 1 : : : 43431 1629 2 -- -- : 43431 1629 3 1 1 CD 43431 1629 4 . . . 43431 1630 1 The the DT 43431 1630 2 = = SYM 43431 1630 3 diphycercal= diphycercal= NN 43431 1630 4 , , , 43431 1630 5 in in IN 43431 1630 6 which which WDT 43431 1630 7 the the DT 43431 1630 8 axis axi NNS 43431 1630 9 is be VBZ 43431 1630 10 straight straight JJ 43431 1630 11 and and CC 43431 1630 12 the the DT 43431 1630 13 tail tail NN 43431 1630 14 is be VBZ 43431 1630 15 one one CD 43431 1630 16 - - HYPH 43431 1630 17 bladed bladed JJ 43431 1630 18 and and CC 43431 1630 19 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 1630 20 , , , 43431 1630 21 an an DT 43431 1630 22 equal equal JJ 43431 1630 23 proportion proportion NN 43431 1630 24 of of IN 43431 1630 25 radiale[29 radiale[29 NNP 43431 1630 26 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1630 27 being be VBG 43431 1630 28 attached attach VBN 43431 1630 29 to to IN 43431 1630 30 the the DT 43431 1630 31 upper upper JJ 43431 1630 32 and and CC 43431 1630 33 lower low JJR 43431 1630 34 surfaces surface NNS 43431 1630 35 of of IN 43431 1630 36 the the DT 43431 1630 37 axis axi NNS 43431 1630 38 . . . 43431 1631 1 2 2 LS 43431 1631 2 . . . 43431 1632 1 The the DT 43431 1632 2 = = SYM 43431 1632 3 heterocercal= heterocercal= NN 43431 1632 4 , , , 43431 1632 5 in in IN 43431 1632 6 which which WDT 43431 1632 7 the the DT 43431 1632 8 tail tail NN 43431 1632 9 is be VBZ 43431 1632 10 asymmetrical asymmetrical JJ 43431 1632 11 and and CC 43431 1632 12 the the DT 43431 1632 13 axis axi NNS 43431 1632 14 is be VBZ 43431 1632 15 bent bent JJ 43431 1632 16 upwards upwards JJ 43431 1632 17 , , , 43431 1632 18 the the DT 43431 1632 19 proportion proportion NN 43431 1632 20 of of IN 43431 1632 21 radiale radiale NN 43431 1632 22 or or CC 43431 1632 23 of of IN 43431 1632 24 fin fin NN 43431 1632 25 - - HYPH 43431 1632 26 rays ray NNS 43431 1632 27 attached attach VBN 43431 1632 28 to to IN 43431 1632 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1632 30 upper upper JJ 43431 1632 31 surface surface NN 43431 1632 32 being be VBG 43431 1632 33 much much RB 43431 1632 34 smaller small JJR 43431 1632 35 than than IN 43431 1632 36 that that DT 43431 1632 37 attached attach VBN 43431 1632 38 to to IN 43431 1632 39 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1632 40 lower low JJR 43431 1632 41 surface surface NN 43431 1632 42 . . . 43431 1633 1 3 3 LS 43431 1633 2 . . . 43431 1634 1 The the DT 43431 1634 2 = = SYM 43431 1634 3 homocercal= homocercal= NN 43431 1634 4 , , , 43431 1634 5 in in IN 43431 1634 6 which which WDT 43431 1634 7 the the DT 43431 1634 8 tail tail NN 43431 1634 9 though though IN 43431 1634 10 externally externally RB 43431 1634 11 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 1634 12 , , , 43431 1634 13 so so RB 43431 1634 14 far far RB 43431 1634 15 resembling resemble VBG 43431 1634 16 the the DT 43431 1634 17 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 1634 18 type type NN 43431 1634 19 , , , 43431 1634 20 is be VBZ 43431 1634 21 internally internally RB 43431 1634 22 really really RB 43431 1634 23 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1634 24 , , , 43431 1634 25 the the DT 43431 1634 26 great great JJ 43431 1634 27 majority majority NN 43431 1634 28 of of IN 43431 1634 29 the the DT 43431 1634 30 radiale radiale NN 43431 1634 31 or or CC 43431 1634 32 of of IN 43431 1634 33 the the DT 43431 1634 34 fin fin NN 43431 1634 35 - - HYPH 43431 1634 36 rays ray NNS 43431 1634 37 being be VBG 43431 1634 38 attached attach VBN 43431 1634 39 to to IN 43431 1634 40 the the DT 43431 1634 41 lower low JJR 43431 1634 42 surface surface NN 43431 1634 43 of of IN 43431 1634 44 the the DT 43431 1634 45 axis axi NNS 43431 1634 46 . . . 43431 1635 1 The the DT 43431 1635 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 1635 3 in in IN 43431 1635 4 the the DT 43431 1635 5 simplest simple JJS 43431 1635 6 cases case NNS 43431 1635 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1635 8 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 1636 1 Selachii Selachii NNP 43431 1636 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1636 3 forms form VBZ 43431 1636 4 a a DT 43431 1636 5 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1636 6 box box NN 43431 1636 7 enclosing enclose VBG 43431 1636 8 the the DT 43431 1636 9 brain brain NN 43431 1636 10 and and CC 43431 1636 11 sense sense NN 43431 1636 12 organs organ NNS 43431 1636 13 ; ; , 43431 1636 14 in in IN 43431 1636 15 bony bony NNP 43431 1636 16 fishes fish VBZ 43431 1636 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1636 18 is be VBZ 43431 1636 19 greatly greatly RB 43431 1636 20 complicated complicated JJ 43431 1636 21 . . . 43431 1637 1 When when WRB 43431 1637 2 palatine palatine NN 43431 1637 3 or or CC 43431 1637 4 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 1637 5 bones bone NNS 43431 1637 6 are be VBP 43431 1637 7 present present JJ 43431 1637 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1637 9 are be VBP 43431 1637 10 formed form VBN 43431 1637 11 by by IN 43431 1637 12 the the DT 43431 1637 13 ossification ossification NN 43431 1637 14 of of IN 43431 1637 15 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1637 16 ; ; : 43431 1637 17 in in IN 43431 1637 18 Sauropsida Sauropsida NNP 43431 1637 19 and and CC 43431 1637 20 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 1637 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1637 22 are be VBP 43431 1637 23 laid lay VBN 43431 1637 24 down down RP 43431 1637 25 as as IN 43431 1637 26 membrane membrane NN 43431 1637 27 bones bone NNS 43431 1637 28 . . . 43431 1638 1 There there EX 43431 1638 2 is be VBZ 43431 1638 3 no no DT 43431 1638 4 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 1638 5 cavity cavity NN 43431 1638 6 or or CC 43431 1638 7 auditory auditory JJ 43431 1638 8 ossicle ossicle NN 43431 1638 9 in in IN 43431 1638 10 relation relation NN 43431 1638 11 to to IN 43431 1638 12 the the DT 43431 1638 13 ear ear NN 43431 1638 14 . . . 43431 1639 1 There there EX 43431 1639 2 are be VBP 43431 1639 3 two two CD 43431 1639 4 principal principal JJ 43431 1639 5 types type NNS 43431 1639 6 of of IN 43431 1639 7 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 1639 8 by by IN 43431 1639 9 means mean NNS 43431 1639 10 of of IN 43431 1639 11 which which WDT 43431 1639 12 the the DT 43431 1639 13 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1639 14 are be VBP 43431 1639 15 attached attach VBN 43431 1639 16 to to IN 43431 1639 17 the the DT 43431 1639 18 cranium:-- cranium:-- NN 43431 1639 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1639 20 1 1 LS 43431 1639 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1639 22 The the DT 43431 1639 23 = = SYM 43431 1639 24 Autostylic=. autostylic=. NN 43431 1640 1 This this DT 43431 1640 2 is be VBZ 43431 1640 3 the the DT 43431 1640 4 primitive primitive JJ 43431 1640 5 condition condition NN 43431 1640 6 in in IN 43431 1640 7 which which WDT 43431 1640 8 the the DT 43431 1640 9 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 1640 10 arch arch JJ 43431 1640 11 articulates articulate NNS 43431 1640 12 with with IN 43431 1640 13 the the DT 43431 1640 14 base base NN 43431 1640 15 of of IN 43431 1640 16 the the DT 43431 1640 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 1640 18 in in IN 43431 1640 19 front front NN 43431 1640 20 of of IN 43431 1640 21 the the DT 43431 1640 22 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1640 23 and and CC 43431 1640 24 in in IN 43431 1640 25 a a DT 43431 1640 26 similar similar JJ 43431 1640 27 manner manner NN 43431 1640 28 . . . 43431 1641 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1641 2 2 2 LS 43431 1641 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1641 4 The the DT 43431 1641 5 = = SYM 43431 1641 6 Hyostylic=. hyostylic=. NN 43431 1642 1 In in IN 43431 1642 2 this this DT 43431 1642 3 case case NN 43431 1642 4 the the DT 43431 1642 5 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 1642 6 arch arch NN 43431 1642 7 becomes become VBZ 43431 1642 8 connected connected JJ 43431 1642 9 with with IN 43431 1642 10 the the DT 43431 1642 11 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1642 12 and and CC 43431 1642 13 supported support VBN 43431 1642 14 by by IN 43431 1642 15 the the DT 43431 1642 16 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1642 17 arch arch NN 43431 1642 18 . . . 43431 1643 1 These these DT 43431 1643 2 terms term NNS 43431 1643 3 are be VBP 43431 1643 4 more more RBR 43431 1643 5 fully fully RB 43431 1643 6 discussed discuss VBN 43431 1643 7 in in IN 43431 1643 8 Chapter chapter NN 43431 1643 9 VIII VIII NNP 43431 1643 10 . . . 43431 1644 1 There there EX 43431 1644 2 is be VBZ 43431 1644 3 always always RB 43431 1644 4 an an DT 43431 1644 5 internal internal JJ 43431 1644 6 framework framework NN 43431 1644 7 supporting support VBG 43431 1644 8 the the DT 43431 1644 9 gills gill NNS 43431 1644 10 ; ; : 43431 1644 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1644 12 usually usually RB 43431 1644 13 consists consist VBZ 43431 1644 14 of of IN 43431 1644 15 the the DT 43431 1644 16 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1644 17 arch arch NN 43431 1644 18 and and CC 43431 1644 19 five five CD 43431 1644 20 , , , 43431 1644 21 rarely rarely RB 43431 1644 22 six six CD 43431 1644 23 or or CC 43431 1644 24 seven seven CD 43431 1644 25 , , , 43431 1644 26 pairs pair NNS 43431 1644 27 of of IN 43431 1644 28 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1644 29 arches arch NNS 43431 1644 30 . . . 43431 1645 1 The the DT 43431 1645 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 1645 3 are be VBP 43431 1645 4 represented represent VBN 43431 1645 5 by by IN 43431 1645 6 two two CD 43431 1645 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 1645 8 of of IN 43431 1645 9 fins fin NNS 43431 1645 10 , , , 43431 1645 11 the the DT 43431 1645 12 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 1645 13 and and CC 43431 1645 14 the the DT 43431 1645 15 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 1645 16 ; ; : 43431 1645 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1645 18 are be VBP 43431 1645 19 not not RB 43431 1645 20 divided divide VBN 43431 1645 21 into into IN 43431 1645 22 proximal proximal JJ 43431 1645 23 , , , 43431 1645 24 middle middle JJ 43431 1645 25 and and CC 43431 1645 26 distal distal JJ 43431 1645 27 portions portion NNS 43431 1645 28 . . . 43431 1646 1 The the DT 43431 1646 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 1646 3 do do VBP 43431 1646 4 not not RB 43431 1646 5 unite unite VB 43431 1646 6 with with IN 43431 1646 7 a a DT 43431 1646 8 median median JJ 43431 1646 9 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1646 10 sternum sternum NN 43431 1646 11 , , , 43431 1646 12 or or CC 43431 1646 13 meet meet VB 43431 1646 14 in in IN 43431 1646 15 the the DT 43431 1646 16 mid mid JJ 43431 1646 17 - - JJ 43431 1646 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1646 19 line line NN 43431 1646 20 in in IN 43431 1646 21 any any DT 43431 1646 22 other other JJ 43431 1646 23 way way NN 43431 1646 24 in in IN 43431 1646 25 the the DT 43431 1646 26 trunk trunk NN 43431 1646 27 region region NN 43431 1646 28 . . . 43431 1647 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1647 2 Order Order NNP 43431 1647 3 I. I. NNP 43431 1647 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1647 5 ELASMOBRANCHII ELASMOBRANCHII NNP 43431 1647 6 . . . 43431 1648 1 The the DT 43431 1648 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1648 3 is be VBZ 43431 1648 4 in in IN 43431 1648 5 the the DT 43431 1648 6 form form NN 43431 1648 7 of of IN 43431 1648 8 placoid placoid JJ 43431 1648 9 scales scale NNS 43431 1648 10 which which WDT 43431 1648 11 are be VBP 43431 1648 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1648 13 so so RB 43431 1648 14 numerous numerous JJ 43431 1648 15 as as IN 43431 1648 16 to to TO 43431 1648 17 give give VB 43431 1648 18 the the DT 43431 1648 19 whole whole JJ 43431 1648 20 skin skin NN 43431 1648 21 a a DT 43431 1648 22 rough rough JJ 43431 1648 23 surface surface NN 43431 1648 24 forming form VBG 43431 1648 25 shagreen shagreen NN 43431 1648 26 . . . 43431 1649 1 In in IN 43431 1649 2 some some DT 43431 1649 3 cases case NNS 43431 1649 4 the the DT 43431 1649 5 placoid placoid JJ 43431 1649 6 scales scale NNS 43431 1649 7 are be VBP 43431 1649 8 enlarged enlarge VBN 43431 1649 9 to to TO 43431 1649 10 form form VB 43431 1649 11 plates plate NNS 43431 1649 12 or or CC 43431 1649 13 spines spine NNS 43431 1649 14 capped cap VBN 43431 1649 15 or or CC 43431 1649 16 coated coat VBN 43431 1649 17 with with IN 43431 1649 18 enamel enamel NNP 43431 1649 19 . . . 43431 1650 1 These these DT 43431 1650 2 spines spine NNS 43431 1650 3 may may MD 43431 1650 4 be be VB 43431 1650 5 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 1650 6 in in IN 43431 1650 7 the the DT 43431 1650 8 flesh flesh NN 43431 1650 9 in in IN 43431 1650 10 front front NN 43431 1650 11 of of IN 43431 1650 12 the the DT 43431 1650 13 paired pair VBN 43431 1650 14 or or CC 43431 1650 15 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 1650 16 fins fin NNS 43431 1650 17 , , , 43431 1650 18 or or CC 43431 1650 19 may may MD 43431 1650 20 be be VB 43431 1650 21 attached attach VBN 43431 1650 22 to to IN 43431 1650 23 the the DT 43431 1650 24 tail tail NN 43431 1650 25 . . . 43431 1651 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 1651 2 are be VBP 43431 1651 3 specially specially RB 43431 1651 4 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 1651 5 of of IN 43431 1651 6 the the DT 43431 1651 7 suborder suborder NN 43431 1651 8 Acanthodii Acanthodii NNP 43431 1651 9 . . . 43431 1652 1 The the DT 43431 1652 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 1652 3 is be VBZ 43431 1652 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1652 5 and and CC 43431 1652 6 true true JJ 43431 1652 7 bone bone NN 43431 1652 8 is be VBZ 43431 1652 9 never never RB 43431 1652 10 found find VBN 43431 1652 11 . . . 43431 1653 1 Much much JJ 43431 1653 2 of of IN 43431 1653 3 the the DT 43431 1653 4 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1653 5 , , , 43431 1653 6 especially especially RB 43431 1653 7 of of IN 43431 1653 8 the the DT 43431 1653 9 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1653 10 column column NN 43431 1653 11 , , , 43431 1653 12 is be VBZ 43431 1653 13 however however RB 43431 1653 14 often often RB 43431 1653 15 calcified calcify VBN 43431 1653 16 , , , 43431 1653 17 this this DT 43431 1653 18 being be VBG 43431 1653 19 especially especially RB 43431 1653 20 well well RB 43431 1653 21 seen see VBN 43431 1653 22 in in IN 43431 1653 23 the the DT 43431 1653 24 anterior anterior JJ 43431 1653 25 part part NN 43431 1653 26 of of IN 43431 1653 27 the the DT 43431 1653 28 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1653 29 column column NN 43431 1653 30 of of IN 43431 1653 31 Rays ray NNS 43431 1653 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1653 33 Raiidae Raiidae NNP 43431 1653 34 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1653 35 . . . 43431 1654 1 In in IN 43431 1654 2 living live VBG 43431 1654 3 forms form NNS 43431 1654 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1654 5 biconcave biconcave IN 43431 1654 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1654 7 are be VBP 43431 1654 8 always always RB 43431 1654 9 well well RB 43431 1654 10 developed developed JJ 43431 1654 11 , , , 43431 1654 12 but but CC 43431 1654 13 in in IN 43431 1654 14 some some DT 43431 1654 15 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1654 16 forms form NNS 43431 1654 17 the the DT 43431 1654 18 notochord notochord NN 43431 1654 19 persists persist VBZ 43431 1654 20 unconstricted unconstricted JJ 43431 1654 21 . . . 43431 1655 1 Neural neural JJ 43431 1655 2 and and CC 43431 1655 3 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1655 4 arches arch NNS 43431 1655 5 are be VBP 43431 1655 6 however however RB 43431 1655 7 always always RB 43431 1655 8 developed developed JJ 43431 1655 9 ; ; : 43431 1655 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1655 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1655 12 remain remain VBP 43431 1655 13 separate separate JJ 43431 1655 14 , , , 43431 1655 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1655 16 fuse fuse VB 43431 1655 17 with with IN 43431 1655 18 the the DT 43431 1655 19 centra centra NNP 43431 1655 20 . . . 43431 1656 1 Ribs Ribs NNP 43431 1656 2 are be VBP 43431 1656 3 often often RB 43431 1656 4 wanting want VBG 43431 1656 5 and and CC 43431 1656 6 when when WRB 43431 1656 7 present present JJ 43431 1656 8 are be VBP 43431 1656 9 often often RB 43431 1656 10 not not RB 43431 1656 11 separated separate VBN 43431 1656 12 off off RP 43431 1656 13 from from IN 43431 1656 14 the the DT 43431 1656 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1656 16 . . . 43431 1657 1 The the DT 43431 1657 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 1657 3 is be VBZ 43431 1657 4 a a DT 43431 1657 5 simple simple JJ 43431 1657 6 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1657 7 box box NN 43431 1657 8 whose whose WP$ 43431 1657 9 most most RBS 43431 1657 10 prominent prominent JJ 43431 1657 11 parts part NNS 43431 1657 12 are be VBP 43431 1657 13 the the DT 43431 1657 14 capsules capsule NNS 43431 1657 15 which which WDT 43431 1657 16 enclose enclose VBP 43431 1657 17 the the DT 43431 1657 18 sense sense NN 43431 1657 19 organs organ NNS 43431 1657 20 . . . 43431 1658 1 The the DT 43431 1658 2 skull skull NN 43431 1658 3 is be VBZ 43431 1658 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1658 5 immovably immovably RB 43431 1658 6 fixed fix VBN 43431 1658 7 to to IN 43431 1658 8 the the DT 43431 1658 9 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1658 10 column column NN 43431 1658 11 , , , 43431 1658 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1658 13 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 1658 14 with with IN 43431 1658 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1658 16 by by IN 43431 1658 17 means mean NNS 43431 1658 18 of of IN 43431 1658 19 two two CD 43431 1658 20 condyles condyle NNS 43431 1658 21 . . . 43431 1659 1 There there EX 43431 1659 2 is be VBZ 43431 1659 3 no no DT 43431 1659 4 operculum operculum NN 43431 1659 5 and and CC 43431 1659 6 no no DT 43431 1659 7 representative representative NN 43431 1659 8 of of IN 43431 1659 9 the the DT 43431 1659 10 maxilla maxilla NNP 43431 1659 11 or or CC 43431 1659 12 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 1659 13 . . . 43431 1660 1 The the DT 43431 1660 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1660 3 are be VBP 43431 1660 4 very very RB 43431 1660 5 variable variable JJ 43431 1660 6 . . . 43431 1661 1 Large large JJ 43431 1661 2 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 1661 3 and and CC 43431 1661 4 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1661 5 fins fin NNS 43431 1661 6 always always RB 43431 1661 7 occur occur VBP 43431 1661 8 . . . 43431 1662 1 The the DT 43431 1662 2 Elasmobranchii Elasmobranchii NNP 43431 1662 3 may may MD 43431 1662 4 be be VB 43431 1662 5 divided divide VBN 43431 1662 6 into into IN 43431 1662 7 four four CD 43431 1662 8 suborders:-- suborders:-- CD 43431 1662 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1662 10 1 1 LS 43431 1662 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1662 12 Ichthyotomi ichthyotomi NN 43431 1662 13 . . . 43431 1663 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1663 2 2 2 LS 43431 1663 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1663 4 Pleuropterygii Pleuropterygii NNP 43431 1663 5 . . . 43431 1664 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1664 2 3 3 LS 43431 1664 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1664 4 Selachii Selachii NNP 43431 1664 5 . . . 43431 1665 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1665 2 4 4 LS 43431 1665 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1665 4 Acanthodii acanthodii JJ 43431 1665 5 . . . 43431 1666 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1666 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1666 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1666 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1666 5 1 1 CD 43431 1666 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1666 7 . . . 43431 1667 1 ICHTHYOTOMI[30 ICHTHYOTOMI[30 VBD 43431 1667 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1667 3 . . . 43431 1668 1 The the DT 43431 1668 2 members member NNS 43431 1668 3 of of IN 43431 1668 4 this this DT 43431 1668 5 suborder suborder NN 43431 1668 6 range range NN 43431 1668 7 from from IN 43431 1668 8 the the DT 43431 1668 9 Devonian Devonian NNP 43431 1668 10 to to IN 43431 1668 11 the the DT 43431 1668 12 Permian permian JJ 43431 1668 13 and and CC 43431 1668 14 so so RB 43431 1668 15 have have VBP 43431 1668 16 long long RB 43431 1668 17 been be VBN 43431 1668 18 extinct extinct VBN 43431 1668 19 . . . 43431 1669 1 The the DT 43431 1669 2 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 1669 3 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1669 4 has have VBZ 43431 1669 5 granular granular JJ 43431 1669 6 calcifications calcification NNS 43431 1669 7 evenly evenly RB 43431 1669 8 distributed distribute VBD 43431 1669 9 throughout throughout IN 43431 1669 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1669 11 . . . 43431 1670 1 The the DT 43431 1670 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1670 3 is be VBZ 43431 1670 4 unconstricted unconstricted JJ 43431 1670 5 , , , 43431 1670 6 but but CC 43431 1670 7 the the DT 43431 1670 8 neural neural JJ 43431 1670 9 and and CC 43431 1670 10 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1670 11 arches arch NNS 43431 1670 12 are be VBP 43431 1670 13 well well RB 43431 1670 14 - - HYPH 43431 1670 15 developed develop VBN 43431 1670 16 , , , 43431 1670 17 and and CC 43431 1670 18 the the DT 43431 1670 19 neural neural JJ 43431 1670 20 spines spine NNS 43431 1670 21 are be VBP 43431 1670 22 long long JJ 43431 1670 23 and and CC 43431 1670 24 slender slend JJR 43431 1670 25 . . . 43431 1671 1 There there EX 43431 1671 2 is be VBZ 43431 1671 3 a a DT 43431 1671 4 continuous continuous JJ 43431 1671 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1671 6 fin fin NN 43431 1671 7 with with IN 43431 1671 8 separate separate JJ 43431 1671 9 basalia basalia NN 43431 1671 10 and and CC 43431 1671 11 radiale radiale NN 43431 1671 12 . . . 43431 1672 1 The the DT 43431 1672 2 tail tail NN 43431 1672 3 is be VBZ 43431 1672 4 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 1672 5 , , , 43431 1672 6 and and CC 43431 1672 7 the the DT 43431 1672 8 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1672 9 fins fin NNS 43431 1672 10 are be VBP 43431 1672 11 typical typical JJ 43431 1672 12 archipterygia[31 archipterygia[31 NN 43431 1672 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1672 14 . . . 43431 1673 1 The the DT 43431 1673 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1673 3 fins fin NNS 43431 1673 4 of of IN 43431 1673 5 the the DT 43431 1673 6 male male NN 43431 1673 7 are be VBP 43431 1673 8 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 1673 9 to to TO 43431 1673 10 form form VB 43431 1673 11 claspers clasper NNS 43431 1673 12 . . . 43431 1674 1 The the DT 43431 1674 2 best well RBS 43431 1674 3 known known JJ 43431 1674 4 of of IN 43431 1674 5 these these DT 43431 1674 6 primitive primitive JJ 43431 1674 7 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNPS 43431 1674 8 are be VBP 43431 1674 9 the the DT 43431 1674 10 Pleuracanthidae Pleuracanthidae NNP 43431 1674 11 . . . 43431 1675 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1675 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1675 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1675 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1675 5 2 2 CD 43431 1675 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1675 7 . . . 43431 1676 1 PLEUROPTERYGII PLEUROPTERYGII NNP 43431 1676 2 . . . 43431 1677 1 This this DT 43431 1677 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 1677 3 was be VBD 43431 1677 4 formed form VBN 43431 1677 5 for for IN 43431 1677 6 the the DT 43431 1677 7 reception reception NN 43431 1677 8 of of IN 43431 1677 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1677 10 Cladoselache Cladoselache NNP 43431 1677 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1677 12 , , , 43431 1677 13 an an DT 43431 1677 14 Elasmobranch Elasmobranch NNP 43431 1677 15 found find VBN 43431 1677 16 in in IN 43431 1677 17 the the DT 43431 1677 18 Lower Lower NNP 43431 1677 19 Carboniferous Carboniferous NNP 43431 1677 20 of of IN 43431 1677 21 Ohio[32 Ohio[32 NNP 43431 1677 22 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1677 23 . . . 43431 1678 1 The the DT 43431 1678 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1678 3 is be VBZ 43431 1678 4 in in IN 43431 1678 5 the the DT 43431 1678 6 form form NN 43431 1678 7 of of IN 43431 1678 8 small small JJ 43431 1678 9 , , , 43431 1678 10 thickly thickly RB 43431 1678 11 - - HYPH 43431 1678 12 studded stud VBN 43431 1678 13 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1678 14 denticles denticle NNS 43431 1678 15 . . . 43431 1679 1 The the DT 43431 1679 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1679 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 1679 4 are be VBP 43431 1679 5 unossified unossified JJ 43431 1679 6 , , , 43431 1679 7 and and CC 43431 1679 8 the the DT 43431 1679 9 tail tail NN 43431 1679 10 is be VBZ 43431 1679 11 strongly strongly RB 43431 1679 12 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1679 13 . . . 43431 1680 1 There there EX 43431 1680 2 were be VBD 43431 1680 3 certainly certainly RB 43431 1680 4 five five CD 43431 1680 5 , , , 43431 1680 6 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 1680 7 seven seven CD 43431 1680 8 gill gill NN 43431 1680 9 slits slit NNS 43431 1680 10 , , , 43431 1680 11 and and CC 43431 1680 12 the the DT 43431 1680 13 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 1680 14 is be VBZ 43431 1680 15 apparently apparently RB 43431 1680 16 hyostylic hyostylic JJ 43431 1680 17 . . . 43431 1681 1 The the DT 43431 1681 2 paired pair VBN 43431 1681 3 fins fin NNS 43431 1681 4 are be VBP 43431 1681 5 , , , 43431 1681 6 according accord VBG 43431 1681 7 to to IN 43431 1681 8 the the DT 43431 1681 9 view view NN 43431 1681 10 which which WDT 43431 1681 11 derives derive VBZ 43431 1681 12 them -PRON- PRP 43431 1681 13 by by IN 43431 1681 14 concentration concentration NN 43431 1681 15 from from IN 43431 1681 16 continuous continuous JJ 43431 1681 17 lateral lateral JJ 43431 1681 18 folds fold NNS 43431 1681 19 , , , 43431 1681 20 the the DT 43431 1681 21 most most RBS 43431 1681 22 primitive primitive JJ 43431 1681 23 known know VBN 43431 1681 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1681 25 see see VB 43431 1681 26 p. p. NN 43431 1681 27 129 129 CD 43431 1681 28 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1681 29 and and CC 43431 1681 30 claspers clasper NNS 43431 1681 31 are be VBP 43431 1681 32 absent absent JJ 43431 1681 33 . . . 43431 1682 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1682 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1682 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1682 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1682 5 3 3 CD 43431 1682 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1682 7 . . . 43431 1683 1 SELACHII SELACHII NNP 43431 1683 2 . . . 43431 1684 1 Cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1684 2 or or CC 43431 1684 3 partially partially RB 43431 1684 4 calcified calcify VBN 43431 1684 5 biconcave biconcave IN 43431 1684 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1684 7 are be VBP 43431 1684 8 always always RB 43431 1684 9 well well RB 43431 1684 10 developed developed JJ 43431 1684 11 ; ; : 43431 1684 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1684 13 constrict constrict VBP 43431 1684 14 the the DT 43431 1684 15 notochord notochord NN 43431 1684 16 intervertebrally intervertebrally RB 43431 1684 17 . . . 43431 1685 1 The the DT 43431 1685 2 neural neural JJ 43431 1685 3 and and CC 43431 1685 4 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1685 5 arches arch NNS 43431 1685 6 and and CC 43431 1685 7 spines spine NNS 43431 1685 8 are be VBP 43431 1685 9 stout stout JJ 43431 1685 10 and and CC 43431 1685 11 intercalary intercalary JJ 43431 1685 12 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 1685 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1685 14 interdorsalia interdorsalia NNP 43431 1685 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1685 16 are be VBP 43431 1685 17 present present JJ 43431 1685 18 . . . 43431 1686 1 The the DT 43431 1686 2 tail tail NN 43431 1686 3 is be VBZ 43431 1686 4 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1686 5 , , , 43431 1686 6 but but CC 43431 1686 7 in in IN 43431 1686 8 some some DT 43431 1686 9 cases case NNS 43431 1686 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1686 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1686 12 Squatina Squatina NNP 43431 1686 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1686 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1686 15 approaches approach VBZ 43431 1686 16 the the DT 43431 1686 17 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 1686 18 condition condition NN 43431 1686 19 . . . 43431 1687 1 In in IN 43431 1687 2 most most JJS 43431 1687 3 cases case NNS 43431 1687 4 the the DT 43431 1687 5 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 1687 6 is be VBZ 43431 1687 7 hyostylic hyostylic JJ 43431 1687 8 , , , 43431 1687 9 the the DT 43431 1687 10 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1687 11 being be VBG 43431 1687 12 attached attach VBN 43431 1687 13 to to IN 43431 1687 14 the the DT 43431 1687 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 1687 16 by by IN 43431 1687 17 means mean NNS 43431 1687 18 of of IN 43431 1687 19 the the DT 43431 1687 20 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1687 21 , , , 43431 1687 22 and and CC 43431 1687 23 the the DT 43431 1687 24 palato palato NN 43431 1687 25 - - HYPH 43431 1687 26 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 1687 27 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 1687 28 bar bar NN 43431 1687 29 not not RB 43431 1687 30 being be VBG 43431 1687 31 fused fuse VBN 43431 1687 32 to to IN 43431 1687 33 the the DT 43431 1687 34 cranium cranium NN 43431 1687 35 . . . 43431 1688 1 There there EX 43431 1688 2 are be VBP 43431 1688 3 generally generally RB 43431 1688 4 five five CD 43431 1688 5 pairs pair NNS 43431 1688 6 of of IN 43431 1688 7 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1688 8 arches arch NNS 43431 1688 9 , , , 43431 1688 10 and and CC 43431 1688 11 gill gill NN 43431 1688 12 rays ray NNS 43431 1688 13 are be VBP 43431 1688 14 borne bear VBN 43431 1688 15 on on IN 43431 1688 16 the the DT 43431 1688 17 posterior posterior NN 43431 1688 18 surface surface NN 43431 1688 19 of of IN 43431 1688 20 the the DT 43431 1688 21 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1688 22 arch arch NN 43431 1688 23 , , , 43431 1688 24 and and CC 43431 1688 25 on on IN 43431 1688 26 both both CC 43431 1688 27 the the DT 43431 1688 28 anterior anterior NN 43431 1688 29 and and CC 43431 1688 30 posterior posterior NN 43431 1688 31 surfaces surface NNS 43431 1688 32 of of IN 43431 1688 33 the the DT 43431 1688 34 first first JJ 43431 1688 35 four four CD 43431 1688 36 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1688 37 arches arch NNS 43431 1688 38 . . . 43431 1689 1 The the DT 43431 1689 2 Notidanidae Notidanidae NNP 43431 1689 3 differ differ VBP 43431 1689 4 from from IN 43431 1689 5 most most JJS 43431 1689 6 Selachians Selachians NNPS 43431 1689 7 in in IN 43431 1689 8 two two CD 43431 1689 9 respects respect NNS 43431 1689 10 , , , 43431 1689 11 first first RB 43431 1689 12 as as IN 43431 1689 13 regards regard VBZ 43431 1689 14 the the DT 43431 1689 15 suspensorium,--Meckel suspensorium,--Meckel NNP 43431 1689 16 's 's POS 43431 1689 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1689 18 articulating articulate VBG 43431 1689 19 directly directly RB 43431 1689 20 with with IN 43431 1689 21 the the DT 43431 1689 22 palato palato NN 43431 1689 23 - - HYPH 43431 1689 24 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 1689 25 - - HYPH 43431 1689 26 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 1689 27 bar bar NN 43431 1689 28 , , , 43431 1689 29 and and CC 43431 1689 30 not not RB 43431 1689 31 being be VBG 43431 1689 32 connected connect VBN 43431 1689 33 with with IN 43431 1689 34 the the DT 43431 1689 35 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1689 36 arch arch NN 43431 1689 37 ; ; : 43431 1689 38 and and CC 43431 1689 39 secondly secondly RB 43431 1689 40 as as IN 43431 1689 41 regards regard VBZ 43431 1689 42 the the DT 43431 1689 43 number number NN 43431 1689 44 of of IN 43431 1689 45 branchial branchial NNP 43431 1689 46 arches,--six arches,--six NNP 43431 1689 47 pairs pair NNS 43431 1689 48 occurring occur VBG 43431 1689 49 in in IN 43431 1689 50 _ _ NNP 43431 1689 51 Hexanchus Hexanchus NNP 43431 1689 52 _ _ NNP 43431 1689 53 and and CC 43431 1689 54 seven seven CD 43431 1689 55 in in IN 43431 1689 56 _ _ NNP 43431 1689 57 Heptanchus Heptanchus NNP 43431 1689 58 _ _ NNP 43431 1689 59 . . . 43431 1690 1 The the DT 43431 1690 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1690 3 fins fin NNS 43431 1690 4 are be VBP 43431 1690 5 without without IN 43431 1690 6 the the DT 43431 1690 7 segmented segmented JJ 43431 1690 8 axis axis NN 43431 1690 9 of of IN 43431 1690 10 the the DT 43431 1690 11 archipterygium archipterygium NN 43431 1690 12 . . . 43431 1691 1 In in IN 43431 1691 2 most most JJS 43431 1691 3 cases case NNS 43431 1691 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1691 5 are be VBP 43431 1691 6 sharply sharply RB 43431 1691 7 marked mark VBN 43431 1691 8 off off RP 43431 1691 9 from from IN 43431 1691 10 the the DT 43431 1691 11 body body NN 43431 1691 12 and and CC 43431 1691 13 lie lie VB 43431 1691 14 almost almost RB 43431 1691 15 at at IN 43431 1691 16 right right JJ 43431 1691 17 angles angle NNS 43431 1691 18 to to IN 43431 1691 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1691 20 ; ; : 43431 1691 21 but but CC 43431 1691 22 in in IN 43431 1691 23 the the DT 43431 1691 24 Rays ray NNS 43431 1691 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1691 26 have have VBP 43431 1691 27 the the DT 43431 1691 28 form form NN 43431 1691 29 of of IN 43431 1691 30 lateral lateral JJ 43431 1691 31 expansions expansion NNS 43431 1691 32 in in IN 43431 1691 33 the the DT 43431 1691 34 same same JJ 43431 1691 35 plane plane NN 43431 1691 36 as as IN 43431 1691 37 the the DT 43431 1691 38 body body NN 43431 1691 39 , , , 43431 1691 40 from from IN 43431 1691 41 which which WDT 43431 1691 42 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1691 43 are be VBP 43431 1691 44 not not RB 43431 1691 45 sharply sharply RB 43431 1691 46 marked mark VBN 43431 1691 47 off off RP 43431 1691 48 . . . 43431 1692 1 The the DT 43431 1692 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1692 3 fins fin VBZ 43431 1692 4 in in IN 43431 1692 5 the the DT 43431 1692 6 male male JJ 43431 1692 7 bear bear NN 43431 1692 8 long long RB 43431 1692 9 grooved groove VBD 43431 1692 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1692 11 rods rod NNS 43431 1692 12 which which WDT 43431 1692 13 are be VBP 43431 1692 14 accessory accessory JJ 43431 1692 15 copulatory copulatory JJ 43431 1692 16 organs organ NNS 43431 1692 17 or or CC 43431 1692 18 claspers clasper NNS 43431 1692 19 . . . 43431 1693 1 There there EX 43431 1693 2 are be VBP 43431 1693 3 two two CD 43431 1693 4 principal principal JJ 43431 1693 5 groups group NNS 43431 1693 6 of of IN 43431 1693 7 Selachii Selachii NNP 43431 1693 8 , , , 43431 1693 9 the the DT 43431 1693 10 Squalidae Squalidae NNP 43431 1693 11 or or CC 43431 1693 12 Sharks Sharks NNP 43431 1693 13 and and CC 43431 1693 14 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 1693 15 , , , 43431 1693 16 and and CC 43431 1693 17 the the DT 43431 1693 18 Batoidei Batoidei NNP 43431 1693 19 or or CC 43431 1693 20 Skates Skates NNPS 43431 1693 21 and and CC 43431 1693 22 Rays Rays NNPS 43431 1693 23 . . . 43431 1694 1 The the DT 43431 1694 2 Squalidae Squalidae NNP 43431 1694 3 have have VBP 43431 1694 4 the the DT 43431 1694 5 shape shape NN 43431 1694 6 of of IN 43431 1694 7 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 1694 8 fish fish NN 43431 1694 9 , , , 43431 1694 10 the the DT 43431 1694 11 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1694 12 fins fin NNS 43431 1694 13 are be VBP 43431 1694 14 vertically vertically RB 43431 1694 15 placed place VBN 43431 1694 16 and and CC 43431 1694 17 the the DT 43431 1694 18 body body NN 43431 1694 19 ends end VBZ 43431 1694 20 in in IN 43431 1694 21 a a DT 43431 1694 22 powerful powerful JJ 43431 1694 23 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1694 24 tail tail NN 43431 1694 25 . . . 43431 1695 1 The the DT 43431 1695 2 Batoidei Batoidei NNP 43431 1695 3 have have VBP 43431 1695 4 flattened flatten VBN 43431 1695 5 bodies body NNS 43431 1695 6 owing owe VBG 43431 1695 7 to to IN 43431 1695 8 the the DT 43431 1695 9 great great JJ 43431 1695 10 size size NN 43431 1695 11 and and CC 43431 1695 12 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 1695 13 position position NN 43431 1695 14 of of IN 43431 1695 15 the the DT 43431 1695 16 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1695 17 fins fin NNS 43431 1695 18 . . . 43431 1696 1 The the DT 43431 1696 2 tail tail NN 43431 1696 3 is be VBZ 43431 1696 4 long long JJ 43431 1696 5 and and CC 43431 1696 6 thin thin JJ 43431 1696 7 and and CC 43431 1696 8 is be VBZ 43431 1696 9 often often RB 43431 1696 10 armed armed JJ 43431 1696 11 with with IN 43431 1696 12 spines spine NNS 43431 1696 13 . . . 43431 1697 1 The the DT 43431 1697 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1697 3 in in IN 43431 1697 4 Selachii Selachii NNP 43431 1697 5 differ differ VBP 43431 1697 6 much much RB 43431 1697 7 in in IN 43431 1697 8 character character NN 43431 1697 9 in in IN 43431 1697 10 the the DT 43431 1697 11 different different JJ 43431 1697 12 forms form NNS 43431 1697 13 , , , 43431 1697 14 and and CC 43431 1697 15 are be VBP 43431 1697 16 always always RB 43431 1697 17 arranged arrange VBN 43431 1697 18 in in IN 43431 1697 19 numerous numerous JJ 43431 1697 20 rows row NNS 43431 1697 21 . . . 43431 1698 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 1698 2 are be VBP 43431 1698 3 generally generally RB 43431 1698 4 pointed pointed JJ 43431 1698 5 and and CC 43431 1698 6 triangular triangular JJ 43431 1698 7 or or CC 43431 1698 8 conical conical JJ 43431 1698 9 in in IN 43431 1698 10 the the DT 43431 1698 11 Squalidae Squalidae NNP 43431 1698 12 , , , 43431 1698 13 while while IN 43431 1698 14 in in IN 43431 1698 15 the the DT 43431 1698 16 Batoidei Batoidei NNP 43431 1698 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1698 18 are be VBP 43431 1698 19 often often RB 43431 1698 20 broad broad JJ 43431 1698 21 and and CC 43431 1698 22 flattened flattened JJ 43431 1698 23 . . . 43431 1699 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1699 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1699 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1699 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1699 5 4 4 CD 43431 1699 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1699 7 . . . 43431 1700 1 ACANTHODII acanthodii NN 43431 1700 2 . . . 43431 1701 1 The the DT 43431 1701 2 fishes fish NNS 43431 1701 3 included include VBN 43431 1701 4 in in IN 43431 1701 5 this this DT 43431 1701 6 group group NN 43431 1701 7 are be VBP 43431 1701 8 all all DT 43431 1701 9 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1701 10 and and CC 43431 1701 11 in in IN 43431 1701 12 some some DT 43431 1701 13 respects respect NNS 43431 1701 14 are be VBP 43431 1701 15 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 1701 16 between between IN 43431 1701 17 Elasmobranchii Elasmobranchii NNP 43431 1701 18 and and CC 43431 1701 19 Ganoidei Ganoidei NNP 43431 1701 20 . . . 43431 1702 1 The the DT 43431 1702 2 body body NN 43431 1702 3 is be VBZ 43431 1702 4 elongated elongate VBN 43431 1702 5 and and CC 43431 1702 6 closely closely RB 43431 1702 7 covered cover VBN 43431 1702 8 with with IN 43431 1702 9 small small JJ 43431 1702 10 scales scale NNS 43431 1702 11 consisting consist VBG 43431 1702 12 of of IN 43431 1702 13 dentine dentine NNP 43431 1702 14 enamelled enamel VBN 43431 1702 15 at at IN 43431 1702 16 the the DT 43431 1702 17 surface surface NN 43431 1702 18 . . . 43431 1703 1 The the DT 43431 1703 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1703 3 is be VBZ 43431 1703 4 persistent persistent JJ 43431 1703 5 and and CC 43431 1703 6 the the DT 43431 1703 7 calcification calcification NN 43431 1703 8 of of IN 43431 1703 9 the the DT 43431 1703 10 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 1703 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1703 12 is be VBZ 43431 1703 13 only only RB 43431 1703 14 superficial superficial JJ 43431 1703 15 . . . 43431 1704 1 The the DT 43431 1704 2 tail tail NN 43431 1704 3 is be VBZ 43431 1704 4 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1704 5 . . . 43431 1705 1 The the DT 43431 1705 2 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1705 3 bear bear VBP 43431 1705 4 small small JJ 43431 1705 5 conical conical JJ 43431 1705 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1705 7 , , , 43431 1705 8 or or CC 43431 1705 9 in in IN 43431 1705 10 some some DT 43431 1705 11 cases case NNS 43431 1705 12 are be VBP 43431 1705 13 toothless toothless JJ 43431 1705 14 . . . 43431 1706 1 The the DT 43431 1706 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1706 3 of of IN 43431 1706 4 all all PDT 43431 1706 5 the the DT 43431 1706 6 fins fin NNS 43431 1706 7 differs differ NNS 43431 1706 8 from from IN 43431 1706 9 that that DT 43431 1706 10 of of IN 43431 1706 11 modern modern JJ 43431 1706 12 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 1706 13 in in IN 43431 1706 14 having have VBG 43431 1706 15 the the DT 43431 1706 16 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1706 17 radiale radiale NN 43431 1706 18 much much RB 43431 1706 19 reduced reduce VBN 43431 1706 20 , , , 43431 1706 21 and and CC 43431 1706 22 the the DT 43431 1706 23 fins fin NNS 43431 1706 24 are be VBP 43431 1706 25 nearly nearly RB 43431 1706 26 always always RB 43431 1706 27 each each DT 43431 1706 28 provided provide VBN 43431 1706 29 with with IN 43431 1706 30 an an DT 43431 1706 31 anterior anterior NN 43431 1706 32 spine spine NN 43431 1706 33 , , , 43431 1706 34 which which WDT 43431 1706 35 except except IN 43431 1706 36 in in IN 43431 1706 37 the the DT 43431 1706 38 case case NN 43431 1706 39 of of IN 43431 1706 40 the the DT 43431 1706 41 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1706 42 fins fin NNS 43431 1706 43 is be VBZ 43431 1706 44 merely merely RB 43431 1706 45 inserted insert VBN 43431 1706 46 between between IN 43431 1706 47 the the DT 43431 1706 48 muscles muscle NNS 43431 1706 49 . . . 43431 1707 1 These these DT 43431 1707 2 spines spine NNS 43431 1707 3 are be VBP 43431 1707 4 really really RB 43431 1707 5 enormous enormous JJ 43431 1707 6 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1707 7 fin fin NN 43431 1707 8 - - HYPH 43431 1707 9 rays ray NNS 43431 1707 10 ; ; : 43431 1707 11 the the DT 43431 1707 12 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1707 13 fin fin NNP 43431 1707 14 - - HYPH 43431 1707 15 spine spine NN 43431 1707 16 is be VBZ 43431 1707 17 articulated articulate VBN 43431 1707 18 to to IN 43431 1707 19 the the DT 43431 1707 20 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1707 21 girdle girdle NN 43431 1707 22 . . . 43431 1708 1 The the DT 43431 1708 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 1708 3 includes include VBZ 43431 1708 4 many many JJ 43431 1708 5 well well RB 43431 1708 6 - - HYPH 43431 1708 7 known know VBN 43431 1708 8 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1708 9 forms form NNS 43431 1708 10 like like IN 43431 1708 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1708 12 Acanthodes Acanthodes NNP 43431 1708 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1708 14 and and CC 43431 1708 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1708 16 Diplacanthus Diplacanthus NNP 43431 1708 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1708 18 ; ; : 43431 1708 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1708 20 ranges range VBZ 43431 1708 21 from from IN 43431 1708 22 the the DT 43431 1708 23 Devonian Devonian NNP 43431 1708 24 to to IN 43431 1708 25 the the DT 43431 1708 26 Permian Permian NNP 43431 1708 27 . . . 43431 1709 1 PISCES pisces NN 43431 1709 2 , , , 43431 1709 3 HOLOCEPHALI HOLOCEPHALI NNP 43431 1709 4 . . . 43431 1710 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1710 2 Order Order NNP 43431 1710 3 II II NNP 43431 1710 4 . . . 43431 1710 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1710 6 HOLOCEPHALI HOLOCEPHALI NNP 43431 1710 7 . . . 43431 1711 1 This this DT 43431 1711 2 order order NN 43431 1711 3 includes include VBZ 43431 1711 4 a a DT 43431 1711 5 single single JJ 43431 1711 6 suborder suborder NN 43431 1711 7 only only RB 43431 1711 8 . . . 43431 1712 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1712 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1712 3 . . . 43431 1712 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1712 5 CHIMAEROIDEI CHIMAEROIDEI NNP 43431 1712 6 . . . 43431 1713 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1713 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 1713 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 1713 4 . . . 43431 1714 1 5 5 CD 43431 1714 2 . . . 43431 1715 1 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 1715 2 OF of IN 43431 1715 3 A a DT 43431 1715 4 MALE MALE NNP 43431 1715 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1715 6 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 1715 7 monstrosa monstrosa NNP 43431 1715 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1715 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1715 10 after after IN 43431 1715 11 HUBRECHT HUBRECHT NNP 43431 1715 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1715 13 . . . 43431 1716 1 1 1 LS 43431 1716 2 . . . 43431 1716 3 nasal nasal NNP 43431 1716 4 capsule capsule NNP 43431 1716 5 . . . 43431 1717 1 2 2 LS 43431 1717 2 . . . 43431 1717 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1717 4 appendage appendage NN 43431 1717 5 to to IN 43431 1717 6 the the DT 43431 1717 7 fronto fronto NN 43431 1717 8 - - HYPH 43431 1717 9 nasal nasal NN 43431 1717 10 region region NN 43431 1717 11 . . . 43431 1718 1 3 3 LS 43431 1718 2 . . . 43431 1718 3 erectile erectile JJ 43431 1718 4 appendage appendage NN 43431 1718 5 . . . 43431 1719 1 4 4 LS 43431 1719 2 . . . 43431 1719 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1719 4 by by IN 43431 1719 5 which which WDT 43431 1719 6 the the DT 43431 1719 7 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 1719 8 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1719 9 leave leave VBP 43431 1719 10 the the DT 43431 1719 11 orbit orbit NN 43431 1719 12 . . . 43431 1720 1 5 5 LS 43431 1720 2 . . . 43431 1720 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1720 4 by by IN 43431 1720 5 which which WDT 43431 1720 6 the the DT 43431 1720 7 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 1720 8 branch branch NN 43431 1720 9 of of IN 43431 1720 10 the the DT 43431 1720 11 Vth Vth NNP 43431 1720 12 nerve nerve NN 43431 1720 13 enters enter VBZ 43431 1720 14 the the DT 43431 1720 15 orbit orbit NN 43431 1720 16 . . . 43431 1721 1 6 6 LS 43431 1721 2 . . . 43431 1721 3 auditory auditory JJ 43431 1721 4 capsule capsule NN 43431 1721 5 . . . 43431 1722 1 7 7 LS 43431 1722 2 . . . 43431 1722 3 interorbital interorbital NNP 43431 1722 4 septum septum NN 43431 1722 5 . . . 43431 1723 1 8 8 LS 43431 1723 2 . . . 43431 1723 3 mandible mandible JJ 43431 1723 4 articulating articulating NN 43431 1723 5 with with IN 43431 1723 6 an an DT 43431 1723 7 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 1723 8 from from IN 43431 1723 9 the the DT 43431 1723 10 posterior posterior NN 43431 1723 11 part part NN 43431 1723 12 of of IN 43431 1723 13 the the DT 43431 1723 14 palato palato NN 43431 1723 15 - - HYPH 43431 1723 16 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 1723 17 - - HYPH 43431 1723 18 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 1723 19 . . . 43431 1724 1 9 9 LS 43431 1724 2 . . . 43431 1724 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1724 4 . . . 43431 1725 1 10 10 CD 43431 1725 2 . . . 43431 1725 3 labial labial JJ 43431 1725 4 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1725 5 . . . 43431 1726 1 II ii CD 43431 1726 2 . . . 43431 1727 1 III iii CD 43431 1727 2 . . . 43431 1728 1 V. V. NNP 43431 1728 2 VII VII NNP 43431 1728 3 . . . 43431 1729 1 IX ix NN 43431 1729 2 . . . 43431 1730 1 X. X. NNP 43431 1730 2 foramina foramina NNP 43431 1730 3 for for IN 43431 1730 4 the the DT 43431 1730 5 passage passage NN 43431 1730 6 of of IN 43431 1730 7 cranial cranial JJ 43431 1730 8 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1730 9 . . . 43431 1730 10 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1731 1 These these DT 43431 1731 2 singular singular JJ 43431 1731 3 fish fish NNS 43431 1731 4 have have VBP 43431 1731 5 the the DT 43431 1731 6 skin skin NN 43431 1731 7 smooth smooth JJ 43431 1731 8 and and CC 43431 1731 9 in in IN 43431 1731 10 living live VBG 43431 1731 11 forms form NNS 43431 1731 12 almost almost RB 43431 1731 13 or or CC 43431 1731 14 quite quite RB 43431 1731 15 scaleless scaleless JJ 43431 1731 16 . . . 43431 1732 1 The the DT 43431 1732 2 palato palato NN 43431 1732 3 - - HYPH 43431 1732 4 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 1732 5 - - HYPH 43431 1732 6 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 1732 7 bar bar NN 43431 1732 8 and and CC 43431 1732 9 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1732 10 are be VBP 43431 1732 11 fused fuse VBN 43431 1732 12 to to IN 43431 1732 13 the the DT 43431 1732 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 1732 15 , , , 43431 1732 16 and and CC 43431 1732 17 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 1732 18 's 's POS 43431 1732 19 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1732 20 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 1732 21 directly directly RB 43431 1732 22 with with IN 43431 1732 23 the the DT 43431 1732 24 part part NN 43431 1732 25 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 1732 26 to to IN 43431 1732 27 the the DT 43431 1732 28 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 1732 29 . . . 43431 1733 1 The the DT 43431 1733 2 skull skull NN 43431 1733 3 is be VBZ 43431 1733 4 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 1733 5 articulated articulate VBN 43431 1733 6 with with IN 43431 1733 7 the the DT 43431 1733 8 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1733 9 column column NN 43431 1733 10 , , , 43431 1733 11 the the DT 43431 1733 12 notochord notochord NN 43431 1733 13 is be VBZ 43431 1733 14 persistent persistent JJ 43431 1733 15 and and CC 43431 1733 16 unconstricted unconstricted JJ 43431 1733 17 , , , 43431 1733 18 and and CC 43431 1733 19 the the DT 43431 1733 20 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1733 21 layer layer NN 43431 1733 22 shows show VBZ 43431 1733 23 no no DT 43431 1733 24 trace trace NN 43431 1733 25 of of IN 43431 1733 26 metameric metameric JJ 43431 1733 27 segmentation segmentation NN 43431 1733 28 , , , 43431 1733 29 though though IN 43431 1733 30 in in IN 43431 1733 31 the the DT 43431 1733 32 neural neural JJ 43431 1733 33 arches arch NNS 43431 1733 34 this this DT 43431 1733 35 segmentation segmentation NN 43431 1733 36 is be VBZ 43431 1733 37 readily readily RB 43431 1733 38 traceable traceable JJ 43431 1733 39 . . . 43431 1734 1 The the DT 43431 1734 2 neural neural JJ 43431 1734 3 arches arch NNS 43431 1734 4 of of IN 43431 1734 5 the the DT 43431 1734 6 first first JJ 43431 1734 7 few few JJ 43431 1734 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1734 9 are be VBP 43431 1734 10 fused fuse VBN 43431 1734 11 together together RB 43431 1734 12 and and CC 43431 1734 13 completely completely RB 43431 1734 14 surround surround VB 43431 1734 15 the the DT 43431 1734 16 notochord notochord NN 43431 1734 17 , , , 43431 1734 18 while while IN 43431 1734 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1734 20 do do VBP 43431 1734 21 not not RB 43431 1734 22 in in IN 43431 1734 23 other other JJ 43431 1734 24 parts part NNS 43431 1734 25 of of IN 43431 1734 26 the the DT 43431 1734 27 body body NN 43431 1734 28 . . . 43431 1735 1 The the DT 43431 1735 2 tail tail NN 43431 1735 3 is be VBZ 43431 1735 4 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 1735 5 . . . 43431 1736 1 Of of IN 43431 1736 2 the the DT 43431 1736 3 living live VBG 43431 1736 4 genera genera NN 43431 1736 5 , , , 43431 1736 6 in in IN 43431 1736 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1736 8 Callorhynchus Callorhynchus NNP 43431 1736 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1736 10 there there EX 43431 1736 11 is be VBZ 43431 1736 12 no no DT 43431 1736 13 trace trace NN 43431 1736 14 of of IN 43431 1736 15 calcification calcification NN 43431 1736 16 in in IN 43431 1736 17 the the DT 43431 1736 18 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 1736 19 layer layer NN 43431 1736 20 , , , 43431 1736 21 while while IN 43431 1736 22 in in IN 43431 1736 23 _ _ NNP 43431 1736 24 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 1736 25 _ _ NNP 43431 1736 26 rings ring NNS 43431 1736 27 of of IN 43431 1736 28 calcification calcification NN 43431 1736 29 are be VBP 43431 1736 30 found find VBN 43431 1736 31 , , , 43431 1736 32 there there EX 43431 1736 33 being be VBG 43431 1736 34 three three CD 43431 1736 35 to to TO 43431 1736 36 five five CD 43431 1736 37 for for IN 43431 1736 38 each each DT 43431 1736 39 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 1736 40 as as IN 43431 1736 41 indicated indicate VBN 43431 1736 42 by by IN 43431 1736 43 the the DT 43431 1736 44 foramina foramina NN 43431 1736 45 for for IN 43431 1736 46 the the DT 43431 1736 47 exit exit NN 43431 1736 48 of of IN 43431 1736 49 the the DT 43431 1736 50 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1736 51 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1736 52 . . . 43431 1737 1 The the DT 43431 1737 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1737 3 fins fin NNS 43431 1737 4 are be VBP 43431 1737 5 produced produce VBN 43431 1737 6 into into IN 43431 1737 7 claspers clasper NNS 43431 1737 8 . . . 43431 1738 1 Besides besides IN 43431 1738 2 the the DT 43431 1738 3 living live VBG 43431 1738 4 genera genera NN 43431 1738 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1738 6 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 1738 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1738 8 , , , 43431 1738 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1738 10 Harriotta Harriotta NNP 43431 1738 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1738 12 and and CC 43431 1738 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1738 14 Callorhynchus Callorhynchus NNP 43431 1738 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1738 16 a a DT 43431 1738 17 fair fair JJ 43431 1738 18 number number NN 43431 1738 19 of of IN 43431 1738 20 fossil fossil JJ 43431 1738 21 forms form NNS 43431 1738 22 are be VBP 43431 1738 23 known know VBN 43431 1738 24 , , , 43431 1738 25 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 1739 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1739 2 Ischyodus Ischyodus NNP 43431 1739 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1739 4 . . . 43431 1740 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1740 2 Order Order NNP 43431 1740 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1740 4 III III NNP 43431 1740 5 . . . 43431 1741 1 GANOIDEI GANOIDEI NNP 43431 1741 2 . . . 43431 1742 1 The the DT 43431 1742 2 fishes fish NNS 43431 1742 3 included include VBN 43431 1742 4 under under IN 43431 1742 5 the the DT 43431 1742 6 term term NN 43431 1742 7 Ganoidei Ganoidei NNP 43431 1742 8 form form VB 43431 1742 9 a a DT 43431 1742 10 very very RB 43431 1742 11 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ 43431 1742 12 group group NN 43431 1742 13 , , , 43431 1742 14 some some DT 43431 1742 15 of of IN 43431 1742 16 which which WDT 43431 1742 17 closely closely RB 43431 1742 18 approach approach VBP 43431 1742 19 the the DT 43431 1742 20 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 1742 21 , , , 43431 1742 22 others other VBZ 43431 1742 23 the the DT 43431 1742 24 Elasmobranchii Elasmobranchii NNP 43431 1742 25 , , , 43431 1742 26 others other VBZ 43431 1742 27 the the DT 43431 1742 28 Teleostei Teleostei NNP 43431 1742 29 . . . 43431 1743 1 The the DT 43431 1743 2 great great JJ 43431 1743 3 majority majority NN 43431 1743 4 of of IN 43431 1743 5 them -PRON- PRP 43431 1743 6 are be VBP 43431 1743 7 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1743 8 , , , 43431 1743 9 only only RB 43431 1743 10 eight eight CD 43431 1743 11 living living NN 43431 1743 12 genera genera NN 43431 1743 13 being be VBG 43431 1743 14 known know VBN 43431 1743 15 ; ; : 43431 1743 16 these these DT 43431 1743 17 are be VBP 43431 1743 18 all all DT 43431 1743 19 inhabitants inhabitant NNS 43431 1743 20 of of IN 43431 1743 21 the the DT 43431 1743 22 northern northern JJ 43431 1743 23 hemisphere hemisphere NN 43431 1743 24 , , , 43431 1743 25 and and CC 43431 1743 26 with with IN 43431 1743 27 the the DT 43431 1743 28 exception exception NN 43431 1743 29 of of IN 43431 1743 30 _ _ NNP 43431 1743 31 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 1743 32 _ _ NNP 43431 1743 33 , , , 43431 1743 34 which which WDT 43431 1743 35 is be VBZ 43431 1743 36 both both DT 43431 1743 37 fluviatile fluviatile JJ 43431 1743 38 and and CC 43431 1743 39 marine marine NN 43431 1743 40 , , , 43431 1743 41 are be VBP 43431 1743 42 entirely entirely RB 43431 1743 43 confined confine VBN 43431 1743 44 to to IN 43431 1743 45 fresh fresh JJ 43431 1743 46 water water NN 43431 1743 47 . . . 43431 1744 1 The the DT 43431 1744 2 following follow VBG 43431 1744 3 is be VBZ 43431 1744 4 a a DT 43431 1744 5 list list NN 43431 1744 6 of of IN 43431 1744 7 the the DT 43431 1744 8 living live VBG 43431 1744 9 genera genera NN 43431 1744 10 of of IN 43431 1744 11 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 1744 12 with with IN 43431 1744 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1744 14 respective respective JJ 43431 1744 15 habitats:-- habitats:-- NNS 43431 1744 16 _ _ NNP 43431 1744 17 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 1744 18 . . . 43431 1744 19 _ _ NNP 43431 1744 20 Rivers Rivers NNPS 43431 1744 21 and and CC 43431 1744 22 seas sea NNS 43431 1744 23 of of IN 43431 1744 24 the the DT 43431 1744 25 northern northern JJ 43431 1744 26 hemisphere hemisphere NN 43431 1744 27 . . . 43431 1745 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1745 2 Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus NNP 43431 1745 3 . . . 43431 1745 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1745 5 Mississippi Mississippi NNP 43431 1745 6 and and CC 43431 1745 7 rivers river NNS 43431 1745 8 of of IN 43431 1745 9 Central Central NNP 43431 1745 10 Asia Asia NNP 43431 1745 11 . . . 43431 1746 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1746 2 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 1746 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1746 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1746 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1746 6 Spatularia Spatularia NNP 43431 1746 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1746 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1746 9 . . . 43431 1747 1 Mississippi Mississippi NNP 43431 1747 2 . . . 43431 1748 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1748 2 Psephurus Psephurus NNP 43431 1748 3 . . . 43431 1748 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1748 5 Yan Yan NNP 43431 1748 6 - - HYPH 43431 1748 7 tse tse NNP 43431 1748 8 - - HYPH 43431 1748 9 kiang kiang NNP 43431 1748 10 , , , 43431 1748 11 and and CC 43431 1748 12 Hoangho Hoangho NNP 43431 1748 13 . . . 43431 1749 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1749 2 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 1749 3 . . . 43431 1749 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1749 5 Rivers Rivers NNPS 43431 1749 6 of of IN 43431 1749 7 tropical tropical JJ 43431 1749 8 Africa Africa NNP 43431 1749 9 . . . 43431 1750 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1750 2 Calamoichthys Calamoichthys NNP 43431 1750 3 . . . 43431 1750 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1750 5 Some some DT 43431 1750 6 rivers river NNS 43431 1750 7 of of IN 43431 1750 8 West West NNP 43431 1750 9 Africa Africa NNP 43431 1750 10 . . . 43431 1751 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1751 2 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 1751 3 . . . 43431 1751 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1751 5 Freshwaters Freshwaters NNPS 43431 1751 6 of of IN 43431 1751 7 Central Central NNP 43431 1751 8 and and CC 43431 1751 9 North North NNP 43431 1751 10 America America NNP 43431 1751 11 and and CC 43431 1751 12 Cuba Cuba NNP 43431 1751 13 . . . 43431 1752 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1752 2 Amia Amia NNP 43431 1752 3 . . . 43431 1752 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1752 5 Rivers Rivers NNP 43431 1752 6 of of IN 43431 1752 7 Carolina Carolina NNP 43431 1752 8 . . . 43431 1753 1 The the DT 43431 1753 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1753 3 is be VBZ 43431 1753 4 very very RB 43431 1753 5 variable variable JJ 43431 1753 6 , , , 43431 1753 7 thus thus RB 43431 1753 8 the the DT 43431 1753 9 body body NN 43431 1753 10 may may MD 43431 1753 11 be:-- be:-- VB 43431 1753 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1753 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1753 14 a a DT 43431 1753 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1753 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1753 17 Naked naked JJ 43431 1753 18 or or CC 43431 1753 19 with with IN 43431 1753 20 minute minute JJ 43431 1753 21 stellate stellate JJ 43431 1753 22 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 1753 23 as as IN 43431 1753 24 in in IN 43431 1753 25 the the DT 43431 1753 26 Polyodontidae Polyodontidae NNP 43431 1753 27 . . . 43431 1754 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1754 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1754 3 b b NNP 43431 1754 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1754 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1754 6 Partially partially RB 43431 1754 7 covered cover VBN 43431 1754 8 with with IN 43431 1754 9 large large JJ 43431 1754 10 detached detach VBN 43431 1754 11 bony bony NN 43431 1754 12 plates plate NNS 43431 1754 13 as as IN 43431 1754 14 in in IN 43431 1754 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1754 16 Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus NNP 43431 1754 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1754 18 and and CC 43431 1754 19 _ _ NNP 43431 1754 20 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 1754 21 _ _ NNP 43431 1754 22 . . . 43431 1755 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1755 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1755 3 c c NNP 43431 1755 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1755 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1755 6 Entirely entirely RB 43431 1755 7 covered cover VBN 43431 1755 8 with with IN 43431 1755 9 rhomboidal rhomboidal JJ 43431 1755 10 ganoid ganoid NN 43431 1755 11 scales scale VBZ 43431 1755 12 as as IN 43431 1755 13 in in IN 43431 1755 14 _ _ NNP 43431 1755 15 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 1755 16 _ _ NNP 43431 1755 17 , , , 43431 1755 18 _ _ NNP 43431 1755 19 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 1755 20 _ _ NNP 43431 1755 21 , , , 43431 1755 22 _ _ NNP 43431 1755 23 Palaeoniscus Palaeoniscus NNP 43431 1755 24 _ _ NNP 43431 1755 25 and and CC 43431 1755 26 many many JJ 43431 1755 27 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1755 28 forms form NNS 43431 1755 29 . . . 43431 1756 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1756 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1756 3 d d NNP 43431 1756 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1756 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1756 6 Covered cover VBN 43431 1756 7 with with IN 43431 1756 8 rounded rounded JJ 43431 1756 9 scales scale NNS 43431 1756 10 shaped shape VBN 43431 1756 11 like like IN 43431 1756 12 the the DT 43431 1756 13 cycloid cycloid JJ 43431 1756 14 scales scale NNS 43431 1756 15 of of IN 43431 1756 16 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 1756 17 as as IN 43431 1756 18 in in IN 43431 1756 19 _ _ NNP 43431 1756 20 Amia Amia NNP 43431 1756 21 _ _ NNP 43431 1756 22 . . . 43431 1757 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1757 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1757 3 e e NNP 43431 1757 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1757 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1757 6 Having have VBG 43431 1757 7 the the DT 43431 1757 8 trunk trunk NN 43431 1757 9 and and CC 43431 1757 10 part part NN 43431 1757 11 of of IN 43431 1757 12 the the DT 43431 1757 13 tail tail NN 43431 1757 14 covered cover VBN 43431 1757 15 with with IN 43431 1757 16 rhomboidal rhomboidal JJ 43431 1757 17 scales scale NNS 43431 1757 18 , , , 43431 1757 19 and and CC 43431 1757 20 the the DT 43431 1757 21 remainder remainder NN 43431 1757 22 of of IN 43431 1757 23 the the DT 43431 1757 24 tail tail NN 43431 1757 25 with with IN 43431 1757 26 rounded rounded JJ 43431 1757 27 scales scale NNS 43431 1757 28 as as IN 43431 1757 29 in in IN 43431 1757 30 _ _ NNP 43431 1757 31 Trissolepis Trissolepis NNP 43431 1757 32 _ _ NNP 43431 1757 33 . . . 43431 1758 1 The the DT 43431 1758 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1758 3 also also RB 43431 1758 4 are be VBP 43431 1758 5 very very RB 43431 1758 6 variable variable JJ 43431 1758 7 . . . 43431 1759 1 The the DT 43431 1759 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 1759 3 shows show VBZ 43431 1759 4 every every DT 43431 1759 5 stage stage NN 43431 1759 6 of of IN 43431 1759 7 transition transition NN 43431 1759 8 from from IN 43431 1759 9 an an DT 43431 1759 10 almost almost RB 43431 1759 11 entirely entirely RB 43431 1759 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1759 13 state state NN 43431 1759 14 as as IN 43431 1759 15 in in IN 43431 1759 16 _ _ NNP 43431 1759 17 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 1759 18 _ _ NNP 43431 1759 19 to to IN 43431 1759 20 a a DT 43431 1759 21 purely purely RB 43431 1759 22 bony bony NN 43431 1759 23 state state NN 43431 1759 24 as as IN 43431 1759 25 in in IN 43431 1759 26 _ _ NNP 43431 1759 27 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 1759 28 _ _ NNP 43431 1759 29 . . . 43431 1760 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1760 2 , , , 43431 1760 3 as as IN 43431 1760 4 in in IN 43431 1760 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1760 6 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 1760 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1760 8 , , , 43431 1760 9 the the DT 43431 1760 10 notochord notochord NN 43431 1760 11 persists persist VBZ 43431 1760 12 , , , 43431 1760 13 and and CC 43431 1760 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1760 15 sheath sheath NN 43431 1760 16 is be VBZ 43431 1760 17 unsegmented unsegmente VBN 43431 1760 18 ; ; : 43431 1760 19 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1760 20 , , , 43431 1760 21 as as IN 43431 1760 22 in in IN 43431 1760 23 _ _ NNP 43431 1760 24 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 1760 25 _ _ NNP 43431 1760 26 , , , 43431 1760 27 there there EX 43431 1760 28 are be VBP 43431 1760 29 fully fully RB 43431 1760 30 formed form VBN 43431 1760 31 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1760 32 . . . 43431 1761 1 The the DT 43431 1761 2 tail tail NN 43431 1761 3 may may MD 43431 1761 4 be be VB 43431 1761 5 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1761 6 , , , 43431 1761 7 as as IN 43431 1761 8 in in IN 43431 1761 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1761 10 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 1761 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1761 12 , , , 43431 1761 13 or or CC 43431 1761 14 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 1761 15 as as IN 43431 1761 16 in in IN 43431 1761 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1761 18 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 1761 19 _ _ NNP 43431 1761 20 . . . 43431 1762 1 The the DT 43431 1762 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1762 3 cranium cranium NN 43431 1762 4 is be VBZ 43431 1762 5 always always RB 43431 1762 6 covered cover VBN 43431 1762 7 with with IN 43431 1762 8 external external JJ 43431 1762 9 membrane membrane NN 43431 1762 10 bone bone NN 43431 1762 11 to to IN 43431 1762 12 a a DT 43431 1762 13 greater great JJR 43431 1762 14 or or CC 43431 1762 15 less less JJR 43431 1762 16 extent extent NN 43431 1762 17 , , , 43431 1762 18 and and CC 43431 1762 19 the the DT 43431 1762 20 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 1762 21 is be VBZ 43431 1762 22 markedly markedly RB 43431 1762 23 hyostylic hyostylic JJ 43431 1762 24 . . . 43431 1763 1 The the DT 43431 1763 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1763 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 1763 4 is be VBZ 43431 1763 5 formed form VBN 43431 1763 6 of of IN 43431 1763 7 two two CD 43431 1763 8 parts part NNS 43431 1763 9 , , , 43431 1763 10 one one CD 43431 1763 11 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 1763 12 and and CC 43431 1763 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1763 14 , , , 43431 1763 15 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 1763 16 with with IN 43431 1763 17 the the DT 43431 1763 18 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1763 19 girdle girdle NN 43431 1763 20 of of IN 43431 1763 21 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 1763 22 , , , 43431 1763 23 and and CC 43431 1763 24 one one CD 43431 1763 25 exoskeletal exoskeletal NN 43431 1763 26 and and CC 43431 1763 27 formed form VBN 43431 1763 28 of of IN 43431 1763 29 membrane membrane NN 43431 1763 30 bones bone NNS 43431 1763 31 , , , 43431 1763 32 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 1763 33 with with IN 43431 1763 34 the the DT 43431 1763 35 clavicular clavicular JJ 43431 1763 36 bones bone NNS 43431 1763 37 of of IN 43431 1763 38 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 1763 39 . . . 43431 1764 1 The the DT 43431 1764 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1764 3 fins fin NNS 43431 1764 4 are be VBP 43431 1764 5 always always RB 43431 1764 6 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 1764 7 . . . 43431 1765 1 The the DT 43431 1765 2 fins fin NNS 43431 1765 3 often often RB 43431 1765 4 , , , 43431 1765 5 as as IN 43431 1765 6 in in IN 43431 1765 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1765 8 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 1765 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1765 10 , , , 43431 1765 11 have have VBP 43431 1765 12 spines spine NNS 43431 1765 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1765 14 fulcra fulcra NNP 43431 1765 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1765 16 attached attach VBD 43431 1765 17 to to IN 43431 1765 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1765 19 anterior anterior JJ 43431 1765 20 borders border NNS 43431 1765 21 . . . 43431 1766 1 The the DT 43431 1766 2 order order NN 43431 1766 3 Ganoidei Ganoidei NNP 43431 1766 4 may may MD 43431 1766 5 be be VB 43431 1766 6 divided divide VBN 43431 1766 7 into into IN 43431 1766 8 three three CD 43431 1766 9 suborders suborder NNS 43431 1766 10 : : : 43431 1766 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1766 12 1 1 LS 43431 1766 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1766 14 CHONDROSTEI CHONDROSTEI NNP 43431 1766 15 . . . 43431 1767 1 Living live VBG 43431 1767 2 genera genera NN 43431 1767 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1767 4 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 1767 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1767 6 , , , 43431 1767 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1767 8 Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus NNP 43431 1767 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1767 10 , , , 43431 1767 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1767 12 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 1767 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1767 14 and and CC 43431 1767 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1767 16 Psephurus Psephurus NNP 43431 1767 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1767 18 . . . 43431 1768 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1768 2 2 2 LS 43431 1768 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1768 4 CROSSOPTERYGII CROSSOPTERYGII NNP 43431 1768 5 . . . 43431 1769 1 Living live VBG 43431 1769 2 genera genera NN 43431 1769 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1769 4 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 1769 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1769 6 and and CC 43431 1769 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1769 8 Calamoichthys Calamoichthys NNP 43431 1769 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1769 10 . . . 43431 1770 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1770 2 3 3 LS 43431 1770 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1770 4 HOLOSTEI HOLOSTEI NNP 43431 1770 5 . . . 43431 1771 1 Living live VBG 43431 1771 2 genera genera NN 43431 1771 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1771 4 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 1771 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1771 6 and and CC 43431 1771 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1771 8 Amia Amia NNP 43431 1771 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1771 10 . . . 43431 1772 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1772 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1772 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1772 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1772 5 1 1 CD 43431 1772 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1772 7 . . . 43431 1773 1 CHONDROSTEI CHONDROSTEI NNP 43431 1773 2 . . . 43431 1774 1 The the DT 43431 1774 2 skull skull NN 43431 1774 3 is be VBZ 43431 1774 4 immovably immovably RB 43431 1774 5 fixed fix VBN 43431 1774 6 to to IN 43431 1774 7 the the DT 43431 1774 8 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1774 9 column column NN 43431 1774 10 . . . 43431 1775 1 By by IN 43431 1775 2 far far RB 43431 1775 3 the the DT 43431 1775 4 greater great JJR 43431 1775 5 part part NN 43431 1775 6 of of IN 43431 1775 7 the the DT 43431 1775 8 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1775 9 is be VBZ 43431 1775 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1775 11 . . . 43431 1776 1 The the DT 43431 1776 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1776 3 is be VBZ 43431 1776 4 persistent persistent JJ 43431 1776 5 and and CC 43431 1776 6 unconstricted unconstricted JJ 43431 1776 7 , , , 43431 1776 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1776 9 sheath sheath NN 43431 1776 10 is be VBZ 43431 1776 11 membranous membranous JJ 43431 1776 12 , , , 43431 1776 13 but but CC 43431 1776 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1776 15 neural neural JJ 43431 1776 16 and and CC 43431 1776 17 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1776 18 arches arch NNS 43431 1776 19 are be VBP 43431 1776 20 developed develop VBN 43431 1776 21 . . . 43431 1777 1 Intercalary intercalary JJ 43431 1777 2 pieces piece NNS 43431 1777 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1777 4 interdorsalia interdorsalia NNP 43431 1777 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1777 6 occur occur VBP 43431 1777 7 between between IN 43431 1777 8 the the DT 43431 1777 9 neural neural JJ 43431 1777 10 arches arch NNS 43431 1777 11 , , , 43431 1777 12 and and CC 43431 1777 13 similar similar JJ 43431 1777 14 pieces piece NNS 43431 1777 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1777 16 interventralia interventralia NNP 43431 1777 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1777 18 between between IN 43431 1777 19 the the DT 43431 1777 20 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1777 21 arches arch NNS 43431 1777 22 . . . 43431 1778 1 The the DT 43431 1778 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 1778 3 is be VBZ 43431 1778 4 covered cover VBN 43431 1778 5 with with IN 43431 1778 6 membrane membrane NN 43431 1778 7 bone bone NN 43431 1778 8 , , , 43431 1778 9 and and CC 43431 1778 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1778 11 are be VBP 43431 1778 12 but but CC 43431 1778 13 slightly slightly RB 43431 1778 14 developed develop VBN 43431 1778 15 . . . 43431 1779 1 The the DT 43431 1779 2 tail tail NN 43431 1779 3 is be VBZ 43431 1779 4 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1779 5 . . . 43431 1780 1 Gill Gill NNP 43431 1780 2 rays ray NNS 43431 1780 3 occur occur VBP 43431 1780 4 on on IN 43431 1780 5 the the DT 43431 1780 6 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1780 7 arch arch NN 43431 1780 8 , , , 43431 1780 9 and and CC 43431 1780 10 the the DT 43431 1780 11 gills gill NNS 43431 1780 12 are be VBP 43431 1780 13 protected protect VBN 43431 1780 14 by by IN 43431 1780 15 a a DT 43431 1780 16 bony bony NN 43431 1780 17 operculum operculum NN 43431 1780 18 attached attach VBN 43431 1780 19 to to IN 43431 1780 20 the the DT 43431 1780 21 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1780 22 . . . 43431 1781 1 The the DT 43431 1781 2 skin skin NN 43431 1781 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1781 4 1 1 CD 43431 1781 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1781 6 may may MD 43431 1781 7 be be VB 43431 1781 8 almost almost RB 43431 1781 9 or or CC 43431 1781 10 quite quite RB 43431 1781 11 naked naked JJ 43431 1781 12 , , , 43431 1781 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1781 14 2 2 LS 43431 1781 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1781 16 may may MD 43431 1781 17 carry carry VB 43431 1781 18 bony bony NN 43431 1781 19 plates plate NNS 43431 1781 20 arranged arrange VBN 43431 1781 21 in in IN 43431 1781 22 rows row NNS 43431 1781 23 , , , 43431 1781 24 or or CC 43431 1781 25 may may MD 43431 1781 26 be be VB 43431 1781 27 covered cover VBN 43431 1781 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1781 29 3 3 CD 43431 1781 30 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1781 31 with with IN 43431 1781 32 rhomboidal rhomboidal NN 43431 1781 33 scales scale NNS 43431 1781 34 , , , 43431 1781 35 or or CC 43431 1781 36 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1781 37 4 4 LS 43431 1781 38 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1781 39 partly partly RB 43431 1781 40 with with IN 43431 1781 41 rhomboidal rhomboidal NN 43431 1781 42 , , , 43431 1781 43 partly partly RB 43431 1781 44 with with IN 43431 1781 45 cycloidal cycloidal NN 43431 1781 46 scales scale NNS 43431 1781 47 . . . 43431 1782 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1782 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1782 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1782 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1782 5 2 2 CD 43431 1782 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1782 7 . . . 43431 1783 1 CROSSOPTERYGII CROSSOPTERYGII NNP 43431 1783 2 . . . 43431 1784 1 The the DT 43431 1784 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1784 3 has have VBZ 43431 1784 4 the the DT 43431 1784 5 form form NN 43431 1784 6 of of IN 43431 1784 7 cycloidal cycloidal NN 43431 1784 8 or or CC 43431 1784 9 rhomboidal rhomboidal NN 43431 1784 10 scales scale NNS 43431 1784 11 . . . 43431 1785 1 The the DT 43431 1785 2 condition condition NN 43431 1785 3 of of IN 43431 1785 4 the the DT 43431 1785 5 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1785 6 column column NN 43431 1785 7 differs differ VBZ 43431 1785 8 in in IN 43431 1785 9 the the DT 43431 1785 10 different different JJ 43431 1785 11 genera genera NN 43431 1785 12 . . . 43431 1786 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1786 2 , , , 43431 1786 3 as as IN 43431 1786 4 in in IN 43431 1786 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1786 6 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 1786 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1786 8 , , , 43431 1786 9 there there EX 43431 1786 10 are be VBP 43431 1786 11 well well RB 43431 1786 12 - - HYPH 43431 1786 13 developed develop VBN 43431 1786 14 ossified ossify VBN 43431 1786 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1786 16 ; ; : 43431 1786 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1786 18 , , , 43431 1786 19 as as IN 43431 1786 20 in in IN 43431 1786 21 many many JJ 43431 1786 22 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1786 23 forms form NNS 43431 1786 24 , , , 43431 1786 25 the the DT 43431 1786 26 notochord notochord NN 43431 1786 27 persists persist VBZ 43431 1786 28 and and CC 43431 1786 29 is be VBZ 43431 1786 30 unconstricted unconstricted JJ 43431 1786 31 . . . 43431 1787 1 The the DT 43431 1787 2 tail tail NN 43431 1787 3 may may MD 43431 1787 4 be be VB 43431 1787 5 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 1787 6 or or CC 43431 1787 7 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1787 8 . . . 43431 1788 1 The the DT 43431 1788 2 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 1788 3 and and CC 43431 1788 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1788 5 the the DT 43431 1788 6 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 1788 7 fins fin NNS 43431 1788 8 consist consist VBP 43431 1788 9 of of IN 43431 1788 10 an an DT 43431 1788 11 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 1788 12 axis axi NNS 43431 1788 13 bearing bear VBG 43431 1788 14 a a DT 43431 1788 15 fringe fringe NN 43431 1788 16 of of IN 43431 1788 17 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1788 18 rays ray NNS 43431 1788 19 . . . 43431 1789 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1789 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1789 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1789 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1789 5 3 3 CD 43431 1789 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1789 7 . . . 43431 1790 1 HOLOSTEI HOLOSTEI NNP 43431 1790 2 . . . 43431 1791 1 The the DT 43431 1791 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1791 3 has have VBZ 43431 1791 4 the the DT 43431 1791 5 form form NN 43431 1791 6 of of IN 43431 1791 7 cycloidal cycloidal NN 43431 1791 8 or or CC 43431 1791 9 rhomboidal rhomboidal NN 43431 1791 10 scales scale NNS 43431 1791 11 . . . 43431 1792 1 The the DT 43431 1792 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1792 3 is be VBZ 43431 1792 4 constricted constrict VBN 43431 1792 5 and and CC 43431 1792 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1792 7 sheath sheath NN 43431 1792 8 is be VBZ 43431 1792 9 segmented segment VBN 43431 1792 10 and and CC 43431 1792 11 ossified ossify VBN 43431 1792 12 , , , 43431 1792 13 forming form VBG 43431 1792 14 distinct distinct JJ 43431 1792 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1792 16 , , , 43431 1792 17 which which WDT 43431 1792 18 are be VBP 43431 1792 19 generally generally RB 43431 1792 20 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 1792 21 , , , 43431 1792 22 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1792 23 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 1792 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1792 25 _ _ NNP 43431 1792 26 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 1792 27 _ _ NNP 43431 1792 28 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1792 29 . . . 43431 1793 1 The the DT 43431 1793 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1793 3 cranium cranium NN 43431 1793 4 is be VBZ 43431 1793 5 largely largely RB 43431 1793 6 replaced replace VBN 43431 1793 7 by by IN 43431 1793 8 bone bone NN 43431 1793 9 , , , 43431 1793 10 and and CC 43431 1793 11 in in IN 43431 1793 12 connection connection NN 43431 1793 13 with with IN 43431 1793 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1793 15 we -PRON- PRP 43431 1793 16 find find VBP 43431 1793 17 not not RB 43431 1793 18 only only RB 43431 1793 19 membrane membrane NN 43431 1793 20 bone bone NN 43431 1793 21 , , , 43431 1793 22 but but CC 43431 1793 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1793 24 bone bone NN 43431 1793 25 , , , 43431 1793 26 as as IN 43431 1793 27 the the DT 43431 1793 28 basi basi NN 43431 1793 29 - - HYPH 43431 1793 30 occipital occipital NN 43431 1793 31 , , , 43431 1793 32 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 1793 33 , , , 43431 1793 34 and and CC 43431 1793 35 pro pro JJ 43431 1793 36 - - JJ 43431 1793 37 otic otic JJ 43431 1793 38 are be VBP 43431 1793 39 ossified ossify VBN 43431 1793 40 . . . 43431 1794 1 The the DT 43431 1794 2 tail tail NN 43431 1794 3 is be VBZ 43431 1794 4 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1794 5 . . . 43431 1795 1 The the DT 43431 1795 2 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 1795 3 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 1795 4 that that IN 43431 1795 5 of of IN 43431 1795 6 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 1795 7 , , , 43431 1795 8 consisting consist VBG 43431 1795 9 of of IN 43431 1795 10 a a DT 43431 1795 11 proximal proximal JJ 43431 1795 12 ossification ossification NN 43431 1795 13 , , , 43431 1795 14 the the DT 43431 1795 15 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1795 16 , , , 43431 1795 17 which which WDT 43431 1795 18 is be VBZ 43431 1795 19 movably movably RB 43431 1795 20 articulated articulate VBN 43431 1795 21 to to IN 43431 1795 22 the the DT 43431 1795 23 skull skull NN 43431 1795 24 and and CC 43431 1795 25 a a DT 43431 1795 26 distal distal JJ 43431 1795 27 ossification ossification NN 43431 1795 28 , , , 43431 1795 29 the the DT 43431 1795 30 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 1795 31 . . . 43431 1796 1 The the DT 43431 1796 2 two two CD 43431 1796 3 are be VBP 43431 1796 4 separated separate VBN 43431 1796 5 by by IN 43431 1796 6 some some DT 43431 1796 7 unossified unossified JJ 43431 1796 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1796 9 . . . 43431 1797 1 The the DT 43431 1797 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1797 3 upper upper NN 43431 1797 4 and and CC 43431 1797 5 lower low JJR 43431 1797 6 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1797 7 are be VBP 43431 1797 8 to to IN 43431 1797 9 a a DT 43431 1797 10 great great JJ 43431 1797 11 extent extent NN 43431 1797 12 surrounded surround VBD 43431 1797 13 and and CC 43431 1797 14 replaced replace VBN 43431 1797 15 by by IN 43431 1797 16 a a DT 43431 1797 17 series series NN 43431 1797 18 of of IN 43431 1797 19 membrane membrane NN 43431 1797 20 bones bone NNS 43431 1797 21 . . . 43431 1798 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1798 2 Order Order NNP 43431 1798 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1798 4 IV IV NNP 43431 1798 5 . . . 43431 1799 1 TELEOSTEI TELEOSTEI NNP 43431 1799 2 . . . 43431 1800 1 The the DT 43431 1800 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1800 3 is be VBZ 43431 1800 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1800 5 absent absent JJ 43431 1800 6 but but CC 43431 1800 7 generally generally RB 43431 1800 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 1800 9 of of IN 43431 1800 10 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 1800 11 cycloid cycloid JJ 43431 1800 12 or or CC 43431 1800 13 ctenoid ctenoid JJ 43431 1800 14 scales scale NNS 43431 1800 15 . . . 43431 1801 1 Bony Bony NNP 43431 1801 2 plates plate NNS 43431 1801 3 are be VBP 43431 1801 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 1801 5 present present JJ 43431 1801 6 , , , 43431 1801 7 as as IN 43431 1801 8 in in IN 43431 1801 9 the the DT 43431 1801 10 Siluridae Siluridae NNP 43431 1801 11 , , , 43431 1801 12 or or CC 43431 1801 13 the the DT 43431 1801 14 body body NN 43431 1801 15 may may MD 43431 1801 16 be be VB 43431 1801 17 encased encase VBN 43431 1801 18 in in IN 43431 1801 19 a a DT 43431 1801 20 complete complete JJ 43431 1801 21 armour armour NN 43431 1801 22 of of IN 43431 1801 23 calcified calcify VBN 43431 1801 24 plates plate NNS 43431 1801 25 , , , 43431 1801 26 as as IN 43431 1801 27 in in IN 43431 1801 28 _ _ NNP 43431 1801 29 Ostracion Ostracion NNP 43431 1801 30 _ _ NNP 43431 1801 31 . . . 43431 1802 1 Enamel Enamel NNP 43431 1802 2 is be VBZ 43431 1802 3 however however RB 43431 1802 4 never never RB 43431 1802 5 present present JJ 43431 1802 6 , , , 43431 1802 7 and and CC 43431 1802 8 the the DT 43431 1802 9 plates plate NNS 43431 1802 10 are be VBP 43431 1802 11 entirely entirely RB 43431 1802 12 mesodermal mesodermal JJ 43431 1802 13 . . . 43431 1803 1 The the DT 43431 1803 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1803 3 is be VBZ 43431 1803 4 bony bony NN 43431 1803 5 , , , 43431 1803 6 but but CC 43431 1803 7 in in IN 43431 1803 8 the the DT 43431 1803 9 skull skull NN 43431 1803 10 much much JJ 43431 1803 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1803 12 generally generally RB 43431 1803 13 remains remain VBZ 43431 1803 14 . . . 43431 1804 1 The the DT 43431 1804 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1804 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 1804 4 are be VBP 43431 1804 5 usually usually RB 43431 1804 6 deeply deeply RB 43431 1804 7 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 1804 8 , , , 43431 1804 9 and and CC 43431 1804 10 the the DT 43431 1804 11 tail tail NN 43431 1804 12 is be VBZ 43431 1804 13 of of IN 43431 1804 14 the the DT 43431 1804 15 masked masked JJ 43431 1804 16 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1804 17 type type NN 43431 1804 18 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 1804 19 as as IN 43431 1804 20 _ _ NNP 43431 1804 21 homocercal homocercal JJ 43431 1804 22 _ _ NNP 43431 1804 23 . . . 43431 1805 1 In in IN 43431 1805 2 the the DT 43431 1805 3 skull skull NN 43431 1805 4 the the DT 43431 1805 5 occipital occipital JJ 43431 1805 6 region region NN 43431 1805 7 is be VBZ 43431 1805 8 always always RB 43431 1805 9 completely completely RB 43431 1805 10 ossified ossify VBN 43431 1805 11 , , , 43431 1805 12 while while IN 43431 1805 13 the the DT 43431 1805 14 sphenoidal sphenoidal NN 43431 1805 15 region region NN 43431 1805 16 is be VBZ 43431 1805 17 generally generally RB 43431 1805 18 less less RBR 43431 1805 19 ossified ossified JJ 43431 1805 20 . . . 43431 1806 1 The the DT 43431 1806 2 skull skull NN 43431 1806 3 has have VBZ 43431 1806 4 usually usually RB 43431 1806 5 a a DT 43431 1806 6 very very RB 43431 1806 7 large large JJ 43431 1806 8 number number NN 43431 1806 9 of of IN 43431 1806 10 membrane membrane NN 43431 1806 11 bones bone NNS 43431 1806 12 developed develop VBN 43431 1806 13 in in IN 43431 1806 14 connection connection NN 43431 1806 15 with with IN 43431 1806 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1806 17 . . . 43431 1807 1 The the DT 43431 1807 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1807 3 vary vary VBP 43431 1807 4 much much RB 43431 1807 5 in in IN 43431 1807 6 character character NN 43431 1807 7 in in IN 43431 1807 8 the the DT 43431 1807 9 different different JJ 43431 1807 10 members member NNS 43431 1807 11 of of IN 43431 1807 12 the the DT 43431 1807 13 order order NN 43431 1807 14 , , , 43431 1807 15 but but CC 43431 1807 16 are be VBP 43431 1807 17 as as IN 43431 1807 18 a a DT 43431 1807 19 rule rule NN 43431 1807 20 numerous numerous JJ 43431 1807 21 and and CC 43431 1807 22 pointed pointed JJ 43431 1807 23 , , , 43431 1807 24 and and CC 43431 1807 25 are be VBP 43431 1807 26 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 1807 27 to to IN 43431 1807 28 the the DT 43431 1807 29 bone bone NN 43431 1807 30 . . . 43431 1808 1 The the DT 43431 1808 2 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 1808 3 is be VBZ 43431 1808 4 hyostylic hyostylic JJ 43431 1808 5 and and CC 43431 1808 6 the the DT 43431 1808 7 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1808 8 have have VBP 43431 1808 9 much much RB 43431 1808 10 the the DT 43431 1808 11 same same JJ 43431 1808 12 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 1808 13 as as IN 43431 1808 14 in in IN 43431 1808 15 the the DT 43431 1808 16 Holostei Holostei NNP 43431 1808 17 . . . 43431 1809 1 There there EX 43431 1809 2 are be VBP 43431 1809 3 five five CD 43431 1809 4 pairs pair NNS 43431 1809 5 of of IN 43431 1809 6 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1809 7 arches arch NNS 43431 1809 8 , , , 43431 1809 9 of of IN 43431 1809 10 which which WDT 43431 1809 11 all all DT 43431 1809 12 except except IN 43431 1809 13 the the DT 43431 1809 14 last last JJ 43431 1809 15 bear bear NN 43431 1809 16 gill gill NN 43431 1809 17 rays ray NNS 43431 1809 18 . . . 43431 1810 1 A a DT 43431 1810 2 series series NN 43431 1810 3 of of IN 43431 1810 4 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1810 5 opercular opercular JJ 43431 1810 6 bones bone NNS 43431 1810 7 is be VBZ 43431 1810 8 developed develop VBN 43431 1810 9 in in IN 43431 1810 10 connection connection NN 43431 1810 11 with with IN 43431 1810 12 these these DT 43431 1810 13 arches arch NNS 43431 1810 14 . . . 43431 1811 1 The the DT 43431 1811 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1811 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 1811 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 1811 5 almost almost RB 43431 1811 6 entirely entirely RB 43431 1811 7 of of IN 43431 1811 8 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1811 9 clavicular clavicular JJ 43431 1811 10 bones bone NNS 43431 1811 11 . . . 43431 1812 1 The the DT 43431 1812 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1812 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 1812 4 has have VBZ 43431 1812 5 disappeared disappear VBN 43431 1812 6 , , , 43431 1812 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1812 8 place place NN 43431 1812 9 being be VBG 43431 1812 10 taken take VBN 43431 1812 11 by by IN 43431 1812 12 the the DT 43431 1812 13 enlarged enlarged JJ 43431 1812 14 and and CC 43431 1812 15 ossified ossify VBN 43431 1812 16 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1812 17 fin fin NN 43431 1812 18 - - HYPH 43431 1812 19 rays ray NNS 43431 1812 20 of of IN 43431 1812 21 the the DT 43431 1812 22 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1812 23 fins fin NNS 43431 1812 24 . . . 43431 1813 1 The the DT 43431 1813 2 group group NN 43431 1813 3 includes include VBZ 43431 1813 4 the the DT 43431 1813 5 vast vast JJ 43431 1813 6 majority majority NN 43431 1813 7 of of IN 43431 1813 8 living living NN 43431 1813 9 fish fish NN 43431 1813 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1813 11 see see VB 43431 1813 12 p. p. NN 43431 1813 13 33 33 CD 43431 1813 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1813 15 . . . 43431 1814 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1814 2 Order Order NNP 43431 1814 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1814 4 V. V. NNP 43431 1814 5 DIPNOI DIPNOI NNP 43431 1814 6 . . . 43431 1815 1 The the DT 43431 1815 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1815 3 is be VBZ 43431 1815 4 of of IN 43431 1815 5 two two CD 43431 1815 6 types type NNS 43431 1815 7 ; ; , 43431 1815 8 dermal dermal JJ 43431 1815 9 bones bone NNS 43431 1815 10 are be VBP 43431 1815 11 largely largely RB 43431 1815 12 developed develop VBN 43431 1815 13 in in IN 43431 1815 14 the the DT 43431 1815 15 head head NN 43431 1815 16 region region NN 43431 1815 17 , , , 43431 1815 18 while while IN 43431 1815 19 the the DT 43431 1815 20 tail tail NN 43431 1815 21 and and CC 43431 1815 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 1815 23 part part NN 43431 1815 24 of of IN 43431 1815 25 the the DT 43431 1815 26 body body NN 43431 1815 27 may may MD 43431 1815 28 be be VB 43431 1815 29 naked naked JJ 43431 1815 30 or or CC 43431 1815 31 may may MD 43431 1815 32 be be VB 43431 1815 33 covered cover VBN 43431 1815 34 with with IN 43431 1815 35 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 1815 36 scales scale NNS 43431 1815 37 . . . 43431 1816 1 The the DT 43431 1816 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 1816 3 remains remain VBZ 43431 1816 4 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 1816 5 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1816 6 , , , 43431 1816 7 the the DT 43431 1816 8 palato palato NN 43431 1816 9 - - HYPH 43431 1816 10 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 1816 11 - - HYPH 43431 1816 12 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 1816 13 bar bar NN 43431 1816 14 is be VBZ 43431 1816 15 fused fuse VBN 43431 1816 16 with with IN 43431 1816 17 the the DT 43431 1816 18 cranium cranium NN 43431 1816 19 , , , 43431 1816 20 and and CC 43431 1816 21 the the DT 43431 1816 22 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 1816 23 is be VBZ 43431 1816 24 autostylic autostylic JJ 43431 1816 25 . . . 43431 1817 1 The the DT 43431 1817 2 gill gill JJ 43431 1817 3 clefts cleft NNS 43431 1817 4 are be VBP 43431 1817 5 feebly feebly RB 43431 1817 6 developed develop VBN 43431 1817 7 and and CC 43431 1817 8 open open JJ 43431 1817 9 into into IN 43431 1817 10 a a DT 43431 1817 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 1817 12 covered cover VBN 43431 1817 13 by by IN 43431 1817 14 an an DT 43431 1817 15 operculum operculum NN 43431 1817 16 . . . 43431 1818 1 The the DT 43431 1818 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1818 3 is be VBZ 43431 1818 4 persistent persistent JJ 43431 1818 5 and and CC 43431 1818 6 unconstricted unconstricted JJ 43431 1818 7 , , , 43431 1818 8 and and CC 43431 1818 9 the the DT 43431 1818 10 limbs limb NNS 43431 1818 11 are be VBP 43431 1818 12 archipterygia archipterygia NN 43431 1818 13 . . . 43431 1819 1 The the DT 43431 1819 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1819 3 fins fin NNS 43431 1819 4 are be VBP 43431 1819 5 without without IN 43431 1819 6 claspers clasper NNS 43431 1819 7 . . . 43431 1820 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1820 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1820 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1820 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1820 5 1 1 CD 43431 1820 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1820 7 . . . 43431 1821 1 SIRENOIDEI[33 sirenoidei[33 ADD 43431 1821 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1821 3 . . . 43431 1822 1 The the DT 43431 1822 2 head head NN 43431 1822 3 has have VBZ 43431 1822 4 well well RB 43431 1822 5 developed develop VBN 43431 1822 6 membrane membrane NN 43431 1822 7 bones bone NNS 43431 1822 8 . . . 43431 1823 1 The the DT 43431 1823 2 trunk trunk NN 43431 1823 3 is be VBZ 43431 1823 4 covered cover VBN 43431 1823 5 with with IN 43431 1823 6 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 1823 7 scales scale NNS 43431 1823 8 and and CC 43431 1823 9 bears bear VBZ 43431 1823 10 no no DT 43431 1823 11 bony bony NN 43431 1823 12 plates plate NNS 43431 1823 13 . . . 43431 1824 1 Three three CD 43431 1824 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 1824 3 of of IN 43431 1824 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1824 5 are be VBP 43431 1824 6 present present JJ 43431 1824 7 , , , 43431 1824 8 two two CD 43431 1824 9 in in IN 43431 1824 10 the the DT 43431 1824 11 upper upper JJ 43431 1824 12 and and CC 43431 1824 13 one one CD 43431 1824 14 in in IN 43431 1824 15 the the DT 43431 1824 16 lower low JJR 43431 1824 17 jaw jaw NN 43431 1824 18 , , , 43431 1824 19 the the DT 43431 1824 20 two two CD 43431 1824 21 principal principal JJ 43431 1824 22 pairs pair NNS 43431 1824 23 of of IN 43431 1824 24 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1824 25 are be VBP 43431 1824 26 borne bear VBN 43431 1824 27 on on IN 43431 1824 28 the the DT 43431 1824 29 palato palato NN 43431 1824 30 - - HYPH 43431 1824 31 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 1824 32 and and CC 43431 1824 33 splenials splenial NNS 43431 1824 34 , , , 43431 1824 35 while while IN 43431 1824 36 the the DT 43431 1824 37 third third JJ 43431 1824 38 pair pair NN 43431 1824 39 are be VBP 43431 1824 40 found find VBN 43431 1824 41 in in IN 43431 1824 42 the the DT 43431 1824 43 vomerine vomerine NN 43431 1824 44 region region NN 43431 1824 45 . . . 43431 1825 1 The the DT 43431 1825 2 tail tail NN 43431 1825 3 is be VBZ 43431 1825 4 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 1825 5 in in IN 43431 1825 6 living live VBG 43431 1825 7 forms form NNS 43431 1825 8 . . . 43431 1826 1 In in IN 43431 1826 2 the the DT 43431 1826 3 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1826 4 Dipteridae Dipteridae NNP 43431 1826 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1826 6 is be VBZ 43431 1826 7 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 1826 8 . . . 43431 1827 1 The the DT 43431 1827 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1827 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 1827 4 includes include VBZ 43431 1827 5 both both CC 43431 1827 6 membrane membrane NN 43431 1827 7 and and CC 43431 1827 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1827 9 bones bone NNS 43431 1827 10 . . . 43431 1828 1 The the DT 43431 1828 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1828 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 1828 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 1828 5 of of IN 43431 1828 6 a a DT 43431 1828 7 single single JJ 43431 1828 8 bilaterally bilaterally RB 43431 1828 9 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 1828 10 piece piece NN 43431 1828 11 of of IN 43431 1828 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1828 13 . . . 43431 1829 1 This this DT 43431 1829 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 1829 3 is be VBZ 43431 1829 4 represented represent VBN 43431 1829 5 by by IN 43431 1829 6 the the DT 43431 1829 7 living live VBG 43431 1829 8 genera genera NN 43431 1829 9 _ _ NNP 43431 1829 10 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 1829 11 _ _ NNP 43431 1829 12 , , , 43431 1829 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1829 14 Protopterus Protopterus NNP 43431 1829 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1829 16 and and CC 43431 1829 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1829 18 Lepidosiren Lepidosiren NNP 43431 1829 19 _ _ NNP 43431 1829 20 , , , 43431 1829 21 and and CC 43431 1829 22 among among IN 43431 1829 23 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1829 24 forms form NNS 43431 1829 25 by by IN 43431 1829 26 the the DT 43431 1829 27 Dipteridae Dipteridae NNP 43431 1829 28 and and CC 43431 1829 29 others other NNS 43431 1829 30 . . . 43431 1830 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1830 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 1830 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1830 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1830 5 2 2 CD 43431 1830 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1830 7 . . . 43431 1831 1 ARTHRODIRA ARTHRODIRA NNP 43431 1831 2 . . . 43431 1832 1 Bony Bony NNP 43431 1832 2 plates plate NNS 43431 1832 3 are be VBP 43431 1832 4 developed develop VBN 43431 1832 5 not not RB 43431 1832 6 only only RB 43431 1832 7 on on IN 43431 1832 8 the the DT 43431 1832 9 head head NN 43431 1832 10 but but CC 43431 1832 11 also also RB 43431 1832 12 on on IN 43431 1832 13 the the DT 43431 1832 14 anterior anterior JJ 43431 1832 15 part part NN 43431 1832 16 of of IN 43431 1832 17 the the DT 43431 1832 18 trunk trunk NN 43431 1832 19 , , , 43431 1832 20 where where WRB 43431 1832 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1832 22 consist consist VBP 43431 1832 23 of of IN 43431 1832 24 a a DT 43431 1832 25 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1832 26 , , , 43431 1832 27 a a DT 43431 1832 28 ventral ventral NN 43431 1832 29 , , , 43431 1832 30 and and CC 43431 1832 31 a a DT 43431 1832 32 pair pair NN 43431 1832 33 of of IN 43431 1832 34 lateral lateral JJ 43431 1832 35 plates plate NNS 43431 1832 36 which which WDT 43431 1832 37 articulate articulate VBP 43431 1832 38 with with IN 43431 1832 39 the the DT 43431 1832 40 cranial cranial JJ 43431 1832 41 shield shield NN 43431 1832 42 . . . 43431 1833 1 The the DT 43431 1833 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 1833 3 part part NN 43431 1833 4 of of IN 43431 1833 5 the the DT 43431 1833 6 trunk trunk NN 43431 1833 7 is be VBZ 43431 1833 8 naked naked JJ 43431 1833 9 . . . 43431 1834 1 The the DT 43431 1834 2 tail tail NN 43431 1834 3 is be VBZ 43431 1834 4 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 1834 5 . . . 43431 1835 1 The the DT 43431 1835 2 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1835 3 are be VBP 43431 1835 4 shear shear NN 43431 1835 5 - - HYPH 43431 1835 6 like like JJ 43431 1835 7 , , , 43431 1835 8 and and CC 43431 1835 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1835 10 margins margin NNS 43431 1835 11 are be VBP 43431 1835 12 usually usually RB 43431 1835 13 provided provide VBN 43431 1835 14 with with IN 43431 1835 15 pointed pointed JJ 43431 1835 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1835 17 whose whose WP$ 43431 1835 18 bases basis NNS 43431 1835 19 fuse fuse VBP 43431 1835 20 with with IN 43431 1835 21 the the DT 43431 1835 22 tissue tissue NN 43431 1835 23 of of IN 43431 1835 24 the the DT 43431 1835 25 jaw jaw NN 43431 1835 26 and and CC 43431 1835 27 constitute constitute VB 43431 1835 28 dental dental JJ 43431 1835 29 plates plate NNS 43431 1835 30 . . . 43431 1836 1 There there EX 43431 1836 2 seem seem VBP 43431 1836 3 to to TO 43431 1836 4 have have VB 43431 1836 5 been be VBN 43431 1836 6 three three CD 43431 1836 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 1836 8 of of IN 43431 1836 9 these these DT 43431 1836 10 plates plate NNS 43431 1836 11 , , , 43431 1836 12 arranged arrange VBD 43431 1836 13 as as IN 43431 1836 14 in in IN 43431 1836 15 the the DT 43431 1836 16 Sirenoidei Sirenoidei NNP 43431 1836 17 , , , 43431 1836 18 the the DT 43431 1836 19 principal principal JJ 43431 1836 20 ones one NNS 43431 1836 21 in in IN 43431 1836 22 the the DT 43431 1836 23 upper upper JJ 43431 1836 24 jaw jaw NN 43431 1836 25 being be VBG 43431 1836 26 borne bear VBN 43431 1836 27 on on IN 43431 1836 28 the the DT 43431 1836 29 palato palato NN 43431 1836 30 - - HYPH 43431 1836 31 pterygoids pterygoids NN 43431 1836 32 . . . 43431 1837 1 Small small JJ 43431 1837 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 1837 3 fins fin NNS 43431 1837 4 are be VBP 43431 1837 5 present present JJ 43431 1837 6 , , , 43431 1837 7 but but CC 43431 1837 8 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 1837 9 fins fin NNS 43431 1837 10 are be VBP 43431 1837 11 unknown unknown JJ 43431 1837 12 . . . 43431 1838 1 The the DT 43431 1838 2 Arthrodira Arthrodira NNP 43431 1838 3 occur occur VBP 43431 1838 4 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 1838 5 in in IN 43431 1838 6 beds bed NNS 43431 1838 7 of of IN 43431 1838 8 Devonian Devonian NNP 43431 1838 9 and and CC 43431 1838 10 Carboniferous Carboniferous NNP 43431 1838 11 age age NN 43431 1838 12 . . . 43431 1839 1 Two two CD 43431 1839 2 of of IN 43431 1839 3 the the DT 43431 1839 4 best well RBS 43431 1839 5 known know VBN 43431 1839 6 genera genera NN 43431 1839 7 are be VBP 43431 1839 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1839 9 Coccosteus Coccosteus NNP 43431 1839 10 _ _ NNP 43431 1839 11 from from IN 43431 1839 12 the the DT 43431 1839 13 European European NNP 43431 1839 14 Devonian Devonian NNP 43431 1839 15 and and CC 43431 1839 16 _ _ NNP 43431 1839 17 Dinichthys Dinichthys NNP 43431 1839 18 _ _ NNP 43431 1839 19 , , , 43431 1839 20 a a DT 43431 1839 21 large large JJ 43431 1839 22 predatory predatory JJ 43431 1839 23 form form NN 43431 1839 24 from from IN 43431 1839 25 the the DT 43431 1839 26 lower low JJR 43431 1839 27 Carboniferous Carboniferous NNP 43431 1839 28 of of IN 43431 1839 29 Ohio Ohio NNP 43431 1839 30 . . . 43431 1840 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 1840 2 : : : 43431 1840 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1840 4 29 29 CD 43431 1840 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1840 6 See see VB 43431 1840 7 p. p. NN 43431 1840 8 79 79 CD 43431 1840 9 . . . 43431 1841 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1841 2 30 30 CD 43431 1841 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1841 4 For for IN 43431 1841 5 this this DT 43431 1841 6 and and CC 43431 1841 7 other other JJ 43431 1841 8 groups group NNS 43431 1841 9 of of IN 43431 1841 10 extinct extinct JJ 43431 1841 11 fish fish NN 43431 1841 12 see see VBP 43431 1841 13 A. a. NN 43431 1841 14 Smith Smith NNP 43431 1841 15 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 1841 16 , , , 43431 1841 17 _ _ NNP 43431 1841 18 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 43431 1841 19 of of IN 43431 1841 20 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 1841 21 Fish Fish NNP 43431 1841 22 in in IN 43431 1841 23 the the DT 43431 1841 24 British British NNP 43431 1841 25 Museum Museum NNP 43431 1841 26 _ _ NNP 43431 1841 27 , , , 43431 1841 28 Parts Parts NNP 43431 1841 29 I.-III I.-III : 43431 1841 30 . . . 43431 1842 1 London London NNP 43431 1842 2 , , , 43431 1842 3 1889 1889 CD 43431 1842 4 - - SYM 43431 1842 5 95 95 CD 43431 1842 6 . . . 43431 1843 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1843 2 31 31 CD 43431 1843 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1843 4 See see VB 43431 1843 5 p. p. NN 43431 1843 6 127 127 CD 43431 1843 7 . . . 43431 1844 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1844 2 32 32 CD 43431 1844 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1844 4 See see VB 43431 1844 5 B. B. NNP 43431 1845 1 Dean Dean NNP 43431 1845 2 , , , 43431 1845 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1845 4 J. J. NNP 43431 1846 1 Morphol Morphol NNP 43431 1846 2 . . . 43431 1846 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1846 4 vol vol NNP 43431 1846 5 . . . 43431 1847 1 IX ix NN 43431 1847 2 . . . 43431 1848 1 pp pp NNP 43431 1848 2 . . . 43431 1849 1 87 87 CD 43431 1849 2 - - SYM 43431 1849 3 114 114 CD 43431 1849 4 , , , 43431 1849 5 1894 1894 CD 43431 1849 6 , , , 43431 1849 7 and and CC 43431 1849 8 _ _ NNP 43431 1849 9 Nat Nat NNP 43431 1849 10 . . . 43431 1850 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 1850 2 . . NNP 43431 1850 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1850 4 vol vol NNP 43431 1850 5 . . . 43431 1851 1 VIII VIII NNP 43431 1851 2 . . . 43431 1852 1 p. p. NN 43431 1852 2 245 245 CD 43431 1852 3 , , , 43431 1852 4 1896 1896 CD 43431 1852 5 . . . 43431 1853 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1853 2 33 33 CD 43431 1853 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1853 4 A. a. NN 43431 1853 5 Günther Günther NNP 43431 1853 6 , , , 43431 1853 7 _ _ NNP 43431 1853 8 Phil Phil NNP 43431 1853 9 . . . 43431 1854 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 1854 2 . . . 43431 1854 3 _ _ NNP 43431 1854 4 vol vol NNP 43431 1854 5 . . . 43431 1855 1 161 161 CD 43431 1855 2 , , , 43431 1855 3 Part Part NNP 43431 1855 4 II II NNP 43431 1855 5 . . . 43431 1856 1 1871 1871 CD 43431 1856 2 , , , 43431 1856 3 p. p. NN 43431 1856 4 511 511 CD 43431 1856 5 . . . 43431 1857 1 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 1858 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 1858 2 , , , 43431 1858 3 " " `` 43431 1858 4 On on IN 43431 1858 5 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 1858 6 and and CC 43431 1858 7 the the DT 43431 1858 8 classification classification NN 43431 1858 9 of of IN 43431 1858 10 fishes fish NNS 43431 1858 11 , , , 43431 1858 12 " " '' 43431 1858 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1858 14 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 1858 15 _ _ NNP 43431 1858 16 1876 1876 CD 43431 1858 17 , , , 43431 1858 18 p. p. NN 43431 1858 19 24 24 CD 43431 1858 20 . . . 43431 1859 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 1859 2 VI VI NNP 43431 1859 3 . . . 43431 1860 1 THE the DT 43431 1860 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 1860 3 OF of IN 43431 1860 4 THE the DT 43431 1860 5 DOGFISH[34 DOGFISH[34 '' 43431 1860 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1860 7 . . . 43431 1861 1 _ _ NNP 43431 1861 2 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 1861 3 canicula canicula NN 43431 1861 4 . . . 43431 1861 5 _ _ NNP 43431 1861 6 I. I. NNP 43431 1861 7 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 1861 8 . . . 43431 1862 1 The the DT 43431 1862 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 1862 3 of of IN 43431 1862 4 the the DT 43431 1862 5 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 1862 6 is be VBZ 43431 1862 7 mainly mainly RB 43431 1862 8 composed compose VBN 43431 1862 9 of of IN 43431 1862 10 placoid placoid JJ 43431 1862 11 scales scale NNS 43431 1862 12 , , , 43431 1862 13 each each DT 43431 1862 14 of of IN 43431 1862 15 which which WDT 43431 1862 16 consists consist VBZ 43431 1862 17 of of IN 43431 1862 18 a a DT 43431 1862 19 little little JJ 43431 1862 20 bony bony NN 43431 1862 21 base base NN 43431 1862 22 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 1862 23 in in IN 43431 1862 24 the the DT 43431 1862 25 skin skin NN 43431 1862 26 , , , 43431 1862 27 bearing bear VBG 43431 1862 28 a a DT 43431 1862 29 small small JJ 43431 1862 30 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 1862 31 - - HYPH 43431 1862 32 directed direct VBN 43431 1862 33 spine spine NN 43431 1862 34 formed form VBN 43431 1862 35 of of IN 43431 1862 36 dentine dentine NNP 43431 1862 37 capped cap VBN 43431 1862 38 with with IN 43431 1862 39 enamel enamel NNP 43431 1862 40 . . . 43431 1863 1 The the DT 43431 1863 2 scales scale NNS 43431 1863 3 are be VBP 43431 1863 4 larger large JJR 43431 1863 5 on on IN 43431 1863 6 the the DT 43431 1863 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1863 8 than than IN 43431 1863 9 on on IN 43431 1863 10 the the DT 43431 1863 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1863 12 surface surface NN 43431 1863 13 , , , 43431 1863 14 and and CC 43431 1863 15 on on IN 43431 1863 16 the the DT 43431 1863 17 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1863 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1863 19 are be VBP 43431 1863 20 specially specially RB 43431 1863 21 large large JJ 43431 1863 22 and and CC 43431 1863 23 regularly regularly RB 43431 1863 24 arranged arrange VBN 43431 1863 25 in in IN 43431 1863 26 rows row NNS 43431 1863 27 , , , 43431 1863 28 there there EX 43431 1863 29 forming form VBG 43431 1863 30 the the DT 43431 1863 31 teeth tooth NNS 43431 1863 32 . . . 43431 1864 1 The the DT 43431 1864 2 margins margin NNS 43431 1864 3 of of IN 43431 1864 4 the the DT 43431 1864 5 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1864 6 or or CC 43431 1864 7 lips lip NNS 43431 1864 8 are be VBP 43431 1864 9 without without IN 43431 1864 10 scales scale NNS 43431 1864 11 . . . 43431 1865 1 A a DT 43431 1865 2 second second JJ 43431 1865 3 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 1865 4 structure structure NN 43431 1865 5 is be VBZ 43431 1865 6 found find VBN 43431 1865 7 in in IN 43431 1865 8 the the DT 43431 1865 9 fins fin NNS 43431 1865 10 , , , 43431 1865 11 all all DT 43431 1865 12 of of IN 43431 1865 13 which which WDT 43431 1865 14 , , , 43431 1865 15 both both DT 43431 1865 16 paired pair VBD 43431 1865 17 and and CC 43431 1865 18 unpaired unpaire VBN 43431 1865 19 , , , 43431 1865 20 have have VBP 43431 1865 21 , , , 43431 1865 22 in in IN 43431 1865 23 addition addition NN 43431 1865 24 to to IN 43431 1865 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1865 26 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1865 27 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 1865 28 , , , 43431 1865 29 large large JJ 43431 1865 30 numbers number NNS 43431 1865 31 of of IN 43431 1865 32 long long JJ 43431 1865 33 slender slender NN 43431 1865 34 horny horny NNP 43431 1865 35 fibres fibre NNS 43431 1865 36 , , , 43431 1865 37 the the DT 43431 1865 38 fin fin NN 43431 1865 39 - - HYPH 43431 1865 40 rays ray NNS 43431 1865 41 , , , 43431 1865 42 which which WDT 43431 1865 43 are be VBP 43431 1865 44 of of IN 43431 1865 45 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 1865 46 origin origin NN 43431 1865 47 . . . 43431 1866 1 II ii CD 43431 1866 2 . . . 43431 1867 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 1867 2 . . . 43431 1868 1 The the DT 43431 1868 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 1868 3 of of IN 43431 1868 4 the the DT 43431 1868 5 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 1868 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 1868 7 almost almost RB 43431 1868 8 entirely entirely RB 43431 1868 9 of of IN 43431 1868 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1868 11 , , , 43431 1868 12 which which WDT 43431 1868 13 however however RB 43431 1868 14 may may MD 43431 1868 15 become become VB 43431 1868 16 calcified calcify VBN 43431 1868 17 in in IN 43431 1868 18 places place NNS 43431 1868 19 , , , 43431 1868 20 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 1869 1 the the DT 43431 1869 2 centrum centrum NN 43431 1869 3 of of IN 43431 1869 4 each each DT 43431 1869 5 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 1869 6 is be VBZ 43431 1869 7 lined line VBN 43431 1869 8 by by IN 43431 1869 9 a a DT 43431 1869 10 layer layer NN 43431 1869 11 of of IN 43431 1869 12 calcified calcify VBN 43431 1869 13 tissue tissue NN 43431 1869 14 . . . 43431 1870 1 The the DT 43431 1870 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 1870 3 is be VBZ 43431 1870 4 divisible divisible JJ 43431 1870 5 into into IN 43431 1870 6 an an DT 43431 1870 7 = = SYM 43431 1870 8 axial= axial= NN 43431 1870 9 portion portion NN 43431 1870 10 consisting consist VBG 43431 1870 11 of of IN 43431 1870 12 the the DT 43431 1870 13 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1870 14 column column NN 43431 1870 15 , , , 43431 1870 16 skull skull NN 43431 1870 17 , , , 43431 1870 18 and and CC 43431 1870 19 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1870 20 of of IN 43431 1870 21 the the DT 43431 1870 22 median median JJ 43431 1870 23 fins fin NNS 43431 1870 24 , , , 43431 1870 25 and and CC 43431 1870 26 an an DT 43431 1870 27 = = NN 43431 1870 28 appendicular= appendicular= NN 43431 1870 29 portion portion NN 43431 1870 30 consisting consist VBG 43431 1870 31 of of IN 43431 1870 32 the the DT 43431 1870 33 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 1870 34 of of IN 43431 1870 35 the the DT 43431 1870 36 paired pair VBN 43431 1870 37 fins fin NNS 43431 1870 38 and and CC 43431 1870 39 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1870 40 girdles girdle NNS 43431 1870 41 . . . 43431 1871 1 1 1 LS 43431 1871 2 . . . 43431 1872 1 THE the DT 43431 1872 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 1872 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 1872 4 . . . 43431 1873 1 A. A. NNP 43431 1874 1 THE the DT 43431 1874 2 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 1874 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 1874 4 AND and CC 43431 1874 5 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 1874 6 . . . 43431 1875 1 The the DT 43431 1875 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1875 3 column column NN 43431 1875 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 1875 5 of of IN 43431 1875 6 a a DT 43431 1875 7 series series NN 43431 1875 8 of of IN 43431 1875 9 some some DT 43431 1875 10 hundred hundred CD 43431 1875 11 and and CC 43431 1875 12 thirty thirty CD 43431 1875 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1875 14 , , , 43431 1875 15 each each DT 43431 1875 16 of of IN 43431 1875 17 which which WDT 43431 1875 18 is be VBZ 43431 1875 19 united united JJ 43431 1875 20 with with IN 43431 1875 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1875 22 predecessor predecessor NN 43431 1875 23 and and CC 43431 1875 24 successor successor NN 43431 1875 25 in in IN 43431 1875 26 such such PDT 43431 1875 27 a a DT 43431 1875 28 way way NN 43431 1875 29 as as IN 43431 1875 30 to to TO 43431 1875 31 allow allow VB 43431 1875 32 a a DT 43431 1875 33 large large JJ 43431 1875 34 amount amount NN 43431 1875 35 of of IN 43431 1875 36 flexibility flexibility NN 43431 1875 37 . . . 43431 1876 1 These these DT 43431 1876 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1876 3 are be VBP 43431 1876 4 developed develop VBN 43431 1876 5 round round IN 43431 1876 6 an an DT 43431 1876 7 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 1876 8 rod rod NN 43431 1876 9 , , , 43431 1876 10 the the DT 43431 1876 11 = = SYM 43431 1876 12 notochord= notochord= NN 43431 1876 13 , , , 43431 1876 14 which which WDT 43431 1876 15 forms form VBZ 43431 1876 16 the the DT 43431 1876 17 axial axial JJ 43431 1876 18 support support NN 43431 1876 19 of of IN 43431 1876 20 the the DT 43431 1876 21 embryo embryo NN 43431 1876 22 . . . 43431 1877 1 The the DT 43431 1877 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 1877 3 remains remain VBZ 43431 1877 4 continuous continuous JJ 43431 1877 5 throughout throughout IN 43431 1877 6 the the DT 43431 1877 7 whole whole JJ 43431 1877 8 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1877 9 column column NN 43431 1877 10 , , , 43431 1877 11 but but CC 43431 1877 12 is be VBZ 43431 1877 13 greatly greatly RB 43431 1877 14 constricted constrict VBN 43431 1877 15 opposite opposite IN 43431 1877 16 the the DT 43431 1877 17 middle middle NN 43431 1877 18 of of IN 43431 1877 19 each each DT 43431 1877 20 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 1877 21 , , , 43431 1877 22 and and CC 43431 1877 23 thus thus RB 43431 1877 24 rendered render VBN 43431 1877 25 moniliform moniliform NN 43431 1877 26 . . . 43431 1878 1 The the DT 43431 1878 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1878 3 are be VBP 43431 1878 4 divided divide VBN 43431 1878 5 into into IN 43431 1878 6 two two CD 43431 1878 7 groups group NNS 43431 1878 8 , , , 43431 1878 9 an an DT 43431 1878 10 anterior anterior NNP 43431 1878 11 group group NN 43431 1878 12 of of IN 43431 1878 13 trunk trunk NNP 43431 1878 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1878 15 , , , 43431 1878 16 and and CC 43431 1878 17 a a DT 43431 1878 18 posterior posterior NN 43431 1878 19 group group NN 43431 1878 20 of of IN 43431 1878 21 caudal caudal NN 43431 1878 22 or or CC 43431 1878 23 tail tail NN 43431 1878 24 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1878 25 . . . 43431 1879 1 A a DT 43431 1879 2 typical typical JJ 43431 1879 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 1879 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 1879 5 of of IN 43431 1879 6 a a DT 43431 1879 7 middle middle JJ 43431 1879 8 portion portion NN 43431 1879 9 , , , 43431 1879 10 the the DT 43431 1879 11 = = SYM 43431 1879 12 centrum= centrum= NN 43431 1879 13 , , , 43431 1879 14 a a DT 43431 1879 15 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1879 16 portion portion NN 43431 1879 17 , , , 43431 1879 18 the the DT 43431 1879 19 = = SYM 43431 1879 20 dorsal= dorsal= NN 43431 1879 21 or or CC 43431 1879 22 = = SYM 43431 1879 23 neural neural NNP 43431 1879 24 arch= arch= NNP 43431 1879 25 , , , 43431 1879 26 which which WDT 43431 1879 27 surrounds surround VBZ 43431 1879 28 the the DT 43431 1879 29 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1879 30 cord cord NN 43431 1879 31 , , , 43431 1879 32 and and CC 43431 1879 33 a a DT 43431 1879 34 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1879 35 portion portion NN 43431 1879 36 , , , 43431 1879 37 the the DT 43431 1879 38 = = SYM 43431 1879 39 ventral= ventral= NNP 43431 1879 40 or or CC 43431 1879 41 = = SYM 43431 1879 42 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1879 43 arch= arch= NNP 43431 1879 44 , , , 43431 1879 45 which which WDT 43431 1879 46 similarly similarly RB 43431 1879 47 encloses enclose VBZ 43431 1879 48 a a DT 43431 1879 49 space space NN 43431 1879 50 . . . 43431 1880 1 The the DT 43431 1880 2 tail tail NN 43431 1880 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1880 4 of of IN 43431 1880 5 the the DT 43431 1880 6 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 1880 7 have have VBP 43431 1880 8 this this DT 43431 1880 9 typical typical JJ 43431 1880 10 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 1880 11 , , , 43431 1880 12 the the DT 43431 1880 13 trunk trunk NN 43431 1880 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 1880 15 have have VBP 43431 1880 16 the the DT 43431 1880 17 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1880 18 arches arch NNS 43431 1880 19 modified modify VBN 43431 1880 20 . . . 43431 1881 1 Each each DT 43431 1881 2 = = SYM 43431 1881 3 centrum= centrum= NN 43431 1881 4 is be VBZ 43431 1881 5 a a DT 43431 1881 6 short short JJ 43431 1881 7 cylinder cylinder NN 43431 1881 8 of of IN 43431 1881 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1881 10 surrounding surround VBG 43431 1881 11 an an DT 43431 1881 12 hourglass hourglass NN 43431 1881 13 - - HYPH 43431 1881 14 shaped shape VBN 43431 1881 15 cavity cavity NN 43431 1881 16 occupied occupy VBN 43431 1881 17 by by IN 43431 1881 18 the the DT 43431 1881 19 notochord notochord NN 43431 1881 20 . . . 43431 1882 1 The the DT 43431 1882 2 = = SYM 43431 1882 3 neural neural JJ 43431 1882 4 arches= arches= NN 43431 1882 5 are be VBP 43431 1882 6 composed compose VBN 43431 1882 7 of of IN 43431 1882 8 three three CD 43431 1882 9 separate separate JJ 43431 1882 10 elements element NNS 43431 1882 11 , , , 43431 1882 12 the the DT 43431 1882 13 = = SYM 43431 1882 14 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1882 15 neural neural JJ 43431 1882 16 plates= plates= NNP 43431 1882 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1882 18 basidorsalia basidorsalia NNP 43431 1882 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1882 20 , , , 43431 1882 21 = = NFP 43431 1882 22 intervertebral intervertebral NNP 43431 1882 23 neural neural NNP 43431 1882 24 plates= plates= NNP 43431 1882 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1882 26 interdorsalia interdorsalia NNP 43431 1882 27 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1882 28 , , , 43431 1882 29 and and CC 43431 1882 30 = = SYM 43431 1882 31 neural neural NNP 43431 1882 32 spines= spines= NNP 43431 1882 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1882 34 supradorsalia supradorsalia NNP 43431 1882 35 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1882 36 . . . 43431 1883 1 The the DT 43431 1883 2 = = SYM 43431 1883 3 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1883 4 neural neural JJ 43431 1883 5 plates= plates= NNP 43431 1883 6 are be VBP 43431 1883 7 in in IN 43431 1883 8 the the DT 43431 1883 9 adult adult NN 43431 1883 10 fused fuse VBN 43431 1883 11 with with IN 43431 1883 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1883 13 respective respective JJ 43431 1883 14 centra centrum NNS 43431 1883 15 , , , 43431 1883 16 and and CC 43431 1883 17 are be VBP 43431 1883 18 notched notch VBN 43431 1883 19 behind behind RB 43431 1883 20 for for IN 43431 1883 21 the the DT 43431 1883 22 exit exit NN 43431 1883 23 of of IN 43431 1883 24 the the DT 43431 1883 25 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1883 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1883 27 motor motor NN 43431 1883 28 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1883 29 roots root NNS 43431 1883 30 of of IN 43431 1883 31 the the DT 43431 1883 32 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1883 33 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1883 34 . . . 43431 1884 1 The the DT 43431 1884 2 = = SYM 43431 1884 3 intervertebral intervertebral NNP 43431 1884 4 neural neural NNP 43431 1884 5 plates= plates= NNP 43431 1884 6 are be VBP 43431 1884 7 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 1884 8 pieces piece NNS 43431 1884 9 alternating alternate VBG 43431 1884 10 with with IN 43431 1884 11 the the DT 43431 1884 12 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1884 13 neural neural JJ 43431 1884 14 plates plate NNS 43431 1884 15 ; ; : 43431 1884 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1884 17 are be VBP 43431 1884 18 notched notch VBN 43431 1884 19 behind behind RB 43431 1884 20 , , , 43431 1884 21 but but CC 43431 1884 22 at at IN 43431 1884 23 a a DT 43431 1884 24 more more JJR 43431 1884 25 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1884 26 level level NN 43431 1884 27 than than IN 43431 1884 28 are be VBP 43431 1884 29 the the DT 43431 1884 30 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1884 31 neural neural JJ 43431 1884 32 plates plate NNS 43431 1884 33 , , , 43431 1884 34 for for IN 43431 1884 35 the the DT 43431 1884 36 exit exit NN 43431 1884 37 of of IN 43431 1884 38 the the DT 43431 1884 39 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1884 40 or or CC 43431 1884 41 sensory sensory JJ 43431 1884 42 roots root NNS 43431 1884 43 of of IN 43431 1884 44 the the DT 43431 1884 45 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1884 46 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1884 47 . . . 43431 1885 1 The the DT 43431 1885 2 = = SYM 43431 1885 3 neural neural JJ 43431 1885 4 spines= spines= NNP 43431 1885 5 are be VBP 43431 1885 6 small small JJ 43431 1885 7 patches patch NNS 43431 1885 8 of of IN 43431 1885 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1885 10 filling fill VBG 43431 1885 11 up up RP 43431 1885 12 the the DT 43431 1885 13 gaps gap NNS 43431 1885 14 between between IN 43431 1885 15 the the DT 43431 1885 16 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1885 17 ends end NNS 43431 1885 18 of of IN 43431 1885 19 the the DT 43431 1885 20 neural neural JJ 43431 1885 21 plates plate NNS 43431 1885 22 . . . 43431 1886 1 The the DT 43431 1886 2 = = SYM 43431 1886 3 haemal haemal NN 43431 1886 4 arches= arches= JJ 43431 1886 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1886 6 basiventralia basiventralia NNP 43431 1886 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1886 8 differ differ VBP 43431 1886 9 much much JJ 43431 1886 10 in in IN 43431 1886 11 the the DT 43431 1886 12 trunk trunk NN 43431 1886 13 and and CC 43431 1886 14 tail tail NN 43431 1886 15 portions portion NNS 43431 1886 16 of of IN 43431 1886 17 the the DT 43431 1886 18 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1886 19 column column NN 43431 1886 20 . . . 43431 1887 1 In in IN 43431 1887 2 the the DT 43431 1887 3 trunk trunk NN 43431 1887 4 portion portion NN 43431 1887 5 the the DT 43431 1887 6 centra centrum NNS 43431 1887 7 are be VBP 43431 1887 8 flattened flatten VBN 43431 1887 9 below below RB 43431 1887 10 , , , 43431 1887 11 and and CC 43431 1887 12 the the DT 43431 1887 13 two two CD 43431 1887 14 halves half NNS 43431 1887 15 of of IN 43431 1887 16 the the DT 43431 1887 17 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1887 18 arch arch JJ 43431 1887 19 diverge diverge NN 43431 1887 20 from from IN 43431 1887 21 one one CD 43431 1887 22 another another DT 43431 1887 23 as as RB 43431 1887 24 blunt blunt JJ 43431 1887 25 = = SYM 43431 1887 26 ventri ventri NN 43431 1887 27 - - HYPH 43431 1887 28 lateral lateral JJ 43431 1887 29 processes= processes= NN 43431 1887 30 to to TO 43431 1887 31 which which WDT 43431 1887 32 short short JJ 43431 1887 33 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1887 34 rods rod NNS 43431 1887 35 , , , 43431 1887 36 the the DT 43431 1887 37 = = SYM 43431 1887 38 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 1887 39 , , , 43431 1887 40 are be VBP 43431 1887 41 attached attach VBN 43431 1887 42 . . . 43431 1888 1 Further further RB 43431 1888 2 back back RB 43431 1888 3 at at IN 43431 1888 4 about about IN 43431 1888 5 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 1888 6 37 37 CD 43431 1888 7 , , , 43431 1888 8 the the DT 43431 1888 9 two two CD 43431 1888 10 halves half NNS 43431 1888 11 of of IN 43431 1888 12 the the DT 43431 1888 13 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1888 14 arch arch JJ 43431 1888 15 project project NN 43431 1888 16 downwards downward NNS 43431 1888 17 and and CC 43431 1888 18 meet meet VBP 43431 1888 19 forming form VBG 43431 1888 20 a a DT 43431 1888 21 complete complete JJ 43431 1888 22 arch arch NN 43431 1888 23 . . . 43431 1889 1 Further further RB 43431 1889 2 back back RB 43431 1889 3 still still RB 43431 1889 4 , , , 43431 1889 5 towards towards IN 43431 1889 6 the the DT 43431 1889 7 hind hind JJ 43431 1889 8 end end NN 43431 1889 9 of of IN 43431 1889 10 the the DT 43431 1889 11 tail tail NN 43431 1889 12 , , , 43431 1889 13 the the DT 43431 1889 14 haemal haemal JJ 43431 1889 15 arches arch NNS 43431 1889 16 bear bear VBP 43431 1889 17 median median NNP 43431 1889 18 = = SYM 43431 1889 19 haemal haemal NNP 43431 1889 20 spines= spines= NNP 43431 1889 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1889 22 ventrispinalia ventrispinalia NNP 43431 1889 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1889 24 . . . 43431 1890 1 B. B. NNP 43431 1891 1 THE the DT 43431 1891 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 1891 3 . . . 43431 1892 1 The the DT 43431 1892 2 skull skull NN 43431 1892 3 of of IN 43431 1892 4 the the DT 43431 1892 5 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 1892 6 remains remain VBZ 43431 1892 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1892 8 throughout throughout IN 43431 1892 9 the the DT 43431 1892 10 life life NN 43431 1892 11 of of IN 43431 1892 12 the the DT 43431 1892 13 animal animal NN 43431 1892 14 , , , 43431 1892 15 and and CC 43431 1892 16 has have VBZ 43431 1892 17 consequently consequently RB 43431 1892 18 a a DT 43431 1892 19 far far RB 43431 1892 20 more more JJR 43431 1892 21 simple simple JJ 43431 1892 22 structure structure NN 43431 1892 23 than than IN 43431 1892 24 have have VB 43431 1892 25 the the DT 43431 1892 26 skulls skull NNS 43431 1892 27 of of IN 43431 1892 28 higher high JJR 43431 1892 29 animals animal NNS 43431 1892 30 , , , 43431 1892 31 in in IN 43431 1892 32 which which WDT 43431 1892 33 complication complication NN 43431 1892 34 has have VBZ 43431 1892 35 been be VBN 43431 1892 36 produced produce VBN 43431 1892 37 by by IN 43431 1892 38 the the DT 43431 1892 39 development development NN 43431 1892 40 of of IN 43431 1892 41 bone bone NN 43431 1892 42 . . . 43431 1893 1 The the DT 43431 1893 2 skull skull NN 43431 1893 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 1893 4 of of IN 43431 1893 5 the the DT 43431 1893 6 following follow VBG 43431 1893 7 parts:-- parts:-- JJ 43431 1893 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1893 9 1 1 LS 43431 1893 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1893 11 a a DT 43431 1893 12 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1893 13 portion portion NN 43431 1893 14 , , , 43431 1893 15 the the DT 43431 1893 16 = = SYM 43431 1893 17 cranium= cranium= NN 43431 1893 18 , , , 43431 1893 19 which which WDT 43431 1893 20 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 1893 21 the the DT 43431 1893 22 brain brain NN 43431 1893 23 , , , 43431 1893 24 and and CC 43431 1893 25 to to IN 43431 1893 26 the the DT 43431 1893 27 sides side NNS 43431 1893 28 of of IN 43431 1893 29 which which WDT 43431 1893 30 the the DT 43431 1893 31 capsules capsule NNS 43431 1893 32 of of IN 43431 1893 33 the the DT 43431 1893 34 auditory auditory JJ 43431 1893 35 and and CC 43431 1893 36 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 1893 37 sense sense NN 43431 1893 38 organs organ NNS 43431 1893 39 are be VBP 43431 1893 40 united united JJ 43431 1893 41 . . . 43431 1894 1 The the DT 43431 1894 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 1894 3 may may MD 43431 1894 4 be be VB 43431 1894 5 compared compare VBN 43431 1894 6 to to IN 43431 1894 7 an an DT 43431 1894 8 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 1894 9 continuation continuation NN 43431 1894 10 of of IN 43431 1894 11 the the DT 43431 1894 12 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1894 13 column column NN 43431 1894 14 ; ; : 43431 1894 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1894 16 2 2 LS 43431 1894 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1894 18 a a DT 43431 1894 19 number number NN 43431 1894 20 of of IN 43431 1894 21 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1894 22 structures structure NNS 43431 1894 23 , , , 43431 1894 24 disconnected disconnected JJ 43431 1894 25 or or CC 43431 1894 26 only only RB 43431 1894 27 loosely loosely RB 43431 1894 28 connected connect VBN 43431 1894 29 with with IN 43431 1894 30 the the DT 43431 1894 31 cranium cranium NN 43431 1894 32 . . . 43431 1895 1 These these DT 43431 1895 2 together together RB 43431 1895 3 constitute constitute VBP 43431 1895 4 the the DT 43431 1895 5 = = SYM 43431 1895 6 visceral visceral JJ 43431 1895 7 skeleton= skeleton= NNP 43431 1895 8 forming form VBG 43431 1895 9 the the DT 43431 1895 10 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1895 11 and and CC 43431 1895 12 supporting support VBG 43431 1895 13 the the DT 43431 1895 14 gills gill NNS 43431 1895 15 . . . 43431 1896 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1896 2 1 1 LS 43431 1896 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1896 4 THE the DT 43431 1896 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 1896 6 . . . 43431 1897 1 The the DT 43431 1897 2 = = SYM 43431 1897 3 Cranium= cranium= NN 43431 1897 4 is be VBZ 43431 1897 5 an an DT 43431 1897 6 oblong oblong JJ 43431 1897 7 box box NN 43431 1897 8 , , , 43431 1897 9 with with IN 43431 1897 10 a a DT 43431 1897 11 flattened flattened JJ 43431 1897 12 floor floor NN 43431 1897 13 and and CC 43431 1897 14 a a DT 43431 1897 15 more more RBR 43431 1897 16 irregular irregular JJ 43431 1897 17 roof roof NN 43431 1897 18 . . . 43431 1898 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1898 2 sides side NNS 43431 1898 3 are be VBP 43431 1898 4 expanded expand VBN 43431 1898 5 in in IN 43431 1898 6 front front JJ 43431 1898 7 owing owing NN 43431 1898 8 to to IN 43431 1898 9 the the DT 43431 1898 10 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 1898 11 capsules capsule NNS 43431 1898 12 , , , 43431 1898 13 and and CC 43431 1898 14 behind behind RB 43431 1898 15 owing owe VBG 43431 1898 16 to to IN 43431 1898 17 the the DT 43431 1898 18 auditory auditory JJ 43431 1898 19 capsules capsule NNS 43431 1898 20 , , , 43431 1898 21 while while IN 43431 1898 22 in in IN 43431 1898 23 the the DT 43431 1898 24 middle middle NN 43431 1898 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1898 26 are be VBP 43431 1898 27 deeply deeply RB 43431 1898 28 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 1898 29 to to TO 43431 1898 30 form form VB 43431 1898 31 the the DT 43431 1898 32 orbits orbit NNS 43431 1898 33 . . . 43431 1899 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1899 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1899 3 a a DT 43431 1899 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1899 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1899 6 On on IN 43431 1899 7 the the DT 43431 1899 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1899 9 surface surface NN 43431 1899 10 of of IN 43431 1899 11 the the DT 43431 1899 12 cranium cranium NN 43431 1899 13 the the DT 43431 1899 14 following follow VBG 43431 1899 15 points point NNS 43431 1899 16 should should MD 43431 1899 17 be be VB 43431 1899 18 noticed notice VBN 43431 1899 19 . . . 43431 1900 1 First first RB 43431 1900 2 at at IN 43431 1900 3 the the DT 43431 1900 4 anterior anterior NN 43431 1900 5 end end NN 43431 1900 6 , , , 43431 1900 7 the the DT 43431 1900 8 large large JJ 43431 1900 9 thin thin JJ 43431 1900 10 - - HYPH 43431 1900 11 walled walled JJ 43431 1900 12 = = SYM 43431 1900 13 nasal= nasal= NN 43431 1900 14 or or CC 43431 1900 15 = = SYM 43431 1900 16 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 1900 17 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 1900 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1900 19 fig fig NN 43431 1900 20 . . . 43431 1901 1 6 6 CD 43431 1901 2 , , , 43431 1901 3 1 1 CD 43431 1901 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1901 5 , , , 43431 1901 6 each each DT 43431 1901 7 of of IN 43431 1901 8 which which WDT 43431 1901 9 is be VBZ 43431 1901 10 drawn draw VBN 43431 1901 11 out out RP 43431 1901 12 into into IN 43431 1901 13 a a DT 43431 1901 14 narrow narrow JJ 43431 1901 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1901 16 process process NN 43431 1901 17 . . . 43431 1902 1 The the DT 43431 1902 2 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 1902 3 capsules capsule NNS 43431 1902 4 have have VBP 43431 1902 5 no no DT 43431 1902 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1902 7 walls wall NNS 43431 1902 8 , , , 43431 1902 9 and and CC 43431 1902 10 are be VBP 43431 1902 11 separated separate VBN 43431 1902 12 from from IN 43431 1902 13 one one CD 43431 1902 14 another another DT 43431 1902 15 by by IN 43431 1902 16 the the DT 43431 1902 17 = = SYM 43431 1902 18 internasal internasal NNP 43431 1902 19 septum= septum= NNP 43431 1902 20 , , , 43431 1902 21 which which WDT 43431 1902 22 is be VBZ 43431 1902 23 drawn draw VBN 43431 1902 24 out out RP 43431 1902 25 into into IN 43431 1902 26 a a DT 43431 1902 27 third third JJ 43431 1902 28 slender slender NN 43431 1902 29 process process NN 43431 1902 30 . . . 43431 1903 1 These these DT 43431 1903 2 three three CD 43431 1903 3 processes process NNS 43431 1903 4 together together RB 43431 1903 5 constitute constitute VBP 43431 1903 6 the the DT 43431 1903 7 = = SYM 43431 1903 8 rostrum= rostrum= NNS 43431 1903 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1903 10 fig fig NN 43431 1903 11 . . . 43431 1904 1 6 6 CD 43431 1904 2 , , , 43431 1904 3 2 2 CD 43431 1904 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1904 5 . . . 43431 1905 1 Behind behind IN 43431 1905 2 the the DT 43431 1905 3 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 1905 4 capsules capsule NNS 43431 1905 5 comes come VBZ 43431 1905 6 a a DT 43431 1905 7 large large JJ 43431 1905 8 , , , 43431 1905 9 nearly nearly RB 43431 1905 10 circular circular JJ 43431 1905 11 , , , 43431 1905 12 hole hole NN 43431 1905 13 , , , 43431 1905 14 the the DT 43431 1905 15 = = SYM 43431 1905 16 anterior anterior NNP 43431 1905 17 fontanelle= fontanelle= NNP 43431 1905 18 , , , 43431 1905 19 slightly slightly RB 43431 1905 20 behind behind IN 43431 1905 21 which which WDT 43431 1905 22 are be VBP 43431 1905 23 the the DT 43431 1905 24 two two CD 43431 1905 25 = = SYM 43431 1905 26 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 1905 27 foramina=. foramina=. . 43431 1906 1 The the DT 43431 1906 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1906 3 and and CC 43431 1906 4 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1906 5 boundaries boundary NNS 43431 1906 6 of of IN 43431 1906 7 the the DT 43431 1906 8 orbits orbit NNS 43431 1906 9 are be VBP 43431 1906 10 respectively respectively RB 43431 1906 11 formed form VBN 43431 1906 12 by by IN 43431 1906 13 the the DT 43431 1906 14 prominent prominent JJ 43431 1906 15 = = SYM 43431 1906 16 supra supra NNP 43431 1906 17 - - HYPH 43431 1906 18 orbital= orbital= NNP 43431 1906 19 and and CC 43431 1906 20 = = SYM 43431 1906 21 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 1906 22 ridges=. ridges=. NNP 43431 1907 1 Behind behind RB 43431 1907 2 are be VBP 43431 1907 3 the the DT 43431 1907 4 = = NN 43431 1907 5 auditory auditory NN 43431 1907 6 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 1907 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1907 8 fig fig NN 43431 1907 9 . . . 43431 1908 1 6 6 CD 43431 1908 2 , , , 43431 1908 3 8) 8) CD 43431 1908 4 , , , 43431 1908 5 each each DT 43431 1908 6 of of IN 43431 1908 7 which which WDT 43431 1908 8 is be VBZ 43431 1908 9 marked mark VBN 43431 1908 10 by by IN 43431 1908 11 a a DT 43431 1908 12 pair pair NN 43431 1908 13 of of IN 43431 1908 14 prominent prominent JJ 43431 1908 15 ridges ridge NNS 43431 1908 16 , , , 43431 1908 17 converging converge VBG 43431 1908 18 towards towards IN 43431 1908 19 the the DT 43431 1908 20 middle middle JJ 43431 1908 21 line line NN 43431 1908 22 to to IN 43431 1908 23 a a DT 43431 1908 24 pair pair NN 43431 1908 25 of of IN 43431 1908 26 apertures aperture NNS 43431 1908 27 . . . 43431 1909 1 These these DT 43431 1909 2 apertures aperture NNS 43431 1909 3 communicate communicate VBP 43431 1909 4 with with IN 43431 1909 5 two two CD 43431 1909 6 canals canal NNS 43431 1909 7 , , , 43431 1909 8 the the DT 43431 1909 9 = = SYM 43431 1909 10 aqueductus aqueductus NNP 43431 1909 11 vestibuli= vestibuli= NNP 43431 1909 12 , , , 43431 1909 13 which which WDT 43431 1909 14 lead lead VBP 43431 1909 15 into into IN 43431 1909 16 the the DT 43431 1909 17 internal internal JJ 43431 1909 18 ear ear NN 43431 1909 19 . . . 43431 1910 1 The the DT 43431 1910 2 two two CD 43431 1910 3 ridges ridge NNS 43431 1910 4 lodge lodge VBP 43431 1910 5 respectively respectively RB 43431 1910 6 the the DT 43431 1910 7 = = SYM 43431 1910 8 anterior anterior NNP 43431 1910 9 and and CC 43431 1910 10 posterior posterior JJ 43431 1910 11 vertical vertical JJ 43431 1910 12 semicircular semicircular JJ 43431 1910 13 canals= canals= NN 43431 1910 14 of of IN 43431 1910 15 the the DT 43431 1910 16 ear ear NN 43431 1910 17 . . . 43431 1911 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1911 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1911 3 b b NNP 43431 1911 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1911 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1911 6 The the DT 43431 1911 7 principal principal JJ 43431 1911 8 structures structure NNS 43431 1911 9 to to TO 43431 1911 10 be be VB 43431 1911 11 noted note VBN 43431 1911 12 in in IN 43431 1911 13 a a DT 43431 1911 14 side side JJ 43431 1911 15 view view NN 43431 1911 16 of of IN 43431 1911 17 the the DT 43431 1911 18 cranium cranium NN 43431 1911 19 are be VBP 43431 1911 20 contained contain VBN 43431 1911 21 in in IN 43431 1911 22 the the DT 43431 1911 23 = = NN 43431 1911 24 orbit= orbit= NN 43431 1911 25 or or CC 43431 1911 26 eye eye NN 43431 1911 27 - - HYPH 43431 1911 28 cavity cavity NN 43431 1911 29 . . . 43431 1912 1 Near near IN 43431 1912 2 the the DT 43431 1912 3 base base NN 43431 1912 4 of of IN 43431 1912 5 the the DT 43431 1912 6 orbit orbit NN 43431 1912 7 at at IN 43431 1912 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1912 9 anterior anterior JJ 43431 1912 10 end end NN 43431 1912 11 is be VBZ 43431 1912 12 seen see VBN 43431 1912 13 the the DT 43431 1912 14 small small JJ 43431 1912 15 = = SYM 43431 1912 16 orbitonasal orbitonasal JJ 43431 1912 17 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 1912 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1912 19 fig fig NN 43431 1912 20 . . . 43431 1913 1 6 6 CD 43431 1913 2 , , , 43431 1913 3 7 7 CD 43431 1913 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1913 5 , , , 43431 1913 6 for for IN 43431 1913 7 the the DT 43431 1913 8 passage passage NN 43431 1913 9 of of IN 43431 1913 10 blood blood NN 43431 1913 11 - - HYPH 43431 1913 12 vessels vessel NNS 43431 1913 13 , , , 43431 1913 14 not not RB 43431 1913 15 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1913 16 . . . 43431 1914 1 Above above IN 43431 1914 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1914 3 is be VBZ 43431 1914 4 the the DT 43431 1914 5 large large JJ 43431 1914 6 = = SYM 43431 1914 7 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 1914 8 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 1914 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1914 10 fig fig NN 43431 1914 11 . . . 43431 1915 1 6 6 CD 43431 1915 2 , , , 43431 1915 3 5 5 CD 43431 1915 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1915 5 so so RB 43431 1915 6 prominent prominent JJ 43431 1915 7 in in IN 43431 1915 8 a a DT 43431 1915 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1915 10 view view NN 43431 1915 11 of of IN 43431 1915 12 the the DT 43431 1915 13 skull skull NN 43431 1915 14 ; ; : 43431 1915 15 through through IN 43431 1915 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1915 17 the the DT 43431 1915 18 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 1915 19 branches branch NNS 43431 1915 20 of of IN 43431 1915 21 the the DT 43431 1915 22 fifth fifth JJ 43431 1915 23 and and CC 43431 1915 24 seventh seventh JJ 43431 1915 25 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1915 26 pass pass VBP 43431 1915 27 . . . 43431 1916 1 Slightly slightly RB 43431 1916 2 further further RB 43431 1916 3 back back RB 43431 1916 4 near near IN 43431 1916 5 the the DT 43431 1916 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1916 7 surface surface NN 43431 1916 8 is be VBZ 43431 1916 9 the the DT 43431 1916 10 large large JJ 43431 1916 11 = = SYM 43431 1916 12 optic optic JJ 43431 1916 13 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 1916 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1916 15 fig fig NN 43431 1916 16 . . . 43431 1917 1 6 6 CD 43431 1917 2 , , , 43431 1917 3 II II NNP 43431 1917 4 . . . 43431 1917 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1918 1 for for IN 43431 1918 2 the the DT 43431 1918 3 passage passage NN 43431 1918 4 of of IN 43431 1918 5 the the DT 43431 1918 6 second second JJ 43431 1918 7 nerve nerve NN 43431 1918 8 . . . 43431 1919 1 Vertically vertically RB 43431 1919 2 above above IN 43431 1919 3 the the DT 43431 1919 4 optic optic JJ 43431 1919 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1919 6 , , , 43431 1919 7 near near IN 43431 1919 8 the the DT 43431 1919 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1919 10 surface surface NN 43431 1919 11 , , , 43431 1919 12 is be VBZ 43431 1919 13 the the DT 43431 1919 14 very very RB 43431 1919 15 small small JJ 43431 1919 16 = = NNS 43431 1919 17 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1919 18 for for IN 43431 1919 19 the the DT 43431 1919 20 fourth fourth JJ 43431 1919 21 nerve= nerve= NNP 43431 1919 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1919 23 fig fig NN 43431 1919 24 . . . 43431 1920 1 6 6 CD 43431 1920 2 , , , 43431 1920 3 IV IV NNP 43431 1920 4 . . . 43431 1920 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1920 6 . . . 43431 1921 1 Behind behind RB 43431 1921 2 and and CC 43431 1921 3 a a DT 43431 1921 4 little little JJ 43431 1921 5 above above IN 43431 1921 6 the the DT 43431 1921 7 optic optic JJ 43431 1921 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1921 9 is be VBZ 43431 1921 10 another another DT 43431 1921 11 small small JJ 43431 1921 12 aperture aperture NN 43431 1921 13 , , , 43431 1921 14 the the DT 43431 1921 15 = = SYM 43431 1921 16 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1921 17 for for IN 43431 1921 18 the the DT 43431 1921 19 third third JJ 43431 1921 20 nerve=. nerve=. NNP 43431 1922 1 Behind behind RB 43431 1922 2 and and CC 43431 1922 3 slightly slightly RB 43431 1922 4 below below IN 43431 1922 5 this this DT 43431 1922 6 is be VBZ 43431 1922 7 the the DT 43431 1922 8 large large JJ 43431 1922 9 = = SYM 43431 1922 10 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1922 11 for for IN 43431 1922 12 the the DT 43431 1922 13 sixth sixth JJ 43431 1922 14 and and CC 43431 1922 15 main main JJ 43431 1922 16 branches branch NNS 43431 1922 17 of of IN 43431 1922 18 the the DT 43431 1922 19 fifth fifth JJ 43431 1922 20 and and CC 43431 1922 21 seventh seventh JJ 43431 1922 22 nerves= nerves= NNP 43431 1922 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1922 24 fig fig NN 43431 1922 25 . . . 43431 1923 1 6 6 CD 43431 1923 2 , , , 43431 1923 3 V. V. NNP 43431 1923 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1923 5 . . . 43431 1924 1 In in IN 43431 1924 2 front front NN 43431 1924 3 of of IN 43431 1924 4 and and CC 43431 1924 5 slightly slightly RB 43431 1924 6 below below IN 43431 1924 7 this this DT 43431 1924 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1924 9 are be VBP 43431 1924 10 seen see VBN 43431 1924 11 two two CD 43431 1924 12 other other JJ 43431 1924 13 small small JJ 43431 1924 14 apertures aperture NNS 43431 1924 15 ; ; : 43431 1924 16 the the DT 43431 1924 17 more more RBR 43431 1924 18 anterior anterior NNP 43431 1924 19 and and CC 43431 1924 20 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1924 21 of of IN 43431 1924 22 these these DT 43431 1924 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1924 24 fig fig NN 43431 1924 25 . . . 43431 1925 1 6 6 CD 43431 1925 2 , , , 43431 1925 3 4 4 CD 43431 1925 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1925 5 is be VBZ 43431 1925 6 for for IN 43431 1925 7 the the DT 43431 1925 8 passage passage NN 43431 1925 9 of of IN 43431 1925 10 a a DT 43431 1925 11 vessel vessel NN 43431 1925 12 connecting connect VBG 43431 1925 13 the the DT 43431 1925 14 efferent efferent JJ 43431 1925 15 artery artery NN 43431 1925 16 of of IN 43431 1925 17 the the DT 43431 1925 18 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1925 19 gill gill NN 43431 1925 20 with with IN 43431 1925 21 the the DT 43431 1925 22 internal internal JJ 43431 1925 23 carotid carotid NNS 43431 1925 24 artery artery NN 43431 1925 25 inside inside IN 43431 1925 26 the the DT 43431 1925 27 skull skull NN 43431 1925 28 , , , 43431 1925 29 the the DT 43431 1925 30 more more JJR 43431 1925 31 posterior posterior NN 43431 1925 32 and and CC 43431 1925 33 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1925 34 is be VBZ 43431 1925 35 for for IN 43431 1925 36 the the DT 43431 1925 37 = = SYM 43431 1925 38 interorbital interorbital NNP 43431 1925 39 canal= canal= NNP 43431 1925 40 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1925 41 fig fig NN 43431 1925 42 . . . 43431 1926 1 6 6 CD 43431 1926 2 , , , 43431 1926 3 3 3 CD 43431 1926 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1926 5 which which WDT 43431 1926 6 unites unite VBZ 43431 1926 7 the the DT 43431 1926 8 two two CD 43431 1926 9 orbital orbital JJ 43431 1926 10 sinuses sinus NNS 43431 1926 11 . . . 43431 1927 1 Above above IN 43431 1927 2 and and CC 43431 1927 3 very very RB 43431 1927 4 slightly slightly RB 43431 1927 5 in in IN 43431 1927 6 front front NN 43431 1927 7 of of IN 43431 1927 8 the the DT 43431 1927 9 large large JJ 43431 1927 10 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1927 11 for for IN 43431 1927 12 the the DT 43431 1927 13 sixth sixth JJ 43431 1927 14 and and CC 43431 1927 15 main main JJ 43431 1927 16 parts part NNS 43431 1927 17 of of IN 43431 1927 18 the the DT 43431 1927 19 fifth fifth JJ 43431 1927 20 and and CC 43431 1927 21 seventh seventh JJ 43431 1927 22 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1927 23 , , , 43431 1927 24 are be VBP 43431 1927 25 two two CD 43431 1927 26 small small JJ 43431 1927 27 foramina foramina NN 43431 1927 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1927 29 fig fig NN 43431 1927 30 . . . 43431 1928 1 6 6 CD 43431 1928 2 , , , 43431 1928 3 Va. Virginia NNP 43431 1928 4 , , , 43431 1928 5 and and CC 43431 1928 6 VIIa VIIa NNS 43431 1928 7 . . . 43431 1929 1 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1929 2 , , , 43431 1929 3 through through IN 43431 1929 4 which which WDT 43431 1929 5 the the DT 43431 1929 6 = = SYM 43431 1929 7 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 1929 8 branches branch NNS 43431 1929 9 of of IN 43431 1929 10 the the DT 43431 1929 11 fifth fifth JJ 43431 1929 12 and and CC 43431 1929 13 seventh seventh JJ 43431 1929 14 nerves= nerves= NNP 43431 1929 15 enter enter VBP 43431 1929 16 the the DT 43431 1929 17 orbit orbit NN 43431 1929 18 . . . 43431 1930 1 Behind behind RB 43431 1930 2 and and CC 43431 1930 3 slightly slightly RB 43431 1930 4 below below IN 43431 1930 5 the the DT 43431 1930 6 large large JJ 43431 1930 7 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1930 8 just just RB 43431 1930 9 mentioned mention VBD 43431 1930 10 is be VBZ 43431 1930 11 a a DT 43431 1930 12 small small JJ 43431 1930 13 hole hole NN 43431 1930 14 through through IN 43431 1930 15 which which WDT 43431 1930 16 the the DT 43431 1930 17 external external JJ 43431 1930 18 carotid carotid NN 43431 1930 19 enters enter VBZ 43431 1930 20 the the DT 43431 1930 21 orbit orbit NN 43431 1930 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1930 23 fig fig NN 43431 1930 24 . . . 43431 1931 1 6 6 CD 43431 1931 2 , , , 43431 1931 3 9 9 CD 43431 1931 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1931 5 . . . 43431 1932 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 1932 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 1932 3 Fig Fig NNP 43431 1932 4 . . . 43431 1933 1 6 6 CD 43431 1933 2 . . . 43431 1934 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 1934 2 VIEW view NN 43431 1934 3 OF of IN 43431 1934 4 THE the DT 43431 1934 5 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 1934 6 OF of IN 43431 1934 7 A a DT 43431 1934 8 DOGFISH DOGFISH NNP 43431 1934 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1934 10 _ _ NNP 43431 1934 11 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 1934 12 canicula canicula NN 43431 1934 13 _ _ NNP 43431 1934 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1934 15 à à NNP 43431 1934 16 � � NNP 43431 1934 17 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 1934 18 . . . 43431 1934 19 ] ] -RRB- 43431 1935 1 1 1 LS 43431 1935 2 . . . 43431 1935 3 nasal nasal NNP 43431 1935 4 capsule capsule NNP 43431 1935 5 . . . 43431 1936 1 2 2 LS 43431 1936 2 . . . 43431 1936 3 rostrum rostrum NNP 43431 1936 4 . . . 43431 1937 1 3 3 LS 43431 1937 2 . . . 43431 1937 3 interorbital interorbital NNP 43431 1937 4 canal canal NNP 43431 1937 5 . . . 43431 1938 1 4 4 LS 43431 1938 2 . . . 43431 1938 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1938 4 for for IN 43431 1938 5 hyoidean hyoidean NNP 43431 1938 6 artery artery NN 43431 1938 7 . . . 43431 1939 1 5 5 LS 43431 1939 2 . . . 43431 1939 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1939 4 for for IN 43431 1939 5 the the DT 43431 1939 6 exit exit NN 43431 1939 7 of of IN 43431 1939 8 the the DT 43431 1939 9 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 1939 10 branches branch NNS 43431 1939 11 of of IN 43431 1939 12 Vth Vth NNP 43431 1939 13 and and CC 43431 1939 14 VIIth VIIth NNP 43431 1939 15 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1939 16 . . . 43431 1940 1 6 6 CD 43431 1940 2 . . . 43431 1940 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1940 4 through through IN 43431 1940 5 which which WDT 43431 1940 6 the the DT 43431 1940 7 external external JJ 43431 1940 8 carotid carotid NN 43431 1940 9 leaves leave VBZ 43431 1940 10 the the DT 43431 1940 11 orbit orbit NN 43431 1940 12 . . . 43431 1941 1 7 7 LS 43431 1941 2 . . . 43431 1941 3 orbitonasal orbitonasal JJ 43431 1941 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1941 5 . . . 43431 1942 1 8 8 LS 43431 1942 2 . . . 43431 1942 3 auditory auditory JJ 43431 1942 4 capsule capsule NN 43431 1942 5 . . . 43431 1943 1 9 9 LS 43431 1943 2 . . . 43431 1943 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1943 4 through through IN 43431 1943 5 which which WDT 43431 1943 6 the the DT 43431 1943 7 external external JJ 43431 1943 8 carotid carotid NN 43431 1943 9 enters enter VBZ 43431 1943 10 the the DT 43431 1943 11 orbit orbit NN 43431 1943 12 . . . 43431 1944 1 10 10 CD 43431 1944 2 . . . 43431 1944 3 ethmo ethmo NNP 43431 1944 4 - - HYPH 43431 1944 5 palatine palatine JJ 43431 1944 6 ligament ligament NN 43431 1944 7 . . . 43431 1945 1 11 11 CD 43431 1945 2 . . . 43431 1945 3 palato palato NNP 43431 1945 4 - - HYPH 43431 1945 5 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 1945 6 - - HYPH 43431 1945 7 quadrate quadrate VB 43431 1945 8 bar bar NN 43431 1945 9 . . . 43431 1946 1 12 12 CD 43431 1946 2 . . . 43431 1947 1 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 1947 2 's 's POS 43431 1947 3 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1947 4 . . . 43431 1948 1 13 13 CD 43431 1948 2 . . . 43431 1948 3 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1948 4 . . . 43431 1949 1 14 14 CD 43431 1949 2 . . . 43431 1949 3 cerato cerato NNP 43431 1949 4 - - HYPH 43431 1949 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 1949 6 . . . 43431 1950 1 15 15 CD 43431 1950 2 . . . 43431 1950 3 pharyngo pharyngo NNP 43431 1950 4 - - HYPH 43431 1950 5 branchial branchial NNP 43431 1950 6 . . . 43431 1951 1 16 16 CD 43431 1951 2 . . . 43431 1951 3 epi epi NNP 43431 1951 4 - - HYPH 43431 1951 5 branchial branchial NNP 43431 1951 6 . . . 43431 1952 1 17 17 CD 43431 1952 2 . . . 43431 1952 3 cerato cerato NNP 43431 1952 4 - - HYPH 43431 1952 5 branchial branchial NNP 43431 1952 6 . . . 43431 1953 1 18 18 CD 43431 1953 2 . . . 43431 1953 3 gill gill NNP 43431 1953 4 filaments filament NNS 43431 1953 5 , , , 43431 1953 6 nearly nearly RB 43431 1953 7 all all DT 43431 1953 8 have have VBP 43431 1953 9 been be VBN 43431 1953 10 cut cut VBN 43431 1953 11 off off RP 43431 1953 12 short short RB 43431 1953 13 for for IN 43431 1953 14 the the DT 43431 1953 15 sake sake NN 43431 1953 16 of of IN 43431 1953 17 clearness clearness NN 43431 1953 18 . . . 43431 1954 1 19 19 CD 43431 1954 2 . . . 43431 1954 3 extra extra JJ 43431 1954 4 - - HYPH 43431 1954 5 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1954 6 . . . 43431 1955 1 20 20 CD 43431 1955 2 . . . 43431 1955 3 pre pre JJ 43431 1955 4 - - JJ 43431 1955 5 spiracular spiracular JJ 43431 1955 6 ligament ligament NN 43431 1955 7 . . . 43431 1956 1 II ii CD 43431 1956 2 . . . 43431 1957 1 III iii CD 43431 1957 2 . . . 43431 1958 1 IV IV NNP 43431 1958 2 . . . 43431 1959 1 V. V. NNP 43431 1959 2 Va. Virginia NNP 43431 1959 3 VIIa VIIa NNP 43431 1959 4 . . . 43431 1960 1 foramina foramina NNP 43431 1960 2 for for IN 43431 1960 3 passage passage NN 43431 1960 4 of of IN 43431 1960 5 cranial cranial JJ 43431 1960 6 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1960 7 . . . 43431 1961 1 Behind behind IN 43431 1961 2 the the DT 43431 1961 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 1961 4 is be VBZ 43431 1961 5 the the DT 43431 1961 6 = = NN 43431 1961 7 auditory auditory NN 43431 1961 8 capsule=. capsule=. . 43431 1962 1 This this DT 43431 1962 2 is be VBZ 43431 1962 3 marked mark VBN 43431 1962 4 below below IN 43431 1962 5 by by IN 43431 1962 6 a a DT 43431 1962 7 prominent prominent JJ 43431 1962 8 = = SYM 43431 1962 9 surface surface NN 43431 1962 10 for for IN 43431 1962 11 the the DT 43431 1962 12 articulation articulation NN 43431 1962 13 of of IN 43431 1962 14 the the DT 43431 1962 15 hyomandibular= hyomandibular= NN 43431 1962 16 , , , 43431 1962 17 above above IN 43431 1962 18 which which WDT 43431 1962 19 is be VBZ 43431 1962 20 the the DT 43431 1962 21 deep deep JJ 43431 1962 22 = = SYM 43431 1962 23 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 1962 24 groove= groove= NN 43431 1962 25 for for IN 43431 1962 26 the the DT 43431 1962 27 passage passage NN 43431 1962 28 of of IN 43431 1962 29 a a DT 43431 1962 30 blood blood NN 43431 1962 31 - - HYPH 43431 1962 32 vessel vessel NN 43431 1962 33 , , , 43431 1962 34 connecting connect VBG 43431 1962 35 the the DT 43431 1962 36 orbital orbital JJ 43431 1962 37 and and CC 43431 1962 38 anterior anterior NNP 43431 1962 39 cardinal cardinal JJ 43431 1962 40 sinuses sinus NNS 43431 1962 41 . . . 43431 1963 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1963 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1963 3 c c NNP 43431 1963 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1963 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1963 6 Passing pass VBG 43431 1963 7 to to IN 43431 1963 8 the the DT 43431 1963 9 posterior posterior JJ 43431 1963 10 end end NN 43431 1963 11 of of IN 43431 1963 12 the the DT 43431 1963 13 cranium cranium NN 43431 1963 14 : : : 43431 1963 15 in in IN 43431 1963 16 the the DT 43431 1963 17 centre centre NN 43431 1963 18 is be VBZ 43431 1963 19 seen see VBN 43431 1963 20 the the DT 43431 1963 21 large large JJ 43431 1963 22 = = SYM 43431 1963 23 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1963 24 magnum= magnum= NNS 43431 1963 25 through through IN 43431 1963 26 which which WDT 43431 1963 27 the the DT 43431 1963 28 brain brain NN 43431 1963 29 and and CC 43431 1963 30 spinal spinal JJ 43431 1963 31 cord cord NN 43431 1963 32 communicate communicate NN 43431 1963 33 . . . 43431 1964 1 The the DT 43431 1964 2 = = SYM 43431 1964 3 notochord= notochord= NN 43431 1964 4 enters enter VBZ 43431 1964 5 the the DT 43431 1964 6 skull skull NN 43431 1964 7 just just RB 43431 1964 8 below below IN 43431 1964 9 this this DT 43431 1964 10 foramen foraman NNS 43431 1964 11 , , , 43431 1964 12 and and CC 43431 1964 13 on on IN 43431 1964 14 each each DT 43431 1964 15 side side NN 43431 1964 16 of of IN 43431 1964 17 the the DT 43431 1964 18 notochord notochord NN 43431 1964 19 is be VBZ 43431 1964 20 a a DT 43431 1964 21 projection projection NN 43431 1964 22 , , , 43431 1964 23 the the DT 43431 1964 24 = = SYM 43431 1964 25 occipital occipital NN 43431 1964 26 condyle= condyle= NN 43431 1964 27 , , , 43431 1964 28 by by IN 43431 1964 29 which which WDT 43431 1964 30 the the DT 43431 1964 31 first first JJ 43431 1964 32 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 1964 33 articulates articulate NNS 43431 1964 34 with with IN 43431 1964 35 the the DT 43431 1964 36 skull skull NN 43431 1964 37 . . . 43431 1965 1 External external JJ 43431 1965 2 to to IN 43431 1965 3 the the DT 43431 1965 4 condyles condyle NNS 43431 1965 5 are be VBP 43431 1965 6 the the DT 43431 1965 7 prominent prominent JJ 43431 1965 8 = = SYM 43431 1965 9 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 1965 10 foramina= foramina= NN 43431 1965 11 for for IN 43431 1965 12 the the DT 43431 1965 13 passage passage NN 43431 1965 14 of of IN 43431 1965 15 the the DT 43431 1965 16 tenth tenth JJ 43431 1965 17 nerves nerve NNS 43431 1965 18 , , , 43431 1965 19 and and CC 43431 1965 20 further further RB 43431 1965 21 to to IN 43431 1965 22 the the DT 43431 1965 23 sides side NNS 43431 1965 24 , , , 43431 1965 25 just just RB 43431 1965 26 beyond beyond IN 43431 1965 27 the the DT 43431 1965 28 posterior posterior JJ 43431 1965 29 vertical vertical JJ 43431 1965 30 semicircular semicircular JJ 43431 1965 31 canals canal NNS 43431 1965 32 , , , 43431 1965 33 are be VBP 43431 1965 34 a a DT 43431 1965 35 pair pair NN 43431 1965 36 of of IN 43431 1965 37 deep deep JJ 43431 1965 38 pits pit NNS 43431 1965 39 in in IN 43431 1965 40 which which WDT 43431 1965 41 lie lie VBP 43431 1965 42 the the DT 43431 1965 43 = = SYM 43431 1965 44 foramina foramina NN 43431 1965 45 for for IN 43431 1965 46 the the DT 43431 1965 47 ninth ninth NNP 43431 1965 48 nerves= nerves= NNP 43431 1965 49 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1965 50 fig fig NNP 43431 1965 51 . . . 43431 1966 1 6 6 CD 43431 1966 2 , , , 43431 1966 3 IX IX NNP 43431 1966 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1966 5 . . . 43431 1967 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1967 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1967 3 d d NNP 43431 1967 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1967 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1967 6 The the DT 43431 1967 7 broad broad JJ 43431 1967 8 and and CC 43431 1967 9 flat flat JJ 43431 1967 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1967 11 surface surface NN 43431 1967 12 of of IN 43431 1967 13 the the DT 43431 1967 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 1967 15 is be VBZ 43431 1967 16 continued continue VBN 43431 1967 17 in in IN 43431 1967 18 front front NN 43431 1967 19 as as IN 43431 1967 20 the the DT 43431 1967 21 = = SYM 43431 1967 22 internasal internasal NN 43431 1967 23 septum= septum= NNS 43431 1967 24 and and CC 43431 1967 25 terminated terminate VBN 43431 1967 26 laterally laterally RB 43431 1967 27 by by IN 43431 1967 28 the the DT 43431 1967 29 = = SYM 43431 1967 30 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 1967 31 ridges=. ridges=. NNP 43431 1968 1 At at IN 43431 1968 2 a a DT 43431 1968 3 little little JJ 43431 1968 4 behind behind IN 43431 1968 5 the the DT 43431 1968 6 middle middle NN 43431 1968 7 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1968 8 is be VBZ 43431 1968 9 traversed traverse VBN 43431 1968 10 by by IN 43431 1968 11 two two CD 43431 1968 12 shallow shallow JJ 43431 1968 13 grooves groove NNS 43431 1968 14 along along IN 43431 1968 15 which which WDT 43431 1968 16 the the DT 43431 1968 17 internal internal JJ 43431 1968 18 carotid carotid NNP 43431 1968 19 arteries artery NNS 43431 1968 20 run run VBP 43431 1968 21 . . . 43431 1969 1 At at IN 43431 1969 2 the the DT 43431 1969 3 divergent divergent JJ 43431 1969 4 ends end NNS 43431 1969 5 of of IN 43431 1969 6 these these DT 43431 1969 7 grooves groove NNS 43431 1969 8 are be VBP 43431 1969 9 seen see VBN 43431 1969 10 two two CD 43431 1969 11 small small JJ 43431 1969 12 apertures aperture NNS 43431 1969 13 through through IN 43431 1969 14 which which WDT 43431 1969 15 the the DT 43431 1969 16 external external JJ 43431 1969 17 carotids carotid NNS 43431 1969 18 enter enter VBP 43431 1969 19 the the DT 43431 1969 20 orbit orbit NN 43431 1969 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1969 22 fig fig NN 43431 1969 23 . . . 43431 1970 1 6 6 CD 43431 1970 2 , , , 43431 1970 3 9 9 CD 43431 1970 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1970 5 , , , 43431 1970 6 and and CC 43431 1970 7 at at IN 43431 1970 8 the the DT 43431 1970 9 point point NN 43431 1970 10 where where WRB 43431 1970 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 1970 12 meet meet VBP 43431 1970 13 is be VBZ 43431 1970 14 a a DT 43431 1970 15 single single JJ 43431 1970 16 small small JJ 43431 1970 17 aperture aperture NN 43431 1970 18 through through IN 43431 1970 19 which which WDT 43431 1970 20 the the DT 43431 1970 21 internal internal JJ 43431 1970 22 carotid carotid NN 43431 1970 23 enters enter VBZ 43431 1970 24 the the DT 43431 1970 25 cranium cranium NN 43431 1970 26 . . . 43431 1971 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1971 2 2 2 LS 43431 1971 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1971 4 THE the DT 43431 1971 5 VISCERAL VISCERAL NNP 43431 1971 6 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 1971 7 . . . 43431 1972 1 The the DT 43431 1972 2 = = SYM 43431 1972 3 Visceral visceral JJ 43431 1972 4 skeleton= skeleton= JJ 43431 1972 5 forms form VBZ 43431 1972 6 a a DT 43431 1972 7 series series NN 43431 1972 8 of of IN 43431 1972 9 seven seven CD 43431 1972 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1972 11 arches arch NNS 43431 1972 12 or or CC 43431 1972 13 hoops hoop NNS 43431 1972 14 , , , 43431 1972 15 surrounding surround VBG 43431 1972 16 the the DT 43431 1972 17 anterior anterior JJ 43431 1972 18 part part NN 43431 1972 19 of of IN 43431 1972 20 the the DT 43431 1972 21 alimentary alimentary JJ 43431 1972 22 canal canal NN 43431 1972 23 , , , 43431 1972 24 and and CC 43431 1972 25 enclosing enclose VBG 43431 1972 26 a a DT 43431 1972 27 wide wide JJ 43431 1972 28 but but CC 43431 1972 29 rather rather RB 43431 1972 30 shallow shallow JJ 43431 1972 31 space space NN 43431 1972 32 . . . 43431 1973 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1973 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1973 3 a a DT 43431 1973 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1973 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1973 6 The the DT 43431 1973 7 first first JJ 43431 1973 8 or or CC 43431 1973 9 = = SYM 43431 1973 10 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 1973 11 arch= arch= NN 43431 1973 12 is be VBZ 43431 1973 13 the the DT 43431 1973 14 largest large JJS 43431 1973 15 of of IN 43431 1973 16 the the DT 43431 1973 17 series series NN 43431 1973 18 , , , 43431 1973 19 and and CC 43431 1973 20 forms form VBZ 43431 1973 21 the the DT 43431 1973 22 upper upper JJ 43431 1973 23 and and CC 43431 1973 24 lower lower JJ 43431 1973 25 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1973 26 . . . 43431 1974 1 Each each DT 43431 1974 2 half half NN 43431 1974 3 of of IN 43431 1974 4 the the DT 43431 1974 5 upper upper JJ 43431 1974 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 1974 7 or or CC 43431 1974 8 = = SYM 43431 1974 9 palato palato NN 43431 1974 10 - - HYPH 43431 1974 11 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 1974 12 - - HYPH 43431 1974 13 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 1974 14 bar bar NN 43431 1974 15 is be VBZ 43431 1974 16 formed form VBN 43431 1974 17 by by IN 43431 1974 18 a a DT 43431 1974 19 thick thick JJ 43431 1974 20 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1974 21 rod rod NN 43431 1974 22 which which WDT 43431 1974 23 meets meet VBZ 43431 1974 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1974 25 fellow fellow NN 43431 1974 26 in in IN 43431 1974 27 the the DT 43431 1974 28 middle middle JJ 43431 1974 29 line line NN 43431 1974 30 in in IN 43431 1974 31 front front NN 43431 1974 32 , , , 43431 1974 33 the the DT 43431 1974 34 two two CD 43431 1974 35 being be VBG 43431 1974 36 united unite VBN 43431 1974 37 by by IN 43431 1974 38 ligament ligament NN 43431 1974 39 . . . 43431 1975 1 Each each DT 43431 1975 2 half half NN 43431 1975 3 is be VBZ 43431 1975 4 connected connect VBN 43431 1975 5 to to IN 43431 1975 6 the the DT 43431 1975 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 1975 8 just just RB 43431 1975 9 in in IN 43431 1975 10 front front NN 43431 1975 11 of of IN 43431 1975 12 the the DT 43431 1975 13 orbit orbit NN 43431 1975 14 by by IN 43431 1975 15 the the DT 43431 1975 16 = = SYM 43431 1975 17 ethmo ethmo NNP 43431 1975 18 - - HYPH 43431 1975 19 palatine palatine NNP 43431 1975 20 ligament= ligament= NNP 43431 1975 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1975 22 fig fig NN 43431 1975 23 . . . 43431 1976 1 6 6 CD 43431 1976 2 , , , 43431 1976 3 10 10 CD 43431 1976 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1976 5 , , , 43431 1976 6 and and CC 43431 1976 7 at at IN 43431 1976 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1976 9 hind hind JJ 43431 1976 10 end end NN 43431 1976 11 articulates articulate NNS 43431 1976 12 with with IN 43431 1976 13 one one CD 43431 1976 14 of of IN 43431 1976 15 the the DT 43431 1976 16 halves half NNS 43431 1976 17 of of IN 43431 1976 18 the the DT 43431 1976 19 lower low JJR 43431 1976 20 jaw jaw NN 43431 1976 21 . . . 43431 1977 1 Each each DT 43431 1977 2 half half NN 43431 1977 3 of of IN 43431 1977 4 the the DT 43431 1977 5 lower low JJR 43431 1977 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 1977 7 or or CC 43431 1977 8 = = SYM 43431 1977 9 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 1977 10 's 's POS 43431 1977 11 cartilage= cartilage= NN 43431 1977 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1977 13 fig fig NN 43431 1977 14 . . . 43431 1978 1 6 6 CD 43431 1978 2 , , , 43431 1978 3 12 12 CD 43431 1978 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1978 5 is be VBZ 43431 1978 6 a a DT 43431 1978 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1978 8 bar bar NN 43431 1978 9 , , , 43431 1978 10 wide wide JJ 43431 1978 11 behind behind RB 43431 1978 12 but but CC 43431 1978 13 narrow narrow JJ 43431 1978 14 in in IN 43431 1978 15 front front NN 43431 1978 16 , , , 43431 1978 17 where where WRB 43431 1978 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1978 19 is be VBZ 43431 1978 20 united united JJ 43431 1978 21 to to IN 43431 1978 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1978 23 fellow fellow NN 43431 1978 24 by by IN 43431 1978 25 a a DT 43431 1978 26 median median JJ 43431 1978 27 ligament ligament NN 43431 1978 28 . . . 43431 1979 1 Imbedded imbed VBN 43431 1979 2 in in IN 43431 1979 3 the the DT 43431 1979 4 tissue tissue NN 43431 1979 5 external external JJ 43431 1979 6 to to IN 43431 1979 7 the the DT 43431 1979 8 upper upper JJ 43431 1979 9 jaw jaw NN 43431 1979 10 are be VBP 43431 1979 11 a a DT 43431 1979 12 pair pair NN 43431 1979 13 of of IN 43431 1979 14 = = `` 43431 1979 15 labial labial JJ 43431 1979 16 cartilages= cartilages= NNP 43431 1979 17 , , , 43431 1979 18 and and CC 43431 1979 19 a a DT 43431 1979 20 similar similar JJ 43431 1979 21 but but CC 43431 1979 22 smaller small JJR 43431 1979 23 pair pair NN 43431 1979 24 are be VBP 43431 1979 25 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 1979 26 in in IN 43431 1979 27 the the DT 43431 1979 28 tissue tissue NN 43431 1979 29 external external JJ 43431 1979 30 to to IN 43431 1979 31 the the DT 43431 1979 32 lower low JJR 43431 1979 33 jaw jaw NN 43431 1979 34 . . . 43431 1980 1 The the DT 43431 1980 2 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1980 3 are be VBP 43431 1980 4 developed develop VBN 43431 1980 5 from from IN 43431 1980 6 a a DT 43431 1980 7 structure structure NN 43431 1980 8 whose whose WP$ 43431 1980 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1980 10 and and CC 43431 1980 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1980 12 portions portion NNS 43431 1980 13 subsequently subsequently RB 43431 1980 14 become become VBP 43431 1980 15 of of IN 43431 1980 16 very very RB 43431 1980 17 different different JJ 43431 1980 18 importance importance NN 43431 1980 19 . . . 43431 1981 1 The the DT 43431 1981 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1981 3 portion portion NN 43431 1981 4 forms form NNS 43431 1981 5 both both CC 43431 1981 6 upper upper JJ 43431 1981 7 and and CC 43431 1981 8 lower lower JJ 43431 1981 9 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1981 10 , , , 43431 1981 11 the the DT 43431 1981 12 former former JJ 43431 1981 13 being be VBG 43431 1981 14 developed develop VBN 43431 1981 15 as as IN 43431 1981 16 an an DT 43431 1981 17 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 1981 18 from from IN 43431 1981 19 the the DT 43431 1981 20 latter latter JJ 43431 1981 21 . . . 43431 1982 1 The the DT 43431 1982 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1982 3 portion portion NN 43431 1982 4 forms form VBZ 43431 1982 5 only only RB 43431 1982 6 the the DT 43431 1982 7 = = SYM 43431 1982 8 pre pre JJ 43431 1982 9 - - JJ 43431 1982 10 spiracular spiracular JJ 43431 1982 11 ligament= ligament= NN 43431 1982 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1982 13 fig fig NN 43431 1982 14 . . . 43431 1983 1 6 6 CD 43431 1983 2 , , , 43431 1983 3 20 20 CD 43431 1983 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1983 5 , , , 43431 1983 6 a a DT 43431 1983 7 strong strong JJ 43431 1983 8 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 1983 9 band band NN 43431 1983 10 containing contain VBG 43431 1983 11 a a DT 43431 1983 12 nodule nodule NN 43431 1983 13 of of IN 43431 1983 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1983 15 , , , 43431 1983 16 and and CC 43431 1983 17 running run VBG 43431 1983 18 from from IN 43431 1983 19 the the DT 43431 1983 20 anterior anterior JJ 43431 1983 21 part part NN 43431 1983 22 of of IN 43431 1983 23 the the DT 43431 1983 24 auditory auditory JJ 43431 1983 25 capsule capsule NN 43431 1983 26 to to IN 43431 1983 27 the the DT 43431 1983 28 point point NN 43431 1983 29 where where WRB 43431 1983 30 the the DT 43431 1983 31 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1983 32 are be VBP 43431 1983 33 connected connect VBN 43431 1983 34 with with IN 43431 1983 35 the the DT 43431 1983 36 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1983 37 . . . 43431 1984 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1984 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1984 3 b b NNP 43431 1984 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1984 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1984 6 The the DT 43431 1984 7 = = SYM 43431 1984 8 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1984 9 arch= arch= JJ 43431 1984 10 consists consist VBZ 43431 1984 11 of of IN 43431 1984 12 a a DT 43431 1984 13 pair pair NN 43431 1984 14 of of IN 43431 1984 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1984 16 rods rod NNS 43431 1984 17 which which WDT 43431 1984 18 are be VBP 43431 1984 19 attached attach VBN 43431 1984 20 at at IN 43431 1984 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1984 22 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1984 23 ends end VBZ 43431 1984 24 to to IN 43431 1984 25 the the DT 43431 1984 26 cranium cranium NN 43431 1984 27 , , , 43431 1984 28 and and CC 43431 1984 29 are be VBP 43431 1984 30 united unite VBN 43431 1984 31 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 1984 32 by by IN 43431 1984 33 a a DT 43431 1984 34 broad broad JJ 43431 1984 35 median median JJ 43431 1984 36 plate plate NN 43431 1984 37 of of IN 43431 1984 38 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1984 39 , , , 43431 1984 40 the the DT 43431 1984 41 = = SYM 43431 1984 42 basi basi NN 43431 1984 43 - - HYPH 43431 1984 44 hyal=. hyal=. NNP 43431 1985 1 Each each DT 43431 1985 2 rod rod NN 43431 1985 3 is be VBZ 43431 1985 4 divided divide VBN 43431 1985 5 into into IN 43431 1985 6 a a DT 43431 1985 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1985 8 portion portion NN 43431 1985 9 , , , 43431 1985 10 the the DT 43431 1985 11 = = SYM 43431 1985 12 hyomandibular= hyomandibular= NN 43431 1985 13 and and CC 43431 1985 14 a a DT 43431 1985 15 ventral ventral JJ 43431 1985 16 portion portion NN 43431 1985 17 , , , 43431 1985 18 the the DT 43431 1985 19 = = SYM 43431 1985 20 cerato cerato NNP 43431 1985 21 - - HYPH 43431 1985 22 hyal=. hyal=. NNP 43431 1986 1 The the DT 43431 1986 2 = = SYM 43431 1986 3 hyomandibular= hyomandibular= NN 43431 1986 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1986 5 fig fig NN 43431 1986 6 . . . 43431 1987 1 6 6 CD 43431 1987 2 , , , 43431 1987 3 13 13 CD 43431 1987 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1987 5 is be VBZ 43431 1987 6 a a DT 43431 1987 7 short short JJ 43431 1987 8 stout stout JJ 43431 1987 9 rod rod NN 43431 1987 10 of of IN 43431 1987 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1987 12 projecting projecting NN 43431 1987 13 outwards outward NNS 43431 1987 14 , , , 43431 1987 15 and and CC 43431 1987 16 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 1987 17 backwards backwards RB 43431 1987 18 and and CC 43431 1987 19 downwards downwards RB 43431 1987 20 from from IN 43431 1987 21 the the DT 43431 1987 22 cranium cranium NN 43431 1987 23 , , , 43431 1987 24 with with IN 43431 1987 25 which which WDT 43431 1987 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 1987 27 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 1987 28 behind behind IN 43431 1987 29 the the DT 43431 1987 30 orbit orbit NN 43431 1987 31 and and CC 43431 1987 32 below below IN 43431 1987 33 the the DT 43431 1987 34 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 1987 35 groove groove NN 43431 1987 36 . . . 43431 1988 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1988 2 distal distal JJ 43431 1988 3 end end NN 43431 1988 4 articulates articulate NNS 43431 1988 5 with with IN 43431 1988 6 a a DT 43431 1988 7 rather rather RB 43431 1988 8 long long JJ 43431 1988 9 slender slender NN 43431 1988 10 bar bar NN 43431 1988 11 , , , 43431 1988 12 the the DT 43431 1988 13 = = SYM 43431 1988 14 cerato cerato NNP 43431 1988 15 - - HYPH 43431 1988 16 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 1988 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1988 18 fig fig NN 43431 1988 19 . . . 43431 1989 1 6 6 CD 43431 1989 2 , , , 43431 1989 3 14 14 CD 43431 1989 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1989 5 , , , 43431 1989 6 which which WDT 43431 1989 7 is be VBZ 43431 1989 8 in in IN 43431 1989 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1989 10 turn turn NN 43431 1989 11 attached attach VBN 43431 1989 12 to to IN 43431 1989 13 the the DT 43431 1989 14 side side NN 43431 1989 15 of of IN 43431 1989 16 the the DT 43431 1989 17 = = SYM 43431 1989 18 basi basi NN 43431 1989 19 - - HYPH 43431 1989 20 hyal=. hyal=. NNP 43431 1990 1 The the DT 43431 1990 2 = = SYM 43431 1990 3 basi basi NNP 43431 1990 4 - - HYPH 43431 1990 5 hyal= hyal= NN 43431 1990 6 is be VBZ 43431 1990 7 a a DT 43431 1990 8 broad broad JJ 43431 1990 9 plate plate NN 43431 1990 10 , , , 43431 1990 11 rounded round VBN 43431 1990 12 in in IN 43431 1990 13 front front NN 43431 1990 14 and and CC 43431 1990 15 drawn draw VBN 43431 1990 16 out out RP 43431 1990 17 behind behind RB 43431 1990 18 into into IN 43431 1990 19 two two CD 43431 1990 20 processes process NNS 43431 1990 21 to to TO 43431 1990 22 which which WDT 43431 1990 23 the the DT 43431 1990 24 two two CD 43431 1990 25 halves half NNS 43431 1990 26 of of IN 43431 1990 27 the the DT 43431 1990 28 first first JJ 43431 1990 29 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1990 30 arch arch NN 43431 1990 31 are be VBP 43431 1990 32 attached attach VBN 43431 1990 33 . . . 43431 1991 1 The the DT 43431 1991 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 1991 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 1991 4 of of IN 43431 1991 5 both both CC 43431 1991 6 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1991 7 and and CC 43431 1991 8 cerato cerato NNP 43431 1991 9 - - HYPH 43431 1991 10 hyal hyal NNP 43431 1991 11 bear bear NNP 43431 1991 12 slender slender NN 43431 1991 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 1991 14 processes process NNS 43431 1991 15 , , , 43431 1991 16 the the DT 43431 1991 17 = = SYM 43431 1991 18 gill gill NN 43431 1991 19 rays=. rays=. . 43431 1992 1 The the DT 43431 1992 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 1992 3 arch arch NN 43431 1992 4 forms form VBZ 43431 1992 5 the the DT 43431 1992 6 main main JJ 43431 1992 7 = = SYM 43431 1992 8 suspensorium= suspensorium= NNS 43431 1992 9 or or CC 43431 1992 10 means mean VBZ 43431 1992 11 by by IN 43431 1992 12 which which WDT 43431 1992 13 the the DT 43431 1992 14 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1992 15 are be VBP 43431 1992 16 attached attach VBN 43431 1992 17 to to IN 43431 1992 18 the the DT 43431 1992 19 cranium cranium NN 43431 1992 20 . . . 43431 1993 1 This this DT 43431 1993 2 attachment attachment NN 43431 1993 3 is be VBZ 43431 1993 4 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 1993 5 brought bring VBN 43431 1993 6 about about RP 43431 1993 7 by by IN 43431 1993 8 a a DT 43431 1993 9 series series NN 43431 1993 10 of of IN 43431 1993 11 short short JJ 43431 1993 12 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 1993 13 which which WDT 43431 1993 14 connect connect VBP 43431 1993 15 the the DT 43431 1993 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 1993 17 ends end NNS 43431 1993 18 of of IN 43431 1993 19 both both CC 43431 1993 20 upper upper JJ 43431 1993 21 and and CC 43431 1993 22 lower lower JJ 43431 1993 23 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1993 24 with with IN 43431 1993 25 the the DT 43431 1993 26 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 1993 27 , , , 43431 1993 28 but but CC 43431 1993 29 there there EX 43431 1993 30 is be VBZ 43431 1993 31 also also RB 43431 1993 32 a a DT 43431 1993 33 ligament ligament NN 43431 1993 34 connecting connect VBG 43431 1993 35 the the DT 43431 1993 36 lower low JJR 43431 1993 37 jaw jaw NN 43431 1993 38 with with IN 43431 1993 39 the the DT 43431 1993 40 cerato cerato NNP 43431 1993 41 - - HYPH 43431 1993 42 hyal hyal NNP 43431 1993 43 . . . 43431 1994 1 The the DT 43431 1994 2 attachment attachment NN 43431 1994 3 of of IN 43431 1994 4 the the DT 43431 1994 5 jaws jaw NNS 43431 1994 6 to to IN 43431 1994 7 the the DT 43431 1994 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 1994 9 is be VBZ 43431 1994 10 also also RB 43431 1994 11 partially partially RB 43431 1994 12 effected effect VBN 43431 1994 13 by by IN 43431 1994 14 the the DT 43431 1994 15 pre pre JJ 43431 1994 16 - - JJ 43431 1994 17 spiracular spiracular JJ 43431 1994 18 and and CC 43431 1994 19 ethmo ethmo JJ 43431 1994 20 - - HYPH 43431 1994 21 palatine palatine JJ 43431 1994 22 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 1994 23 . . . 43431 1995 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1995 2 _ _ NNP 43431 1995 3 c c NNP 43431 1995 4 _ _ NNP 43431 1995 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1995 6 Each each DT 43431 1995 7 of of IN 43431 1995 8 the the DT 43431 1995 9 five five CD 43431 1995 10 = = SYM 43431 1995 11 branchial branchial JJ 43431 1995 12 arches= arches= NN 43431 1995 13 is be VBZ 43431 1995 14 a a DT 43431 1995 15 hoop hoop JJ 43431 1995 16 , , , 43431 1995 17 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 1995 18 above above RB 43431 1995 19 and and CC 43431 1995 20 formed form VBN 43431 1995 21 of of IN 43431 1995 22 four four CD 43431 1995 23 or or CC 43431 1995 24 more more JJR 43431 1995 25 pieces piece NNS 43431 1995 26 of of IN 43431 1995 27 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 1995 28 . . . 43431 1996 1 The the DT 43431 1996 2 most most JJS 43431 1996 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 1996 4 elements element NNS 43431 1996 5 , , , 43431 1996 6 the the DT 43431 1996 7 = = SYM 43431 1996 8 pharyngo pharyngo NNP 43431 1996 9 - - HYPH 43431 1996 10 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 1996 11 , , , 43431 1996 12 are be VBP 43431 1996 13 flattened flatten VBN 43431 1996 14 , , , 43431 1996 15 pointed pointed JJ 43431 1996 16 plates plate NNS 43431 1996 17 whose whose WP$ 43431 1996 18 free free JJ 43431 1996 19 inner inner JJ 43431 1996 20 ends end NNS 43431 1996 21 run run VBN 43431 1996 22 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 1996 23 backwards backwards RB 43431 1996 24 , , , 43431 1996 25 and and CC 43431 1996 26 terminate terminate VB 43431 1996 27 below below IN 43431 1996 28 the the DT 43431 1996 29 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 1996 30 column column NN 43431 1996 31 . . . 43431 1997 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 1997 2 are be VBP 43431 1997 3 connected connect VBN 43431 1997 4 at at IN 43431 1997 5 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 1997 6 outer outer JJ 43431 1997 7 ends end NNS 43431 1997 8 with with IN 43431 1997 9 the the DT 43431 1997 10 short short JJ 43431 1997 11 broad broad JJ 43431 1997 12 = = SYM 43431 1997 13 epi epi NNP 43431 1997 14 - - NN 43431 1997 15 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 1997 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1997 17 fig fig NN 43431 1997 18 . . . 43431 1998 1 6 6 CD 43431 1998 2 , , , 43431 1998 3 16 16 CD 43431 1998 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 1998 5 which which WDT 43431 1998 6 lie lie VBP 43431 1998 7 at at IN 43431 1998 8 the the DT 43431 1998 9 sides side NNS 43431 1998 10 of of IN 43431 1998 11 the the DT 43431 1998 12 pharynx pharynx NN 43431 1998 13 . . . 43431 1999 1 From from IN 43431 1999 2 the the DT 43431 1999 3 epi epi NN 43431 1999 4 - - HYPH 43431 1999 5 branchials branchial NNS 43431 1999 6 arise arise VBP 43431 1999 7 the the DT 43431 1999 8 long long JJ 43431 1999 9 = = SYM 43431 1999 10 cerato cerato NNP 43431 1999 11 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 1999 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 1999 13 fig fig NNP 43431 1999 14 . . . 43431 2000 1 6 6 CD 43431 2000 2 , , , 43431 2000 3 17 17 CD 43431 2000 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2000 5 which which WDT 43431 2000 6 run run VBP 43431 2000 7 forwards forwards RB 43431 2000 8 and and CC 43431 2000 9 inwards inward NNS 43431 2000 10 along along IN 43431 2000 11 the the DT 43431 2000 12 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2000 13 wall wall NN 43431 2000 14 of of IN 43431 2000 15 the the DT 43431 2000 16 pharynx pharynx NN 43431 2000 17 . . . 43431 2001 1 The the DT 43431 2001 2 first first JJ 43431 2001 3 four four CD 43431 2001 4 cerato cerato NN 43431 2001 5 - - HYPH 43431 2001 6 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2001 7 are be VBP 43431 2001 8 connected connect VBN 43431 2001 9 with with IN 43431 2001 10 small small JJ 43431 2001 11 rods rod NNS 43431 2001 12 , , , 43431 2001 13 the the DT 43431 2001 14 = = SYM 43431 2001 15 hypo hypo NNP 43431 2001 16 - - HYPH 43431 2001 17 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 2001 18 , , , 43431 2001 19 which which WDT 43431 2001 20 run run VBP 43431 2001 21 backwards backwards RB 43431 2001 22 to to TO 43431 2001 23 meet meet VB 43431 2001 24 one one NN 43431 2001 25 another another DT 43431 2001 26 in in IN 43431 2001 27 the the DT 43431 2001 28 middle middle JJ 43431 2001 29 line line NN 43431 2001 30 . . . 43431 2002 1 The the DT 43431 2002 2 last last JJ 43431 2002 3 two two CD 43431 2002 4 pairs pair NNS 43431 2002 5 of of IN 43431 2002 6 hypo hypo NN 43431 2002 7 - - HYPH 43431 2002 8 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2002 9 and and CC 43431 2002 10 the the DT 43431 2002 11 fifth fifth JJ 43431 2002 12 cerato cerato NN 43431 2002 13 - - HYPH 43431 2002 14 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2002 15 are be VBP 43431 2002 16 connected connect VBN 43431 2002 17 with with IN 43431 2002 18 a a DT 43431 2002 19 broad broad JJ 43431 2002 20 median median JJ 43431 2002 21 plate plate NN 43431 2002 22 , , , 43431 2002 23 the the DT 43431 2002 24 = = SYM 43431 2002 25 basibranchial=. basibranchial=. FW 43431 2003 1 Along along IN 43431 2003 2 the the DT 43431 2003 3 outer outer JJ 43431 2003 4 sides side NNS 43431 2003 5 of of IN 43431 2003 6 the the DT 43431 2003 7 second second JJ 43431 2003 8 , , , 43431 2003 9 third third JJ 43431 2003 10 and and CC 43431 2003 11 fourth fourth JJ 43431 2003 12 cerato cerato NN 43431 2003 13 - - HYPH 43431 2003 14 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2003 15 are be VBP 43431 2003 16 found find VBN 43431 2003 17 elongated elongate VBN 43431 2003 18 curved curved JJ 43431 2003 19 rods rod NNS 43431 2003 20 , , , 43431 2003 21 the the DT 43431 2003 22 = = SYM 43431 2003 23 extra extra JJ 43431 2003 24 - - HYPH 43431 2003 25 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 2003 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2003 27 fig fig NN 43431 2003 28 . . . 43431 2004 1 6 6 CD 43431 2004 2 , , , 43431 2004 3 19 19 CD 43431 2004 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2004 5 . . . 43431 2005 1 The the DT 43431 2005 2 epi epi NN 43431 2005 3 - - HYPH 43431 2005 4 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2005 5 and and CC 43431 2005 6 cerato cerato NN 43431 2005 7 - - HYPH 43431 2005 8 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2005 9 bear bear VBP 43431 2005 10 gill gill JJ 43431 2005 11 rays ray NNS 43431 2005 12 along along IN 43431 2005 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2005 14 posterior posterior NN 43431 2005 15 borders border NNS 43431 2005 16 . . . 43431 2006 1 C. C. NNP 43431 2006 2 THE the DT 43431 2006 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 2006 4 OF of IN 43431 2006 5 THE the DT 43431 2006 6 MEDIAN MEDIAN NNP 43431 2006 7 FINS FINS NNPS 43431 2006 8 . . . 43431 2007 1 The the DT 43431 2007 2 = = SYM 43431 2007 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2007 4 fins= fins= NN 43431 2007 5 have have VBP 43431 2007 6 a a DT 43431 2007 7 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2007 8 consisting consist VBG 43431 2007 9 of of IN 43431 2007 10 a a DT 43431 2007 11 series series NN 43431 2007 12 of of IN 43431 2007 13 short short JJ 43431 2007 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2007 15 rods rod NNS 43431 2007 16 , , , 43431 2007 17 the the DT 43431 2007 18 = = SYM 43431 2007 19 basals= basals= NNP 43431 2007 20 or or CC 43431 2007 21 basalia basalia NNP 43431 2007 22 , , , 43431 2007 23 which which WDT 43431 2007 24 slope slope NN 43431 2007 25 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 2007 26 backwards backwards RB 43431 2007 27 . . . 43431 2008 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2008 2 bases basis NNS 43431 2008 3 are be VBP 43431 2008 4 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 2008 5 in in IN 43431 2008 6 the the DT 43431 2008 7 muscles muscle NNS 43431 2008 8 of of IN 43431 2008 9 the the DT 43431 2008 10 back back NN 43431 2008 11 , , , 43431 2008 12 while while IN 43431 2008 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2008 14 free free JJ 43431 2008 15 ends end NNS 43431 2008 16 bear bear VBP 43431 2008 17 a a DT 43431 2008 18 number number NN 43431 2008 19 of of IN 43431 2008 20 small small JJ 43431 2008 21 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 2008 22 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2008 23 plates plate NNS 43431 2008 24 , , , 43431 2008 25 the the DT 43431 2008 26 = = SYM 43431 2008 27 radials= radials= NNP 43431 2008 28 or or CC 43431 2008 29 radiale radiale NNP 43431 2008 30 . . . 43431 2009 1 Associated associate VBN 43431 2009 2 with with IN 43431 2009 3 this this DT 43431 2009 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2009 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2009 6 are be VBP 43431 2009 7 a a DT 43431 2009 8 number number NN 43431 2009 9 of of IN 43431 2009 10 long long JJ 43431 2009 11 slender slender NN 43431 2009 12 horny horny NNP 43431 2009 13 fibres fibre NNS 43431 2009 14 , , , 43431 2009 15 the the DT 43431 2009 16 fin fin NN 43431 2009 17 - - HYPH 43431 2009 18 rays ray NNS 43431 2009 19 , , , 43431 2009 20 which which WDT 43431 2009 21 have have VBP 43431 2009 22 been be VBN 43431 2009 23 already already RB 43431 2009 24 referred refer VBN 43431 2009 25 to to IN 43431 2009 26 in in IN 43431 2009 27 connection connection NN 43431 2009 28 with with IN 43431 2009 29 the the DT 43431 2009 30 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 2009 31 . . . 43431 2010 1 The the DT 43431 2010 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2010 3 of of IN 43431 2010 4 the the DT 43431 2010 5 other other JJ 43431 2010 6 median median JJ 43431 2010 7 fins fin NNS 43431 2010 8 mainly mainly RB 43431 2010 9 consists consist VBZ 43431 2010 10 of of IN 43431 2010 11 these these DT 43431 2010 12 fibres fibre NNS 43431 2010 13 , , , 43431 2010 14 the the DT 43431 2010 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2010 16 portion portion NN 43431 2010 17 being be VBG 43431 2010 18 reduced reduce VBN 43431 2010 19 or or CC 43431 2010 20 absent absent JJ 43431 2010 21 . . . 43431 2011 1 2 2 LS 43431 2011 2 . . . 43431 2012 1 THE the DT 43431 2012 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 2012 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 2012 4 . . . 43431 2013 1 This this DT 43431 2013 2 includes include VBZ 43431 2013 3 the the DT 43431 2013 4 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2013 5 of of IN 43431 2013 6 the the DT 43431 2013 7 two two CD 43431 2013 8 pairs pair NNS 43431 2013 9 of of IN 43431 2013 10 limbs limb NNS 43431 2013 11 and and CC 43431 2013 12 of of IN 43431 2013 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2013 14 respective respective JJ 43431 2013 15 girdles girdle NNS 43431 2013 16 . . . 43431 2014 1 THE the DT 43431 2014 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 2014 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 2014 4 forms form VBZ 43431 2014 5 a a DT 43431 2014 6 crescent crescent RB 43431 2014 7 - - HYPH 43431 2014 8 shaped shape VBN 43431 2014 9 hoop hoop NN 43431 2014 10 of of IN 43431 2014 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2014 12 , , , 43431 2014 13 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 2014 14 above above RB 43431 2014 15 and and CC 43431 2014 16 lying lie VBG 43431 2014 17 just just RB 43431 2014 18 behind behind IN 43431 2014 19 the the DT 43431 2014 20 visceral visceral JJ 43431 2014 21 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2014 22 . . . 43431 2015 1 The the DT 43431 2015 2 mid mid JJ 43431 2015 3 - - JJ 43431 2015 4 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2015 5 part part NN 43431 2015 6 of of IN 43431 2015 7 the the DT 43431 2015 8 hoop hoop NN 43431 2015 9 is be VBZ 43431 2015 10 the the DT 43431 2015 11 thinnest thin JJS 43431 2015 12 portion portion NN 43431 2015 13 , , , 43431 2015 14 and and CC 43431 2015 15 is be VBZ 43431 2015 16 drawn draw VBN 43431 2015 17 out out RP 43431 2015 18 in in IN 43431 2015 19 front front NN 43431 2015 20 into into IN 43431 2015 21 a a DT 43431 2015 22 short short JJ 43431 2015 23 rounded rounded JJ 43431 2015 24 process process NN 43431 2015 25 which which WDT 43431 2015 26 is be VBZ 43431 2015 27 cupped cup VBN 43431 2015 28 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 2015 29 and and CC 43431 2015 30 supports support VBZ 43431 2015 31 part part NN 43431 2015 32 of of IN 43431 2015 33 the the DT 43431 2015 34 floor floor NN 43431 2015 35 of of IN 43431 2015 36 the the DT 43431 2015 37 pericardium pericardium NN 43431 2015 38 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2015 39 fig fig NN 43431 2015 40 . . . 43431 2016 1 7 7 CD 43431 2016 2 , , , 43431 2016 3 1 1 CD 43431 2016 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2016 5 . . . 43431 2017 1 On on IN 43431 2017 2 each each DT 43431 2017 3 side side NN 43431 2017 4 of of IN 43431 2017 5 this this DT 43431 2017 6 flattened flatten VBD 43431 2017 7 mid mid JJ 43431 2017 8 - - JJ 43431 2017 9 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2017 10 portion portion NN 43431 2017 11 the the DT 43431 2017 12 arch arch NN 43431 2017 13 becomes become VBZ 43431 2017 14 very very RB 43431 2017 15 thick thick JJ 43431 2017 16 and and CC 43431 2017 17 bears bear VBZ 43431 2017 18 on on IN 43431 2017 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2017 20 outer outer JJ 43431 2017 21 border border NN 43431 2017 22 a a DT 43431 2017 23 surface surface NN 43431 2017 24 with with IN 43431 2017 25 which which WDT 43431 2017 26 the the DT 43431 2017 27 three three CD 43431 2017 28 basal basal NN 43431 2017 29 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 2017 30 of of IN 43431 2017 31 the the DT 43431 2017 32 fin fin NN 43431 2017 33 articulate articulate NN 43431 2017 34 . . . 43431 2018 1 The the DT 43431 2018 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2018 3 ends end VBZ 43431 2018 4 or or CC 43431 2018 5 scapular scapular JJ 43431 2018 6 portions portion NNS 43431 2018 7 of of IN 43431 2018 8 the the DT 43431 2018 9 girdle girdle NN 43431 2018 10 form form NN 43431 2018 11 a a DT 43431 2018 12 pair pair NN 43431 2018 13 of of IN 43431 2018 14 gradually gradually RB 43431 2018 15 tapering taper VBG 43431 2018 16 horns horn NNS 43431 2018 17 . . . 43431 2019 1 THE the DT 43431 2019 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNP 43431 2019 3 FIN FIN NNP 43431 2019 4 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2019 5 with with IN 43431 2019 6 the the DT 43431 2019 7 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2019 8 girdle girdle NN 43431 2019 9 by by IN 43431 2019 10 means mean NNS 43431 2019 11 of of IN 43431 2019 12 three three CD 43431 2019 13 basalia basalia NNS 43431 2019 14 or or CC 43431 2019 15 basal basal NN 43431 2019 16 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 2019 17 , , , 43431 2019 18 the the DT 43431 2019 19 = = SYM 43431 2019 20 propterygium= propterygium= NN 43431 2019 21 , , , 43431 2019 22 = = SYM 43431 2019 23 meso meso NN 43431 2019 24 pterygium= pterygium= NNS 43431 2019 25 and and CC 43431 2019 26 = = SYM 43431 2019 27 meta meta NN 43431 2019 28 - - HYPH 43431 2019 29 pterygium=. pterygium=. NN 43431 2020 1 The the DT 43431 2020 2 most most JJS 43431 2020 3 anterior anterior NN 43431 2020 4 and and CC 43431 2020 5 the the DT 43431 2020 6 smallest small JJS 43431 2020 7 of of IN 43431 2020 8 these these DT 43431 2020 9 is be VBZ 43431 2020 10 the the DT 43431 2020 11 = = SYM 43431 2020 12 propterygium= propterygium= NN 43431 2020 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2020 14 fig fig NN 43431 2020 15 . . . 43431 2021 1 7 7 CD 43431 2021 2 , , , 43431 2021 3 5 5 CD 43431 2021 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2021 5 , , , 43431 2021 6 while while IN 43431 2021 7 the the DT 43431 2021 8 most most JJS 43431 2021 9 posterior posterior NN 43431 2021 10 one one CD 43431 2021 11 , , , 43431 2021 12 the the DT 43431 2021 13 = = SYM 43431 2021 14 meta meta JJ 43431 2021 15 - - HYPH 43431 2021 16 pterygium= pterygium= NNS 43431 2021 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2021 18 fig fig NN 43431 2021 19 . . . 43431 2022 1 7 7 CD 43431 2022 2 , , , 43431 2022 3 3 3 CD 43431 2022 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2022 5 , , , 43431 2022 6 is be VBZ 43431 2022 7 much much RB 43431 2022 8 the the DT 43431 2022 9 largest large JJS 43431 2022 10 . . . 43431 2023 1 Along along IN 43431 2023 2 the the DT 43431 2023 3 outer outer JJ 43431 2023 4 borders border NNS 43431 2023 5 of of IN 43431 2023 6 the the DT 43431 2023 7 three three CD 43431 2023 8 basalia basalia NN 43431 2023 9 are be VBP 43431 2023 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2023 11 a a DT 43431 2023 12 series series NN 43431 2023 13 of of IN 43431 2023 14 close close JJ 43431 2023 15 set set VBN 43431 2023 16 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2023 17 pieces piece NNS 43431 2023 18 , , , 43431 2023 19 the the DT 43431 2023 20 = = SYM 43431 2023 21 radiale=. radiale=. ADD 43431 2024 1 The the DT 43431 2024 2 propterygium propterygium NN 43431 2024 3 supports support VBZ 43431 2024 4 only only RB 43431 2024 5 a a DT 43431 2024 6 single single JJ 43431 2024 7 radial radial NN 43431 2024 8 , , , 43431 2024 9 which which WDT 43431 2024 10 is be VBZ 43431 2024 11 however however RB 43431 2024 12 much much RB 43431 2024 13 larger large JJR 43431 2024 14 than than IN 43431 2024 15 any any DT 43431 2024 16 of of IN 43431 2024 17 the the DT 43431 2024 18 others other NNS 43431 2024 19 . . . 43431 2025 1 The the DT 43431 2025 2 meso meso NN 43431 2025 3 - - HYPH 43431 2025 4 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2025 5 also also RB 43431 2025 6 supports support VBZ 43431 2025 7 only only RB 43431 2025 8 a a DT 43431 2025 9 single single JJ 43431 2025 10 radial radial NN 43431 2025 11 which which WDT 43431 2025 12 divides divide VBZ 43431 2025 13 distally distally RB 43431 2025 14 . . . 43431 2026 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2026 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2026 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2026 4 . . . 43431 2027 1 7 7 LS 43431 2027 2 . . . 43431 2028 1 SEMIDORSAL SEMIDORSAL NNP 43431 2028 2 VIEW VIEW NNP 43431 2028 3 OF of IN 43431 2028 4 THE the DT 43431 2028 5 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 2028 6 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 2028 7 AND and CC 43431 2028 8 FINS fin NNS 43431 2028 9 OF of IN 43431 2028 10 A a DT 43431 2028 11 DOGFISH DOGFISH NNP 43431 2028 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2028 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2028 14 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 2028 15 canicula canicula NN 43431 2028 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2028 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2028 18 à à NNP 43431 2028 19 � � NNP 43431 2028 20 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 2028 21 . . . 43431 2029 1 The the DT 43431 2029 2 gaps gap NNS 43431 2029 3 between between IN 43431 2029 4 the the DT 43431 2029 5 radiale radiale NN 43431 2029 6 are be VBP 43431 2029 7 blackened blacken VBN 43431 2029 8 . . . 43431 2030 1 1 1 LS 43431 2030 2 . . . 43431 2030 3 hollow hollow JJ 43431 2030 4 in in IN 43431 2030 5 the the DT 43431 2030 6 mid mid JJ 43431 2030 7 - - JJ 43431 2030 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2030 9 part part NN 43431 2030 10 of of IN 43431 2030 11 the the DT 43431 2030 12 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2030 13 girdle girdle NN 43431 2030 14 which which WDT 43431 2030 15 supports support VBZ 43431 2030 16 the the DT 43431 2030 17 pericardium pericardium NN 43431 2030 18 . . . 43431 2031 1 2 2 LS 43431 2031 2 . . . 43431 2031 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2031 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2031 5 scapular scapular NNP 43431 2031 6 portion portion NN 43431 2031 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2031 8 of of IN 43431 2031 9 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2031 10 girdle girdle NNP 43431 2031 11 . . . 43431 2032 1 3 3 LS 43431 2032 2 . . . 43431 2032 3 meta meta JJ 43431 2032 4 - - HYPH 43431 2032 5 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2032 6 . . . 43431 2033 1 4 4 LS 43431 2033 2 . . . 43431 2033 3 meso meso NN 43431 2033 4 - - HYPH 43431 2033 5 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2033 6 . . . 43431 2034 1 5 5 LS 43431 2034 2 . . . 43431 2034 3 propterygium propterygium NN 43431 2034 4 . . . 43431 2035 1 6 6 LS 43431 2035 2 . . . 43431 2035 3 propterygial propterygial NN 43431 2035 4 radial radial NN 43431 2035 5 . . . 43431 2036 1 7 7 LS 43431 2036 2 . . . 43431 2036 3 meso meso NN 43431 2036 4 - - HYPH 43431 2036 5 pterygial pterygial JJ 43431 2036 6 radial radial NN 43431 2036 7 . . . 43431 2037 1 8 8 LS 43431 2037 2 . . . 43431 2037 3 meta meta JJ 43431 2037 4 - - HYPH 43431 2037 5 pterygial pterygial JJ 43431 2037 6 radial radial NN 43431 2037 7 . . . 43431 2038 1 9 9 LS 43431 2038 2 . . . 43431 2038 3 outline outline NN 43431 2038 4 of of IN 43431 2038 5 the the DT 43431 2038 6 distal distal JJ 43431 2038 7 part part NN 43431 2038 8 of of IN 43431 2038 9 the the DT 43431 2038 10 fin fin NN 43431 2038 11 which which WDT 43431 2038 12 is be VBZ 43431 2038 13 supported support VBN 43431 2038 14 by by IN 43431 2038 15 horny horny JJ 43431 2038 16 fin fin NN 43431 2038 17 - - HYPH 43431 2038 18 rays ray NNS 43431 2038 19 . . . 43431 2038 20 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2039 1 The the DT 43431 2039 2 meta meta JJ 43431 2039 3 - - HYPH 43431 2039 4 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2039 5 bears bear VBZ 43431 2039 6 about about RB 43431 2039 7 twelve twelve CD 43431 2039 8 long long JJ 43431 2039 9 narrow narrow JJ 43431 2039 10 radials radial NNS 43431 2039 11 , , , 43431 2039 12 the the DT 43431 2039 13 first first JJ 43431 2039 14 nine nine CD 43431 2039 15 of of IN 43431 2039 16 which which WDT 43431 2039 17 are be VBP 43431 2039 18 traversed traverse VBN 43431 2039 19 by by IN 43431 2039 20 a a DT 43431 2039 21 transverse transverse JJ 43431 2039 22 joint joint NN 43431 2039 23 at at IN 43431 2039 24 about about RB 43431 2039 25 two two CD 43431 2039 26 - - HYPH 43431 2039 27 thirds third NNS 43431 2039 28 of of IN 43431 2039 29 the the DT 43431 2039 30 way way NN 43431 2039 31 from from IN 43431 2039 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2039 33 origin origin NN 43431 2039 34 . . . 43431 2040 1 Succeeding succeed VBG 43431 2040 2 the the DT 43431 2040 3 radials radial NNS 43431 2040 4 are be VBP 43431 2040 5 a a DT 43431 2040 6 series series NN 43431 2040 7 of of IN 43431 2040 8 small small JJ 43431 2040 9 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 2040 10 pieces piece NNS 43431 2040 11 of of IN 43431 2040 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2040 13 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2040 14 in in IN 43431 2040 15 one one CD 43431 2040 16 or or CC 43431 2040 17 more more JJR 43431 2040 18 rows row NNS 43431 2040 19 and and CC 43431 2040 20 attached attach VBN 43431 2040 21 to to IN 43431 2040 22 the the DT 43431 2040 23 ends end NNS 43431 2040 24 of of IN 43431 2040 25 the the DT 43431 2040 26 radials radial NNS 43431 2040 27 , , , 43431 2040 28 and and CC 43431 2040 29 finally finally RB 43431 2040 30 the the DT 43431 2040 31 fin fin NN 43431 2040 32 is be VBZ 43431 2040 33 completed complete VBN 43431 2040 34 by by IN 43431 2040 35 the the DT 43431 2040 36 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2040 37 fin fin NN 43431 2040 38 - - HYPH 43431 2040 39 rays ray NNS 43431 2040 40 . . . 43431 2041 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2041 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2041 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2041 4 . . . 43431 2042 1 8 8 LS 43431 2042 2 . . . 43431 2043 1 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 2043 2 VIEW view NN 43431 2043 3 OF of IN 43431 2043 4 THE the DT 43431 2043 5 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 2043 6 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 2043 7 AND and CC 43431 2043 8 FINS fin NNS 43431 2043 9 OF of IN 43431 2043 10 A a DT 43431 2043 11 MALE MALE NNP 43431 2043 12 DOGFISH dogfish NN 43431 2043 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2043 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2043 15 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 2043 16 canicula canicula NN 43431 2043 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2043 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2043 19 . . . 43431 2044 1 1 1 LS 43431 2044 2 . . . 43431 2044 3 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 2044 4 girdle girdle NNP 43431 2044 5 . . . 43431 2045 1 2 2 LS 43431 2045 2 . . . 43431 2045 3 basi basi NN 43431 2045 4 - - HYPH 43431 2045 5 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2045 6 . . . 43431 2046 1 3 3 LS 43431 2046 2 . . . 43431 2046 3 clasper clasper NN 43431 2046 4 . . . 43431 2047 1 4 4 LS 43431 2047 2 . . . 43431 2048 1 radiale radiale NNP 43431 2048 2 . . . 43431 2048 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2049 1 THE the DT 43431 2049 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 2049 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 2049 4 is be VBZ 43431 2049 5 much much RB 43431 2049 6 smaller small JJR 43431 2049 7 than than IN 43431 2049 8 the the DT 43431 2049 9 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 2049 10 . . . 43431 2050 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2050 2 is be VBZ 43431 2050 3 formed form VBN 43431 2050 4 of of IN 43431 2050 5 a a DT 43431 2050 6 stout stout NN 43431 2050 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 2050 8 straight straight JJ 43431 2050 9 bar bar NN 43431 2050 10 of of IN 43431 2050 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2050 12 placed place VBD 43431 2050 13 transversely transversely RB 43431 2050 14 across across IN 43431 2050 15 the the DT 43431 2050 16 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2050 17 region region NN 43431 2050 18 of of IN 43431 2050 19 the the DT 43431 2050 20 body body NN 43431 2050 21 . . . 43431 2051 1 The the DT 43431 2051 2 bar bar NN 43431 2051 3 has have VBZ 43431 2051 4 no no DT 43431 2051 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2051 6 or or CC 43431 2051 7 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2051 8 extensions extension NNS 43431 2051 9 , , , 43431 2051 10 and and CC 43431 2051 11 is be VBZ 43431 2051 12 terminated terminate VBN 43431 2051 13 by by IN 43431 2051 14 short short JJ 43431 2051 15 blunt blunt JJ 43431 2051 16 processes process NNS 43431 2051 17 . . . 43431 2052 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2052 2 bears bear VBZ 43431 2052 3 on on IN 43431 2052 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2052 5 posterior posterior NN 43431 2052 6 surface surface NN 43431 2052 7 a a DT 43431 2052 8 pair pair NN 43431 2052 9 of of IN 43431 2052 10 facets facet NNS 43431 2052 11 with with IN 43431 2052 12 which which WDT 43431 2052 13 the the DT 43431 2052 14 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2052 15 fins fin NNS 43431 2052 16 articulate articulate NN 43431 2052 17 . . . 43431 2053 1 THE the DT 43431 2053 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 2053 3 FIN FIN NNP 43431 2053 4 is be VBZ 43431 2053 5 smaller small JJR 43431 2053 6 and and CC 43431 2053 7 more more RBR 43431 2053 8 simply simply RB 43431 2053 9 constructed construct VBN 43431 2053 10 than than IN 43431 2053 11 is be VBZ 43431 2053 12 the the DT 43431 2053 13 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 2053 14 . . . 43431 2054 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2054 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 2054 3 of of IN 43431 2054 4 a a DT 43431 2054 5 long long JJ 43431 2054 6 , , , 43431 2054 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 2054 8 curved curved JJ 43431 2054 9 rod rod NN 43431 2054 10 , , , 43431 2054 11 the the DT 43431 2054 12 = = SYM 43431 2054 13 basi basi NN 43431 2054 14 - - HYPH 43431 2054 15 pterygium= pterygium= NNS 43431 2054 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2054 17 fig fig NN 43431 2054 18 . . . 43431 2055 1 8 8 CD 43431 2055 2 , , , 43431 2055 3 2 2 CD 43431 2055 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2055 5 , , , 43431 2055 6 running run VBG 43431 2055 7 directly directly RB 43431 2055 8 backwards backwards RB 43431 2055 9 on on IN 43431 2055 10 the the DT 43431 2055 11 inner inner JJ 43431 2055 12 side side NN 43431 2055 13 of of IN 43431 2055 14 the the DT 43431 2055 15 fin fin NN 43431 2055 16 , , , 43431 2055 17 and and CC 43431 2055 18 articulating articulate VBG 43431 2055 19 in in IN 43431 2055 20 front front NN 43431 2055 21 with with IN 43431 2055 22 the the DT 43431 2055 23 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2055 24 girdle girdle NN 43431 2055 25 . . . 43431 2056 1 From from IN 43431 2056 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2056 3 outer outer JJ 43431 2056 4 side side NN 43431 2056 5 arise arise VB 43431 2056 6 a a DT 43431 2056 7 series series NN 43431 2056 8 of of IN 43431 2056 9 about about RB 43431 2056 10 fourteen fourteen CD 43431 2056 11 parallel parallel JJ 43431 2056 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2056 13 radials radial NNS 43431 2056 14 which which WDT 43431 2056 15 bear bear VBP 43431 2056 16 smaller small JJR 43431 2056 17 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 2056 18 pieces piece NNS 43431 2056 19 . . . 43431 2057 1 The the DT 43431 2057 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 2057 3 one one CD 43431 2057 4 or or CC 43431 2057 5 two two CD 43431 2057 6 of of IN 43431 2057 7 these these DT 43431 2057 8 radials radial NNS 43431 2057 9 may may MD 43431 2057 10 articulate articulate VB 43431 2057 11 independently independently RB 43431 2057 12 with with IN 43431 2057 13 the the DT 43431 2057 14 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2057 15 girdle girdle NN 43431 2057 16 . . . 43431 2058 1 In in IN 43431 2058 2 the the DT 43431 2058 3 adult adult NN 43431 2058 4 male male NN 43431 2058 5 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 2058 6 the the DT 43431 2058 7 distal distal JJ 43431 2058 8 end end NN 43431 2058 9 of of IN 43431 2058 10 the the DT 43431 2058 11 basi basi NN 43431 2058 12 - - HYPH 43431 2058 13 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2058 14 bears bear VBZ 43431 2058 15 a a DT 43431 2058 16 stout stout JJ 43431 2058 17 rod rod NN 43431 2058 18 nearly nearly RB 43431 2058 19 as as RB 43431 2058 20 long long RB 43431 2058 21 as as IN 43431 2058 22 itself -PRON- PRP 43431 2058 23 , , , 43431 2058 24 and and CC 43431 2058 25 grooved groove VBD 43431 2058 26 on on IN 43431 2058 27 the the DT 43431 2058 28 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2058 29 surface surface NN 43431 2058 30 . . . 43431 2059 1 This this DT 43431 2059 2 is be VBZ 43431 2059 3 the the DT 43431 2059 4 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2059 5 of of IN 43431 2059 6 the the DT 43431 2059 7 = = SYM 43431 2059 8 clasper= clasper= NNS 43431 2059 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2059 10 fig fig NN 43431 2059 11 . . . 43431 2060 1 8 8 CD 43431 2060 2 , , , 43431 2060 3 3 3 CD 43431 2060 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2060 5 . . . 43431 2061 1 FOOTNOTE FOOTNOTE NNS 43431 2061 2 : : : 43431 2061 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2061 4 34 34 CD 43431 2061 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2061 6 See See NNP 43431 2061 7 Marshall Marshall NNP 43431 2061 8 and and CC 43431 2061 9 Hurst Hurst NNP 43431 2061 10 's 's POS 43431 2061 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2061 12 Practical Practical NNP 43431 2061 13 Zoology Zoology NNP 43431 2061 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2061 15 , , , 43431 2061 16 4th 4th JJ 43431 2061 17 ed ed NN 43431 2061 18 . . . 43431 2062 1 London London NNP 43431 2062 2 , , , 43431 2062 3 1895 1895 CD 43431 2062 4 , , , 43431 2062 5 p. p. NN 43431 2062 6 214 214 CD 43431 2062 7 . . . 43431 2063 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 2063 2 VII VII NNP 43431 2063 3 . . . 43431 2064 1 THE the DT 43431 2064 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 2064 3 OF of IN 43431 2064 4 THE the DT 43431 2064 5 CODFISH CODFISH NNP 43431 2064 6 . . . 43431 2065 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2065 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2065 3 Gadus Gadus NNP 43431 2065 4 morrhua morrhua NN 43431 2065 5 . . . 43431 2065 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2065 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2065 8 I. I. NNP 43431 2065 9 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 2065 10 . . . 43431 2066 1 The the DT 43431 2066 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 2066 3 includes include VBZ 43431 2066 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2066 5 1 1 CD 43431 2066 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2066 7 = = NFP 43431 2066 8 Scales.= Scales.= NNP 43431 2066 9 These these DT 43431 2066 10 are be VBP 43431 2066 11 of of IN 43431 2066 12 the the DT 43431 2066 13 type type NN 43431 2066 14 known know VBN 43431 2066 15 as as IN 43431 2066 16 = = SYM 43431 2066 17 cycloid= cycloid= NN 43431 2066 18 and and CC 43431 2066 19 consist consist VB 43431 2066 20 of of IN 43431 2066 21 flat flat JJ 43431 2066 22 rounded rounded JJ 43431 2066 23 plates plate NNS 43431 2066 24 composed compose VBN 43431 2066 25 of of IN 43431 2066 26 concentrically concentrically RB 43431 2066 27 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2066 28 laminae laminae NN 43431 2066 29 of of IN 43431 2066 30 calcified calcify VBN 43431 2066 31 matter matter NN 43431 2066 32 , , , 43431 2066 33 with with IN 43431 2066 34 the the DT 43431 2066 35 posterior posterior NNP 43431 2066 36 margin margin NN 43431 2066 37 entire entire JJ 43431 2066 38 . . . 43431 2067 1 The the DT 43431 2067 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2067 3 end end NN 43431 2067 4 of of IN 43431 2067 5 each each DT 43431 2067 6 scale scale NN 43431 2067 7 is be VBZ 43431 2067 8 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 2067 9 in in IN 43431 2067 10 the the DT 43431 2067 11 skin skin NN 43431 2067 12 and and CC 43431 2067 13 is be VBZ 43431 2067 14 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2067 15 by by IN 43431 2067 16 the the DT 43431 2067 17 preceding precede VBG 43431 2067 18 scales scale NNS 43431 2067 19 . . . 43431 2068 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2068 2 2 2 LS 43431 2068 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2068 4 The the NN 43431 2068 5 = = NNS 43431 2068 6 teeth=. teeth=. XX 43431 2069 1 These these DT 43431 2069 2 are be VBP 43431 2069 3 small small JJ 43431 2069 4 , , , 43431 2069 5 pointed pointed JJ 43431 2069 6 , , , 43431 2069 7 calcified calcify VBD 43431 2069 8 structures structure NNS 43431 2069 9 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2069 10 in in IN 43431 2069 11 large large JJ 43431 2069 12 groups group NNS 43431 2069 13 on on IN 43431 2069 14 the the DT 43431 2069 15 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 2069 16 , , , 43431 2069 17 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2069 18 , , , 43431 2069 19 vomer vomer NN 43431 2069 20 , , , 43431 2069 21 and and CC 43431 2069 22 superior superior JJ 43431 2069 23 and and CC 43431 2069 24 inferior inferior JJ 43431 2069 25 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 2069 26 bones bone NNS 43431 2069 27 . . . 43431 2070 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2070 2 3 3 LS 43431 2070 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2070 4 The the DT 43431 2070 5 = = SYM 43431 2070 6 fin fin NN 43431 2070 7 - - HYPH 43431 2070 8 rays=. rays=. NN 43431 2071 1 These these DT 43431 2071 2 are be VBP 43431 2071 3 delicate delicate JJ 43431 2071 4 , , , 43431 2071 5 nearly nearly RB 43431 2071 6 straight straight JJ 43431 2071 7 bony bony NN 43431 2071 8 rods rod NNS 43431 2071 9 which which WDT 43431 2071 10 support support VBP 43431 2071 11 the the DT 43431 2071 12 fins fin NNS 43431 2071 13 . . . 43431 2072 1 II ii CD 43431 2072 2 . . . 43431 2073 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 2073 2 . . . 43431 2074 1 The the DT 43431 2074 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 2074 3 of of IN 43431 2074 4 the the DT 43431 2074 5 Codfish Codfish NNP 43431 2074 6 , , , 43431 2074 7 though though IN 43431 2074 8 partially partially RB 43431 2074 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2074 10 , , , 43431 2074 11 is be VBZ 43431 2074 12 mainly mainly RB 43431 2074 13 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2074 14 . . . 43431 2075 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2075 2 is be VBZ 43431 2075 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 2075 4 into into IN 43431 2075 5 an an DT 43431 2075 6 = = SYM 43431 2075 7 axial axial JJ 43431 2075 8 portion= portion= NN 43431 2075 9 , , , 43431 2075 10 including include VBG 43431 2075 11 the the DT 43431 2075 12 skull skull NN 43431 2075 13 , , , 43431 2075 14 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2075 15 column column NN 43431 2075 16 , , , 43431 2075 17 ribs rib NNS 43431 2075 18 , , , 43431 2075 19 and and CC 43431 2075 20 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 2075 21 of of IN 43431 2075 22 the the DT 43431 2075 23 median median JJ 43431 2075 24 fins fin NNS 43431 2075 25 , , , 43431 2075 26 and and CC 43431 2075 27 an an DT 43431 2075 28 = = SYM 43431 2075 29 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 2075 30 portion= portion= NN 43431 2075 31 , , , 43431 2075 32 including include VBG 43431 2075 33 the the DT 43431 2075 34 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2075 35 of of IN 43431 2075 36 the the DT 43431 2075 37 paired pair VBN 43431 2075 38 fins fin NNS 43431 2075 39 and and CC 43431 2075 40 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2075 41 girdles girdle NNS 43431 2075 42 . . . 43431 2076 1 1 1 LS 43431 2076 2 . . . 43431 2077 1 THE the DT 43431 2077 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 2077 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 2077 4 . . . 43431 2078 1 A. A. NNP 43431 2079 1 THE the DT 43431 2079 2 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 2079 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 2079 4 . . . 43431 2080 1 This this DT 43431 2080 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 2080 3 of of IN 43431 2080 4 a a DT 43431 2080 5 series series NN 43431 2080 6 of of IN 43431 2080 7 some some DT 43431 2080 8 fifty fifty CD 43431 2080 9 - - HYPH 43431 2080 10 two two CD 43431 2080 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2080 12 , , , 43431 2080 13 all all DT 43431 2080 14 completely completely RB 43431 2080 15 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2080 16 . . . 43431 2081 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2081 2 is be VBZ 43431 2081 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 2081 4 into into IN 43431 2081 5 two two CD 43431 2081 6 regions region NNS 43431 2081 7 only only RB 43431 2081 8 , , , 43431 2081 9 viz viz NN 43431 2081 10 . . . 43431 2082 1 the the DT 43431 2082 2 = = SYM 43431 2082 3 trunk= trunk= NN 43431 2082 4 region region NN 43431 2082 5 , , , 43431 2082 6 the the DT 43431 2082 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2082 8 of of IN 43431 2082 9 which which WDT 43431 2082 10 bear bear VBP 43431 2082 11 movable movable JJ 43431 2082 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 2082 13 , , , 43431 2082 14 and and CC 43431 2082 15 the the DT 43431 2082 16 = = SYM 43431 2082 17 caudal= caudal= NN 43431 2082 18 or or CC 43431 2082 19 = = SYM 43431 2082 20 tail= tail= JJ 43431 2082 21 region region NN 43431 2082 22 , , , 43431 2082 23 the the DT 43431 2082 24 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2082 25 of of IN 43431 2082 26 which which WDT 43431 2082 27 do do VBP 43431 2082 28 not not RB 43431 2082 29 bear bear VB 43431 2082 30 movable movable JJ 43431 2082 31 ribs rib NNS 43431 2082 32 . . . 43431 2083 1 = = NFP 43431 2083 2 Trunk trunk NN 43431 2083 3 vertebrae.= vertebrae.= NN 43431 2083 4 These these DT 43431 2083 5 are be VBP 43431 2083 6 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 2083 7 in in IN 43431 2083 8 number number NN 43431 2083 9 ; ; : 43431 2083 10 the the DT 43431 2083 11 ninth ninth JJ 43431 2083 12 may may MD 43431 2083 13 be be VB 43431 2083 14 described describe VBN 43431 2083 15 as as IN 43431 2083 16 typical typical JJ 43431 2083 17 of of IN 43431 2083 18 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2083 19 all all DT 43431 2083 20 . . . 43431 2084 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2084 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 2084 3 of of IN 43431 2084 4 a a DT 43431 2084 5 short short JJ 43431 2084 6 deeply deeply RB 43431 2084 7 biconcave biconcave RB 43431 2084 8 = = SYM 43431 2084 9 centrum= centrum= NNS 43431 2084 10 whose whose WP$ 43431 2084 11 two two CD 43431 2084 12 cavities cavity NNS 43431 2084 13 communicate communicate VBP 43431 2084 14 by by IN 43431 2084 15 a a DT 43431 2084 16 narrow narrow JJ 43431 2084 17 central central JJ 43431 2084 18 canal canal NN 43431 2084 19 . . . 43431 2085 1 From from IN 43431 2085 2 the the DT 43431 2085 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2085 4 surface surface NN 43431 2085 5 of of IN 43431 2085 6 the the DT 43431 2085 7 anterior anterior NN 43431 2085 8 half half NN 43431 2085 9 of of IN 43431 2085 10 the the DT 43431 2085 11 centrum centrum NN 43431 2085 12 arise arise VBP 43431 2085 13 two two CD 43431 2085 14 strong strong JJ 43431 2085 15 plates plate NNS 43431 2085 16 , , , 43431 2085 17 the the DT 43431 2085 18 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2085 19 or or CC 43431 2085 20 = = SYM 43431 2085 21 neural neural JJ 43431 2085 22 processes= processes= NN 43431 2085 23 , , , 43431 2085 24 which which WDT 43431 2085 25 are be VBP 43431 2085 26 directed direct VBN 43431 2085 27 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 2085 28 backwards backwards RB 43431 2085 29 and and CC 43431 2085 30 meet meet VB 43431 2085 31 forming form VBG 43431 2085 32 the the DT 43431 2085 33 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2085 34 or or CC 43431 2085 35 = = SYM 43431 2085 36 neural neural NN 43431 2085 37 arch=. arch=. XX 43431 2086 1 This this DT 43431 2086 2 is be VBZ 43431 2086 3 produced produce VBN 43431 2086 4 into into IN 43431 2086 5 a a DT 43431 2086 6 long long JJ 43431 2086 7 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 2086 8 - - HYPH 43431 2086 9 directed direct VBN 43431 2086 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2086 11 or or CC 43431 2086 12 = = SYM 43431 2086 13 neural neural JJ 43431 2086 14 spine=. spine=. XX 43431 2087 1 From from IN 43431 2087 2 the the DT 43431 2087 3 lower low JJR 43431 2087 4 part part NN 43431 2087 5 of of IN 43431 2087 6 the the DT 43431 2087 7 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2087 8 edge edge NN 43431 2087 9 of of IN 43431 2087 10 each each DT 43431 2087 11 neural neural JJ 43431 2087 12 arch arch NN 43431 2087 13 arise arise VBP 43431 2087 14 a a DT 43431 2087 15 pair pair NN 43431 2087 16 of of IN 43431 2087 17 blunt blunt JJ 43431 2087 18 triangular triangular JJ 43431 2087 19 projections projection NNS 43431 2087 20 which which WDT 43431 2087 21 overhang overhang VBP 43431 2087 22 the the DT 43431 2087 23 posterior posterior NN 43431 2087 24 half half NN 43431 2087 25 of of IN 43431 2087 26 the the DT 43431 2087 27 preceding precede VBG 43431 2087 28 centrum centrum NN 43431 2087 29 , , , 43431 2087 30 and and CC 43431 2087 31 bear bear VB 43431 2087 32 a a DT 43431 2087 33 pair pair NN 43431 2087 34 of of IN 43431 2087 35 flattened flattened JJ 43431 2087 36 surfaces surface NNS 43431 2087 37 which which WDT 43431 2087 38 correspond correspond VBP 43431 2087 39 to to IN 43431 2087 40 the the DT 43431 2087 41 anterior anterior NN 43431 2087 42 or or CC 43431 2087 43 = = SYM 43431 2087 44 prezygapophyses= prezygapophyses= NN 43431 2087 45 of of IN 43431 2087 46 most most JJS 43431 2087 47 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2087 48 , , , 43431 2087 49 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2087 50 differ differ VBP 43431 2087 51 however however RB 43431 2087 52 from from IN 43431 2087 53 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 2087 54 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 2087 55 in in IN 43431 2087 56 the the DT 43431 2087 57 fact fact NN 43431 2087 58 that that IN 43431 2087 59 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2087 60 look look VBP 43431 2087 61 downwards downwards RB 43431 2087 62 and and CC 43431 2087 63 outwards outward NNS 43431 2087 64 . . . 43431 2088 1 From from IN 43431 2088 2 the the DT 43431 2088 3 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2088 4 end end NN 43431 2088 5 of of IN 43431 2088 6 the the DT 43431 2088 7 centrum centrum NN 43431 2088 8 arise arise VBP 43431 2088 9 a a DT 43431 2088 10 pair pair NN 43431 2088 11 of of IN 43431 2088 12 short short JJ 43431 2088 13 blunt blunt JJ 43431 2088 14 processes process NNS 43431 2088 15 each each DT 43431 2088 16 of of IN 43431 2088 17 which which WDT 43431 2088 18 bears bear VBZ 43431 2088 19 an an DT 43431 2088 20 upwardly- upwardly- JJ 43431 2088 21 and and CC 43431 2088 22 inwardly inwardly RB 43431 2088 23 - - HYPH 43431 2088 24 directed direct VBN 43431 2088 25 articulating articulating NN 43431 2088 26 surface surface NN 43431 2088 27 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 2088 28 to to IN 43431 2088 29 a a DT 43431 2088 30 = = XX 43431 2088 31 postzygapophysis=. postzygapophysis=. XX 43431 2089 1 The the DT 43431 2089 2 two two CD 43431 2089 3 halves half NNS 43431 2089 4 of of IN 43431 2089 5 the the DT 43431 2089 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2089 7 arch arch JJ 43431 2089 8 form form NN 43431 2089 9 a a DT 43431 2089 10 pair pair NN 43431 2089 11 of of IN 43431 2089 12 large large JJ 43431 2089 13 = = SYM 43431 2089 14 ventri ventri NN 43431 2089 15 - - HYPH 43431 2089 16 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2089 17 processes= processes= NN 43431 2089 18 which which WDT 43431 2089 19 arise arise VBP 43431 2089 20 from from IN 43431 2089 21 the the DT 43431 2089 22 anterior anterior NN 43431 2089 23 half half NN 43431 2089 24 of of IN 43431 2089 25 the the DT 43431 2089 26 centrum centrum NN 43431 2089 27 and and CC 43431 2089 28 pass pass NN 43431 2089 29 outwards outward NNS 43431 2089 30 and and CC 43431 2089 31 slightly slightly RB 43431 2089 32 backwards backwards RB 43431 2089 33 and and CC 43431 2089 34 downwards downwards RB 43431 2089 35 . . . 43431 2090 1 Behind behind IN 43431 2090 2 these these DT 43431 2090 3 there there EX 43431 2090 4 arises arise VBZ 43431 2090 5 on on IN 43431 2090 6 each each DT 43431 2090 7 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2090 8 a a DT 43431 2090 9 second second JJ 43431 2090 10 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 2090 11 which which WDT 43431 2090 12 is be VBZ 43431 2090 13 small small JJ 43431 2090 14 and and CC 43431 2090 15 flattened flatten VBN 43431 2090 16 , , , 43431 2090 17 and and CC 43431 2090 18 like like IN 43431 2090 19 the the DT 43431 2090 20 ventri ventri NN 43431 2090 21 - - HYPH 43431 2090 22 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2090 23 process process NN 43431 2090 24 serves serve VBZ 43431 2090 25 to to TO 43431 2090 26 protect protect VB 43431 2090 27 the the DT 43431 2090 28 air air NN 43431 2090 29 - - HYPH 43431 2090 30 bladder bladder NN 43431 2090 31 . . . 43431 2091 1 The the DT 43431 2091 2 surface surface NN 43431 2091 3 of of IN 43431 2091 4 the the DT 43431 2091 5 centrum centrum NN 43431 2091 6 is be VBZ 43431 2091 7 marked mark VBN 43431 2091 8 by by IN 43431 2091 9 more more JJR 43431 2091 10 or or CC 43431 2091 11 less less RBR 43431 2091 12 wedge wedge NN 43431 2091 13 - - HYPH 43431 2091 14 shaped shape VBN 43431 2091 15 depressions depression NNS 43431 2091 16 , , , 43431 2091 17 one one CD 43431 2091 18 in in IN 43431 2091 19 the the DT 43431 2091 20 mid mid JJ 43431 2091 21 - - JJ 43431 2091 22 dorsal dorsal JJ 43431 2091 23 line line NN 43431 2091 24 , , , 43431 2091 25 and and CC 43431 2091 26 two two CD 43431 2091 27 on on IN 43431 2091 28 the the DT 43431 2091 29 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2091 30 surface surface NN 43431 2091 31 immediately immediately RB 43431 2091 32 mesiad mesiad VBZ 43431 2091 33 to to IN 43431 2091 34 the the DT 43431 2091 35 bases basis NNS 43431 2091 36 of of IN 43431 2091 37 the the DT 43431 2091 38 ventri ventri NN 43431 2091 39 - - HYPH 43431 2091 40 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2091 41 process process NN 43431 2091 42 . . . 43431 2092 1 There there EX 43431 2092 2 are be VBP 43431 2092 3 also also RB 43431 2092 4 a a DT 43431 2092 5 number number NN 43431 2092 6 of of IN 43431 2092 7 smaller small JJR 43431 2092 8 depressions depression NNS 43431 2092 9 . . . 43431 2093 1 The the DT 43431 2093 2 space space NN 43431 2093 3 between between IN 43431 2093 4 one one CD 43431 2093 5 centrum centrum NN 43431 2093 6 and and CC 43431 2093 7 the the DT 43431 2093 8 next next JJ 43431 2093 9 is be VBZ 43431 2093 10 in in IN 43431 2093 11 the the DT 43431 2093 12 fresh fresh JJ 43431 2093 13 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2093 14 filled fill VBN 43431 2093 15 up up RP 43431 2093 16 by by IN 43431 2093 17 the the DT 43431 2093 18 gelatinous gelatinous JJ 43431 2093 19 remains remain NNS 43431 2093 20 of of IN 43431 2093 21 the the DT 43431 2093 22 = = SYM 43431 2093 23 notochord=. notochord=. NNP 43431 2094 1 The the DT 43431 2094 2 first first JJ 43431 2094 3 few few JJ 43431 2094 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2094 5 differ differ VBP 43431 2094 6 from from IN 43431 2094 7 the the DT 43431 2094 8 others other NNS 43431 2094 9 in in IN 43431 2094 10 having have VBG 43431 2094 11 very very RB 43431 2094 12 short short JJ 43431 2094 13 centra centrum NNS 43431 2094 14 and and CC 43431 2094 15 no no DT 43431 2094 16 ventri ventri NN 43431 2094 17 - - HYPH 43431 2094 18 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2094 19 processes process NNS 43431 2094 20 . . . 43431 2095 1 The the DT 43431 2095 2 first first JJ 43431 2095 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2095 4 comes come VBZ 43431 2095 5 into into IN 43431 2095 6 very very RB 43431 2095 7 close close JJ 43431 2095 8 relation relation NN 43431 2095 9 to to IN 43431 2095 10 the the DT 43431 2095 11 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2095 12 part part NN 43431 2095 13 of of IN 43431 2095 14 the the DT 43431 2095 15 skull skull NN 43431 2095 16 , , , 43431 2095 17 articulating articulate VBG 43431 2095 18 with with IN 43431 2095 19 the the DT 43431 2095 20 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 2095 21 . . . 43431 2096 1 In in IN 43431 2096 2 the the DT 43431 2096 3 next next JJ 43431 2096 4 few few JJ 43431 2096 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2096 6 the the DT 43431 2096 7 centra centra NNP 43431 2096 8 gradually gradually RB 43431 2096 9 lengthen lengthen NNP 43431 2096 10 , , , 43431 2096 11 and and CC 43431 2096 12 at at IN 43431 2096 13 the the DT 43431 2096 14 fourth fourth JJ 43431 2096 15 or or CC 43431 2096 16 fifth fifth JJ 43431 2096 17 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2096 18 the the DT 43431 2096 19 ventri ventri NN 43431 2096 20 - - HYPH 43431 2096 21 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2096 22 processes process NNS 43431 2096 23 appear appear VBP 43431 2096 24 and and CC 43431 2096 25 gradually gradually RB 43431 2096 26 increase increase VB 43431 2096 27 in in IN 43431 2096 28 size size NN 43431 2096 29 as as IN 43431 2096 30 followed follow VBN 43431 2096 31 back back RB 43431 2096 32 . . . 43431 2097 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2097 2 likewise likewise RB 43431 2097 3 gradually gradually RB 43431 2097 4 come come VBP 43431 2097 5 to to TO 43431 2097 6 arise arise VB 43431 2097 7 at at IN 43431 2097 8 a a DT 43431 2097 9 lower low JJR 43431 2097 10 level level NN 43431 2097 11 on on IN 43431 2097 12 the the DT 43431 2097 13 centrum centrum NN 43431 2097 14 , , , 43431 2097 15 and and CC 43431 2097 16 also also RB 43431 2097 17 become become VBP 43431 2097 18 more more RBR 43431 2097 19 and and CC 43431 2097 20 more more RBR 43431 2097 21 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 2097 22 directed direct VBN 43431 2097 23 , , , 43431 2097 24 till till IN 43431 2097 25 at at IN 43431 2097 26 the the DT 43431 2097 27 last last JJ 43431 2097 28 trunk trunk NN 43431 2097 29 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2097 30 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2097 31 nearly nearly RB 43431 2097 32 meet meet VBP 43431 2097 33 . . . 43431 2098 1 The the DT 43431 2098 2 = = SYM 43431 2098 3 neural neural JJ 43431 2098 4 spines= spines= NN 43431 2098 5 of of IN 43431 2098 6 the the DT 43431 2098 7 anterior anterior NNP 43431 2098 8 trunk trunk NNP 43431 2098 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2098 10 are be VBP 43431 2098 11 much much RB 43431 2098 12 longer long JJR 43431 2098 13 than than IN 43431 2098 14 those those DT 43431 2098 15 of of IN 43431 2098 16 the the DT 43431 2098 17 posterior posterior NN 43431 2098 18 ones one NNS 43431 2098 19 , , , 43431 2098 20 that that DT 43431 2098 21 of of IN 43431 2098 22 the the DT 43431 2098 23 first first JJ 43431 2098 24 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2098 25 being be VBG 43431 2098 26 the the DT 43431 2098 27 largest large JJS 43431 2098 28 and and CC 43431 2098 29 longest long JJS 43431 2098 30 of of IN 43431 2098 31 all all DT 43431 2098 32 , , , 43431 2098 33 and and CC 43431 2098 34 articulating articulate VBG 43431 2098 35 with with IN 43431 2098 36 the the DT 43431 2098 37 skull skull NN 43431 2098 38 . . . 43431 2099 1 The the DT 43431 2099 2 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2099 3 nerves nerve NNS 43431 2099 4 pass pass VBP 43431 2099 5 out out RP 43431 2099 6 through through IN 43431 2099 7 wide wide JJ 43431 2099 8 notches notch NNS 43431 2099 9 or or CC 43431 2099 10 spaces space NNS 43431 2099 11 between between IN 43431 2099 12 the the DT 43431 2099 13 successive successive JJ 43431 2099 14 neural neural JJ 43431 2099 15 arches arch NNS 43431 2099 16 . . . 43431 2100 1 = = NFP 43431 2100 2 Caudal caudal JJ 43431 2100 3 vertebrae.= vertebrae.= VB 43431 2100 4 The the DT 43431 2100 5 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2100 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2100 7 are be VBP 43431 2100 8 about about RB 43431 2100 9 thirty thirty CD 43431 2100 10 - - HYPH 43431 2100 11 five five CD 43431 2100 12 in in IN 43431 2100 13 number number NN 43431 2100 14 , , , 43431 2100 15 each each DT 43431 2100 16 consists consist VBZ 43431 2100 17 of of IN 43431 2100 18 a a DT 43431 2100 19 centrum centrum NN 43431 2100 20 with with IN 43431 2100 21 a a DT 43431 2100 22 slender slender NN 43431 2100 23 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 2100 24 - - HYPH 43431 2100 25 directed direct VBN 43431 2100 26 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2100 27 or or CC 43431 2100 28 neural neural NN 43431 2100 29 arch arch NN 43431 2100 30 , , , 43431 2100 31 similar similar JJ 43431 2100 32 to to IN 43431 2100 33 those those DT 43431 2100 34 of of IN 43431 2100 35 the the DT 43431 2100 36 posterior posterior NNP 43431 2100 37 trunk trunk NNP 43431 2100 38 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2100 39 . . . 43431 2101 1 The the DT 43431 2101 2 two two CD 43431 2101 3 halves half NNS 43431 2101 4 of of IN 43431 2101 5 the the DT 43431 2101 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2101 7 or or CC 43431 2101 8 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2101 9 arch arch JJ 43431 2101 10 however however RB 43431 2101 11 do do VBP 43431 2101 12 not not RB 43431 2101 13 form form VB 43431 2101 14 outwardly outwardly RB 43431 2101 15 - - HYPH 43431 2101 16 directed direct VBN 43431 2101 17 ventri ventri NN 43431 2101 18 - - HYPH 43431 2101 19 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2101 20 processes process NNS 43431 2101 21 , , , 43431 2101 22 but but CC 43431 2101 23 arise arise VB 43431 2101 24 on on IN 43431 2101 25 the the DT 43431 2101 26 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2101 27 surface surface NN 43431 2101 28 of of IN 43431 2101 29 the the DT 43431 2101 30 centrum centrum NN 43431 2101 31 , , , 43431 2101 32 and and CC 43431 2101 33 passing pass VBG 43431 2101 34 downwards downward NNS 43431 2101 35 meet meet VBP 43431 2101 36 and and CC 43431 2101 37 enclose enclose VB 43431 2101 38 a a DT 43431 2101 39 space space NN 43431 2101 40 ; ; : 43431 2101 41 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2101 42 thus thus RB 43431 2101 43 form form VBP 43431 2101 44 a a DT 43431 2101 45 complete complete JJ 43431 2101 46 canal canal NN 43431 2101 47 , , , 43431 2101 48 and and CC 43431 2101 49 are be VBP 43431 2101 50 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 2101 51 into into IN 43431 2101 52 a a DT 43431 2101 53 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 2101 54 - - HYPH 43431 2101 55 directed direct VBN 43431 2101 56 ventral ventral NN 43431 2101 57 or or CC 43431 2101 58 = = SYM 43431 2101 59 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2101 60 spine=. spine=. '' 43431 2102 1 The the DT 43431 2102 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2102 3 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2102 4 arches arch NNS 43431 2102 5 are be VBP 43431 2102 6 much much RB 43431 2102 7 larger large JJR 43431 2102 8 than than IN 43431 2102 9 the the DT 43431 2102 10 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 2102 11 neural neural JJ 43431 2102 12 arches arch NNS 43431 2102 13 , , , 43431 2102 14 but but CC 43431 2102 15 when when WRB 43431 2102 16 followed follow VBN 43431 2102 17 back back RB 43431 2102 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2102 19 gradually gradually RB 43431 2102 20 decrease decrease VBP 43431 2102 21 in in IN 43431 2102 22 size size NN 43431 2102 23 , , , 43431 2102 24 till till IN 43431 2102 25 at at IN 43431 2102 26 about about IN 43431 2102 27 the the DT 43431 2102 28 twenty twenty CD 43431 2102 29 - - HYPH 43431 2102 30 fourth fourth JJ 43431 2102 31 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2102 32 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2102 33 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2102 34 are be VBP 43431 2102 35 nearly nearly RB 43431 2102 36 as as RB 43431 2102 37 small small JJ 43431 2102 38 as as IN 43431 2102 39 the the DT 43431 2102 40 neural neural JJ 43431 2102 41 arches arch NNS 43431 2102 42 . . . 43431 2103 1 The the DT 43431 2103 2 last last JJ 43431 2103 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2103 4 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2103 5 is be VBZ 43431 2103 6 succeeded succeed VBN 43431 2103 7 by by IN 43431 2103 8 a a DT 43431 2103 9 much much RB 43431 2103 10 flattened flatten VBN 43431 2103 11 = = SYM 43431 2103 12 hypural= hypural= JJ 43431 2103 13 bone bone NN 43431 2103 14 or or CC 43431 2103 15 = = SYM 43431 2103 16 urostyle= urostyle= JJ 43431 2103 17 , , , 43431 2103 18 which which WDT 43431 2103 19 together together RB 43431 2103 20 with with IN 43431 2103 21 the the DT 43431 2103 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 2103 23 neural neural JJ 43431 2103 24 and and CC 43431 2103 25 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2103 26 spines spine NNS 43431 2103 27 supports support VBZ 43431 2103 28 the the DT 43431 2103 29 tail tail NN 43431 2103 30 - - HYPH 43431 2103 31 fin fin NN 43431 2103 32 . . . 43431 2104 1 B. B. NNP 43431 2105 1 THE the DT 43431 2105 2 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 2105 3 . . . 43431 2106 1 The the DT 43431 2106 2 = = SYM 43431 2106 3 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 2106 4 are be VBP 43431 2106 5 slender slend JJR 43431 2106 6 , , , 43431 2106 7 more more RBR 43431 2106 8 or or CC 43431 2106 9 less less RBR 43431 2106 10 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 2106 11 bones bone NNS 43431 2106 12 attached attach VBN 43431 2106 13 to to IN 43431 2106 14 the the DT 43431 2106 15 poster poster NN 43431 2106 16 - - HYPH 43431 2106 17 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2106 18 faces face NNS 43431 2106 19 of of IN 43431 2106 20 the the DT 43431 2106 21 ventri ventri NN 43431 2106 22 - - HYPH 43431 2106 23 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2106 24 processes process NNS 43431 2106 25 of of IN 43431 2106 26 all all PDT 43431 2106 27 the the DT 43431 2106 28 trunk trunk NN 43431 2106 29 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2106 30 except except IN 43431 2106 31 the the DT 43431 2106 32 first first JJ 43431 2106 33 and and CC 43431 2106 34 second second JJ 43431 2106 35 . . . 43431 2107 1 The the DT 43431 2107 2 earlier early JJR 43431 2107 3 ones one NNS 43431 2107 4 are be VBP 43431 2107 5 thicker thick JJR 43431 2107 6 and and CC 43431 2107 7 more more RBR 43431 2107 8 curved curved JJ 43431 2107 9 ; ; : 43431 2107 10 the the DT 43431 2107 11 later later JJ 43431 2107 12 ones one NNS 43431 2107 13 thinner thin JJR 43431 2107 14 and and CC 43431 2107 15 more more RBR 43431 2107 16 nearly nearly RB 43431 2107 17 straight straight RB 43431 2107 18 . . . 43431 2108 1 The the DT 43431 2108 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 2108 3 are be VBP 43431 2108 4 homologous homologous JJ 43431 2108 5 with with IN 43431 2108 6 the the DT 43431 2108 7 distal distal JJ 43431 2108 8 parts part NNS 43431 2108 9 of of IN 43431 2108 10 the the DT 43431 2108 11 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2108 12 arches arch NNS 43431 2108 13 of of IN 43431 2108 14 the the DT 43431 2108 15 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2108 16 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2108 17 . . . 43431 2109 1 Associated associate VBN 43431 2109 2 with with IN 43431 2109 3 the the DT 43431 2109 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 2109 5 are be VBP 43431 2109 6 a a DT 43431 2109 7 second second JJ 43431 2109 8 series series NN 43431 2109 9 of of IN 43431 2109 10 rib rib NN 43431 2109 11 - - HYPH 43431 2109 12 like like JJ 43431 2109 13 bones bone NNS 43431 2109 14 , , , 43431 2109 15 the the DT 43431 2109 16 = = -RRB- 43431 2109 17 intermuscular intermuscular JJ 43431 2109 18 bones=. bones=. NNP 43431 2110 1 These these DT 43431 2110 2 are be VBP 43431 2110 3 slender slend JJR 43431 2110 4 , , , 43431 2110 5 curved curved JJ 43431 2110 6 bones bone NNS 43431 2110 7 which which WDT 43431 2110 8 arise arise VBP 43431 2110 9 from from IN 43431 2110 10 the the DT 43431 2110 11 ribs rib NNS 43431 2110 12 or or CC 43431 2110 13 from from IN 43431 2110 14 the the DT 43431 2110 15 ventri ventri NN 43431 2110 16 - - HYPH 43431 2110 17 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2110 18 processes process NNS 43431 2110 19 at at IN 43431 2110 20 a a DT 43431 2110 21 distance distance NN 43431 2110 22 of of IN 43431 2110 23 about about RB 43431 2110 24 an an DT 43431 2110 25 inch inch NN 43431 2110 26 from from IN 43431 2110 27 the the DT 43431 2110 28 centra centra NNP 43431 2110 29 , , , 43431 2110 30 and and CC 43431 2110 31 curve curve NN 43431 2110 32 upwards upward NNS 43431 2110 33 , , , 43431 2110 34 outwards outward NNS 43431 2110 35 and and CC 43431 2110 36 backwards backwards RB 43431 2110 37 . . . 43431 2111 1 In in IN 43431 2111 2 the the DT 43431 2111 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2111 4 region region NN 43431 2111 5 where where WRB 43431 2111 6 the the DT 43431 2111 7 ventri ventri NN 43431 2111 8 - - HYPH 43431 2111 9 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2111 10 processes process NNS 43431 2111 11 are be VBP 43431 2111 12 short short JJ 43431 2111 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2111 14 arise arise VBP 43431 2111 15 from from IN 43431 2111 16 the the DT 43431 2111 17 ribs rib NNS 43431 2111 18 , , , 43431 2111 19 further further RB 43431 2111 20 back back RB 43431 2111 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2111 22 arise arise VBP 43431 2111 23 from from IN 43431 2111 24 the the DT 43431 2111 25 ventri ventri NN 43431 2111 26 - - HYPH 43431 2111 27 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2111 28 processes process NNS 43431 2111 29 . . . 43431 2112 1 C. C. NNP 43431 2112 2 THE THE NNP 43431 2112 3 UNPAIRED UNPAIRED NNP 43431 2112 4 OR or CC 43431 2112 5 MEDIAN MEDIAN NNP 43431 2112 6 FINS fin NNS 43431 2112 7 . . . 43431 2113 1 These these DT 43431 2113 2 are be VBP 43431 2113 3 six six CD 43431 2113 4 in in IN 43431 2113 5 number number NN 43431 2113 6 , , , 43431 2113 7 three three CD 43431 2113 8 being be VBG 43431 2113 9 = = SYM 43431 2113 10 dorsal= dorsal= NN 43431 2113 11 , , , 43431 2113 12 one one CD 43431 2113 13 = = SYM 43431 2113 14 caudal= caudal= NNP 43431 2113 15 and and CC 43431 2113 16 two two CD 43431 2113 17 = = SYM 43431 2113 18 anal=. anal=. '' 43431 2114 1 The the DT 43431 2114 2 = = SYM 43431 2114 3 dorsal= dorsal= NN 43431 2114 4 and and CC 43431 2114 5 = = SYM 43431 2114 6 anal= anal= NNP 43431 2114 7 fins fin VBZ 43431 2114 8 each each DT 43431 2114 9 consist consist NN 43431 2114 10 of of IN 43431 2114 11 two two CD 43431 2114 12 sets set NNS 43431 2114 13 of of IN 43431 2114 14 structures structure NNS 43431 2114 15 , , , 43431 2114 16 the the DT 43431 2114 17 = = SYM 43431 2114 18 fin fin NNP 43431 2114 19 - - HYPH 43431 2114 20 rays= rays= NNP 43431 2114 21 and and CC 43431 2114 22 the the DT 43431 2114 23 = = SYM 43431 2114 24 interspinous interspinous JJ 43431 2114 25 bones=. bones=. NN 43431 2115 1 Each each DT 43431 2115 2 fin fin NN 43431 2115 3 - - HYPH 43431 2115 4 ray ray NN 43431 2115 5 forms form NNS 43431 2115 6 a a DT 43431 2115 7 delicate delicate JJ 43431 2115 8 , , , 43431 2115 9 nearly nearly RB 43431 2115 10 straight straight RB 43431 2115 11 , , , 43431 2115 12 bony bony NNP 43431 2115 13 rod rod NN 43431 2115 14 which which WDT 43431 2115 15 becomes become VBZ 43431 2115 16 thickened thicken VBN 43431 2115 17 and and CC 43431 2115 18 bifurcated bifurcate VBN 43431 2115 19 at at IN 43431 2115 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2115 21 proximal proximal JJ 43431 2115 22 or or CC 43431 2115 23 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2115 24 end end NN 43431 2115 25 , , , 43431 2115 26 while while IN 43431 2115 27 distally distally RB 43431 2115 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2115 29 is be VBZ 43431 2115 30 transversely transversely RB 43431 2115 31 jointed jointed JJ 43431 2115 32 and and CC 43431 2115 33 flexible flexible JJ 43431 2115 34 , , , 43431 2115 35 frequently frequently RB 43431 2115 36 also also RB 43431 2115 37 becoming become VBG 43431 2115 38 more more RBR 43431 2115 39 or or CC 43431 2115 40 less less RBR 43431 2115 41 flattened flattened JJ 43431 2115 42 . . . 43431 2116 1 The the DT 43431 2116 2 first first JJ 43431 2116 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2116 4 fin fin NN 43431 2116 5 has have VBZ 43431 2116 6 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 2116 7 rays ray NNS 43431 2116 8 , , , 43431 2116 9 the the DT 43431 2116 10 second second JJ 43431 2116 11 , , , 43431 2116 12 sixteen sixteen CD 43431 2116 13 to to IN 43431 2116 14 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 2116 15 , , , 43431 2116 16 the the DT 43431 2116 17 third third JJ 43431 2116 18 , , , 43431 2116 19 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 2116 20 to to IN 43431 2116 21 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 2116 22 . . . 43431 2117 1 The the DT 43431 2117 2 first first JJ 43431 2117 3 anal anal JJ 43431 2117 4 fin fin NN 43431 2117 5 has have VBZ 43431 2117 6 about about RB 43431 2117 7 twenty twenty CD 43431 2117 8 - - HYPH 43431 2117 9 two two CD 43431 2117 10 , , , 43431 2117 11 the the DT 43431 2117 12 second second JJ 43431 2117 13 anal anal JJ 43431 2117 14 fourteen fourteen CD 43431 2117 15 . . . 43431 2118 1 In in IN 43431 2118 2 each each DT 43431 2118 3 fin fin NN 43431 2118 4 the the DT 43431 2118 5 posterior posterior NN 43431 2118 6 rays ray NNS 43431 2118 7 rapidly rapidly RB 43431 2118 8 decrease decrease VBP 43431 2118 9 in in IN 43431 2118 10 size size NN 43431 2118 11 when when WRB 43431 2118 12 followed follow VBD 43431 2118 13 back back RB 43431 2118 14 . . . 43431 2119 1 The the DT 43431 2119 2 = = SYM 43431 2119 3 interspinous interspinous JJ 43431 2119 4 bones= bones= NN 43431 2119 5 of of IN 43431 2119 6 the the DT 43431 2119 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2119 8 and and CC 43431 2119 9 anal anal JJ 43431 2119 10 fins fin NNS 43431 2119 11 alternate alternate JJ 43431 2119 12 with with IN 43431 2119 13 the the DT 43431 2119 14 neural neural JJ 43431 2119 15 and and CC 43431 2119 16 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2119 17 spines spine NNS 43431 2119 18 respectively respectively RB 43431 2119 19 , , , 43431 2119 20 and and CC 43431 2119 21 form form NN 43431 2119 22 short short JJ 43431 2119 23 , , , 43431 2119 24 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 2119 25 - - HYPH 43431 2119 26 projecting project VBG 43431 2119 27 bones bone NNS 43431 2119 28 , , , 43431 2119 29 each each DT 43431 2119 30 attached attach VBN 43431 2119 31 proximally proximally RB 43431 2119 32 to to IN 43431 2119 33 the the DT 43431 2119 34 base base NN 43431 2119 35 of of IN 43431 2119 36 the the DT 43431 2119 37 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 2119 38 fin fin NN 43431 2119 39 - - HYPH 43431 2119 40 ray ray NN 43431 2119 41 . . . 43431 2120 1 The the DT 43431 2120 2 = = SYM 43431 2120 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2120 4 fin= fin= NN 43431 2120 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 2120 6 of of IN 43431 2120 7 a a DT 43431 2120 8 series series NN 43431 2120 9 of of IN 43431 2120 10 about about RB 43431 2120 11 forty forty CD 43431 2120 12 - - HYPH 43431 2120 13 three three CD 43431 2120 14 rays ray NNS 43431 2120 15 which which WDT 43431 2120 16 radiate radiate VBP 43431 2120 17 from from IN 43431 2120 18 the the DT 43431 2120 19 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2120 20 end end NN 43431 2120 21 of of IN 43431 2120 22 the the DT 43431 2120 23 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2120 24 column column NN 43431 2120 25 , , , 43431 2120 26 being be VBG 43431 2120 27 connected connect VBN 43431 2120 28 with with IN 43431 2120 29 the the DT 43431 2120 30 urostyle urostyle JJ 43431 2120 31 or or CC 43431 2120 32 hypural hypural JJ 43431 2120 33 bone bone NN 43431 2120 34 , , , 43431 2120 35 and and CC 43431 2120 36 with with IN 43431 2120 37 the the DT 43431 2120 38 posterior posterior NN 43431 2120 39 neural neural JJ 43431 2120 40 and and CC 43431 2120 41 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2120 42 spines spine NNS 43431 2120 43 without without IN 43431 2120 44 the the DT 43431 2120 45 intervention intervention NN 43431 2120 46 of of IN 43431 2120 47 interspinous interspinous JJ 43431 2120 48 bones bone NNS 43431 2120 49 . . . 43431 2121 1 Like like IN 43431 2121 2 the the DT 43431 2121 3 other other JJ 43431 2121 4 fin fin NN 43431 2121 5 - - HYPH 43431 2121 6 rays ray NNS 43431 2121 7 those those DT 43431 2121 8 forming form VBG 43431 2121 9 the the DT 43431 2121 10 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2121 11 fin fin NN 43431 2121 12 are be VBP 43431 2121 13 transversely transversely RB 43431 2121 14 jointed joint VBN 43431 2121 15 , , , 43431 2121 16 and and CC 43431 2121 17 are be VBP 43431 2121 18 widened widen VBN 43431 2121 19 and and CC 43431 2121 20 frayed fray VBN 43431 2121 21 out out RP 43431 2121 22 distally distally RB 43431 2121 23 . . . 43431 2122 1 The the DT 43431 2122 2 tail tail NN 43431 2122 3 - - HYPH 43431 2122 4 fin fin NN 43431 2122 5 in in IN 43431 2122 6 the the DT 43431 2122 7 Cod Cod NNP 43431 2122 8 is be VBZ 43431 2122 9 = = SYM 43431 2122 10 homocercal= homocercal= NNP 43431 2122 11 , , , 43431 2122 12 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 2123 1 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2123 2 appears appear VBZ 43431 2123 3 to to TO 43431 2123 4 be be VB 43431 2123 5 symmetrically symmetrically RB 43431 2123 6 developed develop VBN 43431 2123 7 round round IN 43431 2123 8 the the DT 43431 2123 9 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2123 10 end end NN 43431 2123 11 of of IN 43431 2123 12 the the DT 43431 2123 13 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2123 14 column column NN 43431 2123 15 , , , 43431 2123 16 though though IN 43431 2123 17 in in IN 43431 2123 18 reality reality NN 43431 2123 19 a a DT 43431 2123 20 much much RB 43431 2123 21 greater great JJR 43431 2123 22 proportion proportion NN 43431 2123 23 is be VBZ 43431 2123 24 attached attach VBN 43431 2123 25 below below IN 43431 2123 26 the the DT 43431 2123 27 end end NN 43431 2123 28 of of IN 43431 2123 29 the the DT 43431 2123 30 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2123 31 column column NN 43431 2123 32 than than IN 43431 2123 33 above above IN 43431 2123 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2123 35 . . . 43431 2124 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2124 2 is be VBZ 43431 2124 3 a a DT 43431 2124 4 masked masked JJ 43431 2124 5 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 2124 6 tail tail NN 43431 2124 7 . . . 43431 2125 1 THE the DT 43431 2125 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2125 3 . . . 43431 2126 1 Owing owe VBG 43431 2126 2 to to IN 43431 2126 3 the the DT 43431 2126 4 fact fact NN 43431 2126 5 that that IN 43431 2126 6 very very RB 43431 2126 7 little little JJ 43431 2126 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2126 9 remains remain VBZ 43431 2126 10 in in IN 43431 2126 11 the the DT 43431 2126 12 skull skull NN 43431 2126 13 of of IN 43431 2126 14 the the DT 43431 2126 15 adult adult NN 43431 2126 16 Codfish Codfish NNP 43431 2126 17 , , , 43431 2126 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2126 19 relation relation NN 43431 2126 20 to to IN 43431 2126 21 the the DT 43431 2126 22 completely completely RB 43431 2126 23 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2126 24 skull skull NN 43431 2126 25 of of IN 43431 2126 26 the the DT 43431 2126 27 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 2126 28 is be VBZ 43431 2126 29 not not RB 43431 2126 30 easily easily RB 43431 2126 31 seen see VBN 43431 2126 32 . . . 43431 2127 1 Before before IN 43431 2127 2 describing describe VBG 43431 2127 3 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2127 4 therefore therefore RB 43431 2127 5 , , , 43431 2127 6 the the DT 43431 2127 7 skull skull NN 43431 2127 8 of of IN 43431 2127 9 the the DT 43431 2127 10 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2127 11 will will MD 43431 2127 12 be be VB 43431 2127 13 described describe VBN 43431 2127 14 , , , 43431 2127 15 as as IN 43431 2127 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2127 17 forms form VBZ 43431 2127 18 an an DT 43431 2127 19 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 2127 20 type type NN 43431 2127 21 . . . 43431 2128 1 THE the DT 43431 2128 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2128 3 OF of IN 43431 2128 4 THE the DT 43431 2128 5 SALMON[36 salmon[36 XX 43431 2128 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2128 7 . . . 43431 2129 1 The the DT 43431 2129 2 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2129 3 's 's POS 43431 2129 4 skull skull NN 43431 2129 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 2129 6 of of IN 43431 2129 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2129 8 1 1 LS 43431 2129 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2129 10 the the DT 43431 2129 11 = = SYM 43431 2129 12 chondrocranium= chondrocranium= NNS 43431 2129 13 , , , 43431 2129 14 which which WDT 43431 2129 15 remains remain VBZ 43431 2129 16 partly partly RB 43431 2129 17 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2129 18 and and CC 43431 2129 19 is be VBZ 43431 2129 20 partly partly RB 43431 2129 21 converted convert VBN 43431 2129 22 into into IN 43431 2129 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2129 24 bone bone NN 43431 2129 25 , , , 43431 2129 26 especially especially RB 43431 2129 27 in in IN 43431 2129 28 the the DT 43431 2129 29 occipital occipital JJ 43431 2129 30 region region NN 43431 2129 31 , , , 43431 2129 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2129 33 2 2 LS 43431 2129 34 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2129 35 a a DT 43431 2129 36 large large JJ 43431 2129 37 series series NN 43431 2129 38 of of IN 43431 2129 39 plate plate NN 43431 2129 40 - - HYPH 43431 2129 41 like like JJ 43431 2129 42 membrane membrane NN 43431 2129 43 bones bone NNS 43431 2129 44 . . . 43431 2130 1 THE the DT 43431 2130 2 CHONDROCRANIUM CHONDROCRANIUM NNP 43431 2130 3 . . . 43431 2131 1 This this DT 43431 2131 2 is be VBZ 43431 2131 3 an an DT 43431 2131 4 elongated elongated JJ 43431 2131 5 structure structure NN 43431 2131 6 , , , 43431 2131 7 wide wide JJ 43431 2131 8 behind behind IN 43431 2131 9 owing owe VBG 43431 2131 10 to to IN 43431 2131 11 the the DT 43431 2131 12 fusion fusion NN 43431 2131 13 of of IN 43431 2131 14 the the DT 43431 2131 15 large large JJ 43431 2131 16 auditory auditory JJ 43431 2131 17 capsules capsule NNS 43431 2131 18 with with IN 43431 2131 19 the the DT 43431 2131 20 cranium cranium NN 43431 2131 21 , , , 43431 2131 22 and and CC 43431 2131 23 elongated elongate VBD 43431 2131 24 and and CC 43431 2131 25 tapering taper VBG 43431 2131 26 considerably considerably RB 43431 2131 27 in in IN 43431 2131 28 front front NN 43431 2131 29 ; ; : 43431 2131 30 in in IN 43431 2131 31 the the DT 43431 2131 32 middle middle NN 43431 2131 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2131 34 is be VBZ 43431 2131 35 much much RB 43431 2131 36 contracted contract VBN 43431 2131 37 by by IN 43431 2131 38 the the DT 43431 2131 39 large large JJ 43431 2131 40 orbital orbital JJ 43431 2131 41 cavities cavity NNS 43431 2131 42 . . . 43431 2132 1 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 2132 2 SURFACE surface NN 43431 2132 3 OF of IN 43431 2132 4 THE the DT 43431 2132 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 2132 6 . . . 43431 2133 1 In in IN 43431 2133 2 the the DT 43431 2133 3 centre centre NN 43431 2133 4 of of IN 43431 2133 5 the the DT 43431 2133 6 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2133 7 end end NN 43431 2133 8 of of IN 43431 2133 9 the the DT 43431 2133 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2133 11 surface surface NN 43431 2133 12 is be VBZ 43431 2133 13 the the DT 43431 2133 14 = = SYM 43431 2133 15 supra supra NNP 43431 2133 16 - - HYPH 43431 2133 17 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 2133 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2133 19 fig fig NN 43431 2133 20 . . . 43431 2134 1 9 9 CD 43431 2134 2 , , , 43431 2134 3 A a NN 43431 2134 4 , , , 43431 2134 5 1 1 CD 43431 2134 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2134 7 with with IN 43431 2134 8 a a DT 43431 2134 9 prominent prominent JJ 43431 2134 10 posterior posterior NN 43431 2134 11 ridge ridge NN 43431 2134 12 . . . 43431 2135 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2135 2 is be VBZ 43431 2135 3 separated separate VBN 43431 2135 4 by by IN 43431 2135 5 two two CD 43431 2135 6 tracts tract NNS 43431 2135 7 of of IN 43431 2135 8 unossified unossified JJ 43431 2135 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2135 10 from from IN 43431 2135 11 the the DT 43431 2135 12 large large JJ 43431 2135 13 series series NN 43431 2135 14 of of IN 43431 2135 15 bones bone NNS 43431 2135 16 connected connect VBN 43431 2135 17 with with IN 43431 2135 18 the the DT 43431 2135 19 = = NN 43431 2135 20 auditory auditory NN 43431 2135 21 organ=. organ=. . 43431 2136 1 The the DT 43431 2136 2 first first JJ 43431 2136 3 of of IN 43431 2136 4 these these DT 43431 2136 5 is be VBZ 43431 2136 6 the the DT 43431 2136 7 = = SYM 43431 2136 8 epi epi NNP 43431 2136 9 - - HYPH 43431 2136 10 otic= otic= NNP 43431 2136 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2136 12 fig fig NN 43431 2136 13 . . . 43431 2137 1 9 9 CD 43431 2137 2 , , , 43431 2137 3 2 2 CD 43431 2137 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2137 5 , , , 43431 2137 6 which which WDT 43431 2137 7 is be VBZ 43431 2137 8 separated separate VBN 43431 2137 9 by by IN 43431 2137 10 only only RB 43431 2137 11 a a DT 43431 2137 12 narrow narrow JJ 43431 2137 13 tract tract NN 43431 2137 14 of of IN 43431 2137 15 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2137 16 from from IN 43431 2137 17 the the DT 43431 2137 18 supra supra NNP 43431 2137 19 - - HYPH 43431 2137 20 occipital occipital NN 43431 2137 21 , , , 43431 2137 22 and and CC 43431 2137 23 is be VBZ 43431 2137 24 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2137 25 laterally laterally RB 43431 2137 26 with with IN 43431 2137 27 the the DT 43431 2137 28 large large JJ 43431 2137 29 = = SYM 43431 2137 30 pterotic= pterotic= NN 43431 2137 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2137 32 fig fig NN 43431 2137 33 . . . 43431 2138 1 9 9 CD 43431 2138 2 , , , 43431 2138 3 A a NN 43431 2138 4 , , , 43431 2138 5 3 3 CD 43431 2138 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2138 7 which which WDT 43431 2138 8 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 2138 9 in in IN 43431 2138 10 front front NN 43431 2138 11 a a DT 43431 2138 12 smaller small JJR 43431 2138 13 bone bone NN 43431 2138 14 , , , 43431 2138 15 the the DT 43431 2138 16 = = SYM 43431 2138 17 sphenotic= sphenotic= NNP 43431 2138 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2138 19 fig fig NN 43431 2138 20 . . . 43431 2139 1 9 9 CD 43431 2139 2 , , , 43431 2139 3 4 4 CD 43431 2139 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2139 5 . . . 43431 2140 1 Both both DT 43431 2140 2 epi epi JJ 43431 2140 3 - - JJ 43431 2140 4 otic otic JJ 43431 2140 5 and and CC 43431 2140 6 pterotic pterotic JJ 43431 2140 7 are be VBP 43431 2140 8 drawn draw VBN 43431 2140 9 out out RP 43431 2140 10 into into IN 43431 2140 11 rather rather RB 43431 2140 12 prominent prominent VBN 43431 2140 13 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 2140 14 - - HYPH 43431 2140 15 projecting project VBG 43431 2140 16 processes process NNS 43431 2140 17 . . . 43431 2141 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2141 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2141 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2141 4 . . . 43431 2142 1 9 9 CD 43431 2142 2 . . . 43431 2143 1 A. a. JJ 43431 2143 2 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 2143 3 AND and CC 43431 2143 4 B. B. NNP 43431 2143 5 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 2143 6 VIEW view NN 43431 2143 7 OF of IN 43431 2143 8 THE the DT 43431 2143 9 CRANIUM cranium NN 43431 2143 10 OF of IN 43431 2143 11 A a DT 43431 2143 12 SALMON SALMON NNP 43431 2143 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2143 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2143 15 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 2143 16 salar salar JJ 43431 2143 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2143 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2143 19 from from IN 43431 2143 20 which which WDT 43431 2143 21 most most JJS 43431 2143 22 of of IN 43431 2143 23 the the DT 43431 2143 24 membrane membrane NN 43431 2143 25 bones bone NNS 43431 2143 26 have have VBP 43431 2143 27 been be VBN 43431 2143 28 removed remove VBN 43431 2143 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2143 30 after after IN 43431 2143 31 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 2143 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2143 33 . . . 43431 2144 1 Cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2144 2 is be VBZ 43431 2144 3 dotted dot VBN 43431 2144 4 . . . 43431 2145 1 1 1 LS 43431 2145 2 . . . 43431 2145 3 supra supra NNP 43431 2145 4 - - HYPH 43431 2145 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 2145 6 . . . 43431 2146 1 2 2 LS 43431 2146 2 . . . 43431 2146 3 epi epi JJ 43431 2146 4 - - HYPH 43431 2146 5 otic otic JJ 43431 2146 6 . . . 43431 2147 1 3 3 LS 43431 2147 2 . . . 43431 2147 3 pterotic pterotic JJ 43431 2147 4 . . . 43431 2148 1 4 4 LS 43431 2148 2 . . . 43431 2148 3 sphenotic sphenotic NN 43431 2148 4 . . . 43431 2149 1 5 5 LS 43431 2149 2 . . . 43431 2149 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 2149 4 . . . 43431 2150 1 6 6 LS 43431 2150 2 . . . 43431 2150 3 median median NNP 43431 2150 4 ethmoid ethmoid NNP 43431 2150 5 . . . 43431 2151 1 7 7 LS 43431 2151 2 . . . 43431 2151 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 2151 4 . . . 43431 2152 1 8 8 LS 43431 2152 2 . . . 43431 2152 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2152 4 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2152 5 . . . 43431 2153 1 9 9 LS 43431 2153 2 . . . 43431 2153 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2153 4 . . . 43431 2154 1 10 10 CD 43431 2154 2 . . . 43431 2154 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 2154 4 . . . 43431 2155 1 11 11 CD 43431 2155 2 . . . 43431 2155 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 2155 4 . . . 43431 2156 1 12 12 CD 43431 2156 2 . . . 43431 2156 3 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 2156 4 . . . 43431 2157 1 13 13 CD 43431 2157 2 . . . 43431 2157 3 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 2157 4 . . . 43431 2158 1 14 14 CD 43431 2158 2 . . . 43431 2158 3 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 2158 4 . . . 43431 2159 1 16 16 CD 43431 2159 2 . . . 43431 2159 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2159 4 for for IN 43431 2159 5 passage passage NN 43431 2159 6 of of IN 43431 2159 7 an an DT 43431 2159 8 artery artery NN 43431 2159 9 . . . 43431 2160 1 17 17 CD 43431 2160 2 . . . 43431 2160 3 pro pro JJ 43431 2160 4 - - JJ 43431 2160 5 otic otic JJ 43431 2160 6 . . . 43431 2161 1 18 18 CD 43431 2161 2 . . . 43431 2161 3 articular articular JJ 43431 2161 4 surface surface NN 43431 2161 5 for for IN 43431 2161 6 hyomandibular hyomandibular NNP 43431 2161 7 . . . 43431 2162 1 II ii CD 43431 2162 2 . . . 43431 2163 1 VII VII NNP 43431 2163 2 . . . 43431 2164 1 IX ix NN 43431 2164 2 . . . 43431 2165 1 X. X. NNP 43431 2165 2 foramina foramina NNP 43431 2165 3 for for IN 43431 2165 4 the the DT 43431 2165 5 passage passage NN 43431 2165 6 of of IN 43431 2165 7 cranial cranial JJ 43431 2165 8 nerves nerve NNS 43431 2165 9 . . . 43431 2165 10 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2166 1 The the DT 43431 2166 2 greater great JJR 43431 2166 3 part part NN 43431 2166 4 of of IN 43431 2166 5 the the DT 43431 2166 6 remainder remainder NN 43431 2166 7 of of IN 43431 2166 8 the the DT 43431 2166 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2166 10 surface surface NN 43431 2166 11 is be VBZ 43431 2166 12 formed form VBN 43431 2166 13 of of IN 43431 2166 14 unossified unossified JJ 43431 2166 15 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2166 16 which which WDT 43431 2166 17 is be VBZ 43431 2166 18 pierced pierce VBN 43431 2166 19 by by IN 43431 2166 20 three three CD 43431 2166 21 large large JJ 43431 2166 22 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 2166 23 or or CC 43431 2166 24 = = SYM 43431 2166 25 fontanelles=. fontanelles=. FW 43431 2167 1 The the DT 43431 2167 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2167 3 fontanelle fontanelle NN 43431 2167 4 is be VBZ 43431 2167 5 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2167 6 , , , 43431 2167 7 and and CC 43431 2167 8 lies lie VBZ 43431 2167 9 far far RB 43431 2167 10 forward forward RB 43431 2167 11 near near IN 43431 2167 12 the the DT 43431 2167 13 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2167 14 end end NN 43431 2167 15 of of IN 43431 2167 16 the the DT 43431 2167 17 long long JJ 43431 2167 18 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2167 19 snout snout NN 43431 2167 20 , , , 43431 2167 21 the the DT 43431 2167 22 two two CD 43431 2167 23 larger large JJR 43431 2167 24 posterior posterior NN 43431 2167 25 ones one NNS 43431 2167 26 lie lie VBP 43431 2167 27 just just RB 43431 2167 28 in in IN 43431 2167 29 front front NN 43431 2167 30 of of IN 43431 2167 31 the the DT 43431 2167 32 supra supra NN 43431 2167 33 - - HYPH 43431 2167 34 occipital occipital NN 43431 2167 35 and and CC 43431 2167 36 lead lead VB 43431 2167 37 into into IN 43431 2167 38 the the DT 43431 2167 39 cranial cranial JJ 43431 2167 40 cavity cavity NN 43431 2167 41 . . . 43431 2168 1 In in IN 43431 2168 2 front front NN 43431 2168 3 of of IN 43431 2168 4 the the DT 43431 2168 5 orbit orbit NN 43431 2168 6 the the DT 43431 2168 7 skull skull NN 43431 2168 8 widens widen VBZ 43431 2168 9 again again RB 43431 2168 10 , , , 43431 2168 11 and and CC 43431 2168 12 is be VBZ 43431 2168 13 marked mark VBN 43431 2168 14 by by IN 43431 2168 15 two two CD 43431 2168 16 considerable considerable JJ 43431 2168 17 = = SYM 43431 2168 18 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2168 19 ethmoid= ethmoid= NN 43431 2168 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2168 21 fig fig NN 43431 2168 22 . . . 43431 2169 1 9 9 CD 43431 2169 2 , , , 43431 2169 3 8) 8) CD 43431 2169 4 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2169 5 . . . 43431 2170 1 In in IN 43431 2170 2 front front NN 43431 2170 3 of of IN 43431 2170 4 these these DT 43431 2170 5 are be VBP 43431 2170 6 a a DT 43431 2170 7 pair pair NN 43431 2170 8 of of IN 43431 2170 9 deep deep JJ 43431 2170 10 pits pit NNS 43431 2170 11 , , , 43431 2170 12 the the DT 43431 2170 13 = = SYM 43431 2170 14 nasal nasal NN 43431 2170 15 fossae= fossae= NNP 43431 2170 16 , , , 43431 2170 17 at at IN 43431 2170 18 the the DT 43431 2170 19 base base NN 43431 2170 20 of of IN 43431 2170 21 which which WDT 43431 2170 22 are be VBP 43431 2170 23 a a DT 43431 2170 24 pair pair NN 43431 2170 25 of of IN 43431 2170 26 foramina foramina NN 43431 2170 27 through through IN 43431 2170 28 which which WDT 43431 2170 29 the the DT 43431 2170 30 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 2170 31 nerves nerve NNS 43431 2170 32 pass pass VBP 43431 2170 33 out out RP 43431 2170 34 ; ; : 43431 2170 35 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2170 36 communicate communicate VBP 43431 2170 37 with with IN 43431 2170 38 a a DT 43431 2170 39 space space NN 43431 2170 40 , , , 43431 2170 41 the the DT 43431 2170 42 = = SYM 43431 2170 43 middle middle NNP 43431 2170 44 narial narial JJ 43431 2170 45 cavity= cavity= NN 43431 2170 46 , , , 43431 2170 47 seen see VBN 43431 2170 48 in in IN 43431 2170 49 a a DT 43431 2170 50 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 2170 51 section section NN 43431 2170 52 of of IN 43431 2170 53 the the DT 43431 2170 54 skull skull NN 43431 2170 55 . . . 43431 2171 1 The the DT 43431 2171 2 long long JJ 43431 2171 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2171 4 snout snout NN 43431 2171 5 is be VBZ 43431 2171 6 more more RBR 43431 2171 7 or or CC 43431 2171 8 less less RBR 43431 2171 9 bifid bifid NN 43431 2171 10 in in IN 43431 2171 11 front front NN 43431 2171 12 , , , 43431 2171 13 especially especially RB 43431 2171 14 in in IN 43431 2171 15 the the DT 43431 2171 16 male male NN 43431 2171 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2171 18 fig fig VB 43431 2171 19 . . . 43431 2172 1 9 9 LS 43431 2172 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2172 3 . . . 43431 2173 1 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 2173 2 END END NNP 43431 2173 3 OF of IN 43431 2173 4 THE the DT 43431 2173 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 2173 6 . . . 43431 2174 1 The the DT 43431 2174 2 = = SYM 43431 2174 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2174 4 magnum= magnum= VBP 43431 2174 5 forms form NNS 43431 2174 6 a a DT 43431 2174 7 large large JJ 43431 2174 8 round round JJ 43431 2174 9 hole hole NN 43431 2174 10 leading lead VBG 43431 2174 11 into into IN 43431 2174 12 the the DT 43431 2174 13 cranial cranial JJ 43431 2174 14 cavity cavity NN 43431 2174 15 , , , 43431 2174 16 and and CC 43431 2174 17 is be VBZ 43431 2174 18 bounded bound VBN 43431 2174 19 laterally laterally RB 43431 2174 20 by by IN 43431 2174 21 the the DT 43431 2174 22 two two CD 43431 2174 23 = = SYM 43431 2174 24 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NN 43431 2174 25 and and CC 43431 2174 26 below below RB 43431 2174 27 by by IN 43431 2174 28 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2174 29 , , , 43431 2174 30 and and CC 43431 2174 31 to to IN 43431 2174 32 a a DT 43431 2174 33 very very RB 43431 2174 34 slight slight JJ 43431 2174 35 extent extent NN 43431 2174 36 by by IN 43431 2174 37 the the DT 43431 2174 38 = = SYM 43431 2174 39 basi basi NNP 43431 2174 40 - - HYPH 43431 2174 41 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 2174 42 , , , 43431 2174 43 the the DT 43431 2174 44 three three CD 43431 2174 45 bones bone NNS 43431 2174 46 together together RB 43431 2174 47 forming form VBG 43431 2174 48 a a DT 43431 2174 49 concave concave NNP 43431 2174 50 = = SYM 43431 2174 51 occipital occipital NN 43431 2174 52 condyle= condyle= NN 43431 2174 53 by by IN 43431 2174 54 which which WDT 43431 2174 55 the the DT 43431 2174 56 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2174 57 column column NN 43431 2174 58 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2174 59 with with IN 43431 2174 60 the the DT 43431 2174 61 skull skull NN 43431 2174 62 . . . 43431 2175 1 The the DT 43431 2175 2 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 2175 3 are be VBP 43431 2175 4 connected connect VBN 43431 2175 5 laterally laterally RB 43431 2175 6 with with IN 43431 2175 7 a a DT 43431 2175 8 fourth fourth JJ 43431 2175 9 pair pair NN 43431 2175 10 of of IN 43431 2175 11 auditory auditory JJ 43431 2175 12 bones bone NNS 43431 2175 13 , , , 43431 2175 14 the the DT 43431 2175 15 = = SYM 43431 2175 16 opisthotics= opisthotics= NN 43431 2175 17 , , , 43431 2175 18 and and CC 43431 2175 19 just just RB 43431 2175 20 meet meet VB 43431 2175 21 the the DT 43431 2175 22 epi epi JJ 43431 2175 23 - - HYPH 43431 2175 24 otics otics NN 43431 2175 25 dorsolaterally dorsolaterally RB 43431 2175 26 , , , 43431 2175 27 while while IN 43431 2175 28 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 2175 29 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2175 30 are be VBP 43431 2175 31 separated separate VBN 43431 2175 32 by by IN 43431 2175 33 a a DT 43431 2175 34 wide wide JJ 43431 2175 35 tract tract NN 43431 2175 36 of of IN 43431 2175 37 unossified unossified JJ 43431 2175 38 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2175 39 from from IN 43431 2175 40 the the DT 43431 2175 41 supra supra NNP 43431 2175 42 - - HYPH 43431 2175 43 occipital occipital NN 43431 2175 44 . . . 43431 2176 1 The the DT 43431 2176 2 opisthotics opisthotic NNS 43431 2176 3 are be VBP 43431 2176 4 connected connect VBN 43431 2176 5 laterally laterally RB 43431 2176 6 with with IN 43431 2176 7 the the DT 43431 2176 8 pterotics pterotic NNS 43431 2176 9 . . . 43431 2177 1 SIDE SIDE NNP 43431 2177 2 OF of IN 43431 2177 3 THE the DT 43431 2177 4 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 2177 5 . . . 43431 2178 1 At at IN 43431 2178 2 the the DT 43431 2178 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 2178 4 end end NN 43431 2178 5 is be VBZ 43431 2178 6 seen see VBN 43431 2178 7 the the DT 43431 2178 8 = = SYM 43431 2178 9 basi basi NNP 43431 2178 10 - - HYPH 43431 2178 11 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 2178 12 in in IN 43431 2178 13 contact contact NN 43431 2178 14 above above IN 43431 2178 15 with with IN 43431 2178 16 the the DT 43431 2178 17 = = SYM 43431 2178 18 exoccipital= exoccipital= NN 43431 2178 19 , , , 43431 2178 20 which which WDT 43431 2178 21 is be VBZ 43431 2178 22 pierced pierce VBN 43431 2178 23 by by IN 43431 2178 24 a a DT 43431 2178 25 prominent prominent JJ 43431 2178 26 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2178 27 for for IN 43431 2178 28 the the DT 43431 2178 29 exit exit NN 43431 2178 30 of of IN 43431 2178 31 the the DT 43431 2178 32 tenth tenth JJ 43431 2178 33 nerve nerve NN 43431 2178 34 . . . 43431 2179 1 In in IN 43431 2179 2 front front NN 43431 2179 3 of of IN 43431 2179 4 this this DT 43431 2179 5 lies lie VBZ 43431 2179 6 a a DT 43431 2179 7 small small JJ 43431 2179 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2179 9 , , , 43431 2179 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2179 11 double double JJ 43431 2179 12 , , , 43431 2179 13 for for IN 43431 2179 14 the the DT 43431 2179 15 ninth ninth JJ 43431 2179 16 nerve nerve NN 43431 2179 17 . . . 43431 2180 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2180 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2180 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2180 4 . . . 43431 2181 1 10 10 CD 43431 2181 2 . . . 43431 2182 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 2182 2 VIEW view NN 43431 2182 3 OF of IN 43431 2182 4 THE the DT 43431 2182 5 CHONDROCRANIUM chondrocranium NN 43431 2182 6 OF of IN 43431 2182 7 A a DT 43431 2182 8 SALMON SALMON NNP 43431 2182 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2182 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2182 11 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 2182 12 salar salar JJ 43431 2182 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2182 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2182 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2182 16 after after IN 43431 2182 17 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 2182 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2182 19 . . . 43431 2183 1 A a DT 43431 2183 2 few few JJ 43431 2183 3 membrane membrane NN 43431 2183 4 bones bone NNS 43431 2183 5 are be VBP 43431 2183 6 also also RB 43431 2183 7 shown show VBN 43431 2183 8 . . . 43431 2184 1 Cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2184 2 is be VBZ 43431 2184 3 dotted dot VBN 43431 2184 4 . . . 43431 2185 1 1 1 LS 43431 2185 2 . . . 43431 2185 3 supra supra NNP 43431 2185 4 - - HYPH 43431 2185 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 2185 6 . . . 43431 2186 1 2 2 LS 43431 2186 2 . . . 43431 2186 3 epi epi JJ 43431 2186 4 - - HYPH 43431 2186 5 otic otic JJ 43431 2186 6 . . . 43431 2187 1 3 3 LS 43431 2187 2 . . . 43431 2187 3 pterotic pterotic JJ 43431 2187 4 . . . 43431 2188 1 4 4 LS 43431 2188 2 . . . 43431 2188 3 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 2188 4 . . . 43431 2189 1 5 5 LS 43431 2189 2 . . . 43431 2189 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 2189 4 . . . 43431 2190 1 6 6 LS 43431 2190 2 . . . 43431 2190 3 basi basi NN 43431 2190 4 - - HYPH 43431 2190 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 2190 6 . . . 43431 2191 1 7 7 LS 43431 2191 2 . . . 43431 2191 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2191 4 . . . 43431 2192 1 8 8 LS 43431 2192 2 . . . 43431 2192 3 sphenotic sphenotic JJ 43431 2192 4 . . . 43431 2193 1 9 9 LS 43431 2193 2 . . . 43431 2193 3 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 2193 4 . . . 43431 2194 1 10 10 CD 43431 2194 2 . . . 43431 2194 3 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 2194 4 . . . 43431 2195 1 11 11 LS 43431 2195 2 . . . 43431 2195 3 lateral- lateral- NNP 43431 2195 4 or or CC 43431 2195 5 ectethmoid ectethmoid VB 43431 2195 6 . . . 43431 2196 1 12 12 CD 43431 2196 2 . . . 43431 2196 3 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 2196 4 pit pit NN 43431 2196 5 ; ; : 43431 2196 6 the the DT 43431 2196 7 vomerine vomerine NN 43431 2196 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2196 9 are be VBP 43431 2196 10 seen see VBN 43431 2196 11 just just RB 43431 2196 12 below below RB 43431 2196 13 . . . 43431 2197 1 14 14 CD 43431 2197 2 . . . 43431 2197 3 pro pro JJ 43431 2197 4 - - JJ 43431 2197 5 otic otic JJ 43431 2197 6 . . . 43431 2198 1 15 15 CD 43431 2198 2 . . . 43431 2198 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 2198 4 . . . 43431 2199 1 16 16 CD 43431 2199 2 . . . 43431 2199 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2199 4 for for IN 43431 2199 5 the the DT 43431 2199 6 passage passage NN 43431 2199 7 of of IN 43431 2199 8 an an DT 43431 2199 9 artery artery NN 43431 2199 10 . . . 43431 2200 1 17 17 CD 43431 2200 2 . . . 43431 2200 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 2200 4 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 2200 5 . . . 43431 2201 1 18 18 CD 43431 2201 2 . . . 43431 2201 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 2201 4 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 2201 5 . . . 43431 2202 1 I. I. NNP 43431 2202 2 II II NNP 43431 2202 3 . . . 43431 2203 1 V. V. NNP 43431 2203 2 VII VII NNP 43431 2203 3 . . . 43431 2204 1 IX ix NN 43431 2204 2 . . . 43431 2205 1 X. X. NNP 43431 2205 2 foramina foramina NNP 43431 2205 3 for for IN 43431 2205 4 the the DT 43431 2205 5 passage passage NN 43431 2205 6 of of IN 43431 2205 7 cranial cranial JJ 43431 2205 8 nerves nerve NNS 43431 2205 9 . . . 43431 2205 10 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2206 1 In in IN 43431 2206 2 front front NN 43431 2206 3 of of IN 43431 2206 4 the the DT 43431 2206 5 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 2206 6 is be VBZ 43431 2206 7 the the DT 43431 2206 8 large large JJ 43431 2206 9 = = SYM 43431 2206 10 pro pro JJ 43431 2206 11 - - JJ 43431 2206 12 otic= otic= JJ 43431 2206 13 pierced pierce VBN 43431 2206 14 by by IN 43431 2206 15 two two CD 43431 2206 16 prominent prominent JJ 43431 2206 17 foramina foramina NN 43431 2206 18 . . . 43431 2207 1 Through through IN 43431 2207 2 the the DT 43431 2207 3 more more JJR 43431 2207 4 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2207 5 of of IN 43431 2207 6 these these DT 43431 2207 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2207 8 fig fig NN 43431 2207 9 . . . 43431 2208 1 10 10 CD 43431 2208 2 , , , 43431 2208 3 VII VII NNP 43431 2208 4 . . . 43431 2208 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2209 1 the the DT 43431 2209 2 facial facial JJ 43431 2209 3 nerve nerve NN 43431 2209 4 passes pass VBZ 43431 2209 5 out out RP 43431 2209 6 , , , 43431 2209 7 while while IN 43431 2209 8 the the DT 43431 2209 9 more more RBR 43431 2209 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2209 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2209 12 fig fig NN 43431 2209 13 . . . 43431 2210 1 10 10 CD 43431 2210 2 , , , 43431 2210 3 16 16 CD 43431 2210 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2210 5 is be VBZ 43431 2210 6 for for IN 43431 2210 7 the the DT 43431 2210 8 passage passage NN 43431 2210 9 of of IN 43431 2210 10 an an DT 43431 2210 11 artery artery NN 43431 2210 12 . . . 43431 2211 1 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2211 2 to to IN 43431 2211 3 the the DT 43431 2211 4 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 2211 5 are be VBP 43431 2211 6 the the DT 43431 2211 7 = = SYM 43431 2211 8 opisthotic= opisthotic= NNS 43431 2211 9 and and CC 43431 2211 10 = = SYM 43431 2211 11 pterotic= pterotic= NNS 43431 2211 12 , , , 43431 2211 13 and and CC 43431 2211 14 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2211 15 to to IN 43431 2211 16 the the DT 43431 2211 17 pro pro JJ 43431 2211 18 - - JJ 43431 2211 19 otic otic JJ 43431 2211 20 is be VBZ 43431 2211 21 the the DT 43431 2211 22 = = SYM 43431 2211 23 sphenotic=. sphenotic=. XX 43431 2212 1 The the DT 43431 2212 2 = = SYM 43431 2212 3 pterotic= pterotic= NN 43431 2212 4 is be VBZ 43431 2212 5 marked mark VBN 43431 2212 6 by by IN 43431 2212 7 a a DT 43431 2212 8 prominent prominent JJ 43431 2212 9 groove groove NN 43431 2212 10 often often RB 43431 2212 11 lined line VBN 43431 2212 12 by by IN 43431 2212 13 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2212 14 , , , 43431 2212 15 which which WDT 43431 2212 16 is be VBZ 43431 2212 17 continued continue VBN 43431 2212 18 forwards forwards RB 43431 2212 19 along along IN 43431 2212 20 a a DT 43431 2212 21 tract tract NN 43431 2212 22 of of IN 43431 2212 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2212 24 between between IN 43431 2212 25 the the DT 43431 2212 26 pro pro JJ 43431 2212 27 - - JJ 43431 2212 28 otic otic JJ 43431 2212 29 and and CC 43431 2212 30 sphenotic sphenotic NN 43431 2212 31 . . . 43431 2213 1 With with IN 43431 2213 2 this this DT 43431 2213 3 groove groove NN 43431 2213 4 the the DT 43431 2213 5 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2213 6 articulates articulate NNS 43431 2213 7 . . . 43431 2214 1 There there EX 43431 2214 2 are be VBP 43431 2214 3 considerable considerable JJ 43431 2214 4 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2214 5 in in IN 43431 2214 6 the the DT 43431 2214 7 sphenoidal sphenoidal JJ 43431 2214 8 region region NN 43431 2214 9 of of IN 43431 2214 10 the the DT 43431 2214 11 side side NN 43431 2214 12 of of IN 43431 2214 13 the the DT 43431 2214 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 2214 15 . . . 43431 2215 1 The the DT 43431 2215 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2215 3 boundary boundary NN 43431 2215 4 of of IN 43431 2215 5 the the DT 43431 2215 6 posterior posterior NNP 43431 2215 7 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 2215 8 is be VBZ 43431 2215 9 formed form VBN 43431 2215 10 by by IN 43431 2215 11 the the DT 43431 2215 12 large large JJ 43431 2215 13 = = SYM 43431 2215 14 alisphenoid= alisphenoid= NN 43431 2215 15 , , , 43431 2215 16 which which WDT 43431 2215 17 is be VBZ 43431 2215 18 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2215 19 behind behind RB 43431 2215 20 with with IN 43431 2215 21 the the DT 43431 2215 22 pro pro JJ 43431 2215 23 - - JJ 43431 2215 24 otic otic JJ 43431 2215 25 and and CC 43431 2215 26 sphenotic sphenotic JJ 43431 2215 27 , , , 43431 2215 28 and and CC 43431 2215 29 below below RB 43431 2215 30 with with IN 43431 2215 31 a a DT 43431 2215 32 slender slender NN 43431 2215 33 = = SYM 43431 2215 34 basisphenoid=. basisphenoid=. NN 43431 2216 1 Both both DT 43431 2216 2 in in IN 43431 2216 3 front front NN 43431 2216 4 of of IN 43431 2216 5 and and CC 43431 2216 6 behind behind IN 43431 2216 7 the the DT 43431 2216 8 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 2216 9 there there EX 43431 2216 10 are be VBP 43431 2216 11 considerable considerable JJ 43431 2216 12 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 2216 13 in in IN 43431 2216 14 the the DT 43431 2216 15 walls wall NNS 43431 2216 16 of of IN 43431 2216 17 the the DT 43431 2216 18 cranium cranium NN 43431 2216 19 ; ; : 43431 2216 20 through through IN 43431 2216 21 the the DT 43431 2216 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 2216 23 of of IN 43431 2216 24 these these DT 43431 2216 25 openings opening NNS 43431 2216 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2216 27 fig fig NN 43431 2216 28 . . . 43431 2217 1 10 10 CD 43431 2217 2 , , , 43431 2217 3 V. V. NNP 43431 2217 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2217 5 the the DT 43431 2217 6 main main JJ 43431 2217 7 part part NN 43431 2217 8 of of IN 43431 2217 9 the the DT 43431 2217 10 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 2217 11 nerve nerve NN 43431 2217 12 passes pass VBZ 43431 2217 13 out out RP 43431 2217 14 , , , 43431 2217 15 and and CC 43431 2217 16 through through IN 43431 2217 17 the the DT 43431 2217 18 anterior anterior NNP 43431 2217 19 one one CD 43431 2217 20 , , , 43431 2217 21 the the DT 43431 2217 22 optic optic NN 43431 2217 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2217 24 fig fig NN 43431 2217 25 . . . 43431 2218 1 10 10 CD 43431 2218 2 , , , 43431 2218 3 II II NNP 43431 2218 4 . . . 43431 2218 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2218 6 . . . 43431 2219 1 The the DT 43431 2219 2 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 2219 3 is be VBZ 43431 2219 4 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2219 5 in in IN 43431 2219 6 front front NN 43431 2219 7 with with IN 43431 2219 8 the the DT 43431 2219 9 = = SYM 43431 2219 10 orbitosphenoid= orbitosphenoid= NN 43431 2219 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2219 12 fig fig NN 43431 2219 13 . . . 43431 2220 1 10 10 CD 43431 2220 2 , , , 43431 2220 3 10 10 CD 43431 2220 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2220 5 , , , 43431 2220 6 which which WDT 43431 2220 7 is be VBZ 43431 2220 8 pierced pierce VBN 43431 2220 9 by by IN 43431 2220 10 the the DT 43431 2220 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2220 12 for for IN 43431 2220 13 the the DT 43431 2220 14 exit exit NN 43431 2220 15 of of IN 43431 2220 16 the the DT 43431 2220 17 first first JJ 43431 2220 18 nerve nerve NN 43431 2220 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2220 20 fig fig NN 43431 2220 21 . . . 43431 2221 1 10 10 CD 43431 2221 2 , , , 43431 2221 3 I. I. NNP 43431 2222 1 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2222 2 , , , 43431 2222 3 and and CC 43431 2222 4 in in IN 43431 2222 5 front front NN 43431 2222 6 of of IN 43431 2222 7 the the DT 43431 2222 8 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NN 43431 2222 9 there there EX 43431 2222 10 is be VBZ 43431 2222 11 a a DT 43431 2222 12 large large JJ 43431 2222 13 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 2222 14 . . . 43431 2223 1 The the DT 43431 2223 2 = = SYM 43431 2223 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2223 4 ethmoid= ethmoid= NN 43431 2223 5 is be VBZ 43431 2223 6 seen see VBN 43431 2223 7 in in IN 43431 2223 8 the the DT 43431 2223 9 side side JJ 43431 2223 10 view view NN 43431 2223 11 as as RB 43431 2223 12 well well RB 43431 2223 13 as as IN 43431 2223 14 in in IN 43431 2223 15 the the DT 43431 2223 16 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2223 17 view view NN 43431 2223 18 . . . 43431 2224 1 Further further JJ 43431 2224 2 forwards forward NNS 43431 2224 3 are be VBP 43431 2224 4 seen see VBN 43431 2224 5 the the DT 43431 2224 6 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 2224 7 pits pit NNS 43431 2224 8 , , , 43431 2224 9 and and CC 43431 2224 10 the the DT 43431 2224 11 long long JJ 43431 2224 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2224 13 snout snout NN 43431 2224 14 . . . 43431 2225 1 A a DT 43431 2225 2 = = SYM 43431 2225 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2225 4 view= view= NN 43431 2225 5 of of IN 43431 2225 6 the the DT 43431 2225 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2225 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 2225 9 shows show VBZ 43431 2225 10 much much RB 43431 2225 11 the the DT 43431 2225 12 same same JJ 43431 2225 13 points point NNS 43431 2225 14 as as IN 43431 2225 15 the the DT 43431 2225 16 side side NN 43431 2225 17 view view NN 43431 2225 18 . . . 43431 2226 1 The the DT 43431 2226 2 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 2226 3 appears appear VBZ 43431 2226 4 on on IN 43431 2226 5 the the DT 43431 2226 6 surface surface NN 43431 2226 7 immediately immediately RB 43431 2226 8 in in IN 43431 2226 9 front front NN 43431 2226 10 of of IN 43431 2226 11 the the DT 43431 2226 12 basi basi NN 43431 2226 13 - - HYPH 43431 2226 14 occipital occipital NN 43431 2226 15 . . . 43431 2227 1 THE the DT 43431 2227 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2227 3 WITH with IN 43431 2227 4 MEMBRANE MEMBRANE NNP 43431 2227 5 BONES bone NNS 43431 2227 6 . . . 43431 2228 1 The the DT 43431 2228 2 = = SYM 43431 2228 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2228 4 surface=. surface=. . 43431 2229 1 The the DT 43431 2229 2 greater great JJR 43431 2229 3 part part NN 43431 2229 4 of of IN 43431 2229 5 the the DT 43431 2229 6 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2229 7 surface surface NN 43431 2229 8 in in IN 43431 2229 9 front front NN 43431 2229 10 of of IN 43431 2229 11 the the DT 43431 2229 12 supra supra NNP 43431 2229 13 - - HYPH 43431 2229 14 occipital occipital NN 43431 2229 15 is be VBZ 43431 2229 16 overlaid overlay VBN 43431 2229 17 by by IN 43431 2229 18 a a DT 43431 2229 19 pair pair NN 43431 2229 20 of of IN 43431 2229 21 large large JJ 43431 2229 22 rough rough JJ 43431 2229 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2229 24 frontals frontal VBZ 43431 2229 25 _ _ NNP 43431 2229 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2229 27 figs fig NNS 43431 2229 28 . . . 43431 2230 1 9 9 CD 43431 2230 2 , , , 43431 2230 3 A a NN 43431 2230 4 , , , 43431 2230 5 5 5 CD 43431 2230 6 , , , 43431 2230 7 and and CC 43431 2230 8 10 10 CD 43431 2230 9 , , , 43431 2230 10 5 5 CD 43431 2230 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2230 12 . . . 43431 2231 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2231 2 cover cover VBP 43431 2231 3 the the DT 43431 2231 4 posterior posterior NN 43431 2231 5 fontanelles fontanelle NNS 43431 2231 6 and and CC 43431 2231 7 stretch stretch VBP 43431 2231 8 over over RP 43431 2231 9 from from IN 43431 2231 10 the the DT 43431 2231 11 sphenotic sphenotic NN 43431 2231 12 to to IN 43431 2231 13 the the DT 43431 2231 14 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2231 15 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2231 16 , , , 43431 2231 17 forming form VBG 43431 2231 18 a a DT 43431 2231 19 roof roof NN 43431 2231 20 for for IN 43431 2231 21 the the DT 43431 2231 22 orbit orbit NN 43431 2231 23 . . . 43431 2232 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2232 2 meet meet VBP 43431 2232 3 in in IN 43431 2232 4 the the DT 43431 2232 5 middle middle JJ 43431 2232 6 line line NN 43431 2232 7 behind behind RB 43431 2232 8 , , , 43431 2232 9 but but CC 43431 2232 10 in in IN 43431 2232 11 front front NN 43431 2232 12 are be VBP 43431 2232 13 separated separate VBN 43431 2232 14 by by IN 43431 2232 15 a a DT 43431 2232 16 narrow narrow JJ 43431 2232 17 tract tract NN 43431 2232 18 of of IN 43431 2232 19 unossified unossified JJ 43431 2232 20 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2232 21 , , , 43431 2232 22 and and CC 43431 2232 23 are be VBP 43431 2232 24 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2232 25 by by IN 43431 2232 26 the the DT 43431 2232 27 _ _ NNP 43431 2232 28 median median NNP 43431 2232 29 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2232 30 _ _ NNP 43431 2232 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2232 32 figs fig NNS 43431 2232 33 . . . 43431 2233 1 9 9 CD 43431 2233 2 , , , 43431 2233 3 A a NN 43431 2233 4 , , , 43431 2233 5 6 6 CD 43431 2233 6 , , , 43431 2233 7 and and CC 43431 2233 8 11 11 CD 43431 2233 9 , , , 43431 2233 10 6 6 CD 43431 2233 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2233 12 . . . 43431 2234 1 At at IN 43431 2234 2 the the DT 43431 2234 3 sides side NNS 43431 2234 4 of of IN 43431 2234 5 the the DT 43431 2234 6 supra supra NN 43431 2234 7 - - HYPH 43431 2234 8 occipital occipital NN 43431 2234 9 behind behind IN 43431 2234 10 the the DT 43431 2234 11 frontals frontal NNS 43431 2234 12 are be VBP 43431 2234 13 a a DT 43431 2234 14 pair pair NN 43431 2234 15 of of IN 43431 2234 16 small small JJ 43431 2234 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2234 18 parietals parietal NNS 43431 2234 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2234 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2234 21 figs fig NNS 43431 2234 22 . . . 43431 2235 1 9 9 CD 43431 2235 2 , , , 43431 2235 3 A a NN 43431 2235 4 , , , 43431 2235 5 7 7 CD 43431 2235 6 , , , 43431 2235 7 and and CC 43431 2235 8 11 11 CD 43431 2235 9 , , , 43431 2235 10 7 7 CD 43431 2235 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2235 12 . . . 43431 2236 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2236 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2236 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2236 4 . . . 43431 2237 1 11 11 CD 43431 2237 2 . . . 43431 2238 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 2238 2 VIEW view NN 43431 2238 3 OF of IN 43431 2238 4 THE the DT 43431 2238 5 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2238 6 OF of IN 43431 2238 7 A a DT 43431 2238 8 SALMON SALMON NNP 43431 2238 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2238 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2238 11 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 2238 12 salar salar JJ 43431 2238 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2238 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2238 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2238 16 after after IN 43431 2238 17 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 2238 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2238 19 . . . 43431 2239 1 Cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2239 2 is be VBZ 43431 2239 3 dotted dot VBN 43431 2239 4 . . . 43431 2240 1 1 1 LS 43431 2240 2 . . . 43431 2240 3 supra supra NNP 43431 2240 4 - - HYPH 43431 2240 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 2240 6 . . . 43431 2241 1 2 2 LS 43431 2241 2 . . . 43431 2241 3 epi epi JJ 43431 2241 4 - - HYPH 43431 2241 5 otic otic JJ 43431 2241 6 . . . 43431 2242 1 3 3 LS 43431 2242 2 . . . 43431 2242 3 pterotic pterotic JJ 43431 2242 4 . . . 43431 2243 1 4 4 LS 43431 2243 2 . . . 43431 2243 3 sphenotic sphenotic NN 43431 2243 4 . . . 43431 2244 1 5 5 LS 43431 2244 2 . . . 43431 2244 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 2244 4 . . . 43431 2245 1 6 6 LS 43431 2245 2 . . . 43431 2245 3 median median NNP 43431 2245 4 ethmoid ethmoid NNP 43431 2245 5 . . . 43431 2246 1 7 7 LS 43431 2246 2 . . . 43431 2246 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 2246 4 . . . 43431 2247 1 8 8 LS 43431 2247 2 . . . 43431 2247 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 2247 4 . . . 43431 2248 1 9 9 LS 43431 2248 2 . . . 43431 2248 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 2248 4 . . . 43431 2249 1 10 10 CD 43431 2249 2 . . . 43431 2249 3 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 2249 4 . . . 43431 2250 1 11 11 CD 43431 2250 2 . . . 43431 2250 3 supra supra NNP 43431 2250 4 - - HYPH 43431 2250 5 orbital orbital NNP 43431 2250 6 . . . 43431 2251 1 12 12 CD 43431 2251 2 . . . 43431 2251 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2251 4 sclerotic sclerotic NN 43431 2251 5 . . . 43431 2252 1 13 13 CD 43431 2252 2 . . . 43431 2252 3 ossification ossification NN 43431 2252 4 in in IN 43431 2252 5 sclerotic sclerotic NN 43431 2252 6 . . . 43431 2253 1 14 14 CD 43431 2253 2 . . . 43431 2253 3 meso meso NN 43431 2253 4 - - HYPH 43431 2253 5 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2253 6 . . . 43431 2254 1 15 15 CD 43431 2254 2 . . . 43431 2254 3 meta meta JJ 43431 2254 4 - - HYPH 43431 2254 5 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2254 6 . . . 43431 2255 1 16 16 CD 43431 2255 2 . . . 43431 2255 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 2255 4 . . . 43431 2256 1 17 17 CD 43431 2256 2 . . . 43431 2256 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 2256 4 . . . 43431 2257 1 18 18 CD 43431 2257 2 . . . 43431 2257 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 2257 4 . . . 43431 2258 1 19 19 CD 43431 2258 2 . . . 43431 2258 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 2258 4 20 20 CD 43431 2258 5 . . . 43431 2258 6 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 2258 7 . . . 43431 2259 1 21 21 LS 43431 2259 2 . . . 43431 2259 3 articular articular JJ 43431 2259 4 . . . 43431 2260 1 22 22 CD 43431 2260 2 . . . 43431 2260 3 angular angular JJ 43431 2260 4 . . . 43431 2261 1 23 23 CD 43431 2261 2 . . . 43431 2261 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 2261 4 . . . 43431 2262 1 24 24 CD 43431 2262 2 . . . 43431 2262 3 hyomandibular hyomandibular NNP 43431 2262 4 . . . 43431 2263 1 25 25 CD 43431 2263 2 . . . 43431 2263 3 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2263 4 . . . 43431 2264 1 26 26 CD 43431 2264 2 . . . 43431 2264 3 epi epi NNP 43431 2264 4 - - HYPH 43431 2264 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2264 6 . . . 43431 2265 1 27 27 CD 43431 2265 2 . . . 43431 2265 3 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2265 4 - - HYPH 43431 2265 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2265 6 . . . 43431 2266 1 28 28 CD 43431 2266 2 . . . 43431 2266 3 hypo hypo NNP 43431 2266 4 - - HYPH 43431 2266 5 hyal hyal JJ 43431 2266 6 . . . 43431 2267 1 29 29 CD 43431 2267 2 . . . 43431 2267 3 glosso glosso NNP 43431 2267 4 - - HYPH 43431 2267 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2267 6 . . . 43431 2268 1 30 30 CD 43431 2268 2 . . . 43431 2268 3 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2268 4 . . . 43431 2269 1 31 31 CD 43431 2269 2 . . . 43431 2269 3 sub sub NNP 43431 2269 4 - - JJ 43431 2269 5 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2269 6 . . . 43431 2270 1 32 32 CD 43431 2270 2 . . . 43431 2270 3 infra infra NNP 43431 2270 4 - - HYPH 43431 2270 5 opercular opercular NNP 43431 2270 6 . . . 43431 2271 1 33 33 CD 43431 2271 2 . . . 43431 2271 3 pre pre JJ 43431 2271 4 - - JJ 43431 2271 5 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2271 6 . . . 43431 2272 1 34 34 CD 43431 2272 2 . . . 43431 2272 3 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 2272 4 . . . 43431 2273 1 35 35 CD 43431 2273 2 . . . 43431 2273 3 branchiostegal branchiostegal NNP 43431 2273 4 rays ray NNS 43431 2273 5 . . . 43431 2274 1 36 36 CD 43431 2274 2 . . . 43431 2275 1 basi basi NNP 43431 2275 2 - - HYPH 43431 2275 3 branchiostegal branchiostegal NNP 43431 2275 4 . . . 43431 2275 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2276 1 In in IN 43431 2276 2 a a DT 43431 2276 3 = = SYM 43431 2276 4 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2276 5 view= view= NN 43431 2276 6 the the DT 43431 2276 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 2276 8 is be VBZ 43431 2276 9 seen see VBN 43431 2276 10 to to TO 43431 2276 11 be be VB 43431 2276 12 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 2276 13 covered cover VBN 43431 2276 14 by by IN 43431 2276 15 two two CD 43431 2276 16 large large JJ 43431 2276 17 membrane membrane NN 43431 2276 18 bones bone NNS 43431 2276 19 , , , 43431 2276 20 the the DT 43431 2276 21 _ _ NNP 43431 2276 22 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2276 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2276 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2276 25 fig fig NN 43431 2276 26 . . . 43431 2277 1 9 9 CD 43431 2277 2 , , , 43431 2277 3 B b NN 43431 2277 4 , , , 43431 2277 5 9 9 CD 43431 2277 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2277 7 behind behind RB 43431 2277 8 , , , 43431 2277 9 the the DT 43431 2277 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2277 11 vomer vomer NN 43431 2277 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2277 13 in in IN 43431 2277 14 front front NN 43431 2277 15 . . . 43431 2278 1 A a DT 43431 2278 2 view view NN 43431 2278 3 of of IN 43431 2278 4 the the DT 43431 2278 5 = = NNS 43431 2278 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 2278 7 end= end= NNP 43431 2278 8 differs differ VBZ 43431 2278 9 from from IN 43431 2278 10 that that DT 43431 2278 11 of of IN 43431 2278 12 the the DT 43431 2278 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2278 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 2278 15 only only RB 43431 2278 16 in in IN 43431 2278 17 the the DT 43431 2278 18 fact fact NN 43431 2278 19 that that IN 43431 2278 20 the the DT 43431 2278 21 end end NN 43431 2278 22 of of IN 43431 2278 23 the the DT 43431 2278 24 _ _ NNP 43431 2278 25 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2278 26 _ _ NNP 43431 2278 27 appears appear VBZ 43431 2278 28 lying lie VBG 43431 2278 29 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2278 30 to to IN 43431 2278 31 the the DT 43431 2278 32 basi basi NN 43431 2278 33 - - HYPH 43431 2278 34 occipital occipital NN 43431 2278 35 . . . 43431 2279 1 The the DT 43431 2279 2 = = SYM 43431 2279 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2279 4 view= view= NN 43431 2279 5 differs differ VBZ 43431 2279 6 very very RB 43431 2279 7 markedly markedly RB 43431 2279 8 from from IN 43431 2279 9 that that DT 43431 2279 10 of of IN 43431 2279 11 the the DT 43431 2279 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2279 13 cranium cranium NN 43431 2279 14 , , , 43431 2279 15 there there EX 43431 2279 16 being be VBG 43431 2279 17 a a DT 43431 2279 18 great great JJ 43431 2279 19 development development NN 43431 2279 20 of of IN 43431 2279 21 membrane membrane NN 43431 2279 22 bone bone NN 43431 2279 23 in in IN 43431 2279 24 connection connection NN 43431 2279 25 with with IN 43431 2279 26 the the DT 43431 2279 27 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2279 28 and and CC 43431 2279 29 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2279 30 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 2279 31 . . . 43431 2280 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 2280 2 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 2280 3 are be VBP 43431 2280 4 seen see VBN 43431 2280 5 the the DT 43431 2280 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2280 7 median median NNP 43431 2280 8 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2280 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2280 10 , , , 43431 2280 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2280 12 frontal frontal JJ 43431 2280 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2280 14 , , , 43431 2280 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2280 16 parietal parietal NN 43431 2280 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2280 18 , , , 43431 2280 19 and and CC 43431 2280 20 = = SYM 43431 2280 21 supra supra NNP 43431 2280 22 - - HYPH 43431 2280 23 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 2280 24 as as IN 43431 2280 25 before before RB 43431 2280 26 . . . 43431 2281 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 2281 2 external external JJ 43431 2281 3 to to IN 43431 2281 4 the the DT 43431 2281 5 middle middle NN 43431 2281 6 of of IN 43431 2281 7 the the DT 43431 2281 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2281 9 median median NNP 43431 2281 10 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2281 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2281 12 is be VBZ 43431 2281 13 seen see VBN 43431 2281 14 the the DT 43431 2281 15 small small JJ 43431 2281 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2281 17 nasal nasal NN 43431 2281 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2281 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2281 20 fig fig NN 43431 2281 21 . . . 43431 2282 1 11 11 CD 43431 2282 2 , , , 43431 2282 3 8) 8) CD 43431 2282 4 , , , 43431 2282 5 and and CC 43431 2282 6 below below IN 43431 2282 7 the the DT 43431 2282 8 hinder hinder NN 43431 2282 9 part part NN 43431 2282 10 is be VBZ 43431 2282 11 the the DT 43431 2282 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2282 13 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 2282 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2282 15 . . . 43431 2283 1 The the DT 43431 2283 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2283 3 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 2283 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2283 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2283 6 fig fig NN 43431 2283 7 . . . 43431 2284 1 11 11 CD 43431 2284 2 , , , 43431 2284 3 9 9 CD 43431 2284 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2284 5 forms form VBZ 43431 2284 6 the the DT 43431 2284 7 first first JJ 43431 2284 8 of of IN 43431 2284 9 a a DT 43431 2284 10 series series NN 43431 2284 11 of of IN 43431 2284 12 seven seven CD 43431 2284 13 small small JJ 43431 2284 14 bones bone NNS 43431 2284 15 which which WDT 43431 2284 16 surround surround VBP 43431 2284 17 the the DT 43431 2284 18 orbit orbit NN 43431 2284 19 forming form VBG 43431 2284 20 the the DT 43431 2284 21 = = SYM 43431 2284 22 orbital orbital JJ 43431 2284 23 ring=. ring=. NN 43431 2285 1 Of of IN 43431 2285 2 these these DT 43431 2285 3 the the DT 43431 2285 4 one one NN 43431 2285 5 lying lie VBG 43431 2285 6 immediately immediately RB 43431 2285 7 in in IN 43431 2285 8 the the DT 43431 2285 9 mid mid JJ 43431 2285 10 - - JJ 43431 2285 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2285 12 line line NN 43431 2285 13 of of IN 43431 2285 14 the the DT 43431 2285 15 orbit orbit NN 43431 2285 16 is be VBZ 43431 2285 17 the the DT 43431 2285 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2285 19 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 2285 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2285 21 , , , 43431 2285 22 while while IN 43431 2285 23 the the DT 43431 2285 24 one one NN 43431 2285 25 lying lie VBG 43431 2285 26 in in IN 43431 2285 27 the the DT 43431 2285 28 mid mid JJ 43431 2285 29 - - JJ 43431 2285 30 dorsal dorsal JJ 43431 2285 31 line line NN 43431 2285 32 and and CC 43431 2285 33 attached attach VBN 43431 2285 34 to to IN 43431 2285 35 the the DT 43431 2285 36 frontal frontal NN 43431 2285 37 is be VBZ 43431 2285 38 the the DT 43431 2285 39 _ _ NNP 43431 2285 40 supra supra NNP 43431 2285 41 - - HYPH 43431 2285 42 orbital orbital NNP 43431 2285 43 _ _ NNP 43431 2285 44 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2285 45 fig fig NN 43431 2285 46 . . . 43431 2286 1 11 11 CD 43431 2286 2 , , , 43431 2286 3 11 11 CD 43431 2286 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2286 5 . . . 43431 2287 1 The the DT 43431 2287 2 orbit orbit NN 43431 2287 3 has have VBZ 43431 2287 4 a a DT 43431 2287 5 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2287 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2287 7 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 2287 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2287 9 in in IN 43431 2287 10 which which WDT 43431 2287 11 are be VBP 43431 2287 12 two two CD 43431 2287 13 small small JJ 43431 2287 14 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2287 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2287 16 fig fig NN 43431 2287 17 . . . 43431 2288 1 11 11 CD 43431 2288 2 , , , 43431 2288 3 13 13 CD 43431 2288 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2288 5 laterally laterally RB 43431 2288 6 placed place VBN 43431 2288 7 . . . 43431 2289 1 BONES bone NNS 43431 2289 2 OF of IN 43431 2289 3 THE the DT 43431 2289 4 UPPER UPPER NNP 43431 2289 5 JAW jaw NN 43431 2289 6 . . . 43431 2290 1 The the DT 43431 2290 2 = = SYM 43431 2290 3 palato palato NN 43431 2290 4 - - HYPH 43431 2290 5 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2290 6 - - HYPH 43431 2290 7 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 2290 8 bar= bar= NNP 43431 2290 9 is be VBZ 43431 2290 10 in in IN 43431 2290 11 a a DT 43431 2290 12 very very RB 43431 2290 13 different different JJ 43431 2290 14 condition condition NN 43431 2290 15 from from IN 43431 2290 16 that that DT 43431 2290 17 of of IN 43431 2290 18 the the DT 43431 2290 19 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 2290 20 , , , 43431 2290 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2290 22 is be VBZ 43431 2290 23 partially partially RB 43431 2290 24 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2290 25 , , , 43431 2290 26 partially partially RB 43431 2290 27 converted convert VBN 43431 2290 28 into into IN 43431 2290 29 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2290 30 bone bone NN 43431 2290 31 , , , 43431 2290 32 partially partially RB 43431 2290 33 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2290 34 by by IN 43431 2290 35 membrane membrane NN 43431 2290 36 bone bone NN 43431 2290 37 . . . 43431 2291 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2291 2 is be VBZ 43431 2291 3 narrow narrow JJ 43431 2291 4 in in IN 43431 2291 5 front front NN 43431 2291 6 but but CC 43431 2291 7 becomes become VBZ 43431 2291 8 much much RB 43431 2291 9 broader broad JJR 43431 2291 10 and and CC 43431 2291 11 deeper deep JJR 43431 2291 12 when when WRB 43431 2291 13 followed follow VBN 43431 2291 14 back back RB 43431 2291 15 . . . 43431 2292 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2292 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2292 3 end end VBP 43431 2292 4 forms form NNS 43431 2292 5 the the DT 43431 2292 6 = = SYM 43431 2292 7 palatine= palatine= NN 43431 2292 8 which which WDT 43431 2292 9 bears bear VBZ 43431 2292 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2292 11 , , , 43431 2292 12 and and CC 43431 2292 13 in in IN 43431 2292 14 front front NN 43431 2292 15 is be VBZ 43431 2292 16 completely completely RB 43431 2292 17 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2292 18 , , , 43431 2292 19 while while IN 43431 2292 20 behind behind IN 43431 2292 21 the the DT 43431 2292 22 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2292 23 is be VBZ 43431 2292 24 only only RB 43431 2292 25 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 2292 26 by by IN 43431 2292 27 bone bone NN 43431 2292 28 . . . 43431 2293 1 Just just RB 43431 2293 2 behind behind IN 43431 2293 3 the the DT 43431 2293 4 palatine palatine NN 43431 2293 5 the the DT 43431 2293 6 outer outer JJ 43431 2293 7 part part NN 43431 2293 8 of of IN 43431 2293 9 the the DT 43431 2293 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2293 11 is be VBZ 43431 2293 12 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2293 13 , , , 43431 2293 14 forming form VBG 43431 2293 15 two two CD 43431 2293 16 small small JJ 43431 2293 17 bones bone NNS 43431 2293 18 , , , 43431 2293 19 the the DT 43431 2293 20 = = SYM 43431 2293 21 pterygoid= pterygoid= NN 43431 2293 22 and and CC 43431 2293 23 = = SYM 43431 2293 24 meso meso NN 43431 2293 25 - - HYPH 43431 2293 26 pterygoid= pterygoid= NN 43431 2293 27 , , , 43431 2293 28 while while IN 43431 2293 29 behind behind IN 43431 2293 30 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2293 31 is be VBZ 43431 2293 32 a a DT 43431 2293 33 larger large JJR 43431 2293 34 , , , 43431 2293 35 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 2293 36 square square JJ 43431 2293 37 bone bone NN 43431 2293 38 , , , 43431 2293 39 the the DT 43431 2293 40 = = SYM 43431 2293 41 meta meta NN 43431 2293 42 - - HYPH 43431 2293 43 pterygoid= pterygoid= NN 43431 2293 44 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2293 45 fig fig NN 43431 2293 46 . . . 43431 2294 1 11 11 CD 43431 2294 2 , , , 43431 2294 3 15 15 CD 43431 2294 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2294 5 . . . 43431 2295 1 Below below IN 43431 2295 2 the the DT 43431 2295 3 meta meta JJ 43431 2295 4 - - HYPH 43431 2295 5 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2295 6 is be VBZ 43431 2295 7 a a DT 43431 2295 8 tract tract NN 43431 2295 9 of of IN 43431 2295 10 unossified unossified JJ 43431 2295 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2295 12 , , , 43431 2295 13 and and CC 43431 2295 14 then then RB 43431 2295 15 comes come VBZ 43431 2295 16 the the DT 43431 2295 17 = = SYM 43431 2295 18 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 2295 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2295 20 fig fig NN 43431 2295 21 . . . 43431 2296 1 11 11 CD 43431 2296 2 , , , 43431 2296 3 18 18 CD 43431 2296 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2296 5 . . . 43431 2297 1 The the DT 43431 2297 2 lower low JJR 43431 2297 3 angle angle NN 43431 2297 4 of of IN 43431 2297 5 the the DT 43431 2297 6 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2297 7 bears bear VBZ 43431 2297 8 a a DT 43431 2297 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2297 10 = = SYM 43431 2297 11 condyle= condyle= NN 43431 2297 12 with with IN 43431 2297 13 which which WDT 43431 2297 14 the the DT 43431 2297 15 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2297 16 articulates articulate NNS 43431 2297 17 . . . 43431 2298 1 In in IN 43431 2298 2 front front NN 43431 2298 3 of of IN 43431 2298 4 the the DT 43431 2298 5 palatine palatine NN 43431 2298 6 the the DT 43431 2298 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2298 8 snout snout NN 43431 2298 9 is be VBZ 43431 2298 10 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2298 11 by by IN 43431 2298 12 three three CD 43431 2298 13 membrane membrane NN 43431 2298 14 bones bone NNS 43431 2298 15 , , , 43431 2298 16 the the DT 43431 2298 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2298 18 jugal jugal NN 43431 2298 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2298 20 , , , 43431 2298 21 _ _ NNP 43431 2298 22 maxilla maxilla NN 43431 2298 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2298 24 and and CC 43431 2298 25 _ _ NNP 43431 2298 26 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 2298 27 _ _ NNP 43431 2298 28 . . . 43431 2299 1 The the DT 43431 2299 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2299 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 2299 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2299 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2299 6 fig fig NN 43431 2299 7 . . . 43431 2300 1 11 11 CD 43431 2300 2 , , , 43431 2300 3 20 20 CD 43431 2300 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2300 5 , , , 43431 2300 6 the the DT 43431 2300 7 largest large JJS 43431 2300 8 of of IN 43431 2300 9 these these DT 43431 2300 10 , , , 43431 2300 11 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 2300 12 the the DT 43431 2300 13 maxilla maxilla NN 43431 2300 14 behind behind RB 43431 2300 15 ; ; : 43431 2300 16 both both DT 43431 2300 17 bones bone NNS 43431 2300 18 bear bear VBP 43431 2300 19 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2300 20 . . . 43431 2301 1 The the DT 43431 2301 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2301 3 jugal jugal NN 43431 2301 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2301 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2301 6 fig fig NN 43431 2301 7 . . . 43431 2302 1 11 11 CD 43431 2302 2 , , , 43431 2302 3 17 17 CD 43431 2302 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2302 5 lies lie VBZ 43431 2302 6 above above IN 43431 2302 7 the the DT 43431 2302 8 maxilla maxilla NN 43431 2302 9 and and CC 43431 2302 10 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 2302 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2302 12 in in IN 43431 2302 13 front front NN 43431 2302 14 . . . 43431 2303 1 THE the DT 43431 2303 2 LOWER LOWER NNP 43431 2303 3 JAW JAW NNP 43431 2303 4 . . . 43431 2304 1 The the DT 43431 2304 2 = = SYM 43431 2304 3 lower low JJR 43431 2304 4 jaw= jaw= NNP 43431 2304 5 is be VBZ 43431 2304 6 a a DT 43431 2304 7 strong strong JJ 43431 2304 8 bar bar NN 43431 2304 9 and and CC 43431 2304 10 is be VBZ 43431 2304 11 like like IN 43431 2304 12 the the DT 43431 2304 13 upper upper JJ 43431 2304 14 jaw jaw NN 43431 2304 15 , , , 43431 2304 16 partly partly RB 43431 2304 17 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2304 18 , , , 43431 2304 19 forming form VBG 43431 2304 20 = = SYM 43431 2304 21 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 2304 22 's 's POS 43431 2304 23 cartilage= cartilage= NN 43431 2304 24 , , , 43431 2304 25 partly partly RB 43431 2304 26 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2304 27 , , , 43431 2304 28 and and CC 43431 2304 29 sheathed sheathe VBD 43431 2304 30 to to IN 43431 2304 31 a a DT 43431 2304 32 considerable considerable JJ 43431 2304 33 extent extent NN 43431 2304 34 in in IN 43431 2304 35 membrane membrane NN 43431 2304 36 bone bone NN 43431 2304 37 . . . 43431 2305 1 The the DT 43431 2305 2 outer outer JJ 43431 2305 3 side side NN 43431 2305 4 and and CC 43431 2305 5 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2305 6 end end NN 43431 2305 7 is be VBZ 43431 2305 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2305 9 , , , 43431 2305 10 forming form VBG 43431 2305 11 the the DT 43431 2305 12 large large JJ 43431 2305 13 = = SYM 43431 2305 14 articular= articular= NN 43431 2305 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2305 16 fig fig NN 43431 2305 17 . . . 43431 2306 1 11 11 CD 43431 2306 2 , , , 43431 2306 3 21 21 CD 43431 2306 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2306 5 , , , 43431 2306 6 but but CC 43431 2306 7 the the DT 43431 2306 8 condyle condyle NN 43431 2306 9 is be VBZ 43431 2306 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2306 11 and and CC 43431 2306 12 the the DT 43431 2306 13 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2306 14 part part NN 43431 2306 15 of of IN 43431 2306 16 the the DT 43431 2306 17 articular articular JJ 43431 2306 18 forms form NNS 43431 2306 19 merely merely RB 43431 2306 20 a a DT 43431 2306 21 splint splint NN 43431 2306 22 on on IN 43431 2306 23 the the DT 43431 2306 24 outer outer JJ 43431 2306 25 side side NN 43431 2306 26 of of IN 43431 2306 27 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 2306 28 's 's POS 43431 2306 29 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2306 30 , , , 43431 2306 31 which which WDT 43431 2306 32 extends extend VBZ 43431 2306 33 beyond beyond IN 43431 2306 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2306 35 for for IN 43431 2306 36 a a DT 43431 2306 37 considerable considerable JJ 43431 2306 38 distance distance NN 43431 2306 39 . . . 43431 2307 1 The the DT 43431 2307 2 angle angle NN 43431 2307 3 of of IN 43431 2307 4 the the DT 43431 2307 5 jaw jaw NN 43431 2307 6 just just RB 43431 2307 7 below below IN 43431 2307 8 the the DT 43431 2307 9 condyle condyle NN 43431 2307 10 is be VBZ 43431 2307 11 formed form VBN 43431 2307 12 by by IN 43431 2307 13 a a DT 43431 2307 14 small small JJ 43431 2307 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2307 16 angular angular JJ 43431 2307 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2307 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2307 19 fig fig NN 43431 2307 20 . . . 43431 2308 1 11 11 CD 43431 2308 2 , , , 43431 2308 3 22 22 CD 43431 2308 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2308 5 , , , 43431 2308 6 and and CC 43431 2308 7 the the DT 43431 2308 8 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2308 9 two two CD 43431 2308 10 - - HYPH 43431 2308 11 thirds third NNS 43431 2308 12 of of IN 43431 2308 13 the the DT 43431 2308 14 jaw jaw NN 43431 2308 15 is be VBZ 43431 2308 16 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 2308 17 in in IN 43431 2308 18 the the DT 43431 2308 19 large large JJ 43431 2308 20 tooth tooth NN 43431 2308 21 - - HYPH 43431 2308 22 bearing bear VBG 43431 2308 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2308 24 dentary dentary NN 43431 2308 25 _ _ NNP 43431 2308 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2308 27 fig fig NN 43431 2308 28 . . . 43431 2309 1 11 11 CD 43431 2309 2 , , , 43431 2309 3 23 23 CD 43431 2309 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2309 5 . . . 43431 2310 1 THE the DT 43431 2310 2 HYOID hyoid NN 43431 2310 3 ARCH ARCH VBZ 43431 2310 4 . . . 43431 2311 1 The the DT 43431 2311 2 = = SYM 43431 2311 3 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2311 4 arch= arch= NNP 43431 2311 5 has have VBZ 43431 2311 6 a a DT 43431 2311 7 number number NN 43431 2311 8 of of IN 43431 2311 9 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2311 10 in in IN 43431 2311 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2311 12 and and CC 43431 2311 13 is be VBZ 43431 2311 14 closely closely RB 43431 2311 15 connected connect VBN 43431 2311 16 with with IN 43431 2311 17 the the DT 43431 2311 18 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 2311 19 arch arch NN 43431 2311 20 . . . 43431 2312 1 The the DT 43431 2312 2 = = SYM 43431 2312 3 hyomandibular= hyomandibular= NN 43431 2312 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2312 5 fig fig NN 43431 2312 6 . . . 43431 2313 1 11 11 CD 43431 2313 2 , , , 43431 2313 3 24 24 CD 43431 2313 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2313 5 is be VBZ 43431 2313 6 a a DT 43431 2313 7 large large JJ 43431 2313 8 bone bone NN 43431 2313 9 which which WDT 43431 2313 10 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2313 11 with with IN 43431 2313 12 a a DT 43431 2313 13 shallow shallow JJ 43431 2313 14 groove groove NN 43431 2313 15 lined line VBN 43431 2313 16 by by IN 43431 2313 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2313 18 and and CC 43431 2313 19 formed form VBD 43431 2313 20 partly partly RB 43431 2313 21 in in IN 43431 2313 22 the the DT 43431 2313 23 pterotic pterotic NN 43431 2313 24 , , , 43431 2313 25 partly partly RB 43431 2313 26 in in IN 43431 2313 27 front front NN 43431 2313 28 of of IN 43431 2313 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2313 30 . . . 43431 2314 1 The the DT 43431 2314 2 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2314 3 is be VBZ 43431 2314 4 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2314 5 in in IN 43431 2314 6 front front NN 43431 2314 7 by by IN 43431 2314 8 the the DT 43431 2314 9 meta meta JJ 43431 2314 10 - - HYPH 43431 2314 11 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2314 12 , , , 43431 2314 13 while while IN 43431 2314 14 below below IN 43431 2314 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2314 16 tapers taper VBZ 43431 2314 17 and and CC 43431 2314 18 is be VBZ 43431 2314 19 succeeded succeed VBN 43431 2314 20 by by IN 43431 2314 21 a a DT 43431 2314 22 small small JJ 43431 2314 23 area area NN 43431 2314 24 of of IN 43431 2314 25 unossified unossified JJ 43431 2314 26 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2314 27 followed follow VBN 43431 2314 28 by by IN 43431 2314 29 the the DT 43431 2314 30 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 2314 31 directed direct VBN 43431 2314 32 = = SYM 43431 2314 33 symplectic= symplectic= NNS 43431 2314 34 which which WDT 43431 2314 35 fits fit VBZ 43431 2314 36 into into IN 43431 2314 37 a a DT 43431 2314 38 groove groove NN 43431 2314 39 in in IN 43431 2314 40 the the DT 43431 2314 41 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2314 42 . . . 43431 2315 1 The the DT 43431 2315 2 unossified unossified JJ 43431 2315 3 tract tract NN 43431 2315 4 between between IN 43431 2315 5 the the DT 43431 2315 6 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2315 7 and and CC 43431 2315 8 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2315 9 is be VBZ 43431 2315 10 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2315 11 in in IN 43431 2315 12 front front NN 43431 2315 13 with with IN 43431 2315 14 a a DT 43431 2315 15 strong strong JJ 43431 2315 16 bar bar NN 43431 2315 17 , , , 43431 2315 18 which which WDT 43431 2315 19 remains remain VBZ 43431 2315 20 partly partly RB 43431 2315 21 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2315 22 and and CC 43431 2315 23 is be VBZ 43431 2315 24 partly partly RB 43431 2315 25 converted convert VBN 43431 2315 26 into into IN 43431 2315 27 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2315 28 bone bone NN 43431 2315 29 . . . 43431 2316 1 The the DT 43431 2316 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 2316 3 part part NN 43431 2316 4 is be VBZ 43431 2316 5 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2316 6 , , , 43431 2316 7 forming form VBG 43431 2316 8 the the DT 43431 2316 9 = = SYM 43431 2316 10 epi epi NNP 43431 2316 11 - - HYPH 43431 2316 12 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 2316 13 , , , 43431 2316 14 the the DT 43431 2316 15 middle middle JJ 43431 2316 16 part part NN 43431 2316 17 forms form VBZ 43431 2316 18 the the DT 43431 2316 19 = = SYM 43431 2316 20 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2316 21 - - HYPH 43431 2316 22 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 2316 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2316 24 fig fig NN 43431 2316 25 . . . 43431 2317 1 11 11 CD 43431 2317 2 , , , 43431 2317 3 27 27 CD 43431 2317 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2317 5 , , , 43431 2317 6 in in IN 43431 2317 7 front front NN 43431 2317 8 of of IN 43431 2317 9 which which WDT 43431 2317 10 is be VBZ 43431 2317 11 the the DT 43431 2317 12 small small JJ 43431 2317 13 = = SYM 43431 2317 14 hypo hypo JJ 43431 2317 15 - - HYPH 43431 2317 16 hyal=. hyal=. NN 43431 2318 1 The the DT 43431 2318 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2318 3 arches arch NNS 43431 2318 4 of of IN 43431 2318 5 the the DT 43431 2318 6 two two CD 43431 2318 7 sides side NNS 43431 2318 8 are be VBP 43431 2318 9 united unite VBN 43431 2318 10 by by IN 43431 2318 11 the the DT 43431 2318 12 large large JJ 43431 2318 13 tooth tooth NN 43431 2318 14 - - HYPH 43431 2318 15 bearing bearing NN 43431 2318 16 = = SYM 43431 2318 17 glosso glosso NNP 43431 2318 18 - - HYPH 43431 2318 19 hyal= hyal= NN 43431 2318 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2318 21 fig fig NN 43431 2318 22 . . . 43431 2319 1 11 11 CD 43431 2319 2 , , , 43431 2319 3 29 29 CD 43431 2319 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2319 5 . . . 43431 2320 1 Attached attach VBN 43431 2320 2 to to IN 43431 2320 3 the the DT 43431 2320 4 lower low JJR 43431 2320 5 surface surface NN 43431 2320 6 of of IN 43431 2320 7 the the DT 43431 2320 8 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2320 9 arch arch NN 43431 2320 10 are be VBP 43431 2320 11 a a DT 43431 2320 12 series series NN 43431 2320 13 of of IN 43431 2320 14 twelve twelve CD 43431 2320 15 flat flat JJ 43431 2320 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2320 17 branchiostegal branchiostegal NN 43431 2320 18 rays ray NNS 43431 2320 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2320 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2320 21 fig fig NN 43431 2320 22 . . . 43431 2321 1 11 11 CD 43431 2321 2 , , , 43431 2321 3 35 35 CD 43431 2321 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2321 5 . . . 43431 2322 1 Each each DT 43431 2322 2 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 2322 3 the the DT 43431 2322 4 one one CD 43431 2322 5 in in IN 43431 2322 6 front front NN 43431 2322 7 of of IN 43431 2322 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2322 9 , , , 43431 2322 10 the the DT 43431 2322 11 posterior posterior NN 43431 2322 12 one one CD 43431 2322 13 being be VBG 43431 2322 14 the the DT 43431 2322 15 largest large JJS 43431 2322 16 . . . 43431 2323 1 The the DT 43431 2323 2 branchiostegal branchiostegal JJ 43431 2323 3 rays ray NNS 43431 2323 4 of of IN 43431 2323 5 the the DT 43431 2323 6 two two CD 43431 2323 7 sides side NNS 43431 2323 8 are be VBP 43431 2323 9 united unite VBN 43431 2323 10 in in IN 43431 2323 11 front front NN 43431 2323 12 by by IN 43431 2323 13 an an DT 43431 2323 14 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2323 15 membrane membrane NN 43431 2323 16 bone bone NN 43431 2323 17 , , , 43431 2323 18 the the DT 43431 2323 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2323 20 basi basi NNP 43431 2323 21 - - HYPH 43431 2323 22 branchiostegal branchiostegal NNP 43431 2323 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2323 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2323 25 fig fig NN 43431 2323 26 . . . 43431 2324 1 11 11 CD 43431 2324 2 , , , 43431 2324 3 36 36 CD 43431 2324 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2324 5 . . . 43431 2325 1 = = NFP 43431 2325 2 Opercular opercular JJ 43431 2325 3 bones.= bones.= CD 43431 2325 4 Behind behind IN 43431 2325 5 the the DT 43431 2325 6 hyomandibular hyomandibular NN 43431 2325 7 there there EX 43431 2325 8 is be VBZ 43431 2325 9 a a DT 43431 2325 10 large large JJ 43431 2325 11 bony bony NN 43431 2325 12 plate plate NN 43431 2325 13 , , , 43431 2325 14 the the DT 43431 2325 15 = = SYM 43431 2325 16 operculum= operculum= NNS 43431 2325 17 , , , 43431 2325 18 formed form VBN 43431 2325 19 of of IN 43431 2325 20 four four CD 43431 2325 21 large large JJ 43431 2325 22 membrane membrane NN 43431 2325 23 bones bone NNS 43431 2325 24 . . . 43431 2326 1 The the DT 43431 2326 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 2326 3 of of IN 43431 2326 4 these these DT 43431 2326 5 , , , 43431 2326 6 the the DT 43431 2326 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2326 8 pre pre JJ 43431 2326 9 - - JJ 43431 2326 10 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2326 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2326 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2326 13 fig fig NN 43431 2326 14 . . . 43431 2327 1 11 11 CD 43431 2327 2 , , , 43431 2327 3 33 33 CD 43431 2327 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2327 5 , , , 43431 2327 6 is be VBZ 43431 2327 7 crescentic crescentic JJ 43431 2327 8 in in IN 43431 2327 9 shape shape NN 43431 2327 10 , , , 43431 2327 11 and and CC 43431 2327 12 with with IN 43431 2327 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2327 14 upper upper JJ 43431 2327 15 end end NN 43431 2327 16 a a DT 43431 2327 17 small small JJ 43431 2327 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2327 19 supratemporal supratemporal NN 43431 2327 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2327 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2327 22 fig fig NN 43431 2327 23 . . . 43431 2328 1 11 11 CD 43431 2328 2 , , , 43431 2328 3 34 34 CD 43431 2328 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2328 5 is be VBZ 43431 2328 6 connected connect VBN 43431 2328 7 . . . 43431 2329 1 Behind behind IN 43431 2329 2 the the DT 43431 2329 3 upper upper JJ 43431 2329 4 part part NN 43431 2329 5 of of IN 43431 2329 6 the the DT 43431 2329 7 pre pre JJ 43431 2329 8 - - JJ 43431 2329 9 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2329 10 is be VBZ 43431 2329 11 the the DT 43431 2329 12 largest large JJS 43431 2329 13 of of IN 43431 2329 14 the the DT 43431 2329 15 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2329 16 bones bone NNS 43431 2329 17 , , , 43431 2329 18 the the DT 43431 2329 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2329 20 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2329 21 proper proper JJ 43431 2329 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2329 23 . . . 43431 2330 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2330 2 lower low JJR 43431 2330 3 edge edge NN 43431 2330 4 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 2330 5 the the DT 43431 2330 6 sub sub JJ 43431 2330 7 - - JJ 43431 2330 8 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2330 9 , , , 43431 2330 10 and and CC 43431 2330 11 both both CC 43431 2330 12 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2330 13 and and CC 43431 2330 14 sub sub JJ 43431 2330 15 - - JJ 43431 2330 16 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2330 17 are be VBP 43431 2330 18 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2330 19 by by IN 43431 2330 20 the the DT 43431 2330 21 _ _ NNP 43431 2330 22 infra infra NNP 43431 2330 23 - - HYPH 43431 2330 24 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2330 25 _ _ NNP 43431 2330 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2330 27 fig fig NN 43431 2330 28 . . . 43431 2331 1 11 11 CD 43431 2331 2 , , , 43431 2331 3 32 32 CD 43431 2331 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2331 5 in in IN 43431 2331 6 front front NN 43431 2331 7 . . . 43431 2332 1 The the DT 43431 2332 2 infra infra NNP 43431 2332 3 - - HYPH 43431 2332 4 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2332 5 is be VBZ 43431 2332 6 in in IN 43431 2332 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2332 8 turn turn NN 43431 2332 9 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2332 10 by by IN 43431 2332 11 the the DT 43431 2332 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2332 13 pre pre JJ 43431 2332 14 - - JJ 43431 2332 15 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2332 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2332 17 . . . 43431 2333 1 BRANCHIAL BRANCHIAL NNP 43431 2333 2 ARCHES ARCHES NNP 43431 2333 3 . . . 43431 2334 1 There there EX 43431 2334 2 are be VBP 43431 2334 3 five five CD 43431 2334 4 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2334 5 arches arch NNS 43431 2334 6 , , , 43431 2334 7 the the DT 43431 2334 8 first first JJ 43431 2334 9 four four CD 43431 2334 10 of of IN 43431 2334 11 which which WDT 43431 2334 12 bear bear VBP 43431 2334 13 gill gill NN 43431 2334 14 rays ray NNS 43431 2334 15 . . . 43431 2335 1 Each each DT 43431 2335 2 of of IN 43431 2335 3 the the DT 43431 2335 4 first first JJ 43431 2335 5 three three CD 43431 2335 6 consists consist NNS 43431 2335 7 of of IN 43431 2335 8 a a DT 43431 2335 9 shorter shorter RBR 43431 2335 10 upper upper JJ 43431 2335 11 portion portion NN 43431 2335 12 directed direct VBN 43431 2335 13 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 2335 14 backwards backwards RB 43431 2335 15 and and CC 43431 2335 16 outwards outward NNS 43431 2335 17 , , , 43431 2335 18 and and CC 43431 2335 19 a a DT 43431 2335 20 longer long RBR 43431 2335 21 lower low JJR 43431 2335 22 portion portion NN 43431 2335 23 forming form VBG 43431 2335 24 a a DT 43431 2335 25 right right JJ 43431 2335 26 angle angle NN 43431 2335 27 with with IN 43431 2335 28 the the DT 43431 2335 29 upper upper JJ 43431 2335 30 and and CC 43431 2335 31 directed direct VBD 43431 2335 32 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 2335 33 forwards forwards RB 43431 2335 34 and and CC 43431 2335 35 inwards inward NNS 43431 2335 36 . . . 43431 2336 1 The the DT 43431 2336 2 greater great JJR 43431 2336 3 part part NN 43431 2336 4 of of IN 43431 2336 5 each each DT 43431 2336 6 arch arch NN 43431 2336 7 is be VBZ 43431 2336 8 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2336 9 . . . 43431 2337 1 The the DT 43431 2337 2 upper upper JJ 43431 2337 3 part part NN 43431 2337 4 of of IN 43431 2337 5 either either DT 43431 2337 6 of of IN 43431 2337 7 the the DT 43431 2337 8 first first JJ 43431 2337 9 two two CD 43431 2337 10 consists consist NNS 43431 2337 11 of of IN 43431 2337 12 a a DT 43431 2337 13 short short JJ 43431 2337 14 tapering tapering NN 43431 2337 15 = = SYM 43431 2337 16 pharyngo pharyngo NN 43431 2337 17 - - HYPH 43431 2337 18 branchial= branchial= NN 43431 2337 19 directed direct VBN 43431 2337 20 inwards inward NNS 43431 2337 21 , , , 43431 2337 22 and and CC 43431 2337 23 of of IN 43431 2337 24 a a DT 43431 2337 25 long long JJ 43431 2337 26 = = SYM 43431 2337 27 epi epi JJ 43431 2337 28 - - NN 43431 2337 29 branchial= branchial= NNP 43431 2337 30 tipped tip VBN 43431 2337 31 with with IN 43431 2337 32 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2337 33 at at IN 43431 2337 34 both both DT 43431 2337 35 ends end NNS 43431 2337 36 . . . 43431 2338 1 The the DT 43431 2338 2 junction junction NN 43431 2338 3 of of IN 43431 2338 4 the the DT 43431 2338 5 upper upper JJ 43431 2338 6 and and CC 43431 2338 7 lower low JJR 43431 2338 8 parts part NNS 43431 2338 9 is be VBZ 43431 2338 10 formed form VBN 43431 2338 11 by by IN 43431 2338 12 a a DT 43431 2338 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2338 14 hinge hinge NN 43431 2338 15 - - HYPH 43431 2338 16 joint joint NN 43431 2338 17 between between IN 43431 2338 18 the the DT 43431 2338 19 epi epi JJ 43431 2338 20 - - JJ 43431 2338 21 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2338 22 and and CC 43431 2338 23 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2338 24 - - HYPH 43431 2338 25 branchial branchial NNP 43431 2338 26 . . . 43431 2339 1 The the DT 43431 2339 2 = = SYM 43431 2339 3 cerato cerato NN 43431 2339 4 - - HYPH 43431 2339 5 branchial= branchial= NNP 43431 2339 6 is be VBZ 43431 2339 7 a a DT 43431 2339 8 long long JJ 43431 2339 9 bony bony NN 43431 2339 10 rod rod NN 43431 2339 11 separated separate VBN 43431 2339 12 by by IN 43431 2339 13 a a DT 43431 2339 14 short short JJ 43431 2339 15 area area NN 43431 2339 16 of of IN 43431 2339 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2339 18 from from IN 43431 2339 19 the the DT 43431 2339 20 = = SYM 43431 2339 21 hypo hypo NNP 43431 2339 22 - - HYPH 43431 2339 23 branchial= branchial= NN 43431 2339 24 , , , 43431 2339 25 which which WDT 43431 2339 26 is be VBZ 43431 2339 27 succeeded succeed VBN 43431 2339 28 by by IN 43431 2339 29 the the DT 43431 2339 30 = = SYM 43431 2339 31 basibranchial= basibranchial= NNP 43431 2339 32 meeting meet VBG 43431 2339 33 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2339 34 fellow fellow NN 43431 2339 35 in in IN 43431 2339 36 the the DT 43431 2339 37 middle middle JJ 43431 2339 38 line line NN 43431 2339 39 . . . 43431 2340 1 The the DT 43431 2340 2 = = SYM 43431 2340 3 fourth fourth JJ 43431 2340 4 arch= arch= NN 43431 2340 5 has have VBZ 43431 2340 6 a a DT 43431 2340 7 short short JJ 43431 2340 8 epi epi JJ 43431 2340 9 - - JJ 43431 2340 10 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2340 11 and and CC 43431 2340 12 no no DT 43431 2340 13 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2340 14 pharyngo pharyngo NN 43431 2340 15 - - HYPH 43431 2340 16 branchial branchial NN 43431 2340 17 , , , 43431 2340 18 while while IN 43431 2340 19 the the DT 43431 2340 20 fifth fifth JJ 43431 2340 21 is be VBZ 43431 2340 22 reduced reduce VBN 43431 2340 23 to to IN 43431 2340 24 little little JJ 43431 2340 25 more more JJR 43431 2340 26 than than IN 43431 2340 27 the the DT 43431 2340 28 cerato cerato NN 43431 2340 29 - - HYPH 43431 2340 30 branchial branchial NNP 43431 2340 31 , , , 43431 2340 32 which which WDT 43431 2340 33 bears bear VBZ 43431 2340 34 a a DT 43431 2340 35 few few JJ 43431 2340 36 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2340 37 on on IN 43431 2340 38 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2340 39 inner inner JJ 43431 2340 40 edge edge NN 43431 2340 41 . . . 43431 2341 1 All all PDT 43431 2341 2 the the DT 43431 2341 3 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2341 4 arches arch NNS 43431 2341 5 have have VBP 43431 2341 6 projecting project VBG 43431 2341 7 from from IN 43431 2341 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2341 9 surfaces surface NNS 43431 2341 10 a a DT 43431 2341 11 number number NN 43431 2341 12 of of IN 43431 2341 13 little little JJ 43431 2341 14 processes process NNS 43431 2341 15 which which WDT 43431 2341 16 act act VBP 43431 2341 17 as as IN 43431 2341 18 strainers strainer NNS 43431 2341 19 . . . 43431 2342 1 The the DT 43431 2342 2 first first JJ 43431 2342 3 and and CC 43431 2342 4 fourth fourth JJ 43431 2342 5 arches arch NNS 43431 2342 6 have have VBP 43431 2342 7 one one CD 43431 2342 8 series series NN 43431 2342 9 of of IN 43431 2342 10 these these DT 43431 2342 11 , , , 43431 2342 12 the the DT 43431 2342 13 second second JJ 43431 2342 14 and and CC 43431 2342 15 third third JJ 43431 2342 16 have have VB 43431 2342 17 two two CD 43431 2342 18 . . . 43431 2343 1 THE the DT 43431 2343 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2343 3 OF of IN 43431 2343 4 THE the DT 43431 2343 5 CODFISH[37 codfish[37 NN 43431 2343 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2343 7 . . . 43431 2344 1 A a DT 43431 2344 2 full full JJ 43431 2344 3 description description NN 43431 2344 4 having have VBG 43431 2344 5 been be VBN 43431 2344 6 already already RB 43431 2344 7 given give VBN 43431 2344 8 of of IN 43431 2344 9 the the DT 43431 2344 10 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2344 11 's 's POS 43431 2344 12 skull skull NN 43431 2344 13 , , , 43431 2344 14 that that DT 43431 2344 15 of of IN 43431 2344 16 the the DT 43431 2344 17 Codfish Codfish NNP 43431 2344 18 will will MD 43431 2344 19 be be VB 43431 2344 20 described describe VBN 43431 2344 21 in in IN 43431 2344 22 a a DT 43431 2344 23 briefer briefer NNP 43431 2344 24 manner manner NN 43431 2344 25 . . . 43431 2345 1 The the DT 43431 2345 2 skull skull NN 43431 2345 3 is be VBZ 43431 2345 4 very very RB 43431 2345 5 fully fully RB 43431 2345 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2345 7 , , , 43431 2345 8 and and CC 43431 2345 9 the the DT 43431 2345 10 great great JJ 43431 2345 11 number number NN 43431 2345 12 of of IN 43431 2345 13 plate plate NN 43431 2345 14 - - HYPH 43431 2345 15 like like JJ 43431 2345 16 bones bone NNS 43431 2345 17 render render VBP 43431 2345 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2345 19 a a DT 43431 2345 20 very very RB 43431 2345 21 complicated complicated JJ 43431 2345 22 structure structure NN 43431 2345 23 . . . 43431 2346 1 THE the DT 43431 2346 2 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 2346 3 . . . 43431 2347 1 At at IN 43431 2347 2 the the DT 43431 2347 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 2347 4 end end NN 43431 2347 5 of of IN 43431 2347 6 the the DT 43431 2347 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2347 8 surface surface NN 43431 2347 9 is be VBZ 43431 2347 10 the the DT 43431 2347 11 large large JJ 43431 2347 12 = = SYM 43431 2347 13 supra supra NNP 43431 2347 14 - - HYPH 43431 2347 15 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 2347 16 , , , 43431 2347 17 which which WDT 43431 2347 18 is be VBZ 43431 2347 19 drawn draw VBN 43431 2347 20 out out RP 43431 2347 21 behind behind RB 43431 2347 22 into into IN 43431 2347 23 the the DT 43431 2347 24 large large JJ 43431 2347 25 blade blade NN 43431 2347 26 - - HYPH 43431 2347 27 like like JJ 43431 2347 28 = = SYM 43431 2347 29 occipital occipital NN 43431 2347 30 spine=. spine=. XX 43431 2348 1 On on IN 43431 2348 2 each each DT 43431 2348 3 side side NN 43431 2348 4 of of IN 43431 2348 5 the the DT 43431 2348 6 supra supra NN 43431 2348 7 - - HYPH 43431 2348 8 occipital occipital NN 43431 2348 9 are be VBP 43431 2348 10 the the DT 43431 2348 11 small small JJ 43431 2348 12 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2348 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2348 14 parietals parietal NNS 43431 2348 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2348 16 , , , 43431 2348 17 while while IN 43431 2348 18 in in IN 43431 2348 19 front front NN 43431 2348 20 of of IN 43431 2348 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2348 22 the the DT 43431 2348 23 roof roof NN 43431 2348 24 of of IN 43431 2348 25 the the DT 43431 2348 26 skull skull NN 43431 2348 27 is be VBZ 43431 2348 28 mainly mainly RB 43431 2348 29 formed form VBN 43431 2348 30 by by IN 43431 2348 31 the the DT 43431 2348 32 very very RB 43431 2348 33 large large JJ 43431 2348 34 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2348 35 _ _ NNP 43431 2348 36 frontal frontal NN 43431 2348 37 _ _ NNP 43431 2348 38 . . . 43431 2349 1 A a DT 43431 2349 2 complicated complicated JJ 43431 2349 3 series series NN 43431 2349 4 of of IN 43431 2349 5 bones bone NNS 43431 2349 6 are be VBP 43431 2349 7 developed develop VBN 43431 2349 8 in in IN 43431 2349 9 connection connection NN 43431 2349 10 with with IN 43431 2349 11 the the DT 43431 2349 12 = = NNS 43431 2349 13 auditory auditory JJ 43431 2349 14 capsule= capsule= NNP 43431 2349 15 , , , 43431 2349 16 which which WDT 43431 2349 17 forms form VBZ 43431 2349 18 a a DT 43431 2349 19 large large JJ 43431 2349 20 projecting projecting NN 43431 2349 21 mass mass NN 43431 2349 22 united unite VBD 43431 2349 23 with with IN 43431 2349 24 the the DT 43431 2349 25 side side NN 43431 2349 26 of of IN 43431 2349 27 the the DT 43431 2349 28 cranium cranium NN 43431 2349 29 and and CC 43431 2349 30 drawn draw VBN 43431 2349 31 out out RP 43431 2349 32 behind behind RB 43431 2349 33 into into IN 43431 2349 34 a a DT 43431 2349 35 pair pair NN 43431 2349 36 of of IN 43431 2349 37 strong strong JJ 43431 2349 38 processes process NNS 43431 2349 39 , , , 43431 2349 40 the the DT 43431 2349 41 = = SYM 43431 2349 42 epi epi NN 43431 2349 43 - - HYPH 43431 2349 44 otic= otic= NNP 43431 2349 45 and and CC 43431 2349 46 = = SYM 43431 2349 47 parotic= parotic= NN 43431 2349 48 processes process NNS 43431 2349 49 . . . 43431 2350 1 Both both DT 43431 2350 2 these these DT 43431 2350 3 processes process NNS 43431 2350 4 are be VBP 43431 2350 5 connected connect VBN 43431 2350 6 behind behind RB 43431 2350 7 with with IN 43431 2350 8 a a DT 43431 2350 9 large large JJ 43431 2350 10 V v NN 43431 2350 11 - - HYPH 43431 2350 12 shaped shape VBN 43431 2350 13 bone bone NN 43431 2350 14 , , , 43431 2350 15 the the DT 43431 2350 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2350 17 post post JJ 43431 2350 18 - - JJ 43431 2350 19 temporal temporal JJ 43431 2350 20 _ _ NN 43431 2350 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2350 22 fig fig NN 43431 2350 23 . . . 43431 2351 1 13 13 CD 43431 2351 2 , , , 43431 2351 3 1 1 CD 43431 2351 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2351 5 , , , 43431 2351 6 which which WDT 43431 2351 7 will will MD 43431 2351 8 be be VB 43431 2351 9 described describe VBN 43431 2351 10 when when WRB 43431 2351 11 dealing deal VBG 43431 2351 12 with with IN 43431 2351 13 the the DT 43431 2351 14 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2351 15 girdle girdle NN 43431 2351 16 . . . 43431 2352 1 The the DT 43431 2352 2 = = SYM 43431 2352 3 epi epi JJ 43431 2352 4 - - JJ 43431 2352 5 otic otic JJ 43431 2352 6 process= process= NN 43431 2352 7 is be VBZ 43431 2352 8 formed form VBN 43431 2352 9 by by IN 43431 2352 10 the the DT 43431 2352 11 = = SYM 43431 2352 12 epi epi NNP 43431 2352 13 - - HYPH 43431 2352 14 otic= otic= NNS 43431 2352 15 , , , 43431 2352 16 which which WDT 43431 2352 17 is be VBZ 43431 2352 18 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2352 19 in in IN 43431 2352 20 front front NN 43431 2352 21 with with IN 43431 2352 22 the the DT 43431 2352 23 parietal parietal NN 43431 2352 24 . . . 43431 2353 1 The the DT 43431 2353 2 = = SYM 43431 2353 3 parotic parotic JJ 43431 2353 4 process= process= NN 43431 2353 5 is be VBZ 43431 2353 6 formed form VBN 43431 2353 7 by by IN 43431 2353 8 two two CD 43431 2353 9 larger large JJR 43431 2353 10 bones bone NNS 43431 2353 11 , , , 43431 2353 12 a a DT 43431 2353 13 more more JJR 43431 2353 14 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2353 15 one one CD 43431 2353 16 , , , 43431 2353 17 the the DT 43431 2353 18 = = SYM 43431 2353 19 pterotic= pterotic= NN 43431 2353 20 , , , 43431 2353 21 and and CC 43431 2353 22 a a DT 43431 2353 23 more more RBR 43431 2353 24 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2353 25 and and CC 43431 2353 26 internal internal JJ 43431 2353 27 one one NN 43431 2353 28 , , , 43431 2353 29 the the DT 43431 2353 30 = = SYM 43431 2353 31 opisthotic= opisthotic= NNS 43431 2353 32 , , , 43431 2353 33 which which WDT 43431 2353 34 is be VBZ 43431 2353 35 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2353 36 in in IN 43431 2353 37 front front NN 43431 2353 38 with with IN 43431 2353 39 the the DT 43431 2353 40 large large JJ 43431 2353 41 = = SYM 43431 2353 42 pro pro JJ 43431 2353 43 - - JJ 43431 2353 44 otic=. otic=. JJ 43431 2354 1 Intervening intervene VBG 43431 2354 2 between between IN 43431 2354 3 the the DT 43431 2354 4 pterotic pterotic JJ 43431 2354 5 and and CC 43431 2354 6 frontal frontal JJ 43431 2354 7 is be VBZ 43431 2354 8 another another DT 43431 2354 9 rather rather RB 43431 2354 10 large large JJ 43431 2354 11 bone bone NN 43431 2354 12 , , , 43431 2354 13 the the DT 43431 2354 14 = = SYM 43431 2354 15 sphenotic= sphenotic= NNS 43431 2354 16 , , , 43431 2354 17 this this DT 43431 2354 18 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2354 19 below below RP 43431 2354 20 with with IN 43431 2354 21 the the DT 43431 2354 22 pro pro JJ 43431 2354 23 - - JJ 43431 2354 24 otic otic JJ 43431 2354 25 . . . 43431 2355 1 The the DT 43431 2355 2 pterotic pterotic JJ 43431 2355 3 and and CC 43431 2355 4 sphenotic sphenotic NN 43431 2355 5 together together RB 43431 2355 6 give give VBP 43431 2355 7 rise rise NN 43431 2355 8 to to IN 43431 2355 9 a a DT 43431 2355 10 large large JJ 43431 2355 11 concave concave NN 43431 2355 12 surface surface NN 43431 2355 13 by by IN 43431 2355 14 which which WDT 43431 2355 15 the the DT 43431 2355 16 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2355 17 articulates articulate NNS 43431 2355 18 with with IN 43431 2355 19 the the DT 43431 2355 20 cranium cranium NN 43431 2355 21 . . . 43431 2356 1 Several several JJ 43431 2356 2 of of IN 43431 2356 3 the the DT 43431 2356 4 cranial cranial JJ 43431 2356 5 nerves nerve NNS 43431 2356 6 pass pass VBP 43431 2356 7 out out RB 43431 2356 8 through through IN 43431 2356 9 the the DT 43431 2356 10 bones bone NNS 43431 2356 11 of of IN 43431 2356 12 the the DT 43431 2356 13 auditory auditory JJ 43431 2356 14 capsule capsule NN 43431 2356 15 . . . 43431 2357 1 The the DT 43431 2357 2 ninth ninth JJ 43431 2357 3 leaves leave NNS 43431 2357 4 by by IN 43431 2357 5 a a DT 43431 2357 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2357 7 near near IN 43431 2357 8 the the DT 43431 2357 9 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2357 10 border border NN 43431 2357 11 of of IN 43431 2357 12 the the DT 43431 2357 13 opisthotic opisthotic NN 43431 2357 14 , , , 43431 2357 15 the the DT 43431 2357 16 fifth fifth JJ 43431 2357 17 and and CC 43431 2357 18 seventh seventh JJ 43431 2357 19 by by IN 43431 2357 20 a a DT 43431 2357 21 notch notch NN 43431 2357 22 in in IN 43431 2357 23 the the DT 43431 2357 24 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2357 25 border border NN 43431 2357 26 of of IN 43431 2357 27 the the DT 43431 2357 28 pro pro JJ 43431 2357 29 - - JJ 43431 2357 30 otic otic JJ 43431 2357 31 . . . 43431 2358 1 A a DT 43431 2358 2 number number NN 43431 2358 3 of of IN 43431 2358 4 bones bone NNS 43431 2358 5 are be VBP 43431 2358 6 likewise likewise RB 43431 2358 7 developed develop VBN 43431 2358 8 in in IN 43431 2358 9 connection connection NN 43431 2358 10 with with IN 43431 2358 11 the the DT 43431 2358 12 orbit orbit NN 43431 2358 13 forming form VBG 43431 2358 14 the the DT 43431 2358 15 = = SYM 43431 2358 16 orbital orbital JJ 43431 2358 17 ring=. ring=. NN 43431 2359 1 Of of IN 43431 2359 2 these these DT 43431 2359 3 the the DT 43431 2359 4 most most JJS 43431 2359 5 anterior anterior NN 43431 2359 6 , , , 43431 2359 7 the the DT 43431 2359 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2359 9 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 2359 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2359 11 , , , 43431 2359 12 is be VBZ 43431 2359 13 much much RB 43431 2359 14 the the DT 43431 2359 15 largest large JJS 43431 2359 16 , , , 43431 2359 17 the the DT 43431 2359 18 others other NNS 43431 2359 19 are be VBP 43431 2359 20 five five CD 43431 2359 21 to to TO 43431 2359 22 seven seven CD 43431 2359 23 in in IN 43431 2359 24 number number NN 43431 2359 25 , , , 43431 2359 26 the the DT 43431 2359 27 most most RBS 43431 2359 28 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2359 29 being be VBG 43431 2359 30 the the DT 43431 2359 31 _ _ NNP 43431 2359 32 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 2359 33 _ _ NNP 43431 2359 34 . . . 43431 2360 1 The the DT 43431 2360 2 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 2360 3 coat coat NN 43431 2360 4 of of IN 43431 2360 5 the the DT 43431 2360 6 eye eye NN 43431 2360 7 is be VBZ 43431 2360 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2360 9 . . . 43431 2361 1 Two two CD 43431 2361 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 2361 3 of of IN 43431 2361 4 bones bone NNS 43431 2361 5 and and CC 43431 2361 6 one one CD 43431 2361 7 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2361 8 bone bone NN 43431 2361 9 are be VBP 43431 2361 10 developed develop VBN 43431 2361 11 in in IN 43431 2361 12 connection connection NN 43431 2361 13 with with IN 43431 2361 14 the the DT 43431 2361 15 = = SYM 43431 2361 16 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 2361 17 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 2361 18 , , , 43431 2361 19 of of IN 43431 2361 20 these these DT 43431 2361 21 , , , 43431 2361 22 the the DT 43431 2361 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2361 24 nasals nasal NNS 43431 2361 25 _ _ NNP 43431 2361 26 are be VBP 43431 2361 27 narrow narrow JJ 43431 2361 28 bones bone NNS 43431 2361 29 lying lie VBG 43431 2361 30 next next IN 43431 2361 31 the the DT 43431 2361 32 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 2361 33 , , , 43431 2361 34 but but CC 43431 2361 35 nearer nearer VB 43431 2361 36 the the DT 43431 2361 37 middle middle JJ 43431 2361 38 line line NN 43431 2361 39 ; ; : 43431 2361 40 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2361 41 overlap overlap VBP 43431 2361 42 the the DT 43431 2361 43 second second JJ 43431 2361 44 pair pair NN 43431 2361 45 of of IN 43431 2361 46 bones bone NNS 43431 2361 47 , , , 43431 2361 48 the the DT 43431 2361 49 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2361 50 = = SYM 43431 2361 51 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2361 52 ethmoids=. ethmoids=. . 43431 2362 1 These these DT 43431 2362 2 meet meet VBP 43431 2362 3 one one NN 43431 2362 4 another another DT 43431 2362 5 in in IN 43431 2362 6 the the DT 43431 2362 7 middle middle JJ 43431 2362 8 line line NN 43431 2362 9 , , , 43431 2362 10 and and CC 43431 2362 11 are be VBP 43431 2362 12 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2362 13 behind behind RB 43431 2362 14 by by IN 43431 2362 15 the the DT 43431 2362 16 frontal frontal NN 43431 2362 17 . . . 43431 2363 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2363 2 articulate articulate VBP 43431 2363 3 laterally laterally RB 43431 2363 4 with with IN 43431 2363 5 the the DT 43431 2363 6 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 2363 7 and and CC 43431 2363 8 palatine palatine NN 43431 2363 9 , , , 43431 2363 10 and and CC 43431 2363 11 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 2363 12 with with IN 43431 2363 13 the the DT 43431 2363 14 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2363 15 . . . 43431 2364 1 In in IN 43431 2364 2 a a DT 43431 2364 3 = = NN 43431 2364 4 posterior posterior NN 43431 2364 5 view= view= VBP 43431 2364 6 the the DT 43431 2364 7 foramen foramen NNP 43431 2364 8 magnum magnum NNP 43431 2364 9 and and CC 43431 2364 10 the the DT 43431 2364 11 four four CD 43431 2364 12 bones bone NNS 43431 2364 13 which which WDT 43431 2364 14 surround surround VBP 43431 2364 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2364 16 and and CC 43431 2364 17 together together RB 43431 2364 18 form form VB 43431 2364 19 the the DT 43431 2364 20 occipital occipital JJ 43431 2364 21 segment segment NN 43431 2364 22 are be VBP 43431 2364 23 well well RB 43431 2364 24 seen see VBN 43431 2364 25 . . . 43431 2365 1 On on IN 43431 2365 2 the the DT 43431 2365 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2365 4 side side NN 43431 2365 5 is be VBZ 43431 2365 6 the the DT 43431 2365 7 = = SYM 43431 2365 8 basi basi NNP 43431 2365 9 - - HYPH 43431 2365 10 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 2365 11 , , , 43431 2365 12 terminated terminate VBN 43431 2365 13 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 2365 14 by by IN 43431 2365 15 a a DT 43431 2365 16 slightly slightly RB 43431 2365 17 concave concave JJ 43431 2365 18 surface surface NN 43431 2365 19 which which WDT 43431 2365 20 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2365 21 with with IN 43431 2365 22 the the DT 43431 2365 23 centrum centrum NN 43431 2365 24 of of IN 43431 2365 25 the the DT 43431 2365 26 first first JJ 43431 2365 27 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2365 28 . . . 43431 2366 1 The the DT 43431 2366 2 sides side NNS 43431 2366 3 of of IN 43431 2366 4 the the DT 43431 2366 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2366 6 magnum magnum NN 43431 2366 7 are be VBP 43431 2366 8 formed form VBN 43431 2366 9 by by IN 43431 2366 10 the the DT 43431 2366 11 = = SYM 43431 2366 12 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NNP 43431 2366 13 , , , 43431 2366 14 a a DT 43431 2366 15 pair pair NN 43431 2366 16 of of IN 43431 2366 17 very very RB 43431 2366 18 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2366 19 bones bone NNS 43431 2366 20 , , , 43431 2366 21 pierced pierce VBN 43431 2366 22 by by IN 43431 2366 23 a a DT 43431 2366 24 pair pair NN 43431 2366 25 of of IN 43431 2366 26 prominent prominent JJ 43431 2366 27 foramina foramina NN 43431 2366 28 for for IN 43431 2366 29 the the DT 43431 2366 30 exit exit NN 43431 2366 31 of of IN 43431 2366 32 the the DT 43431 2366 33 tenth tenth JJ 43431 2366 34 nerves nerve NNS 43431 2366 35 . . . 43431 2367 1 The the DT 43431 2367 2 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 2367 3 also also RB 43431 2367 4 bear bear VBP 43431 2367 5 a a DT 43431 2367 6 pair pair NN 43431 2367 7 of of IN 43431 2367 8 surfaces surface NNS 43431 2367 9 for for IN 43431 2367 10 articulation articulation NN 43431 2367 11 with with IN 43431 2367 12 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 2367 13 ones one NNS 43431 2367 14 on on IN 43431 2367 15 the the DT 43431 2367 16 neural neural JJ 43431 2367 17 arch arch NN 43431 2367 18 of of IN 43431 2367 19 the the DT 43431 2367 20 first first JJ 43431 2367 21 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2367 22 . . . 43431 2368 1 The the DT 43431 2368 2 most most JJS 43431 2368 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2368 4 of of IN 43431 2368 5 the the DT 43431 2368 6 four four CD 43431 2368 7 bones bone NNS 43431 2368 8 is be VBZ 43431 2368 9 the the DT 43431 2368 10 supra supra NNP 43431 2368 11 - - HYPH 43431 2368 12 occipital occipital NN 43431 2368 13 . . . 43431 2369 1 On on IN 43431 2369 2 the the DT 43431 2369 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2369 4 surface surface NN 43431 2369 5 of of IN 43431 2369 6 the the DT 43431 2369 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 2369 8 in in IN 43431 2369 9 front front NN 43431 2369 10 of of IN 43431 2369 11 the the DT 43431 2369 12 basi basi NN 43431 2369 13 - - HYPH 43431 2369 14 occipital occipital NN 43431 2369 15 is be VBZ 43431 2369 16 seen see VBN 43431 2369 17 the the DT 43431 2369 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2369 19 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2369 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2369 21 , , , 43431 2369 22 a a DT 43431 2369 23 very very RB 43431 2369 24 long long JJ 43431 2369 25 narrow narrow JJ 43431 2369 26 bone bone NN 43431 2369 27 which which WDT 43431 2369 28 underlies underlie VBZ 43431 2369 29 the the DT 43431 2369 30 greater great JJR 43431 2369 31 part part NN 43431 2369 32 of of IN 43431 2369 33 the the DT 43431 2369 34 cranium cranium NN 43431 2369 35 . . . 43431 2370 1 Behind behind RB 43431 2370 2 , , , 43431 2370 3 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2370 4 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2370 5 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 2370 6 with with IN 43431 2370 7 the the DT 43431 2370 8 basi basi NN 43431 2370 9 - - HYPH 43431 2370 10 occipital occipital JJ 43431 2370 11 and and CC 43431 2370 12 dorsolaterally dorsolaterally RB 43431 2370 13 with with IN 43431 2370 14 the the DT 43431 2370 15 pro pro JJ 43431 2370 16 - - JJ 43431 2370 17 otics otics JJ 43431 2370 18 and and CC 43431 2370 19 opisthotics opisthotic NNS 43431 2370 20 , , , 43431 2370 21 in in IN 43431 2370 22 front front NN 43431 2370 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2370 24 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2370 25 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 2370 26 with with IN 43431 2370 27 the the DT 43431 2370 28 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2370 29 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2370 30 and and CC 43431 2370 31 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 2370 32 with with IN 43431 2370 33 the the DT 43431 2370 34 vomer vomer NN 43431 2370 35 . . . 43431 2371 1 At at IN 43431 2371 2 the the DT 43431 2371 3 sides side NNS 43431 2371 4 of of IN 43431 2371 5 the the DT 43431 2371 6 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2371 7 are be VBP 43431 2371 8 the the DT 43431 2371 9 small small JJ 43431 2371 10 = = SYM 43431 2371 11 alisphenoids= alisphenoids= JJ 43431 2371 12 articulating articulating NN 43431 2371 13 above above RB 43431 2371 14 with with IN 43431 2371 15 the the DT 43431 2371 16 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 2371 17 , , , 43431 2371 18 in in IN 43431 2371 19 front front NN 43431 2371 20 with with IN 43431 2371 21 the the DT 43431 2371 22 frontals frontal NNS 43431 2371 23 , , , 43431 2371 24 and and CC 43431 2371 25 behind behind RB 43431 2371 26 with with IN 43431 2371 27 the the DT 43431 2371 28 pro pro JJ 43431 2371 29 - - NNS 43431 2371 30 otics otics JJ 43431 2371 31 . . . 43431 2372 1 The the DT 43431 2372 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2372 3 vomer vomer NN 43431 2372 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2372 5 is be VBZ 43431 2372 6 an an DT 43431 2372 7 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2372 8 bone bone NN 43431 2372 9 lying lie VBG 43431 2372 10 immediately immediately RB 43431 2372 11 in in IN 43431 2372 12 front front NN 43431 2372 13 of of IN 43431 2372 14 the the DT 43431 2372 15 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2372 16 . . . 43431 2373 1 In in IN 43431 2373 2 front front NN 43431 2373 3 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2373 4 terminates terminate VBZ 43431 2373 5 with with IN 43431 2373 6 a a DT 43431 2373 7 thickened thicken VBN 43431 2373 8 curved curved JJ 43431 2373 9 margin margin NN 43431 2373 10 bearing bear VBG 43431 2373 11 several several JJ 43431 2373 12 rows row NNS 43431 2373 13 of of IN 43431 2373 14 small small JJ 43431 2373 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2373 16 ; ; : 43431 2373 17 behind behind IN 43431 2373 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2373 19 tapers taper VBZ 43431 2373 20 out out RP 43431 2373 21 into into IN 43431 2373 22 a a DT 43431 2373 23 long long JJ 43431 2373 24 process process NN 43431 2373 25 which which WDT 43431 2373 26 underlies underlie VBZ 43431 2373 27 the the DT 43431 2373 28 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2373 29 part part NN 43431 2373 30 of of IN 43431 2373 31 the the DT 43431 2373 32 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2373 33 . . . 43431 2374 1 Immediately immediately RB 43431 2374 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2374 3 to to IN 43431 2374 4 the the DT 43431 2374 5 vomer vomer NN 43431 2374 6 is be VBZ 43431 2374 7 another another DT 43431 2374 8 median median JJ 43431 2374 9 bone bone NN 43431 2374 10 , , , 43431 2374 11 the the DT 43431 2374 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2374 13 median median NNP 43431 2374 14 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2374 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2374 16 ; ; : 43431 2374 17 this this DT 43431 2374 18 is be VBZ 43431 2374 19 truncated truncate VBN 43431 2374 20 in in IN 43431 2374 21 front front NN 43431 2374 22 and and CC 43431 2374 23 tapers taper NNS 43431 2374 24 out out RB 43431 2374 25 behind behind RB 43431 2374 26 into into IN 43431 2374 27 a a DT 43431 2374 28 process process NN 43431 2374 29 which which WDT 43431 2374 30 fits fit VBZ 43431 2374 31 into into IN 43431 2374 32 a a DT 43431 2374 33 groove groove NN 43431 2374 34 on on IN 43431 2374 35 the the DT 43431 2374 36 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2374 37 side side NN 43431 2374 38 of of IN 43431 2374 39 the the DT 43431 2374 40 frontal frontal NN 43431 2374 41 . . . 43431 2375 1 BONES bone NNS 43431 2375 2 IN in IN 43431 2375 3 CONNECTION connection NN 43431 2375 4 WITH with IN 43431 2375 5 THE the DT 43431 2375 6 UPPER UPPER NNP 43431 2375 7 JAW jaw NN 43431 2375 8 . . . 43431 2376 1 These these DT 43431 2376 2 bear bear VBP 43431 2376 3 a a DT 43431 2376 4 close close JJ 43431 2376 5 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 2376 6 to to IN 43431 2376 7 those those DT 43431 2376 8 of of IN 43431 2376 9 the the DT 43431 2376 10 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2376 11 . . . 43431 2377 1 The the DT 43431 2377 2 most most JJS 43431 2377 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2377 4 bone bone NN 43431 2377 5 is be VBZ 43431 2377 6 the the DT 43431 2377 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2377 8 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 2377 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2377 10 , , , 43431 2377 11 a a DT 43431 2377 12 thick thick JJ 43431 2377 13 curved curved JJ 43431 2377 14 bone bone NN 43431 2377 15 meeting meet VBG 43431 2377 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2377 17 fellow fellow NN 43431 2377 18 in in IN 43431 2377 19 the the DT 43431 2377 20 middle middle JJ 43431 2377 21 line line NN 43431 2377 22 . . . 43431 2378 1 The the DT 43431 2378 2 point point NN 43431 2378 3 of of IN 43431 2378 4 junction junction NN 43431 2378 5 of of IN 43431 2378 6 the the DT 43431 2378 7 two two CD 43431 2378 8 is be VBZ 43431 2378 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 2378 10 out out RP 43431 2378 11 into into IN 43431 2378 12 a a DT 43431 2378 13 short short JJ 43431 2378 14 process process NN 43431 2378 15 , , , 43431 2378 16 and and CC 43431 2378 17 the the DT 43431 2378 18 oral oral JJ 43431 2378 19 surface surface NN 43431 2378 20 is be VBZ 43431 2378 21 thickly thickly RB 43431 2378 22 covered cover VBN 43431 2378 23 with with IN 43431 2378 24 small small JJ 43431 2378 25 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2378 26 . . . 43431 2379 1 The the DT 43431 2379 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2379 3 ends end VBZ 43431 2379 4 of of IN 43431 2379 5 the the DT 43431 2379 6 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 2379 7 are be VBP 43431 2379 8 seen see VBN 43431 2379 9 in in IN 43431 2379 10 the the DT 43431 2379 11 fresh fresh JJ 43431 2379 12 skull skull NN 43431 2379 13 to to TO 43431 2379 14 meet meet VB 43431 2379 15 a a DT 43431 2379 16 large large JJ 43431 2379 17 patch patch NN 43431 2379 18 of of IN 43431 2379 19 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2379 20 . . . 43431 2380 1 Behind behind IN 43431 2380 2 the the DT 43431 2380 3 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 2380 4 is be VBZ 43431 2380 5 the the DT 43431 2380 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2380 7 maxilla maxilla NN 43431 2380 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2380 9 , , , 43431 2380 10 a a DT 43431 2380 11 long long JJ 43431 2380 12 rod rod NN 43431 2380 13 - - HYPH 43431 2380 14 like like JJ 43431 2380 15 toothless toothless NN 43431 2380 16 bone bone NN 43431 2380 17 , , , 43431 2380 18 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 2380 19 expanded expand VBN 43431 2380 20 at at IN 43431 2380 21 the the DT 43431 2380 22 upper upper JJ 43431 2380 23 end end NN 43431 2380 24 where where WRB 43431 2380 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2380 26 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2380 27 with with IN 43431 2380 28 the the DT 43431 2380 29 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 2380 30 and and CC 43431 2380 31 vomer vomer NN 43431 2380 32 . . . 43431 2381 1 Articulating articulate VBG 43431 2381 2 in in IN 43431 2381 3 front front NN 43431 2381 4 with with IN 43431 2381 5 the the DT 43431 2381 6 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2381 7 end end NN 43431 2381 8 of of IN 43431 2381 9 the the DT 43431 2381 10 maxilla maxilla NN 43431 2381 11 and and CC 43431 2381 12 with with IN 43431 2381 13 the the DT 43431 2381 14 = = SYM 43431 2381 15 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2381 16 ethmoid= ethmoid= NN 43431 2381 17 is be VBZ 43431 2381 18 a a DT 43431 2381 19 very very RB 43431 2381 20 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2381 21 bone bone NN 43431 2381 22 , , , 43431 2381 23 the the DT 43431 2381 24 = = SYM 43431 2381 25 palatine= palatine= NNP 43431 2381 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2381 27 fig fig NN 43431 2381 28 . . . 43431 2382 1 12 12 CD 43431 2382 2 , , , 43431 2382 3 1 1 CD 43431 2382 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2382 5 ; ; : 43431 2382 6 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2382 7 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2382 8 behind behind RP 43431 2382 9 with with IN 43431 2382 10 two two CD 43431 2382 11 flat flat JJ 43431 2382 12 bones bone NNS 43431 2382 13 , , , 43431 2382 14 the the DT 43431 2382 15 = = SYM 43431 2382 16 pterygoid= pterygoid= NN 43431 2382 17 and and CC 43431 2382 18 = = SYM 43431 2382 19 meso meso NN 43431 2382 20 - - HYPH 43431 2382 21 pterygoid=. pterygoid=. NN 43431 2383 1 The the DT 43431 2383 2 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2383 3 is be VBZ 43431 2383 4 united unite VBN 43431 2383 5 behind behind RB 43431 2383 6 with with IN 43431 2383 7 two two CD 43431 2383 8 more more JJR 43431 2383 9 bones bone NNS 43431 2383 10 , , , 43431 2383 11 the the DT 43431 2383 12 = = SYM 43431 2383 13 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 2383 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2383 15 fig fig NN 43431 2383 16 . . . 43431 2384 1 12 12 CD 43431 2384 2 , , , 43431 2384 3 4 4 CD 43431 2384 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2384 5 and and CC 43431 2384 6 = = SYM 43431 2384 7 meta meta JJ 43431 2384 8 - - HYPH 43431 2384 9 pterygoid=. pterygoid=. NN 43431 2385 1 The the DT 43431 2385 2 = = SYM 43431 2385 3 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 2385 4 is be VBZ 43431 2385 5 a a DT 43431 2385 6 rather rather RB 43431 2385 7 stout stout JJ 43431 2385 8 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2385 9 bone bone NN 43431 2385 10 , , , 43431 2385 11 bearing bear VBG 43431 2385 12 on on IN 43431 2385 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2385 14 lower low JJR 43431 2385 15 surface surface NN 43431 2385 16 a a DT 43431 2385 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 2385 18 saddle saddle NN 43431 2385 19 - - HYPH 43431 2385 20 shaped shape VBN 43431 2385 21 articulating articulating NN 43431 2385 22 surface surface NN 43431 2385 23 for for IN 43431 2385 24 the the DT 43431 2385 25 mandible mandible NN 43431 2385 26 . . . 43431 2386 1 The the DT 43431 2386 2 palatine palatine NN 43431 2386 3 , , , 43431 2386 4 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 2386 5 and and CC 43431 2386 6 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 2386 7 bones bone NNS 43431 2386 8 are be VBP 43431 2386 9 the the DT 43431 2386 10 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2386 11 representatives representative NNS 43431 2386 12 of of IN 43431 2386 13 the the DT 43431 2386 14 palato palato NN 43431 2386 15 - - HYPH 43431 2386 16 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2386 17 - - HYPH 43431 2386 18 quadrate quadrate VB 43431 2386 19 bar bar NN 43431 2386 20 of of IN 43431 2386 21 the the DT 43431 2386 22 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 2386 23 . . . 43431 2387 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2387 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2387 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2387 4 . . . 43431 2388 1 12 12 CD 43431 2388 2 . . . 43431 2389 1 MANDIBULAR mandibular NN 43431 2389 2 AND and CC 43431 2389 3 HYOID hyoid NN 43431 2389 4 ARCHES arches NN 43431 2389 5 OF of IN 43431 2389 6 A a DT 43431 2389 7 COD COD NNP 43431 2389 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2389 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2389 10 Gadus Gadus NNP 43431 2389 11 morrhua morrhua NN 43431 2389 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2389 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2389 14 à à NNP 43431 2389 15 � � NNP 43431 2389 16 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 2389 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2389 18 Brit Brit NNP 43431 2389 19 . . . 43431 2390 1 Mus mus NN 43431 2390 2 . . . 43431 2390 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2390 4 . . . 43431 2391 1 1 1 LS 43431 2391 2 . . . 43431 2391 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 2391 4 . . . 43431 2392 1 2 2 LS 43431 2392 2 . . . 43431 2392 3 meso meso NN 43431 2392 4 - - HYPH 43431 2392 5 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2392 6 . . . 43431 2393 1 3 3 LS 43431 2393 2 . . . 43431 2393 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 2393 4 . . . 43431 2394 1 4 4 LS 43431 2394 2 . . . 43431 2394 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 2394 4 . . . 43431 2395 1 5 5 LS 43431 2395 2 . . . 43431 2395 3 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2395 4 . . . 43431 2396 1 6 6 LS 43431 2396 2 . . . 43431 2396 3 meta meta JJ 43431 2396 4 - - HYPH 43431 2396 5 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2396 6 . . . 43431 2397 1 7 7 LS 43431 2397 2 . . . 43431 2397 3 hyomandibular hyomandibular NNP 43431 2397 4 . . . 43431 2398 1 8 8 LS 43431 2398 2 . . . 43431 2398 3 angular angular JJ 43431 2398 4 . . . 43431 2399 1 9 9 LS 43431 2399 2 . . . 43431 2399 3 articular articular JJ 43431 2399 4 . . . 43431 2400 1 10 10 CD 43431 2400 2 . . . 43431 2400 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 2400 4 . . . 43431 2401 1 11 11 CD 43431 2401 2 . . . 43431 2401 3 inter inter NNP 43431 2401 4 - - NNP 43431 2401 5 hyal hyal JJ 43431 2401 6 . . . 43431 2402 1 12 12 CD 43431 2402 2 . . . 43431 2402 3 epi epi NNP 43431 2402 4 - - HYPH 43431 2402 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2402 6 . . . 43431 2403 1 13 13 CD 43431 2403 2 . . . 43431 2403 3 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2403 4 - - HYPH 43431 2403 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2403 6 . . . 43431 2404 1 14 14 CD 43431 2404 2 . . . 43431 2404 3 hypo hypo NNP 43431 2404 4 - - HYPH 43431 2404 5 hyal hyal JJ 43431 2404 6 . . . 43431 2405 1 15 15 CD 43431 2405 2 . . . 43431 2405 3 uro uro NNP 43431 2405 4 - - HYPH 43431 2405 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2405 6 . . . 43431 2406 1 16 16 CD 43431 2406 2 . . . 43431 2406 3 branchiostegal branchiostegal NNP 43431 2406 4 rays ray NNS 43431 2406 5 . . . 43431 2406 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2407 1 The the DT 43431 2407 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2407 3 is be VBZ 43431 2407 4 united unite VBN 43431 2407 5 behind behind RB 43431 2407 6 with with IN 43431 2407 7 the the DT 43431 2407 8 = = SYM 43431 2407 9 symplectic= symplectic= NNP 43431 2407 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2407 11 fig fig NN 43431 2407 12 . . . 43431 2408 1 12 12 CD 43431 2408 2 , , , 43431 2408 3 5 5 CD 43431 2408 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2408 5 , , , 43431 2408 6 and and CC 43431 2408 7 the the DT 43431 2408 8 meta meta JJ 43431 2408 9 - - HYPH 43431 2408 10 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2408 11 with with IN 43431 2408 12 the the DT 43431 2408 13 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2408 14 and and CC 43431 2408 15 = = SYM 43431 2408 16 hyomandibular= hyomandibular= NN 43431 2408 17 , , , 43431 2408 18 both both DT 43431 2408 19 of of IN 43431 2408 20 which which WDT 43431 2408 21 bones bone NNS 43431 2408 22 will will MD 43431 2408 23 be be VB 43431 2408 24 described describe VBN 43431 2408 25 immediately immediately RB 43431 2408 26 in in IN 43431 2408 27 connection connection NN 43431 2408 28 with with IN 43431 2408 29 the the DT 43431 2408 30 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2408 31 arch arch NN 43431 2408 32 . . . 43431 2409 1 THE the DT 43431 2409 2 LOWER LOWER NNP 43431 2409 3 JAW JAW NNP 43431 2409 4 . . . 43431 2410 1 The the DT 43431 2410 2 = = SYM 43431 2410 3 lower low JJR 43431 2410 4 jaw jaw NN 43431 2410 5 or or CC 43431 2410 6 mandible= mandible= NN 43431 2410 7 like like IN 43431 2410 8 that that DT 43431 2410 9 of of IN 43431 2410 10 the the DT 43431 2410 11 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2410 12 is be VBZ 43431 2410 13 partly partly RB 43431 2410 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2410 15 , , , 43431 2410 16 forming form VBG 43431 2410 17 = = SYM 43431 2410 18 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 2410 19 's 's POS 43431 2410 20 cartilage= cartilage= NN 43431 2410 21 , , , 43431 2410 22 partly partly RB 43431 2410 23 formed form VBN 43431 2410 24 of of IN 43431 2410 25 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2410 26 bone bone NN 43431 2410 27 , , , 43431 2410 28 partly partly RB 43431 2410 29 of of IN 43431 2410 30 membrane membrane NN 43431 2410 31 bone bone NN 43431 2410 32 . . . 43431 2411 1 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 2411 2 's 's POS 43431 2411 3 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2411 4 is be VBZ 43431 2411 5 of of IN 43431 2411 6 course course NN 43431 2411 7 not not RB 43431 2411 8 seen see VBN 43431 2411 9 in in IN 43431 2411 10 the the DT 43431 2411 11 dried dry VBN 43431 2411 12 skull skull NN 43431 2411 13 . . . 43431 2412 1 The the DT 43431 2412 2 lower low JJR 43431 2412 3 jaw jaw NN 43431 2412 4 includes include VBZ 43431 2412 5 one one CD 43431 2412 6 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2412 7 bone bone NN 43431 2412 8 , , , 43431 2412 9 the the DT 43431 2412 10 = = SYM 43431 2412 11 articular= articular= NNP 43431 2412 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2412 13 fig fig NN 43431 2412 14 . . . 43431 2413 1 12 12 CD 43431 2413 2 , , , 43431 2413 3 9 9 CD 43431 2413 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2413 5 , , , 43431 2413 6 this this DT 43431 2413 7 is be VBZ 43431 2413 8 a a DT 43431 2413 9 large large JJ 43431 2413 10 bone bone NN 43431 2413 11 connected connect VBN 43431 2413 12 by by IN 43431 2413 13 a a DT 43431 2413 14 saddle saddle NN 43431 2413 15 - - HYPH 43431 2413 16 shaped shape VBN 43431 2413 17 surface surface NN 43431 2413 18 with with IN 43431 2413 19 the the DT 43431 2413 20 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2413 21 . . . 43431 2414 1 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 2414 2 's 's POS 43431 2414 3 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2414 4 lies lie VBZ 43431 2414 5 in in IN 43431 2414 6 a a DT 43431 2414 7 groove groove NN 43431 2414 8 on on IN 43431 2414 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2414 10 under under JJ 43431 2414 11 surface surface NN 43431 2414 12 , , , 43431 2414 13 and and CC 43431 2414 14 projects project NNS 43431 2414 15 beyond beyond IN 43431 2414 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2414 17 in in IN 43431 2414 18 front front NN 43431 2414 19 . . . 43431 2415 1 The the DT 43431 2415 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2415 3 angular angular JJ 43431 2415 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2415 5 is be VBZ 43431 2415 6 a a DT 43431 2415 7 small small JJ 43431 2415 8 thick thick JJ 43431 2415 9 bone bone NN 43431 2415 10 united unite VBN 43431 2415 11 to to IN 43431 2415 12 the the DT 43431 2415 13 lower low JJR 43431 2415 14 surface surface NN 43431 2415 15 of of IN 43431 2415 16 the the DT 43431 2415 17 articular articular NNP 43431 2415 18 at at IN 43431 2415 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2415 20 posterior posterior NN 43431 2415 21 end end NN 43431 2415 22 . . . 43431 2416 1 The the DT 43431 2416 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2416 3 dentary dentary NN 43431 2416 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2416 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2416 6 fig fig NN 43431 2416 7 . . . 43431 2417 1 12 12 CD 43431 2417 2 , , , 43431 2417 3 10 10 CD 43431 2417 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2417 5 is be VBZ 43431 2417 6 a a DT 43431 2417 7 large large JJ 43431 2417 8 tooth tooth NN 43431 2417 9 - - HYPH 43431 2417 10 bearing bear VBG 43431 2417 11 bone bone NN 43431 2417 12 meeting meet VBG 43431 2417 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2417 14 fellow fellow NN 43431 2417 15 in in IN 43431 2417 16 the the DT 43431 2417 17 middle middle JJ 43431 2417 18 line line NN 43431 2417 19 in in IN 43431 2417 20 front front NN 43431 2417 21 , , , 43431 2417 22 while while IN 43431 2417 23 the the DT 43431 2417 24 articular articular NNP 43431 2417 25 fits fit VBZ 43431 2417 26 into into IN 43431 2417 27 a a DT 43431 2417 28 deep deep JJ 43431 2417 29 notch notch NN 43431 2417 30 at at IN 43431 2417 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2417 32 posterior posterior NN 43431 2417 33 end end NN 43431 2417 34 . . . 43431 2418 1 THE the DT 43431 2418 2 HYOID hyoid NN 43431 2418 3 ARCH ARCH VBZ 43431 2418 4 . . . 43431 2419 1 The the DT 43431 2419 2 = = SYM 43431 2419 3 hyomandibular= hyomandibular= NN 43431 2419 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2419 5 fig fig NN 43431 2419 6 . . . 43431 2420 1 12 12 CD 43431 2420 2 , , , 43431 2420 3 7 7 CD 43431 2420 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2420 5 is be VBZ 43431 2420 6 a a DT 43431 2420 7 large large JJ 43431 2420 8 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2420 9 bone bone NN 43431 2420 10 , , , 43431 2420 11 articulating articulate VBG 43431 2420 12 by by IN 43431 2420 13 a a DT 43431 2420 14 prominent prominent JJ 43431 2420 15 rounded rounded JJ 43431 2420 16 head head NN 43431 2420 17 with with IN 43431 2420 18 the the DT 43431 2420 19 sphenotic sphenotic JJ 43431 2420 20 and and CC 43431 2420 21 pterotic pterotic JJ 43431 2420 22 . . . 43431 2421 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2421 2 is be VBZ 43431 2421 3 united united JJ 43431 2421 4 in in IN 43431 2421 5 front front NN 43431 2421 6 with with IN 43431 2421 7 the the DT 43431 2421 8 meta meta JJ 43431 2421 9 - - HYPH 43431 2421 10 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2421 11 and and CC 43431 2421 12 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2421 13 , , , 43431 2421 14 and and CC 43431 2421 15 sends send VBZ 43431 2421 16 off off RB 43431 2421 17 behind behind IN 43431 2421 18 a a DT 43431 2421 19 strong strong JJ 43431 2421 20 process process NN 43431 2421 21 which which WDT 43431 2421 22 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2421 23 with with IN 43431 2421 24 the the DT 43431 2421 25 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2421 26 . . . 43431 2422 1 The the DT 43431 2422 2 = = SYM 43431 2422 3 symplectic= symplectic= NN 43431 2422 4 is be VBZ 43431 2422 5 a a DT 43431 2422 6 long long JJ 43431 2422 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 2422 8 triangular triangular JJ 43431 2422 9 bone bone NN 43431 2422 10 drawn draw VBN 43431 2422 11 out out RP 43431 2422 12 in in IN 43431 2422 13 front front NN 43431 2422 14 into into IN 43431 2422 15 a a DT 43431 2422 16 process process NN 43431 2422 17 which which WDT 43431 2422 18 fits fit VBZ 43431 2422 19 into into IN 43431 2422 20 a a DT 43431 2422 21 groove groove NN 43431 2422 22 on on IN 43431 2422 23 the the DT 43431 2422 24 inner inner JJ 43431 2422 25 surface surface NN 43431 2422 26 of of IN 43431 2422 27 the the DT 43431 2422 28 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2422 29 . . . 43431 2423 1 The the DT 43431 2423 2 distal distal JJ 43431 2423 3 portion portion NN 43431 2423 4 of of IN 43431 2423 5 the the DT 43431 2423 6 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2423 7 arch arch NN 43431 2423 8 is be VBZ 43431 2423 9 strongly strongly RB 43431 2423 10 developed develop VBN 43431 2423 11 and and CC 43431 2423 12 consists consist VBZ 43431 2423 13 of of IN 43431 2423 14 first first RB 43431 2423 15 the the DT 43431 2423 16 = = SYM 43431 2423 17 inter inter NNP 43431 2423 18 - - NN 43431 2423 19 hyal= hyal= JJ 43431 2423 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2423 21 fig fig NN 43431 2423 22 . . . 43431 2424 1 12 12 CD 43431 2424 2 , , , 43431 2424 3 11 11 CD 43431 2424 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2424 5 , , , 43431 2424 6 a a DT 43431 2424 7 short short JJ 43431 2424 8 bony bony NN 43431 2424 9 rod rod NN 43431 2424 10 , , , 43431 2424 11 which which WDT 43431 2424 12 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2424 13 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 2424 14 with with IN 43431 2424 15 a a DT 43431 2424 16 patch patch NN 43431 2424 17 of of IN 43431 2424 18 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2424 19 intervening intervene VBG 43431 2424 20 between between IN 43431 2424 21 the the DT 43431 2424 22 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2424 23 part part NN 43431 2424 24 of of IN 43431 2424 25 the the DT 43431 2424 26 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2424 27 and and CC 43431 2424 28 the the DT 43431 2424 29 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2424 30 . . . 43431 2425 1 Below below IN 43431 2425 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2425 3 is be VBZ 43431 2425 4 united united JJ 43431 2425 5 with with IN 43431 2425 6 the the DT 43431 2425 7 apex apex NN 43431 2425 8 of of IN 43431 2425 9 the the DT 43431 2425 10 triangular triangular JJ 43431 2425 11 = = SYM 43431 2425 12 epi epi NNP 43431 2425 13 - - HYPH 43431 2425 14 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 2425 15 , , , 43431 2425 16 a a DT 43431 2425 17 bone bone NN 43431 2425 18 suturally suturally RB 43431 2425 19 connected connect VBN 43431 2425 20 with with IN 43431 2425 21 the the DT 43431 2425 22 large large JJ 43431 2425 23 = = SYM 43431 2425 24 cerato cerato NN 43431 2425 25 - - HYPH 43431 2425 26 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 2425 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2425 28 fig fig NN 43431 2425 29 . . . 43431 2426 1 12 12 CD 43431 2426 2 , , , 43431 2426 3 13 13 CD 43431 2426 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2426 5 which which WDT 43431 2426 6 unites unite VBZ 43431 2426 7 distally distally RB 43431 2426 8 with with IN 43431 2426 9 two two CD 43431 2426 10 small small JJ 43431 2426 11 = = SYM 43431 2426 12 hypo hypo JJ 43431 2426 13 - - HYPH 43431 2426 14 hyals=. hyals=. NN 43431 2427 1 To to IN 43431 2427 2 the the DT 43431 2427 3 cerato cerato NN 43431 2427 4 - - HYPH 43431 2427 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2427 6 are be VBP 43431 2427 7 attached attach VBN 43431 2427 8 a a DT 43431 2427 9 series series NN 43431 2427 10 of of IN 43431 2427 11 seven seven CD 43431 2427 12 strong strong JJ 43431 2427 13 curved curved JJ 43431 2427 14 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 2427 15 rods rod NNS 43431 2427 16 , , , 43431 2427 17 the the DT 43431 2427 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2427 19 branchiostegal branchiostegal NN 43431 2427 20 rays ray NNS 43431 2427 21 _ _ NNP 43431 2427 22 . . . 43431 2428 1 The the DT 43431 2428 2 first first JJ 43431 2428 3 of of IN 43431 2428 4 these these DT 43431 2428 5 is be VBZ 43431 2428 6 the the DT 43431 2428 7 smallest small JJS 43431 2428 8 and and CC 43431 2428 9 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2428 10 increase increase VBP 43431 2428 11 in in IN 43431 2428 12 size size NN 43431 2428 13 up up IN 43431 2428 14 to to IN 43431 2428 15 the the DT 43431 2428 16 last last JJ 43431 2428 17 . . . 43431 2429 1 The the DT 43431 2429 2 four four CD 43431 2429 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2429 4 ones one NNS 43431 2429 5 are be VBP 43431 2429 6 attached attach VBN 43431 2429 7 to to IN 43431 2429 8 the the DT 43431 2429 9 outer outer JJ 43431 2429 10 surface surface NN 43431 2429 11 of of IN 43431 2429 12 the the DT 43431 2429 13 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2429 14 - - HYPH 43431 2429 15 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2429 16 , , , 43431 2429 17 the the DT 43431 2429 18 three three CD 43431 2429 19 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2429 20 ones one NNS 43431 2429 21 to to IN 43431 2429 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2429 23 inner inner JJ 43431 2429 24 surface surface NN 43431 2429 25 . . . 43431 2430 1 Interposed interpose VBN 43431 2430 2 between between IN 43431 2430 3 the the DT 43431 2430 4 hypo hypo JJ 43431 2430 5 - - HYPH 43431 2430 6 hyals hyal NNS 43431 2430 7 of of IN 43431 2430 8 the the DT 43431 2430 9 two two CD 43431 2430 10 sides side NNS 43431 2430 11 is be VBZ 43431 2430 12 an an DT 43431 2430 13 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2430 14 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 2430 15 triangular triangular JJ 43431 2430 16 plate plate NN 43431 2430 17 , , , 43431 2430 18 the the DT 43431 2430 19 uro uro NNP 43431 2430 20 - - HYPH 43431 2430 21 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2430 22 or or CC 43431 2430 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2430 24 basi basi NNP 43431 2430 25 - - HYPH 43431 2430 26 branchiostegal branchiostegal NNP 43431 2430 27 _ _ NNP 43431 2430 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2430 29 fig fig NN 43431 2430 30 . . . 43431 2431 1 12 12 CD 43431 2431 2 , , , 43431 2431 3 15 15 CD 43431 2431 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2431 5 . . . 43431 2432 1 THE the DT 43431 2432 2 BRANCHIAL BRANCHIAL NNP 43431 2432 3 ARCHES ARCHES NNP 43431 2432 4 . . . 43431 2433 1 The the DT 43431 2433 2 = = SYM 43431 2433 3 branchial branchial NN 43431 2433 4 arches= arches= NN 43431 2433 5 are be VBP 43431 2433 6 five five CD 43431 2433 7 in in IN 43431 2433 8 number number NN 43431 2433 9 and and CC 43431 2433 10 consist consist VB 43431 2433 11 of of IN 43431 2433 12 the the DT 43431 2433 13 following follow VBG 43431 2433 14 parts part NNS 43431 2433 15 on on IN 43431 2433 16 each each DT 43431 2433 17 side side NN 43431 2433 18 . . . 43431 2434 1 The the DT 43431 2434 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2434 3 end end NN 43431 2434 4 is be VBZ 43431 2434 5 formed form VBN 43431 2434 6 of of IN 43431 2434 7 the the DT 43431 2434 8 = = SYM 43431 2434 9 supra supra NNP 43431 2434 10 - - HYPH 43431 2434 11 pharyngeal= pharyngeal= NNP 43431 2434 12 bone bone NN 43431 2434 13 , , , 43431 2434 14 a a DT 43431 2434 15 large large JJ 43431 2434 16 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2434 17 bone bone NN 43431 2434 18 covered cover VBN 43431 2434 19 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 2434 20 with with IN 43431 2434 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2434 22 of of IN 43431 2434 23 a a DT 43431 2434 24 fair fair JJ 43431 2434 25 size size NN 43431 2434 26 , , , 43431 2434 27 and and CC 43431 2434 28 representing represent VBG 43431 2434 29 the the DT 43431 2434 30 fused fuse VBN 43431 2434 31 = = SYM 43431 2434 32 pharyngo pharyngo NN 43431 2434 33 - - HYPH 43431 2434 34 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 2434 35 of of IN 43431 2434 36 the the DT 43431 2434 37 four four CD 43431 2434 38 anterior anterior NNP 43431 2434 39 arches arch NNS 43431 2434 40 . . . 43431 2435 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2435 2 external external JJ 43431 2435 3 surface surface NN 43431 2435 4 is be VBZ 43431 2435 5 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2435 6 with with IN 43431 2435 7 four four CD 43431 2435 8 small small JJ 43431 2435 9 = = SYM 43431 2435 10 epi epi NN 43431 2435 11 - - NN 43431 2435 12 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 2435 13 which which WDT 43431 2435 14 pass pass VBP 43431 2435 15 horizontally horizontally RB 43431 2435 16 backwards backwards RB 43431 2435 17 and and CC 43431 2435 18 outwards outward NNS 43431 2435 19 . . . 43431 2436 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2436 2 distal distal JJ 43431 2436 3 ends end NNS 43431 2436 4 meet meet VBP 43431 2436 5 four four CD 43431 2436 6 long long JJ 43431 2436 7 = = SYM 43431 2436 8 cerato cerato NN 43431 2436 9 - - HYPH 43431 2436 10 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 2436 11 which which WDT 43431 2436 12 are be VBP 43431 2436 13 directed direct VBN 43431 2436 14 forwards forward NNS 43431 2436 15 and and CC 43431 2436 16 inwards inward NNS 43431 2436 17 and and CC 43431 2436 18 form form VB 43431 2436 19 the the DT 43431 2436 20 principal principal JJ 43431 2436 21 part part NN 43431 2436 22 of of IN 43431 2436 23 the the DT 43431 2436 24 arches arch NNS 43431 2436 25 . . . 43431 2437 1 Each each DT 43431 2437 2 of of IN 43431 2437 3 the the DT 43431 2437 4 first first JJ 43431 2437 5 three three CD 43431 2437 6 cerato cerato NN 43431 2437 7 - - HYPH 43431 2437 8 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2437 9 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2437 10 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 2437 11 with with IN 43431 2437 12 a a DT 43431 2437 13 = = SYM 43431 2437 14 hypo hypo NN 43431 2437 15 - - NN 43431 2437 16 branchial= branchial= NN 43431 2437 17 , , , 43431 2437 18 and and CC 43431 2437 19 the the DT 43431 2437 20 hypo hypo NN 43431 2437 21 - - HYPH 43431 2437 22 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2437 23 of of IN 43431 2437 24 the the DT 43431 2437 25 two two CD 43431 2437 26 sides side NNS 43431 2437 27 are be VBP 43431 2437 28 united united JJ 43431 2437 29 in in IN 43431 2437 30 the the DT 43431 2437 31 middle middle JJ 43431 2437 32 line line NN 43431 2437 33 by by IN 43431 2437 34 an an DT 43431 2437 35 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2437 36 = = SYM 43431 2437 37 basibranchial=. basibranchial=. FW 43431 2438 1 The the DT 43431 2438 2 third third JJ 43431 2438 3 hypo hypo JJ 43431 2438 4 - - HYPH 43431 2438 5 branchial branchial NN 43431 2438 6 is be VBZ 43431 2438 7 much much RB 43431 2438 8 flattened flatten VBN 43431 2438 9 . . . 43431 2439 1 The the DT 43431 2439 2 fourth fourth JJ 43431 2439 3 cerato cerato NN 43431 2439 4 - - HYPH 43431 2439 5 branchial branchial NNP 43431 2439 6 is be VBZ 43431 2439 7 united unite VBN 43431 2439 8 by by IN 43431 2439 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2439 10 with with IN 43431 2439 11 the the DT 43431 2439 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 2439 13 surface surface NN 43431 2439 14 of of IN 43431 2439 15 the the DT 43431 2439 16 third third JJ 43431 2439 17 hypo hypo NNP 43431 2439 18 - - HYPH 43431 2439 19 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2439 20 , , , 43431 2439 21 which which WDT 43431 2439 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2439 23 meets meet VBZ 43431 2439 24 near near IN 43431 2439 25 the the DT 43431 2439 26 middle middle JJ 43431 2439 27 line line NN 43431 2439 28 . . . 43431 2440 1 The the DT 43431 2440 2 fifth fifth JJ 43431 2440 3 arch arch NN 43431 2440 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 2440 5 only only RB 43431 2440 6 of of IN 43431 2440 7 the the DT 43431 2440 8 cerato cerato NN 43431 2440 9 - - HYPH 43431 2440 10 branchial branchial NNP 43431 2440 11 , , , 43431 2440 12 a a DT 43431 2440 13 wide wide JJ 43431 2440 14 structure structure NN 43431 2440 15 covered cover VBN 43431 2440 16 with with IN 43431 2440 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2440 18 and and CC 43431 2440 19 generally generally RB 43431 2440 20 called call VBD 43431 2440 21 the the DT 43431 2440 22 = = SYM 43431 2440 23 inferior inferior JJ 43431 2440 24 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 2440 25 bone=. bone=. NN 43431 2441 1 The the DT 43431 2441 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2441 3 of of IN 43431 2441 4 the the DT 43431 2441 5 = = SYM 43431 2441 6 operculum= operculum= NNS 43431 2441 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 2441 8 of of IN 43431 2441 9 the the DT 43431 2441 10 same same JJ 43431 2441 11 four four CD 43431 2441 12 bones bone NNS 43431 2441 13 as as IN 43431 2441 14 in in IN 43431 2441 15 the the DT 43431 2441 16 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2441 17 , , , 43431 2441 18 namely namely RB 43431 2441 19 the the DT 43431 2441 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2441 21 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2441 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2441 23 , , , 43431 2441 24 the the DT 43431 2441 25 _ _ NNP 43431 2441 26 infra infra NNP 43431 2441 27 - - HYPH 43431 2441 28 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2441 29 _ _ NNP 43431 2441 30 , , , 43431 2441 31 the the DT 43431 2441 32 _ _ NNP 43431 2441 33 pre pre JJ 43431 2441 34 - - JJ 43431 2441 35 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2441 36 _ _ NNP 43431 2441 37 and and CC 43431 2441 38 the the DT 43431 2441 39 _ _ NNP 43431 2441 40 sub sub JJ 43431 2441 41 - - HYPH 43431 2441 42 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2441 43 _ _ NNP 43431 2441 44 . . . 43431 2442 1 Of of IN 43431 2442 2 these these DT 43431 2442 3 the the DT 43431 2442 4 anterior anterior NNP 43431 2442 5 bone bone NN 43431 2442 6 , , , 43431 2442 7 the the DT 43431 2442 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2442 9 pre pre JJ 43431 2442 10 - - JJ 43431 2442 11 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2442 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2442 13 , , , 43431 2442 14 is be VBZ 43431 2442 15 the the DT 43431 2442 16 largest large JJS 43431 2442 17 , , , 43431 2442 18 while while IN 43431 2442 19 the the DT 43431 2442 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2442 21 infra infra NNP 43431 2442 22 - - HYPH 43431 2442 23 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2442 24 _ _ NNP 43431 2442 25 is be VBZ 43431 2442 26 the the DT 43431 2442 27 smallest small JJS 43431 2442 28 . . . 43431 2443 1 The the DT 43431 2443 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2443 3 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2443 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2443 5 has have VBZ 43431 2443 6 a a DT 43431 2443 7 facet facet NN 43431 2443 8 for for IN 43431 2443 9 articulation articulation NN 43431 2443 10 with with IN 43431 2443 11 the the DT 43431 2443 12 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2443 13 . . . 43431 2444 1 2 2 LS 43431 2444 2 . . . 43431 2445 1 THE the DT 43431 2445 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 2445 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 2445 4 . . . 43431 2446 1 THE the DT 43431 2446 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 2446 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 2446 4 . . . 43431 2447 1 This this DT 43431 2447 2 is be VBZ 43431 2447 3 of of IN 43431 2447 4 a a DT 43431 2447 5 highly highly RB 43431 2447 6 specialised specialised JJ 43431 2447 7 type type NN 43431 2447 8 . . . 43431 2448 1 Membrane membrane NN 43431 2448 2 bones bone NNS 43431 2448 3 are be VBP 43431 2448 4 greatly greatly RB 43431 2448 5 developed developed JJ 43431 2448 6 , , , 43431 2448 7 and and CC 43431 2448 8 the the DT 43431 2448 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2448 10 bones bone NNS 43431 2448 11 , , , 43431 2448 12 the the DT 43431 2448 13 = = SYM 43431 2448 14 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 2448 15 and and CC 43431 2448 16 = = SYM 43431 2448 17 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 2448 18 , , , 43431 2448 19 are be VBP 43431 2448 20 much much RB 43431 2448 21 reduced reduce VBN 43431 2448 22 in in IN 43431 2448 23 size size NN 43431 2448 24 and and CC 43431 2448 25 importance importance NN 43431 2448 26 . . . 43431 2449 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2449 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2449 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2449 4 . . . 43431 2450 1 13 13 CD 43431 2450 2 . . . 43431 2451 1 THE the DT 43431 2451 2 RIGHT right JJ 43431 2451 3 HALF half NN 43431 2451 4 OF of IN 43431 2451 5 THE the DT 43431 2451 6 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 2451 7 GIRDLE girdle NN 43431 2451 8 AND and CC 43431 2451 9 RIGHT right NN 43431 2451 10 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNP 43431 2451 11 FIN FIN NNP 43431 2451 12 OF of IN 43431 2451 13 A a DT 43431 2451 14 COD COD NNP 43431 2451 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2451 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2451 17 Gadus Gadus NNP 43431 2451 18 morrhua morrhua NN 43431 2451 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2451 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2451 21 à à NNP 43431 2451 22 � � NNP 43431 2451 23 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 2451 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2451 25 Brit Brit NNP 43431 2451 26 . . . 43431 2452 1 Mus mus NN 43431 2452 2 . . . 43431 2452 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2452 4 . . . 43431 2453 1 1 1 LS 43431 2453 2 . . . 43431 2453 3 post post JJ 43431 2453 4 - - JJ 43431 2453 5 temporal temporal JJ 43431 2453 6 . . . 43431 2454 1 2 2 LS 43431 2454 2 . . . 43431 2454 3 supra supra NNP 43431 2454 4 - - HYPH 43431 2454 5 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2454 6 . . . 43431 2455 1 3 3 LS 43431 2455 2 . . . 43431 2455 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2455 4 . . . 43431 2456 1 4 4 LS 43431 2456 2 . . . 43431 2456 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 2456 4 . . . 43431 2457 1 5 5 LS 43431 2457 2 . . . 43431 2457 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 2457 4 . . . 43431 2458 1 6 6 LS 43431 2458 2 . . . 43431 2458 3 post post NNP 43431 2458 4 - - JJ 43431 2458 5 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2458 6 . . . 43431 2459 1 7 7 LS 43431 2459 2 . . . 43431 2459 3 brachial brachial JJ 43431 2459 4 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 2459 5 . . . 43431 2460 1 8 8 LS 43431 2460 2 . . . 43431 2460 3 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2460 4 fin fin NN 43431 2460 5 - - HYPH 43431 2460 6 rays ray NNS 43431 2460 7 . . . 43431 2460 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2461 1 The the DT 43431 2461 2 largest large JJS 43431 2461 3 bone bone NN 43431 2461 4 in in IN 43431 2461 5 the the DT 43431 2461 6 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 2461 7 girdle girdle NN 43431 2461 8 is be VBZ 43431 2461 9 the the DT 43431 2461 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2461 11 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2461 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2461 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2461 14 fig fig NN 43431 2461 15 . . . 43431 2462 1 13 13 CD 43431 2462 2 , , , 43431 2462 3 3 3 CD 43431 2462 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2462 5 , , , 43431 2462 6 which which WDT 43431 2462 7 is be VBZ 43431 2462 8 irregularly irregularly RB 43431 2462 9 crescent crescent JJ 43431 2462 10 shaped shape VBN 43431 2462 11 , , , 43431 2462 12 thick thick JJ 43431 2462 13 in in IN 43431 2462 14 front front NN 43431 2462 15 and and CC 43431 2462 16 tapering taper VBG 43431 2462 17 off off RP 43431 2462 18 behind behind RB 43431 2462 19 . . . 43431 2463 1 To to IN 43431 2463 2 the the DT 43431 2463 3 outer outer JJ 43431 2463 4 side side NN 43431 2463 5 of of IN 43431 2463 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2463 7 upper upper JJ 43431 2463 8 part part NN 43431 2463 9 is be VBZ 43431 2463 10 attached attach VBN 43431 2463 11 a a DT 43431 2463 12 thick thick JJ 43431 2463 13 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 2463 14 bone bone NN 43431 2463 15 , , , 43431 2463 16 the the DT 43431 2463 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2463 18 supra supra NNP 43431 2463 19 - - HYPH 43431 2463 20 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2463 21 _ _ NNP 43431 2463 22 , , , 43431 2463 23 which which WDT 43431 2463 24 passes pass VBZ 43431 2463 25 upwards upwards JJ 43431 2463 26 and and CC 43431 2463 27 is be VBZ 43431 2463 28 connected connect VBN 43431 2463 29 with with IN 43431 2463 30 a a DT 43431 2463 31 strong strong JJ 43431 2463 32 = = SYM 43431 2463 33 V= V= NNP 43431 2463 34 shaped shaped JJ 43431 2463 35 bone bone NN 43431 2463 36 , , , 43431 2463 37 the the DT 43431 2463 38 _ _ NNP 43431 2463 39 post post JJ 43431 2463 40 - - JJ 43431 2463 41 temporal temporal JJ 43431 2463 42 _ _ NN 43431 2463 43 . . . 43431 2464 1 The the DT 43431 2464 2 apex apex NN 43431 2464 3 of of IN 43431 2464 4 the the DT 43431 2464 5 = = SYM 43431 2464 6 V= V= NNP 43431 2464 7 meets meet VBZ 43431 2464 8 the the DT 43431 2464 9 supra supra NNP 43431 2464 10 - - HYPH 43431 2464 11 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2464 12 , , , 43431 2464 13 the the DT 43431 2464 14 inner inner JJ 43431 2464 15 limb limb NN 43431 2464 16 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2464 17 with with IN 43431 2464 18 the the DT 43431 2464 19 epi epi JJ 43431 2464 20 - - JJ 43431 2464 21 otic otic JJ 43431 2464 22 process process NN 43431 2464 23 , , , 43431 2464 24 the the DT 43431 2464 25 outer outer NN 43431 2464 26 with with IN 43431 2464 27 the the DT 43431 2464 28 parotic parotic JJ 43431 2464 29 process process NN 43431 2464 30 . . . 43431 2465 1 Projecting project VBG 43431 2465 2 downwards downwards RB 43431 2465 3 from from IN 43431 2465 4 the the DT 43431 2465 5 upper upper JJ 43431 2465 6 part part NN 43431 2465 7 of of IN 43431 2465 8 the the DT 43431 2465 9 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 2465 10 is be VBZ 43431 2465 11 a a DT 43431 2465 12 long long JJ 43431 2465 13 bony bony NN 43431 2465 14 rod rod NN 43431 2465 15 , , , 43431 2465 16 flattened flatten VBD 43431 2465 17 proximally proximally RB 43431 2465 18 and and CC 43431 2465 19 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 2465 20 and and CC 43431 2465 21 pointed point VBD 43431 2465 22 distally distally RB 43431 2465 23 , , , 43431 2465 24 this this DT 43431 2465 25 is be VBZ 43431 2465 26 the the DT 43431 2465 27 _ _ NNP 43431 2465 28 post post NN 43431 2465 29 - - JJ 43431 2465 30 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2465 31 _ _ NNP 43431 2465 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2465 33 fig fig NN 43431 2465 34 . . . 43431 2466 1 13 13 CD 43431 2466 2 , , , 43431 2466 3 6 6 CD 43431 2466 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2466 5 . . . 43431 2467 1 The the DT 43431 2467 2 = = SYM 43431 2467 3 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 2467 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2467 5 fig fig NN 43431 2467 6 . . . 43431 2468 1 13 13 CD 43431 2468 2 , , , 43431 2468 3 5 5 CD 43431 2468 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2468 5 is be VBZ 43431 2468 6 a a DT 43431 2468 7 small small JJ 43431 2468 8 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2468 9 plate plate NN 43431 2468 10 of of IN 43431 2468 11 bone bone NN 43431 2468 12 attached attach VBN 43431 2468 13 to to IN 43431 2468 14 the the DT 43431 2468 15 inner inner JJ 43431 2468 16 side side NN 43431 2468 17 of of IN 43431 2468 18 the the DT 43431 2468 19 middle middle NN 43431 2468 20 of of IN 43431 2468 21 the the DT 43431 2468 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2468 23 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2468 24 _ _ NNP 43431 2468 25 . . . 43431 2469 1 The the DT 43431 2469 2 = = SYM 43431 2469 3 coracoid=[38 coracoid=[38 NN 43431 2469 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2469 5 is be VBZ 43431 2469 6 a a DT 43431 2469 7 larger large JJR 43431 2469 8 plate plate NN 43431 2469 9 of of IN 43431 2469 10 similar similar JJ 43431 2469 11 character character NN 43431 2469 12 , , , 43431 2469 13 irregularly irregularly RB 43431 2469 14 triangular triangular JJ 43431 2469 15 in in IN 43431 2469 16 shape shape NN 43431 2469 17 , , , 43431 2469 18 attached attach VBN 43431 2469 19 to to IN 43431 2469 20 the the DT 43431 2469 21 inner inner JJ 43431 2469 22 side side NN 43431 2469 23 of of IN 43431 2469 24 the the DT 43431 2469 25 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 2469 26 immediately immediately RB 43431 2469 27 below below IN 43431 2469 28 the the DT 43431 2469 29 scapula scapula NN 43431 2469 30 . . . 43431 2470 1 The the DT 43431 2470 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 2470 3 and and CC 43431 2470 4 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 2470 5 bear bear VB 43431 2470 6 the the DT 43431 2470 7 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2470 8 fin fin NNP 43431 2470 9 . . . 43431 2471 1 THE the DT 43431 2471 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNP 43431 2471 3 FINS fin NNS 43431 2471 4 . . . 43431 2472 1 Each each DT 43431 2472 2 of of IN 43431 2472 3 these these DT 43431 2472 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 2472 5 of of IN 43431 2472 6 four four CD 43431 2472 7 small small JJ 43431 2472 8 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2472 9 bones bone NNS 43431 2472 10 , , , 43431 2472 11 the the DT 43431 2472 12 = = SYM 43431 2472 13 brachial brachial NNP 43431 2472 14 ossicles= ossicles= NNP 43431 2472 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2472 16 fig fig NN 43431 2472 17 . . . 43431 2473 1 13 13 CD 43431 2473 2 , , , 43431 2473 3 7 7 CD 43431 2473 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2473 5 , , , 43431 2473 6 bearing bear VBG 43431 2473 7 a a DT 43431 2473 8 series series NN 43431 2473 9 of of IN 43431 2473 10 about about RB 43431 2473 11 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 2473 12 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2473 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2473 14 fin fin FW 43431 2473 15 - - HYPH 43431 2473 16 rays ray NNS 43431 2473 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2473 18 . . . 43431 2474 1 The the DT 43431 2474 2 brachial brachial JJ 43431 2474 3 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 2474 4 represent represent VBP 43431 2474 5 the the DT 43431 2474 6 reduced reduced JJ 43431 2474 7 and and CC 43431 2474 8 modified modify VBN 43431 2474 9 radiale radiale NN 43431 2474 10 and and CC 43431 2474 11 basalia basalia NN 43431 2474 12 of of IN 43431 2474 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2474 14 fish fish NN 43431 2474 15 such such JJ 43431 2474 16 as as IN 43431 2474 17 the the DT 43431 2474 18 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 2474 19 . . . 43431 2475 1 The the DT 43431 2475 2 fin fin NN 43431 2475 3 - - HYPH 43431 2475 4 rays ray NNS 43431 2475 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2475 6 fig fig NN 43431 2475 7 . . . 43431 2476 1 13 13 CD 43431 2476 2 , , , 43431 2476 3 8) 8) CD 43431 2476 4 which which WDT 43431 2476 5 form form VBP 43431 2476 6 the the DT 43431 2476 7 whole whole JJ 43431 2476 8 external external JJ 43431 2476 9 portion portion NN 43431 2476 10 of of IN 43431 2476 11 the the DT 43431 2476 12 fin fin NN 43431 2476 13 are be VBP 43431 2476 14 long long JJ 43431 2476 15 slender slend JJR 43431 2476 16 rods rod NNS 43431 2476 17 having have VBG 43431 2476 18 essentially essentially RB 43431 2476 19 the the DT 43431 2476 20 same same JJ 43431 2476 21 character character NN 43431 2476 22 as as IN 43431 2476 23 those those DT 43431 2476 24 of of IN 43431 2476 25 the the DT 43431 2476 26 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2476 27 fins fin NNS 43431 2476 28 . . . 43431 2477 1 THE the DT 43431 2477 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 2477 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 2477 4 . . . 43431 2478 1 The the DT 43431 2478 2 = = SYM 43431 2478 3 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2478 4 girdle= girdle= NN 43431 2478 5 in in IN 43431 2478 6 the the DT 43431 2478 7 Cod Cod NNP 43431 2478 8 as as IN 43431 2478 9 in in IN 43431 2478 10 other other JJ 43431 2478 11 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2478 12 is be VBZ 43431 2478 13 entirely entirely RB 43431 2478 14 absent absent JJ 43431 2478 15 , , , 43431 2478 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2478 17 place place NN 43431 2478 18 being be VBG 43431 2478 19 taken take VBN 43431 2478 20 by by IN 43431 2478 21 the the DT 43431 2478 22 enlarged enlarge VBN 43431 2478 23 basi basi NNP 43431 2478 24 - - HYPH 43431 2478 25 pterygia pterygia NNP 43431 2478 26 of of IN 43431 2478 27 the the DT 43431 2478 28 fins fin NNS 43431 2478 29 . . . 43431 2479 1 THE the DT 43431 2479 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 2479 3 FINS FINS NNP 43431 2479 4 . . . 43431 2480 1 These these DT 43431 2480 2 have have VBP 43431 2480 3 a a DT 43431 2480 4 very very RB 43431 2480 5 anomalous anomalous JJ 43431 2480 6 position position NN 43431 2480 7 in in IN 43431 2480 8 the the DT 43431 2480 9 Cod cod NN 43431 2480 10 , , , 43431 2480 11 being be VBG 43431 2480 12 attached attach VBN 43431 2480 13 to to IN 43431 2480 14 the the DT 43431 2480 15 throat throat NN 43431 2480 16 in in IN 43431 2480 17 front front NN 43431 2480 18 of of IN 43431 2480 19 the the DT 43431 2480 20 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2480 21 girdle girdle NN 43431 2480 22 . . . 43431 2481 1 Each each DT 43431 2481 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 2481 3 of of IN 43431 2481 4 a a DT 43431 2481 5 basal basal NN 43431 2481 6 portion portion NN 43431 2481 7 , , , 43431 2481 8 the the DT 43431 2481 9 = = SYM 43431 2481 10 basi basi NN 43431 2481 11 - - HYPH 43431 2481 12 pterygium= pterygium= NNS 43431 2481 13 , , , 43431 2481 14 and and CC 43431 2481 15 of of IN 43431 2481 16 a a DT 43431 2481 17 number number NN 43431 2481 18 of of IN 43431 2481 19 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2481 20 rays ray NNS 43431 2481 21 . . . 43431 2482 1 The the DT 43431 2482 2 basi basi NN 43431 2482 3 - - HYPH 43431 2482 4 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2482 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 2482 6 of of IN 43431 2482 7 an an DT 43431 2482 8 expanded expand VBN 43431 2482 9 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2482 10 portion portion NN 43431 2482 11 which which WDT 43431 2482 12 meets meet VBZ 43431 2482 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2482 14 fellow fellow NN 43431 2482 15 below below RB 43431 2482 16 in in IN 43431 2482 17 the the DT 43431 2482 18 middle middle JJ 43431 2482 19 line line NN 43431 2482 20 , , , 43431 2482 21 and and CC 43431 2482 22 to to TO 43431 2482 23 which which WDT 43431 2482 24 the the DT 43431 2482 25 rays ray NNS 43431 2482 26 are be VBP 43431 2482 27 attached attach VBN 43431 2482 28 , , , 43431 2482 29 and and CC 43431 2482 30 of of IN 43431 2482 31 an an DT 43431 2482 32 inwardly inwardly RB 43431 2482 33 - - HYPH 43431 2482 34 directed direct VBN 43431 2482 35 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2482 36 portion portion NN 43431 2482 37 which which WDT 43431 2482 38 also also RB 43431 2482 39 meets meet VBZ 43431 2482 40 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2482 41 fellow fellow NN 43431 2482 42 and and CC 43431 2482 43 is be VBZ 43431 2482 44 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 2482 45 in in IN 43431 2482 46 the the DT 43431 2482 47 flesh flesh NN 43431 2482 48 . . . 43431 2483 1 The the DT 43431 2483 2 rays ray NNS 43431 2483 3 are be VBP 43431 2483 4 six six CD 43431 2483 5 in in IN 43431 2483 6 number number NN 43431 2483 7 and and CC 43431 2483 8 are be VBP 43431 2483 9 long long RB 43431 2483 10 slender slend JJR 43431 2483 11 structures structure NNS 43431 2483 12 similar similar JJ 43431 2483 13 to to IN 43431 2483 14 those those DT 43431 2483 15 of of IN 43431 2483 16 the the DT 43431 2483 17 other other JJ 43431 2483 18 fins fin NNS 43431 2483 19 . . . 43431 2484 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 2484 2 : : : 43431 2484 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2484 4 35 35 CD 43431 2484 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2484 6 See See NNP 43431 2484 7 T.J. T.J. NNP 43431 2484 8 Parker Parker NNP 43431 2484 9 's 's POS 43431 2484 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2484 11 Zootomy Zootomy NNP 43431 2484 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2484 13 , , , 43431 2484 14 London London NNP 43431 2484 15 , , , 43431 2484 16 1884 1884 CD 43431 2484 17 , , , 43431 2484 18 p. p. NN 43431 2484 19 86 86 CD 43431 2484 20 . . . 43431 2485 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2485 2 36 36 CD 43431 2485 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2485 4 See see VB 43431 2485 5 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 2486 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 2486 2 and and CC 43431 2486 3 G.T. G.T. NNP 43431 2487 1 Bettany Bettany NNP 43431 2487 2 , , , 43431 2487 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2487 4 The the DT 43431 2487 5 Morphology Morphology NNP 43431 2487 6 of of IN 43431 2487 7 the the DT 43431 2487 8 Skull Skull NNP 43431 2487 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2487 10 , , , 43431 2487 11 London London NNP 43431 2487 12 , , , 43431 2487 13 1877 1877 CD 43431 2487 14 , , , 43431 2487 15 chap chap NNP 43431 2487 16 . . . 43431 2488 1 3 3 LS 43431 2488 2 . . . 43431 2489 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2489 2 37 37 CD 43431 2489 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2489 4 T.J. T.J. NNP 43431 2489 5 Parker Parker NNP 43431 2489 6 , , , 43431 2489 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2489 8 Zootomy Zootomy NNP 43431 2489 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2489 10 , , , 43431 2489 11 London London NNP 43431 2489 12 , , , 43431 2489 13 1884 1884 CD 43431 2489 14 , , , 43431 2489 15 p. p. NN 43431 2489 16 91 91 CD 43431 2489 17 . . . 43431 2490 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2490 2 38 38 CD 43431 2490 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2490 4 According accord VBG 43431 2490 5 to to IN 43431 2490 6 G. G. NNP 43431 2490 7 Swirski Swirski NNP 43431 2490 8 , , , 43431 2490 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2490 10 Schultergurtel Schultergurtel NNP 43431 2490 11 des des FW 43431 2490 12 Hechtes Hechtes NNP 43431 2490 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2490 14 , , , 43431 2490 15 Dorpat Dorpat NNP 43431 2490 16 , , , 43431 2490 17 1880 1880 CD 43431 2490 18 , , , 43431 2490 19 the the DT 43431 2490 20 true true JJ 43431 2490 21 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 2490 22 is be VBZ 43431 2490 23 aborted abort VBN 43431 2490 24 , , , 43431 2490 25 and and CC 43431 2490 26 the the DT 43431 2490 27 so so RB 43431 2490 28 - - HYPH 43431 2490 29 called call VBN 43431 2490 30 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 2490 31 of of IN 43431 2490 32 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2490 33 is be VBZ 43431 2490 34 really really RB 43431 2490 35 the the DT 43431 2490 36 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 2490 37 . . . 43431 2491 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 2491 2 VIII viii NN 43431 2491 3 . . . 43431 2492 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 2492 2 ACCOUNT account NN 43431 2492 3 OF of IN 43431 2492 4 THE the DT 43431 2492 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 2492 6 IN in IN 43431 2492 7 FISHES[39 FISHES[39 NNP 43431 2492 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2492 9 . . . 43431 2493 1 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 2493 2 . . . 43431 2494 1 The the DT 43431 2494 2 most most RBS 43431 2494 3 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2494 4 type type NN 43431 2494 5 of of IN 43431 2494 6 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 2494 7 is be VBZ 43431 2494 8 that that DT 43431 2494 9 found find VBN 43431 2494 10 in in IN 43431 2494 11 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2494 12 and and CC 43431 2494 13 formed form VBN 43431 2494 14 of of IN 43431 2494 15 = = SYM 43431 2494 16 placoid= placoid= NN 43431 2494 17 scales scale NNS 43431 2494 18 ; ; : 43431 2494 19 these these DT 43431 2494 20 are be VBP 43431 2494 21 tooth tooth JJ 43431 2494 22 - - HYPH 43431 2494 23 like like JJ 43431 2494 24 structures structure NNS 43431 2494 25 consisting consist VBG 43431 2494 26 of of IN 43431 2494 27 dentine dentine NN 43431 2494 28 and and CC 43431 2494 29 bone bone NN 43431 2494 30 capped cap VBN 43431 2494 31 with with IN 43431 2494 32 enamel enamel NNP 43431 2494 33 , , , 43431 2494 34 and and CC 43431 2494 35 have have VBP 43431 2494 36 been be VBN 43431 2494 37 already already RB 43431 2494 38 described describe VBN 43431 2494 39 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2494 40 p. p. NN 43431 2494 41 4 4 CD 43431 2494 42 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2494 43 . . . 43431 2495 1 In in IN 43431 2495 2 most most JJS 43431 2495 3 Elasmobranchs elasmobranch NNS 43431 2495 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2495 5 are be VBP 43431 2495 6 small small JJ 43431 2495 7 and and CC 43431 2495 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2495 9 distribution distribution NN 43431 2495 10 is be VBZ 43431 2495 11 fairly fairly RB 43431 2495 12 uniform uniform JJ 43431 2495 13 , , , 43431 2495 14 but but CC 43431 2495 15 in in IN 43431 2495 16 the the DT 43431 2495 17 Thornback Thornback NNP 43431 2495 18 skate skate NN 43431 2495 19 , , , 43431 2495 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2495 21 Raia Raia NNP 43431 2495 22 clavata clavata NNP 43431 2495 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2495 24 , , , 43431 2495 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2495 26 have have VBP 43431 2495 27 the the DT 43431 2495 28 form form NN 43431 2495 29 of of IN 43431 2495 30 larger large JJR 43431 2495 31 , , , 43431 2495 32 more more RBR 43431 2495 33 scattered scatter VBN 43431 2495 34 spines spine NNS 43431 2495 35 . . . 43431 2496 1 In in IN 43431 2496 2 adult adult NN 43431 2496 3 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 2496 4 and and CC 43431 2496 5 in in IN 43431 2496 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2496 7 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 2496 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2496 9 and and CC 43431 2496 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2496 11 Torpedo Torpedo NNP 43431 2496 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2496 13 there there EX 43431 2496 14 is be VBZ 43431 2496 15 no no DT 43431 2496 16 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 2496 17 , , , 43431 2496 18 in in IN 43431 2496 19 young young JJ 43431 2496 20 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 2496 21 , , , 43431 2496 22 however however RB 43431 2496 23 , , , 43431 2496 24 there there EX 43431 2496 25 are be VBP 43431 2496 26 a a DT 43431 2496 27 few few JJ 43431 2496 28 small small JJ 43431 2496 29 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2496 30 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2496 31 . . . 43431 2497 1 The the DT 43431 2497 2 plates plate NNS 43431 2497 3 or or CC 43431 2497 4 scales scale NNS 43431 2497 5 of of IN 43431 2497 6 many many JJ 43431 2497 7 Ganoids ganoid NNS 43431 2497 8 may may MD 43431 2497 9 have have VB 43431 2497 10 been be VBN 43431 2497 11 formed form VBN 43431 2497 12 by by IN 43431 2497 13 the the DT 43431 2497 14 gradual gradual JJ 43431 2497 15 fusion fusion NN 43431 2497 16 of of IN 43431 2497 17 elements element NNS 43431 2497 18 similar similar JJ 43431 2497 19 to to IN 43431 2497 20 these these DT 43431 2497 21 placoid placoid JJ 43431 2497 22 scales scale NNS 43431 2497 23 , , , 43431 2497 24 and and CC 43431 2497 25 often often RB 43431 2497 26 bear bear VBP 43431 2497 27 a a DT 43431 2497 28 number number NN 43431 2497 29 of of IN 43431 2497 30 little little JJ 43431 2497 31 tooth tooth JJ 43431 2497 32 - - HYPH 43431 2497 33 like like JJ 43431 2497 34 processes process NNS 43431 2497 35 . . . 43431 2498 1 In in IN 43431 2498 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2498 3 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2498 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2498 5 , , , 43431 2498 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2498 7 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 2498 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2498 9 , , , 43431 2498 10 and and CC 43431 2498 11 many many JJ 43431 2498 12 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2498 13 species specie NNS 43431 2498 14 , , , 43431 2498 15 these these DT 43431 2498 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2498 17 ganoid ganoid NN 43431 2498 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2498 19 scales scale NNS 43431 2498 20 , , , 43431 2498 21 which which WDT 43431 2498 22 are be VBP 43431 2498 23 rhomboidal rhomboidal JJ 43431 2498 24 in in IN 43431 2498 25 form form NN 43431 2498 26 and and CC 43431 2498 27 united unite VBN 43431 2498 28 to to IN 43431 2498 29 one one CD 43431 2498 30 another another DT 43431 2498 31 by by IN 43431 2498 32 a a DT 43431 2498 33 peg peg NN 43431 2498 34 and and CC 43431 2498 35 socket socket NN 43431 2498 36 articulation articulation NN 43431 2498 37 , , , 43431 2498 38 enclose enclose VB 43431 2498 39 the the DT 43431 2498 40 body body NN 43431 2498 41 in in IN 43431 2498 42 a a DT 43431 2498 43 complete complete JJ 43431 2498 44 armour armour NN 43431 2498 45 . . . 43431 2499 1 In in IN 43431 2499 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2499 3 Trissolepis Trissolepis NNP 43431 2499 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2499 5 part part NN 43431 2499 6 of of IN 43431 2499 7 the the DT 43431 2499 8 tail tail NN 43431 2499 9 is be VBZ 43431 2499 10 covered cover VBN 43431 2499 11 by by IN 43431 2499 12 rhomboidal rhomboidal JJ 43431 2499 13 scales scale NNS 43431 2499 14 , , , 43431 2499 15 while while IN 43431 2499 16 rounded rounded JJ 43431 2499 17 scales scale NNS 43431 2499 18 cover cover VBP 43431 2499 19 the the DT 43431 2499 20 trunk trunk NN 43431 2499 21 and and CC 43431 2499 22 remainder remainder NN 43431 2499 23 of of IN 43431 2499 24 the the DT 43431 2499 25 tail tail NN 43431 2499 26 . . . 43431 2500 1 _ _ NNP 43431 2500 2 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2500 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2500 4 and and CC 43431 2500 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2500 6 Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus NNP 43431 2500 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2500 8 have have VBP 43431 2500 9 large large JJ 43431 2500 10 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2500 11 bony bony NN 43431 2500 12 plates plate NNS 43431 2500 13 which which WDT 43431 2500 14 are be VBP 43431 2500 15 not not RB 43431 2500 16 rhomboidal rhomboidal JJ 43431 2500 17 in in IN 43431 2500 18 shape shape NN 43431 2500 19 and and CC 43431 2500 20 do do VBP 43431 2500 21 not not RB 43431 2500 22 cover cover VB 43431 2500 23 the the DT 43431 2500 24 whole whole JJ 43431 2500 25 body body NN 43431 2500 26 . . . 43431 2501 1 In in IN 43431 2501 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2501 3 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2501 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2501 5 a a DT 43431 2501 6 single single JJ 43431 2501 7 row row NN 43431 2501 8 extends extend VBZ 43431 2501 9 along along IN 43431 2501 10 the the DT 43431 2501 11 middle middle NN 43431 2501 12 of of IN 43431 2501 13 the the DT 43431 2501 14 back back NN 43431 2501 15 and and CC 43431 2501 16 two two CD 43431 2501 17 along along IN 43431 2501 18 each each DT 43431 2501 19 side side NN 43431 2501 20 . . . 43431 2502 1 The the DT 43431 2502 2 majority majority NN 43431 2502 3 of of IN 43431 2502 4 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2502 5 have have VBP 43431 2502 6 thin thin JJ 43431 2502 7 flattened flatten VBN 43431 2502 8 scales scale NNS 43431 2502 9 which which WDT 43431 2502 10 differ differ VBP 43431 2502 11 from from IN 43431 2502 12 those those DT 43431 2502 13 of of IN 43431 2502 14 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2502 15 in in IN 43431 2502 16 being be VBG 43431 2502 17 entirely entirely RB 43431 2502 18 mesodermal mesodermal JJ 43431 2502 19 in in IN 43431 2502 20 origin origin NN 43431 2502 21 , , , 43431 2502 22 containing contain VBG 43431 2502 23 no no DT 43431 2502 24 enamel enamel NN 43431 2502 25 . . . 43431 2503 1 There there EX 43431 2503 2 are be VBP 43431 2503 3 two two CD 43431 2503 4 principal principal JJ 43431 2503 5 types type NNS 43431 2503 6 of of IN 43431 2503 7 Teleostean teleostean JJ 43431 2503 8 scales scale NNS 43431 2503 9 , , , 43431 2503 10 the the DT 43431 2503 11 cycloid cycloid JJ 43431 2503 12 and and CC 43431 2503 13 ctenoid ctenoid NN 43431 2503 14 . . . 43431 2504 1 A a DT 43431 2504 2 = = SYM 43431 2504 3 cycloid= cycloid= NN 43431 2504 4 scale scale NN 43431 2504 5 is be VBZ 43431 2504 6 a a DT 43431 2504 7 flat flat JJ 43431 2504 8 thin thin JJ 43431 2504 9 scale scale NN 43431 2504 10 with with IN 43431 2504 11 concentric concentric JJ 43431 2504 12 markings marking NNS 43431 2504 13 and and CC 43431 2504 14 an an DT 43431 2504 15 entire entire JJ 43431 2504 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 2504 17 margin margin NN 43431 2504 18 . . . 43431 2505 1 A a DT 43431 2505 2 = = SYM 43431 2505 3 ctenoid= ctenoid= NN 43431 2505 4 scale scale NN 43431 2505 5 differs differ NNS 43431 2505 6 in in IN 43431 2505 7 having have VBG 43431 2505 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2505 9 posterior posterior NN 43431 2505 10 margin margin NN 43431 2505 11 pectinate pectinate NN 43431 2505 12 . . . 43431 2506 1 The the DT 43431 2506 2 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2506 3 have have VBP 43431 2506 4 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 2506 5 cycloid cycloid JJ 43431 2506 6 scales scale NNS 43431 2506 7 . . . 43431 2507 1 The the DT 43431 2507 2 rounded rounded JJ 43431 2507 3 scales scale NNS 43431 2507 4 of of IN 43431 2507 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2507 6 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2507 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2507 8 and and CC 43431 2507 9 of of IN 43431 2507 10 many many JJ 43431 2507 11 fossil fossil JJ 43431 2507 12 ganoids ganoid NNS 43431 2507 13 such such JJ 43431 2507 14 as as IN 43431 2507 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2507 16 Holoptychius Holoptychius NNP 43431 2507 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2507 18 are be VBP 43431 2507 19 shaped shape VBN 43431 2507 20 like like IN 43431 2507 21 cycloid cycloid JJ 43431 2507 22 scales scale NNS 43431 2507 23 , , , 43431 2507 24 but but CC 43431 2507 25 differ differ VB 43431 2507 26 from from IN 43431 2507 27 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2507 28 in in IN 43431 2507 29 being be VBG 43431 2507 30 more more RBR 43431 2507 31 or or CC 43431 2507 32 less less RBR 43431 2507 33 coated coat VBN 43431 2507 34 with with IN 43431 2507 35 enamel enamel NNP 43431 2507 36 . . . 43431 2508 1 In in IN 43431 2508 2 Eels Eels NNP 43431 2508 3 and and CC 43431 2508 4 some some DT 43431 2508 5 other other JJ 43431 2508 6 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2508 7 the the DT 43431 2508 8 scales scale NNS 43431 2508 9 are be VBP 43431 2508 10 completely completely RB 43431 2508 11 degenerate degenerate JJ 43431 2508 12 and and CC 43431 2508 13 have have VBP 43431 2508 14 almost almost RB 43431 2508 15 disappeared disappear VBN 43431 2508 16 . . . 43431 2509 1 Some some DT 43431 2509 2 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2509 3 , , , 43431 2509 4 like like IN 43431 2509 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2509 6 Diodon Diodon NNP 43431 2509 7 hystrix hystrix NNP 43431 2509 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2509 9 , , , 43431 2509 10 have have VBP 43431 2509 11 scales scale NNS 43431 2509 12 with with IN 43431 2509 13 triradiate triradiate NN 43431 2509 14 roots root NNS 43431 2509 15 from from IN 43431 2509 16 which which WDT 43431 2509 17 arise arise VBP 43431 2509 18 long long JJ 43431 2509 19 sharp sharp JJ 43431 2509 20 spines spine NNS 43431 2509 21 directed direct VBN 43431 2509 22 backwards backwards RB 43431 2509 23 . . . 43431 2510 1 These these DT 43431 2510 2 scales scale NNS 43431 2510 3 , , , 43431 2510 4 which which WDT 43431 2510 5 resemble resemble VBP 43431 2510 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2510 7 , , , 43431 2510 8 contain contain VBP 43431 2510 9 no no DT 43431 2510 10 enamel enamel NN 43431 2510 11 ; ; : 43431 2510 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2510 13 become become VBP 43431 2510 14 erect erect NN 43431 2510 15 when when WRB 43431 2510 16 the the DT 43431 2510 17 fish fish NN 43431 2510 18 inflates inflate VBZ 43431 2510 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2510 20 body body NN 43431 2510 21 into into IN 43431 2510 22 a a DT 43431 2510 23 globular globular JJ 43431 2510 24 form form NN 43431 2510 25 . . . 43431 2511 1 Many many JJ 43431 2511 2 Siluroids siluroid NNS 43431 2511 3 have have VBP 43431 2511 4 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2511 5 armour armour NN 43431 2511 6 in in IN 43431 2511 7 the the DT 43431 2511 8 form form NN 43431 2511 9 of of IN 43431 2511 10 large large JJ 43431 2511 11 bony bony NN 43431 2511 12 plates plate NNS 43431 2511 13 which which WDT 43431 2511 14 are be VBP 43431 2511 15 confined confine VBN 43431 2511 16 to to IN 43431 2511 17 the the DT 43431 2511 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2511 19 part part NN 43431 2511 20 of of IN 43431 2511 21 the the DT 43431 2511 22 body body NN 43431 2511 23 . . . 43431 2512 1 In in IN 43431 2512 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2512 3 Ostracion Ostracion NNP 43431 2512 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2512 5 the the DT 43431 2512 6 whole whole JJ 43431 2512 7 body body NN 43431 2512 8 is be VBZ 43431 2512 9 covered cover VBN 43431 2512 10 by by IN 43431 2512 11 hexagonal hexagonal JJ 43431 2512 12 plates plate NNS 43431 2512 13 , , , 43431 2512 14 closely closely RB 43431 2512 15 united united JJ 43431 2512 16 together together RB 43431 2512 17 . . . 43431 2513 1 The the DT 43431 2513 2 = = SYM 43431 2513 3 fin fin NN 43431 2513 4 - - HYPH 43431 2513 5 rays= rays= NN 43431 2513 6 are be VBP 43431 2513 7 structures structure NNS 43431 2513 8 of of IN 43431 2513 9 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2513 10 origin origin NN 43431 2513 11 which which WDT 43431 2513 12 entirely entirely RB 43431 2513 13 or or CC 43431 2513 14 partially partially RB 43431 2513 15 support support VBP 43431 2513 16 the the DT 43431 2513 17 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2513 18 fins fin NNS 43431 2513 19 , , , 43431 2513 20 and and CC 43431 2513 21 assist assist VB 43431 2513 22 the the DT 43431 2513 23 bony bony NN 43431 2513 24 or or CC 43431 2513 25 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2513 26 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 2513 27 in in IN 43431 2513 28 the the DT 43431 2513 29 support support NN 43431 2513 30 of of IN 43431 2513 31 the the DT 43431 2513 32 paired pair VBN 43431 2513 33 fins fin NNS 43431 2513 34 . . . 43431 2514 1 In in IN 43431 2514 2 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2514 3 , , , 43431 2514 4 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2514 5 , , , 43431 2514 6 and and CC 43431 2514 7 Chondrosteous chondrosteous JJ 43431 2514 8 ganoids ganoid NNS 43431 2514 9 the the DT 43431 2514 10 skeletons skeleton NNS 43431 2514 11 of of IN 43431 2514 12 the the DT 43431 2514 13 fins fin NNS 43431 2514 14 are be VBP 43431 2514 15 , , , 43431 2514 16 as as IN 43431 2514 17 a a DT 43431 2514 18 rule rule NN 43431 2514 19 , , , 43431 2514 20 about about IN 43431 2514 21 half half NN 43431 2514 22 of of IN 43431 2514 23 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 2514 24 , , , 43431 2514 25 half half NN 43431 2514 26 of of IN 43431 2514 27 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 2514 28 origin origin NN 43431 2514 29 , , , 43431 2514 30 the the DT 43431 2514 31 proximal proximal JJ 43431 2514 32 and and CC 43431 2514 33 inner inner JJ 43431 2514 34 portion portion NN 43431 2514 35 being be VBG 43431 2514 36 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2514 37 and and CC 43431 2514 38 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 2514 39 , , , 43431 2514 40 the the DT 43431 2514 41 distal distal JJ 43431 2514 42 and and CC 43431 2514 43 outer outer JJ 43431 2514 44 portion portion NN 43431 2514 45 being be VBG 43431 2514 46 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 2514 47 , , , 43431 2514 48 and and CC 43431 2514 49 consisting consisting NN 43431 2514 50 of of IN 43431 2514 51 horny horny NN 43431 2514 52 or or CC 43431 2514 53 of of IN 43431 2514 54 more more JJR 43431 2514 55 or or CC 43431 2514 56 less less RBR 43431 2514 57 calcified calcified JJ 43431 2514 58 fin fin NN 43431 2514 59 - - HYPH 43431 2514 60 rays ray NNS 43431 2514 61 . . . 43431 2515 1 In in IN 43431 2515 2 bony bony NN 43431 2515 3 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2515 4 and and CC 43431 2515 5 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2515 6 the the DT 43431 2515 7 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 2515 8 parts part NNS 43431 2515 9 are be VBP 43431 2515 10 greatly greatly RB 43431 2515 11 reduced reduce VBN 43431 2515 12 and and CC 43431 2515 13 the the DT 43431 2515 14 fins fin NNS 43431 2515 15 come come VBP 43431 2515 16 to to TO 43431 2515 17 consist consist VB 43431 2515 18 mainly mainly RB 43431 2515 19 of of IN 43431 2515 20 the the DT 43431 2515 21 fin fin NN 43431 2515 22 - - HYPH 43431 2515 23 rays ray NNS 43431 2515 24 , , , 43431 2515 25 which which WDT 43431 2515 26 are be VBP 43431 2515 27 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2515 28 and and CC 43431 2515 29 frequently frequently RB 43431 2515 30 become become VBP 43431 2515 31 flattened flatten VBN 43431 2515 32 at at IN 43431 2515 33 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2515 34 distal distal JJ 43431 2515 35 ends end NNS 43431 2515 36 . . . 43431 2516 1 The the DT 43431 2516 2 fin fin NN 43431 2516 3 - - HYPH 43431 2516 4 rays ray NNS 43431 2516 5 of of IN 43431 2516 6 the the DT 43431 2516 7 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2516 8 part part NN 43431 2516 9 of of IN 43431 2516 10 the the DT 43431 2516 11 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2516 12 fin fin NN 43431 2516 13 are be VBP 43431 2516 14 carried carry VBN 43431 2516 15 by by IN 43431 2516 16 the the DT 43431 2516 17 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2516 18 arches arch NNS 43431 2516 19 ; ; : 43431 2516 20 those those DT 43431 2516 21 of of IN 43431 2516 22 the the DT 43431 2516 23 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2516 24 and and CC 43431 2516 25 anal anal JJ 43431 2516 26 fins fin NNS 43431 2516 27 and and CC 43431 2516 28 of of IN 43431 2516 29 the the DT 43431 2516 30 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2516 31 part part NN 43431 2516 32 of of IN 43431 2516 33 the the DT 43431 2516 34 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2516 35 fin fin NN 43431 2516 36 generally generally RB 43431 2516 37 by by IN 43431 2516 38 interspinous interspinous JJ 43431 2516 39 bones bone NNS 43431 2516 40 , , , 43431 2516 41 which which WDT 43431 2516 42 in in IN 43431 2516 43 adult adult NN 43431 2516 44 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2516 45 alternate alternate JJ 43431 2516 46 with with IN 43431 2516 47 the the DT 43431 2516 48 neural neural JJ 43431 2516 49 and and CC 43431 2516 50 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2516 51 spines spine NNS 43431 2516 52 . . . 43431 2517 1 In in IN 43431 2517 2 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2517 3 these these DT 43431 2517 4 interspinous interspinous JJ 43431 2517 5 bones bone NNS 43431 2517 6 articulate articulate VBP 43431 2517 7 with with IN 43431 2517 8 the the DT 43431 2517 9 neural neural JJ 43431 2517 10 and and CC 43431 2517 11 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2517 12 spines spine NNS 43431 2517 13 . . . 43431 2518 1 In in IN 43431 2518 2 many many JJ 43431 2518 3 Siluroids siluroid NNS 43431 2518 4 the the DT 43431 2518 5 anterior anterior NN 43431 2518 6 rays ray NNS 43431 2518 7 of of IN 43431 2518 8 the the DT 43431 2518 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2518 10 and and CC 43431 2518 11 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2518 12 fins fin NNS 43431 2518 13 are be VBP 43431 2518 14 developed develop VBN 43431 2518 15 into into IN 43431 2518 16 large large JJ 43431 2518 17 spines spine NNS 43431 2518 18 which which WDT 43431 2518 19 often often RB 43431 2518 20 articulate articulate VBP 43431 2518 21 with with IN 43431 2518 22 the the DT 43431 2518 23 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 2518 24 , , , 43431 2518 25 or or CC 43431 2518 26 are be VBP 43431 2518 27 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2518 28 fused fuse VBN 43431 2518 29 with with IN 43431 2518 30 the the DT 43431 2518 31 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2518 32 armour armour NN 43431 2518 33 plates plate NNS 43431 2518 34 . . . 43431 2519 1 Similar similar JJ 43431 2519 2 spines spine NNS 43431 2519 3 may may MD 43431 2519 4 occur occur VB 43431 2519 5 in in IN 43431 2519 6 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2519 7 in in IN 43431 2519 8 front front NN 43431 2519 9 of of IN 43431 2519 10 both both CC 43431 2519 11 the the DT 43431 2519 12 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2519 13 and and CC 43431 2519 14 anal anal JJ 43431 2519 15 fins fin NNS 43431 2519 16 . . . 43431 2520 1 _ _ NNP 43431 2520 2 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 2520 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2520 4 has have VBZ 43431 2520 5 a a DT 43431 2520 6 small small JJ 43431 2520 7 spine spine NN 43431 2520 8 or or CC 43431 2520 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2520 10 fulcrum fulcrum NN 43431 2520 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2520 12 in in IN 43431 2520 13 front front NN 43431 2520 14 of of IN 43431 2520 15 each each DT 43431 2520 16 segment segment NN 43431 2520 17 of of IN 43431 2520 18 the the DT 43431 2520 19 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2520 20 fin fin NN 43431 2520 21 . . . 43431 2521 1 Such such JJ 43431 2521 2 spines spine NNS 43431 2521 3 are be VBP 43431 2521 4 often often RB 43431 2521 5 found find VBN 43431 2521 6 fossilised fossilise VBN 43431 2521 7 , , , 43431 2521 8 and and CC 43431 2521 9 are be VBP 43431 2521 10 known know VBN 43431 2521 11 as as IN 43431 2521 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2521 13 ichthyodorulites ichthyodorulite VBZ 43431 2521 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2521 15 . . . 43431 2522 1 Similar similar JJ 43431 2522 2 spines spine NNS 43431 2522 3 are be VBP 43431 2522 4 found find VBN 43431 2522 5 in in IN 43431 2522 6 many many JJ 43431 2522 7 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNPS 43431 2522 8 , , , 43431 2522 9 but but CC 43431 2522 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2522 11 are be VBP 43431 2522 12 simply simply RB 43431 2522 13 inserted insert VBN 43431 2522 14 in in IN 43431 2522 15 the the DT 43431 2522 16 flesh flesh NN 43431 2522 17 , , , 43431 2522 18 not not RB 43431 2522 19 articulated articulate VBN 43431 2522 20 to to IN 43431 2522 21 the the DT 43431 2522 22 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 2522 23 . . . 43431 2523 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2523 2 also also RB 43431 2523 3 differ differ VBP 43431 2523 4 from from IN 43431 2523 5 the the DT 43431 2523 6 spines spine NNS 43431 2523 7 of of IN 43431 2523 8 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2523 9 and and CC 43431 2523 10 Ganoids Ganoids NNPS 43431 2523 11 in in IN 43431 2523 12 the the DT 43431 2523 13 fact fact NN 43431 2523 14 that that IN 43431 2523 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2523 16 are be VBP 43431 2523 17 covered cover VBN 43431 2523 18 with with IN 43431 2523 19 enamel enamel NNP 43431 2523 20 , , , 43431 2523 21 and and CC 43431 2523 22 often often RB 43431 2523 23 have have VBP 43431 2523 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2523 25 edges edge NNS 43431 2523 26 serrated serrate VBN 43431 2523 27 like like IN 43431 2523 28 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2523 29 . . . 43431 2524 1 In in IN 43431 2524 2 the the DT 43431 2524 3 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2524 4 Acanthodii acanthodii NN 43431 2524 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2524 6 generally generally RB 43431 2524 7 occur occur VBP 43431 2524 8 in in IN 43431 2524 9 front front NN 43431 2524 10 of of IN 43431 2524 11 all all PDT 43431 2524 12 the the DT 43431 2524 13 fins fin NNS 43431 2524 14 , , , 43431 2524 15 paired pair VBN 43431 2524 16 and and CC 43431 2524 17 unpaired unpaire VBN 43431 2524 18 . . . 43431 2525 1 In in IN 43431 2525 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2525 3 Trygon Trygon NNP 43431 2525 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2525 5 , , , 43431 2525 6 the the DT 43431 2525 7 Sting Sting NNP 43431 2525 8 - - HYPH 43431 2525 9 ray ray NNP 43431 2525 10 , , , 43431 2525 11 the the DT 43431 2525 12 tail tail NN 43431 2525 13 bears bear VBZ 43431 2525 14 a a DT 43431 2525 15 serrated serrated JJ 43431 2525 16 spine spine NN 43431 2525 17 which which WDT 43431 2525 18 is be VBZ 43431 2525 19 used use VBN 43431 2525 20 for for IN 43431 2525 21 purposes purpose NNS 43431 2525 22 of of IN 43431 2525 23 offence offence NN 43431 2525 24 and and CC 43431 2525 25 defence defence NN 43431 2525 26 . . . 43431 2526 1 Many many JJ 43431 2526 2 ichthyodorulites ichthyodorulite NNS 43431 2526 3 may may MD 43431 2526 4 have have VB 43431 2526 5 been be VBN 43431 2526 6 spines spine NNS 43431 2526 7 of of IN 43431 2526 8 this this DT 43431 2526 9 nature nature NN 43431 2526 10 fixed fix VBN 43431 2526 11 to to IN 43431 2526 12 the the DT 43431 2526 13 tail tail NN 43431 2526 14 , , , 43431 2526 15 rather rather RB 43431 2526 16 than than IN 43431 2526 17 spines spine NNS 43431 2526 18 situated situate VBN 43431 2526 19 in in IN 43431 2526 20 front front NN 43431 2526 21 of of IN 43431 2526 22 the the DT 43431 2526 23 fins fin NNS 43431 2526 24 . . . 43431 2527 1 The the DT 43431 2527 2 spines spine NNS 43431 2527 3 , , , 43431 2527 4 which which WDT 43431 2527 5 are be VBP 43431 2527 6 always always RB 43431 2527 7 found find VBN 43431 2527 8 in in IN 43431 2527 9 front front NN 43431 2527 10 of of IN 43431 2527 11 the the DT 43431 2527 12 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2527 13 fin fin NN 43431 2527 14 in in IN 43431 2527 15 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 2527 16 , , , 43431 2527 17 agree agree VB 43431 2527 18 with with IN 43431 2527 19 those those DT 43431 2527 20 of of IN 43431 2527 21 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNPS 43431 2527 22 in in IN 43431 2527 23 containing contain VBG 43431 2527 24 enamel enamel NNP 43431 2527 25 , , , 43431 2527 26 and and CC 43431 2527 27 with with IN 43431 2527 28 those those DT 43431 2527 29 of of IN 43431 2527 30 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2527 31 in in IN 43431 2527 32 being be VBG 43431 2527 33 articulated articulate VBN 43431 2527 34 to to IN 43431 2527 35 the the DT 43431 2527 36 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 2527 37 . . . 43431 2528 1 TEETH TEETH NNP 43431 2528 2 . . . 43431 2529 1 The the DT 43431 2529 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2529 3 of of IN 43431 2529 4 fish[40 fish[40 NNP 43431 2529 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2529 6 are be VBP 43431 2529 7 subject subject JJ 43431 2529 8 to to IN 43431 2529 9 a a DT 43431 2529 10 very very RB 43431 2529 11 large large JJ 43431 2529 12 amount amount NN 43431 2529 13 of of IN 43431 2529 14 variation variation NN 43431 2529 15 , , , 43431 2529 16 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 2529 17 to to IN 43431 2529 18 more more JJR 43431 2529 19 variation variation NN 43431 2529 20 than than IN 43431 2529 21 are be VBP 43431 2529 22 those those DT 43431 2529 23 of of IN 43431 2529 24 any any DT 43431 2529 25 other other JJ 43431 2529 26 class class NN 43431 2529 27 of of IN 43431 2529 28 animals animal NNS 43431 2529 29 . . . 43431 2530 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2530 2 , , , 43431 2530 3 as as IN 43431 2530 4 in in IN 43431 2530 5 adult adult NN 43431 2530 6 Sturgeons sturgeon NNS 43431 2530 7 , , , 43431 2530 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2530 9 are be VBP 43431 2530 10 entirely entirely RB 43431 2530 11 absent absent JJ 43431 2530 12 , , , 43431 2530 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2530 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2530 15 are be VBP 43431 2530 16 found find VBN 43431 2530 17 on on IN 43431 2530 18 all all PDT 43431 2530 19 the the DT 43431 2530 20 bones bone NNS 43431 2530 21 of of IN 43431 2530 22 the the DT 43431 2530 23 mouth mouth NN 43431 2530 24 , , , 43431 2530 25 and and CC 43431 2530 26 also also RB 43431 2530 27 on on IN 43431 2530 28 the the DT 43431 2530 29 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2530 30 and and CC 43431 2530 31 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2530 32 arches arch NNS 43431 2530 33 . . . 43431 2531 1 The the DT 43431 2531 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2531 3 are be VBP 43431 2531 4 all all DT 43431 2531 5 originally originally RB 43431 2531 6 developed develop VBN 43431 2531 7 in in IN 43431 2531 8 the the DT 43431 2531 9 mucous mucous JJ 43431 2531 10 membrane membrane NN 43431 2531 11 of of IN 43431 2531 12 the the DT 43431 2531 13 mouth mouth NN 43431 2531 14 , , , 43431 2531 15 but but CC 43431 2531 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2531 17 afterwards afterwards RB 43431 2531 18 generally generally RB 43431 2531 19 become become VBP 43431 2531 20 attached attach VBN 43431 2531 21 to to IN 43431 2531 22 firmer firm JJR 43431 2531 23 structures structure NNS 43431 2531 24 , , , 43431 2531 25 especially especially RB 43431 2531 26 to to IN 43431 2531 27 the the DT 43431 2531 28 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2531 29 . . . 43431 2532 1 In in IN 43431 2532 2 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2532 3 , , , 43431 2532 4 however however RB 43431 2532 5 , , , 43431 2532 6 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2532 7 are be VBP 43431 2532 8 generally generally RB 43431 2532 9 simply simply RB 43431 2532 10 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 2532 11 in in IN 43431 2532 12 the the DT 43431 2532 13 tough tough JJ 43431 2532 14 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 2532 15 integument integument NN 43431 2532 16 of of IN 43431 2532 17 the the DT 43431 2532 18 mouth mouth NN 43431 2532 19 . . . 43431 2533 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2533 2 attachment attachment NN 43431 2533 3 to to IN 43431 2533 4 the the DT 43431 2533 5 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2533 6 may may MD 43431 2533 7 take take VB 43431 2533 8 place place NN 43431 2533 9 in in IN 43431 2533 10 three three CD 43431 2533 11 different different JJ 43431 2533 12 ways way NNS 43431 2533 13 . . . 43431 2534 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2534 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2534 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2534 4 . . . 43431 2535 1 14 14 CD 43431 2535 2 . . . 43431 2536 1 DIAGRAM DIAGRAM NNS 43431 2536 2 OF of IN 43431 2536 3 A a DT 43431 2536 4 SECTION SECTION NNP 43431 2536 5 THROUGH THROUGH VBD 43431 2536 6 THE the DT 43431 2536 7 JAW JAW NNP 43431 2536 8 OF of IN 43431 2536 9 A a DT 43431 2536 10 SHARK SHARK NNP 43431 2536 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2536 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2536 13 Odontaspis Odontaspis NNP 43431 2536 14 americanus americanus NNP 43431 2536 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2536 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2536 17 showing show VBG 43431 2536 18 the the DT 43431 2536 19 succession succession NN 43431 2536 20 of of IN 43431 2536 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2536 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2536 23 Brit Brit NNP 43431 2536 24 . . . 43431 2537 1 Mus mus NN 43431 2537 2 . . . 43431 2538 1 from from IN 43431 2538 2 specimen specimen NNP 43431 2538 3 and and CC 43431 2538 4 diagram diagram NN 43431 2538 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2538 6 . . . 43431 2539 1 1 1 LS 43431 2539 2 . . . 43431 2539 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2539 4 in in IN 43431 2539 5 use use NN 43431 2539 6 . . . 43431 2540 1 2 2 LS 43431 2540 2 . . . 43431 2540 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2540 4 in in IN 43431 2540 5 reserve reserve NN 43431 2540 6 . . . 43431 2541 1 3 3 LS 43431 2541 2 . . . 43431 2541 3 skin skin NN 43431 2541 4 . . . 43431 2542 1 4 4 LS 43431 2542 2 . . . 43431 2542 3 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2542 4 of of IN 43431 2542 5 the the DT 43431 2542 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 2542 7 . . . 43431 2543 1 5 5 LS 43431 2543 2 . . . 43431 2543 3 encrusting encrust VBG 43431 2543 4 calcification calcification NN 43431 2543 5 of of IN 43431 2543 6 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2543 7 . . . 43431 2544 1 6 6 LS 43431 2544 2 . . . 43431 2544 3 connective connective JJ 43431 2544 4 tissue tissue NN 43431 2544 5 . . . 43431 2545 1 7 7 LS 43431 2545 2 . . . 43431 2545 3 mucous mucous JJ 43431 2545 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 2545 5 of of IN 43431 2545 6 the the DT 43431 2545 7 mouth mouth NN 43431 2545 8 . . . 43431 2545 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2546 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2546 2 1 1 LS 43431 2546 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2546 4 By by IN 43431 2546 5 an an DT 43431 2546 6 elastic elastic JJ 43431 2546 7 hinge hinge NN 43431 2546 8 - - HYPH 43431 2546 9 joint joint NN 43431 2546 10 , , , 43431 2546 11 as as IN 43431 2546 12 in in IN 43431 2546 13 the the DT 43431 2546 14 Angler Angler NNP 43431 2546 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2546 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2546 17 Lophius Lophius NNP 43431 2546 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2546 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2546 20 , , , 43431 2546 21 and and CC 43431 2546 22 the the DT 43431 2546 23 Pike Pike NNP 43431 2546 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2546 25 _ _ NNP 43431 2546 26 Esox Esox NNP 43431 2546 27 lucius luciu VBD 43431 2546 28 _ _ NNP 43431 2546 29 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2546 30 . . . 43431 2547 1 In in IN 43431 2547 2 the the DT 43431 2547 3 Angler Angler NNP 43431 2547 4 the the DT 43431 2547 5 tooth tooth NN 43431 2547 6 is be VBZ 43431 2547 7 held hold VBN 43431 2547 8 by by IN 43431 2547 9 a a DT 43431 2547 10 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 2547 11 band band NN 43431 2547 12 attaching attach VBG 43431 2547 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2547 14 posterior posterior NN 43431 2547 15 end end NN 43431 2547 16 to to IN 43431 2547 17 the the DT 43431 2547 18 subjacent subjacent JJ 43431 2547 19 bone bone NN 43431 2547 20 , , , 43431 2547 21 in in IN 43431 2547 22 the the DT 43431 2547 23 Pike Pike NNP 43431 2547 24 by by IN 43431 2547 25 uncalcified uncalcified JJ 43431 2547 26 elastic elastic JJ 43431 2547 27 rods rod NNS 43431 2547 28 in in IN 43431 2547 29 the the DT 43431 2547 30 pulp pulp NN 43431 2547 31 cavity cavity NN 43431 2547 32 . . . 43431 2548 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2548 2 2 2 LS 43431 2548 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2548 4 By by IN 43431 2548 5 ankylosis ankylosis NN 43431 2548 6 , , , 43431 2548 7 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 2549 1 by by IN 43431 2549 2 the the DT 43431 2549 3 complete complete JJ 43431 2549 4 union union NN 43431 2549 5 of of IN 43431 2549 6 the the DT 43431 2549 7 calcified calcified JJ 43431 2549 8 tooth tooth NN 43431 2549 9 substance substance NN 43431 2549 10 with with IN 43431 2549 11 the the DT 43431 2549 12 subjacent subjacent JJ 43431 2549 13 bone bone NN 43431 2549 14 . . . 43431 2550 1 This this DT 43431 2550 2 is be VBZ 43431 2550 3 the the DT 43431 2550 4 commonest common JJS 43431 2550 5 method method NN 43431 2550 6 among among IN 43431 2550 7 fish fish NN 43431 2550 8 . . . 43431 2551 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2551 2 3 3 LS 43431 2551 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2551 4 By by IN 43431 2551 5 implantation implantation NN 43431 2551 6 in in IN 43431 2551 7 sockets socket NNS 43431 2551 8 . . . 43431 2552 1 This this DT 43431 2552 2 method method NN 43431 2552 3 is be VBZ 43431 2552 4 not not RB 43431 2552 5 very very RB 43431 2552 6 common common JJ 43431 2552 7 among among IN 43431 2552 8 fish fish NN 43431 2552 9 . . . 43431 2553 1 The the DT 43431 2553 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2553 3 are be VBP 43431 2553 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2553 5 , , , 43431 2553 6 as as IN 43431 2553 7 in in IN 43431 2553 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2553 9 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2553 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2553 11 , , , 43431 2553 12 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 2553 13 to to IN 43431 2553 14 the the DT 43431 2553 15 base base NN 43431 2553 16 of of IN 43431 2553 17 the the DT 43431 2553 18 socket socket NN 43431 2553 19 . . . 43431 2554 1 In in IN 43431 2554 2 this this DT 43431 2554 3 genus genus NN 43431 2554 4 there there EX 43431 2554 5 is be VBZ 43431 2554 6 along along IN 43431 2554 7 each each DT 43431 2554 8 ramus ramus NN 43431 2554 9 of of IN 43431 2554 10 the the DT 43431 2554 11 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2554 12 a a DT 43431 2554 13 median median JJ 43431 2554 14 row row NN 43431 2554 15 of of IN 43431 2554 16 large large JJ 43431 2554 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2554 18 placed place VBN 43431 2554 19 in in IN 43431 2554 20 perfect perfect JJ 43431 2554 21 sockets socket NNS 43431 2554 22 , , , 43431 2554 23 and and CC 43431 2554 24 two two CD 43431 2554 25 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2554 26 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2554 27 rows row NNS 43431 2554 28 of of IN 43431 2554 29 small small JJ 43431 2554 30 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2554 31 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 2554 32 to to IN 43431 2554 33 the the DT 43431 2554 34 jaw jaw NN 43431 2554 35 . . . 43431 2555 1 Dentine Dentine NNP 43431 2555 2 , , , 43431 2555 3 enamel enamel NNP 43431 2555 4 and and CC 43431 2555 5 cement cement NN 43431 2555 6 are be VBP 43431 2555 7 all all DT 43431 2555 8 represented represent VBN 43431 2555 9 in in IN 43431 2555 10 the the DT 43431 2555 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2555 12 of of IN 43431 2555 13 fishes fish NNS 43431 2555 14 , , , 43431 2555 15 but but CC 43431 2555 16 the the DT 43431 2555 17 enamel enamel NN 43431 2555 18 is be VBZ 43431 2555 19 generally generally RB 43431 2555 20 very very RB 43431 2555 21 thin thin JJ 43431 2555 22 , , , 43431 2555 23 and and CC 43431 2555 24 cement cement NN 43431 2555 25 is be VBZ 43431 2555 26 but but CC 43431 2555 27 rarely rarely RB 43431 2555 28 developed develop VBN 43431 2555 29 . . . 43431 2556 1 Dentine Dentine NNP 43431 2556 2 forms form VBZ 43431 2556 3 the the DT 43431 2556 4 main main JJ 43431 2556 5 bulk bulk NN 43431 2556 6 of of IN 43431 2556 7 the the DT 43431 2556 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2556 9 ; ; : 43431 2556 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2556 11 is be VBZ 43431 2556 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2556 13 of of IN 43431 2556 14 the the DT 43431 2556 15 normal normal JJ 43431 2556 16 type type NN 43431 2556 17 , , , 43431 2556 18 but but CC 43431 2556 19 generally generally RB 43431 2556 20 differs differ VBZ 43431 2556 21 from from IN 43431 2556 22 that that DT 43431 2556 23 in in IN 43431 2556 24 higher high JJR 43431 2556 25 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 2556 26 in in IN 43431 2556 27 being be VBG 43431 2556 28 vascular vascular JJ 43431 2556 29 , , , 43431 2556 30 and and CC 43431 2556 31 is be VBZ 43431 2556 32 known know VBN 43431 2556 33 as as IN 43431 2556 34 _ _ NNP 43431 2556 35 vasodentine vasodentine NN 43431 2556 36 _ _ NNP 43431 2556 37 . . . 43431 2557 1 A a DT 43431 2557 2 third third JJ 43431 2557 3 type type NN 43431 2557 4 occurs occur VBZ 43431 2557 5 , , , 43431 2557 6 known know VBN 43431 2557 7 as as IN 43431 2557 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2557 9 osteodentine osteodentine NN 43431 2557 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2557 11 ; ; : 43431 2557 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2557 13 is be VBZ 43431 2557 14 traversed traverse VBN 43431 2557 15 by by IN 43431 2557 16 canals canal NNS 43431 2557 17 occupied occupy VBN 43431 2557 18 by by IN 43431 2557 19 marrow marrow NNP 43431 2557 20 , , , 43431 2557 21 and and CC 43431 2557 22 is be VBZ 43431 2557 23 closely closely RB 43431 2557 24 allied ally VBN 43431 2557 25 to to IN 43431 2557 26 bone bone NN 43431 2557 27 . . . 43431 2558 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2558 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2558 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2558 4 . . . 43431 2559 1 15 15 CD 43431 2559 2 . . . 43431 2560 1 PART part NN 43431 2560 2 OF of IN 43431 2560 3 THE the DT 43431 2560 4 LOWER lower JJ 43431 2560 5 JAW JAW NNP 43431 2560 6 OF of IN 43431 2560 7 A a DT 43431 2560 8 SHARK SHARK NNP 43431 2560 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2560 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2560 11 Galeus Galeus NNP 43431 2560 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2560 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2560 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2560 15 from from IN 43431 2560 16 OWEN OWEN NNP 43431 2560 17 after after IN 43431 2560 18 ANDRà ANDRà NNP 43431 2560 19 � � NNP 43431 2560 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2560 21 . . . 43431 2561 1 1 1 LS 43431 2561 2 . . . 43431 2561 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2561 4 in in IN 43431 2561 5 use use NN 43431 2561 6 . . . 43431 2562 1 2 2 LS 43431 2562 2 . . . 43431 2562 3 reserve reserve NN 43431 2562 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2562 5 folded fold VBD 43431 2562 6 back back RB 43431 2562 7 . . . 43431 2563 1 3 3 LS 43431 2563 2 . . . 43431 2563 3 part part NN 43431 2563 4 of of IN 43431 2563 5 the the DT 43431 2563 6 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2563 7 spine spine NN 43431 2563 8 of of IN 43431 2563 9 a a DT 43431 2563 10 Sting Sting NNP 43431 2563 11 - - HYPH 43431 2563 12 ray ray NN 43431 2563 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2563 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2563 15 Trygon Trygon NNP 43431 2563 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2563 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2563 18 which which WDT 43431 2563 19 has have VBZ 43431 2563 20 pierced pierce VBN 43431 2563 21 the the DT 43431 2563 22 jaw jaw NN 43431 2563 23 and and CC 43431 2563 24 affected affect VBD 43431 2563 25 the the DT 43431 2563 26 growth growth NN 43431 2563 27 of of IN 43431 2563 28 the the DT 43431 2563 29 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2563 30 . . . 43431 2563 31 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2564 1 The the DT 43431 2564 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2564 3 are be VBP 43431 2564 4 generally generally RB 43431 2564 5 continually continually RB 43431 2564 6 renewed renew VBN 43431 2564 7 throughout throughout IN 43431 2564 8 life life NN 43431 2564 9 , , , 43431 2564 10 but but CC 43431 2564 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2564 12 one one CD 43431 2564 13 set set NN 43431 2564 14 persists persist NNS 43431 2564 15 . . . 43431 2565 1 The the DT 43431 2565 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2565 3 of of IN 43431 2565 4 Selachii Selachii NNP 43431 2565 5 are be VBP 43431 2565 6 fundamentally fundamentally RB 43431 2565 7 identical identical JJ 43431 2565 8 with with IN 43431 2565 9 placoid placoid JJ 43431 2565 10 scales scale NNS 43431 2565 11 . . . 43431 2566 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2566 2 are be VBP 43431 2566 3 developed develop VBN 43431 2566 4 from from IN 43431 2566 5 a a DT 43431 2566 6 layer layer NN 43431 2566 7 of of IN 43431 2566 8 dental dental JJ 43431 2566 9 germs germ NNS 43431 2566 10 which which WDT 43431 2566 11 occurs occur VBZ 43431 2566 12 all all RB 43431 2566 13 over over IN 43431 2566 14 the the DT 43431 2566 15 surface surface NN 43431 2566 16 of of IN 43431 2566 17 the the DT 43431 2566 18 skin skin NN 43431 2566 19 , , , 43431 2566 20 except except IN 43431 2566 21 in in IN 43431 2566 22 the the DT 43431 2566 23 region region NN 43431 2566 24 of of IN 43431 2566 25 the the DT 43431 2566 26 lips lip NNS 43431 2566 27 . . . 43431 2567 1 At at IN 43431 2567 2 this this DT 43431 2567 3 point point NN 43431 2567 4 the the DT 43431 2567 5 layer layer NN 43431 2567 6 of of IN 43431 2567 7 tooth tooth NN 43431 2567 8 - - HYPH 43431 2567 9 producing produce VBG 43431 2567 10 germs germ NNS 43431 2567 11 extends extend VBZ 43431 2567 12 back back RB 43431 2567 13 into into IN 43431 2567 14 the the DT 43431 2567 15 mouth mouth NN 43431 2567 16 , , , 43431 2567 17 being be VBG 43431 2567 18 projected project VBN 43431 2567 19 by by IN 43431 2567 20 a a DT 43431 2567 21 fold fold NN 43431 2567 22 of of IN 43431 2567 23 the the DT 43431 2567 24 mucous mucous JJ 43431 2567 25 membrane membrane NN 43431 2567 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2567 27 fig fig NN 43431 2567 28 . . . 43431 2568 1 14 14 CD 43431 2568 2 , , , 43431 2568 3 7 7 CD 43431 2568 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2568 5 . . . 43431 2569 1 Here here RB 43431 2569 2 new new JJ 43431 2569 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2569 4 are be VBP 43431 2569 5 successively successively RB 43431 2569 6 formed form VBN 43431 2569 7 , , , 43431 2569 8 and and CC 43431 2569 9 as as IN 43431 2569 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2569 11 grow grow VBP 43431 2569 12 each each DT 43431 2569 13 is be VBZ 43431 2569 14 gradually gradually RB 43431 2569 15 brought bring VBN 43431 2569 16 into into IN 43431 2569 17 a a DT 43431 2569 18 position position NN 43431 2569 19 to to TO 43431 2569 20 take take VB 43431 2569 21 the the DT 43431 2569 22 place place NN 43431 2569 23 of of IN 43431 2569 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2569 25 predecessor predecessor NN 43431 2569 26 by by IN 43431 2569 27 the the DT 43431 2569 28 shifting shift VBG 43431 2569 29 outwards outward NNS 43431 2569 30 of of IN 43431 2569 31 the the DT 43431 2569 32 gum gum NN 43431 2569 33 over over IN 43431 2569 34 the the DT 43431 2569 35 jaw jaw NN 43431 2569 36 . . . 43431 2570 1 Owing owe VBG 43431 2570 2 to to IN 43431 2570 3 this this DT 43431 2570 4 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 2570 5 sharks shark NNS 43431 2570 6 have have VBP 43431 2570 7 practically practically RB 43431 2570 8 an an DT 43431 2570 9 unlimited unlimited JJ 43431 2570 10 supply supply NN 43431 2570 11 of of IN 43431 2570 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2570 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2570 14 figs fig NNS 43431 2570 15 . . . 43431 2571 1 14 14 CD 43431 2571 2 and and CC 43431 2571 3 15 15 CD 43431 2571 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2571 5 . . . 43431 2572 1 Two two CD 43431 2572 2 principal principal JJ 43431 2572 3 types type NNS 43431 2572 4 of of IN 43431 2572 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2572 6 are be VBP 43431 2572 7 found find VBN 43431 2572 8 in in IN 43431 2572 9 ELASMOBRANCHS ELASMOBRANCHS NNP 43431 2572 10 . . . 43431 2573 1 In in IN 43431 2573 2 Sharks Sharks NNP 43431 2573 3 and and CC 43431 2573 4 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 2573 5 , , , 43431 2573 6 on on IN 43431 2573 7 the the DT 43431 2573 8 one one CD 43431 2573 9 hand hand NN 43431 2573 10 , , , 43431 2573 11 the the DT 43431 2573 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2573 13 are be VBP 43431 2573 14 very very RB 43431 2573 15 numerous numerous JJ 43431 2573 16 , , , 43431 2573 17 simple simple JJ 43431 2573 18 , , , 43431 2573 19 and and CC 43431 2573 20 sharp sharp RB 43431 2573 21 - - HYPH 43431 2573 22 pointed pointed JJ 43431 2573 23 , , , 43431 2573 24 and and CC 43431 2573 25 are be VBP 43431 2573 26 with with IN 43431 2573 27 or or CC 43431 2573 28 without without IN 43431 2573 29 serrations serration NNS 43431 2573 30 and and CC 43431 2573 31 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2573 32 cusps cusp NNS 43431 2573 33 . . . 43431 2574 1 Many many JJ 43431 2574 2 Rays ray NNS 43431 2574 3 and and CC 43431 2574 4 fossil fossil JJ 43431 2574 5 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNPS 43431 2574 6 , , , 43431 2574 7 on on IN 43431 2574 8 the the DT 43431 2574 9 other other JJ 43431 2574 10 hand hand NN 43431 2574 11 , , , 43431 2574 12 have have VBP 43431 2574 13 broad broad RB 43431 2574 14 flattened flatten VBN 43431 2574 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2574 16 adapted adapt VBN 43431 2574 17 for for IN 43431 2574 18 crushing crush VBG 43431 2574 19 shells shell NNS 43431 2574 20 . . . 43431 2575 1 Intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 2575 2 conditions condition NNS 43431 2575 3 occur occur VBP 43431 2575 4 between between IN 43431 2575 5 these these DT 43431 2575 6 two two CD 43431 2575 7 extremes extreme NNS 43431 2575 8 . . . 43431 2576 1 Thus thus RB 43431 2576 2 in in IN 43431 2576 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2576 4 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 2576 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2576 6 and and CC 43431 2576 7 many many JJ 43431 2576 8 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2576 9 sharks shark NNS 43431 2576 10 , , , 43431 2576 11 such such JJ 43431 2576 12 as as IN 43431 2576 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2576 14 Acrodus Acrodus NNP 43431 2576 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2576 16 , , , 43431 2576 17 while while IN 43431 2576 18 the the DT 43431 2576 19 median median JJ 43431 2576 20 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2576 21 are be VBP 43431 2576 22 sharp sharp JJ 43431 2576 23 , , , 43431 2576 24 the the DT 43431 2576 25 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2576 26 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2576 27 are be VBP 43431 2576 28 more more RBR 43431 2576 29 or or CC 43431 2576 30 less less RBR 43431 2576 31 flattened flattened JJ 43431 2576 32 and and CC 43431 2576 33 adapted adapt VBN 43431 2576 34 for for IN 43431 2576 35 crushing crush VBG 43431 2576 36 . . . 43431 2577 1 In in IN 43431 2577 2 various various JJ 43431 2577 3 species specie NNS 43431 2577 4 belonging belong VBG 43431 2577 5 to to IN 43431 2577 6 the the DT 43431 2577 7 genus genus NNP 43431 2577 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2577 9 Raia Raia NNP 43431 2577 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2577 11 the the DT 43431 2577 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2577 13 of of IN 43431 2577 14 the the DT 43431 2577 15 male male NN 43431 2577 16 are be VBP 43431 2577 17 sharp sharp JJ 43431 2577 18 , , , 43431 2577 19 while while IN 43431 2577 20 those those DT 43431 2577 21 of of IN 43431 2577 22 the the DT 43431 2577 23 female female NN 43431 2577 24 are be VBP 43431 2577 25 blunt blunt JJ 43431 2577 26 . . . 43431 2578 1 A a DT 43431 2578 2 very very RB 43431 2578 3 specialised specialised JJ 43431 2578 4 dentition dentition NN 43431 2578 5 is be VBZ 43431 2578 6 met meet VBN 43431 2578 7 with with IN 43431 2578 8 in in IN 43431 2578 9 the the DT 43431 2578 10 Eagle Eagle NNP 43431 2578 11 - - HYPH 43431 2578 12 rays ray NNS 43431 2578 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2578 14 Myliobatidae Myliobatidae NNP 43431 2578 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2578 16 , , , 43431 2578 17 in in IN 43431 2578 18 which which WDT 43431 2578 19 the the DT 43431 2578 20 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2578 21 are be VBP 43431 2578 22 armed arm VBN 43431 2578 23 with with IN 43431 2578 24 flattened flatten VBN 43431 2578 25 angular angular JJ 43431 2578 26 tooth tooth NN 43431 2578 27 - - HYPH 43431 2578 28 plates plate NNS 43431 2578 29 , , , 43431 2578 30 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2578 31 in in IN 43431 2578 32 seven seven CD 43431 2578 33 rows row NNS 43431 2578 34 , , , 43431 2578 35 forming form VBG 43431 2578 36 a a DT 43431 2578 37 compact compact JJ 43431 2578 38 pavement pavement NN 43431 2578 39 ; ; : 43431 2578 40 the the DT 43431 2578 41 plates plate NNS 43431 2578 42 of of IN 43431 2578 43 the the DT 43431 2578 44 middle middle JJ 43431 2578 45 row row NN 43431 2578 46 are be VBP 43431 2578 47 very very RB 43431 2578 48 wide wide JJ 43431 2578 49 and and CC 43431 2578 50 rectangular rectangular JJ 43431 2578 51 , , , 43431 2578 52 those those DT 43431 2578 53 of of IN 43431 2578 54 the the DT 43431 2578 55 other other JJ 43431 2578 56 rows row NNS 43431 2578 57 are be VBP 43431 2578 58 much much RB 43431 2578 59 smaller small JJR 43431 2578 60 and and CC 43431 2578 61 hexagonal hexagonal JJ 43431 2578 62 . . . 43431 2579 1 Lastly lastly RB 43431 2579 2 , , , 43431 2579 3 in in IN 43431 2579 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2579 5 Cochliodus Cochliodus NNP 43431 2579 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2579 7 the the DT 43431 2579 8 individual individual JJ 43431 2579 9 crushing crush VBG 43431 2579 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2579 11 are be VBP 43431 2579 12 fused fuse VBN 43431 2579 13 , , , 43431 2579 14 forming form VBG 43431 2579 15 two two CD 43431 2579 16 pairs pair NNS 43431 2579 17 of of IN 43431 2579 18 spirally spirally RB 43431 2579 19 - - HYPH 43431 2579 20 coiled coil VBN 43431 2579 21 dental dental JJ 43431 2579 22 plates plate NNS 43431 2579 23 on on IN 43431 2579 24 each each DT 43431 2579 25 side side NN 43431 2579 26 of of IN 43431 2579 27 each each DT 43431 2579 28 jaw jaw NN 43431 2579 29 . . . 43431 2580 1 _ _ NNP 43431 2580 2 Pristis Pristis NNP 43431 2580 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2580 4 , , , 43431 2580 5 the the DT 43431 2580 6 Saw saw NN 43431 2580 7 - - HYPH 43431 2580 8 fish fish NN 43431 2580 9 , , , 43431 2580 10 has have VBZ 43431 2580 11 a a DT 43431 2580 12 long long JJ 43431 2580 13 flat flat JJ 43431 2580 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2580 15 snout snout NN 43431 2580 16 , , , 43431 2580 17 bearing bear VBG 43431 2580 18 a a DT 43431 2580 19 double double JJ 43431 2580 20 row row NN 43431 2580 21 of of IN 43431 2580 22 persistently persistently RB 43431 2580 23 - - HYPH 43431 2580 24 growing grow VBG 43431 2580 25 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2580 26 planted plant VBN 43431 2580 27 in in IN 43431 2580 28 sockets socket NNS 43431 2580 29 along along IN 43431 2580 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2580 31 sides side NNS 43431 2580 32 . . . 43431 2581 1 Each each DT 43431 2581 2 tooth tooth NN 43431 2581 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 2581 4 of of IN 43431 2581 5 a a DT 43431 2581 6 number number NN 43431 2581 7 of of IN 43431 2581 8 parallel parallel JJ 43431 2581 9 dentinal dentinal JJ 43431 2581 10 columns column NNS 43431 2581 11 , , , 43431 2581 12 united unite VBN 43431 2581 13 at at IN 43431 2581 14 the the DT 43431 2581 15 base base NN 43431 2581 16 , , , 43431 2581 17 but but CC 43431 2581 18 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 2581 19 distinct distinct JJ 43431 2581 20 . . . 43431 2582 1 In in IN 43431 2582 2 the the DT 43431 2582 3 HOLOCEPHALI--_Chimaera HOLOCEPHALI--_Chimaera NNP 43431 2582 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2582 5 , , , 43431 2582 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2582 7 Hariotta Hariotta NNP 43431 2582 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2582 9 and and CC 43431 2582 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2582 11 Callorhynchus_--only Callorhynchus_--only . 43431 2582 12 three three CD 43431 2582 13 pairs pair NNS 43431 2582 14 of of IN 43431 2582 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2582 16 or or CC 43431 2582 17 dental dental JJ 43431 2582 18 plates plate NNS 43431 2582 19 occur occur VBP 43431 2582 20 , , , 43431 2582 21 two two CD 43431 2582 22 pairs pair NNS 43431 2582 23 in in IN 43431 2582 24 the the DT 43431 2582 25 upper upper JJ 43431 2582 26 jaw jaw NN 43431 2582 27 , , , 43431 2582 28 one one CD 43431 2582 29 in in IN 43431 2582 30 the the DT 43431 2582 31 lower low JJR 43431 2582 32 . . . 43431 2583 1 These these DT 43431 2583 2 structures structure NNS 43431 2583 3 persist persist VBP 43431 2583 4 throughout throughout IN 43431 2583 5 life life NN 43431 2583 6 and and CC 43431 2583 7 grow grow VB 43431 2583 8 continuously continuously RB 43431 2583 9 . . . 43431 2584 1 The the DT 43431 2584 2 upper upper JJ 43431 2584 3 tooth tooth NN 43431 2584 4 structures structure NNS 43431 2584 5 are be VBP 43431 2584 6 attached attach VBN 43431 2584 7 respectively respectively RB 43431 2584 8 to to IN 43431 2584 9 the the DT 43431 2584 10 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2584 11 or or CC 43431 2584 12 vomerine vomerine NN 43431 2584 13 region region NN 43431 2584 14 of of IN 43431 2584 15 the the DT 43431 2584 16 skull skull NN 43431 2584 17 , , , 43431 2584 18 and and CC 43431 2584 19 to to IN 43431 2584 20 the the DT 43431 2584 21 palato palato NN 43431 2584 22 - - HYPH 43431 2584 23 pterygoids pterygoids NN 43431 2584 24 . . . 43431 2585 1 The the DT 43431 2585 2 vomerine vomerine NN 43431 2585 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2585 4 are be VBP 43431 2585 5 small small JJ 43431 2585 6 , , , 43431 2585 7 while while IN 43431 2585 8 those those DT 43431 2585 9 attached attach VBN 43431 2585 10 to to IN 43431 2585 11 the the DT 43431 2585 12 mandible mandible NN 43431 2585 13 and and CC 43431 2585 14 the the DT 43431 2585 15 palato palato JJ 43431 2585 16 - - HYPH 43431 2585 17 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2585 18 region region NN 43431 2585 19 are be VBP 43431 2585 20 large large JJ 43431 2585 21 and and CC 43431 2585 22 bear bear VBP 43431 2585 23 several several JJ 43431 2585 24 roughened roughen VBN 43431 2585 25 ridges ridge NNS 43431 2585 26 adapted adapt VBN 43431 2585 27 for for IN 43431 2585 28 grinding grind VBG 43431 2585 29 food food NN 43431 2585 30 . . . 43431 2586 1 The the DT 43431 2586 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2586 3 of of IN 43431 2586 4 the the DT 43431 2586 5 two two CD 43431 2586 6 opposite opposite JJ 43431 2586 7 sides side NNS 43431 2586 8 of of IN 43431 2586 9 the the DT 43431 2586 10 jaw jaw NN 43431 2586 11 meet meet NN 43431 2586 12 in in IN 43431 2586 13 a a DT 43431 2586 14 median median JJ 43431 2586 15 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 2586 16 . . . 43431 2587 1 The the DT 43431 2587 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2587 3 of of IN 43431 2587 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2587 5 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 2587 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2587 7 are be VBP 43431 2587 8 more more RBR 43431 2587 9 adapted adapted JJ 43431 2587 10 for for IN 43431 2587 11 cutting cutting NN 43431 2587 12 , , , 43431 2587 13 those those DT 43431 2587 14 of of IN 43431 2587 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2587 16 Callorhynchus Callorhynchus NNP 43431 2587 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2587 18 for for IN 43431 2587 19 crushing crush VBG 43431 2587 20 . . . 43431 2588 1 Many many JJ 43431 2588 2 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2588 3 forms form NNS 43431 2588 4 are be VBP 43431 2588 5 known know VBN 43431 2588 6 , , , 43431 2588 7 some some DT 43431 2588 8 of of IN 43431 2588 9 whose whose WP$ 43431 2588 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2588 11 are be VBP 43431 2588 12 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 2588 13 in in IN 43431 2588 14 structure structure NN 43431 2588 15 between between IN 43431 2588 16 those those DT 43431 2588 17 of of IN 43431 2588 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2588 19 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 2588 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2588 21 and and CC 43431 2588 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2588 23 Callorhynchus Callorhynchus NNP 43431 2588 24 _ _ NNP 43431 2588 25 . . . 43431 2589 1 The the DT 43431 2589 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2589 3 of of IN 43431 2589 4 GANOIDS GANOIDS NNP 43431 2589 5 are be VBP 43431 2589 6 also also RB 43431 2589 7 extremely extremely RB 43431 2589 8 variable variable JJ 43431 2589 9 . . . 43431 2590 1 Among among IN 43431 2590 2 living live VBG 43431 2590 3 forms form NNS 43431 2590 4 , , , 43431 2590 5 the the DT 43431 2590 6 Holostei Holostei NNP 43431 2590 7 are be VBP 43431 2590 8 more more RBR 43431 2590 9 richly richly RB 43431 2590 10 provided provide VBN 43431 2590 11 with with IN 43431 2590 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2590 13 than than IN 43431 2590 14 are be VBP 43431 2590 15 any any DT 43431 2590 16 other other JJ 43431 2590 17 fishes fish NNS 43431 2590 18 , , , 43431 2590 19 as as IN 43431 2590 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2590 21 may may MD 43431 2590 22 occur occur VB 43431 2590 23 on on IN 43431 2590 24 the the DT 43431 2590 25 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 2590 26 , , , 43431 2590 27 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 2590 28 , , , 43431 2590 29 palatines palatine NNS 43431 2590 30 , , , 43431 2590 31 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 2590 32 , , , 43431 2590 33 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2590 34 , , , 43431 2590 35 vomers vomer NNS 43431 2590 36 , , , 43431 2590 37 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 2590 38 , , , 43431 2590 39 and and CC 43431 2590 40 splenials splenial NNS 43431 2590 41 . . . 43431 2591 1 Among among IN 43431 2591 2 the the DT 43431 2591 3 Chondrostei Chondrostei NNP 43431 2591 4 , , , 43431 2591 5 on on IN 43431 2591 6 the the DT 43431 2591 7 other other JJ 43431 2591 8 hand hand NN 43431 2591 9 , , , 43431 2591 10 the the DT 43431 2591 11 adult adult NN 43431 2591 12 Acipenseridae Acipenseridae NNP 43431 2591 13 are be VBP 43431 2591 14 toothless toothless JJ 43431 2591 15 ; ; : 43431 2591 16 small small JJ 43431 2591 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2591 18 however however RB 43431 2591 19 occur occur VBP 43431 2591 20 in in IN 43431 2591 21 the the DT 43431 2591 22 larval larval NN 43431 2591 23 sturgeon sturgeon NN 43431 2591 24 , , , 43431 2591 25 and and CC 43431 2591 26 in in IN 43431 2591 27 _ _ NNP 43431 2591 28 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 2591 29 _ _ NNP 43431 2591 30 many many JJ 43431 2591 31 small small JJ 43431 2591 32 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2591 33 are be VBP 43431 2591 34 found find VBN 43431 2591 35 attached attach VBN 43431 2591 36 merely merely RB 43431 2591 37 to to IN 43431 2591 38 the the DT 43431 2591 39 mucous mucous JJ 43431 2591 40 membrane membrane NN 43431 2591 41 of of IN 43431 2591 42 the the DT 43431 2591 43 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2591 44 . . . 43431 2592 1 Many many JJ 43431 2592 2 fossil fossil NN 43431 2592 3 Ganoids ganoid NNS 43431 2592 4 have have VBP 43431 2592 5 numerous numerous JJ 43431 2592 6 flattened flattened JJ 43431 2592 7 or or CC 43431 2592 8 knob knob NN 43431 2592 9 - - HYPH 43431 2592 10 like like JJ 43431 2592 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2592 12 , , , 43431 2592 13 borne bear VBN 43431 2592 14 on on IN 43431 2592 15 the the DT 43431 2592 16 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 2592 17 , , , 43431 2592 18 palatines palatine NNS 43431 2592 19 , , , 43431 2592 20 vomers vomer NNS 43431 2592 21 and and CC 43431 2592 22 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 2592 23 . . . 43431 2593 1 Others other NNS 43431 2593 2 have have VBP 43431 2593 3 a a DT 43431 2593 4 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 2593 5 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 2593 6 dentition dentition NN 43431 2593 7 . . . 43431 2594 1 Thus thus RB 43431 2594 2 in in IN 43431 2594 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2594 4 Lepidotus Lepidotus NNP 43431 2594 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2594 6 the the DT 43431 2594 7 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 2594 8 bear bear VBP 43431 2594 9 chisel chisel NN 43431 2594 10 - - HYPH 43431 2594 11 like like JJ 43431 2594 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2594 13 , , , 43431 2594 14 while while IN 43431 2594 15 knob knob NN 43431 2594 16 - - HYPH 43431 2594 17 like like JJ 43431 2594 18 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2594 19 occur occur VBP 43431 2594 20 on on IN 43431 2594 21 the the DT 43431 2594 22 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 2594 23 , , , 43431 2594 24 palatines palatine NNS 43431 2594 25 and and CC 43431 2594 26 vomers vomer NNS 43431 2594 27 . . . 43431 2595 1 In in IN 43431 2595 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2595 3 Rhizodus Rhizodus NNP 43431 2595 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2595 5 all all PDT 43431 2595 6 the the DT 43431 2595 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2595 8 are be VBP 43431 2595 9 pointed point VBN 43431 2595 10 , , , 43431 2595 11 but but CC 43431 2595 12 while while IN 43431 2595 13 the the DT 43431 2595 14 majority majority NN 43431 2595 15 are be VBP 43431 2595 16 small small JJ 43431 2595 17 a a DT 43431 2595 18 few few JJ 43431 2595 19 very very RB 43431 2595 20 large large JJ 43431 2595 21 ones one NNS 43431 2595 22 are be VBP 43431 2595 23 interspersed intersperse VBN 43431 2595 24 . . . 43431 2596 1 In in IN 43431 2596 2 TELEOSTEANS TELEOSTEANS NNP 43431 2596 3 , , , 43431 2596 4 too too RB 43431 2596 5 , , , 43431 2596 6 the the DT 43431 2596 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2596 8 are be VBP 43431 2596 9 eminently eminently RB 43431 2596 10 variable variable JJ 43431 2596 11 both both CC 43431 2596 12 in in IN 43431 2596 13 form form NN 43431 2596 14 and and CC 43431 2596 15 mode mode NN 43431 2596 16 of of IN 43431 2596 17 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 2596 18 . . . 43431 2597 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2597 2 may may MD 43431 2597 3 be be VB 43431 2597 4 simple simple JJ 43431 2597 5 and and CC 43431 2597 6 isolated isolate VBN 43431 2597 7 , , , 43431 2597 8 or or CC 43431 2597 9 compound compound NN 43431 2597 10 , , , 43431 2597 11 and and CC 43431 2597 12 may may MD 43431 2597 13 be be VB 43431 2597 14 borne bear VBN 43431 2597 15 on on IN 43431 2597 16 almost almost RB 43431 2597 17 any any DT 43431 2597 18 of of IN 43431 2597 19 the the DT 43431 2597 20 bones bone NNS 43431 2597 21 bounding bound VBG 43431 2597 22 the the DT 43431 2597 23 mouth mouth NN 43431 2597 24 cavity cavity NN 43431 2597 25 , , , 43431 2597 26 and and CC 43431 2597 27 also also RB 43431 2597 28 as as IN 43431 2597 29 in in IN 43431 2597 30 the the DT 43431 2597 31 Pike Pike NNP 43431 2597 32 , , , 43431 2597 33 on on IN 43431 2597 34 the the DT 43431 2597 35 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2597 36 and and CC 43431 2597 37 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2597 38 arches arch NNS 43431 2597 39 . . . 43431 2598 1 The the DT 43431 2598 2 splenial splenial NN 43431 2598 3 however however RB 43431 2598 4 never never RB 43431 2598 5 bears bear VBZ 43431 2598 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2598 7 and and CC 43431 2598 8 the the DT 43431 2598 9 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2598 10 and and CC 43431 2598 11 parasphenoid parasphenoid VB 43431 2598 12 only only RB 43431 2598 13 rarely rarely RB 43431 2598 14 , , , 43431 2598 15 thus thus RB 43431 2598 16 differing differ VBG 43431 2598 17 from from IN 43431 2598 18 the the DT 43431 2598 19 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 2598 20 in in IN 43431 2598 21 the the DT 43431 2598 22 Holostei Holostei NNP 43431 2598 23 . . . 43431 2599 1 The the DT 43431 2599 2 isolated isolated JJ 43431 2599 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2599 4 are be VBP 43431 2599 5 generally generally RB 43431 2599 6 conical conical JJ 43431 2599 7 in in IN 43431 2599 8 form form NN 43431 2599 9 and and CC 43431 2599 10 are be VBP 43431 2599 11 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 2599 12 to to IN 43431 2599 13 the the DT 43431 2599 14 bone bone NN 43431 2599 15 that that WDT 43431 2599 16 bears bear VBZ 43431 2599 17 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2599 18 . . . 43431 2600 1 Such such JJ 43431 2600 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2600 3 are be VBP 43431 2600 4 , , , 43431 2600 5 with with IN 43431 2600 6 a a DT 43431 2600 7 few few JJ 43431 2600 8 exceptions exception NNS 43431 2600 9 such such JJ 43431 2600 10 as as IN 43431 2600 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2600 12 Balistes Balistes NNP 43431 2600 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2600 14 , , , 43431 2600 15 not not RB 43431 2600 16 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 2600 17 in in IN 43431 2600 18 sockets socket NNS 43431 2600 19 nor nor CC 43431 2600 20 replaced replace VBN 43431 2600 21 vertically vertically RB 43431 2600 22 . . . 43431 2601 1 In in IN 43431 2601 2 some some DT 43431 2601 3 fish fish NN 43431 2601 4 beak beak NN 43431 2601 5 - - HYPH 43431 2601 6 like like JJ 43431 2601 7 structures structure NNS 43431 2601 8 occur occur VBP 43431 2601 9 , , , 43431 2601 10 formed form VBN 43431 2601 11 partly partly RB 43431 2601 12 of of IN 43431 2601 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2601 14 , , , 43431 2601 15 partly partly RB 43431 2601 16 of of IN 43431 2601 17 the the DT 43431 2601 18 underlying underlying JJ 43431 2601 19 jaw jaw NN 43431 2601 20 bones bone NNS 43431 2601 21 . . . 43431 2602 1 These these DT 43431 2602 2 beaks beak NNS 43431 2602 3 are be VBP 43431 2602 4 of of IN 43431 2602 5 two two CD 43431 2602 6 kinds kind NNS 43431 2602 7 : : : 43431 2602 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2602 9 1 1 LS 43431 2602 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2602 11 In in IN 43431 2602 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2602 13 Scarus Scarus NNP 43431 2602 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2602 15 , , , 43431 2602 16 the the DT 43431 2602 17 parrot parrot JJ 43431 2602 18 fish fish NN 43431 2602 19 , , , 43431 2602 20 the the DT 43431 2602 21 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 2602 22 and and CC 43431 2602 23 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 2602 24 bear bear VBP 43431 2602 25 numerous numerous JJ 43431 2602 26 small small JJ 43431 2602 27 , , , 43431 2602 28 separately separately RB 43431 2602 29 developed develop VBN 43431 2602 30 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2602 31 , , , 43431 2602 32 which which WDT 43431 2602 33 are be VBP 43431 2602 34 closely closely RB 43431 2602 35 packed pack VBN 43431 2602 36 together together RB 43431 2602 37 and and CC 43431 2602 38 attached attach VBN 43431 2602 39 by by IN 43431 2602 40 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2602 41 proximal proximal JJ 43431 2602 42 ends end NNS 43431 2602 43 to to IN 43431 2602 44 the the DT 43431 2602 45 bone bone NN 43431 2602 46 , , , 43431 2602 47 while while IN 43431 2602 48 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2602 49 distal distal JJ 43431 2602 50 ends end NNS 43431 2602 51 form form VBP 43431 2602 52 a a DT 43431 2602 53 mosaic mosaic JJ 43431 2602 54 . . . 43431 2603 1 Not not RB 43431 2603 2 only only RB 43431 2603 3 the the DT 43431 2603 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2603 5 but but CC 43431 2603 6 the the DT 43431 2603 7 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2603 8 which which WDT 43431 2603 9 bear bear VBP 43431 2603 10 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2603 11 are be VBP 43431 2603 12 gradually gradually RB 43431 2603 13 worn wear VBN 43431 2603 14 away away RP 43431 2603 15 at at IN 43431 2603 16 the the DT 43431 2603 17 margins margin NNS 43431 2603 18 , , , 43431 2603 19 while while IN 43431 2603 20 both both DT 43431 2603 21 grow grow VBP 43431 2603 22 continuously continuously RB 43431 2603 23 along along IN 43431 2603 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2603 25 attached attach VBN 43431 2603 26 edge edge NN 43431 2603 27 . . . 43431 2604 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2604 2 2 2 LS 43431 2604 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2604 4 In in IN 43431 2604 5 Gymnodonts gymnodont NNS 43431 2604 6 , , , 43431 2604 7 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 2605 1 _ _ NNP 43431 2605 2 Diodon Diodon NNP 43431 2605 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2605 4 , , , 43431 2605 5 the the DT 43431 2605 6 beaks beak NNS 43431 2605 7 are be VBP 43431 2605 8 formed form VBN 43431 2605 9 by by IN 43431 2605 10 the the DT 43431 2605 11 coalescence coalescence NN 43431 2605 12 of of IN 43431 2605 13 broad broad JJ 43431 2605 14 calcified calcified JJ 43431 2605 15 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 2605 16 plates plate NNS 43431 2605 17 , , , 43431 2605 18 which which WDT 43431 2605 19 when when WRB 43431 2605 20 young young JJ 43431 2605 21 are be VBP 43431 2605 22 free free JJ 43431 2605 23 and and CC 43431 2605 24 separated separate VBN 43431 2605 25 from from IN 43431 2605 26 one one CD 43431 2605 27 another another DT 43431 2605 28 by by IN 43431 2605 29 a a DT 43431 2605 30 considerable considerable JJ 43431 2605 31 interval interval NN 43431 2605 32 . . . 43431 2606 1 In in IN 43431 2606 2 some some DT 43431 2606 3 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2606 4 the the DT 43431 2606 5 differentiation differentiation NN 43431 2606 6 of of IN 43431 2606 7 the the DT 43431 2606 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2606 9 into into IN 43431 2606 10 biting bite VBG 43431 2606 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2606 12 and and CC 43431 2606 13 crushing crush VBG 43431 2606 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2606 15 is be VBZ 43431 2606 16 as as RB 43431 2606 17 complete complete JJ 43431 2606 18 as as IN 43431 2606 19 in in IN 43431 2606 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2606 21 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2606 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2606 23 . . . 43431 2607 1 Thus thus RB 43431 2607 2 in in IN 43431 2607 3 the the DT 43431 2607 4 Wrasse Wrasse NNP 43431 2607 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2607 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2607 7 Labrus Labrus NNP 43431 2607 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2607 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2607 10 , , , 43431 2607 11 the the DT 43431 2607 12 jaws jaws NNP 43431 2607 13 bear bear NNP 43431 2607 14 conical conical JJ 43431 2607 15 slightly slightly RB 43431 2607 16 recurved recurve VBN 43431 2607 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2607 18 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2607 19 in in IN 43431 2607 20 one one CD 43431 2607 21 or or CC 43431 2607 22 two two CD 43431 2607 23 rows row NNS 43431 2607 24 , , , 43431 2607 25 with with IN 43431 2607 26 some some DT 43431 2607 27 of of IN 43431 2607 28 the the DT 43431 2607 29 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2607 30 ones one NNS 43431 2607 31 much much RB 43431 2607 32 larger large JJR 43431 2607 33 than than IN 43431 2607 34 the the DT 43431 2607 35 rest rest NN 43431 2607 36 . . . 43431 2608 1 The the DT 43431 2608 2 bones bone NNS 43431 2608 3 of of IN 43431 2608 4 the the DT 43431 2608 5 palate palate NN 43431 2608 6 are be VBP 43431 2608 7 toothless toothless JJ 43431 2608 8 , , , 43431 2608 9 while while IN 43431 2608 10 both both CC 43431 2608 11 upper upper JJ 43431 2608 12 and and CC 43431 2608 13 lower low JJR 43431 2608 14 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 2608 15 bones bone NNS 43431 2608 16 are be VBP 43431 2608 17 paved pave VBN 43431 2608 18 with with IN 43431 2608 19 knob knob NN 43431 2608 20 - - HYPH 43431 2608 21 like like IN 43431 2608 22 crushing crush VBG 43431 2608 23 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2608 24 ; ; : 43431 2608 25 such such JJ 43431 2608 26 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 2608 27 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2608 28 occur occur VBP 43431 2608 29 also also RB 43431 2608 30 in in IN 43431 2608 31 the the DT 43431 2608 32 Carp Carp NNP 43431 2608 33 but but CC 43431 2608 34 are be VBP 43431 2608 35 attached attach VBN 43431 2608 36 only only RB 43431 2608 37 to to IN 43431 2608 38 the the DT 43431 2608 39 lower low JJR 43431 2608 40 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 2608 41 bone bone NN 43431 2608 42 , , , 43431 2608 43 the the DT 43431 2608 44 jaw jaw NN 43431 2608 45 bones bone VBZ 43431 2608 46 proper proper JJ 43431 2608 47 being be VBG 43431 2608 48 toothless toothless NN 43431 2608 49 . . . 43431 2609 1 In in IN 43431 2609 2 DIPNOI DIPNOI NNP 43431 2609 3 the the DT 43431 2609 4 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 2609 5 of of IN 43431 2609 6 the the DT 43431 2609 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2609 8 is be VBZ 43431 2609 9 very very RB 43431 2609 10 similar similar JJ 43431 2609 11 to to IN 43431 2609 12 that that DT 43431 2609 13 in in IN 43431 2609 14 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 2609 15 . . . 43431 2610 1 The the DT 43431 2610 2 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2610 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 2610 4 a a DT 43431 2610 5 single single JJ 43431 2610 6 pair pair NN 43431 2610 7 of of IN 43431 2610 8 grinding grind VBG 43431 2610 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2610 10 attached attach VBN 43431 2610 11 to to IN 43431 2610 12 the the DT 43431 2610 13 splenials splenial NNS 43431 2610 14 , , , 43431 2610 15 and and CC 43431 2610 16 a a DT 43431 2610 17 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 2610 18 pair pair NN 43431 2610 19 occur occur VBP 43431 2610 20 on on IN 43431 2610 21 the the DT 43431 2610 22 palato palato NN 43431 2610 23 - - HYPH 43431 2610 24 pterygoids pterygoids NN 43431 2610 25 . . . 43431 2611 1 In in IN 43431 2611 2 front front NN 43431 2611 3 of of IN 43431 2611 4 these these DT 43431 2611 5 there there EX 43431 2611 6 are be VBP 43431 2611 7 a a DT 43431 2611 8 pair pair NN 43431 2611 9 of of IN 43431 2611 10 small small JJ 43431 2611 11 conical conical JJ 43431 2611 12 vomerine vomerine NN 43431 2611 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2611 14 loosely loosely RB 43431 2611 15 attached attach VBN 43431 2611 16 to to IN 43431 2611 17 the the DT 43431 2611 18 ethmoid ethmoid JJ 43431 2611 19 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2611 20 . . . 43431 2612 1 The the DT 43431 2612 2 palato palato JJ 43431 2612 3 - - HYPH 43431 2612 4 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2612 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2612 6 of of IN 43431 2612 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2612 8 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2612 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2612 10 are be VBP 43431 2612 11 roughly roughly RB 43431 2612 12 semicircular semicircular JJ 43431 2612 13 in in IN 43431 2612 14 shape shape NN 43431 2612 15 with with IN 43431 2612 16 a a DT 43431 2612 17 smooth smooth JJ 43431 2612 18 convex convex NNP 43431 2612 19 inner inner JJ 43431 2612 20 border border NN 43431 2612 21 , , , 43431 2612 22 and and CC 43431 2612 23 an an DT 43431 2612 24 outer outer JJ 43431 2612 25 border border NN 43431 2612 26 bearing bear VBG 43431 2612 27 a a DT 43431 2612 28 number number NN 43431 2612 29 of of IN 43431 2612 30 strongly strongly RB 43431 2612 31 marked mark VBN 43431 2612 32 ridges ridge NNS 43431 2612 33 . . . 43431 2613 1 The the DT 43431 2613 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2613 3 of of IN 43431 2613 4 the the DT 43431 2613 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2613 6 Dipteridae Dipteridae NNP 43431 2613 7 resemble resemble VB 43431 2613 8 those those DT 43431 2613 9 of of IN 43431 2613 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2613 11 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2613 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2613 13 but but CC 43431 2613 14 are be VBP 43431 2613 15 more more RBR 43431 2613 16 complicated complicated JJ 43431 2613 17 . . . 43431 2614 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 2614 2 . . . 43431 2615 1 SPINAL SPINAL VBN 43431 2615 2 COLUMN[41 COLUMN[41 NFP 43431 2615 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2615 4 . . . 43431 2616 1 The the DT 43431 2616 2 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2616 3 column column NN 43431 2616 4 of of IN 43431 2616 5 fishes fish NNS 43431 2616 6 is be VBZ 43431 2616 7 divisible divisible JJ 43431 2616 8 into into IN 43431 2616 9 only only RB 43431 2616 10 two two CD 43431 2616 11 regions region NNS 43431 2616 12 , , , 43431 2616 13 a a DT 43431 2616 14 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2616 15 region region NN 43431 2616 16 in in IN 43431 2616 17 which which WDT 43431 2616 18 the the DT 43431 2616 19 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2616 20 arches arch NNS 43431 2616 21 or or CC 43431 2616 22 ribs rib NNS 43431 2616 23 meet meet NNP 43431 2616 24 one one NN 43431 2616 25 another another DT 43431 2616 26 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 2616 27 , , , 43431 2616 28 and and CC 43431 2616 29 a a DT 43431 2616 30 precaudal precaudal JJ 43431 2616 31 region region NN 43431 2616 32 in in IN 43431 2616 33 which which WDT 43431 2616 34 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2616 35 do do VBP 43431 2616 36 not not RB 43431 2616 37 meet meet VB 43431 2616 38 . . . 43431 2617 1 The the DT 43431 2617 2 various various JJ 43431 2617 3 modifications modification NNS 43431 2617 4 of of IN 43431 2617 5 the the DT 43431 2617 6 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2617 7 column column NN 43431 2617 8 in in IN 43431 2617 9 fishes fish NNS 43431 2617 10 can can MD 43431 2617 11 be be VB 43431 2617 12 best best RB 43431 2617 13 understood understand VBN 43431 2617 14 by by IN 43431 2617 15 comparing compare VBG 43431 2617 16 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2617 17 with with IN 43431 2617 18 the the DT 43431 2617 19 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 2617 20 in in IN 43431 2617 21 the the DT 43431 2617 22 simplest simple JJS 43431 2617 23 type type NN 43431 2617 24 known know VBN 43431 2617 25 , , , 43431 2617 26 namely namely RB 43431 2617 27 _ _ NNP 43431 2617 28 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 2617 29 _ _ NNP 43431 2617 30 . . . 43431 2618 1 In in IN 43431 2618 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2618 3 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 2618 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2618 5 the the DT 43431 2618 6 notochord notochord NN 43431 2618 7 is be VBZ 43431 2618 8 immediately immediately RB 43431 2618 9 surrounded surround VBN 43431 2618 10 by by IN 43431 2618 11 a a DT 43431 2618 12 structureless structureless JJ 43431 2618 13 cuticular cuticular JJ 43431 2618 14 layer layer NN 43431 2618 15 , , , 43431 2618 16 the the DT 43431 2618 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2618 18 chordal chordal NN 43431 2618 19 sheath sheath NN 43431 2618 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2618 21 . . . 43431 2619 1 Outside outside IN 43431 2619 2 this this DT 43431 2619 3 is be VBZ 43431 2619 4 the the DT 43431 2619 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2619 6 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 2619 7 layer layer NN 43431 2619 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2619 9 , , , 43431 2619 10 which which WDT 43431 2619 11 in in IN 43431 2619 12 addition addition NN 43431 2619 13 to to IN 43431 2619 14 surrounding surround VBG 43431 2619 15 the the DT 43431 2619 16 notochord notochord NN 43431 2619 17 and and CC 43431 2619 18 chordal chordal NN 43431 2619 19 sheath sheath NN 43431 2619 20 embraces embrace VBZ 43431 2619 21 the the DT 43431 2619 22 nerve nerve NN 43431 2619 23 cord cord NN 43431 2619 24 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 2619 25 , , , 43431 2619 26 and and CC 43431 2619 27 laterally laterally RB 43431 2619 28 sends send VBZ 43431 2619 29 out out RB 43431 2619 30 septa septa NNP 43431 2619 31 forming form VBG 43431 2619 32 the the DT 43431 2619 33 _ _ NNP 43431 2619 34 myomeres myomere NNS 43431 2619 35 _ _ NNP 43431 2619 36 . . . 43431 2620 1 The the DT 43431 2620 2 CARTILAGINOUS CARTILAGINOUS NNP 43431 2620 3 GANOIDS[42 GANOIDS[42 '' 43431 2620 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2620 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2620 6 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2620 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2620 8 , , , 43431 2620 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2620 10 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 2620 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2620 12 and and CC 43431 2620 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2620 14 Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus NNP 43431 2620 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2620 16 are be VBP 43431 2620 17 the the DT 43431 2620 18 simplest simple JJS 43431 2620 19 fishes fish NNS 43431 2620 20 as as IN 43431 2620 21 regards regard VBZ 43431 2620 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2620 23 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2620 24 column column NN 43431 2620 25 . . . 43431 2621 1 The the DT 43431 2621 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 2621 3 remains remain VBZ 43431 2621 4 permanently permanently RB 43431 2621 5 unconstricted unconstricted JJ 43431 2621 6 and and CC 43431 2621 7 is be VBZ 43431 2621 8 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 2621 9 in in IN 43431 2621 10 a a DT 43431 2621 11 chordal chordal NN 43431 2621 12 sheath sheath NN 43431 2621 13 , , , 43431 2621 14 external external JJ 43431 2621 15 to to IN 43431 2621 16 which which WDT 43431 2621 17 is be VBZ 43431 2621 18 the the DT 43431 2621 19 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 2621 20 layer layer NN 43431 2621 21 . . . 43431 2622 1 In in IN 43431 2622 2 this this DT 43431 2622 3 layer layer NN 43431 2622 4 the the DT 43431 2622 5 development development NN 43431 2622 6 of of IN 43431 2622 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2622 8 elements element NNS 43431 2622 9 has have VBZ 43431 2622 10 taken take VBN 43431 2622 11 place place NN 43431 2622 12 . . . 43431 2623 1 In in IN 43431 2623 2 connection connection NN 43431 2623 3 with with IN 43431 2623 4 each each DT 43431 2623 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2623 6 neuromere neuromere RB 43431 2623 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2623 8 , , , 43431 2623 9 or or CC 43431 2623 10 segment segment NN 43431 2623 11 as as IN 43431 2623 12 determined determine VBN 43431 2623 13 by by IN 43431 2623 14 the the DT 43431 2623 15 points point NNS 43431 2623 16 of of IN 43431 2623 17 exit exit NN 43431 2623 18 of of IN 43431 2623 19 the the DT 43431 2623 20 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2623 21 nerves nerve NNS 43431 2623 22 , , , 43431 2623 23 there there EX 43431 2623 24 are be VBP 43431 2623 25 developed develop VBN 43431 2623 26 two two CD 43431 2623 27 pairs pair NNS 43431 2623 28 of of IN 43431 2623 29 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2623 30 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 2623 31 , , , 43431 2623 32 the the DT 43431 2623 33 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2623 34 arches arch NNS 43431 2623 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2623 36 basiventralia basiventralia NNP 43431 2623 37 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2623 38 and and CC 43431 2623 39 intercalary intercalary JJ 43431 2623 40 pieces piece NNS 43431 2623 41 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2623 42 interventralia interventralia NNP 43431 2623 43 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2623 44 ; ; : 43431 2623 45 and and CC 43431 2623 46 at at RB 43431 2623 47 least least RBS 43431 2623 48 two two CD 43431 2623 49 pairs pair NNS 43431 2623 50 of of IN 43431 2623 51 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2623 52 pieces piece NNS 43431 2623 53 , , , 43431 2623 54 the the DT 43431 2623 55 neural neural JJ 43431 2623 56 arches arch NNS 43431 2623 57 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2623 58 basidorsalia basidorsalia NNP 43431 2623 59 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2623 60 and and CC 43431 2623 61 intercalary intercalary JJ 43431 2623 62 pieces piece NNS 43431 2623 63 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2623 64 interdorsalia interdorsalia NNP 43431 2623 65 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2623 66 . . . 43431 2624 1 The the DT 43431 2624 2 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2624 3 parts part NNS 43431 2624 4 of of IN 43431 2624 5 the the DT 43431 2624 6 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 2624 7 layer layer NN 43431 2624 8 do do VBP 43431 2624 9 not not RB 43431 2624 10 become become VB 43431 2624 11 converted convert VBN 43431 2624 12 into into IN 43431 2624 13 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2624 14 , , , 43431 2624 15 so so CC 43431 2624 16 there there EX 43431 2624 17 are be VBP 43431 2624 18 no no DT 43431 2624 19 traces trace NNS 43431 2624 20 of of IN 43431 2624 21 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2624 22 centra centrum NNS 43431 2624 23 . . . 43431 2625 1 The the DT 43431 2625 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2625 3 or or CC 43431 2625 4 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2625 5 arches arch NNS 43431 2625 6 meet meet VBP 43431 2625 7 one one NN 43431 2625 8 another another DT 43431 2625 9 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 2625 10 and and CC 43431 2625 11 send send VB 43431 2625 12 out out RP 43431 2625 13 processes process NNS 43431 2625 14 to to TO 43431 2625 15 protect protect VB 43431 2625 16 the the DT 43431 2625 17 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2625 18 vessels vessel NNS 43431 2625 19 . . . 43431 2626 1 The the DT 43431 2626 2 neural neural JJ 43431 2626 3 arches arch NNS 43431 2626 4 do do VBP 43431 2626 5 not not RB 43431 2626 6 meet meet VB 43431 2626 7 , , , 43431 2626 8 but but CC 43431 2626 9 are be VBP 43431 2626 10 united unite VBN 43431 2626 11 by by IN 43431 2626 12 a a DT 43431 2626 13 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 2626 14 elastic elastic JJ 43431 2626 15 band band NN 43431 2626 16 . . . 43431 2627 1 In in IN 43431 2627 2 Cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2627 3 ganoids ganoid NNS 43431 2627 4 the the DT 43431 2627 5 only only JJ 43431 2627 6 indications indication NNS 43431 2627 7 of of IN 43431 2627 8 metameric metameric JJ 43431 2627 9 segmentation segmentation NN 43431 2627 10 are be VBP 43431 2627 11 found find VBN 43431 2627 12 in in IN 43431 2627 13 the the DT 43431 2627 14 neural neural JJ 43431 2627 15 and and CC 43431 2627 16 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2627 17 arches arch NNS 43431 2627 18 . . . 43431 2628 1 The the DT 43431 2628 2 case case NN 43431 2628 3 is be VBZ 43431 2628 4 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 2628 5 similar similar JJ 43431 2628 6 with with IN 43431 2628 7 the the DT 43431 2628 8 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 2628 9 and and CC 43431 2628 10 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2628 11 . . . 43431 2629 1 In in IN 43431 2629 2 the the DT 43431 2629 3 HOLOCEPHALI HOLOCEPHALI NNP 43431 2629 4 the the DT 43431 2629 5 notochord notochord NN 43431 2629 6 grows grow VBZ 43431 2629 7 persistently persistently RB 43431 2629 8 throughout throughout IN 43431 2629 9 life life NN 43431 2629 10 , , , 43431 2629 11 and and CC 43431 2629 12 is be VBZ 43431 2629 13 of of IN 43431 2629 14 uniform uniform JJ 43431 2629 15 diameter diameter NN 43431 2629 16 throughout throughout IN 43431 2629 17 the the DT 43431 2629 18 whole whole JJ 43431 2629 19 body body NN 43431 2629 20 except except IN 43431 2629 21 in in IN 43431 2629 22 the the DT 43431 2629 23 cervical cervical JJ 43431 2629 24 region region NN 43431 2629 25 and and CC 43431 2629 26 in in IN 43431 2629 27 the the DT 43431 2629 28 gradually gradually RB 43431 2629 29 tapering taper VBG 43431 2629 30 tail tail NN 43431 2629 31 . . . 43431 2630 1 The the DT 43431 2630 2 chordal chordal NN 43431 2630 3 sheath sheath NN 43431 2630 4 is be VBZ 43431 2630 5 very very RB 43431 2630 6 thick thick JJ 43431 2630 7 and and CC 43431 2630 8 includes include VBZ 43431 2630 9 a a DT 43431 2630 10 well well RB 43431 2630 11 - - HYPH 43431 2630 12 marked mark VBN 43431 2630 13 zone zone NN 43431 2630 14 of of IN 43431 2630 15 calcification calcification NN 43431 2630 16 which which WDT 43431 2630 17 separates separate VBZ 43431 2630 18 an an DT 43431 2630 19 outer outer JJ 43431 2630 20 zone zone NN 43431 2630 21 of of IN 43431 2630 22 hyaline hyaline NNP 43431 2630 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2630 24 from from IN 43431 2630 25 an an DT 43431 2630 26 inner inner JJ 43431 2630 27 zone zone NN 43431 2630 28 . . . 43431 2631 1 There there EX 43431 2631 2 are be VBP 43431 2631 3 also also RB 43431 2631 4 a a DT 43431 2631 5 number number NN 43431 2631 6 of of IN 43431 2631 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2631 8 pieces piece NNS 43431 2631 9 derived derive VBN 43431 2631 10 from from IN 43431 2631 11 the the DT 43431 2631 12 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 2631 13 layer layer NN 43431 2631 14 which which WDT 43431 2631 15 are be VBP 43431 2631 16 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2631 17 in in IN 43431 2631 18 two two CD 43431 2631 19 series series NN 43431 2631 20 , , , 43431 2631 21 a a DT 43431 2631 22 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2631 23 series series NN 43431 2631 24 forming form VBG 43431 2631 25 the the DT 43431 2631 26 neural neural JJ 43431 2631 27 arches arch NNS 43431 2631 28 and and CC 43431 2631 29 a a DT 43431 2631 30 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2631 31 series series NN 43431 2631 32 forming form VBG 43431 2631 33 the the DT 43431 2631 34 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2631 35 arches arch NNS 43431 2631 36 . . . 43431 2632 1 These these DT 43431 2632 2 do do VBP 43431 2632 3 not not RB 43431 2632 4 , , , 43431 2632 5 except except IN 43431 2632 6 in in IN 43431 2632 7 the the DT 43431 2632 8 cervical cervical JJ 43431 2632 9 region region NN 43431 2632 10 , , , 43431 2632 11 meet meet VB 43431 2632 12 one one NN 43431 2632 13 another another DT 43431 2632 14 laterally laterally RB 43431 2632 15 round round IN 43431 2632 16 the the DT 43431 2632 17 notochord notochord NN 43431 2632 18 and and CC 43431 2632 19 form form NN 43431 2632 20 centra centra NNP 43431 2632 21 . . . 43431 2633 1 To to IN 43431 2633 2 each each DT 43431 2633 3 neuromere neuromere RB 43431 2633 4 there there EX 43431 2633 5 occur occur VBP 43431 2633 6 a a DT 43431 2633 7 pair pair NN 43431 2633 8 of of IN 43431 2633 9 basidorsals basidorsal NNS 43431 2633 10 , , , 43431 2633 11 a a DT 43431 2633 12 pair pair NN 43431 2633 13 of of IN 43431 2633 14 interdorsals interdorsal NNS 43431 2633 15 , , , 43431 2633 16 and and CC 43431 2633 17 one one CD 43431 2633 18 or or CC 43431 2633 19 two two CD 43431 2633 20 supradorsals supradorsal NNS 43431 2633 21 . . . 43431 2634 1 In in IN 43431 2634 2 the the DT 43431 2634 3 tail tail NN 43431 2634 4 the the DT 43431 2634 5 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 2634 6 is be VBZ 43431 2634 7 irregular irregular JJ 43431 2634 8 . . . 43431 2635 1 In in IN 43431 2635 2 the the DT 43431 2635 3 DIPNOI DIPNOI NNP 43431 2635 4 as as IN 43431 2635 5 in in IN 43431 2635 6 the the DT 43431 2635 7 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 2635 8 the the DT 43431 2635 9 notochord notochord NN 43431 2635 10 grows grow VBZ 43431 2635 11 persistently persistently RB 43431 2635 12 and and CC 43431 2635 13 uniformly uniformly JJ 43431 2635 14 , , , 43431 2635 15 and and CC 43431 2635 16 the the DT 43431 2635 17 chordal chordal JJ 43431 2635 18 sheath sheath NN 43431 2635 19 is be VBZ 43431 2635 20 thick thick JJ 43431 2635 21 and and CC 43431 2635 22 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2635 23 though though IN 43431 2635 24 there there EX 43431 2635 25 are be VBP 43431 2635 26 no no DT 43431 2635 27 metamerically metamerically RB 43431 2635 28 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2635 29 centra centra NNP 43431 2635 30 . . . 43431 2636 1 The the DT 43431 2636 2 neural neural JJ 43431 2636 3 and and CC 43431 2636 4 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2636 5 arches arch NNS 43431 2636 6 and and CC 43431 2636 7 spines spine NNS 43431 2636 8 are be VBP 43431 2636 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2636 10 and and CC 43431 2636 11 interbasalia interbasalia NNP 43431 2636 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2636 13 intercalary intercalary JJ 43431 2636 14 pieces piece NNS 43431 2636 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2636 16 are be VBP 43431 2636 17 present present JJ 43431 2636 18 . . . 43431 2637 1 The the DT 43431 2637 2 basidorsalia basidorsalia NNS 43431 2637 3 and and CC 43431 2637 4 basiventralia basiventralia NNP 43431 2637 5 do do VBP 43431 2637 6 not not RB 43431 2637 7 in in IN 43431 2637 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2637 9 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2637 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2637 11 meet meet VBP 43431 2637 12 round round IN 43431 2637 13 the the DT 43431 2637 14 notochord notochord NN 43431 2637 15 and and CC 43431 2637 16 enclose enclose VB 43431 2637 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2637 18 except except IN 43431 2637 19 in in IN 43431 2637 20 the the DT 43431 2637 21 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2637 22 part part NN 43431 2637 23 of of IN 43431 2637 24 the the DT 43431 2637 25 cervical cervical JJ 43431 2637 26 and and CC 43431 2637 27 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2637 28 part part NN 43431 2637 29 of of IN 43431 2637 30 the the DT 43431 2637 31 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2637 32 region region NN 43431 2637 33 . . . 43431 2638 1 In in IN 43431 2638 2 ELASMOBRANCHII ELASMOBRANCHII NNP 43431 2638 3 the the DT 43431 2638 4 chordal chordal JJ 43431 2638 5 sheath sheath NN 43431 2638 6 is be VBZ 43431 2638 7 weak weak JJ 43431 2638 8 and and CC 43431 2638 9 the the DT 43431 2638 10 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 2638 11 layer layer NN 43431 2638 12 strong strong JJ 43431 2638 13 . . . 43431 2639 1 Biconcave biconcave IN 43431 2639 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2639 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2639 4 are be VBP 43431 2639 5 developed develop VBN 43431 2639 6 , , , 43431 2639 7 and and CC 43431 2639 8 as as IN 43431 2639 9 is be VBZ 43431 2639 10 the the DT 43431 2639 11 case case NN 43431 2639 12 in in IN 43431 2639 13 most most JJS 43431 2639 14 fishes fish NNS 43431 2639 15 , , , 43431 2639 16 constrict constrict VB 43431 2639 17 the the DT 43431 2639 18 notochord notochord NN 43431 2639 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2639 20 vertebrally vertebrally RB 43431 2639 21 _ _ NNP 43431 2639 22 . . . 43431 2640 1 Two two CD 43431 2640 2 distinct distinct JJ 43431 2640 3 types type NNS 43431 2640 4 of of IN 43431 2640 5 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2640 6 column column NN 43431 2640 7 can can MD 43431 2640 8 be be VB 43431 2640 9 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 2640 10 in in IN 43431 2640 11 Elasmobranchs[43 elasmobranchs[43 CD 43431 2640 12 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2640 13 : : : 43431 2640 14 1 1 CD 43431 2640 15 . . . 43431 2641 1 In in IN 43431 2641 2 many many JJ 43431 2641 3 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2641 4 forms form NNS 43431 2641 5 and and CC 43431 2641 6 in in IN 43431 2641 7 the the DT 43431 2641 8 living live VBG 43431 2641 9 Notidanidae Notidanidae NNP 43431 2641 10 , , , 43431 2641 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2641 12 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 2641 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2641 14 , , , 43431 2641 15 and and CC 43431 2641 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2641 17 Squatina Squatina NNP 43431 2641 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2641 19 , , , 43431 2641 20 the the DT 43431 2641 21 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2641 22 and and CC 43431 2641 23 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2641 24 arches arch NNS 43431 2641 25 do do VBP 43431 2641 26 not not RB 43431 2641 27 meet meet VB 43431 2641 28 one one NN 43431 2641 29 another another DT 43431 2641 30 laterally laterally RB 43431 2641 31 round round IN 43431 2641 32 the the DT 43431 2641 33 centrum centrum NN 43431 2641 34 , , , 43431 2641 35 and and CC 43431 2641 36 consequently consequently RB 43431 2641 37 readily readily RB 43431 2641 38 come come VB 43431 2641 39 away away RB 43431 2641 40 from from IN 43431 2641 41 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2641 42 . . . 43431 2642 1 2 2 LS 43431 2642 2 . . . 43431 2643 1 In in IN 43431 2643 2 most most JJS 43431 2643 3 living live VBG 43431 2643 4 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2643 5 the the DT 43431 2643 6 arches arch NNS 43431 2643 7 meet meet VBP 43431 2643 8 laterally laterally RB 43431 2643 9 round round IN 43431 2643 10 the the DT 43431 2643 11 centrum centrum NN 43431 2643 12 . . . 43431 2644 1 The the DT 43431 2644 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2644 3 are be VBP 43431 2644 4 never never RB 43431 2644 5 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2644 6 but but CC 43431 2644 7 endochondral endochondral JJ 43431 2644 8 calcification calcification NN 43431 2644 9 nearly nearly RB 43431 2644 10 always always RB 43431 2644 11 takes take VBZ 43431 2644 12 place place NN 43431 2644 13 , , , 43431 2644 14 though though IN 43431 2644 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2644 16 very very RB 43431 2644 17 rarely rarely RB 43431 2644 18 reaches reach VBZ 43431 2644 19 the the DT 43431 2644 20 outer outer JJ 43431 2644 21 surface surface NN 43431 2644 22 of of IN 43431 2644 23 the the DT 43431 2644 24 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2644 25 . . . 43431 2645 1 Elasmobranchs elasmobranch NNS 43431 2645 2 are be VBP 43431 2645 3 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2645 4 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 2645 5 into into IN 43431 2645 6 three three CD 43431 2645 7 groups group NNS 43431 2645 8 according accord VBG 43431 2645 9 to to IN 43431 2645 10 the the DT 43431 2645 11 method method NN 43431 2645 12 in in IN 43431 2645 13 which which WDT 43431 2645 14 this this DT 43431 2645 15 calcification calcification NN 43431 2645 16 takes take VBZ 43431 2645 17 place place NN 43431 2645 18 : : : 43431 2645 19 1 1 CD 43431 2645 20 . . . 43431 2646 1 = = NFP 43431 2646 2 Cyclospondyli= Cyclospondyli= NNP 43431 2646 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2646 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2646 5 Scymnus Scymnus NNP 43431 2646 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2646 7 , , , 43431 2646 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2646 9 Acanthias Acanthias NNP 43431 2646 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2646 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2646 12 , , , 43431 2646 13 in in IN 43431 2646 14 which which WDT 43431 2646 15 the the DT 43431 2646 16 calcified calcify VBN 43431 2646 17 matter matter NN 43431 2646 18 is be VBZ 43431 2646 19 deposited deposit VBN 43431 2646 20 as as IN 43431 2646 21 one one CD 43431 2646 22 ring ring NN 43431 2646 23 in in IN 43431 2646 24 each each DT 43431 2646 25 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2646 26 . . . 43431 2647 1 2 2 LS 43431 2647 2 . . . 43431 2648 1 = = NFP 43431 2648 2 Tectospondyli= tectospondyli= ADD 43431 2648 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2648 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2648 5 Squatina Squatina NNP 43431 2648 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2648 7 , , , 43431 2648 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2648 9 Raia Raia NNP 43431 2648 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2648 11 , , , 43431 2648 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2648 13 Trygon Trygon NNP 43431 2648 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2648 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2648 16 , , , 43431 2648 17 in in IN 43431 2648 18 which which WDT 43431 2648 19 there there EX 43431 2648 20 are be VBP 43431 2648 21 several several JJ 43431 2648 22 concentric concentric JJ 43431 2648 23 rings ring NNS 43431 2648 24 of of IN 43431 2648 25 calcification calcification NN 43431 2648 26 . . . 43431 2649 1 3 3 LS 43431 2649 2 . . . 43431 2650 1 = = NFP 43431 2650 2 Asterospondyli= Asterospondyli= -RRB- 43431 2650 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2650 4 Notidanidae Notidanidae NNP 43431 2650 5 , , , 43431 2650 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2650 7 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 2650 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2650 9 , , , 43431 2650 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2650 11 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 2650 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2650 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2650 14 , , , 43431 2650 15 in in IN 43431 2650 16 which which WDT 43431 2650 17 the the DT 43431 2650 18 calcified calcify VBN 43431 2650 19 material material NN 43431 2650 20 instead instead RB 43431 2650 21 of of IN 43431 2650 22 forming form VBG 43431 2650 23 one one CD 43431 2650 24 simple simple JJ 43431 2650 25 ring ring NN 43431 2650 26 , , , 43431 2650 27 extends extend VBZ 43431 2650 28 out out RP 43431 2650 29 in in IN 43431 2650 30 a a DT 43431 2650 31 more more RBR 43431 2650 32 or or CC 43431 2650 33 less less RBR 43431 2650 34 star star NN 43431 2650 35 - - HYPH 43431 2650 36 shaped shape VBN 43431 2650 37 manner manner NN 43431 2650 38 . . . 43431 2651 1 In in IN 43431 2651 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2651 3 Heptanchus Heptanchus NNP 43431 2651 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2651 5 the the DT 43431 2651 6 length length NN 43431 2651 7 of of IN 43431 2651 8 the the DT 43431 2651 9 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2651 10 centra centra NN 43431 2651 11 in in IN 43431 2651 12 the the DT 43431 2651 13 middle middle NN 43431 2651 14 of of IN 43431 2651 15 the the DT 43431 2651 16 trunk trunk NN 43431 2651 17 is be VBZ 43431 2651 18 double double JJ 43431 2651 19 that that DT 43431 2651 20 in in IN 43431 2651 21 the the DT 43431 2651 22 anterior anterior NN 43431 2651 23 and and CC 43431 2651 24 posterior posterior NN 43431 2651 25 portions portion NNS 43431 2651 26 , , , 43431 2651 27 and and CC 43431 2651 28 as as IN 43431 2651 29 the the DT 43431 2651 30 length length NN 43431 2651 31 of of IN 43431 2651 32 the the DT 43431 2651 33 arches arch NNS 43431 2651 34 does do VBZ 43431 2651 35 not not RB 43431 2651 36 vary vary VB 43431 2651 37 , , , 43431 2651 38 the the DT 43431 2651 39 long long JJ 43431 2651 40 centra centrum NNS 43431 2651 41 carry carry VBP 43431 2651 42 more more JJR 43431 2651 43 of of IN 43431 2651 44 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2651 45 than than IN 43431 2651 46 do do VB 43431 2651 47 the the DT 43431 2651 48 short short JJ 43431 2651 49 centra centra NNP 43431 2651 50 . . . 43431 2652 1 In in IN 43431 2652 2 many many JJ 43431 2652 3 Rays ray NNS 43431 2652 4 the the DT 43431 2652 5 skull skull NN 43431 2652 6 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 2652 7 with with IN 43431 2652 8 the the DT 43431 2652 9 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2652 10 column column NN 43431 2652 11 by by IN 43431 2652 12 distinct distinct JJ 43431 2652 13 occipital occipital JJ 43431 2652 14 condyles condyle NNS 43431 2652 15 . . . 43431 2653 1 In in IN 43431 2653 2 BONY BONY NNP 43431 2653 3 GANOIDS GANOIDS NNP 43431 2653 4 the the DT 43431 2653 5 skeletogenous skeletogenous JJ 43431 2653 6 layer layer NN 43431 2653 7 becomes become VBZ 43431 2653 8 calcified calcify VBN 43431 2653 9 ectochondrally ectochondrally RB 43431 2653 10 in in IN 43431 2653 11 such such PDT 43431 2653 12 a a DT 43431 2653 13 way way NN 43431 2653 14 that that WDT 43431 2653 15 the the DT 43431 2653 16 notochord notochord NN 43431 2653 17 is be VBZ 43431 2653 18 pinched pinch VBN 43431 2653 19 in in RP 43431 2653 20 at at IN 43431 2653 21 intervals interval NNS 43431 2653 22 , , , 43431 2653 23 and and CC 43431 2653 24 distinct distinct JJ 43431 2653 25 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2653 26 are be VBP 43431 2653 27 produced produce VBN 43431 2653 28 . . . 43431 2654 1 Ossification ossification NN 43431 2654 2 of of IN 43431 2654 3 the the DT 43431 2654 4 calcified calcify VBN 43431 2654 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2654 6 rapidly rapidly RB 43431 2654 7 follows follow VBZ 43431 2654 8 . . . 43431 2655 1 In in IN 43431 2655 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2655 3 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2655 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2655 5 the the DT 43431 2655 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2655 7 are be VBP 43431 2655 8 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 2655 9 , , , 43431 2655 10 in in IN 43431 2655 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2655 12 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2655 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2655 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2655 15 are be VBP 43431 2655 16 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 2655 17 , , , 43431 2655 18 cup cup NN 43431 2655 19 and and CC 43431 2655 20 ball ball NN 43431 2655 21 joints joint NNS 43431 2655 22 being be VBG 43431 2655 23 developed develop VBN 43431 2655 24 between between IN 43431 2655 25 the the DT 43431 2655 26 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2655 27 in in IN 43431 2655 28 a a DT 43431 2655 29 manner manner NN 43431 2655 30 unique unique JJ 43431 2655 31 among among IN 43431 2655 32 fishes fish NNS 43431 2655 33 . . . 43431 2656 1 The the DT 43431 2656 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 2656 3 entirely entirely RB 43431 2656 4 disappears disappear VBZ 43431 2656 5 in in IN 43431 2656 6 the the DT 43431 2656 7 adult adult NN 43431 2656 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2656 9 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2656 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2656 11 , , , 43431 2656 12 but but CC 43431 2656 13 at at IN 43431 2656 14 one one CD 43431 2656 15 stage stage NN 43431 2656 16 in in IN 43431 2656 17 larval larval JJ 43431 2656 18 life life NN 43431 2656 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2656 20 is be VBZ 43431 2656 21 expanded expand VBN 43431 2656 22 vertebrally vertebrally RB 43431 2656 23 and and CC 43431 2656 24 constricted constrict VBN 43431 2656 25 intervertebrally intervertebrally RB 43431 2656 26 in in IN 43431 2656 27 the the DT 43431 2656 28 manner manner NN 43431 2656 29 usual usual JJ 43431 2656 30 in in IN 43431 2656 31 the the DT 43431 2656 32 higher high JJR 43431 2656 33 vertebrata vertebrata NN 43431 2656 34 , , , 43431 2656 35 but but CC 43431 2656 36 unknown unknown JJ 43431 2656 37 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 2656 38 among among IN 43431 2656 39 fishes fish NNS 43431 2656 40 . . . 43431 2657 1 The the DT 43431 2657 2 tail tail NN 43431 2657 3 of of IN 43431 2657 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2657 5 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2657 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2657 7 is be VBZ 43431 2657 8 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 2657 9 from from IN 43431 2657 10 the the DT 43431 2657 11 fact fact NN 43431 2657 12 that that IN 43431 2657 13 as as IN 43431 2657 14 a a DT 43431 2657 15 rule rule NN 43431 2657 16 to to IN 43431 2657 17 each each DT 43431 2657 18 neuromere neuromere RB 43431 2657 19 , , , 43431 2657 20 as as IN 43431 2657 21 determined determine VBN 43431 2657 22 by by IN 43431 2657 23 the the DT 43431 2657 24 exit exit NN 43431 2657 25 of of IN 43431 2657 26 the the DT 43431 2657 27 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2657 28 nerves nerve NNS 43431 2657 29 , , , 43431 2657 30 there there EX 43431 2657 31 are be VBP 43431 2657 32 two two CD 43431 2657 33 centra centrum NNS 43431 2657 34 , , , 43431 2657 35 a a DT 43431 2657 36 posterior posterior NN 43431 2657 37 one one CD 43431 2657 38 which which WDT 43431 2657 39 bears bear VBZ 43431 2657 40 nothing nothing NN 43431 2657 41 , , , 43431 2657 42 and and CC 43431 2657 43 an an DT 43431 2657 44 anterior anterior NN 43431 2657 45 one one CD 43431 2657 46 which which WDT 43431 2657 47 bears bear VBZ 43431 2657 48 the the DT 43431 2657 49 neural neural JJ 43431 2657 50 and and CC 43431 2657 51 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2657 52 arches arch NNS 43431 2657 53 , , , 43431 2657 54 these these DT 43431 2657 55 being be VBG 43431 2657 56 throughout throughout IN 43431 2657 57 the the DT 43431 2657 58 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2657 59 column column NN 43431 2657 60 connected connect VBN 43431 2657 61 with with IN 43431 2657 62 the the DT 43431 2657 63 centra centra NNP 43431 2657 64 by by IN 43431 2657 65 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2657 66 discs disc NNS 43431 2657 67 . . . 43431 2658 1 In in IN 43431 2658 2 most most JJS 43431 2658 3 TELEOSTEANS teleostean NNS 43431 2658 4 but but CC 43431 2658 5 not not RB 43431 2658 6 in in IN 43431 2658 7 the the DT 43431 2658 8 Plectognathi Plectognathi NNP 43431 2658 9 the the DT 43431 2658 10 neural neural JJ 43431 2658 11 arches arch NNS 43431 2658 12 are be VBP 43431 2658 13 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2658 14 with with IN 43431 2658 15 the the DT 43431 2658 16 centra centra NNP 43431 2658 17 , , , 43431 2658 18 which which WDT 43431 2658 19 are be VBP 43431 2658 20 nearly nearly RB 43431 2658 21 always always RB 43431 2658 22 deeply deeply RB 43431 2658 23 biconcave biconcave RB 43431 2658 24 . . . 43431 2659 1 In in IN 43431 2659 2 some some DT 43431 2659 3 cases case NNS 43431 2659 4 many many JJ 43431 2659 5 of of IN 43431 2659 6 the the DT 43431 2659 7 anterior anterior NNP 43431 2659 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2659 9 are be VBP 43431 2659 10 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 2659 11 together together RB 43431 2659 12 and and CC 43431 2659 13 to to IN 43431 2659 14 the the DT 43431 2659 15 skull skull NN 43431 2659 16 . . . 43431 2660 1 The the DT 43431 2660 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2660 3 often often RB 43431 2660 4 articulate articulate VBP 43431 2660 5 with with IN 43431 2660 6 one one CD 43431 2660 7 another another DT 43431 2660 8 by by IN 43431 2660 9 means mean NNS 43431 2660 10 of of IN 43431 2660 11 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 2660 12 placed place VBN 43431 2660 13 flattened flattened JJ 43431 2660 14 surfaces surface NNS 43431 2660 15 , , , 43431 2660 16 the the DT 43431 2660 17 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 2660 18 . . . 43431 2661 1 The the DT 43431 2661 2 centrum centrum NN 43431 2661 3 in in IN 43431 2661 4 early early JJ 43431 2661 5 stages stage NNS 43431 2661 6 of of IN 43431 2661 7 development development NN 43431 2661 8 is be VBZ 43431 2661 9 partially partially RB 43431 2661 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2661 11 , , , 43431 2661 12 but but CC 43431 2661 13 the the DT 43431 2661 14 neural neural JJ 43431 2661 15 arches arch NNS 43431 2661 16 and and CC 43431 2661 17 spines spine NNS 43431 2661 18 in in IN 43431 2661 19 the the DT 43431 2661 20 trunk trunk NN 43431 2661 21 at at IN 43431 2661 22 any any DT 43431 2661 23 rate rate NN 43431 2661 24 , , , 43431 2661 25 pass pass VB 43431 2661 26 directly directly RB 43431 2661 27 from from IN 43431 2661 28 the the DT 43431 2661 29 membranous membranous JJ 43431 2661 30 to to IN 43431 2661 31 the the DT 43431 2661 32 osseous osseous JJ 43431 2661 33 condition condition NN 43431 2661 34 . . . 43431 2662 1 FINS fin NNS 43431 2662 2 . . . 43431 2663 1 The the DT 43431 2663 2 most most RBS 43431 2663 3 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2663 4 fins fin NNS 43431 2663 5 are be VBP 43431 2663 6 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 43431 2663 7 the the DT 43431 2663 8 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2663 9 ones one NNS 43431 2663 10 , , , 43431 2663 11 which which WDT 43431 2663 12 probably probably RB 43431 2663 13 originally originally RB 43431 2663 14 arose arise VBD 43431 2663 15 as as IN 43431 2663 16 ridges ridge NNS 43431 2663 17 or or CC 43431 2663 18 folds fold NNS 43431 2663 19 of of IN 43431 2663 20 skin skin NN 43431 2663 21 along along IN 43431 2663 22 the the DT 43431 2663 23 mid mid JJ 43431 2663 24 - - JJ 43431 2663 25 dorsal dorsal JJ 43431 2663 26 line line NN 43431 2663 27 of of IN 43431 2663 28 the the DT 43431 2663 29 body body NN 43431 2663 30 , , , 43431 2663 31 and and CC 43431 2663 32 passed pass VBD 43431 2663 33 thence thence NN 43431 2663 34 round round IN 43431 2663 35 the the DT 43431 2663 36 posterior posterior NN 43431 2663 37 end end NN 43431 2663 38 on on IN 43431 2663 39 to to IN 43431 2663 40 the the DT 43431 2663 41 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2663 42 surface surface NN 43431 2663 43 , , , 43431 2663 44 partially partially RB 43431 2663 45 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 2663 46 in in IN 43431 2663 47 position position NN 43431 2663 48 and and CC 43431 2663 49 function function NN 43431 2663 50 to to IN 43431 2663 51 the the DT 43431 2663 52 keel keel NN 43431 2663 53 of of IN 43431 2663 54 a a DT 43431 2663 55 ship ship NN 43431 2663 56 . . . 43431 2664 1 In in IN 43431 2664 2 long long JJ 43431 2664 3 ' ' `` 43431 2664 4 fish fish NN 43431 2664 5 ' ' '' 43431 2664 6 which which WDT 43431 2664 7 pass pass VBP 43431 2664 8 through through IN 43431 2664 9 the the DT 43431 2664 10 water water NN 43431 2664 11 with with IN 43431 2664 12 an an DT 43431 2664 13 undulating undulating JJ 43431 2664 14 motion motion NN 43431 2664 15 such such JJ 43431 2664 16 simple simple JJ 43431 2664 17 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2664 18 fins fin NNS 43431 2664 19 may may MD 43431 2664 20 be be VB 43431 2664 21 the the DT 43431 2664 22 only only JJ 43431 2664 23 ones one NNS 43431 2664 24 found find VBN 43431 2664 25 , , , 43431 2664 26 as as IN 43431 2664 27 in in IN 43431 2664 28 _ _ NNP 43431 2664 29 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 2664 30 _ _ NNP 43431 2664 31 . . . 43431 2665 1 To to TO 43431 2665 2 support support VB 43431 2665 3 these these DT 43431 2665 4 median median JJ 43431 2665 5 fins fin NNS 43431 2665 6 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 2665 7 structures structure NNS 43431 2665 8 came come VBD 43431 2665 9 to to TO 43431 2665 10 be be VB 43431 2665 11 developed develop VBN 43431 2665 12 ; ; : 43431 2665 13 these these DT 43431 2665 14 show show VBP 43431 2665 15 two two CD 43431 2665 16 very very RB 43431 2665 17 distinct distinct JJ 43431 2665 18 forms form NNS 43431 2665 19 , , , 43431 2665 20 viz viz NN 43431 2665 21 . . . 43431 2666 1 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2666 2 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 2666 3 pieces piece NNS 43431 2666 4 , , , 43431 2666 5 the the DT 43431 2666 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2666 7 radiale radiale NN 43431 2666 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2666 9 , , , 43431 2666 10 and and CC 43431 2666 11 horny horny VB 43431 2666 12 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 2666 13 fibres fibre NNS 43431 2666 14 , , , 43431 2666 15 the the DT 43431 2666 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2666 17 fin fin NN 43431 2666 18 - - HYPH 43431 2666 19 rays ray NNS 43431 2666 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2666 21 . . . 43431 2667 1 Mechanical mechanical JJ 43431 2667 2 reasons reason NNS 43431 2667 3 caused cause VBD 43431 2667 4 the the DT 43431 2667 5 fin fin NN 43431 2667 6 to to TO 43431 2667 7 become become VB 43431 2667 8 concentrated concentrated JJ 43431 2667 9 at at IN 43431 2667 10 certain certain JJ 43431 2667 11 points point NNS 43431 2667 12 and and CC 43431 2667 13 reduced reduce VBN 43431 2667 14 at at IN 43431 2667 15 intervening intervene VBG 43431 2667 16 regions region NNS 43431 2667 17 . . . 43431 2668 1 Thus thus RB 43431 2668 2 a a DT 43431 2668 3 terminal terminal JJ 43431 2668 4 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2668 5 fin fin NN 43431 2668 6 arose arise VBD 43431 2668 7 and and CC 43431 2668 8 became become VBD 43431 2668 9 the the DT 43431 2668 10 chief chief JJ 43431 2668 11 organ organ NN 43431 2668 12 of of IN 43431 2668 13 propulsion propulsion NN 43431 2668 14 , , , 43431 2668 15 and and CC 43431 2668 16 the the DT 43431 2668 17 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2668 18 and and CC 43431 2668 19 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2668 20 fins fin NNS 43431 2668 21 became become VBD 43431 2668 22 specialised specialised JJ 43431 2668 23 to to TO 43431 2668 24 act act VB 43431 2668 25 as as IN 43431 2668 26 balancing balance VBG 43431 2668 27 organs organ NNS 43431 2668 28 . . . 43431 2669 1 In in IN 43431 2669 2 some some DT 43431 2669 3 of of IN 43431 2669 4 the the DT 43431 2669 5 earlier early JJR 43431 2669 6 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2669 7 , , , 43431 2669 8 the the DT 43431 2669 9 Pleuracanthidae Pleuracanthidae NNP 43431 2669 10 , , , 43431 2669 11 the the DT 43431 2669 12 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 2669 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2669 14 radiale radiale NNP 43431 2669 15 are be VBP 43431 2669 16 directly directly RB 43431 2669 17 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2669 18 with with IN 43431 2669 19 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 2669 20 from from IN 43431 2669 21 the the DT 43431 2669 22 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2669 23 and and CC 43431 2669 24 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2669 25 arches arch NNS 43431 2669 26 of of IN 43431 2669 27 the the DT 43431 2669 28 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2669 29 , , , 43431 2669 30 and and CC 43431 2669 31 form form VB 43431 2669 32 the the DT 43431 2669 33 main main JJ 43431 2669 34 part part NN 43431 2669 35 of of IN 43431 2669 36 the the DT 43431 2669 37 fin fin NN 43431 2669 38 . . . 43431 2670 1 In in IN 43431 2670 2 later later JJ 43431 2670 3 types type NNS 43431 2670 4 of of IN 43431 2670 5 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2670 6 the the DT 43431 2670 7 horny horny JJ 43431 2670 8 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 2670 9 fin fin NN 43431 2670 10 - - HYPH 43431 2670 11 rays ray NNS 43431 2670 12 have have VBP 43431 2670 13 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 2670 14 greater great JJR 43431 2670 15 prominence prominence NN 43431 2670 16 . . . 43431 2671 1 In in IN 43431 2671 2 bony bony NN 43431 2671 3 fish fish NN 43431 2671 4 , , , 43431 2671 5 as as IN 43431 2671 6 has have VBZ 43431 2671 7 been be VBN 43431 2671 8 already already RB 43431 2671 9 stated state VBN 43431 2671 10 , , , 43431 2671 11 the the DT 43431 2671 12 horny horny NN 43431 2671 13 fibres fibre NNS 43431 2671 14 are be VBP 43431 2671 15 replaced replace VBN 43431 2671 16 by by IN 43431 2671 17 bony bony NN 43431 2671 18 rays ray NNS 43431 2671 19 of of IN 43431 2671 20 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2671 21 origin origin NN 43431 2671 22 , , , 43431 2671 23 and and CC 43431 2671 24 at at IN 43431 2671 25 the the DT 43431 2671 26 same same JJ 43431 2671 27 time time NN 43431 2671 28 complete complete JJ 43431 2671 29 reduction reduction NN 43431 2671 30 and and CC 43431 2671 31 disappearance disappearance NN 43431 2671 32 of of IN 43431 2671 33 the the DT 43431 2671 34 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2671 35 radiale radiale NN 43431 2671 36 takes take VBZ 43431 2671 37 place place NN 43431 2671 38 . . . 43431 2672 1 THE the DT 43431 2672 2 CAUDAL CAUDAL NNP 43431 2672 3 FIN fin NN 43431 2672 4 . . . 43431 2673 1 The the DT 43431 2673 2 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2673 3 region region NN 43431 2673 4 of of IN 43431 2673 5 the the DT 43431 2673 6 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2673 7 column column NN 43431 2673 8 in in IN 43431 2673 9 fishes fish NNS 43431 2673 10 is be VBZ 43431 2673 11 of of IN 43431 2673 12 special special JJ 43431 2673 13 importance importance NN 43431 2673 14 . . . 43431 2674 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2674 2 is be VBZ 43431 2674 3 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 2674 4 marked mark VBN 43431 2674 5 off off RP 43431 2674 6 from from IN 43431 2674 7 the the DT 43431 2674 8 rest rest NN 43431 2674 9 of of IN 43431 2674 10 the the DT 43431 2674 11 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2674 12 column column NN 43431 2674 13 by by IN 43431 2674 14 the the DT 43431 2674 15 fact fact NN 43431 2674 16 that that IN 43431 2674 17 the the DT 43431 2674 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2674 19 or or CC 43431 2674 20 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2674 21 arches arch NNS 43431 2674 22 meet meet VBP 43431 2674 23 one one CD 43431 2674 24 another another DT 43431 2674 25 and and CC 43431 2674 26 are be VBP 43431 2674 27 commonly commonly RB 43431 2674 28 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 2674 29 into into IN 43431 2674 30 spines spine NNS 43431 2674 31 , , , 43431 2674 32 while while IN 43431 2674 33 in in IN 43431 2674 34 the the DT 43431 2674 35 trunk trunk NN 43431 2674 36 region region NN 43431 2674 37 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2674 38 do do VBP 43431 2674 39 not not RB 43431 2674 40 meet meet VB 43431 2674 41 but but CC 43431 2674 42 commonly commonly RB 43431 2674 43 diverge diverge VB 43431 2674 44 from from IN 43431 2674 45 one one CD 43431 2674 46 another another DT 43431 2674 47 . . . 43431 2675 1 In in IN 43431 2675 2 some some DT 43431 2675 3 fish fish NN 43431 2675 4 the the DT 43431 2675 5 terminal terminal JJ 43431 2675 6 part part NN 43431 2675 7 of of IN 43431 2675 8 the the DT 43431 2675 9 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2675 10 region region NN 43431 2675 11 of of IN 43431 2675 12 the the DT 43431 2675 13 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2675 14 column column NN 43431 2675 15 retains retain VBZ 43431 2675 16 the the DT 43431 2675 17 same same JJ 43431 2675 18 direction direction NN 43431 2675 19 as as IN 43431 2675 20 the the DT 43431 2675 21 rest rest NN 43431 2675 22 of of IN 43431 2675 23 the the DT 43431 2675 24 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2675 25 column column NN 43431 2675 26 . . . 43431 2676 1 The the DT 43431 2676 2 blade blade NN 43431 2676 3 of of IN 43431 2676 4 the the DT 43431 2676 5 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2676 6 fin fin NN 43431 2676 7 is be VBZ 43431 2676 8 then then RB 43431 2676 9 divided divide VBN 43431 2676 10 into into IN 43431 2676 11 two two CD 43431 2676 12 nearly nearly RB 43431 2676 13 equal equal JJ 43431 2676 14 portions portion NNS 43431 2676 15 , , , 43431 2676 16 and and CC 43431 2676 17 is be VBZ 43431 2676 18 said say VBN 43431 2676 19 to to TO 43431 2676 20 be be VB 43431 2676 21 = = -RRB- 43431 2676 22 diphycercal=. diphycercal=. XX 43431 2677 1 This this DT 43431 2677 2 condition condition NN 43431 2677 3 is be VBZ 43431 2677 4 generally generally RB 43431 2677 5 regarded regard VBN 43431 2677 6 as as IN 43431 2677 7 the the DT 43431 2677 8 most most RBS 43431 2677 9 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2677 10 one one CD 43431 2677 11 ; ; : 43431 2677 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2677 13 occurs occur VBZ 43431 2677 14 in in IN 43431 2677 15 the the DT 43431 2677 16 Ichthyotomi Ichthyotomi NNP 43431 2677 17 , , , 43431 2677 18 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 2677 19 , , , 43431 2677 20 all all DT 43431 2677 21 living live VBG 43431 2677 22 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2677 23 , , , 43431 2677 24 _ _ NNP 43431 2677 25 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 2677 26 _ _ NNP 43431 2677 27 and and CC 43431 2677 28 some some DT 43431 2677 29 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2677 30 Crossopterygii Crossopterygii NNP 43431 2677 31 , , , 43431 2677 32 and and CC 43431 2677 33 a a DT 43431 2677 34 few few JJ 43431 2677 35 Selachii Selachii NNP 43431 2677 36 and and CC 43431 2677 37 Teleostei Teleostei NNP 43431 2677 38 . . . 43431 2678 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2678 2 occurs occur VBZ 43431 2678 3 also also RB 43431 2678 4 in in IN 43431 2678 5 deep deep JJ 43431 2678 6 - - HYPH 43431 2678 7 sea sea NN 43431 2678 8 fish fish NN 43431 2678 9 belonging belong VBG 43431 2678 10 to to IN 43431 2678 11 almost almost RB 43431 2678 12 every every DT 43431 2678 13 group group NN 43431 2678 14 , , , 43431 2678 15 and and CC 43431 2678 16 under under IN 43431 2678 17 these these DT 43431 2678 18 conditions condition NNS 43431 2678 19 obviously obviously RB 43431 2678 20 can can MD 43431 2678 21 not not RB 43431 2678 22 be be VB 43431 2678 23 regarded regard VBN 43431 2678 24 as as IN 43431 2678 25 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2678 26 , , , 43431 2678 27 but but CC 43431 2678 28 must must MD 43431 2678 29 be be VB 43431 2678 30 looked look VBN 43431 2678 31 on on RP 43431 2678 32 as as IN 43431 2678 33 a a DT 43431 2678 34 feature feature NN 43431 2678 35 induced induce VBN 43431 2678 36 by by IN 43431 2678 37 the the DT 43431 2678 38 peculiar peculiar JJ 43431 2678 39 conditions condition NNS 43431 2678 40 of of IN 43431 2678 41 life life NN 43431 2678 42 . . . 43431 2679 1 In in IN 43431 2679 2 the the DT 43431 2679 3 great great JJ 43431 2679 4 majority majority NN 43431 2679 5 of of IN 43431 2679 6 fish fish NN 43431 2679 7 the the DT 43431 2679 8 terminal terminal JJ 43431 2679 9 part part NN 43431 2679 10 of of IN 43431 2679 11 the the DT 43431 2679 12 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2679 13 region region NN 43431 2679 14 of of IN 43431 2679 15 the the DT 43431 2679 16 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2679 17 column column NN 43431 2679 18 is be VBZ 43431 2679 19 bent bent JJ 43431 2679 20 dorsalwards dorsalward NNS 43431 2679 21 , , , 43431 2679 22 and and CC 43431 2679 23 the the DT 43431 2679 24 part part NN 43431 2679 25 of of IN 43431 2679 26 the the DT 43431 2679 27 blade blade NN 43431 2679 28 of of IN 43431 2679 29 the the DT 43431 2679 30 caudal caudal JJ 43431 2679 31 fin fin NN 43431 2679 32 which which WDT 43431 2679 33 arises arise VBZ 43431 2679 34 on on IN 43431 2679 35 the the DT 43431 2679 36 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2679 37 surface surface NN 43431 2679 38 is be VBZ 43431 2679 39 much much RB 43431 2679 40 smaller small JJR 43431 2679 41 than than IN 43431 2679 42 is be VBZ 43431 2679 43 that that IN 43431 2679 44 arising arise VBG 43431 2679 45 on on IN 43431 2679 46 the the DT 43431 2679 47 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2679 48 surface surface NN 43431 2679 49 . . . 43431 2680 1 Such such PDT 43431 2680 2 a a DT 43431 2680 3 fin fin NN 43431 2680 4 is be VBZ 43431 2680 5 said say VBN 43431 2680 6 to to TO 43431 2680 7 be be VB 43431 2680 8 = = NFP 43431 2680 9 heterocercal=. heterocercal=. FW 43431 2681 1 Strictly strictly RB 43431 2681 2 speaking speak VBG 43431 2681 3 all all DT 43431 2681 4 fish fish NN 43431 2681 5 whose whose WP$ 43431 2681 6 tails tail NNS 43431 2681 7 are be VBP 43431 2681 8 not not RB 43431 2681 9 diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 2681 10 have have VBP 43431 2681 11 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 2681 12 tails tail NNS 43431 2681 13 , , , 43431 2681 14 but but CC 43431 2681 15 the the DT 43431 2681 16 term term NN 43431 2681 17 is be VBZ 43431 2681 18 commonly commonly RB 43431 2681 19 applied apply VBN 43431 2681 20 to to IN 43431 2681 21 two two CD 43431 2681 22 - - HYPH 43431 2681 23 bladed blade VBN 43431 2681 24 tails tail NNS 43431 2681 25 in in IN 43431 2681 26 which which WDT 43431 2681 27 the the DT 43431 2681 28 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2681 29 column column NN 43431 2681 30 forms form VBZ 43431 2681 31 a a DT 43431 2681 32 definite definite JJ 43431 2681 33 axis axis NN 43431 2681 34 running run VBG 43431 2681 35 through through IN 43431 2681 36 the the DT 43431 2681 37 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2681 38 blade blade NN 43431 2681 39 , , , 43431 2681 40 while while IN 43431 2681 41 the the DT 43431 2681 42 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2681 43 blade blade NN 43431 2681 44 is be VBZ 43431 2681 45 enlarged enlarge VBN 43431 2681 46 and and CC 43431 2681 47 generally generally RB 43431 2681 48 forms form VBZ 43431 2681 49 the the DT 43431 2681 50 functional functional JJ 43431 2681 51 part part NN 43431 2681 52 of of IN 43431 2681 53 the the DT 43431 2681 54 tail tail NN 43431 2681 55 . . . 43431 2682 1 Such such JJ 43431 2682 2 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 2682 3 tails tail NNS 43431 2682 4 are be VBP 43431 2682 5 found find VBN 43431 2682 6 in in IN 43431 2682 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 2682 8 all all DT 43431 2682 9 Elasmobranchii Elasmobranchii NNP 43431 2682 10 , , , 43431 2682 11 together together RB 43431 2682 12 with with IN 43431 2682 13 the the DT 43431 2682 14 living live VBG 43431 2682 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2682 16 Ganoidei Ganoidei NNP 43431 2682 17 , , , 43431 2682 18 and and CC 43431 2682 19 many many JJ 43431 2682 20 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2682 21 forms form NNS 43431 2682 22 belonging belong VBG 43431 2682 23 to to IN 43431 2682 24 the the DT 43431 2682 25 same same JJ 43431 2682 26 order order NN 43431 2682 27 ; ; : 43431 2682 28 _ _ NNP 43431 2682 29 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2682 30 _ _ NNP 43431 2682 31 , , , 43431 2682 32 _ _ NNP 43431 2682 33 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2682 34 _ _ NNP 43431 2682 35 , , , 43431 2682 36 and and CC 43431 2682 37 the the DT 43431 2682 38 Dipteridae Dipteridae NNP 43431 2682 39 among among IN 43431 2682 40 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2682 41 , , , 43431 2682 42 have have VBP 43431 2682 43 tails tail NNS 43431 2682 44 which which WDT 43431 2682 45 , , , 43431 2682 46 though though IN 43431 2682 47 obviously obviously RB 43431 2682 48 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 2682 49 , , , 43431 2682 50 are be VBP 43431 2682 51 not not RB 43431 2682 52 two two CD 43431 2682 53 - - HYPH 43431 2682 54 bladed bladed JJ 43431 2682 55 . . . 43431 2683 1 The the DT 43431 2683 2 vast vast JJ 43431 2683 3 majority majority NN 43431 2683 4 of of IN 43431 2683 5 the the DT 43431 2683 6 Teleostei Teleostei NNP 43431 2683 7 and and CC 43431 2683 8 some some DT 43431 2683 9 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2683 10 Ganoidei Ganoidei NNP 43431 2683 11 have have VBP 43431 2683 12 heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 2683 13 tails tail NNS 43431 2683 14 of of IN 43431 2683 15 the the DT 43431 2683 16 modified modify VBN 43431 2683 17 type type NN 43431 2683 18 to to TO 43431 2683 19 which which WDT 43431 2683 20 the the DT 43431 2683 21 term term NN 43431 2683 22 = = SYM 43431 2683 23 homocercal= homocercal= NNP 43431 2683 24 is be VBZ 43431 2683 25 applied apply VBN 43431 2683 26 . . . 43431 2684 1 The the DT 43431 2684 2 hypural hypural JJ 43431 2684 3 bones bone NNS 43431 2684 4 which which WDT 43431 2684 5 support support VBP 43431 2684 6 the the DT 43431 2684 7 lower low JJR 43431 2684 8 half half NN 43431 2684 9 of of IN 43431 2684 10 the the DT 43431 2684 11 tail tail NN 43431 2684 12 fin fin NN 43431 2684 13 become become VBP 43431 2684 14 much much RB 43431 2684 15 enlarged enlarged JJ 43431 2684 16 , , , 43431 2684 17 and and CC 43431 2684 18 frequently frequently RB 43431 2684 19 unite unite VB 43431 2684 20 to to TO 43431 2684 21 form form VB 43431 2684 22 a a DT 43431 2684 23 wedge wedge NN 43431 2684 24 - - HYPH 43431 2684 25 shaped shape VBN 43431 2684 26 bone bone NN 43431 2684 27 which which WDT 43431 2684 28 becomes become VBZ 43431 2684 29 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 2684 30 to to IN 43431 2684 31 the the DT 43431 2684 32 last last JJ 43431 2684 33 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2684 34 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2684 35 centrum centrum NN 43431 2684 36 . . . 43431 2685 1 The the DT 43431 2685 2 fin fin NN 43431 2685 3 - - HYPH 43431 2685 4 rays ray NNS 43431 2685 5 then then RB 43431 2685 6 become become VBP 43431 2685 7 arranged arrange VBN 43431 2685 8 in in IN 43431 2685 9 such such PDT 43431 2685 10 a a DT 43431 2685 11 way way NN 43431 2685 12 as as IN 43431 2685 13 to to TO 43431 2685 14 produce produce VB 43431 2685 15 a a DT 43431 2685 16 secondary secondary JJ 43431 2685 17 appearance appearance NN 43431 2685 18 of of IN 43431 2685 19 symmetry symmetry NN 43431 2685 20 . . . 43431 2686 1 Some some DT 43431 2686 2 homocercal homocercal JJ 43431 2686 3 fish fish NN 43431 2686 4 such such JJ 43431 2686 5 as as IN 43431 2686 6 the the DT 43431 2686 7 Perch Perch NNP 43431 2686 8 have have VBP 43431 2686 9 the the DT 43431 2686 10 end end NN 43431 2686 11 of of IN 43431 2686 12 the the DT 43431 2686 13 notochord notochord NN 43431 2686 14 protected protect VBN 43431 2686 15 by by IN 43431 2686 16 a a DT 43431 2686 17 calcified calcify VBN 43431 2686 18 or or CC 43431 2686 19 completely completely RB 43431 2686 20 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2686 21 sheath sheath NN 43431 2686 22 , , , 43431 2686 23 the the DT 43431 2686 24 = = SYM 43431 2686 25 urostyle= urostyle= NN 43431 2686 26 , , , 43431 2686 27 to to TO 43431 2686 28 which which WDT 43431 2686 29 several several JJ 43431 2686 30 neural neural JJ 43431 2686 31 and and CC 43431 2686 32 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2686 33 arches arch NNS 43431 2686 34 may may MD 43431 2686 35 be be VB 43431 2686 36 attached attach VBN 43431 2686 37 , , , 43431 2686 38 and and CC 43431 2686 39 which which WDT 43431 2686 40 becomes become VBZ 43431 2686 41 united unite VBN 43431 2686 42 with with IN 43431 2686 43 the the DT 43431 2686 44 centrum centrum NN 43431 2686 45 of of IN 43431 2686 46 the the DT 43431 2686 47 last last JJ 43431 2686 48 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 2686 49 ; ; : 43431 2686 50 in in IN 43431 2686 51 others other NNS 43431 2686 52 such such JJ 43431 2686 53 as as IN 43431 2686 54 the the DT 43431 2686 55 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2686 56 the the DT 43431 2686 57 end end NN 43431 2686 58 of of IN 43431 2686 59 the the DT 43431 2686 60 notochord notochord NN 43431 2686 61 is be VBZ 43431 2686 62 protected protect VBN 43431 2686 63 only only RB 43431 2686 64 by by IN 43431 2686 65 laterally laterally RB 43431 2686 66 placed place VBN 43431 2686 67 bony bony NN 43431 2686 68 plates plate NNS 43431 2686 69 . . . 43431 2687 1 THE the DT 43431 2687 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2687 3 . . . 43431 2688 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2688 2 is be VBZ 43431 2688 3 often often RB 43431 2688 4 impossible impossible JJ 43431 2688 5 to to TO 43431 2688 6 draw draw VB 43431 2688 7 a a DT 43431 2688 8 hard hard JJ 43431 2688 9 and and CC 43431 2688 10 fast fast JJ 43431 2688 11 line line NN 43431 2688 12 between between IN 43431 2688 13 the the DT 43431 2688 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 2688 15 and and CC 43431 2688 16 the the DT 43431 2688 17 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2688 18 column column NN 43431 2688 19 . . . 43431 2689 1 This this DT 43431 2689 2 is be VBZ 43431 2689 3 the the DT 43431 2689 4 case case NN 43431 2689 5 for for IN 43431 2689 6 instance instance NN 43431 2689 7 in in IN 43431 2689 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2689 9 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2689 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2689 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2689 12 fig fig NN 43431 2689 13 . . . 43431 2690 1 18 18 CD 43431 2690 2 , , , 43431 2690 3 16 16 CD 43431 2690 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2690 5 among among IN 43431 2690 6 Chondrostei Chondrostei NNP 43431 2690 7 , , , 43431 2690 8 in in IN 43431 2690 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2690 10 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2690 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2690 12 among among IN 43431 2690 13 Holostei Holostei NNP 43431 2690 14 , , , 43431 2690 15 and and CC 43431 2690 16 in in IN 43431 2690 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2690 18 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2690 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2690 20 and and CC 43431 2690 21 _ _ NNP 43431 2690 22 Protopterus Protopterus NNP 43431 2690 23 _ _ NNP 43431 2690 24 among among IN 43431 2690 25 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2690 26 . . . 43431 2691 1 The the DT 43431 2691 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 2691 3 region region NN 43431 2691 4 of of IN 43431 2691 5 the the DT 43431 2691 6 skull skull NN 43431 2691 7 in in IN 43431 2691 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2691 9 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2691 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2691 11 is be VBZ 43431 2691 12 clearly clearly RB 43431 2691 13 formed form VBN 43431 2691 14 of of IN 43431 2691 15 three three CD 43431 2691 16 cervical cervical JJ 43431 2691 17 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2691 18 whose whose WP$ 43431 2691 19 centra centrum NNS 43431 2691 20 have have VBP 43431 2691 21 become become VBN 43431 2691 22 absorbed absorb VBN 43431 2691 23 into into IN 43431 2691 24 the the DT 43431 2691 25 cranium cranium NN 43431 2691 26 , , , 43431 2691 27 while while IN 43431 2691 28 the the DT 43431 2691 29 neural neural JJ 43431 2691 30 arches arch NNS 43431 2691 31 and and CC 43431 2691 32 spines spine NNS 43431 2691 33 are be VBP 43431 2691 34 still still RB 43431 2691 35 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 43431 2691 36 . . . 43431 2692 1 The the DT 43431 2692 2 simplest simple JJS 43431 2692 3 type type NN 43431 2692 4 of of IN 43431 2692 5 cranium cranium NN 43431 2692 6 is be VBZ 43431 2692 7 that that WDT 43431 2692 8 found find VBN 43431 2692 9 in in IN 43431 2692 10 ELASMOBRANCHS ELASMOBRANCHS NNP 43431 2692 11 : : : 43431 2692 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2692 13 consists consist VBZ 43431 2692 14 of of IN 43431 2692 15 a a DT 43431 2692 16 simple simple JJ 43431 2692 17 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2692 18 box box NN 43431 2692 19 , , , 43431 2692 20 which which WDT 43431 2692 21 is be VBZ 43431 2692 22 generally generally RB 43431 2692 23 immovably immovably RB 43431 2692 24 fixed fix VBN 43431 2692 25 to to IN 43431 2692 26 the the DT 43431 2692 27 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2692 28 column column NN 43431 2692 29 , , , 43431 2692 30 though though IN 43431 2692 31 in in IN 43431 2692 32 some some DT 43431 2692 33 forms form NNS 43431 2692 34 , , , 43431 2692 35 like like IN 43431 2692 36 _ _ NNP 43431 2692 37 Scymnus Scymnus NNP 43431 2692 38 _ _ NNP 43431 2692 39 and and CC 43431 2692 40 _ _ NNP 43431 2692 41 Galeus Galeus NNP 43431 2692 42 _ _ NNP 43431 2692 43 , , , 43431 2692 44 a a DT 43431 2692 45 joint joint NN 43431 2692 46 is be VBZ 43431 2692 47 indicated indicate VBN 43431 2692 48 , , , 43431 2692 49 and and CC 43431 2692 50 in in IN 43431 2692 51 others other NNS 43431 2692 52 , , , 43431 2692 53 such such JJ 43431 2692 54 as as IN 43431 2692 55 the the DT 43431 2692 56 Rays Rays NNPS 43431 2692 57 , , , 43431 2692 58 one one CD 43431 2692 59 is be VBZ 43431 2692 60 fairly fairly RB 43431 2692 61 well well RB 43431 2692 62 developed developed JJ 43431 2692 63 . . . 43431 2693 1 The the DT 43431 2693 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 2693 3 in in IN 43431 2693 4 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2693 5 is be VBZ 43431 2693 6 never never RB 43431 2693 7 bony bony JJ 43431 2693 8 , , , 43431 2693 9 though though IN 43431 2693 10 the the DT 43431 2693 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2693 12 is be VBZ 43431 2693 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2693 14 calcified calcify VBN 43431 2693 15 . . . 43431 2694 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2694 2 is be VBZ 43431 2694 3 drawn draw VBN 43431 2694 4 out out RP 43431 2694 5 laterally laterally RB 43431 2694 6 into into IN 43431 2694 7 an an DT 43431 2694 8 antorbital antorbital JJ 43431 2694 9 process process NN 43431 2694 10 in in IN 43431 2694 11 front front NN 43431 2694 12 of of IN 43431 2694 13 the the DT 43431 2694 14 eye eye NN 43431 2694 15 , , , 43431 2694 16 and and CC 43431 2694 17 a a DT 43431 2694 18 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 2694 19 process process NN 43431 2694 20 behind behind IN 43431 2694 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2694 22 . . . 43431 2695 1 The the DT 43431 2695 2 nasal nasal NN 43431 2695 3 capsules capsule NNS 43431 2695 4 are be VBP 43431 2695 5 always always RB 43431 2695 6 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2695 7 , , , 43431 2695 8 and and CC 43431 2695 9 the the DT 43431 2695 10 eye eye NN 43431 2695 11 , , , 43431 2695 12 as as IN 43431 2695 13 a a DT 43431 2695 14 general general JJ 43431 2695 15 rule rule NN 43431 2695 16 , , , 43431 2695 17 has have VBZ 43431 2695 18 a a DT 43431 2695 19 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2695 20 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 2695 21 investment investment NN 43431 2695 22 . . . 43431 2696 1 The the DT 43431 2696 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 2696 3 is be VBZ 43431 2696 4 often often RB 43431 2696 5 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 2696 6 in in IN 43431 2696 7 front front NN 43431 2696 8 into into IN 43431 2696 9 a a DT 43431 2696 10 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 2696 11 which which WDT 43431 2696 12 is be VBZ 43431 2696 13 enormously enormously RB 43431 2696 14 developed develop VBN 43431 2696 15 in in IN 43431 2696 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2696 17 Pristis Pristis NNP 43431 2696 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2696 19 and and CC 43431 2696 20 some some DT 43431 2696 21 Rays ray NNS 43431 2696 22 . . . 43431 2697 1 The the DT 43431 2697 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2697 3 roof roof NN 43431 2697 4 of of IN 43431 2697 5 the the DT 43431 2697 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 2697 7 is be VBZ 43431 2697 8 rendered render VBN 43431 2697 9 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 2697 10 by by IN 43431 2697 11 the the DT 43431 2697 12 presence presence NN 43431 2697 13 of of IN 43431 2697 14 a a DT 43431 2697 15 large large JJ 43431 2697 16 hole hole NN 43431 2697 17 , , , 43431 2697 18 the the DT 43431 2697 19 anterior anterior NNP 43431 2697 20 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 2697 21 . . . 43431 2698 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2698 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2698 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2698 4 . . . 43431 2699 1 16 16 CD 43431 2699 2 . . . 43431 2700 1 A. A. NNP 43431 2700 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2700 3 OF of IN 43431 2700 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2700 5 Notidanus Notidanus NNP 43431 2700 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2700 7 à à NNP 43431 2700 8 � � NNP 43431 2700 9 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 2700 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2700 11 Brit Brit NNP 43431 2700 12 . . . 43431 2701 1 Mus mus NN 43431 2701 2 . . . 43431 2701 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2701 4 . . . 43431 2702 1 B. B. NNP 43431 2702 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2702 3 OF of IN 43431 2702 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2702 5 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 2702 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2702 7 à à NNP 43431 2702 8 � � NNP 43431 2702 9 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 2702 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2702 11 after after IN 43431 2702 12 GEGENBAUR GEGENBAUR NNP 43431 2702 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2702 14 . . . 43431 2703 1 In in IN 43431 2703 2 neither neither DT 43431 2703 3 case case NN 43431 2703 4 are be VBP 43431 2703 5 the the DT 43431 2703 6 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2703 7 arches arch NNS 43431 2703 8 shown show VBN 43431 2703 9 . . . 43431 2704 1 1 1 LS 43431 2704 2 . . . 43431 2704 3 rostrum rostrum NNP 43431 2704 4 . . . 43431 2705 1 2 2 LS 43431 2705 2 . . . 43431 2705 3 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 2705 4 capsule capsule NN 43431 2705 5 . . . 43431 2706 1 3 3 LS 43431 2706 2 . . . 43431 2706 3 ethmo ethmo NNP 43431 2706 4 - - HYPH 43431 2706 5 palatine palatine JJ 43431 2706 6 process process NN 43431 2706 7 . . . 43431 2707 1 4 4 LS 43431 2707 2 . . . 43431 2707 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 2707 4 portion portion NN 43431 2707 5 of of IN 43431 2707 6 palato palato NN 43431 2707 7 - - HYPH 43431 2707 8 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2707 9 - - HYPH 43431 2707 10 quadrate quadrate VB 43431 2707 11 bar bar NN 43431 2707 12 . . . 43431 2708 1 5 5 LS 43431 2708 2 . . . 43431 2708 3 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 2708 4 portion portion NN 43431 2708 5 of of IN 43431 2708 6 bar bar NN 43431 2708 7 . . . 43431 2709 1 6 6 CD 43431 2709 2 . . . 43431 2710 1 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 2710 2 's 's POS 43431 2710 3 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2710 4 . . . 43431 2711 1 7 7 LS 43431 2711 2 . . . 43431 2711 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2711 4 . . . 43431 2712 1 8 8 LS 43431 2712 2 . . . 43431 2712 3 labial labial JJ 43431 2712 4 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2712 5 . . . 43431 2713 1 9 9 LS 43431 2713 2 . . . 43431 2713 3 hyomandibular hyomandibular NNP 43431 2713 4 . . . 43431 2714 1 10 10 CD 43431 2714 2 . . . 43431 2714 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 2714 4 process process NN 43431 2714 5 . . . 43431 2715 1 II ii CD 43431 2715 2 . . . 43431 2716 1 optic optic JJ 43431 2716 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2716 3 . . . 43431 2716 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2717 1 Two two CD 43431 2717 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 2717 3 of of IN 43431 2717 4 labial labial JJ 43431 2717 5 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 2717 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2717 7 fig fig NN 43431 2717 8 . . . 43431 2718 1 16 16 CD 43431 2718 2 , , , 43431 2718 3 B b NN 43431 2718 4 , , , 43431 2718 5 8) 8) CD 43431 2718 6 are be VBP 43431 2718 7 often often RB 43431 2718 8 present present JJ 43431 2718 9 . . . 43431 2719 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2719 2 lie lie VBP 43431 2719 3 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 2719 4 in in IN 43431 2719 5 the the DT 43431 2719 6 cheeks cheek NNS 43431 2719 7 outside outside IN 43431 2719 8 the the DT 43431 2719 9 anterior anterior JJ 43431 2719 10 region region NN 43431 2719 11 of of IN 43431 2719 12 the the DT 43431 2719 13 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2719 14 , , , 43431 2719 15 and and CC 43431 2719 16 are be VBP 43431 2719 17 specially specially RB 43431 2719 18 large large JJ 43431 2719 19 in in IN 43431 2719 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2719 21 Squatina Squatina NNP 43431 2719 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2719 23 . . . 43431 2720 1 As as IN 43431 2720 2 regards regard VBZ 43431 2720 3 the the DT 43431 2720 4 visceral visceral JJ 43431 2720 5 arches[44 arches[44 NN 43431 2720 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2720 7 the the DT 43431 2720 8 simplest simple JJS 43431 2720 9 and and CC 43431 2720 10 most most RBS 43431 2720 11 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2720 12 condition condition NN 43431 2720 13 of of IN 43431 2720 14 the the DT 43431 2720 15 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2720 16 is be VBZ 43431 2720 17 that that DT 43431 2720 18 of of IN 43431 2720 19 the the DT 43431 2720 20 Notidanidae Notidanidae NNP 43431 2720 21 , , , 43431 2720 22 in in IN 43431 2720 23 which which WDT 43431 2720 24 the the DT 43431 2720 25 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 2720 26 and and CC 43431 2720 27 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2720 28 arches arch NNS 43431 2720 29 are be VBP 43431 2720 30 entirely entirely RB 43431 2720 31 separate separate JJ 43431 2720 32 . . . 43431 2721 1 In in IN 43431 2721 2 these these DT 43431 2721 3 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2721 4 fishes fish VBZ 43431 2721 5 the the DT 43431 2721 6 palato palato NN 43431 2721 7 - - HYPH 43431 2721 8 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2721 9 - - HYPH 43431 2721 10 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 2721 11 bar bar NN 43431 2721 12 articulates articulate NNS 43431 2721 13 with with IN 43431 2721 14 the the DT 43431 2721 15 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 2721 16 process process NN 43431 2721 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2721 18 fig fig NN 43431 2721 19 . . . 43431 2722 1 16 16 CD 43431 2722 2 , , , 43431 2722 3 10 10 CD 43431 2722 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2722 5 , , , 43431 2722 6 while while IN 43431 2722 7 further further RB 43431 2722 8 forwards forwards RB 43431 2722 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2722 10 is be VBZ 43431 2722 11 united united JJ 43431 2722 12 to to IN 43431 2722 13 the the DT 43431 2722 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 2722 15 by by IN 43431 2722 16 the the DT 43431 2722 17 ethmo ethmo NNP 43431 2722 18 - - HYPH 43431 2722 19 palatine palatine JJ 43431 2722 20 ligament ligament NN 43431 2722 21 . . . 43431 2723 1 The the DT 43431 2723 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2723 3 arch arch NN 43431 2723 4 is be VBZ 43431 2723 5 small small JJ 43431 2723 6 and and CC 43431 2723 7 is be VBZ 43431 2723 8 broadly broadly RB 43431 2723 9 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 2723 10 by by IN 43431 2723 11 the the DT 43431 2723 12 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 2723 13 arch arch NN 43431 2723 14 . . . 43431 2724 1 The the DT 43431 2724 2 term term NN 43431 2724 3 = = SYM 43431 2724 4 autostylic= autostylic= NNP 43431 2724 5 is be VBZ 43431 2724 6 used use VBN 43431 2724 7 to to TO 43431 2724 8 describe describe VB 43431 2724 9 this this DT 43431 2724 10 condition condition NN 43431 2724 11 of of IN 43431 2724 12 the the DT 43431 2724 13 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 2724 14 . . . 43431 2725 1 From from IN 43431 2725 2 this this DT 43431 2725 3 condition condition NN 43431 2725 4 we -PRON- PRP 43431 2725 5 pass pass VBP 43431 2725 6 in in RP 43431 2725 7 the the DT 43431 2725 8 one one CD 43431 2725 9 direction direction NN 43431 2725 10 to to IN 43431 2725 11 that that DT 43431 2725 12 of of IN 43431 2725 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2725 14 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 2725 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2725 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2725 17 fig fig NN 43431 2725 18 . . . 43431 2726 1 16 16 CD 43431 2726 2 , , , 43431 2726 3 B b NN 43431 2726 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2726 5 , , , 43431 2726 6 in in IN 43431 2726 7 which which WDT 43431 2726 8 the the DT 43431 2726 9 whole whole NN 43431 2726 10 of of IN 43431 2726 11 the the DT 43431 2726 12 palato palato NN 43431 2726 13 - - HYPH 43431 2726 14 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2726 15 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 2726 16 bar bar NN 43431 2726 17 has have VBZ 43431 2726 18 become become VBN 43431 2726 19 bound bind VBN 43431 2726 20 to to IN 43431 2726 21 the the DT 43431 2726 22 cranium cranium NN 43431 2726 23 , , , 43431 2726 24 and and CC 43431 2726 25 in in IN 43431 2726 26 the the DT 43431 2726 27 other other JJ 43431 2726 28 to to IN 43431 2726 29 that that DT 43431 2726 30 of of IN 43431 2726 31 _ _ NNP 43431 2726 32 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 2726 33 _ _ NNP 43431 2726 34 . . . 43431 2727 1 In in IN 43431 2727 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2727 3 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 2727 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2727 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2727 6 fig fig NN 43431 2727 7 . . . 43431 2728 1 6 6 LS 43431 2728 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2728 3 , , , 43431 2728 4 while while IN 43431 2728 5 the the DT 43431 2728 6 ethmo ethmo JJ 43431 2728 7 - - HYPH 43431 2728 8 palatine palatine JJ 43431 2728 9 ligament ligament NN 43431 2728 10 is be VBZ 43431 2728 11 retained retain VBN 43431 2728 12 , , , 43431 2728 13 the the DT 43431 2728 14 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 2728 15 articulation articulation NN 43431 2728 16 of of IN 43431 2728 17 the the DT 43431 2728 18 palato palato JJ 43431 2728 19 pterygo pterygo NNP 43431 2728 20 - - HYPH 43431 2728 21 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 2728 22 has have VBZ 43431 2728 23 been be VBN 43431 2728 24 given give VBN 43431 2728 25 up up RP 43431 2728 26 , , , 43431 2728 27 so so IN 43431 2728 28 that that IN 43431 2728 29 the the DT 43431 2728 30 palato palato NN 43431 2728 31 - - HYPH 43431 2728 32 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2728 33 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2728 34 comes come VBZ 43431 2728 35 to to IN 43431 2728 36 abut abut NNP 43431 2728 37 on on IN 43431 2728 38 the the DT 43431 2728 39 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2728 40 and and CC 43431 2728 41 is be VBZ 43431 2728 42 attached attach VBN 43431 2728 43 to to IN 43431 2728 44 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2728 45 by by IN 43431 2728 46 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 2728 47 . . . 43431 2729 1 The the DT 43431 2729 2 pre pre JJ 43431 2729 3 - - JJ 43431 2729 4 spiracular spiracular JJ 43431 2729 5 ligament ligament NN 43431 2729 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2729 7 fig fig NN 43431 2729 8 . . . 43431 2730 1 16 16 CD 43431 2730 2 , , , 43431 2730 3 20 20 CD 43431 2730 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2730 5 running run VBG 43431 2730 6 from from IN 43431 2730 7 the the DT 43431 2730 8 auditory auditory JJ 43431 2730 9 capsule capsule NN 43431 2730 10 also also RB 43431 2730 11 assists assist VBZ 43431 2730 12 in in IN 43431 2730 13 supporting support VBG 43431 2730 14 the the DT 43431 2730 15 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2730 16 . . . 43431 2731 1 Lastly lastly RB 43431 2731 2 we -PRON- PRP 43431 2731 3 come come VBP 43431 2731 4 to to IN 43431 2731 5 the the DT 43431 2731 6 purely purely RB 43431 2731 7 = = SYM 43431 2731 8 hyostylic= hyostylic= NNP 43431 2731 9 condition condition NN 43431 2731 10 met meet VBN 43431 2731 11 with with IN 43431 2731 12 in in IN 43431 2731 13 Rays ray NNS 43431 2731 14 , , , 43431 2731 15 in in IN 43431 2731 16 which which WDT 43431 2731 17 the the DT 43431 2731 18 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 2731 19 arch arch NN 43431 2731 20 is be VBZ 43431 2731 21 entirely entirely RB 43431 2731 22 supported support VBN 43431 2731 23 by by IN 43431 2731 24 the the DT 43431 2731 25 hyomandibular hyomandibular NN 43431 2731 26 . . . 43431 2732 1 In in IN 43431 2732 2 some some DT 43431 2732 3 Rays ray NNS 43431 2732 4 the the DT 43431 2732 5 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2732 6 is be VBZ 43431 2732 7 attached attach VBN 43431 2732 8 to to IN 43431 2732 9 the the DT 43431 2732 10 posterior posterior JJ 43431 2732 11 face face NN 43431 2732 12 of of IN 43431 2732 13 the the DT 43431 2732 14 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2732 15 near near IN 43431 2732 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2732 17 proximal proximal JJ 43431 2732 18 end end NN 43431 2732 19 , , , 43431 2732 20 and and CC 43431 2732 21 may may MD 43431 2732 22 even even RB 43431 2732 23 come come VB 43431 2732 24 to to TO 43431 2732 25 articulate articulate VB 43431 2732 26 with with IN 43431 2732 27 the the DT 43431 2732 28 cranium cranium NN 43431 2732 29 . . . 43431 2733 1 The the DT 43431 2733 2 = = SYM 43431 2733 3 visceral visceral JJ 43431 2733 4 arches arch NNS 43431 2733 5 of of IN 43431 2733 6 Elasmobranchs= Elasmobranchs= NNP 43431 2733 7 may may MD 43431 2733 8 be be VB 43431 2733 9 summarised summarise VBN 43431 2733 10 as as IN 43431 2733 11 follows:-- follows:-- ADD 43431 2733 12 1 1 CD 43431 2733 13 . . . 43431 2734 1 The the DT 43431 2734 2 = = SYM 43431 2734 3 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 2734 4 arch= arch= NN 43431 2734 5 , , , 43431 2734 6 consisting consist VBG 43431 2734 7 of of IN 43431 2734 8 a a DT 43431 2734 9 much much RB 43431 2734 10 reduced reduce VBN 43431 2734 11 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2734 12 portion portion NN 43431 2734 13 , , , 43431 2734 14 the the DT 43431 2734 15 pre pre JJ 43431 2734 16 - - JJ 43431 2734 17 spiracular spiracular JJ 43431 2734 18 ligament ligament NN 43431 2734 19 , , , 43431 2734 20 and and CC 43431 2734 21 a a DT 43431 2734 22 greatly greatly RB 43431 2734 23 developed develop VBN 43431 2734 24 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2734 25 portion portion NN 43431 2734 26 from from IN 43431 2734 27 which which WDT 43431 2734 28 both both DT 43431 2734 29 upper upper JJ 43431 2734 30 and and CC 43431 2734 31 lower low JJR 43431 2734 32 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2734 33 are be VBP 43431 2734 34 derived derive VBN 43431 2734 35 . . . 43431 2735 1 The the DT 43431 2735 2 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2735 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2735 4 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 2735 5 's 's POS 43431 2735 6 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2735 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2735 8 is be VBZ 43431 2735 9 the the DT 43431 2735 10 original original JJ 43431 2735 11 lower low JJR 43431 2735 12 member member NN 43431 2735 13 of of IN 43431 2735 14 the the DT 43431 2735 15 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 2735 16 arch arch NN 43431 2735 17 , , , 43431 2735 18 and and CC 43431 2735 19 from from IN 43431 2735 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2735 21 arises arise VBZ 43431 2735 22 an an DT 43431 2735 23 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 2735 24 which which WDT 43431 2735 25 forms form VBZ 43431 2735 26 the the DT 43431 2735 27 upper upper JJ 43431 2735 28 jaw jaw NN 43431 2735 29 or or CC 43431 2735 30 palato palato NN 43431 2735 31 - - HYPH 43431 2735 32 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2735 33 - - HYPH 43431 2735 34 quadrate quadrate VB 43431 2735 35 bar bar NN 43431 2735 36 . . . 43431 2736 1 In in IN 43431 2736 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2736 3 Scymnus Scymnus NNP 43431 2736 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2736 5 this this DT 43431 2736 6 bears bear VBZ 43431 2736 7 a a DT 43431 2736 8 few few JJ 43431 2736 9 branchiostegal branchiostegal JJ 43431 2736 10 rays ray NNS 43431 2736 11 . . . 43431 2737 1 2 2 LS 43431 2737 2 . . . 43431 2738 1 The the DT 43431 2738 2 = = SYM 43431 2738 3 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2738 4 arch= arch= NN 43431 2738 5 , , , 43431 2738 6 which which WDT 43431 2738 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 2738 8 of of IN 43431 2738 9 the the DT 43431 2738 10 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2738 11 and and CC 43431 2738 12 the the DT 43431 2738 13 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 2738 14 , , , 43431 2738 15 and and CC 43431 2738 16 bears bear VBZ 43431 2738 17 branchiostegal branchiostegal JJ 43431 2738 18 rays ray NNS 43431 2738 19 on on IN 43431 2738 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2738 21 posterior posterior NN 43431 2738 22 face face NN 43431 2738 23 . . . 43431 2739 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2739 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2739 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2739 4 . . . 43431 2740 1 17 17 CD 43431 2740 2 . . . 43431 2741 1 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 2741 2 VIEW view NN 43431 2741 3 OF of IN 43431 2741 4 THE the DT 43431 2741 5 BRANCHIAL BRANCHIAL NNP 43431 2741 6 ARCHES ARCHES NNP 43431 2741 7 OF of IN 43431 2741 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2741 9 Heptanchus Heptanchus NNP 43431 2741 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2741 11 . . . 43431 2742 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2742 2 From from IN 43431 2742 3 GEGENBAUR GEGENBAUR NNP 43431 2742 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2742 5 . . . 43431 2743 1 1 1 LS 43431 2743 2 . . . 43431 2743 3 basi basi NNP 43431 2743 4 - - HYPH 43431 2743 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2743 6 . . . 43431 2744 1 2 2 LS 43431 2744 2 . . . 43431 2744 3 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2744 4 - - HYPH 43431 2744 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2744 6 . . . 43431 2745 1 3 3 LS 43431 2745 2 . . . 43431 2745 3 second second JJ 43431 2745 4 hypo hypo NNP 43431 2745 5 - - HYPH 43431 2745 6 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2745 7 . . . 43431 2746 1 4 4 LS 43431 2746 2 . . . 43431 2746 3 first first JJ 43431 2746 4 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2746 5 - - HYPH 43431 2746 6 branchial branchial NNP 43431 2746 7 . . . 43431 2747 1 5 5 LS 43431 2747 2 . . . 43431 2747 3 first first JJ 43431 2747 4 epi epi NNP 43431 2747 5 - - JJ 43431 2747 6 branchial branchial NN 43431 2747 7 . . . 43431 2748 1 6 6 LS 43431 2748 2 . . . 43431 2748 3 first first NNP 43431 2748 4 pharyngo pharyngo NN 43431 2748 5 - - HYPH 43431 2748 6 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2748 7 . . . 43431 2749 1 7 7 LS 43431 2749 2 . . . 43431 2749 3 pharyngo pharyngo NN 43431 2749 4 - - HYPH 43431 2749 5 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2749 6 , , , 43431 2749 7 common common JJ 43431 2749 8 to to IN 43431 2749 9 the the DT 43431 2749 10 sixth sixth JJ 43431 2749 11 and and CC 43431 2749 12 seventh seventh JJ 43431 2749 13 arches arch NNS 43431 2749 14 . . . 43431 2750 1 8 8 LS 43431 2750 2 . . . 43431 2750 3 basibranchial basibranchial NNP 43431 2750 4 of of IN 43431 2750 5 second second JJ 43431 2750 6 arch arch NN 43431 2750 7 . . . 43431 2751 1 9 9 LS 43431 2751 2 . . . 43431 2751 3 basibranchial basibranchial NNP 43431 2751 4 , , , 43431 2751 5 common common JJ 43431 2751 6 to to IN 43431 2751 7 the the DT 43431 2751 8 sixth sixth JJ 43431 2751 9 and and CC 43431 2751 10 seventh seventh JJ 43431 2751 11 arches arch NNS 43431 2751 12 . . . 43431 2751 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2752 1 3 3 LS 43431 2752 2 . . . 43431 2753 1 The the DT 43431 2753 2 = = SYM 43431 2753 3 branchial branchial NN 43431 2753 4 arches= arches= NN 43431 2753 5 , , , 43431 2753 6 generally generally RB 43431 2753 7 five five CD 43431 2753 8 in in IN 43431 2753 9 number number NN 43431 2753 10 , , , 43431 2753 11 all all DT 43431 2753 12 of of IN 43431 2753 13 which which WDT 43431 2753 14 except except IN 43431 2753 15 the the DT 43431 2753 16 last last JJ 43431 2753 17 bear bear NN 43431 2753 18 branchiostegal branchiostegal NN 43431 2753 19 rays ray NNS 43431 2753 20 . . . 43431 2754 1 In in IN 43431 2754 2 the the DT 43431 2754 3 Notidanidae Notidanidae NNP 43431 2754 4 the the DT 43431 2754 5 number number NN 43431 2754 6 of of IN 43431 2754 7 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2754 8 arches arch NNS 43431 2754 9 is be VBZ 43431 2754 10 increased increase VBN 43431 2754 11 beyond beyond IN 43431 2754 12 the the DT 43431 2754 13 normal normal JJ 43431 2754 14 series series NN 43431 2754 15 , , , 43431 2754 16 thus thus RB 43431 2754 17 in in IN 43431 2754 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2754 19 Hexanchus Hexanchus NNP 43431 2754 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2754 21 there there EX 43431 2754 22 are be VBP 43431 2754 23 six six CD 43431 2754 24 , , , 43431 2754 25 and and CC 43431 2754 26 in in IN 43431 2754 27 _ _ NNP 43431 2754 28 Heptanchus Heptanchus NNP 43431 2754 29 _ _ NNP 43431 2754 30 seven seven CD 43431 2754 31 . . . 43431 2755 1 There there EX 43431 2755 2 are be VBP 43431 2755 3 six six CD 43431 2755 4 also also RB 43431 2755 5 in in IN 43431 2755 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2755 7 Chlamydoselache Chlamydoselache NNP 43431 2755 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2755 9 and and CC 43431 2755 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2755 11 Protopterus Protopterus NNP 43431 2755 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2755 13 . . . 43431 2756 1 4 4 LS 43431 2756 2 . . . 43431 2757 1 The the DT 43431 2757 2 so so RB 43431 2757 3 - - HYPH 43431 2757 4 called call VBN 43431 2757 5 external external JJ 43431 2757 6 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2757 7 arches arch NNS 43431 2757 8 which which WDT 43431 2757 9 are be VBP 43431 2757 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2757 11 rods rod NNS 43431 2757 12 attached attach VBN 43431 2757 13 to to IN 43431 2757 14 all all PDT 43431 2757 15 the the DT 43431 2757 16 visceral visceral JJ 43431 2757 17 arches arch NNS 43431 2757 18 . . . 43431 2758 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2758 2 are be VBP 43431 2758 3 especially especially RB 43431 2758 4 large large JJ 43431 2758 5 in in IN 43431 2758 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2758 7 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 2758 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2758 9 . . . 43431 2759 1 The the DT 43431 2759 2 skull skull NN 43431 2759 3 in in IN 43431 2759 4 HOLOCEPHALI holocephali NN 43431 2759 5 is be VBZ 43431 2759 6 entirely entirely RB 43431 2759 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2759 8 . . . 43431 2760 1 The the DT 43431 2760 2 palato palato NN 43431 2760 3 - - HYPH 43431 2760 4 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2760 5 - - HYPH 43431 2760 6 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 2760 7 bar bar NN 43431 2760 8 is be VBZ 43431 2760 9 fixed fix VBN 43431 2760 10 to to IN 43431 2760 11 the the DT 43431 2760 12 cranium cranium NN 43431 2760 13 , , , 43431 2760 14 and and CC 43431 2760 15 to to IN 43431 2760 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2760 17 the the DT 43431 2760 18 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2760 19 articulates articulate NNS 43431 2760 20 . . . 43431 2761 1 There there EX 43431 2761 2 is be VBZ 43431 2761 3 a a DT 43431 2761 4 well well RB 43431 2761 5 - - HYPH 43431 2761 6 marked mark VBN 43431 2761 7 joint joint NN 43431 2761 8 between between IN 43431 2761 9 the the DT 43431 2761 10 skull skull NN 43431 2761 11 and and CC 43431 2761 12 the the DT 43431 2761 13 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2761 14 column column NN 43431 2761 15 . . . 43431 2762 1 In in IN 43431 2762 2 living live VBG 43431 2762 3 Cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2762 4 GANOIDS GANOIDS NNP 43431 2762 5 the the DT 43431 2762 6 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2762 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2762 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 2762 9 is be VBZ 43431 2762 10 very very RB 43431 2762 11 massive massive JJ 43431 2762 12 , , , 43431 2762 13 and and CC 43431 2762 14 is be VBZ 43431 2762 15 greatly greatly RB 43431 2762 16 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 2762 17 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 2762 18 , , , 43431 2762 19 while while IN 43431 2762 20 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 2762 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2762 22 merges merge VBZ 43431 2762 23 into into IN 43431 2762 24 the the DT 43431 2762 25 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2762 26 column column NN 43431 2762 27 . . . 43431 2763 1 Although although IN 43431 2763 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2763 3 is be VBZ 43431 2763 4 mainly mainly RB 43431 2763 5 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2763 6 a a DT 43431 2763 7 number number NN 43431 2763 8 of of IN 43431 2763 9 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2763 10 take take VBP 43431 2763 11 place place NN 43431 2763 12 in in IN 43431 2763 13 the the DT 43431 2763 14 skull skull NN 43431 2763 15 , , , 43431 2763 16 and and CC 43431 2763 17 membrane membrane NN 43431 2763 18 bones bone NNS 43431 2763 19 are be VBP 43431 2763 20 now now RB 43431 2763 21 found find VBN 43431 2763 22 definitely definitely RB 43431 2763 23 developed develop VBN 43431 2763 24 , , , 43431 2763 25 especially especially RB 43431 2763 26 in in IN 43431 2763 27 connection connection NN 43431 2763 28 with with IN 43431 2763 29 the the DT 43431 2763 30 roof roof NN 43431 2763 31 of of IN 43431 2763 32 the the DT 43431 2763 33 cranium cranium NN 43431 2763 34 . . . 43431 2764 1 In in IN 43431 2764 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2764 3 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2764 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2764 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2764 6 fig fig NN 43431 2764 7 . . . 43431 2765 1 18 18 LS 43431 2765 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2765 3 the the DT 43431 2765 4 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2765 5 in in IN 43431 2765 6 the the DT 43431 2765 7 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2765 8 include include VBP 43431 2765 9 the the DT 43431 2765 10 pro pro JJ 43431 2765 11 - - JJ 43431 2765 12 otic otic JJ 43431 2765 13 , , , 43431 2765 14 which which WDT 43431 2765 15 is be VBZ 43431 2765 16 pierced pierce VBN 43431 2765 17 by by IN 43431 2765 18 the the DT 43431 2765 19 foramen foraman NNS 43431 2765 20 for for IN 43431 2765 21 the the DT 43431 2765 22 fifth fifth JJ 43431 2765 23 nerve nerve NN 43431 2765 24 , , , 43431 2765 25 the the DT 43431 2765 26 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 2765 27 , , , 43431 2765 28 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 2765 29 , , , 43431 2765 30 ectethmoid ectethmoid NNP 43431 2765 31 , , , 43431 2765 32 palatine palatine NNP 43431 2765 33 , , , 43431 2765 34 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2765 35 , , , 43431 2765 36 meso meso NN 43431 2765 37 - - HYPH 43431 2765 38 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 2765 39 , , , 43431 2765 40 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2765 41 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2765 42 fig fig NN 43431 2765 43 . . . 43431 2766 1 18 18 CD 43431 2766 2 , , , 43431 2766 3 11 11 CD 43431 2766 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2766 5 , , , 43431 2766 6 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2766 7 - - HYPH 43431 2766 8 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2766 9 , , , 43431 2766 10 all all PDT 43431 2766 11 the the DT 43431 2766 12 cerato cerato NN 43431 2766 13 - - HYPH 43431 2766 14 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2766 15 , , , 43431 2766 16 and and CC 43431 2766 17 the the DT 43431 2766 18 first first JJ 43431 2766 19 two two CD 43431 2766 20 epi epi NN 43431 2766 21 - - HYPH 43431 2766 22 branchials branchial NNS 43431 2766 23 . . . 43431 2767 1 Most Most JJS 43431 2767 2 of of IN 43431 2767 3 these these DT 43431 2767 4 structures structure NNS 43431 2767 5 are be VBP 43431 2767 6 , , , 43431 2767 7 however however RB 43431 2767 8 , , , 43431 2767 9 partly partly RB 43431 2767 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2767 11 , , , 43431 2767 12 though though IN 43431 2767 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2767 14 include include VBP 43431 2767 15 an an DT 43431 2767 16 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2767 17 area area NN 43431 2767 18 . . . 43431 2768 1 The the DT 43431 2768 2 membrane membrane NN 43431 2768 3 bones bone VBZ 43431 2768 4 too too RB 43431 2768 5 of of IN 43431 2768 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2768 7 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2768 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2768 9 are be VBP 43431 2768 10 very very RB 43431 2768 11 well well RB 43431 2768 12 developed developed JJ 43431 2768 13 , , , 43431 2768 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2768 15 include include VBP 43431 2768 16 a a DT 43431 2768 17 bone bone NN 43431 2768 18 occupying occupy VBG 43431 2768 19 the the DT 43431 2768 20 position position NN 43431 2768 21 of of IN 43431 2768 22 the the DT 43431 2768 23 supra supra NNP 43431 2768 24 - - HYPH 43431 2768 25 occipital occipital NN 43431 2768 26 , , , 43431 2768 27 and and CC 43431 2768 28 form form VB 43431 2768 29 a a DT 43431 2768 30 complete complete JJ 43431 2768 31 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2768 32 cephalic cephalic JJ 43431 2768 33 shield shield NN 43431 2768 34 . . . 43431 2769 1 Resting rest VBG 43431 2769 2 on on IN 43431 2769 3 the the DT 43431 2769 4 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2769 5 surface surface NN 43431 2769 6 are be VBP 43431 2769 7 a a DT 43431 2769 8 vomer vomer NN 43431 2769 9 and and CC 43431 2769 10 a a DT 43431 2769 11 very very RB 43431 2769 12 large large JJ 43431 2769 13 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2769 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2769 15 fig fig NN 43431 2769 16 . . . 43431 2770 1 18 18 CD 43431 2770 2 , , , 43431 2770 3 3 3 CD 43431 2770 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2770 5 . . . 43431 2771 1 There there EX 43431 2771 2 is be VBZ 43431 2771 3 a a DT 43431 2771 4 bony bony NN 43431 2771 5 operculum operculum NN 43431 2771 6 attached attach VBN 43431 2771 7 to to IN 43431 2771 8 the the DT 43431 2771 9 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2771 10 , , , 43431 2771 11 and and CC 43431 2771 12 membrane membrane NN 43431 2771 13 bones bone NNS 43431 2771 14 representing represent VBG 43431 2771 15 respectively respectively RB 43431 2771 16 the the DT 43431 2771 17 maxilla maxilla NN 43431 2771 18 and and CC 43431 2771 19 dentary dentary NNP 43431 2771 20 are be VBP 43431 2771 21 attached attach VBN 43431 2771 22 to to IN 43431 2771 23 the the DT 43431 2771 24 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2771 25 . . . 43431 2772 1 The the DT 43431 2772 2 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 2772 3 is be VBZ 43431 2772 4 most most RBS 43431 2772 5 markedly markedly RB 43431 2772 6 hyostylic hyostylic JJ 43431 2772 7 . . . 43431 2773 1 The the DT 43431 2773 2 palato palato NN 43431 2773 3 - - HYPH 43431 2773 4 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2773 5 - - HYPH 43431 2773 6 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 2773 7 bar bar NN 43431 2773 8 has have VBZ 43431 2773 9 a a DT 43431 2773 10 very very RB 43431 2773 11 curious curious JJ 43431 2773 12 shape shape NN 43431 2773 13 and and CC 43431 2773 14 is be VBZ 43431 2773 15 quite quite RB 43431 2773 16 separate separate JJ 43431 2773 17 from from IN 43431 2773 18 the the DT 43431 2773 19 cranium cranium NN 43431 2773 20 . . . 43431 2774 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2774 2 is be VBZ 43431 2774 3 connected connect VBN 43431 2774 4 to to IN 43431 2774 5 the the DT 43431 2774 6 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2774 7 by by IN 43431 2774 8 a a DT 43431 2774 9 thick thick JJ 43431 2774 10 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2774 11 ligament ligament NN 43431 2774 12 containing contain VBG 43431 2774 13 a a DT 43431 2774 14 small small JJ 43431 2774 15 bone bone NN 43431 2774 16 homologous homologous JJ 43431 2774 17 with with IN 43431 2774 18 the the DT 43431 2774 19 symplectic symplectic NN 43431 2774 20 of of IN 43431 2774 21 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2774 22 . . . 43431 2775 1 _ _ NNP 43431 2775 2 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 2775 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2775 4 differs differ VBZ 43431 2775 5 much much RB 43431 2775 6 from from IN 43431 2775 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2775 8 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2775 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2775 10 , , , 43431 2775 11 the the DT 43431 2775 12 membrane membrane NN 43431 2775 13 bones bone NNS 43431 2775 14 not not RB 43431 2775 15 being be VBG 43431 2775 16 so so RB 43431 2775 17 well well RB 43431 2775 18 developed developed JJ 43431 2775 19 though though IN 43431 2775 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2775 21 cover cover VBP 43431 2775 22 the the DT 43431 2775 23 great great JJ 43431 2775 24 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2775 25 snout snout NN 43431 2775 26 . . . 43431 2776 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2776 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2776 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2776 4 . . . 43431 2777 1 18 18 CD 43431 2777 2 . . . 43431 2778 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 2778 2 VIEW view NN 43431 2778 3 OF of IN 43431 2778 4 THE the DT 43431 2778 5 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 2778 6 OF of IN 43431 2778 7 A a DT 43431 2778 8 STURGEON STURGEON NNP 43431 2778 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2778 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2778 11 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2778 12 sturio sturio NN 43431 2778 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2778 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2778 15 . . . 43431 2779 1 Nearly nearly RB 43431 2779 2 all all PDT 43431 2779 3 the the DT 43431 2779 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 2779 5 bones bone NNS 43431 2779 6 have have VBP 43431 2779 7 been be VBN 43431 2779 8 removed remove VBN 43431 2779 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2779 10 Brit Brit NNP 43431 2779 11 . . . 43431 2780 1 Mus mus NN 43431 2780 2 . . . 43431 2780 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2780 4 . . . 43431 2781 1 1 1 LS 43431 2781 2 . . . 43431 2781 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 2781 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 2781 5 . . . 43431 2782 1 2 2 LS 43431 2782 2 . . . 43431 2782 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 2782 4 . . . 43431 2783 1 3 3 LS 43431 2783 2 . . . 43431 2783 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NNP 43431 2783 4 . . . 43431 2784 1 4 4 LS 43431 2784 2 . . . 43431 2784 3 vomer vomer NN 43431 2784 4 . . . 43431 2785 1 5 5 LS 43431 2785 2 . . . 43431 2785 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 2785 4 . . . 43431 2786 1 6 6 LS 43431 2786 2 . . . 43431 2786 3 maxilla maxilla NNP 43431 2786 4 . . . 43431 2787 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2787 2 The the DT 43431 2787 3 dotted dotted JJ 43431 2787 4 line line NN 43431 2787 5 running run VBG 43431 2787 6 from from IN 43431 2787 7 6 6 CD 43431 2787 8 passes pass NNS 43431 2787 9 into into IN 43431 2787 10 the the DT 43431 2787 11 mouth mouth NN 43431 2787 12 cavity cavity NN 43431 2787 13 . . . 43431 2787 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2788 1 7 7 LS 43431 2788 2 . . . 43431 2788 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 2788 4 . . . 43431 2789 1 8 8 LS 43431 2789 2 . . . 43431 2789 3 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2789 4 . . . 43431 2790 1 10 10 CD 43431 2790 2 . . . 43431 2790 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 2790 4 . . . 43431 2791 1 11 11 CD 43431 2791 2 . . . 43431 2791 3 hyomandibular hyomandibular NNP 43431 2791 4 . . . 43431 2792 1 12 12 CD 43431 2792 2 . . . 43431 2792 3 pharyngo pharyngo NNP 43431 2792 4 - - HYPH 43431 2792 5 branchial branchial NNP 43431 2792 6 . . . 43431 2793 1 13 13 CD 43431 2793 2 . . . 43431 2793 3 epi epi NNP 43431 2793 4 - - HYPH 43431 2793 5 branchial branchial NNP 43431 2793 6 . . . 43431 2794 1 14 14 CD 43431 2794 2 . . . 43431 2794 3 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2794 4 - - HYPH 43431 2794 5 branchial branchial NNP 43431 2794 6 . . . 43431 2795 1 15 15 CD 43431 2795 2 . . . 43431 2795 3 hypo hypo NNP 43431 2795 4 - - HYPH 43431 2795 5 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2795 6 . . . 43431 2796 1 16 16 CD 43431 2796 2 . . . 43431 2796 3 coalesced coalesce VBD 43431 2796 4 anterior anterior NNP 43431 2796 5 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 2796 6 . . . 43431 2797 1 17 17 CD 43431 2797 2 . . . 43431 2797 3 inter inter NNP 43431 2797 4 - - NNP 43431 2797 5 hyal hyal JJ 43431 2797 6 . . . 43431 2798 1 18 18 CD 43431 2798 2 . . . 43431 2798 3 cerato cerato NNP 43431 2798 4 - - HYPH 43431 2798 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 2798 6 . . . 43431 2799 1 19 19 CD 43431 2799 2 . . . 43431 2800 1 rib rib NNP 43431 2800 2 . . . 43431 2800 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2801 1 The the DT 43431 2801 2 skull skull NN 43431 2801 3 in in IN 43431 2801 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2801 5 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 2801 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2801 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2801 8 Crossopterygii Crossopterygii NNP 43431 2801 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2801 10 shows show VBZ 43431 2801 11 a a DT 43431 2801 12 great great JJ 43431 2801 13 advance advance NN 43431 2801 14 towards towards IN 43431 2801 15 the the DT 43431 2801 16 condition condition NN 43431 2801 17 met meet VBN 43431 2801 18 with with IN 43431 2801 19 in in IN 43431 2801 20 Teleostei Teleostei NNP 43431 2801 21 . . . 43431 2802 1 The the DT 43431 2802 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 2802 3 remains remain VBZ 43431 2802 4 to to IN 43431 2802 5 a a DT 43431 2802 6 great great JJ 43431 2802 7 extent extent NN 43431 2802 8 unossified unossifie VBN 43431 2802 9 , , , 43431 2802 10 and and CC 43431 2802 11 large large JJ 43431 2802 12 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2802 13 and and CC 43431 2802 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2802 15 fontanelles fontanelle NNS 43431 2802 16 pierce pierce VB 43431 2802 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2802 18 walls wall NNS 43431 2802 19 . . . 43431 2803 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2803 2 is be VBZ 43431 2803 3 covered cover VBN 43431 2803 4 by by IN 43431 2803 5 a a DT 43431 2803 6 great great JJ 43431 2803 7 development development NN 43431 2803 8 of of IN 43431 2803 9 membrane membrane NN 43431 2803 10 bones bone NNS 43431 2803 11 , , , 43431 2803 12 paired pair VBN 43431 2803 13 nasals nasal NNS 43431 2803 14 , , , 43431 2803 15 frontals frontal NNS 43431 2803 16 , , , 43431 2803 17 parietals parietal NNS 43431 2803 18 , , , 43431 2803 19 supra- supra- JJ 43431 2803 20 and and CC 43431 2803 21 post post JJ 43431 2803 22 - - JJ 43431 2803 23 temporals temporal NNS 43431 2803 24 , , , 43431 2803 25 and and CC 43431 2803 26 dermo dermo CD 43431 2803 27 - - HYPH 43431 2803 28 supra supra NN 43431 2803 29 - - HYPH 43431 2803 30 occipitals occipital NNS 43431 2803 31 among among IN 43431 2803 32 others other NNS 43431 2803 33 being be VBG 43431 2803 34 present present JJ 43431 2803 35 . . . 43431 2804 1 The the DT 43431 2804 2 palato palato NN 43431 2804 3 - - HYPH 43431 2804 4 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2804 5 - - HYPH 43431 2804 6 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 2804 7 bar bar NN 43431 2804 8 is be VBZ 43431 2804 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 2804 10 to to IN 43431 2804 11 the the DT 43431 2804 12 cranium cranium NN 43431 2804 13 , , , 43431 2804 14 and and CC 43431 2804 15 in in IN 43431 2804 16 connection connection NN 43431 2804 17 with with IN 43431 2804 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2804 19 the the DT 43431 2804 20 following follow VBG 43431 2804 21 paired pair VBN 43431 2804 22 membrane membrane NN 43431 2804 23 bones bone NNS 43431 2804 24 appear appear VBP 43431 2804 25 , , , 43431 2804 26 palatine palatine NNP 43431 2804 27 , , , 43431 2804 28 ecto- ecto- NNP 43431 2804 29 , , , 43431 2804 30 meso- meso- NNP 43431 2804 31 and and CC 43431 2804 32 meta meta JJ 43431 2804 33 - - HYPH 43431 2804 34 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2804 35 , , , 43431 2804 36 and and CC 43431 2804 37 further further JJ 43431 2804 38 forwards forward VBZ 43431 2804 39 jugal jugal NNP 43431 2804 40 , , , 43431 2804 41 vomer vomer NNP 43431 2804 42 , , , 43431 2804 43 maxilla maxilla NNP 43431 2804 44 and and CC 43431 2804 45 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 2804 46 . . . 43431 2805 1 The the DT 43431 2805 2 membrane membrane NN 43431 2805 3 bones bone NNS 43431 2805 4 developed develop VBN 43431 2805 5 in in IN 43431 2805 6 connection connection NN 43431 2805 7 with with IN 43431 2805 8 each each DT 43431 2805 9 ramus ramus NN 43431 2805 10 of of IN 43431 2805 11 the the DT 43431 2805 12 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2805 13 are be VBP 43431 2805 14 the the DT 43431 2805 15 dentary dentary JJ 43431 2805 16 , , , 43431 2805 17 angular angular JJ 43431 2805 18 , , , 43431 2805 19 and and CC 43431 2805 20 splenial splenial JJ 43431 2805 21 , , , 43431 2805 22 in in IN 43431 2805 23 addition addition NN 43431 2805 24 to to IN 43431 2805 25 the the DT 43431 2805 26 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2805 27 bone bone NN 43431 2805 28 the the DT 43431 2805 29 articular articular NNP 43431 2805 30 . . . 43431 2806 1 Several several JJ 43431 2806 2 large large JJ 43431 2806 3 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2806 4 bones bone NNS 43431 2806 5 occur occur VBP 43431 2806 6 . . . 43431 2807 1 There there EX 43431 2807 2 are be VBP 43431 2807 3 also also RB 43431 2807 4 a a DT 43431 2807 5 pair pair NN 43431 2807 6 of of IN 43431 2807 7 large large JJ 43431 2807 8 jugular jugular JJ 43431 2807 9 or or CC 43431 2807 10 gular gular JJ 43431 2807 11 plates plate NNS 43431 2807 12 , , , 43431 2807 13 and and CC 43431 2807 14 several several JJ 43431 2807 15 large large JJ 43431 2807 16 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2807 17 bones bone NNS 43431 2807 18 . . . 43431 2808 1 In in IN 43431 2808 2 Bony Bony NNP 43431 2808 3 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2808 4 both both DT 43431 2808 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2808 6 bone bone NN 43431 2808 7 and and CC 43431 2808 8 membrane membrane NN 43431 2808 9 bone bone NN 43431 2808 10 is be VBZ 43431 2808 11 well well RB 43431 2808 12 developed developed JJ 43431 2808 13 . . . 43431 2809 1 The the DT 43431 2809 2 pro pro JJ 43431 2809 3 - - JJ 43431 2809 4 otics otic NNS 43431 2809 5 and and CC 43431 2809 6 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 2809 7 are be VBP 43431 2809 8 well well RB 43431 2809 9 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2809 10 , , , 43431 2809 11 but but CC 43431 2809 12 the the DT 43431 2809 13 supra supra NN 43431 2809 14 - - HYPH 43431 2809 15 occipital occipital NN 43431 2809 16 and and CC 43431 2809 17 pterotics pterotic NNS 43431 2809 18 are be VBP 43431 2809 19 not not RB 43431 2809 20 . . . 43431 2810 1 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 2810 2 ethmoids ethmoid NNS 43431 2810 3 are be VBP 43431 2810 4 developed develop VBN 43431 2810 5 , , , 43431 2810 6 and and CC 43431 2810 7 there there EX 43431 2810 8 are be VBP 43431 2810 9 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2810 10 in in IN 43431 2810 11 the the DT 43431 2810 12 sphenoidal sphenoidal NN 43431 2810 13 region region NN 43431 2810 14 which which WDT 43431 2810 15 vary vary VBP 43431 2810 16 in in IN 43431 2810 17 different different JJ 43431 2810 18 forms form NNS 43431 2810 19 . . . 43431 2811 1 The the DT 43431 2811 2 place place NN 43431 2811 3 of of IN 43431 2811 4 the the DT 43431 2811 5 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2811 6 palato palato NN 43431 2811 7 - - HYPH 43431 2811 8 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2811 9 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2811 10 is be VBZ 43431 2811 11 taken take VBN 43431 2811 12 by by IN 43431 2811 13 a a DT 43431 2811 14 series series NN 43431 2811 15 of of IN 43431 2811 16 bones bone NNS 43431 2811 17 , , , 43431 2811 18 the the DT 43431 2811 19 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2811 20 behind behind RB 43431 2811 21 and and CC 43431 2811 22 the the DT 43431 2811 23 palatine palatine NN 43431 2811 24 , , , 43431 2811 25 ecto- ecto- NNP 43431 2811 26 , , , 43431 2811 27 meso- meso- NNP 43431 2811 28 and and CC 43431 2811 29 meta meta JJ 43431 2811 30 - - HYPH 43431 2811 31 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 2811 32 in in IN 43431 2811 33 front front NN 43431 2811 34 . . . 43431 2812 1 In in IN 43431 2812 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2812 3 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2812 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2812 5 , , , 43431 2812 6 however however RB 43431 2812 7 , , , 43431 2812 8 the the DT 43431 2812 9 palatine palatine NN 43431 2812 10 and and CC 43431 2812 11 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2812 12 are be VBP 43431 2812 13 membrane membrane NN 43431 2812 14 bones bone NNS 43431 2812 15 , , , 43431 2812 16 as as IN 43431 2812 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2812 18 are be VBP 43431 2812 19 in in IN 43431 2812 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2812 21 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 2812 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2812 23 and and CC 43431 2812 24 the the DT 43431 2812 25 Frog Frog NNP 43431 2812 26 . . . 43431 2813 1 Paired pair VBN 43431 2813 2 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 2813 3 , , , 43431 2813 4 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 2813 5 , , , 43431 2813 6 vomers vomer NNS 43431 2813 7 and and CC 43431 2813 8 a a DT 43431 2813 9 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2813 10 occur occur VBP 43431 2813 11 forming form VBG 43431 2813 12 the the DT 43431 2813 13 upper upper JJ 43431 2813 14 jaw jaw NN 43431 2813 15 and and CC 43431 2813 16 roof roof NN 43431 2813 17 of of IN 43431 2813 18 the the DT 43431 2813 19 mouth mouth NN 43431 2813 20 , , , 43431 2813 21 and and CC 43431 2813 22 a a DT 43431 2813 23 series series NN 43431 2813 24 of of IN 43431 2813 25 membrane membrane NN 43431 2813 26 bones bone NNS 43431 2813 27 are be VBP 43431 2813 28 found find VBN 43431 2813 29 investing invest VBG 43431 2813 30 the the DT 43431 2813 31 mandible mandible NN 43431 2813 32 and and CC 43431 2813 33 forming form VBG 43431 2813 34 the the DT 43431 2813 35 operculum operculum NN 43431 2813 36 . . . 43431 2814 1 In in IN 43431 2814 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2814 3 Amia_[45 Amia_[45 NNP 43431 2814 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2814 5 membrane membrane NN 43431 2814 6 bones bone NNS 43431 2814 7 are be VBP 43431 2814 8 as as RB 43431 2814 9 freely freely RB 43431 2814 10 developed develop VBN 43431 2814 11 as as IN 43431 2814 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2814 13 are be VBP 43431 2814 14 in in IN 43431 2814 15 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2814 16 ; ; : 43431 2814 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2814 18 include include VBP 43431 2814 19 on on IN 43431 2814 20 each each DT 43431 2814 21 side side NN 43431 2814 22 a a DT 43431 2814 23 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 2814 24 , , , 43431 2814 25 four four CD 43431 2814 26 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2814 27 bones bone NNS 43431 2814 28 , , , 43431 2814 29 a a DT 43431 2814 30 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 2814 31 , , , 43431 2814 32 a a DT 43431 2814 33 pre pre JJ 43431 2814 34 - - JJ 43431 2814 35 orbital orbital JJ 43431 2814 36 , , , 43431 2814 37 one one CD 43431 2814 38 or or CC 43431 2814 39 two two CD 43431 2814 40 suborbitals suborbital NNS 43431 2814 41 , , , 43431 2814 42 two two CD 43431 2814 43 large large JJ 43431 2814 44 postorbitals postorbital NNS 43431 2814 45 and and CC 43431 2814 46 a a DT 43431 2814 47 supratemporal supratemporal NN 43431 2814 48 ; ; : 43431 2814 49 while while IN 43431 2814 50 investing invest VBG 43431 2814 51 the the DT 43431 2814 52 mandible mandible NN 43431 2814 53 , , , 43431 2814 54 besides besides IN 43431 2814 55 the the DT 43431 2814 56 dentary dentary JJ 43431 2814 57 , , , 43431 2814 58 splenial splenial JJ 43431 2814 59 , , , 43431 2814 60 angular angular JJ 43431 2814 61 , , , 43431 2814 62 and and CC 43431 2814 63 supra supra NNP 43431 2814 64 - - HYPH 43431 2814 65 angular angular JJ 43431 2814 66 , , , 43431 2814 67 there there EX 43431 2814 68 is be VBZ 43431 2814 69 an an DT 43431 2814 70 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2814 71 jugular jugular NN 43431 2814 72 . . . 43431 2815 1 The the DT 43431 2815 2 articular articular NNP 43431 2815 3 too too RB 43431 2815 4 is be VBZ 43431 2815 5 double double JJ 43431 2815 6 and and CC 43431 2815 7 a a DT 43431 2815 8 mento mento JJ 43431 2815 9 - - HYPH 43431 2815 10 meckelian meckelian JJ 43431 2815 11 occurs occur NNS 43431 2815 12 . . . 43431 2816 1 In in IN 43431 2816 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2816 3 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2816 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2816 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2816 6 are be VBP 43431 2816 7 borne bear VBN 43431 2816 8 on on IN 43431 2816 9 the the DT 43431 2816 10 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 2816 11 , , , 43431 2816 12 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 2816 13 , , , 43431 2816 14 vomers vomer NNS 43431 2816 15 , , , 43431 2816 16 palatines palatine NNS 43431 2816 17 and and CC 43431 2816 18 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 2816 19 . . . 43431 2817 1 Bony Bony NNP 43431 2817 2 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2817 3 are be VBP 43431 2817 4 the the DT 43431 2817 5 lowest low JJS 43431 2817 6 animals animal NNS 43431 2817 7 in in IN 43431 2817 8 which which WDT 43431 2817 9 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 2817 10 bones bone NNS 43431 2817 11 are be VBP 43431 2817 12 found find VBN 43431 2817 13 , , , 43431 2817 14 and and CC 43431 2817 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2817 16 do do VBP 43431 2817 17 not not RB 43431 2817 18 occur occur VB 43431 2817 19 in in IN 43431 2817 20 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2817 21 . . . 43431 2818 1 The the DT 43431 2818 2 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 2818 3 in in IN 43431 2818 4 bony bony NNP 43431 2818 5 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2818 6 , , , 43431 2818 7 as as IN 43431 2818 8 in in IN 43431 2818 9 the the DT 43431 2818 10 Chondrostei Chondrostei NNP 43431 2818 11 , , , 43431 2818 12 is be VBZ 43431 2818 13 hyostylic hyostylic JJ 43431 2818 14 , , , 43431 2818 15 and and CC 43431 2818 16 there there EX 43431 2818 17 are be VBP 43431 2818 18 two two CD 43431 2818 19 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2818 20 in in IN 43431 2818 21 the the DT 43431 2818 22 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2818 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2818 24 , , , 43431 2818 25 viz viz NN 43431 2818 26 . . . 43431 2819 1 the the DT 43431 2819 2 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 2819 3 , , , 43431 2819 4 and and CC 43431 2819 5 the the DT 43431 2819 6 symplectic symplectic JJ 43431 2819 7 . . . 43431 2820 1 The the DT 43431 2820 2 skull skull NN 43431 2820 3 of of IN 43431 2820 4 TELEOSTEI teleostei NN 43431 2820 5 is be VBZ 43431 2820 6 very very RB 43431 2820 7 similar similar JJ 43431 2820 8 to to IN 43431 2820 9 those those DT 43431 2820 10 of of IN 43431 2820 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2820 12 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2820 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2820 14 and and CC 43431 2820 15 _ _ NNP 43431 2820 16 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2820 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2820 18 . . . 43431 2821 1 Although although IN 43431 2821 2 the the DT 43431 2821 3 bony bony NN 43431 2821 4 skull skull NN 43431 2821 5 is be VBZ 43431 2821 6 greatly greatly RB 43431 2821 7 developed developed JJ 43431 2821 8 and and CC 43431 2821 9 very very RB 43431 2821 10 complicated complicated JJ 43431 2821 11 , , , 43431 2821 12 much much JJ 43431 2821 13 of of IN 43431 2821 14 the the DT 43431 2821 15 original original JJ 43431 2821 16 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2821 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 2821 18 often often RB 43431 2821 19 persists persist VBZ 43431 2821 20 . . . 43431 2822 1 Membrane membrane NN 43431 2822 2 bones bone NNS 43431 2822 3 are be VBP 43431 2822 4 specially specially RB 43431 2822 5 developed develop VBN 43431 2822 6 on on IN 43431 2822 7 the the DT 43431 2822 8 roof roof NN 43431 2822 9 of of IN 43431 2822 10 the the DT 43431 2822 11 skull skull NN 43431 2822 12 where where WRB 43431 2822 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2822 14 include include VBP 43431 2822 15 the the DT 43431 2822 16 parietal parietal JJ 43431 2822 17 , , , 43431 2822 18 frontal frontal JJ 43431 2822 19 , , , 43431 2822 20 and and CC 43431 2822 21 nasal nasal NN 43431 2822 22 bones bone NNS 43431 2822 23 . . . 43431 2823 1 The the DT 43431 2823 2 same same JJ 43431 2823 3 bones bone NNS 43431 2823 4 are be VBP 43431 2823 5 developed develop VBN 43431 2823 6 in in IN 43431 2823 7 connection connection NN 43431 2823 8 with with IN 43431 2823 9 the the DT 43431 2823 10 upper upper JJ 43431 2823 11 jaw jaw NN 43431 2823 12 and and CC 43431 2823 13 roof roof NN 43431 2823 14 of of IN 43431 2823 15 the the DT 43431 2823 16 mouth mouth NN 43431 2823 17 as as IN 43431 2823 18 in in IN 43431 2823 19 bony bony NNP 43431 2823 20 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2823 21 , , , 43431 2823 22 but but CC 43431 2823 23 only only RB 43431 2823 24 two two CD 43431 2823 25 membrane membrane NN 43431 2823 26 bones bone NNS 43431 2823 27 occur occur VBP 43431 2823 28 in in IN 43431 2823 29 the the DT 43431 2823 30 lower low JJR 43431 2823 31 jaw jaw NN 43431 2823 32 , , , 43431 2823 33 viz viz NN 43431 2823 34 . . . 43431 2824 1 the the DT 43431 2824 2 angular angular JJ 43431 2824 3 and and CC 43431 2824 4 dentary dentary JJ 43431 2824 5 . . . 43431 2825 1 A a DT 43431 2825 2 number number NN 43431 2825 3 of of IN 43431 2825 4 large large JJ 43431 2825 5 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2825 6 take take VBP 43431 2825 7 place place NN 43431 2825 8 in in IN 43431 2825 9 the the DT 43431 2825 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2825 11 of of IN 43431 2825 12 the the DT 43431 2825 13 auditory auditory JJ 43431 2825 14 capsules capsule NNS 43431 2825 15 . . . 43431 2826 1 In in IN 43431 2826 2 some some DT 43431 2826 3 forms form NNS 43431 2826 4 parts part NNS 43431 2826 5 of of IN 43431 2826 6 the the DT 43431 2826 7 last last JJ 43431 2826 8 pair pair NN 43431 2826 9 of of IN 43431 2826 10 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2826 11 arches arch NNS 43431 2826 12 are be VBP 43431 2826 13 broadened broaden VBN 43431 2826 14 out out RP 43431 2826 15 and and CC 43431 2826 16 form form VB 43431 2826 17 the the DT 43431 2826 18 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 2826 19 bones bone NNS 43431 2826 20 which which WDT 43431 2826 21 bear bear VBP 43431 2826 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2826 23 . . . 43431 2827 1 The the DT 43431 2827 2 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2827 3 bones bone NNS 43431 2827 4 and and CC 43431 2827 5 those those DT 43431 2827 6 of of IN 43431 2827 7 the the DT 43431 2827 8 upper upper JJ 43431 2827 9 and and CC 43431 2827 10 lower low JJR 43431 2827 11 jaws jaw NNS 43431 2827 12 are be VBP 43431 2827 13 quite quite RB 43431 2827 14 comparable comparable JJ 43431 2827 15 to to IN 43431 2827 16 those those DT 43431 2827 17 of of IN 43431 2827 18 bony bony NNP 43431 2827 19 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2827 20 . . . 43431 2828 1 A a DT 43431 2828 2 full full JJ 43431 2828 3 account account NN 43431 2828 4 of of IN 43431 2828 5 the the DT 43431 2828 6 Teleostean teleostean JJ 43431 2828 7 skull skull NN 43431 2828 8 has have VBZ 43431 2828 9 been be VBN 43431 2828 10 given give VBN 43431 2828 11 in in IN 43431 2828 12 the the DT 43431 2828 13 case case NN 43431 2828 14 of of IN 43431 2828 15 the the DT 43431 2828 16 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2828 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2828 18 pp pp NNP 43431 2828 19 . . . 43431 2829 1 87 87 CD 43431 2829 2 - - SYM 43431 2829 3 96 96 CD 43431 2829 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2829 5 and and CC 43431 2829 6 the the DT 43431 2829 7 Cod Cod NNP 43431 2829 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2829 9 pp pp NNP 43431 2829 10 . . . 43431 2830 1 96 96 CD 43431 2830 2 - - SYM 43431 2830 3 101 101 CD 43431 2830 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2830 5 . . . 43431 2831 1 In in IN 43431 2831 2 DIPNOI DIPNOI NNP 43431 2831 3 the the DT 43431 2831 4 skull skull NN 43431 2831 5 is be VBZ 43431 2831 6 mainly mainly RB 43431 2831 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2831 8 , , , 43431 2831 9 but but CC 43431 2831 10 both both DT 43431 2831 11 cartilage- cartilage- NN 43431 2831 12 and and CC 43431 2831 13 membrane membrane NN 43431 2831 14 - - HYPH 43431 2831 15 bone bone NN 43431 2831 16 occur occur VBP 43431 2831 17 also also RB 43431 2831 18 . . . 43431 2832 1 Cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2832 2 - - HYPH 43431 2832 3 bone bone NN 43431 2832 4 is be VBZ 43431 2832 5 found find VBN 43431 2832 6 in in IN 43431 2832 7 the the DT 43431 2832 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2832 9 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 2832 10 , , , 43431 2832 11 while while IN 43431 2832 12 of of IN 43431 2832 13 membrane membrane NN 43431 2832 14 - - HYPH 43431 2832 15 bones bone NNS 43431 2832 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2832 17 Protopterus Protopterus NNP 43431 2832 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2832 19 has have VBZ 43431 2832 20 among among IN 43431 2832 21 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2832 22 bones bone NNS 43431 2832 23 a a DT 43431 2832 24 fronto fronto JJ 43431 2832 25 - - HYPH 43431 2832 26 parietal parietal NN 43431 2832 27 , , , 43431 2832 28 a a DT 43431 2832 29 median median JJ 43431 2832 30 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 2832 31 , , , 43431 2832 32 and and CC 43431 2832 33 a a DT 43431 2832 34 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 2832 35 , , , 43431 2832 36 and and CC 43431 2832 37 among among IN 43431 2832 38 paired pair VBN 43431 2832 39 bones bone NNS 43431 2832 40 nasals nasal NNS 43431 2832 41 and and CC 43431 2832 42 large large JJ 43431 2832 43 supra supra NN 43431 2832 44 - - HYPH 43431 2832 45 orbitals orbital NNS 43431 2832 46 . . . 43431 2833 1 The the DT 43431 2833 2 skull skull NN 43431 2833 3 of of IN 43431 2833 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2833 5 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2833 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2833 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2833 8 fig fig NN 43431 2833 9 . . . 43431 2834 1 19 19 CD 43431 2834 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2834 3 has have VBZ 43431 2834 4 an an DT 43431 2834 5 almost almost RB 43431 2834 6 complete complete JJ 43431 2834 7 roof roof NN 43431 2834 8 of of IN 43431 2834 9 membrane membrane NN 43431 2834 10 bones bone NNS 43431 2834 11 , , , 43431 2834 12 including include VBG 43431 2834 13 some some DT 43431 2834 14 whose whose WP$ 43431 2834 15 homology homology NN 43431 2834 16 is be VBZ 43431 2834 17 doubtful doubtful JJ 43431 2834 18 . . . 43431 2835 1 The the DT 43431 2835 2 ethmo ethmo JJ 43431 2835 3 - - HYPH 43431 2835 4 vomerine vomerine NN 43431 2835 5 region region NN 43431 2835 6 is be VBZ 43431 2835 7 always always RB 43431 2835 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2835 9 , , , 43431 2835 10 but but CC 43431 2835 11 bears bear VBZ 43431 2835 12 small small JJ 43431 2835 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 2835 14 . . . 43431 2836 1 The the DT 43431 2836 2 palato palato NN 43431 2836 3 - - HYPH 43431 2836 4 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 2836 5 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 2836 6 bar bar NN 43431 2836 7 is be VBZ 43431 2836 8 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2836 9 and and CC 43431 2836 10 firmly firmly RB 43431 2836 11 united united JJ 43431 2836 12 to to IN 43431 2836 13 the the DT 43431 2836 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 2836 15 , , , 43431 2836 16 and and CC 43431 2836 17 the the DT 43431 2836 18 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2836 19 articulates articulate NNS 43431 2836 20 directly directly RB 43431 2836 21 with with IN 43431 2836 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2836 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2836 24 autostylic autostylic NNP 43431 2836 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2836 26 . . . 43431 2837 1 Membrane membrane NN 43431 2837 2 bones bone NNS 43431 2837 3 are be VBP 43431 2837 4 freely freely RB 43431 2837 5 developed develop VBN 43431 2837 6 in in IN 43431 2837 7 connection connection NN 43431 2837 8 with with IN 43431 2837 9 the the DT 43431 2837 10 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2837 11 , , , 43431 2837 12 dentary dentary JJ 43431 2837 13 , , , 43431 2837 14 splenial splenial NN 43431 2837 15 , , , 43431 2837 16 and and CC 43431 2837 17 angular angular JJ 43431 2837 18 bones bone NNS 43431 2837 19 being be VBG 43431 2837 20 all all DT 43431 2837 21 present present JJ 43431 2837 22 . . . 43431 2838 1 There there EX 43431 2838 2 are be VBP 43431 2838 3 two two CD 43431 2838 4 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2838 5 bones bone NNS 43431 2838 6 . . . 43431 2839 1 In in IN 43431 2839 2 the the DT 43431 2839 3 extinct extinct JJ 43431 2839 4 Dipteridae Dipteridae NNP 43431 2839 5 the the DT 43431 2839 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 2839 7 is be VBZ 43431 2839 8 very very RB 43431 2839 9 completely completely RB 43431 2839 10 covered cover VBN 43431 2839 11 with with IN 43431 2839 12 plates plate NNS 43431 2839 13 of of IN 43431 2839 14 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2839 15 bone bone NN 43431 2839 16 , , , 43431 2839 17 and and CC 43431 2839 18 the the DT 43431 2839 19 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2839 20 in in IN 43431 2839 21 general general JJ 43431 2839 22 is be VBZ 43431 2839 23 more more RBR 43431 2839 24 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2839 25 than than IN 43431 2839 26 is be VBZ 43431 2839 27 the the DT 43431 2839 28 case case NN 43431 2839 29 in in IN 43431 2839 30 recent recent JJ 43431 2839 31 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2839 32 . . . 43431 2840 1 Six six CD 43431 2840 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 2840 3 of of IN 43431 2840 4 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2840 5 arches arch NNS 43431 2840 6 occur occur VBP 43431 2840 7 in in IN 43431 2840 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2840 9 Protopterus Protopterus NNP 43431 2840 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2840 11 ; ; : 43431 2840 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2840 13 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2840 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2840 15 and and CC 43431 2840 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2840 17 Lepidosiren Lepidosiren NNP 43431 2840 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2840 19 have have VBP 43431 2840 20 five five CD 43431 2840 21 , , , 43431 2840 22 like like IN 43431 2840 23 most most JJS 43431 2840 24 other other JJ 43431 2840 25 fish fish NN 43431 2840 26 . . . 43431 2841 1 The the DT 43431 2841 2 branchial branchial JJ 43431 2841 3 arches arch NNS 43431 2841 4 bear bear VBP 43431 2841 5 gill gill NNP 43431 2841 6 rakers raker NNS 43431 2841 7 . . . 43431 2842 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2842 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2842 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2842 4 . . . 43431 2843 1 19 19 CD 43431 2843 2 . . . 43431 2844 1 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 2844 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2844 3 TO to IN 43431 2844 4 THE the DT 43431 2844 5 LEFT left NN 43431 2844 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2844 7 AND and CC 43431 2844 8 VENTRAL VENTRAL NNP 43431 2844 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2844 10 TO to IN 43431 2844 11 THE the DT 43431 2844 12 RIGHT right NN 43431 2844 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2844 14 VIEWS VIEWS NNP 43431 2844 15 OF of IN 43431 2844 16 THE the DT 43431 2844 17 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 2844 18 OF of IN 43431 2844 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2844 20 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2844 21 miolepis miolepis NN 43431 2844 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2844 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2844 24 after after IN 43431 2844 25 Gà Gà NNP 43431 2844 26 � � NNP 43431 2844 27 NTHER NTHER NNP 43431 2844 28 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2844 29 . . . 43431 2845 1 1 1 LS 43431 2845 2 . . . 43431 2845 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2845 4 part part NN 43431 2845 5 of of IN 43431 2845 6 the the DT 43431 2845 7 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 2845 8 with with IN 43431 2845 9 which which WDT 43431 2845 10 the the DT 43431 2845 11 mandible mandible JJ 43431 2845 12 articulates articulate NNS 43431 2845 13 . . . 43431 2846 1 2 2 LS 43431 2846 2 . . . 43431 2846 3 scleroparietal scleroparietal RB 43431 2846 4 . . . 43431 2847 1 3 3 LS 43431 2847 2 . . . 43431 2847 3 frontal frontal NN 43431 2847 4 . . . 43431 2848 1 4 4 LS 43431 2848 2 . . . 43431 2848 3 ethmoid ethmoid NNP 43431 2848 4 . . . 43431 2849 1 5 5 LS 43431 2849 2 . . . 43431 2849 3 nares naris NNS 43431 2849 4 . . . 43431 2850 1 6 6 LS 43431 2850 2 . . . 43431 2850 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 2850 4 . . . 43431 2851 1 7 7 LS 43431 2851 2 . . . 43431 2851 3 pre pre JJ 43431 2851 4 - - JJ 43431 2851 5 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2851 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2851 7 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 2851 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2851 9 . . . 43431 2852 1 8 8 LS 43431 2852 2 . . . 43431 2852 3 second second JJ 43431 2852 4 rib rib NN 43431 2852 5 . . . 43431 2853 1 9 9 LS 43431 2853 2 . . . 43431 2853 3 first first JJ 43431 2853 4 rib rib NN 43431 2853 5 . . . 43431 2854 1 10 10 LS 43431 2854 2 . . . 43431 2854 3 vomerine vomerine NNP 43431 2854 4 tooth tooth NNP 43431 2854 5 . . . 43431 2855 1 11 11 CD 43431 2855 2 . . . 43431 2855 3 palato palato NNP 43431 2855 4 - - HYPH 43431 2855 5 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 2855 6 tooth tooth NN 43431 2855 7 . . . 43431 2856 1 12 12 CD 43431 2856 2 . . . 43431 2856 3 palato palato NNP 43431 2856 4 - - HYPH 43431 2856 5 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 2856 6 . . . 43431 2857 1 13 13 CD 43431 2857 2 . . . 43431 2857 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NNP 43431 2857 4 . . . 43431 2858 1 14 14 CD 43431 2858 2 . . . 43431 2859 1 interopercular interopercular NNP 43431 2859 2 . . . 43431 2859 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2860 1 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 2860 2 . . . 43431 2861 1 As as IN 43431 2861 2 has have VBZ 43431 2861 3 been be VBN 43431 2861 4 already already RB 43431 2861 5 mentioned mention VBN 43431 2861 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2861 7 p. p. NN 43431 2861 8 24 24 CD 43431 2861 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2861 10 , , , 43431 2861 11 although although IN 43431 2861 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 2861 13 commonly commonly RB 43431 2861 14 appear appear VBP 43431 2861 15 to to TO 43431 2861 16 be be VB 43431 2861 17 the the DT 43431 2861 18 cut cut VBN 43431 2861 19 - - HYPH 43431 2861 20 off off RP 43431 2861 21 ends end NNS 43431 2861 22 of of IN 43431 2861 23 the the DT 43431 2861 24 transverse transverse JJ 43431 2861 25 processes process NNS 43431 2861 26 , , , 43431 2861 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2861 28 are be VBP 43431 2861 29 really really RB 43431 2861 30 elements element NNS 43431 2861 31 derived derive VBN 43431 2861 32 from from IN 43431 2861 33 the the DT 43431 2861 34 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2861 35 or or CC 43431 2861 36 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2861 37 arch arch JJ 43431 2861 38 . . . 43431 2862 1 In in IN 43431 2862 2 Elasmobranchii Elasmobranchii NNP 43431 2862 3 and and CC 43431 2862 4 other other JJ 43431 2862 5 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2862 6 fish fish NN 43431 2862 7 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2862 8 have have VBP 43431 2862 9 the the DT 43431 2862 10 form form NN 43431 2862 11 of of IN 43431 2862 12 small small JJ 43431 2862 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2862 14 structures structure NNS 43431 2862 15 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 2862 16 separated separate VBD 43431 2862 17 from from IN 43431 2862 18 the the DT 43431 2862 19 diverging diverge VBG 43431 2862 20 halves half NNS 43431 2862 21 of of IN 43431 2862 22 the the DT 43431 2862 23 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2862 24 arch arch NN 43431 2862 25 , , , 43431 2862 26 and and CC 43431 2862 27 are be VBP 43431 2862 28 often often RB 43431 2862 29 absent absent JJ 43431 2862 30 . . . 43431 2863 1 In in IN 43431 2863 2 Teleostei Teleostei NNP 43431 2863 3 and and CC 43431 2863 4 bony bony NNP 43431 2863 5 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2863 6 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2863 7 often often RB 43431 2863 8 have have VBP 43431 2863 9 different different JJ 43431 2863 10 attachments attachment NNS 43431 2863 11 in in IN 43431 2863 12 different different JJ 43431 2863 13 parts part NNS 43431 2863 14 of of IN 43431 2863 15 the the DT 43431 2863 16 body body NN 43431 2863 17 . . . 43431 2864 1 In in IN 43431 2864 2 the the DT 43431 2864 3 tail tail NN 43431 2864 4 region region NN 43431 2864 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2864 6 are be VBP 43431 2864 7 not not RB 43431 2864 8 differentiated differentiate VBN 43431 2864 9 from from IN 43431 2864 10 the the DT 43431 2864 11 two two CD 43431 2864 12 halves half NNS 43431 2864 13 of of IN 43431 2864 14 the the DT 43431 2864 15 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2864 16 arch arch NN 43431 2864 17 , , , 43431 2864 18 which which WDT 43431 2864 19 meet meet VBP 43431 2864 20 in in IN 43431 2864 21 the the DT 43431 2864 22 middle middle JJ 43431 2864 23 line line NN 43431 2864 24 , , , 43431 2864 25 and and CC 43431 2864 26 are be VBP 43431 2864 27 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 2864 28 into into IN 43431 2864 29 a a DT 43431 2864 30 haemal haemal JJ 43431 2864 31 spine spine NN 43431 2864 32 . . . 43431 2865 1 In in IN 43431 2865 2 the the DT 43431 2865 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 2865 4 trunk trunk NN 43431 2865 5 region region NN 43431 2865 6 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2865 7 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2865 8 form form VBP 43431 2865 9 distinct distinct JJ 43431 2865 10 processes process NNS 43431 2865 11 diverging diverge VBG 43431 2865 12 from from IN 43431 2865 13 the the DT 43431 2865 14 two two CD 43431 2865 15 halves half NNS 43431 2865 16 of of IN 43431 2865 17 the the DT 43431 2865 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2865 19 arch arch NN 43431 2865 20 ; ; : 43431 2865 21 while while IN 43431 2865 22 further further RB 43431 2865 23 forward forward RB 43431 2865 24 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2865 25 may may MD 43431 2865 26 shift shift VB 43431 2865 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2865 28 attachment attachment NN 43431 2865 29 so so IN 43431 2865 30 as as IN 43431 2865 31 to to TO 43431 2865 32 arise arise VB 43431 2865 33 from from IN 43431 2865 34 the the DT 43431 2865 35 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2865 36 side side NN 43431 2865 37 of of IN 43431 2865 38 the the DT 43431 2865 39 two two CD 43431 2865 40 halves half NNS 43431 2865 41 of of IN 43431 2865 42 the the DT 43431 2865 43 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2865 44 arch arch NN 43431 2865 45 and and CC 43431 2865 46 at at IN 43431 2865 47 some some DT 43431 2865 48 distance distance NN 43431 2865 49 from from IN 43431 2865 50 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2865 51 ends end NNS 43431 2865 52 , , , 43431 2865 53 which which WDT 43431 2865 54 now now RB 43431 2865 55 diverge diverge VBP 43431 2865 56 as as IN 43431 2865 57 ventri ventri NN 43431 2865 58 - - HYPH 43431 2865 59 lateral lateral JJ 43431 2865 60 processes process NNS 43431 2865 61 . . . 43431 2866 1 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 2866 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 2866 3 . . . 43431 2867 1 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNP 43431 2867 2 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 2867 3 . . . 43431 2868 1 The the DT 43431 2868 2 simplest simple JJS 43431 2868 3 type type NN 43431 2868 4 of of IN 43431 2868 5 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2868 6 girdle girdle NN 43431 2868 7 is be VBZ 43431 2868 8 found find VBN 43431 2868 9 in in IN 43431 2868 10 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2868 11 . . . 43431 2869 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2869 2 is be VBZ 43431 2869 3 entirely entirely RB 43431 2869 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2869 5 and and CC 43431 2869 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 2869 7 of of IN 43431 2869 8 a a DT 43431 2869 9 curved curved JJ 43431 2869 10 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 2869 11 - - HYPH 43431 2869 12 placed place VBN 43431 2869 13 rod rod NN 43431 2869 14 , , , 43431 2869 15 ending end VBG 43431 2869 16 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 2869 17 in in IN 43431 2869 18 two two CD 43431 2869 19 horn horn NN 43431 2869 20 - - HYPH 43431 2869 21 like like JJ 43431 2869 22 scapular scapular JJ 43431 2869 23 processes process NNS 43431 2869 24 which which WDT 43431 2869 25 are be VBP 43431 2869 26 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2869 27 attached attach VBN 43431 2869 28 to to IN 43431 2869 29 the the DT 43431 2869 30 cranium cranium NN 43431 2869 31 or or CC 43431 2869 32 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 2869 33 column column NN 43431 2869 34 . . . 43431 2870 1 In in IN 43431 2870 2 Rays ray NNS 43431 2870 3 the the DT 43431 2870 4 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 2870 5 girdle girdle NN 43431 2870 6 is be VBZ 43431 2870 7 very very RB 43431 2870 8 large large JJ 43431 2870 9 , , , 43431 2870 10 and and CC 43431 2870 11 has have VBZ 43431 2870 12 a a DT 43431 2870 13 distinct distinct JJ 43431 2870 14 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 2870 15 portion portion NN 43431 2870 16 forming form VBG 43431 2870 17 a a DT 43431 2870 18 broad broad JJ 43431 2870 19 plate plate NN 43431 2870 20 attached attach VBN 43431 2870 21 to to IN 43431 2870 22 the the DT 43431 2870 23 neural neural JJ 43431 2870 24 spines spine NNS 43431 2870 25 of of IN 43431 2870 26 the the DT 43431 2870 27 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 2870 28 . . . 43431 2871 1 There there EX 43431 2871 2 is be VBZ 43431 2871 3 often often RB 43431 2871 4 a a DT 43431 2871 5 cup cup NN 43431 2871 6 - - HYPH 43431 2871 7 like like JJ 43431 2871 8 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 2871 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 2871 10 for for IN 43431 2871 11 the the DT 43431 2871 12 articulation articulation NN 43431 2871 13 of of IN 43431 2871 14 the the DT 43431 2871 15 limb limb NN 43431 2871 16 ; ; : 43431 2871 17 this this DT 43431 2871 18 cavity cavity NN 43431 2871 19 is be VBZ 43431 2871 20 specially specially RB 43431 2871 21 large large JJ 43431 2871 22 in in IN 43431 2871 23 Rays ray NNS 43431 2871 24 and and CC 43431 2871 25 is be VBZ 43431 2871 26 much much RB 43431 2871 27 pierced pierce VBN 43431 2871 28 by by IN 43431 2871 29 holes hole NNS 43431 2871 30 . . . 43431 2872 1 In in IN 43431 2872 2 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2872 3 the the DT 43431 2872 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2872 5 girdle girdle NN 43431 2872 6 still still RB 43431 2872 7 occurs occur VBZ 43431 2872 8 , , , 43431 2872 9 but but CC 43431 2872 10 on on IN 43431 2872 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2872 12 there there EX 43431 2872 13 is be VBZ 43431 2872 14 a a DT 43431 2872 15 deposit deposit NN 43431 2872 16 of of IN 43431 2872 17 membrane membrane NN 43431 2872 18 bone bone NN 43431 2872 19 forming form VBG 43431 2872 20 the the DT 43431 2872 21 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2872 22 , , , 43431 2872 23 infraclavicle infraclavicle NNP 43431 2872 24 , , , 43431 2872 25 and and CC 43431 2872 26 supra supra NNP 43431 2872 27 - - HYPH 43431 2872 28 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2872 29 . . . 43431 2873 1 These these DT 43431 2873 2 bones bone NNS 43431 2873 3 , , , 43431 2873 4 which which WDT 43431 2873 5 with with IN 43431 2873 6 the the DT 43431 2873 7 exception exception NN 43431 2873 8 of of IN 43431 2873 9 the the DT 43431 2873 10 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 2873 11 , , , 43431 2873 12 are be VBP 43431 2873 13 unknown unknown JJ 43431 2873 14 in in IN 43431 2873 15 higher high JJR 43431 2873 16 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 2873 17 , , , 43431 2873 18 are be VBP 43431 2873 19 better well RBR 43431 2873 20 developed develop VBN 43431 2873 21 in in IN 43431 2873 22 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2873 23 , , , 43431 2873 24 and and CC 43431 2873 25 best good JJS 43431 2873 26 of of IN 43431 2873 27 all all DT 43431 2873 28 in in IN 43431 2873 29 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2873 30 . . . 43431 2874 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 2874 2 are be VBP 43431 2874 3 connected connect VBN 43431 2874 4 by by IN 43431 2874 5 the the DT 43431 2874 6 supratemporal supratemporal NN 43431 2874 7 with with IN 43431 2874 8 the the DT 43431 2874 9 epi epi JJ 43431 2874 10 - - JJ 43431 2874 11 otic otic JJ 43431 2874 12 and and CC 43431 2874 13 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 2874 14 regions region NNS 43431 2874 15 of of IN 43431 2874 16 the the DT 43431 2874 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 2874 18 . . . 43431 2875 1 Owing owe VBG 43431 2875 2 to to IN 43431 2875 3 this this DT 43431 2875 4 development development NN 43431 2875 5 of of IN 43431 2875 6 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2875 7 bone bone NN 43431 2875 8 , , , 43431 2875 9 the the DT 43431 2875 10 original original JJ 43431 2875 11 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2875 12 arch arch NN 43431 2875 13 becomes become VBZ 43431 2875 14 much much RB 43431 2875 15 reduced reduce VBN 43431 2875 16 , , , 43431 2875 17 but but CC 43431 2875 18 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 2875 19 representing represent VBG 43431 2875 20 the the DT 43431 2875 21 scapula scapula NN 43431 2875 22 and and CC 43431 2875 23 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 2875 24 occur occur VBP 43431 2875 25 in in IN 43431 2875 26 bony bony NNP 43431 2875 27 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2875 28 and and CC 43431 2875 29 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2875 30 . . . 43431 2876 1 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 2876 2 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 2876 3 . . . 43431 2877 1 In in IN 43431 2877 2 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2877 3 the the DT 43431 2877 4 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 2877 5 girdle girdle NN 43431 2877 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 2877 7 of of IN 43431 2877 8 a a DT 43431 2877 9 short short JJ 43431 2877 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2877 11 rod rod NN 43431 2877 12 of of IN 43431 2877 13 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2877 14 representing represent VBG 43431 2877 15 the the DT 43431 2877 16 ischium ischium NN 43431 2877 17 and and CC 43431 2877 18 pubis pubi VBD 43431 2877 19 , , , 43431 2877 20 which which WDT 43431 2877 21 does do VBZ 43431 2877 22 not not RB 43431 2877 23 send send VB 43431 2877 24 up up RP 43431 2877 25 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2877 26 iliac iliac NN 43431 2877 27 processes process NNS 43431 2877 28 . . . 43431 2878 1 In in IN 43431 2878 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2878 3 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 2878 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2878 5 the the DT 43431 2878 6 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2878 7 girdle girdle NN 43431 2878 8 has have VBZ 43431 2878 9 a a DT 43431 2878 10 flattened flatten VBN 43431 2878 11 pointed pointed JJ 43431 2878 12 iliac iliac NN 43431 2878 13 portion portion NN 43431 2878 14 , , , 43431 2878 15 and and CC 43431 2878 16 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 2878 17 an an DT 43431 2878 18 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2878 19 movable movable JJ 43431 2878 20 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2878 21 plate plate NN 43431 2878 22 which which WDT 43431 2878 23 bears bear VBZ 43431 2878 24 hooks hook NNS 43431 2878 25 and and CC 43431 2878 26 is be VBZ 43431 2878 27 supposed suppose VBN 43431 2878 28 to to TO 43431 2878 29 be be VB 43431 2878 30 copulatory copulatory JJ 43431 2878 31 in in IN 43431 2878 32 function function NN 43431 2878 33 . . . 43431 2879 1 Claspers clasper NNS 43431 2879 2 of of IN 43431 2879 3 the the DT 43431 2879 4 usual usual JJ 43431 2879 5 type type NN 43431 2879 6 are be VBP 43431 2879 7 present present JJ 43431 2879 8 as as RB 43431 2879 9 well well RB 43431 2879 10 . . . 43431 2880 1 The the DT 43431 2880 2 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2880 3 have have VBP 43431 2880 4 a a DT 43431 2880 5 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2880 6 kind kind NN 43431 2880 7 of of IN 43431 2880 8 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 2880 9 in in IN 43431 2880 10 the the DT 43431 2880 11 form form NN 43431 2880 12 of of IN 43431 2880 13 a a DT 43431 2880 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2880 15 plate plate NN 43431 2880 16 lying lie VBG 43431 2880 17 in in IN 43431 2880 18 the the DT 43431 2880 19 mid mid JJ 43431 2880 20 - - JJ 43431 2880 21 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2880 22 line line NN 43431 2880 23 and and CC 43431 2880 24 drawn draw VBN 43431 2880 25 out out RP 43431 2880 26 into into IN 43431 2880 27 three three CD 43431 2880 28 horns horn NNS 43431 2880 29 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 2880 30 . . . 43431 2881 1 In in IN 43431 2881 2 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2881 3 the the DT 43431 2881 4 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 2881 5 has have VBZ 43431 2881 6 almost almost RB 43431 2881 7 entirely entirely RB 43431 2881 8 disappeared disappear VBN 43431 2881 9 , , , 43431 2881 10 though though IN 43431 2881 11 small small JJ 43431 2881 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2881 13 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 2881 14 of of IN 43431 2881 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2881 16 remain remain VBP 43431 2881 17 in in IN 43431 2881 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2881 19 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 2881 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2881 21 . . . 43431 2882 1 In in IN 43431 2882 2 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2882 3 even even RB 43431 2882 4 these these DT 43431 2882 5 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 2882 6 are be VBP 43431 2882 7 gone go VBN 43431 2882 8 , , , 43431 2882 9 and and CC 43431 2882 10 in in IN 43431 2882 11 these these DT 43431 2882 12 fish fish NN 43431 2882 13 and and CC 43431 2882 14 Ganoids ganoid VBZ 43431 2882 15 the the DT 43431 2882 16 place place NN 43431 2882 17 of of IN 43431 2882 18 the the DT 43431 2882 19 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 2882 20 is be VBZ 43431 2882 21 taken take VBN 43431 2882 22 by by IN 43431 2882 23 the the DT 43431 2882 24 enlarged enlarge VBN 43431 2882 25 basi basi NNP 43431 2882 26 - - HYPH 43431 2882 27 pterygia pterygia NNP 43431 2882 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2882 29 meta meta NNP 43431 2882 30 - - HYPH 43431 2882 31 pterygia pterygia NNP 43431 2882 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2882 33 of of IN 43431 2882 34 the the DT 43431 2882 35 fins fin NNS 43431 2882 36 . . . 43431 2883 1 PAIRED PAIRED NNP 43431 2883 2 FINS[46 FINS[46 -RRB- 43431 2883 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2883 4 . . . 43431 2884 1 As as IN 43431 2884 2 regards regard VBZ 43431 2884 3 the the DT 43431 2884 4 origin origin NN 43431 2884 5 of of IN 43431 2884 6 the the DT 43431 2884 7 limbs limb NNS 43431 2884 8 or or CC 43431 2884 9 paired pair VBD 43431 2884 10 fins fin NNS 43431 2884 11 of of IN 43431 2884 12 fishes fish NNS 43431 2884 13 there there EX 43431 2884 14 are be VBP 43431 2884 15 two two CD 43431 2884 16 principal principal JJ 43431 2884 17 views view NNS 43431 2884 18 . . . 43431 2885 1 One one CD 43431 2885 2 view view NN 43431 2885 3 , , , 43431 2885 4 that that DT 43431 2885 5 of of IN 43431 2885 6 Gegenbaur Gegenbaur NNP 43431 2885 7 , , , 43431 2885 8 considers consider VBZ 43431 2885 9 that that IN 43431 2885 10 limbs limb VBZ 43431 2885 11 and and CC 43431 2885 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2885 13 girdles girdle NNS 43431 2885 14 are be VBP 43431 2885 15 derived derive VBN 43431 2885 16 from from IN 43431 2885 17 visceral visceral JJ 43431 2885 18 arches arch NNS 43431 2885 19 which which WDT 43431 2885 20 have have VBP 43431 2885 21 migrated migrate VBN 43431 2885 22 backwards backwards RB 43431 2885 23 . . . 43431 2886 1 The the DT 43431 2886 2 other other JJ 43431 2886 3 view view NN 43431 2886 4 , , , 43431 2886 5 which which WDT 43431 2886 6 probably probably RB 43431 2886 7 now now RB 43431 2886 8 has have VBZ 43431 2886 9 the the DT 43431 2886 10 greater great JJR 43431 2886 11 number number NN 43431 2886 12 of of IN 43431 2886 13 supporters supporter NNS 43431 2886 14 , , , 43431 2886 15 considers consider VBZ 43431 2886 16 that that IN 43431 2886 17 the the DT 43431 2886 18 paired pair VBN 43431 2886 19 fins fin NNS 43431 2886 20 of of IN 43431 2886 21 fishes fish NNS 43431 2886 22 are be VBP 43431 2886 23 of of IN 43431 2886 24 essentially essentially RB 43431 2886 25 the the DT 43431 2886 26 same same JJ 43431 2886 27 nature nature NN 43431 2886 28 as as IN 43431 2886 29 the the DT 43431 2886 30 median median JJ 43431 2886 31 fins fin NNS 43431 2886 32 . . . 43431 2887 1 According accord VBG 43431 2887 2 to to IN 43431 2887 3 Gegenbaur Gegenbaur NNP 43431 2887 4 's 's POS 43431 2887 5 view[47 view[47 NN 43431 2887 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2887 7 the the DT 43431 2887 8 = = SYM 43431 2887 9 archipterygium= archipterygium= NNS 43431 2887 10 of of IN 43431 2887 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2887 12 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2887 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2887 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2887 15 fig fig NN 43431 2887 16 . . . 43431 2888 1 20 20 CD 43431 2888 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2888 3 represents represent VBZ 43431 2888 4 the the DT 43431 2888 5 lowest low JJS 43431 2888 6 type type NN 43431 2888 7 of of IN 43431 2888 8 fin fin NN 43431 2888 9 ; ; : 43431 2888 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2888 11 consists consist VBZ 43431 2888 12 of of IN 43431 2888 13 a a DT 43431 2888 14 central central JJ 43431 2888 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2888 16 axis axi NNS 43431 2888 17 bearing bear VBG 43431 2888 18 a a DT 43431 2888 19 large large JJ 43431 2888 20 number number NN 43431 2888 21 of of IN 43431 2888 22 radiale radiale NN 43431 2888 23 . . . 43431 2889 1 The the DT 43431 2889 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 2889 3 or or CC 43431 2889 4 pre pre JJ 43431 2889 5 - - JJ 43431 2889 6 axial axial JJ 43431 2889 7 radiale radiale NN 43431 2889 8 are be VBP 43431 2889 9 more more RBR 43431 2889 10 numerous numerous JJ 43431 2889 11 than than IN 43431 2889 12 the the DT 43431 2889 13 ventral ventral JJ 43431 2889 14 or or CC 43431 2889 15 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 2889 16 , , , 43431 2889 17 and and CC 43431 2889 18 at at IN 43431 2889 19 the the DT 43431 2889 20 margin margin NN 43431 2889 21 of of IN 43431 2889 22 the the DT 43431 2889 23 fin[48 fin[48 NN 43431 2889 24 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2889 25 the the DT 43431 2889 26 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2889 27 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 2889 28 radiale radiale NN 43431 2889 29 are be VBP 43431 2889 30 replaced replace VBN 43431 2889 31 by by IN 43431 2889 32 horny horny JJ 43431 2889 33 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 2889 34 fin fin NN 43431 2889 35 - - HYPH 43431 2889 36 rays ray NNS 43431 2889 37 . . . 43431 2890 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2890 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 2890 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 2890 4 . . . 43431 2891 1 20 20 CD 43431 2891 2 . . . 43431 2892 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 2892 2 VIEW view NN 43431 2892 3 OF of IN 43431 2892 4 THE the DT 43431 2892 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 2892 6 OF of IN 43431 2892 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2892 8 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2892 9 miolepis miolepis NN 43431 2892 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2892 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2892 12 after after IN 43431 2892 13 Gà Gà NNP 43431 2892 14 � � NNP 43431 2892 15 NTHER NTHER NNP 43431 2892 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2892 17 . . . 43431 2893 1 1 1 LS 43431 2893 2 . . . 43431 2893 3 ethmoid ethmoid NNP 43431 2893 4 . . . 43431 2894 1 2 2 LS 43431 2894 2 . . . 43431 2894 3 scleroparietal scleroparietal RB 43431 2894 4 . . . 43431 2895 1 3 3 LS 43431 2895 2 . . . 43431 2895 3 frontal frontal NN 43431 2895 4 . . . 43431 2896 1 4 4 LS 43431 2896 2 . . . 43431 2896 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2896 4 posterior posterior NN 43431 2896 5 part part NN 43431 2896 6 of of IN 43431 2896 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 2896 8 . . . 43431 2897 1 5 5 LS 43431 2897 2 . . . 43431 2897 3 pre pre JJ 43431 2897 4 - - JJ 43431 2897 5 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2897 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2897 7 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 2897 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2897 9 . . . 43431 2898 1 6 6 LS 43431 2898 2 . . . 43431 2898 3 opercular opercular JJ 43431 2898 4 . . . 43431 2899 1 7 7 LS 43431 2899 2 . . . 43431 2899 3 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 2899 4 . . . 43431 2900 1 8 8 LS 43431 2900 2 . . . 43431 2900 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 2900 4 . . . 43431 2901 1 9 9 LS 43431 2901 2 . . . 43431 2901 3 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2901 4 girdle girdle NNP 43431 2901 5 . . . 43431 2902 1 10 10 LS 43431 2902 2 . . . 43431 2902 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 2902 4 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 2902 5 of of IN 43431 2902 6 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2902 7 fin fin NNP 43431 2902 8 . . . 43431 2903 1 11 11 CD 43431 2903 2 . . . 43431 2903 3 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2903 4 fin fin NNP 43431 2903 5 . . . 43431 2904 1 12 12 CD 43431 2904 2 . . . 43431 2904 3 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 2904 4 girdle girdle NNP 43431 2904 5 . . . 43431 2905 1 13 13 CD 43431 2905 2 . . . 43431 2905 3 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 2905 4 fin fin NNP 43431 2905 5 . . . 43431 2906 1 14 14 CD 43431 2906 2 . . . 43431 2906 3 spinal spinal JJ 43431 2906 4 column column NN 43431 2906 5 . . . 43431 2907 1 15 15 CD 43431 2907 2 . . . 43431 2907 3 caudal caudal NNP 43431 2907 4 fin fin NNP 43431 2907 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2907 6 diphycercal diphycercal NNP 43431 2907 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2907 8 . . . 43431 2907 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2908 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2908 2 is be VBZ 43431 2908 3 impossible impossible JJ 43431 2908 4 here here RB 43431 2908 5 to to TO 43431 2908 6 give give VB 43431 2908 7 a a DT 43431 2908 8 full full JJ 43431 2908 9 discussion discussion NN 43431 2908 10 of of IN 43431 2908 11 the the DT 43431 2908 12 rival rival JJ 43431 2908 13 views view NNS 43431 2908 14 , , , 43431 2908 15 but but CC 43431 2908 16 some some DT 43431 2908 17 of of IN 43431 2908 18 the the DT 43431 2908 19 points point NNS 43431 2908 20 which which WDT 43431 2908 21 support support VBP 43431 2908 22 Gegenbaur Gegenbaur NNP 43431 2908 23 's 's POS 43431 2908 24 view view NN 43431 2908 25 may may MD 43431 2908 26 be be VB 43431 2908 27 mentioned mention VBN 43431 2908 28 . . . 43431 2909 1 The the DT 43431 2909 2 fact fact NN 43431 2909 3 that that IN 43431 2909 4 migration migration NN 43431 2909 5 of of IN 43431 2909 6 visceral visceral JJ 43431 2909 7 arches arch NNS 43431 2909 8 has have VBZ 43431 2909 9 to to TO 43431 2909 10 be be VB 43431 2909 11 assumed assume VBN 43431 2909 12 is be VBZ 43431 2909 13 no no DT 43431 2909 14 difficulty difficulty NN 43431 2909 15 , , , 43431 2909 16 as as IN 43431 2909 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2909 18 is be VBZ 43431 2909 19 obvious obvious JJ 43431 2909 20 that that DT 43431 2909 21 migration migration NN 43431 2909 22 in in IN 43431 2909 23 the the DT 43431 2909 24 opposite opposite JJ 43431 2909 25 direction direction NN 43431 2909 26 has have VBZ 43431 2909 27 taken take VBN 43431 2909 28 place place NN 43431 2909 29 in in IN 43431 2909 30 many many JJ 43431 2909 31 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2909 32 such such JJ 43431 2909 33 as as IN 43431 2909 34 the the DT 43431 2909 35 Cod Cod NNP 43431 2909 36 , , , 43431 2909 37 whose whose WP$ 43431 2909 38 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2909 39 fins fin NNS 43431 2909 40 are be VBP 43431 2909 41 attached attach VBN 43431 2909 42 to to IN 43431 2909 43 the the DT 43431 2909 44 throat throat NN 43431 2909 45 in in IN 43431 2909 46 front front NN 43431 2909 47 of of IN 43431 2909 48 the the DT 43431 2909 49 pectorals pectoral NNS 43431 2909 50 . . . 43431 2910 1 If if IN 43431 2910 2 migration migration NN 43431 2910 3 did do VBD 43431 2910 4 take take VB 43431 2910 5 place place NN 43431 2910 6 , , , 43431 2910 7 the the DT 43431 2910 8 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2910 9 fins fin NNS 43431 2910 10 being be VBG 43431 2910 11 older old JJR 43431 2910 12 than than IN 43431 2910 13 the the DT 43431 2910 14 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 2910 15 should should MD 43431 2910 16 be be VB 43431 2910 17 the the DT 43431 2910 18 more more RBR 43431 2910 19 modified modified JJ 43431 2910 20 , , , 43431 2910 21 and and CC 43431 2910 22 this this DT 43431 2910 23 is be VBZ 43431 2910 24 the the DT 43431 2910 25 case case NN 43431 2910 26 . . . 43431 2911 1 Again again RB 43431 2911 2 , , , 43431 2911 3 if if IN 43431 2911 4 the the DT 43431 2911 5 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2911 6 girdle girdle NN 43431 2911 7 is be VBZ 43431 2911 8 a a DT 43431 2911 9 modified modify VBN 43431 2911 10 branchial branchial NN 43431 2911 11 arch arch NN 43431 2911 12 , , , 43431 2911 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2911 14 must must MD 43431 2911 15 at at IN 43431 2911 16 some some DT 43431 2911 17 period period NN 43431 2911 18 have have VBP 43431 2911 19 carried carry VBN 43431 2911 20 a a DT 43431 2911 21 gill gill NN 43431 2911 22 , , , 43431 2911 23 and and CC 43431 2911 24 in in IN 43431 2911 25 _ _ NNP 43431 2911 26 Protopterus Protopterus NNP 43431 2911 27 _ _ NNP 43431 2911 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2911 29 does do VBZ 43431 2911 30 bear bear VB 43431 2911 31 a a DT 43431 2911 32 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 2911 33 gill gill NN 43431 2911 34 . . . 43431 2912 1 According accord VBG 43431 2912 2 to to IN 43431 2912 3 the the DT 43431 2912 4 view view NN 43431 2912 5 more more RBR 43431 2912 6 prevalent prevalent JJ 43431 2912 7 at at IN 43431 2912 8 the the DT 43431 2912 9 present present JJ 43431 2912 10 time time NN 43431 2912 11 , , , 43431 2912 12 the the DT 43431 2912 13 paired pair VBN 43431 2912 14 fins fin NNS 43431 2912 15 have have VBP 43431 2912 16 been be VBN 43431 2912 17 derived derive VBN 43431 2912 18 from from IN 43431 2912 19 two two CD 43431 2912 20 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2912 21 folds fold NNS 43431 2912 22 of of IN 43431 2912 23 skin skin NN 43431 2912 24 and and CC 43431 2912 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2912 26 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 2912 27 supports support NNS 43431 2912 28 running run VBG 43431 2912 29 forward forward RB 43431 2912 30 from from IN 43431 2912 31 the the DT 43431 2912 32 anal anal JJ 43431 2912 33 region region NN 43431 2912 34 along along IN 43431 2912 35 the the DT 43431 2912 36 sides side NNS 43431 2912 37 of of IN 43431 2912 38 the the DT 43431 2912 39 body body NN 43431 2912 40 , , , 43431 2912 41 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2912 42 character character NN 43431 2912 43 being be VBG 43431 2912 44 similar similar JJ 43431 2912 45 to to IN 43431 2912 46 the the DT 43431 2912 47 fold fold NN 43431 2912 48 that that WDT 43431 2912 49 gave give VBD 43431 2912 50 rise rise NN 43431 2912 51 to to IN 43431 2912 52 the the DT 43431 2912 53 median median JJ 43431 2912 54 fins fin NNS 43431 2912 55 . . . 43431 2913 1 In in IN 43431 2913 2 support support NN 43431 2913 3 of of IN 43431 2913 4 this this DT 43431 2913 5 view view NN 43431 2913 6 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2913 7 may may MD 43431 2913 8 be be VB 43431 2913 9 argued argue VBN 43431 2913 10 that that IN 43431 2913 11 the the DT 43431 2913 12 paired paired JJ 43431 2913 13 and and CC 43431 2913 14 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 2913 15 fins fin NNS 43431 2913 16 are be VBP 43431 2913 17 often often RB 43431 2913 18 identical identical JJ 43431 2913 19 in in IN 43431 2913 20 structure structure NN 43431 2913 21 , , , 43431 2913 22 and and CC 43431 2913 23 that that IN 43431 2913 24 some some DT 43431 2913 25 Elasmobranch elasmobranch JJ 43431 2913 26 embryos embryo NNS 43431 2913 27 do do VBP 43431 2913 28 show show VB 43431 2913 29 a a DT 43431 2913 30 ridge ridge NN 43431 2913 31 running run VBG 43431 2913 32 between between IN 43431 2913 33 the the DT 43431 2913 34 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2913 35 and and CC 43431 2913 36 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2913 37 fins fin NNS 43431 2913 38 . . . 43431 2914 1 Then then RB 43431 2914 2 from from IN 43431 2914 3 this this DT 43431 2914 4 continuous continuous JJ 43431 2914 5 fold fold VB 43431 2914 6 two two CD 43431 2914 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 2914 8 of of IN 43431 2914 9 smaller small JJR 43431 2914 10 folds fold NNS 43431 2914 11 may may MD 43431 2914 12 have have VB 43431 2914 13 been be VBN 43431 2914 14 specialised specialise VBN 43431 2914 15 off off RP 43431 2914 16 , , , 43431 2914 17 and and CC 43431 2914 18 in in IN 43431 2914 19 each each DT 43431 2914 20 a a DT 43431 2914 21 number number NN 43431 2914 22 of of IN 43431 2914 23 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2914 24 radiale radiale NN 43431 2914 25 may may MD 43431 2914 26 have have VB 43431 2914 27 been be VBN 43431 2914 28 developed develop VBN 43431 2914 29 . . . 43431 2915 1 The the DT 43431 2915 2 fin fin NN 43431 2915 3 of of IN 43431 2915 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2915 5 Cladoselache Cladoselache NNP 43431 2915 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2915 7 from from IN 43431 2915 8 the the DT 43431 2915 9 Carboniferous Carboniferous NNP 43431 2915 10 of of IN 43431 2915 11 Ohio Ohio NNP 43431 2915 12 apparently apparently RB 43431 2915 13 illustrates illustrate VBZ 43431 2915 14 this this DT 43431 2915 15 condition condition NN 43431 2915 16 . . . 43431 2916 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 2916 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 2916 3 of of IN 43431 2916 4 certain certain JJ 43431 2916 5 basal basal NN 43431 2916 6 pieces piece NNS 43431 2916 7 which which WDT 43431 2916 8 do do VBP 43431 2916 9 not not RB 43431 2916 10 project project VB 43431 2916 11 beyond beyond IN 43431 2916 12 the the DT 43431 2916 13 body body NN 43431 2916 14 wall wall NN 43431 2916 15 and and CC 43431 2916 16 bear bear VB 43431 2916 17 a a DT 43431 2916 18 number number NN 43431 2916 19 of of IN 43431 2916 20 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 2916 21 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2916 22 radiale radiale NN 43431 2916 23 , , , 43431 2916 24 which which WDT 43431 2916 25 show show VBP 43431 2916 26 crowding crowd VBG 43431 2916 27 together together RB 43431 2916 28 and and CC 43431 2916 29 are be VBP 43431 2916 30 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2916 31 bifurcated bifurcate VBN 43431 2916 32 distally distally RB 43431 2916 33 ; ; : 43431 2916 34 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2916 35 extend extend VBP 43431 2916 36 throughout throughout IN 43431 2916 37 the the DT 43431 2916 38 whole whole JJ 43431 2916 39 fin fin NN 43431 2916 40 from from IN 43431 2916 41 the the DT 43431 2916 42 body body NN 43431 2916 43 wall wall NN 43431 2916 44 to to IN 43431 2916 45 the the DT 43431 2916 46 margin margin NN 43431 2916 47 . . . 43431 2917 1 From from IN 43431 2917 2 this this DT 43431 2917 3 fin fin NN 43431 2917 4 the the DT 43431 2917 5 archipterygium archipterygium NN 43431 2917 6 might may MD 43431 2917 7 be be VB 43431 2917 8 easily easily RB 43431 2917 9 derived derive VBN 43431 2917 10 by by IN 43431 2917 11 the the DT 43431 2917 12 enlargement enlargement NN 43431 2917 13 of of IN 43431 2917 14 one one CD 43431 2917 15 of of IN 43431 2917 16 the the DT 43431 2917 17 middle middle NNP 43431 2917 18 radiale radiale NNP 43431 2917 19 and and CC 43431 2917 20 the the DT 43431 2917 21 segmentation segmentation NN 43431 2917 22 and and CC 43431 2917 23 partial partial JJ 43431 2917 24 fusion fusion NN 43431 2917 25 of of IN 43431 2917 26 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2917 27 all all DT 43431 2917 28 . . . 43431 2918 1 Whether whether IN 43431 2918 2 the the DT 43431 2918 3 archipterygium archipterygium NN 43431 2918 4 be be VBP 43431 2918 5 a a DT 43431 2918 6 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2918 7 or or CC 43431 2918 8 secondary secondary JJ 43431 2918 9 type type NN 43431 2918 10 of of IN 43431 2918 11 fin fin NN 43431 2918 12 , , , 43431 2918 13 when when WRB 43431 2918 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2918 15 is be VBZ 43431 2918 16 once once RB 43431 2918 17 reached reach VBN 43431 2918 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2918 19 is be VBZ 43431 2918 20 easy easy JJ 43431 2918 21 to to TO 43431 2918 22 derive derive VB 43431 2918 23 all all PDT 43431 2918 24 the the DT 43431 2918 25 other other JJ 43431 2918 26 types type NNS 43431 2918 27 from from IN 43431 2918 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2918 29 . . . 43431 2919 1 The the DT 43431 2919 2 fins fin NNS 43431 2919 3 of of IN 43431 2919 4 the the DT 43431 2919 5 other other JJ 43431 2919 6 living living NN 43431 2919 7 Dipnoi,--_Protopterus Dipnoi,--_Protopterus NNP 43431 2919 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2919 9 and and CC 43431 2919 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2919 11 Lepidosiren_--are Lepidosiren_--are NNP 43431 2919 12 simply simply RB 43431 2919 13 archipterygia archipterygia NN 43431 2919 14 from from IN 43431 2919 15 which which WDT 43431 2919 16 the the DT 43431 2919 17 radiale radiale NN 43431 2919 18 have have VBP 43431 2919 19 almost almost RB 43431 2919 20 or or CC 43431 2919 21 completely completely RB 43431 2919 22 disappeared disappear VBD 43431 2919 23 , , , 43431 2919 24 leaving leave VBG 43431 2919 25 only only RB 43431 2919 26 the the DT 43431 2919 27 segmented segment VBN 43431 2919 28 axes axis NNS 43431 2919 29 . . . 43431 2920 1 Archipterygia Archipterygia NNP 43431 2920 2 too too RB 43431 2920 3 are be VBP 43431 2920 4 found find VBN 43431 2920 5 in in IN 43431 2920 6 the the DT 43431 2920 7 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2920 8 fins fin NNS 43431 2920 9 of of IN 43431 2920 10 the the DT 43431 2920 11 Ichthyotomi Ichthyotomi NNP 43431 2920 12 , , , 43431 2920 13 but but CC 43431 2920 14 the the DT 43431 2920 15 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 2920 16 radiale radiale NN 43431 2920 17 are be VBP 43431 2920 18 much much RB 43431 2920 19 reduced reduce VBN 43431 2920 20 . . . 43431 2921 1 The the DT 43431 2921 2 = = SYM 43431 2921 3 ichthyopterygium= ichthyopterygium= NN 43431 2921 4 , , , 43431 2921 5 or or CC 43431 2921 6 type type NN 43431 2921 7 of of IN 43431 2921 8 fin fin NN 43431 2921 9 , , , 43431 2921 10 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 2921 11 of of IN 43431 2921 12 many many JJ 43431 2921 13 modern modern JJ 43431 2921 14 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2921 15 such such JJ 43431 2921 16 as as IN 43431 2921 17 _ _ NNP 43431 2921 18 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 2921 19 _ _ NNP 43431 2921 20 , , , 43431 2921 21 may may MD 43431 2921 22 have have VB 43431 2921 23 been be VBN 43431 2921 24 derived derive VBN 43431 2921 25 from from IN 43431 2921 26 the the DT 43431 2921 27 archipterygium archipterygium NN 43431 2921 28 by by IN 43431 2921 29 the the DT 43431 2921 30 gradual gradual JJ 43431 2921 31 reduction reduction NN 43431 2921 32 of of IN 43431 2921 33 the the DT 43431 2921 34 rays ray NNS 43431 2921 35 on on IN 43431 2921 36 the the DT 43431 2921 37 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 2921 38 side side NN 43431 2921 39 of of IN 43431 2921 40 the the DT 43431 2921 41 axis axi NNS 43431 2921 42 and and CC 43431 2921 43 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2921 44 condensation condensation NN 43431 2921 45 on on IN 43431 2921 46 the the DT 43431 2921 47 pre pre JJ 43431 2921 48 - - JJ 43431 2921 49 axial axial JJ 43431 2921 50 side side NN 43431 2921 51 . . . 43431 2922 1 The the DT 43431 2922 2 Ichthyotomi Ichthyotomi NNP 43431 2922 3 such such JJ 43431 2922 4 as as IN 43431 2922 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2922 6 Xenacanthus Xenacanthus NNP 43431 2922 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2922 8 show show VBP 43431 2922 9 one one CD 43431 2922 10 stage stage NN 43431 2922 11 in in IN 43431 2922 12 the the DT 43431 2922 13 reduction reduction NN 43431 2922 14 of of IN 43431 2922 15 the the DT 43431 2922 16 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 2922 17 rays ray NNS 43431 2922 18 , , , 43431 2922 19 and and CC 43431 2922 20 a a DT 43431 2922 21 further further JJ 43431 2922 22 stage stage NN 43431 2922 23 is be VBZ 43431 2922 24 seen see VBN 43431 2922 25 in in IN 43431 2922 26 the the DT 43431 2922 27 Notidanidae Notidanidae NNP 43431 2922 28 and and CC 43431 2922 29 some some DT 43431 2922 30 other other JJ 43431 2922 31 sharks shark NNS 43431 2922 32 like like IN 43431 2922 33 _ _ NNP 43431 2922 34 Scymnus Scymnus NNP 43431 2922 35 _ _ NNP 43431 2922 36 and and CC 43431 2922 37 _ _ NNP 43431 2922 38 Acanthias Acanthias NNP 43431 2922 39 _ _ NNP 43431 2922 40 , , , 43431 2922 41 in in IN 43431 2922 42 which which WDT 43431 2922 43 a a DT 43431 2922 44 few few JJ 43431 2922 45 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 2922 46 rays ray NNS 43431 2922 47 still still RB 43431 2922 48 remain remain VBP 43431 2922 49 . . . 43431 2923 1 The the DT 43431 2923 2 condensation condensation NN 43431 2923 3 of of IN 43431 2923 4 the the DT 43431 2923 5 pre pre JJ 43431 2923 6 - - JJ 43431 2923 7 axial axial JJ 43431 2923 8 rays ray NNS 43431 2923 9 when when WRB 43431 2923 10 further further RB 43431 2923 11 continued continue VBD 43431 2923 12 leads lead NNS 43431 2923 13 to to IN 43431 2923 14 one one CD 43431 2923 15 of of IN 43431 2923 16 the the DT 43431 2923 17 rays ray NNS 43431 2923 18 getting get VBG 43431 2923 19 an an DT 43431 2923 20 attachment attachment NN 43431 2923 21 to to IN 43431 2923 22 the the DT 43431 2923 23 girdle girdle NN 43431 2923 24 . . . 43431 2924 1 Thus thus RB 43431 2924 2 the the DT 43431 2924 3 fin fin NN 43431 2924 4 comes come VBZ 43431 2924 5 to to TO 43431 2924 6 articulate articulate VB 43431 2924 7 with with IN 43431 2924 8 the the DT 43431 2924 9 girdle girdle NN 43431 2924 10 by by IN 43431 2924 11 two two CD 43431 2924 12 basalia basalia NNS 43431 2924 13 or or CC 43431 2924 14 basal basal NN 43431 2924 15 pieces piece NNS 43431 2924 16 ; ; : 43431 2924 17 a a DT 43431 2924 18 third third JJ 43431 2924 19 attachment attachment NN 43431 2924 20 is be VBZ 43431 2924 21 formed form VBN 43431 2924 22 in in IN 43431 2924 23 the the DT 43431 2924 24 same same JJ 43431 2924 25 way way NN 43431 2924 26 and and CC 43431 2924 27 the the DT 43431 2924 28 three three CD 43431 2924 29 basalia basalia NN 43431 2924 30 are be VBP 43431 2924 31 called call VBN 43431 2924 32 respectively respectively RB 43431 2924 33 pro- pro- NN 43431 2924 34 , , , 43431 2924 35 meso- meso- JJ 43431 2924 36 , , , 43431 2924 37 and and CC 43431 2924 38 meta meta NNP 43431 2924 39 - - HYPH 43431 2924 40 pterygia pterygia NNP 43431 2924 41 . . . 43431 2925 1 By by IN 43431 2925 2 some some DT 43431 2925 3 authors author NNS 43431 2925 4 the the DT 43431 2925 5 meta meta JJ 43431 2925 6 - - HYPH 43431 2925 7 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2925 8 and and CC 43431 2925 9 by by IN 43431 2925 10 others other NNS 43431 2925 11 the the DT 43431 2925 12 meso meso NN 43431 2925 13 - - HYPH 43431 2925 14 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2925 15 is be VBZ 43431 2925 16 regarded regard VBN 43431 2925 17 as as RB 43431 2925 18 homologous homologous JJ 43431 2925 19 with with IN 43431 2925 20 the the DT 43431 2925 21 axis axis NN 43431 2925 22 of of IN 43431 2925 23 the the DT 43431 2925 24 archipterygium archipterygium NN 43431 2925 25 . . . 43431 2926 1 The the DT 43431 2926 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2926 3 fins fin NNS 43431 2926 4 of of IN 43431 2926 5 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2926 6 vary vary VBP 43431 2926 7 very very RB 43431 2926 8 much much RB 43431 2926 9 in in IN 43431 2926 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2926 11 mode mode NN 43431 2926 12 of of IN 43431 2926 13 attachment attachment NN 43431 2926 14 . . . 43431 2927 1 In in IN 43431 2927 2 some some DT 43431 2927 3 of of IN 43431 2927 4 the the DT 43431 2927 5 sharks shark NNS 43431 2927 6 , , , 43431 2927 7 including include VBG 43431 2927 8 the the DT 43431 2927 9 Notidanidae Notidanidae NNP 43431 2927 10 and and CC 43431 2927 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2927 12 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 2927 13 _ _ NNP 43431 2927 14 , , , 43431 2927 15 all all DT 43431 2927 16 three three CD 43431 2927 17 basalia basalia NN 43431 2927 18 articulate articulate NN 43431 2927 19 with with IN 43431 2927 20 the the DT 43431 2927 21 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2927 22 girdle girdle NN 43431 2927 23 , , , 43431 2927 24 while while IN 43431 2927 25 in in IN 43431 2927 26 others other NNS 43431 2927 27 such such JJ 43431 2927 28 as as IN 43431 2927 29 _ _ NNP 43431 2927 30 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 2927 31 _ _ NNP 43431 2927 32 the the DT 43431 2927 33 meta meta JJ 43431 2927 34 - - HYPH 43431 2927 35 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2927 36 is be VBZ 43431 2927 37 excluded exclude VBN 43431 2927 38 . . . 43431 2928 1 In in IN 43431 2928 2 Rays ray NNS 43431 2928 3 the the DT 43431 2928 4 propterygium propterygium NN 43431 2928 5 and and CC 43431 2928 6 the the DT 43431 2928 7 meta meta JJ 43431 2928 8 - - HYPH 43431 2928 9 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2928 10 are be VBP 43431 2928 11 long long JJ 43431 2928 12 and and CC 43431 2928 13 narrow narrow JJ 43431 2928 14 and and CC 43431 2928 15 diverge diverge VBP 43431 2928 16 much much RB 43431 2928 17 from from IN 43431 2928 18 one one CD 43431 2928 19 another another DT 43431 2928 20 ; ; : 43431 2928 21 other other JJ 43431 2928 22 basalia basalia NN 43431 2928 23 work work VBP 43431 2928 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2928 25 way way NN 43431 2928 26 in in IN 43431 2928 27 between between IN 43431 2928 28 the the DT 43431 2928 29 meso meso NN 43431 2928 30 - - HYPH 43431 2928 31 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2928 32 and and CC 43431 2928 33 meta meta JJ 43431 2928 34 - - HYPH 43431 2928 35 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2928 36 , , , 43431 2928 37 and and CC 43431 2928 38 come come VB 43431 2928 39 to to TO 43431 2928 40 articulate articulate VB 43431 2928 41 with with IN 43431 2928 42 the the DT 43431 2928 43 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2928 44 girdle girdle NN 43431 2928 45 . . . 43431 2929 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2929 2 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2929 3 fuse fuse VBP 43431 2929 4 and and CC 43431 2929 5 form form VBP 43431 2929 6 a a DT 43431 2929 7 second second JJ 43431 2929 8 meso meso NN 43431 2929 9 - - HYPH 43431 2929 10 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2929 11 . . . 43431 2930 1 The the DT 43431 2930 2 radiale radiale NN 43431 2930 3 are be VBP 43431 2930 4 greatly greatly RB 43431 2930 5 elongated elongate VBN 43431 2930 6 and and CC 43431 2930 7 are be VBP 43431 2930 8 segmented segment VBN 43431 2930 9 . . . 43431 2931 1 In in IN 43431 2931 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2931 3 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 2931 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2931 5 all all DT 43431 2931 6 three three CD 43431 2931 7 basalia basalia NNS 43431 2931 8 are be VBP 43431 2931 9 present present JJ 43431 2931 10 , , , 43431 2931 11 but but CC 43431 2931 12 the the DT 43431 2931 13 meso meso NN 43431 2931 14 - - HYPH 43431 2931 15 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2931 16 is be VBZ 43431 2931 17 shifted shift VBN 43431 2931 18 and and CC 43431 2931 19 does do VBZ 43431 2931 20 not not RB 43431 2931 21 articulate articulate VB 43431 2931 22 with with IN 43431 2931 23 the the DT 43431 2931 24 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2931 25 girdle[49 girdle[49 NN 43431 2931 26 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2931 27 . . . 43431 2932 1 In in IN 43431 2932 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2932 3 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 2932 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2932 5 and and CC 43431 2932 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2932 7 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 2932 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2932 9 the the DT 43431 2932 10 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2932 11 fin fin NN 43431 2932 12 is be VBZ 43431 2932 13 built build VBN 43431 2932 14 on on IN 43431 2932 15 the the DT 43431 2932 16 same same JJ 43431 2932 17 type type NN 43431 2932 18 as as IN 43431 2932 19 in in IN 43431 2932 20 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2932 21 , , , 43431 2932 22 but but CC 43431 2932 23 becomes become VBZ 43431 2932 24 modified modify VBN 43431 2932 25 from from IN 43431 2932 26 the the DT 43431 2932 27 fact fact NN 43431 2932 28 that that IN 43431 2932 29 the the DT 43431 2932 30 propterygium propterygium NN 43431 2932 31 is be VBZ 43431 2932 32 replaced replace VBN 43431 2932 33 by by IN 43431 2932 34 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2932 35 bone bone NN 43431 2932 36 which which WDT 43431 2932 37 forms form VBZ 43431 2932 38 a a DT 43431 2932 39 large large JJ 43431 2932 40 = = SYM 43431 2932 41 marginal marginal JJ 43431 2932 42 ray=. ray=. NN 43431 2933 1 Extra extra JJ 43431 2933 2 meso meso NN 43431 2933 3 - - HYPH 43431 2933 4 pterygia pterygia NNP 43431 2933 5 are be VBP 43431 2933 6 formed form VBN 43431 2933 7 in in IN 43431 2933 8 the the DT 43431 2933 9 same same JJ 43431 2933 10 way way NN 43431 2933 11 as as IN 43431 2933 12 in in IN 43431 2933 13 Rays ray NNS 43431 2933 14 . . . 43431 2934 1 In in IN 43431 2934 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2934 3 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 2934 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2934 5 the the DT 43431 2934 6 pro pro JJ 43431 2934 7 - - JJ 43431 2934 8 and and CC 43431 2934 9 meta meta JJ 43431 2934 10 - - HYPH 43431 2934 11 pterygia pterygia NNP 43431 2934 12 have have VBP 43431 2934 13 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2934 14 while while IN 43431 2934 15 the the DT 43431 2934 16 meso meso NN 43431 2934 17 - - HYPH 43431 2934 18 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2934 19 remains remain VBZ 43431 2934 20 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 2934 21 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 2934 22 ; ; : 43431 2934 23 the the DT 43431 2934 24 fin fin NN 43431 2934 25 - - HYPH 43431 2934 26 rays ray NNS 43431 2934 27 are be VBP 43431 2934 28 also also RB 43431 2934 29 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 2934 30 ossified ossified JJ 43431 2934 31 . . . 43431 2935 1 In in IN 43431 2935 2 _ _ NNP 43431 2935 3 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2935 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2935 5 , , , 43431 2935 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2935 7 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 2935 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2935 9 , , , 43431 2935 10 and and CC 43431 2935 11 certain certain JJ 43431 2935 12 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2935 13 like like IN 43431 2935 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2935 15 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 2935 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2935 17 , , , 43431 2935 18 not not RB 43431 2935 19 only only RB 43431 2935 20 the the DT 43431 2935 21 propterygium propterygium NN 43431 2935 22 but but CC 43431 2935 23 the the DT 43431 2935 24 meso meso NN 43431 2935 25 - - HYPH 43431 2935 26 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2935 27 is be VBZ 43431 2935 28 almost almost RB 43431 2935 29 suppressed suppress VBN 43431 2935 30 by by IN 43431 2935 31 the the DT 43431 2935 32 marginal marginal JJ 43431 2935 33 ray ray NN 43431 2935 34 . . . 43431 2936 1 In in IN 43431 2936 2 the the DT 43431 2936 3 great great JJ 43431 2936 4 majority majority NN 43431 2936 5 of of IN 43431 2936 6 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2936 7 a a DT 43431 2936 8 still still RB 43431 2936 9 further further JJ 43431 2936 10 stage stage NN 43431 2936 11 is be VBZ 43431 2936 12 reached reach VBN 43431 2936 13 , , , 43431 2936 14 the the DT 43431 2936 15 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 2936 16 elements element NNS 43431 2936 17 , , , 43431 2936 18 the the DT 43431 2936 19 basalia basalia NN 43431 2936 20 and and CC 43431 2936 21 radiale radiale NNP 43431 2936 22 are be VBP 43431 2936 23 almost almost RB 43431 2936 24 entirely entirely RB 43431 2936 25 suppressed suppress VBN 43431 2936 26 and and CC 43431 2936 27 the the DT 43431 2936 28 fin fin NN 43431 2936 29 comes come VBZ 43431 2936 30 to to TO 43431 2936 31 consist consist VB 43431 2936 32 entirely entirely RB 43431 2936 33 of of IN 43431 2936 34 ossified ossify VBN 43431 2936 35 fin fin NN 43431 2936 36 - - HYPH 43431 2936 37 rays ray NNS 43431 2936 38 of of IN 43431 2936 39 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2936 40 origin origin NN 43431 2936 41 . . . 43431 2937 1 In in IN 43431 2937 2 some some DT 43431 2937 3 Teleosteans--_Exocaetus teleosteans--_exocaetus NN 43431 2937 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2937 5 , , , 43431 2937 6 a a DT 43431 2937 7 herring herring NN 43431 2937 8 , , , 43431 2937 9 and and CC 43431 2937 10 _ _ NNP 43431 2937 11 Dactylopterus Dactylopterus NNP 43431 2937 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2937 13 , , , 43431 2937 14 a a DT 43431 2937 15 gurnard gurnard NN 43431 2937 16 -- -- : 43431 2937 17 the the DT 43431 2937 18 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2937 19 fins fin NNS 43431 2937 20 are be VBP 43431 2937 21 so so RB 43431 2937 22 enormously enormously RB 43431 2937 23 developed develop VBN 43431 2937 24 that that IN 43431 2937 25 by by IN 43431 2937 26 means mean NNS 43431 2937 27 of of IN 43431 2937 28 them -PRON- PRP 43431 2937 29 the the DT 43431 2937 30 fish fish NN 43431 2937 31 is be VBZ 43431 2937 32 able able JJ 43431 2937 33 to to TO 43431 2937 34 fly fly VB 43431 2937 35 through through IN 43431 2937 36 the the DT 43431 2937 37 air air NN 43431 2937 38 for for IN 43431 2937 39 considerable considerable JJ 43431 2937 40 distances distance NNS 43431 2937 41 . . . 43431 2938 1 The the DT 43431 2938 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 2938 3 of of IN 43431 2938 4 these these DT 43431 2938 5 great great JJ 43431 2938 6 fins fin NNS 43431 2938 7 is be VBZ 43431 2938 8 almost almost RB 43431 2938 9 entirely entirely RB 43431 2938 10 composed compose VBN 43431 2938 11 of of IN 43431 2938 12 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2938 13 bone bone NN 43431 2938 14 . . . 43431 2939 1 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 2939 2 FIN FIN NNP 43431 2939 3 . . . 43431 2940 1 The the DT 43431 2940 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2940 3 fin fin NN 43431 2940 4 is be VBZ 43431 2940 5 almost almost RB 43431 2940 6 always always RB 43431 2940 7 further further RB 43431 2940 8 removed remove VBN 43431 2940 9 from from IN 43431 2940 10 the the DT 43431 2940 11 archipterygial archipterygial JJ 43431 2940 12 condition condition NN 43431 2940 13 , , , 43431 2940 14 and and CC 43431 2940 15 is be VBZ 43431 2940 16 in in IN 43431 2940 17 general general JJ 43431 2940 18 more more RBR 43431 2940 19 modified modified JJ 43431 2940 20 than than IN 43431 2940 21 is be VBZ 43431 2940 22 the the DT 43431 2940 23 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 2940 24 . . . 43431 2941 1 Thus thus RB 43431 2941 2 in in IN 43431 2941 3 the the DT 43431 2941 4 Ichthyotomi Ichthyotomi NNP 43431 2941 5 , , , 43431 2941 6 while while IN 43431 2941 7 the the DT 43431 2941 8 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2941 9 fins fin NNS 43431 2941 10 are be VBP 43431 2941 11 archipterygia archipterygia NN 43431 2941 12 similar similar JJ 43431 2941 13 to to IN 43431 2941 14 those those DT 43431 2941 15 of of IN 43431 2941 16 _ _ NNP 43431 2941 17 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 2941 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2941 19 , , , 43431 2941 20 the the DT 43431 2941 21 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 2941 22 fins fin NNS 43431 2941 23 consist consist VBP 43431 2941 24 of of IN 43431 2941 25 an an DT 43431 2941 26 axis axis JJ 43431 2941 27 bearing bear VBG 43431 2941 28 rays ray NNS 43431 2941 29 on on IN 43431 2941 30 the the DT 43431 2941 31 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 2941 32 side side NN 43431 2941 33 only only RB 43431 2941 34 , , , 43431 2941 35 and and CC 43431 2941 36 prolonged prolong VBD 43431 2941 37 distally distally RB 43431 2941 38 into into IN 43431 2941 39 a a DT 43431 2941 40 clasper clasper NN 43431 2941 41 . . . 43431 2942 1 In in IN 43431 2942 2 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 2942 3 however however RB 43431 2942 4 the the DT 43431 2942 5 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2942 6 fins fin NNS 43431 2942 7 are be VBP 43431 2942 8 very very RB 43431 2942 9 similar similar JJ 43431 2942 10 to to IN 43431 2942 11 the the DT 43431 2942 12 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 2942 13 . . . 43431 2943 1 In in IN 43431 2943 2 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 2943 3 the the DT 43431 2943 4 meso meso NN 43431 2943 5 - - HYPH 43431 2943 6 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2943 7 is be VBZ 43431 2943 8 missing missing JJ 43431 2943 9 , , , 43431 2943 10 the the DT 43431 2943 11 propterygium propterygium NN 43431 2943 12 is be VBZ 43431 2943 13 small small JJ 43431 2943 14 or or CC 43431 2943 15 absent absent JJ 43431 2943 16 , , , 43431 2943 17 and and CC 43431 2943 18 the the DT 43431 2943 19 fin fin NN 43431 2943 20 is be VBZ 43431 2943 21 mainly mainly RB 43431 2943 22 composed compose VBN 43431 2943 23 of of IN 43431 2943 24 the the DT 43431 2943 25 meta meta JJ 43431 2943 26 - - HYPH 43431 2943 27 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2943 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2943 29 generally generally RB 43431 2943 30 called call VBN 43431 2943 31 basi basi NN 43431 2943 32 - - HYPH 43431 2943 33 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2943 34 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2943 35 and and CC 43431 2943 36 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2943 37 radiale radiale NN 43431 2943 38 . . . 43431 2944 1 The the DT 43431 2944 2 males male NNS 43431 2944 3 in in IN 43431 2944 4 Elasmobranchii Elasmobranchii NNP 43431 2944 5 and and CC 43431 2944 6 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 2944 7 have have VBP 43431 2944 8 the the DT 43431 2944 9 distal distal JJ 43431 2944 10 end end NN 43431 2944 11 of of IN 43431 2944 12 the the DT 43431 2944 13 meta meta JJ 43431 2944 14 - - HYPH 43431 2944 15 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2944 16 prolonged prolong VBD 43431 2944 17 into into IN 43431 2944 18 a a DT 43431 2944 19 clasper clasper NN 43431 2944 20 . . . 43431 2945 1 In in IN 43431 2945 2 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2945 3 and and CC 43431 2945 4 in in IN 43431 2945 5 Teleosteans teleostean NNS 43431 2945 6 the the DT 43431 2945 7 loss loss NN 43431 2945 8 of of IN 43431 2945 9 the the DT 43431 2945 10 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 2945 11 girdle girdle NNP 43431 2945 12 causes cause VBZ 43431 2945 13 the the DT 43431 2945 14 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2945 15 fin fin NN 43431 2945 16 to to TO 43431 2945 17 be be VB 43431 2945 18 still still RB 43431 2945 19 further further RB 43431 2945 20 removed remove VBN 43431 2945 21 from from IN 43431 2945 22 the the DT 43431 2945 23 primitive primitive JJ 43431 2945 24 state state NN 43431 2945 25 . . . 43431 2946 1 There there EX 43431 2946 2 is be VBZ 43431 2946 3 always always RB 43431 2946 4 a a DT 43431 2946 5 large large JJ 43431 2946 6 basi basi NN 43431 2946 7 - - HYPH 43431 2946 8 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2946 9 which which WDT 43431 2946 10 lies lie VBZ 43431 2946 11 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 2946 12 in in IN 43431 2946 13 the the DT 43431 2946 14 muscles muscle NNS 43431 2946 15 and and CC 43431 2946 16 meets meet VBZ 43431 2946 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2946 18 fellow fellow NN 43431 2946 19 at at IN 43431 2946 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2946 21 proximal proximal JJ 43431 2946 22 end end NN 43431 2946 23 . . . 43431 2947 1 In in IN 43431 2947 2 Cartilaginous Cartilaginous NNP 43431 2947 3 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2947 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 2947 5 has have VBZ 43431 2947 6 a a DT 43431 2947 7 secondary secondary JJ 43431 2947 8 segmentation segmentation NN 43431 2947 9 . . . 43431 2948 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2948 2 relation relation NN 43431 2948 3 to to IN 43431 2948 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2948 5 fellow fellow NN 43431 2948 6 is be VBZ 43431 2948 7 subject subject JJ 43431 2948 8 to to IN 43431 2948 9 much much JJ 43431 2948 10 variation variation NN 43431 2948 11 in in IN 43431 2948 12 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2948 13 , , , 43431 2948 14 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2948 15 as as IN 43431 2948 16 in in IN 43431 2948 17 the the DT 43431 2948 18 Perch Perch NNP 43431 2948 19 the the DT 43431 2948 20 two two CD 43431 2948 21 are be VBP 43431 2948 22 in in IN 43431 2948 23 contact contact NN 43431 2948 24 throughout throughout IN 43431 2948 25 , , , 43431 2948 26 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2948 27 as as IN 43431 2948 28 in in IN 43431 2948 29 the the DT 43431 2948 30 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 2948 31 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2948 32 meet meet VBP 43431 2948 33 distally distally RB 43431 2948 34 as as RB 43431 2948 35 well well RB 43431 2948 36 as as IN 43431 2948 37 proximally proximally RB 43431 2948 38 , , , 43431 2948 39 but but CC 43431 2948 40 are be VBP 43431 2948 41 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 2948 42 separated separate VBN 43431 2948 43 by by IN 43431 2948 44 a a DT 43431 2948 45 space space NN 43431 2948 46 , , , 43431 2948 47 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 2948 48 as as IN 43431 2948 49 in in IN 43431 2948 50 the the DT 43431 2948 51 Pike Pike NNP 43431 2948 52 and and CC 43431 2948 53 Bony Bony NNP 43431 2948 54 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2948 55 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2948 56 diverge diverge VBP 43431 2948 57 widely widely RB 43431 2948 58 . . . 43431 2949 1 The the DT 43431 2949 2 radiale radiale NN 43431 2949 3 are be VBP 43431 2949 4 articulated articulate VBN 43431 2949 5 to to IN 43431 2949 6 the the DT 43431 2949 7 basi basi NN 43431 2949 8 - - HYPH 43431 2949 9 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 2949 10 . . . 43431 2950 1 In in IN 43431 2950 2 Cartilaginous Cartilaginous NNP 43431 2950 3 Ganoids Ganoids NNPS 43431 2950 4 and and CC 43431 2950 5 _ _ NNP 43431 2950 6 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 2950 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2950 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2950 9 are be VBP 43431 2950 10 well well RB 43431 2950 11 developed developed JJ 43431 2950 12 , , , 43431 2950 13 in in IN 43431 2950 14 other other JJ 43431 2950 15 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 2950 16 and and CC 43431 2950 17 in in IN 43431 2950 18 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2950 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 2950 20 are be VBP 43431 2950 21 in in IN 43431 2950 22 the the DT 43431 2950 23 main main NN 43431 2950 24 replaced replace VBN 43431 2950 25 by by IN 43431 2950 26 dermal dermal JJ 43431 2950 27 fin fin NN 43431 2950 28 - - HYPH 43431 2950 29 rays ray NNS 43431 2950 30 . . . 43431 2951 1 In in IN 43431 2951 2 some some DT 43431 2951 3 Teleosteans Teleosteans NNPS 43431 2951 4 such such JJ 43431 2951 5 as as IN 43431 2951 6 the the DT 43431 2951 7 Cod Cod NNP 43431 2951 8 the the DT 43431 2951 9 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 2951 10 fins fin NNS 43431 2951 11 have have VBP 43431 2951 12 migrated migrate VBN 43431 2951 13 from from IN 43431 2951 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 2951 15 usual usual JJ 43431 2951 16 position position NN 43431 2951 17 and and CC 43431 2951 18 come come VB 43431 2951 19 to to TO 43431 2951 20 be be VB 43431 2951 21 attached attach VBN 43431 2951 22 to to IN 43431 2951 23 the the DT 43431 2951 24 throat throat NN 43431 2951 25 in in IN 43431 2951 26 front front NN 43431 2951 27 of of IN 43431 2951 28 the the DT 43431 2951 29 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 2951 30 fins fin NNS 43431 2951 31 . . . 43431 2952 1 Fish fish VB 43431 2952 2 with with IN 43431 2952 3 this this DT 43431 2952 4 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 2952 5 are be VBP 43431 2952 6 grouped group VBN 43431 2952 7 together together RB 43431 2952 8 as as IN 43431 2952 9 = = XX 43431 2952 10 jugulares=. jugulares=. NN 43431 2953 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 2953 2 : : : 43431 2953 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2953 4 39 39 CD 43431 2953 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2953 6 The the DT 43431 2953 7 following follow VBG 43431 2953 8 general general JJ 43431 2953 9 works work NNS 43431 2953 10 on on IN 43431 2953 11 fishes fish NNS 43431 2953 12 may may MD 43431 2953 13 be be VB 43431 2953 14 referred refer VBN 43431 2953 15 to to IN 43431 2953 16 : : : 43431 2953 17 Bashford Bashford NNP 43431 2953 18 Dean Dean NNP 43431 2953 19 , , , 43431 2953 20 _ _ NNP 43431 2953 21 Fishes Fishes NNP 43431 2953 22 , , , 43431 2953 23 Living Living NNP 43431 2953 24 and and CC 43431 2953 25 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 2953 26 _ _ NNP 43431 2953 27 , , , 43431 2953 28 New New NNP 43431 2953 29 York York NNP 43431 2953 30 , , , 43431 2953 31 1895 1895 CD 43431 2953 32 . . . 43431 2954 1 A. A. NNP 43431 2954 2 Günther Günther NNP 43431 2954 3 , , , 43431 2954 4 _ _ NNP 43431 2954 5 An an DT 43431 2954 6 Introduction introduction NN 43431 2954 7 to to IN 43431 2954 8 the the DT 43431 2954 9 Study Study NNP 43431 2954 10 of of IN 43431 2954 11 Fishes Fishes NNP 43431 2954 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2954 13 , , , 43431 2954 14 Edinburgh Edinburgh NNP 43431 2954 15 , , , 43431 2954 16 1880 1880 CD 43431 2954 17 . . . 43431 2955 1 A.A.W. A.A.W. NNP 43431 2956 1 Hubrecht Hubrecht NNP 43431 2956 2 and and CC 43431 2956 3 M. M. NNP 43431 2956 4 Sagemehl Sagemehl NNP 43431 2956 5 , , , 43431 2956 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2956 7 Fische Fische NNP 43431 2956 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2956 9 in in IN 43431 2956 10 Bronn Bronn NNP 43431 2956 11 's 's POS 43431 2956 12 _ _ NNP 43431 2956 13 Classen Classen NNP 43431 2956 14 und und VBD 43431 2956 15 Ordnungen Ordnungen NNP 43431 2956 16 des des NNP 43431 2956 17 Thierreichs Thierreichs NNP 43431 2956 18 _ _ NNP 43431 2956 19 , , , 43431 2956 20 Band Band NNP 43431 2956 21 VI VI NNP 43431 2956 22 . . . 43431 2957 1 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 43431 2957 2 , , , 43431 2957 3 1876 1876 CD 43431 2957 4 . . . 43431 2958 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2958 2 40 40 CD 43431 2958 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2958 4 See see VB 43431 2958 5 W.G. W.G. NNP 43431 2959 1 Ridewood ridewood NN 43431 2959 2 , , , 43431 2959 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2959 4 Nat Nat NNP 43431 2959 5 . . . 43431 2960 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 2960 2 . . NNP 43431 2960 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2960 4 vol vol NNP 43431 2960 5 . . . 43431 2961 1 VIII VIII NNP 43431 2961 2 . . . 43431 2962 1 1896 1896 CD 43431 2962 2 , , , 43431 2962 3 p. p. NN 43431 2962 4 380 380 CD 43431 2962 5 . . . 43431 2963 1 Full full JJ 43431 2963 2 references reference NNS 43431 2963 3 are be VBP 43431 2963 4 there there RB 43431 2963 5 given give VBN 43431 2963 6 to to IN 43431 2963 7 the the DT 43431 2963 8 literature literature NN 43431 2963 9 of of IN 43431 2963 10 the the DT 43431 2963 11 subject subject NN 43431 2963 12 . . . 43431 2964 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2964 2 41 41 CD 43431 2964 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2964 4 See See NNP 43431 2964 5 H. H. NNP 43431 2964 6 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 2964 7 and and CC 43431 2964 8 E.C. E.C. NNP 43431 2965 1 Abbott Abbott NNP 43431 2965 2 , , , 43431 2965 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2965 4 Phil Phil NNP 43431 2965 5 . . . 43431 2966 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 2966 2 . . . 43431 2966 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2966 4 vol vol NNP 43431 2966 5 . . . 43431 2967 1 186 186 CD 43431 2967 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 2967 3 1895 1895 CD 43431 2967 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 2967 5 B. B. NNP 43431 2967 6 pp pp NNP 43431 2967 7 . . . 43431 2968 1 163 163 CD 43431 2968 2 - - SYM 43431 2968 3 221 221 CD 43431 2968 4 . . . 43431 2969 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2969 2 42 42 CD 43431 2969 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2969 4 C. C. NNP 43431 2969 5 Hasse Hasse NNP 43431 2969 6 , , , 43431 2969 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2969 8 Zeitschr Zeitschr NNP 43431 2969 9 . . . 43431 2970 1 wiss wiss NNP 43431 2970 2 . . . 43431 2971 1 Zool Zool NNP 43431 2971 2 . . . 43431 2971 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2971 4 LVII LVII NNP 43431 2971 5 . . . 43431 2972 1 1893 1893 CD 43431 2972 2 , , , 43431 2972 3 p. p. NN 43431 2972 4 76 76 CD 43431 2972 5 . . . 43431 2973 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2973 2 43 43 CD 43431 2973 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2973 4 C. C. NNP 43431 2973 5 Hasse Hasse NNP 43431 2973 6 , , , 43431 2973 7 _ _ NNP 43431 2973 8 Das Das NNP 43431 2973 9 natürliche natã¼rliche NN 43431 2973 10 System System NNP 43431 2973 11 der der VBD 43431 2973 12 Elasmobranchier elasmobranchi JJR 43431 2973 13 auf auf NN 43431 2973 14 Grundlage Grundlage NNP 43431 2973 15 des des NNP 43431 2973 16 Baues Baues NNP 43431 2973 17 und und RB 43431 2973 18 der der NN 43431 2973 19 Entwickelung Entwickelung NNP 43431 2973 20 ihrer ihrer NN 43431 2973 21 Wirbelsäule wirbelsã¤ule NN 43431 2973 22 _ _ NNP 43431 2973 23 , , , 43431 2973 24 Jena Jena NNP 43431 2973 25 , , , 43431 2973 26 1879 1879 CD 43431 2973 27 and and CC 43431 2973 28 1885 1885 CD 43431 2973 29 , , , 43431 2973 30 and and CC 43431 2973 31 " " `` 43431 2973 32 Die die VB 43431 2973 33 fossilen fossilen NN 43431 2973 34 Wirbel Wirbel NNP 43431 2973 35 , , , 43431 2973 36 Morph Morph NNP 43431 2973 37 . . . 43431 2974 1 Studien Studien NNP 43431 2974 2 I.-IV I.-IV NNP 43431 2974 3 . . . 43431 2974 4 , , , 43431 2974 5 " " `` 43431 2974 6 _ _ NNP 43431 2974 7 Morphol Morphol NNP 43431 2974 8 . . . 43431 2975 1 Jahrb Jahrb NNP 43431 2975 2 . . . 43431 2976 1 Bd Bd NNP 43431 2976 2 . . . 43431 2976 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2976 4 II II NNP 43431 2976 5 . . NNP 43431 2976 6 , , , 43431 2976 7 III iii CD 43431 2976 8 . . . 43431 2977 1 and and CC 43431 2977 2 IV IV NNP 43431 2977 3 . . . 43431 2978 1 1876 1876 CD 43431 2978 2 - - SYM 43431 2978 3 78 78 CD 43431 2978 4 . . . 43431 2979 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2979 2 44 44 CD 43431 2979 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2979 4 See see VB 43431 2979 5 H.B. H.B. NNP 43431 2980 1 Pollard Pollard NNP 43431 2980 2 , , , 43431 2980 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2980 4 Anat Anat NNP 43431 2980 5 . . . 43431 2981 1 Anz Anz NNP 43431 2981 2 . . . 43431 2981 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2981 4 X. X. NNP 43431 2982 1 1894 1894 CD 43431 2982 2 . . . 43431 2983 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2983 2 45 45 CD 43431 2983 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2983 4 T.W. T.W. NNP 43431 2984 1 Bridge Bridge NNP 43431 2984 2 , , , 43431 2984 3 " " `` 43431 2984 4 The the DT 43431 2984 5 Cranial Cranial NNP 43431 2984 6 Osteology Osteology NNP 43431 2984 7 of of IN 43431 2984 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2984 9 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2984 10 calva calva NN 43431 2984 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2984 12 , , , 43431 2984 13 " " `` 43431 2984 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2984 15 J. J. NNP 43431 2985 1 Anat Anat NNP 43431 2985 2 . . . 43431 2986 1 Physiol Physiol NNP 43431 2986 2 . . . 43431 2987 1 norm norm NN 43431 2987 2 . . . 43431 2988 1 path path NN 43431 2988 2 . . . 43431 2988 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2988 4 1876 1876 CD 43431 2988 5 , , , 43431 2988 6 vol vol NNP 43431 2988 7 . . . 43431 2989 1 XI XI NNP 43431 2989 2 . . . 43431 2990 1 p. p. NN 43431 2990 2 605 605 CD 43431 2990 3 . . . 43431 2991 1 R. R. NNP 43431 2991 2 Shufeldt Shufeldt NNP 43431 2991 3 , , , 43431 2991 4 " " `` 43431 2991 5 The the DT 43431 2991 6 Osteology Osteology NNP 43431 2991 7 of of IN 43431 2991 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2991 9 Amia Amia NNP 43431 2991 10 calva calva NN 43431 2991 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2991 12 , , , 43431 2991 13 " " '' 43431 2991 14 _ _ NNP 43431 2991 15 Ann Ann NNP 43431 2991 16 . . . 43431 2992 1 Rep. Rep. NNP 43431 2992 2 of of IN 43431 2992 3 the the DT 43431 2992 4 Commissioner Commissioner NNP 43431 2992 5 for for IN 43431 2992 6 Fish Fish NNP 43431 2992 7 and and CC 43431 2992 8 Fisheries Fisheries NNPS 43431 2992 9 _ _ NNP 43431 2992 10 , , , 43431 2992 11 Washington Washington NNP 43431 2992 12 , , , 43431 2992 13 1885 1885 CD 43431 2992 14 . . . 43431 2993 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2993 2 46 46 CD 43431 2993 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2993 4 A. a. NN 43431 2993 5 Smith Smith NNP 43431 2993 6 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 2993 7 , , , 43431 2993 8 _ _ NNP 43431 2993 9 Nat Nat NNP 43431 2993 10 . . . 43431 2994 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 2994 2 . . NNP 43431 2994 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2994 4 vol vol NNP 43431 2994 5 . . . 43431 2995 1 I. I. NNP 43431 2996 1 1892 1892 CD 43431 2996 2 , , , 43431 2996 3 p. p. NN 43431 2996 4 28 28 CD 43431 2996 5 . . . 43431 2997 1 Further further JJ 43431 2997 2 references reference NNS 43431 2997 3 are be VBP 43431 2997 4 here here RB 43431 2997 5 given give VBN 43431 2997 6 on on IN 43431 2997 7 the the DT 43431 2997 8 literature literature NN 43431 2997 9 of of IN 43431 2997 10 the the DT 43431 2997 11 subject subject NN 43431 2997 12 . . . 43431 2998 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 2998 2 47 47 CD 43431 2998 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 2998 4 C. C. NNP 43431 2998 5 Gegenbaur Gegenbaur NNP 43431 2998 6 , , , 43431 2998 7 Ueber Ueber NNP 43431 2998 8 das das NNP 43431 2998 9 Archipterygium Archipterygium NNP 43431 2998 10 , , , 43431 2998 11 _ _ NNP 43431 2998 12 Jena Jena NNP 43431 2998 13 Zeitschr Zeitschr NNP 43431 2998 14 . . . 43431 2999 1 der der XX 43431 2999 2 Wirbelthiere Wirbelthiere NNP 43431 2999 3 _ _ NNP 43431 2999 4 , , , 43431 2999 5 2^e 2^e NN 43431 2999 6 Heft Heft NNP 43431 2999 7 , , , 43431 2999 8 1873 1873 CD 43431 2999 9 , , , 43431 2999 10 vol vol NNP 43431 2999 11 . . . 43431 3000 1 7 7 CD 43431 3000 2 , , , 43431 3000 3 and and CC 43431 3000 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3000 5 Morphol Morphol NNP 43431 3000 6 . . . 43431 3001 1 Jahrb Jahrb NNP 43431 3001 2 . . . 43431 3001 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3001 4 XXII XXII NNP 43431 3001 5 . . . 43431 3002 1 1894 1894 CD 43431 3002 2 , , , 43431 3002 3 p. p. NN 43431 3002 4 119 119 CD 43431 3002 5 . . . 43431 3003 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3003 2 48 48 CD 43431 3003 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3003 4 The the DT 43431 3003 5 fins fin NNS 43431 3003 6 of of IN 43431 3003 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3003 8 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 3003 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3003 10 are be VBP 43431 3003 11 very very RB 43431 3003 12 variable variable JJ 43431 3003 13 , , , 43431 3003 14 no no DT 43431 3003 15 two two CD 43431 3003 16 being be VBG 43431 3003 17 exactly exactly RB 43431 3003 18 alike alike JJ 43431 3003 19 . . . 43431 3004 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3004 2 even even RB 43431 3004 3 the the DT 43431 3004 4 main main JJ 43431 3004 5 axis axis NN 43431 3004 6 bifurcates bifurcate NNS 43431 3004 7 . . . 43431 3005 1 See see VB 43431 3005 2 W.A. W.A. NNP 43431 3006 1 Haswell Haswell NNP 43431 3006 2 , , , 43431 3006 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3006 4 Linn Linn NNP 43431 3006 5 . . . 43431 3007 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 3007 2 . . . 43431 3008 1 N. N. NNP 43431 3008 2 S. S. NNP 43431 3008 3 Wales Wales NNP 43431 3008 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3008 5 , , , 43431 3008 6 vol vol NNP 43431 3008 7 . . . 43431 3009 1 VII VII NNP 43431 3009 2 . . . 43431 3010 1 1882 1882 CD 43431 3010 2 . . . 43431 3011 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3011 2 49 49 CD 43431 3011 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3011 4 Some some DT 43431 3011 5 of of IN 43431 3011 6 these these DT 43431 3011 7 views view NNS 43431 3011 8 with with IN 43431 3011 9 regard regard NN 43431 3011 10 to to IN 43431 3011 11 the the DT 43431 3011 12 homologies homology NNS 43431 3011 13 of of IN 43431 3011 14 the the DT 43431 3011 15 parts part NNS 43431 3011 16 of of IN 43431 3011 17 the the DT 43431 3011 18 fins fin NNS 43431 3011 19 are be VBP 43431 3011 20 not not RB 43431 3011 21 accepted accept VBN 43431 3011 22 by by IN 43431 3011 23 all all DT 43431 3011 24 anatomists anatomist NNS 43431 3011 25 . . . 43431 3012 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 3012 2 IX IX NNP 43431 3012 3 . . . 43431 3013 1 CLASS CLASS NNP 43431 3013 2 II II NNP 43431 3013 3 . . . 43431 3014 1 AMPHIBIA[50 AMPHIBIA[50 NNP 43431 3014 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3014 3 . . . 43431 3015 1 AMPHIBIA AMPHIBIA NNP 43431 3015 2 differ differ VBP 43431 3015 3 markedly markedly RB 43431 3015 4 from from IN 43431 3015 5 Pisces pisce NNS 43431 3015 6 in in IN 43431 3015 7 the the DT 43431 3015 8 fact fact NN 43431 3015 9 that that IN 43431 3015 10 in in IN 43431 3015 11 the the DT 43431 3015 12 more more RBR 43431 3015 13 abundant abundant JJ 43431 3015 14 and and CC 43431 3015 15 familiar familiar JJ 43431 3015 16 forms form NNS 43431 3015 17 the the DT 43431 3015 18 skin skin NN 43431 3015 19 is be VBZ 43431 3015 20 naked naked JJ 43431 3015 21 , , , 43431 3015 22 and and CC 43431 3015 23 that that IN 43431 3015 24 when when WRB 43431 3015 25 the the DT 43431 3015 26 integument integument NN 43431 3015 27 is be VBZ 43431 3015 28 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 3015 29 into into IN 43431 3015 30 median median JJ 43431 3015 31 fins fin NNS 43431 3015 32 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3015 33 are be VBP 43431 3015 34 devoid devoid JJ 43431 3015 35 of of IN 43431 3015 36 fin fin NN 43431 3015 37 - - HYPH 43431 3015 38 rays ray NNS 43431 3015 39 . . . 43431 3016 1 The the DT 43431 3016 2 notochord notochord NN 43431 3016 3 may may MD 43431 3016 4 persist persist VB 43431 3016 5 , , , 43431 3016 6 but but CC 43431 3016 7 bony bony NNP 43431 3016 8 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3016 9 centra centrum NNS 43431 3016 10 are be VBP 43431 3016 11 always always RB 43431 3016 12 developed develop VBN 43431 3016 13 . . . 43431 3017 1 These these DT 43431 3017 2 are be VBP 43431 3017 3 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3017 4 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 3017 5 , , , 43431 3017 6 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3017 7 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 3017 8 , , , 43431 3017 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3017 10 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 3017 11 . . . 43431 3018 1 There there EX 43431 3018 2 is be VBZ 43431 3018 3 only only RB 43431 3018 4 one one CD 43431 3018 5 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3018 6 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3018 7 , , , 43431 3018 8 except except IN 43431 3018 9 in in IN 43431 3018 10 rare rare JJ 43431 3018 11 cases case NNS 43431 3018 12 . . . 43431 3019 1 The the DT 43431 3019 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3019 3 cranium cranium NN 43431 3019 4 persists persist VBZ 43431 3019 5 to to IN 43431 3019 6 a a DT 43431 3019 7 considerable considerable JJ 43431 3019 8 extent extent NN 43431 3019 9 but but CC 43431 3019 10 is be VBZ 43431 3019 11 more more RBR 43431 3019 12 or or CC 43431 3019 13 less less RBR 43431 3019 14 replaced replace VBN 43431 3019 15 by by IN 43431 3019 16 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3019 17 bone bone NN 43431 3019 18 , , , 43431 3019 19 and and CC 43431 3019 20 overlain overlain VB 43431 3019 21 by by IN 43431 3019 22 membrane membrane NN 43431 3019 23 bone bone NN 43431 3019 24 . . . 43431 3020 1 The the DT 43431 3020 2 basi basi NN 43431 3020 3 - - HYPH 43431 3020 4 occipital occipital NN 43431 3020 5 is be VBZ 43431 3020 6 not not RB 43431 3020 7 completely completely RB 43431 3020 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3020 9 , , , 43431 3020 10 and and CC 43431 3020 11 the the DT 43431 3020 12 skull skull NN 43431 3020 13 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3020 14 with with IN 43431 3020 15 the the DT 43431 3020 16 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3020 17 column column NN 43431 3020 18 by by IN 43431 3020 19 means mean NNS 43431 3020 20 of of IN 43431 3020 21 two two CD 43431 3020 22 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3020 23 condyles condyle NNS 43431 3020 24 formed form VBN 43431 3020 25 by by IN 43431 3020 26 the the DT 43431 3020 27 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3020 28 . . . 43431 3021 1 There there EX 43431 3021 2 is be VBZ 43431 3021 3 a a DT 43431 3021 4 large large JJ 43431 3021 5 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3021 6 , , , 43431 3021 7 but but CC 43431 3021 8 there there EX 43431 3021 9 are be VBP 43431 3021 10 no no DT 43431 3021 11 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 3021 12 in in IN 43431 3021 13 the the DT 43431 3021 14 basisphenoidal basisphenoidal JJ 43431 3021 15 , , , 43431 3021 16 presphenoidal presphenoidal JJ 43431 3021 17 , , , 43431 3021 18 and and CC 43431 3021 19 alisphenoidal alisphenoidal JJ 43431 3021 20 regions region NNS 43431 3021 21 . . . 43431 3022 1 In in IN 43431 3022 2 most most JJS 43431 3022 3 cases case NNS 43431 3022 4 the the DT 43431 3022 5 epi epi JJ 43431 3022 6 - - HYPH 43431 3022 7 otics otic NNS 43431 3022 8 and and CC 43431 3022 9 opisthotics opisthotic NNS 43431 3022 10 are be VBP 43431 3022 11 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3022 12 continuously continuously RB 43431 3022 13 with with IN 43431 3022 14 the the DT 43431 3022 15 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3022 16 . . . 43431 3023 1 The the DT 43431 3023 2 palato palato NN 43431 3023 3 - - HYPH 43431 3023 4 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 3023 5 - - HYPH 43431 3023 6 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 3023 7 bar bar NN 43431 3023 8 is be VBZ 43431 3023 9 firmly firmly RB 43431 3023 10 united united JJ 43431 3023 11 to to IN 43431 3023 12 the the DT 43431 3023 13 cranium cranium NN 43431 3023 14 , , , 43431 3023 15 so so RB 43431 3023 16 the the DT 43431 3023 17 skull skull NN 43431 3023 18 is be VBZ 43431 3023 19 autostylic autostylic JJ 43431 3023 20 . . . 43431 3024 1 The the DT 43431 3024 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3024 3 and and CC 43431 3024 4 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 3024 5 are be VBP 43431 3024 6 membrane membrane NN 43431 3024 7 bones bone NNS 43431 3024 8 . . . 43431 3025 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 3025 2 are be VBP 43431 3025 3 nearly nearly RB 43431 3025 4 always always RB 43431 3025 5 borne bear VBN 43431 3025 6 on on IN 43431 3025 7 the the DT 43431 3025 8 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3025 9 and and CC 43431 3025 10 commonly commonly RB 43431 3025 11 on on IN 43431 3025 12 the the DT 43431 3025 13 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3025 14 and and CC 43431 3025 15 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3025 16 . . . 43431 3026 1 There there EX 43431 3026 2 are be VBP 43431 3026 3 no no DT 43431 3026 4 sternal sternal JJ 43431 3026 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 3026 6 , , , 43431 3026 7 and and CC 43431 3026 8 the the DT 43431 3026 9 sternum sternum NN 43431 3026 10 is be VBZ 43431 3026 11 very very RB 43431 3026 12 intimately intimately RB 43431 3026 13 related related JJ 43431 3026 14 to to IN 43431 3026 15 the the DT 43431 3026 16 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 3026 17 girdle girdle NN 43431 3026 18 . . . 43431 3027 1 There there EX 43431 3027 2 are be VBP 43431 3027 3 no no DT 43431 3027 4 obturator obturator NN 43431 3027 5 foramina foramina NNP 43431 3027 6 . . . 43431 3028 1 The the DT 43431 3028 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 3028 3 are be VBP 43431 3028 4 as as IN 43431 3028 5 in in IN 43431 3028 6 the the DT 43431 3028 7 higher high JJR 43431 3028 8 vertebrata vertebrata NN 43431 3028 9 , , , 43431 3028 10 divisible divisible JJ 43431 3028 11 into into IN 43431 3028 12 upper upper JJ 43431 3028 13 arm arm NN 43431 3028 14 , , , 43431 3028 15 fore fore NN 43431 3028 16 - - HYPH 43431 3028 17 arm arm NN 43431 3028 18 , , , 43431 3028 19 and and CC 43431 3028 20 manus manus NN 43431 3028 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3028 22 wrist wrist NN 43431 3028 23 and and CC 43431 3028 24 hand hand NN 43431 3028 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3028 26 , , , 43431 3028 27 and and CC 43431 3028 28 into into IN 43431 3028 29 thigh thigh NN 43431 3028 30 , , , 43431 3028 31 shin shin NNP 43431 3028 32 , , , 43431 3028 33 and and CC 43431 3028 34 pes pe NNS 43431 3028 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3028 36 ankle ankle NN 43431 3028 37 and and CC 43431 3028 38 foot foot NN 43431 3028 39 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3028 40 respectively respectively RB 43431 3028 41 . . . 43431 3029 1 The the DT 43431 3029 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 3029 3 limb limb NN 43431 3029 4 is be VBZ 43431 3029 5 , , , 43431 3029 6 as as IN 43431 3029 7 a a DT 43431 3029 8 rule rule NN 43431 3029 9 , , , 43431 3029 10 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 3029 11 , , , 43431 3029 12 but but CC 43431 3029 13 in in IN 43431 3029 14 nearly nearly RB 43431 3029 15 every every DT 43431 3029 16 case case NN 43431 3029 17 the the DT 43431 3029 18 pollex pollex NN 43431 3029 19 is be VBZ 43431 3029 20 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 3029 21 or or CC 43431 3029 22 absent absent JJ 43431 3029 23 . . . 43431 3030 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3030 2 Order Order NNP 43431 3030 3 1 1 CD 43431 3030 4 . . . 43431 3030 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3030 6 URODELA[51 URODELA[51 NNP 43431 3030 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3030 8 . . . 43431 3031 1 The the DT 43431 3031 2 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3031 3 are be VBP 43431 3031 4 elongated elongate VBN 43431 3031 5 animals animal NNS 43431 3031 6 with with IN 43431 3031 7 a a DT 43431 3031 8 naked naked JJ 43431 3031 9 skin skin NN 43431 3031 10 , , , 43431 3031 11 a a DT 43431 3031 12 persistent persistent JJ 43431 3031 13 tail tail NN 43431 3031 14 , , , 43431 3031 15 and and CC 43431 3031 16 generally generally RB 43431 3031 17 four four CD 43431 3031 18 short short JJ 43431 3031 19 limbs limb NNS 43431 3031 20 . . . 43431 3032 1 The the DT 43431 3032 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3032 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 3032 4 are be VBP 43431 3032 5 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 3032 6 or or CC 43431 3032 7 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 3032 8 , , , 43431 3032 9 and and CC 43431 3032 10 there there EX 43431 3032 11 are be VBP 43431 3032 12 numerous numerous JJ 43431 3032 13 precaudal precaudal JJ 43431 3032 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3032 15 . . . 43431 3033 1 Portions portion NNS 43431 3033 2 of of IN 43431 3033 3 the the DT 43431 3033 4 notochord notochord NN 43431 3033 5 commonly commonly RB 43431 3033 6 persist persist VBP 43431 3033 7 in in IN 43431 3033 8 the the DT 43431 3033 9 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 3033 10 spaces space NNS 43431 3033 11 . . . 43431 3034 1 In in IN 43431 3034 2 the the DT 43431 3034 3 skull skull NN 43431 3034 4 there there EX 43431 3034 5 is be VBZ 43431 3034 6 no no DT 43431 3034 7 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3034 8 forming form VBG 43431 3034 9 a a DT 43431 3034 10 ring ring NN 43431 3034 11 encircling encircle VBG 43431 3034 12 the the DT 43431 3034 13 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3034 14 end end NN 43431 3034 15 of of IN 43431 3034 16 the the DT 43431 3034 17 brain brain NN 43431 3034 18 , , , 43431 3034 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3034 20 place place NN 43431 3034 21 being be VBG 43431 3034 22 in in IN 43431 3034 23 many many JJ 43431 3034 24 cases case NNS 43431 3034 25 partly partly RB 43431 3034 26 taken take VBN 43431 3034 27 by by IN 43431 3034 28 a a DT 43431 3034 29 pair pair NN 43431 3034 30 of of IN 43431 3034 31 orbitosphenoids orbitosphenoid NNS 43431 3034 32 . . . 43431 3035 1 There there EX 43431 3035 2 is be VBZ 43431 3035 3 no no DT 43431 3035 4 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 3035 5 , , , 43431 3035 6 and and CC 43431 3035 7 the the DT 43431 3035 8 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 3035 9 is be VBZ 43431 3035 10 more more RBR 43431 3035 11 or or CC 43431 3035 12 less less RBR 43431 3035 13 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3035 14 . . . 43431 3036 1 The the DT 43431 3036 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 3036 3 has have VBZ 43431 3036 4 a a DT 43431 3036 5 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3036 6 splenial splenial NN 43431 3036 7 , , , 43431 3036 8 and and CC 43431 3036 9 the the DT 43431 3036 10 articular articular NNP 43431 3036 11 is be VBZ 43431 3036 12 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3036 13 . . . 43431 3037 1 There there EX 43431 3037 2 is be VBZ 43431 3037 3 no no DT 43431 3037 4 definite definite JJ 43431 3037 5 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3037 6 cavity cavity NN 43431 3037 7 . . . 43431 3038 1 The the DT 43431 3038 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3038 3 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 3038 4 is be VBZ 43431 3038 5 throughout throughout IN 43431 3038 6 life life NN 43431 3038 7 connected connect VBN 43431 3038 8 to to IN 43431 3038 9 the the DT 43431 3038 10 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 3038 11 by by IN 43431 3038 12 ligament ligament NN 43431 3038 13 , , , 43431 3038 14 and and CC 43431 3038 15 a a DT 43431 3038 16 large large JJ 43431 3038 17 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 3038 18 plate plate NN 43431 3038 19 does do VBZ 43431 3038 20 not not RB 43431 3038 21 occur occur VB 43431 3038 22 . . . 43431 3039 1 The the DT 43431 3039 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 3039 3 are be VBP 43431 3039 4 short short JJ 43431 3039 5 structures structure NNS 43431 3039 6 with with IN 43431 3039 7 bifurcated bifurcate VBN 43431 3039 8 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3039 9 ends end NNS 43431 3039 10 . . . 43431 3040 1 In in IN 43431 3040 2 the the DT 43431 3040 3 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 3040 4 the the DT 43431 3040 5 pubis pubis NNP 43431 3040 6 remains remain VBZ 43431 3040 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3040 8 , , , 43431 3040 9 and and CC 43431 3040 10 there there EX 43431 3040 11 is be VBZ 43431 3040 12 a a DT 43431 3040 13 bifid bifid NN 43431 3040 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3040 15 epipubis epipubis NN 43431 3040 16 . . . 43431 3041 1 The the DT 43431 3041 2 bones bone NNS 43431 3041 3 of of IN 43431 3041 4 the the DT 43431 3041 5 fore fore NN 43431 3041 6 - - HYPH 43431 3041 7 arm arm NN 43431 3041 8 and and CC 43431 3041 9 shin shin NNP 43431 3041 10 remain remain VBP 43431 3041 11 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3041 12 , , , 43431 3041 13 and and CC 43431 3041 14 the the DT 43431 3041 15 manus manus NN 43431 3041 16 never never RB 43431 3041 17 has have VBZ 43431 3041 18 more more JJR 43431 3041 19 than than IN 43431 3041 20 four four CD 43431 3041 21 digits digit NNS 43431 3041 22 . . . 43431 3042 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3042 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 3042 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3042 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3042 5 1 1 CD 43431 3042 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3042 7 . . . 43431 3043 1 ICHTHYOIDEA ICHTHYOIDEA NNP 43431 3043 2 . . . 43431 3044 1 The the DT 43431 3044 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3044 3 are be VBP 43431 3044 4 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 3044 5 , , , 43431 3044 6 but but CC 43431 3044 7 the the DT 43431 3044 8 notochord notochord NN 43431 3044 9 remains remain VBZ 43431 3044 10 but but CC 43431 3044 11 little little JJ 43431 3044 12 constricted constrict VBN 43431 3044 13 throughout throughout IN 43431 3044 14 the the DT 43431 3044 15 whole whole JJ 43431 3044 16 length length NN 43431 3044 17 of of IN 43431 3044 18 the the DT 43431 3044 19 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3044 20 column column NN 43431 3044 21 . . . 43431 3045 1 Three three CD 43431 3045 2 or or CC 43431 3045 3 four four CD 43431 3045 4 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3045 5 arches arch NNS 43431 3045 6 nearly nearly RB 43431 3045 7 always always RB 43431 3045 8 persist persist VBP 43431 3045 9 in in IN 43431 3045 10 the the DT 43431 3045 11 adult adult NN 43431 3045 12 . . . 43431 3046 1 The the DT 43431 3046 2 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 3046 3 of of IN 43431 3046 4 the the DT 43431 3046 5 carpus carpus NNP 43431 3046 6 and and CC 43431 3046 7 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 3046 8 remain remain VBP 43431 3046 9 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3046 10 . . . 43431 3047 1 The the DT 43431 3047 2 Ichthyoidea Ichthyoidea NNP 43431 3047 3 may may MD 43431 3047 4 be be VB 43431 3047 5 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 3047 6 again again RB 43431 3047 7 into into IN 43431 3047 8 two two CD 43431 3047 9 groups:-- groups:-- NN 43431 3047 10 A. a. NN 43431 3048 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3048 2 Perennibranchiata Perennibranchiata NNP 43431 3048 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3048 4 , , , 43431 3048 5 whose whose WP$ 43431 3048 6 chief chief JJ 43431 3048 7 distinguishing distinguish VBG 43431 3048 8 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 3048 9 characters character NNS 43431 3048 10 are be VBP 43431 3048 11 that that IN 43431 3048 12 the the DT 43431 3048 13 skull skull NN 43431 3048 14 is be VBZ 43431 3048 15 elongated elongate VBN 43431 3048 16 , , , 43431 3048 17 the the DT 43431 3048 18 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3048 19 are be VBP 43431 3048 20 not not RB 43431 3048 21 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 3048 22 , , , 43431 3048 23 the the DT 43431 3048 24 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3048 25 are be VBP 43431 3048 26 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 3048 27 or or CC 43431 3048 28 absent absent JJ 43431 3048 29 ; ; : 43431 3048 30 there there EX 43431 3048 31 are be VBP 43431 3048 32 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3048 33 no no DT 43431 3048 34 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3048 35 , , , 43431 3048 36 and and CC 43431 3048 37 the the DT 43431 3048 38 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3048 39 bear bear VBP 43431 3048 40 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3048 41 ; ; : 43431 3048 42 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 3049 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3049 2 Siren Siren NNP 43431 3049 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3049 4 , , , 43431 3049 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3049 6 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 3049 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3049 8 , , , 43431 3049 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3049 10 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3049 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3049 12 . . . 43431 3050 1 B. B. NNP 43431 3051 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3051 2 Derotremata Derotremata NNP 43431 3051 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3051 4 , , , 43431 3051 5 whose whose WP$ 43431 3051 6 chief chief JJ 43431 3051 7 distinguishing distinguish VBG 43431 3051 8 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 3051 9 characters character NNS 43431 3051 10 are be VBP 43431 3051 11 that that IN 43431 3051 12 there there EX 43431 3051 13 are be VBP 43431 3051 14 large large JJ 43431 3051 15 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3051 16 and and CC 43431 3051 17 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3051 18 ; ; : 43431 3051 19 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3051 20 are be VBP 43431 3051 21 borne bear VBN 43431 3051 22 by by IN 43431 3051 23 both both DT 43431 3051 24 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3051 25 and and CC 43431 3051 26 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3051 27 ; ; , 43431 3051 28 there there EX 43431 3051 29 are be VBP 43431 3051 30 no no DT 43431 3051 31 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3051 32 ; ; : 43431 3051 33 and and CC 43431 3051 34 both both DT 43431 3051 35 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 3051 36 and and CC 43431 3051 37 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 3051 38 limbs limb NNS 43431 3051 39 are be VBP 43431 3051 40 always always RB 43431 3051 41 present present JJ 43431 3051 42 ; ; : 43431 3051 43 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 3052 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3052 2 Amphiuma Amphiuma NNP 43431 3052 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3052 4 , , , 43431 3052 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3052 6 Megalobatrachus Megalobatrachus NNP 43431 3052 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3052 8 , , , 43431 3052 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3052 10 Cryptobranchus Cryptobranchus NNP 43431 3052 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3052 12 . . . 43431 3053 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3053 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 3053 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3053 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3053 5 2 2 CD 43431 3053 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3053 7 . . . 43431 3054 1 SALAMANDRINA SALAMANDRINA NNP 43431 3054 2 . . . 43431 3055 1 The the DT 43431 3055 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3055 3 are be VBP 43431 3055 4 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 3055 5 . . . 43431 3056 1 The the DT 43431 3056 2 skull skull NN 43431 3056 3 is be VBZ 43431 3056 4 broad broad JJ 43431 3056 5 , , , 43431 3056 6 and and CC 43431 3056 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3056 8 are be VBP 43431 3056 9 borne bear VBN 43431 3056 10 by by IN 43431 3056 11 both both DT 43431 3056 12 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3056 13 and and CC 43431 3056 14 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 3056 15 . . . 43431 3057 1 Nasal nasal NN 43431 3057 2 bones bone NNS 43431 3057 3 are be VBP 43431 3057 4 present present JJ 43431 3057 5 . . . 43431 3058 1 The the DT 43431 3058 2 remains remain NNS 43431 3058 3 of of IN 43431 3058 4 only only RB 43431 3058 5 two two CD 43431 3058 6 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3058 7 arches arch NNS 43431 3058 8 are be VBP 43431 3058 9 found find VBN 43431 3058 10 in in IN 43431 3058 11 the the DT 43431 3058 12 adult adult NN 43431 3058 13 . . . 43431 3059 1 The the DT 43431 3059 2 carpus carpus NNP 43431 3059 3 and and CC 43431 3059 4 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 3059 5 are be VBP 43431 3059 6 more more RBR 43431 3059 7 or or CC 43431 3059 8 less less RBR 43431 3059 9 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3059 10 . . . 43431 3060 1 This this DT 43431 3060 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 3060 3 includes include VBZ 43431 3060 4 the the DT 43431 3060 5 Newts Newts NNP 43431 3060 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3060 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3060 8 Molge Molge NNP 43431 3060 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3060 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3060 11 , , , 43431 3060 12 Salamanders Salamanders NNP 43431 3060 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3060 14 _ _ NNP 43431 3060 15 Salamandra Salamandra NNP 43431 3060 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3060 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3060 18 , , , 43431 3060 19 and and CC 43431 3060 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3060 21 Amblystoma Amblystoma NNP 43431 3060 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3060 23 . . . 43431 3061 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3061 2 Order Order NNP 43431 3061 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3061 4 2 2 CD 43431 3061 5 . . . 43431 3062 1 LABYRINTHODONTIA[52 labyrinthodontia[52 ADD 43431 3062 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3062 3 . . . 43431 3063 1 These these DT 43431 3063 2 are be VBP 43431 3063 3 extinct extinct VBN 43431 3063 4 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3063 5 with with IN 43431 3063 6 a a DT 43431 3063 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 3063 8 developed develop VBN 43431 3063 9 dermal dermal JJ 43431 3063 10 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 3063 11 , , , 43431 3063 12 which which WDT 43431 3063 13 is be VBZ 43431 3063 14 generally generally RB 43431 3063 15 limited limit VBN 43431 3063 16 to to IN 43431 3063 17 the the DT 43431 3063 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3063 19 surface surface NN 43431 3063 20 . . . 43431 3064 1 The the DT 43431 3064 2 body body NN 43431 3064 3 and and CC 43431 3064 4 tail tail NN 43431 3064 5 are be VBP 43431 3064 6 long long JJ 43431 3064 7 and and CC 43431 3064 8 in in IN 43431 3064 9 some some DT 43431 3064 10 cases case NNS 43431 3064 11 limbs limb NNS 43431 3064 12 are be VBP 43431 3064 13 absent absent JJ 43431 3064 14 . . . 43431 3065 1 The the DT 43431 3065 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3065 3 are be VBP 43431 3065 4 pointed point VBN 43431 3065 5 and and CC 43431 3065 6 often often RB 43431 3065 7 have have VBP 43431 3065 8 the the DT 43431 3065 9 dentine dentine NN 43431 3065 10 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 3065 11 folded fold VBN 43431 3065 12 . . . 43431 3066 1 The the DT 43431 3066 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3066 3 are be VBP 43431 3066 4 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 3066 5 , , , 43431 3066 6 and and CC 43431 3066 7 are be VBP 43431 3066 8 generally generally RB 43431 3066 9 well well RB 43431 3066 10 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3066 11 . . . 43431 3067 1 The the DT 43431 3067 2 skull skull NN 43431 3067 3 is be VBZ 43431 3067 4 very very RB 43431 3067 5 solid solid JJ 43431 3067 6 , , , 43431 3067 7 and and CC 43431 3067 8 has have VBZ 43431 3067 9 a a DT 43431 3067 10 greatly greatly RB 43431 3067 11 - - HYPH 43431 3067 12 developed develop VBN 43431 3067 13 secondary secondary JJ 43431 3067 14 roof roof NN 43431 3067 15 which which WDT 43431 3067 16 hides hide VBZ 43431 3067 17 the the DT 43431 3067 18 true true JJ 43431 3067 19 cranium cranium NN 43431 3067 20 and and CC 43431 3067 21 is be VBZ 43431 3067 22 very very RB 43431 3067 23 little little RB 43431 3067 24 broken break VBN 43431 3067 25 up up RP 43431 3067 26 by by IN 43431 3067 27 fossae fossae NNP 43431 3067 28 . . . 43431 3068 1 Paired pair VBN 43431 3068 2 dermal dermal JJ 43431 3068 3 supra supra NN 43431 3068 4 - - HYPH 43431 3068 5 occipitals occipital NNS 43431 3068 6 are be VBP 43431 3068 7 found find VBN 43431 3068 8 , , , 43431 3068 9 and and CC 43431 3068 10 there there EX 43431 3068 11 is be VBZ 43431 3068 12 an an DT 43431 3068 13 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 3068 14 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3068 15 . . . 43431 3069 1 The the DT 43431 3069 2 epi epi JJ 43431 3069 3 - - HYPH 43431 3069 4 otics otic NNS 43431 3069 5 and and CC 43431 3069 6 opisthotics opisthotic NNS 43431 3069 7 form form VBP 43431 3069 8 a a DT 43431 3069 9 pair pair NN 43431 3069 10 of of IN 43431 3069 11 bones bone NNS 43431 3069 12 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3069 13 from from IN 43431 3069 14 the the DT 43431 3069 15 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3069 16 . . . 43431 3070 1 Four four CD 43431 3070 2 simple simple JJ 43431 3070 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 3070 4 of of IN 43431 3070 5 moderate moderate JJ 43431 3070 6 length length NN 43431 3070 7 are be VBP 43431 3070 8 generally generally RB 43431 3070 9 present present JJ 43431 3070 10 , , , 43431 3070 11 and and CC 43431 3070 12 in in IN 43431 3070 13 some some DT 43431 3070 14 cases case NNS 43431 3070 15 all all DT 43431 3070 16 four four CD 43431 3070 17 limbs limb NNS 43431 3070 18 are be VBP 43431 3070 19 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 3070 20 . . . 43431 3071 1 Among among IN 43431 3071 2 the the DT 43431 3071 3 better well RBR 43431 3071 4 known know VBN 43431 3071 5 genera genera NN 43431 3071 6 of of IN 43431 3071 7 Labyrinthodonts labyrinthodont NNS 43431 3071 8 are be VBP 43431 3071 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3071 10 Mastodonsaurus Mastodonsaurus NNP 43431 3071 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3071 12 , , , 43431 3071 13 _ _ NNP 43431 3071 14 Nyrania Nyrania NNP 43431 3071 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3071 16 , , , 43431 3071 17 and and CC 43431 3071 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3071 19 Archegosaurus Archegosaurus NNP 43431 3071 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3071 21 . . . 43431 3072 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3072 2 Order Order NNP 43431 3072 3 3 3 CD 43431 3072 4 . . . 43431 3072 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3072 6 GYMNOPHIONA[53 GYMNOPHIONA[53 NNP 43431 3072 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3072 8 . . . 43431 3073 1 These these DT 43431 3073 2 animals animal NNS 43431 3073 3 form form VBP 43431 3073 4 a a DT 43431 3073 5 group group NN 43431 3073 6 of of IN 43431 3073 7 abnormal abnormal JJ 43431 3073 8 worm worm NN 43431 3073 9 - - HYPH 43431 3073 10 like like UH 43431 3073 11 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3073 12 having have VBG 43431 3073 13 an an DT 43431 3073 14 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 3073 15 in in IN 43431 3073 16 the the DT 43431 3073 17 form form NN 43431 3073 18 of of IN 43431 3073 19 subcutaneous subcutaneous JJ 43431 3073 20 scales scale NNS 43431 3073 21 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3073 22 in in IN 43431 3073 23 rings ring NNS 43431 3073 24 . . . 43431 3074 1 The the DT 43431 3074 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3074 3 are be VBP 43431 3074 4 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 3074 5 and and CC 43431 3074 6 are be VBP 43431 3074 7 very very RB 43431 3074 8 numerous numerous JJ 43431 3074 9 ; ; : 43431 3074 10 very very RB 43431 3074 11 few few JJ 43431 3074 12 however however RB 43431 3074 13 belong belong VBP 43431 3074 14 to to IN 43431 3074 15 the the DT 43431 3074 16 tail tail NN 43431 3074 17 . . . 43431 3075 1 The the DT 43431 3075 2 skull skull NN 43431 3075 3 has have VBZ 43431 3075 4 a a DT 43431 3075 5 complete complete JJ 43431 3075 6 secondary secondary JJ 43431 3075 7 bony bony NN 43431 3075 8 roof roof NN 43431 3075 9 , , , 43431 3075 10 the the DT 43431 3075 11 mandible mandible JJ 43431 3075 12 bears bear VBZ 43431 3075 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3075 14 and and CC 43431 3075 15 has have VBZ 43431 3075 16 an an DT 43431 3075 17 enormous enormous JJ 43431 3075 18 backward backward JJ 43431 3075 19 projection projection NN 43431 3075 20 of of IN 43431 3075 21 the the DT 43431 3075 22 angular angular JJ 43431 3075 23 . . . 43431 3076 1 The the DT 43431 3076 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3076 3 arch arch NN 43431 3076 4 has have VBZ 43431 3076 5 very very RB 43431 3076 6 slender slender NN 43431 3076 7 cornua cornua NN 43431 3076 8 and and CC 43431 3076 9 no no DT 43431 3076 10 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3076 11 body body NN 43431 3076 12 , , , 43431 3076 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3076 14 is be VBZ 43431 3076 15 attached attach VBN 43431 3076 16 neither neither CC 43431 3076 17 to to IN 43431 3076 18 the the DT 43431 3076 19 cranium cranium NN 43431 3076 20 nor nor CC 43431 3076 21 to to IN 43431 3076 22 the the DT 43431 3076 23 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3076 24 . . . 43431 3077 1 The the DT 43431 3077 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 3077 3 are be VBP 43431 3077 4 very very RB 43431 3077 5 long long JJ 43431 3077 6 and and CC 43431 3077 7 there there EX 43431 3077 8 are be VBP 43431 3077 9 no no DT 43431 3077 10 limbs limb NNS 43431 3077 11 or or CC 43431 3077 12 limb limb NN 43431 3077 13 girdles girdle NNS 43431 3077 14 . . . 43431 3078 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3078 2 Order Order NNP 43431 3078 3 4 4 CD 43431 3078 4 . . . 43431 3078 5 _ _ IN 43431 3078 6 ANURA anura NN 43431 3078 7 . . . 43431 3079 1 These these DT 43431 3079 2 are be VBP 43431 3079 3 tailless tailless JJ 43431 3079 4 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3079 5 , , , 43431 3079 6 which which WDT 43431 3079 7 except except IN 43431 3079 8 in in IN 43431 3079 9 a a DT 43431 3079 10 few few JJ 43431 3079 11 instances instance NNS 43431 3079 12 , , , 43431 3079 13 are be VBP 43431 3079 14 devoid devoid JJ 43431 3079 15 of of IN 43431 3079 16 an an DT 43431 3079 17 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 3079 18 . . . 43431 3080 1 The the DT 43431 3080 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3080 3 are be VBP 43431 3080 4 as as IN 43431 3080 5 a a DT 43431 3080 6 rule rule NN 43431 3080 7 procoelous procoelous NN 43431 3080 8 , , , 43431 3080 9 and and CC 43431 3080 10 are be VBP 43431 3080 11 very very RB 43431 3080 12 few few JJ 43431 3080 13 in in IN 43431 3080 14 number number NN 43431 3080 15 . . . 43431 3081 1 The the DT 43431 3081 2 post post JJ 43431 3081 3 - - JJ 43431 3081 4 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3081 5 part part NN 43431 3081 6 of of IN 43431 3081 7 the the DT 43431 3081 8 spinal spinal JJ 43431 3081 9 column column NN 43431 3081 10 ossifies ossifie NNS 43431 3081 11 continuously continuously RB 43431 3081 12 , , , 43431 3081 13 forming form VBG 43431 3081 14 an an DT 43431 3081 15 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 3081 16 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 3081 17 rod rod NN 43431 3081 18 , , , 43431 3081 19 the the DT 43431 3081 20 urostyle urostyle NNS 43431 3081 21 . . . 43431 3082 1 Remains remain NNS 43431 3082 2 of of IN 43431 3082 3 the the DT 43431 3082 4 notochord notochord NN 43431 3082 5 persist persist NN 43431 3082 6 , , , 43431 3082 7 lying lie VBG 43431 3082 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3082 9 vertebrally vertebrally RB 43431 3082 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3082 11 , , , 43431 3082 12 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 3083 1 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 3083 2 within within IN 43431 3083 3 the the DT 43431 3083 4 centra centra NN 43431 3083 5 of of IN 43431 3083 6 the the DT 43431 3083 7 several several JJ 43431 3083 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3083 9 , , , 43431 3083 10 and and CC 43431 3083 11 not not RB 43431 3083 12 as as IN 43431 3083 13 in in IN 43431 3083 14 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3083 15 lying lie VBG 43431 3083 16 between between IN 43431 3083 17 one one CD 43431 3083 18 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3083 19 and and CC 43431 3083 20 the the DT 43431 3083 21 next next JJ 43431 3083 22 . . . 43431 3084 1 The the DT 43431 3084 2 skull skull NN 43431 3084 3 is be VBZ 43431 3084 4 very very RB 43431 3084 5 short short JJ 43431 3084 6 and and CC 43431 3084 7 wide wide JJ 43431 3084 8 . . . 43431 3085 1 The the DT 43431 3085 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 3085 3 is be VBZ 43431 3085 4 almost almost RB 43431 3085 5 always always RB 43431 3085 6 , , , 43431 3085 7 if if IN 43431 3085 8 not not RB 43431 3085 9 invariably invariably RB 43431 3085 10 , , , 43431 3085 11 toothless toothless JJ 43431 3085 12 . . . 43431 3086 1 The the DT 43431 3086 2 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3086 3 and and CC 43431 3086 4 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3086 5 on on IN 43431 3086 6 each each DT 43431 3086 7 side side NN 43431 3086 8 are be VBP 43431 3086 9 united united JJ 43431 3086 10 so so IN 43431 3086 11 as as IN 43431 3086 12 to to TO 43431 3086 13 form form VB 43431 3086 14 a a DT 43431 3086 15 pair pair NN 43431 3086 16 of of IN 43431 3086 17 fronto fronto NNS 43431 3086 18 - - HYPH 43431 3086 19 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3086 20 , , , 43431 3086 21 and and CC 43431 3086 22 a a DT 43431 3086 23 girdle girdle NN 43431 3086 24 - - HYPH 43431 3086 25 like like JJ 43431 3086 26 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3086 27 is be VBZ 43431 3086 28 present present JJ 43431 3086 29 . . . 43431 3087 1 The the DT 43431 3087 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 3087 3 is be VBZ 43431 3087 4 not not RB 43431 3087 5 generally generally RB 43431 3087 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3087 7 . . . 43431 3088 1 A a DT 43431 3088 2 predentary predentary JJ 43431 3088 3 or or CC 43431 3088 4 mento mento JJ 43431 3088 5 - - HYPH 43431 3088 6 meckelian meckelian JJ 43431 3088 7 bone bone NN 43431 3088 8 is be VBZ 43431 3088 9 commonly commonly RB 43431 3088 10 present present JJ 43431 3088 11 in in IN 43431 3088 12 the the DT 43431 3088 13 mandible mandible NN 43431 3088 14 , , , 43431 3088 15 and and CC 43431 3088 16 a a DT 43431 3088 17 single single JJ 43431 3088 18 bone bone NN 43431 3088 19 represents represent VBZ 43431 3088 20 the the DT 43431 3088 21 angular angular JJ 43431 3088 22 and and CC 43431 3088 23 splenial splenial JJ 43431 3088 24 . . . 43431 3089 1 The the DT 43431 3089 2 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3089 3 arches arch NNS 43431 3089 4 are be VBP 43431 3089 5 much much RB 43431 3089 6 reduced reduce VBN 43431 3089 7 in in IN 43431 3089 8 the the DT 43431 3089 9 adult adult NN 43431 3089 10 , , , 43431 3089 11 and and CC 43431 3089 12 the the DT 43431 3089 13 distal distal JJ 43431 3089 14 ends end NNS 43431 3089 15 of of IN 43431 3089 16 the the DT 43431 3089 17 cornua cornua NN 43431 3089 18 unite unite NN 43431 3089 19 to to TO 43431 3089 20 form form VB 43431 3089 21 a a DT 43431 3089 22 flat flat JJ 43431 3089 23 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 3089 24 plate plate NN 43431 3089 25 of of IN 43431 3089 26 a a DT 43431 3089 27 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 3089 28 large large JJ 43431 3089 29 size size NN 43431 3089 30 . . . 43431 3090 1 Ribs Ribs NNP 43431 3090 2 are be VBP 43431 3090 3 very very RB 43431 3090 4 little little RB 43431 3090 5 developed developed JJ 43431 3090 6 . . . 43431 3091 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 3091 2 are be VBP 43431 3091 3 present present JJ 43431 3091 4 . . . 43431 3092 1 The the DT 43431 3092 2 ilia ilium NNS 43431 3092 3 are be VBP 43431 3092 4 very very RB 43431 3092 5 greatly greatly RB 43431 3092 6 elongated elongated JJ 43431 3092 7 . . . 43431 3093 1 The the DT 43431 3093 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 3093 3 limb limb NN 43431 3093 4 has have VBZ 43431 3093 5 four four CD 43431 3093 6 well well RB 43431 3093 7 - - HYPH 43431 3093 8 developed develop VBN 43431 3093 9 digits digit NNS 43431 3093 10 and and CC 43431 3093 11 a a DT 43431 3093 12 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 3093 13 pollex pollex NN 43431 3093 14 , , , 43431 3093 15 and and CC 43431 3093 16 is be VBZ 43431 3093 17 of of IN 43431 3093 18 moderate moderate JJ 43431 3093 19 length length NN 43431 3093 20 ; ; : 43431 3093 21 the the DT 43431 3093 22 radius radius NN 43431 3093 23 and and CC 43431 3093 24 ulna ulna NNP 43431 3093 25 have have VBP 43431 3093 26 fused fuse VBN 43431 3093 27 . . . 43431 3094 1 The the DT 43431 3094 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 3094 3 limb limb NN 43431 3094 4 is be VBZ 43431 3094 5 greatly greatly RB 43431 3094 6 elongated elongate VBN 43431 3094 7 and and CC 43431 3094 8 is be VBZ 43431 3094 9 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 3094 10 ; ; : 43431 3094 11 the the DT 43431 3094 12 tibia tibia NNP 43431 3094 13 and and CC 43431 3094 14 fibula fibula NNP 43431 3094 15 are be VBP 43431 3094 16 fused fuse VBN 43431 3094 17 , , , 43431 3094 18 while while IN 43431 3094 19 the the DT 43431 3094 20 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 3094 21 and and CC 43431 3094 22 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 3094 23 are be VBP 43431 3094 24 greatly greatly RB 43431 3094 25 elongated elongate VBN 43431 3094 26 , , , 43431 3094 27 and and CC 43431 3094 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3094 29 is be VBZ 43431 3094 30 largely largely RB 43431 3094 31 owing owing JJ 43431 3094 32 to to IN 43431 3094 33 them -PRON- PRP 43431 3094 34 that that IN 43431 3094 35 the the DT 43431 3094 36 length length NN 43431 3094 37 of of IN 43431 3094 38 the the DT 43431 3094 39 limb limb NN 43431 3094 40 is be VBZ 43431 3094 41 so so RB 43431 3094 42 great great JJ 43431 3094 43 . . . 43431 3095 1 The the DT 43431 3095 2 group group NN 43431 3095 3 includes include VBZ 43431 3095 4 the the DT 43431 3095 5 Frogs Frogs NNP 43431 3095 6 and and CC 43431 3095 7 Toads Toads NNPS 43431 3095 8 , , , 43431 3095 9 the the DT 43431 3095 10 predominant predominant JJ 43431 3095 11 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3095 12 of of IN 43431 3095 13 the the DT 43431 3095 14 present present JJ 43431 3095 15 time time NN 43431 3095 16 . . . 43431 3096 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 3096 2 : : : 43431 3096 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3096 4 50 50 CD 43431 3096 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3096 6 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 3097 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 3097 2 , , , 43431 3097 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3097 4 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3097 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3097 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3097 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3097 8 Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia NNP 43431 3097 9 Britannica Britannica NNP 43431 3097 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3097 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3097 12 . . . 43431 3098 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3098 2 51 51 CD 43431 3098 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3098 4 See See NNP 43431 3098 5 R. R. NNP 43431 3098 6 Wiedersheim Wiedersheim NNP 43431 3098 7 , , , 43431 3098 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3098 9 Morphol Morphol NNP 43431 3098 10 . . . 43431 3099 1 Jahrb Jahrb NNP 43431 3099 2 . . . 43431 3099 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3099 4 Bd Bd NNP 43431 3099 5 . . . 43431 3100 1 III iii CD 43431 3100 2 . . . 43431 3101 1 1877 1877 CD 43431 3101 2 , , , 43431 3101 3 p. p. NN 43431 3101 4 459 459 CD 43431 3101 5 . . . 43431 3102 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3102 2 52 52 CD 43431 3102 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3102 4 See see VB 43431 3102 5 A. a. NN 43431 3102 6 Fritsch Fritsch NNP 43431 3102 7 , , , 43431 3102 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3102 9 Fauna Fauna NNP 43431 3102 10 der der NN 43431 3102 11 Gaskohle Gaskohle NNP 43431 3102 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3102 13 , , , 43431 3102 14 Prague Prague NNP 43431 3102 15 , , , 43431 3102 16 1883 1883 CD 43431 3102 17 - - SYM 43431 3102 18 85 85 CD 43431 3102 19 - - HYPH 43431 3102 20 86 86 CD 43431 3102 21 , , , 43431 3102 22 also also RB 43431 3102 23 writings writing NNS 43431 3102 24 of of IN 43431 3102 25 Cope Cope NNP 43431 3102 26 , , , 43431 3102 27 Credner Credner NNP 43431 3102 28 , , , 43431 3102 29 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 3102 30 , , , 43431 3102 31 H. H. NNP 43431 3102 32 v. v. IN 43431 3102 33 Meyer Meyer NNP 43431 3102 34 , , , 43431 3102 35 Miall Miall NNP 43431 3102 36 . . . 43431 3103 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3103 2 53 53 CD 43431 3103 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3103 4 See see VB 43431 3103 5 R. R. NNP 43431 3103 6 Wiedersheim Wiedersheim NNP 43431 3103 7 , , , 43431 3103 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3103 9 Anatomie Anatomie NNP 43431 3103 10 der der VBD 43431 3103 11 Gymnophionen Gymnophionen NNP 43431 3103 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3103 13 , , , 43431 3103 14 Jena Jena NNP 43431 3103 15 , , , 43431 3103 16 1879 1879 CD 43431 3103 17 . . . 43431 3104 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 3104 2 X. X. NNP 43431 3105 1 THE the DT 43431 3105 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 3105 3 OF of IN 43431 3105 4 THE the DT 43431 3105 5 NEWT NEWT NNP 43431 3105 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3105 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3105 8 Molge Molge NNP 43431 3105 9 cristata cristata NN 43431 3105 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3105 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3105 12 . . . 43431 3106 1 I. I. NNP 43431 3106 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 3106 3 . . . 43431 3107 1 The the DT 43431 3107 2 skin skin NN 43431 3107 3 of of IN 43431 3107 4 the the DT 43431 3107 5 Newt Newt NNP 43431 3107 6 is be VBZ 43431 3107 7 quite quite RB 43431 3107 8 devoid devoid JJ 43431 3107 9 of of IN 43431 3107 10 any any DT 43431 3107 11 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 3107 12 structures structure NNS 43431 3107 13 . . . 43431 3108 1 The the DT 43431 3108 2 only only JJ 43431 3108 3 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 3108 4 structures structure NNS 43431 3108 5 that that WDT 43431 3108 6 the the DT 43431 3108 7 animal animal NN 43431 3108 8 possesses possesse NNS 43431 3108 9 are be VBP 43431 3108 10 the the DT 43431 3108 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3108 12 , , , 43431 3108 13 and and CC 43431 3108 14 these these DT 43431 3108 15 are be VBP 43431 3108 16 most most RBS 43431 3108 17 conveniently conveniently RB 43431 3108 18 described describe VBN 43431 3108 19 with with IN 43431 3108 20 the the DT 43431 3108 21 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 3108 22 . . . 43431 3109 1 II ii CD 43431 3109 2 . . . 43431 3110 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 3110 2 . . . 43431 3111 1 The the DT 43431 3111 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 3111 3 of of IN 43431 3111 4 the the DT 43431 3111 5 Newt Newt NNP 43431 3111 6 , , , 43431 3111 7 though though IN 43431 3111 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3111 9 to to IN 43431 3111 10 a a DT 43431 3111 11 considerable considerable JJ 43431 3111 12 extent extent NN 43431 3111 13 , , , 43431 3111 14 is be VBZ 43431 3111 15 more more RBR 43431 3111 16 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3111 17 than than IN 43431 3111 18 is be VBZ 43431 3111 19 that that DT 43431 3111 20 of of IN 43431 3111 21 the the DT 43431 3111 22 frog frog NN 43431 3111 23 . . . 43431 3112 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3112 2 is be VBZ 43431 3112 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 3112 4 into into IN 43431 3112 5 an an DT 43431 3112 6 = = SYM 43431 3112 7 axial axial JJ 43431 3112 8 portion= portion= NN 43431 3112 9 including include VBG 43431 3112 10 the the DT 43431 3112 11 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3112 12 column column NN 43431 3112 13 , , , 43431 3112 14 skull skull NNP 43431 3112 15 , , , 43431 3112 16 ribs ribs NNP 43431 3112 17 , , , 43431 3112 18 and and CC 43431 3112 19 sternum sternum NNP 43431 3112 20 , , , 43431 3112 21 and and CC 43431 3112 22 an an DT 43431 3112 23 = = SYM 43431 3112 24 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 3112 25 portion= portion= NN 43431 3112 26 including include VBG 43431 3112 27 the the DT 43431 3112 28 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3112 29 of of IN 43431 3112 30 the the DT 43431 3112 31 limbs limb NNS 43431 3112 32 and and CC 43431 3112 33 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3112 34 girdles girdle NNS 43431 3112 35 . . . 43431 3113 1 1 1 LS 43431 3113 2 . . . 43431 3114 1 THE the DT 43431 3114 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 3114 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 3114 4 . . . 43431 3115 1 A. A. NNP 43431 3116 1 THE the DT 43431 3116 2 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 3116 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 3116 4 . . . 43431 3117 1 This this DT 43431 3117 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3117 3 of of IN 43431 3117 4 about about RB 43431 3117 5 fifty fifty CD 43431 3117 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3117 7 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3117 8 in in IN 43431 3117 9 a a DT 43431 3117 10 regular regular JJ 43431 3117 11 continuous continuous JJ 43431 3117 12 series series NN 43431 3117 13 . . . 43431 3118 1 The the DT 43431 3118 2 first first JJ 43431 3118 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3118 4 differs differ VBZ 43431 3118 5 a a DT 43431 3118 6 good good JJ 43431 3118 7 deal deal NN 43431 3118 8 from from IN 43431 3118 9 any any DT 43431 3118 10 of of IN 43431 3118 11 the the DT 43431 3118 12 others other NNS 43431 3118 13 ; ; : 43431 3118 14 the the DT 43431 3118 15 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 43431 3118 16 or or CC 43431 3118 17 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3118 18 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 3118 19 and and CC 43431 3118 20 the the DT 43431 3118 21 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 43431 3118 22 or or CC 43431 3118 23 first first JJ 43431 3118 24 caudal caudal NN 43431 3118 25 also also RB 43431 3118 26 present present VBP 43431 3118 27 peculiarities peculiarity NNS 43431 3118 28 of of IN 43431 3118 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3118 30 own own JJ 43431 3118 31 . . . 43431 3119 1 The the DT 43431 3119 2 remaining remain VBG 43431 3119 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3119 4 are be VBP 43431 3119 5 divided divide VBN 43431 3119 6 by by IN 43431 3119 7 the the DT 43431 3119 8 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 3119 9 into into IN 43431 3119 10 an an DT 43431 3119 11 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3119 12 series series NN 43431 3119 13 of of IN 43431 3119 14 = = SYM 43431 3119 15 trunk= trunk= NNP 43431 3119 16 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3119 17 which which WDT 43431 3119 18 bear bear VBP 43431 3119 19 fairly fairly RB 43431 3119 20 large large JJ 43431 3119 21 ribs rib NNS 43431 3119 22 , , , 43431 3119 23 and and CC 43431 3119 24 a a DT 43431 3119 25 posterior posterior NN 43431 3119 26 series series NN 43431 3119 27 of of IN 43431 3119 28 = = SYM 43431 3119 29 caudal= caudal= NNP 43431 3119 30 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 3119 31 , , , 43431 3119 32 all all DT 43431 3119 33 of of IN 43431 3119 34 which which WDT 43431 3119 35 except except IN 43431 3119 36 the the DT 43431 3119 37 first first JJ 43431 3119 38 few few JJ 43431 3119 39 are be VBP 43431 3119 40 ribless ribless JJ 43431 3119 41 . . . 43431 3120 1 THE the DT 43431 3120 2 TRUNK trunk NN 43431 3120 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 3120 4 . . . 43431 3121 1 Any any DT 43431 3121 2 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3121 3 from from IN 43431 3121 4 the the DT 43431 3121 5 second second JJ 43431 3121 6 to to IN 43431 3121 7 the the DT 43431 3121 8 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 43431 3121 9 may may MD 43431 3121 10 be be VB 43431 3121 11 taken take VBN 43431 3121 12 as as IN 43431 3121 13 a a DT 43431 3121 14 type type NN 43431 3121 15 of of IN 43431 3121 16 the the DT 43431 3121 17 trunk trunk NN 43431 3121 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3121 19 . . . 43431 3122 1 The the DT 43431 3122 2 general general JJ 43431 3122 3 form form NN 43431 3122 4 is be VBZ 43431 3122 5 elongated elongate VBN 43431 3122 6 and and CC 43431 3122 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3122 8 hour hour NN 43431 3122 9 - - HYPH 43431 3122 10 glass glass NN 43431 3122 11 shaped shape VBN 43431 3122 12 , , , 43431 3122 13 and and CC 43431 3122 14 the the DT 43431 3122 15 = = SYM 43431 3122 16 centra= centra= NNP 43431 3122 17 are be VBP 43431 3122 18 convex convex NNP 43431 3122 19 in in IN 43431 3122 20 front front NNP 43431 3122 21 and and CC 43431 3122 22 concave concave NNP 43431 3122 23 behind behind RB 43431 3122 24 ; ; : 43431 3122 25 an an DT 43431 3122 26 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 3122 27 condition condition NN 43431 3122 28 such such JJ 43431 3122 29 as as IN 43431 3122 30 this this DT 43431 3122 31 is be VBZ 43431 3122 32 quite quite RB 43431 3122 33 exceptional exceptional JJ 43431 3122 34 in in IN 43431 3122 35 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3122 36 . . . 43431 3123 1 The the DT 43431 3123 2 = = SYM 43431 3123 3 notochord= notochord= NN 43431 3123 4 may may MD 43431 3123 5 persist persist VB 43431 3123 6 intervertebrally[54 intervertebrally[54 NNP 43431 3123 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3123 8 , , , 43431 3123 9 but but CC 43431 3123 10 in in IN 43431 3123 11 the the DT 43431 3123 12 centre centre NN 43431 3123 13 of of IN 43431 3123 14 each each DT 43431 3123 15 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3123 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3123 17 becomes become VBZ 43431 3123 18 greatly greatly RB 43431 3123 19 constricted constrict VBN 43431 3123 20 or or CC 43431 3123 21 altogether altogether RB 43431 3123 22 obliterated obliterate VBN 43431 3123 23 , , , 43431 3123 24 and and CC 43431 3123 25 replaced replace VBN 43431 3123 26 by by IN 43431 3123 27 marrow marrow NNP 43431 3123 28 . . . 43431 3124 1 The the DT 43431 3124 2 superficial superficial JJ 43431 3124 3 portion portion NN 43431 3124 4 of of IN 43431 3124 5 the the DT 43431 3124 6 centrum centrum NN 43431 3124 7 is be VBZ 43431 3124 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3124 9 , , , 43431 3124 10 while while IN 43431 3124 11 the the DT 43431 3124 12 articular articular JJ 43431 3124 13 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3124 14 are be VBP 43431 3124 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3124 16 . . . 43431 3125 1 The the DT 43431 3125 2 = = SYM 43431 3125 3 neural neural JJ 43431 3125 4 arches= arches= JJ 43431 3125 5 are be VBP 43431 3125 6 low low JJ 43431 3125 7 and and CC 43431 3125 8 articulate articulate JJ 43431 3125 9 together together RB 43431 3125 10 by by IN 43431 3125 11 means mean NNS 43431 3125 12 of of IN 43431 3125 13 = = SYM 43431 3125 14 zygapophyses= zygapophyses= NNP 43431 3125 15 borne bear VBN 43431 3125 16 on on IN 43431 3125 17 short short JJ 43431 3125 18 diverging diverging NN 43431 3125 19 processes process NNS 43431 3125 20 . . . 43431 3126 1 The the DT 43431 3126 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 3126 3 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 3126 4 look look VBP 43431 3126 5 upwards upwards JJ 43431 3126 6 , , , 43431 3126 7 the the DT 43431 3126 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 3126 9 downwards downwards RB 43431 3126 10 . . . 43431 3127 1 Each each DT 43431 3127 2 neural neural JJ 43431 3127 3 arch arch NN 43431 3127 4 is be VBZ 43431 3127 5 drawn draw VBN 43431 3127 6 out out RP 43431 3127 7 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 3127 8 into into IN 43431 3127 9 a a DT 43431 3127 10 very very RB 43431 3127 11 slight slight JJ 43431 3127 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3127 13 = = SYM 43431 3127 14 neural neural JJ 43431 3127 15 spine=. spine=. NN 43431 3128 1 On on IN 43431 3128 2 each each DT 43431 3128 3 centrum centrum NN 43431 3128 4 , , , 43431 3128 5 at at IN 43431 3128 6 a a DT 43431 3128 7 little little JJ 43431 3128 8 behind behind IN 43431 3128 9 the the DT 43431 3128 10 middle middle JJ 43431 3128 11 line line NN 43431 3128 12 , , , 43431 3128 13 there there EX 43431 3128 14 arise arise VBP 43431 3128 15 a a DT 43431 3128 16 pair pair NN 43431 3128 17 of of IN 43431 3128 18 short short JJ 43431 3128 19 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 3128 20 - - HYPH 43431 3128 21 directed direct VBN 43431 3128 22 = = SYM 43431 3128 23 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3128 24 processes= processes= NN 43431 3128 25 ; ; : 43431 3128 26 each each DT 43431 3128 27 of of IN 43431 3128 28 which which WDT 43431 3128 29 becomes become VBZ 43431 3128 30 divided divide VBN 43431 3128 31 into into IN 43431 3128 32 two two CD 43431 3128 33 slightly slightly RB 43431 3128 34 divergent divergent JJ 43431 3128 35 portions portion NNS 43431 3128 36 , , , 43431 3128 37 a a DT 43431 3128 38 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3128 39 portion portion NN 43431 3128 40 which which WDT 43431 3128 41 meets meet VBZ 43431 3128 42 the the DT 43431 3128 43 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 3128 44 process process NN 43431 3128 45 of of IN 43431 3128 46 the the DT 43431 3128 47 rib rib NN 43431 3128 48 and and CC 43431 3128 49 is be VBZ 43431 3128 50 derived derive VBN 43431 3128 51 from from IN 43431 3128 52 the the DT 43431 3128 53 neural neural JJ 43431 3128 54 arch arch NN 43431 3128 55 , , , 43431 3128 56 and and CC 43431 3128 57 a a DT 43431 3128 58 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3128 59 portion portion NN 43431 3128 60 which which WDT 43431 3128 61 meets meet VBZ 43431 3128 62 the the DT 43431 3128 63 capitular capitular JJ 43431 3128 64 process process NN 43431 3128 65 of of IN 43431 3128 66 the the DT 43431 3128 67 rib rib NN 43431 3128 68 and and CC 43431 3128 69 is be VBZ 43431 3128 70 derived derive VBN 43431 3128 71 from from IN 43431 3128 72 the the DT 43431 3128 73 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3128 74 or or CC 43431 3128 75 haemal haemal JJ 43431 3128 76 arch arch JJ 43431 3128 77 . . . 43431 3129 1 The the DT 43431 3129 2 division division NN 43431 3129 3 between between IN 43431 3129 4 these these DT 43431 3129 5 two two CD 43431 3129 6 parts part NNS 43431 3129 7 of of IN 43431 3129 8 the the DT 43431 3129 9 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3129 10 processes process NNS 43431 3129 11 can can MD 43431 3129 12 be be VB 43431 3129 13 traced trace VBN 43431 3129 14 back back RP 43431 3129 15 as as RB 43431 3129 16 far far RB 43431 3129 17 as as IN 43431 3129 18 the the DT 43431 3129 19 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 3129 20 . . . 43431 3130 1 The the DT 43431 3130 2 = = -RRB- 43431 3130 3 first first JJ 43431 3130 4 vertebra= vertebra= NN 43431 3130 5 as as RB 43431 3130 6 already already RB 43431 3130 7 mentioned mention VBD 43431 3130 8 differs differ NNS 43431 3130 9 much much RB 43431 3130 10 from from IN 43431 3130 11 all all PDT 43431 3130 12 the the DT 43431 3130 13 others other NNS 43431 3130 14 . . . 43431 3131 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3131 2 has have VBZ 43431 3131 3 no no DT 43431 3131 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 3131 5 , , , 43431 3131 6 and and CC 43431 3131 7 presents present VBZ 43431 3131 8 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 3131 9 two two CD 43431 3131 10 slightly slightly RB 43431 3131 11 divergent divergent JJ 43431 3131 12 concave concave NNP 43431 3131 13 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3131 14 which which WDT 43431 3131 15 articulate articulate VBP 43431 3131 16 with with IN 43431 3131 17 the the DT 43431 3131 18 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3131 19 condyles condyle NNS 43431 3131 20 of of IN 43431 3131 21 the the DT 43431 3131 22 skull skull NN 43431 3131 23 . . . 43431 3132 1 Between between IN 43431 3132 2 these these DT 43431 3132 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3132 4 the the DT 43431 3132 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3132 6 portion portion NN 43431 3132 7 of of IN 43431 3132 8 the the DT 43431 3132 9 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3132 10 face face NN 43431 3132 11 of of IN 43431 3132 12 the the DT 43431 3132 13 centrum centrum NN 43431 3132 14 is be VBZ 43431 3132 15 drawn draw VBN 43431 3132 16 out out RP 43431 3132 17 into into IN 43431 3132 18 a a DT 43431 3132 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3132 20 = = SYM 43431 3132 21 odontoid odontoid NN 43431 3132 22 process= process= NN 43431 3132 23 , , , 43431 3132 24 the the DT 43431 3132 25 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 3132 26 of of IN 43431 3132 27 which which WDT 43431 3132 28 renders render VBZ 43431 3132 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3132 30 probable probable JJ 43431 3132 31 that that IN 43431 3132 32 the the DT 43431 3132 33 first first JJ 43431 3132 34 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3132 35 of of IN 43431 3132 36 the the DT 43431 3132 37 newt newt NN 43431 3132 38 is be VBZ 43431 3132 39 really really RB 43431 3132 40 the the DT 43431 3132 41 axis axi NNS 43431 3132 42 , , , 43431 3132 43 and and CC 43431 3132 44 that that IN 43431 3132 45 the the DT 43431 3132 46 atlas atla NNS 43431 3132 47 with with IN 43431 3132 48 the the DT 43431 3132 49 exception exception NN 43431 3132 50 of of IN 43431 3132 51 the the DT 43431 3132 52 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 3132 53 process process NN 43431 3132 54 has have VBZ 43431 3132 55 become become VBN 43431 3132 56 fused fuse VBN 43431 3132 57 with with IN 43431 3132 58 the the DT 43431 3132 59 skull skull NN 43431 3132 60 . . . 43431 3133 1 The the DT 43431 3133 2 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3133 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3133 4 or or CC 43431 3133 5 = = SYM 43431 3133 6 sacrum= sacrum= NN 43431 3133 7 differs differ NNS 43431 3133 8 from from IN 43431 3133 9 the the DT 43431 3133 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3133 11 immediately immediately RB 43431 3133 12 in in IN 43431 3133 13 front front NN 43431 3133 14 of of IN 43431 3133 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3133 16 only only RB 43431 3133 17 in in IN 43431 3133 18 the the DT 43431 3133 19 fact fact NN 43431 3133 20 that that IN 43431 3133 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3133 22 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3133 23 processes process NNS 43431 3133 24 are be VBP 43431 3133 25 stouter stouter NN 43431 3133 26 and and CC 43431 3133 27 more more RBR 43431 3133 28 obviously obviously RB 43431 3133 29 divided divide VBN 43431 3133 30 into into IN 43431 3133 31 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3133 32 and and CC 43431 3133 33 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3133 34 portions portion NNS 43431 3133 35 . . . 43431 3134 1 THE the DT 43431 3134 2 CAUDAL CAUDAL NNP 43431 3134 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 3134 4 . . . 43431 3135 1 The the DT 43431 3135 2 = = SYM 43431 3135 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 3135 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NN 43431 3135 5 are be VBP 43431 3135 6 about about RB 43431 3135 7 twenty twenty CD 43431 3135 8 - - HYPH 43431 3135 9 four four CD 43431 3135 10 in in IN 43431 3135 11 number number NN 43431 3135 12 . . . 43431 3136 1 The the DT 43431 3136 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3136 3 ones one NNS 43431 3136 4 have have VBP 43431 3136 5 hour hour NN 43431 3136 6 - - HYPH 43431 3136 7 glass glass NN 43431 3136 8 shaped shape VBN 43431 3136 9 centra centra NNP 43431 3136 10 , , , 43431 3136 11 and and CC 43431 3136 12 short short JJ 43431 3136 13 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 3136 14 - - HYPH 43431 3136 15 directed direct VBN 43431 3136 16 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3136 17 processes process NNS 43431 3136 18 . . . 43431 3137 1 The the DT 43431 3137 2 middle middle JJ 43431 3137 3 and and CC 43431 3137 4 posterior posterior JJ 43431 3137 5 ones one NNS 43431 3137 6 have have VBP 43431 3137 7 rather rather RB 43431 3137 8 shorter short JJR 43431 3137 9 centra centra NNP 43431 3137 10 , , , 43431 3137 11 and and CC 43431 3137 12 are be VBP 43431 3137 13 without without IN 43431 3137 14 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3137 15 processes process NNS 43431 3137 16 . . . 43431 3138 1 The the DT 43431 3138 2 neural neural JJ 43431 3138 3 arches arch NNS 43431 3138 4 resemble resemble VBP 43431 3138 5 those those DT 43431 3138 6 of of IN 43431 3138 7 the the DT 43431 3138 8 trunk trunk NN 43431 3138 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3138 10 , , , 43431 3138 11 but but CC 43431 3138 12 each each DT 43431 3138 13 is be VBZ 43431 3138 14 drawn draw VBN 43431 3138 15 out out RP 43431 3138 16 into into IN 43431 3138 17 a a DT 43431 3138 18 rather rather RB 43431 3138 19 high high JJ 43431 3138 20 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3138 21 neural neural JJ 43431 3138 22 spine spine NN 43431 3138 23 abruptly abruptly RB 43431 3138 24 truncated truncate VBD 43431 3138 25 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 3138 26 . . . 43431 3139 1 All all PDT 43431 3139 2 the the DT 43431 3139 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 3139 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3139 5 except except IN 43431 3139 6 the the DT 43431 3139 7 first first JJ 43431 3139 8 have have VBP 43431 3139 9 also also RB 43431 3139 10 a a DT 43431 3139 11 haemal haemal JJ 43431 3139 12 arch arch NN 43431 3139 13 , , , 43431 3139 14 which which WDT 43431 3139 15 is be VBZ 43431 3139 16 very very RB 43431 3139 17 similar similar JJ 43431 3139 18 to to IN 43431 3139 19 the the DT 43431 3139 20 neural neural JJ 43431 3139 21 arch arch NN 43431 3139 22 , , , 43431 3139 23 and and CC 43431 3139 24 is be VBZ 43431 3139 25 drawn draw VBN 43431 3139 26 out out RP 43431 3139 27 into into IN 43431 3139 28 a a DT 43431 3139 29 haemal haemal JJ 43431 3139 30 spine spine NN 43431 3139 31 quite quite RB 43431 3139 32 similar similar JJ 43431 3139 33 to to IN 43431 3139 34 the the DT 43431 3139 35 neural neural JJ 43431 3139 36 spine spine NN 43431 3139 37 . . . 43431 3140 1 Both both DT 43431 3140 2 neural neural JJ 43431 3140 3 and and CC 43431 3140 4 haemal haemal JJ 43431 3140 5 arches arch NNS 43431 3140 6 are be VBP 43431 3140 7 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3140 8 continuously continuously RB 43431 3140 9 with with IN 43431 3140 10 the the DT 43431 3140 11 centra centra NNP 43431 3140 12 . . . 43431 3141 1 B. B. NNP 43431 3142 1 THE the DT 43431 3142 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 3142 3 . . . 43431 3143 1 The the DT 43431 3143 2 skull skull NN 43431 3143 3 of of IN 43431 3143 4 the the DT 43431 3143 5 newt newt NN 43431 3143 6 is be VBZ 43431 3143 7 divisible divisible JJ 43431 3143 8 into into IN 43431 3143 9 three three CD 43431 3143 10 principal principal NN 43431 3143 11 parts:-- parts:-- '' 43431 3143 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3143 13 1 1 LS 43431 3143 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3143 15 an an DT 43431 3143 16 axial axial JJ 43431 3143 17 part part NN 43431 3143 18 , , , 43431 3143 19 the the DT 43431 3143 20 = = SYM 43431 3143 21 cranium cranium NN 43431 3143 22 proper= proper= NNS 43431 3143 23 , , , 43431 3143 24 which which WDT 43431 3143 25 encloses enclose VBZ 43431 3143 26 the the DT 43431 3143 27 brain brain NN 43431 3143 28 and and CC 43431 3143 29 to to TO 43431 3143 30 which which WDT 43431 3143 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3143 32 2 2 LS 43431 3143 33 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3143 34 the the DT 43431 3143 35 = = SYM 43431 3143 36 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 3143 37 of of IN 43431 3143 38 the the DT 43431 3143 39 = = SYM 43431 3143 40 auditory auditory JJ 43431 3143 41 and and CC 43431 3143 42 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 3143 43 sense sense NN 43431 3143 44 organs= organs= NN 43431 3143 45 are be VBP 43431 3143 46 fused fuse VBN 43431 3143 47 ; ; : 43431 3143 48 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3143 49 3 3 LS 43431 3143 50 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3143 51 the the DT 43431 3143 52 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3143 53 of of IN 43431 3143 54 the the DT 43431 3143 55 = = SYM 43431 3143 56 jaws jaw NNS 43431 3143 57 and and CC 43431 3143 58 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3143 59 apparatus=. apparatus=. FW 43431 3144 1 The the DT 43431 3144 2 skull skull NN 43431 3144 3 is be VBZ 43431 3144 4 much much RB 43431 3144 5 flattened flatten VBN 43431 3144 6 and and CC 43431 3144 7 expanded expand VBD 43431 3144 8 , , , 43431 3144 9 though though IN 43431 3144 10 not not RB 43431 3144 11 so so RB 43431 3144 12 much much RB 43431 3144 13 as as IN 43431 3144 14 in in IN 43431 3144 15 the the DT 43431 3144 16 frog frog NN 43431 3144 17 . . . 43431 3145 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3145 2 1 1 LS 43431 3145 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3145 4 THE the DT 43431 3145 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 3145 6 PROPER PROPER NNP 43431 3145 7 . . . 43431 3146 1 The the DT 43431 3146 2 = = SYM 43431 3146 3 cranium cranium NN 43431 3146 4 proper= proper= NNS 43431 3146 5 or or CC 43431 3146 6 = = SYM 43431 3146 7 brain brain NN 43431 3146 8 case= case= NN 43431 3146 9 is be VBZ 43431 3146 10 an an DT 43431 3146 11 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 3146 12 tube tube NN 43431 3146 13 which which WDT 43431 3146 14 remains remain VBZ 43431 3146 15 partly partly RB 43431 3146 16 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3146 17 , , , 43431 3146 18 and and CC 43431 3146 19 is be VBZ 43431 3146 20 partly partly RB 43431 3146 21 converted convert VBN 43431 3146 22 into into IN 43431 3146 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3146 24 bone bone NN 43431 3146 25 , , , 43431 3146 26 partly partly RB 43431 3146 27 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 3146 28 by by IN 43431 3146 29 membrane membrane NN 43431 3146 30 bone bone NN 43431 3146 31 . . . 43431 3147 1 The the DT 43431 3147 2 roof roof NN 43431 3147 3 and and CC 43431 3147 4 floor floor NN 43431 3147 5 of of IN 43431 3147 6 the the DT 43431 3147 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3147 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 3147 9 are be VBP 43431 3147 10 , , , 43431 3147 11 as as IN 43431 3147 12 is be VBZ 43431 3147 13 the the DT 43431 3147 14 case case NN 43431 3147 15 also also RB 43431 3147 16 in in IN 43431 3147 17 the the DT 43431 3147 18 frog frog NN 43431 3147 19 , , , 43431 3147 20 pierced pierce VBN 43431 3147 21 by by IN 43431 3147 22 holes hole NNS 43431 3147 23 or or CC 43431 3147 24 fontanelles fontanelle NNS 43431 3147 25 , , , 43431 3147 26 and and CC 43431 3147 27 these these DT 43431 3147 28 are be VBP 43431 3147 29 so so RB 43431 3147 30 large large JJ 43431 3147 31 that that IN 43431 3147 32 the the DT 43431 3147 33 main main JJ 43431 3147 34 part part NN 43431 3147 35 of of IN 43431 3147 36 the the DT 43431 3147 37 roof roof NN 43431 3147 38 and and CC 43431 3147 39 floor floor NN 43431 3147 40 comes come VBZ 43431 3147 41 to to TO 43431 3147 42 be be VB 43431 3147 43 formed form VBN 43431 3147 44 by by IN 43431 3147 45 membrane membrane NN 43431 3147 46 bone bone NN 43431 3147 47 . . . 43431 3148 1 Two two CD 43431 3148 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 3148 3 of of IN 43431 3148 4 large large JJ 43431 3148 5 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 3148 6 take take VBP 43431 3148 7 place place NN 43431 3148 8 in in IN 43431 3148 9 the the DT 43431 3148 10 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3148 11 walls wall NNS 43431 3148 12 . . . 43431 3149 1 Of of IN 43431 3149 2 these these DT 43431 3149 3 the the DT 43431 3149 4 more more JJR 43431 3149 5 posterior posterior NN 43431 3149 6 on on IN 43431 3149 7 each each DT 43431 3149 8 side side NN 43431 3149 9 represents represent VBZ 43431 3149 10 the the DT 43431 3149 11 = = SYM 43431 3149 12 exoccipital= exoccipital= NN 43431 3149 13 and and CC 43431 3149 14 all all DT 43431 3149 15 three three CD 43431 3149 16 = = SYM 43431 3149 17 periotic= periotic= NN 43431 3149 18 bones bone NNS 43431 3149 19 . . . 43431 3150 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3150 2 bears bear VBZ 43431 3150 3 a a DT 43431 3150 4 small small JJ 43431 3150 5 convex convex NNS 43431 3150 6 patch patch NN 43431 3150 7 of of IN 43431 3150 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3150 9 for for IN 43431 3150 10 articulation articulation NN 43431 3150 11 with with IN 43431 3150 12 the the DT 43431 3150 13 atlas atlas NN 43431 3150 14 , , , 43431 3150 15 and and CC 43431 3150 16 with with IN 43431 3150 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3150 18 fellow fellow JJ 43431 3150 19 forms form NNS 43431 3150 20 the the DT 43431 3150 21 boundary boundary JJ 43431 3150 22 of of IN 43431 3150 23 the the DT 43431 3150 24 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3150 25 magnum magnum NN 43431 3150 26 . . . 43431 3151 1 Two two CD 43431 3151 2 foramina foramina NN 43431 3151 3 pierce pierce NN 43431 3151 4 the the DT 43431 3151 5 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 3151 6 just just RB 43431 3151 7 in in IN 43431 3151 8 front front NN 43431 3151 9 of of IN 43431 3151 10 the the DT 43431 3151 11 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3151 12 condyle condyle NN 43431 3151 13 and and CC 43431 3151 14 transmit transmit VBP 43431 3151 15 respectively respectively RB 43431 3151 16 the the DT 43431 3151 17 glossopharyngeal glossopharyngeal NN 43431 3151 18 and and CC 43431 3151 19 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 3151 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3151 21 fig fig NN 43431 3151 22 . . . 43431 3152 1 21 21 CD 43431 3152 2 , , , 43431 3152 3 X x NN 43431 3152 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3152 5 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3152 6 . . . 43431 3153 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 3153 2 laterally laterally RB 43431 3153 3 to to IN 43431 3153 4 these these DT 43431 3153 5 nerve nerve NN 43431 3153 6 openings opening NNS 43431 3153 7 is be VBZ 43431 3153 8 seen see VBN 43431 3153 9 a a DT 43431 3153 10 patch patch NN 43431 3153 11 of of IN 43431 3153 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3153 13 , , , 43431 3153 14 the the DT 43431 3153 15 = = SYM 43431 3153 16 stapes= stapes= NNP 43431 3153 17 , , , 43431 3153 18 which which WDT 43431 3153 19 is be VBZ 43431 3153 20 homologous homologous JJ 43431 3153 21 with with IN 43431 3153 22 the the DT 43431 3153 23 stapes stape NNS 43431 3153 24 or or CC 43431 3153 25 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3153 26 element element NN 43431 3153 27 of of IN 43431 3153 28 the the DT 43431 3153 29 columellar columellar JJ 43431 3153 30 chain chain NN 43431 3153 31 in in IN 43431 3153 32 the the DT 43431 3153 33 frog frog NN 43431 3153 34 . . . 43431 3154 1 Further further RB 43431 3154 2 forward forward RB 43431 3154 3 in in IN 43431 3154 4 front front NN 43431 3154 5 of of IN 43431 3154 6 the the DT 43431 3154 7 stapes stape NNS 43431 3154 8 is be VBZ 43431 3154 9 the the DT 43431 3154 10 small small JJ 43431 3154 11 opening opening NN 43431 3154 12 for for IN 43431 3154 13 the the DT 43431 3154 14 exit exit NN 43431 3154 15 of of IN 43431 3154 16 the the DT 43431 3154 17 facial facial JJ 43431 3154 18 nerve nerve NN 43431 3154 19 , , , 43431 3154 20 and and CC 43431 3154 21 seen see VBN 43431 3154 22 in in IN 43431 3154 23 a a DT 43431 3154 24 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3154 25 view view NN 43431 3154 26 close close RB 43431 3154 27 to to IN 43431 3154 28 the the DT 43431 3154 29 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NN 43431 3154 30 , , , 43431 3154 31 that that IN 43431 3154 32 for for IN 43431 3154 33 the the DT 43431 3154 34 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 3154 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3154 36 fig fig NN 43431 3154 37 . . . 43431 3155 1 21 21 CD 43431 3155 2 , , , 43431 3155 3 C C NNP 43431 3155 4 , , , 43431 3155 5 5 5 CD 43431 3155 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3155 7 . . . 43431 3156 1 In in IN 43431 3156 2 front front NN 43431 3156 3 of of IN 43431 3156 4 these these DT 43431 3156 5 large large JJ 43431 3156 6 bones bone NNS 43431 3156 7 the the DT 43431 3156 8 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3156 9 parts part NNS 43431 3156 10 of of IN 43431 3156 11 the the DT 43431 3156 12 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3156 13 walls wall NNS 43431 3156 14 remain remain VBP 43431 3156 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3156 16 for for IN 43431 3156 17 a a DT 43431 3156 18 short short JJ 43431 3156 19 distance distance NN 43431 3156 20 , , , 43431 3156 21 and and CC 43431 3156 22 then then RB 43431 3156 23 there there EX 43431 3156 24 follow follow VBP 43431 3156 25 two two CD 43431 3156 26 elongated elongated JJ 43431 3156 27 bones bone NNS 43431 3156 28 , , , 43431 3156 29 the the DT 43431 3156 30 = = SYM 43431 3156 31 orbitosphenoids= orbitosphenoids= NN 43431 3156 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3156 33 fig fig NN 43431 3156 34 . . . 43431 3157 1 21 21 CD 43431 3157 2 , , , 43431 3157 3 B B NNP 43431 3157 4 and and CC 43431 3157 5 C C NNP 43431 3157 6 , , , 43431 3157 7 11 11 CD 43431 3157 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3157 9 , , , 43431 3157 10 pierced pierce VBN 43431 3157 11 by by IN 43431 3157 12 the the DT 43431 3157 13 foramina foramina NN 43431 3157 14 for for IN 43431 3157 15 the the DT 43431 3157 16 exit exit NN 43431 3157 17 of of IN 43431 3157 18 the the DT 43431 3157 19 optic optic JJ 43431 3157 20 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3157 21 . . . 43431 3158 1 These these DT 43431 3158 2 bones bone NNS 43431 3158 3 partly partly RB 43431 3158 4 correspond correspond VBP 43431 3158 5 to to IN 43431 3158 6 the the DT 43431 3158 7 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3158 8 of of IN 43431 3158 9 the the DT 43431 3158 10 frog frog NN 43431 3158 11 . . . 43431 3159 1 The the DT 43431 3159 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 3 membrane membrane NN 43431 3159 4 bones bone NNS 43431 3159 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 6 connected connect VBN 43431 3159 7 with with IN 43431 3159 8 the the DT 43431 3159 9 cranium cranium NN 43431 3159 10 are be VBP 43431 3159 11 the the DT 43431 3159 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 13 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3159 14 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 15 , , , 43431 3159 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 17 frontals frontal VBZ 43431 3159 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 19 and and CC 43431 3159 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 21 prefronto prefronto NN 43431 3159 22 - - HYPH 43431 3159 23 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 3159 24 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 25 on on IN 43431 3159 26 the the DT 43431 3159 27 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3159 28 surface surface NN 43431 3159 29 , , , 43431 3159 30 and and CC 43431 3159 31 the the DT 43431 3159 32 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 33 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3159 34 _ _ NNP 43431 3159 35 on on IN 43431 3159 36 the the DT 43431 3159 37 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3159 38 surface surface NN 43431 3159 39 . . . 43431 3160 1 The the DT 43431 3160 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3160 3 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3160 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3160 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3160 6 fig fig NN 43431 3160 7 . . . 43431 3161 1 21 21 CD 43431 3161 2 , , , 43431 3161 3 A a NN 43431 3161 4 and and CC 43431 3161 5 C C NNP 43431 3161 6 , , , 43431 3161 7 6 6 CD 43431 3161 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3161 9 roof roof NN 43431 3161 10 over over IN 43431 3161 11 the the DT 43431 3161 12 posterior posterior JJ 43431 3161 13 part part NN 43431 3161 14 of of IN 43431 3161 15 the the DT 43431 3161 16 great great JJ 43431 3161 17 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3161 18 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 3161 19 and and CC 43431 3161 20 overlap overlap VB 43431 3161 21 the the DT 43431 3161 22 exoccipito exoccipito NN 43431 3161 23 - - HYPH 43431 3161 24 periotics periotic NNS 43431 3161 25 . . . 43431 3162 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3162 2 meet meet VBP 43431 3162 3 one one CD 43431 3162 4 another another DT 43431 3162 5 along along IN 43431 3162 6 a a DT 43431 3162 7 sinuous sinuous JJ 43431 3162 8 suture suture NN 43431 3162 9 in in IN 43431 3162 10 the the DT 43431 3162 11 middle middle JJ 43431 3162 12 line line NN 43431 3162 13 , , , 43431 3162 14 as as IN 43431 3162 15 do do VBP 43431 3162 16 also also RB 43431 3162 17 the the DT 43431 3162 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3162 19 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3162 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3162 21 which which WDT 43431 3162 22 overlap overlap VBP 43431 3162 23 them -PRON- PRP 43431 3162 24 in in IN 43431 3162 25 front front NN 43431 3162 26 . . . 43431 3163 1 The the DT 43431 3163 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3163 3 frontals frontal VBZ 43431 3163 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3163 5 and and CC 43431 3163 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3163 7 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3163 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3163 9 both both DT 43431 3163 10 extend extend VBP 43431 3163 11 for for IN 43431 3163 12 a a DT 43431 3163 13 short short JJ 43431 3163 14 distance distance NN 43431 3163 15 down down IN 43431 3163 16 the the DT 43431 3163 17 sides side NNS 43431 3163 18 of of IN 43431 3163 19 the the DT 43431 3163 20 cranium cranium NN 43431 3163 21 and and CC 43431 3163 22 meet meet VB 43431 3163 23 the the DT 43431 3163 24 orbitosphenoids orbitosphenoid NNS 43431 3163 25 . . . 43431 3164 1 The the DT 43431 3164 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3164 3 prefronto prefronto NN 43431 3164 4 - - HYPH 43431 3164 5 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 3164 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3164 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3164 8 fig fig NN 43431 3164 9 . . . 43431 3165 1 21 21 CD 43431 3165 2 , , , 43431 3165 3 A a NN 43431 3165 4 and and CC 43431 3165 5 C C NNP 43431 3165 6 , , , 43431 3165 7 7 7 CD 43431 3165 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3165 9 connect connect VB 43431 3165 10 the the DT 43431 3165 11 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3165 12 with with IN 43431 3165 13 the the DT 43431 3165 14 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3165 15 . . . 43431 3166 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3166 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3166 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3166 4 . . . 43431 3167 1 21 21 CD 43431 3167 2 . . . 43431 3168 1 A a DT 43431 3168 2 DORSAL dorsal NN 43431 3168 3 , , , 43431 3168 4 B b NN 43431 3168 5 VENTRAL VENTRAL NNP 43431 3168 6 , , , 43431 3168 7 AND and CC 43431 3168 8 C c NN 43431 3168 9 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 3168 10 VIEWS view NNS 43431 3168 11 OF of IN 43431 3168 12 THE the DT 43431 3168 13 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 3168 14 OF of IN 43431 3168 15 A a DT 43431 3168 16 NEWT NEWT NNP 43431 3168 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3168 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3168 19 Molge Molge NNP 43431 3168 20 cristata cristata VBP 43431 3168 21 _ _ NNP 43431 3168 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3168 23 à à NNP 43431 3168 24 � � NNP 43431 3168 25 2 2 CD 43431 3168 26 - - SYM 43431 3168 27 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 3168 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3168 29 after after IN 43431 3168 30 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 3168 31 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3168 32 . . . 43431 3169 1 The the DT 43431 3169 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3169 3 is be VBZ 43431 3169 4 dotted dot VBN 43431 3169 5 , , , 43431 3169 6 the the DT 43431 3169 7 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3169 8 bones bone NNS 43431 3169 9 are be VBP 43431 3169 10 marked mark VBN 43431 3169 11 with with IN 43431 3169 12 dots dot NNS 43431 3169 13 and and CC 43431 3169 14 dashes dash NNS 43431 3169 15 , , , 43431 3169 16 the the DT 43431 3169 17 membrane membrane NN 43431 3169 18 bones bone NNS 43431 3169 19 are be VBP 43431 3169 20 left leave VBN 43431 3169 21 white white JJ 43431 3169 22 . . . 43431 3170 1 1 1 LS 43431 3170 2 . . . 43431 3170 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3170 4 . . . 43431 3171 1 2 2 LS 43431 3171 2 . . . 43431 3171 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3171 4 nares naris NNS 43431 3171 5 . . . 43431 3172 1 3 3 LS 43431 3172 2 . . . 43431 3172 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 3172 4 nares naris NNS 43431 3172 5 . . . 43431 3173 1 4 4 LS 43431 3173 2 . . . 43431 3173 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 3173 4 . . . 43431 3174 1 5 5 LS 43431 3174 2 . . . 43431 3174 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 3174 4 . . . 43431 3175 1 6 6 LS 43431 3175 2 . . . 43431 3175 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 3175 4 . . . 43431 3176 1 7 7 LS 43431 3176 2 . . . 43431 3176 3 prefronto prefronto NN 43431 3176 4 - - HYPH 43431 3176 5 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 3176 6 . . . 43431 3177 1 8 8 LS 43431 3177 2 . . . 43431 3177 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3177 4 . . . 43431 3178 1 9 9 LS 43431 3178 2 . . . 43431 3178 3 vomero vomero NNP 43431 3178 4 - - HYPH 43431 3178 5 palatine palatine NNP 43431 3178 6 . . . 43431 3179 1 10 10 CD 43431 3179 2 . . . 43431 3179 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NNP 43431 3179 4 . . . 43431 3180 1 11 11 CD 43431 3180 2 . . . 43431 3180 3 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 3180 4 . . . 43431 3181 1 12 12 CD 43431 3181 2 . . . 43431 3181 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 3181 4 . . . 43431 3182 1 13 13 CD 43431 3182 2 . . . 43431 3182 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 3182 4 . . . 43431 3183 1 14 14 CD 43431 3183 2 . . . 43431 3183 3 pro pro JJ 43431 3183 4 - - JJ 43431 3183 5 otic otic JJ 43431 3183 6 region region NN 43431 3183 7 of of IN 43431 3183 8 exoccipito exoccipito NN 43431 3183 9 - - HYPH 43431 3183 10 periotic periotic JJ 43431 3183 11 . . . 43431 3184 1 15 15 CD 43431 3184 2 . . . 43431 3184 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 3184 4 . . . 43431 3185 1 16 16 CD 43431 3185 2 . . . 43431 3185 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 3185 4 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3185 5 . . . 43431 3186 1 17 17 CD 43431 3186 2 . . . 43431 3186 3 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 3186 4 region region NN 43431 3186 5 of of IN 43431 3186 6 exoccipito exoccipito NN 43431 3186 7 - - HYPH 43431 3186 8 periotic periotic JJ 43431 3186 9 . . . 43431 3187 1 18 18 CD 43431 3187 2 . . . 43431 3187 3 articular articular JJ 43431 3187 4 . . . 43431 3188 1 19 19 CD 43431 3188 2 . . . 43431 3188 3 articular articular JJ 43431 3188 4 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3188 5 . . . 43431 3189 1 20 20 CD 43431 3189 2 . . . 43431 3189 3 dentary dentary JJ 43431 3189 4 . . . 43431 3190 1 21 21 LS 43431 3190 2 . . . 43431 3190 3 splenial splenial NN 43431 3190 4 . . . 43431 3191 1 22 22 CD 43431 3191 2 . . . 43431 3191 3 middle middle JJ 43431 3191 4 narial narial JJ 43431 3191 5 passage passage NN 43431 3191 6 . . . 43431 3192 1 II ii CD 43431 3192 2 . . . 43431 3193 1 V. V. NNP 43431 3193 2 VII VII NNP 43431 3193 3 . . . 43431 3194 1 IX ix NN 43431 3194 2 . . . 43431 3195 1 X. X. NNP 43431 3195 2 foramina foramina NNP 43431 3195 3 for for IN 43431 3195 4 the the DT 43431 3195 5 exit exit NN 43431 3195 6 of of IN 43431 3195 7 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3195 8 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3195 9 . . . 43431 3195 10 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3196 1 On on IN 43431 3196 2 the the DT 43431 3196 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3196 4 surface surface NN 43431 3196 5 is be VBZ 43431 3196 6 the the DT 43431 3196 7 large large JJ 43431 3196 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3196 9 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3196 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3196 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3196 12 fig fig NN 43431 3196 13 . . . 43431 3197 1 21 21 CD 43431 3197 2 , , , 43431 3197 3 B b NN 43431 3197 4 , , , 43431 3197 5 10 10 CD 43431 3197 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3197 7 , , , 43431 3197 8 which which WDT 43431 3197 9 is be VBZ 43431 3197 10 widest wide JJS 43431 3197 11 behind behind RB 43431 3197 12 and and CC 43431 3197 13 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 3197 14 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 3197 15 by by IN 43431 3197 16 the the DT 43431 3197 17 vomero vomero NN 43431 3197 18 - - HYPH 43431 3197 19 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3197 20 . . . 43431 3198 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3198 2 2 2 LS 43431 3198 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3198 4 THE the DT 43431 3198 5 SENSE SENSE NNS 43431 3198 6 CAPSULES capsule NNS 43431 3198 7 . . . 43431 3199 1 The the DT 43431 3199 2 = = NN 43431 3199 3 auditory auditory NN 43431 3199 4 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 3199 5 become become VBP 43431 3199 6 almost almost RB 43431 3199 7 completely completely RB 43431 3199 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3199 9 continuously continuously RB 43431 3199 10 with with IN 43431 3199 11 the the DT 43431 3199 12 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3199 13 ; ; : 43431 3199 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3199 15 have have VBP 43431 3199 16 been be VBN 43431 3199 17 already already RB 43431 3199 18 described describe VBN 43431 3199 19 . . . 43431 3200 1 The the DT 43431 3200 2 = = SYM 43431 3200 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 3200 4 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 3200 5 are be VBP 43431 3200 6 large large JJ 43431 3200 7 and and CC 43431 3200 8 quite quite RB 43431 3200 9 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3200 10 though though IN 43431 3200 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3200 12 are be VBP 43431 3200 13 overlain overlain NN 43431 3200 14 by by IN 43431 3200 15 membrane membrane NN 43431 3200 16 bone bone NN 43431 3200 17 . . . 43431 3201 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3201 2 appear appear VBP 43431 3201 3 on on IN 43431 3201 4 the the DT 43431 3201 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3201 6 surface surface NN 43431 3201 7 between between IN 43431 3201 8 the the DT 43431 3201 9 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3201 10 nares naris NNS 43431 3201 11 and and CC 43431 3201 12 the the DT 43431 3201 13 nasal nasal NN 43431 3201 14 process process NN 43431 3201 15 of of IN 43431 3201 16 the the DT 43431 3201 17 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3201 18 . . . 43431 3202 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3202 2 enclose enclose VBP 43431 3202 3 the the DT 43431 3202 4 nasal nasal NN 43431 3202 5 organs organ NNS 43431 3202 6 , , , 43431 3202 7 bound bind VBD 43431 3202 8 the the DT 43431 3202 9 inner inner JJ 43431 3202 10 side side NN 43431 3202 11 of of IN 43431 3202 12 the the DT 43431 3202 13 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3202 14 narial narial NNP 43431 3202 15 opening opening NN 43431 3202 16 , , , 43431 3202 17 and and CC 43431 3202 18 are be VBP 43431 3202 19 connected connect VBN 43431 3202 20 with with IN 43431 3202 21 one one NN 43431 3202 22 another another DT 43431 3202 23 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 3202 24 by by IN 43431 3202 25 a a DT 43431 3202 26 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3202 27 area area NN 43431 3202 28 . . . 43431 3203 1 Developed develop VBN 43431 3203 2 in in IN 43431 3203 3 connection connection NN 43431 3203 4 with with IN 43431 3203 5 the the DT 43431 3203 6 nasal nasal NN 43431 3203 7 capsules capsule NNS 43431 3203 8 are be VBP 43431 3203 9 a a DT 43431 3203 10 pair pair NN 43431 3203 11 of of IN 43431 3203 12 rather rather RB 43431 3203 13 large large JJ 43431 3203 14 _ _ NNP 43431 3203 15 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3203 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3203 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3203 18 fig fig NN 43431 3203 19 . . . 43431 3204 1 21 21 CD 43431 3204 2 , , , 43431 3204 3 A a NN 43431 3204 4 and and CC 43431 3204 5 C C NNP 43431 3204 6 , , , 43431 3204 7 4 4 CD 43431 3204 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3204 9 , , , 43431 3204 10 which which WDT 43431 3204 11 lie lie VBP 43431 3204 12 on on IN 43431 3204 13 the the DT 43431 3204 14 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3204 15 surface surface NN 43431 3204 16 immediately immediately RB 43431 3204 17 in in IN 43431 3204 18 front front NN 43431 3204 19 of of IN 43431 3204 20 the the DT 43431 3204 21 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3204 22 . . . 43431 3205 1 Each each DT 43431 3205 2 forms form NNS 43431 3205 3 part part NN 43431 3205 4 of of IN 43431 3205 5 the the DT 43431 3205 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 3205 7 boundary boundary JJ 43431 3205 8 of of IN 43431 3205 9 one one CD 43431 3205 10 of of IN 43431 3205 11 the the DT 43431 3205 12 anterior anterior NN 43431 3205 13 nares naris NNS 43431 3205 14 , , , 43431 3205 15 and and CC 43431 3205 16 the the DT 43431 3205 17 two two CD 43431 3205 18 are be VBP 43431 3205 19 separated separate VBN 43431 3205 20 from from IN 43431 3205 21 one one CD 43431 3205 22 another another DT 43431 3205 23 in in IN 43431 3205 24 the the DT 43431 3205 25 middle middle JJ 43431 3205 26 line line NN 43431 3205 27 by by IN 43431 3205 28 the the DT 43431 3205 29 nasal nasal NN 43431 3205 30 process process NN 43431 3205 31 of of IN 43431 3205 32 the the DT 43431 3205 33 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3205 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3205 35 fig fig NN 43431 3205 36 . . . 43431 3206 1 21 21 CD 43431 3206 2 , , , 43431 3206 3 A a NN 43431 3206 4 , , , 43431 3206 5 1 1 CD 43431 3206 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3206 7 , , , 43431 3206 8 and and CC 43431 3206 9 the the DT 43431 3206 10 opening opening NN 43431 3206 11 of of IN 43431 3206 12 the the DT 43431 3206 13 = = SYM 43431 3206 14 middle middle NNP 43431 3206 15 narial narial NNP 43431 3206 16 passage= passage= NNP 43431 3206 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3206 18 fig fig NN 43431 3206 19 . . . 43431 3207 1 21 21 CD 43431 3207 2 , , , 43431 3207 3 A a NN 43431 3207 4 and and CC 43431 3207 5 B b NN 43431 3207 6 , , , 43431 3207 7 22 22 CD 43431 3207 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3207 9 , , , 43431 3207 10 which which WDT 43431 3207 11 passes pass VBZ 43431 3207 12 right right RB 43431 3207 13 through through IN 43431 3207 14 the the DT 43431 3207 15 skull skull NN 43431 3207 16 . . . 43431 3208 1 On on IN 43431 3208 2 the the DT 43431 3208 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3208 4 surface surface NN 43431 3208 5 of of IN 43431 3208 6 the the DT 43431 3208 7 skull skull NN 43431 3208 8 and and CC 43431 3208 9 forming form VBG 43431 3208 10 the the DT 43431 3208 11 greater great JJR 43431 3208 12 part part NN 43431 3208 13 of of IN 43431 3208 14 the the DT 43431 3208 15 boundary boundary NN 43431 3208 16 of of IN 43431 3208 17 the the DT 43431 3208 18 posterior posterior NNP 43431 3208 19 nares naris NNS 43431 3208 20 are be VBP 43431 3208 21 two two CD 43431 3208 22 large large JJ 43431 3208 23 bones bone NNS 43431 3208 24 , , , 43431 3208 25 the the DT 43431 3208 26 _ _ NNP 43431 3208 27 vomero vomero NN 43431 3208 28 - - HYPH 43431 3208 29 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3208 30 _ _ NNP 43431 3208 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3208 32 fig fig NN 43431 3208 33 . . . 43431 3209 1 21 21 CD 43431 3209 2 , , , 43431 3209 3 B B NNP 43431 3209 4 and and CC 43431 3209 5 C C NNP 43431 3209 6 , , , 43431 3209 7 9 9 CD 43431 3209 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3209 9 . . . 43431 3210 1 Each each DT 43431 3210 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3210 3 of of IN 43431 3210 4 a a DT 43431 3210 5 wide wide JJ 43431 3210 6 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3210 7 portion portion NN 43431 3210 8 , , , 43431 3210 9 partly partly RB 43431 3210 10 separated separate VBD 43431 3210 11 from from IN 43431 3210 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3210 13 fellow fellow NN 43431 3210 14 in in IN 43431 3210 15 the the DT 43431 3210 16 middle middle JJ 43431 3210 17 line line NN 43431 3210 18 by by IN 43431 3210 19 the the DT 43431 3210 20 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3210 21 opening opening NN 43431 3210 22 of of IN 43431 3210 23 the the DT 43431 3210 24 middle middle JJ 43431 3210 25 narial narial JJ 43431 3210 26 passage passage NN 43431 3210 27 , , , 43431 3210 28 and and CC 43431 3210 29 of of IN 43431 3210 30 a a DT 43431 3210 31 long long RB 43431 3210 32 pointed pointed JJ 43431 3210 33 posterior posterior NN 43431 3210 34 portion portion NN 43431 3210 35 which which WDT 43431 3210 36 is be VBZ 43431 3210 37 separated separate VBN 43431 3210 38 from from IN 43431 3210 39 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3210 40 fellow fellow NN 43431 3210 41 by by IN 43431 3210 42 the the DT 43431 3210 43 _ _ NNP 43431 3210 44 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3210 45 _ _ NNP 43431 3210 46 , , , 43431 3210 47 and and CC 43431 3210 48 bears bear VBZ 43431 3210 49 a a DT 43431 3210 50 row row NN 43431 3210 51 of of IN 43431 3210 52 small small JJ 43431 3210 53 pointed pointed JJ 43431 3210 54 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3210 55 formed form VBN 43431 3210 56 of of IN 43431 3210 57 dentine dentine NNP 43431 3210 58 capped cap VBN 43431 3210 59 with with IN 43431 3210 60 enamel enamel NNP 43431 3210 61 . . . 43431 3211 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3211 2 3 3 LS 43431 3211 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3211 4 THE the DT 43431 3211 5 JAWS JAWS NNP 43431 3211 6 . . . 43431 3212 1 The the DT 43431 3212 2 = = SYM 43431 3212 3 upper upper JJ 43431 3212 4 jaw= jaw= NNP 43431 3212 5 of of IN 43431 3212 6 the the DT 43431 3212 7 newt newt NN 43431 3212 8 is be VBZ 43431 3212 9 a a DT 43431 3212 10 discontinuous discontinuous JJ 43431 3212 11 structure structure NN 43431 3212 12 divided divide VBN 43431 3212 13 into into IN 43431 3212 14 two two CD 43431 3212 15 parts part NNS 43431 3212 16 , , , 43431 3212 17 an an DT 43431 3212 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3212 19 part part NN 43431 3212 20 which which WDT 43431 3212 21 consists consist VBZ 43431 3212 22 of of IN 43431 3212 23 membrane membrane NN 43431 3212 24 bones bone NNS 43431 3212 25 , , , 43431 3212 26 the the DT 43431 3212 27 _ _ NNP 43431 3212 28 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3212 29 _ _ NNP 43431 3212 30 and and CC 43431 3212 31 _ _ NNP 43431 3212 32 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3212 33 _ _ NNP 43431 3212 34 , , , 43431 3212 35 and and CC 43431 3212 36 a a DT 43431 3212 37 posterior posterior NN 43431 3212 38 part part NN 43431 3212 39 which which WDT 43431 3212 40 remains remain VBZ 43431 3212 41 mainly mainly RB 43431 3212 42 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3212 43 . . . 43431 3213 1 The the DT 43431 3213 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3213 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3213 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3213 5 are be VBP 43431 3213 6 united united JJ 43431 3213 7 , , , 43431 3213 8 forming form VBG 43431 3213 9 a a DT 43431 3213 10 single single JJ 43431 3213 11 bone bone NN 43431 3213 12 , , , 43431 3213 13 which which WDT 43431 3213 14 in in IN 43431 3213 15 a a DT 43431 3213 16 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3213 17 view view NN 43431 3213 18 is be VBZ 43431 3213 19 seen see VBN 43431 3213 20 to to TO 43431 3213 21 meet meet VB 43431 3213 22 the the DT 43431 3213 23 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3213 24 and and CC 43431 3213 25 vomero vomero NNS 43431 3213 26 - - HYPH 43431 3213 27 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3213 28 , , , 43431 3213 29 and and CC 43431 3213 30 in in IN 43431 3213 31 a a DT 43431 3213 32 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3213 33 view view NN 43431 3213 34 to to TO 43431 3213 35 send send VB 43431 3213 36 back back RB 43431 3213 37 a a DT 43431 3213 38 nasal nasal NN 43431 3213 39 process process NN 43431 3213 40 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3213 41 fig fig NN 43431 3213 42 . . . 43431 3214 1 21 21 CD 43431 3214 2 , , , 43431 3214 3 A a NN 43431 3214 4 , , , 43431 3214 5 1 1 CD 43431 3214 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3214 7 between between IN 43431 3214 8 the the DT 43431 3214 9 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3214 10 . . . 43431 3215 1 The the DT 43431 3215 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3215 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3215 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3215 5 are be VBP 43431 3215 6 large large JJ 43431 3215 7 bones bone NNS 43431 3215 8 , , , 43431 3215 9 each each DT 43431 3215 10 terminating terminate VBG 43431 3215 11 in in IN 43431 3215 12 a a DT 43431 3215 13 point point NN 43431 3215 14 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 3215 15 . . . 43431 3216 1 A a DT 43431 3216 2 single single JJ 43431 3216 3 row row NN 43431 3216 4 of of IN 43431 3216 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3216 6 similar similar JJ 43431 3216 7 to to IN 43431 3216 8 those those DT 43431 3216 9 on on IN 43431 3216 10 the the DT 43431 3216 11 vomero vomero NN 43431 3216 12 - - HYPH 43431 3216 13 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3216 14 runs run VBZ 43431 3216 15 along along IN 43431 3216 16 the the DT 43431 3216 17 outer outer JJ 43431 3216 18 margin margin NN 43431 3216 19 of of IN 43431 3216 20 the the DT 43431 3216 21 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3216 22 and and CC 43431 3216 23 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3216 24 . . . 43431 3217 1 The the DT 43431 3217 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 3217 3 part part NN 43431 3217 4 of of IN 43431 3217 5 the the DT 43431 3217 6 upper upper JJ 43431 3217 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 3217 8 forms form VBZ 43431 3217 9 a a DT 43431 3217 10 mass mass NN 43431 3217 11 of of IN 43431 3217 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3217 13 which which WDT 43431 3217 14 extends extend VBZ 43431 3217 15 forwards forwards RB 43431 3217 16 towards towards IN 43431 3217 17 the the DT 43431 3217 18 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3217 19 as as IN 43431 3217 20 a a DT 43431 3217 21 long long RB 43431 3217 22 pointed pointed JJ 43431 3217 23 process process NN 43431 3217 24 whose whose WP$ 43431 3217 25 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3217 26 surface surface NN 43431 3217 27 and and CC 43431 3217 28 sides side NNS 43431 3217 29 are be VBP 43431 3217 30 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 3217 31 by by IN 43431 3217 32 a a DT 43431 3217 33 membrane membrane NN 43431 3217 34 bone bone NN 43431 3217 35 , , , 43431 3217 36 the the DT 43431 3217 37 _ _ NNP 43431 3217 38 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 3217 39 _ _ NNP 43431 3217 40 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3217 41 fig fig NN 43431 3217 42 . . . 43431 3218 1 21 21 CD 43431 3218 2 , , , 43431 3218 3 12 12 CD 43431 3218 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3218 5 . . . 43431 3219 1 The the DT 43431 3219 2 suspensorial suspensorial JJ 43431 3219 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3219 4 include include VBP 43431 3219 5 the the DT 43431 3219 6 = = SYM 43431 3219 7 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 3219 8 and and CC 43431 3219 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3219 10 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 3219 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3219 12 . . . 43431 3220 1 The the DT 43431 3220 2 = = SYM 43431 3220 3 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 3220 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3220 5 fig fig NN 43431 3220 6 . . . 43431 3221 1 21 21 CD 43431 3221 2 , , , 43431 3221 3 15 15 CD 43431 3221 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3221 5 which which WDT 43431 3221 6 forms form VBZ 43431 3221 7 the the DT 43431 3221 8 true true JJ 43431 3221 9 = = SYM 43431 3221 10 suspensorium= suspensorium= NN 43431 3221 11 is be VBZ 43431 3221 12 directed direct VBN 43431 3221 13 forwards forward NNS 43431 3221 14 and and CC 43431 3221 15 outwards outward NNS 43431 3221 16 , , , 43431 3221 17 and and CC 43431 3221 18 is be VBZ 43431 3221 19 terminated terminate VBN 43431 3221 20 by by IN 43431 3221 21 a a DT 43431 3221 22 patch patch NN 43431 3221 23 of of IN 43431 3221 24 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3221 25 with with IN 43431 3221 26 which which WDT 43431 3221 27 the the DT 43431 3221 28 mandible mandible JJ 43431 3221 29 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3221 30 . . . 43431 3222 1 The the DT 43431 3222 2 lower low JJR 43431 3222 3 jaw jaw NN 43431 3222 4 or or CC 43431 3222 5 mandible mandible JJ 43431 3222 6 remains remain VBZ 43431 3222 7 partly partly RB 43431 3222 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3222 9 , , , 43431 3222 10 while while IN 43431 3222 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3222 12 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 3222 13 include include VBP 43431 3222 14 two two CD 43431 3222 15 membrane membrane NN 43431 3222 16 bones bone NNS 43431 3222 17 and and CC 43431 3222 18 one one CD 43431 3222 19 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3222 20 bone bone NN 43431 3222 21 . . . 43431 3223 1 The the DT 43431 3223 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3223 3 bone bone NN 43431 3223 4 is be VBZ 43431 3223 5 the the DT 43431 3223 6 = = SYM 43431 3223 7 articular= articular= NNP 43431 3223 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3223 9 fig fig NN 43431 3223 10 . . . 43431 3224 1 21 21 CD 43431 3224 2 , , , 43431 3224 3 C C NNP 43431 3224 4 , , , 43431 3224 5 18 18 CD 43431 3224 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3224 7 , , , 43431 3224 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3224 9 forms form VBZ 43431 3224 10 the the DT 43431 3224 11 posterior posterior NN 43431 3224 12 part part NN 43431 3224 13 of of IN 43431 3224 14 the the DT 43431 3224 15 ramus ramus NN 43431 3224 16 , , , 43431 3224 17 extends extend VBZ 43431 3224 18 forwards forwards RB 43431 3224 19 for for IN 43431 3224 20 some some DT 43431 3224 21 distance distance NN 43431 3224 22 along along IN 43431 3224 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3224 24 inner inner JJ 43431 3224 25 side side NN 43431 3224 26 , , , 43431 3224 27 and and CC 43431 3224 28 is be VBZ 43431 3224 29 terminated terminate VBN 43431 3224 30 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 3224 31 by by IN 43431 3224 32 a a DT 43431 3224 33 patch patch NN 43431 3224 34 of of IN 43431 3224 35 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3224 36 which which WDT 43431 3224 37 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3224 38 with with IN 43431 3224 39 the the DT 43431 3224 40 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 3224 41 . . . 43431 3225 1 The the DT 43431 3225 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3225 3 dentary dentary NN 43431 3225 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3225 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3225 6 fig fig NN 43431 3225 7 . . . 43431 3226 1 21 21 CD 43431 3226 2 , , , 43431 3226 3 C C NNP 43431 3226 4 , , , 43431 3226 5 20 20 CD 43431 3226 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3226 7 is be VBZ 43431 3226 8 a a DT 43431 3226 9 large large JJ 43431 3226 10 bone bone NN 43431 3226 11 which which WDT 43431 3226 12 forms form VBZ 43431 3226 13 the the DT 43431 3226 14 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3226 15 part part NN 43431 3226 16 and and CC 43431 3226 17 nearly nearly RB 43431 3226 18 all all PDT 43431 3226 19 the the DT 43431 3226 20 outer outer JJ 43431 3226 21 half half NN 43431 3226 22 of of IN 43431 3226 23 each each DT 43431 3226 24 ramus ramus NN 43431 3226 25 , , , 43431 3226 26 and and CC 43431 3226 27 bears bear VBZ 43431 3226 28 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3226 29 similar similar JJ 43431 3226 30 to to IN 43431 3226 31 those those DT 43431 3226 32 of of IN 43431 3226 33 the the DT 43431 3226 34 upper upper JJ 43431 3226 35 jaw jaw NN 43431 3226 36 . . . 43431 3227 1 Attached attach VBN 43431 3227 2 to to IN 43431 3227 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3227 4 inner inner JJ 43431 3227 5 face face NN 43431 3227 6 is be VBZ 43431 3227 7 a a DT 43431 3227 8 long long JJ 43431 3227 9 slender slender NN 43431 3227 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3227 11 splenial splenial NN 43431 3227 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3227 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3227 14 fig fig NN 43431 3227 15 . . . 43431 3228 1 21 21 CD 43431 3228 2 , , , 43431 3228 3 C C NNP 43431 3228 4 , , , 43431 3228 5 21 21 CD 43431 3228 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3228 7 . . . 43431 3229 1 THE the DT 43431 3229 2 HYOID HYOID NNP 43431 3229 3 APPARATUS APPARATUS NNP 43431 3229 4 . . . 43431 3230 1 This this DT 43431 3230 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3230 3 of of IN 43431 3230 4 the the DT 43431 3230 5 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3230 6 arch arch NN 43431 3230 7 and and CC 43431 3230 8 part part NN 43431 3230 9 of of IN 43431 3230 10 the the DT 43431 3230 11 first first JJ 43431 3230 12 two two CD 43431 3230 13 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3230 14 arches arch NNS 43431 3230 15 . . . 43431 3231 1 The the DT 43431 3231 2 = = SYM 43431 3231 3 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3231 4 arch= arch= NN 43431 3231 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3231 6 fig fig NNP 43431 3231 7 . . . 43431 3232 1 29 29 CD 43431 3232 2 , , , 43431 3232 3 A a NN 43431 3232 4 , , , 43431 3232 5 2 2 CD 43431 3232 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3232 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 3232 8 of of IN 43431 3232 9 a a DT 43431 3232 10 pair pair NN 43431 3232 11 of of IN 43431 3232 12 = = SYM 43431 3232 13 cornua= cornua= NN 43431 3232 14 , , , 43431 3232 15 each each DT 43431 3232 16 of of IN 43431 3232 17 which which WDT 43431 3232 18 is be VBZ 43431 3232 19 divided divide VBN 43431 3232 20 into into IN 43431 3232 21 two two CD 43431 3232 22 halves half NNS 43431 3232 23 . . . 43431 3233 1 The the DT 43431 3233 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3233 3 half half NN 43431 3233 4 forming form VBG 43431 3233 5 the the DT 43431 3233 6 = = SYM 43431 3233 7 cerato cerato NNP 43431 3233 8 - - HYPH 43431 3233 9 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 3233 10 is be VBZ 43431 3233 11 mainly mainly RB 43431 3233 12 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3233 13 though though IN 43431 3233 14 tipped tip VBN 43431 3233 15 with with IN 43431 3233 16 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3233 17 , , , 43431 3233 18 and and CC 43431 3233 19 is be VBZ 43431 3233 20 connected connect VBN 43431 3233 21 by by IN 43431 3233 22 ligament ligament NN 43431 3233 23 with with IN 43431 3233 24 the the DT 43431 3233 25 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3233 26 . . . 43431 3234 1 The the DT 43431 3234 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3234 3 half half NN 43431 3234 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3234 5 = = NFP 43431 3234 6 hypo hypo NNP 43431 3234 7 - - HYPH 43431 3234 8 hyal= hyal= NN 43431 3234 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3234 10 is be VBZ 43431 3234 11 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3234 12 , , , 43431 3234 13 and and CC 43431 3234 14 is be VBZ 43431 3234 15 connected connect VBN 43431 3234 16 with with IN 43431 3234 17 the the DT 43431 3234 18 basibranchial basibranchial NN 43431 3234 19 . . . 43431 3235 1 The the DT 43431 3235 2 = = SYM 43431 3235 3 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3235 4 arches= arches= JJ 43431 3235 5 consist consist NN 43431 3235 6 of of IN 43431 3235 7 a a DT 43431 3235 8 median median JJ 43431 3235 9 piece piece NN 43431 3235 10 , , , 43431 3235 11 the the DT 43431 3235 12 = = SYM 43431 3235 13 basibranchial= basibranchial= NNP 43431 3235 14 , , , 43431 3235 15 which which WDT 43431 3235 16 is be VBZ 43431 3235 17 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3235 18 in in IN 43431 3235 19 the the DT 43431 3235 20 centre centre NN 43431 3235 21 and and CC 43431 3235 22 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3235 23 at at IN 43431 3235 24 either either DT 43431 3235 25 end end NN 43431 3235 26 , , , 43431 3235 27 and and CC 43431 3235 28 of of IN 43431 3235 29 two two CD 43431 3235 30 pairs pair NNS 43431 3235 31 of of IN 43431 3235 32 = = SYM 43431 3235 33 cerato cerato NNP 43431 3235 34 - - HYPH 43431 3235 35 branchials= branchials= NNP 43431 3235 36 which which WDT 43431 3235 37 are be VBP 43431 3235 38 attached attach VBN 43431 3235 39 to to IN 43431 3235 40 the the DT 43431 3235 41 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3235 42 part part NN 43431 3235 43 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3235 44 fig fig NN 43431 3235 45 . . . 43431 3236 1 29 29 CD 43431 3236 2 , , , 43431 3236 3 A a NN 43431 3236 4 , , , 43431 3236 5 8) 8) CD 43431 3236 6 of of IN 43431 3236 7 the the DT 43431 3236 8 basibranchial basibranchial NN 43431 3236 9 . . . 43431 3237 1 The the DT 43431 3237 2 first first JJ 43431 3237 3 cerato cerato NN 43431 3237 4 - - HYPH 43431 3237 5 branchial branchial NNP 43431 3237 6 is be VBZ 43431 3237 7 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 3237 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3237 9 , , , 43431 3237 10 the the DT 43431 3237 11 second second JJ 43431 3237 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3237 13 fig fig NN 43431 3237 14 . . . 43431 3238 1 29 29 CD 43431 3238 2 , , , 43431 3238 3 A a NN 43431 3238 4 , , , 43431 3238 5 4 4 CD 43431 3238 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3238 7 is be VBZ 43431 3238 8 a a DT 43431 3238 9 good good JJ 43431 3238 10 deal deal NN 43431 3238 11 smaller small JJR 43431 3238 12 and and CC 43431 3238 13 is be VBZ 43431 3238 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3238 15 . . . 43431 3239 1 Both both DT 43431 3239 2 are be VBP 43431 3239 3 united united JJ 43431 3239 4 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 3239 5 to to IN 43431 3239 6 a a DT 43431 3239 7 single single JJ 43431 3239 8 = = SYM 43431 3239 9 epi epi NN 43431 3239 10 - - NN 43431 3239 11 branchial= branchial= NNP 43431 3239 12 , , , 43431 3239 13 which which WDT 43431 3239 14 is be VBZ 43431 3239 15 terminated terminate VBN 43431 3239 16 by by IN 43431 3239 17 a a DT 43431 3239 18 small small JJ 43431 3239 19 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3239 20 area area NN 43431 3239 21 at at IN 43431 3239 22 the the DT 43431 3239 23 free free JJ 43431 3239 24 end end NN 43431 3239 25 but but CC 43431 3239 26 is be VBZ 43431 3239 27 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 3239 28 well well RB 43431 3239 29 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3239 30 . . . 43431 3240 1 C. C. NNP 43431 3240 2 THE the DT 43431 3240 3 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 3240 4 . . . 43431 3241 1 The the DT 43431 3241 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 3241 3 are be VBP 43431 3241 4 short short JJ 43431 3241 5 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 3241 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3241 7 structures structure NNS 43431 3241 8 , , , 43431 3241 9 bifid bifid VBP 43431 3241 10 at at IN 43431 3241 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3241 12 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3241 13 end end NN 43431 3241 14 where where WRB 43431 3241 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3241 16 articulate articulate VBP 43431 3241 17 with with IN 43431 3241 18 the the DT 43431 3241 19 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3241 20 processes process NNS 43431 3241 21 , , , 43431 3241 22 and and CC 43431 3241 23 tipped tip VBD 43431 3241 24 both both DT 43431 3241 25 proximally proximally RB 43431 3241 26 and and CC 43431 3241 27 distally distally RB 43431 3241 28 with with IN 43431 3241 29 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3241 30 . . . 43431 3242 1 The the DT 43431 3242 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3242 3 portion portion NN 43431 3242 4 of of IN 43431 3242 5 the the DT 43431 3242 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3242 7 end end NN 43431 3242 8 corresponds correspond NNS 43431 3242 9 to to IN 43431 3242 10 the the DT 43431 3242 11 = = SYM 43431 3242 12 tuberculum= tuberculum= NN 43431 3242 13 of of IN 43431 3242 14 the the DT 43431 3242 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 3242 16 of of IN 43431 3242 17 higher high JJR 43431 3242 18 animals animal NNS 43431 3242 19 , , , 43431 3242 20 and and CC 43431 3242 21 the the DT 43431 3242 22 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3242 23 portion portion NN 43431 3242 24 to to IN 43431 3242 25 the the DT 43431 3242 26 = = SYM 43431 3242 27 capitulum=. capitulum=. XX 43431 3243 1 Some some DT 43431 3243 2 of of IN 43431 3243 3 the the DT 43431 3243 4 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3243 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 3243 6 have have VBP 43431 3243 7 a a DT 43431 3243 8 step step NN 43431 3243 9 - - HYPH 43431 3243 10 like like JJ 43431 3243 11 notch notch NN 43431 3243 12 on on IN 43431 3243 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3243 14 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3243 15 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3243 16 . . . 43431 3244 1 The the DT 43431 3244 2 second second JJ 43431 3244 3 to to IN 43431 3244 4 twelfth twelfth JJ 43431 3244 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 3244 6 are be VBP 43431 3244 7 fairly fairly RB 43431 3244 8 equal equal JJ 43431 3244 9 in in IN 43431 3244 10 size size NN 43431 3244 11 , , , 43431 3244 12 but but CC 43431 3244 13 further further RB 43431 3244 14 back back RB 43431 3244 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3244 16 decrease decrease VBP 43431 3244 17 slightly slightly RB 43431 3244 18 . . . 43431 3245 1 The the DT 43431 3245 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 3245 3 which which WDT 43431 3245 4 connect connect VBP 43431 3245 5 the the DT 43431 3245 6 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3245 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3245 8 with with IN 43431 3245 9 the the DT 43431 3245 10 ilia ilium NNS 43431 3245 11 are be VBP 43431 3245 12 however however RB 43431 3245 13 large large JJ 43431 3245 14 . . . 43431 3246 1 The the DT 43431 3246 2 short short JJ 43431 3246 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 3246 4 borne bear VBN 43431 3246 5 on on IN 43431 3246 6 the the DT 43431 3246 7 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3246 8 caudal caudal NNP 43431 3246 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3246 10 are be VBP 43431 3246 11 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3246 12 . . . 43431 3247 1 D. D. NNP 43431 3247 2 THE the DT 43431 3247 3 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 3247 4 . . . 43431 3248 1 The the DT 43431 3248 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 3248 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3248 4 fig fig NN 43431 3248 5 . . . 43431 3249 1 22 22 CD 43431 3249 2 , , , 43431 3249 3 A a NN 43431 3249 4 , , , 43431 3249 5 6 6 CD 43431 3249 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3249 7 is be VBZ 43431 3249 8 a a DT 43431 3249 9 rather rather RB 43431 3249 10 broad broad JJ 43431 3249 11 plate plate NN 43431 3249 12 of of IN 43431 3249 13 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3249 14 , , , 43431 3249 15 drawn draw VBN 43431 3249 16 out out RP 43431 3249 17 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 3249 18 into into IN 43431 3249 19 a a DT 43431 3249 20 median median JJ 43431 3249 21 process process NN 43431 3249 22 marked mark VBN 43431 3249 23 by by IN 43431 3249 24 a a DT 43431 3249 25 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3249 26 ridge ridge NN 43431 3249 27 . . . 43431 3250 1 On on IN 43431 3250 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3250 3 antero antero NN 43431 3250 4 - - HYPH 43431 3250 5 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3250 6 margins margin NNS 43431 3250 7 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3250 8 bears bear VBZ 43431 3250 9 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3250 10 for for IN 43431 3250 11 articulation articulation NN 43431 3250 12 with with IN 43431 3250 13 the the DT 43431 3250 14 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 3250 15 girdle girdle NN 43431 3250 16 . . . 43431 3251 1 2 2 LS 43431 3251 2 . . . 43431 3252 1 THE the DT 43431 3252 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 3252 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 3252 4 . . . 43431 3253 1 A. A. NNP 43431 3254 1 THE the DT 43431 3254 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 3254 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 3254 4 . . . 43431 3255 1 This this DT 43431 3255 2 is be VBZ 43431 3255 3 of of IN 43431 3255 4 a a DT 43431 3255 5 very very RB 43431 3255 6 simple simple JJ 43431 3255 7 character character NN 43431 3255 8 , , , 43431 3255 9 and and CC 43431 3255 10 remains remain VBZ 43431 3255 11 throughout throughout IN 43431 3255 12 life life NN 43431 3255 13 in in IN 43431 3255 14 an an DT 43431 3255 15 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 3255 16 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3255 17 condition condition NN 43431 3255 18 . . . 43431 3256 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3256 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3256 3 of of IN 43431 3256 4 a a DT 43431 3256 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3256 6 = = SYM 43431 3256 7 scapular scapular JJ 43431 3256 8 portion= portion= NN 43431 3256 9 , , , 43431 3256 10 and and CC 43431 3256 11 a a DT 43431 3256 12 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3256 13 = = SYM 43431 3256 14 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3256 15 portion= portion= NN 43431 3256 16 partially partially RB 43431 3256 17 divided divide VBN 43431 3256 18 into into IN 43431 3256 19 an an DT 43431 3256 20 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3256 21 part part NN 43431 3256 22 , , , 43431 3256 23 the the DT 43431 3256 24 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 3256 25 , , , 43431 3256 26 and and CC 43431 3256 27 a a DT 43431 3256 28 posterior posterior NN 43431 3256 29 part part NN 43431 3256 30 , , , 43431 3256 31 the the DT 43431 3256 32 = = SYM 43431 3256 33 coracoid=. coracoid=. . 43431 3257 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3257 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3257 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3257 4 . . . 43431 3258 1 22 22 CD 43431 3258 2 . . . 43431 3259 1 A a DT 43431 3259 2 VENTRAL ventral NN 43431 3259 3 , , , 43431 3259 4 AND and CC 43431 3259 5 B b NN 43431 3259 6 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 3259 7 VIEW view NN 43431 3259 8 OF of IN 43431 3259 9 THE the DT 43431 3259 10 SHOULDER SHOULDER NNP 43431 3259 11 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 3259 12 AND and CC 43431 3259 13 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 3259 14 OF of IN 43431 3259 15 AN an DT 43431 3259 16 OLD old JJ 43431 3259 17 MALE MALE NNP 43431 3259 18 CRESTED crest VBD 43431 3259 19 NEWT NEWT NNP 43431 3259 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3259 21 _ _ NNP 43431 3259 22 Molge Molge NNP 43431 3259 23 cristata cristata VBP 43431 3259 24 _ _ NNP 43431 3259 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3259 26 à à NNP 43431 3259 27 � � NNP 43431 3259 28 3 3 CD 43431 3259 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3259 30 after after IN 43431 3259 31 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 3259 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3259 33 . . . 43431 3260 1 1 1 LS 43431 3260 2 . . . 43431 3260 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 3260 4 . . . 43431 3261 1 2 2 LS 43431 3261 2 . . . 43431 3261 3 suprascapula suprascapula NNP 43431 3261 4 . . . 43431 3262 1 3 3 LS 43431 3262 2 . . . 43431 3262 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3262 4 . . . 43431 3263 1 4 4 LS 43431 3263 2 . . . 43431 3263 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 3263 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 3263 5 . . . 43431 3264 1 5 5 LS 43431 3264 2 . . . 43431 3264 3 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 3264 4 . . . 43431 3265 1 6 6 CD 43431 3265 2 . . . 43431 3266 1 sternum sternum NNP 43431 3266 2 . . . 43431 3266 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3267 1 The the DT 43431 3267 2 = = SYM 43431 3267 3 scapular scapular JJ 43431 3267 4 portion= portion= NN 43431 3267 5 is be VBZ 43431 3267 6 a a DT 43431 3267 7 slightly slightly RB 43431 3267 8 curved curve VBN 43431 3267 9 oblong oblong JJ 43431 3267 10 plate plate NN 43431 3267 11 ; ; : 43431 3267 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3267 13 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3267 14 third third NN 43431 3267 15 the the DT 43431 3267 16 = = SYM 43431 3267 17 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 3267 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3267 19 fig fig NN 43431 3267 20 . . . 43431 3268 1 22 22 CD 43431 3268 2 , , , 43431 3268 3 1 1 CD 43431 3268 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3268 5 is be VBZ 43431 3268 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3268 7 and and CC 43431 3268 8 bounds bound VBZ 43431 3268 9 part part NN 43431 3268 10 of of IN 43431 3268 11 the the DT 43431 3268 12 well well RB 43431 3268 13 - - HYPH 43431 3268 14 marked mark VBN 43431 3268 15 = = SYM 43431 3268 16 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 3268 17 cavity= cavity= NNP 43431 3268 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3268 19 fig fig NN 43431 3268 20 . . . 43431 3269 1 22 22 CD 43431 3269 2 , , , 43431 3269 3 4 4 CD 43431 3269 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3269 5 ; ; : 43431 3269 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3269 7 distal distal JJ 43431 3269 8 portion portion NN 43431 3269 9 forms form VBZ 43431 3269 10 a a DT 43431 3269 11 large large JJ 43431 3269 12 oblong oblong JJ 43431 3269 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3269 14 plate plate NN 43431 3269 15 , , , 43431 3269 16 the the DT 43431 3269 17 = = SYM 43431 3269 18 suprascapula= suprascapula= NNP 43431 3269 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3269 20 fig fig NN 43431 3269 21 . . . 43431 3270 1 22 22 CD 43431 3270 2 , , , 43431 3270 3 2 2 CD 43431 3270 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3270 5 . . . 43431 3271 1 The the DT 43431 3271 2 = = SYM 43431 3271 3 precoracoid= precoracoid= NN 43431 3271 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3271 5 fig fig NN 43431 3271 6 . . . 43431 3272 1 22 22 CD 43431 3272 2 , , , 43431 3272 3 5 5 CD 43431 3272 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3272 5 forms form VBZ 43431 3272 6 a a DT 43431 3272 7 small small JJ 43431 3272 8 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 3272 9 - - HYPH 43431 3272 10 directed direct VBN 43431 3272 11 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3272 12 plate plate NN 43431 3272 13 . . . 43431 3273 1 The the DT 43431 3273 2 = = SYM 43431 3273 3 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 3273 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3273 5 fig fig NN 43431 3273 6 . . . 43431 3274 1 22 22 CD 43431 3274 2 , , , 43431 3274 3 3 3 CD 43431 3274 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3274 5 forms form VBZ 43431 3274 6 a a DT 43431 3274 7 much much RB 43431 3274 8 larger large JJR 43431 3274 9 plate plate NN 43431 3274 10 , , , 43431 3274 11 the the DT 43431 3274 12 greater great JJR 43431 3274 13 part part NN 43431 3274 14 of of IN 43431 3274 15 which which WDT 43431 3274 16 is be VBZ 43431 3274 17 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3274 18 and and CC 43431 3274 19 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 3274 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3274 21 fellow fellow NN 43431 3274 22 in in IN 43431 3274 23 the the DT 43431 3274 24 middle middle JJ 43431 3274 25 line line NN 43431 3274 26 , , , 43431 3274 27 the the DT 43431 3274 28 two two CD 43431 3274 29 being be VBG 43431 3274 30 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 3274 31 by by IN 43431 3274 32 the the DT 43431 3274 33 sternum sternum NN 43431 3274 34 . . . 43431 3275 1 Around around IN 43431 3275 2 the the DT 43431 3275 3 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 3275 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 3275 5 is be VBZ 43431 3275 6 an an DT 43431 3275 7 area area NN 43431 3275 8 which which WDT 43431 3275 9 is be VBZ 43431 3275 10 mainly mainly RB 43431 3275 11 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3275 12 and and CC 43431 3275 13 is be VBZ 43431 3275 14 continuous continuous JJ 43431 3275 15 with with IN 43431 3275 16 the the DT 43431 3275 17 scapula scapula NN 43431 3275 18 . . . 43431 3276 1 B. B. NNP 43431 3277 1 THE the DT 43431 3277 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 3277 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 3277 4 . . . 43431 3278 1 This this DT 43431 3278 2 is be VBZ 43431 3278 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 3278 4 into into IN 43431 3278 5 three three CD 43431 3278 6 parts part NNS 43431 3278 7 , , , 43431 3278 8 the the DT 43431 3278 9 = = SYM 43431 3278 10 upper upper JJ 43431 3278 11 arm= arm= NNP 43431 3278 12 or or CC 43431 3278 13 = = SYM 43431 3278 14 brachium= brachium= NNS 43431 3278 15 , , , 43431 3278 16 the the DT 43431 3278 17 = = SYM 43431 3278 18 fore fore NN 43431 3278 19 - - : 43431 3278 20 arm= arm= NNP 43431 3278 21 or or CC 43431 3278 22 = = SYM 43431 3278 23 antibrachium= antibrachium= NNS 43431 3278 24 , , , 43431 3278 25 and and CC 43431 3278 26 the the DT 43431 3278 27 = = SYM 43431 3278 28 manus=. manus=. NN 43431 3279 1 The the DT 43431 3279 2 = = SYM 43431 3279 3 upper upper JJ 43431 3279 4 arm= arm= NNP 43431 3279 5 includes include VBZ 43431 3279 6 a a DT 43431 3279 7 single single JJ 43431 3279 8 bone bone NN 43431 3279 9 , , , 43431 3279 10 the the DT 43431 3279 11 = = SYM 43431 3279 12 humerus=. humerus=. FW 43431 3280 1 The the DT 43431 3280 2 = = SYM 43431 3280 3 humerus= humerus= NN 43431 3280 4 is be VBZ 43431 3280 5 a a DT 43431 3280 6 slender slender NN 43431 3280 7 bone bone NN 43431 3280 8 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 3280 9 in in IN 43431 3280 10 the the DT 43431 3280 11 middle middle NN 43431 3280 12 and and CC 43431 3280 13 expanded expand VBN 43431 3280 14 at at IN 43431 3280 15 either either DT 43431 3280 16 end end NN 43431 3280 17 , , , 43431 3280 18 the the DT 43431 3280 19 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3280 20 part part NN 43431 3280 21 forms form VBZ 43431 3280 22 a a DT 43431 3280 23 rounded rounded JJ 43431 3280 24 = = SYM 43431 3280 25 head= head= NN 43431 3280 26 which which WDT 43431 3280 27 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3280 28 with with IN 43431 3280 29 the the DT 43431 3280 30 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 3280 31 cavity cavity NN 43431 3280 32 . . . 43431 3281 1 Along along IN 43431 3281 2 the the DT 43431 3281 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3281 4 part part NN 43431 3281 5 of of IN 43431 3281 6 the the DT 43431 3281 7 anterior anterior NN 43431 3281 8 or or CC 43431 3281 9 pre pre JJ 43431 3281 10 - - JJ 43431 3281 11 axial axial JJ 43431 3281 12 surface surface NN 43431 3281 13 runs run VBZ 43431 3281 14 a a DT 43431 3281 15 strong strong JJ 43431 3281 16 = = SYM 43431 3281 17 deltoid deltoid NN 43431 3281 18 ridge=. ridge=. : 43431 3282 1 The the DT 43431 3282 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3282 3 part part NN 43431 3282 4 of of IN 43431 3282 5 the the DT 43431 3282 6 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 3282 7 surface surface NN 43431 3282 8 also also RB 43431 3282 9 bears bear VBZ 43431 3282 10 a a DT 43431 3282 11 small small JJ 43431 3282 12 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 3282 13 . . . 43431 3283 1 The the DT 43431 3283 2 = = SYM 43431 3283 3 fore fore NN 43431 3283 4 - - : 43431 3283 5 arm= arm= NNP 43431 3283 6 contains contain VBZ 43431 3283 7 two two CD 43431 3283 8 bones bone NNS 43431 3283 9 , , , 43431 3283 10 the the DT 43431 3283 11 = = SYM 43431 3283 12 radius= radius= NNP 43431 3283 13 and and CC 43431 3283 14 = = SYM 43431 3283 15 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 3283 16 , , , 43431 3283 17 both both DT 43431 3283 18 of of IN 43431 3283 19 which which WDT 43431 3283 20 are be VBP 43431 3283 21 small small JJ 43431 3283 22 and and CC 43431 3283 23 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 3283 24 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3283 25 at at IN 43431 3283 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3283 27 terminations termination NNS 43431 3283 28 . . . 43431 3284 1 The the DT 43431 3284 2 = = SYM 43431 3284 3 radius= radius= NN 43431 3284 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3284 5 fig fig NN 43431 3284 6 . . . 43431 3285 1 23 23 CD 43431 3285 2 , , , 43431 3285 3 B b NN 43431 3285 4 , , , 43431 3285 5 11 11 CD 43431 3285 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3285 7 or or CC 43431 3285 8 pre pre JJ 43431 3285 9 - - JJ 43431 3285 10 axial axial JJ 43431 3285 11 bone bone NN 43431 3285 12 is be VBZ 43431 3285 13 rather rather RB 43431 3285 14 the the DT 43431 3285 15 larger large JJR 43431 3285 16 of of IN 43431 3285 17 the the DT 43431 3285 18 two two CD 43431 3285 19 , , , 43431 3285 20 and and CC 43431 3285 21 is be VBZ 43431 3285 22 considerably considerably RB 43431 3285 23 expanded expand VBN 43431 3285 24 at at IN 43431 3285 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3285 26 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3285 27 end end NN 43431 3285 28 . . . 43431 3286 1 The the DT 43431 3286 2 = = SYM 43431 3286 3 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 3286 4 or or CC 43431 3286 5 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 3286 6 bone bone NN 43431 3286 7 is be VBZ 43431 3286 8 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3286 9 expanded expand VBN 43431 3286 10 distally distally RB 43431 3286 11 , , , 43431 3286 12 but but CC 43431 3286 13 is be VBZ 43431 3286 14 not not RB 43431 3286 15 drawn draw VBN 43431 3286 16 out out RP 43431 3286 17 proximally proximally RB 43431 3286 18 into into IN 43431 3286 19 an an DT 43431 3286 20 olecranon olecranon JJ 43431 3286 21 process process NN 43431 3286 22 . . . 43431 3287 1 The the DT 43431 3287 2 = = SYM 43431 3287 3 manus= manus= NN 43431 3287 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3287 5 of of IN 43431 3287 6 two two CD 43431 3287 7 parts part NNS 43431 3287 8 , , , 43431 3287 9 a a DT 43431 3287 10 group group NN 43431 3287 11 of of IN 43431 3287 12 small small JJ 43431 3287 13 bones bone NNS 43431 3287 14 forming form VBG 43431 3287 15 the the DT 43431 3287 16 = = NN 43431 3287 17 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 3287 18 or or CC 43431 3287 19 = = SYM 43431 3287 20 wrist= wrist= NN 43431 3287 21 , , , 43431 3287 22 and and CC 43431 3287 23 the the DT 43431 3287 24 = = SYM 43431 3287 25 hand=. hand=. FW 43431 3288 1 The the DT 43431 3288 2 = = NN 43431 3288 3 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 3288 4 is be VBZ 43431 3288 5 in in IN 43431 3288 6 a a DT 43431 3288 7 very very RB 43431 3288 8 simple simple JJ 43431 3288 9 unmodified unmodified JJ 43431 3288 10 condition condition NN 43431 3288 11 as as IN 43431 3288 12 compared compare VBN 43431 3288 13 with with IN 43431 3288 14 that that DT 43431 3288 15 of of IN 43431 3288 16 the the DT 43431 3288 17 Frog Frog NNP 43431 3288 18 . . . 43431 3289 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3289 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3289 3 of of IN 43431 3289 4 a a DT 43431 3289 5 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3289 6 row row NN 43431 3289 7 of of IN 43431 3289 8 two two CD 43431 3289 9 bones bone NNS 43431 3289 10 and and CC 43431 3289 11 a a DT 43431 3289 12 distal distal JJ 43431 3289 13 row row NN 43431 3289 14 of of IN 43431 3289 15 four four CD 43431 3289 16 , , , 43431 3289 17 with with IN 43431 3289 18 one one CD 43431 3289 19 , , , 43431 3289 20 the the DT 43431 3289 21 = = SYM 43431 3289 22 centrale= centrale= NN 43431 3289 23 , , , 43431 3289 24 interposed interpose VBN 43431 3289 25 between between IN 43431 3289 26 . . . 43431 3290 1 All all PDT 43431 3290 2 these these DT 43431 3290 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3290 4 are be VBP 43431 3290 5 small small JJ 43431 3290 6 and and CC 43431 3290 7 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 3290 8 and and CC 43431 3290 9 are be VBP 43431 3290 10 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 3290 11 in in IN 43431 3290 12 a a DT 43431 3290 13 plate plate NN 43431 3290 14 of of IN 43431 3290 15 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3290 16 . . . 43431 3291 1 The the DT 43431 3291 2 bones bone NNS 43431 3291 3 of of IN 43431 3291 4 the the DT 43431 3291 5 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3291 6 row row NN 43431 3291 7 are be VBP 43431 3291 8 a a DT 43431 3291 9 smaller small JJR 43431 3291 10 pre pre JJ 43431 3291 11 - - JJ 43431 3291 12 axial axial JJ 43431 3291 13 bone bone NN 43431 3291 14 , , , 43431 3291 15 the the DT 43431 3291 16 = = SYM 43431 3291 17 radiale= radiale= NN 43431 3291 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3291 19 fig fig NN 43431 3291 20 . . . 43431 3292 1 23 23 CD 43431 3292 2 , , , 43431 3292 3 B b NN 43431 3292 4 , , , 43431 3292 5 13 13 CD 43431 3292 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3292 7 , , , 43431 3292 8 and and CC 43431 3292 9 a a DT 43431 3292 10 larger large JJR 43431 3292 11 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 3292 12 bone bone NN 43431 3292 13 , , , 43431 3292 14 which which WDT 43431 3292 15 represents represent VBZ 43431 3292 16 the the DT 43431 3292 17 fused fuse VBN 43431 3292 18 = = SYM 43431 3292 19 ulnare= ulnare= NN 43431 3292 20 and and CC 43431 3292 21 = = SYM 43431 3292 22 intermedium= intermedium= NNS 43431 3292 23 of of IN 43431 3292 24 the the DT 43431 3292 25 very very RB 43431 3292 26 simple simple JJ 43431 3292 27 carpus carpus NN 43431 3292 28 described describe VBN 43431 3292 29 on on IN 43431 3292 30 pp pp NNP 43431 3292 31 . . . 43431 3293 1 26 26 CD 43431 3293 2 and and CC 43431 3293 3 27 27 CD 43431 3293 4 . . . 43431 3294 1 The the DT 43431 3294 2 four four CD 43431 3294 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3294 4 of of IN 43431 3294 5 the the DT 43431 3294 6 distal distal JJ 43431 3294 7 row row NN 43431 3294 8 are be VBP 43431 3294 9 respectively respectively RB 43431 3294 10 = = SYM 43431 3294 11 carpalia= carpalia= RB 43431 3294 12 2 2 CD 43431 3294 13 , , , 43431 3294 14 3 3 CD 43431 3294 15 , , , 43431 3294 16 4 4 CD 43431 3294 17 and and CC 43431 3294 18 5 5 CD 43431 3294 19 . . . 43431 3295 1 The the DT 43431 3295 2 = = SYM 43431 3295 3 hand= hand= NN 43431 3295 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3295 5 of of IN 43431 3295 6 four four CD 43431 3295 7 digits digit NNS 43431 3295 8 , , , 43431 3295 9 that that IN 43431 3295 10 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 3295 11 to to IN 43431 3295 12 the the DT 43431 3295 13 thumb thumb NN 43431 3295 14 of of IN 43431 3295 15 the the DT 43431 3295 16 human human JJ 43431 3295 17 hand hand NN 43431 3295 18 , , , 43431 3295 19 judging judge VBG 43431 3295 20 from from IN 43431 3295 21 the the DT 43431 3295 22 analogy analogy NN 43431 3295 23 of of IN 43431 3295 24 the the DT 43431 3295 25 frog frog NN 43431 3295 26 probably probably RB 43431 3295 27 being be VBG 43431 3295 28 the the DT 43431 3295 29 one one NN 43431 3295 30 that that WDT 43431 3295 31 is be VBZ 43431 3295 32 absent absent JJ 43431 3295 33 . . . 43431 3296 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3296 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3296 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3296 4 . . . 43431 3297 1 23 23 CD 43431 3297 2 . . . 43431 3298 1 A a DT 43431 3298 2 RIGHT right JJ 43431 3298 3 POSTERIOR posterior NN 43431 3298 4 , , , 43431 3298 5 AND and CC 43431 3298 6 B B NNP 43431 3298 7 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 3298 8 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 3298 9 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 3298 10 OF of IN 43431 3298 11 A a DT 43431 3298 12 NEWT NEWT NNP 43431 3298 13 à à NNP 43431 3298 14 � � NNP 43431 3298 15 1 1 CD 43431 3298 16 - - SYM 43431 3298 17 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 3298 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3298 19 _ _ NNP 43431 3298 20 Molge Molge NNP 43431 3298 21 cristata cristata NN 43431 3298 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3298 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3298 24 . . . 43431 3299 1 1 1 LS 43431 3299 2 . . . 43431 3299 3 femur femur NN 43431 3299 4 . . . 43431 3300 1 2 2 LS 43431 3300 2 . . . 43431 3300 3 tibia tibia NNP 43431 3300 4 . . . 43431 3301 1 3 3 LS 43431 3301 2 . . . 43431 3301 3 fibula fibula NNP 43431 3301 4 . . . 43431 3302 1 4 4 LS 43431 3302 2 . . . 43431 3302 3 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 3302 4 . . . 43431 3303 1 5 5 LS 43431 3303 2 . . . 43431 3303 3 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 3303 4 . . . 43431 3304 1 6 6 LS 43431 3304 2 . . . 43431 3304 3 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 3304 4 . . . 43431 3305 1 7 7 LS 43431 3305 2 . . . 43431 3305 3 centrale centrale NNP 43431 3305 4 of of IN 43431 3305 5 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 3305 6 . . . 43431 3306 1 8 8 LS 43431 3306 2 . . . 43431 3306 3 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 3306 4 1 1 CD 43431 3306 5 . . . 43431 3307 1 9 9 LS 43431 3307 2 . . . 43431 3307 3 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 3307 4 4 4 CD 43431 3307 5 and and CC 43431 3307 6 5 5 CD 43431 3307 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 3307 8 . . . 43431 3308 1 10 10 CD 43431 3308 2 . . . 43431 3308 3 humerus humerus NNP 43431 3308 4 . . . 43431 3309 1 11 11 CD 43431 3309 2 . . . 43431 3309 3 radius radius NN 43431 3309 4 . . . 43431 3310 1 12 12 CD 43431 3310 2 . . . 43431 3310 3 ulna ulna NNP 43431 3310 4 . . . 43431 3311 1 13 13 CD 43431 3311 2 . . . 43431 3311 3 radiale radiale NNP 43431 3311 4 . . . 43431 3312 1 14 14 CD 43431 3312 2 . . . 43431 3312 3 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 3312 4 and and CC 43431 3312 5 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 3312 6 fused fuse VBD 43431 3312 7 . . . 43431 3313 1 15 15 CD 43431 3313 2 . . . 43431 3313 3 centrale centrale NNP 43431 3313 4 of of IN 43431 3313 5 carpus carpus NNP 43431 3313 6 , , , 43431 3313 7 the the DT 43431 3313 8 pointing point VBG 43431 3313 9 line line NN 43431 3313 10 passes pass VBZ 43431 3313 11 across across IN 43431 3313 12 carpale carpale NN 43431 3313 13 2 2 CD 43431 3313 14 . . . 43431 3314 1 16 16 CD 43431 3314 2 . . . 43431 3314 3 carpale carpale NN 43431 3314 4 3 3 CD 43431 3314 5 . . . 43431 3315 1 17 17 CD 43431 3315 2 . . . 43431 3315 3 carpale carpale NN 43431 3315 4 5 5 CD 43431 3315 5 . . . 43431 3316 1 I. I. NNP 43431 3316 2 II II NNP 43431 3316 3 . . . 43431 3317 1 III iii CD 43431 3317 2 . . . 43431 3318 1 IV IV NNP 43431 3318 2 . . . 43431 3319 1 V. V. NNP 43431 3320 1 digits digits NNP 43431 3320 2 . . . 43431 3320 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3321 1 Each each DT 43431 3321 2 digit digit NN 43431 3321 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 3321 4 of of IN 43431 3321 5 a a DT 43431 3321 6 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3321 7 elongated elongated JJ 43431 3321 8 = = SYM 43431 3321 9 metacarpal= metacarpal= NNP 43431 3321 10 and and CC 43431 3321 11 of of IN 43431 3321 12 two two CD 43431 3321 13 or or CC 43431 3321 14 three three CD 43431 3321 15 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3321 16 . . . 43431 3322 1 The the DT 43431 3322 2 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 3322 3 are be VBP 43431 3322 4 contracted contract VBN 43431 3322 5 in in IN 43431 3322 6 the the DT 43431 3322 7 middle middle NN 43431 3322 8 and and CC 43431 3322 9 expanded expand VBN 43431 3322 10 at at IN 43431 3322 11 either either DT 43431 3322 12 end end NN 43431 3322 13 . . . 43431 3323 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3323 2 are be VBP 43431 3323 3 connected connect VBN 43431 3323 4 with with IN 43431 3323 5 the the DT 43431 3323 6 carpus carpus NNP 43431 3323 7 by by IN 43431 3323 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3323 9 , , , 43431 3323 10 and and CC 43431 3323 11 the the DT 43431 3323 12 articulations articulation NNS 43431 3323 13 between between IN 43431 3323 14 the the DT 43431 3323 15 several several JJ 43431 3323 16 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3323 17 , , , 43431 3323 18 and and CC 43431 3323 19 between between IN 43431 3323 20 the the DT 43431 3323 21 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 3323 22 and and CC 43431 3323 23 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3323 24 are be VBP 43431 3323 25 also also RB 43431 3323 26 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3323 27 . . . 43431 3324 1 The the DT 43431 3324 2 second second JJ 43431 3324 3 , , , 43431 3324 4 third third JJ 43431 3324 5 , , , 43431 3324 6 and and CC 43431 3324 7 fifth fifth JJ 43431 3324 8 digits digit NNS 43431 3324 9 have have VBP 43431 3324 10 two two CD 43431 3324 11 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3324 12 apiece apiece RB 43431 3324 13 , , , 43431 3324 14 the the DT 43431 3324 15 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3324 16 , , , 43431 3324 17 which which WDT 43431 3324 18 is be VBZ 43431 3324 19 the the DT 43431 3324 20 longest long JJS 43431 3324 21 , , , 43431 3324 22 has have VBZ 43431 3324 23 three three CD 43431 3324 24 . . . 43431 3325 1 The the DT 43431 3325 2 second second JJ 43431 3325 3 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 3325 4 in in IN 43431 3325 5 the the DT 43431 3325 6 specimen speciman NNS 43431 3325 7 examined examine VBN 43431 3325 8 and and CC 43431 3325 9 figured figured JJ 43431 3325 10 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3325 11 partly partly RB 43431 3325 12 with with IN 43431 3325 13 carpale carpale NN 43431 3325 14 2 2 CD 43431 3325 15 , , , 43431 3325 16 partly partly RB 43431 3325 17 with with IN 43431 3325 18 carpale carpale NN 43431 3325 19 3 3 CD 43431 3325 20 . . . 43431 3326 1 C. C. NNP 43431 3326 2 THE the DT 43431 3326 3 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 3326 4 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 3326 5 . . . 43431 3327 1 The the DT 43431 3327 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 3327 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 3327 4 of of IN 43431 3327 5 the the DT 43431 3327 6 Newt Newt NNP 43431 3327 7 is be VBZ 43431 3327 8 in in IN 43431 3327 9 a a DT 43431 3327 10 much much RB 43431 3327 11 less less RBR 43431 3327 12 modified modify VBN 43431 3327 13 condition condition NN 43431 3327 14 than than IN 43431 3327 15 is be VBZ 43431 3327 16 that that DT 43431 3327 17 of of IN 43431 3327 18 the the DT 43431 3327 19 Frog Frog NNP 43431 3327 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3327 21 see see VB 43431 3327 22 p. p. NN 43431 3327 23 165 165 CD 43431 3327 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3327 25 . . . 43431 3328 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3328 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3328 3 of of IN 43431 3328 4 a a DT 43431 3328 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3328 6 element element NN 43431 3328 7 , , , 43431 3328 8 the the DT 43431 3328 9 = = SYM 43431 3328 10 ilium= ilium= NN 43431 3328 11 , , , 43431 3328 12 a a DT 43431 3328 13 posterior posterior NN 43431 3328 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3328 15 element element NN 43431 3328 16 , , , 43431 3328 17 the the DT 43431 3328 18 = = SYM 43431 3328 19 ischium= ischium= NNS 43431 3328 20 , , , 43431 3328 21 and and CC 43431 3328 22 an an DT 43431 3328 23 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3328 24 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3328 25 element element NN 43431 3328 26 , , , 43431 3328 27 the the DT 43431 3328 28 = = SYM 43431 3328 29 pubis= pubis= NN 43431 3328 30 , , , 43431 3328 31 to to TO 43431 3328 32 which which WDT 43431 3328 33 is be VBZ 43431 3328 34 attached attach VBN 43431 3328 35 an an DT 43431 3328 36 = = NFP 43431 3328 37 epipubis=. epipubis=. FW 43431 3329 1 The the DT 43431 3329 2 = = SYM 43431 3329 3 ilium= ilium= NN 43431 3329 4 is be VBZ 43431 3329 5 a a DT 43431 3329 6 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3329 7 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 3329 8 bone bone NN 43431 3329 9 which which WDT 43431 3329 10 at at IN 43431 3329 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3329 12 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3329 13 end end NN 43431 3329 14 meets meet VBZ 43431 3329 15 the the DT 43431 3329 16 ischium ischium NN 43431 3329 17 , , , 43431 3329 18 and and CC 43431 3329 19 forms form VBZ 43431 3329 20 part part NN 43431 3329 21 of of IN 43431 3329 22 the the DT 43431 3329 23 = = SYM 43431 3329 24 acetabulum=. acetabulum=. . 43431 3330 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3330 2 is be VBZ 43431 3330 3 then then RB 43431 3330 4 directed direct VBN 43431 3330 5 upwards upwards JJ 43431 3330 6 and and CC 43431 3330 7 slightly slightly RB 43431 3330 8 backwards backwards RB 43431 3330 9 , , , 43431 3330 10 and and CC 43431 3330 11 is be VBZ 43431 3330 12 attached attach VBN 43431 3330 13 to to IN 43431 3330 14 the the DT 43431 3330 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 3330 16 of of IN 43431 3330 17 the the DT 43431 3330 18 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3330 19 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3330 20 . . . 43431 3331 1 The the DT 43431 3331 2 = = SYM 43431 3331 3 ischia= ischia= NNP 43431 3331 4 are be VBP 43431 3331 5 a a DT 43431 3331 6 pair pair NN 43431 3331 7 of of IN 43431 3331 8 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3331 9 square square JJ 43431 3331 10 bones bone NNS 43431 3331 11 which which WDT 43431 3331 12 meet meet VBP 43431 3331 13 one one CD 43431 3331 14 another another DT 43431 3331 15 in in IN 43431 3331 16 the the DT 43431 3331 17 middle middle JJ 43431 3331 18 line line NN 43431 3331 19 ; ; : 43431 3331 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3331 21 form form VBP 43431 3331 22 part part NN 43431 3331 23 of of IN 43431 3331 24 the the DT 43431 3331 25 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 3331 26 , , , 43431 3331 27 and and CC 43431 3331 28 are be VBP 43431 3331 29 united united JJ 43431 3331 30 to to IN 43431 3331 31 the the DT 43431 3331 32 ilia ilia NN 43431 3331 33 above above RB 43431 3331 34 . . . 43431 3332 1 In in IN 43431 3332 2 front front NN 43431 3332 3 of of IN 43431 3332 4 the the DT 43431 3332 5 ischia ischia NN 43431 3332 6 is be VBZ 43431 3332 7 a a DT 43431 3332 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 3332 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3332 10 area area NN 43431 3332 11 which which WDT 43431 3332 12 represents represent VBZ 43431 3332 13 the the DT 43431 3332 14 = = XX 43431 3332 15 pubes=. pubes=. FW 43431 3333 1 Projecting project VBG 43431 3333 2 forwards forwards RB 43431 3333 3 from from IN 43431 3333 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3333 5 is be VBZ 43431 3333 6 a a DT 43431 3333 7 bifid bifid NN 43431 3333 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3333 9 = = NFP 43431 3333 10 epipubis=. epipubis=. FW 43431 3334 1 D. D. NNP 43431 3334 2 THE the DT 43431 3334 3 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR VBD 43431 3334 4 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 3334 5 . . . 43431 3335 1 This this DT 43431 3335 2 is be VBZ 43431 3335 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 3335 4 into into IN 43431 3335 5 a a DT 43431 3335 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3335 7 portion portion NN 43431 3335 8 , , , 43431 3335 9 the the DT 43431 3335 10 = = SYM 43431 3335 11 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 3335 12 , , , 43431 3335 13 a a DT 43431 3335 14 middle middle JJ 43431 3335 15 portion portion NN 43431 3335 16 , , , 43431 3335 17 the the DT 43431 3335 18 = = SYM 43431 3335 19 crus= crus= NN 43431 3335 20 or or CC 43431 3335 21 = = SYM 43431 3335 22 shin= shin= CD 43431 3335 23 , , , 43431 3335 24 and and CC 43431 3335 25 a a DT 43431 3335 26 distal distal JJ 43431 3335 27 portion portion NN 43431 3335 28 , , , 43431 3335 29 the the DT 43431 3335 30 = = SYM 43431 3335 31 pes=. pes=. NN 43431 3336 1 The the DT 43431 3336 2 = = SYM 43431 3336 3 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 3336 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3336 5 of of IN 43431 3336 6 a a DT 43431 3336 7 single single JJ 43431 3336 8 bone bone NN 43431 3336 9 , , , 43431 3336 10 the the DT 43431 3336 11 = = SYM 43431 3336 12 femur= femur= NNP 43431 3336 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3336 14 fig fig NNP 43431 3336 15 . . . 43431 3337 1 23 23 CD 43431 3337 2 , , , 43431 3337 3 A a NN 43431 3337 4 , , , 43431 3337 5 1 1 CD 43431 3337 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3337 7 , , , 43431 3337 8 which which WDT 43431 3337 9 has have VBZ 43431 3337 10 a a DT 43431 3337 11 thin thin JJ 43431 3337 12 shaft shaft NN 43431 3337 13 and and CC 43431 3337 14 expanded expand VBN 43431 3337 15 ends end NNS 43431 3337 16 . . . 43431 3338 1 The the DT 43431 3338 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3338 3 part part NN 43431 3338 4 of of IN 43431 3338 5 the the DT 43431 3338 6 pre pre JJ 43431 3338 7 - - JJ 43431 3338 8 axial axial JJ 43431 3338 9 border border NN 43431 3338 10 and and CC 43431 3338 11 posterior posterior NN 43431 3338 12 part part NN 43431 3338 13 of of IN 43431 3338 14 the the DT 43431 3338 15 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 3338 16 border border NN 43431 3338 17 bear bear NN 43431 3338 18 slight slight JJ 43431 3338 19 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 3338 20 . . . 43431 3339 1 The the DT 43431 3339 2 = = SYM 43431 3339 3 crus= crus= NN 43431 3339 4 or or CC 43431 3339 5 = = SYM 43431 3339 6 shin= shin= NNP 43431 3339 7 includes include VBZ 43431 3339 8 two two CD 43431 3339 9 short short JJ 43431 3339 10 bones bone NNS 43431 3339 11 , , , 43431 3339 12 the the DT 43431 3339 13 = = SYM 43431 3339 14 tibia= tibia= NNP 43431 3339 15 and and CC 43431 3339 16 = = SYM 43431 3339 17 fibula= fibula= NN 43431 3339 18 , , , 43431 3339 19 which which WDT 43431 3339 20 are be VBP 43431 3339 21 nearly nearly RB 43431 3339 22 equal equal JJ 43431 3339 23 in in IN 43431 3339 24 length length NN 43431 3339 25 . . . 43431 3340 1 The the DT 43431 3340 2 pre pre JJ 43431 3340 3 - - JJ 43431 3340 4 axial axial JJ 43431 3340 5 bone bone NN 43431 3340 6 or or CC 43431 3340 7 tibia tibia NNP 43431 3340 8 is be VBZ 43431 3340 9 a a DT 43431 3340 10 straight straight JJ 43431 3340 11 bone bone NN 43431 3340 12 thickest thickest NN 43431 3340 13 at at IN 43431 3340 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3340 15 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3340 16 end end NN 43431 3340 17 , , , 43431 3340 18 the the DT 43431 3340 19 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 3340 20 bone bone NN 43431 3340 21 or or CC 43431 3340 22 = = SYM 43431 3340 23 fibula= fibula= NN 43431 3340 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3340 25 fig fig NN 43431 3340 26 . . . 43431 3341 1 23 23 CD 43431 3341 2 , , , 43431 3341 3 A a NN 43431 3341 4 , , , 43431 3341 5 3 3 CD 43431 3341 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3341 7 is be VBZ 43431 3341 8 a a DT 43431 3341 9 rather rather RB 43431 3341 10 stouter stouter NN 43431 3341 11 curved curved JJ 43431 3341 12 bone bone NN 43431 3341 13 of of IN 43431 3341 14 nearly nearly RB 43431 3341 15 equal equal JJ 43431 3341 16 diameter diameter NN 43431 3341 17 throughout throughout IN 43431 3341 18 . . . 43431 3342 1 The the DT 43431 3342 2 = = SYM 43431 3342 3 pes= pes= NNP 43431 3342 4 includes include VBZ 43431 3342 5 the the DT 43431 3342 6 = = SYM 43431 3342 7 tarsus= tarsus= CD 43431 3342 8 or or CC 43431 3342 9 = = SYM 43431 3342 10 ankle= ankle= NNS 43431 3342 11 , , , 43431 3342 12 and and CC 43431 3342 13 the the DT 43431 3342 14 = = SYM 43431 3342 15 foot=. foot=. . 43431 3343 1 The the DT 43431 3343 2 = = SYM 43431 3343 3 tarsus= tarsus= NN 43431 3343 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3343 5 of of IN 43431 3343 6 eight eight CD 43431 3343 7 small small JJ 43431 3343 8 bones bone NNS 43431 3343 9 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3343 10 in in IN 43431 3343 11 a a DT 43431 3343 12 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3343 13 row row NN 43431 3343 14 of of IN 43431 3343 15 three three CD 43431 3343 16 , , , 43431 3343 17 the the DT 43431 3343 18 = = SYM 43431 3343 19 tibiale= tibiale= NN 43431 3343 20 , , , 43431 3343 21 = = SYM 43431 3343 22 intermedium= intermedium= NNS 43431 3343 23 and and CC 43431 3343 24 = = SYM 43431 3343 25 fibulare= fibulare= NN 43431 3343 26 , , , 43431 3343 27 and and CC 43431 3343 28 a a DT 43431 3343 29 distal distal JJ 43431 3343 30 row row NN 43431 3343 31 of of IN 43431 3343 32 four four CD 43431 3343 33 = = SYM 43431 3343 34 tarsalia= tarsalia= RB 43431 3343 35 , , , 43431 3343 36 with with IN 43431 3343 37 one one CD 43431 3343 38 bone bone NN 43431 3343 39 , , , 43431 3343 40 the the DT 43431 3343 41 = = SYM 43431 3343 42 centrale= centrale= FW 43431 3343 43 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3343 44 fig fig NN 43431 3343 45 . . . 43431 3344 1 23 23 CD 43431 3344 2 , , , 43431 3344 3 A a NN 43431 3344 4 , , , 43431 3344 5 7 7 CD 43431 3344 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3344 7 , , , 43431 3344 8 interposed interpose VBN 43431 3344 9 between between IN 43431 3344 10 the the DT 43431 3344 11 two two CD 43431 3344 12 rows row NNS 43431 3344 13 . . . 43431 3345 1 In in IN 43431 3345 2 the the DT 43431 3345 3 specimen speciman NNS 43431 3345 4 examined examine VBN 43431 3345 5 , , , 43431 3345 6 the the DT 43431 3345 7 = = SYM 43431 3345 8 tibiale= tibiale= NN 43431 3345 9 , , , 43431 3345 10 is be VBZ 43431 3345 11 a a DT 43431 3345 12 small small JJ 43431 3345 13 bone bone NN 43431 3345 14 articulating articulate VBG 43431 3345 15 with with IN 43431 3345 16 the the DT 43431 3345 17 tibia tibia NNP 43431 3345 18 , , , 43431 3345 19 the the DT 43431 3345 20 = = SYM 43431 3345 21 intermedium= intermedium= NN 43431 3345 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3345 23 fig fig NN 43431 3345 24 . . . 43431 3346 1 23 23 CD 43431 3346 2 , , , 43431 3346 3 A a NN 43431 3346 4 , , , 43431 3346 5 5 5 CD 43431 3346 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3346 7 is be VBZ 43431 3346 8 larger large JJR 43431 3346 9 and and CC 43431 3346 10 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3346 11 with with IN 43431 3346 12 both both CC 43431 3346 13 tibia tibia NNP 43431 3346 14 and and CC 43431 3346 15 fibula fibula NN 43431 3346 16 , , , 43431 3346 17 the the DT 43431 3346 18 = = SYM 43431 3346 19 fibulare= fibulare= NN 43431 3346 20 is be VBZ 43431 3346 21 the the DT 43431 3346 22 largest large JJS 43431 3346 23 of of IN 43431 3346 24 the the DT 43431 3346 25 three three CD 43431 3346 26 and and CC 43431 3346 27 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3346 28 with with IN 43431 3346 29 the the DT 43431 3346 30 fibula fibula NN 43431 3346 31 . . . 43431 3347 1 The the DT 43431 3347 2 bones bone NNS 43431 3347 3 of of IN 43431 3347 4 the the DT 43431 3347 5 distal distal JJ 43431 3347 6 row row NN 43431 3347 7 are be VBP 43431 3347 8 = = SYM 43431 3347 9 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 3347 10 1= 1= CD 43431 3347 11 , , , 43431 3347 12 = = SYM 43431 3347 13 2= 2= CD 43431 3347 14 , , , 43431 3347 15 = = SYM 43431 3347 16 3= 3= CD 43431 3347 17 , , , 43431 3347 18 and and CC 43431 3347 19 a a DT 43431 3347 20 bone bone NN 43431 3347 21 representing represent VBG 43431 3347 22 = = SYM 43431 3347 23 4= 4= CD 43431 3347 24 and and CC 43431 3347 25 = = SYM 43431 3347 26 5= 5= CD 43431 3347 27 fused fuse VBN 43431 3347 28 . . . 43431 3348 1 In in IN 43431 3348 2 the the DT 43431 3348 3 specimen speciman NNS 43431 3348 4 examined examine VBD 43431 3348 5 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 3348 6 1 1 CD 43431 3348 7 is be VBZ 43431 3348 8 pushed push VBN 43431 3348 9 away away RB 43431 3348 10 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 3348 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3348 12 fig fig NN 43431 3348 13 . . . 43431 3349 1 23 23 CD 43431 3349 2 , , , 43431 3349 3 A a NN 43431 3349 4 , , , 43431 3349 5 8) 8) CD 43431 3349 6 , , , 43431 3349 7 so so IN 43431 3349 8 as as IN 43431 3349 9 to to TO 43431 3349 10 lie lie VB 43431 3349 11 between between IN 43431 3349 12 the the DT 43431 3349 13 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 3349 14 and and CC 43431 3349 15 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 3349 16 2 2 CD 43431 3349 17 . . . 43431 3350 1 All all PDT 43431 3350 2 the the DT 43431 3350 3 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 3350 4 bones bone NNS 43431 3350 5 are be VBP 43431 3350 6 small small JJ 43431 3350 7 and and CC 43431 3350 8 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3350 9 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 3350 10 , , , 43431 3350 11 and and CC 43431 3350 12 are be VBP 43431 3350 13 connected connect VBN 43431 3350 14 with with IN 43431 3350 15 one one CD 43431 3350 16 another another DT 43431 3350 17 , , , 43431 3350 18 and and CC 43431 3350 19 with with IN 43431 3350 20 the the DT 43431 3350 21 tibia tibia NNP 43431 3350 22 and and CC 43431 3350 23 fibula fibula NN 43431 3350 24 on on IN 43431 3350 25 the the DT 43431 3350 26 one one CD 43431 3350 27 hand hand NN 43431 3350 28 , , , 43431 3350 29 and and CC 43431 3350 30 with with IN 43431 3350 31 the the DT 43431 3350 32 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 3350 33 on on IN 43431 3350 34 the the DT 43431 3350 35 other other JJ 43431 3350 36 by by IN 43431 3350 37 a a DT 43431 3350 38 thin thin JJ 43431 3350 39 layer layer NN 43431 3350 40 of of IN 43431 3350 41 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3350 42 . . . 43431 3351 1 The the DT 43431 3351 2 five five CD 43431 3351 3 = = SYM 43431 3351 4 digits= digits= NN 43431 3351 5 of of IN 43431 3351 6 the the DT 43431 3351 7 foot foot NN 43431 3351 8 each each DT 43431 3351 9 consist consist NN 43431 3351 10 of of IN 43431 3351 11 a a DT 43431 3351 12 = = SYM 43431 3351 13 metatarsal= metatarsal= NN 43431 3351 14 and and CC 43431 3351 15 of of IN 43431 3351 16 a a DT 43431 3351 17 certain certain JJ 43431 3351 18 number number NN 43431 3351 19 of of IN 43431 3351 20 = = NFP 43431 3351 21 phalanges=. phalanges=. XX 43431 3352 1 In in IN 43431 3352 2 the the DT 43431 3352 3 specimen speciman NNS 43431 3352 4 examined examine VBD 43431 3352 5 , , , 43431 3352 6 owing owe VBG 43431 3352 7 to to IN 43431 3352 8 the the DT 43431 3352 9 shifting shifting NN 43431 3352 10 of of IN 43431 3352 11 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 3352 12 1 1 CD 43431 3352 13 , , , 43431 3352 14 the the DT 43431 3352 15 first first JJ 43431 3352 16 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 3352 17 as as RB 43431 3352 18 well well RB 43431 3352 19 as as IN 43431 3352 20 the the DT 43431 3352 21 second second JJ 43431 3352 22 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3352 23 with with IN 43431 3352 24 tarsale tarsale NN 43431 3352 25 2 2 CD 43431 3352 26 , , , 43431 3352 27 while while IN 43431 3352 28 the the DT 43431 3352 29 fifth fifth JJ 43431 3352 30 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 3352 31 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3352 32 partially partially RB 43431 3352 33 with with IN 43431 3352 34 the the DT 43431 3352 35 bone bone NN 43431 3352 36 representing represent VBG 43431 3352 37 the the DT 43431 3352 38 fused fuse VBN 43431 3352 39 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 3352 40 4 4 CD 43431 3352 41 and and CC 43431 3352 42 5 5 CD 43431 3352 43 , , , 43431 3352 44 partially partially RB 43431 3352 45 with with IN 43431 3352 46 the the DT 43431 3352 47 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 3352 48 . . . 43431 3353 1 All all PDT 43431 3353 2 the the DT 43431 3353 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3353 4 of of IN 43431 3353 5 the the DT 43431 3353 6 digits digit NNS 43431 3353 7 except except IN 43431 3353 8 the the DT 43431 3353 9 distal distal JJ 43431 3353 10 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3353 11 are be VBP 43431 3353 12 terminated terminate VBN 43431 3353 13 at at IN 43431 3353 14 each each DT 43431 3353 15 end end NN 43431 3353 16 by by IN 43431 3353 17 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3353 18 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 3353 19 , , , 43431 3353 20 the the DT 43431 3353 21 distal distal JJ 43431 3353 22 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 3353 23 of of IN 43431 3353 24 each each DT 43431 3353 25 digit digit NN 43431 3353 26 has have VBZ 43431 3353 27 a a DT 43431 3353 28 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3353 29 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 3353 30 only only RB 43431 3353 31 on on IN 43431 3353 32 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3353 33 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3353 34 end end NN 43431 3353 35 . . . 43431 3354 1 The the DT 43431 3354 2 first first JJ 43431 3354 3 , , , 43431 3354 4 second second JJ 43431 3354 5 , , , 43431 3354 6 and and CC 43431 3354 7 fifth fifth JJ 43431 3354 8 digits digit NNS 43431 3354 9 have have VBP 43431 3354 10 two two CD 43431 3354 11 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3354 12 apiece apiece RB 43431 3354 13 , , , 43431 3354 14 the the DT 43431 3354 15 third third JJ 43431 3354 16 and and CC 43431 3354 17 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3354 18 have have VBP 43431 3354 19 three three CD 43431 3354 20 . . . 43431 3355 1 Figure figure NN 43431 3355 2 31 31 CD 43431 3355 3 B b NN 43431 3355 4 , , , 43431 3355 5 showing show VBG 43431 3355 6 a a DT 43431 3355 7 Newt Newt NNP 43431 3355 8 's 's POS 43431 3355 9 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 3355 10 copied copy VBN 43431 3355 11 from from IN 43431 3355 12 Gegenbaur Gegenbaur NNP 43431 3355 13 , , , 43431 3355 14 has have VBZ 43431 3355 15 precisely precisely RB 43431 3355 16 the the DT 43431 3355 17 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 3355 18 generally generally RB 43431 3355 19 regarded regard VBN 43431 3355 20 as as IN 43431 3355 21 primitive primitive JJ 43431 3355 22 for for IN 43431 3355 23 the the DT 43431 3355 24 higher high JJR 43431 3355 25 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 3355 26 , , , 43431 3355 27 except except IN 43431 3355 28 that that IN 43431 3355 29 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 3355 30 4 4 CD 43431 3355 31 and and CC 43431 3355 32 5 5 CD 43431 3355 33 are be VBP 43431 3355 34 fused fuse VBN 43431 3355 35 . . . 43431 3356 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 3356 2 : : : 43431 3356 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3356 4 54 54 CD 43431 3356 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3356 6 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 3357 1 between between IN 43431 3357 2 one one CD 43431 3357 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3357 4 and and CC 43431 3357 5 the the DT 43431 3357 6 next next JJ 43431 3357 7 . . . 43431 3358 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 3358 2 XI XI NNP 43431 3358 3 . . . 43431 3359 1 THE the DT 43431 3359 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 3359 3 OF of IN 43431 3359 4 THE the DT 43431 3359 5 FROG[55 frog[55 ADD 43431 3359 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3359 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3359 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3359 9 Rana Rana NNP 43431 3359 10 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 3359 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3359 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3359 13 . . . 43431 3360 1 I. I. NNP 43431 3360 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 3360 3 . . . 43431 3361 1 The the DT 43431 3361 2 skin skin NN 43431 3361 3 of of IN 43431 3361 4 the the DT 43431 3361 5 frog frog NN 43431 3361 6 is be VBZ 43431 3361 7 smooth smooth JJ 43431 3361 8 and and CC 43431 3361 9 quite quite RB 43431 3361 10 devoid devoid JJ 43431 3361 11 of of IN 43431 3361 12 scales scale NNS 43431 3361 13 or or CC 43431 3361 14 other other JJ 43431 3361 15 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 3361 16 structures structure NNS 43431 3361 17 . . . 43431 3362 1 The the DT 43431 3362 2 only only JJ 43431 3362 3 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 3362 4 structures structure NNS 43431 3362 5 met meet VBD 43431 3362 6 with with IN 43431 3362 7 in in IN 43431 3362 8 the the DT 43431 3362 9 frog frog NN 43431 3362 10 are:-- are:-- NNP 43431 3362 11 1 1 CD 43431 3362 12 . . . 43431 3363 1 The the DT 43431 3363 2 = = SYM 43431 3363 3 teeth= teeth= NN 43431 3363 4 , , , 43431 3363 5 which which WDT 43431 3363 6 are be VBP 43431 3363 7 most most RBS 43431 3363 8 conveniently conveniently RB 43431 3363 9 described describe VBN 43431 3363 10 with with IN 43431 3363 11 the the DT 43431 3363 12 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 3363 13 . . . 43431 3364 1 2 2 LS 43431 3364 2 . . . 43431 3365 1 The the DT 43431 3365 2 horny horny NN 43431 3365 3 covering covering NN 43431 3365 4 of of IN 43431 3365 5 the the DT 43431 3365 6 calcar calcar NN 43431 3365 7 or or CC 43431 3365 8 prehallux prehallux JJ 43431 3365 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3365 10 see see VB 43431 3365 11 p. p. NN 43431 3365 12 167 167 CD 43431 3365 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3365 14 . . . 43431 3366 1 II ii CD 43431 3366 2 . . . 43431 3367 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 3367 2 . . . 43431 3368 1 The the DT 43431 3368 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 3368 3 of of IN 43431 3368 4 the the DT 43431 3368 5 adult adult NN 43431 3368 6 frog frog NN 43431 3368 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 3368 8 partly partly RB 43431 3368 9 of of IN 43431 3368 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3368 11 , , , 43431 3368 12 partly partly RB 43431 3368 13 of of IN 43431 3368 14 bone bone NN 43431 3368 15 and and CC 43431 3368 16 each each DT 43431 3368 17 of of IN 43431 3368 18 these these DT 43431 3368 19 types type NNS 43431 3368 20 of of IN 43431 3368 21 tissue tissue NN 43431 3368 22 occurs occur VBZ 43431 3368 23 in in IN 43431 3368 24 two two CD 43431 3368 25 forms form NNS 43431 3368 26 . . . 43431 3369 1 The the DT 43431 3369 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3369 3 may may MD 43431 3369 4 be be VB 43431 3369 5 hyaline hyaline JJ 43431 3369 6 , , , 43431 3369 7 as as IN 43431 3369 8 in in IN 43431 3369 9 the the DT 43431 3369 10 omosternum omosternum NN 43431 3369 11 and and CC 43431 3369 12 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 3369 13 , , , 43431 3369 14 or or CC 43431 3369 15 may may MD 43431 3369 16 be be VB 43431 3369 17 more more RBR 43431 3369 18 or or CC 43431 3369 19 less less RBR 43431 3369 20 calcified calcify VBN 43431 3369 21 as as IN 43431 3369 22 in in IN 43431 3369 23 part part NN 43431 3369 24 of of IN 43431 3369 25 the the DT 43431 3369 26 suprascapula suprascapula NN 43431 3369 27 and and CC 43431 3369 28 the the DT 43431 3369 29 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 3369 30 of of IN 43431 3369 31 the the DT 43431 3369 32 limb limb NN 43431 3369 33 bones bone NNS 43431 3369 34 . . . 43431 3370 1 The the DT 43431 3370 2 bone bone NN 43431 3370 3 may may MD 43431 3370 4 be be VB 43431 3370 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3370 6 bone bone NN 43431 3370 7 , , , 43431 3370 8 or or CC 43431 3370 9 membrane membrane NN 43431 3370 10 bone bone NN 43431 3370 11 . . . 43431 3371 1 The the DT 43431 3371 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3371 3 is be VBZ 43431 3371 4 divisible divisible JJ 43431 3371 5 into into IN 43431 3371 6 an an DT 43431 3371 7 = = SYM 43431 3371 8 axial axial JJ 43431 3371 9 portion= portion= NN 43431 3371 10 consisting consist VBG 43431 3371 11 of of IN 43431 3371 12 the the DT 43431 3371 13 skull skull NN 43431 3371 14 , , , 43431 3371 15 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3371 16 column column NN 43431 3371 17 , , , 43431 3371 18 and and CC 43431 3371 19 sternum sternum NNP 43431 3371 20 , , , 43431 3371 21 and and CC 43431 3371 22 an an DT 43431 3371 23 = = SYM 43431 3371 24 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 3371 25 portion= portion= NN 43431 3371 26 consisting consist VBG 43431 3371 27 of of IN 43431 3371 28 the the DT 43431 3371 29 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3371 30 of of IN 43431 3371 31 the the DT 43431 3371 32 limbs limb NNS 43431 3371 33 and and CC 43431 3371 34 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3371 35 girdles girdle NNS 43431 3371 36 . . . 43431 3372 1 1 1 LS 43431 3372 2 . . . 43431 3373 1 THE the DT 43431 3373 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 3373 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 3373 4 . . . 43431 3374 1 A. A. NNP 43431 3375 1 THE the DT 43431 3375 2 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 3375 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 3375 4 . . . 43431 3376 1 The the DT 43431 3376 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3376 3 column column NN 43431 3376 4 is be VBZ 43431 3376 5 a a DT 43431 3376 6 tube tube NN 43431 3376 7 , , , 43431 3376 8 formed form VBN 43431 3376 9 of of IN 43431 3376 10 a a DT 43431 3376 11 series series NN 43431 3376 12 of of IN 43431 3376 13 ten ten CD 43431 3376 14 bones bone NNS 43431 3376 15 which which WDT 43431 3376 16 surround surround VBP 43431 3376 17 and and CC 43431 3376 18 protect protect VB 43431 3376 19 the the DT 43431 3376 20 spinal spinal JJ 43431 3376 21 cord cord NN 43431 3376 22 . . . 43431 3377 1 Of of IN 43431 3377 2 these these DT 43431 3377 3 ten ten CD 43431 3377 4 bones bone NNS 43431 3377 5 nine nine CD 43431 3377 6 are be VBP 43431 3377 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3377 8 , , , 43431 3377 9 while while IN 43431 3377 10 the the DT 43431 3377 11 tenth tenth NN 43431 3377 12 is be VBZ 43431 3377 13 a a DT 43431 3377 14 straight straight JJ 43431 3377 15 rod rod NN 43431 3377 16 , , , 43431 3377 17 the the DT 43431 3377 18 = = SYM 43431 3377 19 urostyle= urostyle= NN 43431 3377 20 , , , 43431 3377 21 and and CC 43431 3377 22 is be VBZ 43431 3377 23 almost almost RB 43431 3377 24 as as RB 43431 3377 25 long long RB 43431 3377 26 as as IN 43431 3377 27 all all PDT 43431 3377 28 the the DT 43431 3377 29 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3377 30 put put VBP 43431 3377 31 together together RB 43431 3377 32 . . . 43431 3378 1 The the DT 43431 3378 2 second second JJ 43431 3378 3 to to IN 43431 3378 4 eighth eighth JJ 43431 3378 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3378 6 inclusive inclusive JJ 43431 3378 7 have have VB 43431 3378 8 a a DT 43431 3378 9 very very RB 43431 3378 10 similar similar JJ 43431 3378 11 structure structure NN 43431 3378 12 , , , 43431 3378 13 but but CC 43431 3378 14 the the DT 43431 3378 15 first first JJ 43431 3378 16 and and CC 43431 3378 17 ninth ninth JJ 43431 3378 18 differ differ NN 43431 3378 19 from from IN 43431 3378 20 the the DT 43431 3378 21 others other NNS 43431 3378 22 . . . 43431 3379 1 Any any DT 43431 3379 2 one one CD 43431 3379 3 of of IN 43431 3379 4 the the DT 43431 3379 5 second second JJ 43431 3379 6 to to IN 43431 3379 7 eighth eighth JJ 43431 3379 8 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 3379 9 forms form NNS 43431 3379 10 a a DT 43431 3379 11 bony bony NN 43431 3379 12 ring ring NN 43431 3379 13 with with IN 43431 3379 14 a a DT 43431 3379 15 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3379 16 thickened thicken VBN 43431 3379 17 floor floor NN 43431 3379 18 , , , 43431 3379 19 the the DT 43431 3379 20 = = SYM 43431 3379 21 centrum= centrum= NN 43431 3379 22 or or CC 43431 3379 23 body body NN 43431 3379 24 , , , 43431 3379 25 which which WDT 43431 3379 26 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3379 27 with with IN 43431 3379 28 the the DT 43431 3379 29 centra centra NN 43431 3379 30 of of IN 43431 3379 31 the the DT 43431 3379 32 immediately immediately RB 43431 3379 33 preceding precede VBG 43431 3379 34 and and CC 43431 3379 35 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 3379 36 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3379 37 . . . 43431 3380 1 The the DT 43431 3380 2 articulating articulating NN 43431 3380 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3380 4 are be VBP 43431 3380 5 covered cover VBN 43431 3380 6 with with IN 43431 3380 7 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3380 8 and and CC 43431 3380 9 are be VBP 43431 3380 10 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 3380 11 , , , 43431 3380 12 or or CC 43431 3380 13 convex convex NNP 43431 3380 14 in in IN 43431 3380 15 front front NNP 43431 3380 16 and and CC 43431 3380 17 concave concave VBP 43431 3380 18 behind behind RB 43431 3380 19 . . . 43431 3381 1 The the DT 43431 3381 2 eighth eighth JJ 43431 3381 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3381 4 is be VBZ 43431 3381 5 however however RB 43431 3381 6 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 3381 7 or or CC 43431 3381 8 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 3381 9 . . . 43431 3382 1 The the DT 43431 3382 2 centrum centrum NN 43431 3382 3 of of IN 43431 3382 4 each each DT 43431 3382 5 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3382 6 encloses enclose VBZ 43431 3382 7 an an DT 43431 3382 8 isolated isolated JJ 43431 3382 9 vestige vestige NN 43431 3382 10 of of IN 43431 3382 11 the the DT 43431 3382 12 notochord notochord NN 43431 3382 13 . . . 43431 3383 1 The the DT 43431 3383 2 = = SYM 43431 3383 3 neural neural JJ 43431 3383 4 arch= arch= JJ 43431 3383 5 forms form NNS 43431 3383 6 the the DT 43431 3383 7 roof roof NN 43431 3383 8 and and CC 43431 3383 9 sides side NNS 43431 3383 10 of of IN 43431 3383 11 the the DT 43431 3383 12 neural neural NNP 43431 3383 13 canal canal NN 43431 3383 14 , , , 43431 3383 15 which which WDT 43431 3383 16 is be VBZ 43431 3383 17 very very RB 43431 3383 18 spacious spacious JJ 43431 3383 19 in in IN 43431 3383 20 the the DT 43431 3383 21 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3383 22 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3383 23 , , , 43431 3383 24 but but CC 43431 3383 25 becomes become VBZ 43431 3383 26 more more RBR 43431 3383 27 depressed depressed JJ 43431 3383 28 in in IN 43431 3383 29 the the DT 43431 3383 30 posterior posterior NN 43431 3383 31 ones one NNS 43431 3383 32 . . . 43431 3384 1 The the DT 43431 3384 2 arch arch NN 43431 3384 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 3384 4 the the DT 43431 3384 5 = = SYM 43431 3384 6 neural neural NNP 43431 3384 7 spine= spine= NN 43431 3384 8 , , , 43431 3384 9 a a DT 43431 3384 10 low low JJ 43431 3384 11 median median JJ 43431 3384 12 ridge ridge NN 43431 3384 13 of of IN 43431 3384 14 variable variable JJ 43431 3384 15 character character NN 43431 3384 16 , , , 43431 3384 17 and and CC 43431 3384 18 is be VBZ 43431 3384 19 drawn draw VBN 43431 3384 20 out out RP 43431 3384 21 in in IN 43431 3384 22 front front NN 43431 3384 23 and and CC 43431 3384 24 behind behind RB 43431 3384 25 , , , 43431 3384 26 forming form VBG 43431 3384 27 the the DT 43431 3384 28 two two CD 43431 3384 29 pairs pair NNS 43431 3384 30 of of IN 43431 3384 31 articulating articulating NN 43431 3384 32 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3384 33 or or CC 43431 3384 34 = = SYM 43431 3384 35 zygapophyses= zygapophyses= JJ 43431 3384 36 by by IN 43431 3384 37 means mean NNS 43431 3384 38 of of IN 43431 3384 39 which which WDT 43431 3384 40 the the DT 43431 3384 41 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3384 42 are be VBP 43431 3384 43 attached attach VBN 43431 3384 44 together together RB 43431 3384 45 . . . 43431 3385 1 Of of IN 43431 3385 2 these these DT 43431 3385 3 the the DT 43431 3385 4 anterior anterior NN 43431 3385 5 articulating articulating NN 43431 3385 6 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3385 7 or or CC 43431 3385 8 = = SYM 43431 3385 9 prezygapophyses= prezygapophyses= NN 43431 3385 10 look look VB 43431 3385 11 upwards upwards RB 43431 3385 12 and and CC 43431 3385 13 slightly slightly RB 43431 3385 14 inwards inward NNS 43431 3385 15 , , , 43431 3385 16 while while IN 43431 3385 17 the the DT 43431 3385 18 posterior posterior NN 43431 3385 19 articulating articulating NN 43431 3385 20 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3385 21 or or CC 43431 3385 22 = = SYM 43431 3385 23 postzygapophyses= postzygapophyses= JJ 43431 3385 24 look look VBP 43431 3385 25 downwards downwards RB 43431 3385 26 and and CC 43431 3385 27 slightly slightly RB 43431 3385 28 outwards outward NNS 43431 3385 29 . . . 43431 3386 1 The the DT 43431 3386 2 sides side NNS 43431 3386 3 of of IN 43431 3386 4 the the DT 43431 3386 5 neural neural JJ 43431 3386 6 arches arch NNS 43431 3386 7 are be VBP 43431 3386 8 drawn draw VBN 43431 3386 9 out out RP 43431 3386 10 into into IN 43431 3386 11 a a DT 43431 3386 12 pair pair NN 43431 3386 13 of of IN 43431 3386 14 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3386 15 = = SYM 43431 3386 16 transverse transverse JJR 43431 3386 17 processes=. processes=. NN 43431 3387 1 Those those DT 43431 3387 2 of of IN 43431 3387 3 the the DT 43431 3387 4 second second JJ 43431 3387 5 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3387 6 look look VBP 43431 3387 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3387 8 forwards forwards RB 43431 3387 9 , , , 43431 3387 10 those those DT 43431 3387 11 of of IN 43431 3387 12 the the DT 43431 3387 13 third third JJ 43431 3387 14 look look NN 43431 3387 15 directly directly RB 43431 3387 16 outwards outward NNS 43431 3387 17 or or CC 43431 3387 18 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3387 19 forwards forwards RB 43431 3387 20 , , , 43431 3387 21 while while IN 43431 3387 22 those those DT 43431 3387 23 of of IN 43431 3387 24 the the DT 43431 3387 25 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3387 26 , , , 43431 3387 27 fifth fifth JJ 43431 3387 28 , , , 43431 3387 29 and and CC 43431 3387 30 sixth sixth JJ 43431 3387 31 are be VBP 43431 3387 32 directed direct VBN 43431 3387 33 slightly slightly RB 43431 3387 34 backwards backwards RB 43431 3387 35 , , , 43431 3387 36 and and CC 43431 3387 37 those those DT 43431 3387 38 of of IN 43431 3387 39 the the DT 43431 3387 40 seventh seventh JJ 43431 3387 41 and and CC 43431 3387 42 eighth eighth JJ 43431 3387 43 nearly nearly RB 43431 3387 44 straight straight JJ 43431 3387 45 outwards outward NNS 43431 3387 46 . . . 43431 3388 1 All all PDT 43431 3388 2 the the DT 43431 3388 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3388 4 processes process NNS 43431 3388 5 are be VBP 43431 3388 6 terminated terminate VBN 43431 3388 7 by by IN 43431 3388 8 very very RB 43431 3388 9 small small JJ 43431 3388 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3388 11 = = -RRB- 43431 3388 12 ribs=. ribs=. XX 43431 3389 1 SPECIAL SPECIAL NNP 43431 3389 2 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 3389 3 . . . 43431 3390 1 The the DT 43431 3390 2 = = -RRB- 43431 3390 3 first first JJ 43431 3390 4 vertebra= vertebra= NN 43431 3390 5 is be VBZ 43431 3390 6 a a DT 43431 3390 7 ring ring NN 43431 3390 8 - - HYPH 43431 3390 9 like like JJ 43431 3390 10 structure structure NN 43431 3390 11 with with IN 43431 3390 12 a a DT 43431 3390 13 much much RB 43431 3390 14 depressed depressed JJ 43431 3390 15 centrum centrum NN 43431 3390 16 . . . 43431 3391 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3391 2 bears bear VBZ 43431 3391 3 in in IN 43431 3391 4 front front JJ 43431 3391 5 two two CD 43431 3391 6 oval oval NNP 43431 3391 7 concave concave NNP 43431 3391 8 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3391 9 for for IN 43431 3391 10 articulation articulation NN 43431 3391 11 with with IN 43431 3391 12 the the DT 43431 3391 13 condyles condyle NNS 43431 3391 14 of of IN 43431 3391 15 the the DT 43431 3391 16 skull skull NN 43431 3391 17 , , , 43431 3391 18 while while IN 43431 3391 19 the the DT 43431 3391 20 centrum centrum NN 43431 3391 21 is be VBZ 43431 3391 22 terminated terminate VBN 43431 3391 23 behind behind RB 43431 3391 24 by by IN 43431 3391 25 a a DT 43431 3391 26 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3391 27 convex convex NNP 43431 3391 28 surface surface NN 43431 3391 29 . . . 43431 3392 1 There there EX 43431 3392 2 are be VBP 43431 3392 3 as as IN 43431 3392 4 a a DT 43431 3392 5 rule rule NN 43431 3392 6 no no DT 43431 3392 7 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3392 8 processes process NNS 43431 3392 9 , , , 43431 3392 10 and and CC 43431 3392 11 the the DT 43431 3392 12 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 3392 13 look look VBP 43431 3392 14 downwards downwards RB 43431 3392 15 and and CC 43431 3392 16 outwards outward NNS 43431 3392 17 . . . 43431 3393 1 Occasionally occasionally RB 43431 3393 2 however however RB 43431 3393 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3393 4 processes process NNS 43431 3393 5 do do VBP 43431 3393 6 occur occur VB 43431 3393 7 . . . 43431 3394 1 Projecting project VBG 43431 3394 2 forwards forwards RB 43431 3394 3 from from IN 43431 3394 4 the the DT 43431 3394 5 centrum centrum NN 43431 3394 6 is be VBZ 43431 3394 7 a a DT 43431 3394 8 minute minute NN 43431 3394 9 process process NN 43431 3394 10 better well RBR 43431 3394 11 developed develop VBN 43431 3394 12 in in IN 43431 3394 13 the the DT 43431 3394 14 Newt Newt NNP 43431 3394 15 . . . 43431 3395 1 This this DT 43431 3395 2 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 3395 3 an an DT 43431 3395 4 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 3395 5 process process NN 43431 3395 6 , , , 43431 3395 7 and and CC 43431 3395 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3395 9 has have VBZ 43431 3395 10 hence hence RB 43431 3395 11 been be VBN 43431 3395 12 supposed suppose VBN 43431 3395 13 that that IN 43431 3395 14 the the DT 43431 3395 15 first first JJ 43431 3395 16 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3395 17 is be VBZ 43431 3395 18 homologous homologous JJ 43431 3395 19 with with IN 43431 3395 20 the the DT 43431 3395 21 axis axi NNS 43431 3395 22 of of IN 43431 3395 23 mammalia mammalia NN 43431 3395 24 , , , 43431 3395 25 and and CC 43431 3395 26 that that IN 43431 3395 27 the the DT 43431 3395 28 atlas atla NNS 43431 3395 29 of of IN 43431 3395 30 the the DT 43431 3395 31 frog frog NN 43431 3395 32 is be VBZ 43431 3395 33 fused fuse VBN 43431 3395 34 with with IN 43431 3395 35 the the DT 43431 3395 36 skull skull NN 43431 3395 37 . . . 43431 3396 1 The the DT 43431 3396 2 = = SYM 43431 3396 3 ninth ninth JJ 43431 3396 4 vertebra= vertebra= NN 43431 3396 5 has have VBZ 43431 3396 6 very very RB 43431 3396 7 stout stout JJ 43431 3396 8 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3396 9 processes process NNS 43431 3396 10 directed direct VBN 43431 3396 11 backwards backwards RB 43431 3396 12 and and CC 43431 3396 13 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3396 14 upwards upwards RB 43431 3396 15 . . . 43431 3397 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3397 2 articulate articulate VBP 43431 3397 3 with with IN 43431 3397 4 the the DT 43431 3397 5 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 3397 6 girdle girdle NNP 43431 3397 7 and and CC 43431 3397 8 hence hence RB 43431 3397 9 this this DT 43431 3397 10 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3397 11 is be VBZ 43431 3397 12 regarded regard VBN 43431 3397 13 as as IN 43431 3397 14 the the DT 43431 3397 15 = = SYM 43431 3397 16 sacrum=. sacrum=. XX 43431 3398 1 The the DT 43431 3398 2 neural neural JJ 43431 3398 3 arch arch NN 43431 3398 4 is be VBZ 43431 3398 5 much much RB 43431 3398 6 depressed depressed JJ 43431 3398 7 , , , 43431 3398 8 the the DT 43431 3398 9 centrum centrum NN 43431 3398 10 is be VBZ 43431 3398 11 convex convex NNP 43431 3398 12 in in IN 43431 3398 13 front front NN 43431 3398 14 and and CC 43431 3398 15 bears bear VBZ 43431 3398 16 on on IN 43431 3398 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3398 18 posterior posterior NN 43431 3398 19 surface surface NN 43431 3398 20 two two CD 43431 3398 21 short short JJ 43431 3398 22 rounded rounded JJ 43431 3398 23 processes process NNS 43431 3398 24 for for IN 43431 3398 25 articulation articulation NN 43431 3398 26 with with IN 43431 3398 27 the the DT 43431 3398 28 urostyle urostyle NNS 43431 3398 29 . . . 43431 3399 1 The the DT 43431 3399 2 = = SYM 43431 3399 3 urostyle= urostyle= NN 43431 3399 4 is be VBZ 43431 3399 5 a a DT 43431 3399 6 long long JJ 43431 3399 7 rod rod NN 43431 3399 8 - - HYPH 43431 3399 9 like like JJ 43431 3399 10 bone bone NN 43431 3399 11 forming form VBG 43431 3399 12 the the DT 43431 3399 13 posterior posterior NN 43431 3399 14 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 3399 15 continuation continuation NN 43431 3399 16 of of IN 43431 3399 17 the the DT 43431 3399 18 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3399 19 column column NN 43431 3399 20 . . . 43431 3400 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3400 2 is be VBZ 43431 3400 3 probably probably RB 43431 3400 4 equivalent equivalent JJ 43431 3400 5 to to IN 43431 3400 6 three three CD 43431 3400 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3400 8 , , , 43431 3400 9 the the DT 43431 3400 10 tenth tenth JJ 43431 3400 11 , , , 43431 3400 12 eleventh eleventh JJ 43431 3400 13 , , , 43431 3400 14 and and CC 43431 3400 15 twelfth twelfth RB 43431 3400 16 fused fuse VBN 43431 3400 17 together together RB 43431 3400 18 , , , 43431 3400 19 and and CC 43431 3400 20 to to IN 43431 3400 21 an an DT 43431 3400 22 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 3400 23 rod rod NN 43431 3400 24 of of IN 43431 3400 25 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3400 26 which which WDT 43431 3400 27 lies lie VBZ 43431 3400 28 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3400 29 to to IN 43431 3400 30 the the DT 43431 3400 31 notochord notochord NN 43431 3400 32 . . . 43431 3401 1 The the DT 43431 3401 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3401 3 end end NN 43431 3401 4 is be VBZ 43431 3401 5 expanded expand VBN 43431 3401 6 and and CC 43431 3401 7 bears bear VBZ 43431 3401 8 two two CD 43431 3401 9 concave concave NNP 43431 3401 10 articular articular JJ 43431 3401 11 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3401 12 by by IN 43431 3401 13 means mean NNS 43431 3401 14 of of IN 43431 3401 15 which which WDT 43431 3401 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3401 17 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3401 18 with with IN 43431 3401 19 the the DT 43431 3401 20 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 3401 21 . . . 43431 3402 1 A a DT 43431 3402 2 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3402 3 ridge ridge NN 43431 3402 4 runs run VBZ 43431 3402 5 along along IN 43431 3402 6 the the DT 43431 3402 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3402 8 surface surface NN 43431 3402 9 , , , 43431 3402 10 but but CC 43431 3402 11 gradually gradually RB 43431 3402 12 diminishes diminish VBZ 43431 3402 13 when when WRB 43431 3402 14 traced trace VBN 43431 3402 15 back back RP 43431 3402 16 . . . 43431 3403 1 The the DT 43431 3403 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 3403 3 portion portion NN 43431 3403 4 contains contain VBZ 43431 3403 5 a a DT 43431 3403 6 canal canal NN 43431 3403 7 which which WDT 43431 3403 8 is be VBZ 43431 3403 9 a a DT 43431 3403 10 continuation continuation NN 43431 3403 11 of of IN 43431 3403 12 the the DT 43431 3403 13 neural neural NNP 43431 3403 14 canal canal NNP 43431 3403 15 . . . 43431 3404 1 At at IN 43431 3404 2 a a DT 43431 3404 3 point point NN 43431 3404 4 not not RB 43431 3404 5 far far RB 43431 3404 6 from from IN 43431 3404 7 the the DT 43431 3404 8 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3404 9 end end NN 43431 3404 10 , , , 43431 3404 11 this this DT 43431 3404 12 canal canal NN 43431 3404 13 communicates communicate VBZ 43431 3404 14 with with IN 43431 3404 15 the the DT 43431 3404 16 exterior exterior NN 43431 3404 17 by by IN 43431 3404 18 a a DT 43431 3404 19 pair pair NN 43431 3404 20 of of IN 43431 3404 21 minute minute NN 43431 3404 22 holes hole NNS 43431 3404 23 which which WDT 43431 3404 24 correspond correspond VBP 43431 3404 25 with with IN 43431 3404 26 the the DT 43431 3404 27 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 3404 28 foramina foramina NN 43431 3404 29 . . . 43431 3405 1 B. B. NNP 43431 3406 1 THE the DT 43431 3406 2 SKULL[56 SKULL[56 '' 43431 3406 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3406 4 . . . 43431 3407 1 The the DT 43431 3407 2 skull skull NN 43431 3407 3 of of IN 43431 3407 4 the the DT 43431 3407 5 Frog Frog NNP 43431 3407 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 3407 7 of of IN 43431 3407 8 three three CD 43431 3407 9 principal principal NN 43431 3407 10 parts:-- parts:-- '' 43431 3407 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3407 12 1 1 LS 43431 3407 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3407 14 an an DT 43431 3407 15 axial axial JJ 43431 3407 16 part part NN 43431 3407 17 , , , 43431 3407 18 the the DT 43431 3407 19 = = SYM 43431 3407 20 cranium cranium NN 43431 3407 21 proper= proper= NNS 43431 3407 22 , , , 43431 3407 23 which which WDT 43431 3407 24 encloses enclose VBZ 43431 3407 25 the the DT 43431 3407 26 brain brain NN 43431 3407 27 . . . 43431 3408 1 To to IN 43431 3408 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3408 3 are be VBP 43431 3408 4 firmly firmly RB 43431 3408 5 fused fuse VBN 43431 3408 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3408 7 2 2 LS 43431 3408 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3408 9 the the DT 43431 3408 10 = = SYM 43431 3408 11 capsules capsule NNS 43431 3408 12 of of IN 43431 3408 13 the the DT 43431 3408 14 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 3408 15 and and CC 43431 3408 16 auditory auditory JJ 43431 3408 17 sense sense NN 43431 3408 18 organs= organs= NNP 43431 3408 19 , , , 43431 3408 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3408 21 3 3 LS 43431 3408 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3408 23 lastly lastly RB 43431 3408 24 there there EX 43431 3408 25 is be VBZ 43431 3408 26 the the DT 43431 3408 27 = = SYM 43431 3408 28 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3408 29 apparatus= apparatus= NNP 43431 3408 30 and and CC 43431 3408 31 the the DT 43431 3408 32 = = SYM 43431 3408 33 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3408 34 of of IN 43431 3408 35 the the DT 43431 3408 36 jaws=. jaws=. NNP 43431 3409 1 The the DT 43431 3409 2 skull skull NN 43431 3409 3 is be VBZ 43431 3409 4 by by IN 43431 3409 5 no no DT 43431 3409 6 means means NN 43431 3409 7 so so RB 43431 3409 8 completely completely RB 43431 3409 9 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3409 10 as as IN 43431 3409 11 is be VBZ 43431 3409 12 the the DT 43431 3409 13 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3409 14 column column NN 43431 3409 15 , , , 43431 3409 16 but but CC 43431 3409 17 in in IN 43431 3409 18 addition addition NN 43431 3409 19 to to IN 43431 3409 20 the the DT 43431 3409 21 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3409 22 bone bone NN 43431 3409 23 , , , 43431 3409 24 there there EX 43431 3409 25 is be VBZ 43431 3409 26 a a DT 43431 3409 27 great great JJ 43431 3409 28 development development NN 43431 3409 29 of of IN 43431 3409 30 membrane membrane NN 43431 3409 31 bone bone NN 43431 3409 32 in in IN 43431 3409 33 connection connection NN 43431 3409 34 with with IN 43431 3409 35 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3409 36 . . . 43431 3410 1 The the DT 43431 3410 2 skull skull NN 43431 3410 3 has have VBZ 43431 3410 4 a a DT 43431 3410 5 peculiarly peculiarly RB 43431 3410 6 flattened flatten VBN 43431 3410 7 and and CC 43431 3410 8 expanded expand VBN 43431 3410 9 form form NN 43431 3410 10 depending depend VBG 43431 3410 11 on on IN 43431 3410 12 the the DT 43431 3410 13 wide wide JJ 43431 3410 14 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3410 15 separation separation NN 43431 3410 16 of of IN 43431 3410 17 the the DT 43431 3410 18 jaws jaw NNS 43431 3410 19 from from IN 43431 3410 20 the the DT 43431 3410 21 cranium cranium NN 43431 3410 22 . . . 43431 3411 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3411 2 1 1 LS 43431 3411 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3411 4 THE the DT 43431 3411 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 3411 6 PROPER PROPER NNP 43431 3411 7 or or CC 43431 3411 8 Brain Brain NNP 43431 3411 9 case case NN 43431 3411 10 . . . 43431 3412 1 This this DT 43431 3412 2 is be VBZ 43431 3412 3 an an DT 43431 3412 4 unsegmented unsegmented JJ 43431 3412 5 tube tube NN 43431 3412 6 , , , 43431 3412 7 which which WDT 43431 3412 8 is be VBZ 43431 3412 9 widest wide JJS 43431 3412 10 behind behind RB 43431 3412 11 . . . 43431 3413 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3413 2 remains remain VBZ 43431 3413 3 to to IN 43431 3413 4 a a DT 43431 3413 5 considerable considerable JJ 43431 3413 6 extent extent NN 43431 3413 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3413 8 , , , 43431 3413 9 but but CC 43431 3413 10 is be VBZ 43431 3413 11 partly partly RB 43431 3413 12 converted convert VBN 43431 3413 13 into into IN 43431 3413 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3413 15 bone bone NN 43431 3413 16 , , , 43431 3413 17 partly partly RB 43431 3413 18 sheathed sheathe VBD 43431 3413 19 in in IN 43431 3413 20 membrane membrane NN 43431 3413 21 bone bone NN 43431 3413 22 . . . 43431 3414 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3414 2 roof roof NN 43431 3414 3 is be VBZ 43431 3414 4 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 3414 5 , , , 43431 3414 6 being be VBG 43431 3414 7 pierced pierce VBN 43431 3414 8 by by IN 43431 3414 9 three three CD 43431 3414 10 holes hole NNS 43431 3414 11 or or CC 43431 3414 12 = = SYM 43431 3414 13 fontanelles= fontanelles= NN 43431 3414 14 , , , 43431 3414 15 one one CD 43431 3414 16 large large JJ 43431 3414 17 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3414 18 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 3414 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3414 20 fig fig NN 43431 3414 21 . . . 43431 3415 1 25 25 CD 43431 3415 2 , , , 43431 3415 3 A a NN 43431 3415 4 , , , 43431 3415 5 9 9 CD 43431 3415 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3415 7 , , , 43431 3415 8 and and CC 43431 3415 9 two two CD 43431 3415 10 smaller small JJR 43431 3415 11 posterior posterior NN 43431 3415 12 fontanelles fontanelle NNS 43431 3415 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3415 14 fig fig NN 43431 3415 15 . . . 43431 3416 1 25 25 CD 43431 3416 2 , , , 43431 3416 3 A a NN 43431 3416 4 , , , 43431 3416 5 10 10 CD 43431 3416 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3416 7 . . . 43431 3417 1 The the DT 43431 3417 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3417 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3417 4 of of IN 43431 3417 5 the the DT 43431 3417 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 3417 7 proper proper JJ 43431 3417 8 are be VBP 43431 3417 9 the the DT 43431 3417 10 two two CD 43431 3417 11 = = SYM 43431 3417 12 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NN 43431 3417 13 and and CC 43431 3417 14 the the DT 43431 3417 15 = = SYM 43431 3417 16 sphenethmoid=. sphenethmoid=. . 43431 3418 1 The the DT 43431 3418 2 = = SYM 43431 3418 3 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NN 43431 3418 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3418 5 figs fig NNS 43431 3418 6 . . . 43431 3419 1 24 24 CD 43431 3419 2 , , , 43431 3419 3 25 25 CD 43431 3419 4 , , , 43431 3419 5 and and CC 43431 3419 6 26 26 CD 43431 3419 7 , , , 43431 3419 8 6 6 CD 43431 3419 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3419 10 are be VBP 43431 3419 11 a a DT 43431 3419 12 pair pair NN 43431 3419 13 of of IN 43431 3419 14 irregular irregular JJ 43431 3419 15 bones bone NNS 43431 3419 16 bounding bound VBG 43431 3419 17 the the DT 43431 3419 18 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3419 19 magnum magnum NN 43431 3419 20 at at IN 43431 3419 21 the the DT 43431 3419 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 3419 23 end end NN 43431 3419 24 of of IN 43431 3419 25 the the DT 43431 3419 26 skull skull NN 43431 3419 27 . . . 43431 3420 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3420 2 almost almost RB 43431 3420 3 completely completely RB 43431 3420 4 surround surround VBP 43431 3420 5 the the DT 43431 3420 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3420 7 magnum magnum NN 43431 3420 8 , , , 43431 3420 9 and and CC 43431 3420 10 bear bear VB 43431 3420 11 a a DT 43431 3420 12 pair pair NN 43431 3420 13 of of IN 43431 3420 14 oval oval NNP 43431 3420 15 convex convex NNP 43431 3420 16 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3420 17 , , , 43431 3420 18 the the DT 43431 3420 19 = = SYM 43431 3420 20 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3420 21 condyles= condyles= NN 43431 3420 22 , , , 43431 3420 23 with with IN 43431 3420 24 which which WDT 43431 3420 25 the the DT 43431 3420 26 first first JJ 43431 3420 27 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3420 28 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3420 29 . . . 43431 3421 1 The the DT 43431 3421 2 bones bone NNS 43431 3421 3 generally generally RB 43431 3421 4 called call VBD 43431 3421 5 the the DT 43431 3421 6 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3421 7 of of IN 43431 3421 8 the the DT 43431 3421 9 frog frog NN 43431 3421 10 include include VBP 43431 3421 11 the the DT 43431 3421 12 = = SYM 43431 3421 13 epi epi NN 43431 3421 14 - - HYPH 43431 3421 15 otic= otic= NNP 43431 3421 16 and and CC 43431 3421 17 = = SYM 43431 3421 18 opisthotic= opisthotic= NN 43431 3421 19 elements element NNS 43431 3421 20 of of IN 43431 3421 21 many many JJ 43431 3421 22 skulls skull NNS 43431 3421 23 , , , 43431 3421 24 in in IN 43431 3421 25 addition addition NN 43431 3421 26 to to IN 43431 3421 27 the the DT 43431 3421 28 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3421 29 . . . 43431 3422 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3422 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3422 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3422 4 . . . 43431 3423 1 24 24 CD 43431 3423 2 . . . 43431 3424 1 A a DT 43431 3424 2 DORSAL dorsal NN 43431 3424 3 , , , 43431 3424 4 AND and CC 43431 3424 5 B b NN 43431 3424 6 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 3424 7 VIEWS view NNS 43431 3424 8 OF of IN 43431 3424 9 THE the DT 43431 3424 10 CRANIUM cranium NN 43431 3424 11 OF of IN 43431 3424 12 A a DT 43431 3424 13 COMMON COMMON NNP 43431 3424 14 FROG frog NN 43431 3424 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3424 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3424 17 Rana Rana NNP 43431 3424 18 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 3424 19 _ _ NNP 43431 3424 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3424 21 à à NNP 43431 3424 22 � � NNP 43431 3424 23 2 2 CD 43431 3424 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3424 25 after after IN 43431 3424 26 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 3424 27 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3424 28 . . . 43431 3425 1 In in IN 43431 3425 2 this this DT 43431 3425 3 and and CC 43431 3425 4 the the DT 43431 3425 5 next next JJ 43431 3425 6 two two CD 43431 3425 7 figs fig NNS 43431 3425 8 . . . 43431 3426 1 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3426 2 is be VBZ 43431 3426 3 dotted dot VBN 43431 3426 4 , , , 43431 3426 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3426 6 bones bone NNS 43431 3426 7 are be VBP 43431 3426 8 marked mark VBN 43431 3426 9 with with IN 43431 3426 10 dots dot NNS 43431 3426 11 and and CC 43431 3426 12 dashes dash NNS 43431 3426 13 , , , 43431 3426 14 membrane membrane NN 43431 3426 15 bones bone NNS 43431 3426 16 are be VBP 43431 3426 17 left leave VBN 43431 3426 18 white white JJ 43431 3426 19 . . . 43431 3427 1 1 1 LS 43431 3427 2 . . . 43431 3427 3 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NNP 43431 3427 4 . . . 43431 3428 1 2 2 LS 43431 3428 2 . . . 43431 3428 3 fronto fronto NNS 43431 3428 4 - - HYPH 43431 3428 5 parietal parietal JJ 43431 3428 6 . . . 43431 3429 1 3 3 LS 43431 3429 2 . . . 43431 3429 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 3429 4 . . . 43431 3430 1 4 4 LS 43431 3430 2 . . . 43431 3430 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 3430 4 . . . 43431 3431 1 6 6 LS 43431 3431 2 . . . 43431 3431 3 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 3431 4 . . . 43431 3432 1 7 7 LS 43431 3432 2 . . . 43431 3432 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3432 4 . . . 43431 3433 1 8 8 LS 43431 3433 2 . . . 43431 3433 3 pro pro JJ 43431 3433 4 - - JJ 43431 3433 5 otic otic JJ 43431 3433 6 . . . 43431 3434 1 9 9 LS 43431 3434 2 . . . 43431 3434 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 3434 4 . . . 43431 3435 1 10 10 LS 43431 3435 2 . . . 43431 3435 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3435 4 . . . 43431 3436 1 11 11 CD 43431 3436 2 . . . 43431 3436 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 3436 4 . . . 43431 3437 1 12 12 CD 43431 3437 2 . . . 43431 3437 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3437 4 . . . 43431 3438 1 13 13 CD 43431 3438 2 . . . 43431 3438 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3438 4 nares naris NNS 43431 3438 5 . . . 43431 3439 1 14 14 CD 43431 3439 2 . . . 43431 3439 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 3439 4 . . . 43431 3440 1 15 15 CD 43431 3440 2 . . . 43431 3440 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 3440 4 nares nares NNP 43431 3440 5 . . . 43431 3441 1 16 16 CD 43431 3441 2 . . . 43431 3441 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 3441 4 . . . 43431 3442 1 18 18 CD 43431 3442 2 . . . 43431 3442 3 columella columella NNP 43431 3442 4 . . . 43431 3443 1 19 19 CD 43431 3443 2 . . . 43431 3443 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 3443 4 . . . 43431 3444 1 20 20 CD 43431 3444 2 . . . 43431 3444 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3444 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 3444 5 . . . 43431 3445 1 II ii CD 43431 3445 2 . . . 43431 3446 1 optic optic JJ 43431 3446 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3446 3 . . . 43431 3447 1 V. V. NNP 43431 3447 2 VII VII NNP 43431 3447 3 . . . 43431 3448 1 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3448 2 for for IN 43431 3448 3 exit exit NN 43431 3448 4 of of IN 43431 3448 5 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 3448 6 and and CC 43431 3448 7 facial facial JJ 43431 3448 8 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3448 9 . . . 43431 3449 1 IX ix NN 43431 3449 2 . . . 43431 3450 1 X. X. NNP 43431 3450 2 foramina foramina NN 43431 3450 3 for for IN 43431 3450 4 exit exit NN 43431 3450 5 of of IN 43431 3450 6 glossopharyngeal glossopharyngeal NN 43431 3450 7 and and CC 43431 3450 8 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 3450 9 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3450 10 . . . 43431 3450 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3451 1 The the DT 43431 3451 2 patch patch NN 43431 3451 3 of of IN 43431 3451 4 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3451 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3451 6 immediately immediately RB 43431 3451 7 external external JJ 43431 3451 8 to to IN 43431 3451 9 the the DT 43431 3451 10 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3451 11 condyle condyle NN 43431 3451 12 is be VBZ 43431 3451 13 pierced pierce VBN 43431 3451 14 by by IN 43431 3451 15 two two CD 43431 3451 16 small small JJ 43431 3451 17 foramina foramina NN 43431 3451 18 , , , 43431 3451 19 through through IN 43431 3451 20 which which WDT 43431 3451 21 the the DT 43431 3451 22 ninth ninth JJ 43431 3451 23 and and CC 43431 3451 24 tenth tenth JJ 43431 3451 25 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3451 26 leave leave VBP 43431 3451 27 the the DT 43431 3451 28 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3451 29 cavity cavity NN 43431 3451 30 . . . 43431 3452 1 The the DT 43431 3452 2 ninth ninth JJ 43431 3452 3 nerve nerve NN 43431 3452 4 passes pass VBZ 43431 3452 5 through through IN 43431 3452 6 the the DT 43431 3452 7 more more RBR 43431 3452 8 external external JJ 43431 3452 9 of of IN 43431 3452 10 these these DT 43431 3452 11 foramina foramina NN 43431 3452 12 , , , 43431 3452 13 the the DT 43431 3452 14 tenth tenth NN 43431 3452 15 through through IN 43431 3452 16 the the DT 43431 3452 17 one one CD 43431 3452 18 nearer near JJR 43431 3452 19 the the DT 43431 3452 20 condyle condyle NN 43431 3452 21 . . . 43431 3453 1 The the DT 43431 3453 2 foramina foramina NN 43431 3453 3 lie lie NN 43431 3453 4 however however RB 43431 3453 5 very very RB 43431 3453 6 close close JJ 43431 3453 7 together together RB 43431 3453 8 and and CC 43431 3453 9 are be VBP 43431 3453 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3453 11 confluent confluent JJ 43431 3453 12 . . . 43431 3454 1 The the DT 43431 3454 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3454 3 walls wall NNS 43431 3454 4 for for IN 43431 3454 5 a a DT 43431 3454 6 considerable considerable JJ 43431 3454 7 distance distance NN 43431 3454 8 in in IN 43431 3454 9 front front NN 43431 3454 10 of of IN 43431 3454 11 the the DT 43431 3454 12 occipitals occipital NNS 43431 3454 13 are be VBP 43431 3454 14 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3454 15 , , , 43431 3454 16 but but CC 43431 3454 17 the the DT 43431 3454 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3454 19 end end NN 43431 3454 20 of of IN 43431 3454 21 the the DT 43431 3454 22 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3454 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 3454 24 is be VBZ 43431 3454 25 encircled encircle VBN 43431 3454 26 by by IN 43431 3454 27 another another DT 43431 3454 28 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3454 29 bone bone NN 43431 3454 30 , , , 43431 3454 31 the the DT 43431 3454 32 = = SYM 43431 3454 33 sphenethmoid= sphenethmoid= NN 43431 3454 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3454 35 figs fig NNS 43431 3454 36 . . . 43431 3455 1 24 24 CD 43431 3455 2 and and CC 43431 3455 3 25 25 CD 43431 3455 4 , , , 43431 3455 5 1 1 CD 43431 3455 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3455 7 or or CC 43431 3455 8 girdle girdle VB 43431 3455 9 bone bone NN 43431 3455 10 . . . 43431 3456 1 This this DT 43431 3456 2 partly partly RB 43431 3456 3 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 3456 4 to to IN 43431 3456 5 the the DT 43431 3456 6 orbitosphenoids orbitosphenoid NNS 43431 3456 7 of of IN 43431 3456 8 the the DT 43431 3456 9 Newt Newt NNP 43431 3456 10 's 's POS 43431 3456 11 skull skull NN 43431 3456 12 . . . 43431 3457 1 Anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 3457 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3457 3 is be VBZ 43431 3457 4 pierced pierce VBN 43431 3457 5 by by IN 43431 3457 6 a a DT 43431 3457 7 pair pair NN 43431 3457 8 of of IN 43431 3457 9 small small JJ 43431 3457 10 foramina foramina NN 43431 3457 11 through through IN 43431 3457 12 which which WDT 43431 3457 13 the the DT 43431 3457 14 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 3457 15 branches branch NNS 43431 3457 16 of of IN 43431 3457 17 the the DT 43431 3457 18 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 3457 19 nerve nerve NN 43431 3457 20 pass pass VBP 43431 3457 21 out out RP 43431 3457 22 . . . 43431 3458 1 The the DT 43431 3458 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3458 3 part part NN 43431 3458 4 of of IN 43431 3458 5 the the DT 43431 3458 6 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3458 7 cavity cavity NN 43431 3458 8 is be VBZ 43431 3458 9 divided divide VBN 43431 3458 10 into into IN 43431 3458 11 two two CD 43431 3458 12 halves half NNS 43431 3458 13 by by IN 43431 3458 14 a a DT 43431 3458 15 vertical vertical JJ 43431 3458 16 plate plate NN 43431 3458 17 , , , 43431 3458 18 the the DT 43431 3458 19 = = SYM 43431 3458 20 mesethmoid=. mesethmoid=. . 43431 3459 1 Some some DT 43431 3459 2 little little JJ 43431 3459 3 distance distance NN 43431 3459 4 behind behind IN 43431 3459 5 the the DT 43431 3459 6 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid JJ 43431 3459 7 the the DT 43431 3459 8 ventro ventro JJ 43431 3459 9 - - HYPH 43431 3459 10 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3459 11 walls wall NNS 43431 3459 12 of of IN 43431 3459 13 the the DT 43431 3459 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3459 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 3459 16 are be VBP 43431 3459 17 pierced pierce VBN 43431 3459 18 by by IN 43431 3459 19 a a DT 43431 3459 20 pair pair NN 43431 3459 21 of of IN 43431 3459 22 rather rather RB 43431 3459 23 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3459 24 holes hole NNS 43431 3459 25 , , , 43431 3459 26 the the DT 43431 3459 27 = = SYM 43431 3459 28 optic optic NN 43431 3459 29 foramina= foramina= NN 43431 3459 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3459 31 figs fig NNS 43431 3459 32 . . . 43431 3460 1 24 24 CD 43431 3460 2 and and CC 43431 3460 3 25 25 CD 43431 3460 4 , , , 43431 3460 5 B B NNP 43431 3460 6 , , , 43431 3460 7 II II NNP 43431 3460 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3460 9 , , , 43431 3460 10 and and CC 43431 3460 11 at at IN 43431 3460 12 a a DT 43431 3460 13 similar similar JJ 43431 3460 14 distance distance NN 43431 3460 15 further further RB 43431 3460 16 back back RB 43431 3460 17 , , , 43431 3460 18 occupying occupy VBG 43431 3460 19 a a DT 43431 3460 20 kind kind NN 43431 3460 21 of of IN 43431 3460 22 notch notch NN 43431 3460 23 in in IN 43431 3460 24 the the DT 43431 3460 25 pro pro JJ 43431 3460 26 - - JJ 43431 3460 27 otic otic JJ 43431 3460 28 are be VBP 43431 3460 29 the the DT 43431 3460 30 large large JJ 43431 3460 31 = = SYM 43431 3460 32 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 3460 33 foramina= foramina= NN 43431 3460 34 , , , 43431 3460 35 through through IN 43431 3460 36 which which WDT 43431 3460 37 the the DT 43431 3460 38 fifth fifth JJ 43431 3460 39 and and CC 43431 3460 40 seventh seventh JJ 43431 3460 41 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3460 42 leave leave VBP 43431 3460 43 the the DT 43431 3460 44 cranium cranium NN 43431 3460 45 . . . 43431 3461 1 Between between IN 43431 3461 2 the the DT 43431 3461 3 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 3461 4 and and CC 43431 3461 5 optic optic JJ 43431 3461 6 foramina foramina NNP 43431 3461 7 are be VBP 43431 3461 8 the the DT 43431 3461 9 very very RB 43431 3461 10 small small JJ 43431 3461 11 foramina foramina NN 43431 3461 12 for for IN 43431 3461 13 the the DT 43431 3461 14 sixth sixth JJ 43431 3461 15 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3461 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3461 17 fig fig NN 43431 3461 18 . . . 43431 3462 1 25 25 CD 43431 3462 2 , , , 43431 3462 3 B B NNP 43431 3462 4 , , , 43431 3462 5 VI VI NNP 43431 3462 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3462 7 . . . 43431 3463 1 The the DT 43431 3463 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3463 3 membrane membrane NN 43431 3463 4 bones bone NNS 43431 3463 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3463 6 of of IN 43431 3463 7 the the DT 43431 3463 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 3463 9 proper proper JJ 43431 3463 10 include include VBP 43431 3463 11 the the DT 43431 3463 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3463 13 fronto fronto NNS 43431 3463 14 - - HYPH 43431 3463 15 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3463 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3463 17 and and CC 43431 3463 18 the the DT 43431 3463 19 _ _ NNP 43431 3463 20 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3463 21 _ _ NNP 43431 3463 22 . . . 43431 3464 1 The the DT 43431 3464 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3464 3 fronto fronto NNS 43431 3464 4 - - HYPH 43431 3464 5 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3464 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3464 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3464 8 figs fig NNS 43431 3464 9 . . . 43431 3465 1 24 24 CD 43431 3465 2 and and CC 43431 3465 3 26 26 CD 43431 3465 4 , , , 43431 3465 5 A a NN 43431 3465 6 , , , 43431 3465 7 2 2 CD 43431 3465 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3465 9 form form VB 43431 3465 10 a a DT 43431 3465 11 pair pair NN 43431 3465 12 of of IN 43431 3465 13 long long JJ 43431 3465 14 flat flat JJ 43431 3465 15 bones bone NNS 43431 3465 16 closely closely RB 43431 3465 17 applied apply VBD 43431 3465 18 to to IN 43431 3465 19 one one CD 43431 3465 20 another another DT 43431 3465 21 in in IN 43431 3465 22 the the DT 43431 3465 23 middle middle JJ 43431 3465 24 line line NN 43431 3465 25 , , , 43431 3465 26 the the DT 43431 3465 27 line line NN 43431 3465 28 of of IN 43431 3465 29 junction junction NN 43431 3465 30 being be VBG 43431 3465 31 the the DT 43431 3465 32 = = SYM 43431 3465 33 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 3465 34 suture=. suture=. NNP 43431 3466 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3466 2 cover cover VBP 43431 3466 3 over over IN 43431 3466 4 the the DT 43431 3466 5 fontanelles fontanelle NNS 43431 3466 6 and and CC 43431 3466 7 overlap overlap VBP 43431 3466 8 the the DT 43431 3466 9 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3466 10 in in IN 43431 3466 11 front front NN 43431 3466 12 . . . 43431 3467 1 The the DT 43431 3467 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3467 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3467 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3467 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3467 6 figs fig NNS 43431 3467 7 . . . 43431 3468 1 24 24 CD 43431 3468 2 and and CC 43431 3468 3 26 26 CD 43431 3468 4 , , , 43431 3468 5 B b NN 43431 3468 6 , , , 43431 3468 7 7 7 CD 43431 3468 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3468 9 is be VBZ 43431 3468 10 a a DT 43431 3468 11 bone bone NN 43431 3468 12 shaped shape VBN 43431 3468 13 like like IN 43431 3468 14 a a DT 43431 3468 15 dagger dagger NN 43431 3468 16 with with IN 43431 3468 17 a a DT 43431 3468 18 very very RB 43431 3468 19 short short JJ 43431 3468 20 handle handle NN 43431 3468 21 . . . 43431 3469 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3469 2 lies lie VBZ 43431 3469 3 on on IN 43431 3469 4 the the DT 43431 3469 5 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3469 6 surface surface NN 43431 3469 7 of of IN 43431 3469 8 the the DT 43431 3469 9 cranium cranium NN 43431 3469 10 , , , 43431 3469 11 the the DT 43431 3469 12 blade blade NN 43431 3469 13 being be VBG 43431 3469 14 directed direct VBN 43431 3469 15 forwards forwards RB 43431 3469 16 and and CC 43431 3469 17 underlying underlie VBG 43431 3469 18 the the DT 43431 3469 19 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3469 20 ; ; : 43431 3469 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3469 22 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3469 23 processes process NNS 43431 3469 24 underlie underlie VBP 43431 3469 25 the the DT 43431 3469 26 auditory auditory JJ 43431 3469 27 capsules capsule NNS 43431 3469 28 . . . 43431 3470 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3470 2 2 2 LS 43431 3470 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3470 4 THE the DT 43431 3470 5 SENSE SENSE NNS 43431 3470 6 CAPSULES capsule NNS 43431 3470 7 . . . 43431 3471 1 The the DT 43431 3471 2 sense sense NN 43431 3471 3 capsules capsule NNS 43431 3471 4 are be VBP 43431 3471 5 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3471 6 or or CC 43431 3471 7 bony bony JJ 43431 3471 8 structures structure NNS 43431 3471 9 which which WDT 43431 3471 10 surround surround VBP 43431 3471 11 the the DT 43431 3471 12 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 3471 13 and and CC 43431 3471 14 auditory auditory JJ 43431 3471 15 organs organ NNS 43431 3471 16 and and CC 43431 3471 17 are be VBP 43431 3471 18 closely closely RB 43431 3471 19 united united JJ 43431 3471 20 to to IN 43431 3471 21 the the DT 43431 3471 22 cranium cranium NN 43431 3471 23 . . . 43431 3472 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3472 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3472 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3472 4 . . . 43431 3473 1 25 25 CD 43431 3473 2 . . . 43431 3474 1 A a DT 43431 3474 2 DORSAL dorsal NN 43431 3474 3 AND and CC 43431 3474 4 B b NN 43431 3474 5 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 3474 6 VIEW view NN 43431 3474 7 OF of IN 43431 3474 8 THE the DT 43431 3474 9 CRANIUM cranium NN 43431 3474 10 OF of IN 43431 3474 11 A a DT 43431 3474 12 COMMON COMMON NNP 43431 3474 13 FROG frog NN 43431 3474 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3474 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3474 16 Rana Rana NNP 43431 3474 17 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 3474 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3474 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3474 20 from from IN 43431 3474 21 which which WDT 43431 3474 22 the the DT 43431 3474 23 membrane membrane NN 43431 3474 24 bones bone NNS 43431 3474 25 have have VBP 43431 3474 26 mostly mostly RB 43431 3474 27 been be VBN 43431 3474 28 removed remove VBN 43431 3474 29 . . . 43431 3475 1 à à NNP 43431 3475 2 � � NNP 43431 3475 3 2 2 CD 43431 3475 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3475 5 after after IN 43431 3475 6 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 3475 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3475 8 . . . 43431 3476 1 1 1 LS 43431 3476 2 . . . 43431 3476 3 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NNP 43431 3476 4 . . . 43431 3477 1 2 2 LS 43431 3477 2 . . . 43431 3477 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 3477 4 . . . 43431 3478 1 3 3 LS 43431 3478 2 . . . 43431 3478 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 3478 4 . . . 43431 3479 1 4 4 LS 43431 3479 2 . . . 43431 3479 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 3479 4 . . . 43431 3480 1 5 5 LS 43431 3480 2 . . . 43431 3480 3 columella columella NNP 43431 3480 4 . . . 43431 3481 1 6 6 LS 43431 3481 2 . . . 43431 3481 3 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 3481 4 . . . 43431 3482 1 7 7 LS 43431 3482 2 . . . 43431 3482 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3482 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3482 5 wall wall NN 43431 3482 6 of of IN 43431 3482 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 3482 8 . . . 43431 3483 1 8 8 LS 43431 3483 2 . . . 43431 3483 3 pro pro JJ 43431 3483 4 - - JJ 43431 3483 5 otic otic JJ 43431 3483 6 . . . 43431 3484 1 9 9 LS 43431 3484 2 . . . 43431 3484 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3484 4 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 3484 5 . . . 43431 3485 1 10 10 LS 43431 3485 2 . . . 43431 3485 3 right right JJ 43431 3485 4 posterior posterior NNP 43431 3485 5 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 3485 6 . . . 43431 3486 1 11 11 CD 43431 3486 2 . . . 43431 3486 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 3486 4 . . . 43431 3487 1 12 12 CD 43431 3487 2 . . . 43431 3487 3 nasal nasal NNP 43431 3487 4 capsule capsule NNP 43431 3487 5 . . . 43431 3488 1 II ii CD 43431 3488 2 . . . 43431 3489 1 V. V. NNP 43431 3489 2 VI VI NNP 43431 3489 3 . . . 43431 3490 1 IX ix NN 43431 3490 2 . . . 43431 3491 1 X. X. NNP 43431 3491 2 foramina foramina NN 43431 3491 3 for for IN 43431 3491 4 exit exit NN 43431 3491 5 of of IN 43431 3491 6 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3491 7 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3491 8 . . . 43431 3491 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3492 1 The the DT 43431 3492 2 = = NNS 43431 3492 3 auditory auditory NN 43431 3492 4 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 3492 5 are be VBP 43431 3492 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 3492 7 with with IN 43431 3492 8 the the DT 43431 3492 9 sides side NNS 43431 3492 10 of of IN 43431 3492 11 the the DT 43431 3492 12 posterior posterior JJ 43431 3492 13 end end NN 43431 3492 14 of of IN 43431 3492 15 the the DT 43431 3492 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 3492 17 just just RB 43431 3492 18 in in IN 43431 3492 19 front front NN 43431 3492 20 of of IN 43431 3492 21 the the DT 43431 3492 22 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3492 23 . . . 43431 3493 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3493 2 are be VBP 43431 3493 3 largely largely RB 43431 3493 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3493 5 , , , 43431 3493 6 but but CC 43431 3493 7 include include VBP 43431 3493 8 in in IN 43431 3493 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3493 10 anterior anterior NN 43431 3493 11 walls wall NNS 43431 3493 12 a a DT 43431 3493 13 pair pair NN 43431 3493 14 of of IN 43431 3493 15 irregular irregular JJ 43431 3493 16 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3493 17 bones bone NNS 43431 3493 18 , , , 43431 3493 19 the the DT 43431 3493 20 = = SYM 43431 3493 21 pro pro JJ 43431 3493 22 - - JJ 43431 3493 23 otics= otics= JJ 43431 3493 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3493 25 figs fig NNS 43431 3493 26 . . . 43431 3494 1 24 24 CD 43431 3494 2 and and CC 43431 3494 3 25 25 CD 43431 3494 4 , , , 43431 3494 5 8) 8) CD 43431 3494 6 . . . 43431 3495 1 The the DT 43431 3495 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3495 3 area area NN 43431 3495 4 lying lie VBG 43431 3495 5 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3495 6 to to IN 43431 3495 7 the the DT 43431 3495 8 pro pro JJ 43431 3495 9 - - JJ 43431 3495 10 otic otic JJ 43431 3495 11 and and CC 43431 3495 12 external external JJ 43431 3495 13 to to IN 43431 3495 14 the the DT 43431 3495 15 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 3495 16 is be VBZ 43431 3495 17 pierced pierce VBN 43431 3495 18 by by IN 43431 3495 19 a a DT 43431 3495 20 rather rather RB 43431 3495 21 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3495 22 hole hole NN 43431 3495 23 , , , 43431 3495 24 the the DT 43431 3495 25 = = SYM 43431 3495 26 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 3495 27 ovalis= ovalis= NNP 43431 3495 28 , , , 43431 3495 29 which which WDT 43431 3495 30 forms form VBZ 43431 3495 31 a a DT 43431 3495 32 communication communication NN 43431 3495 33 between between IN 43431 3495 34 the the DT 43431 3495 35 internal internal JJ 43431 3495 36 ear ear NN 43431 3495 37 cavity cavity NN 43431 3495 38 , , , 43431 3495 39 and and CC 43431 3495 40 a a DT 43431 3495 41 space space NN 43431 3495 42 the the DT 43431 3495 43 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3495 44 cavity cavity NN 43431 3495 45 , , , 43431 3495 46 which which WDT 43431 3495 47 lies lie VBZ 43431 3495 48 at at IN 43431 3495 49 the the DT 43431 3495 50 side side NN 43431 3495 51 of of IN 43431 3495 52 the the DT 43431 3495 53 head head NN 43431 3495 54 , , , 43431 3495 55 and and CC 43431 3495 56 is be VBZ 43431 3495 57 bounded bound VBN 43431 3495 58 externally externally RB 43431 3495 59 by by IN 43431 3495 60 the the DT 43431 3495 61 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3495 62 membrane membrane NN 43431 3495 63 . . . 43431 3496 1 The the DT 43431 3496 2 fenestra fenestra NN 43431 3496 3 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 3496 4 is be VBZ 43431 3496 5 occupied occupy VBN 43431 3496 6 by by IN 43431 3496 7 a a DT 43431 3496 8 minute minute JJ 43431 3496 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3496 10 structure structure NN 43431 3496 11 , , , 43431 3496 12 the the DT 43431 3496 13 = = SYM 43431 3496 14 stapes= stapes= NN 43431 3496 15 , , , 43431 3496 16 and and CC 43431 3496 17 articulated articulate VBD 43431 3496 18 partly partly RB 43431 3496 19 to to IN 43431 3496 20 this this DT 43431 3496 21 and and CC 43431 3496 22 partly partly RB 43431 3496 23 to to IN 43431 3496 24 a a DT 43431 3496 25 slight slight JJ 43431 3496 26 recess recess NN 43431 3496 27 in in IN 43431 3496 28 the the DT 43431 3496 29 pro pro JJ 43431 3496 30 - - JJ 43431 3496 31 otic otic JJ 43431 3496 32 is be VBZ 43431 3496 33 the the DT 43431 3496 34 = = SYM 43431 3496 35 columella= columella= NN 43431 3496 36 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3496 37 fig fig NN 43431 3496 38 . . . 43431 3497 1 25 25 CD 43431 3497 2 , , , 43431 3497 3 B b NN 43431 3497 4 , , , 43431 3497 5 5 5 CD 43431 3497 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3497 7 , , , 43431 3497 8 a a DT 43431 3497 9 rod rod NN 43431 3497 10 in in IN 43431 3497 11 part part NN 43431 3497 12 bony bony NN 43431 3497 13 and and CC 43431 3497 14 in in IN 43431 3497 15 part part NN 43431 3497 16 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3497 17 , , , 43431 3497 18 whose whose WP$ 43431 3497 19 outer outer JJ 43431 3497 20 end end NN 43431 3497 21 is be VBZ 43431 3497 22 attached attach VBN 43431 3497 23 to to IN 43431 3497 24 the the DT 43431 3497 25 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3497 26 membrane membrane NN 43431 3497 27 . . . 43431 3498 1 The the DT 43431 3498 2 columella columella NN 43431 3498 3 and and CC 43431 3498 4 stapes stape NNS 43431 3498 5 are be VBP 43431 3498 6 together together RB 43431 3498 7 homologous homologous JJ 43431 3498 8 with with IN 43431 3498 9 the the DT 43431 3498 10 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 3498 11 auditory auditory JJ 43431 3498 12 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 3498 13 and and CC 43431 3498 14 with with IN 43431 3498 15 the the DT 43431 3498 16 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 3498 17 of of IN 43431 3498 18 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 3498 19 . . . 43431 3499 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3499 2 the the DT 43431 3499 3 term term NN 43431 3499 4 columella columella NN 43431 3499 5 is be VBZ 43431 3499 6 used use VBN 43431 3499 7 to to TO 43431 3499 8 include include VB 43431 3499 9 the the DT 43431 3499 10 whole whole JJ 43431 3499 11 ossicular ossicular JJ 43431 3499 12 chain,--the chain,--the NNP 43431 3499 13 columella columella NN 43431 3499 14 together together RB 43431 3499 15 with with IN 43431 3499 16 the the DT 43431 3499 17 stapes stape NNS 43431 3499 18 . . . 43431 3500 1 The the DT 43431 3500 2 = = SYM 43431 3500 3 olfactory= olfactory= NN 43431 3500 4 or or CC 43431 3500 5 = = SYM 43431 3500 6 nasal nasal NN 43431 3500 7 capsules= capsules= NNP 43431 3500 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3500 9 fig fig NN 43431 3500 10 . . . 43431 3501 1 25 25 CD 43431 3501 2 , , , 43431 3501 3 B b NN 43431 3501 4 , , , 43431 3501 5 12 12 CD 43431 3501 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3501 7 are be VBP 43431 3501 8 fused fuse VBN 43431 3501 9 with with IN 43431 3501 10 the the DT 43431 3501 11 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3501 12 end end NN 43431 3501 13 of of IN 43431 3501 14 the the DT 43431 3501 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 3501 16 and and CC 43431 3501 17 differ differ VBP 43431 3501 18 from from IN 43431 3501 19 the the DT 43431 3501 20 auditory auditory JJ 43431 3501 21 capsules capsule NNS 43431 3501 22 in in IN 43431 3501 23 being be VBG 43431 3501 24 to to IN 43431 3501 25 a a DT 43431 3501 26 great great JJ 43431 3501 27 extent extent NN 43431 3501 28 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3501 29 . . . 43431 3502 1 There there EX 43431 3502 2 are be VBP 43431 3502 3 however however RB 43431 3502 4 two two CD 43431 3502 5 pairs pair NNS 43431 3502 6 of of IN 43431 3502 7 membrane membrane NN 43431 3502 8 bones bone NNS 43431 3502 9 developed develop VBN 43431 3502 10 in in IN 43431 3502 11 connection connection NN 43431 3502 12 with with IN 43431 3502 13 them -PRON- PRP 43431 3502 14 , , , 43431 3502 15 the the DT 43431 3502 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3502 17 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3502 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3502 19 and and CC 43431 3502 20 the the DT 43431 3502 21 _ _ NNP 43431 3502 22 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3502 23 _ _ NNP 43431 3502 24 . . . 43431 3503 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3503 2 are be VBP 43431 3503 3 drawn draw VBN 43431 3503 4 out out RP 43431 3503 5 into into IN 43431 3503 6 three three CD 43431 3503 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 3503 8 of of IN 43431 3503 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3503 10 processes process NNS 43431 3503 11 , , , 43431 3503 12 on on IN 43431 3503 13 the the DT 43431 3503 14 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3503 15 surface surface NN 43431 3503 16 into into IN 43431 3503 17 the the DT 43431 3503 18 = = SYM 43431 3503 19 prenasal= prenasal= NN 43431 3503 20 and and CC 43431 3503 21 = = SYM 43431 3503 22 alinasal= alinasal= NNP 43431 3503 23 processes process NNS 43431 3503 24 which which WDT 43431 3503 25 bound bind VBD 43431 3503 26 the the DT 43431 3503 27 external external JJ 43431 3503 28 nares naris NNS 43431 3503 29 , , , 43431 3503 30 and and CC 43431 3503 31 on on IN 43431 3503 32 the the DT 43431 3503 33 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3503 34 surface surface NN 43431 3503 35 towards towards IN 43431 3503 36 the the DT 43431 3503 37 middle middle JJ 43431 3503 38 line line NN 43431 3503 39 into into IN 43431 3503 40 the the DT 43431 3503 41 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 3503 42 - - HYPH 43431 3503 43 projecting project VBG 43431 3503 44 = = SYM 43431 3503 45 rhinal= rhinal= NN 43431 3503 46 processes process NNS 43431 3503 47 . . . 43431 3504 1 The the DT 43431 3504 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3504 3 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3504 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3504 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3504 6 figs fig NNS 43431 3504 7 . . . 43431 3505 1 24 24 CD 43431 3505 2 and and CC 43431 3505 3 26 26 CD 43431 3505 4 , , , 43431 3505 5 11 11 CD 43431 3505 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3505 7 form form VBP 43431 3505 8 a a DT 43431 3505 9 pair pair NN 43431 3505 10 of of IN 43431 3505 11 triangular triangular JJ 43431 3505 12 bones bone NNS 43431 3505 13 lying lie VBG 43431 3505 14 dorsolaterally dorsolaterally RB 43431 3505 15 in in IN 43431 3505 16 front front NN 43431 3505 17 of of IN 43431 3505 18 the the DT 43431 3505 19 fronto fronto NNS 43431 3505 20 - - HYPH 43431 3505 21 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3505 22 . . . 43431 3506 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3506 2 bases basis NNS 43431 3506 3 are be VBP 43431 3506 4 turned turn VBN 43431 3506 5 towards towards IN 43431 3506 6 one one CD 43431 3506 7 another another DT 43431 3506 8 and and CC 43431 3506 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3506 10 apices apex NNS 43431 3506 11 are be VBP 43431 3506 12 directed direct VBN 43431 3506 13 outwards outward NNS 43431 3506 14 and and CC 43431 3506 15 backwards backwards RB 43431 3506 16 . . . 43431 3507 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3507 2 correspond correspond VBP 43431 3507 3 in in IN 43431 3507 4 position position NN 43431 3507 5 with with IN 43431 3507 6 the the DT 43431 3507 7 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 3507 8 of of IN 43431 3507 9 the the DT 43431 3507 10 reptilian reptilian JJ 43431 3507 11 skull skull NN 43431 3507 12 as as RB 43431 3507 13 well well RB 43431 3507 14 as as IN 43431 3507 15 with with IN 43431 3507 16 the the DT 43431 3507 17 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3507 18 . . . 43431 3508 1 The the DT 43431 3508 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3508 3 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3508 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3508 5 are be VBP 43431 3508 6 a a DT 43431 3508 7 pair pair NN 43431 3508 8 of of IN 43431 3508 9 irregular irregular JJ 43431 3508 10 bones bone NNS 43431 3508 11 lying lie VBG 43431 3508 12 on on IN 43431 3508 13 the the DT 43431 3508 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3508 15 surface surface NN 43431 3508 16 of of IN 43431 3508 17 the the DT 43431 3508 18 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 3508 19 capsules capsule NNS 43431 3508 20 . . . 43431 3509 1 Each each DT 43431 3509 2 bears bear VBZ 43431 3509 3 on on IN 43431 3509 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3509 5 inner inner JJ 43431 3509 6 and and CC 43431 3509 7 posterior posterior NN 43431 3509 8 angle angle VBP 43431 3509 9 a a DT 43431 3509 10 group group NN 43431 3509 11 of of IN 43431 3509 12 minute minute JJ 43431 3509 13 pointed point VBD 43431 3509 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3509 15 , , , 43431 3509 16 while while IN 43431 3509 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3509 18 outer outer JJ 43431 3509 19 border border NN 43431 3509 20 is be VBZ 43431 3509 21 drawn draw VBN 43431 3509 22 out out RP 43431 3509 23 into into IN 43431 3509 24 three three CD 43431 3509 25 or or CC 43431 3509 26 four four CD 43431 3509 27 small small JJ 43431 3509 28 slightly slightly RB 43431 3509 29 diverging diverge VBG 43431 3509 30 processes process NNS 43431 3509 31 , , , 43431 3509 32 the the DT 43431 3509 33 two two CD 43431 3509 34 posterior posterior NN 43431 3509 35 of of IN 43431 3509 36 which which WDT 43431 3509 37 form form VBP 43431 3509 38 the the DT 43431 3509 39 inner inner JJ 43431 3509 40 boundary boundary NN 43431 3509 41 of of IN 43431 3509 42 the the DT 43431 3509 43 = = SYM 43431 3509 44 posterior posterior NN 43431 3509 45 nares= nares= JJ 43431 3509 46 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3509 47 fig fig NN 43431 3509 48 . . . 43431 3510 1 24 24 CD 43431 3510 2 , , , 43431 3510 3 B b NN 43431 3510 4 , , , 43431 3510 5 15 15 CD 43431 3510 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3510 7 . . . 43431 3511 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3511 2 3 3 LS 43431 3511 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3511 4 THE the DT 43431 3511 5 JAWS JAWS NNP 43431 3511 6 . . . 43431 3512 1 The the DT 43431 3512 2 = = SYM 43431 3512 3 upper upper JJ 43431 3512 4 jaw= jaw= NNP 43431 3512 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 3512 6 of of IN 43431 3512 7 a a DT 43431 3512 8 rod rod NN 43431 3512 9 of of IN 43431 3512 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3512 11 connected connect VBN 43431 3512 12 with with IN 43431 3512 13 the the DT 43431 3512 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 3512 15 near near IN 43431 3512 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3512 17 two two CD 43431 3512 18 ends end NNS 43431 3512 19 , , , 43431 3512 20 but but CC 43431 3512 21 widely widely RB 43431 3512 22 separated separated JJ 43431 3512 23 from from IN 43431 3512 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3512 25 in in IN 43431 3512 26 the the DT 43431 3512 27 middle middle NN 43431 3512 28 . . . 43431 3513 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3513 2 is be VBZ 43431 3513 3 almost almost RB 43431 3513 4 completely completely RB 43431 3513 5 overlain overlain JJ 43431 3513 6 by by IN 43431 3513 7 membrane membrane NN 43431 3513 8 bone bone NN 43431 3513 9 . . . 43431 3514 1 With with IN 43431 3514 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3514 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 3514 4 end end VBP 43431 3514 5 the the DT 43431 3514 6 lower low JJR 43431 3514 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 3514 8 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3514 9 . . . 43431 3515 1 The the DT 43431 3515 2 membrane membrane NN 43431 3515 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3515 4 of of IN 43431 3515 5 the the DT 43431 3515 6 upper upper JJ 43431 3515 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 3515 8 include include VBP 43431 3515 9 first first RB 43431 3515 10 the the DT 43431 3515 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3515 12 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3515 13 _ _ NNP 43431 3515 14 , , , 43431 3515 15 a a DT 43431 3515 16 small small JJ 43431 3515 17 bone bone NN 43431 3515 18 meeting meeting NN 43431 3515 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3515 20 fellow fellow NN 43431 3515 21 in in IN 43431 3515 22 the the DT 43431 3515 23 middle middle JJ 43431 3515 24 line line NN 43431 3515 25 , , , 43431 3515 26 and and CC 43431 3515 27 forming form VBG 43431 3515 28 the the DT 43431 3515 29 extreme extreme JJ 43431 3515 30 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3515 31 end end NN 43431 3515 32 of of IN 43431 3515 33 the the DT 43431 3515 34 upper upper JJ 43431 3515 35 jaw jaw NN 43431 3515 36 . . . 43431 3516 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3516 2 gives give VBZ 43431 3516 3 off off RP 43431 3516 4 on on IN 43431 3516 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3516 6 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3516 7 surface surface NN 43431 3516 8 a a DT 43431 3516 9 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 3516 10 - - HYPH 43431 3516 11 projecting project VBG 43431 3516 12 process process NN 43431 3516 13 . . . 43431 3517 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3517 2 is be VBZ 43431 3517 3 connected connect VBN 43431 3517 4 behind behind RB 43431 3517 5 with with IN 43431 3517 6 the the DT 43431 3517 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3517 8 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3517 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3517 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3517 11 figs fig NNS 43431 3517 12 . . . 43431 3518 1 24 24 CD 43431 3518 2 and and CC 43431 3518 3 26 26 CD 43431 3518 4 , , , 43431 3518 5 10 10 CD 43431 3518 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3518 7 , , , 43431 3518 8 a a DT 43431 3518 9 long long RB 43431 3518 10 flattened flattened JJ 43431 3518 11 bone bone NN 43431 3518 12 which which WDT 43431 3518 13 forms form VBZ 43431 3518 14 the the DT 43431 3518 15 greater great JJR 43431 3518 16 part part NN 43431 3518 17 of of IN 43431 3518 18 the the DT 43431 3518 19 margin margin NN 43431 3518 20 of of IN 43431 3518 21 the the DT 43431 3518 22 upper upper JJ 43431 3518 23 jaw jaw NN 43431 3518 24 , , , 43431 3518 25 and and CC 43431 3518 26 gives give VBZ 43431 3518 27 off off RP 43431 3518 28 near near IN 43431 3518 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3518 30 anterior anterior NN 43431 3518 31 end end VB 43431 3518 32 a a DT 43431 3518 33 short short JJ 43431 3518 34 process process NN 43431 3518 35 which which WDT 43431 3518 36 projects project VBZ 43431 3518 37 upwards upwards RB 43431 3518 38 and and CC 43431 3518 39 meets meet VBZ 43431 3518 40 the the DT 43431 3518 41 nasal nasal NN 43431 3518 42 . . . 43431 3519 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3519 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3519 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3519 4 . . . 43431 3520 1 26 26 CD 43431 3520 2 . . . 43431 3521 1 A a DT 43431 3521 2 , , , 43431 3521 3 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 3521 4 VIEW view NN 43431 3521 5 OF of IN 43431 3521 6 THE the DT 43431 3521 7 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 3521 8 , , , 43431 3521 9 B b NN 43431 3521 10 , , , 43431 3521 11 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 3521 12 VIEW VIEW NNP 43431 3521 13 OF of IN 43431 3521 14 THE the DT 43431 3521 15 CRANIUM cranium NN 43431 3521 16 OF of IN 43431 3521 17 A a DT 43431 3521 18 COMMON COMMON NNP 43431 3521 19 FROG frog NN 43431 3521 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3521 21 _ _ NNP 43431 3521 22 Rana Rana NNP 43431 3521 23 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 3521 24 _ _ NNP 43431 3521 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3521 26 à à NNP 43431 3521 27 � � NNP 43431 3521 28 2 2 CD 43431 3521 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3521 30 after after IN 43431 3521 31 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 3521 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3521 33 . . . 43431 3522 1 1 1 LS 43431 3522 2 . . . 43431 3522 3 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NNP 43431 3522 4 . . . 43431 3523 1 2 2 LS 43431 3523 2 . . . 43431 3523 3 fronto fronto NNS 43431 3523 4 - - HYPH 43431 3523 5 parietal parietal JJ 43431 3523 6 . . . 43431 3524 1 3 3 LS 43431 3524 2 . . . 43431 3524 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 3524 4 . . . 43431 3525 1 4 4 LS 43431 3525 2 . . . 43431 3525 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 3525 4 . . . 43431 3526 1 5 5 LS 43431 3526 2 . . . 43431 3526 3 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3526 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 3526 5 . . . 43431 3527 1 6 6 LS 43431 3527 2 . . . 43431 3527 3 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 3527 4 . . . 43431 3528 1 7 7 LS 43431 3528 2 . . . 43431 3528 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3528 4 . . . 43431 3529 1 8 8 LS 43431 3529 2 . . . 43431 3529 3 pro pro JJ 43431 3529 4 - - JJ 43431 3529 5 otic otic JJ 43431 3529 6 . . . 43431 3530 1 9 9 LS 43431 3530 2 . . . 43431 3530 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 3530 4 . . . 43431 3531 1 10 10 LS 43431 3531 2 . . . 43431 3531 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3531 4 . . . 43431 3532 1 11 11 CD 43431 3532 2 . . . 43431 3532 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 3532 4 . . . 43431 3533 1 12 12 CD 43431 3533 2 . . . 43431 3533 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3533 4 . . . 43431 3534 1 13 13 CD 43431 3534 2 . . . 43431 3534 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3534 4 nares naris NNS 43431 3534 5 . . . 43431 3535 1 14 14 CD 43431 3535 2 . . . 43431 3535 3 mento mento NNP 43431 3535 4 - - HYPH 43431 3535 5 meckelian meckelian NNP 43431 3535 6 . . . 43431 3536 1 15 15 CD 43431 3536 2 . . . 43431 3536 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 3536 4 . . . 43431 3537 1 16 16 CD 43431 3537 2 . . . 43431 3537 3 angulo angulo JJ 43431 3537 4 - - HYPH 43431 3537 5 splenial splenial NN 43431 3537 6 . . . 43431 3538 1 17 17 CD 43431 3538 2 . . . 43431 3538 3 basilingual basilingual NNP 43431 3538 4 plate plate NN 43431 3538 5 . . . 43431 3539 1 19 19 CD 43431 3539 2 . . . 43431 3539 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 3539 4 . . . 43431 3540 1 20 20 CD 43431 3540 2 . . . 43431 3540 3 columella columella NNP 43431 3540 4 . . . 43431 3541 1 21 21 LS 43431 3541 2 . . . 43431 3541 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3541 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 3541 5 . . . 43431 3542 1 22 22 CD 43431 3542 2 . . . 43431 3542 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3542 4 cornu cornu NNP 43431 3542 5 of of IN 43431 3542 6 the the DT 43431 3542 7 hyoid hyoid NNP 43431 3542 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3542 9 cerato cerato NNP 43431 3542 10 - - HYPH 43431 3542 11 hyal hyal NNP 43431 3542 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3542 13 . . . 43431 3543 1 23 23 CD 43431 3543 2 . . . 43431 3543 3 foramen foramen NNP 43431 3543 4 magnum magnum NNP 43431 3543 5 . . . 43431 3544 1 II ii CD 43431 3544 2 . . . 43431 3545 1 IX ix NN 43431 3545 2 . . . 43431 3546 1 X. X. NNP 43431 3546 2 foramina foramina NNP 43431 3546 3 for for IN 43431 3546 4 the the DT 43431 3546 5 exit exit NN 43431 3546 6 of of IN 43431 3546 7 cranial cranial JJ 43431 3546 8 nerves nerve NNS 43431 3546 9 . . . 43431 3546 10 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3547 1 Both both DT 43431 3547 2 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3547 3 and and CC 43431 3547 4 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3547 5 are be VBP 43431 3547 6 grooved groove VBN 43431 3547 7 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 3547 8 , , , 43431 3547 9 and and CC 43431 3547 10 bear bear NNP 43431 3547 11 , , , 43431 3547 12 attached attach VBN 43431 3547 13 to to IN 43431 3547 14 the the DT 43431 3547 15 outer outer NN 43431 3547 16 more more RBR 43431 3547 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3547 18 margin margin NN 43431 3547 19 of of IN 43431 3547 20 the the DT 43431 3547 21 groove groove NN 43431 3547 22 , , , 43431 3547 23 a a DT 43431 3547 24 row row NN 43431 3547 25 of of IN 43431 3547 26 minute minute NN 43431 3547 27 conical conical JJ 43431 3547 28 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3547 29 . . . 43431 3548 1 These these DT 43431 3548 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3548 3 are be VBP 43431 3548 4 = = SYM 43431 3548 5 pleurodont= pleurodont= NN 43431 3548 6 , , , 43431 3548 7 that that RB 43431 3548 8 is is RB 43431 3548 9 , , , 43431 3548 10 are be VBP 43431 3548 11 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 3548 12 by by IN 43431 3548 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3548 14 bases basis NNS 43431 3548 15 and and CC 43431 3548 16 outer outer JJ 43431 3548 17 sides side NNS 43431 3548 18 to to IN 43431 3548 19 the the DT 43431 3548 20 margin margin NN 43431 3548 21 of of IN 43431 3548 22 the the DT 43431 3548 23 jaw jaw NN 43431 3548 24 . . . 43431 3549 1 Each each DT 43431 3549 2 tooth tooth NN 43431 3549 3 is be VBZ 43431 3549 4 a a DT 43431 3549 5 hollow hollow JJ 43431 3549 6 cone cone NN 43431 3549 7 , , , 43431 3549 8 the the DT 43431 3549 9 basal basal NN 43431 3549 10 part part NN 43431 3549 11 of of IN 43431 3549 12 which which WDT 43431 3549 13 is be VBZ 43431 3549 14 formed form VBN 43431 3549 15 of of IN 43431 3549 16 bone bone NN 43431 3549 17 , , , 43431 3549 18 the the DT 43431 3549 19 apical apical JJ 43431 3549 20 part part NN 43431 3549 21 of of IN 43431 3549 22 dentine dentine NNP 43431 3549 23 , , , 43431 3549 24 capped cap VBN 43431 3549 25 by by IN 43431 3549 26 a a DT 43431 3549 27 very very RB 43431 3549 28 weak weak JJ 43431 3549 29 development development NN 43431 3549 30 of of IN 43431 3549 31 enamel enamel NNP 43431 3549 32 . . . 43431 3550 1 The the DT 43431 3550 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 3550 3 end end NN 43431 3550 4 of of IN 43431 3550 5 the the DT 43431 3550 6 maxillae maxillae NN 43431 3550 7 is be VBZ 43431 3550 8 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 3550 9 by by IN 43431 3550 10 a a DT 43431 3550 11 small small JJ 43431 3550 12 bone bone NN 43431 3550 13 , , , 43431 3550 14 the the DT 43431 3550 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3550 16 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 3550 17 _ _ NNP 43431 3550 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3550 19 figs fig NNS 43431 3550 20 . . . 43431 3551 1 24 24 CD 43431 3551 2 and and CC 43431 3551 3 26 26 CD 43431 3551 4 , , , 43431 3551 5 9 9 CD 43431 3551 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3551 7 , , , 43431 3551 8 whose whose WP$ 43431 3551 9 posterior posterior NN 43431 3551 10 end end VBP 43431 3551 11 forms form NNS 43431 3551 12 part part NN 43431 3551 13 of of IN 43431 3551 14 the the DT 43431 3551 15 articular articular JJ 43431 3551 16 surface surface NN 43431 3551 17 for for IN 43431 3551 18 the the DT 43431 3551 19 lower low JJR 43431 3551 20 jaw jaw NN 43431 3551 21 . . . 43431 3552 1 Just just RB 43431 3552 2 behind behind IN 43431 3552 3 the the DT 43431 3552 4 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 3552 5 there there EX 43431 3552 6 is be VBZ 43431 3552 7 a a DT 43431 3552 8 small small JJ 43431 3552 9 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3552 10 area area NN 43431 3552 11 which which WDT 43431 3552 12 lies lie VBZ 43431 3552 13 at at IN 43431 3552 14 the the DT 43431 3552 15 angle angle NN 43431 3552 16 of of IN 43431 3552 17 the the DT 43431 3552 18 mouth mouth NN 43431 3552 19 , , , 43431 3552 20 and and CC 43431 3552 21 is be VBZ 43431 3552 22 connected connect VBN 43431 3552 23 by by IN 43431 3552 24 a a DT 43431 3552 25 narrow narrow JJ 43431 3552 26 bar bar NN 43431 3552 27 of of IN 43431 3552 28 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3552 29 with with IN 43431 3552 30 the the DT 43431 3552 31 cranium cranium NN 43431 3552 32 ; ; : 43431 3552 33 this this DT 43431 3552 34 forms form VBZ 43431 3552 35 the the DT 43431 3552 36 = = SYM 43431 3552 37 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 3552 38 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3552 39 figs fig NNS 43431 3552 40 . . . 43431 3553 1 24 24 CD 43431 3553 2 and and CC 43431 3553 3 26 26 CD 43431 3553 4 , , , 43431 3553 5 19 19 CD 43431 3553 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3553 7 . . . 43431 3554 1 A a DT 43431 3554 2 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 3554 3 - - HYPH 43431 3554 4 directed direct VBN 43431 3554 5 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 3554 6 from from IN 43431 3554 7 the the DT 43431 3554 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3554 9 bar bar NN 43431 3554 10 more more RBR 43431 3554 11 or or CC 43431 3554 12 less less RBR 43431 3554 13 completely completely RB 43431 3554 14 surrounds surround VBZ 43431 3554 15 the the DT 43431 3554 16 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3554 17 membrane membrane NN 43431 3554 18 , , , 43431 3554 19 forming form VBG 43431 3554 20 the the DT 43431 3554 21 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3554 22 ring ring NN 43431 3554 23 . . . 43431 3555 1 When when WRB 43431 3555 2 followed follow VBN 43431 3555 3 back back RP 43431 3555 4 the the DT 43431 3555 5 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3555 6 and and CC 43431 3555 7 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 3555 8 diverge diverge NN 43431 3555 9 further further RB 43431 3555 10 and and CC 43431 3555 11 further far RBR 43431 3555 12 from from IN 43431 3555 13 the the DT 43431 3555 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 3555 15 , , , 43431 3555 16 till till IN 43431 3555 17 the the DT 43431 3555 18 angle angle NN 43431 3555 19 of of IN 43431 3555 20 the the DT 43431 3555 21 mouth mouth NN 43431 3555 22 comes come VBZ 43431 3555 23 to to TO 43431 3555 24 be be VB 43431 3555 25 separated separate VBN 43431 3555 26 from from IN 43431 3555 27 the the DT 43431 3555 28 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3555 29 magnum magnum NNP 43431 3555 30 by by IN 43431 3555 31 a a DT 43431 3555 32 space space NN 43431 3555 33 nearly nearly RB 43431 3555 34 double double PDT 43431 3555 35 the the DT 43431 3555 36 width width NN 43431 3555 37 of of IN 43431 3555 38 the the DT 43431 3555 39 cranium cranium NN 43431 3555 40 . . . 43431 3556 1 This this DT 43431 3556 2 space space NN 43431 3556 3 is be VBZ 43431 3556 4 bridged bridge VBN 43431 3556 5 over over RP 43431 3556 6 to to IN 43431 3556 7 a a DT 43431 3556 8 considerable considerable JJ 43431 3556 9 extent extent NN 43431 3556 10 by by IN 43431 3556 11 two two CD 43431 3556 12 triradiate triradiate NN 43431 3556 13 bones bone NNS 43431 3556 14 , , , 43431 3556 15 the the DT 43431 3556 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3556 17 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 3556 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3556 19 and and CC 43431 3556 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3556 21 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 3556 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3556 23 . . . 43431 3557 1 The the DT 43431 3557 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3557 3 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 3557 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3557 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3557 6 figs fig NNS 43431 3557 7 . . . 43431 3558 1 24 24 CD 43431 3558 2 and and CC 43431 3558 3 26 26 CD 43431 3558 4 , , , 43431 3558 5 3 3 CD 43431 3558 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3558 7 is be VBZ 43431 3558 8 a a DT 43431 3558 9 large large JJ 43431 3558 10 bone bone NN 43431 3558 11 , , , 43431 3558 12 whose whose WP$ 43431 3558 13 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3558 14 limb limb NN 43431 3558 15 runs run VBZ 43431 3558 16 forwards forwards IN 43431 3558 17 meeting meet VBG 43431 3558 18 the the DT 43431 3558 19 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3558 20 and and CC 43431 3558 21 palatine palatine NNP 43431 3558 22 ; ; : 43431 3558 23 while while IN 43431 3558 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3558 25 inner inner JJ 43431 3558 26 limb limb NN 43431 3558 27 meets meet VBZ 43431 3558 28 the the DT 43431 3558 29 auditory auditory JJ 43431 3558 30 capsule capsule NN 43431 3558 31 and and CC 43431 3558 32 parasphenoid parasphenoid VB 43431 3558 33 , , , 43431 3558 34 and and CC 43431 3558 35 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3558 36 outer outer JJ 43431 3558 37 limb limb NN 43431 3558 38 runs run VBZ 43431 3558 39 backwards backwards RB 43431 3558 40 and and CC 43431 3558 41 outwards outward NNS 43431 3558 42 to to IN 43431 3558 43 the the DT 43431 3558 44 angle angle NN 43431 3558 45 of of IN 43431 3558 46 the the DT 43431 3558 47 mouth mouth NN 43431 3558 48 . . . 43431 3559 1 The the DT 43431 3559 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3559 3 palatine palatine NN 43431 3559 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3559 5 is be VBZ 43431 3559 6 a a DT 43431 3559 7 small small JJ 43431 3559 8 transversely transversely RB 43431 3559 9 - - HYPH 43431 3559 10 placed place VBN 43431 3559 11 bone bone NN 43431 3559 12 , , , 43431 3559 13 which which WDT 43431 3559 14 connects connect VBZ 43431 3559 15 the the DT 43431 3559 16 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 3559 17 with with IN 43431 3559 18 the the DT 43431 3559 19 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3559 20 part part NN 43431 3559 21 of of IN 43431 3559 22 the the DT 43431 3559 23 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3559 24 . . . 43431 3560 1 The the DT 43431 3560 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3560 3 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 3560 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3560 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3560 6 figs fig NNS 43431 3560 7 . . . 43431 3561 1 24 24 CD 43431 3561 2 and and CC 43431 3561 3 26 26 CD 43431 3561 4 , , , 43431 3561 5 4 4 CD 43431 3561 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3561 7 is be VBZ 43431 3561 8 a a DT 43431 3561 9 T t NN 43431 3561 10 - - HYPH 43431 3561 11 shaped shape VBN 43431 3561 12 bone bone NN 43431 3561 13 whose whose WP$ 43431 3561 14 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3561 15 arm arm NN 43431 3561 16 is be VBZ 43431 3561 17 pointed point VBN 43431 3561 18 and and CC 43431 3561 19 passes pass VBZ 43431 3561 20 forwards forwards RB 43431 3561 21 to to TO 43431 3561 22 meet meet VB 43431 3561 23 the the DT 43431 3561 24 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 3561 25 . . . 43431 3562 1 The the DT 43431 3562 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 3562 3 upper upper JJ 43431 3562 4 arm arm NN 43431 3562 5 is be VBZ 43431 3562 6 closely closely RB 43431 3562 7 applied apply VBN 43431 3562 8 to to IN 43431 3562 9 the the DT 43431 3562 10 pro pro JJ 43431 3562 11 - - JJ 43431 3562 12 otic otic JJ 43431 3562 13 , , , 43431 3562 14 while while IN 43431 3562 15 the the DT 43431 3562 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 3562 17 lower low JJR 43431 3562 18 arm arm NN 43431 3562 19 meets meet VBZ 43431 3562 20 the the DT 43431 3562 21 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 3562 22 and and CC 43431 3562 23 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 3562 24 at at IN 43431 3562 25 the the DT 43431 3562 26 angle angle NN 43431 3562 27 of of IN 43431 3562 28 the the DT 43431 3562 29 jaw jaw NN 43431 3562 30 , , , 43431 3562 31 and and CC 43431 3562 32 surrounds surround VBZ 43431 3562 33 the the DT 43431 3562 34 narrow narrow JJ 43431 3562 35 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3562 36 bar bar NN 43431 3562 37 of of IN 43431 3562 38 the the DT 43431 3562 39 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 3562 40 which which WDT 43431 3562 41 goes go VBZ 43431 3562 42 to to TO 43431 3562 43 join join VB 43431 3562 44 the the DT 43431 3562 45 cranium cranium NN 43431 3562 46 . . . 43431 3563 1 The the DT 43431 3563 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 3563 3 is be VBZ 43431 3563 4 probably probably RB 43431 3563 5 homologous homologous JJ 43431 3563 6 with with IN 43431 3563 7 the the DT 43431 3563 8 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 3563 9 together together RB 43431 3563 10 with with IN 43431 3563 11 the the DT 43431 3563 12 pre pre JJ 43431 3563 13 - - JJ 43431 3563 14 opercular opercular JJ 43431 3563 15 of of IN 43431 3563 16 Bony Bony NNP 43431 3563 17 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 3563 18 . . . 43431 3564 1 The the DT 43431 3564 2 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 3564 3 and and CC 43431 3564 4 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 3564 5 form form VBP 43431 3564 6 the the DT 43431 3564 7 = = SYM 43431 3564 8 suspensorium= suspensorium= NNS 43431 3564 9 by by IN 43431 3564 10 which which WDT 43431 3564 11 the the DT 43431 3564 12 lower low JJR 43431 3564 13 jaw jaw NN 43431 3564 14 is be VBZ 43431 3564 15 connected connect VBN 43431 3564 16 with with IN 43431 3564 17 the the DT 43431 3564 18 cranium cranium NN 43431 3564 19 . . . 43431 3565 1 The the DT 43431 3565 2 = = SYM 43431 3565 3 lower low JJR 43431 3565 4 jaw= jaw= NNP 43431 3565 5 or or CC 43431 3565 6 = = SYM 43431 3565 7 mandible= mandible= NN 43431 3565 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 3565 9 of of IN 43431 3565 10 a a DT 43431 3565 11 pair pair NN 43431 3565 12 of of IN 43431 3565 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3565 14 rods rod NNS 43431 3565 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3565 16 = = NFP 43431 3565 17 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 3565 18 's 's POS 43431 3565 19 cartilages= cartilages= NN 43431 3565 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3565 21 in in IN 43431 3565 22 connection connection NN 43431 3565 23 with with IN 43431 3565 24 each each DT 43431 3565 25 of of IN 43431 3565 26 which which WDT 43431 3565 27 there there EX 43431 3565 28 are be VBP 43431 3565 29 developed develop VBN 43431 3565 30 two two CD 43431 3565 31 membrane membrane NN 43431 3565 32 bones bone NNS 43431 3565 33 and and CC 43431 3565 34 one one CD 43431 3565 35 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3565 36 bone bone NN 43431 3565 37 . . . 43431 3566 1 The the DT 43431 3566 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3566 3 bone bone NN 43431 3566 4 is be VBZ 43431 3566 5 the the DT 43431 3566 6 = = SYM 43431 3566 7 mento mento NN 43431 3566 8 - - HYPH 43431 3566 9 meckelian= meckelian= NNP 43431 3566 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3566 11 fig fig NN 43431 3566 12 . . . 43431 3567 1 26 26 CD 43431 3567 2 , , , 43431 3567 3 A a NN 43431 3567 4 , , , 43431 3567 5 14 14 CD 43431 3567 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3567 7 , , , 43431 3567 8 a a DT 43431 3567 9 very very RB 43431 3567 10 small small JJ 43431 3567 11 ossification ossification NN 43431 3567 12 at at IN 43431 3567 13 the the DT 43431 3567 14 extreme extreme JJ 43431 3567 15 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3567 16 end end NN 43431 3567 17 . . . 43431 3568 1 The the DT 43431 3568 2 membrane membrane NN 43431 3568 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3568 4 are be VBP 43431 3568 5 the the DT 43431 3568 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3568 7 angulo angulo JJ 43431 3568 8 - - HYPH 43431 3568 9 splenial splenial NN 43431 3568 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3568 11 and and CC 43431 3568 12 the the DT 43431 3568 13 _ _ NNP 43431 3568 14 dentary dentary NN 43431 3568 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3568 16 . . . 43431 3569 1 The the DT 43431 3569 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3569 3 angulo angulo JJ 43431 3569 4 - - HYPH 43431 3569 5 splenial splenial JJ 43431 3569 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3569 7 is be VBZ 43431 3569 8 a a DT 43431 3569 9 strong strong JJ 43431 3569 10 flat flat JJ 43431 3569 11 bone bone NN 43431 3569 12 which which WDT 43431 3569 13 forms form VBZ 43431 3569 14 the the DT 43431 3569 15 inner inner JJ 43431 3569 16 and and CC 43431 3569 17 lower low JJR 43431 3569 18 part part NN 43431 3569 19 of of IN 43431 3569 20 the the DT 43431 3569 21 mandible mandible NN 43431 3569 22 for for IN 43431 3569 23 the the DT 43431 3569 24 greater great JJR 43431 3569 25 part part NN 43431 3569 26 of of IN 43431 3569 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3569 28 length length NN 43431 3569 29 . . . 43431 3570 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3570 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3570 3 surface surface NN 43431 3570 4 is be VBZ 43431 3570 5 produced produce VBN 43431 3570 6 into into IN 43431 3570 7 a a DT 43431 3570 8 slight slight JJ 43431 3570 9 = = SYM 43431 3570 10 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 3570 11 process=. process=. NN 43431 3571 1 The the DT 43431 3571 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3571 3 dentary dentary NN 43431 3571 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3571 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3571 6 fig fig NN 43431 3571 7 . . . 43431 3572 1 26 26 CD 43431 3572 2 , , , 43431 3572 3 A a NN 43431 3572 4 , , , 43431 3572 5 15 15 CD 43431 3572 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3572 7 is be VBZ 43431 3572 8 a a DT 43431 3572 9 flat flat JJ 43431 3572 10 plate plate NN 43431 3572 11 which which WDT 43431 3572 12 covers cover VBZ 43431 3572 13 the the DT 43431 3572 14 outer outer JJ 43431 3572 15 surface surface NN 43431 3572 16 of of IN 43431 3572 17 the the DT 43431 3572 18 anterior anterior NN 43431 3572 19 half half NN 43431 3572 20 of of IN 43431 3572 21 the the DT 43431 3572 22 mandible mandible NN 43431 3572 23 , , , 43431 3572 24 as as IN 43431 3572 25 far far RB 43431 3572 26 forwards forwards RB 43431 3572 27 as as IN 43431 3572 28 the the DT 43431 3572 29 mento mento NNP 43431 3572 30 - - HYPH 43431 3572 31 meckelian meckelian JJ 43431 3572 32 . . . 43431 3573 1 The the DT 43431 3573 2 lower low JJR 43431 3573 3 jaw jaw NN 43431 3573 4 is be VBZ 43431 3573 5 devoid devoid JJ 43431 3573 6 of of IN 43431 3573 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3573 8 . . . 43431 3574 1 The the DT 43431 3574 2 part part NN 43431 3574 3 of of IN 43431 3574 4 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 3574 5 's 's POS 43431 3574 6 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3574 7 which which WDT 43431 3574 8 in in IN 43431 3574 9 most most JJS 43431 3574 10 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 3574 11 ossifies ossifie NNS 43431 3574 12 , , , 43431 3574 13 forming form VBG 43431 3574 14 the the DT 43431 3574 15 articular articular JJ 43431 3574 16 bone bone NN 43431 3574 17 , , , 43431 3574 18 remains remain VBZ 43431 3574 19 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3574 20 in in IN 43431 3574 21 the the DT 43431 3574 22 Frog Frog NNP 43431 3574 23 . . . 43431 3575 1 THE the DT 43431 3575 2 HYOID HYOID NNP 43431 3575 3 APPARATUS APPARATUS NNP 43431 3575 4 . . . 43431 3576 1 The the DT 43431 3576 2 = = SYM 43431 3576 3 hyoid= hyoid= NN 43431 3576 4 of of IN 43431 3576 5 the the DT 43431 3576 6 adult adult NN 43431 3576 7 Frog Frog NNP 43431 3576 8 is be VBZ 43431 3576 9 formed form VBN 43431 3576 10 of of IN 43431 3576 11 the the DT 43431 3576 12 modified modify VBN 43431 3576 13 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3576 14 and and CC 43431 3576 15 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3576 16 arches arch NNS 43431 3576 17 of of IN 43431 3576 18 the the DT 43431 3576 19 tadpole tadpole NN 43431 3576 20 . . . 43431 3577 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3577 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3577 3 of of IN 43431 3577 4 a a DT 43431 3577 5 broad broad JJ 43431 3577 6 thin thin JJ 43431 3577 7 plate plate NN 43431 3577 8 of of IN 43431 3577 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3577 10 , , , 43431 3577 11 the the DT 43431 3577 12 = = SYM 43431 3577 13 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 3577 14 plate= plate= NN 43431 3577 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3577 16 fig fig NN 43431 3577 17 . . . 43431 3578 1 29 29 CD 43431 3578 2 , , , 43431 3578 3 B b NN 43431 3578 4 , , , 43431 3578 5 1 1 CD 43431 3578 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3578 7 , , , 43431 3578 8 drawn draw VBN 43431 3578 9 out out RP 43431 3578 10 into into IN 43431 3578 11 two two CD 43431 3578 12 pairs pair NNS 43431 3578 13 of of IN 43431 3578 14 long long JJ 43431 3578 15 processes process NNS 43431 3578 16 , , , 43431 3578 17 the the DT 43431 3578 18 = = NFP 43431 3578 19 cornua=. cornua=. XX 43431 3579 1 The the DT 43431 3579 2 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 3579 3 plate plate NN 43431 3579 4 is be VBZ 43431 3579 5 broader broad JJR 43431 3579 6 in in IN 43431 3579 7 front front NN 43431 3579 8 than than IN 43431 3579 9 behind behind RB 43431 3579 10 , , , 43431 3579 11 and and CC 43431 3579 12 is be VBZ 43431 3579 13 formed form VBN 43431 3579 14 from from IN 43431 3579 15 the the DT 43431 3579 16 fused fuse VBN 43431 3579 17 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3579 18 ends end NNS 43431 3579 19 of of IN 43431 3579 20 the the DT 43431 3579 21 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3579 22 and and CC 43431 3579 23 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3579 24 arches arch NNS 43431 3579 25 of of IN 43431 3579 26 the the DT 43431 3579 27 tadpole tadpole NN 43431 3579 28 . . . 43431 3580 1 The the DT 43431 3580 2 = = SYM 43431 3580 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3580 4 cornua= cornua= NN 43431 3580 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3580 6 fig fig NN 43431 3580 7 . . . 43431 3581 1 29 29 CD 43431 3581 2 , , , 43431 3581 3 B b NN 43431 3581 4 , , , 43431 3581 5 2 2 CD 43431 3581 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3581 7 form form VB 43431 3581 8 a a DT 43431 3581 9 pair pair NN 43431 3581 10 of of IN 43431 3581 11 long long JJ 43431 3581 12 slender slender NN 43431 3581 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3581 14 rods rod NNS 43431 3581 15 which which WDT 43431 3581 16 project project VBP 43431 3581 17 from from IN 43431 3581 18 the the DT 43431 3581 19 body body NN 43431 3581 20 of of IN 43431 3581 21 the the DT 43431 3581 22 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3581 23 at at IN 43431 3581 24 first first JJ 43431 3581 25 forwards forward NNS 43431 3581 26 , , , 43431 3581 27 then then RB 43431 3581 28 backwards backwards RB 43431 3581 29 , , , 43431 3581 30 and and CC 43431 3581 31 finally finally RB 43431 3581 32 upwards upward NNS 43431 3581 33 and and CC 43431 3581 34 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3581 35 forwards forwards RB 43431 3581 36 again again RB 43431 3581 37 , , , 43431 3581 38 to to TO 43431 3581 39 be be VB 43431 3581 40 united united JJ 43431 3581 41 to to IN 43431 3581 42 the the DT 43431 3581 43 auditory auditory JJ 43431 3581 44 capsules capsule NNS 43431 3581 45 just just RB 43431 3581 46 below below IN 43431 3581 47 the the DT 43431 3581 48 fenestrae fenestra NNS 43431 3581 49 ovales ovale NNS 43431 3581 50 . . . 43431 3582 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3582 2 are be VBP 43431 3582 3 formed form VBN 43431 3582 4 from from IN 43431 3582 5 the the DT 43431 3582 6 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3582 7 portion portion NN 43431 3582 8 of of IN 43431 3582 9 the the DT 43431 3582 10 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3582 11 arch arch NN 43431 3582 12 of of IN 43431 3582 13 the the DT 43431 3582 14 tadpole tadpole NN 43431 3582 15 and and CC 43431 3582 16 are be VBP 43431 3582 17 homologous homologous JJ 43431 3582 18 with with IN 43431 3582 19 the the DT 43431 3582 20 cerato cerato NN 43431 3582 21 - - HYPH 43431 3582 22 hyals hyal NNS 43431 3582 23 of of IN 43431 3582 24 the the DT 43431 3582 25 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 3582 26 . . . 43431 3583 1 The the DT 43431 3583 2 = = CD 43431 3583 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 3583 4 cornua= cornua= NN 43431 3583 5 form form VBP 43431 3583 6 a a DT 43431 3583 7 pair pair NN 43431 3583 8 of of IN 43431 3583 9 straight straight JJ 43431 3583 10 bony bony NN 43431 3583 11 rods rod NNS 43431 3583 12 diverging diverge VBG 43431 3583 13 outwards outward NNS 43431 3583 14 from from IN 43431 3583 15 the the DT 43431 3583 16 posterior posterior JJ 43431 3583 17 end end NN 43431 3583 18 of of IN 43431 3583 19 the the DT 43431 3583 20 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 3583 21 plate plate NN 43431 3583 22 . . . 43431 3584 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3584 2 are be VBP 43431 3584 3 formed form VBN 43431 3584 4 from from IN 43431 3584 5 the the DT 43431 3584 6 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3584 7 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3584 8 arches arch NNS 43431 3584 9 of of IN 43431 3584 10 the the DT 43431 3584 11 tadpole tadpole NN 43431 3584 12 , , , 43431 3584 13 and and CC 43431 3584 14 differ differ VB 43431 3584 15 from from IN 43431 3584 16 the the DT 43431 3584 17 rest rest NN 43431 3584 18 of of IN 43431 3584 19 the the DT 43431 3584 20 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3584 21 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 3584 22 in in IN 43431 3584 23 being be VBG 43431 3584 24 well well RB 43431 3584 25 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3584 26 . . . 43431 3585 1 The the DT 43431 3585 2 = = SYM 43431 3585 3 columellar columellar JJ 43431 3585 4 chain= chain= NN 43431 3585 5 , , , 43431 3585 6 which which WDT 43431 3585 7 has have VBZ 43431 3585 8 been be VBN 43431 3585 9 already already RB 43431 3585 10 described describe VBN 43431 3585 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3585 12 p. p. NN 43431 3585 13 157 157 CD 43431 3585 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3585 15 , , , 43431 3585 16 should should MD 43431 3585 17 be be VB 43431 3585 18 mentioned mention VBN 43431 3585 19 with with IN 43431 3585 20 the the DT 43431 3585 21 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3585 22 as as IN 43431 3585 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3585 24 is be VBZ 43431 3585 25 homologous homologous JJ 43431 3585 26 to to IN 43431 3585 27 the the DT 43431 3585 28 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 3585 29 of of IN 43431 3585 30 fishes fish NNS 43431 3585 31 . . . 43431 3586 1 The the DT 43431 3586 2 = = SYM 43431 3586 3 sternum= sternum= NNS 43431 3586 4 of of IN 43431 3586 5 the the DT 43431 3586 6 = = SYM 43431 3586 7 Frog= frog= NN 43431 3586 8 , , , 43431 3586 9 though though IN 43431 3586 10 regarded regard VBN 43431 3586 11 as as IN 43431 3586 12 part part NN 43431 3586 13 of of IN 43431 3586 14 the the DT 43431 3586 15 axial axial JJ 43431 3586 16 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3586 17 , , , 43431 3586 18 is be VBZ 43431 3586 19 so so RB 43431 3586 20 intimately intimately RB 43431 3586 21 connected connect VBN 43431 3586 22 with with IN 43431 3586 23 the the DT 43431 3586 24 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 3586 25 girdle girdle NN 43431 3586 26 , , , 43431 3586 27 that that IN 43431 3586 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3586 29 will will MD 43431 3586 30 be be VB 43431 3586 31 described describe VBN 43431 3586 32 with with IN 43431 3586 33 the the DT 43431 3586 34 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 3586 35 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3586 36 . . . 43431 3587 1 2 2 LS 43431 3587 2 . . . 43431 3588 1 THE the DT 43431 3588 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 3588 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 3588 4 . . . 43431 3589 1 This this DT 43431 3589 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3589 3 of of IN 43431 3589 4 the the DT 43431 3589 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3589 6 of of IN 43431 3589 7 the the DT 43431 3589 8 two two CD 43431 3589 9 pairs pair NNS 43431 3589 10 of of IN 43431 3589 11 limbs limb NNS 43431 3589 12 and and CC 43431 3589 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3589 14 respective respective JJ 43431 3589 15 girdles girdle NNS 43431 3589 16 . . . 43431 3590 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3590 2 is be VBZ 43431 3590 3 at at IN 43431 3590 4 first first RB 43431 3590 5 entirely entirely RB 43431 3590 6 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3590 7 but but CC 43431 3590 8 the the DT 43431 3590 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3590 10 becomes become VBZ 43431 3590 11 later later RB 43431 3590 12 on on RB 43431 3590 13 mainly mainly RB 43431 3590 14 replaced replace VBN 43431 3590 15 by by IN 43431 3590 16 bone bone NN 43431 3590 17 . . . 43431 3591 1 The the DT 43431 3591 2 only only JJ 43431 3591 3 bone bone NN 43431 3591 4 developed develop VBN 43431 3591 5 in in IN 43431 3591 6 connection connection NN 43431 3591 7 with with IN 43431 3591 8 the the DT 43431 3591 9 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 3591 10 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 3591 11 , , , 43431 3591 12 which which WDT 43431 3591 13 has have VBZ 43431 3591 14 no no DT 43431 3591 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3591 16 predecessor predecessor NN 43431 3591 17 , , , 43431 3591 18 is be VBZ 43431 3591 19 the the DT 43431 3591 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3591 21 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 3591 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3591 23 . . . 43431 3592 1 A. A. NNP 43431 3593 1 THE the DT 43431 3593 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 3593 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 3593 4 . . . 43431 3594 1 This this DT 43431 3594 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3594 3 originally originally RB 43431 3594 4 of of IN 43431 3594 5 two two CD 43431 3594 6 half half JJ 43431 3594 7 rings ring NNS 43431 3594 8 of of IN 43431 3594 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3594 10 encircling encircle VBG 43431 3594 11 the the DT 43431 3594 12 sides side NNS 43431 3594 13 of of IN 43431 3594 14 the the DT 43431 3594 15 body body NN 43431 3594 16 a a DT 43431 3594 17 short short JJ 43431 3594 18 way way NN 43431 3594 19 behind behind IN 43431 3594 20 the the DT 43431 3594 21 head head NN 43431 3594 22 . . . 43431 3595 1 These these DT 43431 3595 2 two two CD 43431 3595 3 halves half NNS 43431 3595 4 meet meet VBP 43431 3595 5 one one NN 43431 3595 6 another another DT 43431 3595 7 in in IN 43431 3595 8 the the DT 43431 3595 9 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3595 10 middle middle JJ 43431 3595 11 line line NN 43431 3595 12 , , , 43431 3595 13 and and CC 43431 3595 14 separate separate VB 43431 3595 15 the the DT 43431 3595 16 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3595 17 elements element NNS 43431 3595 18 of of IN 43431 3595 19 the the DT 43431 3595 20 sternum sternum NN 43431 3595 21 from from IN 43431 3595 22 the the DT 43431 3595 23 posterior posterior NNP 43431 3595 24 ones one NNS 43431 3595 25 . . . 43431 3596 1 Each each DT 43431 3596 2 half half JJ 43431 3596 3 - - HYPH 43431 3596 4 ring ring NN 43431 3596 5 bears bear NNS 43431 3596 6 on on IN 43431 3596 7 the the DT 43431 3596 8 middle middle NN 43431 3596 9 of of IN 43431 3596 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3596 11 outer outer JJ 43431 3596 12 and and CC 43431 3596 13 posterior posterior NN 43431 3596 14 surface surface VBP 43431 3596 15 a a DT 43431 3596 16 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3596 17 cup cup NN 43431 3596 18 , , , 43431 3596 19 the the DT 43431 3596 20 = = SYM 43431 3596 21 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 3596 22 cavity= cavity= NNP 43431 3596 23 , , , 43431 3596 24 with with IN 43431 3596 25 which which WDT 43431 3596 26 the the DT 43431 3596 27 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3596 28 arm arm NN 43431 3596 29 - - HYPH 43431 3596 30 bone bone NN 43431 3596 31 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3596 32 . . . 43431 3597 1 This this DT 43431 3597 2 cup cup NN 43431 3597 3 divides divide VBZ 43431 3597 4 the the DT 43431 3597 5 half half JJ 43431 3597 6 - - HYPH 43431 3597 7 arch arch JJ 43431 3597 8 into into IN 43431 3597 9 a a DT 43431 3597 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3597 11 = = SYM 43431 3597 12 scapular= scapular= NN 43431 3597 13 and and CC 43431 3597 14 a a DT 43431 3597 15 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3597 16 = = SYM 43431 3597 17 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 3597 18 portion portion NN 43431 3597 19 . . . 43431 3598 1 The the DT 43431 3598 2 = = SYM 43431 3598 3 scapular scapular JJ 43431 3598 4 portion= portion= NN 43431 3598 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 3598 6 of of IN 43431 3598 7 two two CD 43431 3598 8 parts part NNS 43431 3598 9 , , , 43431 3598 10 the the DT 43431 3598 11 = = SYM 43431 3598 12 suprascapula= suprascapula= NN 43431 3598 13 and and CC 43431 3598 14 the the DT 43431 3598 15 = = SYM 43431 3598 16 scapula=. scapula=. . 43431 3599 1 The the DT 43431 3599 2 = = SYM 43431 3599 3 suprascapula= suprascapula= NN 43431 3599 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3599 5 fig fig NN 43431 3599 6 . . . 43431 3600 1 30 30 CD 43431 3600 2 , , , 43431 3600 3 A a NN 43431 3600 4 , , , 43431 3600 5 2 2 CD 43431 3600 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3600 7 is be VBZ 43431 3600 8 a a DT 43431 3600 9 wide wide JJ 43431 3600 10 , , , 43431 3600 11 thin thin JJ 43431 3600 12 plate plate NN 43431 3600 13 attached attach VBN 43431 3600 14 by by IN 43431 3600 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3600 16 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3600 17 and and CC 43431 3600 18 narrowest narrow JJS 43431 3600 19 border border NN 43431 3600 20 to to IN 43431 3600 21 the the DT 43431 3600 22 scapula scapula NN 43431 3600 23 . . . 43431 3601 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3601 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3601 3 and and CC 43431 3601 4 anterior anterior NN 43431 3601 5 half half NN 43431 3601 6 is be VBZ 43431 3601 7 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 3601 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3601 9 , , , 43431 3601 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3601 11 whole whole JJ 43431 3601 12 border border NN 43431 3601 13 or or CC 43431 3601 14 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3601 15 only only RB 43431 3601 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3601 17 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3601 18 and and CC 43431 3601 19 posterior posterior NN 43431 3601 20 borders border NNS 43431 3601 21 consist consist VBP 43431 3601 22 of of IN 43431 3601 23 unaltered unaltered JJ 43431 3601 24 hyaline hyaline NN 43431 3601 25 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3601 26 , , , 43431 3601 27 while while IN 43431 3601 28 the the DT 43431 3601 29 rest rest NN 43431 3601 30 of of IN 43431 3601 31 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3601 32 is be VBZ 43431 3601 33 composed compose VBN 43431 3601 34 of of IN 43431 3601 35 calcified calcify VBN 43431 3601 36 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3601 37 . . . 43431 3602 1 The the DT 43431 3602 2 = = SYM 43431 3602 3 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 3602 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3602 5 fig fig NN 43431 3602 6 . . . 43431 3603 1 30 30 CD 43431 3603 2 , , , 43431 3603 3 A a NN 43431 3603 4 , , , 43431 3603 5 3 3 CD 43431 3603 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3603 7 is be VBZ 43431 3603 8 a a DT 43431 3603 9 fairly fairly RB 43431 3603 10 stout stout JJ 43431 3603 11 rod rod NN 43431 3603 12 of of IN 43431 3603 13 bone bone NN 43431 3603 14 constricted constrict VBN 43431 3603 15 in in IN 43431 3603 16 the the DT 43431 3603 17 middle middle NN 43431 3603 18 , , , 43431 3603 19 and and CC 43431 3603 20 forming form VBG 43431 3603 21 the the DT 43431 3603 22 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3603 23 half half NN 43431 3603 24 of of IN 43431 3603 25 the the DT 43431 3603 26 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 3603 27 cavity cavity NN 43431 3603 28 . . . 43431 3604 1 The the DT 43431 3604 2 = = SYM 43431 3604 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3604 4 portion= portion= NN 43431 3604 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 3604 6 of of IN 43431 3604 7 three three CD 43431 3604 8 parts part NNS 43431 3604 9 , , , 43431 3604 10 the the DT 43431 3604 11 = = SYM 43431 3604 12 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 3604 13 , , , 43431 3604 14 = = SYM 43431 3604 15 precoracoid= precoracoid= NN 43431 3604 16 and and CC 43431 3604 17 _ _ NNP 43431 3604 18 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 3604 19 _ _ NNP 43431 3604 20 . . . 43431 3605 1 The the DT 43431 3605 2 largest large JJS 43431 3605 3 and and CC 43431 3605 4 most most RBS 43431 3605 5 posterior posterior NN 43431 3605 6 of of IN 43431 3605 7 these these DT 43431 3605 8 is be VBZ 43431 3605 9 the the DT 43431 3605 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3605 11 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3605 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3605 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3605 14 fig fig NN 43431 3605 15 . . . 43431 3606 1 30 30 CD 43431 3606 2 , , , 43431 3606 3 A a NN 43431 3606 4 , , , 43431 3606 5 4 4 CD 43431 3606 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3606 7 which which WDT 43431 3606 8 like like VBP 43431 3606 9 the the DT 43431 3606 10 scapula scapula NN 43431 3606 11 , , , 43431 3606 12 is be VBZ 43431 3606 13 contracted contract VBN 43431 3606 14 in in IN 43431 3606 15 the the DT 43431 3606 16 middle middle NN 43431 3606 17 and and CC 43431 3606 18 expanded expand VBN 43431 3606 19 at at IN 43431 3606 20 the the DT 43431 3606 21 ends end NNS 43431 3606 22 , , , 43431 3606 23 especially especially RB 43431 3606 24 at at IN 43431 3606 25 the the DT 43431 3606 26 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3606 27 end end NN 43431 3606 28 . . . 43431 3607 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3607 2 forms form VBZ 43431 3607 3 a a DT 43431 3607 4 large large JJ 43431 3607 5 part part NN 43431 3607 6 of of IN 43431 3607 7 the the DT 43431 3607 8 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 3607 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 3607 10 . . . 43431 3608 1 The the DT 43431 3608 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3608 3 ends end NNS 43431 3608 4 of of IN 43431 3608 5 the the DT 43431 3608 6 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 3608 7 which which WDT 43431 3608 8 meet meet VBP 43431 3608 9 one one NN 43431 3608 10 another another DT 43431 3608 11 in in IN 43431 3608 12 the the DT 43431 3608 13 middle middle JJ 43431 3608 14 line line NN 43431 3608 15 are be VBP 43431 3608 16 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3608 17 , , , 43431 3608 18 and and CC 43431 3608 19 form form VB 43431 3608 20 narrow narrow JJ 43431 3608 21 strips strip NNS 43431 3608 22 of of IN 43431 3608 23 calcified calcify VBN 43431 3608 24 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3608 25 , , , 43431 3608 26 the the DT 43431 3608 27 = = SYM 43431 3608 28 epicoracoids= epicoracoids= NN 43431 3608 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3608 30 fig fig NN 43431 3608 31 . . . 43431 3609 1 30 30 CD 43431 3609 2 , , , 43431 3609 3 A a NN 43431 3609 4 , , , 43431 3609 5 5 5 CD 43431 3609 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3609 7 ; ; : 43431 3609 8 these these DT 43431 3609 9 are be VBP 43431 3609 10 often often RB 43431 3609 11 regarded regard VBN 43431 3609 12 as as IN 43431 3609 13 sternal sternal JJ 43431 3609 14 elements element NNS 43431 3609 15 . . . 43431 3610 1 The the DT 43431 3610 2 = = SYM 43431 3610 3 precoracoid= precoracoid= NN 43431 3610 4 forms form VBZ 43431 3610 5 a a DT 43431 3610 6 narrow narrow JJ 43431 3610 7 strip strip NN 43431 3610 8 of of IN 43431 3610 9 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3610 10 lying lie VBG 43431 3610 11 in in IN 43431 3610 12 front front NN 43431 3610 13 of of IN 43431 3610 14 the the DT 43431 3610 15 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3610 16 , , , 43431 3610 17 from from IN 43431 3610 18 which which WDT 43431 3610 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3610 20 is be VBZ 43431 3610 21 separated separate VBN 43431 3610 22 by by IN 43431 3610 23 the the DT 43431 3610 24 wide wide JJ 43431 3610 25 = = SYM 43431 3610 26 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3610 27 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 3610 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3610 29 fig fig NN 43431 3610 30 . . . 43431 3611 1 30 30 CD 43431 3611 2 , , , 43431 3611 3 A a NN 43431 3611 4 , , , 43431 3611 5 9 9 CD 43431 3611 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3611 7 . . . 43431 3612 1 The the DT 43431 3612 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3612 3 end end NN 43431 3612 4 is be VBZ 43431 3612 5 continuous continuous JJ 43431 3612 6 with with IN 43431 3612 7 an an DT 43431 3612 8 area area NN 43431 3612 9 of of IN 43431 3612 10 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3612 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3612 12 which which WDT 43431 3612 13 separates separate VBZ 43431 3612 14 the the DT 43431 3612 15 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3612 16 and and CC 43431 3612 17 scapula scapula NN 43431 3612 18 and and CC 43431 3612 19 forms form VBZ 43431 3612 20 part part NN 43431 3612 21 of of IN 43431 3612 22 the the DT 43431 3612 23 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 3612 24 cavity cavity NN 43431 3612 25 . . . 43431 3613 1 The the DT 43431 3613 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3613 3 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 3613 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3613 5 is be VBZ 43431 3613 6 a a DT 43431 3613 7 narrow narrow JJ 43431 3613 8 membrane membrane NN 43431 3613 9 bone bone NN 43431 3613 10 closely closely RB 43431 3613 11 attached attach VBN 43431 3613 12 to to IN 43431 3613 13 the the DT 43431 3613 14 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3613 15 surface surface NN 43431 3613 16 of of IN 43431 3613 17 the the DT 43431 3613 18 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 3613 19 , , , 43431 3613 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3613 21 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3613 22 end end NN 43431 3613 23 is be VBZ 43431 3613 24 expanded expand VBN 43431 3613 25 . . . 43431 3614 1 THE the DT 43431 3614 2 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 3614 3 . . . 43431 3615 1 The the DT 43431 3615 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 3615 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 3615 4 of of IN 43431 3615 5 four four CD 43431 3615 6 parts part NNS 43431 3615 7 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3615 8 in in IN 43431 3615 9 two two CD 43431 3615 10 groups group NNS 43431 3615 11 ; ; : 43431 3615 12 two two CD 43431 3615 13 parts part NNS 43431 3615 14 to to IN 43431 3615 15 each each DT 43431 3615 16 group group NN 43431 3615 17 . . . 43431 3616 1 The the DT 43431 3616 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 3616 3 members member NNS 43431 3616 4 are be VBP 43431 3616 5 the the DT 43431 3616 6 episternum episternum JJ 43431 3616 7 and and CC 43431 3616 8 omosternum omosternum JJ 43431 3616 9 . . . 43431 3617 1 The the DT 43431 3617 2 = = SYM 43431 3617 3 episternum= episternum= NN 43431 3617 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3617 5 fig fig NN 43431 3617 6 . . . 43431 3618 1 30 30 CD 43431 3618 2 , , , 43431 3618 3 A a NN 43431 3618 4 , , , 43431 3618 5 10 10 CD 43431 3618 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3618 7 is be VBZ 43431 3618 8 a a DT 43431 3618 9 thin thin JJ 43431 3618 10 almost almost RB 43431 3618 11 circular circular JJ 43431 3618 12 plate plate NN 43431 3618 13 of of IN 43431 3618 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3618 15 much much JJ 43431 3618 16 of of IN 43431 3618 17 which which WDT 43431 3618 18 remains remain VBZ 43431 3618 19 hyaline hyaline JJ 43431 3618 20 . . . 43431 3619 1 The the DT 43431 3619 2 = = SYM 43431 3619 3 omosternum= omosternum= NNS 43431 3619 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3619 5 fig fig NN 43431 3619 6 . . . 43431 3620 1 30 30 CD 43431 3620 2 , , , 43431 3620 3 A A NNP 43431 3620 4 , , , 43431 3620 5 11 11 CD 43431 3620 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3620 7 is be VBZ 43431 3620 8 a a DT 43431 3620 9 slender slender NN 43431 3620 10 bony bony NN 43431 3620 11 rod rod NN 43431 3620 12 widest wide JJS 43431 3620 13 at at IN 43431 3620 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3620 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 3620 16 end end NN 43431 3620 17 ; ; : 43431 3620 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3620 19 connects connect VBZ 43431 3620 20 the the DT 43431 3620 21 episternum episternum NN 43431 3620 22 with with IN 43431 3620 23 the the DT 43431 3620 24 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3620 25 ends end NNS 43431 3620 26 of of IN 43431 3620 27 the the DT 43431 3620 28 precoracoids precoracoid NNS 43431 3620 29 . . . 43431 3621 1 The the DT 43431 3621 2 = = SYM 43431 3621 3 sternum sternum FW 43431 3621 4 proper= proper= NNS 43431 3621 5 is be VBZ 43431 3621 6 a a DT 43431 3621 7 short short JJ 43431 3621 8 rod rod NN 43431 3621 9 of of IN 43431 3621 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3621 11 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 3621 12 in in IN 43431 3621 13 bone bone NN 43431 3621 14 ; ; : 43431 3621 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3621 16 is be VBZ 43431 3621 17 contracted contract VBN 43431 3621 18 in in IN 43431 3621 19 the the DT 43431 3621 20 middle middle NN 43431 3621 21 and and CC 43431 3621 22 expanded expand VBN 43431 3621 23 at at IN 43431 3621 24 each each DT 43431 3621 25 end end NN 43431 3621 26 . . . 43431 3622 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3622 2 bears bear VBZ 43431 3622 3 attached attach VBN 43431 3622 4 to to IN 43431 3622 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3622 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 3622 7 end end VB 43431 3622 8 a a DT 43431 3622 9 broad broad JJ 43431 3622 10 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3622 11 bilobed bilobed JJ 43431 3622 12 plate plate NN 43431 3622 13 of of IN 43431 3622 14 partially partially RB 43431 3622 15 calcified calcify VBN 43431 3622 16 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3622 17 , , , 43431 3622 18 the the DT 43431 3622 19 = = SYM 43431 3622 20 xiphisternum= xiphisternum= NNP 43431 3622 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3622 22 fig fig NN 43431 3622 23 . . . 43431 3623 1 30 30 CD 43431 3623 2 , , , 43431 3623 3 A a NN 43431 3623 4 , , , 43431 3623 5 13 13 CD 43431 3623 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3623 7 . . . 43431 3624 1 B. B. NNP 43431 3625 1 THE the DT 43431 3625 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 3625 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 3625 4 . . . 43431 3626 1 This this DT 43431 3626 2 is be VBZ 43431 3626 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 3626 4 into into IN 43431 3626 5 three three CD 43431 3626 6 parts part NNS 43431 3626 7 , , , 43431 3626 8 the the DT 43431 3626 9 = = SYM 43431 3626 10 upper upper JJ 43431 3626 11 arm= arm= NNP 43431 3626 12 or or CC 43431 3626 13 = = SYM 43431 3626 14 brachium= brachium= NNS 43431 3626 15 , , , 43431 3626 16 the the DT 43431 3626 17 = = SYM 43431 3626 18 fore fore NN 43431 3626 19 - - : 43431 3626 20 arm= arm= NNP 43431 3626 21 or or CC 43431 3626 22 = = SYM 43431 3626 23 antibrachium= antibrachium= NNS 43431 3626 24 , , , 43431 3626 25 and and CC 43431 3626 26 the the DT 43431 3626 27 = = SYM 43431 3626 28 manus=. manus=. NN 43431 3627 1 All all PDT 43431 3627 2 the the DT 43431 3627 3 larger large JJR 43431 3627 4 bones bone NNS 43431 3627 5 have have VBP 43431 3627 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3627 7 ends end NNS 43431 3627 8 formed form VBN 43431 3627 9 by by IN 43431 3627 10 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3627 11 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 3627 12 which which WDT 43431 3627 13 do do VBP 43431 3627 14 not not RB 43431 3627 15 unite unite VB 43431 3627 16 with with IN 43431 3627 17 the the DT 43431 3627 18 shaft shaft NN 43431 3627 19 till till IN 43431 3627 20 late late RB 43431 3627 21 in in IN 43431 3627 22 life life NN 43431 3627 23 . . . 43431 3628 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3628 2 articulating articulating NN 43431 3628 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 3628 4 are be VBP 43431 3628 5 covered cover VBN 43431 3628 6 by by IN 43431 3628 7 hyaline hyaline JJ 43431 3628 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3628 9 . . . 43431 3629 1 In in IN 43431 3629 2 the the DT 43431 3629 3 = = NNS 43431 3629 4 upper upper JJ 43431 3629 5 arm= arm= NNP 43431 3629 6 there there EX 43431 3629 7 is be VBZ 43431 3629 8 a a DT 43431 3629 9 single single JJ 43431 3629 10 bone bone NN 43431 3629 11 , , , 43431 3629 12 the the DT 43431 3629 13 = = SYM 43431 3629 14 humerus=. humerus=. FW 43431 3630 1 This this DT 43431 3630 2 has have VBZ 43431 3630 3 a a DT 43431 3630 4 more more RBR 43431 3630 5 or or CC 43431 3630 6 less less RBR 43431 3630 7 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 3630 8 shaft shaft NN 43431 3630 9 and and CC 43431 3630 10 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3630 11 by by IN 43431 3630 12 a a DT 43431 3630 13 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3630 14 rounded rounded JJ 43431 3630 15 = = SYM 43431 3630 16 head= head= NN 43431 3630 17 with with IN 43431 3630 18 the the DT 43431 3630 19 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 3630 20 cavity cavity NN 43431 3630 21 . . . 43431 3631 1 The the DT 43431 3631 2 distal distal JJ 43431 3631 3 end end NN 43431 3631 4 shows show VBZ 43431 3631 5 a a DT 43431 3631 6 large large JJ 43431 3631 7 rounded rounded JJ 43431 3631 8 swelling swelling NN 43431 3631 9 on on IN 43431 3631 10 either either DT 43431 3631 11 side side NN 43431 3631 12 of of IN 43431 3631 13 which which WDT 43431 3631 14 is be VBZ 43431 3631 15 a a DT 43431 3631 16 = = SYM 43431 3631 17 condylar condylar JJ 43431 3631 18 ridge= ridge= NN 43431 3631 19 , , , 43431 3631 20 the the DT 43431 3631 21 inner inner JJ 43431 3631 22 or or CC 43431 3631 23 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 3631 24 one one CD 43431 3631 25 being be VBG 43431 3631 26 the the DT 43431 3631 27 larger large JJR 43431 3631 28 . . . 43431 3632 1 A a DT 43431 3632 2 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3632 3 = = SYM 43431 3632 4 deltoid deltoid JJ 43431 3632 5 ridge= ridge= NN 43431 3632 6 runs run NNS 43431 3632 7 along along IN 43431 3632 8 the the DT 43431 3632 9 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3632 10 half half NN 43431 3632 11 of of IN 43431 3632 12 the the DT 43431 3632 13 anterior anterior NN 43431 3632 14 surface surface NN 43431 3632 15 , , , 43431 3632 16 and and CC 43431 3632 17 in in IN 43431 3632 18 the the DT 43431 3632 19 male male JJ 43431 3632 20 frog frog NN 43431 3632 21 a a DT 43431 3632 22 second second JJ 43431 3632 23 equally equally RB 43431 3632 24 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3632 25 ridge ridge NN 43431 3632 26 runs run VBZ 43431 3632 27 along along IN 43431 3632 28 the the DT 43431 3632 29 distal distal JJ 43431 3632 30 half half NN 43431 3632 31 of of IN 43431 3632 32 the the DT 43431 3632 33 posterior posterior NN 43431 3632 34 surface surface NN 43431 3632 35 . . . 43431 3633 1 The the DT 43431 3633 2 = = SYM 43431 3633 3 fore fore NN 43431 3633 4 - - : 43431 3633 5 arm= arm= NNP 43431 3633 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 3633 7 of of IN 43431 3633 8 two two CD 43431 3633 9 bones bone NNS 43431 3633 10 , , , 43431 3633 11 the the DT 43431 3633 12 = = SYM 43431 3633 13 radius= radius= NNP 43431 3633 14 and and CC 43431 3633 15 = = SYM 43431 3633 16 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 3633 17 , , , 43431 3633 18 united united JJ 43431 3633 19 together together RB 43431 3633 20 and and CC 43431 3633 21 forming form VBG 43431 3633 22 the the DT 43431 3633 23 = = SYM 43431 3633 24 radio radio NN 43431 3633 25 - - HYPH 43431 3633 26 ulna=. ulna=. NN 43431 3634 1 The the DT 43431 3634 2 two two CD 43431 3634 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3634 4 are be VBP 43431 3634 5 quite quite RB 43431 3634 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 3634 7 at at IN 43431 3634 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3634 9 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3634 10 ends end NNS 43431 3634 11 where where WRB 43431 3634 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3634 13 form form VBP 43431 3634 14 a a DT 43431 3634 15 deep deep JJ 43431 3634 16 cup cup NN 43431 3634 17 which which WDT 43431 3634 18 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3634 19 with with IN 43431 3634 20 the the DT 43431 3634 21 distal distal JJ 43431 3634 22 end end NN 43431 3634 23 of of IN 43431 3634 24 the the DT 43431 3634 25 humerus humerus NN 43431 3634 26 , , , 43431 3634 27 and and CC 43431 3634 28 is be VBZ 43431 3634 29 drawn draw VBN 43431 3634 30 out out RP 43431 3634 31 into into IN 43431 3634 32 a a DT 43431 3634 33 rather rather RB 43431 3634 34 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3634 35 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 3634 36 - - : 43431 3634 37 projecting project VBG 43431 3634 38 = = SYM 43431 3634 39 olecranon olecranon NNP 43431 3634 40 process= process= NNP 43431 3634 41 , , , 43431 3634 42 which which WDT 43431 3634 43 ossifies ossify VBZ 43431 3634 44 from from IN 43431 3634 45 a a DT 43431 3634 46 centre centre NN 43431 3634 47 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3634 48 from from IN 43431 3634 49 that that DT 43431 3634 50 of of IN 43431 3634 51 the the DT 43431 3634 52 shaft shaft NN 43431 3634 53 . . . 43431 3635 1 The the DT 43431 3635 2 distal distal JJ 43431 3635 3 end end NN 43431 3635 4 is be VBZ 43431 3635 5 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 3635 6 divided divide VBN 43431 3635 7 by by IN 43431 3635 8 a a DT 43431 3635 9 groove groove NN 43431 3635 10 into into IN 43431 3635 11 an an DT 43431 3635 12 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3635 13 radial radial NN 43431 3635 14 and and CC 43431 3635 15 a a DT 43431 3635 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 3635 17 ulnar ulnar NN 43431 3635 18 portion portion NN 43431 3635 19 . . . 43431 3636 1 The the DT 43431 3636 2 = = SYM 43431 3636 3 manus= manus= NN 43431 3636 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3636 5 of of IN 43431 3636 6 two two CD 43431 3636 7 parts part NNS 43431 3636 8 , , , 43431 3636 9 the the DT 43431 3636 10 = = SYM 43431 3636 11 wrist= wrist= NN 43431 3636 12 or or CC 43431 3636 13 = = SYM 43431 3636 14 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 3636 15 and and CC 43431 3636 16 the the DT 43431 3636 17 = = SYM 43431 3636 18 hand=. hand=. FW 43431 3637 1 The the DT 43431 3637 2 = = SYM 43431 3637 3 carpus=[57 carpus=[57 NN 43431 3637 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3637 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 3637 6 of of IN 43431 3637 7 six six CD 43431 3637 8 small small JJ 43431 3637 9 bones bone NNS 43431 3637 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3637 11 in in IN 43431 3637 12 two two CD 43431 3637 13 rows row NNS 43431 3637 14 . . . 43431 3638 1 The the DT 43431 3638 2 three three CD 43431 3638 3 bones bone NNS 43431 3638 4 of of IN 43431 3638 5 the the DT 43431 3638 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3638 7 row row NN 43431 3638 8 are be VBP 43431 3638 9 the the DT 43431 3638 10 = = SYM 43431 3638 11 ulnare= ulnare= NN 43431 3638 12 , , , 43431 3638 13 = = SYM 43431 3638 14 radiale= radiale= NN 43431 3638 15 and and CC 43431 3638 16 = = SYM 43431 3638 17 centrale=. centrale=. . 43431 3639 1 The the DT 43431 3639 2 = = SYM 43431 3639 3 ulnare= ulnare= NN 43431 3639 4 and and CC 43431 3639 5 = = SYM 43431 3639 6 radiale= radiale= NN 43431 3639 7 are be VBP 43431 3639 8 about about RB 43431 3639 9 equal equal JJ 43431 3639 10 in in IN 43431 3639 11 size size NN 43431 3639 12 and and CC 43431 3639 13 articulate articulate VB 43431 3639 14 regularly regularly RB 43431 3639 15 with with IN 43431 3639 16 the the DT 43431 3639 17 radio radio NN 43431 3639 18 - - HYPH 43431 3639 19 ulna ulna NN 43431 3639 20 . . . 43431 3640 1 The the DT 43431 3640 2 = = SYM 43431 3640 3 centrale= centrale= NN 43431 3640 4 is be VBZ 43431 3640 5 pushed push VBN 43431 3640 6 out out IN 43431 3640 7 of of IN 43431 3640 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3640 9 normal normal JJ 43431 3640 10 position position NN 43431 3640 11 and and CC 43431 3640 12 lies lie VBZ 43431 3640 13 partly partly RB 43431 3640 14 on on IN 43431 3640 15 the the DT 43431 3640 16 pre pre JJ 43431 3640 17 - - JJ 43431 3640 18 axial axial JJ 43431 3640 19 side side NN 43431 3640 20 , , , 43431 3640 21 partly partly RB 43431 3640 22 in in IN 43431 3640 23 front front NN 43431 3640 24 of of IN 43431 3640 25 the the DT 43431 3640 26 radiale radiale NN 43431 3640 27 . . . 43431 3641 1 Of of IN 43431 3641 2 the the DT 43431 3641 3 three three CD 43431 3641 4 bones bone NNS 43431 3641 5 of of IN 43431 3641 6 the the DT 43431 3641 7 distal distal NN 43431 3641 8 row row NN 43431 3641 9 the the DT 43431 3641 10 two two CD 43431 3641 11 pre pre JJ 43431 3641 12 - - JJ 43431 3641 13 axial axial JJ 43431 3641 14 ones one NNS 43431 3641 15 , , , 43431 3641 16 = = SYM 43431 3641 17 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 3641 18 1= 1= CD 43431 3641 19 and and CC 43431 3641 20 = = SYM 43431 3641 21 2= 2= CD 43431 3641 22 , , , 43431 3641 23 are be VBP 43431 3641 24 small small JJ 43431 3641 25 ; ; : 43431 3641 26 carpale carpale NN 43431 3641 27 2 2 CD 43431 3641 28 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3641 29 with with IN 43431 3641 30 the the DT 43431 3641 31 second second JJ 43431 3641 32 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 3641 33 , , , 43431 3641 34 carpale carpale NNP 43431 3641 35 1 1 CD 43431 3641 36 with with IN 43431 3641 37 both both CC 43431 3641 38 the the DT 43431 3641 39 first first JJ 43431 3641 40 and and CC 43431 3641 41 second second JJ 43431 3641 42 . . . 43431 3642 1 The the DT 43431 3642 2 third third JJ 43431 3642 3 bone bone NN 43431 3642 4 is be VBZ 43431 3642 5 large large JJ 43431 3642 6 and and CC 43431 3642 7 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3642 8 with with IN 43431 3642 9 the the DT 43431 3642 10 third third JJ 43431 3642 11 , , , 43431 3642 12 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3642 13 and and CC 43431 3642 14 fifth fifth JJ 43431 3642 15 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 3642 16 , , , 43431 3642 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3642 18 represents represent VBZ 43431 3642 19 = = SYM 43431 3642 20 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 3642 21 3 3 CD 43431 3642 22 - - SYM 43431 3642 23 5= 5= CD 43431 3642 24 , , , 43431 3642 25 with with IN 43431 3642 26 probably probably RB 43431 3642 27 in in IN 43431 3642 28 addition addition NN 43431 3642 29 the the DT 43431 3642 30 representative representative NN 43431 3642 31 of of IN 43431 3642 32 a a DT 43431 3642 33 second second JJ 43431 3642 34 centrale centrale NN 43431 3642 35 . . . 43431 3643 1 The the DT 43431 3643 2 = = SYM 43431 3643 3 hand= hand= NN 43431 3643 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3643 5 of of IN 43431 3643 6 four four CD 43431 3643 7 complete complete JJ 43431 3643 8 digits digit NNS 43431 3643 9 , , , 43431 3643 10 and and CC 43431 3643 11 a a DT 43431 3643 12 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 3643 13 = = SYM 43431 3643 14 pollex= pollex= NN 43431 3643 15 reduced reduce VBN 43431 3643 16 to to IN 43431 3643 17 a a DT 43431 3643 18 short short JJ 43431 3643 19 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 3643 20 . . . 43431 3644 1 Each each DT 43431 3644 2 of of IN 43431 3644 3 the the DT 43431 3644 4 four four CD 43431 3644 5 complete complete JJ 43431 3644 6 digits digit NNS 43431 3644 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 3644 8 of of IN 43431 3644 9 a a DT 43431 3644 10 = = SYM 43431 3644 11 metacarpal= metacarpal= NN 43431 3644 12 and and CC 43431 3644 13 a a DT 43431 3644 14 variable variable JJ 43431 3644 15 number number NN 43431 3644 16 of of IN 43431 3644 17 = = NFP 43431 3644 18 phalanges=. phalanges=. XX 43431 3645 1 The the DT 43431 3645 2 first first JJ 43431 3645 3 digit digit NN 43431 3645 4 , , , 43431 3645 5 as as IN 43431 3645 6 just just RB 43431 3645 7 mentioned mention VBN 43431 3645 8 , , , 43431 3645 9 has have VBZ 43431 3645 10 no no DT 43431 3645 11 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3645 12 , , , 43431 3645 13 the the DT 43431 3645 14 second second JJ 43431 3645 15 and and CC 43431 3645 16 third third JJ 43431 3645 17 have have VB 43431 3645 18 two two CD 43431 3645 19 , , , 43431 3645 20 and and CC 43431 3645 21 the the DT 43431 3645 22 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3645 23 and and CC 43431 3645 24 fifth fifth JJ 43431 3645 25 have have VBP 43431 3645 26 three three CD 43431 3645 27 . . . 43431 3646 1 C. C. NNP 43431 3646 2 THE the DT 43431 3646 3 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 3646 4 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 3646 5 . . . 43431 3647 1 The the DT 43431 3647 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 3647 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 3647 4 of of IN 43431 3647 5 the the DT 43431 3647 6 Frog Frog NNP 43431 3647 7 is be VBZ 43431 3647 8 much much RB 43431 3647 9 modified modify VBN 43431 3647 10 from from IN 43431 3647 11 the the DT 43431 3647 12 simple simple JJ 43431 3647 13 or or CC 43431 3647 14 general general JJ 43431 3647 15 type type NN 43431 3647 16 found find VBN 43431 3647 17 in in IN 43431 3647 18 the the DT 43431 3647 19 Newt Newt NNP 43431 3647 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3647 21 p. p. NN 43431 3647 22 149 149 CD 43431 3647 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3647 24 . . . 43431 3648 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3648 2 is be VBZ 43431 3648 3 a a DT 43431 3648 4 V v NN 43431 3648 5 - - HYPH 43431 3648 6 shaped shape VBN 43431 3648 7 structure structure NN 43431 3648 8 consisting consisting NN 43431 3648 9 of of IN 43431 3648 10 two two CD 43431 3648 11 halves half NNS 43431 3648 12 which which WDT 43431 3648 13 are be VBP 43431 3648 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 3648 15 together together RB 43431 3648 16 in in IN 43431 3648 17 the the DT 43431 3648 18 middle middle JJ 43431 3648 19 line line NN 43431 3648 20 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 3648 21 , , , 43431 3648 22 while while IN 43431 3648 23 in in IN 43431 3648 24 front front NN 43431 3648 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3648 26 are be VBP 43431 3648 27 attached attach VBN 43431 3648 28 to to IN 43431 3648 29 the the DT 43431 3648 30 ends end NNS 43431 3648 31 of of IN 43431 3648 32 the the DT 43431 3648 33 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3648 34 processes process NNS 43431 3648 35 of of IN 43431 3648 36 the the DT 43431 3648 37 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3648 38 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3648 39 . . . 43431 3649 1 Each each DT 43431 3649 2 half half NN 43431 3649 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 3649 4 at at IN 43431 3649 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3649 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 3649 7 end end VBP 43431 3649 8 a a DT 43431 3649 9 deep deep JJ 43431 3649 10 cup cup NN 43431 3649 11 , , , 43431 3649 12 the the DT 43431 3649 13 = = SYM 43431 3649 14 acetabulum= acetabulum= NN 43431 3649 15 , , , 43431 3649 16 with with IN 43431 3649 17 which which WDT 43431 3649 18 the the DT 43431 3649 19 head head NN 43431 3649 20 of of IN 43431 3649 21 the the DT 43431 3649 22 femur femur NN 43431 3649 23 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3649 24 . . . 43431 3650 1 Each each DT 43431 3650 2 half half NN 43431 3650 3 of of IN 43431 3650 4 the the DT 43431 3650 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 3650 6 ossifies ossify VBZ 43431 3650 7 from from IN 43431 3650 8 two two CD 43431 3650 9 centres centre NNS 43431 3650 10 . . . 43431 3651 1 The the DT 43431 3651 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 3651 3 and and CC 43431 3651 4 upper upper JJ 43431 3651 5 half half NN 43431 3651 6 of of IN 43431 3651 7 the the DT 43431 3651 8 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 3651 9 , , , 43431 3651 10 and and CC 43431 3651 11 the the DT 43431 3651 12 long long JJ 43431 3651 13 laterally laterally RB 43431 3651 14 compressed compress VBD 43431 3651 15 bar bar NN 43431 3651 16 extending extending NN 43431 3651 17 forwards forwards RB 43431 3651 18 to to TO 43431 3651 19 meet meet VB 43431 3651 20 the the DT 43431 3651 21 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3651 22 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3651 23 ossify ossify RB 43431 3651 24 from from IN 43431 3651 25 a a DT 43431 3651 26 single single JJ 43431 3651 27 centre centre NN 43431 3651 28 and and CC 43431 3651 29 are be VBP 43431 3651 30 generally generally RB 43431 3651 31 called call VBN 43431 3651 32 the the DT 43431 3651 33 = = SYM 43431 3651 34 ilium= ilium= NNS 43431 3651 35 ; ; : 43431 3651 36 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3651 37 is be VBZ 43431 3651 38 probable probable JJ 43431 3651 39 however however RB 43431 3651 40 that that IN 43431 3651 41 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3651 42 represent represent VBP 43431 3651 43 both both CC 43431 3651 44 the the DT 43431 3651 45 = = SYM 43431 3651 46 ilium= ilium= NNS 43431 3651 47 and and CC 43431 3651 48 = = SYM 43431 3651 49 pubis= pubis= NN 43431 3651 50 of of IN 43431 3651 51 mammals[58 mammals[58 NN 43431 3651 52 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3651 53 . . . 43431 3652 1 The the DT 43431 3652 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 3652 3 part part NN 43431 3652 4 of of IN 43431 3652 5 this this DT 43431 3652 6 bone bone NN 43431 3652 7 meets meet VBZ 43431 3652 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3652 9 fellow fellow NN 43431 3652 10 in in IN 43431 3652 11 a a DT 43431 3652 12 median median JJ 43431 3652 13 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 3652 14 . . . 43431 3653 1 The the DT 43431 3653 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 3653 3 third third JJ 43431 3653 4 of of IN 43431 3653 5 the the DT 43431 3653 6 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 3653 7 is be VBZ 43431 3653 8 formed form VBN 43431 3653 9 by by IN 43431 3653 10 a a DT 43431 3653 11 small small JJ 43431 3653 12 bone bone NN 43431 3653 13 , , , 43431 3653 14 the the DT 43431 3653 15 = = SYM 43431 3653 16 ischium= ischium= NNS 43431 3653 17 , , , 43431 3653 18 which which WDT 43431 3653 19 likewise likewise RB 43431 3653 20 meets meet VBZ 43431 3653 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3653 22 fellow fellow NN 43431 3653 23 in in IN 43431 3653 24 a a DT 43431 3653 25 median median JJ 43431 3653 26 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 3653 27 . . . 43431 3654 1 The the DT 43431 3654 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3654 3 portion portion NN 43431 3654 4 of of IN 43431 3654 5 the the DT 43431 3654 6 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 3654 7 girdle girdle NN 43431 3654 8 never never RB 43431 3654 9 ossifies ossifie NNS 43431 3654 10 , , , 43431 3654 11 even even RB 43431 3654 12 in in IN 43431 3654 13 old old JJ 43431 3654 14 animals animal NNS 43431 3654 15 being be VBG 43431 3654 16 formed form VBN 43431 3654 17 only only RB 43431 3654 18 of of IN 43431 3654 19 calcified calcify VBN 43431 3654 20 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3654 21 . . . 43431 3655 1 This this DT 43431 3655 2 is be VBZ 43431 3655 3 generally generally RB 43431 3655 4 regarded regard VBN 43431 3655 5 as as IN 43431 3655 6 the the DT 43431 3655 7 pubis pubis JJ 43431 3655 8 , , , 43431 3655 9 but but CC 43431 3655 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3655 11 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 3655 12 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 3655 13 to to IN 43431 3655 14 the the DT 43431 3655 15 = = SYM 43431 3655 16 acetabular acetabular JJ 43431 3655 17 bone= bone= NN 43431 3655 18 of of IN 43431 3655 19 mammals mammal NNS 43431 3655 20 . . . 43431 3656 1 D. D. NNP 43431 3656 2 THE the DT 43431 3656 3 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR VBD 43431 3656 4 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 3656 5 . . . 43431 3657 1 This this DT 43431 3657 2 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 3657 3 closely closely RB 43431 3657 4 to to IN 43431 3657 5 the the DT 43431 3657 6 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3657 7 limb limb NN 43431 3657 8 and and CC 43431 3657 9 , , , 43431 3657 10 like like IN 43431 3657 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3657 12 , , , 43431 3657 13 is be VBZ 43431 3657 14 divisible divisible JJ 43431 3657 15 into into IN 43431 3657 16 three three CD 43431 3657 17 parts part NNS 43431 3657 18 , , , 43431 3657 19 the the DT 43431 3657 20 = = SYM 43431 3657 21 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 3657 22 , , , 43431 3657 23 the the DT 43431 3657 24 = = SYM 43431 3657 25 shin= shin= NNS 43431 3657 26 or or CC 43431 3657 27 = = SYM 43431 3657 28 crus= crus= NN 43431 3657 29 and and CC 43431 3657 30 the the DT 43431 3657 31 = = SYM 43431 3657 32 pes=. pes=. NN 43431 3658 1 As as IN 43431 3658 2 was be VBD 43431 3658 3 the the DT 43431 3658 4 case case NN 43431 3658 5 with with IN 43431 3658 6 the the DT 43431 3658 7 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3658 8 limb limb NN 43431 3658 9 , , , 43431 3658 10 all all PDT 43431 3658 11 the the DT 43431 3658 12 long long JJ 43431 3658 13 bones bone NNS 43431 3658 14 have have VBP 43431 3658 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3658 16 ends end NNS 43431 3658 17 formed form VBN 43431 3658 18 by by IN 43431 3658 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 3658 20 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 3658 21 which which WDT 43431 3658 22 do do VBP 43431 3658 23 not not RB 43431 3658 24 unite unite VB 43431 3658 25 with with IN 43431 3658 26 the the DT 43431 3658 27 shaft shaft NN 43431 3658 28 till till IN 43431 3658 29 late late RB 43431 3658 30 in in IN 43431 3658 31 life life NN 43431 3658 32 . . . 43431 3659 1 In in IN 43431 3659 2 the the DT 43431 3659 3 = = SYM 43431 3659 4 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 3659 5 there there EX 43431 3659 6 is be VBZ 43431 3659 7 only only RB 43431 3659 8 a a DT 43431 3659 9 single single JJ 43431 3659 10 bone bone NN 43431 3659 11 , , , 43431 3659 12 the the DT 43431 3659 13 = = SYM 43431 3659 14 femur=. femur=. XX 43431 3660 1 The the DT 43431 3660 2 = = SYM 43431 3660 3 femur= femur= NNP 43431 3660 4 is be VBZ 43431 3660 5 a a DT 43431 3660 6 moderately moderately RB 43431 3660 7 long long JJ 43431 3660 8 , , , 43431 3660 9 slender slend JJR 43431 3660 10 bone bone NN 43431 3660 11 with with IN 43431 3660 12 a a DT 43431 3660 13 well well RB 43431 3660 14 - - HYPH 43431 3660 15 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3660 16 hollow hollow JJ 43431 3660 17 shaft shaft NN 43431 3660 18 slightly slightly RB 43431 3660 19 curved curve VBN 43431 3660 20 in in IN 43431 3660 21 a a DT 43431 3660 22 sigmoid sigmoid JJ 43431 3660 23 manner manner NN 43431 3660 24 . . . 43431 3661 1 Both both DT 43431 3661 2 ends end NNS 43431 3661 3 are be VBP 43431 3661 4 expanded expand VBN 43431 3661 5 , , , 43431 3661 6 the the DT 43431 3661 7 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3661 8 end end NN 43431 3661 9 is be VBZ 43431 3661 10 hemispherical hemispherical JJ 43431 3661 11 and and CC 43431 3661 12 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3661 13 with with IN 43431 3661 14 the the DT 43431 3661 15 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 3661 16 , , , 43431 3661 17 the the DT 43431 3661 18 distal distal JJ 43431 3661 19 end end NN 43431 3661 20 is be VBZ 43431 3661 21 larger large JJR 43431 3661 22 and and CC 43431 3661 23 more more RBR 43431 3661 24 laterally laterally RB 43431 3661 25 expanded expand VBN 43431 3661 26 . . . 43431 3662 1 The the DT 43431 3662 2 = = SYM 43431 3662 3 shin= shin= NN 43431 3662 4 likewise likewise RB 43431 3662 5 includes include VBZ 43431 3662 6 a a DT 43431 3662 7 single single JJ 43431 3662 8 bone bone NN 43431 3662 9 , , , 43431 3662 10 the the DT 43431 3662 11 = = SYM 43431 3662 12 tibio tibio NN 43431 3662 13 - - HYPH 43431 3662 14 fibula= fibula= NN 43431 3662 15 , , , 43431 3662 16 but but CC 43431 3662 17 this this DT 43431 3662 18 , , , 43431 3662 19 as as IN 43431 3662 20 can can MD 43431 3662 21 be be VB 43431 3662 22 readily readily RB 43431 3662 23 seen see VBN 43431 3662 24 by by IN 43431 3662 25 the the DT 43431 3662 26 grooves groove NNS 43431 3662 27 at at IN 43431 3662 28 the the DT 43431 3662 29 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3662 30 and and CC 43431 3662 31 distal distal JJ 43431 3662 32 ends end NNS 43431 3662 33 of of IN 43431 3662 34 the the DT 43431 3662 35 shaft shaft NN 43431 3662 36 , , , 43431 3662 37 is be VBZ 43431 3662 38 formed form VBN 43431 3662 39 by by IN 43431 3662 40 the the DT 43431 3662 41 fusion fusion NN 43431 3662 42 of of IN 43431 3662 43 two two CD 43431 3662 44 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3662 45 bones bone NNS 43431 3662 46 , , , 43431 3662 47 the the DT 43431 3662 48 = = SYM 43431 3662 49 tibia= tibia= NNP 43431 3662 50 and and CC 43431 3662 51 = = SYM 43431 3662 52 fibula=. fibula=. . 43431 3663 1 The the DT 43431 3663 2 tibio tibio NN 43431 3663 3 - - HYPH 43431 3663 4 fibula fibula NN 43431 3663 5 is be VBZ 43431 3663 6 longer long JJR 43431 3663 7 and and CC 43431 3663 8 straighter straight JJR 43431 3663 9 than than IN 43431 3663 10 the the DT 43431 3663 11 femur femur NN 43431 3663 12 . . . 43431 3664 1 The the DT 43431 3664 2 = = SYM 43431 3664 3 pes= pes= NNP 43431 3664 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3664 5 of of IN 43431 3664 6 two two CD 43431 3664 7 parts part NNS 43431 3664 8 , , , 43431 3664 9 the the DT 43431 3664 10 = = SYM 43431 3664 11 ankle= ankle= NNS 43431 3664 12 or or CC 43431 3664 13 = = SYM 43431 3664 14 tarsus= tarsus= CD 43431 3664 15 and and CC 43431 3664 16 the the DT 43431 3664 17 = = SYM 43431 3664 18 foot=. foot=. . 43431 3665 1 The the DT 43431 3665 2 = = SYM 43431 3665 3 tarsus= tarsus= NN 43431 3665 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3665 5 of of IN 43431 3665 6 two two CD 43431 3665 7 rows row NNS 43431 3665 8 of of IN 43431 3665 9 structures structure NNS 43431 3665 10 , , , 43431 3665 11 very very RB 43431 3665 12 different different JJ 43431 3665 13 in in IN 43431 3665 14 size size NN 43431 3665 15 . . . 43431 3666 1 The the DT 43431 3666 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3666 3 row row NN 43431 3666 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 3666 5 of of IN 43431 3666 6 two two CD 43431 3666 7 long long JJ 43431 3666 8 bones bone NNS 43431 3666 9 , , , 43431 3666 10 the the DT 43431 3666 11 = = SYM 43431 3666 12 tibiale= tibiale= NN 43431 3666 13 and and CC 43431 3666 14 = = SYM 43431 3666 15 fibulare= fibulare= NN 43431 3666 16 , , , 43431 3666 17 which which WDT 43431 3666 18 are be VBP 43431 3666 19 united unite VBN 43431 3666 20 by by IN 43431 3666 21 common common JJ 43431 3666 22 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 3666 23 at at IN 43431 3666 24 the the DT 43431 3666 25 two two CD 43431 3666 26 ends end NNS 43431 3666 27 , , , 43431 3666 28 while while IN 43431 3666 29 in in IN 43431 3666 30 the the DT 43431 3666 31 middle middle NN 43431 3666 32 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3666 33 are be VBP 43431 3666 34 widely widely RB 43431 3666 35 separated separate VBN 43431 3666 36 . . . 43431 3667 1 The the DT 43431 3667 2 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 3667 3 lies lie VBZ 43431 3667 4 on on IN 43431 3667 5 the the DT 43431 3667 6 tibial tibial NN 43431 3667 7 or or CC 43431 3667 8 pre pre JJ 43431 3667 9 - - JJ 43431 3667 10 axial axial JJ 43431 3667 11 side side NN 43431 3667 12 , , , 43431 3667 13 and and CC 43431 3667 14 the the DT 43431 3667 15 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 3667 16 which which WDT 43431 3667 17 is be VBZ 43431 3667 18 the the DT 43431 3667 19 larger large JJR 43431 3667 20 of of IN 43431 3667 21 the the DT 43431 3667 22 two two CD 43431 3667 23 bones bone NNS 43431 3667 24 on on IN 43431 3667 25 the the DT 43431 3667 26 fibular fibular JJ 43431 3667 27 or or CC 43431 3667 28 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 3667 29 side side NN 43431 3667 30 . . . 43431 3668 1 The the DT 43431 3668 2 distal distal JJ 43431 3668 3 row row NN 43431 3668 4 of of IN 43431 3668 5 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 3668 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 3668 7 of of IN 43431 3668 8 three three CD 43431 3668 9 very very RB 43431 3668 10 small small JJ 43431 3668 11 pieces piece NNS 43431 3668 12 of of IN 43431 3668 13 calcified calcify VBN 43431 3668 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3668 15 . . . 43431 3669 1 The the DT 43431 3669 2 postaxial postaxial NN 43431 3669 3 of of IN 43431 3669 4 these these DT 43431 3669 5 is be VBZ 43431 3669 6 the the DT 43431 3669 7 largest large JJS 43431 3669 8 , , , 43431 3669 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3669 10 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3669 11 with with IN 43431 3669 12 the the DT 43431 3669 13 second second JJ 43431 3669 14 and and CC 43431 3669 15 third third JJ 43431 3669 16 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 3669 17 and and CC 43431 3669 18 is be VBZ 43431 3669 19 probably probably RB 43431 3669 20 homologous homologous JJ 43431 3669 21 with with IN 43431 3669 22 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 3669 23 2 2 CD 43431 3669 24 and and CC 43431 3669 25 3 3 CD 43431 3669 26 fused fuse VBD 43431 3669 27 . . . 43431 3670 1 The the DT 43431 3670 2 middle middle JJ 43431 3670 3 one one CD 43431 3670 4 is be VBZ 43431 3670 5 very very RB 43431 3670 6 small small JJ 43431 3670 7 , , , 43431 3670 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3670 9 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3670 10 with with IN 43431 3670 11 the the DT 43431 3670 12 first first JJ 43431 3670 13 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 3670 14 and and CC 43431 3670 15 is be VBZ 43431 3670 16 probably probably RB 43431 3670 17 tarsale tarsale JJ 43431 3670 18 1 1 CD 43431 3670 19 . . . 43431 3671 1 The the DT 43431 3671 2 pre pre JJ 43431 3671 3 - - JJ 43431 3671 4 axial axial JJ 43431 3671 5 one one CD 43431 3671 6 articulates articulate NNS 43431 3671 7 with with IN 43431 3671 8 the the DT 43431 3671 9 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 3671 10 of of IN 43431 3671 11 the the DT 43431 3671 12 calcar calcar NN 43431 3671 13 , , , 43431 3671 14 a a DT 43431 3671 15 structure structure NN 43431 3671 16 to to TO 43431 3671 17 be be VB 43431 3671 18 described describe VBN 43431 3671 19 immediately immediately RB 43431 3671 20 , , , 43431 3671 21 and and CC 43431 3671 22 has have VBZ 43431 3671 23 been be VBN 43431 3671 24 regarded regard VBN 43431 3671 25 as as IN 43431 3671 26 a a DT 43431 3671 27 = = SYM 43431 3671 28 centrale=. centrale=. . 43431 3672 1 The the DT 43431 3672 2 = = SYM 43431 3672 3 foot= foot= NN 43431 3672 4 includes include VBZ 43431 3672 5 five five CD 43431 3672 6 complete complete JJ 43431 3672 7 digits digit NNS 43431 3672 8 and and CC 43431 3672 9 a a DT 43431 3672 10 supplemental supplemental JJ 43431 3672 11 toe toe NN 43431 3672 12 as as RB 43431 3672 13 well well RB 43431 3672 14 . . . 43431 3673 1 Each each DT 43431 3673 2 of of IN 43431 3673 3 the the DT 43431 3673 4 five five CD 43431 3673 5 digits digit NNS 43431 3673 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 3673 7 of of IN 43431 3673 8 a a DT 43431 3673 9 long long JJ 43431 3673 10 = = SYM 43431 3673 11 metatarsal= metatarsal= NN 43431 3673 12 with with IN 43431 3673 13 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 3673 14 at at IN 43431 3673 15 both both DT 43431 3673 16 ends end NNS 43431 3673 17 , , , 43431 3673 18 and and CC 43431 3673 19 of of IN 43431 3673 20 a a DT 43431 3673 21 variable variable JJ 43431 3673 22 number number NN 43431 3673 23 of of IN 43431 3673 24 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3673 25 . . . 43431 3674 1 The the DT 43431 3674 2 first first JJ 43431 3674 3 digit digit NN 43431 3674 4 or or CC 43431 3674 5 = = SYM 43431 3674 6 hallux= hallux= NN 43431 3674 7 and and CC 43431 3674 8 the the DT 43431 3674 9 second second JJ 43431 3674 10 have have VBP 43431 3674 11 two two CD 43431 3674 12 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3674 13 , , , 43431 3674 14 the the DT 43431 3674 15 third third JJ 43431 3674 16 three three CD 43431 3674 17 , , , 43431 3674 18 the the DT 43431 3674 19 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3674 20 , , , 43431 3674 21 which which WDT 43431 3674 22 is be VBZ 43431 3674 23 the the DT 43431 3674 24 largest large JJS 43431 3674 25 , , , 43431 3674 26 four four CD 43431 3674 27 , , , 43431 3674 28 and and CC 43431 3674 29 the the DT 43431 3674 30 fifth fifth JJ 43431 3674 31 , , , 43431 3674 32 three three CD 43431 3674 33 . . . 43431 3675 1 The the DT 43431 3675 2 distal distal JJ 43431 3675 3 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3675 4 have have VBP 43431 3675 5 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 3675 6 only only RB 43431 3675 7 at at IN 43431 3675 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3675 9 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3675 10 ends end NNS 43431 3675 11 , , , 43431 3675 12 the the DT 43431 3675 13 others other NNS 43431 3675 14 at at IN 43431 3675 15 both both DT 43431 3675 16 ends end NNS 43431 3675 17 . . . 43431 3676 1 On on IN 43431 3676 2 the the DT 43431 3676 3 pre pre JJ 43431 3676 4 - - JJ 43431 3676 5 axial axial JJ 43431 3676 6 side side NN 43431 3676 7 of of IN 43431 3676 8 the the DT 43431 3676 9 hallux hallux NN 43431 3676 10 is be VBZ 43431 3676 11 the the DT 43431 3676 12 supplemental supplemental JJ 43431 3676 13 digit digit NN 43431 3676 14 , , , 43431 3676 15 the the DT 43431 3676 16 = = SYM 43431 3676 17 prehallux= prehallux= NN 43431 3676 18 or or CC 43431 3676 19 = = SYM 43431 3676 20 calcar=. calcar=. XX 43431 3677 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3677 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3677 3 of of IN 43431 3677 4 a a DT 43431 3677 5 short short JJ 43431 3677 6 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 3677 7 and and CC 43431 3677 8 one one CD 43431 3677 9 or or CC 43431 3677 10 two two CD 43431 3677 11 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 3677 12 , , , 43431 3677 13 and and CC 43431 3677 14 is be VBZ 43431 3677 15 terminated terminate VBN 43431 3677 16 distally distally RB 43431 3677 17 by by IN 43431 3677 18 a a DT 43431 3677 19 horny horny NN 43431 3677 20 covering covering NN 43431 3677 21 of of IN 43431 3677 22 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 3677 23 origin origin NN 43431 3677 24 . . . 43431 3678 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 3678 2 : : : 43431 3678 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3678 4 55 55 CD 43431 3678 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3678 6 See see VB 43431 3678 7 A. a. NN 43431 3678 8 Ecker Ecker NNP 43431 3678 9 , , , 43431 3678 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3678 11 Die Die NNP 43431 3678 12 anatomie anatomie NN 43431 3678 13 des des NNP 43431 3678 14 Frosches Frosches NNP 43431 3678 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3678 16 , , , 43431 3678 17 Braunschweig Braunschweig NNP 43431 3678 18 1864 1864 CD 43431 3678 19 , , , 43431 3678 20 translated translate VBN 43431 3678 21 by by IN 43431 3678 22 G. G. NNP 43431 3678 23 Haslam Haslam NNP 43431 3678 24 , , , 43431 3678 25 Oxford Oxford NNP 43431 3678 26 , , , 43431 3678 27 1889 1889 CD 43431 3678 28 , , , 43431 3678 29 also also RB 43431 3678 30 A.M. A.M. NNP 43431 3678 31 Marshall Marshall NNP 43431 3678 32 , , , 43431 3678 33 _ _ NNP 43431 3678 34 The the DT 43431 3678 35 Frog Frog NNP 43431 3678 36 _ _ NNP 43431 3678 37 , , , 43431 3678 38 5th 5th JJ 43431 3678 39 edition edition NN 43431 3678 40 , , , 43431 3678 41 Manchester Manchester NNP 43431 3678 42 and and CC 43431 3678 43 London London NNP 43431 3678 44 , , , 43431 3678 45 1894 1894 CD 43431 3678 46 . . . 43431 3679 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3679 2 56 56 CD 43431 3679 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3679 4 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 3680 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 3680 2 , , , 43431 3680 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3680 4 Phil Phil NNP 43431 3680 5 . . . 43431 3681 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 3681 2 . . . 43431 3681 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3681 4 161 161 CD 43431 3681 5 , , , 43431 3681 6 1871 1871 CD 43431 3681 7 , , , 43431 3681 8 p. p. NN 43431 3681 9 137 137 CD 43431 3681 10 , , , 43431 3681 11 and and CC 43431 3681 12 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 3682 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 3682 2 and and CC 43431 3682 3 G.T. G.T. NNP 43431 3683 1 Bettany Bettany NNP 43431 3683 2 , , , 43431 3683 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3683 4 The the DT 43431 3683 5 Morphology Morphology NNP 43431 3683 6 of of IN 43431 3683 7 the the DT 43431 3683 8 Skull Skull NNP 43431 3683 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3683 10 , , , 43431 3683 11 London London NNP 43431 3683 12 , , , 43431 3683 13 1877 1877 CD 43431 3683 14 , , , 43431 3683 15 p. p. NN 43431 3683 16 136 136 CD 43431 3683 17 . . . 43431 3684 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3684 2 57 57 CD 43431 3684 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3684 4 See see VB 43431 3684 5 G.B. G.B. NNP 43431 3685 1 Howes Howes NNP 43431 3685 2 and and CC 43431 3685 3 W. W. NNP 43431 3685 4 Ridewood Ridewood NNP 43431 3685 5 , , , 43431 3685 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3685 7 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 3685 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3685 9 , , , 43431 3685 10 1888 1888 CD 43431 3685 11 , , , 43431 3685 12 p. p. NN 43431 3685 13 141 141 CD 43431 3685 14 . . . 43431 3686 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3686 2 58 58 CD 43431 3686 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3686 4 See see VB 43431 3686 5 bottom bottom NN 43431 3686 6 of of IN 43431 3686 7 p. p. NN 43431 3686 8 187 187 CD 43431 3686 9 . . . 43431 3687 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 3687 2 XII XII NNP 43431 3687 3 . . . 43431 3688 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 3688 2 ACCOUNT account NN 43431 3688 3 OF of IN 43431 3688 4 THE the DT 43431 3688 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 3688 6 IN in IN 43431 3688 7 AMPHIBIA AMPHIBIA NNP 43431 3688 8 . . . 43431 3689 1 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 3689 2 . . . 43431 3690 1 The the DT 43431 3690 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 3690 3 , , , 43431 3690 4 at at IN 43431 3690 5 any any DT 43431 3690 6 rate rate NN 43431 3690 7 in in IN 43431 3690 8 most most RBS 43431 3690 9 living living JJ 43431 3690 10 forms form NNS 43431 3690 11 , , , 43431 3690 12 is be VBZ 43431 3690 13 very very RB 43431 3690 14 slightly slightly RB 43431 3690 15 developed develop VBN 43431 3690 16 in in IN 43431 3690 17 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3690 18 . . . 43431 3691 1 The the DT 43431 3691 2 only only JJ 43431 3691 3 representatives representative NNS 43431 3691 4 of of IN 43431 3691 5 the the DT 43431 3691 6 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 3691 7 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 3691 8 are be VBP 43431 3691 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3691 10 1 1 LS 43431 3691 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3691 12 the the DT 43431 3691 13 minute minute NN 43431 3691 14 horny horny NN 43431 3691 15 beaks beak NNS 43431 3691 16 found find VBD 43431 3691 17 coating coat VBG 43431 3691 18 the the DT 43431 3691 19 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3691 20 and and CC 43431 3691 21 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 3691 22 in in IN 43431 3691 23 _ _ NNP 43431 3691 24 Siren Siren NNP 43431 3691 25 _ _ NNP 43431 3691 26 and and CC 43431 3691 27 the the DT 43431 3691 28 tadpoles tadpole NNS 43431 3691 29 of of IN 43431 3691 30 most most JJS 43431 3691 31 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3691 32 , , , 43431 3691 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3691 34 2 2 LS 43431 3691 35 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3691 36 the the DT 43431 3691 37 nails nail NNS 43431 3691 38 borne bear VBN 43431 3691 39 by by IN 43431 3691 40 the the DT 43431 3691 41 first first JJ 43431 3691 42 three three CD 43431 3691 43 digits digit NNS 43431 3691 44 of of IN 43431 3691 45 the the DT 43431 3691 46 pes pe NNS 43431 3691 47 in in IN 43431 3691 48 _ _ NNP 43431 3691 49 Xenopus Xenopus NNP 43431 3691 50 _ _ NNP 43431 3691 51 and and CC 43431 3691 52 by by IN 43431 3691 53 the the DT 43431 3691 54 Japanese Japanese NNP 43431 3691 55 Salamander Salamander NNP 43431 3691 56 _ _ NNP 43431 3691 57 Onychodactylus Onychodactylus NNP 43431 3691 58 _ _ NNP 43431 3691 59 , , , 43431 3691 60 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3691 61 3 3 LS 43431 3691 62 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3691 63 the the DT 43431 3691 64 horny horny NN 43431 3691 65 covering covering NN 43431 3691 66 of of IN 43431 3691 67 the the DT 43431 3691 68 calcar calcar NN 43431 3691 69 or or CC 43431 3691 70 prehallux prehallux NN 43431 3691 71 of of IN 43431 3691 72 frogs frog NNS 43431 3691 73 . . . 43431 3692 1 The the DT 43431 3692 2 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3692 3 and and CC 43431 3692 4 nearly nearly RB 43431 3692 5 all all PDT 43431 3692 6 the the DT 43431 3692 7 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3692 8 , , , 43431 3692 9 which which WDT 43431 3692 10 form form VBP 43431 3692 11 the the DT 43431 3692 12 vast vast JJ 43431 3692 13 majority majority NN 43431 3692 14 of of IN 43431 3692 15 living live VBG 43431 3692 16 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3692 17 , , , 43431 3692 18 have have VBP 43431 3692 19 naked naked JJ 43431 3692 20 skins skin NNS 43431 3692 21 . . . 43431 3693 1 A a DT 43431 3693 2 few few JJ 43431 3693 3 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3693 4 belonging belong VBG 43431 3693 5 to to IN 43431 3693 6 the the DT 43431 3693 7 genera genera NN 43431 3693 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3693 9 Ceratophrys Ceratophrys NNP 43431 3693 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3693 11 and and CC 43431 3693 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3693 13 Brachycephalus Brachycephalus NNP 43431 3693 14 _ _ NNP 43431 3693 15 have have VBP 43431 3693 16 bony bony VBN 43431 3693 17 dermal dermal JJ 43431 3693 18 plates plate NNS 43431 3693 19 developed develop VBN 43431 3693 20 in in IN 43431 3693 21 the the DT 43431 3693 22 skin skin NN 43431 3693 23 of of IN 43431 3693 24 the the DT 43431 3693 25 back back NN 43431 3693 26 , , , 43431 3693 27 and and CC 43431 3693 28 these these DT 43431 3693 29 plates plate NNS 43431 3693 30 become become VBP 43431 3693 31 united united JJ 43431 3693 32 with with IN 43431 3693 33 some some DT 43431 3693 34 of of IN 43431 3693 35 the the DT 43431 3693 36 underlying underlie VBG 43431 3693 37 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3693 38 . . . 43431 3694 1 In in IN 43431 3694 2 the the DT 43431 3694 3 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3694 4 the the DT 43431 3694 5 integument integument NN 43431 3694 6 bears bear VBZ 43431 3694 7 small small JJ 43431 3694 8 cycloid cycloid JJ 43431 3694 9 scales scale NNS 43431 3694 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3694 11 in in IN 43431 3694 12 rings ring NNS 43431 3694 13 which which WDT 43431 3694 14 are be VBP 43431 3694 15 equal equal JJ 43431 3694 16 in in IN 43431 3694 17 number number NN 43431 3694 18 to to IN 43431 3694 19 the the DT 43431 3694 20 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3694 21 . . . 43431 3695 1 These these DT 43431 3695 2 scales scale NNS 43431 3695 3 contain contain VBP 43431 3695 4 calcareous calcareous JJ 43431 3695 5 concretions concretion NNS 43431 3695 6 . . . 43431 3696 1 Scales scale NNS 43431 3696 2 also also RB 43431 3696 3 occur occur VBP 43431 3696 4 between between IN 43431 3696 5 the the DT 43431 3696 6 successive successive JJ 43431 3696 7 rings ring NNS 43431 3696 8 . . . 43431 3697 1 In in IN 43431 3697 2 the the DT 43431 3697 3 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 3697 4 the the DT 43431 3697 5 dermal dermal JJ 43431 3697 6 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 3697 7 is be VBZ 43431 3697 8 in in IN 43431 3697 9 many many JJ 43431 3697 10 genera genera NN 43431 3697 11 greatly greatly RB 43431 3697 12 developed developed JJ 43431 3697 13 . . . 43431 3698 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3698 2 is be VBZ 43431 3698 3 generally generally RB 43431 3698 4 limited limit VBN 43431 3698 5 to to IN 43431 3698 6 the the DT 43431 3698 7 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3698 8 surface surface NN 43431 3698 9 and and CC 43431 3698 10 consists consist VBZ 43431 3698 11 principally principally RB 43431 3698 12 of of IN 43431 3698 13 a a DT 43431 3698 14 buckler buckler NN 43431 3698 15 formed form VBN 43431 3698 16 of of IN 43431 3698 17 three three CD 43431 3698 18 bony bony NN 43431 3698 19 plates plate NNS 43431 3698 20 , , , 43431 3698 21 one one CD 43431 3698 22 median median NN 43431 3698 23 and and CC 43431 3698 24 two two CD 43431 3698 25 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3698 26 . . . 43431 3699 1 These these DT 43431 3699 2 plates plate NNS 43431 3699 3 protect protect VBP 43431 3699 4 the the DT 43431 3699 5 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3699 6 part part NN 43431 3699 7 of of IN 43431 3699 8 the the DT 43431 3699 9 thorax thorax NN 43431 3699 10 , , , 43431 3699 11 and and CC 43431 3699 12 are be VBP 43431 3699 13 closely closely RB 43431 3699 14 connected connect VBN 43431 3699 15 with with IN 43431 3699 16 the the DT 43431 3699 17 adjacent adjacent JJ 43431 3699 18 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 3699 19 . . . 43431 3700 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3700 2 probably probably RB 43431 3700 3 represent represent VBP 43431 3700 4 the the DT 43431 3700 5 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 3700 6 and and CC 43431 3700 7 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 3700 8 . . . 43431 3701 1 Behind behind IN 43431 3701 2 this this DT 43431 3701 3 buckler buckler JJ 43431 3701 4 numerous numerous JJ 43431 3701 5 scutes scute NNS 43431 3701 6 are be VBP 43431 3701 7 generally generally RB 43431 3701 8 developed develop VBN 43431 3701 9 , , , 43431 3701 10 which which WDT 43431 3701 11 often often RB 43431 3701 12 cover cover VBP 43431 3701 13 the the DT 43431 3701 14 whole whole JJ 43431 3701 15 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3701 16 surface surface NN 43431 3701 17 , , , 43431 3701 18 and and CC 43431 3701 19 may may MD 43431 3701 20 cover cover VB 43431 3701 21 the the DT 43431 3701 22 whole whole JJ 43431 3701 23 body body NN 43431 3701 24 . . . 43431 3702 1 TEETH[59 teeth[59 XX 43431 3702 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3702 3 . . . 43431 3703 1 In in IN 43431 3703 2 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3703 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3703 4 are be VBP 43431 3703 5 generally generally RB 43431 3703 6 present present JJ 43431 3703 7 on on IN 43431 3703 8 the the DT 43431 3703 9 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3703 10 , , , 43431 3703 11 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3703 12 and and CC 43431 3703 13 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3703 14 , , , 43431 3703 15 and and CC 43431 3703 16 except except IN 43431 3703 17 in in IN 43431 3703 18 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3703 19 on on IN 43431 3703 20 the the DT 43431 3703 21 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 3703 22 ; ; : 43431 3703 23 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3703 24 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3703 25 occur occur VBP 43431 3703 26 on on IN 43431 3703 27 the the DT 43431 3703 28 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3703 29 as as IN 43431 3703 30 in in IN 43431 3703 31 many many JJ 43431 3703 32 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3703 33 , , , 43431 3703 34 most most JJS 43431 3703 35 Labyrinthodontia labyrinthodontia NN 43431 3703 36 , , , 43431 3703 37 and and CC 43431 3703 38 the the DT 43431 3703 39 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3703 40 ; ; , 43431 3703 41 less less RBR 43431 3703 42 commonly commonly RB 43431 3703 43 on on IN 43431 3703 44 the the DT 43431 3703 45 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 3703 46 as as IN 43431 3703 47 in in IN 43431 3703 48 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 49 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3703 50 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 51 , , , 43431 3703 52 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 53 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3703 54 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 55 , , , 43431 3703 56 some some DT 43431 3703 57 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 3703 58 , , , 43431 3703 59 and and CC 43431 3703 60 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 61 Pelobates Pelobates NNP 43431 3703 62 cultripes_[60 cultripes_[60 NNP 43431 3703 63 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3703 64 , , , 43431 3703 65 or or CC 43431 3703 66 on on IN 43431 3703 67 the the DT 43431 3703 68 splenials splenial NNS 43431 3703 69 as as IN 43431 3703 70 in in IN 43431 3703 71 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 72 Siren Siren NNP 43431 3703 73 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 74 and and CC 43431 3703 75 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 76 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3703 77 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 78 , , , 43431 3703 79 or or CC 43431 3703 80 parasphenoid parasphenoid VB 43431 3703 81 as as IN 43431 3703 82 in in IN 43431 3703 83 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 84 Pelobates Pelobates NNP 43431 3703 85 cultripes cultripe VBZ 43431 3703 86 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 87 , , , 43431 3703 88 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 89 Spelerpes Spelerpes NNP 43431 3703 90 belli belli NNP 43431 3703 91 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 92 and and CC 43431 3703 93 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 94 Batrachoseps Batrachoseps NNP 43431 3703 95 _ _ NNP 43431 3703 96 . . . 43431 3704 1 In in IN 43431 3704 2 some some DT 43431 3704 3 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3704 4 such such JJ 43431 3704 5 as as IN 43431 3704 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3704 7 Bufo Bufo NNP 43431 3704 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3704 9 and and CC 43431 3704 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3704 11 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 3704 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3704 13 the the DT 43431 3704 14 jaws jaw NNS 43431 3704 15 are be VBP 43431 3704 16 toothless toothless JJ 43431 3704 17 . . . 43431 3705 1 In in IN 43431 3705 2 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3705 3 , , , 43431 3705 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3705 5 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3705 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3705 7 , , , 43431 3705 8 and and CC 43431 3705 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3705 10 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3705 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3705 12 , , , 43431 3705 13 the the DT 43431 3705 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3705 15 are be VBP 43431 3705 16 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3705 17 in in IN 43431 3705 18 two two CD 43431 3705 19 concentric concentric JJ 43431 3705 20 curved curved JJ 43431 3705 21 rows row NNS 43431 3705 22 . . . 43431 3706 1 The the DT 43431 3706 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3706 3 of of IN 43431 3706 4 the the DT 43431 3706 5 outer outer JJ 43431 3706 6 row row NN 43431 3706 7 are be VBP 43431 3706 8 borne bear VBN 43431 3706 9 on on IN 43431 3706 10 the the DT 43431 3706 11 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3706 12 and and CC 43431 3706 13 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3706 14 if if IN 43431 3706 15 present present NN 43431 3706 16 , , , 43431 3706 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3706 18 the the DT 43431 3706 19 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3706 20 are be VBP 43431 3706 21 absent absent JJ 43431 3706 22 in in IN 43431 3706 23 _ _ NNP 43431 3706 24 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3706 25 _ _ NNP 43431 3706 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3706 27 , , , 43431 3706 28 the the DT 43431 3706 29 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3706 30 of of IN 43431 3706 31 the the DT 43431 3706 32 second second JJ 43431 3706 33 row row NN 43431 3706 34 on on IN 43431 3706 35 the the DT 43431 3706 36 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3706 37 and and CC 43431 3706 38 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 3706 39 in in IN 43431 3706 40 _ _ NNP 43431 3706 41 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3706 42 _ _ NNP 43431 3706 43 and and CC 43431 3706 44 _ _ NNP 43431 3706 45 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3706 46 _ _ NNP 43431 3706 47 , , , 43431 3706 48 and and CC 43431 3706 49 on on IN 43431 3706 50 the the DT 43431 3706 51 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3706 52 and and CC 43431 3706 53 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3706 54 in in IN 43431 3706 55 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3706 56 . . . 43431 3707 1 In in IN 43431 3707 2 some some DT 43431 3707 3 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3707 4 there there EX 43431 3707 5 is be VBZ 43431 3707 6 a a DT 43431 3707 7 double double JJ 43431 3707 8 row row NN 43431 3707 9 of of IN 43431 3707 10 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 3707 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3707 12 . . . 43431 3708 1 The the DT 43431 3708 2 vomerine vomerine NN 43431 3708 3 , , , 43431 3708 4 palatine palatine NN 43431 3708 5 and and CC 43431 3708 6 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3708 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3708 8 of of IN 43431 3708 9 all all DT 43431 3708 10 forms form NNS 43431 3708 11 are be VBP 43431 3708 12 numerous numerous JJ 43431 3708 13 and and CC 43431 3708 14 are be VBP 43431 3708 15 not not RB 43431 3708 16 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3708 17 in in IN 43431 3708 18 rows row NNS 43431 3708 19 . . . 43431 3709 1 The the DT 43431 3709 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3709 3 of of IN 43431 3709 4 all all DT 43431 3709 5 living live VBG 43431 3709 6 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3709 7 are be VBP 43431 3709 8 simple simple JJ 43431 3709 9 conical conical JJ 43431 3709 10 structures structure NNS 43431 3709 11 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 3709 12 to to IN 43431 3709 13 the the DT 43431 3709 14 bone bone NN 43431 3709 15 , , , 43431 3709 16 and and CC 43431 3709 17 consisting consist VBG 43431 3709 18 of of IN 43431 3709 19 dentine dentine NNP 43431 3709 20 , , , 43431 3709 21 coated coated JJ 43431 3709 22 or or CC 43431 3709 23 capped cap VBN 43431 3709 24 with with IN 43431 3709 25 a a DT 43431 3709 26 thin thin JJ 43431 3709 27 layer layer NN 43431 3709 28 of of IN 43431 3709 29 enamel enamel NNP 43431 3709 30 . . . 43431 3710 1 In in IN 43431 3710 2 the the DT 43431 3710 3 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 3710 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3710 5 of of IN 43431 3710 6 more more JJR 43431 3710 7 than than IN 43431 3710 8 one one CD 43431 3710 9 size size NN 43431 3710 10 are be VBP 43431 3710 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3710 12 present present JJ 43431 3710 13 . . . 43431 3711 1 The the DT 43431 3711 2 dentine dentine NN 43431 3711 3 of of IN 43431 3711 4 the the DT 43431 3711 5 basal basal NN 43431 3711 6 part part NN 43431 3711 7 of of IN 43431 3711 8 the the DT 43431 3711 9 larger large JJR 43431 3711 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3711 11 is be VBZ 43431 3711 12 in in IN 43431 3711 13 some some DT 43431 3711 14 genera genera NN 43431 3711 15 very very RB 43431 3711 16 greatly greatly RB 43431 3711 17 folded fold VBN 43431 3711 18 , , , 43431 3711 19 causing cause VBG 43431 3711 20 the the DT 43431 3711 21 structure structure NN 43431 3711 22 to to TO 43431 3711 23 be be VB 43431 3711 24 highly highly RB 43431 3711 25 complicated complicated JJ 43431 3711 26 . . . 43431 3712 1 These these DT 43431 3712 2 folds fold NNS 43431 3712 3 , , , 43431 3712 4 the the DT 43431 3712 5 intervals interval NNS 43431 3712 6 between between IN 43431 3712 7 which which WDT 43431 3712 8 are be VBP 43431 3712 9 filled fill VBN 43431 3712 10 with with IN 43431 3712 11 cement cement NN 43431 3712 12 , , , 43431 3712 13 radiate radiate VBP 43431 3712 14 inwards inward NNS 43431 3712 15 from from IN 43431 3712 16 the the DT 43431 3712 17 exterior exterior NN 43431 3712 18 and and CC 43431 3712 19 outwards outward NNS 43431 3712 20 from from IN 43431 3712 21 the the DT 43431 3712 22 large large JJ 43431 3712 23 pulp pulp NN 43431 3712 24 cavity cavity NN 43431 3712 25 . . . 43431 3713 1 The the DT 43431 3713 2 basal basal NN 43431 3713 3 part part NN 43431 3713 4 of of IN 43431 3713 5 the the DT 43431 3713 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3713 7 of of IN 43431 3713 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3713 9 Ceratophrys Ceratophrys NNP 43431 3713 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3713 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3713 12 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3713 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3713 14 has have VBZ 43431 3713 15 a a DT 43431 3713 16 similar similar JJ 43431 3713 17 structure structure NN 43431 3713 18 . . . 43431 3714 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 3714 2 . . . 43431 3715 1 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 3715 2 COLUMN COLUMN NNP 43431 3715 3 . . . 43431 3716 1 Four four CD 43431 3716 2 regions region NNS 43431 3716 3 of of IN 43431 3716 4 the the DT 43431 3716 5 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3716 6 column column NN 43431 3716 7 can can MD 43431 3716 8 generally generally RB 43431 3716 9 be be VB 43431 3716 10 recognised recognise VBN 43431 3716 11 in in IN 43431 3716 12 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3716 13 , , , 43431 3716 14 viz viz NN 43431 3716 15 . . . 43431 3717 1 the the DT 43431 3717 2 cervical cervical NNP 43431 3717 3 , , , 43431 3717 4 the the DT 43431 3717 5 trunk trunk NN 43431 3717 6 or or CC 43431 3717 7 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 3717 8 - - HYPH 43431 3717 9 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 3717 10 , , , 43431 3717 11 the the DT 43431 3717 12 sacral sacral NN 43431 3717 13 and and CC 43431 3717 14 the the DT 43431 3717 15 caudal caudal JJ 43431 3717 16 regions region NNS 43431 3717 17 . . . 43431 3718 1 In in IN 43431 3718 2 the the DT 43431 3718 3 limbless limbless JJ 43431 3718 4 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3718 5 , , , 43431 3718 6 however however RB 43431 3718 7 , , , 43431 3718 8 only only RB 43431 3718 9 three three CD 43431 3718 10 regions region NNS 43431 3718 11 , , , 43431 3718 12 the the DT 43431 3718 13 cervical cervical JJ 43431 3718 14 , , , 43431 3718 15 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 3718 16 , , , 43431 3718 17 and and CC 43431 3718 18 post post NN 43431 3718 19 - - JJ 43431 3718 20 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 3718 21 can can MD 43431 3718 22 be be VB 43431 3718 23 made make VBN 43431 3718 24 out out RP 43431 3718 25 . . . 43431 3719 1 The the DT 43431 3719 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 3719 3 region region NN 43431 3719 4 is be VBZ 43431 3719 5 limited limit VBN 43431 3719 6 to to IN 43431 3719 7 a a DT 43431 3719 8 single single JJ 43431 3719 9 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3719 10 which which WDT 43431 3719 11 generally generally RB 43431 3719 12 differs differ VBZ 43431 3719 13 from from IN 43431 3719 14 the the DT 43431 3719 15 others other NNS 43431 3719 16 in in IN 43431 3719 17 having have VBG 43431 3719 18 no no DT 43431 3719 19 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3719 20 processes process NNS 43431 3719 21 or or CC 43431 3719 22 indication indication NN 43431 3719 23 of of IN 43431 3719 24 ribs rib NNS 43431 3719 25 . . . 43431 3720 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3720 2 is be VBZ 43431 3720 3 generally generally RB 43431 3720 4 called call VBN 43431 3720 5 the the DT 43431 3720 6 atlas atlas NN 43431 3720 7 , , , 43431 3720 8 but but CC 43431 3720 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3720 10 commonly commonly RB 43431 3720 11 bears bear VBZ 43431 3720 12 a a DT 43431 3720 13 small small JJ 43431 3720 14 process process NN 43431 3720 15 arising arise VBG 43431 3720 16 from from IN 43431 3720 17 the the DT 43431 3720 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3720 19 face face NN 43431 3720 20 of of IN 43431 3720 21 the the DT 43431 3720 22 centrum centrum NN 43431 3720 23 which which WDT 43431 3720 24 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 3720 25 the the DT 43431 3720 26 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 3720 27 process process NN 43431 3720 28 of of IN 43431 3720 29 higher high JJR 43431 3720 30 animals animal NNS 43431 3720 31 , , , 43431 3720 32 and and CC 43431 3720 33 renders render VBZ 43431 3720 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3720 35 probable probable JJ 43431 3720 36 that that IN 43431 3720 37 the the DT 43431 3720 38 first first JJ 43431 3720 39 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3720 40 of of IN 43431 3720 41 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3720 42 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 3720 43 to to IN 43431 3720 44 the the DT 43431 3720 45 axis axi NNS 43431 3720 46 , , , 43431 3720 47 not not RB 43431 3720 48 to to IN 43431 3720 49 the the DT 43431 3720 50 atlas atlas NNP 43431 3720 51 . . . 43431 3721 1 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3721 2 generally generally RB 43431 3721 3 have have VBP 43431 3721 4 a a DT 43431 3721 5 single single JJ 43431 3721 6 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3721 7 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3721 8 . . . 43431 3722 1 Three three CD 43431 3722 2 elements element NNS 43431 3722 3 go go VBP 43431 3722 4 to to TO 43431 3722 5 make make VB 43431 3722 6 up up RP 43431 3722 7 the the DT 43431 3722 8 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3722 9 column column NN 43431 3722 10 in in IN 43431 3722 11 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3722 12 , , , 43431 3722 13 viz viz NN 43431 3722 14 . . . 43431 3723 1 1 1 LS 43431 3723 2 . . . 43431 3723 3 the the DT 43431 3723 4 notochord notochord NN 43431 3723 5 , , , 43431 3723 6 2 2 CD 43431 3723 7 . . . 43431 3723 8 the the DT 43431 3723 9 long long JJ 43431 3723 10 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3723 11 centra centra NNP 43431 3723 12 , , , 43431 3723 13 3 3 CD 43431 3723 14 . . . 43431 3723 15 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 3723 16 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3723 17 which which WDT 43431 3723 18 forms form VBZ 43431 3723 19 the the DT 43431 3723 20 joints joint NNS 43431 3723 21 between between IN 43431 3723 22 successive successive JJ 43431 3723 23 centra centrum NNS 43431 3723 24 . . . 43431 3724 1 The the DT 43431 3724 2 relations relation NNS 43431 3724 3 which which WDT 43431 3724 4 these these DT 43431 3724 5 three three CD 43431 3724 6 elements element NNS 43431 3724 7 bear bear VBP 43431 3724 8 to to IN 43431 3724 9 one one CD 43431 3724 10 another another DT 43431 3724 11 are be VBP 43431 3724 12 subject subject JJ 43431 3724 13 to to IN 43431 3724 14 much much JJ 43431 3724 15 variation variation NN 43431 3724 16 . . . 43431 3725 1 The the DT 43431 3725 2 successive successive JJ 43431 3725 3 stages stage NNS 43431 3725 4 can can MD 43431 3725 5 be be VB 43431 3725 6 well well RB 43431 3725 7 traced trace VBN 43431 3725 8 in in IN 43431 3725 9 the the DT 43431 3725 10 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3725 11 . . . 43431 3726 1 1 1 LS 43431 3726 2 . . . 43431 3727 1 The the DT 43431 3727 2 first first JJ 43431 3727 3 stage stage NN 43431 3727 4 is be VBZ 43431 3727 5 found find VBN 43431 3727 6 in in IN 43431 3727 7 larval larval JJ 43431 3727 8 Urodeles Urodeles NNP 43431 3727 9 in in IN 43431 3727 10 general general JJ 43431 3727 11 and and CC 43431 3727 12 in in IN 43431 3727 13 adult adult NN 43431 3727 14 Ichthyoidea Ichthyoidea NNP 43431 3727 15 , , , 43431 3727 16 and and CC 43431 3727 17 some some DT 43431 3727 18 Salamandrina Salamandrina NNP 43431 3727 19 . . . 43431 3728 1 In in IN 43431 3728 2 these these DT 43431 3728 3 forms form NNS 43431 3728 4 the the DT 43431 3728 5 notochord notochord NN 43431 3728 6 persists persist VBZ 43431 3728 7 and and CC 43431 3728 8 retains retain NNS 43431 3728 9 approximately approximately RB 43431 3728 10 the the DT 43431 3728 11 same same JJ 43431 3728 12 diameter diameter NN 43431 3728 13 throughout throughout IN 43431 3728 14 the the DT 43431 3728 15 whole whole JJ 43431 3728 16 length length NN 43431 3728 17 of of IN 43431 3728 18 the the DT 43431 3728 19 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 3728 20 column column NN 43431 3728 21 . . . 43431 3729 1 Bony Bony NNP 43431 3729 2 biconcave biconcave IN 43431 3729 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 3729 4 are be VBP 43431 3729 5 present present JJ 43431 3729 6 and and CC 43431 3729 7 constrict constrict VBP 43431 3729 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3729 9 to to IN 43431 3729 10 a a DT 43431 3729 11 certain certain JJ 43431 3729 12 extent extent NN 43431 3729 13 vertebrally vertebrally RB 43431 3729 14 , , , 43431 3729 15 while while IN 43431 3729 16 intervertebrally intervertebrally RB 43431 3729 17 there there EX 43431 3729 18 is be VBZ 43431 3729 19 a a DT 43431 3729 20 development development NN 43431 3729 21 of of IN 43431 3729 22 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3729 23 . . . 43431 3730 1 The the DT 43431 3730 2 connection connection NN 43431 3730 3 between between IN 43431 3730 4 the the DT 43431 3730 5 bony bony NNP 43431 3730 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3730 7 is be VBZ 43431 3730 8 effected effect VBN 43431 3730 9 mainly mainly RB 43431 3730 10 by by IN 43431 3730 11 the the DT 43431 3730 12 expanded expand VBN 43431 3730 13 notochord notochord NN 43431 3730 14 . . . 43431 3731 1 2 2 LS 43431 3731 2 . . . 43431 3732 1 In in IN 43431 3732 2 the the DT 43431 3732 3 next next JJ 43431 3732 4 stage stage NN 43431 3732 5 , , , 43431 3732 6 as as IN 43431 3732 7 seen see VBN 43431 3732 8 in in IN 43431 3732 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3732 10 Gyrinophilus Gyrinophilus NNP 43431 3732 11 porphyriticus porphyriticus NN 43431 3732 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3732 13 , , , 43431 3732 14 the the DT 43431 3732 15 growth growth NN 43431 3732 16 of of IN 43431 3732 17 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 3732 18 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3732 19 has have VBZ 43431 3732 20 caused cause VBN 43431 3732 21 the the DT 43431 3732 22 almost almost RB 43431 3732 23 complete complete JJ 43431 3732 24 obliteration obliteration NN 43431 3732 25 of of IN 43431 3732 26 the the DT 43431 3732 27 notochord notochord NN 43431 3732 28 intervertebrally intervertebrally RB 43431 3732 29 , , , 43431 3732 30 and and CC 43431 3732 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3732 32 entire entire JJ 43431 3732 33 disappearance disappearance NN 43431 3732 34 vertebrally vertebrally RB 43431 3732 35 , , , 43431 3732 36 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 3733 1 in in IN 43431 3733 2 the the DT 43431 3733 3 centre centre NN 43431 3733 4 of of IN 43431 3733 5 each each DT 43431 3733 6 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3733 7 . . . 43431 3734 1 The the DT 43431 3734 2 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 3734 3 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3734 4 now now RB 43431 3734 5 forms form VBZ 43431 3734 6 the the DT 43431 3734 7 main main JJ 43431 3734 8 connection connection NN 43431 3734 9 between between IN 43431 3734 10 successive successive JJ 43431 3734 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3734 12 , , , 43431 3734 13 and and CC 43431 3734 14 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3734 15 cases case NNS 43431 3734 16 are be VBP 43431 3734 17 found find VBN 43431 3734 18 whose whose WP$ 43431 3734 19 condition condition NN 43431 3734 20 approaches approach VBZ 43431 3734 21 that that DT 43431 3734 22 of of IN 43431 3734 23 definite definite JJ 43431 3734 24 articulations articulation NNS 43431 3734 25 . . . 43431 3735 1 Readily readily RB 43431 3735 2 recognisable recognisable JJ 43431 3735 3 remains remain NNS 43431 3735 4 of of IN 43431 3735 5 the the DT 43431 3735 6 notochord notochord NN 43431 3735 7 are be VBP 43431 3735 8 still still RB 43431 3735 9 found find VBN 43431 3735 10 at at IN 43431 3735 11 each each DT 43431 3735 12 end end NN 43431 3735 13 of of IN 43431 3735 14 the the DT 43431 3735 15 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 3735 16 constriction constriction NN 43431 3735 17 . . . 43431 3736 1 3 3 LS 43431 3736 2 . . . 43431 3737 1 In in IN 43431 3737 2 the the DT 43431 3737 3 third third JJ 43431 3737 4 stage stage NN 43431 3737 5 differentiation differentiation NN 43431 3737 6 and and CC 43431 3737 7 absorption absorption NN 43431 3737 8 of of IN 43431 3737 9 the the DT 43431 3737 10 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 3737 11 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3737 12 has have VBZ 43431 3737 13 given give VBN 43431 3737 14 rise rise NN 43431 3737 15 to to IN 43431 3737 16 definitely definitely RB 43431 3737 17 articulating articulate VBG 43431 3737 18 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 3737 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3737 20 . . . 43431 3738 1 These these DT 43431 3738 2 are be VBP 43431 3738 3 found find VBN 43431 3738 4 in in IN 43431 3738 5 most most JJS 43431 3738 6 adult adult NN 43431 3738 7 Salamandrina Salamandrina NNP 43431 3738 8 . . . 43431 3739 1 * * NFP 43431 3739 2 * * NFP 43431 3739 3 * * NFP 43431 3739 4 * * NFP 43431 3739 5 * * NFP 43431 3739 6 The the DT 43431 3739 7 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3739 8 processes process NNS 43431 3739 9 of of IN 43431 3739 10 the the DT 43431 3739 11 earlier early JJR 43431 3739 12 trunk trunk NN 43431 3739 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3739 14 are be VBP 43431 3739 15 divided divide VBN 43431 3739 16 into into IN 43431 3739 17 two two CD 43431 3739 18 parts part NNS 43431 3739 19 , , , 43431 3739 20 a a DT 43431 3739 21 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3739 22 part part NN 43431 3739 23 which which WDT 43431 3739 24 meets meet VBZ 43431 3739 25 the the DT 43431 3739 26 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 3739 27 process process NN 43431 3739 28 of of IN 43431 3739 29 the the DT 43431 3739 30 rib rib NN 43431 3739 31 and and CC 43431 3739 32 is be VBZ 43431 3739 33 derived derive VBN 43431 3739 34 from from IN 43431 3739 35 the the DT 43431 3739 36 neural neural JJ 43431 3739 37 arch arch NN 43431 3739 38 , , , 43431 3739 39 and and CC 43431 3739 40 a a DT 43431 3739 41 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3739 42 part part NN 43431 3739 43 which which WDT 43431 3739 44 meets meet VBZ 43431 3739 45 the the DT 43431 3739 46 capitular capitular JJ 43431 3739 47 process process NN 43431 3739 48 of of IN 43431 3739 49 the the DT 43431 3739 50 rib rib NN 43431 3739 51 , , , 43431 3739 52 and and CC 43431 3739 53 is be VBZ 43431 3739 54 derived derive VBN 43431 3739 55 from from IN 43431 3739 56 the the DT 43431 3739 57 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3739 58 or or CC 43431 3739 59 haemal haemal JJ 43431 3739 60 arch arch JJ 43431 3739 61 . . . 43431 3740 1 In in IN 43431 3740 2 the the DT 43431 3740 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 3740 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3740 5 and and CC 43431 3740 6 often often RB 43431 3740 7 also also RB 43431 3740 8 in in IN 43431 3740 9 the the DT 43431 3740 10 posterior posterior NNP 43431 3740 11 trunk trunk NN 43431 3740 12 vertebrae vertebrae VBZ 43431 3740 13 the the DT 43431 3740 14 two two CD 43431 3740 15 processes process NNS 43431 3740 16 are be VBP 43431 3740 17 fused fuse VBN 43431 3740 18 . . . 43431 3741 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3741 2 Siren Siren NNP 43431 3741 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3741 4 and and CC 43431 3741 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3741 6 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 3741 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3741 8 , , , 43431 3741 9 although although IN 43431 3741 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3741 11 possess possess VBP 43431 3741 12 minute minute NN 43431 3741 13 posterior posterior NN 43431 3741 14 limbs limb NNS 43431 3741 15 , , , 43431 3741 16 have have VBP 43431 3741 17 no no DT 43431 3741 18 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3741 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3741 20 , , , 43431 3741 21 while while IN 43431 3741 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3741 23 Cryptobranchus Cryptobranchus NNP 43431 3741 24 lateralis lateralis NNP 43431 3741 25 _ _ NNP 43431 3741 26 has have VBZ 43431 3741 27 two two CD 43431 3741 28 . . . 43431 3742 1 The the DT 43431 3742 2 caudal caudal JJ 43431 3742 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3742 4 , , , 43431 3742 5 except except IN 43431 3742 6 the the DT 43431 3742 7 first first JJ 43431 3742 8 , , , 43431 3742 9 have have VBP 43431 3742 10 haemal haemal JJ 43431 3742 11 arches arch NNS 43431 3742 12 very very RB 43431 3742 13 similar similar JJ 43431 3742 14 to to IN 43431 3742 15 the the DT 43431 3742 16 neural neural JJ 43431 3742 17 arches arch NNS 43431 3742 18 . . . 43431 3743 1 In in IN 43431 3743 2 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 3743 3 the the DT 43431 3743 4 centra centra NN 43431 3743 5 of of IN 43431 3743 6 the the DT 43431 3743 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3743 8 are be VBP 43431 3743 9 generally generally RB 43431 3743 10 well well RB 43431 3743 11 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3743 12 biconcave biconcave IN 43431 3743 13 discs disc NNS 43431 3743 14 . . . 43431 3744 1 In in IN 43431 3744 2 some some DT 43431 3744 3 forms form NNS 43431 3744 4 however however RB 43431 3744 5 , , , 43431 3744 6 like like IN 43431 3744 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3744 8 Euchirosaurus Euchirosaurus NNP 43431 3744 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3744 10 , , , 43431 3744 11 the the DT 43431 3744 12 centra centrum NNS 43431 3744 13 are be VBP 43431 3744 14 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 3744 15 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3744 16 , , , 43431 3744 17 and and CC 43431 3744 18 consist consist VB 43431 3744 19 of of IN 43431 3744 20 bony bony NN 43431 3744 21 rings ring NNS 43431 3744 22 traversed traverse VBN 43431 3744 23 by by IN 43431 3744 24 a a DT 43431 3744 25 wide wide JJ 43431 3744 26 notochordal notochordal JJ 43431 3744 27 canal canal NN 43431 3744 28 . . . 43431 3745 1 Each each DT 43431 3745 2 ring ring NN 43431 3745 3 is be VBZ 43431 3745 4 formed form VBN 43431 3745 5 of of IN 43431 3745 6 four four CD 43431 3745 7 pieces piece NNS 43431 3745 8 , , , 43431 3745 9 a a DT 43431 3745 10 large large JJ 43431 3745 11 well well RB 43431 3745 12 - - HYPH 43431 3745 13 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3745 14 neural neural JJ 43431 3745 15 arch arch NN 43431 3745 16 , , , 43431 3745 17 a a DT 43431 3745 18 basal basal NN 43431 3745 19 piece piece NN 43431 3745 20 , , , 43431 3745 21 and and CC 43431 3745 22 a a DT 43431 3745 23 pair pair NN 43431 3745 24 of of IN 43431 3745 25 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3745 26 pieces piece NNS 43431 3745 27 . . . 43431 3746 1 Vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3746 2 of of IN 43431 3746 3 this this DT 43431 3746 4 type type NN 43431 3746 5 are be VBP 43431 3746 6 called call VBN 43431 3746 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3746 8 rachitomous rachitomous JJ 43431 3746 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3746 10 . . . 43431 3747 1 In in IN 43431 3747 2 the the DT 43431 3747 3 tail tail NN 43431 3747 4 region region NN 43431 3747 5 of of IN 43431 3747 6 other other JJ 43431 3747 7 forms form NNS 43431 3747 8 each each DT 43431 3747 9 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3747 10 consists consist VBZ 43431 3747 11 of of IN 43431 3747 12 an an DT 43431 3747 13 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3747 14 centrum centrum NN 43431 3747 15 bearing bear VBG 43431 3747 16 the the DT 43431 3747 17 neural neural JJ 43431 3747 18 arch arch NNP 43431 3747 19 , , , 43431 3747 20 and and CC 43431 3747 21 a a DT 43431 3747 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 3747 23 intercentrum[61 intercentrum[61 NNP 43431 3747 24 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3747 25 bearing bear VBG 43431 3747 26 chevron chevron NN 43431 3747 27 bones bone NNS 43431 3747 28 . . . 43431 3748 1 Vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3748 2 of of IN 43431 3748 3 this this DT 43431 3748 4 type type NN 43431 3748 5 are be VBP 43431 3748 6 called call VBN 43431 3748 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3748 8 embolomerous embolomerous JJ 43431 3748 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3748 10 . . . 43431 3749 1 Haemal haemal JJ 43431 3749 2 arches arch VBZ 43431 3749 3 similar similar JJ 43431 3749 4 to to IN 43431 3749 5 the the DT 43431 3749 6 neural neural JJ 43431 3749 7 arches arch NNS 43431 3749 8 are be VBP 43431 3749 9 often often RB 43431 3749 10 found find VBN 43431 3749 11 as as IN 43431 3749 12 in in IN 43431 3749 13 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3749 14 . . . 43431 3750 1 The the DT 43431 3750 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3750 3 processes process NNS 43431 3750 4 are be VBP 43431 3750 5 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3750 6 well well RB 43431 3750 7 developed developed JJ 43431 3750 8 and and CC 43431 3750 9 are be VBP 43431 3750 10 divided divide VBN 43431 3750 11 into into IN 43431 3750 12 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 3750 13 and and CC 43431 3750 14 capitular capitular JJ 43431 3750 15 portions portion NNS 43431 3750 16 . . . 43431 3751 1 In in IN 43431 3751 2 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3751 3 the the DT 43431 3751 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3751 5 are be VBP 43431 3751 6 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 3751 7 and and CC 43431 3751 8 are be VBP 43431 3751 9 very very RB 43431 3751 10 numerous numerous JJ 43431 3751 11 , , , 43431 3751 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3751 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3751 14 number number VBP 43431 3751 15 about about RB 43431 3751 16 two two CD 43431 3751 17 hundred hundred CD 43431 3751 18 and and CC 43431 3751 19 thirty thirty CD 43431 3751 20 . . . 43431 3752 1 Only only RB 43431 3752 2 quite quite PDT 43431 3752 3 the the DT 43431 3752 4 last last JJ 43431 3752 5 few few JJ 43431 3752 6 are be VBP 43431 3752 7 ribless ribless JJ 43431 3752 8 and and CC 43431 3752 9 so so RB 43431 3752 10 can can MD 43431 3752 11 be be VB 43431 3752 12 regarded regard VBN 43431 3752 13 as as IN 43431 3752 14 post post JJ 43431 3752 15 - - JJ 43431 3752 16 thoracic thoracic JJ 43431 3752 17 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3752 18 . . . 43431 3753 1 The the DT 43431 3753 2 first first JJ 43431 3753 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3753 4 has have VBZ 43431 3753 5 nothing nothing NN 43431 3753 6 of of IN 43431 3753 7 the the DT 43431 3753 8 nature nature NN 43431 3753 9 of of IN 43431 3753 10 an an DT 43431 3753 11 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 3753 12 process process NN 43431 3753 13 . . . 43431 3754 1 In in IN 43431 3754 2 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3754 3 the the DT 43431 3754 4 number number NN 43431 3754 5 of of IN 43431 3754 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3754 7 is be VBZ 43431 3754 8 very very RB 43431 3754 9 greatly greatly RB 43431 3754 10 reduced reduce VBN 43431 3754 11 , , , 43431 3754 12 only only RB 43431 3754 13 nine nine CD 43431 3754 14 and and CC 43431 3754 15 the the DT 43431 3754 16 urostyle urostyle NNS 43431 3754 17 being be VBG 43431 3754 18 present present JJ 43431 3754 19 . . . 43431 3755 1 Of of IN 43431 3755 2 these these DT 43431 3755 3 , , , 43431 3755 4 eight eight CD 43431 3755 5 are be VBP 43431 3755 6 presacral presacral JJ 43431 3755 7 and and CC 43431 3755 8 one one CD 43431 3755 9 sacral sacral NN 43431 3755 10 . . . 43431 3756 1 The the DT 43431 3756 2 urostyle urostyle NN 43431 3756 3 is be VBZ 43431 3756 4 post post JJ 43431 3756 5 - - JJ 43431 3756 6 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3756 7 and and CC 43431 3756 8 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 3756 9 to to IN 43431 3756 10 three three CD 43431 3756 11 or or CC 43431 3756 12 more more RBR 43431 3756 13 modified modify VBN 43431 3756 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3756 15 . . . 43431 3757 1 The the DT 43431 3757 2 first first JJ 43431 3757 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3757 4 is be VBZ 43431 3757 5 without without IN 43431 3757 6 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3757 7 processes process NNS 43431 3757 8 , , , 43431 3757 9 the the DT 43431 3757 10 remaining remain VBG 43431 3757 11 presacral presacral JJ 43431 3757 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3757 13 have have VBP 43431 3757 14 the the DT 43431 3757 15 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3757 16 processes process NNS 43431 3757 17 fairly fairly RB 43431 3757 18 large large JJ 43431 3757 19 , , , 43431 3757 20 while while IN 43431 3757 21 the the DT 43431 3757 22 sacral sacral JJ 43431 3757 23 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3757 24 has have VBZ 43431 3757 25 them -PRON- PRP 43431 3757 26 very very RB 43431 3757 27 large large JJ 43431 3757 28 , , , 43431 3757 29 forming form VBG 43431 3757 30 in in IN 43431 3757 31 some some DT 43431 3757 32 genera genera NN 43431 3757 33 widely widely RB 43431 3757 34 expanded expand VBN 43431 3757 35 plates plate NNS 43431 3757 36 . . . 43431 3758 1 The the DT 43431 3758 2 urostyle urostyle NN 43431 3758 3 is be VBZ 43431 3758 4 a a DT 43431 3758 5 long long JJ 43431 3758 6 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 3758 7 rod rod NN 43431 3758 8 which which WDT 43431 3758 9 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 3758 10 with with IN 43431 3758 11 the the DT 43431 3758 12 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 3758 13 generally generally RB 43431 3758 14 by by IN 43431 3758 15 two two CD 43431 3758 16 facets facet NNS 43431 3758 17 . . . 43431 3759 1 Ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 3759 2 to to IN 43431 3759 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3759 4 anterior anterior NN 43431 3759 5 end end NN 43431 3759 6 are be VBP 43431 3759 7 the the DT 43431 3759 8 remains remain NNS 43431 3759 9 of of IN 43431 3759 10 two two CD 43431 3759 11 neural neural JJ 43431 3759 12 arches arch NNS 43431 3759 13 . . . 43431 3760 1 In in IN 43431 3760 2 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3760 3 remains remain VBZ 43431 3760 4 of of IN 43431 3760 5 the the DT 43431 3760 6 notochord notochord NN 43431 3760 7 are be VBP 43431 3760 8 found find VBN 43431 3760 9 in in IN 43431 3760 10 the the DT 43431 3760 11 centre centre NN 43431 3760 12 of of IN 43431 3760 13 each each DT 43431 3760 14 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3760 15 , , , 43431 3760 16 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 3761 1 vertebrally vertebrally RB 43431 3761 2 , , , 43431 3761 3 while while IN 43431 3761 4 in in IN 43431 3761 5 the the DT 43431 3761 6 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3761 7 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3761 8 only only RB 43431 3761 9 occur occur VBP 43431 3761 10 intervertebrally intervertebrally RB 43431 3761 11 . . . 43431 3762 1 The the DT 43431 3762 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3762 3 in in IN 43431 3762 4 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3762 5 are be VBP 43431 3762 6 , , , 43431 3762 7 as as IN 43431 3762 8 a a DT 43431 3762 9 rule rule NN 43431 3762 10 , , , 43431 3762 11 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 3762 12 . . . 43431 3763 1 The the DT 43431 3763 2 eighth eighth JJ 43431 3763 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3763 4 is be VBZ 43431 3763 5 however however RB 43431 3763 6 generally generally RB 43431 3763 7 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 3763 8 , , , 43431 3763 9 while while IN 43431 3763 10 the the DT 43431 3763 11 ninth ninth JJ 43431 3763 12 commonly commonly RB 43431 3763 13 has have VBZ 43431 3763 14 one one CD 43431 3763 15 convexity convexity NN 43431 3763 16 in in IN 43431 3763 17 front front NN 43431 3763 18 , , , 43431 3763 19 and and CC 43431 3763 20 two two CD 43431 3763 21 behind behind RB 43431 3763 22 . . . 43431 3764 1 In in IN 43431 3764 2 some some DT 43431 3764 3 forms form NNS 43431 3764 4 such such JJ 43431 3764 5 as as IN 43431 3764 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 7 Bombinator Bombinator NNP 43431 3764 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 9 , , , 43431 3764 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 11 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 3764 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 13 , , , 43431 3764 14 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 15 Discoglossus Discoglossus NNP 43431 3764 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 17 and and CC 43431 3764 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 19 Alytes Alytes NNP 43431 3764 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3764 22 are be VBP 43431 3764 23 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 3764 24 ; ; : 43431 3764 25 in in IN 43431 3764 26 others other NNS 43431 3764 27 like like IN 43431 3764 28 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 29 Pelobates Pelobates NNP 43431 3764 30 _ _ NNP 43431 3764 31 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3764 32 are be VBP 43431 3764 33 variable variable JJ 43431 3764 34 . . . 43431 3765 1 THE the DT 43431 3765 2 SKULL[62 SKULL[62 NNP 43431 3765 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3765 4 . . . 43431 3766 1 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 3766 2 AND and CC 43431 3766 3 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNP 43431 3766 4 . . . 43431 3767 1 In in IN 43431 3767 2 the the DT 43431 3767 3 Amphibian amphibian JJ 43431 3767 4 skull skull NN 43431 3767 5 there there EX 43431 3767 6 are be VBP 43431 3767 7 as as IN 43431 3767 8 a a DT 43431 3767 9 rule rule NN 43431 3767 10 far far RB 43431 3767 11 fewer few JJR 43431 3767 12 bones bone NNS 43431 3767 13 than than IN 43431 3767 14 in in IN 43431 3767 15 the the DT 43431 3767 16 skull skull NN 43431 3767 17 of of IN 43431 3767 18 bony bony NN 43431 3767 19 fish fish NN 43431 3767 20 . . . 43431 3768 1 The the DT 43431 3768 2 primordial primordial JJ 43431 3768 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3768 4 cranium cranium NN 43431 3768 5 often often RB 43431 3768 6 persists persist VBZ 43431 3768 7 to to IN 43431 3768 8 a a DT 43431 3768 9 great great JJ 43431 3768 10 extent extent NN 43431 3768 11 . . . 43431 3769 1 Only only RB 43431 3769 2 quite quite PDT 43431 3769 3 a a DT 43431 3769 4 few few JJ 43431 3769 5 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 3769 6 take take VBP 43431 3769 7 place place NN 43431 3769 8 in in IN 43431 3769 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3769 10 ; ; : 43431 3769 11 namely namely RB 43431 3769 12 in in IN 43431 3769 13 the the DT 43431 3769 14 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3769 15 region region NN 43431 3769 16 -- -- : 43431 3769 17 the the DT 43431 3769 18 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3769 19 , , , 43431 3769 20 further further JJ 43431 3769 21 forwards forwards RB 43431 3769 22 -- -- : 43431 3769 23 the the DT 43431 3769 24 pro pro JJ 43431 3769 25 - - NNS 43431 3769 26 otics otics JJ 43431 3769 27 , , , 43431 3769 28 and and CC 43431 3769 29 at at IN 43431 3769 30 the the DT 43431 3769 31 boundary boundary NN 43431 3769 32 of of IN 43431 3769 33 the the DT 43431 3769 34 orbital orbital JJ 43431 3769 35 and and CC 43431 3769 36 ethmoidal ethmoidal JJ 43431 3769 37 regions region NNS 43431 3769 38 -- -- : 43431 3769 39 the the DT 43431 3769 40 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3769 41 . . . 43431 3770 1 The the DT 43431 3770 2 basi basi NN 43431 3770 3 - - HYPH 43431 3770 4 occipital occipital NN 43431 3770 5 and and CC 43431 3770 6 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 3770 7 are be VBP 43431 3770 8 never never RB 43431 3770 9 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3770 10 . . . 43431 3771 1 As as IN 43431 3771 2 in in IN 43431 3771 3 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 3771 4 there there EX 43431 3771 5 are be VBP 43431 3771 6 two two CD 43431 3771 7 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3771 8 condyles condyle NNS 43431 3771 9 formed form VBN 43431 3771 10 by by IN 43431 3771 11 the the DT 43431 3771 12 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3771 13 . . . 43431 3772 1 Large large JJ 43431 3772 2 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 3772 3 commonly commonly RB 43431 3772 4 occur occur VBP 43431 3772 5 in in IN 43431 3772 6 the the DT 43431 3772 7 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3772 8 of of IN 43431 3772 9 both both DT 43431 3772 10 floor floor NN 43431 3772 11 and and CC 43431 3772 12 roof roof NN 43431 3772 13 of of IN 43431 3772 14 the the DT 43431 3772 15 primordial primordial JJ 43431 3772 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 3772 17 . . . 43431 3773 1 These these DT 43431 3773 2 are be VBP 43431 3773 3 roofed roof VBN 43431 3773 4 over over RP 43431 3773 5 to to IN 43431 3773 6 a a DT 43431 3773 7 greater great JJR 43431 3773 8 or or CC 43431 3773 9 less less JJR 43431 3773 10 extent extent NN 43431 3773 11 by by IN 43431 3773 12 the the DT 43431 3773 13 development development NN 43431 3773 14 of of IN 43431 3773 15 membrane membrane NN 43431 3773 16 bone bone NN 43431 3773 17 . . . 43431 3774 1 Thus thus RB 43431 3774 2 on on IN 43431 3774 3 the the DT 43431 3774 4 roof roof NN 43431 3774 5 of of IN 43431 3774 6 the the DT 43431 3774 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 3774 8 there there EX 43431 3774 9 are be VBP 43431 3774 10 paired pair VBN 43431 3774 11 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3774 12 , , , 43431 3774 13 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3774 14 , , , 43431 3774 15 and and CC 43431 3774 16 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3774 17 , , , 43431 3774 18 and and CC 43431 3774 19 on on IN 43431 3774 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3774 21 floor floor NN 43431 3774 22 are be VBP 43431 3774 23 paired pair VBN 43431 3774 24 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3774 25 , , , 43431 3774 26 and and CC 43431 3774 27 a a DT 43431 3774 28 median median JJ 43431 3774 29 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 3774 30 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3774 31 . . . 43431 3775 1 In in IN 43431 3775 2 all all DT 43431 3775 3 living live VBG 43431 3775 4 forms form NNS 43431 3775 5 the the DT 43431 3775 6 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3775 7 meet meet VBP 43431 3775 8 and and CC 43431 3775 9 there there EX 43431 3775 10 is be VBZ 43431 3775 11 no no DT 43431 3775 12 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 3775 13 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3775 14 , , , 43431 3775 15 though though IN 43431 3775 16 this this DT 43431 3775 17 exists exist VBZ 43431 3775 18 in in IN 43431 3775 19 Labyrinthodonts Labyrinthodonts NNP 43431 3775 20 . . . 43431 3776 1 The the DT 43431 3776 2 palato palato NN 43431 3776 3 - - HYPH 43431 3776 4 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 3776 5 - - HYPH 43431 3776 6 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 3776 7 bar bar NN 43431 3776 8 is be VBZ 43431 3776 9 united united JJ 43431 3776 10 at at IN 43431 3776 11 each each DT 43431 3776 12 end end NN 43431 3776 13 with with IN 43431 3776 14 the the DT 43431 3776 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 3776 16 , , , 43431 3776 17 but but CC 43431 3776 18 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 3776 19 in in IN 43431 3776 20 most most JJS 43431 3776 21 cases case NNS 43431 3776 22 forms form VBZ 43431 3776 23 a a DT 43431 3776 24 wide wide JJ 43431 3776 25 arch arch JJ 43431 3776 26 standing stand VBG 43431 3776 27 away away RB 43431 3776 28 from from IN 43431 3776 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3776 30 . . . 43431 3777 1 The the DT 43431 3777 2 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3777 3 is be VBZ 43431 3777 4 , , , 43431 3777 5 as as IN 43431 3777 6 in in IN 43431 3777 7 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 3777 8 and and CC 43431 3777 9 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 3777 10 , , , 43431 3777 11 autostylic autostylic NN 43431 3777 12 . . . 43431 3778 1 The the DT 43431 3778 2 palato palato NN 43431 3778 3 - - HYPH 43431 3778 4 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 3778 5 - - HYPH 43431 3778 6 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 3778 7 bar bar NN 43431 3778 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3778 9 remains remain VBZ 43431 3778 10 entirely entirely RB 43431 3778 11 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3778 12 , , , 43431 3778 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3778 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3778 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 3778 16 half half NN 43431 3778 17 is be VBZ 43431 3778 18 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3778 19 forming form VBG 43431 3778 20 the the DT 43431 3778 21 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 3778 22 . . . 43431 3779 1 In in IN 43431 3779 2 connection connection NN 43431 3779 3 with with IN 43431 3779 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3779 5 a a DT 43431 3779 6 number number NN 43431 3779 7 of of IN 43431 3779 8 membrane membrane NN 43431 3779 9 bones bone NNS 43431 3779 10 are be VBP 43431 3779 11 generally generally RB 43431 3779 12 developed develop VBN 43431 3779 13 , , , 43431 3779 14 viz viz NN 43431 3779 15 . . . 43431 3780 1 the the DT 43431 3780 2 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3780 3 , , , 43431 3780 4 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3780 5 , , , 43431 3780 6 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3780 7 , , , 43431 3780 8 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 3780 9 , , , 43431 3780 10 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 3780 11 , , , 43431 3780 12 and and CC 43431 3780 13 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 3780 14 . . . 43431 3781 1 The the DT 43431 3781 2 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 3781 3 are be VBP 43431 3781 4 , , , 43431 3781 5 however however RB 43431 3781 6 , , , 43431 3781 7 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3781 8 partially partially RB 43431 3781 9 formed form VBN 43431 3781 10 by by IN 43431 3781 11 the the DT 43431 3781 12 ossification ossification NN 43431 3781 13 of of IN 43431 3781 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3781 15 . . . 43431 3782 1 The the DT 43431 3782 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3782 3 of of IN 43431 3782 4 the the DT 43431 3782 5 lower low JJR 43431 3782 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 3782 7 and and CC 43431 3782 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3782 9 investing invest VBG 43431 3782 10 membrane membrane NN 43431 3782 11 bones bone NNS 43431 3782 12 generally generally RB 43431 3782 13 have have VBP 43431 3782 14 much much RB 43431 3782 15 the the DT 43431 3782 16 same same JJ 43431 3782 17 relations relation NNS 43431 3782 18 as as IN 43431 3782 19 in in IN 43431 3782 20 bony bony NNP 43431 3782 21 fishes fish NNS 43431 3782 22 . . . 43431 3783 1 URODELA urodela NN 43431 3783 2 . . . 43431 3784 1 The the DT 43431 3784 2 skulls skull NNS 43431 3784 3 of of IN 43431 3784 4 the the DT 43431 3784 5 various various JJ 43431 3784 6 Urodeles Urodeles NNP 43431 3784 7 show show VBP 43431 3784 8 an an DT 43431 3784 9 interesting interesting JJ 43431 3784 10 series series NN 43431 3784 11 of of IN 43431 3784 12 modifications modification NNS 43431 3784 13 and and CC 43431 3784 14 differ differ VBP 43431 3784 15 much much RB 43431 3784 16 from from IN 43431 3784 17 one one CD 43431 3784 18 another another DT 43431 3784 19 , , , 43431 3784 20 but but CC 43431 3784 21 all all DT 43431 3784 22 agree agree VBP 43431 3784 23 in in IN 43431 3784 24 the the DT 43431 3784 25 absence absence NN 43431 3784 26 of of IN 43431 3784 27 the the DT 43431 3784 28 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 3784 29 , , , 43431 3784 30 in in IN 43431 3784 31 the the DT 43431 3784 32 fact fact NN 43431 3784 33 that that IN 43431 3784 34 the the DT 43431 3784 35 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3784 36 lie lie VBP 43431 3784 37 parallel parallel RB 43431 3784 38 to to IN 43431 3784 39 the the DT 43431 3784 40 axis axi NNS 43431 3784 41 of of IN 43431 3784 42 the the DT 43431 3784 43 cranium cranium NN 43431 3784 44 , , , 43431 3784 45 and and CC 43431 3784 46 in in IN 43431 3784 47 the the DT 43431 3784 48 large large JJ 43431 3784 49 size size NN 43431 3784 50 of of IN 43431 3784 51 the the DT 43431 3784 52 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3784 53 . . . 43431 3785 1 The the DT 43431 3785 2 lower low JJR 43431 3785 3 types type NNS 43431 3785 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3785 5 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3785 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3785 7 , , , 43431 3785 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3785 9 Siren Siren NNP 43431 3785 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3785 11 , , , 43431 3785 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3785 13 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 3785 14 _ _ NNP 43431 3785 15 , , , 43431 3785 16 and and CC 43431 3785 17 _ _ NNP 43431 3785 18 Amphiuma Amphiuma NNP 43431 3785 19 _ _ NNP 43431 3785 20 have have VBP 43431 3785 21 longer long JJR 43431 3785 22 and and CC 43431 3785 23 narrower narrow JJR 43431 3785 24 skulls skull NNS 43431 3785 25 than than IN 43431 3785 26 do do VBP 43431 3785 27 the the DT 43431 3785 28 higher high JJR 43431 3785 29 types type NNS 43431 3785 30 . . . 43431 3786 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3786 2 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3786 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3786 4 has have VBZ 43431 3786 5 a a DT 43431 3786 6 very very RB 43431 3786 7 low low JJ 43431 3786 8 type type NN 43431 3786 9 of of IN 43431 3786 10 skull skull NN 43431 3786 11 which which WDT 43431 3786 12 remains remain VBZ 43431 3786 13 throughout throughout IN 43431 3786 14 life life NN 43431 3786 15 in in IN 43431 3786 16 much much RB 43431 3786 17 the the DT 43431 3786 18 same same JJ 43431 3786 19 condition condition NN 43431 3786 20 as as IN 43431 3786 21 that that DT 43431 3786 22 of of IN 43431 3786 23 a a DT 43431 3786 24 young young JJ 43431 3786 25 tadpole tadpole NN 43431 3786 26 or or CC 43431 3786 27 larval larval NN 43431 3786 28 salamander salamander JJ 43431 3786 29 . . . 43431 3787 1 The the DT 43431 3787 2 roof roof NN 43431 3787 3 and and CC 43431 3787 4 floor floor NN 43431 3787 5 of of IN 43431 3787 6 the the DT 43431 3787 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 3787 8 internal internal JJ 43431 3787 9 to to IN 43431 3787 10 the the DT 43431 3787 11 membrane membrane NN 43431 3787 12 bones bone NNS 43431 3787 13 are be VBP 43431 3787 14 formed form VBN 43431 3787 15 of of IN 43431 3787 16 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 3787 17 tissue tissue NN 43431 3787 18 , , , 43431 3787 19 not not RB 43431 3787 20 of of IN 43431 3787 21 well well RB 43431 3787 22 - - HYPH 43431 3787 23 developed develop VBN 43431 3787 24 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3787 25 . . . 43431 3788 1 The the DT 43431 3788 2 epi epi JJ 43431 3788 3 - - HYPH 43431 3788 4 otic otic JJ 43431 3788 5 regions region NNS 43431 3788 6 of of IN 43431 3788 7 the the DT 43431 3788 8 skull skull NN 43431 3788 9 are be VBP 43431 3788 10 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3788 11 , , , 43431 3788 12 forming form VBG 43431 3788 13 a a DT 43431 3788 14 pair pair NN 43431 3788 15 of of IN 43431 3788 16 large large JJ 43431 3788 17 bones bone NNS 43431 3788 18 which which WDT 43431 3788 19 lie lie VBP 43431 3788 20 external external JJ 43431 3788 21 to to IN 43431 3788 22 , , , 43431 3788 23 and and CC 43431 3788 24 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3788 25 from from IN 43431 3788 26 , , , 43431 3788 27 the the DT 43431 3788 28 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3788 29 . . . 43431 3789 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3789 2 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 3789 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3789 4 and and CC 43431 3789 5 the the DT 43431 3789 6 Labyrinthodonts labyrinthodont NNS 43431 3789 7 are be VBP 43431 3789 8 the the DT 43431 3789 9 only only JJ 43431 3789 10 other other JJ 43431 3789 11 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3789 12 which which WDT 43431 3789 13 have have VBP 43431 3789 14 these these DT 43431 3789 15 elements element NNS 43431 3789 16 separately separately RB 43431 3789 17 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3789 18 . . . 43431 3790 1 The the DT 43431 3790 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3790 3 send send VBP 43431 3790 4 a a DT 43431 3790 5 pair pair NN 43431 3790 6 of of IN 43431 3790 7 long long JJ 43431 3790 8 processes process NNS 43431 3790 9 forwards forwards RB 43431 3790 10 along along IN 43431 3790 11 the the DT 43431 3790 12 sides side NNS 43431 3790 13 of of IN 43431 3790 14 the the DT 43431 3790 15 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3790 16 . . . 43431 3791 1 Nasals nasal NNS 43431 3791 2 and and CC 43431 3791 3 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3791 4 are be VBP 43431 3791 5 absent absent JJ 43431 3791 6 , , , 43431 3791 7 as as IN 43431 3791 8 is be VBZ 43431 3791 9 likewise likewise RB 43431 3791 10 the the DT 43431 3791 11 case case NN 43431 3791 12 in in IN 43431 3791 13 _ _ NNP 43431 3791 14 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 3791 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3791 16 . . . 43431 3792 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 3792 2 are be VBP 43431 3792 3 borne bear VBN 43431 3792 4 on on IN 43431 3792 5 the the DT 43431 3792 6 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3792 7 , , , 43431 3792 8 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3792 9 , , , 43431 3792 10 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 3792 11 , , , 43431 3792 12 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 3792 13 and and CC 43431 3792 14 angulo angulo JJ 43431 3792 15 - - HYPH 43431 3792 16 splenials splenial NNS 43431 3792 17 . . . 43431 3793 1 The the DT 43431 3793 2 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3793 3 is be VBZ 43431 3793 4 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 3793 5 directed direct VBN 43431 3793 6 . . . 43431 3794 1 The the DT 43431 3794 2 skull skull NN 43431 3794 3 of of IN 43431 3794 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3794 5 Siren Siren NNP 43431 3794 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3794 7 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 3794 8 that that IN 43431 3794 9 of of IN 43431 3794 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3794 11 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3794 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3794 13 in in IN 43431 3794 14 several several JJ 43431 3794 15 respects respect NNS 43431 3794 16 , , , 43431 3794 17 as as IN 43431 3794 18 in in IN 43431 3794 19 the the DT 43431 3794 20 forward forward JJ 43431 3794 21 direction direction NN 43431 3794 22 of of IN 43431 3794 23 the the DT 43431 3794 24 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3794 25 and and CC 43431 3794 26 in in IN 43431 3794 27 the the DT 43431 3794 28 absence absence NN 43431 3794 29 of of IN 43431 3794 30 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3794 31 , , , 43431 3794 32 but but CC 43431 3794 33 differs differ NNS 43431 3794 34 in in IN 43431 3794 35 the the DT 43431 3794 36 possession possession NN 43431 3794 37 of of IN 43431 3794 38 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3794 39 , , , 43431 3794 40 in in IN 43431 3794 41 the the DT 43431 3794 42 toothless toothless JJ 43431 3794 43 condition condition NN 43431 3794 44 of of IN 43431 3794 45 the the DT 43431 3794 46 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3794 47 and and CC 43431 3794 48 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 3794 49 , , , 43431 3794 50 and and CC 43431 3794 51 in in IN 43431 3794 52 the the DT 43431 3794 53 fusion fusion NN 43431 3794 54 and and CC 43431 3794 55 dentigerous dentigerous JJ 43431 3794 56 condition condition NN 43431 3794 57 of of IN 43431 3794 58 the the DT 43431 3794 59 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3794 60 and and CC 43431 3794 61 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3794 62 . . . 43431 3795 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3795 2 Amphiuma Amphiuma NNP 43431 3795 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3795 4 has have VBZ 43431 3795 5 a a DT 43431 3795 6 skull skull NN 43431 3795 7 which which WDT 43431 3795 8 , , , 43431 3795 9 though though IN 43431 3795 10 narrow narrow JJ 43431 3795 11 and and CC 43431 3795 12 elongated elongated JJ 43431 3795 13 , , , 43431 3795 14 differs differ VBZ 43431 3795 15 from from IN 43431 3795 16 those those DT 43431 3795 17 of of IN 43431 3795 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3795 19 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3795 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3795 21 , , , 43431 3795 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3795 23 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 3795 24 _ _ NNP 43431 3795 25 , , , 43431 3795 26 and and CC 43431 3795 27 _ _ NNP 43431 3795 28 Siren Siren NNP 43431 3795 29 _ _ NNP 43431 3795 30 , , , 43431 3795 31 and and CC 43431 3795 32 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 3795 33 those those DT 43431 3795 34 of of IN 43431 3795 35 higher high JJR 43431 3795 36 types type NNS 43431 3795 37 in in IN 43431 3795 38 the the DT 43431 3795 39 following following NN 43431 3795 40 respects:-- respects:-- JJ 43431 3795 41 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3795 42 1 1 LS 43431 3795 43 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3795 44 the the DT 43431 3795 45 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3795 46 projects project VBZ 43431 3795 47 nearly nearly RB 43431 3795 48 at at IN 43431 3795 49 right right JJ 43431 3795 50 angles angle NNS 43431 3795 51 to to IN 43431 3795 52 the the DT 43431 3795 53 cranium cranium NN 43431 3795 54 instead instead RB 43431 3795 55 of of IN 43431 3795 56 being be VBG 43431 3795 57 directed direct VBN 43431 3795 58 forwards forward NNS 43431 3795 59 , , , 43431 3795 60 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3795 61 2 2 LS 43431 3795 62 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3795 63 the the DT 43431 3795 64 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3795 65 are be VBP 43431 3795 66 well well RB 43431 3795 67 developed developed JJ 43431 3795 68 , , , 43431 3795 69 and and CC 43431 3795 70 the the DT 43431 3795 71 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 3795 72 are be VBP 43431 3795 73 completely completely RB 43431 3795 74 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 3795 75 together together RB 43431 3795 76 , , , 43431 3795 77 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3795 78 3 3 LS 43431 3795 79 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3795 80 there there EX 43431 3795 81 are be VBP 43431 3795 82 no no DT 43431 3795 83 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3795 84 . . . 43431 3796 1 The the DT 43431 3796 2 skulls skull NNS 43431 3796 3 of of IN 43431 3796 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 5 Megalobatrachus Megalobatrachus NNP 43431 3796 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 7 , , , 43431 3796 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 9 Cryptobranchus Cryptobranchus NNP 43431 3796 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 11 and and CC 43431 3796 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 13 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3796 14 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 15 resemble resemble VBP 43431 3796 16 those those DT 43431 3796 17 of of IN 43431 3796 18 the the DT 43431 3796 19 highest high JJS 43431 3796 20 Urodeles Urodeles NNP 43431 3796 21 the the DT 43431 3796 22 Salamanders Salamanders NNPS 43431 3796 23 in in IN 43431 3796 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3796 25 wide wide JJ 43431 3796 26 form form NN 43431 3796 27 , , , 43431 3796 28 in in IN 43431 3796 29 having have VBG 43431 3796 30 the the DT 43431 3796 31 pro pro JJ 43431 3796 32 - - JJ 43431 3796 33 otics otics JJ 43431 3796 34 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3796 35 from from IN 43431 3796 36 the the DT 43431 3796 37 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3796 38 which which WDT 43431 3796 39 are be VBP 43431 3796 40 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3796 41 continuously continuously RB 43431 3796 42 with with IN 43431 3796 43 the the DT 43431 3796 44 epi epi NN 43431 3796 45 - - HYPH 43431 3796 46 otics otic NNS 43431 3796 47 and and CC 43431 3796 48 opisthotics opisthotic NNS 43431 3796 49 , , , 43431 3796 50 and and CC 43431 3796 51 in in IN 43431 3796 52 having have VBG 43431 3796 53 no no DT 43431 3796 54 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3796 55 , , , 43431 3796 56 but but CC 43431 3796 57 differ differ VBP 43431 3796 58 in in IN 43431 3796 59 having have VBG 43431 3796 60 the the DT 43431 3796 61 two two CD 43431 3796 62 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 3796 63 separate separate JJ 43431 3796 64 , , , 43431 3796 65 and and CC 43431 3796 66 in in IN 43431 3796 67 the the DT 43431 3796 68 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 3796 69 of of IN 43431 3796 70 the the DT 43431 3796 71 vomerine vomerine NN 43431 3796 72 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3796 73 which which WDT 43431 3796 74 in in IN 43431 3796 75 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 76 Megalobatrachus Megalobatrachus NNP 43431 3796 77 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 78 and and CC 43431 3796 79 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 80 Cryptobranchus Cryptobranchus NNP 43431 3796 81 _ _ NNP 43431 3796 82 are be VBP 43431 3796 83 placed place VBN 43431 3796 84 along along IN 43431 3796 85 the the DT 43431 3796 86 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3796 87 boundaries boundary NNS 43431 3796 88 of of IN 43431 3796 89 the the DT 43431 3796 90 bones bone NNS 43431 3796 91 , , , 43431 3796 92 these these DT 43431 3796 93 meeting meeting NN 43431 3796 94 in in IN 43431 3796 95 the the DT 43431 3796 96 middle middle JJ 43431 3796 97 line line NN 43431 3796 98 . . . 43431 3797 1 In in IN 43431 3797 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3797 3 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3797 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3797 5 the the DT 43431 3797 6 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3797 7 are be VBP 43431 3797 8 separated separate VBN 43431 3797 9 by by IN 43431 3797 10 the the DT 43431 3797 11 very very RB 43431 3797 12 large large JJ 43431 3797 13 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3797 14 . . . 43431 3798 1 The the DT 43431 3798 2 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3798 3 in in IN 43431 3798 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3798 5 Megalobatrachus Megalobatrachus NNP 43431 3798 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3798 7 and and CC 43431 3798 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3798 9 Cryptobranchus Cryptobranchus NNP 43431 3798 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3798 11 projects project NNS 43431 3798 12 at at IN 43431 3798 13 right right JJ 43431 3798 14 angles angle NNS 43431 3798 15 to to IN 43431 3798 16 the the DT 43431 3798 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 3798 18 ; ; : 43431 3798 19 in in IN 43431 3798 20 _ _ NNP 43431 3798 21 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3798 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3798 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3798 24 projects project VBZ 43431 3798 25 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 3798 26 downwards downwards RB 43431 3798 27 and and CC 43431 3798 28 forwards forwards RB 43431 3798 29 as as IN 43431 3798 30 in in IN 43431 3798 31 the the DT 43431 3798 32 Salamandrina Salamandrina NNP 43431 3798 33 . . . 43431 3799 1 Modifications modification NNS 43431 3799 2 of of IN 43431 3799 3 the the DT 43431 3799 4 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3799 5 , , , 43431 3799 6 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 3799 7 and and CC 43431 3799 8 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3799 9 accompany accompany VBP 43431 3799 10 the the DT 43431 3799 11 changes change NNS 43431 3799 12 of of IN 43431 3799 13 the the DT 43431 3799 14 larval larval NN 43431 3799 15 ichthyoid ichthyoid NN 43431 3799 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3799 17 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3799 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3799 19 into into IN 43431 3799 20 the the DT 43431 3799 21 adult adult NN 43431 3799 22 salamandroid salamandroid NN 43431 3799 23 _ _ NNP 43431 3799 24 Amblystoma Amblystoma NNP 43431 3799 25 _ _ NNP 43431 3799 26 , , , 43431 3799 27 the the DT 43431 3799 28 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3799 29 especially especially RB 43431 3799 30 come come VBP 43431 3799 31 to to TO 43431 3799 32 resemble resemble VB 43431 3799 33 to to IN 43431 3799 34 a a DT 43431 3799 35 much much RB 43431 3799 36 greater great JJR 43431 3799 37 extent extent NN 43431 3799 38 those those DT 43431 3799 39 of of IN 43431 3799 40 the the DT 43431 3799 41 Salamandrina Salamandrina NNP 43431 3799 42 . . . 43431 3800 1 The the DT 43431 3800 2 ossification ossification NN 43431 3800 3 of of IN 43431 3800 4 the the DT 43431 3800 5 skull skull NN 43431 3800 6 in in IN 43431 3800 7 the the DT 43431 3800 8 Salamandrina Salamandrina NNP 43431 3800 9 is be VBZ 43431 3800 10 carried carry VBN 43431 3800 11 further further RB 43431 3800 12 than than IN 43431 3800 13 in in IN 43431 3800 14 the the DT 43431 3800 15 Ichthyoidea Ichthyoidea NNP 43431 3800 16 , , , 43431 3800 17 though though IN 43431 3800 18 the the DT 43431 3800 19 supra supra NNP 43431 3800 20 - - HYPH 43431 3800 21 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3800 22 and and CC 43431 3800 23 basi basi NN 43431 3800 24 - - HYPH 43431 3800 25 occipital occipital NN 43431 3800 26 are be VBP 43431 3800 27 not not RB 43431 3800 28 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3800 29 . . . 43431 3801 1 The the DT 43431 3801 2 skull skull NN 43431 3801 3 differs differ VBZ 43431 3801 4 from from IN 43431 3801 5 that that DT 43431 3801 6 in in IN 43431 3801 7 the the DT 43431 3801 8 Ichthyoidea Ichthyoidea NNP 43431 3801 9 in in IN 43431 3801 10 the the DT 43431 3801 11 size size NN 43431 3801 12 of of IN 43431 3801 13 the the DT 43431 3801 14 part part NN 43431 3801 15 of of IN 43431 3801 16 the the DT 43431 3801 17 vomero vomero NN 43431 3801 18 - - HYPH 43431 3801 19 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3801 20 which which WDT 43431 3801 21 lies lie VBZ 43431 3801 22 in in IN 43431 3801 23 front front NN 43431 3801 24 of of IN 43431 3801 25 the the DT 43431 3801 26 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3801 27 , , , 43431 3801 28 in in IN 43431 3801 29 the the DT 43431 3801 30 frequent frequent JJ 43431 3801 31 union union NNP 43431 3801 32 of of IN 43431 3801 33 the the DT 43431 3801 34 two two CD 43431 3801 35 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 3801 36 and and CC 43431 3801 37 in in IN 43431 3801 38 the the DT 43431 3801 39 ossification ossification NN 43431 3801 40 of of IN 43431 3801 41 all all PDT 43431 3801 42 the the DT 43431 3801 43 periotic periotic JJ 43431 3801 44 bones bone NNS 43431 3801 45 continuously continuously RB 43431 3801 46 with with IN 43431 3801 47 the the DT 43431 3801 48 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 3801 49 . . . 43431 3802 1 The the DT 43431 3802 2 skull skull NN 43431 3802 3 differs differ VBZ 43431 3802 4 from from IN 43431 3802 5 that that DT 43431 3802 6 of of IN 43431 3802 7 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3802 8 in in IN 43431 3802 9 the the DT 43431 3802 10 following following NN 43431 3802 11 respects:-- respects:-- JJ 43431 3802 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3802 13 1 1 LS 43431 3802 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3802 15 the the DT 43431 3802 16 bones bone NNS 43431 3802 17 of of IN 43431 3802 18 the the DT 43431 3802 19 upper upper JJ 43431 3802 20 jaw jaw NN 43431 3802 21 do do VBP 43431 3802 22 not not RB 43431 3802 23 form form VB 43431 3802 24 a a DT 43431 3802 25 complete complete JJ 43431 3802 26 arch arch NN 43431 3802 27 standing stand VBG 43431 3802 28 away away RB 43431 3802 29 from from IN 43431 3802 30 the the DT 43431 3802 31 cranium cranium NN 43431 3802 32 , , , 43431 3802 33 and and CC 43431 3802 34 the the DT 43431 3802 35 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3802 36 are be VBP 43431 3802 37 not not RB 43431 3802 38 united united JJ 43431 3802 39 to to IN 43431 3802 40 the the DT 43431 3802 41 quadrates quadrate NNS 43431 3802 42 by by IN 43431 3802 43 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 3802 44 , , , 43431 3802 45 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3802 46 2 2 LS 43431 3802 47 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3802 48 the the DT 43431 3802 49 long long JJ 43431 3802 50 axis axis NN 43431 3802 51 of of IN 43431 3802 52 the the DT 43431 3802 53 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3802 54 passes pass VBZ 43431 3802 55 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 3802 56 downwards downwards RB 43431 3802 57 and and CC 43431 3802 58 forwards forwards RB 43431 3802 59 instead instead RB 43431 3802 60 of of IN 43431 3802 61 downwards downward NNS 43431 3802 62 and and CC 43431 3802 63 backwards backwards RB 43431 3802 64 , , , 43431 3802 65 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3802 66 3 3 LS 43431 3802 67 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3802 68 there there EX 43431 3802 69 is be VBZ 43431 3802 70 no no DT 43431 3802 71 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3802 72 encircling encircle VBG 43431 3802 73 the the DT 43431 3802 74 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3802 75 end end NN 43431 3802 76 of of IN 43431 3802 77 the the DT 43431 3802 78 brain brain NN 43431 3802 79 , , , 43431 3802 80 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3802 81 place place NN 43431 3802 82 being be VBG 43431 3802 83 partly partly RB 43431 3802 84 taken take VBN 43431 3802 85 by by IN 43431 3802 86 a a DT 43431 3802 87 pair pair NN 43431 3802 88 of of IN 43431 3802 89 orbitosphenoids orbitosphenoid NNS 43431 3802 90 , , , 43431 3802 91 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3802 92 4 4 LS 43431 3802 93 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3802 94 there there EX 43431 3802 95 is be VBZ 43431 3802 96 no no DT 43431 3802 97 definite definite JJ 43431 3802 98 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3802 99 cavity cavity NN 43431 3802 100 . . . 43431 3803 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3803 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3803 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3803 4 . . . 43431 3804 1 27 27 CD 43431 3804 2 . . . 43431 3805 1 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 3805 2 VIEW view NN 43431 3805 3 OF of IN 43431 3805 4 THE the DT 43431 3805 5 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 3805 6 OF of IN 43431 3805 7 A a DT 43431 3805 8 LABYRINTHODONT LABYRINTHODONT NNP 43431 3805 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3805 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3805 11 Capitosaurus Capitosaurus NNP 43431 3805 12 nasutus nasutus NN 43431 3805 13 _ _ NNP 43431 3805 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3805 15 à à NNP 43431 3805 16 � � NNP 43431 3805 17 1/9 1/9 CD 43431 3805 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3805 19 from from IN 43431 3805 20 VON VON NNP 43431 3805 21 ZITTEL ZITTEL NNP 43431 3805 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3805 23 . . . 43431 3806 1 1 1 LS 43431 3806 2 . . . 43431 3806 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3806 4 . . . 43431 3807 1 2 2 LS 43431 3807 2 . . . 43431 3807 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 3807 4 . . . 43431 3808 1 3 3 LS 43431 3808 2 . . . 43431 3808 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3808 4 . . . 43431 3809 1 4 4 LS 43431 3809 2 . . . 43431 3809 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3809 4 nares naris NNS 43431 3809 5 . . . 43431 3810 1 5 5 LS 43431 3810 2 . . . 43431 3810 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 3810 4 . . . 43431 3811 1 6 6 LS 43431 3811 2 . . . 43431 3811 3 prefrontal prefrontal JJ 43431 3811 4 . . . 43431 3812 1 7 7 LS 43431 3812 2 . . . 43431 3812 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 3812 4 . . . 43431 3813 1 8 8 LS 43431 3813 2 . . . 43431 3813 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 3813 4 . . . 43431 3814 1 9 9 LS 43431 3814 2 . . . 43431 3814 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 3814 4 . . . 43431 3815 1 10 10 LS 43431 3815 2 . . . 43431 3815 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 3815 4 . . . 43431 3816 1 11 11 CD 43431 3816 2 . . . 43431 3816 3 postfrontal postfrontal NNP 43431 3816 4 . . . 43431 3817 1 12 12 CD 43431 3817 2 . . . 43431 3817 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 3817 4 . . . 43431 3818 1 13 13 CD 43431 3818 2 . . . 43431 3818 3 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 3818 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3818 5 . . . 43431 3819 1 14 14 CD 43431 3819 2 . . . 43431 3819 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 3819 4 . . . 43431 3820 1 15 15 CD 43431 3820 2 . . . 43431 3820 3 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 3820 4 . . . 43431 3821 1 16 16 CD 43431 3821 2 . . . 43431 3821 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 3821 4 . . . 43431 3822 1 17 17 CD 43431 3822 2 . . . 43431 3822 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 3822 4 . . . 43431 3823 1 18 18 CD 43431 3823 2 . . . 43431 3823 3 epi epi JJ 43431 3823 4 - - HYPH 43431 3823 5 otic otic JJ 43431 3823 6 . . . 43431 3824 1 19 19 CD 43431 3824 2 . . . 43431 3824 3 dermo dermo CD 43431 3824 4 - - HYPH 43431 3824 5 supra supra NN 43431 3824 6 - - HYPH 43431 3824 7 occipital occipital NN 43431 3824 8 . . . 43431 3825 1 20 20 CD 43431 3825 2 . . . 43431 3825 3 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 3825 4 . . . 43431 3826 1 21 21 CD 43431 3826 2 . . . 43431 3826 3 foramen foramen NNP 43431 3826 4 magnum magnum NNP 43431 3826 5 . . . 43431 3826 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3827 1 LABYRINTHODONTIA LABYRINTHODONTIA NNP 43431 3827 2 . . . 43431 3828 1 The the DT 43431 3828 2 skull skull NN 43431 3828 3 in in IN 43431 3828 4 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 3828 5 is be VBZ 43431 3828 6 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 3828 7 for for IN 43431 3828 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3828 9 extreme extreme JJ 43431 3828 10 solidity solidity NN 43431 3828 11 , , , 43431 3828 12 the the DT 43431 3828 13 large large JJ 43431 3828 14 number number NN 43431 3828 15 of of IN 43431 3828 16 bones bone NNS 43431 3828 17 which which WDT 43431 3828 18 are be VBP 43431 3828 19 present present JJ 43431 3828 20 , , , 43431 3828 21 and and CC 43431 3828 22 the the DT 43431 3828 23 extent extent NN 43431 3828 24 to to TO 43431 3828 25 which which WDT 43431 3828 26 the the DT 43431 3828 27 roofing roofing NN 43431 3828 28 over over RP 43431 3828 29 of of IN 43431 3828 30 the the DT 43431 3828 31 temporal temporal JJ 43431 3828 32 and and CC 43431 3828 33 other other JJ 43431 3828 34 fossae fossae NN 43431 3828 35 has have VBZ 43431 3828 36 taken take VBN 43431 3828 37 place place NN 43431 3828 38 . . . 43431 3829 1 In in IN 43431 3829 2 many many JJ 43431 3829 3 forms form NNS 43431 3829 4 the the DT 43431 3829 5 surface surface NN 43431 3829 6 of of IN 43431 3829 7 the the DT 43431 3829 8 bones bone NNS 43431 3829 9 is be VBZ 43431 3829 10 as as IN 43431 3829 11 in in IN 43431 3829 12 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 3829 13 , , , 43431 3829 14 strongly strongly RB 43431 3829 15 sculptured sculpture VBD 43431 3829 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3829 17 fig fig NN 43431 3829 18 . . . 43431 3830 1 27 27 CD 43431 3830 2 , , , 43431 3830 3 right right RB 43431 3830 4 half half NN 43431 3830 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3830 6 with with IN 43431 3830 7 ridges ridge NNS 43431 3830 8 and and CC 43431 3830 9 grooves groove NNS 43431 3830 10 which which WDT 43431 3830 11 probably probably RB 43431 3830 12 lodged lodge VBD 43431 3830 13 sensory sensory JJ 43431 3830 14 organs organ NNS 43431 3830 15 . . . 43431 3831 1 The the DT 43431 3831 2 bones bone NNS 43431 3831 3 forming form VBG 43431 3831 4 the the DT 43431 3831 5 roof roof NN 43431 3831 6 of of IN 43431 3831 7 the the DT 43431 3831 8 skull skull NN 43431 3831 9 are be VBP 43431 3831 10 generally generally RB 43431 3831 11 very very RB 43431 3831 12 uniform uniform JJ 43431 3831 13 in in IN 43431 3831 14 size size NN 43431 3831 15 , , , 43431 3831 16 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 3831 17 the the DT 43431 3831 18 most most RBS 43431 3831 19 noticeable noticeable NN 43431 3831 20 of of IN 43431 3831 21 them -PRON- PRP 43431 3831 22 being be VBG 43431 3831 23 the the DT 43431 3831 24 paired pair VBN 43431 3831 25 dermo dermo JJ 43431 3831 26 - - HYPH 43431 3831 27 supra supra NN 43431 3831 28 - - HYPH 43431 3831 29 occipitals occipital NNS 43431 3831 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3831 31 fig fig NN 43431 3831 32 . . . 43431 3832 1 27 27 CD 43431 3832 2 , , , 43431 3832 3 19 19 CD 43431 3832 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3832 5 . . . 43431 3833 1 Paired pair VBN 43431 3833 2 dermo dermo JJ 43431 3833 3 - - HYPH 43431 3833 4 supra supra NN 43431 3833 5 - - HYPH 43431 3833 6 occipitals occipital NNS 43431 3833 7 occur occur VBP 43431 3833 8 also also RB 43431 3833 9 in in IN 43431 3833 10 certain certain JJ 43431 3833 11 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 3833 12 . . . 43431 3834 1 The the DT 43431 3834 2 Labyrinthodont Labyrinthodont NNP 43431 3834 3 skull skull NN 43431 3834 4 also also RB 43431 3834 5 bears bear VBZ 43431 3834 6 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 3834 7 to to IN 43431 3834 8 that that DT 43431 3834 9 of of IN 43431 3834 10 many many JJ 43431 3834 11 fish fish NN 43431 3834 12 in in IN 43431 3834 13 the the DT 43431 3834 14 development development NN 43431 3834 15 of of IN 43431 3834 16 a a DT 43431 3834 17 pair pair NN 43431 3834 18 of of IN 43431 3834 19 long long JJ 43431 3834 20 pointed pointed JJ 43431 3834 21 epi epi NN 43431 3834 22 - - HYPH 43431 3834 23 otics otic NNS 43431 3834 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3834 25 fig fig NN 43431 3834 26 . . . 43431 3835 1 27 27 CD 43431 3835 2 , , , 43431 3835 3 18 18 CD 43431 3835 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3835 5 , , , 43431 3835 6 which which WDT 43431 3835 7 remain remain VBP 43431 3835 8 permanently permanently RB 43431 3835 9 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3835 10 from from IN 43431 3835 11 the the DT 43431 3835 12 surrounding surround VBG 43431 3835 13 bones bone NNS 43431 3835 14 . . . 43431 3836 1 The the DT 43431 3836 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3836 3 are be VBP 43431 3836 4 small small JJ 43431 3836 5 and and CC 43431 3836 6 enclose enclose JJ 43431 3836 7 between between IN 43431 3836 8 them -PRON- PRP 43431 3836 9 the the DT 43431 3836 10 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 3836 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3836 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3836 13 fig fig NN 43431 3836 14 . . . 43431 3837 1 27 27 CD 43431 3837 2 , , , 43431 3837 3 13 13 CD 43431 3837 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3837 5 . . . 43431 3838 1 In in IN 43431 3838 2 some some DT 43431 3838 3 forms form NNS 43431 3838 4 in in IN 43431 3838 5 which which WDT 43431 3838 6 the the DT 43431 3838 7 head head NN 43431 3838 8 is be VBZ 43431 3838 9 protected protect VBN 43431 3838 10 with with IN 43431 3838 11 an an DT 43431 3838 12 armour armour NN 43431 3838 13 of of IN 43431 3838 14 scutes scute NNS 43431 3838 15 , , , 43431 3838 16 these these DT 43431 3838 17 do do VBP 43431 3838 18 not not RB 43431 3838 19 roof roof VB 43431 3838 20 over over IN 43431 3838 21 the the DT 43431 3838 22 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 3838 23 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3838 24 , , , 43431 3838 25 and and CC 43431 3838 26 from from IN 43431 3838 27 this this DT 43431 3838 28 fact fact NN 43431 3838 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3838 30 has have VBZ 43431 3838 31 been be VBN 43431 3838 32 inferred infer VBN 43431 3838 33 that that IN 43431 3838 34 the the DT 43431 3838 35 Labyrinthodonts labyrinthodont NNS 43431 3838 36 had have VBD 43431 3838 37 a a DT 43431 3838 38 functional functional JJ 43431 3838 39 pineal pineal NN 43431 3838 40 eye eye NN 43431 3838 41 . . . 43431 3839 1 Both both DT 43431 3839 2 supra- supra- JJ 43431 3839 3 and and CC 43431 3839 4 infra infra NN 43431 3839 5 - - HYPH 43431 3839 6 temporal temporal JJ 43431 3839 7 fossae fossae NN 43431 3839 8 are be VBP 43431 3839 9 partially partially RB 43431 3839 10 or or CC 43431 3839 11 completely completely RB 43431 3839 12 roofed roof VBN 43431 3839 13 over over RP 43431 3839 14 by by IN 43431 3839 15 the the DT 43431 3839 16 postorbitals postorbital NNS 43431 3839 17 and and CC 43431 3839 18 large large JJ 43431 3839 19 supra supra NN 43431 3839 20 - - HYPH 43431 3839 21 temporals temporal NNS 43431 3839 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3839 23 fig fig NN 43431 3839 24 . . . 43431 3840 1 27 27 CD 43431 3840 2 , , , 43431 3840 3 15 15 CD 43431 3840 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3840 5 . . . 43431 3841 1 There there EX 43431 3841 2 is be VBZ 43431 3841 3 generally generally RB 43431 3841 4 a a DT 43431 3841 5 ring ring NN 43431 3841 6 of of IN 43431 3841 7 bones bone NNS 43431 3841 8 in in IN 43431 3841 9 the the DT 43431 3841 10 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 3841 11 coat coat NN 43431 3841 12 of of IN 43431 3841 13 the the DT 43431 3841 14 eye eye NN 43431 3841 15 . . . 43431 3842 1 The the DT 43431 3842 2 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 3842 3 do do VBP 43431 3842 4 not not RB 43431 3842 5 meet meet VB 43431 3842 6 in in IN 43431 3842 7 the the DT 43431 3842 8 middle middle JJ 43431 3842 9 line line NN 43431 3842 10 , , , 43431 3842 11 being be VBG 43431 3842 12 separated separate VBN 43431 3842 13 by by IN 43431 3842 14 the the DT 43431 3842 15 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3842 16 . . . 43431 3843 1 The the DT 43431 3843 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3843 3 bear bear VBP 43431 3843 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3843 5 , , , 43431 3843 6 and and CC 43431 3843 7 in in IN 43431 3843 8 some some DT 43431 3843 9 genera genera NN 43431 3843 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3843 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3843 12 Archegosaurus Archegosaurus NNP 43431 3843 13 _ _ NNP 43431 3843 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3843 15 form form NN 43431 3843 16 long long JJ 43431 3843 17 splints splint NNS 43431 3843 18 lying lie VBG 43431 3843 19 along along IN 43431 3843 20 the the DT 43431 3843 21 inner inner JJ 43431 3843 22 side side NN 43431 3843 23 of of IN 43431 3843 24 the the DT 43431 3843 25 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3843 26 and and CC 43431 3843 27 more more RBR 43431 3843 28 or or CC 43431 3843 29 less less RBR 43431 3843 30 surrounding surround VBG 43431 3843 31 the the DT 43431 3843 32 posterior posterior NN 43431 3843 33 nares naris NNS 43431 3843 34 . . . 43431 3844 1 In in IN 43431 3844 2 others other NNS 43431 3844 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3844 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3844 5 Nyrania Nyrania NNP 43431 3844 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3844 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3844 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3844 9 lie lie VBP 43431 3844 10 in in IN 43431 3844 11 the the DT 43431 3844 12 normal normal JJ 43431 3844 13 position position NN 43431 3844 14 near near IN 43431 3844 15 the the DT 43431 3844 16 middle middle JJ 43431 3844 17 line line NN 43431 3844 18 , , , 43431 3844 19 one one CD 43431 3844 20 on on IN 43431 3844 21 each each DT 43431 3844 22 side side NN 43431 3844 23 of of IN 43431 3844 24 the the DT 43431 3844 25 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3844 26 . . . 43431 3845 1 The the DT 43431 3845 2 vomers vomer NNS 43431 3845 3 bear bear VBP 43431 3845 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 3845 5 and and CC 43431 3845 6 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3845 7 meet meet VB 43431 3845 8 in in IN 43431 3845 9 the the DT 43431 3845 10 middle middle JJ 43431 3845 11 line line NN 43431 3845 12 ; ; : 43431 3845 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3845 14 are be VBP 43431 3845 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3845 16 confluent confluent JJ 43431 3845 17 with with IN 43431 3845 18 the the DT 43431 3845 19 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3845 20 . . . 43431 3846 1 On on IN 43431 3846 2 the the DT 43431 3846 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3846 4 surface surface NN 43431 3846 5 of of IN 43431 3846 6 the the DT 43431 3846 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 3846 8 there there EX 43431 3846 9 are be VBP 43431 3846 10 generally generally RB 43431 3846 11 large large JJ 43431 3846 12 palatal palatal JJ 43431 3846 13 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 3846 14 . . . 43431 3847 1 In in IN 43431 3847 2 the the DT 43431 3847 3 mandible mandible NN 43431 3847 4 there there EX 43431 3847 5 is be VBZ 43431 3847 6 often often RB 43431 3847 7 a a DT 43431 3847 8 well well RB 43431 3847 9 - - HYPH 43431 3847 10 marked mark VBN 43431 3847 11 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 3847 12 process process NN 43431 3847 13 , , , 43431 3847 14 and and CC 43431 3847 15 the the DT 43431 3847 16 articular articular NNP 43431 3847 17 is be VBZ 43431 3847 18 generally generally RB 43431 3847 19 completely completely RB 43431 3847 20 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3847 21 . . . 43431 3848 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3848 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3848 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3848 4 . . . 43431 3849 1 28 28 CD 43431 3849 2 . . . 43431 3850 1 A a DT 43431 3850 2 , , , 43431 3850 3 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 3850 4 VIEW view NN 43431 3850 5 OF of IN 43431 3850 6 THE the DT 43431 3850 7 CRANIUM cranium NN 43431 3850 8 ; ; , 43431 3850 9 B b NN 43431 3850 10 , , , 43431 3850 11 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 3850 12 VIEW view NN 43431 3850 13 OF of IN 43431 3850 14 THE the DT 43431 3850 15 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 3850 16 AND and CC 43431 3850 17 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNP 43431 3850 18 OF of IN 43431 3850 19 _ _ NNP 43431 3850 20 Siphonops Siphonops NNP 43431 3850 21 annulatus annulatus NN 43431 3850 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3850 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3850 24 after after IN 43431 3850 25 WIEDERSHEIM WIEDERSHEIM NNP 43431 3850 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3850 27 . . . 43431 3851 1 1 1 LS 43431 3851 2 . . . 43431 3851 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3851 4 nares naris NNS 43431 3851 5 . . . 43431 3852 1 2 2 LS 43431 3852 2 . . . 43431 3852 3 naso naso NNP 43431 3852 4 - - HYPH 43431 3852 5 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 3852 6 . . . 43431 3853 1 3 3 LS 43431 3853 2 . . . 43431 3853 3 frontal frontal NN 43431 3853 4 . . . 43431 3854 1 4 4 LS 43431 3854 2 . . . 43431 3854 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 3854 4 . . . 43431 3855 1 5 5 LS 43431 3855 2 . . . 43431 3855 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 3855 4 . . . 43431 3856 1 6 6 LS 43431 3856 2 . . . 43431 3856 3 vomer vomer NN 43431 3856 4 . . . 43431 3857 1 7 7 LS 43431 3857 2 . . . 43431 3857 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 3857 4 . . . 43431 3858 1 8 8 LS 43431 3858 2 . . . 43431 3858 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 3858 4 united united NNP 43431 3858 5 with with IN 43431 3858 6 the the DT 43431 3858 7 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 3858 8 in in IN 43431 3858 9 front front NN 43431 3858 10 . . . 43431 3859 1 9 9 LS 43431 3859 2 . . . 43431 3859 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 3859 4 . . . 43431 3860 1 10 10 LS 43431 3860 2 . . . 43431 3860 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 3860 4 . . . 43431 3861 1 11 11 CD 43431 3861 2 . . . 43431 3861 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 3861 4 . . . 43431 3862 1 12 12 CD 43431 3862 2 . . . 43431 3862 3 angular angular JJ 43431 3862 4 . . . 43431 3863 1 13 13 CD 43431 3863 2 . . . 43431 3863 3 basi basi NN 43431 3863 4 - - HYPH 43431 3863 5 occipital occipital JJ 43431 3863 6 and and CC 43431 3863 7 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 3863 8 fused fuse VBN 43431 3863 9 . . . 43431 3864 1 14 14 CD 43431 3864 2 . . . 43431 3864 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 3864 4 narial narial JJ 43431 3864 5 opening opening NN 43431 3864 6 surrounded surround VBN 43431 3864 7 by by IN 43431 3864 8 the the DT 43431 3864 9 palatine palatine NN 43431 3864 10 . . . 43431 3865 1 X. X. NNP 43431 3865 2 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 3865 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3865 4 . . . 43431 3865 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3866 1 GYMNOPHIONA GYMNOPHIONA NNP 43431 3866 2 . . . 43431 3867 1 The the DT 43431 3867 2 skull skull NN 43431 3867 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 3867 4 a a DT 43431 3867 5 considerable considerable JJ 43431 3867 6 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 3867 7 to to IN 43431 3867 8 that that DT 43431 3867 9 of of IN 43431 3867 10 Labyrinthodonts labyrinthodont NNS 43431 3867 11 , , , 43431 3867 12 especially especially RB 43431 3867 13 in in IN 43431 3867 14 the the DT 43431 3867 15 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 3867 16 of of IN 43431 3867 17 the the DT 43431 3867 18 bones bone NNS 43431 3867 19 which which WDT 43431 3867 20 bound bind VBD 43431 3867 21 the the DT 43431 3867 22 mouth mouth NN 43431 3867 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 3867 24 . . . 43431 3868 1 The the DT 43431 3868 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 3868 3 is be VBZ 43431 3868 4 very very RB 43431 3868 5 hard hard JJ 43431 3868 6 , , , 43431 3868 7 and and CC 43431 3868 8 is be VBZ 43431 3868 9 covered cover VBN 43431 3868 10 by by IN 43431 3868 11 a a DT 43431 3868 12 complete complete JJ 43431 3868 13 bony bony NN 43431 3868 14 roof roof NN 43431 3868 15 formed form VBN 43431 3868 16 mainly mainly RB 43431 3868 17 of of IN 43431 3868 18 the the DT 43431 3868 19 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 3868 20 , , , 43431 3868 21 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3868 22 , , , 43431 3868 23 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3868 24 , , , 43431 3868 25 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 3868 26 , , , 43431 3868 27 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3868 28 and and CC 43431 3868 29 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3868 30 . . . 43431 3869 1 The the DT 43431 3869 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 3869 3 and and CC 43431 3869 4 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 3869 5 are be VBP 43431 3869 6 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3869 7 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3869 8 continuously continuously RB 43431 3869 9 . . . 43431 3870 1 There there EX 43431 3870 2 is be VBZ 43431 3870 3 a a DT 43431 3870 4 median median JJ 43431 3870 5 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 3870 6 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 3870 7 whose whose WP$ 43431 3870 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3870 9 end end NN 43431 3870 10 appears appear VBZ 43431 3870 11 at at IN 43431 3870 12 the the DT 43431 3870 13 surface surface NN 43431 3870 14 wedged wedge VBN 43431 3870 15 in in RP 43431 3870 16 between between IN 43431 3870 17 the the DT 43431 3870 18 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3870 19 and and CC 43431 3870 20 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3870 21 . . . 43431 3871 1 The the DT 43431 3871 2 bone bone NN 43431 3871 3 generally generally RB 43431 3871 4 regarded regard VBN 43431 3871 5 as as IN 43431 3871 6 the the DT 43431 3871 7 squamosal[63 squamosal[63 NN 43431 3871 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3871 9 is be VBZ 43431 3871 10 very very RB 43431 3871 11 large large JJ 43431 3871 12 , , , 43431 3871 13 and and CC 43431 3871 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3871 15 and and CC 43431 3871 16 the the DT 43431 3871 17 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3871 18 generally generally RB 43431 3871 19 together together RB 43431 3871 20 surround surround VBP 43431 3871 21 the the DT 43431 3871 22 orbit orbit NN 43431 3871 23 , , , 43431 3871 24 which which WDT 43431 3871 25 , , , 43431 3871 26 in in IN 43431 3871 27 _ _ NNP 43431 3871 28 Epicrium Epicrium NNP 43431 3871 29 _ _ NNP 43431 3871 30 , , , 43431 3871 31 has have VBZ 43431 3871 32 in in IN 43431 3871 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3871 34 a a DT 43431 3871 35 ring ring NN 43431 3871 36 of of IN 43431 3871 37 bones bone NNS 43431 3871 38 . . . 43431 3872 1 The the DT 43431 3872 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 3872 3 form form VBP 43431 3872 4 long long RB 43431 3872 5 tooth tooth NN 43431 3872 6 - - HYPH 43431 3872 7 bearing bearing NN 43431 3872 8 bones bone NNS 43431 3872 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 3872 10 with with IN 43431 3872 11 the the DT 43431 3872 12 inner inner JJ 43431 3872 13 sides side NNS 43431 3872 14 of of IN 43431 3872 15 the the DT 43431 3872 16 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3872 17 ; ; : 43431 3872 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3872 19 nearly nearly RB 43431 3872 20 surround surround VBP 43431 3872 21 the the DT 43431 3872 22 posterior posterior NNP 43431 3872 23 nares naris NNS 43431 3872 24 . . . 43431 3873 1 The the DT 43431 3873 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 3873 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 3873 4 the the DT 43431 3873 5 knob knob NN 43431 3873 6 , , , 43431 3873 7 and and CC 43431 3873 8 the the DT 43431 3873 9 angular angular JJ 43431 3873 10 the the DT 43431 3873 11 cup cup NN 43431 3873 12 for for IN 43431 3873 13 the the DT 43431 3873 14 articulation articulation NN 43431 3873 15 of of IN 43431 3873 16 the the DT 43431 3873 17 mandible,--a mandible,--a NNP 43431 3873 18 very very RB 43431 3873 19 primitive primitive JJ 43431 3873 20 feature feature NN 43431 3873 21 . . . 43431 3874 1 The the DT 43431 3874 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 3874 3 is be VBZ 43431 3874 4 also also RB 43431 3874 5 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 3874 6 for for IN 43431 3874 7 the the DT 43431 3874 8 enormous enormous JJ 43431 3874 9 backward backward JJ 43431 3874 10 projection projection NN 43431 3874 11 of of IN 43431 3874 12 the the DT 43431 3874 13 angular angular JJ 43431 3874 14 . . . 43431 3875 1 * * NFP 43431 3875 2 * * NFP 43431 3875 3 * * NFP 43431 3875 4 * * NFP 43431 3875 5 * * NFP 43431 3875 6 ANURA anura NN 43431 3875 7 . . . 43431 3876 1 In in IN 43431 3876 2 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3876 3 the the DT 43431 3876 4 skull skull NN 43431 3876 5 is be VBZ 43431 3876 6 very very RB 43431 3876 7 short short JJ 43431 3876 8 and and CC 43431 3876 9 wide wide JJ 43431 3876 10 owing owing NN 43431 3876 11 to to IN 43431 3876 12 the the DT 43431 3876 13 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3876 14 position position NN 43431 3876 15 of of IN 43431 3876 16 the the DT 43431 3876 17 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3876 18 . . . 43431 3877 1 There there EX 43431 3877 2 is be VBZ 43431 3877 3 often often RB 43431 3877 4 a a DT 43431 3877 5 small small JJ 43431 3877 6 ossification ossification NN 43431 3877 7 representing represent VBG 43431 3877 8 the the DT 43431 3877 9 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 3877 10 . . . 43431 3878 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3878 2 as as IN 43431 3878 3 in in IN 43431 3878 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3878 5 Hyla Hyla NNP 43431 3878 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3878 7 and and CC 43431 3878 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3878 9 Alytes Alytes NNP 43431 3878 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3878 11 there there EX 43431 3878 12 is be VBZ 43431 3878 13 a a DT 43431 3878 14 fronto fronto JJ 43431 3878 15 - - HYPH 43431 3878 16 parietal parietal JJ 43431 3878 17 fontanelle fontanelle NN 43431 3878 18 . . . 43431 3879 1 As as IN 43431 3879 2 compared compare VBN 43431 3879 3 with with IN 43431 3879 4 the the DT 43431 3879 5 skull skull NN 43431 3879 6 in in IN 43431 3879 7 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3879 8 the the DT 43431 3879 9 chief chief JJ 43431 3879 10 characteristics characteristic NNS 43431 3879 11 of of IN 43431 3879 12 the the DT 43431 3879 13 skull skull NN 43431 3879 14 of of IN 43431 3879 15 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3879 16 are:-- are:-- NNP 43431 3879 17 1 1 CD 43431 3879 18 . . . 43431 3879 19 the the DT 43431 3879 20 presence presence NN 43431 3879 21 of of IN 43431 3879 22 a a DT 43431 3879 23 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3879 24 , , , 43431 3879 25 2 2 CD 43431 3879 26 . . . 43431 3879 27 the the DT 43431 3879 28 union union NN 43431 3879 29 of of IN 43431 3879 30 the the DT 43431 3879 31 frontals frontal NNS 43431 3879 32 and and CC 43431 3879 33 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3879 34 on on IN 43431 3879 35 each each DT 43431 3879 36 side side NN 43431 3879 37 , , , 43431 3879 38 3 3 CD 43431 3879 39 . . . 43431 3879 40 the the DT 43431 3879 41 occasional occasional JJ 43431 3879 42 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 3879 43 of of IN 43431 3879 44 small small JJ 43431 3879 45 supra- supra- JJ 43431 3879 46 and and CC 43431 3879 47 basi basi NN 43431 3879 48 - - HYPH 43431 3879 49 occipitals occipital NNS 43431 3879 50 , , , 43431 3879 51 4 4 CD 43431 3879 52 . . . 43431 3879 53 the the DT 43431 3879 54 backward backward JJ 43431 3879 55 growth growth NN 43431 3879 56 of of IN 43431 3879 57 the the DT 43431 3879 58 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 3879 59 and and CC 43431 3879 60 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3879 61 connection connection NN 43431 3879 62 with with IN 43431 3879 63 the the DT 43431 3879 64 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3879 65 by by IN 43431 3879 66 means mean NNS 43431 3879 67 of of IN 43431 3879 68 the the DT 43431 3879 69 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 3879 70 , , , 43431 3879 71 5 5 CD 43431 3879 72 . . . 43431 3879 73 the the DT 43431 3879 74 dagger dagger NN 43431 3879 75 - - HYPH 43431 3879 76 like like JJ 43431 3879 77 shape shape NN 43431 3879 78 of of IN 43431 3879 79 the the DT 43431 3879 80 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3879 81 , , , 43431 3879 82 6 6 CD 43431 3879 83 . . . 43431 3879 84 the the DT 43431 3879 85 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 3879 86 of of IN 43431 3879 87 a a DT 43431 3879 88 definite definite JJ 43431 3879 89 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 3879 90 cavity cavity NN 43431 3879 91 , , , 43431 3879 92 7 7 CD 43431 3879 93 . . . 43431 3879 94 the the DT 43431 3879 95 frequent frequent JJ 43431 3879 96 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 3879 97 of of IN 43431 3879 98 a a DT 43431 3879 99 predentary predentary JJ 43431 3879 100 or or CC 43431 3879 101 mento mento JJ 43431 3879 102 - - HYPH 43431 3879 103 meckelian meckelian JJ 43431 3879 104 ossification ossification NN 43431 3879 105 in in IN 43431 3879 106 the the DT 43431 3879 107 mandible mandible NN 43431 3879 108 . . . 43431 3880 1 The the DT 43431 3880 2 skull skull NN 43431 3880 3 of of IN 43431 3880 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3880 5 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 3880 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3880 7 is be VBZ 43431 3880 8 abnormal abnormal JJ 43431 3880 9 , , , 43431 3880 10 being be VBG 43431 3880 11 greatly greatly RB 43431 3880 12 flattened flatten VBN 43431 3880 13 and and CC 43431 3880 14 containing contain VBG 43431 3880 15 little little JJ 43431 3880 16 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3880 17 . . . 43431 3881 1 The the DT 43431 3881 2 fronto fronto NNS 43431 3881 3 - - HYPH 43431 3881 4 parietals parietal NNS 43431 3881 5 are be VBP 43431 3881 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 3881 7 , , , 43431 3881 8 and and CC 43431 3881 9 there there EX 43431 3881 10 is be VBZ 43431 3881 11 no no DT 43431 3881 12 sphenethmoid sphenethmoid NN 43431 3881 13 . . . 43431 3882 1 The the DT 43431 3882 2 quadrates quadrate NNS 43431 3882 3 are be VBP 43431 3882 4 well well RB 43431 3882 5 developed developed JJ 43431 3882 6 and and CC 43431 3882 7 the the DT 43431 3882 8 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 3882 9 and and CC 43431 3882 10 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 3882 11 differ differ VBP 43431 3882 12 much much RB 43431 3882 13 from from IN 43431 3882 14 those those DT 43431 3882 15 of of IN 43431 3882 16 other other JJ 43431 3882 17 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3882 18 . . . 43431 3883 1 HYOID HYOID NNP 43431 3883 2 AND and CC 43431 3883 3 BRANCHIAL BRANCHIAL NNP 43431 3883 4 ARCHES ARCHES NNP 43431 3883 5 . . . 43431 3884 1 In in IN 43431 3884 2 larval larval NN 43431 3884 3 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3884 4 the the DT 43431 3884 5 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3884 6 and and CC 43431 3884 7 four four CD 43431 3884 8 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3884 9 arches arch NNS 43431 3884 10 are be VBP 43431 3884 11 generally generally RB 43431 3884 12 present present JJ 43431 3884 13 , , , 43431 3884 14 and and CC 43431 3884 15 in in IN 43431 3884 16 adult adult NN 43431 3884 17 Ichthyoidea Ichthyoidea NNP 43431 3884 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3884 19 are be VBP 43431 3884 20 frequently frequently RB 43431 3884 21 almost almost RB 43431 3884 22 as as RB 43431 3884 23 well well RB 43431 3884 24 represented represent VBN 43431 3884 25 as as IN 43431 3884 26 in in IN 43431 3884 27 the the DT 43431 3884 28 larva larva NN 43431 3884 29 , , , 43431 3884 30 and and CC 43431 3884 31 are be VBP 43431 3884 32 of of IN 43431 3884 33 use use NN 43431 3884 34 in in IN 43431 3884 35 strengthening strengthen VBG 43431 3884 36 the the DT 43431 3884 37 swallowing swallow VBG 43431 3884 38 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 3884 39 . . . 43431 3885 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 3885 2 are be VBP 43431 3885 3 very very RB 43431 3885 4 well well RB 43431 3885 5 seen see VBN 43431 3885 6 in in IN 43431 3885 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3885 8 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3885 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3885 10 , , , 43431 3885 11 and and CC 43431 3885 12 consist consist VB 43431 3885 13 of of IN 43431 3885 14 a a DT 43431 3885 15 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3885 16 attached attach VBN 43431 3885 17 by by IN 43431 3885 18 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 3885 19 to to IN 43431 3885 20 the the DT 43431 3885 21 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 3885 22 , , , 43431 3885 23 followed follow VBN 43431 3885 24 by by IN 43431 3885 25 four four CD 43431 3885 26 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3885 27 arches arch NNS 43431 3885 28 of of IN 43431 3885 29 which which WDT 43431 3885 30 the the DT 43431 3885 31 first first JJ 43431 3885 32 and and CC 43431 3885 33 second second JJ 43431 3885 34 are be VBP 43431 3885 35 united unite VBN 43431 3885 36 by by IN 43431 3885 37 a a DT 43431 3885 38 copula copula NN 43431 3885 39 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3885 40 fig fig NN 43431 3885 41 . . . 43431 3886 1 29 29 CD 43431 3886 2 , , , 43431 3886 3 D d NN 43431 3886 4 , , , 43431 3886 5 8) 8) CD 43431 3886 6 , , , 43431 3886 7 while while IN 43431 3886 8 the the DT 43431 3886 9 third third JJ 43431 3886 10 and and CC 43431 3886 11 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3886 12 are be VBP 43431 3886 13 not not RB 43431 3886 14 . . . 43431 3887 1 The the DT 43431 3887 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3887 3 is be VBZ 43431 3887 4 not not RB 43431 3887 5 always always RB 43431 3887 6 the the DT 43431 3887 7 largest large JJS 43431 3887 8 and and CC 43431 3887 9 best good JJS 43431 3887 10 preserved preserve VBN 43431 3887 11 of of IN 43431 3887 12 the the DT 43431 3887 13 arches arch NNS 43431 3887 14 , , , 43431 3887 15 for for IN 43431 3887 16 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3887 17 as as IN 43431 3887 18 in in IN 43431 3887 19 _ _ NNP 43431 3887 20 Spelerpes Spelerpes NNP 43431 3887 21 _ _ NNP 43431 3887 22 one one CD 43431 3887 23 of of IN 43431 3887 24 the the DT 43431 3887 25 branchials branchial NNS 43431 3887 26 is be VBZ 43431 3887 27 far far RB 43431 3887 28 larger large JJR 43431 3887 29 than than IN 43431 3887 30 the the DT 43431 3887 31 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3887 32 . . . 43431 3888 1 Four four CD 43431 3888 2 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3888 3 arches arch NNS 43431 3888 4 occur occur VBP 43431 3888 5 in in IN 43431 3888 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3888 7 Siren Siren NNP 43431 3888 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3888 9 as as IN 43431 3888 10 in in IN 43431 3888 11 _ _ NNP 43431 3888 12 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3888 13 _ _ NNP 43431 3888 14 , , , 43431 3888 15 but but CC 43431 3888 16 in in IN 43431 3888 17 _ _ NNP 43431 3888 18 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 3888 19 _ _ NNP 43431 3888 20 there there EX 43431 3888 21 are be VBP 43431 3888 22 only only RB 43431 3888 23 three three CD 43431 3888 24 . . . 43431 3889 1 In in IN 43431 3889 2 some some DT 43431 3889 3 larval larval NN 43431 3889 4 Labyrinthodontia labyrinthodontia NN 43431 3889 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3889 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3889 7 Branchiosaurus Branchiosaurus NNP 43431 3889 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3889 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3889 10 four four CD 43431 3889 11 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3889 12 arches arch NNS 43431 3889 13 are be VBP 43431 3889 14 known know VBN 43431 3889 15 to to TO 43431 3889 16 occur occur VB 43431 3889 17 , , , 43431 3889 18 and and CC 43431 3889 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3889 20 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 3889 21 is be VBZ 43431 3889 22 almost almost RB 43431 3889 23 precisely precisely RB 43431 3889 24 similar similar JJ 43431 3889 25 to to IN 43431 3889 26 that that DT 43431 3889 27 in in IN 43431 3889 28 _ _ NNP 43431 3889 29 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3889 30 _ _ NNP 43431 3889 31 . . . 43431 3890 1 In in IN 43431 3890 2 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3890 3 the the DT 43431 3890 4 remains remain NNS 43431 3890 5 of of IN 43431 3890 6 only only RB 43431 3890 7 three three CD 43431 3890 8 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3890 9 arches arch NNS 43431 3890 10 occur occur VBP 43431 3890 11 in in IN 43431 3890 12 addition addition NN 43431 3890 13 to to IN 43431 3890 14 the the DT 43431 3890 15 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3890 16 . . . 43431 3891 1 The the DT 43431 3891 2 four four CD 43431 3891 3 arches arch NNS 43431 3891 4 are be VBP 43431 3891 5 all all DT 43431 3891 6 very very RB 43431 3891 7 similar similar JJ 43431 3891 8 to to IN 43431 3891 9 one one CD 43431 3891 10 another another DT 43431 3891 11 , , , 43431 3891 12 each each DT 43431 3891 13 consists consist VBZ 43431 3891 14 of of IN 43431 3891 15 a a DT 43431 3891 16 curved curved JJ 43431 3891 17 rod rod NN 43431 3891 18 of of IN 43431 3891 19 uniform uniform JJ 43431 3891 20 diameter diameter NN 43431 3891 21 throughout throughout IN 43431 3891 22 . . . 43431 3892 1 The the DT 43431 3892 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3892 3 is be VBZ 43431 3892 4 united united JJ 43431 3892 5 with with IN 43431 3892 6 the the DT 43431 3892 7 first first JJ 43431 3892 8 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3892 9 arch arch NN 43431 3892 10 , , , 43431 3892 11 but but CC 43431 3892 12 has have VBZ 43431 3892 13 no no DT 43431 3892 14 attachment attachment NN 43431 3892 15 to to IN 43431 3892 16 the the DT 43431 3892 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 3892 18 . . . 43431 3893 1 In in IN 43431 3893 2 larval larval NN 43431 3893 3 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3893 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3893 5 fig fig NN 43431 3893 6 . . . 43431 3894 1 29 29 CD 43431 3894 2 , , , 43431 3894 3 C C NNP 43431 3894 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3894 5 the the DT 43431 3894 6 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 3894 7 of of IN 43431 3894 8 the the DT 43431 3894 9 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3894 10 and and CC 43431 3894 11 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3894 12 arches arch NNS 43431 3894 13 is be VBZ 43431 3894 14 much much JJ 43431 3894 15 as as IN 43431 3894 16 in in IN 43431 3894 17 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3894 18 . . . 43431 3895 1 In in IN 43431 3895 2 the the DT 43431 3895 3 adult adult NN 43431 3895 4 , , , 43431 3895 5 however however RB 43431 3895 6 , , , 43431 3895 7 the the DT 43431 3895 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3895 9 parts part NNS 43431 3895 10 of of IN 43431 3895 11 all all PDT 43431 3895 12 the the DT 43431 3895 13 arches arch NNS 43431 3895 14 unite unite VBP 43431 3895 15 , , , 43431 3895 16 forming form VBG 43431 3895 17 a a DT 43431 3895 18 compact compact JJ 43431 3895 19 structure structure NN 43431 3895 20 , , , 43431 3895 21 the the DT 43431 3895 22 _ _ NNP 43431 3895 23 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 3895 24 plate plate NN 43431 3895 25 _ _ NNP 43431 3895 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3895 27 fig fig NN 43431 3895 28 . . . 43431 3896 1 29 29 CD 43431 3896 2 , , , 43431 3896 3 B b NN 43431 3896 4 , , , 43431 3896 5 1 1 CD 43431 3896 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3896 7 . . . 43431 3897 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3897 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3897 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3897 4 . . . 43431 3898 1 29 29 CD 43431 3898 2 . . . 43431 3899 1 VISCERAL visceral JJ 43431 3899 2 ARCHES arch NNS 43431 3899 3 OF of IN 43431 3899 4 AMPHIBIA AMPHIBIA NNP 43431 3899 5 . . . 43431 3900 1 A. A. NNP 43431 3901 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3901 2 Molge Molge NNP 43431 3901 3 cristata cristata NN 43431 3901 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3901 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3901 6 after after IN 43431 3901 7 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 3901 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3901 9 . . . 43431 3902 1 B. B. NNP 43431 3903 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3903 2 Rana Rana NNP 43431 3903 3 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 3903 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3903 5 adult adult NN 43431 3903 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3903 7 after after IN 43431 3903 8 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 3903 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3903 10 . . . 43431 3904 1 C. C. NNP 43431 3904 2 Tadpole Tadpole NNP 43431 3904 3 of of IN 43431 3904 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3904 5 Rana Rana NNP 43431 3904 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3904 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3904 8 after after IN 43431 3904 9 MARTIN MARTIN NNP 43431 3904 10 ST ST NNP 43431 3904 11 ANGE ANGE NNP 43431 3904 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3904 13 . . . 43431 3905 1 D. D. NNP 43431 3905 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3905 3 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 3905 4 pisciformis pisciformis NN 43431 3905 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3905 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3905 7 after after IN 43431 3905 8 CREDNER CREDNER NNP 43431 3905 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3905 10 . . . 43431 3906 1 In in IN 43431 3906 2 each each DT 43431 3906 3 case case NN 43431 3906 4 the the DT 43431 3906 5 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3906 6 portions portion NNS 43431 3906 7 are be VBP 43431 3906 8 slightly slightly RB 43431 3906 9 shaded shaded JJ 43431 3906 10 , , , 43431 3906 11 while while IN 43431 3906 12 the the DT 43431 3906 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3906 14 portions portion NNS 43431 3906 15 are be VBP 43431 3906 16 left leave VBN 43431 3906 17 white white JJ 43431 3906 18 . . . 43431 3907 1 1 1 LS 43431 3907 2 . . . 43431 3907 3 basilingual basilingual NNP 43431 3907 4 plate plate NN 43431 3907 5 . . . 43431 3908 1 2 2 LS 43431 3908 2 . . . 43431 3908 3 hyoid hyoid NNP 43431 3908 4 arch arch NNP 43431 3908 5 . . . 43431 3909 1 3 3 LS 43431 3909 2 . . . 43431 3909 3 first first JJ 43431 3909 4 branchial branchial NNP 43431 3909 5 arch arch NN 43431 3909 6 . . . 43431 3910 1 4 4 LS 43431 3910 2 . . . 43431 3910 3 second second RB 43431 3910 4 do do VB 43431 3910 5 . . . 43431 3911 1 5 5 LS 43431 3911 2 . . . 43431 3911 3 third third JJ 43431 3911 4 branchial branchial NNP 43431 3911 5 arch arch NN 43431 3911 6 . . . 43431 3912 1 6 6 LS 43431 3912 2 . . . 43431 3912 3 fourth fourth RB 43431 3912 4 do do NN 43431 3912 5 . . . 43431 3913 1 7 7 LS 43431 3913 2 . . . 43431 3913 3 thyro thyro NNP 43431 3913 4 - - HYPH 43431 3913 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 3913 6 . . . 43431 3914 1 8 8 LS 43431 3914 2 . . . 43431 3915 1 copula copula NNP 43431 3915 2 . . . 43431 3915 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3916 1 The the DT 43431 3916 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3916 3 parts part NNS 43431 3916 4 of of IN 43431 3916 5 the the DT 43431 3916 6 first first JJ 43431 3916 7 three three CD 43431 3916 8 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3916 9 arches arch NNS 43431 3916 10 disappear disappear VBP 43431 3916 11 , , , 43431 3916 12 but but CC 43431 3916 13 those those DT 43431 3916 14 of of IN 43431 3916 15 the the DT 43431 3916 16 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3916 17 become become VBN 43431 3916 18 ossified ossified JJ 43431 3916 19 and and CC 43431 3916 20 form form VB 43431 3916 21 the the DT 43431 3916 22 short short JJ 43431 3916 23 , , , 43431 3916 24 stout stout RB 43431 3916 25 thyro thyro NN 43431 3916 26 - - HYPH 43431 3916 27 hyals hyal NNS 43431 3916 28 or or CC 43431 3916 29 posterior posterior NN 43431 3916 30 cornua cornua NN 43431 3916 31 . . . 43431 3917 1 The the DT 43431 3917 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3917 3 parts part NNS 43431 3917 4 of of IN 43431 3917 5 the the DT 43431 3917 6 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3917 7 arch arch NN 43431 3917 8 in in IN 43431 3917 9 the the DT 43431 3917 10 adult adult NN 43431 3917 11 form form VBP 43431 3917 12 a a DT 43431 3917 13 pair pair NN 43431 3917 14 of of IN 43431 3917 15 long long JJ 43431 3917 16 bars bar NNS 43431 3917 17 , , , 43431 3917 18 the the DT 43431 3917 19 anterior anterior NNP 43431 3917 20 cornua cornua NN 43431 3917 21 , , , 43431 3917 22 which which WDT 43431 3917 23 are be VBP 43431 3917 24 united united JJ 43431 3917 25 to to IN 43431 3917 26 the the DT 43431 3917 27 periotic periotic JJ 43431 3917 28 region region NN 43431 3917 29 of of IN 43431 3917 30 the the DT 43431 3917 31 skull skull NN 43431 3917 32 in in IN 43431 3917 33 front front NN 43431 3917 34 of of IN 43431 3917 35 the the DT 43431 3917 36 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 3917 37 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 3917 38 either either CC 43431 3917 39 by by IN 43431 3917 40 short short JJ 43431 3917 41 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 3917 42 or or CC 43431 3917 43 by by IN 43431 3917 44 fusion fusion NN 43431 3917 45 as as IN 43431 3917 46 in in IN 43431 3917 47 _ _ NNP 43431 3917 48 Bufo Bufo NNP 43431 3917 49 _ _ NNP 43431 3917 50 . . . 43431 3918 1 In in IN 43431 3918 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3918 3 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 3918 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3918 5 and and CC 43431 3918 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3918 7 Xenopus Xenopus NNP 43431 3918 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3918 9 the the DT 43431 3918 10 first first JJ 43431 3918 11 and and CC 43431 3918 12 second second JJ 43431 3918 13 branchial branchial JJ 43431 3918 14 arches arch NNS 43431 3918 15 persist persist VBP 43431 3918 16 as as RB 43431 3918 17 well well RB 43431 3918 18 as as IN 43431 3918 19 the the DT 43431 3918 20 fourth fourth JJ 43431 3918 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3918 22 thyro thyro NNP 43431 3918 23 - - HYPH 43431 3918 24 hyal hyal NNP 43431 3918 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3918 26 , , , 43431 3918 27 but but CC 43431 3918 28 in in IN 43431 3918 29 _ _ NNP 43431 3918 30 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 3918 31 _ _ NNP 43431 3918 32 the the DT 43431 3918 33 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 3918 34 is be VBZ 43431 3918 35 wanting want VBG 43431 3918 36 . . . 43431 3919 1 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 3919 2 . . . 43431 3920 1 Ribs Ribs NNP 43431 3920 2 are be VBP 43431 3920 3 generally generally RB 43431 3920 4 very very RB 43431 3920 5 poorly poorly RB 43431 3920 6 developed develop VBN 43431 3920 7 in in IN 43431 3920 8 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3920 9 . . . 43431 3921 1 In in IN 43431 3921 2 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3921 3 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3921 4 are be VBP 43431 3921 5 in in IN 43431 3921 6 most most JJS 43431 3921 7 cases case NNS 43431 3921 8 absent absent JJ 43431 3921 9 ; ; : 43431 3921 10 when when WRB 43431 3921 11 present present JJ 43431 3921 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3921 13 generally generally RB 43431 3921 14 form form VBP 43431 3921 15 minute minute NN 43431 3921 16 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3921 17 appendages appendage NNS 43431 3921 18 attached attach VBN 43431 3921 19 to to IN 43431 3921 20 the the DT 43431 3921 21 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3921 22 processes process NNS 43431 3921 23 , , , 43431 3921 24 but but CC 43431 3921 25 in in IN 43431 3921 26 _ _ NNP 43431 3921 27 Discoglossus Discoglossus NNP 43431 3921 28 _ _ NNP 43431 3921 29 and and CC 43431 3921 30 _ _ NNP 43431 3921 31 Xenopus Xenopus NNP 43431 3921 32 _ _ NNP 43431 3921 33 the the DT 43431 3921 34 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3921 35 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3921 36 are be VBP 43431 3921 37 provided provide VBN 43431 3921 38 with with IN 43431 3921 39 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3921 40 ribs rib NNS 43431 3921 41 . . . 43431 3922 1 In in IN 43431 3922 2 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3922 3 and and CC 43431 3922 4 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 3922 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3922 6 are be VBP 43431 3922 7 generally generally RB 43431 3922 8 short short JJ 43431 3922 9 structures structure NNS 43431 3922 10 , , , 43431 3922 11 each each DT 43431 3922 12 as as IN 43431 3922 13 a a DT 43431 3922 14 rule rule NN 43431 3922 15 attached attach VBN 43431 3922 16 to to IN 43431 3922 17 the the DT 43431 3922 18 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 3922 19 by by IN 43431 3922 20 a a DT 43431 3922 21 bifurcated bifurcate VBN 43431 3922 22 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3922 23 end end NN 43431 3922 24 . . . 43431 3923 1 The the DT 43431 3923 2 number number NN 43431 3923 3 of of IN 43431 3923 4 rib rib NN 43431 3923 5 - - HYPH 43431 3923 6 bearing bear VBG 43431 3923 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3923 8 varies varie NNS 43431 3923 9 , , , 43431 3923 10 but but CC 43431 3923 11 the the DT 43431 3923 12 first first JJ 43431 3923 13 and and CC 43431 3923 14 the the DT 43431 3923 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 3923 16 caudal caudal JJ 43431 3923 17 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3923 18 are be VBP 43431 3923 19 always always RB 43431 3923 20 ribless ribless JJ 43431 3923 21 . . . 43431 3924 1 The the DT 43431 3924 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 3924 3 caudal caudal NN 43431 3924 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3924 5 too too RB 43431 3924 6 are be VBP 43431 3924 7 generally generally RB 43431 3924 8 ribless ribless JJ 43431 3924 9 , , , 43431 3924 10 but but CC 43431 3924 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3924 12 a a DT 43431 3924 13 few few JJ 43431 3924 14 of of IN 43431 3924 15 them -PRON- PRP 43431 3924 16 bear bear VBP 43431 3924 17 small small JJ 43431 3924 18 ribs rib NNS 43431 3924 19 . . . 43431 3925 1 In in IN 43431 3925 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3925 3 Spelerpes Spelerpes NNP 43431 3925 4 _ _ IN 43431 3925 5 the the DT 43431 3925 6 last last JJ 43431 3925 7 two two CD 43431 3925 8 trunk trunk NN 43431 3925 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3925 10 are be VBP 43431 3925 11 ribless ribless JJ 43431 3925 12 , , , 43431 3925 13 and and CC 43431 3925 14 hence hence RB 43431 3925 15 may may MD 43431 3925 16 be be VB 43431 3925 17 regarded regard VBN 43431 3925 18 as as IN 43431 3925 19 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 3925 20 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3925 21 . . . 43431 3926 1 In in IN 43431 3926 2 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3926 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 3926 4 are be VBP 43431 3926 5 better well RBR 43431 3926 6 developed develop VBN 43431 3926 7 than than IN 43431 3926 8 in in IN 43431 3926 9 any any DT 43431 3926 10 other other JJ 43431 3926 11 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3926 12 ; ; : 43431 3926 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3926 14 occur occur VBP 43431 3926 15 on on IN 43431 3926 16 all all PDT 43431 3926 17 the the DT 43431 3926 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 3926 19 except except IN 43431 3926 20 the the DT 43431 3926 21 first first JJ 43431 3926 22 and and CC 43431 3926 23 last last JJ 43431 3926 24 few few JJ 43431 3926 25 , , , 43431 3926 26 and and CC 43431 3926 27 are be VBP 43431 3926 28 attached attach VBN 43431 3926 29 to to IN 43431 3926 30 the the DT 43431 3926 31 transverse transverse JJ 43431 3926 32 processes process NNS 43431 3926 33 , , , 43431 3926 34 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3926 35 by by IN 43431 3926 36 single single JJ 43431 3926 37 , , , 43431 3926 38 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3926 39 by by IN 43431 3926 40 double double JJ 43431 3926 41 heads head NNS 43431 3926 42 . . . 43431 3927 1 Sternal sternal JJ 43431 3927 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 3927 3 are be VBP 43431 3927 4 almost almost RB 43431 3927 5 unknown unknown JJ 43431 3927 6 in in IN 43431 3927 7 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3927 8 , , , 43431 3927 9 but but CC 43431 3927 10 traces trace NNS 43431 3927 11 of of IN 43431 3927 12 them -PRON- PRP 43431 3927 13 occur occur VBP 43431 3927 14 in in IN 43431 3927 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3927 16 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3927 17 . . . 43431 3927 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3927 19 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 3927 20 . . . 43431 3928 1 In in IN 43431 3928 2 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3928 3 the the DT 43431 3928 4 sternum sternum NN 43431 3928 5 is be VBZ 43431 3928 6 not not RB 43431 3928 7 very very RB 43431 3928 8 well well RB 43431 3928 9 developed developed JJ 43431 3928 10 ; ; : 43431 3928 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3928 12 as as IN 43431 3928 13 in in IN 43431 3928 14 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3928 15 and and CC 43431 3928 16 _ _ NNP 43431 3928 17 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 3928 18 _ _ NNP 43431 3928 19 no no DT 43431 3928 20 traces trace NNS 43431 3928 21 of of IN 43431 3928 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3928 23 occur occur VBP 43431 3928 24 , , , 43431 3928 25 and and CC 43431 3928 26 in in IN 43431 3928 27 the the DT 43431 3928 28 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3928 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3928 30 is be VBZ 43431 3928 31 never never RB 43431 3928 32 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3928 33 . . . 43431 3929 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3929 2 is be VBZ 43431 3929 3 always always RB 43431 3929 4 very very RB 43431 3929 5 intimately intimately RB 43431 3929 6 related related JJ 43431 3929 7 to to IN 43431 3929 8 the the DT 43431 3929 9 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 3929 10 girdle girdle NN 43431 3929 11 . . . 43431 3930 1 In in IN 43431 3930 2 the the DT 43431 3930 3 Salamandrina Salamandrina NNP 43431 3930 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3930 5 has have VBZ 43431 3930 6 the the DT 43431 3930 7 form form NN 43431 3930 8 of of IN 43431 3930 9 a a DT 43431 3930 10 broad broad JJ 43431 3930 11 thin thin JJ 43431 3930 12 plate plate NN 43431 3930 13 of of IN 43431 3930 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3930 15 , , , 43431 3930 16 grooved groove VBN 43431 3930 17 and and CC 43431 3930 18 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 3930 19 by by IN 43431 3930 20 the the DT 43431 3930 21 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3930 22 . . . 43431 3931 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3931 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3931 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3931 4 . . . 43431 3932 1 30 30 CD 43431 3932 2 . . . 43431 3933 1 SHOULDER SHOULDER NNP 43431 3933 2 - - HYPH 43431 3933 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 3933 4 AND and CC 43431 3933 5 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 3933 6 OF of IN 43431 3933 7 A. a. NN 43431 3934 1 An an DT 43431 3934 2 old old JJ 43431 3934 3 male male JJ 43431 3934 4 common common JJ 43431 3934 5 Frog Frog NNP 43431 3934 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3934 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3934 8 Rana Rana NNP 43431 3934 9 temporaria temporaria NNP 43431 3934 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3934 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3934 12 . . . 43431 3935 1 B. B. NNP 43431 3936 1 An an DT 43431 3936 2 adult adult NN 43431 3936 3 female female NN 43431 3936 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3936 5 Docidophryne Docidophryne NNP 43431 3936 6 gigantea gigantea NN 43431 3936 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3936 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3936 9 after after IN 43431 3936 10 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 3936 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3936 12 . . . 43431 3937 1 In in IN 43431 3937 2 both both CC 43431 3937 3 A a NN 43431 3937 4 and and CC 43431 3937 5 B b NN 43431 3937 6 the the DT 43431 3937 7 left left JJ 43431 3937 8 suprascapula suprascapula NN 43431 3937 9 is be VBZ 43431 3937 10 removed remove VBN 43431 3937 11 . . . 43431 3938 1 The the DT 43431 3938 2 parts part NNS 43431 3938 3 left leave VBD 43431 3938 4 unshaded unshade VBD 43431 3938 5 are be VBP 43431 3938 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3938 7 ; ; : 43431 3938 8 those those DT 43431 3938 9 marked mark VBN 43431 3938 10 with with IN 43431 3938 11 small small JJ 43431 3938 12 dots dot NNS 43431 3938 13 consist consist VBP 43431 3938 14 of of IN 43431 3938 15 hyaline hyaline JJ 43431 3938 16 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3938 17 , , , 43431 3938 18 those those DT 43431 3938 19 marked mark VBN 43431 3938 20 with with IN 43431 3938 21 large large JJ 43431 3938 22 dots dot NNS 43431 3938 23 of of IN 43431 3938 24 calcified calcify VBN 43431 3938 25 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3938 26 . . . 43431 3939 1 1 1 LS 43431 3939 2 . . . 43431 3939 3 calcified calcify VBN 43431 3939 4 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3939 5 of of IN 43431 3939 6 suprascapula suprascapula NN 43431 3939 7 . . . 43431 3940 1 2 2 LS 43431 3940 2 . . . 43431 3940 3 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3940 4 portion portion NN 43431 3940 5 of of IN 43431 3940 6 suprascapula suprascapula NN 43431 3940 7 . . . 43431 3941 1 3 3 LS 43431 3941 2 . . . 43431 3941 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 3941 4 . . . 43431 3942 1 4 4 LS 43431 3942 2 . . . 43431 3942 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3942 4 . . . 43431 3943 1 5 5 LS 43431 3943 2 . . . 43431 3943 3 epicoracoid epicoracoid NNP 43431 3943 4 . . . 43431 3944 1 6 6 LS 43431 3944 2 . . . 43431 3944 3 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 3944 4 . . . 43431 3945 1 7 7 LS 43431 3945 2 . . . 43431 3945 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 3945 4 . . . 43431 3946 1 8 8 LS 43431 3946 2 . . . 43431 3946 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 3946 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 3946 5 . . . 43431 3947 1 9 9 LS 43431 3947 2 . . . 43431 3947 3 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 3947 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 3947 5 . . . 43431 3948 1 10 10 CD 43431 3948 2 . . . 43431 3948 3 episternum episternum JJ 43431 3948 4 . . . 43431 3949 1 11 11 CD 43431 3949 2 . . . 43431 3949 3 omosternum omosternum JJ 43431 3949 4 . . . 43431 3950 1 12 12 CD 43431 3950 2 . . . 43431 3950 3 sternum sternum FW 43431 3950 4 . . . 43431 3951 1 13 13 CD 43431 3951 2 . . . 43431 3952 1 xiphisternum xiphisternum NNP 43431 3952 2 . . . 43431 3952 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3953 1 In in IN 43431 3953 2 most most RBS 43431 3953 3 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3953 4 the the DT 43431 3953 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 3953 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 3953 7 of of IN 43431 3953 8 a a DT 43431 3953 9 number number NN 43431 3953 10 of of IN 43431 3953 11 parts part NNS 43431 3953 12 arranged arrange VBN 43431 3953 13 in in IN 43431 3953 14 series series NN 43431 3953 15 . . . 43431 3954 1 At at IN 43431 3954 2 the the DT 43431 3954 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3954 4 end end NN 43431 3954 5 is be VBZ 43431 3954 6 a a DT 43431 3954 7 flat flat JJ 43431 3954 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3954 9 plate plate NN 43431 3954 10 with with IN 43431 3954 11 a a DT 43431 3954 12 bony bony NN 43431 3954 13 basal basal NN 43431 3954 14 stalk stalk NNP 43431 3954 15 . . . 43431 3955 1 This this DT 43431 3955 2 plate plate NN 43431 3955 3 is be VBZ 43431 3955 4 called call VBN 43431 3955 5 the the DT 43431 3955 6 episternum episternum NN 43431 3955 7 , , , 43431 3955 8 and and CC 43431 3955 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3955 10 stalk stalk NN 43431 3955 11 the the DT 43431 3955 12 omosternum omosternum NN 43431 3955 13 . . . 43431 3956 1 The the DT 43431 3956 2 continuity continuity NN 43431 3956 3 of of IN 43431 3956 4 the the DT 43431 3956 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 3956 6 is be VBZ 43431 3956 7 now now RB 43431 3956 8 interrupted interrupt VBN 43431 3956 9 by by IN 43431 3956 10 a a DT 43431 3956 11 pair pair NN 43431 3956 12 of of IN 43431 3956 13 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3956 14 structures structure NNS 43431 3956 15 , , , 43431 3956 16 the the DT 43431 3956 17 epicoracoids epicoracoid NNS 43431 3956 18 , , , 43431 3956 19 which which WDT 43431 3956 20 are be VBP 43431 3956 21 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 3956 22 - - HYPH 43431 3956 23 girdle girdle NN 43431 3956 24 elements element NNS 43431 3956 25 , , , 43431 3956 26 and and CC 43431 3956 27 represent represent VB 43431 3956 28 the the DT 43431 3956 29 unossified unossified JJ 43431 3956 30 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3956 31 ends end NNS 43431 3956 32 of of IN 43431 3956 33 the the DT 43431 3956 34 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 3956 35 . . . 43431 3957 1 In in IN 43431 3957 2 some some DT 43431 3957 3 cases case NNS 43431 3957 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3957 5 epiprecoracoids epiprecoracoid NNS 43431 3957 6 can can MD 43431 3957 7 also also RB 43431 3957 8 be be VB 43431 3957 9 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 3957 10 . . . 43431 3958 1 Further further JJ 43431 3958 2 back back RB 43431 3958 3 is be VBZ 43431 3958 4 the the DT 43431 3958 5 long long JJ 43431 3958 6 sternum sternum NN 43431 3958 7 proper proper JJ 43431 3958 8 , , , 43431 3958 9 while while IN 43431 3958 10 last last RB 43431 3958 11 comes come VBZ 43431 3958 12 the the DT 43431 3958 13 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 3958 14 , , , 43431 3958 15 a a DT 43431 3958 16 broad broad RB 43431 3958 17 expanded expand VBN 43431 3958 18 plate plate NN 43431 3958 19 of of IN 43431 3958 20 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 3958 21 . . . 43431 3959 1 In in IN 43431 3959 2 some some DT 43431 3959 3 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3959 4 such such JJ 43431 3959 5 as as IN 43431 3959 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3959 7 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 3959 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3959 9 and and CC 43431 3959 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3959 11 Hyla Hyla NNP 43431 3959 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3959 13 the the DT 43431 3959 14 number number NN 43431 3959 15 of of IN 43431 3959 16 sternal sternal JJ 43431 3959 17 elements element NNS 43431 3959 18 is be VBZ 43431 3959 19 considerably considerably RB 43431 3959 20 reduced reduce VBN 43431 3959 21 . . . 43431 3960 1 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 3960 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 3960 3 . . . 43431 3961 1 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNP 43431 3961 2 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 3961 3 . . . 43431 3962 1 The the DT 43431 3962 2 most most RBS 43431 3962 3 primitive primitive JJ 43431 3962 4 Amphibian amphibian JJ 43431 3962 5 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 3962 6 - - HYPH 43431 3962 7 girdle girdle NN 43431 3962 8 is be VBZ 43431 3962 9 found find VBN 43431 3962 10 in in IN 43431 3962 11 the the DT 43431 3962 12 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3962 13 . . . 43431 3963 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3963 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3963 3 of of IN 43431 3963 4 a a DT 43431 3963 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 3963 6 element element NN 43431 3963 7 , , , 43431 3963 8 the the DT 43431 3963 9 scapula scapula NN 43431 3963 10 , , , 43431 3963 11 a a DT 43431 3963 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 3963 13 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3963 14 element element NN 43431 3963 15 , , , 43431 3963 16 the the DT 43431 3963 17 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3963 18 , , , 43431 3963 19 and and CC 43431 3963 20 an an DT 43431 3963 21 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3963 22 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3963 23 element element NN 43431 3963 24 , , , 43431 3963 25 the the DT 43431 3963 26 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 3963 27 . . . 43431 3964 1 The the DT 43431 3964 2 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 3964 3 is be VBZ 43431 3964 4 not not RB 43431 3964 5 developed develop VBN 43431 3964 6 , , , 43431 3964 7 and and CC 43431 3964 8 the the DT 43431 3964 9 two two CD 43431 3964 10 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 3964 11 overlap overlap VBP 43431 3964 12 in in IN 43431 3964 13 the the DT 43431 3964 14 middle middle JJ 43431 3964 15 line line NN 43431 3964 16 . . . 43431 3965 1 The the DT 43431 3965 2 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 3965 3 - - HYPH 43431 3965 4 girdle girdle NN 43431 3965 5 remains remain VBZ 43431 3965 6 largely largely RB 43431 3965 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3965 8 but but CC 43431 3965 9 the the DT 43431 3965 10 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3965 11 end end NN 43431 3965 12 of of IN 43431 3965 13 the the DT 43431 3965 14 scapula scapula NN 43431 3965 15 is be VBZ 43431 3965 16 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3965 17 , , , 43431 3965 18 and and CC 43431 3965 19 the the DT 43431 3965 20 ossification ossification NN 43431 3965 21 may may MD 43431 3965 22 extend extend VB 43431 3965 23 through through IN 43431 3965 24 part part NN 43431 3965 25 of of IN 43431 3965 26 the the DT 43431 3965 27 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3965 28 and and CC 43431 3965 29 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 3965 30 . . . 43431 3966 1 In in IN 43431 3966 2 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 3966 3 there there EX 43431 3966 4 is be VBZ 43431 3966 5 an an DT 43431 3966 6 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 3966 7 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3966 8 buckler buckler NN 43431 3966 9 formed form VBN 43431 3966 10 of of IN 43431 3966 11 three three CD 43431 3966 12 plates plate NNS 43431 3966 13 , , , 43431 3966 14 a a DT 43431 3966 15 median median JJ 43431 3966 16 one one NN 43431 3966 17 , , , 43431 3966 18 which which WDT 43431 3966 19 probably probably RB 43431 3966 20 represents represent VBZ 43431 3966 21 an an DT 43431 3966 22 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 3966 23 , , , 43431 3966 24 and and CC 43431 3966 25 two two CD 43431 3966 26 lateral lateral JJ 43431 3966 27 ones one NNS 43431 3966 28 , , , 43431 3966 29 which which WDT 43431 3966 30 are be VBP 43431 3966 31 probably probably RB 43431 3966 32 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 3966 33 . . . 43431 3967 1 Traces trace NNS 43431 3967 2 of of IN 43431 3967 3 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 3967 4 structures structure NNS 43431 3967 5 , , , 43431 3967 6 probably probably RB 43431 3967 7 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 3967 8 to to IN 43431 3967 9 the the DT 43431 3967 10 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 3967 11 and and CC 43431 3967 12 scapula scapula NNP 43431 3967 13 , , , 43431 3967 14 are be VBP 43431 3967 15 also also RB 43431 3967 16 known know VBN 43431 3967 17 in in IN 43431 3967 18 some some DT 43431 3967 19 cases case NNS 43431 3967 20 . . . 43431 3968 1 The the DT 43431 3968 2 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 3968 3 and and CC 43431 3968 4 some some DT 43431 3968 5 of of IN 43431 3968 6 the the DT 43431 3968 7 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 3968 8 have have VBP 43431 3968 9 lost lose VBN 43431 3968 10 the the DT 43431 3968 11 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 3968 12 girdle girdle NN 43431 3968 13 and and CC 43431 3968 14 limbs limb NNS 43431 3968 15 . . . 43431 3969 1 The the DT 43431 3969 2 ossification ossification NN 43431 3969 3 of of IN 43431 3969 4 the the DT 43431 3969 5 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 3969 6 - - HYPH 43431 3969 7 girdle girdle NN 43431 3969 8 has have VBZ 43431 3969 9 gone go VBN 43431 3969 10 on on RB 43431 3969 11 much much RB 43431 3969 12 further far RBR 43431 3969 13 in in IN 43431 3969 14 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3969 15 than than IN 43431 3969 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3969 17 has have VBZ 43431 3969 18 in in IN 43431 3969 19 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3969 20 . . . 43431 3970 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 3970 2 are be VBP 43431 3970 3 present present JJ 43431 3970 4 and and CC 43431 3970 5 the the DT 43431 3970 6 scapula scapula NN 43431 3970 7 and and CC 43431 3970 8 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 3970 9 of of IN 43431 3970 10 each each DT 43431 3970 11 side side NN 43431 3970 12 are be VBP 43431 3970 13 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3970 14 from from IN 43431 3970 15 separate separate JJ 43431 3970 16 centres centre NNS 43431 3970 17 . . . 43431 3971 1 The the DT 43431 3971 2 distal distal JJ 43431 3971 3 part part NN 43431 3971 4 of of IN 43431 3971 5 the the DT 43431 3971 6 scapula scapula NN 43431 3971 7 forms form NNS 43431 3971 8 a a DT 43431 3971 9 large large JJ 43431 3971 10 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 3971 11 ossified ossify VBN 43431 3971 12 plate plate NN 43431 3971 13 , , , 43431 3971 14 the the DT 43431 3971 15 suprascapula suprascapula NN 43431 3971 16 . . . 43431 3972 1 The the DT 43431 3972 2 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 3972 3 - - HYPH 43431 3972 4 girdle girdle NN 43431 3972 5 of of IN 43431 3972 6 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3972 7 is be VBZ 43431 3972 8 however however RB 43431 3972 9 subject subject JJ 43431 3972 10 to to IN 43431 3972 11 considerable considerable JJ 43431 3972 12 variations variation NNS 43431 3972 13 . . . 43431 3973 1 In in IN 43431 3973 2 the the DT 43431 3973 3 Toads Toads NNPS 43431 3973 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3973 5 Bufonidae Bufonidae NNP 43431 3973 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3973 7 the the DT 43431 3973 8 epicoracoids epicoracoid NNS 43431 3973 9 or or CC 43431 3973 10 unossified unossifie VBD 43431 3973 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3973 12 ends end NNS 43431 3973 13 of of IN 43431 3973 14 the the DT 43431 3973 15 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 3973 16 and and CC 43431 3973 17 precoracoids precoracoid NNS 43431 3973 18 overlap overlap VBP 43431 3973 19 in in IN 43431 3973 20 the the DT 43431 3973 21 middle middle JJ 43431 3973 22 line line NN 43431 3973 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3973 24 fig fig NN 43431 3973 25 . . . 43431 3974 1 30 30 CD 43431 3974 2 , , , 43431 3974 3 B b NN 43431 3974 4 , , , 43431 3974 5 5 5 CD 43431 3974 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3974 7 . . . 43431 3975 1 This this DT 43431 3975 2 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 3975 3 is be VBZ 43431 3975 4 called call VBN 43431 3975 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3975 6 Arciferous Arciferous NNP 43431 3975 7 _ _ NNP 43431 3975 8 . . . 43431 3976 1 In in IN 43431 3976 2 the the DT 43431 3976 3 Frogs,--Ranidae Frogs,--Ranidae NNP 43431 3976 4 , , , 43431 3976 5 and and CC 43431 3976 6 other other JJ 43431 3976 7 forms form NNS 43431 3976 8 belonging belong VBG 43431 3976 9 to to IN 43431 3976 10 the the DT 43431 3976 11 group group NN 43431 3976 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3976 13 Firmisternia_,--the Firmisternia_,--the NNP 43431 3976 14 epicoracoids epicoracoid NNS 43431 3976 15 do do VBP 43431 3976 16 not not RB 43431 3976 17 overlap overlap VB 43431 3976 18 but but CC 43431 3976 19 form form VB 43431 3976 20 a a DT 43431 3976 21 narrow narrow JJ 43431 3976 22 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 3976 23 bar bar NN 43431 3976 24 separating separate VBG 43431 3976 25 the the DT 43431 3976 26 ventral ventral JJ 43431 3976 27 ends end NNS 43431 3976 28 of of IN 43431 3976 29 the the DT 43431 3976 30 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 3976 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3976 32 fig fig NN 43431 3976 33 . . . 43431 3977 1 30 30 CD 43431 3977 2 , , , 43431 3977 3 A a NN 43431 3977 4 , , , 43431 3977 5 5 5 CD 43431 3977 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3977 7 . . . 43431 3978 1 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 3978 2 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 3978 3 . . . 43431 3979 1 In in IN 43431 3979 2 many many JJ 43431 3979 3 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3979 4 and and CC 43431 3979 5 especially especially RB 43431 3979 6 in in IN 43431 3979 7 the the DT 43431 3979 8 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3979 9 the the DT 43431 3979 10 anterior anterior NN 43431 3979 11 limb limb NN 43431 3979 12 has have VBZ 43431 3979 13 a a DT 43431 3979 14 very very RB 43431 3979 15 simple simple JJ 43431 3979 16 unmodified unmodified JJ 43431 3979 17 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 3979 18 . . . 43431 3980 1 The the DT 43431 3980 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 3980 3 is be VBZ 43431 3980 4 straight straight JJ 43431 3980 5 and and CC 43431 3980 6 of of IN 43431 3980 7 moderate moderate JJ 43431 3980 8 length length NN 43431 3980 9 , , , 43431 3980 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3980 11 ends end NNS 43431 3980 12 are be VBP 43431 3980 13 rounded round VBN 43431 3980 14 for for IN 43431 3980 15 articulation articulation NN 43431 3980 16 on on IN 43431 3980 17 the the DT 43431 3980 18 one one CD 43431 3980 19 hand hand NN 43431 3980 20 with with IN 43431 3980 21 the the DT 43431 3980 22 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 3980 23 - - HYPH 43431 3980 24 girdle girdle NN 43431 3980 25 , , , 43431 3980 26 and and CC 43431 3980 27 on on IN 43431 3980 28 the the DT 43431 3980 29 other other JJ 43431 3980 30 hand hand NN 43431 3980 31 with with IN 43431 3980 32 the the DT 43431 3980 33 radius radius NN 43431 3980 34 and and CC 43431 3980 35 ulna ulna NNP 43431 3980 36 . . . 43431 3981 1 In in IN 43431 3981 2 the the DT 43431 3981 3 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 3981 4 the the DT 43431 3981 5 radius radius NN 43431 3981 6 and and CC 43431 3981 7 ulna ulna NNP 43431 3981 8 are be VBP 43431 3981 9 distinct distinct JJ 43431 3981 10 . . . 43431 3982 1 In in IN 43431 3982 2 the the DT 43431 3982 3 Anura Anura NNP 43431 3982 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 3982 5 have have VBP 43431 3982 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 3982 7 , , , 43431 3982 8 though though IN 43431 3982 9 the the DT 43431 3982 10 line line NN 43431 3982 11 of of IN 43431 3982 12 junction junction NN 43431 3982 13 of of IN 43431 3982 14 the the DT 43431 3982 15 two two CD 43431 3982 16 is be VBZ 43431 3982 17 not not RB 43431 3982 18 obliterated obliterate VBN 43431 3982 19 . . . 43431 3983 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 3983 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 3983 3 ends end NNS 43431 3983 4 are be VBP 43431 3983 5 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 3983 6 for for IN 43431 3983 7 articulation articulation NN 43431 3983 8 with with IN 43431 3983 9 the the DT 43431 3983 10 convex convex NNP 43431 3983 11 end end NN 43431 3983 12 of of IN 43431 3983 13 the the DT 43431 3983 14 humerus humerus NN 43431 3983 15 . . . 43431 3984 1 The the DT 43431 3984 2 manus manus NN 43431 3984 3 in in IN 43431 3984 4 all all DT 43431 3984 5 recent recent JJ 43431 3984 6 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3984 7 agrees agree VBZ 43431 3984 8 in in IN 43431 3984 9 never never RB 43431 3984 10 having have VBG 43431 3984 11 more more JJR 43431 3984 12 than than IN 43431 3984 13 four four CD 43431 3984 14 complete complete JJ 43431 3984 15 digits digit NNS 43431 3984 16 , , , 43431 3984 17 but but CC 43431 3984 18 is be VBZ 43431 3984 19 subject subject JJ 43431 3984 20 to to IN 43431 3984 21 considerable considerable JJ 43431 3984 22 variation variation NN 43431 3984 23 , , , 43431 3984 24 this this DT 43431 3984 25 statement statement NN 43431 3984 26 applying apply VBG 43431 3984 27 especially especially RB 43431 3984 28 to to IN 43431 3984 29 the the DT 43431 3984 30 carpus carpus NN 43431 3984 31 . . . 43431 3985 1 In in IN 43431 3985 2 the the DT 43431 3985 3 larva larva NN 43431 3985 4 of of IN 43431 3985 5 Salamandra Salamandra NNP 43431 3985 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3985 7 fig fig NN 43431 3985 8 . . . 43431 3986 1 31 31 CD 43431 3986 2 , , , 43431 3986 3 A a NN 43431 3986 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3986 5 , , , 43431 3986 6 except except IN 43431 3986 7 that that IN 43431 3986 8 the the DT 43431 3986 9 pollex pollex NN 43431 3986 10 is be VBZ 43431 3986 11 absent[64 absent[64 NNP 43431 3986 12 ] ] -RRB- 43431 3986 13 , , , 43431 3986 14 the the DT 43431 3986 15 manus manus NN 43431 3986 16 retains retain NNS 43431 3986 17 completely completely RB 43431 3986 18 the the DT 43431 3986 19 condition condition NN 43431 3986 20 which which WDT 43431 3986 21 is be VBZ 43431 3986 22 generally generally RB 43431 3986 23 regarded regard VBN 43431 3986 24 as as IN 43431 3986 25 primitive primitive JJ 43431 3986 26 for for IN 43431 3986 27 the the DT 43431 3986 28 higher high JJR 43431 3986 29 Vertebrata Vertebrata NNP 43431 3986 30 . . . 43431 3987 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 3987 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 3987 3 of of IN 43431 3987 4 an an DT 43431 3987 5 anterior anterior JJ 43431 3987 6 row row NN 43431 3987 7 of of IN 43431 3987 8 three three CD 43431 3987 9 elements element NNS 43431 3987 10 , , , 43431 3987 11 the the DT 43431 3987 12 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 3987 13 , , , 43431 3987 14 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 3987 15 , , , 43431 3987 16 and and CC 43431 3987 17 radiale radiale NNP 43431 3987 18 , , , 43431 3987 19 and and CC 43431 3987 20 a a DT 43431 3987 21 posterior posterior NN 43431 3987 22 row row NN 43431 3987 23 of of IN 43431 3987 24 four four CD 43431 3987 25 , , , 43431 3987 26 the the DT 43431 3987 27 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 3987 28 2 2 CD 43431 3987 29 , , , 43431 3987 30 3 3 CD 43431 3987 31 , , , 43431 3987 32 4 4 CD 43431 3987 33 , , , 43431 3987 34 and and CC 43431 3987 35 5 5 CD 43431 3987 36 . . . 43431 3988 1 Interposed interpose VBN 43431 3988 2 between between IN 43431 3988 3 the the DT 43431 3988 4 two two CD 43431 3988 5 rows row NNS 43431 3988 6 is be VBZ 43431 3988 7 a a DT 43431 3988 8 centrale centrale NN 43431 3988 9 . . . 43431 3989 1 _ _ NNP 43431 3989 2 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 3989 3 _ _ NNP 43431 3989 4 has have VBZ 43431 3989 5 a a DT 43431 3989 6 similar similar JJ 43431 3989 7 very very RB 43431 3989 8 simple simple JJ 43431 3989 9 carpus carpus NN 43431 3989 10 . . . 43431 3990 1 In in IN 43431 3990 2 most most JJS 43431 3990 3 other other JJ 43431 3990 4 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 3990 5 this this DT 43431 3990 6 simplicity simplicity NN 43431 3990 7 is be VBZ 43431 3990 8 lost lose VBN 43431 3990 9 . . . 43431 3991 1 This this DT 43431 3991 2 loss loss NN 43431 3991 3 may may MD 43431 3991 4 be be VB 43431 3991 5 due due JJ 43431 3991 6 to:-- to:-- '' 43431 3991 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3991 8 _ _ NNP 43431 3991 9 a a DT 43431 3991 10 _ _ NNP 43431 3991 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3991 12 fusion fusion NN 43431 3991 13 of of IN 43431 3991 14 certain certain JJ 43431 3991 15 structures structure NNS 43431 3991 16 , , , 43431 3991 17 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 3992 1 in in IN 43431 3992 2 the the DT 43431 3992 3 adult adult NN 43431 3992 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3992 5 Salamandra Salamandra NNP 43431 3992 6 _ _ NNP 43431 3992 7 the the DT 43431 3992 8 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 3992 9 and and CC 43431 3992 10 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 3992 11 have have VBP 43431 3992 12 fused fuse VBN 43431 3992 13 , , , 43431 3992 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3992 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3992 16 b b NNP 43431 3992 17 _ _ NNP 43431 3992 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3992 19 displacement displacement NN 43431 3992 20 of of IN 43431 3992 21 structures structure NNS 43431 3992 22 , , , 43431 3992 23 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 3993 1 in in IN 43431 3993 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3993 3 Bufo Bufo NNP 43431 3993 4 viridis viridis NN 43431 3993 5 _ _ NNP 43431 3993 6 , , , 43431 3993 7 the the DT 43431 3993 8 centrale centrale NN 43431 3993 9 has have VBZ 43431 3993 10 been be VBN 43431 3993 11 pushed push VBN 43431 3993 12 up up RP 43431 3993 13 till till IN 43431 3993 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 3993 15 comes come VBZ 43431 3993 16 to to TO 43431 3993 17 articulate articulate VB 43431 3993 18 with with IN 43431 3993 19 the the DT 43431 3993 20 radius radius NN 43431 3993 21 , , , 43431 3993 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3993 23 _ _ NNP 43431 3993 24 c c NNP 43431 3993 25 _ _ NNP 43431 3993 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3993 27 the the DT 43431 3993 28 development development NN 43431 3993 29 of of IN 43431 3993 30 supernumerary supernumerary JJ 43431 3993 31 elements element NNS 43431 3993 32 , , , 43431 3993 33 especially especially RB 43431 3993 34 of of IN 43431 3993 35 extra extra JJ 43431 3993 36 centralia centralia NNS 43431 3993 37 . . . 43431 3994 1 In in IN 43431 3994 2 _ _ NNP 43431 3994 3 Megalobatrachus Megalobatrachus NNP 43431 3994 4 _ _ NNP 43431 3994 5 two two CD 43431 3994 6 or or CC 43431 3994 7 even even RB 43431 3994 8 three three CD 43431 3994 9 centralia centralia NNS 43431 3994 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 3994 11 occur occur VBP 43431 3994 12 . . . 43431 3995 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 3995 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 3995 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 3995 4 . . . 43431 3996 1 31 31 CD 43431 3996 2 . . . 43431 3997 1 A a DT 43431 3997 2 , , , 43431 3997 3 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 3997 4 ANTIBRACHIUM ANTIBRACHIUM NNP 43431 3997 5 AND and CC 43431 3997 6 MANUS MANUS NNP 43431 3997 7 OF of IN 43431 3997 8 A a DT 43431 3997 9 LARVAL LARVAL NNP 43431 3997 10 SALAMANDER SALAMANDER NNP 43431 3997 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3997 12 _ _ NNP 43431 3997 13 Salamandra Salamandra NNP 43431 3997 14 maculosa maculosa NN 43431 3997 15 _ _ NNP 43431 3997 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3997 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3997 18 after after IN 43431 3997 19 GEGENBAUR GEGENBAUR NNP 43431 3997 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3997 21 . . . 43431 3998 1 B b UH 43431 3998 2 , , , 43431 3998 3 RIGHT right JJ 43431 3998 4 TARSUS TARSUS NNP 43431 3998 5 AND and CC 43431 3998 6 ADJOINING ADJOINING NNP 43431 3998 7 BONES bone NNS 43431 3998 8 OF of IN 43431 3998 9 _ _ NNP 43431 3998 10 Molge Molge NNP 43431 3998 11 sp sp NNP 43431 3998 12 . . . 43431 3998 13 _ _ NNP 43431 3998 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 3998 15 after after IN 43431 3998 16 GEGENBAUR GEGENBAUR NNP 43431 3998 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 3998 18 . . . 43431 3999 1 1 1 LS 43431 3999 2 . . . 43431 3999 3 radius radius NN 43431 3999 4 . . . 43431 4000 1 2 2 LS 43431 4000 2 . . . 43431 4000 3 ulna ulna NNP 43431 4000 4 . . . 43431 4001 1 3 3 LS 43431 4001 2 . . . 43431 4001 3 radiale radiale NNP 43431 4001 4 . . . 43431 4002 1 4 4 LS 43431 4002 2 . . . 43431 4002 3 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 4002 4 . . . 43431 4003 1 5 5 LS 43431 4003 2 . . . 43431 4003 3 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 4003 4 . . . 43431 4004 1 6 6 LS 43431 4004 2 . . . 43431 4004 3 centrale centrale NNP 43431 4004 4 . . . 43431 4005 1 7 7 LS 43431 4005 2 . . . 43431 4005 3 carpale carpale NN 43431 4005 4 2 2 CD 43431 4005 5 . . . 43431 4006 1 8 8 LS 43431 4006 2 . . . 43431 4006 3 " " '' 43431 4007 1 3 3 LS 43431 4007 2 . . . 43431 4008 1 9 9 LS 43431 4008 2 . . . 43431 4008 3 " " '' 43431 4009 1 4 4 LS 43431 4009 2 . . . 43431 4010 1 10 10 CD 43431 4010 2 . . . 43431 4010 3 " " '' 43431 4011 1 5 5 CD 43431 4011 2 . . . 43431 4012 1 11 11 CD 43431 4012 2 . . . 43431 4012 3 tibia tibia NNP 43431 4012 4 . . . 43431 4013 1 12 12 CD 43431 4013 2 . . . 43431 4013 3 fibula fibula NNP 43431 4013 4 . . . 43431 4014 1 13 13 CD 43431 4014 2 . . . 43431 4014 3 tibiale tibiale NNP 43431 4014 4 . . . 43431 4015 1 14 14 CD 43431 4015 2 . . . 43431 4015 3 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 4015 4 . . . 43431 4016 1 15 15 CD 43431 4016 2 . . . 43431 4016 3 fibulare fibulare NNP 43431 4016 4 . . . 43431 4017 1 16 16 CD 43431 4017 2 . . . 43431 4017 3 centrale centrale NNP 43431 4017 4 . . . 43431 4018 1 17 17 CD 43431 4018 2 . . . 43431 4018 3 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 4018 4 1 1 CD 43431 4018 5 . . . 43431 4019 1 18 18 CD 43431 4019 2 . . . 43431 4019 3 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 4019 4 4 4 CD 43431 4019 5 and and CC 43431 4019 6 5 5 CD 43431 4019 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 4019 8 . . . 43431 4020 1 I. I. NNP 43431 4020 2 II II NNP 43431 4020 3 . . . 43431 4021 1 III iii CD 43431 4021 2 . . . 43431 4022 1 IV IV NNP 43431 4022 2 . . . 43431 4023 1 V. V. NNP 43431 4024 1 digits digits NNP 43431 4024 2 . . . 43431 4024 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4025 1 In in IN 43431 4025 2 the the DT 43431 4025 3 great great JJ 43431 4025 4 majority majority NN 43431 4025 5 of of IN 43431 4025 6 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 4025 7 while while IN 43431 4025 8 one one CD 43431 4025 9 digit digit NN 43431 4025 10 , , , 43431 4025 11 probably probably RB 43431 4025 12 the the DT 43431 4025 13 first first JJ 43431 4025 14 , , , 43431 4025 15 is be VBZ 43431 4025 16 absent absent JJ 43431 4025 17 , , , 43431 4025 18 the the DT 43431 4025 19 other other JJ 43431 4025 20 four four CD 43431 4025 21 digits digit NNS 43431 4025 22 are be VBP 43431 4025 23 well well RB 43431 4025 24 developed developed JJ 43431 4025 25 . . . 43431 4026 1 In in IN 43431 4026 2 the the DT 43431 4026 3 forms form NNS 43431 4026 4 however however RB 43431 4026 5 with with IN 43431 4026 6 degenerate degenerate NN 43431 4026 7 limbs limb NNS 43431 4026 8 like like IN 43431 4026 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4026 10 Amphiuma Amphiuma NNP 43431 4026 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4026 12 , , , 43431 4026 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4026 14 Siren Siren NNP 43431 4026 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4026 16 and and CC 43431 4026 17 _ _ NNP 43431 4026 18 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 4026 19 _ _ NNP 43431 4026 20 the the DT 43431 4026 21 number number NN 43431 4026 22 of of IN 43431 4026 23 digits digit NNS 43431 4026 24 is be VBZ 43431 4026 25 still still RB 43431 4026 26 further far RBR 43431 4026 27 reduced reduce VBN 43431 4026 28 . . . 43431 4027 1 In in IN 43431 4027 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4027 3 Siren Siren NNP 43431 4027 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4027 5 there there EX 43431 4027 6 are be VBP 43431 4027 7 three three CD 43431 4027 8 or or CC 43431 4027 9 four four CD 43431 4027 10 , , , 43431 4027 11 in in IN 43431 4027 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4027 13 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 4027 14 _ _ NNP 43431 4027 15 three three CD 43431 4027 16 , , , 43431 4027 17 and and CC 43431 4027 18 in in IN 43431 4027 19 _ _ NNP 43431 4027 20 Amphiuma Amphiuma NNP 43431 4027 21 _ _ NNP 43431 4027 22 two two CD 43431 4027 23 or or CC 43431 4027 24 three three CD 43431 4027 25 digits digit NNS 43431 4027 26 in in IN 43431 4027 27 the the DT 43431 4027 28 manus manus NN 43431 4027 29 . . . 43431 4028 1 In in IN 43431 4028 2 Anura Anura NNP 43431 4028 3 the the DT 43431 4028 4 pollex pollex NN 43431 4028 5 is be VBZ 43431 4028 6 represented represent VBN 43431 4028 7 only only RB 43431 4028 8 by by IN 43431 4028 9 a a DT 43431 4028 10 short short JJ 43431 4028 11 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 4028 12 . . . 43431 4029 1 There there EX 43431 4029 2 are be VBP 43431 4029 3 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4029 4 traces trace NNS 43431 4029 5 of of IN 43431 4029 6 a a DT 43431 4029 7 prepollex prepollex NN 43431 4029 8 . . . 43431 4030 1 The the DT 43431 4030 2 carpus carpus NN 43431 4030 3 often often RB 43431 4030 4 has have VBZ 43431 4030 5 two two CD 43431 4030 6 centralia centralia NNS 43431 4030 7 and and CC 43431 4030 8 the the DT 43431 4030 9 intermedium intermedium NN 43431 4030 10 is be VBZ 43431 4030 11 absent absent JJ 43431 4030 12 . . . 43431 4031 1 In in IN 43431 4031 2 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 4031 3 the the DT 43431 4031 4 limbs limb NNS 43431 4031 5 are be VBP 43431 4031 6 generally generally RB 43431 4031 7 very very RB 43431 4031 8 simple simple JJ 43431 4031 9 and and CC 43431 4031 10 resemble resemble VB 43431 4031 11 those those DT 43431 4031 12 of of IN 43431 4031 13 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 4031 14 . . . 43431 4032 1 In in IN 43431 4032 2 some some DT 43431 4032 3 forms form NNS 43431 4032 4 , , , 43431 4032 5 however however RB 43431 4032 6 , , , 43431 4032 7 the the DT 43431 4032 8 manus manus NN 43431 4032 9 differs differ VBZ 43431 4032 10 from from IN 43431 4032 11 that that DT 43431 4032 12 of of IN 43431 4032 13 all all DT 43431 4032 14 living live VBG 43431 4032 15 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 4032 16 in in IN 43431 4032 17 possessing possess VBG 43431 4032 18 five five CD 43431 4032 19 well well RB 43431 4032 20 - - HYPH 43431 4032 21 developed develop VBN 43431 4032 22 digits digit NNS 43431 4032 23 . . . 43431 4033 1 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 4033 2 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 4033 3 . . . 43431 4034 1 The the DT 43431 4034 2 simplest simple JJS 43431 4034 3 Amphibian amphibian JJ 43431 4034 4 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 4034 5 is be VBZ 43431 4034 6 that that DT 43431 4034 7 of of IN 43431 4034 8 some some DT 43431 4034 9 of of IN 43431 4034 10 the the DT 43431 4034 11 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 4034 12 ; ; : 43431 4034 13 thus thus RB 43431 4034 14 in in IN 43431 4034 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4034 16 Mastodonsaurus Mastodonsaurus NNP 43431 4034 17 _ _ NNP 43431 4034 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4034 19 consists consist VBZ 43431 4034 20 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 4034 21 of of IN 43431 4034 22 a a DT 43431 4034 23 short short JJ 43431 4034 24 broad broad JJ 43431 4034 25 ilium ilium NN 43431 4034 26 placed place VBN 43431 4034 27 vertically vertically RB 43431 4034 28 and and CC 43431 4034 29 attached attach VBN 43431 4034 30 to to IN 43431 4034 31 the the DT 43431 4034 32 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 4034 33 , , , 43431 4034 34 and and CC 43431 4034 35 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4034 36 of of IN 43431 4034 37 a a DT 43431 4034 38 small small JJ 43431 4034 39 pubis pubi VBN 43431 4034 40 and and CC 43431 4034 41 of of IN 43431 4034 42 a a DT 43431 4034 43 large large JJ 43431 4034 44 ischium ischium NN 43431 4034 45 meeting meet VBG 43431 4034 46 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4034 47 fellow fellow NN 43431 4034 48 in in IN 43431 4034 49 the the DT 43431 4034 50 middle middle JJ 43431 4034 51 line line NN 43431 4034 52 . . . 43431 4035 1 In in IN 43431 4035 2 some some DT 43431 4035 3 Labyrinthodonts labyrinthodont NNS 43431 4035 4 the the DT 43431 4035 5 pubes pubis NNS 43431 4035 6 as as RB 43431 4035 7 well well RB 43431 4035 8 as as IN 43431 4035 9 the the DT 43431 4035 10 ischia ischia NNP 43431 4035 11 meet meet VBP 43431 4035 12 in in IN 43431 4035 13 a a DT 43431 4035 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4035 15 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4035 16 , , , 43431 4035 17 and and CC 43431 4035 18 in in IN 43431 4035 19 many many JJ 43431 4035 20 there there EX 43431 4035 21 are be VBP 43431 4035 22 no no DT 43431 4035 23 obturator obturator NN 43431 4035 24 foramina foramina NNP 43431 4035 25 . . . 43431 4036 1 In in IN 43431 4036 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4036 3 Siren Siren NNP 43431 4036 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4036 5 , , , 43431 4036 6 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 4036 7 and and CC 43431 4036 8 some some DT 43431 4036 9 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 4036 10 the the DT 43431 4036 11 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 4036 12 girdle girdle NN 43431 4036 13 and and CC 43431 4036 14 limbs limb NNS 43431 4036 15 are be VBP 43431 4036 16 absent absent JJ 43431 4036 17 . . . 43431 4037 1 In in IN 43431 4037 2 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 4037 3 the the DT 43431 4037 4 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4037 5 element element NN 43431 4037 6 of of IN 43431 4037 7 the the DT 43431 4037 8 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4037 9 on on IN 43431 4037 10 each each DT 43431 4037 11 side side NN 43431 4037 12 forms form VBZ 43431 4037 13 a a DT 43431 4037 14 flat flat JJ 43431 4037 15 plate plate NN 43431 4037 16 which which WDT 43431 4037 17 meets meet VBZ 43431 4037 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4037 19 fellow fellow NN 43431 4037 20 of of IN 43431 4037 21 the the DT 43431 4037 22 opposite opposite JJ 43431 4037 23 side side NN 43431 4037 24 . . . 43431 4038 1 The the DT 43431 4038 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4038 3 part part NN 43431 4038 4 of of IN 43431 4038 5 the the DT 43431 4038 6 plate plate NN 43431 4038 7 , , , 43431 4038 8 representing represent VBG 43431 4038 9 the the DT 43431 4038 10 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4038 11 , , , 43431 4038 12 generally generally RB 43431 4038 13 remains remain VBZ 43431 4038 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4038 15 throughout throughout IN 43431 4038 16 life life NN 43431 4038 17 ; ; : 43431 4038 18 the the DT 43431 4038 19 posterior posterior NN 43431 4038 20 part part NN 43431 4038 21 representing represent VBG 43431 4038 22 the the DT 43431 4038 23 ischium ischium NN 43431 4038 24 is be VBZ 43431 4038 25 in in IN 43431 4038 26 almost almost RB 43431 4038 27 every every DT 43431 4038 28 case case NN 43431 4038 29 well well RB 43431 4038 30 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4038 31 . . . 43431 4039 1 Attached attach VBN 43431 4039 2 to to IN 43431 4039 3 the the DT 43431 4039 4 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4039 5 end end NN 43431 4039 6 of of IN 43431 4039 7 the the DT 43431 4039 8 pubes pubis NNS 43431 4039 9 there there EX 43431 4039 10 is be VBZ 43431 4039 11 an an DT 43431 4039 12 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 4039 13 bifid bifid NN 43431 4039 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4039 15 structure structure NN 43431 4039 16 , , , 43431 4039 17 the the DT 43431 4039 18 epipubis epipubis NN 43431 4039 19 . . . 43431 4040 1 The the DT 43431 4040 2 ilia ilium NNS 43431 4040 3 are be VBP 43431 4040 4 vertically vertically RB 43431 4040 5 placed place VBN 43431 4040 6 . . . 43431 4041 1 In in IN 43431 4041 2 most most JJS 43431 4041 3 Anura Anura NNP 43431 4041 4 the the DT 43431 4041 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 4041 6 is be VBZ 43431 4041 7 peculiarly peculiarly RB 43431 4041 8 modified modify VBN 43431 4041 9 in in IN 43431 4041 10 correlation correlation NN 43431 4041 11 with with IN 43431 4041 12 the the DT 43431 4041 13 habits habit NNS 43431 4041 14 of of IN 43431 4041 15 jumping jump VBG 43431 4041 16 . . . 43431 4042 1 The the DT 43431 4042 2 long long JJ 43431 4042 3 bone bone NN 43431 4042 4 generally generally RB 43431 4042 5 called call VBD 43431 4042 6 the the DT 43431 4042 7 ilium ilium NN 43431 4042 8 is be VBZ 43431 4042 9 placed place VBN 43431 4042 10 horizontally horizontally RB 43431 4042 11 and and CC 43431 4042 12 is be VBZ 43431 4042 13 attached attach VBN 43431 4042 14 at at IN 43431 4042 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4042 16 extreme extreme JJ 43431 4042 17 anterior anterior NN 43431 4042 18 end end NN 43431 4042 19 to to IN 43431 4042 20 the the DT 43431 4042 21 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 4042 22 . . . 43431 4043 1 The the DT 43431 4043 2 ischium ischium NN 43431 4043 3 is be VBZ 43431 4043 4 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4043 5 and and CC 43431 4043 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4043 7 . . . 43431 4044 1 Ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4044 2 in in IN 43431 4044 3 front front NN 43431 4044 4 of of IN 43431 4044 5 the the DT 43431 4044 6 ischium ischium NN 43431 4044 7 there there EX 43431 4044 8 is be VBZ 43431 4044 9 a a DT 43431 4044 10 tract tract NN 43431 4044 11 of of IN 43431 4044 12 unossified unossified JJ 43431 4044 13 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4044 14 which which WDT 43431 4044 15 is be VBZ 43431 4044 16 often often RB 43431 4044 17 regarded regard VBN 43431 4044 18 as as IN 43431 4044 19 the the DT 43431 4044 20 pubis pubi VBN 43431 4044 21 . . . 43431 4045 1 In in IN 43431 4045 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4045 3 Xenopus Xenopus NNP 43431 4045 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4045 5 , , , 43431 4045 6 however however RB 43431 4045 7 , , , 43431 4045 8 the the DT 43431 4045 9 bone bone NN 43431 4045 10 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 4045 11 to to IN 43431 4045 12 the the DT 43431 4045 13 ilium ilium NN 43431 4045 14 of of IN 43431 4045 15 the the DT 43431 4045 16 Frog Frog NNP 43431 4045 17 is be VBZ 43431 4045 18 seen see VBN 43431 4045 19 to to TO 43431 4045 20 ossify ossify VB 43431 4045 21 from from IN 43431 4045 22 two two CD 43431 4045 23 centres centre NNS 43431 4045 24 , , , 43431 4045 25 one one CD 43431 4045 26 forming form VBG 43431 4045 27 the the DT 43431 4045 28 ilium ilium NN 43431 4045 29 , , , 43431 4045 30 the the DT 43431 4045 31 other other JJ 43431 4045 32 , , , 43431 4045 33 which which WDT 43431 4045 34 lies lie VBZ 43431 4045 35 at at IN 43431 4045 36 the the DT 43431 4045 37 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4045 38 , , , 43431 4045 39 being be VBG 43431 4045 40 apparently apparently RB 43431 4045 41 the the DT 43431 4045 42 pubis pubi VBN 43431 4045 43 . . . 43431 4046 1 This this DT 43431 4046 2 makes make VBZ 43431 4046 3 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4046 4 probable probable JJ 43431 4046 5 that that IN 43431 4046 6 the the DT 43431 4046 7 so so RB 43431 4046 8 - - HYPH 43431 4046 9 called call VBN 43431 4046 10 ilium ilium NN 43431 4046 11 of of IN 43431 4046 12 the the DT 43431 4046 13 Frog Frog NNP 43431 4046 14 is be VBZ 43431 4046 15 really really RB 43431 4046 16 to to TO 43431 4046 17 be be VB 43431 4046 18 regarded regard VBN 43431 4046 19 as as IN 43431 4046 20 an an DT 43431 4046 21 ilio ilio NN 43431 4046 22 - - HYPH 43431 4046 23 pubis pubi VBN 43431 4046 24 , , , 43431 4046 25 and and CC 43431 4046 26 renders render VBZ 43431 4046 27 the the DT 43431 4046 28 homology homology NN 43431 4046 29 of of IN 43431 4046 30 the the DT 43431 4046 31 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4046 32 part part NN 43431 4046 33 uncertain uncertain JJ 43431 4046 34 , , , 43431 4046 35 but but CC 43431 4046 36 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4046 37 probably probably RB 43431 4046 38 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 4046 39 to to IN 43431 4046 40 the the DT 43431 4046 41 acetabular acetabular JJ 43431 4046 42 bone bone NN 43431 4046 43 of of IN 43431 4046 44 mammals mammal NNS 43431 4046 45 . . . 43431 4047 1 In in IN 43431 4047 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4047 3 Xenopus Xenopus NNP 43431 4047 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4047 5 also also RB 43431 4047 6 there there EX 43431 4047 7 is be VBZ 43431 4047 8 a a DT 43431 4047 9 minute minute NN 43431 4047 10 epipubis epipubis NN 43431 4047 11 similar similar JJ 43431 4047 12 to to IN 43431 4047 13 that that DT 43431 4047 14 of of IN 43431 4047 15 Urodeles Urodeles NNP 43431 4047 16 . . . 43431 4048 1 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 4048 2 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 4048 3 . . . 43431 4049 1 In in IN 43431 4049 2 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 4049 3 the the DT 43431 4049 4 posterior posterior NN 43431 4049 5 limb limb NN 43431 4049 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4049 7 fig fig NN 43431 4049 8 . . . 43431 4050 1 31 31 CD 43431 4050 2 , , , 43431 4050 3 B b NN 43431 4050 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4050 5 closely closely RB 43431 4050 6 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 4050 7 the the DT 43431 4050 8 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4050 9 limb limb NN 43431 4050 10 , , , 43431 4050 11 but but CC 43431 4050 12 is be VBZ 43431 4050 13 even even RB 43431 4050 14 less less RBR 43431 4050 15 removed removed JJ 43431 4050 16 from from IN 43431 4050 17 the the DT 43431 4050 18 primitive primitive JJ 43431 4050 19 condition condition NN 43431 4050 20 of of IN 43431 4050 21 the the DT 43431 4050 22 higher high JJR 43431 4050 23 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 4050 24 in in IN 43431 4050 25 the the DT 43431 4050 26 fact fact NN 43431 4050 27 that that IN 43431 4050 28 all all DT 43431 4050 29 five five CD 43431 4050 30 digits digit NNS 43431 4050 31 are be VBP 43431 4050 32 commonly commonly RB 43431 4050 33 present present JJ 43431 4050 34 . . . 43431 4051 1 The the DT 43431 4051 2 tibia tibia NNP 43431 4051 3 and and CC 43431 4051 4 fibula fibula NN 43431 4051 5 are be VBP 43431 4051 6 short short JJ 43431 4051 7 bones bone NNS 43431 4051 8 approximately approximately RB 43431 4051 9 equal equal JJ 43431 4051 10 in in IN 43431 4051 11 size size NN 43431 4051 12 . . . 43431 4052 1 In in IN 43431 4052 2 some some DT 43431 4052 3 cases case NNS 43431 4052 4 the the DT 43431 4052 5 number number NN 43431 4052 6 of of IN 43431 4052 7 digits digit NNS 43431 4052 8 is be VBZ 43431 4052 9 reduced reduce VBN 43431 4052 10 . . . 43431 4053 1 Thus thus RB 43431 4053 2 in in IN 43431 4053 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4053 4 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 4053 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4053 6 the the DT 43431 4053 7 pes pe NNS 43431 4053 8 has have VBZ 43431 4053 9 four four CD 43431 4053 10 digits digit NNS 43431 4053 11 , , , 43431 4053 12 in in IN 43431 4053 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4053 14 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 4053 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4053 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4053 17 has have VBZ 43431 4053 18 two two CD 43431 4053 19 , , , 43431 4053 20 and and CC 43431 4053 21 in in IN 43431 4053 22 _ _ NNP 43431 4053 23 Amphiuma Amphiuma NNP 43431 4053 24 _ _ NNP 43431 4053 25 two two CD 43431 4053 26 or or CC 43431 4053 27 three three CD 43431 4053 28 , , , 43431 4053 29 while while IN 43431 4053 30 in in IN 43431 4053 31 _ _ NNP 43431 4053 32 Siren Siren NNP 43431 4053 33 _ _ NNP 43431 4053 34 the the DT 43431 4053 35 posterior posterior NN 43431 4053 36 limbs limb NNS 43431 4053 37 have have VBP 43431 4053 38 atrophied atrophy VBN 43431 4053 39 . . . 43431 4054 1 In in IN 43431 4054 2 correlation correlation NN 43431 4054 3 with with IN 43431 4054 4 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4054 5 habits habit NNS 43431 4054 6 of of IN 43431 4054 7 jumping jumping NN 43431 4054 8 , , , 43431 4054 9 the the DT 43431 4054 10 posterior posterior NN 43431 4054 11 limbs limb VBZ 43431 4054 12 in in IN 43431 4054 13 Anura Anura NNP 43431 4054 14 are be VBP 43431 4054 15 much much RB 43431 4054 16 lengthened lengthen VBN 43431 4054 17 and and CC 43431 4054 18 considerably considerably RB 43431 4054 19 modified modify VBN 43431 4054 20 . . . 43431 4055 1 The the DT 43431 4055 2 tibia tibia NNP 43431 4055 3 and and CC 43431 4055 4 fibula fibula NN 43431 4055 5 are be VBP 43431 4055 6 completely completely RB 43431 4055 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 4055 8 . . . 43431 4056 1 The the DT 43431 4056 2 intermedium intermedium NN 43431 4056 3 is be VBZ 43431 4056 4 absent absent JJ 43431 4056 5 , , , 43431 4056 6 while while IN 43431 4056 7 the the DT 43431 4056 8 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 4056 9 and and CC 43431 4056 10 fibulare fibulare NNP 43431 4056 11 are be VBP 43431 4056 12 greatly greatly RB 43431 4056 13 elongated elongate VBN 43431 4056 14 . . . 43431 4057 1 Tarsalia Tarsalia NNP 43431 4057 2 4 4 CD 43431 4057 3 and and CC 43431 4057 4 5 5 CD 43431 4057 5 are be VBP 43431 4057 6 absent absent JJ 43431 4057 7 . . . 43431 4058 1 Five five CD 43431 4058 2 digits digit NNS 43431 4058 3 are be VBP 43431 4058 4 always always RB 43431 4058 5 present present JJ 43431 4058 6 , , , 43431 4058 7 and and CC 43431 4058 8 there there EX 43431 4058 9 is be VBZ 43431 4058 10 a a DT 43431 4058 11 prehallux prehallux JJ 43431 4058 12 formed form VBN 43431 4058 13 of of IN 43431 4058 14 two two CD 43431 4058 15 or or CC 43431 4058 16 more more JJR 43431 4058 17 segments segment NNS 43431 4058 18 . . . 43431 4059 1 In in IN 43431 4059 2 general general JJ 43431 4059 3 the the DT 43431 4059 4 posterior posterior NN 43431 4059 5 limbs limb VBZ 43431 4059 6 in in IN 43431 4059 7 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 4059 8 bear bear VBP 43431 4059 9 the the DT 43431 4059 10 closest close JJS 43431 4059 11 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 4059 12 to to IN 43431 4059 13 the the DT 43431 4059 14 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4059 15 limbs limb NNS 43431 4059 16 ; ; : 43431 4059 17 in in IN 43431 4059 18 some some DT 43431 4059 19 cases case NNS 43431 4059 20 three three CD 43431 4059 21 centralia centralia NNS 43431 4059 22 are be VBP 43431 4059 23 found find VBN 43431 4059 24 . . . 43431 4060 1 In in IN 43431 4060 2 Ichthyoidea Ichthyoidea NNP 43431 4060 3 , , , 43431 4060 4 and and CC 43431 4060 5 in in IN 43431 4060 6 most most JJS 43431 4060 7 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 4060 8 , , , 43431 4060 9 the the DT 43431 4060 10 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 4060 11 of of IN 43431 4060 12 the the DT 43431 4060 13 carpus carpus NNP 43431 4060 14 and and CC 43431 4060 15 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 4060 16 remain remain VBP 43431 4060 17 unossified unossified JJ 43431 4060 18 ; ; : 43431 4060 19 in in IN 43431 4060 20 Salamandrina Salamandrina NNP 43431 4060 21 and and CC 43431 4060 22 in in IN 43431 4060 23 Anura Anura NNP 43431 4060 24 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4060 25 are be VBP 43431 4060 26 generally generally RB 43431 4060 27 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4060 28 . . . 43431 4061 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 4061 2 : : : 43431 4061 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4061 4 59 59 CD 43431 4061 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4061 6 O. O. NNP 43431 4061 7 Hertwig Hertwig NNP 43431 4061 8 . . . 43431 4062 1 Ueber Ueber NNP 43431 4062 2 das das NNP 43431 4062 3 Zahnsystem Zahnsystem NNP 43431 4062 4 der der NN 43431 4062 5 Amphibien Amphibien NNP 43431 4062 6 . . . 43431 4063 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4063 2 Arch Arch NNP 43431 4063 3 . . . 43431 4064 1 mikr mikr NNP 43431 4064 2 . . . 43431 4065 1 Anat Anat NNP 43431 4065 2 . . . 43431 4065 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4065 4 supplem supplem NNP 43431 4065 5 . . . 43431 4066 1 Bd Bd NNP 43431 4066 2 . . . 43431 4067 1 XI XI NNP 43431 4067 2 . . . 43431 4068 1 1875 1875 CD 43431 4068 2 . . . 43431 4069 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4069 2 60 60 CD 43431 4069 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4069 4 G.A. G.A. NNP 43431 4070 1 Boulenger Boulenger NNP 43431 4070 2 , , , 43431 4070 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4070 4 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 4070 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4070 6 1890 1890 CD 43431 4070 7 , , , 43431 4070 8 p. p. NN 43431 4070 9 664 664 CD 43431 4070 10 . . . 43431 4071 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4071 2 61 61 CD 43431 4071 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4071 4 See see VB 43431 4071 5 p. p. NN 43431 4071 6 14 14 CD 43431 4071 7 . . . 43431 4072 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4072 2 62 62 CD 43431 4072 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4072 4 See see VB 43431 4072 5 many many JJ 43431 4072 6 papers paper NNS 43431 4072 7 by by IN 43431 4072 8 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 4073 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 4073 2 published publish VBN 43431 4073 3 in in IN 43431 4073 4 the the DT 43431 4073 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4073 6 Phil Phil NNP 43431 4073 7 . . . 43431 4074 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 4074 2 . . . 43431 4074 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4074 4 of of IN 43431 4074 5 the the DT 43431 4074 6 Royal Royal NNP 43431 4074 7 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4074 8 . . . 43431 4075 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4075 2 63 63 CD 43431 4075 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4075 4 Perhaps perhaps RB 43431 4075 5 this this DT 43431 4075 6 bone bone NN 43431 4075 7 includes include VBZ 43431 4075 8 supra supra NNP 43431 4075 9 - - HYPH 43431 4075 10 orbital orbital JJ 43431 4075 11 and and CC 43431 4075 12 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 4075 13 elements element NNS 43431 4075 14 . . . 43431 4076 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4076 2 64 64 CD 43431 4076 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4076 4 The the DT 43431 4076 5 first first JJ 43431 4076 6 digit digit NN 43431 4076 7 present present NN 43431 4076 8 is be VBZ 43431 4076 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4076 10 regarded regard VBN 43431 4076 11 as as IN 43431 4076 12 the the DT 43431 4076 13 pollex pollex NN 43431 4076 14 , , , 43431 4076 15 but but CC 43431 4076 16 from from IN 43431 4076 17 analogy analogy NN 43431 4076 18 with with IN 43431 4076 19 Anura Anura NNP 43431 4076 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4076 21 is be VBZ 43431 4076 22 probable probable JJ 43431 4076 23 that that IN 43431 4076 24 the the DT 43431 4076 25 pollex pollex NN 43431 4076 26 is be VBZ 43431 4076 27 the the DT 43431 4076 28 missing miss VBG 43431 4076 29 digit digit NN 43431 4076 30 . . . 43431 4077 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 4077 2 XIII XIII NNP 43431 4077 3 . . . 43431 4078 1 SAUROPSIDA SAUROPSIDA NNP 43431 4078 2 . . . 43431 4079 1 This this DT 43431 4079 2 great great JJ 43431 4079 3 group group NN 43431 4079 4 includes include VBZ 43431 4079 5 the the DT 43431 4079 6 Reptiles Reptiles NNPS 43431 4079 7 and and CC 43431 4079 8 Birds Birds NNPS 43431 4079 9 and and CC 43431 4079 10 forms form NNS 43431 4079 11 the the DT 43431 4079 12 second second JJ 43431 4079 13 of of IN 43431 4079 14 the the DT 43431 4079 15 three three CD 43431 4079 16 into into IN 43431 4079 17 which which WDT 43431 4079 18 the the DT 43431 4079 19 Gnathostomata Gnathostomata NNP 43431 4079 20 may may MD 43431 4079 21 be be VB 43431 4079 22 divided divide VBN 43431 4079 23 . . . 43431 4080 1 There there EX 43431 4080 2 is be VBZ 43431 4080 3 nearly nearly RB 43431 4080 4 always always RB 43431 4080 5 a a DT 43431 4080 6 strongly strongly RB 43431 4080 7 - - HYPH 43431 4080 8 developed develop VBN 43431 4080 9 epiblastic epiblastic JJ 43431 4080 10 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4080 11 which which WDT 43431 4080 12 has have VBZ 43431 4080 13 the the DT 43431 4080 14 form form NN 43431 4080 15 of of IN 43431 4080 16 scales scale NNS 43431 4080 17 or or CC 43431 4080 18 feathers feather NNS 43431 4080 19 , , , 43431 4080 20 and and CC 43431 4080 21 in in IN 43431 4080 22 some some DT 43431 4080 23 cases case NNS 43431 4080 24 a a DT 43431 4080 25 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4080 26 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4080 27 is be VBZ 43431 4080 28 also also RB 43431 4080 29 well well RB 43431 4080 30 developed develop VBN 43431 4080 31 . . . 43431 4081 1 In in IN 43431 4081 2 living living NN 43431 4081 3 forms form NNS 43431 4081 4 the the DT 43431 4081 5 notochord notochord NN 43431 4081 6 never never RB 43431 4081 7 persists persist VBZ 43431 4081 8 , , , 43431 4081 9 being be VBG 43431 4081 10 replaced replace VBN 43431 4081 11 by by IN 43431 4081 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4081 13 , , , 43431 4081 14 but but CC 43431 4081 15 in in IN 43431 4081 16 some some DT 43431 4081 17 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4081 18 forms form NNS 43431 4081 19 the the DT 43431 4081 20 centra centrum NNS 43431 4081 21 are be VBP 43431 4081 22 notochordal notochordal JJ 43431 4081 23 . . . 43431 4082 1 The the DT 43431 4082 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4082 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 4082 4 are be VBP 43431 4082 5 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4082 6 , , , 43431 4082 7 and and CC 43431 4082 8 only only RB 43431 4082 9 in in IN 43431 4082 10 exceptionally exceptionally RB 43431 4082 11 rare rare JJ 43431 4082 12 cases case NNS 43431 4082 13 have have VBP 43431 4082 14 terminal terminal JJ 43431 4082 15 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 4082 16 . . . 43431 4083 1 The the DT 43431 4083 2 skull skull NN 43431 4083 3 is be VBZ 43431 4083 4 well well RB 43431 4083 5 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4083 6 and and CC 43431 4083 7 has have VBZ 43431 4083 8 membrane membrane NN 43431 4083 9 bones bone NNS 43431 4083 10 incorporated incorporate VBN 43431 4083 11 in in IN 43431 4083 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4083 13 walls wall NNS 43431 4083 14 . . . 43431 4084 1 The the DT 43431 4084 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4084 3 segment segment NN 43431 4084 4 is be VBZ 43431 4084 5 completely completely RB 43431 4084 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4084 7 , , , 43431 4084 8 and and CC 43431 4084 9 an an DT 43431 4084 10 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 4084 11 septum septum NN 43431 4084 12 or or CC 43431 4084 13 bony bony NN 43431 4084 14 partition partition NN 43431 4084 15 separating separate VBG 43431 4084 16 the the DT 43431 4084 17 two two CD 43431 4084 18 orbits orbit NNS 43431 4084 19 is be VBZ 43431 4084 20 usually usually RB 43431 4084 21 developed develop VBN 43431 4084 22 to to IN 43431 4084 23 a a DT 43431 4084 24 greater great JJR 43431 4084 25 or or CC 43431 4084 26 less less JJR 43431 4084 27 extent extent NN 43431 4084 28 . . . 43431 4085 1 The the DT 43431 4085 2 skull skull NN 43431 4085 3 generally generally RB 43431 4085 4 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4085 5 with with IN 43431 4085 6 the the DT 43431 4085 7 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4085 8 column column NN 43431 4085 9 by by IN 43431 4085 10 a a DT 43431 4085 11 single single JJ 43431 4085 12 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4085 13 condyle condyle NN 43431 4085 14 into into IN 43431 4085 15 the the DT 43431 4085 16 composition composition NN 43431 4085 17 of of IN 43431 4085 18 which which WDT 43431 4085 19 the the DT 43431 4085 20 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 4085 21 and and CC 43431 4085 22 basi basi NN 43431 4085 23 - - HYPH 43431 4085 24 occipital occipital NN 43431 4085 25 enter enter VBP 43431 4085 26 in in IN 43431 4085 27 varying vary VBG 43431 4085 28 proportions proportion NNS 43431 4085 29 . . . 43431 4086 1 The the DT 43431 4086 2 pro pro JJ 43431 4086 3 - - JJ 43431 4086 4 otic otic JJ 43431 4086 5 ossifies ossifie NNS 43431 4086 6 , , , 43431 4086 7 and and CC 43431 4086 8 either either RB 43431 4086 9 remains remain VBZ 43431 4086 10 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4086 11 from from IN 43431 4086 12 the the DT 43431 4086 13 epi epi NNP 43431 4086 14 - - HYPH 43431 4086 15 otic[65 otic[65 NN 43431 4086 16 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4086 17 and and CC 43431 4086 18 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 4086 19 throughout throughout IN 43431 4086 20 life life NN 43431 4086 21 , , , 43431 4086 22 or or CC 43431 4086 23 unites unite VBZ 43431 4086 24 with with IN 43431 4086 25 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4086 26 only only RB 43431 4086 27 after after IN 43431 4086 28 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4086 29 have have VBP 43431 4086 30 fused fuse VBN 43431 4086 31 with with IN 43431 4086 32 the the DT 43431 4086 33 adjacent adjacent JJ 43431 4086 34 bones bone NNS 43431 4086 35 . . . 43431 4087 1 The the DT 43431 4087 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 4087 3 and and CC 43431 4087 4 branchial branchial JJ 43431 4087 5 arches arch NNS 43431 4087 6 are be VBP 43431 4087 7 much much RB 43431 4087 8 reduced reduce VBN 43431 4087 9 ; ; : 43431 4087 10 and and CC 43431 4087 11 the the DT 43431 4087 12 representative representative NN 43431 4087 13 of of IN 43431 4087 14 the the DT 43431 4087 15 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 4087 16 is be VBZ 43431 4087 17 connected connect VBN 43431 4087 18 with with IN 43431 4087 19 the the DT 43431 4087 20 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4087 21 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 4087 22 , , , 43431 4087 23 forming form VBG 43431 4087 24 the the DT 43431 4087 25 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4087 26 ossicles[66 ossicles[66 NNP 43431 4087 27 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4087 28 . . . 43431 4088 1 Each each DT 43431 4088 2 ramus ramus NN 43431 4088 3 of of IN 43431 4088 4 the the DT 43431 4088 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 4088 6 always always RB 43431 4088 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 4088 8 of of IN 43431 4088 9 a a DT 43431 4088 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4088 11 bone bone NN 43431 4088 12 , , , 43431 4088 13 the the DT 43431 4088 14 articular articular NNP 43431 4088 15 , , , 43431 4088 16 and and CC 43431 4088 17 several several JJ 43431 4088 18 membrane membrane NN 43431 4088 19 bones bone NNS 43431 4088 20 . . . 43431 4089 1 The the DT 43431 4089 2 mandible mandible JJ 43431 4089 3 articulates articulate NNS 43431 4089 4 with with IN 43431 4089 5 the the DT 43431 4089 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 4089 7 by by IN 43431 4089 8 means mean NNS 43431 4089 9 of of IN 43431 4089 10 a a DT 43431 4089 11 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4089 12 . . . 43431 4090 1 The the DT 43431 4090 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4090 3 in in IN 43431 4090 4 Birds Birds NNPS 43431 4090 5 and and CC 43431 4090 6 some some DT 43431 4090 7 Reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4090 8 bear bear VBP 43431 4090 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4090 10 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 4090 11 processes process NNS 43431 4090 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4090 13 , , , 43431 4090 14 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 4091 1 small small JJ 43431 4091 2 , , , 43431 4091 3 flat flat JJ 43431 4091 4 , , , 43431 4091 5 bony bony JJ 43431 4091 6 or or CC 43431 4091 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4091 8 plates plate NNS 43431 4091 9 projecting project VBG 43431 4091 10 backwards backwards RB 43431 4091 11 from from IN 43431 4091 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4091 13 posterior posterior NN 43431 4091 14 borders border NNS 43431 4091 15 . . . 43431 4092 1 The the DT 43431 4092 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 4092 3 is be VBZ 43431 4092 4 not not RB 43431 4092 5 transversely transversely RB 43431 4092 6 segmented segment VBN 43431 4092 7 as as IN 43431 4092 8 in in IN 43431 4092 9 mammals mammal NNS 43431 4092 10 , , , 43431 4092 11 and and CC 43431 4092 12 there there EX 43431 4092 13 are be VBP 43431 4092 14 commonly commonly RB 43431 4092 15 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4092 16 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4092 17 ribs rib NNS 43431 4092 18 . . . 43431 4093 1 The the DT 43431 4093 2 ankle ankle NN 43431 4093 3 joint joint NN 43431 4093 4 is be VBZ 43431 4093 5 intertarsal intertarsal JJ 43431 4093 6 , , , 43431 4093 7 or or CC 43431 4093 8 situated situate VBN 43431 4093 9 between between IN 43431 4093 10 the the DT 43431 4093 11 proximal proximal JJ 43431 4093 12 and and CC 43431 4093 13 distal distal JJ 43431 4093 14 row row NN 43431 4093 15 of of IN 43431 4093 16 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 4093 17 bones bone NNS 43431 4093 18 , , , 43431 4093 19 not not RB 43431 4093 20 cruro cruro NNP 43431 4093 21 - - HYPH 43431 4093 22 tarsal tarsal NNP 43431 4093 23 as as IN 43431 4093 24 in in IN 43431 4093 25 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 4093 26 . . . 43431 4094 1 CLASS CLASS NNP 43431 4094 2 I. i. NN 43431 4094 3 REPTILIA[67 REPTILIA[67 '' 43431 4094 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4094 5 . . . 43431 4095 1 The the DT 43431 4095 2 axial axial JJ 43431 4095 3 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 4095 4 is be VBZ 43431 4095 5 generally generally RB 43431 4095 6 long long JJ 43431 4095 7 , , , 43431 4095 8 and and CC 43431 4095 9 that that DT 43431 4095 10 of of IN 43431 4095 11 the the DT 43431 4095 12 limbs limb NNS 43431 4095 13 frequently frequently RB 43431 4095 14 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 4095 15 short short JJ 43431 4095 16 , , , 43431 4095 17 or or CC 43431 4095 18 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4095 19 absent absent JJ 43431 4095 20 . . . 43431 4096 1 The the DT 43431 4096 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4096 3 generally generally RB 43431 4096 4 has have VBZ 43431 4096 5 the the DT 43431 4096 6 form form NN 43431 4096 7 of of IN 43431 4096 8 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 4096 9 scales scale NNS 43431 4096 10 , , , 43431 4096 11 which which WDT 43431 4096 12 are be VBP 43431 4096 13 often often RB 43431 4096 14 combined combine VBN 43431 4096 15 with with IN 43431 4096 16 underlying underlie VBG 43431 4096 17 bony bony NN 43431 4096 18 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4096 19 plates plate NNS 43431 4096 20 or or CC 43431 4096 21 scutes scute NNS 43431 4096 22 and and CC 43431 4096 23 may may MD 43431 4096 24 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4096 25 form form VB 43431 4096 26 a a DT 43431 4096 27 continuous continuous JJ 43431 4096 28 armour armour NN 43431 4096 29 . . . 43431 4097 1 Neither neither DT 43431 4097 2 feathers feather NNS 43431 4097 3 nor nor CC 43431 4097 4 true true JJ 43431 4097 5 hairs hair NNS 43431 4097 6 are be VBP 43431 4097 7 ever ever RB 43431 4097 8 present present JJ 43431 4097 9 . . . 43431 4098 1 The the DT 43431 4098 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4098 3 column column NN 43431 4098 4 is be VBZ 43431 4098 5 generally generally RB 43431 4098 6 divisible divisible JJ 43431 4098 7 into into IN 43431 4098 8 the the DT 43431 4098 9 five five CD 43431 4098 10 usual usual JJ 43431 4098 11 regions region NNS 43431 4098 12 . . . 43431 4099 1 The the DT 43431 4099 2 centra centra NN 43431 4099 3 of of IN 43431 4099 4 the the DT 43431 4099 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4099 6 vary vary VBP 43431 4099 7 enormously enormously RB 43431 4099 8 , , , 43431 4099 9 and and CC 43431 4099 10 may may MD 43431 4099 11 be be VB 43431 4099 12 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 4099 13 , , , 43431 4099 14 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 4099 15 , , , 43431 4099 16 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 4099 17 or or CC 43431 4099 18 flat flat JJ 43431 4099 19 , , , 43431 4099 20 but but CC 43431 4099 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4099 22 never never RB 43431 4099 23 have have VBP 43431 4099 24 saddle saddle NN 43431 4099 25 - - HYPH 43431 4099 26 shaped shape VBN 43431 4099 27 articulating articulating NN 43431 4099 28 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4099 29 . . . 43431 4100 1 The the DT 43431 4100 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4100 3 is be VBZ 43431 4100 4 always always RB 43431 4100 5 large large JJ 43431 4100 6 , , , 43431 4100 7 and and CC 43431 4100 8 is be VBZ 43431 4100 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4100 10 fixed fix VBN 43431 4100 11 , , , 43431 4100 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4100 13 movable movable JJ 43431 4100 14 . . . 43431 4101 1 A a DT 43431 4101 2 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 4101 3 bone bone NN 43431 4101 4 uniting unite VBG 43431 4101 5 the the DT 43431 4101 6 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 4101 7 and and CC 43431 4101 8 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 4101 9 is be VBZ 43431 4101 10 generally generally RB 43431 4101 11 present present JJ 43431 4101 12 . . . 43431 4102 1 Free free JJ 43431 4102 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4102 3 are be VBP 43431 4102 4 often often RB 43431 4102 5 borne bear VBN 43431 4102 6 along along IN 43431 4102 7 almost almost RB 43431 4102 8 the the DT 43431 4102 9 whole whole JJ 43431 4102 10 length length NN 43431 4102 11 of of IN 43431 4102 12 the the DT 43431 4102 13 trunk trunk NN 43431 4102 14 and and CC 43431 4102 15 tail tail NN 43431 4102 16 , , , 43431 4102 17 and and CC 43431 4102 18 often often RB 43431 4102 19 occur occur VBP 43431 4102 20 attached attach VBN 43431 4102 21 to to IN 43431 4102 22 the the DT 43431 4102 23 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4102 24 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4102 25 . . . 43431 4103 1 The the DT 43431 4103 2 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 4103 3 is be VBZ 43431 4103 4 generally generally RB 43431 4103 5 composed compose VBN 43431 4103 6 of of IN 43431 4103 7 two two CD 43431 4103 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4103 9 which which WDT 43431 4103 10 are be VBP 43431 4103 11 united unite VBN 43431 4103 12 with with IN 43431 4103 13 the the DT 43431 4103 14 ilia ilia NNP 43431 4103 15 by by IN 43431 4103 16 means mean NNS 43431 4103 17 of of IN 43431 4103 18 expanded expand VBN 43431 4103 19 ribs rib NNS 43431 4103 20 . . . 43431 4104 1 The the DT 43431 4104 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 4104 3 is be VBZ 43431 4104 4 rhomboidal rhomboidal JJ 43431 4104 5 , , , 43431 4104 6 and and CC 43431 4104 7 may may MD 43431 4104 8 either either CC 43431 4104 9 be be VB 43431 4104 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4104 11 or or CC 43431 4104 12 formed form VBN 43431 4104 13 of of IN 43431 4104 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4104 15 bone bone NN 43431 4104 16 , , , 43431 4104 17 but but CC 43431 4104 18 never never RB 43431 4104 19 of of IN 43431 4104 20 membrane membrane NN 43431 4104 21 bone bone NN 43431 4104 22 ; ; : 43431 4104 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4104 24 differs differ VBZ 43431 4104 25 from from IN 43431 4104 26 that that DT 43431 4104 27 of of IN 43431 4104 28 birds bird NNS 43431 4104 29 also also RB 43431 4104 30 in in IN 43431 4104 31 the the DT 43431 4104 32 fact fact NN 43431 4104 33 that that IN 43431 4104 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4104 35 does do VBZ 43431 4104 36 not not RB 43431 4104 37 ossify ossify VB 43431 4104 38 from from IN 43431 4104 39 two two CD 43431 4104 40 or or CC 43431 4104 41 more more JJR 43431 4104 42 centres centre NNS 43431 4104 43 . . . 43431 4105 1 An an DT 43431 4105 2 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4105 3 is be VBZ 43431 4105 4 generally generally RB 43431 4105 5 present present JJ 43431 4105 6 . . . 43431 4106 1 There there EX 43431 4106 2 are be VBP 43431 4106 3 always always RB 43431 4106 4 more more JJR 43431 4106 5 than than IN 43431 4106 6 three three CD 43431 4106 7 digits digit NNS 43431 4106 8 in in IN 43431 4106 9 the the DT 43431 4106 10 manus manus NN 43431 4106 11 , , , 43431 4106 12 and and CC 43431 4106 13 never never RB 43431 4106 14 less less JJR 43431 4106 15 than than IN 43431 4106 16 three three CD 43431 4106 17 in in IN 43431 4106 18 the the DT 43431 4106 19 pes pe NNS 43431 4106 20 . . . 43431 4107 1 In in IN 43431 4107 2 all all DT 43431 4107 3 living living NN 43431 4107 4 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 4107 5 the the DT 43431 4107 6 ilia ilium NNS 43431 4107 7 are be VBP 43431 4107 8 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 4107 9 further further RB 43431 4107 10 behind behind IN 43431 4107 11 the the DT 43431 4107 12 acetabula acetabula NN 43431 4107 13 than than IN 43431 4107 14 in in IN 43431 4107 15 front front NN 43431 4107 16 of of IN 43431 4107 17 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4107 18 , , , 43431 4107 19 and and CC 43431 4107 20 the the DT 43431 4107 21 bones bone NNS 43431 4107 22 of of IN 43431 4107 23 the the DT 43431 4107 24 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4107 25 remain remain VBP 43431 4107 26 as as IN 43431 4107 27 a a DT 43431 4107 28 rule rule NN 43431 4107 29 , , , 43431 4107 30 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4107 31 from from IN 43431 4107 32 one one CD 43431 4107 33 another another DT 43431 4107 34 throughout throughout IN 43431 4107 35 life life NN 43431 4107 36 . . . 43431 4108 1 The the DT 43431 4108 2 pubes pubes NN 43431 4108 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4108 4 pre pre JJ 43431 4108 5 - - NN 43431 4108 6 pubes pubes JJ 43431 4108 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4108 8 and and CC 43431 4108 9 ischia ischia NNP 43431 4108 10 both both DT 43431 4108 11 commonly commonly RB 43431 4108 12 meet meet VBP 43431 4108 13 in in IN 43431 4108 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4108 15 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4108 16 , , , 43431 4108 17 and and CC 43431 4108 18 the the DT 43431 4108 19 acetabula acetabula NN 43431 4108 20 are be VBP 43431 4108 21 wholly wholly RB 43431 4108 22 or or CC 43431 4108 23 almost almost RB 43431 4108 24 wholly wholly RB 43431 4108 25 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4108 26 . . . 43431 4109 1 The the DT 43431 4109 2 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 4109 3 are be VBP 43431 4109 4 not not RB 43431 4109 5 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4109 6 together together RB 43431 4109 7 . . . 43431 4110 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4110 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4110 3 1 1 CD 43431 4110 4 . . . 43431 4110 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4110 6 THEROMORPHA[68 THEROMORPHA[68 '' 43431 4110 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4110 8 . . . 43431 4111 1 This this DT 43431 4111 2 order order NN 43431 4111 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4111 4 a a DT 43431 4111 5 number number NN 43431 4111 6 of of IN 43431 4111 7 mainly mainly RB 43431 4111 8 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 43431 4111 9 , , , 43431 4111 10 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4111 11 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4111 12 , , , 43431 4111 13 which which WDT 43431 4111 14 differ differ VBP 43431 4111 15 much much RB 43431 4111 16 from from IN 43431 4111 17 one one CD 43431 4111 18 another another DT 43431 4111 19 , , , 43431 4111 20 and and CC 43431 4111 21 show show VB 43431 4111 22 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 4111 23 points point NNS 43431 4111 24 of of IN 43431 4111 25 affinity affinity NN 43431 4111 26 on on IN 43431 4111 27 the the DT 43431 4111 28 one one CD 43431 4111 29 hand hand NN 43431 4111 30 with with IN 43431 4111 31 the the DT 43431 4111 32 Labyrinthodont Labyrinthodont NNP 43431 4111 33 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 4111 34 , , , 43431 4111 35 and and CC 43431 4111 36 on on IN 43431 4111 37 the the DT 43431 4111 38 other other JJ 43431 4111 39 with with IN 43431 4111 40 the the DT 43431 4111 41 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 4111 42 . . . 43431 4112 1 The the DT 43431 4112 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4112 3 are be VBP 43431 4112 4 nearly nearly RB 43431 4112 5 always always RB 43431 4112 6 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 4112 7 and and CC 43431 4112 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4112 9 have have VB 43431 4112 10 notochordal notochordal JJ 43431 4112 11 centra centra NNP 43431 4112 12 . . . 43431 4113 1 The the DT 43431 4113 2 skull skull NN 43431 4113 3 is be VBZ 43431 4113 4 short short JJ 43431 4113 5 and and CC 43431 4113 6 has have VBZ 43431 4113 7 the the DT 43431 4113 8 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4113 9 immovably immovably RB 43431 4113 10 fixed fix VBN 43431 4113 11 . . . 43431 4114 1 There there EX 43431 4114 2 is be VBZ 43431 4114 3 an an DT 43431 4114 4 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 4114 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4114 6 , , , 43431 4114 7 and and CC 43431 4114 8 generally generally RB 43431 4114 9 large large JJ 43431 4114 10 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4114 11 fossae fossae NN 43431 4114 12 bounded bound VBN 43431 4114 13 by by IN 43431 4114 14 supratemporal[2 supratemporal[2 NNP 43431 4114 15 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4114 16 arcades arcade NNS 43431 4114 17 , , , 43431 4114 18 but but CC 43431 4114 19 with with IN 43431 4114 20 no no DT 43431 4114 21 infratemporal[69 infratemporal[69 NN 43431 4114 22 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4114 23 arcades arcade NNS 43431 4114 24 ; ; : 43431 4114 25 _ _ NNP 43431 4114 26 Elginia Elginia NNP 43431 4114 27 _ _ NNP 43431 4114 28 however however RB 43431 4114 29 has have VBZ 43431 4114 30 the the DT 43431 4114 31 whole whole NN 43431 4114 32 of of IN 43431 4114 33 the the DT 43431 4114 34 temporal temporal JJ 43431 4114 35 region region NN 43431 4114 36 completely completely RB 43431 4114 37 roofed roof VBD 43431 4114 38 over over RP 43431 4114 39 . . . 43431 4115 1 The the DT 43431 4115 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4115 3 are be VBP 43431 4115 4 placed place VBN 43431 4115 5 in in IN 43431 4115 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4115 7 sockets socket NNS 43431 4115 8 and and CC 43431 4115 9 are be VBP 43431 4115 10 very very RB 43431 4115 11 variable variable JJ 43431 4115 12 in in IN 43431 4115 13 form form NN 43431 4115 14 , , , 43431 4115 15 the the DT 43431 4115 16 dentition dentition NN 43431 4115 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4115 18 resembling resemble VBG 43431 4115 19 the the DT 43431 4115 20 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 4115 21 dentition dentition NN 43431 4115 22 of of IN 43431 4115 23 mammals mammal NNS 43431 4115 24 . . . 43431 4116 1 The the DT 43431 4116 2 humerus humerus NNP 43431 4116 3 has have VBZ 43431 4116 4 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4116 5 condyles condyle NNS 43431 4116 6 and and CC 43431 4116 7 an an DT 43431 4116 8 ent ent JJ 43431 4116 9 - - HYPH 43431 4116 10 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 4116 11 foramen[70 foramen[70 NN 43431 4116 12 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4116 13 as as IN 43431 4116 14 in in IN 43431 4116 15 many many JJ 43431 4116 16 mammals mammal NNS 43431 4116 17 . . . 43431 4117 1 The the DT 43431 4117 2 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4117 3 is be VBZ 43431 4117 4 fused fuse VBN 43431 4117 5 with with IN 43431 4117 6 the the DT 43431 4117 7 ischium ischium NN 43431 4117 8 , , , 43431 4117 9 and and CC 43431 4117 10 both both DT 43431 4117 11 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4117 12 and and CC 43431 4117 13 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 4117 14 girdles girdle NNS 43431 4117 15 are be VBP 43431 4117 16 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 4117 17 solid solid JJ 43431 4117 18 . . . 43431 4118 1 The the DT 43431 4118 2 obturator obturator NN 43431 4118 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4118 4 is be VBZ 43431 4118 5 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 4118 6 small small JJ 43431 4118 7 or or CC 43431 4118 8 even even RB 43431 4118 9 absent absent JJ 43431 4118 10 . . . 43431 4119 1 The the DT 43431 4119 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4119 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 4119 4 have have VBP 43431 4119 5 two two CD 43431 4119 6 articulating articulating NN 43431 4119 7 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4119 8 , , , 43431 4119 9 and and CC 43431 4119 10 each each DT 43431 4119 11 articulates articulate NNS 43431 4119 12 by by IN 43431 4119 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4119 14 tuberculum tuberculum NN 43431 4119 15 with with IN 43431 4119 16 the the DT 43431 4119 17 transverse transverse JJ 43431 4119 18 process process NN 43431 4119 19 , , , 43431 4119 20 and and CC 43431 4119 21 by by IN 43431 4119 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4119 23 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 4119 24 with with IN 43431 4119 25 the the DT 43431 4119 26 centrum centrum NN 43431 4119 27 as as IN 43431 4119 28 in in IN 43431 4119 29 mammals mammal NNS 43431 4119 30 . . . 43431 4120 1 These these DT 43431 4120 2 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4120 3 occur occur VBP 43431 4120 4 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 4120 5 in in IN 43431 4120 6 deposits deposit NNS 43431 4120 7 of of IN 43431 4120 8 Triassic Triassic NNP 43431 4120 9 and and CC 43431 4120 10 Permian permian JJ 43431 4120 11 age age NN 43431 4120 12 . . . 43431 4121 1 Some some DT 43431 4121 2 of of IN 43431 4121 3 the the DT 43431 4121 4 best well RBS 43431 4121 5 known know VBN 43431 4121 6 genera genera NN 43431 4121 7 are be VBP 43431 4121 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 9 Dicynodon Dicynodon NNP 43431 4121 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 11 , , , 43431 4121 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 13 Udenodon Udenodon NNP 43431 4121 14 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 15 , , , 43431 4121 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 17 Placodus Placodus NNP 43431 4121 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 19 , , , 43431 4121 20 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 21 Pariasaurus Pariasaurus NNP 43431 4121 22 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 23 and and CC 43431 4121 24 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 25 Galesaurus Galesaurus NNP 43431 4121 26 _ _ NNP 43431 4121 27 . . . 43431 4122 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4122 2 will will MD 43431 4122 3 be be VB 43431 4122 4 noticed notice VBN 43431 4122 5 in in IN 43431 4122 6 the the DT 43431 4122 7 general general JJ 43431 4122 8 account account NN 43431 4122 9 of of IN 43431 4122 10 the the DT 43431 4122 11 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 4122 12 in in IN 43431 4122 13 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4122 14 . . . 43431 4123 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4123 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4123 3 2 2 CD 43431 4123 4 . . . 43431 4123 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4123 6 SAUROPTERYGIA SAUROPTERYGIA NNP 43431 4123 7 . . . 43431 4124 1 This this DT 43431 4124 2 order order NN 43431 4124 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4124 4 a a DT 43431 4124 5 number number NN 43431 4124 6 of of IN 43431 4124 7 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4124 8 marine marine JJ 43431 4124 9 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4124 10 , , , 43431 4124 11 devoid devoid JJ 43431 4124 12 of of IN 43431 4124 13 an an DT 43431 4124 14 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4124 15 . . . 43431 4125 1 The the DT 43431 4125 2 tail tail NN 43431 4125 3 is be VBZ 43431 4125 4 short short JJ 43431 4125 5 , , , 43431 4125 6 the the DT 43431 4125 7 trunk trunk NN 43431 4125 8 long long RB 43431 4125 9 , , , 43431 4125 10 and and CC 43431 4125 11 the the DT 43431 4125 12 neck neck NN 43431 4125 13 in in IN 43431 4125 14 the the DT 43431 4125 15 most most RBS 43431 4125 16 typical typical JJ 43431 4125 17 forms form NNS 43431 4125 18 extremely extremely RB 43431 4125 19 long long JJ 43431 4125 20 . . . 43431 4126 1 The the DT 43431 4126 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4126 3 have have VBP 43431 4126 4 slightly slightly RB 43431 4126 5 biconcave biconcave VBN 43431 4126 6 , , , 43431 4126 7 or or CC 43431 4126 8 nearly nearly RB 43431 4126 9 flat flat JJ 43431 4126 10 centra centrum NNS 43431 4126 11 . . . 43431 4127 1 The the DT 43431 4127 2 skull skull NN 43431 4127 3 is be VBZ 43431 4127 4 relatively relatively RB 43431 4127 5 small small JJ 43431 4127 6 and and CC 43431 4127 7 has have VBZ 43431 4127 8 large large JJ 43431 4127 9 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4127 10 fossae fossae NN 43431 4127 11 . . . 43431 4128 1 The the DT 43431 4128 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4128 3 are be VBP 43431 4128 4 placed place VBN 43431 4128 5 in in IN 43431 4128 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4128 7 sockets socket NNS 43431 4128 8 , , , 43431 4128 9 and and CC 43431 4128 10 are be VBP 43431 4128 11 generally generally RB 43431 4128 12 confined confine VBN 43431 4128 13 to to IN 43431 4128 14 the the DT 43431 4128 15 margins margin NNS 43431 4128 16 of of IN 43431 4128 17 the the DT 43431 4128 18 jaws jaw NNS 43431 4128 19 ; ; : 43431 4128 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4128 21 are be VBP 43431 4128 22 sharp sharp JJ 43431 4128 23 and and CC 43431 4128 24 curved curved JJ 43431 4128 25 and and CC 43431 4128 26 are be VBP 43431 4128 27 coated coat VBN 43431 4128 28 with with IN 43431 4128 29 grooved grooved JJ 43431 4128 30 enamel enamel NNP 43431 4128 31 . . . 43431 4129 1 The the DT 43431 4129 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 4129 3 are be VBP 43431 4129 4 large large JJ 43431 4129 5 , , , 43431 4129 6 and and CC 43431 4129 7 there there EX 43431 4129 8 is be VBZ 43431 4129 9 an an DT 43431 4129 10 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 4129 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4129 12 . . . 43431 4130 1 The the DT 43431 4130 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4130 3 is be VBZ 43431 4130 4 firmly firmly RB 43431 4130 5 united united JJ 43431 4130 6 to to IN 43431 4130 7 the the DT 43431 4130 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 4130 9 . . . 43431 4131 1 The the DT 43431 4131 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 4131 3 nares naris NNS 43431 4131 4 are be VBP 43431 4131 5 separate separate JJ 43431 4131 6 and and CC 43431 4131 7 are be VBP 43431 4131 8 placed place VBN 43431 4131 9 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 4131 10 close close RB 43431 4131 11 to to IN 43431 4131 12 the the DT 43431 4131 13 orbits orbit NNS 43431 4131 14 . . . 43431 4132 1 There there EX 43431 4132 2 is be VBZ 43431 4132 3 no no DT 43431 4132 4 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4132 5 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 4132 6 ring ring NN 43431 4132 7 . . . 43431 4133 1 The the DT 43431 4133 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4133 3 and and CC 43431 4133 4 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4133 5 meet meet VBP 43431 4133 6 the the DT 43431 4133 7 vomers vomer NNS 43431 4133 8 , , , 43431 4133 9 and and CC 43431 4133 10 more more RBR 43431 4133 11 or or CC 43431 4133 12 less less RBR 43431 4133 13 completely completely RB 43431 4133 14 close close JJ 43431 4133 15 the the DT 43431 4133 16 palate palate NN 43431 4133 17 , , , 43431 4133 18 and and CC 43431 4133 19 in in IN 43431 4133 20 some some DT 43431 4133 21 forms form NNS 43431 4133 22 , , , 43431 4133 23 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 4134 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4134 2 Plesiosaurus Plesiosaurus NNP 43431 4134 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4134 4 , , , 43431 4134 5 there there EX 43431 4134 6 is be VBZ 43431 4134 7 a a DT 43431 4134 8 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4134 9 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 4134 10 . . . 43431 4135 1 Thoracic Thoracic NNP 43431 4135 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4135 3 are be VBP 43431 4135 4 strongly strongly RB 43431 4135 5 developed develop VBN 43431 4135 6 and and CC 43431 4135 7 each each DT 43431 4135 8 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4135 9 with with IN 43431 4135 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4135 11 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4135 12 by by IN 43431 4135 13 a a DT 43431 4135 14 single single JJ 43431 4135 15 head head NN 43431 4135 16 . . . 43431 4136 1 The the DT 43431 4136 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4136 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4136 4 have have VBP 43431 4136 5 well well RB 43431 4136 6 - - HYPH 43431 4136 7 marked mark VBN 43431 4136 8 ribs rib NNS 43431 4136 9 , , , 43431 4136 10 which which WDT 43431 4136 11 articulate articulate VBP 43431 4136 12 only only RB 43431 4136 13 with with IN 43431 4136 14 the the DT 43431 4136 15 centra centra NNP 43431 4136 16 , , , 43431 4136 17 in in IN 43431 4136 18 this this DT 43431 4136 19 respect respect NN 43431 4136 20 differing differ VBG 43431 4136 21 from from IN 43431 4136 22 those those DT 43431 4136 23 of of IN 43431 4136 24 Crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 4136 25 . . . 43431 4137 1 The the DT 43431 4137 2 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4137 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4137 4 bear bear VBP 43431 4137 5 both both DT 43431 4137 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 4137 7 and and CC 43431 4137 8 chevron chevron NN 43431 4137 9 bones bone NNS 43431 4137 10 , , , 43431 4137 11 and and CC 43431 4137 12 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4137 13 splint splint NN 43431 4137 14 - - HYPH 43431 4137 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 4137 16 are be VBP 43431 4137 17 largely largely RB 43431 4137 18 developed develop VBN 43431 4137 19 . . . 43431 4138 1 In in IN 43431 4138 2 the the DT 43431 4138 3 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 4138 4 - - HYPH 43431 4138 5 girdle girdle VB 43431 4138 6 the the DT 43431 4138 7 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 4138 8 are be VBP 43431 4138 9 large large JJ 43431 4138 10 and and CC 43431 4138 11 meet meet VBP 43431 4138 12 in in IN 43431 4138 13 a a DT 43431 4138 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4138 15 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4138 16 ; ; : 43431 4138 17 precoracoids precoracoids NNP 43431 4138 18 and and CC 43431 4138 19 a a DT 43431 4138 20 sternum sternum NN 43431 4138 21 are be VBP 43431 4138 22 apparently apparently RB 43431 4138 23 absent absent JJ 43431 4138 24 , , , 43431 4138 25 but but CC 43431 4138 26 parts part NNS 43431 4138 27 generally generally RB 43431 4138 28 regarded[71 regarded[71 VBP 43431 4138 29 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4138 30 as as IN 43431 4138 31 the the DT 43431 4138 32 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4138 33 and and CC 43431 4138 34 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4138 35 are be VBP 43431 4138 36 well well RB 43431 4138 37 developed developed JJ 43431 4138 38 . . . 43431 4139 1 In in IN 43431 4139 2 the the DT 43431 4139 3 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4139 4 , , , 43431 4139 5 the the DT 43431 4139 6 pubes pubes NNPS 43431 4139 7 and and CC 43431 4139 8 ischia ischia NNP 43431 4139 9 meet meet VBP 43431 4139 10 in in IN 43431 4139 11 a a DT 43431 4139 12 long long JJ 43431 4139 13 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4139 14 . . . 43431 4140 1 The the DT 43431 4140 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 4140 3 are be VBP 43431 4140 4 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 4140 5 , , , 43431 4140 6 and and CC 43431 4140 7 in in IN 43431 4140 8 the the DT 43431 4140 9 best good JJS 43431 4140 10 known know VBN 43431 4140 11 forms form NNS 43431 4140 12 , , , 43431 4140 13 the the DT 43431 4140 14 Plesiosauridae Plesiosauridae NNP 43431 4140 15 , , , 43431 4140 16 form form NN 43431 4140 17 swimming swimming NN 43431 4140 18 paddles paddle NNS 43431 4140 19 . . . 43431 4141 1 The the DT 43431 4141 2 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 4141 3 occur occur VBP 43431 4141 4 in in IN 43431 4141 5 beds bed NNS 43431 4141 6 of of IN 43431 4141 7 Secondary secondary JJ 43431 4141 8 age age NN 43431 4141 9 , , , 43431 4141 10 and and CC 43431 4141 11 some some DT 43431 4141 12 of of IN 43431 4141 13 the the DT 43431 4141 14 best well RBS 43431 4141 15 known know VBN 43431 4141 16 genera genera NN 43431 4141 17 are be VBP 43431 4141 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4141 19 Plesiosaurus Plesiosaurus NNP 43431 4141 20 _ _ NNP 43431 4141 21 , , , 43431 4141 22 _ _ NNP 43431 4141 23 Pliosaurus Pliosaurus NNP 43431 4141 24 _ _ NNP 43431 4141 25 and and CC 43431 4141 26 _ _ NNP 43431 4141 27 Nothosaurus Nothosaurus NNP 43431 4141 28 _ _ NNP 43431 4141 29 . . . 43431 4142 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4142 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4142 3 3 3 CD 43431 4142 4 . . . 43431 4142 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4142 6 CHELONIA CHELONIA NNP 43431 4142 7 . . . 43431 4143 1 In in IN 43431 4143 2 the the DT 43431 4143 3 Tortoises tortoise NNS 43431 4143 4 and and CC 43431 4143 5 Turtles turtle VBZ 43431 4143 6 the the DT 43431 4143 7 body body NN 43431 4143 8 is be VBZ 43431 4143 9 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 4143 10 in in IN 43431 4143 11 a a DT 43431 4143 12 bony bony NN 43431 4143 13 box box NN 43431 4143 14 , , , 43431 4143 15 formed form VBN 43431 4143 16 of of IN 43431 4143 17 the the DT 43431 4143 18 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4143 19 carapace carapace NN 43431 4143 20 , , , 43431 4143 21 and and CC 43431 4143 22 a a DT 43431 4143 23 flat flat JJ 43431 4143 24 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4143 25 buckler buckler NN 43431 4143 26 , , , 43431 4143 27 the the DT 43431 4143 28 plastron plastron NN 43431 4143 29 . . . 43431 4144 1 Except except IN 43431 4144 2 in in IN 43431 4144 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4144 4 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 4144 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4144 6 the the DT 43431 4144 7 carapace carapace NN 43431 4144 8 is be VBZ 43431 4144 9 partly partly RB 43431 4144 10 formed form VBN 43431 4144 11 from from IN 43431 4144 12 the the DT 43431 4144 13 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4144 14 column column NN 43431 4144 15 and and CC 43431 4144 16 ribs rib NNS 43431 4144 17 , , , 43431 4144 18 partly partly RB 43431 4144 19 from from IN 43431 4144 20 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4144 21 bones bone NNS 43431 4144 22 . . . 43431 4145 1 Both both DT 43431 4145 2 carapace carapace NN 43431 4145 3 and and CC 43431 4145 4 plastron plastron NNP 43431 4145 5 are be VBP 43431 4145 6 , , , 43431 4145 7 except except IN 43431 4145 8 in in IN 43431 4145 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4145 10 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 4145 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4145 12 , , , 43431 4145 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4145 14 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 4145 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4145 16 and and CC 43431 4145 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4145 18 allies ally NNS 43431 4145 19 , , , 43431 4145 20 covered cover VBN 43431 4145 21 with with IN 43431 4145 22 an an DT 43431 4145 23 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 4145 24 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4145 25 of of IN 43431 4145 26 horny horny NN 43431 4145 27 plates plate NNS 43431 4145 28 , , , 43431 4145 29 which which WDT 43431 4145 30 are be VBP 43431 4145 31 regularly regularly RB 43431 4145 32 arranged arrange VBN 43431 4145 33 , , , 43431 4145 34 though though IN 43431 4145 35 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4145 36 outlines outline NNS 43431 4145 37 do do VBP 43431 4145 38 not not RB 43431 4145 39 coincide coincide VB 43431 4145 40 with with IN 43431 4145 41 those those DT 43431 4145 42 of of IN 43431 4145 43 the the DT 43431 4145 44 underlying underlie VBG 43431 4145 45 bones bone NNS 43431 4145 46 . . . 43431 4146 1 The the DT 43431 4146 2 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 4146 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4146 4 have have VBP 43431 4146 5 no no DT 43431 4146 6 transverse transverse JJ 43431 4146 7 processes process NNS 43431 4146 8 , , , 43431 4146 9 and and CC 43431 4146 10 are be VBP 43431 4146 11 quite quite RB 43431 4146 12 immovably immovably RB 43431 4146 13 fixed fix VBN 43431 4146 14 , , , 43431 4146 15 but but CC 43431 4146 16 the the DT 43431 4146 17 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4146 18 and and CC 43431 4146 19 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4146 20 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4146 21 are be VBP 43431 4146 22 very very RB 43431 4146 23 freely freely RB 43431 4146 24 movable movable JJ 43431 4146 25 . . . 43431 4147 1 There there EX 43431 4147 2 are be VBP 43431 4147 3 no no DT 43431 4147 4 lumbar lumbar JJ 43431 4147 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4147 6 . . . 43431 4148 1 The the DT 43431 4148 2 skull skull NN 43431 4148 3 is be VBZ 43431 4148 4 extremely extremely RB 43431 4148 5 solid solid JJ 43431 4148 6 , , , 43431 4148 7 and and CC 43431 4148 8 frequently frequently RB 43431 4148 9 has have VBZ 43431 4148 10 a a DT 43431 4148 11 very very RB 43431 4148 12 complete complete JJ 43431 4148 13 false false JJ 43431 4148 14 roof roof NN 43431 4148 15 . . . 43431 4149 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 4149 2 have have VBP 43431 4149 3 been be VBN 43431 4149 4 detected detect VBN 43431 4149 5 in in IN 43431 4149 6 embryos embryo NNS 43431 4149 7 of of IN 43431 4149 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4149 9 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 4149 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4149 11 but but CC 43431 4149 12 with with IN 43431 4149 13 this this DT 43431 4149 14 exception exception NN 43431 4149 15 the the DT 43431 4149 16 jaws jaw NNS 43431 4149 17 are be VBP 43431 4149 18 toothless toothless JJ 43431 4149 19 , , , 43431 4149 20 and and CC 43431 4149 21 are be VBP 43431 4149 22 encased encase VBN 43431 4149 23 in in IN 43431 4149 24 horny horny NN 43431 4149 25 beaks beak NNS 43431 4149 26 . . . 43431 4150 1 The the DT 43431 4150 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4150 3 is be VBZ 43431 4150 4 firmly firmly RB 43431 4150 5 fixed fix VBN 43431 4150 6 . . . 43431 4151 1 The the DT 43431 4151 2 facial facial JJ 43431 4151 3 part part NN 43431 4151 4 of of IN 43431 4151 5 the the DT 43431 4151 6 skull skull NN 43431 4151 7 is be VBZ 43431 4151 8 very very RB 43431 4151 9 short short JJ 43431 4151 10 , , , 43431 4151 11 and and CC 43431 4151 12 the the DT 43431 4151 13 alisphenoidal alisphenoidal JJ 43431 4151 14 and and CC 43431 4151 15 orbitosphenoidal orbitosphenoidal JJ 43431 4151 16 regions region NNS 43431 4151 17 are be VBP 43431 4151 18 unossified unossified JJ 43431 4151 19 . . . 43431 4152 1 In in IN 43431 4152 2 living live VBG 43431 4152 3 forms form NNS 43431 4152 4 there there EX 43431 4152 5 are be VBP 43431 4152 6 no no DT 43431 4152 7 separate separate JJ 43431 4152 8 nasal nasal NN 43431 4152 9 bones bone NNS 43431 4152 10 , , , 43431 4152 11 while while IN 43431 4152 12 large large JJ 43431 4152 13 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 4152 14 and and CC 43431 4152 15 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 4152 16 are be VBP 43431 4152 17 developed develop VBN 43431 4152 18 . . . 43431 4153 1 There there EX 43431 4153 2 is be VBZ 43431 4153 3 a a DT 43431 4153 4 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 4153 5 complete complete JJ 43431 4153 6 bony bony NN 43431 4153 7 palate palate NN 43431 4153 8 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 4153 9 formed form VBN 43431 4153 10 of of IN 43431 4153 11 the the DT 43431 4153 12 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4153 13 and and CC 43431 4153 14 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4153 15 . . . 43431 4154 1 The the DT 43431 4154 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 4154 3 nares naris NNS 43431 4154 4 are be VBP 43431 4154 5 united united JJ 43431 4154 6 and and CC 43431 4154 7 placed place VBN 43431 4154 8 at at IN 43431 4154 9 the the DT 43431 4154 10 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4154 11 end end NN 43431 4154 12 of of IN 43431 4154 13 the the DT 43431 4154 14 skull skull NN 43431 4154 15 , , , 43431 4154 16 and and CC 43431 4154 17 the the DT 43431 4154 18 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 4154 19 are be VBP 43431 4154 20 very very RB 43431 4154 21 small small JJ 43431 4154 22 . . . 43431 4155 1 There there EX 43431 4155 2 is be VBZ 43431 4155 3 no no DT 43431 4155 4 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 4155 5 bone bone NN 43431 4155 6 and and CC 43431 4155 7 the the DT 43431 4155 8 vomer vomer NN 43431 4155 9 is be VBZ 43431 4155 10 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 4155 11 . . . 43431 4156 1 The the DT 43431 4156 2 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 4156 3 are be VBP 43431 4156 4 generally generally RB 43431 4156 5 fused fuse VBN 43431 4156 6 together together RB 43431 4156 7 . . . 43431 4157 1 There there EX 43431 4157 2 are be VBP 43431 4157 3 ten ten CD 43431 4157 4 pairs pair NNS 43431 4157 5 of of IN 43431 4157 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 4157 7 , , , 43431 4157 8 and and CC 43431 4157 9 each each DT 43431 4157 10 rib rib NN 43431 4157 11 has have VBZ 43431 4157 12 only only RB 43431 4157 13 a a DT 43431 4157 14 single single JJ 43431 4157 15 head head NN 43431 4157 16 and and CC 43431 4157 17 is be VBZ 43431 4157 18 partially partially RB 43431 4157 19 attached attach VBN 43431 4157 20 to to IN 43431 4157 21 two two CD 43431 4157 22 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4157 23 ; ; : 43431 4157 24 there there EX 43431 4157 25 are be VBP 43431 4157 26 no no DT 43431 4157 27 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4157 28 or or CC 43431 4157 29 sternal sternal JJ 43431 4157 30 ribs rib NNS 43431 4157 31 . . . 43431 4158 1 There there EX 43431 4158 2 is be VBZ 43431 4158 3 no no DT 43431 4158 4 true true JJ 43431 4158 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 4158 6 . . . 43431 4159 1 The the DT 43431 4159 2 three three CD 43431 4159 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4159 4 elements element NNS 43431 4159 5 of of IN 43431 4159 6 the the DT 43431 4159 7 plastron plastron NN 43431 4159 8 are be VBP 43431 4159 9 respectively respectively RB 43431 4159 10 homologous homologous JJ 43431 4159 11 with with IN 43431 4159 12 the the DT 43431 4159 13 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4159 14 and and CC 43431 4159 15 two two CD 43431 4159 16 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4159 17 of of IN 43431 4159 18 other other JJ 43431 4159 19 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4159 20 , , , 43431 4159 21 while while IN 43431 4159 22 the the DT 43431 4159 23 remaining remain VBG 43431 4159 24 elements element NNS 43431 4159 25 of of IN 43431 4159 26 the the DT 43431 4159 27 plastron plastron NN 43431 4159 28 are be VBP 43431 4159 29 probably probably RB 43431 4159 30 homologous homologous JJ 43431 4159 31 with with IN 43431 4159 32 the the DT 43431 4159 33 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4159 34 ribs rib NNS 43431 4159 35 of of IN 43431 4159 36 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 4159 37 . . . 43431 4160 1 The the DT 43431 4160 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4160 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 4160 4 lies lie VBZ 43431 4160 5 within within IN 43431 4160 6 the the DT 43431 4160 7 ribs rib NNS 43431 4160 8 , , , 43431 4160 9 and and CC 43431 4160 10 the the DT 43431 4160 11 precoracoids precoracoid NNS 43431 4160 12 and and CC 43431 4160 13 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 4160 14 do do VBP 43431 4160 15 not not RB 43431 4160 16 meet meet VB 43431 4160 17 in in IN 43431 4160 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4160 19 symphyses symphysis NNS 43431 4160 20 . . . 43431 4161 1 The the DT 43431 4161 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 4161 3 and and CC 43431 4161 4 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 4161 5 are be VBP 43431 4161 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4161 7 continuously continuously RB 43431 4161 8 . . . 43431 4162 1 The the DT 43431 4162 2 pubis pubi VBN 43431 4162 3 probably probably RB 43431 4162 4 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 4162 5 with with IN 43431 4162 6 the the DT 43431 4162 7 pre pre NN 43431 4162 8 - - NN 43431 4162 9 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4162 10 of of IN 43431 4162 11 Dinosaurs dinosaur NNS 43431 4162 12 . . . 43431 4163 1 There there EX 43431 4163 2 are be VBP 43431 4163 3 four four CD 43431 4163 4 limbs limb NNS 43431 4163 5 each each DT 43431 4163 6 with with IN 43431 4163 7 five five CD 43431 4163 8 digits digit NNS 43431 4163 9 . . . 43431 4164 1 The the DT 43431 4164 2 order order NN 43431 4164 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4164 4 three three CD 43431 4164 5 suborders:-- suborders:-- -RRB- 43431 4164 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4164 7 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4164 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4164 9 1 1 CD 43431 4164 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4164 11 . . . 43431 4164 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4164 13 TRIONYCHIA TRIONYCHIA NNP 43431 4164 14 . . . 43431 4165 1 The the DT 43431 4165 2 carapace carapace NN 43431 4165 3 and and CC 43431 4165 4 plastron plastron NN 43431 4165 5 have have VBP 43431 4165 6 a a DT 43431 4165 7 rough rough JJ 43431 4165 8 granular granular JJ 43431 4165 9 surface surface NN 43431 4165 10 covered cover VBN 43431 4165 11 with with IN 43431 4165 12 skin skin NN 43431 4165 13 and and CC 43431 4165 14 without without IN 43431 4165 15 any any DT 43431 4165 16 horny horny NN 43431 4165 17 shields shield NNS 43431 4165 18 . . . 43431 4166 1 The the DT 43431 4166 2 plastron plastron NN 43431 4166 3 is be VBZ 43431 4166 4 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 4166 5 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4166 6 , , , 43431 4166 7 and and CC 43431 4166 8 marginal marginal JJ 43431 4166 9 bones bone NNS 43431 4166 10 may may MD 43431 4166 11 be be VB 43431 4166 12 absent absent JJ 43431 4166 13 , , , 43431 4166 14 or or CC 43431 4166 15 if if IN 43431 4166 16 present present JJ 43431 4166 17 are be VBP 43431 4166 18 confined confine VBN 43431 4166 19 to to IN 43431 4166 20 the the DT 43431 4166 21 posterior posterior NN 43431 4166 22 portion portion NN 43431 4166 23 of of IN 43431 4166 24 the the DT 43431 4166 25 carapace carapace NN 43431 4166 26 . . . 43431 4167 1 The the DT 43431 4167 2 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 4167 3 is be VBZ 43431 4167 4 not not RB 43431 4167 5 united united JJ 43431 4167 6 to to IN 43431 4167 7 the the DT 43431 4167 8 plastron plastron NN 43431 4167 9 . . . 43431 4168 1 The the DT 43431 4168 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 4168 3 has have VBZ 43431 4168 4 not not RB 43431 4168 5 a a DT 43431 4168 6 complete complete JJ 43431 4168 7 false false JJ 43431 4168 8 roof roof NN 43431 4168 9 and and CC 43431 4168 10 the the DT 43431 4168 11 head head NN 43431 4168 12 can can MD 43431 4168 13 be be VB 43431 4168 14 drawn draw VBN 43431 4168 15 back back RB 43431 4168 16 under under IN 43431 4168 17 the the DT 43431 4168 18 carapace carapace NN 43431 4168 19 . . . 43431 4169 1 The the DT 43431 4169 2 first first JJ 43431 4169 3 three three CD 43431 4169 4 digits digit NNS 43431 4169 5 of of IN 43431 4169 6 both both CC 43431 4169 7 manus manus NN 43431 4169 8 and and CC 43431 4169 9 pes pes NNP 43431 4169 10 bear bear NNP 43431 4169 11 claws claws NNP 43431 4169 12 , , , 43431 4169 13 and and CC 43431 4169 14 the the DT 43431 4169 15 fourth fourth JJ 43431 4169 16 digit digit NN 43431 4169 17 in in IN 43431 4169 18 each each DT 43431 4169 19 case case NN 43431 4169 20 has have VBZ 43431 4169 21 more more JJR 43431 4169 22 than than IN 43431 4169 23 three three CD 43431 4169 24 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 4169 25 . . . 43431 4170 1 The the DT 43431 4170 2 most most RBS 43431 4170 3 important important JJ 43431 4170 4 genus genus NN 43431 4170 5 is be VBZ 43431 4170 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4170 7 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 4170 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4170 9 . . . 43431 4171 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4171 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4171 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4171 4 2 2 CD 43431 4171 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4171 6 . . . 43431 4171 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4171 8 CRYPTODIRA CRYPTODIRA NNP 43431 4171 9 . . . 43431 4172 1 The the DT 43431 4172 2 carapace carapace NN 43431 4172 3 and and CC 43431 4172 4 plastron plastron NN 43431 4172 5 vary vary VBP 43431 4172 6 in in IN 43431 4172 7 the the DT 43431 4172 8 extent extent NN 43431 4172 9 to to TO 43431 4172 10 which which WDT 43431 4172 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4172 12 are be VBP 43431 4172 13 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4172 14 , , , 43431 4172 15 and and CC 43431 4172 16 except except IN 43431 4172 17 in in IN 43431 4172 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4172 19 Dermochelys_[72 Dermochelys_[72 NNP 43431 4172 20 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4172 21 and and CC 43431 4172 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4172 23 allies ally NNS 43431 4172 24 are be VBP 43431 4172 25 covered cover VBN 43431 4172 26 by by IN 43431 4172 27 horny horny NN 43431 4172 28 plates plate NNS 43431 4172 29 . . . 43431 4173 1 Marginal marginal JJ 43431 4173 2 bones bone NNS 43431 4173 3 are be VBP 43431 4173 4 always always RB 43431 4173 5 present present JJ 43431 4173 6 . . . 43431 4174 1 The the DT 43431 4174 2 head head NN 43431 4174 3 can can MD 43431 4174 4 generally generally RB 43431 4174 5 be be VB 43431 4174 6 drawn draw VBN 43431 4174 7 back back RB 43431 4174 8 under under IN 43431 4174 9 the the DT 43431 4174 10 carapace carapace NN 43431 4174 11 . . . 43431 4175 1 The the DT 43431 4175 2 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 4175 3 is be VBZ 43431 4175 4 not not RB 43431 4175 5 firmly firmly RB 43431 4175 6 united united JJ 43431 4175 7 to to IN 43431 4175 8 the the DT 43431 4175 9 plastron plastron NN 43431 4175 10 . . . 43431 4176 1 The the DT 43431 4176 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 4176 3 often often RB 43431 4176 4 has have VBZ 43431 4176 5 a a DT 43431 4176 6 complete complete JJ 43431 4176 7 false false JJ 43431 4176 8 roof roof NN 43431 4176 9 , , , 43431 4176 10 and and CC 43431 4176 11 in in IN 43431 4176 12 the the DT 43431 4176 13 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 4176 14 articulation articulation NN 43431 4176 15 the the DT 43431 4176 16 cup cup NN 43431 4176 17 is be VBZ 43431 4176 18 borne bear VBN 43431 4176 19 by by IN 43431 4176 20 the the DT 43431 4176 21 cranium cranium NN 43431 4176 22 , , , 43431 4176 23 and and CC 43431 4176 24 the the DT 43431 4176 25 knob knob NN 43431 4176 26 by by IN 43431 4176 27 the the DT 43431 4176 28 mandible mandible NN 43431 4176 29 . . . 43431 4177 1 Among among IN 43431 4177 2 the the DT 43431 4177 3 more more RBR 43431 4177 4 important important JJ 43431 4177 5 genera genera NN 43431 4177 6 are be VBP 43431 4177 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4177 8 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 4177 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4177 10 , , , 43431 4177 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4177 12 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 4177 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4177 14 , , , 43431 4177 15 and and CC 43431 4177 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4177 17 Testudo Testudo NNP 43431 4177 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4177 19 . . . 43431 4178 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4178 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4178 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4178 4 3 3 CD 43431 4178 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4178 6 . . . 43431 4178 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4178 8 PLEURODIRA PLEURODIRA NNP 43431 4178 9 . . . 43431 4179 1 The the DT 43431 4179 2 carapace carapace NN 43431 4179 3 and and CC 43431 4179 4 plastron plastron NN 43431 4179 5 are be VBP 43431 4179 6 strongly strongly RB 43431 4179 7 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4179 8 , , , 43431 4179 9 and and CC 43431 4179 10 firmly firmly RB 43431 4179 11 united united JJ 43431 4179 12 to to IN 43431 4179 13 the the DT 43431 4179 14 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4179 15 . . . 43431 4180 1 The the DT 43431 4180 2 head head NN 43431 4180 3 and and CC 43431 4180 4 neck neck NN 43431 4180 5 can can MD 43431 4180 6 be be VB 43431 4180 7 folded fold VBN 43431 4180 8 laterally laterally RB 43431 4180 9 under under IN 43431 4180 10 the the DT 43431 4180 11 carapace carapace NN 43431 4180 12 , , , 43431 4180 13 but but CC 43431 4180 14 can can MD 43431 4180 15 not not RB 43431 4180 16 be be VB 43431 4180 17 drawn draw VBN 43431 4180 18 back back RB 43431 4180 19 under under IN 43431 4180 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4180 21 . . . 43431 4181 1 The the DT 43431 4181 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 4181 3 has have VBZ 43431 4181 4 a a DT 43431 4181 5 more more RBR 43431 4181 6 or or CC 43431 4181 7 less less RBR 43431 4181 8 complete complete JJ 43431 4181 9 false false JJ 43431 4181 10 roof roof NN 43431 4181 11 , , , 43431 4181 12 and and CC 43431 4181 13 in in IN 43431 4181 14 the the DT 43431 4181 15 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 4181 16 articulation articulation NN 43431 4181 17 the the DT 43431 4181 18 knob knob NN 43431 4181 19 is be VBZ 43431 4181 20 borne bear VBN 43431 4181 21 by by IN 43431 4181 22 the the DT 43431 4181 23 cranium cranium NN 43431 4181 24 , , , 43431 4181 25 and and CC 43431 4181 26 the the DT 43431 4181 27 cup cup NN 43431 4181 28 by by IN 43431 4181 29 the the DT 43431 4181 30 mandible mandible NN 43431 4181 31 . . . 43431 4182 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4182 2 Chelys Chelys NNP 43431 4182 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4182 4 is be VBZ 43431 4182 5 a a DT 43431 4182 6 well well RB 43431 4182 7 - - HYPH 43431 4182 8 known know VBN 43431 4182 9 genus genus NN 43431 4182 10 . . . 43431 4183 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4183 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4183 3 4 4 CD 43431 4183 4 . . . 43431 4183 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4183 6 ICHTHYOSAURIA[73 ICHTHYOSAURIA[73 '' 43431 4183 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4183 8 . . . 43431 4184 1 The the DT 43431 4184 2 order order NN 43431 4184 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4184 4 a a DT 43431 4184 5 number number NN 43431 4184 6 of of IN 43431 4184 7 large large JJ 43431 4184 8 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4184 9 marine marine NN 43431 4184 10 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 4184 11 whose whose WP$ 43431 4184 12 general general JJ 43431 4184 13 shape shape NN 43431 4184 14 is be VBZ 43431 4184 15 similar similar JJ 43431 4184 16 to to IN 43431 4184 17 that that DT 43431 4184 18 of of IN 43431 4184 19 the the DT 43431 4184 20 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 4184 21 . . . 43431 4185 1 The the DT 43431 4185 2 skull skull NN 43431 4185 3 is be VBZ 43431 4185 4 enormously enormously RB 43431 4185 5 large large JJ 43431 4185 6 , , , 43431 4185 7 and and CC 43431 4185 8 the the DT 43431 4185 9 neck neck NN 43431 4185 10 short short JJ 43431 4185 11 . . . 43431 4186 1 The the DT 43431 4186 2 tail tail NN 43431 4186 3 is be VBZ 43431 4186 4 very very RB 43431 4186 5 long long JJ 43431 4186 6 , , , 43431 4186 7 and and CC 43431 4186 8 is be VBZ 43431 4186 9 terminated terminate VBN 43431 4186 10 by by IN 43431 4186 11 a a DT 43431 4186 12 large large JJ 43431 4186 13 vertically vertically RB 43431 4186 14 - - HYPH 43431 4186 15 placed place VBN 43431 4186 16 bilobed bilobe VBN 43431 4186 17 fin fin NNP 43431 4186 18 , , , 43431 4186 19 the the DT 43431 4186 20 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4186 21 column column NN 43431 4186 22 running run VBG 43431 4186 23 along along IN 43431 4186 24 the the DT 43431 4186 25 lower low JJR 43431 4186 26 lobe lobe NN 43431 4186 27 . . . 43431 4187 1 The the DT 43431 4187 2 very very RB 43431 4187 3 numerous numerous JJ 43431 4187 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4187 5 are be VBP 43431 4187 6 short short JJ 43431 4187 7 and and CC 43431 4187 8 deeply deeply RB 43431 4187 9 biconcave biconcave RB 43431 4187 10 . . . 43431 4188 1 The the DT 43431 4188 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4188 3 column column NN 43431 4188 4 can can MD 43431 4188 5 be be VB 43431 4188 6 divided divide VBN 43431 4188 7 into into IN 43431 4188 8 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4188 9 and and CC 43431 4188 10 precaudal precaudal JJ 43431 4188 11 regions region NNS 43431 4188 12 only only RB 43431 4188 13 , , , 43431 4188 14 as as IN 43431 4188 15 the the DT 43431 4188 16 ribs rib NNS 43431 4188 17 which which WDT 43431 4188 18 begin begin VBP 43431 4188 19 at at IN 43431 4188 20 the the DT 43431 4188 21 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4188 22 part part NN 43431 4188 23 of of IN 43431 4188 24 the the DT 43431 4188 25 neck neck NN 43431 4188 26 are be VBP 43431 4188 27 continued continue VBN 43431 4188 28 to to IN 43431 4188 29 the the DT 43431 4188 30 posterior posterior JJ 43431 4188 31 end end NN 43431 4188 32 of of IN 43431 4188 33 the the DT 43431 4188 34 trunk trunk NN 43431 4188 35 without without IN 43431 4188 36 being be VBG 43431 4188 37 connected connect VBN 43431 4188 38 with with IN 43431 4188 39 any any DT 43431 4188 40 sternum sternum NN 43431 4188 41 or or CC 43431 4188 42 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 4188 43 . . . 43431 4189 1 The the DT 43431 4189 2 precaudal precaudal JJ 43431 4189 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4189 4 bear bear VBP 43431 4189 5 two two CD 43431 4189 6 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4189 7 for for IN 43431 4189 8 the the DT 43431 4189 9 articulation articulation NN 43431 4189 10 of of IN 43431 4189 11 the the DT 43431 4189 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 4189 13 , , , 43431 4189 14 while while IN 43431 4189 15 in in IN 43431 4189 16 the the DT 43431 4189 17 caudal caudal NN 43431 4189 18 vertebrae vertebrae VBZ 43431 4189 19 the the DT 43431 4189 20 two two CD 43431 4189 21 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4189 22 have have VBP 43431 4189 23 coalesced coalesce VBN 43431 4189 24 . . . 43431 4190 1 The the DT 43431 4190 2 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4190 3 region region NN 43431 4190 4 is be VBZ 43431 4190 5 also also RB 43431 4190 6 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 4190 7 by by IN 43431 4190 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4190 9 chevron chevron NNP 43431 4190 10 bones bone NNS 43431 4190 11 . . . 43431 4191 1 The the DT 43431 4191 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4191 3 have have VBP 43431 4191 4 no no DT 43431 4191 5 transverse transverse JJ 43431 4191 6 processes process NNS 43431 4191 7 , , , 43431 4191 8 and and CC 43431 4191 9 the the DT 43431 4191 10 neural neural JJ 43431 4191 11 arches arch NNS 43431 4191 12 are be VBP 43431 4191 13 not not RB 43431 4191 14 firmly firmly RB 43431 4191 15 united united JJ 43431 4191 16 to to IN 43431 4191 17 the the DT 43431 4191 18 centra centra NNP 43431 4191 19 , , , 43431 4191 20 and and CC 43431 4191 21 have have VBP 43431 4191 22 only only RB 43431 4191 23 traces trace NNS 43431 4191 24 of of IN 43431 4191 25 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 4191 26 . . . 43431 4192 1 The the DT 43431 4192 2 atlas atla NNS 43431 4192 3 and and CC 43431 4192 4 axis axi NNS 43431 4192 5 are be VBP 43431 4192 6 similar similar JJ 43431 4192 7 to to IN 43431 4192 8 the the DT 43431 4192 9 other other JJ 43431 4192 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4192 11 , , , 43431 4192 12 but but CC 43431 4192 13 there there EX 43431 4192 14 is be VBZ 43431 4192 15 a a DT 43431 4192 16 wedge wedge NN 43431 4192 17 - - HYPH 43431 4192 18 shaped shape VBN 43431 4192 19 intercentrum intercentrum NN 43431 4192 20 between between IN 43431 4192 21 the the DT 43431 4192 22 atlas atlas NNP 43431 4192 23 and and CC 43431 4192 24 the the DT 43431 4192 25 skull skull NN 43431 4192 26 , , , 43431 4192 27 and and CC 43431 4192 28 another another DT 43431 4192 29 between between IN 43431 4192 30 the the DT 43431 4192 31 atlas atla NNS 43431 4192 32 and and CC 43431 4192 33 the the DT 43431 4192 34 axis axi NNS 43431 4192 35 . . . 43431 4193 1 The the DT 43431 4193 2 skull skull NN 43431 4193 3 is be VBZ 43431 4193 4 greatly greatly RB 43431 4193 5 elongated elongated JJ 43431 4193 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4193 7 fig fig NN 43431 4193 8 . . . 43431 4194 1 32 32 CD 43431 4194 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4194 3 and and CC 43431 4194 4 pointed point VBD 43431 4194 5 , , , 43431 4194 6 mainly mainly RB 43431 4194 7 owing owe VBG 43431 4194 8 to to IN 43431 4194 9 the the DT 43431 4194 10 length length NN 43431 4194 11 of of IN 43431 4194 12 the the DT 43431 4194 13 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 4194 14 . . . 43431 4195 1 The the DT 43431 4195 2 orbits orbit NNS 43431 4195 3 are be VBP 43431 4195 4 enormous enormous JJ 43431 4195 5 , , , 43431 4195 6 and and CC 43431 4195 7 there there EX 43431 4195 8 is be VBZ 43431 4195 9 a a DT 43431 4195 10 ring ring NN 43431 4195 11 of of IN 43431 4195 12 bones bone NNS 43431 4195 13 in in IN 43431 4195 14 the the DT 43431 4195 15 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 4195 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4195 17 fig fig VB 43431 4195 18 . . . 43431 4196 1 32 32 CD 43431 4196 2 , , , 43431 4196 3 15 15 CD 43431 4196 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4196 5 . . . 43431 4197 1 The the DT 43431 4197 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 4197 3 nares naris NNS 43431 4197 4 are be VBP 43431 4197 5 very very RB 43431 4197 6 small small JJ 43431 4197 7 ; ; : 43431 4197 8 and and CC 43431 4197 9 are be VBP 43431 4197 10 placed place VBN 43431 4197 11 far far RB 43431 4197 12 back back RB 43431 4197 13 just just RB 43431 4197 14 in in IN 43431 4197 15 front front NN 43431 4197 16 of of IN 43431 4197 17 the the DT 43431 4197 18 orbits orbit NNS 43431 4197 19 . . . 43431 4198 1 There there EX 43431 4198 2 is be VBZ 43431 4198 3 an an DT 43431 4198 4 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 4198 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4198 6 , , , 43431 4198 7 and and CC 43431 4198 8 the the DT 43431 4198 9 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4198 10 fossae fossae NN 43431 4198 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4198 12 fig fig NN 43431 4198 13 . . . 43431 4199 1 32 32 CD 43431 4199 2 , , , 43431 4199 3 9 9 CD 43431 4199 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4199 5 are be VBP 43431 4199 6 very very RB 43431 4199 7 large large JJ 43431 4199 8 , , , 43431 4199 9 while while IN 43431 4199 10 there there EX 43431 4199 11 are be VBP 43431 4199 12 no no DT 43431 4199 13 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 4199 14 fossae fossae NN 43431 4199 15 . . . 43431 4200 1 An an DT 43431 4200 2 epipterygoid epipterygoid JJ 43431 4200 3 occurs occur VBZ 43431 4200 4 . . . 43431 4201 1 The the DT 43431 4201 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4201 3 is be VBZ 43431 4201 4 firmly firmly RB 43431 4201 5 fixed fix VBN 43431 4201 6 to to IN 43431 4201 7 the the DT 43431 4201 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 4201 9 , , , 43431 4201 10 and and CC 43431 4201 11 there there EX 43431 4201 12 is be VBZ 43431 4201 13 a a DT 43431 4201 14 large large JJ 43431 4201 15 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 4201 16 . . . 43431 4202 1 There there EX 43431 4202 2 are be VBP 43431 4202 3 large large JJ 43431 4202 4 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 4202 5 , , , 43431 4202 6 but but CC 43431 4202 7 the the DT 43431 4202 8 frontals frontal NNS 43431 4202 9 are be VBP 43431 4202 10 very very RB 43431 4202 11 small small JJ 43431 4202 12 . . . 43431 4203 1 The the DT 43431 4203 2 very very RB 43431 4203 3 numerous numerous JJ 43431 4203 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4203 5 are be VBP 43431 4203 6 large large JJ 43431 4203 7 and and CC 43431 4203 8 conical conical JJ 43431 4203 9 , , , 43431 4203 10 and and CC 43431 4203 11 are be VBP 43431 4203 12 placed place VBN 43431 4203 13 in in IN 43431 4203 14 continuous continuous JJ 43431 4203 15 grooves groove NNS 43431 4203 16 without without IN 43431 4203 17 being be VBG 43431 4203 18 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4203 19 to to IN 43431 4203 20 the the DT 43431 4203 21 bone bone NN 43431 4203 22 . . . 43431 4204 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4204 2 are be VBP 43431 4204 3 confined confine VBN 43431 4204 4 to to IN 43431 4204 5 the the DT 43431 4204 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 4204 7 - - HYPH 43431 4204 8 bones bone NNS 43431 4204 9 . . . 43431 4205 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4205 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 4205 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 4205 4 . . . 43431 4206 1 32 32 CD 43431 4206 2 . . . 43431 4207 1 LATERAL LATERAL NNP 43431 4207 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4207 3 BELOW BELOW NNP 43431 4207 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4207 5 AND and CC 43431 4207 6 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 4207 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4207 8 ABOVE ABOVE NNP 43431 4207 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4207 10 VIEWS view NNS 43431 4207 11 OF of IN 43431 4207 12 THE the DT 43431 4207 13 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 4207 14 OF of IN 43431 4207 15 AN an DT 43431 4207 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4207 17 Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus NNP 43431 4207 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4207 19 . . . 43431 4208 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4208 2 Modified modify VBN 43431 4208 3 from from IN 43431 4208 4 Deslongchamps Deslongchamps NNP 43431 4208 5 . . . 43431 4208 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4209 1 1 1 LS 43431 4209 2 . . . 43431 4209 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 4209 4 . . . 43431 4210 1 2 2 LS 43431 4210 2 . . . 43431 4210 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 4210 4 . . . 43431 4211 1 3 3 LS 43431 4211 2 . . . 43431 4211 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 4211 4 . . . 43431 4212 1 4 4 LS 43431 4212 2 . . . 43431 4212 3 prefrontal[1 prefrontal[1 NNS 43431 4212 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4212 5 . . . 43431 4213 1 5 5 LS 43431 4213 2 . . . 43431 4213 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4213 4 . . . 43431 4214 1 6 6 LS 43431 4214 2 . . . 43431 4214 3 postfrontal[74 postfrontal[74 NNP 43431 4214 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4214 5 . . . 43431 4215 1 7 7 LS 43431 4215 2 . . . 43431 4215 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4215 4 nares naris NNS 43431 4215 5 . . . 43431 4216 1 8 8 LS 43431 4216 2 . . . 43431 4216 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 4216 4 . . . 43431 4217 1 9 9 LS 43431 4217 2 . . . 43431 4217 3 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4217 4 fossa fossa NNP 43431 4217 5 . . . 43431 4218 1 10 10 CD 43431 4218 2 . . . 43431 4218 3 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 4218 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4218 5 . . . 43431 4219 1 11 11 LS 43431 4219 2 . . . 43431 4219 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 4219 4 . . . 43431 4220 1 12 12 CD 43431 4220 2 . . . 43431 4220 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 4220 4 . . . 43431 4221 1 13 13 CD 43431 4221 2 . . . 43431 4221 3 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4221 4 . . . 43431 4222 1 14 14 CD 43431 4222 2 . . . 43431 4222 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 4222 4 . . . 43431 4223 1 15 15 CD 43431 4223 2 . . . 43431 4223 3 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 4223 4 ring ring NN 43431 4223 5 . . . 43431 4224 1 16 16 CD 43431 4224 2 . . . 43431 4224 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 4224 4 . . . 43431 4225 1 17 17 CD 43431 4225 2 . . . 43431 4225 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 4225 4 . . . 43431 4226 1 18 18 CD 43431 4226 2 . . . 43431 4226 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 4226 4 . . . 43431 4227 1 19 19 CD 43431 4227 2 . . . 43431 4227 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 4227 4 . . . 43431 4228 1 20 20 CD 43431 4228 2 . . . 43431 4228 3 articular articular JJ 43431 4228 4 . . . 43431 4229 1 21 21 CD 43431 4229 2 . . . 43431 4230 1 angular angular NNP 43431 4230 2 . . . 43431 4230 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4231 1 The the DT 43431 4231 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4231 3 are be VBP 43431 4231 4 long long JJ 43431 4231 5 , , , 43431 4231 6 and and CC 43431 4231 7 the the DT 43431 4231 8 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4231 9 ones one NNS 43431 4231 10 have have VBP 43431 4231 11 capitula capitula NN 43431 4231 12 and and CC 43431 4231 13 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 4231 14 . . . 43431 4232 1 There there EX 43431 4232 2 is be VBZ 43431 4232 3 no no DT 43431 4232 4 sternum sternum NN 43431 4232 5 , , , 43431 4232 6 but but CC 43431 4232 7 the the DT 43431 4232 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4232 9 body body NN 43431 4232 10 wall wall NN 43431 4232 11 is be VBZ 43431 4232 12 strengthened strengthen VBN 43431 4232 13 by by IN 43431 4232 14 a a DT 43431 4232 15 complex complex JJ 43431 4232 16 system system NN 43431 4232 17 of of IN 43431 4232 18 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4232 19 splint splint NN 43431 4232 20 ribs ribs NNP 43431 4232 21 . . . 43431 4233 1 The the DT 43431 4233 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4233 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 4233 4 is be VBZ 43431 4233 5 strongly strongly RB 43431 4233 6 developed develop VBN 43431 4233 7 , , , 43431 4233 8 the the DT 43431 4233 9 scapulae scapula NNS 43431 4233 10 are be VBP 43431 4233 11 narrow narrow JJ 43431 4233 12 , , , 43431 4233 13 the the DT 43431 4233 14 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 4233 15 broad broad RB 43431 4233 16 , , , 43431 4233 17 and and CC 43431 4233 18 meet meet VBP 43431 4233 19 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4233 20 without without IN 43431 4233 21 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 4233 22 . . . 43431 4234 1 There there EX 43431 4234 2 are be VBP 43431 4234 3 probably probably RB 43431 4234 4 no no DT 43431 4234 5 precoracoids precoracoid NNS 43431 4234 6 , , , 43431 4234 7 but but CC 43431 4234 8 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4234 9 and and CC 43431 4234 10 a a DT 43431 4234 11 T t NN 43431 4234 12 - - HYPH 43431 4234 13 shaped shape VBN 43431 4234 14 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4234 15 are be VBP 43431 4234 16 well well RB 43431 4234 17 developed developed JJ 43431 4234 18 . . . 43431 4235 1 The the DT 43431 4235 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 4235 3 are be VBP 43431 4235 4 very very RB 43431 4235 5 short short JJ 43431 4235 6 , , , 43431 4235 7 and and CC 43431 4235 8 completely completely RB 43431 4235 9 modified modify VBN 43431 4235 10 into into IN 43431 4235 11 swimming swimming NN 43431 4235 12 paddles paddle NNS 43431 4235 13 . . . 43431 4236 1 The the DT 43431 4236 2 humerus humeru NNS 43431 4236 3 and and CC 43431 4236 4 femur femur NN 43431 4236 5 are be VBP 43431 4236 6 both both DT 43431 4236 7 short short JJ 43431 4236 8 , , , 43431 4236 9 while while IN 43431 4236 10 the the DT 43431 4236 11 radius radius NN 43431 4236 12 and and CC 43431 4236 13 ulna ulna NNP 43431 4236 14 , , , 43431 4236 15 tibia tibia NNP 43431 4236 16 and and CC 43431 4236 17 fibula fibula NNP 43431 4236 18 are be VBP 43431 4236 19 generally generally RB 43431 4236 20 still still RB 43431 4236 21 further further RB 43431 4236 22 reduced reduce VBN 43431 4236 23 to to IN 43431 4236 24 the the DT 43431 4236 25 form form NN 43431 4236 26 of of IN 43431 4236 27 short short JJ 43431 4236 28 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 4236 29 bones bone NNS 43431 4236 30 . . . 43431 4237 1 The the DT 43431 4237 2 digits digit NNS 43431 4237 3 are be VBP 43431 4237 4 formed form VBN 43431 4237 5 of of IN 43431 4237 6 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 4237 7 series series NN 43431 4237 8 of of IN 43431 4237 9 very very RB 43431 4237 10 numerous numerous JJ 43431 4237 11 small small JJ 43431 4237 12 bones bone NNS 43431 4237 13 . . . 43431 4238 1 The the DT 43431 4238 2 number number NN 43431 4238 3 of of IN 43431 4238 4 digits digit NNS 43431 4238 5 is be VBZ 43431 4238 6 five five CD 43431 4238 7 , , , 43431 4238 8 but but CC 43431 4238 9 there there EX 43431 4238 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4238 11 appear appear VBP 43431 4238 12 to to TO 43431 4238 13 be be VB 43431 4238 14 more more RBR 43431 4238 15 owing owing JJ 43431 4238 16 to to IN 43431 4238 17 the the DT 43431 4238 18 bifurcation bifurcation NN 43431 4238 19 of of IN 43431 4238 20 certain certain JJ 43431 4238 21 of of IN 43431 4238 22 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4238 23 , , , 43431 4238 24 or or CC 43431 4238 25 to to IN 43431 4238 26 the the DT 43431 4238 27 addition addition NN 43431 4238 28 of of IN 43431 4238 29 marginal marginal JJ 43431 4238 30 bones bone NNS 43431 4238 31 , , , 43431 4238 32 either either CC 43431 4238 33 to to IN 43431 4238 34 the the DT 43431 4238 35 radial radial NN 43431 4238 36 or or CC 43431 4238 37 ulnar ulnar NN 43431 4238 38 side side NN 43431 4238 39 of of IN 43431 4238 40 the the DT 43431 4238 41 limb limb NN 43431 4238 42 . . . 43431 4239 1 The the DT 43431 4239 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 4239 3 has have VBZ 43431 4239 4 no no DT 43431 4239 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4239 6 , , , 43431 4239 7 and and CC 43431 4239 8 both both CC 43431 4239 9 humerus humerus NNP 43431 4239 10 and and CC 43431 4239 11 femur femur NNP 43431 4239 12 are be VBP 43431 4239 13 unique unique JJ 43431 4239 14 in in IN 43431 4239 15 that that IN 43431 4239 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4239 17 are be VBP 43431 4239 18 distally distally RB 43431 4239 19 terminated terminate VBN 43431 4239 20 by by IN 43431 4239 21 concave concave NNP 43431 4239 22 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4239 23 instead instead RB 43431 4239 24 of of IN 43431 4239 25 by by IN 43431 4239 26 convex convex NNP 43431 4239 27 condyles condyle NNS 43431 4239 28 . . . 43431 4240 1 The the DT 43431 4240 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 4240 3 limb limb NN 43431 4240 4 is be VBZ 43431 4240 5 much much RB 43431 4240 6 smaller small JJR 43431 4240 7 than than IN 43431 4240 8 the the DT 43431 4240 9 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 4240 10 . . . 43431 4241 1 The the DT 43431 4241 2 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4241 3 has have VBZ 43431 4241 4 no no DT 43431 4241 5 bony bony NN 43431 4241 6 connection connection NN 43431 4241 7 with with IN 43431 4241 8 the the DT 43431 4241 9 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4241 10 column column NN 43431 4241 11 , , , 43431 4241 12 and and CC 43431 4241 13 all all PDT 43431 4241 14 the the DT 43431 4241 15 component component NN 43431 4241 16 bones bone NNS 43431 4241 17 are be VBP 43431 4241 18 small small JJ 43431 4241 19 and and CC 43431 4241 20 rod rod NN 43431 4241 21 - - HYPH 43431 4241 22 like like JJ 43431 4241 23 . . . 43431 4242 1 The the DT 43431 4242 2 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 4242 3 are be VBP 43431 4242 4 confined confine VBN 43431 4242 5 to to IN 43431 4242 6 beds bed NNS 43431 4242 7 of of IN 43431 4242 8 Secondary secondary JJ 43431 4242 9 age age NN 43431 4242 10 and and CC 43431 4242 11 by by IN 43431 4242 12 far far RB 43431 4242 13 the the DT 43431 4242 14 best well RBS 43431 4242 15 known known JJ 43431 4242 16 genus genus NN 43431 4242 17 is be VBZ 43431 4242 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4242 19 Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus NNP 43431 4242 20 _ _ NNP 43431 4242 21 . . . 43431 4243 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4243 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4243 3 5 5 CD 43431 4243 4 . . . 43431 4243 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4243 6 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA RHYNCHOCEPHALIA NNP 43431 4243 7 . . . 43431 4244 1 This this DT 43431 4244 2 order order NN 43431 4244 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4244 4 the the DT 43431 4244 5 living live VBG 43431 4244 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4244 7 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 4244 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4244 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4244 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4244 11 Hatteria Hatteria NNP 43431 4244 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4244 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4244 14 and and CC 43431 4244 15 various various JJ 43431 4244 16 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4244 17 forms form NNS 43431 4244 18 . . . 43431 4245 1 The the DT 43431 4245 2 general general JJ 43431 4245 3 shape shape NN 43431 4245 4 of of IN 43431 4245 5 these these DT 43431 4245 6 animals animal NNS 43431 4245 7 is be VBZ 43431 4245 8 lizard lizard NN 43431 4245 9 - - HYPH 43431 4245 10 like like JJ 43431 4245 11 and and CC 43431 4245 12 the the DT 43431 4245 13 tail tail NN 43431 4245 14 is be VBZ 43431 4245 15 long long JJ 43431 4245 16 . . . 43431 4246 1 The the DT 43431 4246 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4246 3 are be VBP 43431 4246 4 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 4246 5 or or CC 43431 4246 6 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4246 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 4246 8 flat flat JJ 43431 4246 9 , , , 43431 4246 10 and and CC 43431 4246 11 the the DT 43431 4246 12 notochord notochord NN 43431 4246 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4246 14 persists persist VBZ 43431 4246 15 to to IN 43431 4246 16 some some DT 43431 4246 17 extent extent NN 43431 4246 18 . . . 43431 4247 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4247 2 Proterosaurus Proterosaurus NNP 43431 4247 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4247 4 differs differ VBZ 43431 4247 5 from from IN 43431 4247 6 the the DT 43431 4247 7 other other JJ 43431 4247 8 members member NNS 43431 4247 9 of of IN 43431 4247 10 the the DT 43431 4247 11 order order NN 43431 4247 12 in in IN 43431 4247 13 having have VBG 43431 4247 14 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 4247 15 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4247 16 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4247 17 . . . 43431 4248 1 The the DT 43431 4248 2 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 4248 3 is be VBZ 43431 4248 4 composed compose VBN 43431 4248 5 of of IN 43431 4248 6 two two CD 43431 4248 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4248 8 . . . 43431 4249 1 Ossified ossified JJ 43431 4249 2 inter inter NN 43431 4249 3 centra centra NNP 43431 4249 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4249 5 interdorsalia interdorsalia NNP 43431 4249 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4249 7 generally generally RB 43431 4249 8 occur occur VBP 43431 4249 9 in in IN 43431 4249 10 the the DT 43431 4249 11 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4249 12 and and CC 43431 4249 13 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4249 14 regions region NNS 43431 4249 15 , , , 43431 4249 16 and and CC 43431 4249 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4249 18 throughout throughout IN 43431 4249 19 the the DT 43431 4249 20 whole whole JJ 43431 4249 21 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4249 22 column column NN 43431 4249 23 . . . 43431 4250 1 In in IN 43431 4250 2 the the DT 43431 4250 3 skull skull NN 43431 4250 4 the the DT 43431 4250 5 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4250 6 is be VBZ 43431 4250 7 immovably immovably RB 43431 4250 8 fixed fix VBN 43431 4250 9 and and CC 43431 4250 10 united unite VBN 43431 4250 11 to to IN 43431 4250 12 the the DT 43431 4250 13 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 4250 14 . . . 43431 4251 1 The the DT 43431 4251 2 palate palate NN 43431 4251 3 is be VBZ 43431 4251 4 well well RB 43431 4251 5 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4251 6 , , , 43431 4251 7 while while IN 43431 4251 8 the the DT 43431 4251 9 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 4251 10 which which WDT 43431 4251 11 are be VBP 43431 4251 12 often often RB 43431 4251 13 beak beak JJ 43431 4251 14 - - HYPH 43431 4251 15 like like JJ 43431 4251 16 are be VBP 43431 4251 17 never never RB 43431 4251 18 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4251 19 together together RB 43431 4251 20 . . . 43431 4252 1 The the DT 43431 4252 2 jaws jaw NNS 43431 4252 3 may may MD 43431 4252 4 be be VB 43431 4252 5 toothless toothless JJ 43431 4252 6 or or CC 43431 4252 7 may may MD 43431 4252 8 be be VB 43431 4252 9 provided provide VBN 43431 4252 10 with with IN 43431 4252 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4252 12 which which WDT 43431 4252 13 are be VBP 43431 4252 14 usually usually RB 43431 4252 15 acrodont acrodont JJ 43431 4252 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4252 17 see see VB 43431 4252 18 p. p. NNP 43431 4252 19 199 199 CD 43431 4252 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4252 21 . . . 43431 4253 1 The the DT 43431 4253 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4253 3 frequently frequently RB 43431 4253 4 bear bear VBP 43431 4253 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4253 6 , , , 43431 4253 7 and and CC 43431 4253 8 in in IN 43431 4253 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4253 10 Proterosaurus Proterosaurus NNP 43431 4253 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4253 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4253 13 occur occur VBP 43431 4253 14 also also RB 43431 4253 15 on on IN 43431 4253 16 the the DT 43431 4253 17 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4253 18 and and CC 43431 4253 19 vomers vomer NNS 43431 4253 20 . . . 43431 4254 1 The the DT 43431 4254 2 rami rami NN 43431 4254 3 of of IN 43431 4254 4 the the DT 43431 4254 5 mandible mandible JJ 43431 4254 6 are be VBP 43431 4254 7 united unite VBN 43431 4254 8 by by IN 43431 4254 9 ligament ligament NN 43431 4254 10 at at IN 43431 4254 11 the the DT 43431 4254 12 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4254 13 except except IN 43431 4254 14 in in IN 43431 4254 15 the the DT 43431 4254 16 Rhynchosauridae Rhynchosauridae NNP 43431 4254 17 , , , 43431 4254 18 in in IN 43431 4254 19 which which WDT 43431 4254 20 the the DT 43431 4254 21 union union NN 43431 4254 22 is be VBZ 43431 4254 23 bony bony NN 43431 4254 24 . . . 43431 4255 1 Superior superior JJ 43431 4255 2 and and CC 43431 4255 3 inferior inferior JJ 43431 4255 4 temporal temporal JJ 43431 4255 5 arcades arcade NNS 43431 4255 6 occur occur VBP 43431 4255 7 . . . 43431 4256 1 The the DT 43431 4256 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4256 3 have have VBP 43431 4256 4 capitula capitula NN 43431 4256 5 and and CC 43431 4256 6 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 4256 7 , , , 43431 4256 8 and and CC 43431 4256 9 often often RB 43431 4256 10 uncinate uncinate VBP 43431 4256 11 processes process NNS 43431 4256 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4256 13 see see VB 43431 4256 14 p. p. NN 43431 4256 15 190 190 CD 43431 4256 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4256 17 as as IN 43431 4256 18 in in IN 43431 4256 19 birds bird NNS 43431 4256 20 . . . 43431 4257 1 A a DT 43431 4257 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4257 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 4257 4 and and CC 43431 4257 5 sternum sternum JJ 43431 4257 6 , , , 43431 4257 7 with with IN 43431 4257 8 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4257 9 and and CC 43431 4257 10 a a DT 43431 4257 11 T t NN 43431 4257 12 - - HYPH 43431 4257 13 shaped shape VBN 43431 4257 14 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4257 15 are be VBP 43431 4257 16 developed develop VBN 43431 4257 17 , , , 43431 4257 18 and and CC 43431 4257 19 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4257 20 ribs rib NNS 43431 4257 21 are be VBP 43431 4257 22 always always RB 43431 4257 23 found find VBN 43431 4257 24 . . . 43431 4258 1 The the DT 43431 4258 2 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 4258 3 is be VBZ 43431 4258 4 however however RB 43431 4258 5 absent absent JJ 43431 4258 6 . . . 43431 4259 1 The the DT 43431 4259 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 4259 3 are be VBP 43431 4259 4 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 4259 5 . . . 43431 4260 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4260 2 Sphenodon_[75 Sphenodon_[75 NNP 43431 4260 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4260 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4260 5 Hatteria Hatteria NNP 43431 4260 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4260 7 now now RB 43431 4260 8 living live VBG 43431 4260 9 in in IN 43431 4260 10 some some DT 43431 4260 11 of of IN 43431 4260 12 the the DT 43431 4260 13 islands island NNS 43431 4260 14 of of IN 43431 4260 15 the the DT 43431 4260 16 New New NNP 43431 4260 17 Zealand Zealand NNP 43431 4260 18 group group NN 43431 4260 19 , , , 43431 4260 20 is be VBZ 43431 4260 21 certainly certainly RB 43431 4260 22 the the DT 43431 4260 23 most most RBS 43431 4260 24 generalised generalise VBN 43431 4260 25 of of IN 43431 4260 26 all all DT 43431 4260 27 living living NN 43431 4260 28 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4260 29 . . . 43431 4261 1 Though though IN 43431 4261 2 lizard lizard NN 43431 4261 3 - - HYPH 43431 4261 4 like like JJ 43431 4261 5 in in IN 43431 4261 6 form form NN 43431 4261 7 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4261 8 differs differ VBZ 43431 4261 9 from from IN 43431 4261 10 all all DT 43431 4261 11 living living NN 43431 4261 12 lizards lizard NNS 43431 4261 13 in in IN 43431 4261 14 the the DT 43431 4261 15 possession possession NN 43431 4261 16 of of IN 43431 4261 17 two two CD 43431 4261 18 temporal temporal JJ 43431 4261 19 arcades arcade NNS 43431 4261 20 , , , 43431 4261 21 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4261 22 ribs rib NNS 43431 4261 23 and and CC 43431 4261 24 a a DT 43431 4261 25 fixed fix VBN 43431 4261 26 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4261 27 ; ; : 43431 4261 28 and and CC 43431 4261 29 is be VBZ 43431 4261 30 often often RB 43431 4261 31 considered consider VBN 43431 4261 32 to to TO 43431 4261 33 be be VB 43431 4261 34 nearly nearly RB 43431 4261 35 allied ally VBN 43431 4261 36 in in IN 43431 4261 37 many many JJ 43431 4261 38 respects respect NNS 43431 4261 39 to to IN 43431 4261 40 the the DT 43431 4261 41 type type NN 43431 4261 42 of of IN 43431 4261 43 reptile reptile NN 43431 4261 44 from from IN 43431 4261 45 which which WDT 43431 4261 46 all all PDT 43431 4261 47 the the DT 43431 4261 48 others other NNS 43431 4261 49 took take VBD 43431 4261 50 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4261 51 origin origin NN 43431 4261 52 . . . 43431 4262 1 Among among IN 43431 4262 2 the the DT 43431 4262 3 better well RBR 43431 4262 4 known know VBN 43431 4262 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4262 6 forms form NNS 43431 4262 7 are be VBP 43431 4262 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4262 9 Proterosaurus Proterosaurus NNP 43431 4262 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4262 11 of of IN 43431 4262 12 Permian Permian NNP 43431 4262 13 and and CC 43431 4262 14 _ _ NNP 43431 4262 15 Hyperodapedon Hyperodapedon NNP 43431 4262 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4262 17 of of IN 43431 4262 18 Triassic Triassic NNP 43431 4262 19 age age NN 43431 4262 20 . . . 43431 4263 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4263 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4263 3 6 6 CD 43431 4263 4 . . . 43431 4263 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4263 6 SQUAMATA SQUAMATA NNP 43431 4263 7 . . . 43431 4264 1 This this DT 43431 4264 2 order order NN 43431 4264 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4264 4 the the DT 43431 4264 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4264 6 Mosasaurians Mosasaurians NNPS 43431 4264 7 , , , 43431 4264 8 and and CC 43431 4264 9 the the DT 43431 4264 10 lizards lizard NNS 43431 4264 11 and and CC 43431 4264 12 snakes snake NNS 43431 4264 13 which which WDT 43431 4264 14 form form VBP 43431 4264 15 the the DT 43431 4264 16 vast vast JJ 43431 4264 17 majority majority NN 43431 4264 18 of of IN 43431 4264 19 living living NN 43431 4264 20 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4264 21 . . . 43431 4265 1 The the DT 43431 4265 2 trunk trunk NN 43431 4265 3 may may MD 43431 4265 4 be be VB 43431 4265 5 moderately moderately RB 43431 4265 6 elongated elongate VBN 43431 4265 7 and and CC 43431 4265 8 provided provide VBN 43431 4265 9 with with IN 43431 4265 10 four four CD 43431 4265 11 short short JJ 43431 4265 12 limbs limb NNS 43431 4265 13 as as IN 43431 4265 14 in in IN 43431 4265 15 lizards lizard NNS 43431 4265 16 , , , 43431 4265 17 or or CC 43431 4265 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4265 19 may may MD 43431 4265 20 be be VB 43431 4265 21 limbless limbless JJ 43431 4265 22 , , , 43431 4265 23 extremely extremely RB 43431 4265 24 elongated elongated JJ 43431 4265 25 , , , 43431 4265 26 and and CC 43431 4265 27 passing pass VBG 43431 4265 28 imperceptibly imperceptibly RB 43431 4265 29 into into IN 43431 4265 30 the the DT 43431 4265 31 tail tail NN 43431 4265 32 . . . 43431 4266 1 The the DT 43431 4266 2 surface surface NN 43431 4266 3 is be VBZ 43431 4266 4 generally generally RB 43431 4266 5 completely completely RB 43431 4266 6 covered cover VBN 43431 4266 7 with with IN 43431 4266 8 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 4266 9 horny horny JJ 43431 4266 10 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 4266 11 scales scale NNS 43431 4266 12 , , , 43431 4266 13 below below IN 43431 4266 14 which which WDT 43431 4266 15 bony bony VBP 43431 4266 16 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4266 17 scutes scute NNS 43431 4266 18 may may MD 43431 4266 19 be be VB 43431 4266 20 developed develop VBN 43431 4266 21 . . . 43431 4267 1 The the DT 43431 4267 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4267 3 are be VBP 43431 4267 4 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 4267 5 , , , 43431 4267 6 rarely rarely RB 43431 4267 7 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 4267 8 . . . 43431 4268 1 There there EX 43431 4268 2 are be VBP 43431 4268 3 no no DT 43431 4268 4 inter inter JJ 43431 4268 5 centra centra NNP 43431 4268 6 , , , 43431 4268 7 and and CC 43431 4268 8 the the DT 43431 4268 9 neural neural JJ 43431 4268 10 arches arch NNS 43431 4268 11 are be VBP 43431 4268 12 firmly firmly RB 43431 4268 13 united united JJ 43431 4268 14 to to IN 43431 4268 15 the the DT 43431 4268 16 centra centra NNP 43431 4268 17 . . . 43431 4269 1 Additional additional JJ 43431 4269 2 articulating articulating NN 43431 4269 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4269 4 , , , 43431 4269 5 the the DT 43431 4269 6 zygosphenes zygosphenes NNPS 43431 4269 7 and and CC 43431 4269 8 zygantra zygantra NNP 43431 4269 9 , , , 43431 4269 10 are be VBP 43431 4269 11 often often RB 43431 4269 12 developed[76 developed[76 NNP 43431 4269 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4269 14 . . . 43431 4270 1 The the DT 43431 4270 2 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 4270 3 is be VBZ 43431 4270 4 formed form VBN 43431 4270 5 of of IN 43431 4270 6 two two CD 43431 4270 7 or or CC 43431 4270 8 rarely rarely RB 43431 4270 9 three three CD 43431 4270 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4270 11 , , , 43431 4270 12 or or CC 43431 4270 13 may may MD 43431 4270 14 be be VB 43431 4270 15 wanting want VBG 43431 4270 16 as as IN 43431 4270 17 in in IN 43431 4270 18 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 4270 19 . . . 43431 4271 1 In in IN 43431 4271 2 the the DT 43431 4271 3 skull skull NN 43431 4271 4 an an DT 43431 4271 5 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 4271 6 arcade arcade NN 43431 4271 7 forming form VBG 43431 4271 8 the the DT 43431 4271 9 lower low JJR 43431 4271 10 boundary boundary NN 43431 4271 11 of of IN 43431 4271 12 the the DT 43431 4271 13 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 4271 14 fossa fossa NN 43431 4271 15 is be VBZ 43431 4271 16 absent absent JJ 43431 4271 17 , , , 43431 4271 18 and and CC 43431 4271 19 the the DT 43431 4271 20 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4271 21 , , , 43431 4271 22 except except IN 43431 4271 23 in in IN 43431 4271 24 the the DT 43431 4271 25 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 4271 26 , , , 43431 4271 27 is be VBZ 43431 4271 28 movably movably RB 43431 4271 29 articulated articulate VBN 43431 4271 30 to to IN 43431 4271 31 the the DT 43431 4271 32 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 4271 33 . . . 43431 4272 1 The the DT 43431 4272 2 palatal palatal JJ 43431 4272 3 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 4272 4 are be VBP 43431 4272 5 large large JJ 43431 4272 6 and and CC 43431 4272 7 the the DT 43431 4272 8 nares naris NNS 43431 4272 9 are be VBP 43431 4272 10 separate separate JJ 43431 4272 11 . . . 43431 4273 1 There there EX 43431 4273 2 is be VBZ 43431 4273 3 often often RB 43431 4273 4 a a DT 43431 4273 5 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4273 6 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 4273 7 . . . 43431 4274 1 The the DT 43431 4274 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4274 3 are be VBP 43431 4274 4 either either CC 43431 4274 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4274 6 acrodont acrodont NN 43431 4274 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4274 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4274 9 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 4275 1 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4275 2 to to IN 43431 4275 3 the the DT 43431 4275 4 summit summit NN 43431 4275 5 of of IN 43431 4275 6 the the DT 43431 4275 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 4275 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4275 9 , , , 43431 4275 10 or or CC 43431 4275 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4275 12 pleurodont pleurodont NN 43431 4275 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4275 14 , , , 43431 4275 15 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 4276 1 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4276 2 to to IN 43431 4276 3 the the DT 43431 4276 4 inner inner JJ 43431 4276 5 side side NN 43431 4276 6 of of IN 43431 4276 7 the the DT 43431 4276 8 jaw jaw NN 43431 4276 9 . . . 43431 4277 1 The the DT 43431 4277 2 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 4277 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 4277 4 each each DT 43431 4277 5 have have VBP 43431 4277 6 a a DT 43431 4277 7 single single JJ 43431 4277 8 head head NN 43431 4277 9 which which WDT 43431 4277 10 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4277 11 with with IN 43431 4277 12 the the DT 43431 4277 13 centrum centrum NN 43431 4277 14 of of IN 43431 4277 15 the the DT 43431 4277 16 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4277 17 ; ; : 43431 4277 18 while while IN 43431 4277 19 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 4277 20 processes process NNS 43431 4277 21 and and CC 43431 4277 22 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4277 23 ribs rib NNS 43431 4277 24 never never RB 43431 4277 25 occur occur VBP 43431 4277 26 . . . 43431 4278 1 A a DT 43431 4278 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4278 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 4278 4 and and CC 43431 4278 5 sternum sternum NNP 43431 4278 6 may may MD 43431 4278 7 be be VB 43431 4278 8 present present JJ 43431 4278 9 , , , 43431 4278 10 or or CC 43431 4278 11 may may MD 43431 4278 12 be be VB 43431 4278 13 completely completely RB 43431 4278 14 absent absent JJ 43431 4278 15 as as IN 43431 4278 16 in in IN 43431 4278 17 snakes snake NNS 43431 4278 18 . . . 43431 4279 1 Except except IN 43431 4279 2 in in IN 43431 4279 3 snakes snake NNS 43431 4279 4 there there EX 43431 4279 5 are be VBP 43431 4279 6 generally generally RB 43431 4279 7 four four CD 43431 4279 8 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 4279 9 limbs limb NNS 43431 4279 10 which which WDT 43431 4279 11 may may MD 43431 4279 12 either either CC 43431 4279 13 form form VB 43431 4279 14 paddles paddle NNS 43431 4279 15 or or CC 43431 4279 16 be be VB 43431 4279 17 adapted adapt VBN 43431 4279 18 for for IN 43431 4279 19 walking walk VBG 43431 4279 20 . . . 43431 4280 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4280 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4280 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4280 4 1 1 CD 43431 4280 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4280 6 . . . 43431 4280 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4280 8 LACERTILIA[77 LACERTILIA[77 '' 43431 4280 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4280 10 . . . 43431 4281 1 The the DT 43431 4281 2 body body NN 43431 4281 3 is be VBZ 43431 4281 4 elongated elongate VBN 43431 4281 5 , , , 43431 4281 6 and and CC 43431 4281 7 as as IN 43431 4281 8 a a DT 43431 4281 9 rule rule NN 43431 4281 10 four four CD 43431 4281 11 short short JJ 43431 4281 12 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 4281 13 limbs limb NNS 43431 4281 14 are be VBP 43431 4281 15 present present JJ 43431 4281 16 , , , 43431 4281 17 but but CC 43431 4281 18 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4281 19 limbs limb NNS 43431 4281 20 are be VBP 43431 4281 21 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 4281 22 or or CC 43431 4281 23 absent absent JJ 43431 4281 24 . . . 43431 4282 1 The the DT 43431 4282 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4282 3 generally generally RB 43431 4282 4 has have VBZ 43431 4282 5 the the DT 43431 4282 6 form form NN 43431 4282 7 of of IN 43431 4282 8 horny horny NN 43431 4282 9 plates plate NNS 43431 4282 10 , , , 43431 4282 11 spines spine NNS 43431 4282 12 , , , 43431 4282 13 or or CC 43431 4282 14 scales scale NNS 43431 4282 15 ; ; : 43431 4282 16 while while IN 43431 4282 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4282 18 as as IN 43431 4282 19 in in IN 43431 4282 20 the the DT 43431 4282 21 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 4282 22 and and CC 43431 4282 23 Amphisbaenians Amphisbaenians NNPS 43431 4282 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4282 25 is be VBZ 43431 4282 26 absent absent JJ 43431 4282 27 . . . 43431 4283 1 In in IN 43431 4283 2 other other JJ 43431 4283 3 forms form NNS 43431 4283 4 such such JJ 43431 4283 5 as as IN 43431 4283 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4283 7 Tiliqua Tiliqua NNP 43431 4283 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4283 9 and and CC 43431 4283 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4283 11 Scincus Scincus NNP 43431 4283 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4283 13 , , , 43431 4283 14 the the DT 43431 4283 15 body body NN 43431 4283 16 has have VBZ 43431 4283 17 a a DT 43431 4283 18 complete complete JJ 43431 4283 19 armour armour NN 43431 4283 20 of of IN 43431 4283 21 bony bony NN 43431 4283 22 scutes scutes NNP 43431 4283 23 , , , 43431 4283 24 whose whose WP$ 43431 4283 25 shape shape NN 43431 4283 26 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 4283 27 with with IN 43431 4283 28 that that DT 43431 4283 29 of of IN 43431 4283 30 the the DT 43431 4283 31 overlying overlie VBG 43431 4283 32 horny horny NN 43431 4283 33 scales scale VBZ 43431 4283 34 . . . 43431 4284 1 The the DT 43431 4284 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4284 3 are be VBP 43431 4284 4 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 4284 5 , , , 43431 4284 6 rarely rarely RB 43431 4284 7 as as IN 43431 4284 8 in in IN 43431 4284 9 the the DT 43431 4284 10 Geckos Geckos NNP 43431 4284 11 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 4284 12 ; ; : 43431 4284 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4284 14 are be VBP 43431 4284 15 usually usually RB 43431 4284 16 without without IN 43431 4284 17 zygosphenes zygosphenes NNPS 43431 4284 18 and and CC 43431 4284 19 zygantra zygantra NNP 43431 4284 20 , , , 43431 4284 21 but but CC 43431 4284 22 these these DT 43431 4284 23 structures structure NNS 43431 4284 24 occur occur VBP 43431 4284 25 in in IN 43431 4284 26 the the DT 43431 4284 27 Iguanidae Iguanidae NNP 43431 4284 28 . . . 43431 4285 1 The the DT 43431 4285 2 sacral sacral JJ 43431 4285 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4285 4 of of IN 43431 4285 5 living living NN 43431 4285 6 forms form NNS 43431 4285 7 are be VBP 43431 4285 8 not not RB 43431 4285 9 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4285 10 together together RB 43431 4285 11 , , , 43431 4285 12 and and CC 43431 4285 13 the the DT 43431 4285 14 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4285 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4285 16 usually usually RB 43431 4285 17 have have VBP 43431 4285 18 well well RB 43431 4285 19 - - HYPH 43431 4285 20 developed develop VBN 43431 4285 21 chevron chevron NN 43431 4285 22 bones bone NNS 43431 4285 23 . . . 43431 4286 1 In in IN 43431 4286 2 the the DT 43431 4286 3 skull[78 skull[78 NNP 43431 4286 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4286 5 the the DT 43431 4286 6 orbits orbit NNS 43431 4286 7 are be VBP 43431 4286 8 separated separate VBN 43431 4286 9 from from IN 43431 4286 10 one one CD 43431 4286 11 another another DT 43431 4286 12 , , , 43431 4286 13 only only RB 43431 4286 14 by by IN 43431 4286 15 an an DT 43431 4286 16 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 4286 17 developed develop VBN 43431 4286 18 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 4286 19 septum septum NN 43431 4286 20 , , , 43431 4286 21 the the DT 43431 4286 22 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4286 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 4286 24 not not RB 43431 4286 25 extending extend VBG 43431 4286 26 forwards forwards RB 43431 4286 27 between between IN 43431 4286 28 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4286 29 , , , 43431 4286 30 while while IN 43431 4286 31 the the DT 43431 4286 32 alisphenoidal alisphenoidal JJ 43431 4286 33 region region NN 43431 4286 34 is be VBZ 43431 4286 35 unossified unossified JJ 43431 4286 36 . . . 43431 4287 1 The the DT 43431 4287 2 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 4287 3 may may MD 43431 4287 4 be be VB 43431 4287 5 paired pair VBN 43431 4287 6 or or CC 43431 4287 7 united unite VBN 43431 4287 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4287 9 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaenidae NNP 43431 4287 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4287 11 , , , 43431 4287 12 and and CC 43431 4287 13 there there EX 43431 4287 14 is be VBZ 43431 4287 15 usually usually RB 43431 4287 16 an an DT 43431 4287 17 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 4287 18 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4287 19 . . . 43431 4288 1 There there EX 43431 4288 2 may may MD 43431 4288 3 be be VB 43431 4288 4 a a DT 43431 4288 5 complete complete JJ 43431 4288 6 supratemporal[79 supratemporal[79 NNP 43431 4288 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4288 8 arcade arcade NNP 43431 4288 9 bounding bound VBG 43431 4288 10 the the DT 43431 4288 11 lower low JJR 43431 4288 12 margin margin NN 43431 4288 13 of of IN 43431 4288 14 the the DT 43431 4288 15 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4288 16 fossa fossa NN 43431 4288 17 , , , 43431 4288 18 or or CC 43431 4288 19 the the DT 43431 4288 20 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4288 21 fossa fossa NN 43431 4288 22 may may MD 43431 4288 23 be be VB 43431 4288 24 open open JJ 43431 4288 25 below below RB 43431 4288 26 . . . 43431 4289 1 The the DT 43431 4289 2 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 4289 3 is be VBZ 43431 4289 4 not not RB 43431 4289 5 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4289 6 , , , 43431 4289 7 and and CC 43431 4289 8 the the DT 43431 4289 9 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 4289 10 articulates articulate NNS 43431 4289 11 with with IN 43431 4289 12 the the DT 43431 4289 13 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 4289 14 . . . 43431 4290 1 There there EX 43431 4290 2 is be VBZ 43431 4290 3 no no DT 43431 4290 4 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 4290 5 arcade arcade NN 43431 4290 6 . . . 43431 4291 1 There there EX 43431 4291 2 is be VBZ 43431 4291 3 commonly commonly RB 43431 4291 4 a a DT 43431 4291 5 rod rod NN 43431 4291 6 - - HYPH 43431 4291 7 like like JJ 43431 4291 8 epipterygoid[80 epipterygoid[80 NN 43431 4291 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4291 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4291 11 fig fig NN 43431 4291 12 . . . 43431 4292 1 33 33 CD 43431 4292 2 , , , 43431 4292 3 14 14 CD 43431 4292 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4292 5 connecting connect VBG 43431 4292 6 the the DT 43431 4292 7 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 4292 8 and and CC 43431 4292 9 parietal parietal JJ 43431 4292 10 . . . 43431 4293 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 4293 2 are be VBP 43431 4293 3 always always RB 43431 4293 4 present present JJ 43431 4293 5 , , , 43431 4293 6 and and CC 43431 4293 7 may may MD 43431 4293 8 be be VB 43431 4293 9 confined confine VBN 43431 4293 10 to to IN 43431 4293 11 the the DT 43431 4293 12 jaws jaw NNS 43431 4293 13 or or CC 43431 4293 14 may may MD 43431 4293 15 be be VB 43431 4293 16 developed develop VBN 43431 4293 17 also also RB 43431 4293 18 on on IN 43431 4293 19 the the DT 43431 4293 20 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4293 21 and and CC 43431 4293 22 rarely rarely RB 43431 4293 23 on on IN 43431 4293 24 the the DT 43431 4293 25 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4293 26 ; ; : 43431 4293 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4293 28 are be VBP 43431 4293 29 either either CC 43431 4293 30 acrodont acrodont JJ 43431 4293 31 or or CC 43431 4293 32 pleurodont pleurodont VB 43431 4293 33 . . . 43431 4294 1 The the DT 43431 4294 2 rami rami NN 43431 4294 3 of of IN 43431 4294 4 the the DT 43431 4294 5 mandible mandible JJ 43431 4294 6 are be VBP 43431 4294 7 suturally suturally RB 43431 4294 8 united united JJ 43431 4294 9 . . . 43431 4295 1 A a DT 43431 4295 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4295 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 4295 4 is be VBZ 43431 4295 5 always always RB 43431 4295 6 present present JJ 43431 4295 7 , , , 43431 4295 8 and and CC 43431 4295 9 generally generally RB 43431 4295 10 also also RB 43431 4295 11 a a DT 43431 4295 12 sternum sternum NN 43431 4295 13 . . . 43431 4296 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4296 2 and and CC 43431 4296 3 a a DT 43431 4296 4 T t NN 43431 4296 5 - - HYPH 43431 4296 6 shaped shape VBN 43431 4296 7 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4296 8 are be VBP 43431 4296 9 commonly commonly RB 43431 4296 10 present present JJ 43431 4296 11 , , , 43431 4296 12 but but CC 43431 4296 13 are be VBP 43431 4296 14 absent absent JJ 43431 4296 15 in in IN 43431 4296 16 the the DT 43431 4296 17 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 4296 18 . . . 43431 4297 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4297 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 4297 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 4297 4 . . . 43431 4298 1 33 33 CD 43431 4298 2 . . . 43431 4299 1 A a DT 43431 4299 2 , , , 43431 4299 3 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 4299 4 VIEW view NN 43431 4299 5 , , , 43431 4299 6 AND and CC 43431 4299 7 B b NN 43431 4299 8 , , , 43431 4299 9 LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL NNP 43431 4299 10 SECTION section NN 43431 4299 11 OF of IN 43431 4299 12 THE the DT 43431 4299 13 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 4299 14 OF of IN 43431 4299 15 A a DT 43431 4299 16 LIZARD LIZARD NNP 43431 4299 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4299 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4299 19 Varanus Varanus NNP 43431 4299 20 varius varius NN 43431 4299 21 _ _ NNP 43431 4299 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4299 23 . . . 43431 4300 1 à à NNP 43431 4300 2 � � NNP 43431 4300 3 3/5 3/5 CD 43431 4300 4 . . . 43431 4301 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4301 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 4301 3 . . . 43431 4302 1 Mus mus NN 43431 4302 2 . . . 43431 4302 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4303 1 1 1 LS 43431 4303 2 . . . 43431 4303 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 4303 4 . . . 43431 4304 1 2 2 LS 43431 4304 2 . . . 43431 4304 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 4304 4 . . . 43431 4305 1 3 3 LS 43431 4305 2 . . . 43431 4305 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 4305 4 . . . 43431 4306 1 4 4 LS 43431 4306 2 . . . 43431 4306 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 4306 4 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 4306 5 . . . 43431 4307 1 5 5 LS 43431 4307 2 . . . 43431 4307 3 supra supra NNP 43431 4307 4 - - HYPH 43431 4307 5 orbital orbital NNP 43431 4307 6 . . . 43431 4308 1 6 6 LS 43431 4308 2 . . . 43431 4308 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 4308 4 . . . 43431 4309 1 7 7 LS 43431 4309 2 . . . 43431 4309 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4309 4 . . . 43431 4310 1 8 8 LS 43431 4310 2 . . . 43431 4310 3 postfrontal postfrontal NNP 43431 4310 4 . . . 43431 4311 1 9 9 LS 43431 4311 2 . . . 43431 4311 3 prefrontal prefrontal NNP 43431 4311 4 . . . 43431 4312 1 10 10 CD 43431 4312 2 . . . 43431 4312 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 4312 4 . . . 43431 4313 1 11 11 CD 43431 4313 2 . . . 43431 4313 3 pro pro JJ 43431 4313 4 - - JJ 43431 4313 5 otic otic JJ 43431 4313 6 . . . 43431 4314 1 12 12 CD 43431 4314 2 . . . 43431 4314 3 epi epi JJ 43431 4314 4 - - HYPH 43431 4314 5 otic otic JJ 43431 4314 6 . . . 43431 4315 1 13 13 CD 43431 4315 2 . . . 43431 4315 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 4315 4 . . . 43431 4316 1 14 14 CD 43431 4316 2 . . . 43431 4316 3 epipterygoid epipterygoid NNP 43431 4316 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4316 5 columella columella FW 43431 4316 6 cranii cranii NNP 43431 4316 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4316 8 . . . 43431 4317 1 15 15 CD 43431 4317 2 . . . 43431 4317 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 4317 4 . . . 43431 4318 1 16 16 CD 43431 4318 2 . . . 43431 4318 3 transpalatine transpalatine NNP 43431 4318 4 . . . 43431 4319 1 17 17 CD 43431 4319 2 . . . 43431 4319 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NNP 43431 4319 4 . . . 43431 4320 1 18 18 CD 43431 4320 2 . . . 43431 4320 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 4320 4 . . . 43431 4321 1 19 19 CD 43431 4321 2 . . . 43431 4321 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 4321 4 . . . 43431 4322 1 20 20 CD 43431 4322 2 . . . 43431 4322 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 4322 4 . . . 43431 4323 1 21 21 LS 43431 4323 2 . . . 43431 4323 3 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4323 4 . . . 43431 4324 1 22 22 CD 43431 4324 2 . . . 43431 4324 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 4324 4 . . . 43431 4325 1 23 23 CD 43431 4325 2 . . . 43431 4325 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 4325 4 . . . 43431 4326 1 24 24 CD 43431 4326 2 . . . 43431 4326 3 splenial splenial NN 43431 4326 4 . . . 43431 4327 1 25 25 CD 43431 4327 2 . . . 43431 4327 3 supra supra NNP 43431 4327 4 - - HYPH 43431 4327 5 angular angular NNP 43431 4327 6 . . . 43431 4328 1 26 26 LS 43431 4328 2 . . . 43431 4328 3 angular angular JJ 43431 4328 4 . . . 43431 4329 1 27 27 CD 43431 4329 2 . . . 43431 4329 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 4329 4 . . . 43431 4330 1 28 28 CD 43431 4330 2 . . . 43431 4330 3 articular articular JJ 43431 4330 4 . . . 43431 4331 1 29 29 CD 43431 4331 2 . . . 43431 4331 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 4331 4 . . . 43431 4332 1 30 30 CD 43431 4332 2 . . . 43431 4332 3 basi basi NN 43431 4332 4 - - HYPH 43431 4332 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 4332 6 . . . 43431 4333 1 31 31 CD 43431 4333 2 . . . 43431 4334 1 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 4334 2 . . . 43431 4334 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4335 1 There there EX 43431 4335 2 is be VBZ 43431 4335 3 no no DT 43431 4335 4 separate separate JJ 43431 4335 5 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 4335 6 but but CC 43431 4335 7 a a DT 43431 4335 8 precoracoidal precoracoidal JJ 43431 4335 9 process process NN 43431 4335 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4335 11 fig fig NN 43431 4335 12 . . . 43431 4336 1 34 34 CD 43431 4336 2 , , , 43431 4336 3 7 7 CD 43431 4336 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4336 5 of of IN 43431 4336 6 the the DT 43431 4336 7 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 4336 8 is be VBZ 43431 4336 9 generally generally RB 43431 4336 10 prominent prominent JJ 43431 4336 11 . . . 43431 4337 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4337 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 4337 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 4337 4 . . . 43431 4338 1 34 34 CD 43431 4338 2 . . . 43431 4339 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 4339 2 VIEW view NN 43431 4339 3 OF of IN 43431 4339 4 THE the DT 43431 4339 5 SHOULDER SHOULDER NNP 43431 4339 6 - - HYPH 43431 4339 7 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 4339 8 OF of IN 43431 4339 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4339 10 Varanus Varanus NNP 43431 4339 11 . . . 43431 4339 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4339 13 à à NNP 43431 4339 14 � � NNP 43431 4339 15 3/5 3/5 CD 43431 4339 16 . . . 43431 4340 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4340 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 4340 3 . . . 43431 4341 1 Mus mus NN 43431 4341 2 . . . 43431 4341 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4341 4 . . . 43431 4342 1 1 1 LS 43431 4342 2 . . . 43431 4342 3 suprascapula suprascapula NNP 43431 4342 4 . . . 43431 4343 1 2 2 LS 43431 4343 2 . . . 43431 4343 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 4343 4 . . . 43431 4344 1 3 3 LS 43431 4344 2 . . . 43431 4344 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 4344 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 4344 5 . . . 43431 4345 1 4 4 LS 43431 4345 2 . . . 43431 4345 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 4345 4 . . . 43431 4346 1 5 5 LS 43431 4346 2 . . . 43431 4346 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 4346 4 . . . 43431 4347 1 6 6 CD 43431 4347 2 . . . 43431 4347 3 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4347 4 . . . 43431 4348 1 7 7 LS 43431 4348 2 . . . 43431 4348 3 precoracoidal precoracoidal JJ 43431 4348 4 process process NN 43431 4348 5 . . . 43431 4348 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4349 1 Sternal sternal JJ 43431 4349 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4349 3 are be VBP 43431 4349 4 present present JJ 43431 4349 5 in in IN 43431 4349 6 chamaeleons chamaeleon NNS 43431 4349 7 and and CC 43431 4349 8 scinks scink NNS 43431 4349 9 . . . 43431 4350 1 The the DT 43431 4350 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 4350 3 are be VBP 43431 4350 4 in in IN 43431 4350 5 the the DT 43431 4350 6 great great JJ 43431 4350 7 majority majority NN 43431 4350 8 of of IN 43431 4350 9 cases case NNS 43431 4350 10 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 4350 11 and and CC 43431 4350 12 the the DT 43431 4350 13 digits digit NNS 43431 4350 14 are be VBP 43431 4350 15 clawed claw VBN 43431 4350 16 . . . 43431 4351 1 The the DT 43431 4351 2 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 4351 3 articulate articulate VBP 43431 4351 4 by by IN 43431 4351 5 means mean NNS 43431 4351 6 of of IN 43431 4351 7 condyles condyle NNS 43431 4351 8 . . . 43431 4352 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4352 2 one one CD 43431 4352 3 or or CC 43431 4352 4 both both CC 43431 4352 5 pairs pair NNS 43431 4352 6 of of IN 43431 4352 7 limbs limb NNS 43431 4352 8 are be VBP 43431 4352 9 absent absent JJ 43431 4352 10 . . . 43431 4353 1 When when WRB 43431 4353 2 the the DT 43431 4353 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 4353 4 limbs limb NNS 43431 4353 5 are be VBP 43431 4353 6 absent absent JJ 43431 4353 7 the the DT 43431 4353 8 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 4353 9 is be VBZ 43431 4353 10 also also RB 43431 4353 11 wanting want VBG 43431 4353 12 , , , 43431 4353 13 though though IN 43431 4353 14 the the DT 43431 4353 15 loss loss NN 43431 4353 16 of of IN 43431 4353 17 the the DT 43431 4353 18 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4353 19 limbs limb NNS 43431 4353 20 does do VBZ 43431 4353 21 not not RB 43431 4353 22 lead lead VB 43431 4353 23 to to IN 43431 4353 24 a a DT 43431 4353 25 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 4353 26 loss loss NN 43431 4353 27 of of IN 43431 4353 28 the the DT 43431 4353 29 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4353 30 girdle girdle NN 43431 4353 31 . . . 43431 4354 1 The the DT 43431 4354 2 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4354 3 corresponds correspond NNS 43431 4354 4 to to IN 43431 4354 5 the the DT 43431 4354 6 pre pre NN 43431 4354 7 - - NN 43431 4354 8 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4354 9 of of IN 43431 4354 10 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 4354 11 , , , 43431 4354 12 and and CC 43431 4354 13 both both CC 43431 4354 14 pubes pubis NNS 43431 4354 15 and and CC 43431 4354 16 ischia ischia NNP 43431 4354 17 meet meet VBP 43431 4354 18 in in IN 43431 4354 19 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4354 20 symphyses symphysis NNS 43431 4354 21 . . . 43431 4355 1 The the DT 43431 4355 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 4355 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4355 4 the the DT 43431 4355 5 Lizards Lizards NNPS 43431 4355 6 , , , 43431 4355 7 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 4355 8 and and CC 43431 4355 9 Amphisbaenians Amphisbaenians NNPS 43431 4355 10 . . . 43431 4356 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4356 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4356 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4356 4 2 2 CD 43431 4356 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4356 6 . . . 43431 4356 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4356 8 OPHIDIA[81 ophidia[81 ADD 43431 4356 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4356 10 . . . 43431 4357 1 The the DT 43431 4357 2 Ophidia Ophidia NNPS 43431 4357 3 or or CC 43431 4357 4 snakes snake NNS 43431 4357 5 are be VBP 43431 4357 6 characterised characterise VBN 43431 4357 7 by by IN 43431 4357 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4357 9 greatly greatly RB 43431 4357 10 elongated elongated JJ 43431 4357 11 body body NN 43431 4357 12 and and CC 43431 4357 13 want want NN 43431 4357 14 of of IN 43431 4357 15 limbs limb NNS 43431 4357 16 . . . 43431 4358 1 The the DT 43431 4358 2 body body NN 43431 4358 3 is be VBZ 43431 4358 4 covered cover VBN 43431 4358 5 with with IN 43431 4358 6 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 4358 7 horny horny NNP 43431 4358 8 scales scale NNS 43431 4358 9 and and CC 43431 4358 10 bony bony VB 43431 4358 11 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4358 12 scutes scute NNS 43431 4358 13 are be VBP 43431 4358 14 never never RB 43431 4358 15 present present JJ 43431 4358 16 . . . 43431 4359 1 The the DT 43431 4359 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4359 3 are be VBP 43431 4359 4 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 4359 5 , , , 43431 4359 6 and and CC 43431 4359 7 are be VBP 43431 4359 8 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 43431 4359 9 into into IN 43431 4359 10 two two CD 43431 4359 11 groups group NNS 43431 4359 12 only only RB 43431 4359 13 , , , 43431 4359 14 precaudal precaudal JJ 43431 4359 15 or or CC 43431 4359 16 rib rib NN 43431 4359 17 - - HYPH 43431 4359 18 bearing bearing NN 43431 4359 19 , , , 43431 4359 20 and and CC 43431 4359 21 caudal caudal NN 43431 4359 22 or or CC 43431 4359 23 ribless ribless JJ 43431 4359 24 . . . 43431 4360 1 The the DT 43431 4360 2 atlas atlas NN 43431 4360 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4360 4 is be VBZ 43431 4360 5 also also RB 43431 4360 6 ribless ribless JJ 43431 4360 7 . . . 43431 4361 1 The the DT 43431 4361 2 neural neural JJ 43431 4361 3 arches arch NNS 43431 4361 4 are be VBP 43431 4361 5 always always RB 43431 4361 6 provided provide VBN 43431 4361 7 with with IN 43431 4361 8 zygosphenes zygosphenes NNPS 43431 4361 9 and and CC 43431 4361 10 zygantra zygantra NNP 43431 4361 11 . . . 43431 4362 1 Many many JJ 43431 4362 2 of of IN 43431 4362 3 the the DT 43431 4362 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4362 5 have have VBP 43431 4362 6 strong strong JJ 43431 4362 7 hypapophyses hypapophyse NNS 43431 4362 8 , , , 43431 4362 9 and and CC 43431 4362 10 the the DT 43431 4362 11 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4362 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4362 13 are be VBP 43431 4362 14 without without IN 43431 4362 15 chevron chevron NNP 43431 4362 16 bones bone NNS 43431 4362 17 . . . 43431 4363 1 In in IN 43431 4363 2 the the DT 43431 4363 3 skull skull NN 43431 4363 4 the the DT 43431 4363 5 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4363 6 cavity cavity NN 43431 4363 7 extends extend VBZ 43431 4363 8 forwards forwards RB 43431 4363 9 between between IN 43431 4363 10 the the DT 43431 4363 11 orbits orbit NNS 43431 4363 12 , , , 43431 4363 13 and and CC 43431 4363 14 is be VBZ 43431 4363 15 closed close VBN 43431 4363 16 in in IN 43431 4363 17 front front NN 43431 4363 18 by by IN 43431 4363 19 downgrowths downgrowth NNS 43431 4363 20 from from IN 43431 4363 21 the the DT 43431 4363 22 frontals frontal NNS 43431 4363 23 and and CC 43431 4363 24 parietals parietal NNS 43431 4363 25 which which WDT 43431 4363 26 meet meet VBP 43431 4363 27 the the DT 43431 4363 28 well well RB 43431 4363 29 - - HYPH 43431 4363 30 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4363 31 alisphenoids alisphenoid NNS 43431 4363 32 and and CC 43431 4363 33 orbitosphenoids[82 orbitosphenoids[82 NNS 43431 4363 34 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4363 35 . . . 43431 4364 1 The the DT 43431 4364 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 4364 3 is be VBZ 43431 4364 4 strongly strongly RB 43431 4364 5 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4364 6 , , , 43431 4364 7 and and CC 43431 4364 8 there there EX 43431 4364 9 are be VBP 43431 4364 10 no no DT 43431 4364 11 parotic parotic JJ 43431 4364 12 processes process NNS 43431 4364 13 or or CC 43431 4364 14 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 4364 15 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4364 16 . . . 43431 4365 1 There there EX 43431 4365 2 are be VBP 43431 4365 3 no no DT 43431 4365 4 temporal temporal JJ 43431 4365 5 arcades arcade NNS 43431 4365 6 and and CC 43431 4365 7 no no DT 43431 4365 8 epipterygoid epipterygoid RB 43431 4365 9 . . . 43431 4366 1 The the DT 43431 4366 2 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 4366 3 if if IN 43431 4366 4 present present JJ 43431 4366 5 are be VBP 43431 4366 6 very very RB 43431 4366 7 small small JJ 43431 4366 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4366 9 fig fig NN 43431 4366 10 . . . 43431 4367 1 51 51 CD 43431 4367 2 , , , 43431 4367 3 1 1 CD 43431 4367 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4367 5 and and CC 43431 4367 6 usually usually RB 43431 4367 7 toothless toothless JJ 43431 4367 8 . . . 43431 4368 1 The the DT 43431 4368 2 quadrates quadrate NNS 43431 4368 3 articulate articulate VBP 43431 4368 4 with with IN 43431 4368 5 the the DT 43431 4368 6 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 4368 7 , , , 43431 4368 8 and and CC 43431 4368 9 do do VB 43431 4368 10 not not RB 43431 4368 11 as as IN 43431 4368 12 in in IN 43431 4368 13 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 4368 14 meet meet VBP 43431 4368 15 the the DT 43431 4368 16 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 4368 17 . . . 43431 4369 1 The the DT 43431 4369 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4369 3 do do VBP 43431 4369 4 not not RB 43431 4369 5 unite unite VB 43431 4369 6 directly directly RB 43431 4369 7 with with IN 43431 4369 8 the the DT 43431 4369 9 vomers vomer NNS 43431 4369 10 or or CC 43431 4369 11 with with IN 43431 4369 12 the the DT 43431 4369 13 base base NN 43431 4369 14 of of IN 43431 4369 15 the the DT 43431 4369 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 4369 17 , , , 43431 4369 18 and and CC 43431 4369 19 the the DT 43431 4369 20 whole whole JJ 43431 4369 21 palato palato JJ 43431 4369 22 - - HYPH 43431 4369 23 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 4369 24 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 4369 25 is be VBZ 43431 4369 26 more more RBR 43431 4369 27 loosely loosely RB 43431 4369 28 connected connect VBN 43431 4369 29 with with IN 43431 4369 30 the the DT 43431 4369 31 cranium cranium NN 43431 4369 32 than than IN 43431 4369 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4369 34 is be VBZ 43431 4369 35 in in IN 43431 4369 36 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 4369 37 . . . 43431 4370 1 The the DT 43431 4370 2 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4370 3 , , , 43431 4370 4 and and CC 43431 4370 5 in in IN 43431 4370 6 most most JJS 43431 4370 7 cases case NNS 43431 4370 8 also also RB 43431 4370 9 the the DT 43431 4370 10 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4370 11 , , , 43431 4370 12 bear bear NN 43431 4370 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4370 14 . . . 43431 4371 1 The the DT 43431 4371 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 4371 3 is be VBZ 43431 4371 4 acrodont acrodont JJ 43431 4371 5 , , , 43431 4371 6 and and CC 43431 4371 7 the the DT 43431 4371 8 rami rami NN 43431 4371 9 of of IN 43431 4371 10 the the DT 43431 4371 11 mandible mandible JJ 43431 4371 12 are be VBP 43431 4371 13 united unite VBN 43431 4371 14 only only RB 43431 4371 15 by by IN 43431 4371 16 an an DT 43431 4371 17 elastic elastic JJ 43431 4371 18 ligament ligament NN 43431 4371 19 -- -- : 43431 4371 20 an an DT 43431 4371 21 important important JJ 43431 4371 22 point point NN 43431 4371 23 serving serve VBG 43431 4371 24 to to TO 43431 4371 25 distinguish distinguish VB 43431 4371 26 the the DT 43431 4371 27 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 4371 28 from from IN 43431 4371 29 the the DT 43431 4371 30 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 4371 31 . . . 43431 4372 1 There there EX 43431 4372 2 is be VBZ 43431 4372 3 an an DT 43431 4372 4 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 4372 5 developed developed JJ 43431 4372 6 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 4372 7 septum septum NN 43431 4372 8 , , , 43431 4372 9 the the DT 43431 4372 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4372 11 part part NN 43431 4372 12 of of IN 43431 4372 13 which which WDT 43431 4372 14 is be VBZ 43431 4372 15 formed form VBN 43431 4372 16 by by IN 43431 4372 17 the the DT 43431 4372 18 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 4372 19 . . . 43431 4373 1 The the DT 43431 4373 2 postfrontal postfrontal NN 43431 4373 3 is be VBZ 43431 4373 4 generally generally RB 43431 4373 5 well well RB 43431 4373 6 developed developed JJ 43431 4373 7 , , , 43431 4373 8 while while IN 43431 4373 9 the the DT 43431 4373 10 jugals jugal NNS 43431 4373 11 and and CC 43431 4373 12 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 4373 13 are be VBP 43431 4373 14 absent absent JJ 43431 4373 15 . . . 43431 4374 1 There there EX 43431 4374 2 are be VBP 43431 4374 3 never never RB 43431 4374 4 any any DT 43431 4374 5 traces trace NNS 43431 4374 6 of of IN 43431 4374 7 the the DT 43431 4374 8 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4374 9 limbs limb NNS 43431 4374 10 or or CC 43431 4374 11 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 4374 12 girdle girdle NN 43431 4374 13 , , , 43431 4374 14 but but CC 43431 4374 15 occasionally occasionally RB 43431 4374 16 there there EX 43431 4374 17 are be VBP 43431 4374 18 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 4374 19 of of IN 43431 4374 20 a a DT 43431 4374 21 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4374 22 and and CC 43431 4374 23 posterior posterior NNP 43431 4374 24 limbs limbs NNP 43431 4374 25 . . . 43431 4375 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4375 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4375 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4375 4 3 3 CD 43431 4375 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4375 6 . . . 43431 4375 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4375 8 PYTHONOMORPHA[83 PYTHONOMORPHA[83 '' 43431 4375 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4375 10 . . . 43431 4376 1 This this DT 43431 4376 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 4376 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4376 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4376 5 Mosasaurus Mosasaurus NNP 43431 4376 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4376 7 and and CC 43431 4376 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4376 9 allies ally NNS 43431 4376 10 , , , 43431 4376 11 a a DT 43431 4376 12 group group NN 43431 4376 13 of of IN 43431 4376 14 enormous enormous JJ 43431 4376 15 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4376 16 marine marine JJ 43431 4376 17 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4376 18 found find VBN 43431 4376 19 in in IN 43431 4376 20 beds bed NNS 43431 4376 21 of of IN 43431 4376 22 Cretaceous cretaceous JJ 43431 4376 23 age age NN 43431 4376 24 . . . 43431 4377 1 The the DT 43431 4377 2 skin skin NN 43431 4377 3 is be VBZ 43431 4377 4 in in IN 43431 4377 5 most most JJS 43431 4377 6 forms form NNS 43431 4377 7 at at IN 43431 4377 8 any any DT 43431 4377 9 rate rate NN 43431 4377 10 unprovided unprovide VBN 43431 4377 11 with with IN 43431 4377 12 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4377 13 scutes scute NNS 43431 4377 14 . . . 43431 4378 1 The the DT 43431 4378 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4378 3 may may MD 43431 4378 4 be be VB 43431 4378 5 with with IN 43431 4378 6 or or CC 43431 4378 7 without without IN 43431 4378 8 zygosphenes zygosphenes NNPS 43431 4378 9 and and CC 43431 4378 10 zygantra zygantra NNP 43431 4378 11 . . . 43431 4379 1 The the DT 43431 4379 2 skull skull NN 43431 4379 3 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 4379 4 that that IN 43431 4379 5 of of IN 43431 4379 6 lizards lizard NNS 43431 4379 7 , , , 43431 4379 8 having have VBG 43431 4379 9 an an DT 43431 4379 10 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 4379 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4379 12 , , , 43431 4379 13 and and CC 43431 4379 14 a a DT 43431 4379 15 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4379 16 cavity cavity NN 43431 4379 17 open open JJ 43431 4379 18 in in IN 43431 4379 19 front front NN 43431 4379 20 . . . 43431 4380 1 The the DT 43431 4380 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 4380 3 takes take VBZ 43431 4380 4 part part NN 43431 4380 5 in in IN 43431 4380 6 the the DT 43431 4380 7 formation formation NN 43431 4380 8 of of IN 43431 4380 9 the the DT 43431 4380 10 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4380 11 wall wall NN 43431 4380 12 , , , 43431 4380 13 and and CC 43431 4380 14 the the DT 43431 4380 15 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 4380 16 articulates articulate NNS 43431 4380 17 with with IN 43431 4380 18 the the DT 43431 4380 19 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 4380 20 , , , 43431 4380 21 not not RB 43431 4380 22 as as IN 43431 4380 23 in in IN 43431 4380 24 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 4380 25 with with IN 43431 4380 26 the the DT 43431 4380 27 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 4380 28 . . . 43431 4381 1 There there EX 43431 4381 2 are be VBP 43431 4381 3 large large JJ 43431 4381 4 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4381 5 fossae fossae NN 43431 4381 6 , , , 43431 4381 7 bounded bound VBN 43431 4381 8 below below RB 43431 4381 9 by by IN 43431 4381 10 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4381 11 arcades arcade NNS 43431 4381 12 . . . 43431 4382 1 The the DT 43431 4382 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4382 3 are be VBP 43431 4382 4 large large JJ 43431 4382 5 and and CC 43431 4382 6 acrodont acrodont JJ 43431 4382 7 , , , 43431 4382 8 and and CC 43431 4382 9 occur occur VB 43431 4382 10 on on IN 43431 4382 11 the the DT 43431 4382 12 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4382 13 as as RB 43431 4382 14 well well RB 43431 4382 15 as as IN 43431 4382 16 on on IN 43431 4382 17 the the DT 43431 4382 18 jaws jaw NNS 43431 4382 19 . . . 43431 4383 1 The the DT 43431 4383 2 two two CD 43431 4383 3 rami rami NN 43431 4383 4 of of IN 43431 4383 5 the the DT 43431 4383 6 mandible mandible JJ 43431 4383 7 are be VBP 43431 4383 8 united unite VBN 43431 4383 9 by by IN 43431 4383 10 ligament ligament NN 43431 4383 11 only only RB 43431 4383 12 . . . 43431 4384 1 Pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4384 2 and and CC 43431 4384 3 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 4384 4 girdles girdle NNS 43431 4384 5 are be VBP 43431 4384 6 present present JJ 43431 4384 7 , , , 43431 4384 8 but but CC 43431 4384 9 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4384 10 are be VBP 43431 4384 11 wanting want VBG 43431 4384 12 , , , 43431 4384 13 and and CC 43431 4384 14 the the DT 43431 4384 15 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 4384 16 is be VBZ 43431 4384 17 not not RB 43431 4384 18 as as IN 43431 4384 19 a a DT 43431 4384 20 rule rule NN 43431 4384 21 united unite VBN 43431 4384 22 to to IN 43431 4384 23 any any DT 43431 4384 24 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 4384 25 . . . 43431 4385 1 The the DT 43431 4385 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 4385 3 are be VBP 43431 4385 4 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 4385 5 , , , 43431 4385 6 and and CC 43431 4385 7 are be VBP 43431 4385 8 adapted adapt VBN 43431 4385 9 for for IN 43431 4385 10 swimming swimming NN 43431 4385 11 , , , 43431 4385 12 while while IN 43431 4385 13 all all PDT 43431 4385 14 the the DT 43431 4385 15 limb limb NN 43431 4385 16 bones bone NNS 43431 4385 17 except except IN 43431 4385 18 the the DT 43431 4385 19 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 4385 20 are be VBP 43431 4385 21 relatively relatively RB 43431 4385 22 very very RB 43431 4385 23 short short JJ 43431 4385 24 . . . 43431 4386 1 The the DT 43431 4386 2 number number NN 43431 4386 3 of of IN 43431 4386 4 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 4386 5 is be VBZ 43431 4386 6 not not RB 43431 4386 7 increased increase VBN 43431 4386 8 beyond beyond IN 43431 4386 9 the the DT 43431 4386 10 normal normal JJ 43431 4386 11 , , , 43431 4386 12 and and CC 43431 4386 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4386 14 articulate articulate VBP 43431 4386 15 with with IN 43431 4386 16 one one CD 43431 4386 17 another another DT 43431 4386 18 by by IN 43431 4386 19 flat flat JJ 43431 4386 20 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4386 21 . . . 43431 4387 1 The the DT 43431 4387 2 terminal terminal JJ 43431 4387 3 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 4387 4 are be VBP 43431 4387 5 without without IN 43431 4387 6 claws claws NN 43431 4387 7 . . . 43431 4388 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4388 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4388 3 7 7 CD 43431 4388 4 . . . 43431 4388 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4388 6 DINOSAURIA[84 DINOSAURIA[84 . 43431 4388 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4388 8 . . . 43431 4389 1 The the DT 43431 4389 2 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4389 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4389 4 comprising comprise VBG 43431 4389 5 this this DT 43431 4389 6 order order NN 43431 4389 7 were be VBD 43431 4389 8 all all DT 43431 4389 9 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 43431 4389 10 , , , 43431 4389 11 and and CC 43431 4389 12 include include VBP 43431 4389 13 the the DT 43431 4389 14 largest large JJS 43431 4389 15 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 43431 4389 16 animals animal NNS 43431 4389 17 known know VBN 43431 4389 18 . . . 43431 4390 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4390 2 vary vary VBP 43431 4390 3 greatly greatly RB 43431 4390 4 in in IN 43431 4390 5 size size NN 43431 4390 6 and and CC 43431 4390 7 in in IN 43431 4390 8 the the DT 43431 4390 9 structure structure NN 43431 4390 10 of of IN 43431 4390 11 the the DT 43431 4390 12 limbs limb NNS 43431 4390 13 , , , 43431 4390 14 some some DT 43431 4390 15 approach approach NN 43431 4390 16 close close RB 43431 4390 17 to to IN 43431 4390 18 the the DT 43431 4390 19 type type NN 43431 4390 20 of of IN 43431 4390 21 structure structure NN 43431 4390 22 met meet VBN 43431 4390 23 with with IN 43431 4390 24 in in IN 43431 4390 25 birds bird NNS 43431 4390 26 , , , 43431 4390 27 others other NNS 43431 4390 28 are be VBP 43431 4390 29 allied ally VBN 43431 4390 30 to to IN 43431 4390 31 crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 4390 32 . . . 43431 4391 1 Passing pass VBG 43431 4391 2 to to IN 43431 4391 3 the the DT 43431 4391 4 more more RBR 43431 4391 5 detailed detailed JJ 43431 4391 6 characters:--there characters:--there CD 43431 4391 7 is be VBZ 43431 4391 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4391 9 a a DT 43431 4391 10 well well RB 43431 4391 11 - - HYPH 43431 4391 12 developed develop VBN 43431 4391 13 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4391 14 having have VBG 43431 4391 15 the the DT 43431 4391 16 form form NN 43431 4391 17 of of IN 43431 4391 18 bony bony NN 43431 4391 19 plates plate NNS 43431 4391 20 or or CC 43431 4391 21 spines spine NNS 43431 4391 22 . . . 43431 4392 1 The the DT 43431 4392 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4392 3 may may MD 43431 4392 4 be be VB 43431 4392 5 solid solid JJ 43431 4392 6 or or CC 43431 4392 7 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4392 8 centra centrum NNS 43431 4392 9 may may MD 43431 4392 10 be be VB 43431 4392 11 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 4392 12 internally internally RB 43431 4392 13 ; ; : 43431 4392 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4392 15 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4392 16 may may MD 43431 4392 17 be be VB 43431 4392 18 flat flat JJ 43431 4392 19 , , , 43431 4392 20 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 4392 21 or or CC 43431 4392 22 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 4392 23 . . . 43431 4393 1 The the DT 43431 4393 2 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 4393 3 is be VBZ 43431 4393 4 composed compose VBN 43431 4393 5 of of IN 43431 4393 6 from from IN 43431 4393 7 two two CD 43431 4393 8 to to TO 43431 4393 9 six six CD 43431 4393 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4393 11 . . . 43431 4394 1 As as IN 43431 4394 2 regards regard VBZ 43431 4394 3 the the DT 43431 4394 4 skull skull NN 43431 4394 5 , , , 43431 4394 6 the the DT 43431 4394 7 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4394 8 is be VBZ 43431 4394 9 large large JJ 43431 4394 10 and and CC 43431 4394 11 fixed fix VBN 43431 4394 12 , , , 43431 4394 13 and and CC 43431 4394 14 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4394 15 and and CC 43431 4394 16 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 4394 17 fossae fossae NN 43431 4394 18 bounded bound VBN 43431 4394 19 by by IN 43431 4394 20 bone bone NN 43431 4394 21 occur occur VBP 43431 4394 22 . . . 43431 4395 1 The the DT 43431 4395 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4395 3 are be VBP 43431 4395 4 more more RBR 43431 4395 5 or or CC 43431 4395 6 less less RBR 43431 4395 7 laterally laterally RB 43431 4395 8 compressed compress VBN 43431 4395 9 , , , 43431 4395 10 and and CC 43431 4395 11 often often RB 43431 4395 12 have have VBP 43431 4395 13 serrated serrate VBN 43431 4395 14 edges edge NNS 43431 4395 15 ; ; : 43431 4395 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4395 17 may may MD 43431 4395 18 be be VB 43431 4395 19 placed place VBN 43431 4395 20 in in IN 43431 4395 21 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4395 22 sockets socket NNS 43431 4395 23 or or CC 43431 4395 24 in in IN 43431 4395 25 a a DT 43431 4395 26 continuous continuous JJ 43431 4395 27 groove groove NN 43431 4395 28 . . . 43431 4396 1 The the DT 43431 4396 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4396 3 have have VBP 43431 4396 4 capitula capitula NN 43431 4396 5 and and CC 43431 4396 6 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 4396 7 , , , 43431 4396 8 and and CC 43431 4396 9 sternal sternal JJ 43431 4396 10 ribs rib NNS 43431 4396 11 often often RB 43431 4396 12 occur occur VBP 43431 4396 13 . . . 43431 4397 1 The the DT 43431 4397 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 4397 3 is be VBZ 43431 4397 4 very very RB 43431 4397 5 large large JJ 43431 4397 6 , , , 43431 4397 7 the the DT 43431 4397 8 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 4397 9 small small JJ 43431 4397 10 , , , 43431 4397 11 and and CC 43431 4397 12 there there EX 43431 4397 13 is be VBZ 43431 4397 14 no no DT 43431 4397 15 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 4397 16 , , , 43431 4397 17 or or CC 43431 4397 18 T t NN 43431 4397 19 - - HYPH 43431 4397 20 shaped shape VBN 43431 4397 21 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4397 22 . . . 43431 4398 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4398 2 are be VBP 43431 4398 3 only only RB 43431 4398 4 known know VBN 43431 4398 5 in in IN 43431 4398 6 a a DT 43431 4398 7 few few JJ 43431 4398 8 cases case NNS 43431 4398 9 . . . 43431 4399 1 In in IN 43431 4399 2 the the DT 43431 4399 3 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4399 4 the the DT 43431 4399 5 ilium ilium NN 43431 4399 6 is be VBZ 43431 4399 7 elongated elongate VBN 43431 4399 8 both both CC 43431 4399 9 in in IN 43431 4399 10 front front NN 43431 4399 11 of of IN 43431 4399 12 , , , 43431 4399 13 and and CC 43431 4399 14 behind behind RB 43431 4399 15 , , , 43431 4399 16 the the DT 43431 4399 17 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 4399 18 , , , 43431 4399 19 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4399 20 the the DT 43431 4399 21 pre pre NN 43431 4399 22 - - JJ 43431 4399 23 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4399 24 , , , 43431 4399 25 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4399 26 the the DT 43431 4399 27 post post NN 43431 4399 28 - - JJ 43431 4399 29 pubis pubi VBN 43431 4399 30 is be VBZ 43431 4399 31 the the DT 43431 4399 32 better well RBR 43431 4399 33 developed develop VBN 43431 4399 34 . . . 43431 4400 1 The the DT 43431 4400 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 4400 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 4400 4 are be VBP 43431 4400 5 shorter short JJR 43431 4400 6 than than IN 43431 4400 7 the the DT 43431 4400 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 4400 9 , , , 43431 4400 10 and and CC 43431 4400 11 the the DT 43431 4400 12 long long JJ 43431 4400 13 bones bone NNS 43431 4400 14 are be VBP 43431 4400 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4400 16 solid solid JJ 43431 4400 17 , , , 43431 4400 18 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4400 19 hollow hollow JJ 43431 4400 20 . . . 43431 4401 1 There there EX 43431 4401 2 are be VBP 43431 4401 3 three three CD 43431 4401 4 well well RB 43431 4401 5 - - HYPH 43431 4401 6 marked mark VBN 43431 4401 7 suborders suborder NNS 43431 4401 8 of of IN 43431 4401 9 the the DT 43431 4401 10 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 4401 11 . . . 43431 4402 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4402 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4402 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4402 4 1 1 CD 43431 4402 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4402 6 . . . 43431 4402 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4402 8 SAUROPODA[85 SAUROPODA[85 -LRB- 43431 4402 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4402 10 . . . 43431 4403 1 The the DT 43431 4403 2 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4403 3 belonging belong VBG 43431 4403 4 to to IN 43431 4403 5 this this DT 43431 4403 6 group group NN 43431 4403 7 were be VBD 43431 4403 8 probably probably RB 43431 4403 9 quadrupedal quadrupedal JJ 43431 4403 10 and and CC 43431 4403 11 herbivorous herbivorous JJ 43431 4403 12 . . . 43431 4404 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4404 2 have have VBP 43431 4404 3 the the DT 43431 4404 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4404 5 and and CC 43431 4404 6 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4404 7 trunk trunk NNP 43431 4404 8 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 4404 9 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 4404 10 , , , 43431 4404 11 while while IN 43431 4404 12 the the DT 43431 4404 13 posterior posterior NNP 43431 4404 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4404 15 are be VBP 43431 4404 16 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 4404 17 ; ; : 43431 4404 18 all all PDT 43431 4404 19 the the DT 43431 4404 20 presacral presacral NN 43431 4404 21 , , , 43431 4404 22 and and CC 43431 4404 23 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4404 24 the the DT 43431 4404 25 sacral sacral JJ 43431 4404 26 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4404 27 are be VBP 43431 4404 28 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 4404 29 internally internally RB 43431 4404 30 . . . 43431 4405 1 The the DT 43431 4405 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4405 3 are be VBP 43431 4405 4 spatulate spatulate JJ 43431 4405 5 and and CC 43431 4405 6 without without IN 43431 4405 7 serrated serrated JJ 43431 4405 8 edges edge NNS 43431 4405 9 , , , 43431 4405 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4405 11 are be VBP 43431 4405 12 always always RB 43431 4405 13 planted plant VBN 43431 4405 14 in in IN 43431 4405 15 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4405 16 sockets socket NNS 43431 4405 17 , , , 43431 4405 18 and and CC 43431 4405 19 some some DT 43431 4405 20 of of IN 43431 4405 21 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4405 22 are be VBP 43431 4405 23 borne bear VBN 43431 4405 24 by by IN 43431 4405 25 the the DT 43431 4405 26 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 4405 27 . . . 43431 4406 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4406 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 4406 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 4406 4 . . . 43431 4407 1 35 35 CD 43431 4407 2 . . . 43431 4408 1 RESTORED RESTORED NNP 43431 4408 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 4408 3 OF of IN 43431 4408 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4408 5 Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus NNP 43431 4408 6 nasicornis nasicornis NN 43431 4408 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4408 8 . . . 43431 4409 1 à à NNP 43431 4409 2 � � NNP 43431 4409 3 1/30 1/30 CD 43431 4409 4 . . . 43431 4410 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4410 2 After after IN 43431 4410 3 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 4410 4 . . . 43431 4410 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4411 1 1 1 LS 43431 4411 2 . . . 43431 4411 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4411 4 nares naris NNS 43431 4411 5 . . . 43431 4412 1 2 2 LS 43431 4412 2 . . . 43431 4412 3 prominence prominence NN 43431 4412 4 on on IN 43431 4412 5 the the DT 43431 4412 6 nasal nasal NN 43431 4412 7 bones bone NNS 43431 4412 8 which which WDT 43431 4412 9 probably probably RB 43431 4412 10 carried carry VBD 43431 4412 11 a a DT 43431 4412 12 horn horn NN 43431 4412 13 . . . 43431 4413 1 3 3 LS 43431 4413 2 . . . 43431 4413 3 pre pre JJ 43431 4413 4 - - JJ 43431 4413 5 orbital orbital JJ 43431 4413 6 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 4413 7 . . . 43431 4414 1 4 4 LS 43431 4414 2 . . . 43431 4414 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 4414 4 . . . 43431 4415 1 5 5 LS 43431 4415 2 . . . 43431 4415 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 4415 4 . . . 43431 4416 1 6 6 LS 43431 4416 2 . . . 43431 4416 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 4416 4 . . . 43431 4417 1 7 7 LS 43431 4417 2 . . . 43431 4417 3 ilium ilium NNP 43431 4417 4 . . . 43431 4418 1 8 8 LS 43431 4418 2 . . . 43431 4418 3 pubis pubis NNP 43431 4418 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4418 5 pre pre VB 43431 4418 6 - - VB 43431 4418 7 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4418 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4418 9 . . . 43431 4419 1 9 9 CD 43431 4419 2 . . . 43431 4420 1 ischium ischium NNP 43431 4420 2 . . . 43431 4420 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4421 1 The the DT 43431 4421 2 nares naris NNS 43431 4421 3 have have VBP 43431 4421 4 the the DT 43431 4421 5 form form NN 43431 4421 6 of of IN 43431 4421 7 long long JJ 43431 4421 8 slits slit NNS 43431 4421 9 and and CC 43431 4421 10 there there EX 43431 4421 11 are be VBP 43431 4421 12 large large JJ 43431 4421 13 pre pre JJ 43431 4421 14 - - JJ 43431 4421 15 orbital orbital JJ 43431 4421 16 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 4421 17 . . . 43431 4422 1 The the DT 43431 4422 2 limb limb NN 43431 4422 3 bones bone NNS 43431 4422 4 are be VBP 43431 4422 5 solid solid JJ 43431 4422 6 , , , 43431 4422 7 and and CC 43431 4422 8 the the DT 43431 4422 9 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4422 10 limbs limb NNS 43431 4422 11 are be VBP 43431 4422 12 not not RB 43431 4422 13 much much RB 43431 4422 14 shorter short JJR 43431 4422 15 than than IN 43431 4422 16 the the DT 43431 4422 17 posterior posterior JJ 43431 4422 18 ones one NNS 43431 4422 19 . . . 43431 4423 1 All all PDT 43431 4423 2 the the DT 43431 4423 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 4423 4 are be VBP 43431 4423 5 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 4423 6 and and CC 43431 4423 7 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 4423 8 , , , 43431 4423 9 and and CC 43431 4423 10 the the DT 43431 4423 11 digits digit NNS 43431 4423 12 of of IN 43431 4423 13 the the DT 43431 4423 14 pes pe NNS 43431 4423 15 are be VBP 43431 4423 16 clawed claw VBN 43431 4423 17 . . . 43431 4424 1 There there EX 43431 4424 2 is be VBZ 43431 4424 3 a a DT 43431 4424 4 large large JJ 43431 4424 5 pre pre NN 43431 4424 6 - - JJ 43431 4424 7 pubis pubi VBD 43431 4424 8 directed direct VBN 43431 4424 9 downwards downwards RB 43431 4424 10 and and CC 43431 4424 11 forwards forwards RB 43431 4424 12 , , , 43431 4424 13 meeting meet VBG 43431 4424 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4424 15 fellow fellow NN 43431 4424 16 in in IN 43431 4424 17 a a DT 43431 4424 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4424 19 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4424 20 , , , 43431 4424 21 but but CC 43431 4424 22 there there EX 43431 4424 23 is be VBZ 43431 4424 24 no no DT 43431 4424 25 post post NN 43431 4424 26 - - JJ 43431 4424 27 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4424 28 . . . 43431 4425 1 The the DT 43431 4425 2 Sauropoda Sauropoda NNP 43431 4425 3 are be VBP 43431 4425 4 found find VBN 43431 4425 5 in in IN 43431 4425 6 the the DT 43431 4425 7 secondary secondary JJ 43431 4425 8 rocks rock NNS 43431 4425 9 of of IN 43431 4425 10 Europe Europe NNP 43431 4425 11 and and CC 43431 4425 12 N. N. NNP 43431 4425 13 America America NNP 43431 4425 14 and and CC 43431 4425 15 include include VBP 43431 4425 16 the the DT 43431 4425 17 largest large JJS 43431 4425 18 land land NN 43431 4425 19 animals animal NNS 43431 4425 20 that that WDT 43431 4425 21 are be VBP 43431 4425 22 known know VBN 43431 4425 23 to to TO 43431 4425 24 have have VB 43431 4425 25 existed exist VBN 43431 4425 26 . . . 43431 4426 1 Many many JJ 43431 4426 2 of of IN 43431 4426 3 the the DT 43431 4426 4 best well RBS 43431 4426 5 known know VBN 43431 4426 6 forms form NNS 43431 4426 7 such such JJ 43431 4426 8 as as IN 43431 4426 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4426 10 Brontosaurus Brontosaurus NNP 43431 4426 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4426 12 and and CC 43431 4426 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4426 14 Morosaurus Morosaurus NNP 43431 4426 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4426 16 are be VBP 43431 4426 17 North North NNP 43431 4426 18 American American NNP 43431 4426 19 . . . 43431 4427 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4427 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4427 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4427 4 2 2 CD 43431 4427 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4427 6 . . . 43431 4427 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4427 8 THEROPODA THEROPODA NNP 43431 4427 9 . . . 43431 4428 1 The the DT 43431 4428 2 members member NNS 43431 4428 3 of of IN 43431 4428 4 this this DT 43431 4428 5 suborder suborder NN 43431 4428 6 were be VBD 43431 4428 7 all all RB 43431 4428 8 carnivorous carnivorous JJ 43431 4428 9 , , , 43431 4428 10 and and CC 43431 4428 11 from from IN 43431 4428 12 the the DT 43431 4428 13 small small JJ 43431 4428 14 comparative comparative JJ 43431 4428 15 size size NN 43431 4428 16 of of IN 43431 4428 17 the the DT 43431 4428 18 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4428 19 limbs limb NNS 43431 4428 20 many many JJ 43431 4428 21 of of IN 43431 4428 22 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4428 23 were be VBD 43431 4428 24 probably probably RB 43431 4428 25 bipedal bipedal JJ 43431 4428 26 . . . 43431 4429 1 The the DT 43431 4429 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4429 3 are be VBP 43431 4429 4 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 4429 5 or or CC 43431 4429 6 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 4429 7 , , , 43431 4429 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4429 9 neural neural JJ 43431 4429 10 arches arch NNS 43431 4429 11 are be VBP 43431 4429 12 provided provide VBN 43431 4429 13 with with IN 43431 4429 14 zygosphenes zygosphenes NNPS 43431 4429 15 and and CC 43431 4429 16 zygantra zygantra NNP 43431 4429 17 , , , 43431 4429 18 and and CC 43431 4429 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4429 20 centra centrum NNS 43431 4429 21 are be VBP 43431 4429 22 frequently frequently RB 43431 4429 23 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 4429 24 internally internally RB 43431 4429 25 ; ; : 43431 4429 26 the the DT 43431 4429 27 limb limb NN 43431 4429 28 bones bone NNS 43431 4429 29 are be VBP 43431 4429 30 also also RB 43431 4429 31 hollow hollow JJ 43431 4429 32 , , , 43431 4429 33 and and CC 43431 4429 34 in in IN 43431 4429 35 fact fact NN 43431 4429 36 the the DT 43431 4429 37 whole whole JJ 43431 4429 38 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 4429 39 is be VBZ 43431 4429 40 extremely extremely RB 43431 4429 41 light light JJ 43431 4429 42 . . . 43431 4430 1 The the DT 43431 4430 2 tail tail NN 43431 4430 3 is be VBZ 43431 4430 4 of of IN 43431 4430 5 great great JJ 43431 4430 6 length length NN 43431 4430 7 . . . 43431 4431 1 The the DT 43431 4431 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4431 3 are be VBP 43431 4431 4 pointed point VBN 43431 4431 5 and and CC 43431 4431 6 recurved recurve VBN 43431 4431 7 , , , 43431 4431 8 and and CC 43431 4431 9 have have VB 43431 4431 10 one one CD 43431 4431 11 or or CC 43431 4431 12 both both DT 43431 4431 13 borders border NNS 43431 4431 14 serrated serrate VBD 43431 4431 15 ; ; : 43431 4431 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4431 17 are be VBP 43431 4431 18 always always RB 43431 4431 19 planted plant VBN 43431 4431 20 in in IN 43431 4431 21 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4431 22 sockets socket NNS 43431 4431 23 , , , 43431 4431 24 and and CC 43431 4431 25 some some DT 43431 4431 26 of of IN 43431 4431 27 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4431 28 are be VBP 43431 4431 29 borne bear VBN 43431 4431 30 by by IN 43431 4431 31 the the DT 43431 4431 32 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 4431 33 . . . 43431 4432 1 There there EX 43431 4432 2 are be VBP 43431 4432 3 large large JJ 43431 4432 4 pre pre JJ 43431 4432 5 - - JJ 43431 4432 6 orbital orbital JJ 43431 4432 7 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 4432 8 . . . 43431 4433 1 The the DT 43431 4433 2 digits digit NNS 43431 4433 3 of of IN 43431 4433 4 both both CC 43431 4433 5 manus manus NN 43431 4433 6 and and CC 43431 4433 7 pes pe NNS 43431 4433 8 are be VBP 43431 4433 9 terminated terminate VBN 43431 4433 10 by by IN 43431 4433 11 pointed pointed JJ 43431 4433 12 ungual ungual JJ 43431 4433 13 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 4433 14 which which WDT 43431 4433 15 must must MD 43431 4433 16 have have VB 43431 4433 17 borne bear VBN 43431 4433 18 claws claws NN 43431 4433 19 . . . 43431 4434 1 In in IN 43431 4434 2 the the DT 43431 4434 3 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4434 4 the the DT 43431 4434 5 pre pre NN 43431 4434 6 - - NN 43431 4434 7 pubes pubes NN 43431 4434 8 and and CC 43431 4434 9 ischia ischia NNP 43431 4434 10 are be VBP 43431 4434 11 slender slend JJR 43431 4434 12 bones bone NNS 43431 4434 13 , , , 43431 4434 14 the the DT 43431 4434 15 former former JJ 43431 4434 16 meeting meeting NN 43431 4434 17 in in IN 43431 4434 18 a a DT 43431 4434 19 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4434 20 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4434 21 . . . 43431 4435 1 The the DT 43431 4435 2 ilia ilium NNS 43431 4435 3 are be VBP 43431 4435 4 very very RB 43431 4435 5 deep deep JJ 43431 4435 6 vertically vertically RB 43431 4435 7 and and CC 43431 4435 8 there there EX 43431 4435 9 are be VBP 43431 4435 10 no no DT 43431 4435 11 post post NN 43431 4435 12 - - NN 43431 4435 13 pubes pubes JJ 43431 4435 14 . . . 43431 4436 1 The the DT 43431 4436 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 4436 3 is be VBZ 43431 4436 4 closely closely RB 43431 4436 5 applied apply VBN 43431 4436 6 to to IN 43431 4436 7 the the DT 43431 4436 8 tibia tibia NNP 43431 4436 9 , , , 43431 4436 10 in in IN 43431 4436 11 front front NN 43431 4436 12 of of IN 43431 4436 13 which which WDT 43431 4436 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4436 15 sends send VBZ 43431 4436 16 an an DT 43431 4436 17 ascending ascend VBG 43431 4436 18 process process NN 43431 4436 19 , , , 43431 4436 20 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4436 21 the the DT 43431 4436 22 two two CD 43431 4436 23 bones bone NNS 43431 4436 24 appear appear VBP 43431 4436 25 to to TO 43431 4436 26 have have VB 43431 4436 27 been be VBN 43431 4436 28 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4436 29 together together RB 43431 4436 30 , , , 43431 4436 31 as as IN 43431 4436 32 in in IN 43431 4436 33 birds bird NNS 43431 4436 34 . . . 43431 4437 1 The the DT 43431 4437 2 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 4437 3 are be VBP 43431 4437 4 elongated elongate VBN 43431 4437 5 and and CC 43431 4437 6 the the DT 43431 4437 7 feet foot NNS 43431 4437 8 digitigrade digitigrade VBP 43431 4437 9 . . . 43431 4438 1 The the DT 43431 4438 2 Theropoda Theropoda NNP 43431 4438 3 vary vary VBP 43431 4438 4 greatly greatly RB 43431 4438 5 in in IN 43431 4438 6 size size NN 43431 4438 7 , , , 43431 4438 8 one one CD 43431 4438 9 of of IN 43431 4438 10 the the DT 43431 4438 11 best well RBS 43431 4438 12 known know VBN 43431 4438 13 genera genera NN 43431 4438 14 _ _ NNP 43431 4438 15 Compsognathus Compsognathus NNP 43431 4438 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4438 17 was be VBD 43431 4438 18 about about RB 43431 4438 19 as as RB 43431 4438 20 large large JJ 43431 4438 21 as as IN 43431 4438 22 a a DT 43431 4438 23 cat cat NN 43431 4438 24 , , , 43431 4438 25 another another DT 43431 4438 26 , , , 43431 4438 27 _ _ NNP 43431 4438 28 Megalosaurus Megalosaurus NNP 43431 4438 29 _ _ NNP 43431 4438 30 , , , 43431 4438 31 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 4438 32 as as RB 43431 4438 33 large large JJ 43431 4438 34 as as IN 43431 4438 35 an an DT 43431 4438 36 elephant elephant NN 43431 4438 37 . . . 43431 4439 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4439 2 Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus NNP 43431 4439 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4439 4 is be VBZ 43431 4439 5 the the DT 43431 4439 6 name name NN 43431 4439 7 of of IN 43431 4439 8 a a DT 43431 4439 9 well well RB 43431 4439 10 - - HYPH 43431 4439 11 known know VBN 43431 4439 12 North north JJ 43431 4439 13 American american JJ 43431 4439 14 form form NN 43431 4439 15 regarded regard VBN 43431 4439 16 by by IN 43431 4439 17 many many JJ 43431 4439 18 authorities authority NNS 43431 4439 19 as as IN 43431 4439 20 identical identical JJ 43431 4439 21 with with IN 43431 4439 22 _ _ NNP 43431 4439 23 Megalosaurus Megalosaurus NNP 43431 4439 24 _ _ NNP 43431 4439 25 . . . 43431 4440 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4440 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4440 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4440 4 3 3 CD 43431 4440 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4440 6 . . . 43431 4440 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4440 8 ORTHOPODA ORTHOPODA NNP 43431 4440 9 . . . 43431 4441 1 This this DT 43431 4441 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 4441 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4441 4 the the DT 43431 4441 5 most most RBS 43431 4441 6 specialised specialised JJ 43431 4441 7 of of IN 43431 4441 8 the the DT 43431 4441 9 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNPS 43431 4441 10 , , , 43431 4441 11 certain certain JJ 43431 4441 12 of of IN 43431 4441 13 which which WDT 43431 4441 14 resemble resemble VBP 43431 4441 15 the the DT 43431 4441 16 Theropoda Theropoda NNP 43431 4441 17 in in IN 43431 4441 18 being be VBG 43431 4441 19 bipedal bipedal NN 43431 4441 20 . . . 43431 4442 1 In in IN 43431 4442 2 some some DT 43431 4442 3 of of IN 43431 4442 4 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4442 5 such such JJ 43431 4442 6 as as IN 43431 4442 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4442 8 Stegosaurus Stegosaurus NNP 43431 4442 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4442 10 the the DT 43431 4442 11 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4442 12 is be VBZ 43431 4442 13 strongly strongly RB 43431 4442 14 developed develop VBN 43431 4442 15 , , , 43431 4442 16 in in IN 43431 4442 17 others other NNS 43431 4442 18 such such JJ 43431 4442 19 as as IN 43431 4442 20 _ _ NNP 43431 4442 21 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 4442 22 _ _ NNP 43431 4442 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4442 24 is be VBZ 43431 4442 25 absent absent JJ 43431 4442 26 . . . 43431 4443 1 The the DT 43431 4443 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4443 3 are be VBP 43431 4443 4 solid solid JJ 43431 4443 5 and and CC 43431 4443 6 may may MD 43431 4443 7 be be VB 43431 4443 8 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 4443 9 , , , 43431 4443 10 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 4443 11 , , , 43431 4443 12 or or CC 43431 4443 13 flat flat JJ 43431 4443 14 . . . 43431 4444 1 The the DT 43431 4444 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4444 3 are be VBP 43431 4444 4 compressed compress VBN 43431 4444 5 and and CC 43431 4444 6 serrated serrated JJ 43431 4444 7 , , , 43431 4444 8 often often RB 43431 4444 9 irregularly irregularly RB 43431 4444 10 , , , 43431 4444 11 and and CC 43431 4444 12 are be VBP 43431 4444 13 frequently frequently RB 43431 4444 14 not not RB 43431 4444 15 set set VBN 43431 4444 16 in in IN 43431 4444 17 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4444 18 sockets socket NNS 43431 4444 19 . . . 43431 4445 1 The the DT 43431 4445 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4445 3 part part NN 43431 4445 4 of of IN 43431 4445 5 the the DT 43431 4445 6 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 4445 7 is be VBZ 43431 4445 8 without without IN 43431 4445 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4445 10 , , , 43431 4445 11 and and CC 43431 4445 12 a a DT 43431 4445 13 toothless toothless JJ 43431 4445 14 predentary predentary NN 43431 4445 15 or or CC 43431 4445 16 mento mento JJ 43431 4445 17 - - HYPH 43431 4445 18 meckelian meckelian JJ 43431 4445 19 bone bone NN 43431 4445 20 is be VBZ 43431 4445 21 present present JJ 43431 4445 22 . . . 43431 4446 1 The the DT 43431 4446 2 pre pre JJ 43431 4446 3 - - JJ 43431 4446 4 orbital orbital JJ 43431 4446 5 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 4446 6 are be VBP 43431 4446 7 small small JJ 43431 4446 8 or or CC 43431 4446 9 absent absent JJ 43431 4446 10 , , , 43431 4446 11 and and CC 43431 4446 12 the the DT 43431 4446 13 nares naris NNS 43431 4446 14 are be VBP 43431 4446 15 large large JJ 43431 4446 16 and and CC 43431 4446 17 placed place VBN 43431 4446 18 far far RB 43431 4446 19 forwards forwards RB 43431 4446 20 . . . 43431 4447 1 The the DT 43431 4447 2 most most RBS 43431 4447 3 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 4447 4 features feature NNS 43431 4447 5 of of IN 43431 4447 6 the the DT 43431 4447 7 group group NN 43431 4447 8 are be VBP 43431 4447 9 found find VBN 43431 4447 10 in in IN 43431 4447 11 the the DT 43431 4447 12 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4447 13 which which WDT 43431 4447 14 , , , 43431 4447 15 except except IN 43431 4447 16 in in IN 43431 4447 17 the the DT 43431 4447 18 Ceratopsia Ceratopsia NNP 43431 4447 19 , , , 43431 4447 20 bears bear VBZ 43431 4447 21 a a DT 43431 4447 22 striking striking JJ 43431 4447 23 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 4447 24 to to IN 43431 4447 25 that that DT 43431 4447 26 of of IN 43431 4447 27 birds bird NNS 43431 4447 28 . . . 43431 4448 1 The the DT 43431 4448 2 ischium ischium NN 43431 4448 3 and and CC 43431 4448 4 post post NN 43431 4448 5 - - JJ 43431 4448 6 pubis pubi VBN 43431 4448 7 are be VBP 43431 4448 8 long long JJ 43431 4448 9 slender slender NN 43431 4448 10 bones bone NNS 43431 4448 11 directed direct VBN 43431 4448 12 backwards backwards RB 43431 4448 13 parallel parallel JJ 43431 4448 14 to to IN 43431 4448 15 one one CD 43431 4448 16 another another DT 43431 4448 17 , , , 43431 4448 18 and and CC 43431 4448 19 the the DT 43431 4448 20 pre pre NN 43431 4448 21 - - NN 43431 4448 22 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4448 23 is be VBZ 43431 4448 24 also also RB 43431 4448 25 well well RB 43431 4448 26 developed develop VBN 43431 4448 27 . . . 43431 4449 1 The the DT 43431 4449 2 ischium ischium NN 43431 4449 3 has have VBZ 43431 4449 4 an an DT 43431 4449 5 obturator obturator NN 43431 4449 6 process process NN 43431 4449 7 . . . 43431 4450 1 The the DT 43431 4450 2 limb limb NN 43431 4450 3 bones bone NNS 43431 4450 4 are be VBP 43431 4450 5 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4450 6 hollow hollow JJ 43431 4450 7 , , , 43431 4450 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4450 9 solid solid JJ 43431 4450 10 . . . 43431 4451 1 The the DT 43431 4451 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 4451 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 4451 4 are be VBP 43431 4451 5 much much RB 43431 4451 6 shorter short JJR 43431 4451 7 than than IN 43431 4451 8 the the DT 43431 4451 9 posterior posterior NN 43431 4451 10 , , , 43431 4451 11 pointing point VBG 43431 4451 12 to to IN 43431 4451 13 a a DT 43431 4451 14 bipedal bipedal JJ 43431 4451 15 method method NN 43431 4451 16 of of IN 43431 4451 17 progression progression NN 43431 4451 18 . . . 43431 4452 1 The the DT 43431 4452 2 pes pe NNS 43431 4452 3 is be VBZ 43431 4452 4 digitigrade digitigrade NN 43431 4452 5 or or CC 43431 4452 6 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 4452 7 , , , 43431 4452 8 and and CC 43431 4452 9 has have VBZ 43431 4452 10 three three CD 43431 4452 11 , , , 43431 4452 12 rarely rarely RB 43431 4452 13 four four CD 43431 4452 14 , , , 43431 4452 15 digits digit NNS 43431 4452 16 . . . 43431 4453 1 The the DT 43431 4453 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 4453 3 Orthopoda Orthopoda NNP 43431 4453 4 may may MD 43431 4453 5 be be VB 43431 4453 6 further further RB 43431 4453 7 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 4453 8 into into IN 43431 4453 9 three three CD 43431 4453 10 sections:-- sections:-- CD 43431 4453 11 A. a. NN 43431 4453 12 STEGOSAURIA STEGOSAURIA NNP 43431 4453 13 . . . 43431 4454 1 A a DT 43431 4454 2 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4454 3 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4454 4 is be VBZ 43431 4454 5 strongly strongly RB 43431 4454 6 developed develop VBN 43431 4454 7 . . . 43431 4455 1 The the DT 43431 4455 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4455 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 4455 4 are be VBP 43431 4455 5 flat flat JJ 43431 4455 6 or or CC 43431 4455 7 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 4455 8 , , , 43431 4455 9 and and CC 43431 4455 10 neither neither CC 43431 4455 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4455 12 nor nor CC 43431 4455 13 the the DT 43431 4455 14 limb limb NN 43431 4455 15 bones bone NNS 43431 4455 16 are be VBP 43431 4455 17 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 4455 18 out out RP 43431 4455 19 by by IN 43431 4455 20 internal internal JJ 43431 4455 21 cavities cavity NNS 43431 4455 22 . . . 43431 4456 1 The the DT 43431 4456 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 4456 3 are be VBP 43431 4456 4 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 4456 5 , , , 43431 4456 6 the the DT 43431 4456 7 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4456 8 ones one NNS 43431 4456 9 short short JJ 43431 4456 10 , , , 43431 4456 11 the the DT 43431 4456 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 4456 13 ones one VBZ 43431 4456 14 very very RB 43431 4456 15 large large JJ 43431 4456 16 and and CC 43431 4456 17 strong strong JJ 43431 4456 18 . . . 43431 4457 1 The the DT 43431 4457 2 post post NN 43431 4457 3 - - JJ 43431 4457 4 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4457 5 is be VBZ 43431 4457 6 well well RB 43431 4457 7 developed developed JJ 43431 4457 8 ; ; : 43431 4457 9 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 4458 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4458 2 Stegosaurus Stegosaurus NNP 43431 4458 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4458 4 from from IN 43431 4458 5 the the DT 43431 4458 6 Upper Upper NNP 43431 4458 7 Jurassic Jurassic NNP 43431 4458 8 of of IN 43431 4458 9 Colorado Colorado NNP 43431 4458 10 . . . 43431 4459 1 B. B. NNP 43431 4459 2 CERATOPSIA CERATOPSIA NNP 43431 4459 3 . . . 43431 4460 1 There there EX 43431 4460 2 is be VBZ 43431 4460 3 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4460 4 a a DT 43431 4460 5 well well RB 43431 4460 6 - - HYPH 43431 4460 7 developed develop VBN 43431 4460 8 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4460 9 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4460 10 formed form VBN 43431 4460 11 of of IN 43431 4460 12 small small JJ 43431 4460 13 granules granule NNS 43431 4460 14 and and CC 43431 4460 15 plates plate NNS 43431 4460 16 of of IN 43431 4460 17 bone bone NN 43431 4460 18 . . . 43431 4461 1 The the DT 43431 4461 2 bones bone NNS 43431 4461 3 are be VBP 43431 4461 4 solid solid JJ 43431 4461 5 , , , 43431 4461 6 and and CC 43431 4461 7 the the DT 43431 4461 8 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4461 9 centra centra NNP 43431 4461 10 flat flat JJ 43431 4461 11 . . . 43431 4462 1 The the DT 43431 4462 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 4462 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 4462 4 a a DT 43431 4462 5 pair pair NN 43431 4462 6 of of IN 43431 4462 7 enormous enormous JJ 43431 4462 8 pointed pointed JJ 43431 4462 9 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4462 10 horns horn NNS 43431 4462 11 , , , 43431 4462 12 and and CC 43431 4462 13 the the DT 43431 4462 14 parietal parietal NN 43431 4462 15 is be VBZ 43431 4462 16 greatly greatly RB 43431 4462 17 expanded expand VBN 43431 4462 18 and and CC 43431 4462 19 elevated elevate VBN 43431 4462 20 behind behind RB 43431 4462 21 , , , 43431 4462 22 forming form VBG 43431 4462 23 with with IN 43431 4462 24 the the DT 43431 4462 25 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 4462 26 a a DT 43431 4462 27 shield shield NN 43431 4462 28 which which WDT 43431 4462 29 overhangs overhang VBZ 43431 4462 30 the the DT 43431 4462 31 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4462 32 cervical cervical NNP 43431 4462 33 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4462 34 . . . 43431 4463 1 The the DT 43431 4463 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 4463 3 are be VBP 43431 4463 4 united united JJ 43431 4463 5 , , , 43431 4463 6 and and CC 43431 4463 7 in in IN 43431 4463 8 front front NN 43431 4463 9 of of IN 43431 4463 10 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4463 11 is be VBZ 43431 4463 12 a a DT 43431 4463 13 pointed pointed JJ 43431 4463 14 beak beak NN 43431 4463 15 - - HYPH 43431 4463 16 like like JJ 43431 4463 17 bone bone NN 43431 4463 18 which which WDT 43431 4463 19 bites bite VBZ 43431 4463 20 upon upon IN 43431 4463 21 a a DT 43431 4463 22 toothless toothless JJ 43431 4463 23 predentary predentary JJ 43431 4463 24 ossification ossification NN 43431 4463 25 of of IN 43431 4463 26 the the DT 43431 4463 27 mandible mandible NN 43431 4463 28 . . . 43431 4464 1 The the DT 43431 4464 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4464 3 have have VBP 43431 4464 4 two two CD 43431 4464 5 roots root NNS 43431 4464 6 . . . 43431 4465 1 The the DT 43431 4465 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 4465 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 4465 4 are be VBP 43431 4465 5 but but CC 43431 4465 6 little little JJ 43431 4465 7 shorter short JJR 43431 4465 8 than than IN 43431 4465 9 the the DT 43431 4465 10 posterior posterior JJ 43431 4465 11 ones one NNS 43431 4465 12 . . . 43431 4466 1 There there EX 43431 4466 2 is be VBZ 43431 4466 3 no no DT 43431 4466 4 post post NN 43431 4466 5 - - JJ 43431 4466 6 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4466 7 ; ; : 43431 4466 8 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 4467 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4467 2 Polyonax Polyonax NNP 43431 4467 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4467 4 from from IN 43431 4467 5 the the DT 43431 4467 6 uppermost uppermost JJ 43431 4467 7 Cretaceous cretaceous JJ 43431 4467 8 of of IN 43431 4467 9 Montana Montana NNP 43431 4467 10 . . . 43431 4468 1 C. C. NNP 43431 4468 2 ORNITHOPODA[86 ORNITHOPODA[86 NNP 43431 4468 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4468 4 . . . 43431 4469 1 There there EX 43431 4469 2 is be VBZ 43431 4469 3 no no DT 43431 4469 4 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4469 5 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4469 6 . . . 43431 4470 1 The the DT 43431 4470 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4470 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4470 4 are be VBP 43431 4470 5 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 4470 6 , , , 43431 4470 7 and and CC 43431 4470 8 so so RB 43431 4470 9 are be VBP 43431 4470 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4470 11 the the DT 43431 4470 12 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 4470 13 . . . 43431 4471 1 The the DT 43431 4471 2 limb limb NN 43431 4471 3 bones bone NNS 43431 4471 4 are be VBP 43431 4471 5 hollow hollow JJ 43431 4471 6 and and CC 43431 4471 7 the the DT 43431 4471 8 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4471 9 limbs limb NNS 43431 4471 10 are be VBP 43431 4471 11 much much RB 43431 4471 12 shorter short JJR 43431 4471 13 than than IN 43431 4471 14 the the DT 43431 4471 15 posterior posterior JJ 43431 4471 16 ones one NNS 43431 4471 17 . . . 43431 4472 1 The the DT 43431 4472 2 feet foot NNS 43431 4472 3 are be VBP 43431 4472 4 digitigrade digitigrade JJ 43431 4472 5 and and CC 43431 4472 6 provided provide VBN 43431 4472 7 with with IN 43431 4472 8 long long JJ 43431 4472 9 pointed point VBN 43431 4472 10 claws claw NNS 43431 4472 11 . . . 43431 4473 1 The the DT 43431 4473 2 post post NN 43431 4473 3 - - JJ 43431 4473 4 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4473 5 is be VBZ 43431 4473 6 long long JJ 43431 4473 7 and and CC 43431 4473 8 slender slend JJR 43431 4473 9 and and CC 43431 4473 10 directed direct VBD 43431 4473 11 back back RP 43431 4473 12 parallel parallel NN 43431 4473 13 to to IN 43431 4473 14 the the DT 43431 4473 15 ischium ischium NN 43431 4473 16 ; ; : 43431 4473 17 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 4474 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4474 2 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 4474 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4474 4 from from IN 43431 4474 5 the the DT 43431 4474 6 European European NNP 43431 4474 7 Cretaceous Cretaceous NNP 43431 4474 8 . . . 43431 4475 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4475 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4475 3 8 8 CD 43431 4475 4 . . . 43431 4475 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4475 6 CROCODILIA[87 CROCODILIA[87 . 43431 4475 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4475 8 . . . 43431 4476 1 This this DT 43431 4476 2 order order NN 43431 4476 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4476 4 the the DT 43431 4476 5 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNPS 43431 4476 6 , , , 43431 4476 7 Alligators Alligators NNPS 43431 4476 8 and and CC 43431 4476 9 Garials Garials NNPS 43431 4476 10 and and CC 43431 4476 11 various various JJ 43431 4476 12 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4476 13 forms form NNS 43431 4476 14 , , , 43431 4476 15 some some DT 43431 4476 16 of of IN 43431 4476 17 which which WDT 43431 4476 18 are be VBP 43431 4476 19 closely closely RB 43431 4476 20 allied allied JJ 43431 4476 21 to to IN 43431 4476 22 the the DT 43431 4476 23 early early JJ 43431 4476 24 Dinosaurs dinosaur NNS 43431 4476 25 . . . 43431 4477 1 There there EX 43431 4477 2 is be VBZ 43431 4477 3 always always RB 43431 4477 4 a a DT 43431 4477 5 more more RBR 43431 4477 6 or or CC 43431 4477 7 less less RBR 43431 4477 8 complete complete JJ 43431 4477 9 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 4477 10 formed form VBN 43431 4477 11 of of IN 43431 4477 12 bony bony NNP 43431 4477 13 scutes scute NNS 43431 4477 14 overlain overlain VBP 43431 4477 15 by by IN 43431 4477 16 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 4477 17 scales scale NNS 43431 4477 18 ; ; : 43431 4477 19 these these DT 43431 4477 20 bony bony NN 43431 4477 21 scutes scute NNS 43431 4477 22 are be VBP 43431 4477 23 specially specially RB 43431 4477 24 well well RB 43431 4477 25 developed develop VBN 43431 4477 26 on on IN 43431 4477 27 the the DT 43431 4477 28 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4477 29 surface surface NN 43431 4477 30 but but CC 43431 4477 31 may may MD 43431 4477 32 occur occur VB 43431 4477 33 also also RB 43431 4477 34 on on IN 43431 4477 35 the the DT 43431 4477 36 ventral ventral NN 43431 4477 37 . . . 43431 4478 1 The the DT 43431 4478 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4478 3 column column NN 43431 4478 4 is be VBZ 43431 4478 5 divisible divisible JJ 43431 4478 6 into into IN 43431 4478 7 the the DT 43431 4478 8 five five CD 43431 4478 9 regions region NNS 43431 4478 10 commonly commonly RB 43431 4478 11 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 43431 4478 12 . . . 43431 4479 1 In in IN 43431 4479 2 all all DT 43431 4479 3 living live VBG 43431 4479 4 forms form NNS 43431 4479 5 the the DT 43431 4479 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4479 7 , , , 43431 4479 8 with with IN 43431 4479 9 the the DT 43431 4479 10 exception exception NN 43431 4479 11 of of IN 43431 4479 12 the the DT 43431 4479 13 atlas atla NNS 43431 4479 14 and and CC 43431 4479 15 axis axis NNP 43431 4479 16 , , , 43431 4479 17 the the DT 43431 4479 18 two two CD 43431 4479 19 sacrals sacral NNS 43431 4479 20 , , , 43431 4479 21 and and CC 43431 4479 22 first first JJ 43431 4479 23 caudal caudal NN 43431 4479 24 , , , 43431 4479 25 are be VBP 43431 4479 26 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 4479 27 , , , 43431 4479 28 but but CC 43431 4479 29 in in IN 43431 4479 30 many many JJ 43431 4479 31 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4479 32 forms form NNS 43431 4479 33 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4479 34 are be VBP 43431 4479 35 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 4479 36 . . . 43431 4480 1 The the DT 43431 4480 2 atlas atla NNS 43431 4480 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4480 4 fig fig NN 43431 4480 5 . . . 43431 4481 1 71 71 LS 43431 4481 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4481 3 is be VBZ 43431 4481 4 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 4481 5 , , , 43431 4481 6 consisting consist VBG 43431 4481 7 of of IN 43431 4481 8 four four CD 43431 4481 9 pieces piece NNS 43431 4481 10 , , , 43431 4481 11 and and CC 43431 4481 12 the the DT 43431 4481 13 first first JJ 43431 4481 14 caudal caudal NN 43431 4481 15 is be VBZ 43431 4481 16 biconvex biconvex JJ 43431 4481 17 . . . 43431 4482 1 The the DT 43431 4482 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4482 3 are be VBP 43431 4482 4 , , , 43431 4482 5 in in IN 43431 4482 6 the the DT 43431 4482 7 adult adult NN 43431 4482 8 , , , 43431 4482 9 planted plant VBN 43431 4482 10 in in IN 43431 4482 11 separate separate JJ 43431 4482 12 deep deep JJ 43431 4482 13 sockets socket NNS 43431 4482 14 . . . 43431 4483 1 The the DT 43431 4483 2 skull skull NN 43431 4483 3 is be VBZ 43431 4483 4 very very RB 43431 4483 5 dense dense JJ 43431 4483 6 and and CC 43431 4483 7 solid solid JJ 43431 4483 8 , , , 43431 4483 9 and and CC 43431 4483 10 all all PDT 43431 4483 11 the the DT 43431 4483 12 component component NN 43431 4483 13 bones bone NNS 43431 4483 14 including include VBG 43431 4483 15 the the DT 43431 4483 16 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4483 17 are be VBP 43431 4483 18 firmly firmly RB 43431 4483 19 united united JJ 43431 4483 20 . . . 43431 4484 1 The the DT 43431 4484 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4484 3 surface surface NN 43431 4484 4 of of IN 43431 4484 5 the the DT 43431 4484 6 skull skull NN 43431 4484 7 is be VBZ 43431 4484 8 generally generally RB 43431 4484 9 characteristically characteristically RB 43431 4484 10 sculptured sculptured JJ 43431 4484 11 . . . 43431 4485 1 There there EX 43431 4485 2 is be VBZ 43431 4485 3 an an DT 43431 4485 4 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 4485 5 septum septum NN 43431 4485 6 , , , 43431 4485 7 and and CC 43431 4485 8 the the DT 43431 4485 9 orbitosphenoidal orbitosphenoidal JJ 43431 4485 10 and and CC 43431 4485 11 presphenoidal presphenoidal JJ 43431 4485 12 regions region NNS 43431 4485 13 are be VBP 43431 4485 14 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 4485 15 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4485 16 . . . 43431 4486 1 Supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4486 2 , , , 43431 4486 3 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 4486 4 , , , 43431 4486 5 and and CC 43431 4486 6 post post JJ 43431 4486 7 - - JJ 43431 4486 8 temporal temporal JJ 43431 4486 9 fossae fossae NN 43431 4486 10 occur occur VBP 43431 4486 11 , , , 43431 4486 12 but but CC 43431 4486 13 no no DT 43431 4486 14 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 4486 15 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4486 16 . . . 43431 4487 1 In in IN 43431 4487 2 living live VBG 43431 4487 3 genera genera NN 43431 4487 4 there there EX 43431 4487 5 is be VBZ 43431 4487 6 a a DT 43431 4487 7 long long JJ 43431 4487 8 secondary secondary JJ 43431 4487 9 palate palate NN 43431 4487 10 formed form VBN 43431 4487 11 by by IN 43431 4487 12 the the DT 43431 4487 13 meeting meeting NN 43431 4487 14 in in IN 43431 4487 15 the the DT 43431 4487 16 middle middle JJ 43431 4487 17 line line NN 43431 4487 18 of of IN 43431 4487 19 the the DT 43431 4487 20 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4487 21 , , , 43431 4487 22 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4487 23 and and CC 43431 4487 24 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 4487 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4487 26 fig fig NNP 43431 4487 27 . . . 43431 4488 1 43 43 CD 43431 4488 2 , , , 43431 4488 3 A a NN 43431 4488 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4488 5 . . . 43431 4489 1 Cervical cervical JJ 43431 4489 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4489 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4489 4 fig fig NN 43431 4489 5 . . . 43431 4490 1 41 41 CD 43431 4490 2 , , , 43431 4490 3 8 8 CD 43431 4490 4 and and CC 43431 4490 5 9 9 CD 43431 4490 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4490 7 are be VBP 43431 4490 8 well well RB 43431 4490 9 developed developed JJ 43431 4490 10 , , , 43431 4490 11 and and CC 43431 4490 12 articulate articulate VB 43431 4490 13 with with IN 43431 4490 14 rather rather RB 43431 4490 15 prominent prominent JJ 43431 4490 16 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4490 17 borne bear VBN 43431 4490 18 on on IN 43431 4490 19 the the DT 43431 4490 20 neural neural JJ 43431 4490 21 arches arch NNS 43431 4490 22 and and CC 43431 4490 23 centra centra NNP 43431 4490 24 respectively respectively RB 43431 4490 25 . . . 43431 4491 1 The the DT 43431 4491 2 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 4491 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 4491 4 articulate articulate NN 43431 4491 5 with with IN 43431 4491 6 the the DT 43431 4491 7 long long JJ 43431 4491 8 transverse transverse NN 43431 4491 9 processes process NNS 43431 4491 10 , , , 43431 4491 11 and and CC 43431 4491 12 sternal sternal JJ 43431 4491 13 ribs rib NNS 43431 4491 14 and and CC 43431 4491 15 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4491 16 splint splint NN 43431 4491 17 ribs rib NNS 43431 4491 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4491 19 fig fig NN 43431 4491 20 . . . 43431 4492 1 46 46 CD 43431 4492 2 , , , 43431 4492 3 4 4 CD 43431 4492 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4492 5 occur occur VBP 43431 4492 6 . . . 43431 4493 1 The the DT 43431 4493 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 4493 3 is be VBZ 43431 4493 4 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4493 5 , , , 43431 4493 6 and and CC 43431 4493 7 both both CC 43431 4493 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4493 9 and and CC 43431 4493 10 the the DT 43431 4493 11 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 4493 12 - - HYPH 43431 4493 13 girdle girdle NN 43431 4493 14 are be VBP 43431 4493 15 very very RB 43431 4493 16 simple simple JJ 43431 4493 17 . . . 43431 4494 1 The the DT 43431 4494 2 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 4494 3 is be VBZ 43431 4494 4 represented represent VBN 43431 4494 5 by by IN 43431 4494 6 merely merely RB 43431 4494 7 a a DT 43431 4494 8 small small JJ 43431 4494 9 process process NN 43431 4494 10 on on IN 43431 4494 11 the the DT 43431 4494 12 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 4494 13 , , , 43431 4494 14 while while IN 43431 4494 15 the the DT 43431 4494 16 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4494 17 are be VBP 43431 4494 18 absent absent JJ 43431 4494 19 , , , 43431 4494 20 except except IN 43431 4494 21 in in IN 43431 4494 22 the the DT 43431 4494 23 Parasuchia Parasuchia NNP 43431 4494 24 . . . 43431 4495 1 In in IN 43431 4495 2 the the DT 43431 4495 3 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 4495 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4495 5 fig fig NN 43431 4495 6 . . . 43431 4496 1 49 49 LS 43431 4496 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4496 3 there there EX 43431 4496 4 is be VBZ 43431 4496 5 a a DT 43431 4496 6 large large JJ 43431 4496 7 ilium ilium NN 43431 4496 8 , , , 43431 4496 9 and and CC 43431 4496 10 an an DT 43431 4496 11 ischium ischium NN 43431 4496 12 meeting meet VBG 43431 4496 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4496 14 fellow fellow NN 43431 4496 15 in in IN 43431 4496 16 a a DT 43431 4496 17 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4496 18 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4496 19 ; ; : 43431 4496 20 these these DT 43431 4496 21 two two CD 43431 4496 22 bones bone NNS 43431 4496 23 form form VBP 43431 4496 24 almost almost RB 43431 4496 25 the the DT 43431 4496 26 whole whole NN 43431 4496 27 of of IN 43431 4496 28 the the DT 43431 4496 29 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 4496 30 . . . 43431 4497 1 In in IN 43431 4497 2 front front NN 43431 4497 3 of of IN 43431 4497 4 the the DT 43431 4497 5 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 4497 6 , , , 43431 4497 7 in in IN 43431 4497 8 the the DT 43431 4497 9 Eusuchia Eusuchia NNP 43431 4497 10 , , , 43431 4497 11 projects project VBZ 43431 4497 12 a a DT 43431 4497 13 bone bone NN 43431 4497 14 which which WDT 43431 4497 15 is be VBZ 43431 4497 16 generally generally RB 43431 4497 17 called call VBN 43431 4497 18 the the DT 43431 4497 19 pubis pubis JJ 43431 4497 20 , , , 43431 4497 21 but but CC 43431 4497 22 is be VBZ 43431 4497 23 in in IN 43431 4497 24 reality reality NN 43431 4497 25 rather rather RB 43431 4497 26 an an DT 43431 4497 27 epipubis epipubis NN 43431 4497 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4497 29 fig fig NN 43431 4497 30 . . . 43431 4498 1 49 49 CD 43431 4498 2 , , , 43431 4498 3 4 4 CD 43431 4498 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4498 5 , , , 43431 4498 6 the the DT 43431 4498 7 true true JJ 43431 4498 8 pubis pubi VBD 43431 4498 9 being be VBG 43431 4498 10 probably probably RB 43431 4498 11 represented represent VBN 43431 4498 12 by by IN 43431 4498 13 a a DT 43431 4498 14 fourth fourth JJ 43431 4498 15 element element NN 43431 4498 16 which which WDT 43431 4498 17 remains remain VBZ 43431 4498 18 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4498 19 for for IN 43431 4498 20 some some DT 43431 4498 21 time time NN 43431 4498 22 , , , 43431 4498 23 and and CC 43431 4498 24 later later RB 43431 4498 25 on on IN 43431 4498 26 ossifies ossifie NNS 43431 4498 27 and and CC 43431 4498 28 attaches attach VBZ 43431 4498 29 itself -PRON- PRP 43431 4498 30 to to IN 43431 4498 31 the the DT 43431 4498 32 ischium ischium NN 43431 4498 33 . . . 43431 4499 1 The the DT 43431 4499 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 4499 3 are be VBP 43431 4499 4 small small JJ 43431 4499 5 in in IN 43431 4499 6 proportion proportion NN 43431 4499 7 to to IN 43431 4499 8 the the DT 43431 4499 9 size size NN 43431 4499 10 of of IN 43431 4499 11 the the DT 43431 4499 12 body body NN 43431 4499 13 , , , 43431 4499 14 and and CC 43431 4499 15 are be VBP 43431 4499 16 adapted adapt VBN 43431 4499 17 for for IN 43431 4499 18 swimming swimming NN 43431 4499 19 or or CC 43431 4499 20 for for IN 43431 4499 21 shuffling shuffle VBG 43431 4499 22 along along IN 43431 4499 23 the the DT 43431 4499 24 ground ground NN 43431 4499 25 ; ; : 43431 4499 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4499 27 are be VBP 43431 4499 28 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 4499 29 and and CC 43431 4499 30 the the DT 43431 4499 31 bones bone NNS 43431 4499 32 are be VBP 43431 4499 33 all all RB 43431 4499 34 solid solid JJ 43431 4499 35 . . . 43431 4500 1 In in IN 43431 4500 2 living living NN 43431 4500 3 forms form NNS 43431 4500 4 the the DT 43431 4500 5 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4500 6 limbs limb NNS 43431 4500 7 have have VBP 43431 4500 8 five five CD 43431 4500 9 digits digit NNS 43431 4500 10 and and CC 43431 4500 11 the the DT 43431 4500 12 posterior posterior NNP 43431 4500 13 four four CD 43431 4500 14 , , , 43431 4500 15 the the DT 43431 4500 16 fifth fifth JJ 43431 4500 17 being being NN 43431 4500 18 represented represent VBN 43431 4500 19 only only RB 43431 4500 20 by by IN 43431 4500 21 a a DT 43431 4500 22 short short JJ 43431 4500 23 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 4500 24 . . . 43431 4501 1 The the DT 43431 4501 2 first first JJ 43431 4501 3 three three CD 43431 4501 4 digits digit NNS 43431 4501 5 in in IN 43431 4501 6 each each DT 43431 4501 7 case case NN 43431 4501 8 are be VBP 43431 4501 9 clawed claw VBN 43431 4501 10 . . . 43431 4502 1 The the DT 43431 4502 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 4502 3 has have VBZ 43431 4502 4 a a DT 43431 4502 5 large large JJ 43431 4502 6 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 4502 7 - - HYPH 43431 4502 8 projecting project VBG 43431 4502 9 process process NN 43431 4502 10 . . . 43431 4503 1 The the DT 43431 4503 2 order order NN 43431 4503 3 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 4503 4 may may MD 43431 4503 5 be be VB 43431 4503 6 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 4503 7 into into IN 43431 4503 8 two two CD 43431 4503 9 suborders suborder NNS 43431 4503 10 . . . 43431 4504 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4504 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4504 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4504 4 1 1 CD 43431 4504 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4504 6 . . . 43431 4504 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4504 8 PARASUCHIA PARASUCHIA NNP 43431 4504 9 . . . 43431 4505 1 The the DT 43431 4505 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4505 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 4505 4 are be VBP 43431 4505 5 flat flat JJ 43431 4505 6 or or CC 43431 4505 7 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 4505 8 . . . 43431 4506 1 The the DT 43431 4506 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 4506 3 are be VBP 43431 4506 4 very very RB 43431 4506 5 large large JJ 43431 4506 6 , , , 43431 4506 7 and and CC 43431 4506 8 the the DT 43431 4506 9 nares naris NNS 43431 4506 10 are be VBP 43431 4506 11 separated separate VBN 43431 4506 12 , , , 43431 4506 13 and and CC 43431 4506 14 placed place VBN 43431 4506 15 far far RB 43431 4506 16 back back RB 43431 4506 17 . . . 43431 4507 1 The the DT 43431 4507 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 4507 3 narial narial JJ 43431 4507 4 openings opening NNS 43431 4507 5 lie lie VBP 43431 4507 6 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 4507 7 far far RB 43431 4507 8 forward forward RB 43431 4507 9 between between IN 43431 4507 10 the the DT 43431 4507 11 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4507 12 extremities extremity NNS 43431 4507 13 of of IN 43431 4507 14 the the DT 43431 4507 15 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4507 16 . . . 43431 4508 1 The the DT 43431 4508 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4508 3 and and CC 43431 4508 4 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4508 5 do do VBP 43431 4508 6 not not RB 43431 4508 7 form form VB 43431 4508 8 a a DT 43431 4508 9 secondary secondary JJ 43431 4508 10 palate palate NN 43431 4508 11 . . . 43431 4509 1 The the DT 43431 4509 2 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4509 3 fossae fossae NN 43431 4509 4 are be VBP 43431 4509 5 small small JJ 43431 4509 6 , , , 43431 4509 7 and and CC 43431 4509 8 open open VB 43431 4509 9 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 4509 10 , , , 43431 4509 11 the the DT 43431 4509 12 lateral lateral JJ 43431 4509 13 temporal temporal JJ 43431 4509 14 fossae fossae NN 43431 4509 15 are be VBP 43431 4509 16 very very RB 43431 4509 17 large large JJ 43431 4509 18 . . . 43431 4510 1 The the DT 43431 4510 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 4510 3 and and CC 43431 4510 4 frontals frontal NNS 43431 4510 5 are be VBP 43431 4510 6 paired pair VBN 43431 4510 7 . . . 43431 4511 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4511 2 are be VBP 43431 4511 3 present present JJ 43431 4511 4 . . . 43431 4512 1 The the DT 43431 4512 2 best well RBS 43431 4512 3 known know VBN 43431 4512 4 and and CC 43431 4512 5 most most RBS 43431 4512 6 important important JJ 43431 4512 7 genus genus NN 43431 4512 8 of of IN 43431 4512 9 these these DT 43431 4512 10 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4512 11 crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 4512 12 is be VBZ 43431 4512 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4512 14 Belodon Belodon NNP 43431 4512 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4512 16 . . . 43431 4513 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4513 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 4513 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4513 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4513 5 2 2 CD 43431 4513 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4513 7 . . . 43431 4514 1 EUSUCHIA EUSUCHIA NNP 43431 4514 2 . . . 43431 4515 1 The the DT 43431 4515 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4515 3 are be VBP 43431 4515 4 either either CC 43431 4515 5 biconcave biconcave JJ 43431 4515 6 or or CC 43431 4515 7 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 4515 8 . . . 43431 4516 1 The the DT 43431 4516 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 4516 3 are be VBP 43431 4516 4 small small JJ 43431 4516 5 , , , 43431 4516 6 and and CC 43431 4516 7 the the DT 43431 4516 8 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4516 9 nares naris NNS 43431 4516 10 are be VBP 43431 4516 11 united united JJ 43431 4516 12 and and CC 43431 4516 13 placed place VBN 43431 4516 14 far far RB 43431 4516 15 forwards forwards RB 43431 4516 16 . . . 43431 4517 1 The the DT 43431 4517 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 4517 3 nares naris NNS 43431 4517 4 lie lie VBP 43431 4517 5 far far RB 43431 4517 6 back back RB 43431 4517 7 , , , 43431 4517 8 the the DT 43431 4517 9 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4517 10 and and CC 43431 4517 11 in in IN 43431 4517 12 living live VBG 43431 4517 13 genera genera NN 43431 4517 14 the the DT 43431 4517 15 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4517 16 , , , 43431 4517 17 meeting meet VBG 43431 4517 18 in in IN 43431 4517 19 the the DT 43431 4517 20 middle middle JJ 43431 4517 21 line line NN 43431 4517 22 , , , 43431 4517 23 and and CC 43431 4517 24 giving give VBG 43431 4517 25 rise rise NN 43431 4517 26 to to IN 43431 4517 27 a a DT 43431 4517 28 closed close VBN 43431 4517 29 palate palate NN 43431 4517 30 . . . 43431 4518 1 The the DT 43431 4518 2 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4518 3 fossae fossae NN 43431 4518 4 are be VBP 43431 4518 5 surrounded surround VBN 43431 4518 6 by by IN 43431 4518 7 bone bone NN 43431 4518 8 on on IN 43431 4518 9 all all DT 43431 4518 10 sides side NNS 43431 4518 11 , , , 43431 4518 12 and and CC 43431 4518 13 the the DT 43431 4518 14 parietals parietal NNS 43431 4518 15 , , , 43431 4518 16 and and CC 43431 4518 17 often often RB 43431 4518 18 also also RB 43431 4518 19 the the DT 43431 4518 20 frontals frontal NNS 43431 4518 21 are be VBP 43431 4518 22 united united JJ 43431 4518 23 . . . 43431 4519 1 There there EX 43431 4519 2 are be VBP 43431 4519 3 no no DT 43431 4519 4 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4519 5 . . . 43431 4520 1 The the DT 43431 4520 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 4520 3 includes include VBZ 43431 4520 4 the the DT 43431 4520 5 genera genera NN 43431 4520 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4520 7 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 4520 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4520 9 , , , 43431 4520 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4520 11 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 4520 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4520 13 , , , 43431 4520 14 _ _ NNP 43431 4520 15 Garialis Garialis NNP 43431 4520 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4520 17 and and CC 43431 4520 18 others other NNS 43431 4520 19 living live VBG 43431 4520 20 and and CC 43431 4520 21 extinct extinct VBD 43431 4520 22 . . . 43431 4521 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4521 2 Order Order NNP 43431 4521 3 9 9 CD 43431 4521 4 . . . 43431 4521 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4521 6 PTEROSAURIA[88 PTEROSAURIA[88 NNP 43431 4521 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4521 8 . . . 43431 4522 1 These these DT 43431 4522 2 animals animal NNS 43431 4522 3 , , , 43431 4522 4 called call VBD 43431 4522 5 also also RB 43431 4522 6 the the DT 43431 4522 7 pterodactyles pterodactyle NNS 43431 4522 8 or or CC 43431 4522 9 Ornithosauria Ornithosauria NNP 43431 4522 10 , , , 43431 4522 11 are be VBP 43431 4522 12 a a DT 43431 4522 13 group group NN 43431 4522 14 of of IN 43431 4522 15 extinct extinct JJ 43431 4522 16 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4522 17 , , , 43431 4522 18 whose whose WP$ 43431 4522 19 structure structure NN 43431 4522 20 has have VBZ 43431 4522 21 been be VBN 43431 4522 22 greatly greatly RB 43431 4522 23 modified modify VBN 43431 4522 24 from from IN 43431 4522 25 the the DT 43431 4522 26 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 4522 27 reptilian reptilian JJ 43431 4522 28 type type NN 43431 4522 29 for for IN 43431 4522 30 the the DT 43431 4522 31 purpose purpose NN 43431 4522 32 of of IN 43431 4522 33 flight flight NN 43431 4522 34 . . . 43431 4523 1 The the DT 43431 4523 2 skin skin NN 43431 4523 3 was be VBD 43431 4523 4 naked naked JJ 43431 4523 5 and and CC 43431 4523 6 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4523 7 vary vary VBP 43431 4523 8 greatly greatly RB 43431 4523 9 in in IN 43431 4523 10 size size NN 43431 4523 11 and and CC 43431 4523 12 in in IN 43431 4523 13 the the DT 43431 4523 14 length length NN 43431 4523 15 of of IN 43431 4523 16 the the DT 43431 4523 17 tail tail NN 43431 4523 18 . . . 43431 4524 1 The the DT 43431 4524 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4524 3 and and CC 43431 4524 4 limb limb NN 43431 4524 5 bones bone NNS 43431 4524 6 are be VBP 43431 4524 7 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 4524 8 just just RB 43431 4524 9 as as IN 43431 4524 10 in in IN 43431 4524 11 birds bird NNS 43431 4524 12 . . . 43431 4525 1 The the DT 43431 4525 2 presacral presacral JJ 43431 4525 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4525 4 are be VBP 43431 4525 5 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 4525 6 and and CC 43431 4525 7 have have VBP 43431 4525 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4525 9 neural neural JJ 43431 4525 10 arches arch NNS 43431 4525 11 firmly firmly RB 43431 4525 12 united united JJ 43431 4525 13 to to IN 43431 4525 14 the the DT 43431 4525 15 centra centra NNP 43431 4525 16 . . . 43431 4526 1 The the DT 43431 4526 2 neck neck NN 43431 4526 3 is be VBZ 43431 4526 4 long long JJ 43431 4526 5 , , , 43431 4526 6 the the DT 43431 4526 7 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4526 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4526 9 are be VBP 43431 4526 10 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 4526 11 , , , 43431 4526 12 and and CC 43431 4526 13 from from IN 43431 4526 14 three three CD 43431 4526 15 to to TO 43431 4526 16 five five CD 43431 4526 17 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4526 18 are be VBP 43431 4526 19 fused fuse VBN 43431 4526 20 together together RB 43431 4526 21 in in IN 43431 4526 22 the the DT 43431 4526 23 sacral sacral JJ 43431 4526 24 region region NN 43431 4526 25 . . . 43431 4527 1 The the DT 43431 4527 2 skull skull NN 43431 4527 3 is be VBZ 43431 4527 4 large large JJ 43431 4527 5 and and CC 43431 4527 6 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 4527 7 bird bird NN 43431 4527 8 - - HYPH 43431 4527 9 like like UH 43431 4527 10 , , , 43431 4527 11 the the DT 43431 4527 12 facial facial JJ 43431 4527 13 portion portion NN 43431 4527 14 being be VBG 43431 4527 15 much much RB 43431 4527 16 drawn draw VBN 43431 4527 17 out out RP 43431 4527 18 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 4527 19 , , , 43431 4527 20 and and CC 43431 4527 21 the the DT 43431 4527 22 sutures suture NNS 43431 4527 23 being be VBG 43431 4527 24 obliterated obliterate VBN 43431 4527 25 . . . 43431 4528 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4528 2 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 4528 3 that that IN 43431 4528 4 of of IN 43431 4528 5 other other JJ 43431 4528 6 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4528 7 in in IN 43431 4528 8 having have VBG 43431 4528 9 large large JJ 43431 4528 10 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 4528 11 fossae fossae NN 43431 4528 12 ; ; , 43431 4528 13 large large JJ 43431 4528 14 pre pre JJ 43431 4528 15 - - JJ 43431 4528 16 orbital orbital JJ 43431 4528 17 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 4528 18 also also RB 43431 4528 19 occur occur VBP 43431 4528 20 . . . 43431 4529 1 The the DT 43431 4529 2 jaws jaw NNS 43431 4529 3 may may MD 43431 4529 4 be be VB 43431 4529 5 toothed toothed JJ 43431 4529 6 or or CC 43431 4529 7 toothless toothless JJ 43431 4529 8 , , , 43431 4529 9 and and CC 43431 4529 10 the the DT 43431 4529 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 4529 12 , , , 43431 4529 13 when when WRB 43431 4529 14 present present JJ 43431 4529 15 , , , 43431 4529 16 are be VBP 43431 4529 17 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 4529 18 in in IN 43431 4529 19 separate separate JJ 43431 4529 20 sockets socket NNS 43431 4529 21 . . . 43431 4530 1 The the DT 43431 4530 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 4530 3 are be VBP 43431 4530 4 large large JJ 43431 4530 5 , , , 43431 4530 6 and and CC 43431 4530 7 the the DT 43431 4530 8 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4530 9 is be VBZ 43431 4530 10 firmly firmly RB 43431 4530 11 attached attach VBN 43431 4530 12 to to IN 43431 4530 13 the the DT 43431 4530 14 skull skull NN 43431 4530 15 . . . 43431 4531 1 The the DT 43431 4531 2 rami rami NN 43431 4531 3 of of IN 43431 4531 4 the the DT 43431 4531 5 mandible mandible JJ 43431 4531 6 are be VBP 43431 4531 7 united unite VBN 43431 4531 8 at at IN 43431 4531 9 the the DT 43431 4531 10 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4531 11 , , , 43431 4531 12 and and CC 43431 4531 13 there there EX 43431 4531 14 is be VBZ 43431 4531 15 an an DT 43431 4531 16 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4531 17 ring ring NN 43431 4531 18 in in IN 43431 4531 19 the the DT 43431 4531 20 sclerotic sclerotic NN 43431 4531 21 . . . 43431 4532 1 The the DT 43431 4532 2 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 4532 3 of of IN 43431 4532 4 a a DT 43431 4532 5 postfrontal postfrontal NN 43431 4532 6 and and CC 43431 4532 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4532 8 union union NN 43431 4532 9 with with IN 43431 4532 10 the the DT 43431 4532 11 jugal jugal NN 43431 4532 12 behind behind IN 43431 4532 13 the the DT 43431 4532 14 orbit orbit NN 43431 4532 15 , , , 43431 4532 16 are be VBP 43431 4532 17 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 4532 18 reptilian reptilian JJ 43431 4532 19 features feature NNS 43431 4532 20 . . . 43431 4533 1 The the DT 43431 4533 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4533 3 have have VBP 43431 4533 4 capitula capitula NN 43431 4533 5 and and CC 43431 4533 6 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 4533 7 , , , 43431 4533 8 and and CC 43431 4533 9 sternal sternal JJ 43431 4533 10 and and CC 43431 4533 11 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4533 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 4533 13 occur occur VBP 43431 4533 14 . . . 43431 4534 1 The the DT 43431 4534 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 4534 3 has have VBZ 43431 4534 4 a a DT 43431 4534 5 well well RB 43431 4534 6 - - HYPH 43431 4534 7 developed develop VBN 43431 4534 8 keel keel NN 43431 4534 9 , , , 43431 4534 10 and and CC 43431 4534 11 the the DT 43431 4534 12 scapula scapula NN 43431 4534 13 and and CC 43431 4534 14 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 4534 15 are be VBP 43431 4534 16 large large JJ 43431 4534 17 and and CC 43431 4534 18 bird bird NN 43431 4534 19 - - HYPH 43431 4534 20 like like JJ 43431 4534 21 . . . 43431 4535 1 There there EX 43431 4535 2 are be VBP 43431 4535 3 no no DT 43431 4535 4 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4535 5 or or CC 43431 4535 6 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4535 7 . . . 43431 4536 1 The the DT 43431 4536 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 4536 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 4536 4 are be VBP 43431 4536 5 modified modify VBN 43431 4536 6 to to TO 43431 4536 7 form form VB 43431 4536 8 wings wing NNS 43431 4536 9 by by IN 43431 4536 10 the the DT 43431 4536 11 great great JJ 43431 4536 12 elongation elongation NN 43431 4536 13 of of IN 43431 4536 14 the the DT 43431 4536 15 fifth fifth JJ 43431 4536 16 digit digit NN 43431 4536 17 , , , 43431 4536 18 to to TO 43431 4536 19 which which WDT 43431 4536 20 a a DT 43431 4536 21 membrane membrane NN 43431 4536 22 was be VBD 43431 4536 23 attached attach VBN 43431 4536 24 . . . 43431 4537 1 The the DT 43431 4537 2 second second JJ 43431 4537 3 , , , 43431 4537 4 third third JJ 43431 4537 5 and and CC 43431 4537 6 fourth fourth JJ 43431 4537 7 digits digit NNS 43431 4537 8 are be VBP 43431 4537 9 clawed claw VBN 43431 4537 10 and and CC 43431 4537 11 are be VBP 43431 4537 12 not not RB 43431 4537 13 elongated elongate VBN 43431 4537 14 in in IN 43431 4537 15 the the DT 43431 4537 16 way way NN 43431 4537 17 that that WDT 43431 4537 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4537 19 are be VBP 43431 4537 20 in in IN 43431 4537 21 bats bat NNS 43431 4537 22 . . . 43431 4538 1 The the DT 43431 4538 2 pollex pollex NN 43431 4538 3 , , , 43431 4538 4 if if IN 43431 4538 5 present present JJ 43431 4538 6 at at RB 43431 4538 7 all all RB 43431 4538 8 , , , 43431 4538 9 is be VBZ 43431 4538 10 quite quite RB 43431 4538 11 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 4538 12 . . . 43431 4539 1 The the DT 43431 4539 2 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 4539 3 is be VBZ 43431 4539 4 weak weak JJ 43431 4539 5 and and CC 43431 4539 6 small small JJ 43431 4539 7 , , , 43431 4539 8 and and CC 43431 4539 9 though though IN 43431 4539 10 the the DT 43431 4539 11 ilia ilium NNS 43431 4539 12 are be VBP 43431 4539 13 produced produce VBN 43431 4539 14 both both CC 43431 4539 15 in in IN 43431 4539 16 front front NN 43431 4539 17 of of IN 43431 4539 18 and and CC 43431 4539 19 behind behind IN 43431 4539 20 the the DT 43431 4539 21 acetabula acetabula NN 43431 4539 22 , , , 43431 4539 23 in in IN 43431 4539 24 other other JJ 43431 4539 25 features feature VBZ 43431 4539 26 the the DT 43431 4539 27 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 4539 28 is be VBZ 43431 4539 29 not not RB 43431 4539 30 bird bird NN 43431 4539 31 - - HYPH 43431 4539 32 like like JJ 43431 4539 33 . . . 43431 4540 1 The the DT 43431 4540 2 ischia ischia NN 43431 4540 3 are be VBP 43431 4540 4 short short JJ 43431 4540 5 and and CC 43431 4540 6 wide wide JJ 43431 4540 7 , , , 43431 4540 8 and and CC 43431 4540 9 the the DT 43431 4540 10 pubes pubis NNS 43431 4540 11 are be VBP 43431 4540 12 represented represent VBN 43431 4540 13 only only RB 43431 4540 14 by by IN 43431 4540 15 the the DT 43431 4540 16 pre pre NN 43431 4540 17 - - NN 43431 4540 18 pubes pubes NN 43431 4540 19 . . . 43431 4541 1 The the DT 43431 4541 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 4541 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 4541 4 are be VBP 43431 4541 5 small small JJ 43431 4541 6 and and CC 43431 4541 7 the the DT 43431 4541 8 fibula fibula NN 43431 4541 9 is be VBZ 43431 4541 10 much much RB 43431 4541 11 reduced reduce VBN 43431 4541 12 . . . 43431 4542 1 The the DT 43431 4542 2 pes pe NNS 43431 4542 3 is be VBZ 43431 4542 4 quite quite RB 43431 4542 5 reptilian reptilian JJ 43431 4542 6 in in IN 43431 4542 7 type type NN 43431 4542 8 , , , 43431 4542 9 and and CC 43431 4542 10 has have VBZ 43431 4542 11 five five CD 43431 4542 12 separate separate JJ 43431 4542 13 slender slender NN 43431 4542 14 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 4542 15 . . . 43431 4543 1 The the DT 43431 4543 2 two two CD 43431 4543 3 best good JJS 43431 4543 4 known know VBN 43431 4543 5 genera genera NN 43431 4543 6 are be VBP 43431 4543 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4543 8 Pterodactylus Pterodactylus NNP 43431 4543 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4543 10 , , , 43431 4543 11 in in IN 43431 4543 12 which which WDT 43431 4543 13 the the DT 43431 4543 14 tail tail NN 43431 4543 15 is be VBZ 43431 4543 16 short short JJ 43431 4543 17 , , , 43431 4543 18 and and CC 43431 4543 19 _ _ NNP 43431 4543 20 Rhamphorhynchus Rhamphorhynchus NNP 43431 4543 21 _ _ NNP 43431 4543 22 , , , 43431 4543 23 in in IN 43431 4543 24 which which WDT 43431 4543 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4543 26 is be VBZ 43431 4543 27 long long JJ 43431 4543 28 . . . 43431 4544 1 The the DT 43431 4544 2 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 4544 3 are be VBP 43431 4544 4 found find VBN 43431 4544 5 throughout throughout IN 43431 4544 6 the the DT 43431 4544 7 Jurassic Jurassic NNP 43431 4544 8 and and CC 43431 4544 9 Cretaceous cretaceous JJ 43431 4544 10 formations formation NNS 43431 4544 11 in in IN 43431 4544 12 both both CC 43431 4544 13 Europe Europe NNP 43431 4544 14 and and CC 43431 4544 15 North North NNP 43431 4544 16 America America NNP 43431 4544 17 . . . 43431 4545 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 4545 2 : : : 43431 4545 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4545 4 65 65 CD 43431 4545 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4545 6 According accord VBG 43431 4545 7 to to IN 43431 4545 8 Baur Baur NNP 43431 4545 9 a a DT 43431 4545 10 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4545 11 epi epi NN 43431 4545 12 - - HYPH 43431 4545 13 otic otic JJ 43431 4545 14 is be VBZ 43431 4545 15 not not RB 43431 4545 16 recognisable recognisable JJ 43431 4545 17 in in IN 43431 4545 18 the the DT 43431 4545 19 reptilian reptilian JJ 43431 4545 20 skull skull NN 43431 4545 21 . . . 43431 4546 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4546 2 66 66 CD 43431 4546 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4546 4 H. H. NNP 43431 4546 5 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 4546 6 , , , 43431 4546 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4546 8 Phil Phil NNP 43431 4546 9 . . . 43431 4547 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 4547 2 . . . 43431 4547 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4547 4 , , , 43431 4547 5 vol vol NNP 43431 4547 6 . . . 43431 4548 1 179 179 CD 43431 4548 2 , , , 43431 4548 3 1888 1888 CD 43431 4548 4 . . . 43431 4549 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4549 2 67 67 CD 43431 4549 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4549 4 See see VB 43431 4549 5 G. G. NNP 43431 4549 6 Baur Baur NNP 43431 4549 7 , , , 43431 4549 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4549 9 J. J. NNP 43431 4550 1 Morph Morph NNP 43431 4550 2 . . . 43431 4550 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4550 4 , , , 43431 4550 5 vol vol NNP 43431 4550 6 . . . 43431 4551 1 I. I. NNP 43431 4551 2 , , , 43431 4551 3 1887 1887 CD 43431 4551 4 . . . 43431 4552 1 R. R. NNP 43431 4552 2 Lydekker Lydekker NNP 43431 4552 3 , , , 43431 4552 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4552 5 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 43431 4552 6 of of IN 43431 4552 7 the the DT 43431 4552 8 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 4552 9 Reptilia Reptilia NNP 43431 4552 10 and and CC 43431 4552 11 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 4552 12 in in IN 43431 4552 13 the the DT 43431 4552 14 British British NNP 43431 4552 15 Museum Museum NNP 43431 4552 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4552 17 , , , 43431 4552 18 Parts Parts NNP 43431 4552 19 I. I. NNP 43431 4553 1 & & CC 43431 4553 2 II II NNP 43431 4553 3 . . . 43431 4554 1 C.K. C.K. NNP 43431 4555 1 Hoffmann Hoffmann NNP 43431 4555 2 , , , 43431 4555 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4555 4 Reptilien Reptilien NNP 43431 4555 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4555 6 , , , 43431 4555 7 in in IN 43431 4555 8 Bronn Bronn NNP 43431 4555 9 's 's POS 43431 4555 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4555 11 Classen Classen NNP 43431 4555 12 und und VBD 43431 4555 13 Ordnungen Ordnungen NNP 43431 4555 14 des des NNP 43431 4555 15 Thierreichs Thierreichs NNP 43431 4555 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4555 17 , , , 43431 4555 18 Bd Bd NNP 43431 4555 19 . . . 43431 4556 1 VI VI NNP 43431 4556 2 . . NNP 43431 4556 3 , , , 43431 4556 4 3 3 CD 43431 4556 5 abth abth NN 43431 4556 6 . . . 43431 4557 1 1879 1879 CD 43431 4557 2 - - SYM 43431 4557 3 90 90 CD 43431 4557 4 . . . 43431 4558 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4558 2 68 68 CD 43431 4558 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4558 4 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 4559 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 4559 2 , , , 43431 4559 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4559 4 Quart Quart NNP 43431 4559 5 . . . 43431 4560 1 J. J. NNP 43431 4560 2 Geol Geol NNP 43431 4560 3 . . . 43431 4561 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4561 2 . . . 43431 4561 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4561 4 , , , 43431 4561 5 vol vol NNP 43431 4561 6 . . . 43431 4562 1 XV XV NNP 43431 4562 2 . . . 43431 4563 1 p. p. NN 43431 4563 2 649 649 CD 43431 4563 3 , , , 43431 4563 4 1859 1859 CD 43431 4563 5 . . . 43431 4564 1 R. R. NNP 43431 4564 2 Owen Owen NNP 43431 4564 3 , , , 43431 4564 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4564 5 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 43431 4564 6 of of IN 43431 4564 7 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 4564 8 Reptiles Reptiles NNPS 43431 4564 9 of of IN 43431 4564 10 S. S. NNP 43431 4564 11 Africa Africa NNP 43431 4564 12 in in IN 43431 4564 13 the the DT 43431 4564 14 British British NNP 43431 4564 15 Museum Museum NNP 43431 4564 16 _ _ NNP 43431 4564 17 , , , 43431 4564 18 London London NNP 43431 4564 19 , , , 43431 4564 20 1876 1876 CD 43431 4564 21 . . . 43431 4565 1 H.G. H.G. NNP 43431 4566 1 Seeley Seeley NNP 43431 4566 2 , , , 43431 4566 3 various various JJ 43431 4566 4 papers paper NNS 43431 4566 5 published publish VBN 43431 4566 6 in in IN 43431 4566 7 the the DT 43431 4566 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4566 9 P.R. P.R. NNP 43431 4567 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4567 2 . . . 43431 4568 1 London London NNP 43431 4568 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4568 3 , , , 43431 4568 4 and and CC 43431 4568 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4568 6 Phil Phil NNP 43431 4568 7 . . . 43431 4569 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 4569 2 . . . 43431 4569 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4569 4 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4569 5 69 69 CD 43431 4569 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4569 7 See see VB 43431 4569 8 pp pp NN 43431 4569 9 . . . 43431 4570 1 281 281 CD 43431 4570 2 - - SYM 43431 4570 3 283 283 CD 43431 4570 4 . . . 43431 4571 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4571 2 70 70 CD 43431 4571 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4571 4 An an DT 43431 4571 5 ent ent NN 43431 4571 6 - - HYPH 43431 4571 7 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 4571 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4571 9 is be VBZ 43431 4571 10 one one CD 43431 4571 11 piercing pierce VBG 43431 4571 12 the the DT 43431 4571 13 humerus humerus NNP 43431 4571 14 on on IN 43431 4571 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4571 16 inner inner JJ 43431 4571 17 side side NN 43431 4571 18 just just RB 43431 4571 19 above above IN 43431 4571 20 the the DT 43431 4571 21 condyle condyle NN 43431 4571 22 . . . 43431 4572 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4572 2 71 71 CD 43431 4572 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4572 4 According accord VBG 43431 4572 5 to to IN 43431 4572 6 Hulke Hulke NNP 43431 4572 7 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4572 8 should should MD 43431 4572 9 be be VB 43431 4572 10 regarded regard VBN 43431 4572 11 as as IN 43431 4572 12 the the DT 43431 4572 13 omosternum,--the omosternum,--the CD 43431 4572 14 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4572 15 and and CC 43431 4572 16 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4572 17 being be VBG 43431 4572 18 wanting want VBG 43431 4572 19 . . . 43431 4573 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4573 2 72 72 CD 43431 4573 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4573 4 See see VB 43431 4573 5 p. p. NN 43431 4573 6 272 272 CD 43431 4573 7 . . . 43431 4574 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4574 2 73 73 CD 43431 4574 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4574 4 R. R. NNP 43431 4574 5 Lydekker Lydekker NNP 43431 4574 6 , , , 43431 4574 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4574 8 Nat Nat NNP 43431 4574 9 . . . 43431 4575 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 4575 2 . . NNP 43431 4575 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4575 4 vol vol NNP 43431 4575 5 . . . 43431 4576 1 I. I. NNP 43431 4576 2 p. p. NNP 43431 4576 3 514 514 CD 43431 4576 4 , , , 43431 4576 5 1892 1892 CD 43431 4576 6 . . . 43431 4577 1 Further further JJ 43431 4577 2 references reference NNS 43431 4577 3 are be VBP 43431 4577 4 there there RB 43431 4577 5 given give VBN 43431 4577 6 . . . 43431 4578 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4578 2 74 74 CD 43431 4578 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4578 4 The the DT 43431 4578 5 exact exact JJ 43431 4578 6 position position NN 43431 4578 7 of of IN 43431 4578 8 the the DT 43431 4578 9 suture suture NN 43431 4578 10 between between IN 43431 4578 11 the the DT 43431 4578 12 prefrontal prefrontal JJ 43431 4578 13 and and CC 43431 4578 14 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 4578 15 is be VBZ 43431 4578 16 not not RB 43431 4578 17 known know VBN 43431 4578 18 . . . 43431 4579 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4579 2 75 75 CD 43431 4579 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4579 4 A. a. NN 43431 4579 5 Günther gã¼nther NN 43431 4579 6 , , , 43431 4579 7 On on IN 43431 4579 8 the the DT 43431 4579 9 Anatomy Anatomy NNP 43431 4579 10 of of IN 43431 4579 11 Hatteria Hatteria NNP 43431 4579 12 , , , 43431 4579 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4579 14 Phil Phil NNP 43431 4579 15 . . . 43431 4580 1 Trans Trans NNP 43431 4580 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4580 3 , , , 43431 4580 4 vol vol NNP 43431 4580 5 . . . 43431 4581 1 157 157 CD 43431 4581 2 , , , 43431 4581 3 1867 1867 CD 43431 4581 4 , , , 43431 4581 5 p. p. NN 43431 4581 6 595 595 CD 43431 4581 7 . . . 43431 4582 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4582 2 76 76 CD 43431 4582 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4582 4 = = SYM 43431 4582 5 Zygosphenes= Zygosphenes= : 43431 4582 6 are be VBP 43431 4582 7 extra extra JJ 43431 4582 8 articulating articulating NN 43431 4582 9 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4582 10 borne bear VBN 43431 4582 11 upon upon IN 43431 4582 12 the the DT 43431 4582 13 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4582 14 face face NN 43431 4582 15 of of IN 43431 4582 16 the the DT 43431 4582 17 neural neural JJ 43431 4582 18 arch arch NN 43431 4582 19 ; ; : 43431 4582 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4582 21 fit fit VBP 43431 4582 22 into into IN 43431 4582 23 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 4582 24 structures structure NNS 43431 4582 25 , , , 43431 4582 26 the the DT 43431 4582 27 = = SYM 43431 4582 28 zygantra= zygantra= NNP 43431 4582 29 , , , 43431 4582 30 which which WDT 43431 4582 31 are be VBP 43431 4582 32 borne bear VBN 43431 4582 33 on on IN 43431 4582 34 the the DT 43431 4582 35 posterior posterior NN 43431 4582 36 surface surface NN 43431 4582 37 of of IN 43431 4582 38 the the DT 43431 4582 39 neural neural JJ 43431 4582 40 arch arch NN 43431 4582 41 of of IN 43431 4582 42 the the DT 43431 4582 43 preceding precede VBG 43431 4582 44 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4582 45 . . . 43431 4583 1 Ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 4583 2 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 4583 3 always always RB 43431 4583 4 accompany accompany VBP 43431 4583 5 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4583 6 . . . 43431 4584 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4584 2 77 77 CD 43431 4584 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4584 4 See See NNP 43431 4584 5 E.D. E.D. NNP 43431 4585 1 Cope cope VB 43431 4585 2 , , , 43431 4585 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4585 4 P. P. NNP 43431 4586 1 Amer amer NN 43431 4586 2 . . . 43431 4587 1 Phil Phil NNP 43431 4587 2 . . . 43431 4588 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4588 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4588 3 . . . 43431 4589 1 vol vol NNP 43431 4589 2 . . . 43431 4590 1 xxx xxx NNP 43431 4590 2 . . . 43431 4591 1 p. p. NN 43431 4591 2 185 185 CD 43431 4591 3 . . . 43431 4592 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4592 2 78 78 CD 43431 4592 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4592 4 See See NNP 43431 4592 5 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 4593 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 4593 2 , , , 43431 4593 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4593 4 Phil Phil NNP 43431 4593 5 . . . 43431 4594 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 4594 2 . . . 43431 4594 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4594 4 vol vol NNP 43431 4594 5 . . . 43431 4595 1 170 170 CD 43431 4595 2 , , , 43431 4595 3 1879 1879 CD 43431 4595 4 , , , 43431 4595 5 p. p. NN 43431 4595 6 595 595 CD 43431 4595 7 . . . 43431 4596 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4596 2 79 79 CD 43431 4596 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4596 4 See see VB 43431 4596 5 p. p. NN 43431 4596 6 281 281 CD 43431 4596 7 . . . 43431 4597 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4597 2 80 80 CD 43431 4597 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4597 4 Often often RB 43431 4597 5 called call VBN 43431 4597 6 the the DT 43431 4597 7 columella columella NN 43431 4597 8 cranii cranii NNP 43431 4597 9 . . . 43431 4598 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4598 2 81 81 CD 43431 4598 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4598 4 See see VB 43431 4598 5 C.K. C.K. NNP 43431 4599 1 Hoffmann Hoffmann NNP 43431 4599 2 , , , 43431 4599 3 in in IN 43431 4599 4 Bronn Bronn NNP 43431 4599 5 's 's POS 43431 4599 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4599 7 Klassen Klassen NNP 43431 4599 8 und und NN 43431 4599 9 Ordnungen Ordnungen NNP 43431 4599 10 des des NNP 43431 4599 11 Thierreichs Thierreichs NNP 43431 4599 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4599 13 , , , 43431 4599 14 Bd Bd NNP 43431 4599 15 . . . 43431 4600 1 VI VI NNP 43431 4600 2 . . NNP 43431 4600 3 , , , 43431 4600 4 3 3 CD 43431 4600 5 abth abth NN 43431 4600 6 . . . 43431 4601 1 1885 1885 CD 43431 4601 2 - - SYM 43431 4601 3 90 90 CD 43431 4601 4 . . . 43431 4602 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4602 2 82 82 CD 43431 4602 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4602 4 Some some DT 43431 4602 5 anatomists anatomist NNS 43431 4602 6 consider consider VBP 43431 4602 7 that that IN 43431 4602 8 the the DT 43431 4602 9 closing closing NN 43431 4602 10 in in RP 43431 4602 11 of of IN 43431 4602 12 the the DT 43431 4602 13 brain brain NN 43431 4602 14 case case NN 43431 4602 15 in in IN 43431 4602 16 front front NN 43431 4602 17 is be VBZ 43431 4602 18 entirely entirely RB 43431 4602 19 due due JJ 43431 4602 20 to to IN 43431 4602 21 the the DT 43431 4602 22 frontals frontal NNS 43431 4602 23 and and CC 43431 4602 24 parietals parietal NNS 43431 4602 25 . . . 43431 4603 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4603 2 83 83 CD 43431 4603 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4603 4 E.D. E.D. NNP 43431 4604 1 Cope cope VB 43431 4604 2 , , , 43431 4604 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4604 4 Rep. Rep. NNP 43431 4605 1 U.S. U.S. NNP 43431 4605 2 Geol Geol NNP 43431 4605 3 . . . 43431 4606 1 Surv Surv NNP 43431 4606 2 . . . 43431 4606 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4606 4 , , , 43431 4606 5 1875 1875 CD 43431 4606 6 , , , 43431 4606 7 vol vol NNP 43431 4606 8 . . . 43431 4607 1 II II NNP 43431 4607 2 . . NNP 43431 4607 3 , , , 43431 4607 4 The the DT 43431 4607 5 vertebrata vertebrata NN 43431 4607 6 of of IN 43431 4607 7 the the DT 43431 4607 8 Cretaceous cretaceous JJ 43431 4607 9 formations formation NNS 43431 4607 10 of of IN 43431 4607 11 the the DT 43431 4607 12 west west NN 43431 4607 13 . . . 43431 4608 1 E.D. E.D. NNP 43431 4609 1 Cope cope VB 43431 4609 2 , , , 43431 4609 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4609 4 P. P. NNP 43431 4610 1 Boston Boston NNP 43431 4610 2 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4610 3 . . . 43431 4610 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4610 5 1862 1862 CD 43431 4610 6 , , , 43431 4610 7 XII XII NNP 43431 4610 8 . . . 43431 4611 1 p. p. NN 43431 4611 2 250 250 CD 43431 4611 3 . . . 43431 4612 1 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 4613 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 4613 2 , , , 43431 4613 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4613 4 Amer Amer NNP 43431 4613 5 . . . 43431 4614 1 J. J. NNP 43431 4614 2 Sci Sci NNP 43431 4614 3 . . . 43431 4614 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4614 5 , , , 43431 4614 6 1872 1872 CD 43431 4614 7 , , , 43431 4614 8 vol vol NNP 43431 4614 9 . . . 43431 4615 1 3 3 LS 43431 4615 2 . . . 43431 4616 1 R. R. NNP 43431 4616 2 Owen Owen NNP 43431 4616 3 , , , 43431 4616 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4616 5 Quart Quart NNP 43431 4616 6 . . . 43431 4617 1 J. J. NNP 43431 4617 2 Geol Geol NNP 43431 4617 3 . . . 43431 4618 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4618 2 . . . 43431 4618 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4618 4 , , , 43431 4618 5 1877 1877 CD 43431 4618 6 , , , 43431 4618 7 and and CC 43431 4618 8 1878 1878 CD 43431 4618 9 . . . 43431 4619 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4619 2 84 84 CD 43431 4619 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4619 4 J.W. J.W. NNP 43431 4620 1 Hulke Hulke NNP 43431 4620 2 , , , 43431 4620 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4620 4 Presidential presidential JJ 43431 4620 5 address address NN 43431 4620 6 to to IN 43431 4620 7 the the DT 43431 4620 8 Geol Geol NNP 43431 4620 9 . . . 43431 4621 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4621 2 . . . 43431 4622 1 of of IN 43431 4622 2 London London NNP 43431 4622 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4622 4 , , , 43431 4622 5 1883 1883 CD 43431 4622 6 and and CC 43431 4622 7 1884 1884 CD 43431 4622 8 . . . 43431 4623 1 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 4624 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 4624 2 , , , 43431 4624 3 many many JJ 43431 4624 4 papers paper NNS 43431 4624 5 in in IN 43431 4624 6 the the DT 43431 4624 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4624 8 Amer Amer NNP 43431 4624 9 . . . 43431 4625 1 J. J. NNP 43431 4625 2 Sci Sci NNP 43431 4625 3 . . . 43431 4625 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4625 5 from from IN 43431 4625 6 1878 1878 CD 43431 4625 7 onwards onwards RB 43431 4625 8 , , , 43431 4625 9 also also RB 43431 4625 10 in in IN 43431 4625 11 the the DT 43431 4625 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4625 13 Geol Geol NNP 43431 4625 14 . . . 43431 4626 1 Mag Mag NNP 43431 4626 2 . . . 43431 4626 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4626 4 R. R. NNP 43431 4626 5 Owen Owen NNP 43431 4626 6 , , , 43431 4626 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4626 8 History history NN 43431 4626 9 of of IN 43431 4626 10 British british JJ 43431 4626 11 fossil fossil NN 43431 4626 12 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4626 13 : : : 43431 4626 14 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 4626 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4626 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4626 17 Palaeont Palaeont NNP 43431 4626 18 . . . 43431 4627 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4627 2 . . . 43431 4627 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4627 4 . . . 43431 4628 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4628 2 85 85 CD 43431 4628 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4628 4 The the DT 43431 4628 5 diagnostic diagnostic JJ 43431 4628 6 characters character NNS 43431 4628 7 of of IN 43431 4628 8 the the DT 43431 4628 9 different different JJ 43431 4628 10 groups group NNS 43431 4628 11 of of IN 43431 4628 12 Dinosaurs dinosaur NNS 43431 4628 13 are be VBP 43431 4628 14 in in IN 43431 4628 15 the the DT 43431 4628 16 main main JJ 43431 4628 17 those those DT 43431 4628 18 given give VBN 43431 4628 19 by by IN 43431 4628 20 von von NNP 43431 4628 21 Zittel Zittel NNP 43431 4628 22 . . . 43431 4629 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4629 2 86 86 CD 43431 4629 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4629 4 See See NNP 43431 4629 5 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 4630 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 4630 2 , , , 43431 4630 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4630 4 Amer Amer NNP 43431 4630 5 . . . 43431 4631 1 J. J. NNP 43431 4631 2 Sci Sci NNP 43431 4631 3 . . . 43431 4631 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4631 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4631 6 3 3 CD 43431 4631 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4631 8 , , , 43431 4631 9 vol vol NNP 43431 4631 10 . . . 43431 4632 1 48 48 CD 43431 4632 2 , , , 43431 4632 3 1894 1894 CD 43431 4632 4 , , , 43431 4632 5 p. p. NN 43431 4632 6 85 85 CD 43431 4632 7 . . . 43431 4633 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4633 2 87 87 CD 43431 4633 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4633 4 See See NNP 43431 4633 5 C.B. C.B. NNP 43431 4634 1 Brühl Brühl NNP 43431 4634 2 , , , 43431 4634 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4634 4 Das Das NNP 43431 4634 5 Skelet Skelet NNP 43431 4634 6 der der NN 43431 4634 7 Krokodiliden Krokodiliden NNP 43431 4634 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4634 9 , , , 43431 4634 10 Wien Wien NNP 43431 4634 11 , , , 43431 4634 12 1862 1862 CD 43431 4634 13 . . . 43431 4635 1 C.K. C.K. NNP 43431 4636 1 Hoffmann Hoffmann NNP 43431 4636 2 in in IN 43431 4636 3 Bronn Bronn NNP 43431 4636 4 's 's POS 43431 4636 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4636 6 Klassen Klassen NNP 43431 4636 7 und und NN 43431 4636 8 Ordnungen Ordnungen NNP 43431 4636 9 des des NNP 43431 4636 10 Thierreichs Thierreichs NNP 43431 4636 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4636 12 , , , 43431 4636 13 Bd Bd NNP 43431 4636 14 . . . 43431 4637 1 VI VI NNP 43431 4637 2 . . . 43431 4638 1 Abth abth UH 43431 4638 2 . . . 43431 4639 1 III iii CD 43431 4639 2 . . . 43431 4640 1 1881 1881 CD 43431 4640 2 - - SYM 43431 4640 3 85 85 CD 43431 4640 4 . . . 43431 4641 1 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 4642 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 4642 2 , , , 43431 4642 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4642 4 Proc Proc NNP 43431 4642 5 . . . 43431 4643 1 Linn Linn NNP 43431 4643 2 . . . 43431 4644 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4644 2 . . . 43431 4644 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4644 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4644 5 Zoology Zoology NNP 43431 4644 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4644 7 1860 1860 CD 43431 4644 8 vol vol NNP 43431 4644 9 . . . 43431 4645 1 IV IV NNP 43431 4645 2 . . . 43431 4646 1 p. p. NN 43431 4646 2 1 1 CD 43431 4646 3 . . . 43431 4647 1 R. R. NNP 43431 4647 2 Owen Owen NNP 43431 4647 3 , , , 43431 4647 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4647 5 History history NN 43431 4647 6 of of IN 43431 4647 7 British british JJ 43431 4647 8 fossil fossil NN 43431 4647 9 Reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4647 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4647 11 . . . 43431 4648 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4648 2 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 4648 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4648 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4648 5 Palaeont Palaeont NNP 43431 4648 6 . . . 43431 4649 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4649 2 . . . 43431 4649 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4649 4 . . . 43431 4650 1 A. A. NNP 43431 4650 2 Smith Smith NNP 43431 4650 3 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 4650 4 , , , 43431 4650 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4650 6 Geol Geol NNP 43431 4650 7 . . . 43431 4651 1 Mag Mag NNP 43431 4651 2 . . . 43431 4651 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4651 4 1885 1885 CD 43431 4651 5 , , , 43431 4651 6 3rd 3rd NNP 43431 4651 7 dec dec NNP 43431 4651 8 . . . 43431 4651 9 II ii CD 43431 4651 10 . . . 43431 4652 1 p. p. NN 43431 4652 2 496 496 CD 43431 4652 3 . . . 43431 4653 1 A. A. NNP 43431 4653 2 Smith Smith NNP 43431 4653 3 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 4653 4 , , , 43431 4653 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4653 6 Proc Proc NNP 43431 4653 7 . . . 43431 4654 1 of of IN 43431 4654 2 Geologists Geologists NNP 43431 4654 3 ' ' POS 43431 4654 4 Assoc Assoc NNP 43431 4654 5 . . . 43431 4654 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4654 7 vol vol NNP 43431 4654 8 . . . 43431 4655 1 IX ix NN 43431 4655 2 . . . 43431 4656 1 p. p. NN 43431 4656 2 288 288 CD 43431 4656 3 , , , 43431 4656 4 1886 1886 CD 43431 4656 5 . . . 43431 4657 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4657 2 88 88 CD 43431 4657 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4657 4 See see VB 43431 4657 5 H.G. H.G. NNP 43431 4658 1 Seeley Seeley NNP 43431 4658 2 , , , 43431 4658 3 On on IN 43431 4658 4 the the DT 43431 4658 5 Organisation Organisation NNP 43431 4658 6 of of IN 43431 4658 7 the the DT 43431 4658 8 Ornithosauria Ornithosauria NNP 43431 4658 9 , , , 43431 4658 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4658 11 Journ Journ NNP 43431 4658 12 . . . 43431 4659 1 Linn Linn NNP 43431 4659 2 . . . 43431 4660 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 4660 2 . . . 43431 4660 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4660 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4660 5 Zoology Zoology NNP 43431 4660 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4660 7 vol vol NNP 43431 4660 8 . . . 43431 4661 1 XIII XIII NNP 43431 4661 2 . . . 43431 4662 1 p. p. NN 43431 4662 2 84 84 CD 43431 4662 3 . . . 43431 4663 1 K.A. K.A. NNP 43431 4664 1 Zittel Zittel NNP 43431 4664 2 , , , 43431 4664 3 Ueber Ueber NNP 43431 4664 4 Flugsaurier Flugsaurier NNP 43431 4664 5 aus aus NNP 43431 4664 6 dem dem NNP 43431 4664 7 lithographischen lithographischen NNP 43431 4664 8 schiefer schiefer NNP 43431 4664 9 , , , 43431 4664 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4664 11 Palaeontograph Palaeontograph NNP 43431 4664 12 . . . 43431 4664 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4664 14 XXIX XXIX NNP 43431 4664 15 . . . 43431 4665 1 p. p. NN 43431 4665 2 49 49 CD 43431 4665 3 . . . 43431 4666 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 4666 2 XIV XIV NNP 43431 4666 3 . . . 43431 4667 1 THE the DT 43431 4667 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 4667 3 OF of IN 43431 4667 4 THE the DT 43431 4667 5 GREEN green JJ 43431 4667 6 TURTLE TURTLE NNS 43431 4667 7 . . . 43431 4668 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4668 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4668 3 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 4668 4 midas midas NNP 43431 4668 5 . . . 43431 4668 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4668 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4668 8 The the DT 43431 4668 9 most most RBS 43431 4668 10 striking striking JJ 43431 4668 11 feature feature NN 43431 4668 12 as as IN 43431 4668 13 regards regard VBZ 43431 4668 14 the the DT 43431 4668 15 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 4668 16 of of IN 43431 4668 17 the the DT 43431 4668 18 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 4668 19 is be VBZ 43431 4668 20 that that IN 43431 4668 21 the the DT 43431 4668 22 trunk trunk NN 43431 4668 23 is be VBZ 43431 4668 24 enveloped envelop VBN 43431 4668 25 in in IN 43431 4668 26 a a DT 43431 4668 27 bony bony NN 43431 4668 28 box box NN 43431 4668 29 , , , 43431 4668 30 the the DT 43431 4668 31 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4668 32 portion portion NN 43431 4668 33 of of IN 43431 4668 34 which which WDT 43431 4668 35 is be VBZ 43431 4668 36 called call VBN 43431 4668 37 the the DT 43431 4668 38 = = SYM 43431 4668 39 carapace= carapace= NN 43431 4668 40 , , , 43431 4668 41 while while IN 43431 4668 42 the the DT 43431 4668 43 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4668 44 portion portion NN 43431 4668 45 is be VBZ 43431 4668 46 the the DT 43431 4668 47 = = SYM 43431 4668 48 plastron=. plastron=. XX 43431 4669 1 I. I. NNP 43431 4669 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 4669 3 . . . 43431 4670 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4670 2 a. a. NN 43431 4670 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4670 4 The The NNP 43431 4670 5 = = SYM 43431 4670 6 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 4670 7 exoskeleton= exoskeleton= NN 43431 4670 8 in in IN 43431 4670 9 the the DT 43431 4670 10 Green Green NNP 43431 4670 11 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 4670 12 as as IN 43431 4670 13 in in IN 43431 4670 14 all all DT 43431 4670 15 other other JJ 43431 4670 16 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 4670 17 except except IN 43431 4670 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4670 19 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 4670 20 _ _ NNP 43431 4670 21 , , , 43431 4670 22 _ _ NNP 43431 4670 23 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 4670 24 _ _ NNP 43431 4670 25 and and CC 43431 4670 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4670 27 allies ally NNS 43431 4670 28 is be VBZ 43431 4670 29 strongly strongly RB 43431 4670 30 developed develop VBN 43431 4670 31 , , , 43431 4670 32 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4670 33 most most RBS 43431 4670 34 important important JJ 43431 4670 35 part part NN 43431 4670 36 consisting consist VBG 43431 4670 37 of of IN 43431 4670 38 a a DT 43431 4670 39 series series NN 43431 4670 40 of of IN 43431 4670 41 horny horny NN 43431 4670 42 = = SYM 43431 4670 43 shields= shields= NN 43431 4670 44 which which WDT 43431 4670 45 cover cover VBP 43431 4670 46 over over IN 43431 4670 47 the the DT 43431 4670 48 bony bony NN 43431 4670 49 plates plate NNS 43431 4670 50 of of IN 43431 4670 51 the the DT 43431 4670 52 carapace carapace NN 43431 4670 53 and and CC 43431 4670 54 plastron plastron NN 43431 4670 55 but but CC 43431 4670 56 do do VBP 43431 4670 57 not not RB 43431 4670 58 at at RB 43431 4670 59 all all RB 43431 4670 60 correspond correspond VB 43431 4670 61 to to IN 43431 4670 62 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4670 63 in in IN 43431 4670 64 size size NN 43431 4670 65 and and CC 43431 4670 66 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 4670 67 . . . 43431 4671 1 The the DT 43431 4671 2 shields shield NNS 43431 4671 3 covering cover VBG 43431 4671 4 over over IN 43431 4671 5 the the DT 43431 4671 6 = = SYM 43431 4671 7 carapace= carapace= NN 43431 4671 8 consist consist NN 43431 4671 9 of of IN 43431 4671 10 three three CD 43431 4671 11 rows row NNS 43431 4671 12 of of IN 43431 4671 13 larger large JJR 43431 4671 14 central central JJ 43431 4671 15 shields,--five shields,--five NNP 43431 4671 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4671 17 = = SYM 43431 4671 18 vertebral= vertebral= NNP 43431 4671 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4671 20 shields shield NNS 43431 4671 21 being be VBG 43431 4671 22 included include VBN 43431 4671 23 in in IN 43431 4671 24 the the DT 43431 4671 25 middle middle JJ 43431 4671 26 row row NN 43431 4671 27 and and CC 43431 4671 28 four four CD 43431 4671 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4671 30 = = SYM 43431 4671 31 costal= costal= NN 43431 4671 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4671 33 in in IN 43431 4671 34 each each DT 43431 4671 35 lateral lateral JJ 43431 4671 36 row,--and row,--and NN 43431 4671 37 of of IN 43431 4671 38 a a DT 43431 4671 39 number number NN 43431 4671 40 of of IN 43431 4671 41 smaller small JJR 43431 4671 42 = = SYM 43431 4671 43 marginal= marginal= NNP 43431 4671 44 shields shields NNP 43431 4671 45 . . . 43431 4672 1 Of of IN 43431 4672 2 the the DT 43431 4672 3 marginal marginal JJ 43431 4672 4 shields shield NNS 43431 4672 5 , , , 43431 4672 6 that that IN 43431 4672 7 lying lie VBG 43431 4672 8 immediately immediately RB 43431 4672 9 in in IN 43431 4672 10 front front NN 43431 4672 11 of of IN 43431 4672 12 the the DT 43431 4672 13 first first JJ 43431 4672 14 vertebral vertebral NN 43431 4672 15 is be VBZ 43431 4672 16 termed term VBN 43431 4672 17 the the DT 43431 4672 18 = = SYM 43431 4672 19 nuchal= nuchal= NN 43431 4672 20 , , , 43431 4672 21 while while IN 43431 4672 22 the the DT 43431 4672 23 two two CD 43431 4672 24 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 4672 25 the the DT 43431 4672 26 last last JJ 43431 4672 27 vertebral vertebral NN 43431 4672 28 are be VBP 43431 4672 29 called call VBN 43431 4672 30 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4672 31 = = SYM 43431 4672 32 pygal= pygal= NNP 43431 4672 33 , , , 43431 4672 34 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4672 35 = = SYM 43431 4672 36 supracaudal= supracaudal= NN 43431 4672 37 ; ; : 43431 4672 38 the the DT 43431 4672 39 remainder remainder NN 43431 4672 40 are be VBP 43431 4672 41 the the DT 43431 4672 42 marginal marginal JJ 43431 4672 43 shields shield NNS 43431 4672 44 proper proper JJ 43431 4672 45 . . . 43431 4673 1 The the DT 43431 4673 2 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 4673 3 covering covering NN 43431 4673 4 of of IN 43431 4673 5 the the DT 43431 4673 6 = = SYM 43431 4673 7 plastron= plastron= NN 43431 4673 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 4673 9 principally principally RB 43431 4673 10 of of IN 43431 4673 11 six six CD 43431 4673 12 pairs pair NNS 43431 4673 13 of of IN 43431 4673 14 symmetrically symmetrically RB 43431 4673 15 arranged arrange VBN 43431 4673 16 shields shield NNS 43431 4673 17 , , , 43431 4673 18 called call VBD 43431 4673 19 respectively respectively RB 43431 4673 20 the the DT 43431 4673 21 = = SYM 43431 4673 22 gular= gular= NN 43431 4673 23 , , , 43431 4673 24 = = SYM 43431 4673 25 humeral= humeral= NNP 43431 4673 26 , , , 43431 4673 27 = = SYM 43431 4673 28 pectoral= pectoral= NNP 43431 4673 29 , , , 43431 4673 30 = = SYM 43431 4673 31 abdominal= abdominal= NNP 43431 4673 32 , , , 43431 4673 33 = = SYM 43431 4673 34 femoral= femoral= NN 43431 4673 35 , , , 43431 4673 36 and and CC 43431 4673 37 = = SYM 43431 4673 38 anal= anal= NNP 43431 4673 39 , , , 43431 4673 40 the the DT 43431 4673 41 gular gular JJ 43431 4673 42 being be VBG 43431 4673 43 the the DT 43431 4673 44 most most JJS 43431 4673 45 anterior anterior NN 43431 4673 46 . . . 43431 4674 1 In in IN 43431 4674 2 front front NN 43431 4674 3 of of IN 43431 4674 4 the the DT 43431 4674 5 gular gular JJ 43431 4674 6 shields shield NNS 43431 4674 7 is be VBZ 43431 4674 8 an an DT 43431 4674 9 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 4674 10 = = SYM 43431 4674 11 intergular= intergular= NN 43431 4674 12 , , , 43431 4674 13 and and CC 43431 4674 14 the the DT 43431 4674 15 shields shield NNS 43431 4674 16 of of IN 43431 4674 17 the the DT 43431 4674 18 plastron plastron NN 43431 4674 19 are be VBP 43431 4674 20 connected connect VBN 43431 4674 21 laterally laterally RB 43431 4674 22 with with IN 43431 4674 23 those those DT 43431 4674 24 of of IN 43431 4674 25 the the DT 43431 4674 26 carapace carapace NN 43431 4674 27 , , , 43431 4674 28 by by IN 43431 4674 29 five five CD 43431 4674 30 or or CC 43431 4674 31 six six CD 43431 4674 32 pairs pair NNS 43431 4674 33 of of IN 43431 4674 34 rather rather RB 43431 4674 35 irregular irregular JJ 43431 4674 36 = = SYM 43431 4674 37 infra infra NNP 43431 4674 38 - - HYPH 43431 4674 39 marginal= marginal= NN 43431 4674 40 shields shield NNS 43431 4674 41 . . . 43431 4675 1 Smaller small JJR 43431 4675 2 horny horny JJ 43431 4675 3 plates plate NNS 43431 4675 4 occur occur VBP 43431 4675 5 on on IN 43431 4675 6 other other JJ 43431 4675 7 parts part NNS 43431 4675 8 of of IN 43431 4675 9 the the DT 43431 4675 10 body body NN 43431 4675 11 , , , 43431 4675 12 especially especially RB 43431 4675 13 on on IN 43431 4675 14 the the DT 43431 4675 15 limbs limb NNS 43431 4675 16 and and CC 43431 4675 17 head head NN 43431 4675 18 . . . 43431 4676 1 Two two CD 43431 4676 2 other other JJ 43431 4676 3 sets set NNS 43431 4676 4 of of IN 43431 4676 5 structures structure NNS 43431 4676 6 belong belong VBP 43431 4676 7 also also RB 43431 4676 8 to to IN 43431 4676 9 the the DT 43431 4676 10 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 4676 11 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 4676 12 , , , 43431 4676 13 viz viz NN 43431 4676 14 . . . 43431 4677 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4677 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4677 3 a a DT 43431 4677 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4677 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4677 6 horny horny NN 43431 4677 7 = = SYM 43431 4677 8 beaks= beaks= NN 43431 4677 9 with with IN 43431 4677 10 denticulated denticulated JJ 43431 4677 11 edges edge NNS 43431 4677 12 which which WDT 43431 4677 13 ensheath ensheath VBP 43431 4677 14 both both CC 43431 4677 15 upper upper JJ 43431 4677 16 and and CC 43431 4677 17 lower lower JJ 43431 4677 18 jaws jaw NNS 43431 4677 19 , , , 43431 4677 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4677 21 _ _ NNP 43431 4677 22 b b NNP 43431 4677 23 _ _ NNP 43431 4677 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4677 25 = = SYM 43431 4677 26 claws= claws= NNS 43431 4677 27 , , , 43431 4677 28 which which WDT 43431 4677 29 as as IN 43431 4677 30 a a DT 43431 4677 31 rule rule NN 43431 4677 32 are be VBP 43431 4677 33 borne bear VBN 43431 4677 34 only only RB 43431 4677 35 by by IN 43431 4677 36 the the DT 43431 4677 37 first first JJ 43431 4677 38 digit digit NN 43431 4677 39 of of IN 43431 4677 40 each each DT 43431 4677 41 limb limb NN 43431 4677 42 . . . 43431 4678 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4678 2 in in IN 43431 4678 3 young young JJ 43431 4678 4 individuals individual NNS 43431 4678 5 the the DT 43431 4678 6 second second JJ 43431 4678 7 digit digit NN 43431 4678 8 is be VBZ 43431 4678 9 also also RB 43431 4678 10 clawed claw VBN 43431 4678 11 . . . 43431 4679 1 _ _ NNP 43431 4679 2 b. b. NN 43431 4679 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4679 4 The The NNP 43431 4679 5 = = SYM 43431 4679 6 dermal dermal JJ 43431 4679 7 exoskeleton= exoskeleton= NN 43431 4679 8 is be VBZ 43431 4679 9 strongly strongly RB 43431 4679 10 developed develop VBN 43431 4679 11 , , , 43431 4679 12 and and CC 43431 4679 13 is be VBZ 43431 4679 14 combined combine VBN 43431 4679 15 with with IN 43431 4679 16 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 4679 17 structures structure NNS 43431 4679 18 derived derive VBN 43431 4679 19 from from IN 43431 4679 20 the the DT 43431 4679 21 ribs rib NNS 43431 4679 22 and and CC 43431 4679 23 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4679 24 to to TO 43431 4679 25 form form VB 43431 4679 26 the the DT 43431 4679 27 carapace carapace NN 43431 4679 28 . . . 43431 4680 1 The the DT 43431 4680 2 = = SYM 43431 4680 3 Carapace= carapace= NN 43431 4680 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4680 5 fig fig NN 43431 4680 6 . . . 43431 4681 1 36 36 LS 43431 4681 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4681 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 4681 4 of of IN 43431 4681 5 a a DT 43431 4681 6 number number NN 43431 4681 7 of of IN 43431 4681 8 plates plate NNS 43431 4681 9 firmly firmly RB 43431 4681 10 united unite VBD 43431 4681 11 to to IN 43431 4681 12 one one CD 43431 4681 13 another another DT 43431 4681 14 by by IN 43431 4681 15 sutures suture NNS 43431 4681 16 . . . 43431 4682 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4682 2 have have VBP 43431 4682 3 a a DT 43431 4682 4 very very RB 43431 4682 5 definite definite JJ 43431 4682 6 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 4682 7 and and CC 43431 4682 8 include include VBP 43431 4682 9 : : : 43431 4682 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4682 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4682 12 a a DT 43431 4682 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4682 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4682 15 the the DT 43431 4682 16 = = SYM 43431 4682 17 nuchal= nuchal= NN 43431 4682 18 plate plate NN 43431 4682 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4682 20 fig fig NN 43431 4682 21 . . . 43431 4683 1 36 36 CD 43431 4683 2 , , , 43431 4683 3 1 1 CD 43431 4683 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4683 5 , , , 43431 4683 6 a a DT 43431 4683 7 wide wide JJ 43431 4683 8 plate plate NN 43431 4683 9 forming form VBG 43431 4683 10 the the DT 43431 4683 11 whole whole NN 43431 4683 12 of of IN 43431 4683 13 the the DT 43431 4683 14 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4683 15 margin margin NN 43431 4683 16 of of IN 43431 4683 17 the the DT 43431 4683 18 carapace carapace NN 43431 4683 19 . . . 43431 4684 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4684 2 is be VBZ 43431 4684 3 succeeded succeed VBN 43431 4684 4 by by IN 43431 4684 5 three three CD 43431 4684 6 series serie NNS 43431 4684 7 of of IN 43431 4684 8 plates plate NNS 43431 4684 9 , , , 43431 4684 10 eight eight CD 43431 4684 11 in in IN 43431 4684 12 each each DT 43431 4684 13 series series NN 43431 4684 14 , , , 43431 4684 15 which which WDT 43431 4684 16 together together RB 43431 4684 17 make make VBP 43431 4684 18 up up RP 43431 4684 19 the the DT 43431 4684 20 main main JJ 43431 4684 21 part part NN 43431 4684 22 of of IN 43431 4684 23 the the DT 43431 4684 24 carapace carapace NN 43431 4684 25 . . . 43431 4685 1 Of of IN 43431 4685 2 these these DT 43431 4685 3 the the DT 43431 4685 4 small small JJ 43431 4685 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4685 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4685 7 b b NNP 43431 4685 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4685 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4685 10 = = NFP 43431 4685 11 neural neural JJ 43431 4685 12 plates=[1 plates=[1 ADD 43431 4685 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4685 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4685 15 fig fig NN 43431 4685 16 . . . 43431 4686 1 36 36 CD 43431 4686 2 , , , 43431 4686 3 A a NN 43431 4686 4 , , , 43431 4686 5 2 2 CD 43431 4686 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4686 7 form form VB 43431 4686 8 the the DT 43431 4686 9 middle middle JJ 43431 4686 10 series series NN 43431 4686 11 . . . 43431 4687 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4687 2 are be VBP 43431 4687 3 closely closely RB 43431 4687 4 united united JJ 43431 4687 5 with with IN 43431 4687 6 the the DT 43431 4687 7 neural neural JJ 43431 4687 8 arches arch NNS 43431 4687 9 of of IN 43431 4687 10 the the DT 43431 4687 11 underlying underlie VBG 43431 4687 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4687 13 ; ; : 43431 4687 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4687 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4687 16 c c NNP 43431 4687 17 _ _ NNP 43431 4687 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4687 19 the the DT 43431 4687 20 = = SYM 43431 4687 21 costal costal NNP 43431 4687 22 plates=[89 plates=[89 NNP 43431 4687 23 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4687 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4687 25 fig fig NN 43431 4687 26 . . . 43431 4688 1 36 36 CD 43431 4688 2 , , , 43431 4688 3 A a NN 43431 4688 4 , , , 43431 4688 5 3 3 CD 43431 4688 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4688 7 are be VBP 43431 4688 8 broad broad RB 43431 4688 9 arched arched JJ 43431 4688 10 plates plate NNS 43431 4688 11 united unite VBD 43431 4688 12 to to IN 43431 4688 13 one one CD 43431 4688 14 another another DT 43431 4688 15 by by IN 43431 4688 16 long long JJ 43431 4688 17 straight straight JJ 43431 4688 18 sutures suture NNS 43431 4688 19 . . . 43431 4689 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4689 2 are be VBP 43431 4689 3 united united JJ 43431 4689 4 at at IN 43431 4689 5 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4689 6 inner inner JJ 43431 4689 7 extremities extremity NNS 43431 4689 8 with with IN 43431 4689 9 the the DT 43431 4689 10 neural neural JJ 43431 4689 11 plates plate NNS 43431 4689 12 , , , 43431 4689 13 but but CC 43431 4689 14 the the DT 43431 4689 15 boundaries boundary NNS 43431 4689 16 of of IN 43431 4689 17 the the DT 43431 4689 18 two two CD 43431 4689 19 sets set NNS 43431 4689 20 of of IN 43431 4689 21 plates plate NNS 43431 4689 22 do do VBP 43431 4689 23 not not RB 43431 4689 24 regularly regularly RB 43431 4689 25 correspond correspond VB 43431 4689 26 . . . 43431 4690 1 Each each DT 43431 4690 2 is be VBZ 43431 4690 3 united united JJ 43431 4690 4 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4690 5 with with IN 43431 4690 6 a a DT 43431 4690 7 rib rib NN 43431 4690 8 which which WDT 43431 4690 9 projects project NNS 43431 4690 10 beyond beyond IN 43431 4690 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4690 12 laterally laterally RB 43431 4690 13 for for IN 43431 4690 14 some some DT 43431 4690 15 distance distance NN 43431 4690 16 ; ; , 43431 4690 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4690 18 _ _ NNP 43431 4690 19 d d NNP 43431 4690 20 _ _ NNP 43431 4690 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4690 22 the the DT 43431 4690 23 = = SYM 43431 4690 24 marginal marginal NNP 43431 4690 25 plates= plates= NN 43431 4690 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4690 27 fig fig NN 43431 4690 28 . . . 43431 4691 1 36 36 CD 43431 4691 2 , , , 43431 4691 3 4 4 CD 43431 4691 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4691 5 are be VBP 43431 4691 6 twenty twenty CD 43431 4691 7 - - HYPH 43431 4691 8 three three CD 43431 4691 9 in in IN 43431 4691 10 number number NN 43431 4691 11 , , , 43431 4691 12 eleven eleven CD 43431 4691 13 lying lie VBG 43431 4691 14 on on IN 43431 4691 15 each each DT 43431 4691 16 side side NN 43431 4691 17 , , , 43431 4691 18 while while IN 43431 4691 19 an an DT 43431 4691 20 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 4691 21 one one NN 43431 4691 22 lies lie VBZ 43431 4691 23 in in IN 43431 4691 24 the the DT 43431 4691 25 middle middle JJ 43431 4691 26 line line NN 43431 4691 27 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 4691 28 . . . 43431 4692 1 Many many JJ 43431 4692 2 of of IN 43431 4692 3 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4692 4 are be VBP 43431 4692 5 marked mark VBN 43431 4692 6 by by IN 43431 4692 7 slight slight JJ 43431 4692 8 depressions depression NNS 43431 4692 9 into into IN 43431 4692 10 which which WDT 43431 4692 11 the the DT 43431 4692 12 ends end NNS 43431 4692 13 of of IN 43431 4692 14 the the DT 43431 4692 15 ribs ribs NNP 43431 4692 16 fit fit NNP 43431 4692 17 ; ; : 43431 4692 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4692 19 e e LS 43431 4692 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4692 21 the the DT 43431 4692 22 = = SYM 43431 4692 23 pygal= pygal= NNP 43431 4692 24 plates plate NNS 43431 4692 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4692 26 fig fig NN 43431 4692 27 . . . 43431 4693 1 36 36 CD 43431 4693 2 , , , 43431 4693 3 5 5 CD 43431 4693 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4693 5 are be VBP 43431 4693 6 two two CD 43431 4693 7 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 4693 8 plates plate NNS 43431 4693 9 lying lie VBG 43431 4693 10 immediately immediately RB 43431 4693 11 posterior posterior RB 43431 4693 12 to to IN 43431 4693 13 the the DT 43431 4693 14 last last JJ 43431 4693 15 neural neural NN 43431 4693 16 . . . 43431 4694 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4694 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 4694 3 Fig Fig NNP 43431 4694 4 . . . 43431 4695 1 36 36 CD 43431 4695 2 . . . 43431 4696 1 A a DT 43431 4696 2 , , , 43431 4696 3 DORSAL dorsal NN 43431 4696 4 AND and CC 43431 4696 5 B b NN 43431 4696 6 , , , 43431 4696 7 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 4696 8 VIEW view NN 43431 4696 9 OF of IN 43431 4696 10 THE the DT 43431 4696 11 CARAPACE CARAPACE NNP 43431 4696 12 OF of IN 43431 4696 13 A a DT 43431 4696 14 LOGGERHEAD LOGGERHEAD NNP 43431 4696 15 TURTLE TURTLE NNP 43431 4696 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4696 17 _ _ NNP 43431 4696 18 Thalassochelys Thalassochelys NNP 43431 4696 19 caretta caretta NN 43431 4696 20 _ _ NNP 43431 4696 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4696 22 , , , 43431 4696 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4696 24 after after IN 43431 4696 25 Owen Owen NNP 43431 4696 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4696 27 . . . 43431 4697 1 1 1 LS 43431 4697 2 . . . 43431 4697 3 nuchal nuchal JJ 43431 4697 4 plate plate NN 43431 4697 5 . . . 43431 4698 1 2 2 LS 43431 4698 2 . . . 43431 4698 3 first first JJ 43431 4698 4 neural neural JJ 43431 4698 5 plate plate NN 43431 4698 6 . . . 43431 4699 1 3 3 LS 43431 4699 2 . . . 43431 4699 3 second second JJ 43431 4699 4 costal costal NN 43431 4699 5 plate plate NN 43431 4699 6 . . . 43431 4700 1 4 4 LS 43431 4700 2 . . . 43431 4700 3 marginal marginal JJ 43431 4700 4 plate plate NN 43431 4700 5 . . . 43431 4701 1 5 5 LS 43431 4701 2 . . . 43431 4701 3 pygal pygal JJ 43431 4701 4 plate plate NN 43431 4701 5 . . . 43431 4702 1 6 6 LS 43431 4702 2 . . . 43431 4702 3 rib rib NN 43431 4702 4 . . . 43431 4703 1 7 7 LS 43431 4703 2 . . . 43431 4703 3 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 4703 4 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 4703 5 . . . 43431 4704 1 8 8 LS 43431 4704 2 . . . 43431 4704 3 first first JJ 43431 4704 4 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4704 5 shield shield NN 43431 4704 6 . . . 43431 4705 1 9 9 LS 43431 4705 2 . . . 43431 4705 3 costal costal NNP 43431 4705 4 shield shield NNP 43431 4705 5 . . . 43431 4705 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4706 1 The the DT 43431 4706 2 sculpturing sculpturing NN 43431 4706 3 due due IN 43431 4706 4 to to IN 43431 4706 5 the the DT 43431 4706 6 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 4706 7 shields shield NNS 43431 4706 8 is be VBZ 43431 4706 9 very very RB 43431 4706 10 obvious obvious JJ 43431 4706 11 on on IN 43431 4706 12 the the DT 43431 4706 13 carapace carapace NN 43431 4706 14 . . . 43431 4707 1 The the DT 43431 4707 2 = = SYM 43431 4707 3 plastron= plastron= NN 43431 4707 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4707 5 fig fig NN 43431 4707 6 . . . 43431 4708 1 37 37 LS 43431 4708 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4708 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 4708 4 of of IN 43431 4708 5 one one CD 43431 4708 6 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 4708 7 ossification ossification NN 43431 4708 8 , , , 43431 4708 9 the the DT 43431 4708 10 = = SYM 43431 4708 11 entoplastron= entoplastron= JJ 43431 4708 12 , , , 43431 4708 13 and and CC 43431 4708 14 four four CD 43431 4708 15 pairs pair NNS 43431 4708 16 of of IN 43431 4708 17 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 4708 18 called call VBD 43431 4708 19 respectively respectively RB 43431 4708 20 the the DT 43431 4708 21 = = SYM 43431 4708 22 epiplastra= epiplastra= JJ 43431 4708 23 , , , 43431 4708 24 = = NFP 43431 4708 25 hyoplastra= hyoplastra= JJ 43431 4708 26 , , , 43431 4708 27 = = SYM 43431 4708 28 hypoplastra= hypoplastra= JJ 43431 4708 29 , , , 43431 4708 30 and and CC 43431 4708 31 = = SYM 43431 4708 32 xiphiplastra=. xiphiplastra=. . 43431 4709 1 The the DT 43431 4709 2 = = SYM 43431 4709 3 epiplastra= epiplastra= JJ 43431 4709 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4709 5 fig fig NN 43431 4709 6 . . . 43431 4710 1 37 37 CD 43431 4710 2 , , , 43431 4710 3 1 1 CD 43431 4710 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4710 5 are be VBP 43431 4710 6 the the DT 43431 4710 7 most most JJS 43431 4710 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 4710 9 , , , 43431 4710 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4710 11 are be VBP 43431 4710 12 expanded expand VBN 43431 4710 13 and and CC 43431 4710 14 united unite VBN 43431 4710 15 to to IN 43431 4710 16 one one CD 43431 4710 17 another another DT 43431 4710 18 in in IN 43431 4710 19 the the DT 43431 4710 20 middle middle JJ 43431 4710 21 line line NN 43431 4710 22 in in IN 43431 4710 23 front front NN 43431 4710 24 , , , 43431 4710 25 while while IN 43431 4710 26 behind behind IN 43431 4710 27 each each DT 43431 4710 28 tapers taper NNS 43431 4710 29 to to IN 43431 4710 30 a a DT 43431 4710 31 point point NN 43431 4710 32 which which WDT 43431 4710 33 lies lie VBZ 43431 4710 34 external external JJ 43431 4710 35 to to IN 43431 4710 36 a a DT 43431 4710 37 process process NN 43431 4710 38 projecting projecting NN 43431 4710 39 forwards forwards RB 43431 4710 40 from from IN 43431 4710 41 the the DT 43431 4710 42 hyoplastron hyoplastron NN 43431 4710 43 . . . 43431 4711 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4711 2 are be VBP 43431 4711 3 homologous homologous JJ 43431 4711 4 with with IN 43431 4711 5 the the DT 43431 4711 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4711 7 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 4711 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4711 9 of of IN 43431 4711 10 other other JJ 43431 4711 11 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 4711 12 . . . 43431 4712 1 The the DT 43431 4712 2 = = SYM 43431 4712 3 entoplastron= entoplastron= JJ 43431 4712 4 or or CC 43431 4712 5 = = SYM 43431 4712 6 episternum= episternum= NNS 43431 4712 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4712 8 fig fig NN 43431 4712 9 . . . 43431 4713 1 37 37 CD 43431 4713 2 , , , 43431 4713 3 2 2 CD 43431 4713 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4713 5 which which WDT 43431 4713 6 is be VBZ 43431 4713 7 homologous homologous JJ 43431 4713 8 with with IN 43431 4713 9 the the DT 43431 4713 10 _ _ NNP 43431 4713 11 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4713 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4713 13 of of IN 43431 4713 14 other other JJ 43431 4713 15 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4713 16 , , , 43431 4713 17 is be VBZ 43431 4713 18 expanded expand VBN 43431 4713 19 at at IN 43431 4713 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4713 21 anterior anterior NN 43431 4713 22 end end NN 43431 4713 23 and and CC 43431 4713 24 attached attach VBN 43431 4713 25 to to IN 43431 4713 26 the the DT 43431 4713 27 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4713 28 of of IN 43431 4713 29 the the DT 43431 4713 30 epiplastra epiplastra NN 43431 4713 31 , , , 43431 4713 32 while while IN 43431 4713 33 behind behind IN 43431 4713 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4713 35 tapers taper VBZ 43431 4713 36 to to IN 43431 4713 37 a a DT 43431 4713 38 point point NN 43431 4713 39 and and CC 43431 4713 40 ends end VBZ 43431 4713 41 freely freely RB 43431 4713 42 . . . 43431 4714 1 The the DT 43431 4714 2 = = SYM 43431 4714 3 hyoplastra= hyoplastra= JJ 43431 4714 4 are be VBP 43431 4714 5 large large JJ 43431 4714 6 irregular irregular JJ 43431 4714 7 bones bone NNS 43431 4714 8 each each DT 43431 4714 9 closely closely RB 43431 4714 10 united united JJ 43431 4714 11 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 4714 12 with with IN 43431 4714 13 the the DT 43431 4714 14 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 4714 15 hypoplastron hypoplastron NN 43431 4714 16 , , , 43431 4714 17 and and CC 43431 4714 18 drawn draw VBN 43431 4714 19 out out RP 43431 4714 20 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 4714 21 into into IN 43431 4714 22 a a DT 43431 4714 23 process process NN 43431 4714 24 which which WDT 43431 4714 25 lies lie VBZ 43431 4714 26 internal internal JJ 43431 4714 27 to to IN 43431 4714 28 that that DT 43431 4714 29 projecting projecting NN 43431 4714 30 backwards backwards RB 43431 4714 31 from from IN 43431 4714 32 the the DT 43431 4714 33 epiplastron epiplastron NN 43431 4714 34 . . . 43431 4715 1 Each each DT 43431 4715 2 gives give VBZ 43431 4715 3 off off RP 43431 4715 4 on on IN 43431 4715 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4715 6 inner inner JJ 43431 4715 7 surface surface NN 43431 4715 8 a a DT 43431 4715 9 slender slender NN 43431 4715 10 process process NN 43431 4715 11 which which WDT 43431 4715 12 nearly nearly RB 43431 4715 13 meets meet VBZ 43431 4715 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4715 15 fellow fellow NN 43431 4715 16 , , , 43431 4715 17 while while IN 43431 4715 18 the the DT 43431 4715 19 anterior anterior NN 43431 4715 20 half half NN 43431 4715 21 of of IN 43431 4715 22 the the DT 43431 4715 23 outer outer JJ 43431 4715 24 surface surface NN 43431 4715 25 is be VBZ 43431 4715 26 drawn draw VBN 43431 4715 27 out out RP 43431 4715 28 into into IN 43431 4715 29 several several JJ 43431 4715 30 diverging diverging NN 43431 4715 31 processes process NNS 43431 4715 32 . . . 43431 4716 1 The the DT 43431 4716 2 = = SYM 43431 4716 3 hypoplastra= hypoplastra= JJ 43431 4716 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4716 5 fig fig NN 43431 4716 6 . . . 43431 4717 1 37 37 CD 43431 4717 2 , , , 43431 4717 3 4 4 CD 43431 4717 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4717 5 are be VBP 43431 4717 6 flattened flatten VBN 43431 4717 7 bones bone NNS 43431 4717 8 resembling resemble VBG 43431 4717 9 the the DT 43431 4717 10 hyoplastra hyoplastra NN 43431 4717 11 , , , 43431 4717 12 with with IN 43431 4717 13 which which WDT 43431 4717 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4717 15 are be VBP 43431 4717 16 united unite VBN 43431 4717 17 by by IN 43431 4717 18 long long JJ 43431 4717 19 sutures suture NNS 43431 4717 20 ; ; : 43431 4717 21 the the DT 43431 4717 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 4717 23 half half NN 43431 4717 24 of of IN 43431 4717 25 both both CC 43431 4717 26 outer outer JJ 43431 4717 27 and and CC 43431 4717 28 inner inner JJ 43431 4717 29 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4717 30 is be VBZ 43431 4717 31 drawn draw VBN 43431 4717 32 out out RP 43431 4717 33 into into IN 43431 4717 34 a a DT 43431 4717 35 number number NN 43431 4717 36 of of IN 43431 4717 37 pointed point VBN 43431 4717 38 processes process NNS 43431 4717 39 . . . 43431 4718 1 The the DT 43431 4718 2 = = SYM 43431 4718 3 xiphiplastra= xiphiplastra= NNP 43431 4718 4 are be VBP 43431 4718 5 small small JJ 43431 4718 6 flattened flatten VBD 43431 4718 7 elongated elongated JJ 43431 4718 8 bones bone NNS 43431 4718 9 meeting meet VBG 43431 4718 10 one one CD 43431 4718 11 another another DT 43431 4718 12 in in IN 43431 4718 13 the the DT 43431 4718 14 middle middle JJ 43431 4718 15 line line NN 43431 4718 16 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 4718 17 . . . 43431 4719 1 In in IN 43431 4719 2 front front NN 43431 4719 3 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4719 4 are be VBP 43431 4719 5 notched notch VBN 43431 4719 6 and and CC 43431 4719 7 each each DT 43431 4719 8 interlocks interlock VBZ 43431 4719 9 with with IN 43431 4719 10 a a DT 43431 4719 11 process process NN 43431 4719 12 from from IN 43431 4719 13 the the DT 43431 4719 14 hypoplastron hypoplastron NN 43431 4719 15 of of IN 43431 4719 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4719 17 side side NN 43431 4719 18 . . . 43431 4720 1 The the DT 43431 4720 2 hyoplastra hyoplastra NNP 43431 4720 3 , , , 43431 4720 4 hypoplastra hypoplastra NNP 43431 4720 5 and and CC 43431 4720 6 xiphiplastra xiphiplastra NNP 43431 4720 7 are be VBP 43431 4720 8 homologous homologous JJ 43431 4720 9 with with IN 43431 4720 10 the the DT 43431 4720 11 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 4720 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 4720 13 of of IN 43431 4720 14 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 4720 15 . . . 43431 4721 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4721 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 4721 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 4721 4 . . . 43431 4722 1 37 37 CD 43431 4722 2 . . . 43431 4723 1 THE the DT 43431 4723 2 PLASTRON PLASTRON NNP 43431 4723 3 OF of IN 43431 4723 4 A a DT 43431 4723 5 GREEN green JJ 43431 4723 6 TURTLE turtle NN 43431 4723 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4723 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4723 9 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 4723 10 midas midas NNP 43431 4723 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4723 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4723 13 . . . 43431 4724 1 à à NNP 43431 4724 2 � � NNP 43431 4724 3 1/7 1/7 CD 43431 4724 4 . . . 43431 4725 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4725 2 Camb camb NN 43431 4725 3 . . . 43431 4726 1 Mus mus NN 43431 4726 2 . . . 43431 4726 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4727 1 1 1 LS 43431 4727 2 . . . 43431 4727 3 epiplastron epiplastron NNP 43431 4727 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4727 5 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 4727 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4727 7 . . . 43431 4728 1 2 2 LS 43431 4728 2 . . . 43431 4728 3 entoplastron entoplastron NNP 43431 4728 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4728 5 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 4728 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4728 7 . . . 43431 4729 1 3 3 LS 43431 4729 2 . . . 43431 4729 3 hyoplastron hyoplastron NNP 43431 4729 4 . . . 43431 4730 1 4 4 LS 43431 4730 2 . . . 43431 4730 3 hypoplastron hypoplastron NNP 43431 4730 4 . . . 43431 4731 1 5 5 CD 43431 4731 2 . . . 43431 4732 1 xiphiplastron xiphiplastron NNP 43431 4732 2 . . . 43431 4732 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4733 1 II ii CD 43431 4733 2 . . . 43431 4734 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 4734 2 . . . 43431 4735 1 1 1 LS 43431 4735 2 . . . 43431 4736 1 THE the DT 43431 4736 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 4736 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 4736 4 . . . 43431 4737 1 The the DT 43431 4737 2 axial axial JJ 43431 4737 3 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 4737 4 includes include VBZ 43431 4737 5 the the DT 43431 4737 6 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4737 7 column column NN 43431 4737 8 , , , 43431 4737 9 the the DT 43431 4737 10 ribs rib NNS 43431 4737 11 , , , 43431 4737 12 and and CC 43431 4737 13 the the DT 43431 4737 14 skull skull NN 43431 4737 15 . . . 43431 4738 1 A. A. NNP 43431 4739 1 THE the DT 43431 4739 2 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 4739 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 4739 4 AND and CC 43431 4739 5 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 4739 6 . . . 43431 4740 1 The the DT 43431 4740 2 number number NN 43431 4740 3 of of IN 43431 4740 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4740 5 in in IN 43431 4740 6 the the DT 43431 4740 7 Green Green NNP 43431 4740 8 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 4740 9 is be VBZ 43431 4740 10 thirty thirty CD 43431 4740 11 - - HYPH 43431 4740 12 eight eight CD 43431 4740 13 , , , 43431 4740 14 not not RB 43431 4740 15 a a DT 43431 4740 16 great great JJ 43431 4740 17 number number NN 43431 4740 18 as as IN 43431 4740 19 compared compare VBN 43431 4740 20 with with IN 43431 4740 21 that that DT 43431 4740 22 in in IN 43431 4740 23 many many JJ 43431 4740 24 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 4740 25 , , , 43431 4740 26 and and CC 43431 4740 27 of of IN 43431 4740 28 these these DT 43431 4740 29 eighteen eighteen CD 43431 4740 30 are be VBP 43431 4740 31 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4740 32 . . . 43431 4741 1 The the DT 43431 4741 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 4741 3 column column NN 43431 4741 4 is be VBZ 43431 4741 5 divisible divisible JJ 43431 4741 6 into into IN 43431 4741 7 four four CD 43431 4741 8 regions region NNS 43431 4741 9 only--=cervical= only--=cervical= NNS 43431 4741 10 , , , 43431 4741 11 = = SYM 43431 4741 12 thoracic= thoracic= NNP 43431 4741 13 , , , 43431 4741 14 = = SYM 43431 4741 15 sacral= sacral= NNP 43431 4741 16 , , , 43431 4741 17 and and CC 43431 4741 18 = = SYM 43431 4741 19 caudal=. caudal=. FW 43431 4742 1 THE the DT 43431 4742 2 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 4742 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 4742 4 . . . 43431 4743 1 These these DT 43431 4743 2 are be VBP 43431 4743 3 eight eight CD 43431 4743 4 in in IN 43431 4743 5 number number NN 43431 4743 6 , , , 43431 4743 7 and and CC 43431 4743 8 are be VBP 43431 4743 9 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 4743 10 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 4743 11 for for IN 43431 4743 12 the the DT 43431 4743 13 great great JJ 43431 4743 14 variety variety NN 43431 4743 15 of of IN 43431 4743 16 articulating articulating NN 43431 4743 17 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4743 18 which which WDT 43431 4743 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4743 20 centra centrum NNS 43431 4743 21 present present NN 43431 4743 22 , , , 43431 4743 23 and and CC 43431 4743 24 for for IN 43431 4743 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4743 26 mobility mobility NN 43431 4743 27 upon upon IN 43431 4743 28 one one CD 43431 4743 29 another another DT 43431 4743 30 . . . 43431 4744 1 The the DT 43431 4744 2 first first JJ 43431 4744 3 or or CC 43431 4744 4 = = SYM 43431 4744 5 atlas= atlas= NNP 43431 4744 6 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 4744 7 differs differ VBZ 43431 4744 8 much much RB 43431 4744 9 from from IN 43431 4744 10 all all PDT 43431 4744 11 the the DT 43431 4744 12 others other NNS 43431 4744 13 and and CC 43431 4744 14 consists consist VBZ 43431 4744 15 of of IN 43431 4744 16 the the DT 43431 4744 17 following follow VBG 43431 4744 18 parts:-- parts:-- '' 43431 4744 19 _ _ NNP 43431 4744 20 a. a. NN 43431 4744 21 _ _ NNP 43431 4744 22 the the DT 43431 4744 23 = = SYM 43431 4744 24 neural neural NNP 43431 4744 25 arch= arch= NNP 43431 4744 26 , , , 43431 4744 27 formed form VBN 43431 4744 28 of of IN 43431 4744 29 two two CD 43431 4744 30 separate separate JJ 43431 4744 31 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 4744 32 united unite VBN 43431 4744 33 in in IN 43431 4744 34 the the DT 43431 4744 35 mid mid JJ 43431 4744 36 - - JJ 43431 4744 37 dorsal dorsal JJ 43431 4744 38 line line NN 43431 4744 39 ; ; : 43431 4744 40 _ _ NNP 43431 4744 41 b. b. NN 43431 4744 42 _ _ NNP 43431 4744 43 the the DT 43431 4744 44 = = SYM 43431 4744 45 inferior inferior JJ 43431 4744 46 arch= arch= NNP 43431 4744 47 ; ; : 43431 4744 48 _ _ NNP 43431 4744 49 c. c. NNP 43431 4744 50 _ _ NNP 43431 4744 51 the the DT 43431 4744 52 = = SYM 43431 4744 53 centrum= centrum= NN 43431 4744 54 , , , 43431 4744 55 which which WDT 43431 4744 56 is be VBZ 43431 4744 57 detached detach VBN 43431 4744 58 from from IN 43431 4744 59 the the DT 43431 4744 60 rest rest NN 43431 4744 61 and and CC 43431 4744 62 forms form VBZ 43431 4744 63 the the DT 43431 4744 64 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 4744 65 process process NN 43431 4744 66 of of IN 43431 4744 67 the the DT 43431 4744 68 second second JJ 43431 4744 69 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4744 70 . . . 43431 4745 1 Each each DT 43431 4745 2 half half NN 43431 4745 3 of of IN 43431 4745 4 the the DT 43431 4745 5 = = SYM 43431 4745 6 neural neural JJ 43431 4745 7 arch= arch= NNP 43431 4745 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 4745 9 of of IN 43431 4745 10 a a DT 43431 4745 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4745 12 portion portion NN 43431 4745 13 , , , 43431 4745 14 the the DT 43431 4745 15 = = SYM 43431 4745 16 pedicel= pedicel= NN 43431 4745 17 , , , 43431 4745 18 which which WDT 43431 4745 19 lies lie VBZ 43431 4745 20 more more RBR 43431 4745 21 or or CC 43431 4745 22 less less RBR 43431 4745 23 vertically vertically RB 43431 4745 24 and and CC 43431 4745 25 is be VBZ 43431 4745 26 united united JJ 43431 4745 27 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4745 28 to to IN 43431 4745 29 the the DT 43431 4745 30 inferior inferior JJ 43431 4745 31 arch arch NN 43431 4745 32 , , , 43431 4745 33 and and CC 43431 4745 34 of of IN 43431 4745 35 a a DT 43431 4745 36 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4745 37 portion portion NN 43431 4745 38 , , , 43431 4745 39 the the DT 43431 4745 40 = = NNS 43431 4745 41 lamina= lamina= NN 43431 4745 42 , , , 43431 4745 43 which which WDT 43431 4745 44 lies lie VBZ 43431 4745 45 more more RBR 43431 4745 46 or or CC 43431 4745 47 less less RBR 43431 4745 48 horizontally horizontally RB 43431 4745 49 and and CC 43431 4745 50 meets meet VBZ 43431 4745 51 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4745 52 fellow fellow NN 43431 4745 53 in in IN 43431 4745 54 the the DT 43431 4745 55 middle middle JJ 43431 4745 56 line line NN 43431 4745 57 in in IN 43431 4745 58 front front NN 43431 4745 59 , , , 43431 4745 60 partially partially RB 43431 4745 61 roofing roof VBG 43431 4745 62 over over IN 43431 4745 63 the the DT 43431 4745 64 neural neural NNP 43431 4745 65 canal canal NN 43431 4745 66 . . . 43431 4746 1 Each each DT 43431 4746 2 pedicel pedicel NN 43431 4746 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 4746 4 a a DT 43431 4746 5 facet facet NN 43431 4746 6 on on IN 43431 4746 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4746 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 4746 9 surface surface NN 43431 4746 10 , , , 43431 4746 11 which which WDT 43431 4746 12 , , , 43431 4746 13 with with IN 43431 4746 14 a a DT 43431 4746 15 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 4746 16 one one NN 43431 4746 17 on on IN 43431 4746 18 the the DT 43431 4746 19 inferior inferior JJ 43431 4746 20 arch arch NN 43431 4746 21 , , , 43431 4746 22 articulates articulate NNS 43431 4746 23 with with IN 43431 4746 24 the the DT 43431 4746 25 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4746 26 condyle condyle NN 43431 4746 27 of of IN 43431 4746 28 the the DT 43431 4746 29 skull skull NN 43431 4746 30 . . . 43431 4747 1 Three three CD 43431 4747 2 similar similar JJ 43431 4747 3 facets facet NNS 43431 4747 4 occur occur VBP 43431 4747 5 also also RB 43431 4747 6 on on IN 43431 4747 7 the the DT 43431 4747 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 4747 9 surface surface NN 43431 4747 10 of of IN 43431 4747 11 the the DT 43431 4747 12 pedicel pedicel NN 43431 4747 13 and and CC 43431 4747 14 inferior inferior JJ 43431 4747 15 arch arch NN 43431 4747 16 , , , 43431 4747 17 and and CC 43431 4747 18 articulate articulate VB 43431 4747 19 with with IN 43431 4747 20 the the DT 43431 4747 21 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 4747 22 process process NN 43431 4747 23 . . . 43431 4748 1 The the DT 43431 4748 2 laminae laminae NN 43431 4748 3 meet meet NN 43431 4748 4 one one NN 43431 4748 5 another another DT 43431 4748 6 in in IN 43431 4748 7 front front NN 43431 4748 8 , , , 43431 4748 9 but but CC 43431 4748 10 do do VBP 43431 4748 11 not not RB 43431 4748 12 fuse fuse VB 43431 4748 13 , , , 43431 4748 14 while while IN 43431 4748 15 behind behind IN 43431 4748 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4748 17 are be VBP 43431 4748 18 separated separate VBN 43431 4748 19 by by IN 43431 4748 20 a a DT 43431 4748 21 wide wide JJ 43431 4748 22 triangular triangular JJ 43431 4748 23 space space NN 43431 4748 24 . . . 43431 4749 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4749 2 bear bear VBP 43431 4749 3 a a DT 43431 4749 4 pair pair NN 43431 4749 5 of of IN 43431 4749 6 small small JJ 43431 4749 7 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 4749 8 - - HYPH 43431 4749 9 directed direct VBN 43431 4749 10 facets facet NNS 43431 4749 11 , , , 43431 4749 12 the the DT 43431 4749 13 = = SYM 43431 4749 14 postzygapophyses= postzygapophyses= NN 43431 4749 15 , , , 43431 4749 16 for for IN 43431 4749 17 articulation articulation NN 43431 4749 18 with with IN 43431 4749 19 the the DT 43431 4749 20 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 4749 21 of of IN 43431 4749 22 the the DT 43431 4749 23 second second JJ 43431 4749 24 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4749 25 . . . 43431 4750 1 The the DT 43431 4750 2 = = SYM 43431 4750 3 inferior inferior JJ 43431 4750 4 arch= arch= NN 43431 4750 5 is be VBZ 43431 4750 6 a a DT 43431 4750 7 short short JJ 43431 4750 8 irregular irregular JJ 43431 4750 9 bone bone NN 43431 4750 10 bearing bear VBG 43431 4750 11 two two CD 43431 4750 12 converging converge VBG 43431 4750 13 facets facet NNS 43431 4750 14 for for IN 43431 4750 15 articulation articulation NN 43431 4750 16 with with IN 43431 4750 17 the the DT 43431 4750 18 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4750 19 condyle condyle NN 43431 4750 20 and and CC 43431 4750 21 odontoid odontoid NN 43431 4750 22 process process NN 43431 4750 23 respectively respectively RB 43431 4750 24 . . . 43431 4751 1 The the DT 43431 4751 2 = = SYM 43431 4751 3 centrum= centrum= NN 43431 4751 4 or or CC 43431 4751 5 = = SYM 43431 4751 6 odontoid odontoid NNP 43431 4751 7 process= process= NNP 43431 4751 8 has have VBZ 43431 4751 9 a a DT 43431 4751 10 convex convex NNP 43431 4751 11 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4751 12 surface surface NN 43431 4751 13 for for IN 43431 4751 14 articulation articulation NN 43431 4751 15 with with IN 43431 4751 16 the the DT 43431 4751 17 neural neural JJ 43431 4751 18 and and CC 43431 4751 19 inferior inferior JJ 43431 4751 20 arches arch NNS 43431 4751 21 , , , 43431 4751 22 and and CC 43431 4751 23 a a DT 43431 4751 24 concave concave NNP 43431 4751 25 posterior posterior NN 43431 4751 26 surface surface NN 43431 4751 27 by by IN 43431 4751 28 which which WDT 43431 4751 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4751 30 is be VBZ 43431 4751 31 united united JJ 43431 4751 32 with with IN 43431 4751 33 the the DT 43431 4751 34 centrum centrum NN 43431 4751 35 of of IN 43431 4751 36 the the DT 43431 4751 37 second second JJ 43431 4751 38 or or CC 43431 4751 39 axis axis JJ 43431 4751 40 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4751 41 . . . 43431 4752 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4752 2 bears bear VBZ 43431 4752 3 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 4752 4 a a DT 43431 4752 5 small small JJ 43431 4752 6 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 4752 7 which which WDT 43431 4752 8 is be VBZ 43431 4752 9 really really RB 43431 4752 10 a a DT 43431 4752 11 detached detach VBN 43431 4752 12 portion portion NN 43431 4752 13 of of IN 43431 4752 14 the the DT 43431 4752 15 inferior inferior JJ 43431 4752 16 arch arch NN 43431 4752 17 . . . 43431 4753 1 The the DT 43431 4753 2 second second JJ 43431 4753 3 or or CC 43431 4753 4 = = SYM 43431 4753 5 axis= axis= NNP 43431 4753 6 and and CC 43431 4753 7 following follow VBG 43431 4753 8 five five CD 43431 4753 9 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4753 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4753 11 , , , 43431 4753 12 though though IN 43431 4753 13 showing show VBG 43431 4753 14 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4753 15 differences difference NNS 43431 4753 16 , , , 43431 4753 17 resemble resemble VB 43431 4753 18 one one CD 43431 4753 19 another another DT 43431 4753 20 considerably considerably RB 43431 4753 21 , , , 43431 4753 22 each each DT 43431 4753 23 having have VBG 43431 4753 24 a a DT 43431 4753 25 fairly fairly RB 43431 4753 26 elongated elongate VBN 43431 4753 27 centrum centrum NN 43431 4753 28 with with IN 43431 4753 29 a a DT 43431 4753 30 keel keel NN 43431 4753 31 - - HYPH 43431 4753 32 like like JJ 43431 4753 33 = = SYM 43431 4753 34 hypapophysis= hypapophysis= XX 43431 4753 35 , , , 43431 4753 36 each each DT 43431 4753 37 having have VBG 43431 4753 38 also also RB 43431 4753 39 a a DT 43431 4753 40 neural neural JJ 43431 4753 41 arch arch NN 43431 4753 42 with with IN 43431 4753 43 prominent prominent JJ 43431 4753 44 articulating articulating NN 43431 4753 45 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4753 46 , , , 43431 4753 47 the the DT 43431 4753 48 anterior anterior NN 43431 4753 49 of of IN 43431 4753 50 which which WDT 43431 4753 51 , , , 43431 4753 52 or or CC 43431 4753 53 = = SYM 43431 4753 54 prezygapophyses= prezygapophyses= NN 43431 4753 55 , , , 43431 4753 56 look look VB 43431 4753 57 upwards upwards JJ 43431 4753 58 and and CC 43431 4753 59 inwards inward NNS 43431 4753 60 , , , 43431 4753 61 while while IN 43431 4753 62 the the DT 43431 4753 63 posterior posterior NNP 43431 4753 64 ones one NNS 43431 4753 65 , , , 43431 4753 66 the the DT 43431 4753 67 = = SYM 43431 4753 68 postzygapophyses= postzygapophyses= NN 43431 4753 69 , , , 43431 4753 70 look look VB 43431 4753 71 downwards downwards RB 43431 4753 72 and and CC 43431 4753 73 outwards outward NNS 43431 4753 74 . . . 43431 4754 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4754 2 however however RB 43431 4754 3 , , , 43431 4754 4 as as IN 43431 4754 5 was be VBD 43431 4754 6 previously previously RB 43431 4754 7 mentioned mention VBN 43431 4754 8 , , , 43431 4754 9 differ differ VBP 43431 4754 10 very very RB 43431 4754 11 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 4754 12 in in IN 43431 4754 13 the the DT 43431 4754 14 character character NN 43431 4754 15 of of IN 43431 4754 16 the the DT 43431 4754 17 articulating articulating NN 43431 4754 18 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4754 19 of of IN 43431 4754 20 the the DT 43431 4754 21 centra centra NNP 43431 4754 22 . . . 43431 4755 1 Thus thus RB 43431 4755 2 the the DT 43431 4755 3 second second JJ 43431 4755 4 and and CC 43431 4755 5 third third JJ 43431 4755 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4755 7 are be VBP 43431 4755 8 convex convex NNP 43431 4755 9 in in IN 43431 4755 10 front front NNP 43431 4755 11 and and CC 43431 4755 12 concave concave VBP 43431 4755 13 behind behind RB 43431 4755 14 , , , 43431 4755 15 the the DT 43431 4755 16 fourth fourth JJ 43431 4755 17 is be VBZ 43431 4755 18 biconvex biconvex NNP 43431 4755 19 , , , 43431 4755 20 the the DT 43431 4755 21 fifth fifth JJ 43431 4755 22 is be VBZ 43431 4755 23 concave concave NNP 43431 4755 24 in in IN 43431 4755 25 front front NNP 43431 4755 26 and and CC 43431 4755 27 convex convex NNP 43431 4755 28 behind behind RB 43431 4755 29 . . . 43431 4756 1 The the DT 43431 4756 2 sixth sixth JJ 43431 4756 3 is be VBZ 43431 4756 4 concave concave NNP 43431 4756 5 in in IN 43431 4756 6 front front NN 43431 4756 7 and and CC 43431 4756 8 attached attach VBN 43431 4756 9 to to IN 43431 4756 10 the the DT 43431 4756 11 seventh seventh JJ 43431 4756 12 by by IN 43431 4756 13 a a DT 43431 4756 14 flat flat JJ 43431 4756 15 surface surface NN 43431 4756 16 behind behind RB 43431 4756 17 , , , 43431 4756 18 the the DT 43431 4756 19 seventh seventh JJ 43431 4756 20 has have VBZ 43431 4756 21 a a DT 43431 4756 22 flat flat JJ 43431 4756 23 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4756 24 face face NN 43431 4756 25 and and CC 43431 4756 26 two two CD 43431 4756 27 slightly slightly RB 43431 4756 28 convex convex NNS 43431 4756 29 facets facet NNS 43431 4756 30 behind behind RB 43431 4756 31 . . . 43431 4757 1 The the DT 43431 4757 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4757 3 all all DT 43431 4757 4 have have VBP 43431 4757 5 short short JJ 43431 4757 6 blunt blunt JJ 43431 4757 7 transverse transverse JJ 43431 4757 8 processes process NNS 43431 4757 9 and and CC 43431 4757 10 the the DT 43431 4757 11 second second JJ 43431 4757 12 has have VBZ 43431 4757 13 a a DT 43431 4757 14 prominent prominent JJ 43431 4757 15 = = SYM 43431 4757 16 neural neural JJ 43431 4757 17 spine=. spine=. NN 43431 4758 1 The the DT 43431 4758 2 = = SYM 43431 4758 3 eighth eighth JJ 43431 4758 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4758 5 vertebra= vertebra= NN 43431 4758 6 is be VBZ 43431 4758 7 curiously curiously RB 43431 4758 8 modified modify VBN 43431 4758 9 , , , 43431 4758 10 the the DT 43431 4758 11 centrum centrum NN 43431 4758 12 is be VBZ 43431 4758 13 very very RB 43431 4758 14 short short JJ 43431 4758 15 , , , 43431 4758 16 has have VBZ 43431 4758 17 a a DT 43431 4758 18 rather rather RB 43431 4758 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 4758 20 hypapophysis hypapophysis NN 43431 4758 21 , , , 43431 4758 22 and and CC 43431 4758 23 is be VBZ 43431 4758 24 convex convex NNP 43431 4758 25 behind behind RB 43431 4758 26 , , , 43431 4758 27 while while IN 43431 4758 28 in in IN 43431 4758 29 front front NN 43431 4758 30 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4758 31 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4758 32 with with IN 43431 4758 33 the the DT 43431 4758 34 preceding precede VBG 43431 4758 35 centrum centrum NN 43431 4758 36 by by IN 43431 4758 37 two two CD 43431 4758 38 concave concave NNP 43431 4758 39 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4758 40 . . . 43431 4759 1 The the DT 43431 4759 2 neural neural JJ 43431 4759 3 arch arch NN 43431 4759 4 is be VBZ 43431 4759 5 deeply deeply RB 43431 4759 6 notched notch VBN 43431 4759 7 in in IN 43431 4759 8 front front NN 43431 4759 9 and and CC 43431 4759 10 bears bear VBZ 43431 4759 11 two two CD 43431 4759 12 upwardly upwardly RB 43431 4759 13 - - HYPH 43431 4759 14 directed direct VBN 43431 4759 15 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 4759 16 , , , 43431 4759 17 while while IN 43431 4759 18 behind behind IN 43431 4759 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4759 20 is be VBZ 43431 4759 21 very very RB 43431 4759 22 massive massive JJ 43431 4759 23 and and CC 43431 4759 24 is be VBZ 43431 4759 25 drawn draw VBN 43431 4759 26 out out RP 43431 4759 27 far far RB 43431 4759 28 beyond beyond IN 43431 4759 29 the the DT 43431 4759 30 centrum centrum NN 43431 4759 31 , , , 43431 4759 32 bearing bear VBG 43431 4759 33 a a DT 43431 4759 34 pair pair NN 43431 4759 35 of of IN 43431 4759 36 flat flat JJ 43431 4759 37 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 4759 38 . . . 43431 4760 1 The the DT 43431 4760 2 top top NN 43431 4760 3 of of IN 43431 4760 4 the the DT 43431 4760 5 neural neural JJ 43431 4760 6 arch arch NN 43431 4760 7 almost almost RB 43431 4760 8 or or CC 43431 4760 9 quite quite RB 43431 4760 10 meets meet VBZ 43431 4760 11 a a DT 43431 4760 12 blunt blunt JJ 43431 4760 13 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 4760 14 from from IN 43431 4760 15 the the DT 43431 4760 16 nuchal nuchal JJ 43431 4760 17 plate plate NN 43431 4760 18 . . . 43431 4761 1 THE the DT 43431 4761 2 THORACIC THORACIC NNP 43431 4761 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 4761 4 . . . 43431 4762 1 These these DT 43431 4762 2 are be VBP 43431 4762 3 ten ten CD 43431 4762 4 in in IN 43431 4762 5 number number NN 43431 4762 6 and and CC 43431 4762 7 are be VBP 43431 4762 8 all all DT 43431 4762 9 firmly firmly RB 43431 4762 10 united united JJ 43431 4762 11 with with IN 43431 4762 12 the the DT 43431 4762 13 ribs rib NNS 43431 4762 14 and and CC 43431 4762 15 elements element NNS 43431 4762 16 forming form VBG 43431 4762 17 the the DT 43431 4762 18 carapace carapace NN 43431 4762 19 . . . 43431 4763 1 The the DT 43431 4763 2 first first JJ 43431 4763 3 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 4763 4 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 4763 5 differs differ VBZ 43431 4763 6 from from IN 43431 4763 7 the the DT 43431 4763 8 others other NNS 43431 4763 9 , , , 43431 4763 10 the the DT 43431 4763 11 centrum centrum NN 43431 4763 12 is be VBZ 43431 4763 13 short short JJ 43431 4763 14 and and CC 43431 4763 15 has have VBZ 43431 4763 16 a a DT 43431 4763 17 concave concave NNP 43431 4763 18 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4763 19 surface surface NN 43431 4763 20 articulating articulate VBG 43431 4763 21 with with IN 43431 4763 22 the the DT 43431 4763 23 centrum centrum NN 43431 4763 24 of of IN 43431 4763 25 the the DT 43431 4763 26 last last JJ 43431 4763 27 cervical cervical JJ 43431 4763 28 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4763 29 , , , 43431 4763 30 and and CC 43431 4763 31 a a DT 43431 4763 32 pair pair NN 43431 4763 33 of of IN 43431 4763 34 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 4763 35 borne bear VBN 43431 4763 36 on on IN 43431 4763 37 long long JJ 43431 4763 38 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 4763 39 . . . 43431 4764 1 The the DT 43431 4764 2 neural neural JJ 43431 4764 3 spine spine NN 43431 4764 4 arises arise VBZ 43431 4764 5 only only RB 43431 4764 6 from from IN 43431 4764 7 the the DT 43431 4764 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 4764 9 half half NN 43431 4764 10 of of IN 43431 4764 11 the the DT 43431 4764 12 centrum centrum NN 43431 4764 13 , , , 43431 4764 14 and and CC 43431 4764 15 is be VBZ 43431 4764 16 not not RB 43431 4764 17 fused fuse VBN 43431 4764 18 to to IN 43431 4764 19 the the DT 43431 4764 20 carapace carapace NN 43431 4764 21 . . . 43431 4765 1 Arising arise VBG 43431 4765 2 laterally laterally RB 43431 4765 3 from from IN 43431 4765 4 the the DT 43431 4765 5 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4765 6 part part NN 43431 4765 7 of of IN 43431 4765 8 the the DT 43431 4765 9 centrum centrum NN 43431 4765 10 are be VBP 43431 4765 11 a a DT 43431 4765 12 small small JJ 43431 4765 13 pair pair NN 43431 4765 14 of of IN 43431 4765 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 4765 16 each each DT 43431 4765 17 of of IN 43431 4765 18 which which WDT 43431 4765 19 is be VBZ 43431 4765 20 connected connect VBN 43431 4765 21 with with IN 43431 4765 22 a a DT 43431 4765 23 process process NN 43431 4765 24 arising arise VBG 43431 4765 25 from from IN 43431 4765 26 the the DT 43431 4765 27 rib rib NN 43431 4765 28 of of IN 43431 4765 29 the the DT 43431 4765 30 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 4765 31 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4765 32 . . . 43431 4766 1 The the DT 43431 4766 2 next next JJ 43431 4766 3 seven seven CD 43431 4766 4 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 4766 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4766 6 are be VBP 43431 4766 7 all all DT 43431 4766 8 very very RB 43431 4766 9 similar similar JJ 43431 4766 10 , , , 43431 4766 11 each each DT 43431 4766 12 has have VBZ 43431 4766 13 a a DT 43431 4766 14 long long JJ 43431 4766 15 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 4766 16 centrum centrum NN 43431 4766 17 , , , 43431 4766 18 expanded expand VBN 43431 4766 19 at at IN 43431 4766 20 the the DT 43431 4766 21 ends end NNS 43431 4766 22 , , , 43431 4766 23 and and CC 43431 4766 24 firmly firmly RB 43431 4766 25 united united JJ 43431 4766 26 to to IN 43431 4766 27 the the DT 43431 4766 28 preceding precede VBG 43431 4766 29 and and CC 43431 4766 30 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 4766 31 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4766 32 . . . 43431 4767 1 The the DT 43431 4767 2 neural neural JJ 43431 4767 3 arches arch NNS 43431 4767 4 are be VBP 43431 4767 5 flattened flatten VBN 43431 4767 6 and and CC 43431 4767 7 expanded expand VBN 43431 4767 8 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 4767 9 , , , 43431 4767 10 and and CC 43431 4767 11 are be VBP 43431 4767 12 united united JJ 43431 4767 13 to to IN 43431 4767 14 one one CD 43431 4767 15 another another DT 43431 4767 16 and and CC 43431 4767 17 to to IN 43431 4767 18 the the DT 43431 4767 19 overlying overlie VBG 43431 4767 20 neural neural JJ 43431 4767 21 plates plate NNS 43431 4767 22 ; ; : 43431 4767 23 each each DT 43431 4767 24 arises arise VBZ 43431 4767 25 only only RB 43431 4767 26 from from IN 43431 4767 27 the the DT 43431 4767 28 anterior anterior NN 43431 4767 29 half half NN 43431 4767 30 of of IN 43431 4767 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4767 32 respective respective JJ 43431 4767 33 centrum centrum NN 43431 4767 34 , , , 43431 4767 35 and and CC 43431 4767 36 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 4767 37 the the DT 43431 4767 38 centrum centrum NN 43431 4767 39 of of IN 43431 4767 40 the the DT 43431 4767 41 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4767 42 in in IN 43431 4767 43 front front NN 43431 4767 44 of of IN 43431 4767 45 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4767 46 . . . 43431 4768 1 Between between IN 43431 4768 2 the the DT 43431 4768 3 base base NN 43431 4768 4 of of IN 43431 4768 5 the the DT 43431 4768 6 neural neural JJ 43431 4768 7 arch arch NNP 43431 4768 8 and and CC 43431 4768 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4768 10 successor successor NN 43431 4768 11 is be VBZ 43431 4768 12 a a DT 43431 4768 13 small small JJ 43431 4768 14 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4768 15 for for IN 43431 4768 16 the the DT 43431 4768 17 exit exit NN 43431 4768 18 of of IN 43431 4768 19 the the DT 43431 4768 20 spinal spinal JJ 43431 4768 21 nerve nerve NN 43431 4768 22 . . . 43431 4769 1 There there EX 43431 4769 2 are be VBP 43431 4769 3 no no DT 43431 4769 4 transverse transverse JJ 43431 4769 5 processes process NNS 43431 4769 6 or or CC 43431 4769 7 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 4769 8 . . . 43431 4770 1 To to IN 43431 4770 2 each each DT 43431 4770 3 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 4770 4 vertebra vertebra RB 43431 4770 5 from from IN 43431 4770 6 the the DT 43431 4770 7 second second JJ 43431 4770 8 to to IN 43431 4770 9 ninth ninth JJ 43431 4770 10 inclusive inclusive JJ 43431 4770 11 , , , 43431 4770 12 there there EX 43431 4770 13 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 4770 14 a a DT 43431 4770 15 pair pair NN 43431 4770 16 of of IN 43431 4770 17 = = NNS 43431 4770 18 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 4770 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4770 20 fig fig NN 43431 4770 21 . . . 43431 4771 1 36 36 CD 43431 4771 2 , , , 43431 4771 3 6 6 CD 43431 4771 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4771 5 of of IN 43431 4771 6 a a DT 43431 4771 7 rather rather RB 43431 4771 8 special special JJ 43431 4771 9 character character NN 43431 4771 10 . . . 43431 4772 1 Each each DT 43431 4772 2 is be VBZ 43431 4772 3 suturally suturally RB 43431 4772 4 united united JJ 43431 4772 5 with with IN 43431 4772 6 the the DT 43431 4772 7 anterior anterior NN 43431 4772 8 half half NN 43431 4772 9 of of IN 43431 4772 10 the the DT 43431 4772 11 edge edge NN 43431 4772 12 of of IN 43431 4772 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4772 14 own own JJ 43431 4772 15 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4772 16 , , , 43431 4772 17 and and CC 43431 4772 18 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 4772 19 on on IN 43431 4772 20 to to IN 43431 4772 21 the the DT 43431 4772 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 4772 23 half half NN 43431 4772 24 of of IN 43431 4772 25 the the DT 43431 4772 26 edge edge NN 43431 4772 27 of of IN 43431 4772 28 the the DT 43431 4772 29 next next JJ 43431 4772 30 preceding precede VBG 43431 4772 31 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 4772 32 . . . 43431 4773 1 The the DT 43431 4773 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 4773 3 are be VBP 43431 4773 4 much much RB 43431 4773 5 flattened flatten VBN 43431 4773 6 , , , 43431 4773 7 and and CC 43431 4773 8 each each DT 43431 4773 9 is be VBZ 43431 4773 10 fused fuse VBN 43431 4773 11 with with IN 43431 4773 12 the the DT 43431 4773 13 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 4773 14 costal costal JJ 43431 4773 15 plate plate NN 43431 4773 16 , , , 43431 4773 17 beyond beyond IN 43431 4773 18 which which WDT 43431 4773 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4773 20 projects project VBZ 43431 4773 21 to to TO 43431 4773 22 fit fit VB 43431 4773 23 into into IN 43431 4773 24 a a DT 43431 4773 25 pit pit NN 43431 4773 26 in in IN 43431 4773 27 one one CD 43431 4773 28 of of IN 43431 4773 29 the the DT 43431 4773 30 marginal marginal JJ 43431 4773 31 plates plate NNS 43431 4773 32 . . . 43431 4774 1 The the DT 43431 4774 2 tenth tenth JJ 43431 4774 3 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 4774 4 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 4774 5 is be VBZ 43431 4774 6 smaller small JJR 43431 4774 7 than than IN 43431 4774 8 the the DT 43431 4774 9 others other NNS 43431 4774 10 , , , 43431 4774 11 and and CC 43431 4774 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4774 13 neural neural JJ 43431 4774 14 arch arch NN 43431 4774 15 does do VBZ 43431 4774 16 not not RB 43431 4774 17 overlap overlap VB 43431 4774 18 the the DT 43431 4774 19 preceding precede VBG 43431 4774 20 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4774 21 , , , 43431 4774 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4774 23 bears bear VBZ 43431 4774 24 a a DT 43431 4774 25 pair pair NN 43431 4774 26 of of IN 43431 4774 27 small small JJ 43431 4774 28 ribs rib NNS 43431 4774 29 which which WDT 43431 4774 30 are be VBP 43431 4774 31 without without IN 43431 4774 32 costal costal JJ 43431 4774 33 plates plate NNS 43431 4774 34 , , , 43431 4774 35 but but CC 43431 4774 36 meet meet VB 43431 4774 37 those those DT 43431 4774 38 of of IN 43431 4774 39 the the DT 43431 4774 40 ninth ninth JJ 43431 4774 41 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4774 42 . . . 43431 4775 1 There there EX 43431 4775 2 are be VBP 43431 4775 3 no no DT 43431 4775 4 = = SYM 43431 4775 5 lumbar= lumbar= NN 43431 4775 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4775 7 . . . 43431 4776 1 THE the DT 43431 4776 2 SACRAL SACRAL NNP 43431 4776 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 4776 4 . . . 43431 4777 1 The the DT 43431 4777 2 = = SYM 43431 4777 3 sacral sacral JJ 43431 4777 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NN 43431 4777 5 are be VBP 43431 4777 6 two two CD 43431 4777 7 in in IN 43431 4777 8 number number NN 43431 4777 9 , , , 43431 4777 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4777 11 are be VBP 43431 4777 12 short short JJ 43431 4777 13 and and CC 43431 4777 14 wide wide JJ 43431 4777 15 , , , 43431 4777 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4777 17 centra centrum NNS 43431 4777 18 are be VBP 43431 4777 19 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4777 20 together together RB 43431 4777 21 , , , 43431 4777 22 and and CC 43431 4777 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4777 24 neural neural JJ 43431 4777 25 arches arch NNS 43431 4777 26 are be VBP 43431 4777 27 not not RB 43431 4777 28 united united JJ 43431 4777 29 to to IN 43431 4777 30 the the DT 43431 4777 31 carapace carapace NN 43431 4777 32 . . . 43431 4778 1 The the DT 43431 4778 2 first first JJ 43431 4778 3 has have VBZ 43431 4778 4 the the DT 43431 4778 5 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4778 6 face face NN 43431 4778 7 of of IN 43431 4778 8 the the DT 43431 4778 9 centrum centrum NNP 43431 4778 10 concave concave NNP 43431 4778 11 and and CC 43431 4778 12 the the DT 43431 4778 13 posterior posterior NN 43431 4778 14 flat flat JJ 43431 4778 15 , , , 43431 4778 16 while while IN 43431 4778 17 both both DT 43431 4778 18 faces face NNS 43431 4778 19 of of IN 43431 4778 20 the the DT 43431 4778 21 second second JJ 43431 4778 22 are be VBP 43431 4778 23 flat flat JJ 43431 4778 24 . . . 43431 4779 1 Each each DT 43431 4779 2 bears bear VBZ 43431 4779 3 a a DT 43431 4779 4 pair pair NN 43431 4779 5 of of IN 43431 4779 6 short short JJ 43431 4779 7 ribs rib NNS 43431 4779 8 which which WDT 43431 4779 9 meet meet VBP 43431 4779 10 the the DT 43431 4779 11 ilia ilia NN 43431 4779 12 , , , 43431 4779 13 but but CC 43431 4779 14 are be VBP 43431 4779 15 not not RB 43431 4779 16 completely completely RB 43431 4779 17 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 4779 18 either either CC 43431 4779 19 with with IN 43431 4779 20 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4779 21 or or CC 43431 4779 22 the the DT 43431 4779 23 centra centra NNP 43431 4779 24 . . . 43431 4780 1 THE the DT 43431 4780 2 CAUDAL CAUDAL NNP 43431 4780 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 4780 4 . . . 43431 4781 1 The the DT 43431 4781 2 = = SYM 43431 4781 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4781 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NN 43431 4781 5 are be VBP 43431 4781 6 eighteen eighteen CD 43431 4781 7 in in IN 43431 4781 8 number number NN 43431 4781 9 . . . 43431 4782 1 The the DT 43431 4782 2 centrum centrum NN 43431 4782 3 of of IN 43431 4782 4 the the DT 43431 4782 5 first first JJ 43431 4782 6 is be VBZ 43431 4782 7 flat flat JJ 43431 4782 8 in in IN 43431 4782 9 front front NN 43431 4782 10 and and CC 43431 4782 11 is be VBZ 43431 4782 12 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4782 13 to to IN 43431 4782 14 the the DT 43431 4782 15 second second JJ 43431 4782 16 sacral sacral NN 43431 4782 17 ; ; : 43431 4782 18 behind behind IN 43431 4782 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4782 20 is be VBZ 43431 4782 21 convex convex NNP 43431 4782 22 . . . 43431 4783 1 The the DT 43431 4783 2 others other NNS 43431 4783 3 are be VBP 43431 4783 4 all all RB 43431 4783 5 very very RB 43431 4783 6 similar similar JJ 43431 4783 7 to to IN 43431 4783 8 one one CD 43431 4783 9 another another DT 43431 4783 10 , , , 43431 4783 11 and and CC 43431 4783 12 decrease decrease NN 43431 4783 13 gradually gradually RB 43431 4783 14 in in IN 43431 4783 15 size size NN 43431 4783 16 when when WRB 43431 4783 17 followed follow VBD 43431 4783 18 back back RB 43431 4783 19 . . . 43431 4784 1 Each each DT 43431 4784 2 has have VBZ 43431 4784 3 a a DT 43431 4784 4 moderately moderately RB 43431 4784 5 long long JJ 43431 4784 6 centrum centrum NN 43431 4784 7 , , , 43431 4784 8 concave concave NNP 43431 4784 9 in in IN 43431 4784 10 front front NNP 43431 4784 11 and and CC 43431 4784 12 convex convex NNP 43431 4784 13 behind behind RB 43431 4784 14 , , , 43431 4784 15 both both DT 43431 4784 16 terminations termination NNS 43431 4784 17 being be VBG 43431 4784 18 formed form VBN 43431 4784 19 by by IN 43431 4784 20 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 4784 21 . . . 43431 4785 1 The the DT 43431 4785 2 neural neural JJ 43431 4785 3 arch arch NN 43431 4785 4 arises arise VBZ 43431 4785 5 only only RB 43431 4785 6 from from IN 43431 4785 7 the the DT 43431 4785 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 4785 9 half half NN 43431 4785 10 of of IN 43431 4785 11 the the DT 43431 4785 12 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4785 13 ; ; : 43431 4785 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4785 15 bears bear VBZ 43431 4785 16 a a DT 43431 4785 17 blunt blunt JJ 43431 4785 18 truncated truncate VBN 43431 4785 19 neural neural JJ 43431 4785 20 spine spine NN 43431 4785 21 and and CC 43431 4785 22 prominent prominent JJ 43431 4785 23 pre- pre- NN 43431 4785 24 and and CC 43431 4785 25 post post NN 43431 4785 26 - - NNS 43431 4785 27 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 4785 28 . . . 43431 4786 1 The the DT 43431 4786 2 first first JJ 43431 4786 3 seven seven CD 43431 4786 4 caudal caudal JJ 43431 4786 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4786 6 bear bear VBP 43431 4786 7 short short JJ 43431 4786 8 ribs rib NNS 43431 4786 9 attached attach VBN 43431 4786 10 to to IN 43431 4786 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4786 12 lateral lateral JJ 43431 4786 13 margins margin NNS 43431 4786 14 , , , 43431 4786 15 the the DT 43431 4786 16 similar similar JJ 43431 4786 17 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 4786 18 on on IN 43431 4786 19 the the DT 43431 4786 20 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 4786 21 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4786 22 do do VBP 43431 4786 23 not not RB 43431 4786 24 ossify ossify VB 43431 4786 25 from from IN 43431 4786 26 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4786 27 centres centre NNS 43431 4786 28 , , , 43431 4786 29 and and CC 43431 4786 30 are be VBP 43431 4786 31 transverse transverse JJ 43431 4786 32 processes process NNS 43431 4786 33 rather rather RB 43431 4786 34 than than IN 43431 4786 35 ribs ribs NNP 43431 4786 36 . . . 43431 4787 1 B. B. NNP 43431 4788 1 THE the DT 43431 4788 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 4788 3 . . . 43431 4789 1 The the DT 43431 4789 2 skull skull NN 43431 4789 3 of of IN 43431 4789 4 the the DT 43431 4789 5 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 4789 6 is be VBZ 43431 4789 7 divisible divisible JJ 43431 4789 8 into into IN 43431 4789 9 the the DT 43431 4789 10 following follow VBG 43431 4789 11 three three CD 43431 4789 12 parts:-- parts:-- FW 43431 4789 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4789 14 1 1 LS 43431 4789 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4789 16 the the DT 43431 4789 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 4789 18 ; ; , 43431 4789 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4789 20 2 2 LS 43431 4789 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4789 22 the the DT 43431 4789 23 lower low JJR 43431 4789 24 jaw jaw NN 43431 4789 25 or or CC 43431 4789 26 mandible mandible JJ 43431 4789 27 ; ; : 43431 4789 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4789 29 3 3 LS 43431 4789 30 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4789 31 the the DT 43431 4789 32 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 4789 33 . . . 43431 4790 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4790 2 1 1 LS 43431 4790 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4790 4 THE the DT 43431 4790 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 4790 6 . . . 43431 4791 1 The the DT 43431 4791 2 = = SYM 43431 4791 3 cranium= cranium= NN 43431 4791 4 is be VBZ 43431 4791 5 a a DT 43431 4791 6 very very RB 43431 4791 7 compact compact JJ 43431 4791 8 bony bony NN 43431 4791 9 box box NN 43431 4791 10 , , , 43431 4791 11 containing contain VBG 43431 4791 12 a a DT 43431 4791 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 4791 14 in in IN 43431 4791 15 which which WDT 43431 4791 16 the the DT 43431 4791 17 brain brain NN 43431 4791 18 lies lie VBZ 43431 4791 19 , , , 43431 4791 20 and and CC 43431 4791 21 which which WDT 43431 4791 22 is be VBZ 43431 4791 23 a a DT 43431 4791 24 direct direct JJ 43431 4791 25 continuation continuation NN 43431 4791 26 of of IN 43431 4791 27 the the DT 43431 4791 28 neural neural JJ 43431 4791 29 canal canal NN 43431 4791 30 of of IN 43431 4791 31 the the DT 43431 4791 32 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 4791 33 . . . 43431 4792 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4792 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 4792 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 4792 4 . . . 43431 4793 1 38 38 CD 43431 4793 2 . . . 43431 4794 1 THE the DT 43431 4794 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 4794 3 OF of IN 43431 4794 4 THE the DT 43431 4794 5 GREEN GREEN NNP 43431 4794 6 TURTLE TURTLE NNP 43431 4794 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4794 8 _ _ NNP 43431 4794 9 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 4794 10 midas midas NNP 43431 4794 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4794 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4794 13 . . . 43431 4795 1 à à NNP 43431 4795 2 � � NNP 43431 4795 3 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 4795 4 . . . 43431 4796 1 A a DT 43431 4796 2 , , , 43431 4796 3 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 4796 4 HALF half NN 43431 4796 5 , , , 43431 4796 6 B b NN 43431 4796 7 , , , 43431 4796 8 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 4796 9 HALF HALF NNP 43431 4796 10 . . . 43431 4797 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4797 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 4797 3 . . . 43431 4798 1 Mus mus NN 43431 4798 2 . . . 43431 4798 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4799 1 1 1 LS 43431 4799 2 . . . 43431 4799 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 4799 4 . . . 43431 4800 1 2 2 LS 43431 4800 2 . . . 43431 4800 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 4800 4 . . . 43431 4801 1 3 3 LS 43431 4801 2 . . . 43431 4801 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 4801 4 . . . 43431 4802 1 4 4 LS 43431 4802 2 . . . 43431 4802 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 4802 4 . . . 43431 4803 1 5 5 LS 43431 4803 2 . . . 43431 4803 3 basi basi NN 43431 4803 4 - - HYPH 43431 4803 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 4803 6 . . . 43431 4804 1 6 6 LS 43431 4804 2 . . . 43431 4804 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 4804 4 . . . 43431 4805 1 7 7 LS 43431 4805 2 . . . 43431 4805 3 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 4805 4 . . . 43431 4806 1 8 8 LS 43431 4806 2 . . . 43431 4806 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 4806 4 . . . 43431 4807 1 9 9 LS 43431 4807 2 . . . 43431 4807 3 foramen foramen NNP 43431 4807 4 magnum magnum NNP 43431 4807 5 . . . 43431 4808 1 10 10 CD 43431 4808 2 . . . 43431 4808 3 splenial splenial NN 43431 4808 4 . . . 43431 4809 1 11 11 LS 43431 4809 2 . . . 43431 4809 3 articular articular JJ 43431 4809 4 . . . 43431 4810 1 12 12 CD 43431 4810 2 . . . 43431 4810 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 4810 4 . . . 43431 4811 1 13 13 CD 43431 4811 2 . . . 43431 4811 3 angular angular JJ 43431 4811 4 . . . 43431 4812 1 14 14 CD 43431 4812 2 . . . 43431 4812 3 supra supra NNP 43431 4812 4 - - HYPH 43431 4812 5 angular angular NNP 43431 4812 6 . . . 43431 4813 1 15 15 CD 43431 4813 2 . . . 43431 4813 3 premaxilla premaxilla NNP 43431 4813 4 . . . 43431 4814 1 16 16 CD 43431 4814 2 . . . 43431 4814 3 maxilla maxilla NNP 43431 4814 4 . . . 43431 4815 1 17 17 CD 43431 4815 2 . . . 43431 4815 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 4815 4 . . . 43431 4816 1 18 18 CD 43431 4816 2 . . . 43431 4816 3 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 4816 4 . . . 43431 4817 1 19 19 CD 43431 4817 2 . . . 43431 4817 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 4817 4 . . . 43431 4818 1 20 20 CD 43431 4818 2 . . . 43431 4818 3 prefrontal prefrontal JJ 43431 4818 4 . . . 43431 4819 1 21 21 LS 43431 4819 2 . . . 43431 4819 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4819 4 . . . 43431 4820 1 22 22 CD 43431 4820 2 . . . 43431 4820 3 external external JJ 43431 4820 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4820 5 meatus meatus NNP 43431 4820 6 leading lead VBG 43431 4820 7 into into IN 43431 4820 8 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 4820 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 4820 10 . . . 43431 4820 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4821 1 Like like IN 43431 4821 2 those those DT 43431 4821 3 of of IN 43431 4821 4 the the DT 43431 4821 5 skull skull NN 43431 4821 6 as as IN 43431 4821 7 a a DT 43431 4821 8 whole whole JJ 43431 4821 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4821 10 component component NN 43431 4821 11 bones bone NNS 43431 4821 12 may may MD 43431 4821 13 be be VB 43431 4821 14 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 4821 15 into into IN 43431 4821 16 three three CD 43431 4821 17 sets:-- sets:-- ADD 43431 4821 18 1 1 CD 43431 4821 19 . . . 43431 4821 20 those those DT 43431 4821 21 forming form VBG 43431 4821 22 the the DT 43431 4821 23 brain brain NN 43431 4821 24 - - HYPH 43431 4821 25 case case NN 43431 4821 26 or or CC 43431 4821 27 = = SYM 43431 4821 28 cranium cranium NN 43431 4821 29 proper= proper= NNS 43431 4821 30 ; ; : 43431 4821 31 2 2 LS 43431 4821 32 . . . 43431 4821 33 those those DT 43431 4821 34 developed develop VBN 43431 4821 35 in in IN 43431 4821 36 connection connection NN 43431 4821 37 with with IN 43431 4821 38 the the DT 43431 4821 39 special special JJ 43431 4821 40 sense sense NN 43431 4821 41 organs organ NNS 43431 4821 42 ; ; : 43431 4821 43 3 3 LS 43431 4821 44 . . . 43431 4821 45 those those DT 43431 4821 46 forming form VBG 43431 4821 47 the the DT 43431 4821 48 upper upper JJ 43431 4821 49 jaw jaw NN 43431 4821 50 and and CC 43431 4821 51 suspensorial suspensorial JJ 43431 4821 52 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 4821 53 . . . 43431 4822 1 Both both DT 43431 4822 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4822 3 and and CC 43431 4822 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 4822 5 bones bone NNS 43431 4822 6 take take VBP 43431 4822 7 part part NN 43431 4822 8 in in IN 43431 4822 9 the the DT 43431 4822 10 formation formation NN 43431 4822 11 of of IN 43431 4822 12 the the DT 43431 4822 13 skull skull NN 43431 4822 14 , , , 43431 4822 15 and and CC 43431 4822 16 a a DT 43431 4822 17 considerable considerable JJ 43431 4822 18 amount amount NN 43431 4822 19 of of IN 43431 4822 20 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4822 21 remains remain VBZ 43431 4822 22 unossified unossified JJ 43431 4822 23 , , , 43431 4822 24 especially especially RB 43431 4822 25 in in IN 43431 4822 26 the the DT 43431 4822 27 ethmoidal ethmoidal NN 43431 4822 28 and and CC 43431 4822 29 sphenoidal sphenoidal NN 43431 4822 30 regions region NNS 43431 4822 31 . . . 43431 4823 1 1 1 LS 43431 4823 2 . . . 43431 4824 1 THE the DT 43431 4824 2 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 4824 3 PROPER proper NN 43431 4824 4 OR or CC 43431 4824 5 BRAIN BRAIN NNP 43431 4824 6 - - HYPH 43431 4824 7 CASE CASE NNP 43431 4824 8 . . . 43431 4825 1 The the DT 43431 4825 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4825 3 and and CC 43431 4825 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 4825 5 bones bone NNS 43431 4825 6 of of IN 43431 4825 7 the the DT 43431 4825 8 brain brain NN 43431 4825 9 - - HYPH 43431 4825 10 case case NN 43431 4825 11 when when WRB 43431 4825 12 taken take VBN 43431 4825 13 together together RB 43431 4825 14 can can MD 43431 4825 15 be be VB 43431 4825 16 seen see VBN 43431 4825 17 to to TO 43431 4825 18 be be VB 43431 4825 19 more more RBR 43431 4825 20 or or CC 43431 4825 21 less less RBR 43431 4825 22 arranged arrange VBN 43431 4825 23 in in IN 43431 4825 24 three three CD 43431 4825 25 rings ring NNS 43431 4825 26 or or CC 43431 4825 27 segments segment NNS 43431 4825 28 , , , 43431 4825 29 called call VBD 43431 4825 30 respectively respectively RB 43431 4825 31 the the DT 43431 4825 32 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4825 33 , , , 43431 4825 34 parietal parietal NN 43431 4825 35 , , , 43431 4825 36 and and CC 43431 4825 37 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4825 38 segments segment NNS 43431 4825 39 . . . 43431 4826 1 The the DT 43431 4826 2 = = SYM 43431 4826 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4826 4 segment= segment= NN 43431 4826 5 is be VBZ 43431 4826 6 the the DT 43431 4826 7 most most JJS 43431 4826 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 4826 9 of of IN 43431 4826 10 these these DT 43431 4826 11 , , , 43431 4826 12 and and CC 43431 4826 13 consists consist VBZ 43431 4826 14 of of IN 43431 4826 15 four four CD 43431 4826 16 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4826 17 bones bone NNS 43431 4826 18 , , , 43431 4826 19 the the DT 43431 4826 20 = = SYM 43431 4826 21 basi basi NNP 43431 4826 22 - - HYPH 43431 4826 23 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 4826 24 , , , 43431 4826 25 the the DT 43431 4826 26 two two CD 43431 4826 27 = = SYM 43431 4826 28 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NN 43431 4826 29 and and CC 43431 4826 30 the the DT 43431 4826 31 = = SYM 43431 4826 32 supra supra NNP 43431 4826 33 - - HYPH 43431 4826 34 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 4826 35 ; ; : 43431 4826 36 these these DT 43431 4826 37 bound bind VBD 43431 4826 38 the the DT 43431 4826 39 = = SYM 43431 4826 40 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4826 41 magnum=. magnum=. . 43431 4827 1 The the DT 43431 4827 2 = = SYM 43431 4827 3 basi basi NNP 43431 4827 4 - - HYPH 43431 4827 5 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 4827 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4827 7 figs fig NNS 43431 4827 8 . . . 43431 4828 1 38 38 CD 43431 4828 2 and and CC 43431 4828 3 39 39 CD 43431 4828 4 , , , 43431 4828 5 5 5 CD 43431 4828 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4828 7 lies lie VBZ 43431 4828 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4828 9 to to IN 43431 4828 10 the the DT 43431 4828 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4828 12 magnum magnum NN 43431 4828 13 and and CC 43431 4828 14 only only RB 43431 4828 15 bounds bound VBZ 43431 4828 16 a a DT 43431 4828 17 very very RB 43431 4828 18 small small JJ 43431 4828 19 part part NN 43431 4828 20 of of IN 43431 4828 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4828 22 ; ; : 43431 4828 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4828 24 forms form VBZ 43431 4828 25 one one CD 43431 4828 26 - - HYPH 43431 4828 27 third third NN 43431 4828 28 of of IN 43431 4828 29 the the DT 43431 4828 30 = = SYM 43431 4828 31 occipital occipital NN 43431 4828 32 condyle= condyle= NN 43431 4828 33 by by IN 43431 4828 34 which which WDT 43431 4828 35 the the DT 43431 4828 36 skull skull NN 43431 4828 37 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4828 38 with with IN 43431 4828 39 the the DT 43431 4828 40 atlas atlas NNP 43431 4828 41 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 4828 42 . . . 43431 4829 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4829 2 unites unite VBZ 43431 4829 3 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 4829 4 with with IN 43431 4829 5 the the DT 43431 4829 6 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 4829 7 and and CC 43431 4829 8 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 4829 9 with with IN 43431 4829 10 the the DT 43431 4829 11 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 4829 12 . . . 43431 4830 1 The the DT 43431 4830 2 = = SYM 43431 4830 3 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NN 43431 4830 4 are be VBP 43431 4830 5 rather rather RB 43431 4830 6 small small JJ 43431 4830 7 bones bone NNS 43431 4830 8 , , , 43431 4830 9 which which WDT 43431 4830 10 form form VBP 43431 4830 11 the the DT 43431 4830 12 sides side NNS 43431 4830 13 and and CC 43431 4830 14 the the DT 43431 4830 15 greater great JJR 43431 4830 16 part part NN 43431 4830 17 of of IN 43431 4830 18 the the DT 43431 4830 19 floor floor NN 43431 4830 20 of of IN 43431 4830 21 the the DT 43431 4830 22 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4830 23 magnum magnum NN 43431 4830 24 , , , 43431 4830 25 and and CC 43431 4830 26 two two CD 43431 4830 27 - - HYPH 43431 4830 28 thirds third NNS 43431 4830 29 of of IN 43431 4830 30 the the DT 43431 4830 31 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4830 32 condyle condyle NN 43431 4830 33 . . . 43431 4831 1 Laterally laterally RB 43431 4831 2 each each DT 43431 4831 3 is be VBZ 43431 4831 4 united united JJ 43431 4831 5 with with IN 43431 4831 6 the the DT 43431 4831 7 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 4831 8 and and CC 43431 4831 9 opisthotic opisthotic NN 43431 4831 10 of of IN 43431 4831 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4831 12 side side NN 43431 4831 13 . . . 43431 4832 1 At at IN 43431 4832 2 the the DT 43431 4832 3 sides side NNS 43431 4832 4 of of IN 43431 4832 5 the the DT 43431 4832 6 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4832 7 condyle condyle NN 43431 4832 8 each each DT 43431 4832 9 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 4832 10 is be VBZ 43431 4832 11 pierced pierce VBN 43431 4832 12 by by IN 43431 4832 13 a a DT 43431 4832 14 pair pair NN 43431 4832 15 of of IN 43431 4832 16 foramina foramina NNP 43431 4832 17 , , , 43431 4832 18 the the DT 43431 4832 19 more more JJR 43431 4832 20 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4832 21 and and CC 43431 4832 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 4832 23 of of IN 43431 4832 24 which which WDT 43431 4832 25 transmits transmit VBZ 43431 4832 26 the the DT 43431 4832 27 hypoglossal hypoglossal NN 43431 4832 28 nerve nerve NN 43431 4832 29 . . . 43431 4833 1 The the DT 43431 4833 2 = = SYM 43431 4833 3 supra supra NNP 43431 4833 4 - - HYPH 43431 4833 5 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 4833 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4833 7 fig fig NN 43431 4833 8 . . . 43431 4834 1 39 39 CD 43431 4834 2 , , , 43431 4834 3 14 14 CD 43431 4834 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4834 5 is be VBZ 43431 4834 6 a a DT 43431 4834 7 larger large JJR 43431 4834 8 bone bone NN 43431 4834 9 than than IN 43431 4834 10 the the DT 43431 4834 11 others other NNS 43431 4834 12 of of IN 43431 4834 13 the the DT 43431 4834 14 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4834 15 segment segment NN 43431 4834 16 . . . 43431 4835 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4835 2 forms form VBZ 43431 4835 3 the the DT 43431 4835 4 upper upper JJ 43431 4835 5 border border NN 43431 4835 6 of of IN 43431 4835 7 the the DT 43431 4835 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4835 9 magnum magnum NN 43431 4835 10 and and CC 43431 4835 11 is be VBZ 43431 4835 12 drawn draw VBN 43431 4835 13 out out RP 43431 4835 14 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 4835 15 into into IN 43431 4835 16 a a DT 43431 4835 17 large large JJ 43431 4835 18 crest crest NN 43431 4835 19 which which WDT 43431 4835 20 extends extend VBZ 43431 4835 21 back back RB 43431 4835 22 far far RB 43431 4835 23 beyond beyond IN 43431 4835 24 the the DT 43431 4835 25 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4835 26 condyle condyle NN 43431 4835 27 . . . 43431 4836 1 In in IN 43431 4836 2 the the DT 43431 4836 3 adult adult NN 43431 4836 4 the the DT 43431 4836 5 supra supra NN 43431 4836 6 - - HYPH 43431 4836 7 occipital occipital NN 43431 4836 8 is be VBZ 43431 4836 9 completely completely RB 43431 4836 10 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 4836 11 with with IN 43431 4836 12 the the DT 43431 4836 13 epi epi NN 43431 4836 14 - - HYPH 43431 4836 15 otics otic NNS 43431 4836 16 . . . 43431 4837 1 The the DT 43431 4837 2 = = NFP 43431 4837 3 Parietal Parietal NNP 43431 4837 4 segment=. segment=. . 43431 4838 1 The the DT 43431 4838 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4838 3 portion portion NN 43431 4838 4 of of IN 43431 4838 5 the the DT 43431 4838 6 parietal parietal JJ 43431 4838 7 segment segment NN 43431 4838 8 is be VBZ 43431 4838 9 formed form VBN 43431 4838 10 by by IN 43431 4838 11 the the DT 43431 4838 12 = = SYM 43431 4838 13 basisphenoid= basisphenoid= NN 43431 4838 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4838 15 figs fig NNS 43431 4838 16 . . . 43431 4839 1 38 38 CD 43431 4839 2 and and CC 43431 4839 3 39 39 CD 43431 4839 4 , , , 43431 4839 5 4 4 CD 43431 4839 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4839 7 which which WDT 43431 4839 8 lies lie VBZ 43431 4839 9 immediately immediately RB 43431 4839 10 in in IN 43431 4839 11 front front NN 43431 4839 12 of of IN 43431 4839 13 the the DT 43431 4839 14 basi basi NN 43431 4839 15 - - HYPH 43431 4839 16 occipital occipital NN 43431 4839 17 . . . 43431 4840 1 A a DT 43431 4840 2 triangular triangular JJ 43431 4840 3 portion portion NN 43431 4840 4 of of IN 43431 4840 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4840 6 is be VBZ 43431 4840 7 seen see VBN 43431 4840 8 in in IN 43431 4840 9 a a DT 43431 4840 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4840 11 view view NN 43431 4840 12 of of IN 43431 4840 13 the the DT 43431 4840 14 skull skull NN 43431 4840 15 , , , 43431 4840 16 but but CC 43431 4840 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4840 18 is be VBZ 43431 4840 19 quickly quickly RB 43431 4840 20 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 4840 21 by by IN 43431 4840 22 the the DT 43431 4840 23 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4840 24 . . . 43431 4841 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4841 2 gives give VBZ 43431 4841 3 off off RP 43431 4841 4 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 4841 5 a a DT 43431 4841 6 pair pair NN 43431 4841 7 of of IN 43431 4841 8 short short JJ 43431 4841 9 processes process NNS 43431 4841 10 which which WDT 43431 4841 11 meet meet VBP 43431 4841 12 the the DT 43431 4841 13 pro pro JJ 43431 4841 14 - - NNS 43431 4841 15 otics otics JJ 43431 4841 16 . . . 43431 4842 1 The the DT 43431 4842 2 alisphenoidal alisphenoidal JJ 43431 4842 3 region region NN 43431 4842 4 is be VBZ 43431 4842 5 unossified unossified JJ 43431 4842 6 and and CC 43431 4842 7 the the DT 43431 4842 8 only only JJ 43431 4842 9 other other JJ 43431 4842 10 constituents constituent NNS 43431 4842 11 of of IN 43431 4842 12 the the DT 43431 4842 13 parietal parietal JJ 43431 4842 14 segment segment NN 43431 4842 15 are be VBP 43431 4842 16 the the DT 43431 4842 17 _ _ NNP 43431 4842 18 parietals parietal NNS 43431 4842 19 _ _ NNP 43431 4842 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4842 21 fig fig NN 43431 4842 22 . . . 43431 4843 1 39 39 CD 43431 4843 2 , , , 43431 4843 3 1 1 CD 43431 4843 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4843 5 . . . 43431 4844 1 These these DT 43431 4844 2 are be VBP 43431 4844 3 large large JJ 43431 4844 4 bones bone NNS 43431 4844 5 which which WDT 43431 4844 6 , , , 43431 4844 7 after after IN 43431 4844 8 roofing roof VBG 43431 4844 9 over over IN 43431 4844 10 the the DT 43431 4844 11 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4844 12 cavity cavity NN 43431 4844 13 , , , 43431 4844 14 extend extend VB 43431 4844 15 upwards upward NNS 43431 4844 16 and and CC 43431 4844 17 become become VBP 43431 4844 18 expanded expand VBN 43431 4844 19 into into IN 43431 4844 20 a a DT 43431 4844 21 pair pair NN 43431 4844 22 of of IN 43431 4844 23 broad broad JJ 43431 4844 24 plates plate NNS 43431 4844 25 which which WDT 43431 4844 26 unite unite VBP 43431 4844 27 with with IN 43431 4844 28 the the DT 43431 4844 29 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 4844 30 and and CC 43431 4844 31 bones bone NNS 43431 4844 32 of of IN 43431 4844 33 the the DT 43431 4844 34 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4844 35 segment segment NN 43431 4844 36 to to TO 43431 4844 37 form form VB 43431 4844 38 a a DT 43431 4844 39 wide wide JJ 43431 4844 40 , , , 43431 4844 41 solid solid JJ 43431 4844 42 , , , 43431 4844 43 false false JJ 43431 4844 44 roof roof NN 43431 4844 45 to to IN 43431 4844 46 the the DT 43431 4844 47 skull skull NN 43431 4844 48 . . . 43431 4845 1 Each each DT 43431 4845 2 also also RB 43431 4845 3 sends send VBZ 43431 4845 4 ventralwards ventralward NNS 43431 4845 5 a a DT 43431 4845 6 plate plate NN 43431 4845 7 which which WDT 43431 4845 8 meets meet VBZ 43431 4845 9 an an DT 43431 4845 10 upgrowth upgrowth NN 43431 4845 11 from from IN 43431 4845 12 the the DT 43431 4845 13 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 4845 14 and and CC 43431 4845 15 acts act VBZ 43431 4845 16 as as IN 43431 4845 17 an an DT 43431 4845 18 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 4845 19 . . . 43431 4846 1 The the DT 43431 4846 2 = = SYM 43431 4846 3 Frontal frontal NN 43431 4846 4 segment=. segment=. . 43431 4847 1 Of of IN 43431 4847 2 the the DT 43431 4847 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4847 4 segment segment NN 43431 4847 5 the the DT 43431 4847 6 basal basal NN 43431 4847 7 or or CC 43431 4847 8 presphenoidal presphenoidal JJ 43431 4847 9 and and CC 43431 4847 10 lateral lateral JJ 43431 4847 11 or or CC 43431 4847 12 orbitosphenoidal orbitosphenoidal JJ 43431 4847 13 portions portion NNS 43431 4847 14 do do VBP 43431 4847 15 not not RB 43431 4847 16 become become VB 43431 4847 17 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4847 18 , , , 43431 4847 19 the the DT 43431 4847 20 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4847 21 portion portion NN 43431 4847 22 however however RB 43431 4847 23 includes include VBZ 43431 4847 24 three three CD 43431 4847 25 pairs pair NNS 43431 4847 26 of of IN 43431 4847 27 membrane membrane NN 43431 4847 28 bones bone NNS 43431 4847 29 , , , 43431 4847 30 the the DT 43431 4847 31 _ _ NNP 43431 4847 32 frontals frontal VBZ 43431 4847 33 _ _ NNP 43431 4847 34 , , , 43431 4847 35 _ _ NNP 43431 4847 36 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 4847 37 _ _ NNP 43431 4847 38 and and CC 43431 4847 39 _ _ NNP 43431 4847 40 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 4847 41 _ _ NNP 43431 4847 42 . . . 43431 4848 1 The the DT 43431 4848 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4848 3 frontals frontal VBZ 43431 4848 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4848 5 are be VBP 43431 4848 6 a a DT 43431 4848 7 pair pair NN 43431 4848 8 of of IN 43431 4848 9 small small JJ 43431 4848 10 bones bone NNS 43431 4848 11 lying lie VBG 43431 4848 12 immediately immediately RB 43431 4848 13 in in IN 43431 4848 14 front front NN 43431 4848 15 of of IN 43431 4848 16 the the DT 43431 4848 17 parietals parietal NNS 43431 4848 18 , , , 43431 4848 19 and and CC 43431 4848 20 in in IN 43431 4848 21 front front NN 43431 4848 22 of of IN 43431 4848 23 them -PRON- PRP 43431 4848 24 are be VBP 43431 4848 25 the the DT 43431 4848 26 _ _ NNP 43431 4848 27 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 4848 28 _ _ NNP 43431 4848 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4848 30 figs fig NNS 43431 4848 31 . . . 43431 4849 1 38 38 CD 43431 4849 2 and and CC 43431 4849 3 39 39 CD 43431 4849 4 , , , 43431 4849 5 20 20 CD 43431 4849 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4849 7 , , , 43431 4849 8 a a DT 43431 4849 9 pair pair NN 43431 4849 10 of of IN 43431 4849 11 similar similar JJ 43431 4849 12 but but CC 43431 4849 13 still still RB 43431 4849 14 smaller small JJR 43431 4849 15 bones bone NNS 43431 4849 16 , , , 43431 4849 17 which which WDT 43431 4849 18 are be VBP 43431 4849 19 produced produce VBN 43431 4849 20 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4849 21 to to TO 43431 4849 22 meet meet VB 43431 4849 23 the the DT 43431 4849 24 vomer vomer NN 43431 4849 25 and and CC 43431 4849 26 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4849 27 . . . 43431 4850 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4850 2 form form VBP 43431 4850 3 also also RB 43431 4850 4 the the DT 43431 4850 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4850 6 boundary boundary NN 43431 4850 7 of of IN 43431 4850 8 the the DT 43431 4850 9 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4850 10 nares naris NNS 43431 4850 11 . . . 43431 4851 1 The the DT 43431 4851 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4851 3 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 4851 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4851 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4851 6 figs fig NNS 43431 4851 7 . . . 43431 4852 1 38 38 CD 43431 4852 2 and and CC 43431 4852 3 39 39 CD 43431 4852 4 , , , 43431 4852 5 18 18 CD 43431 4852 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4852 7 are be VBP 43431 4852 8 larger large JJR 43431 4852 9 bones bone NNS 43431 4852 10 , , , 43431 4852 11 united united NNP 43431 4852 12 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 4852 13 to to IN 43431 4852 14 the the DT 43431 4852 15 frontals frontal NNS 43431 4852 16 and and CC 43431 4852 17 parietals parietal NNS 43431 4852 18 , , , 43431 4852 19 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 4852 20 to to IN 43431 4852 21 the the DT 43431 4852 22 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 4852 23 , , , 43431 4852 24 and and CC 43431 4852 25 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4852 26 to to IN 43431 4852 27 the the DT 43431 4852 28 jugals jugal NNS 43431 4852 29 and and CC 43431 4852 30 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 4852 31 . . . 43431 4853 1 All all DT 43431 4853 2 three three CD 43431 4853 3 pairs pair NNS 43431 4853 4 of of IN 43431 4853 5 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4853 6 bones bone NNS 43431 4853 7 , , , 43431 4853 8 especially especially RB 43431 4853 9 the the DT 43431 4853 10 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 4853 11 , , , 43431 4853 12 take take VBP 43431 4853 13 part part NN 43431 4853 14 in in IN 43431 4853 15 the the DT 43431 4853 16 bounding bounding NN 43431 4853 17 of of IN 43431 4853 18 the the DT 43431 4853 19 orbits orbit NNS 43431 4853 20 . . . 43431 4854 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 4854 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 4854 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 4854 4 . . . 43431 4855 1 39 39 CD 43431 4855 2 . . . 43431 4856 1 LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL NNP 43431 4856 2 VERTICAL VERTICAL NNP 43431 4856 3 SECTION SECTION NNP 43431 4856 4 THROUGH THROUGH VBD 43431 4856 5 THE the DT 43431 4856 6 CRANIUM cranium NN 43431 4856 7 OF of IN 43431 4856 8 A a DT 43431 4856 9 GREEN green JJ 43431 4856 10 TURTLE turtle NN 43431 4856 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4856 12 _ _ NNP 43431 4856 13 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 4856 14 midas midas NNP 43431 4856 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4856 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4856 17 . . . 43431 4857 1 à à NNP 43431 4857 2 � � NNP 43431 4857 3 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 4857 4 . . . 43431 4858 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4858 2 Camb camb NN 43431 4858 3 . . . 43431 4859 1 Mus mus NN 43431 4859 2 . . . 43431 4859 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4860 1 1 1 LS 43431 4860 2 . . . 43431 4860 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 4860 4 . . . 43431 4861 1 2 2 LS 43431 4861 2 . . . 43431 4861 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 4861 4 . . . 43431 4862 1 3 3 LS 43431 4862 2 . . . 43431 4862 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 4862 4 . . . 43431 4863 1 4 4 LS 43431 4863 2 . . . 43431 4863 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 4863 4 . . . 43431 4864 1 5 5 LS 43431 4864 2 . . . 43431 4864 3 basi basi NN 43431 4864 4 - - HYPH 43431 4864 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 4864 6 . . . 43431 4865 1 6 6 LS 43431 4865 2 . . . 43431 4865 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 4865 4 . . . 43431 4866 1 7 7 LS 43431 4866 2 . . . 43431 4866 3 pro pro JJ 43431 4866 4 - - JJ 43431 4866 5 otic otic JJ 43431 4866 6 . . . 43431 4867 1 8 8 LS 43431 4867 2 . . . 43431 4867 3 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 4867 4 . . . 43431 4868 1 9 9 LS 43431 4868 2 . . . 43431 4868 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 4868 4 . . . 43431 4869 1 10 10 CD 43431 4869 2 . . . 43431 4869 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 4869 4 . . . 43431 4870 1 11 11 CD 43431 4870 2 . . . 43431 4870 3 rod rod NNP 43431 4870 4 passed pass VBD 43431 4870 5 into into IN 43431 4870 6 narial narial JJ 43431 4870 7 passage passage NN 43431 4870 8 . . . 43431 4871 1 12 12 CD 43431 4871 2 . . . 43431 4871 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 4871 4 . . . 43431 4872 1 13 13 CD 43431 4872 2 . . . 43431 4872 3 epi epi JJ 43431 4872 4 - - HYPH 43431 4872 5 otic otic JJ 43431 4872 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 4872 7 to to IN 43431 4872 8 supra supra NN 43431 4872 9 - - HYPH 43431 4872 10 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4872 11 . . . 43431 4873 1 14 14 CD 43431 4873 2 . . . 43431 4873 3 supra supra NNP 43431 4873 4 - - HYPH 43431 4873 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 4873 6 . . . 43431 4874 1 15 15 CD 43431 4874 2 . . . 43431 4874 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 4874 4 . . . 43431 4875 1 16 16 CD 43431 4875 2 . . . 43431 4875 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 4875 4 . . . 43431 4876 1 17 17 CD 43431 4876 2 . . . 43431 4876 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 4876 4 . . . 43431 4877 1 18 18 CD 43431 4877 2 . . . 43431 4877 3 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 4877 4 . . . 43431 4878 1 19 19 CD 43431 4878 2 . . . 43431 4878 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 4878 4 . . . 43431 4879 1 20 20 CD 43431 4879 2 . . . 43431 4879 3 prefrontal prefrontal JJ 43431 4879 4 . . . 43431 4880 1 21 21 LS 43431 4880 2 . . . 43431 4880 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 4880 4 . . . 43431 4881 1 V V NNP 43431 4881 2 , , , 43431 4881 3 VII VII NNP 43431 4881 4 , , , 43431 4881 5 VIII VIII NNP 43431 4881 6 , , , 43431 4881 7 IX ix NN 43431 4881 8 , , , 43431 4881 9 X X NNP 43431 4881 10 , , , 43431 4881 11 XI XI NNP 43431 4881 12 , , , 43431 4881 13 XII XII NNP 43431 4881 14 , , , 43431 4881 15 foramina foramina NNP 43431 4881 16 for for IN 43431 4881 17 the the DT 43431 4881 18 exit exit NN 43431 4881 19 of of IN 43431 4881 20 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4881 21 nerves nerve NNS 43431 4881 22 . . . 43431 4881 23 ] ] -RRB- 43431 4882 1 2 2 LS 43431 4882 2 . . . 43431 4883 1 THE the DT 43431 4883 2 SENSE SENSE NNS 43431 4883 3 CAPSULES capsule NNS 43431 4883 4 . . . 43431 4884 1 Skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 4884 2 structures structure NNS 43431 4884 3 occur occur VBP 43431 4884 4 in in IN 43431 4884 5 connection connection NN 43431 4884 6 with with IN 43431 4884 7 each each DT 43431 4884 8 of of IN 43431 4884 9 the the DT 43431 4884 10 three three CD 43431 4884 11 special special JJ 43431 4884 12 sense sense NN 43431 4884 13 organs organ NNS 43431 4884 14 of of IN 43431 4884 15 hearing hearing NN 43431 4884 16 , , , 43431 4884 17 sight sight NN 43431 4884 18 , , , 43431 4884 19 and and CC 43431 4884 20 smell smell NN 43431 4884 21 . . . 43431 4885 1 The the DT 43431 4885 2 = = SYM 43431 4885 3 Auditory Auditory NNP 43431 4885 4 capsules=. capsules=. NNP 43431 4886 1 The the DT 43431 4886 2 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4886 3 or or CC 43431 4886 4 periotic periotic JJ 43431 4886 5 capsule capsule NN 43431 4886 6 of of IN 43431 4886 7 the the DT 43431 4886 8 turtle turtle NN 43431 4886 9 is be VBZ 43431 4886 10 rather rather RB 43431 4886 11 large large JJ 43431 4886 12 and and CC 43431 4886 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4886 14 walls wall NNS 43431 4886 15 are be VBP 43431 4886 16 well well RB 43431 4886 17 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4886 18 , , , 43431 4886 19 epi epi JJ 43431 4886 20 - - JJ 43431 4886 21 otic otic JJ 43431 4886 22 , , , 43431 4886 23 pro pro JJ 43431 4886 24 - - JJ 43431 4886 25 otic otic JJ 43431 4886 26 and and CC 43431 4886 27 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 4886 28 bones bone NNS 43431 4886 29 being be VBG 43431 4886 30 present present JJ 43431 4886 31 . . . 43431 4887 1 The the DT 43431 4887 2 = = SYM 43431 4887 3 epi epi NN 43431 4887 4 - - HYPH 43431 4887 5 otic= otic= NN 43431 4887 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4887 7 fig fig NN 43431 4887 8 . . . 43431 4888 1 39 39 CD 43431 4888 2 , , , 43431 4888 3 13 13 CD 43431 4888 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4888 5 is be VBZ 43431 4888 6 the the DT 43431 4888 7 more more JJR 43431 4888 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4888 9 of of IN 43431 4888 10 the the DT 43431 4888 11 three three CD 43431 4888 12 bones bone NNS 43431 4888 13 , , , 43431 4888 14 and and CC 43431 4888 15 in in IN 43431 4888 16 the the DT 43431 4888 17 adult adult NN 43431 4888 18 is be VBZ 43431 4888 19 completely completely RB 43431 4888 20 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 4888 21 with with IN 43431 4888 22 the the DT 43431 4888 23 supra supra NN 43431 4888 24 - - HYPH 43431 4888 25 occipital occipital NN 43431 4888 26 . . . 43431 4889 1 The the DT 43431 4889 2 = = SYM 43431 4889 3 opisthotic= opisthotic= NN 43431 4889 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4889 5 fig fig NN 43431 4889 6 . . . 43431 4890 1 39 39 CD 43431 4890 2 , , , 43431 4890 3 8) 8) CD 43431 4890 4 is be VBZ 43431 4890 5 the the DT 43431 4890 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4890 7 posterior posterior NN 43431 4890 8 element element NN 43431 4890 9 . . . 43431 4891 1 On on IN 43431 4891 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4891 3 inner inner JJ 43431 4891 4 side side NN 43431 4891 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4891 6 is be VBZ 43431 4891 7 united united JJ 43431 4891 8 to to IN 43431 4891 9 the the DT 43431 4891 10 supra supra NNP 43431 4891 11 - - HYPH 43431 4891 12 occipital occipital NN 43431 4891 13 above above RB 43431 4891 14 , , , 43431 4891 15 and and CC 43431 4891 16 to to IN 43431 4891 17 the the DT 43431 4891 18 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 4891 19 below below RB 43431 4891 20 ; ; : 43431 4891 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4891 22 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 4891 23 becomes become VBZ 43431 4891 24 completely completely RB 43431 4891 25 fused fuse VBN 43431 4891 26 with with IN 43431 4891 27 the the DT 43431 4891 28 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 4891 29 . . . 43431 4892 1 In in IN 43431 4892 2 front front NN 43431 4892 3 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4892 4 meets meet VBZ 43431 4892 5 the the DT 43431 4892 6 pro pro JJ 43431 4892 7 - - JJ 43431 4892 8 otic otic JJ 43431 4892 9 , , , 43431 4892 10 and and CC 43431 4892 11 on on IN 43431 4892 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4892 13 outer outer JJ 43431 4892 14 side side NN 43431 4892 15 the the DT 43431 4892 16 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 4892 17 and and CC 43431 4892 18 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 4892 19 . . . 43431 4893 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4893 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4893 3 portion portion NN 43431 4893 4 is be VBZ 43431 4893 5 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 4893 6 out out RP 43431 4893 7 by by IN 43431 4893 8 the the DT 43431 4893 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 4893 10 in in IN 43431 4893 11 which which WDT 43431 4893 12 the the DT 43431 4893 13 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4893 14 organ organ NN 43431 4893 15 lies lie VBZ 43431 4893 16 , , , 43431 4893 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4893 18 gives give VBZ 43431 4893 19 off off RP 43431 4893 20 also also RB 43431 4893 21 a a DT 43431 4893 22 process process NN 43431 4893 23 which which WDT 43431 4893 24 is be VBZ 43431 4893 25 separated separate VBN 43431 4893 26 from from IN 43431 4893 27 the the DT 43431 4893 28 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 4893 29 by by IN 43431 4893 30 an an DT 43431 4893 31 oval oval JJ 43431 4893 32 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4893 33 through through IN 43431 4893 34 which which WDT 43431 4893 35 the the DT 43431 4893 36 glossopharyngeal glossopharyngeal NN 43431 4893 37 , , , 43431 4893 38 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 4893 39 , , , 43431 4893 40 and and CC 43431 4893 41 spinal spinal JJ 43431 4893 42 accessory accessory JJ 43431 4893 43 nerves nerve NNS 43431 4893 44 leave leave VBP 43431 4893 45 the the DT 43431 4893 46 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4893 47 cavity cavity NN 43431 4893 48 . . . 43431 4894 1 The the DT 43431 4894 2 = = SYM 43431 4894 3 pro pro NN 43431 4894 4 - - JJ 43431 4894 5 otic= otic= JJ 43431 4894 6 is be VBZ 43431 4894 7 the the DT 43431 4894 8 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4894 9 element element NN 43431 4894 10 ; ; : 43431 4894 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4894 12 meets meet VBZ 43431 4894 13 the the DT 43431 4894 14 supra supra NN 43431 4894 15 - - HYPH 43431 4894 16 occipital occipital JJ 43431 4894 17 and and CC 43431 4894 18 opisthotic opisthotic NN 43431 4894 19 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 4894 20 , , , 43431 4894 21 while while IN 43431 4894 22 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 4894 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4894 24 is be VBZ 43431 4894 25 separated separate VBN 43431 4894 26 from from IN 43431 4894 27 the the DT 43431 4894 28 alisphenoidal alisphenoidal JJ 43431 4894 29 plate plate NN 43431 4894 30 of of IN 43431 4894 31 the the DT 43431 4894 32 parietal parietal JJ 43431 4894 33 and and CC 43431 4894 34 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 4894 35 by by IN 43431 4894 36 a a DT 43431 4894 37 large large JJ 43431 4894 38 oval oval JJ 43431 4894 39 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4894 40 through through IN 43431 4894 41 which which WDT 43431 4894 42 the the DT 43431 4894 43 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 4894 44 and and CC 43431 4894 45 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 4894 46 branches branch NNS 43431 4894 47 of of IN 43431 4894 48 the the DT 43431 4894 49 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 4894 50 nerve nerve NN 43431 4894 51 pass pass VBP 43431 4894 52 out out RP 43431 4894 53 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4894 54 fig fig NN 43431 4894 55 . . . 43431 4895 1 39 39 CD 43431 4895 2 , , , 43431 4895 3 V V NNP 43431 4895 4 1 1 CD 43431 4895 5 & & CC 43431 4895 6 2 2 CD 43431 4895 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4895 8 . . . 43431 4896 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4896 2 is be VBZ 43431 4896 3 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 4896 4 out out RP 43431 4896 5 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 4896 6 by by IN 43431 4896 7 the the DT 43431 4896 8 cavity cavity NN 43431 4896 9 in in IN 43431 4896 10 which which WDT 43431 4896 11 the the DT 43431 4896 12 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4896 13 organ organ NN 43431 4896 14 lies lie VBZ 43431 4896 15 , , , 43431 4896 16 and and CC 43431 4896 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4896 18 inner inner JJ 43431 4896 19 wall wall NN 43431 4896 20 as as IN 43431 4896 21 seen see VBN 43431 4896 22 in in IN 43431 4896 23 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 4896 24 section section NN 43431 4896 25 is be VBZ 43431 4896 26 pierced pierce VBN 43431 4896 27 by by IN 43431 4896 28 a a DT 43431 4896 29 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4896 30 through through IN 43431 4896 31 which which WDT 43431 4896 32 the the DT 43431 4896 33 external external JJ 43431 4896 34 carotid carotid NNS 43431 4896 35 artery artery NN 43431 4896 36 and and CC 43431 4896 37 facial facial JJ 43431 4896 38 nerve nerve NN 43431 4896 39 leave leave VBP 43431 4896 40 the the DT 43431 4896 41 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4896 42 cavity,--the cavity,--the NNP 43431 4896 43 nerve nerve NN 43431 4896 44 finally finally RB 43431 4896 45 leaving leave VBG 43431 4896 46 the the DT 43431 4896 47 skull skull NN 43431 4896 48 through through IN 43431 4896 49 a a DT 43431 4896 50 small small JJ 43431 4896 51 oval oval JJ 43431 4896 52 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4896 53 on on IN 43431 4896 54 the the DT 43431 4896 55 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4896 56 face face NN 43431 4896 57 of of IN 43431 4896 58 the the DT 43431 4896 59 pro pro JJ 43431 4896 60 - - JJ 43431 4896 61 otic otic JJ 43431 4896 62 near near IN 43431 4896 63 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4896 64 junction junction NN 43431 4896 65 with with IN 43431 4896 66 the the DT 43431 4896 67 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4896 68 . . . 43431 4897 1 Between between IN 43431 4897 2 the the DT 43431 4897 3 pro pro JJ 43431 4897 4 - - JJ 43431 4897 5 otic otic JJ 43431 4897 6 and and CC 43431 4897 7 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 4897 8 as as IN 43431 4897 9 seen see VBN 43431 4897 10 in in IN 43431 4897 11 a a DT 43431 4897 12 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 4897 13 section section NN 43431 4897 14 of of IN 43431 4897 15 the the DT 43431 4897 16 skull skull NN 43431 4897 17 is be VBZ 43431 4897 18 a a DT 43431 4897 19 large large JJ 43431 4897 20 opening opening NN 43431 4897 21 constricted constrict VBN 43431 4897 22 in in IN 43431 4897 23 the the DT 43431 4897 24 middle middle NN 43431 4897 25 . . . 43431 4898 1 This this DT 43431 4898 2 is be VBZ 43431 4898 3 the the DT 43431 4898 4 = = SYM 43431 4898 5 internal internal JJ 43431 4898 6 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4898 7 meatus= meatus= NN 43431 4898 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4898 9 fig fig NN 43431 4898 10 . . . 43431 4899 1 39 39 CD 43431 4899 2 , , , 43431 4899 3 VIII VIII NNP 43431 4899 4 . . . 43431 4899 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4899 6 . . . 43431 4900 1 Through through IN 43431 4900 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4900 3 the the DT 43431 4900 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4900 5 nerve nerve NN 43431 4900 6 leaves leave VBZ 43431 4900 7 the the DT 43431 4900 8 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4900 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 4900 10 and and CC 43431 4900 11 enters enter VBZ 43431 4900 12 the the DT 43431 4900 13 ear ear NN 43431 4900 14 . . . 43431 4901 1 The the DT 43431 4901 2 ramus ramus NNP 43431 4901 3 vestibularis vestibularis NNP 43431 4901 4 leaves leave VBZ 43431 4901 5 through through IN 43431 4901 6 the the DT 43431 4901 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4901 8 part part NN 43431 4901 9 of of IN 43431 4901 10 the the DT 43431 4901 11 hole hole NN 43431 4901 12 , , , 43431 4901 13 the the DT 43431 4901 14 ramus ramus NNP 43431 4901 15 cochlearis cochlearis NNP 43431 4901 16 through through IN 43431 4901 17 the the DT 43431 4901 18 ventral ventral NN 43431 4901 19 . . . 43431 4902 1 The the DT 43431 4902 2 cavity cavity NN 43431 4902 3 of of IN 43431 4902 4 the the DT 43431 4902 5 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4902 6 or or CC 43431 4902 7 periotic periotic JJ 43431 4902 8 capsule capsule NN 43431 4902 9 communicates communicate NNS 43431 4902 10 with with IN 43431 4902 11 the the DT 43431 4902 12 exterior exterior NN 43431 4902 13 by by IN 43431 4902 14 a a DT 43431 4902 15 fairly fairly RB 43431 4902 16 large large JJ 43431 4902 17 hole hole NN 43431 4902 18 , , , 43431 4902 19 the the DT 43431 4902 20 = = SYM 43431 4902 21 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 4902 22 ovalis= ovalis= NNP 43431 4902 23 , , , 43431 4902 24 which which WDT 43431 4902 25 lies lie VBZ 43431 4902 26 between between IN 43431 4902 27 the the DT 43431 4902 28 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 4902 29 and and CC 43431 4902 30 pro pro JJ 43431 4902 31 - - JJ 43431 4902 32 otic otic JJ 43431 4902 33 , , , 43431 4902 34 and and CC 43431 4902 35 opens open VBZ 43431 4902 36 into into IN 43431 4902 37 a a DT 43431 4902 38 deep deep JJ 43431 4902 39 depression depression NN 43431 4902 40 , , , 43431 4902 41 the the DT 43431 4902 42 = = SYM 43431 4902 43 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 4902 44 cavity= cavity= NN 43431 4902 45 , , , 43431 4902 46 which which WDT 43431 4902 47 is be VBZ 43431 4902 48 seen see VBN 43431 4902 49 in in IN 43431 4902 50 a a DT 43431 4902 51 posterior posterior JJ 43431 4902 52 view view NN 43431 4902 53 of of IN 43431 4902 54 the the DT 43431 4902 55 skull skull NN 43431 4902 56 lying lie VBG 43431 4902 57 just just RB 43431 4902 58 external external JJ 43431 4902 59 to to IN 43431 4902 60 the the DT 43431 4902 61 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 4902 62 . . . 43431 4903 1 The the DT 43431 4903 2 cavity cavity NN 43431 4903 3 communicates communicate VBZ 43431 4903 4 with with IN 43431 4903 5 the the DT 43431 4903 6 exterior exterior NN 43431 4903 7 by by IN 43431 4903 8 a a DT 43431 4903 9 large large JJ 43431 4903 10 opening opening NN 43431 4903 11 , , , 43431 4903 12 the the DT 43431 4903 13 = = SYM 43431 4903 14 external external JJ 43431 4903 15 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4903 16 meatus= meatus= NN 43431 4903 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4903 18 fig fig NN 43431 4903 19 . . . 43431 4904 1 38 38 CD 43431 4904 2 , , , 43431 4904 3 22 22 CD 43431 4904 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4904 5 . . . 43431 4905 1 Several several JJ 43431 4905 2 other other JJ 43431 4905 3 openings opening NNS 43431 4905 4 are be VBP 43431 4905 5 seen see VBN 43431 4905 6 in in IN 43431 4905 7 the the DT 43431 4905 8 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 4905 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 4905 10 ; ; : 43431 4905 11 through through IN 43431 4905 12 one one CD 43431 4905 13 at at IN 43431 4905 14 the the DT 43431 4905 15 extreme extreme JJ 43431 4905 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 4905 17 end end VBP 43431 4905 18 the the DT 43431 4905 19 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 4905 20 and and CC 43431 4905 21 spinal spinal JJ 43431 4905 22 accessory accessory JJ 43431 4905 23 nerves nerve NNS 43431 4905 24 leave leave VBP 43431 4905 25 the the DT 43431 4905 26 skull skull NN 43431 4905 27 , , , 43431 4905 28 and and CC 43431 4905 29 through through IN 43431 4905 30 another another DT 43431 4905 31 , , , 43431 4905 32 a a DT 43431 4905 33 little little JJ 43431 4905 34 further further JJ 43431 4905 35 forwards forward NNS 43431 4905 36 , , , 43431 4905 37 the the DT 43431 4905 38 glossopharyngeal glossopharyngeal NN 43431 4905 39 . . . 43431 4906 1 The the DT 43431 4906 2 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4906 3 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 4906 4 consist consist VBP 43431 4906 5 of of IN 43431 4906 6 a a DT 43431 4906 7 long long JJ 43431 4906 8 bony bony NN 43431 4906 9 = = SYM 43431 4906 10 columella= columella= NN 43431 4906 11 , , , 43431 4906 12 whose whose WP$ 43431 4906 13 inner inner JJ 43431 4906 14 end end NN 43431 4906 15 fits fit VBZ 43431 4906 16 into into IN 43431 4906 17 the the DT 43431 4906 18 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 4906 19 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 4906 20 , , , 43431 4906 21 while while IN 43431 4906 22 the the DT 43431 4906 23 outer outer JJ 43431 4906 24 end end NN 43431 4906 25 is be VBZ 43431 4906 26 attached attach VBN 43431 4906 27 to to IN 43431 4906 28 a a DT 43431 4906 29 small small JJ 43431 4906 30 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4906 31 plate plate NN 43431 4906 32 , , , 43431 4906 33 the the DT 43431 4906 34 = = SYM 43431 4906 35 extra extra JJ 43431 4906 36 - - NN 43431 4906 37 columella= columella= NN 43431 4906 38 , , , 43431 4906 39 which which WDT 43431 4906 40 is be VBZ 43431 4906 41 united united JJ 43431 4906 42 to to IN 43431 4906 43 the the DT 43431 4906 44 tympanum tympanum NN 43431 4906 45 . . . 43431 4907 1 The the DT 43431 4907 2 = = NFP 43431 4907 3 Optic Optic NNP 43431 4907 4 capsules=. capsules=. . 43431 4908 1 The the DT 43431 4908 2 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 4908 3 structures structure NNS 43431 4908 4 developed develop VBN 43431 4908 5 in in IN 43431 4908 6 connection connection NN 43431 4908 7 with with IN 43431 4908 8 the the DT 43431 4908 9 optic optic JJ 43431 4908 10 capsule capsule NN 43431 4908 11 do do VBP 43431 4908 12 not not RB 43431 4908 13 become become VB 43431 4908 14 united united JJ 43431 4908 15 to to IN 43431 4908 16 the the DT 43431 4908 17 skull skull NN 43431 4908 18 . . . 43431 4909 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4909 2 consist consist VBP 43431 4909 3 of:-- of:-- '' 43431 4909 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4909 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4909 6 a a DT 43431 4909 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4909 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4909 9 the the DT 43431 4909 10 = = SYM 43431 4909 11 sclerotic= sclerotic= NNS 43431 4909 12 , , , 43431 4909 13 a a DT 43431 4909 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4909 15 sheath sheath NN 43431 4909 16 investing invest VBG 43431 4909 17 the the DT 43431 4909 18 eye eye NN 43431 4909 19 and and CC 43431 4909 20 bearing bear VBG 43431 4909 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4909 22 _ _ NNP 43431 4909 23 b b NNP 43431 4909 24 _ _ NNP 43431 4909 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4909 26 a a DT 43431 4909 27 ring ring NN 43431 4909 28 of of IN 43431 4909 29 ten ten CD 43431 4909 30 small small JJ 43431 4909 31 bony bony NN 43431 4909 32 scales scale NNS 43431 4909 33 . . . 43431 4910 1 There there EX 43431 4910 2 is be VBZ 43431 4910 3 no no DT 43431 4910 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4910 5 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 4910 6 _ _ NNP 43431 4910 7 bone bone NN 43431 4910 8 . . . 43431 4911 1 The the DT 43431 4911 2 = = SYM 43431 4911 3 Olfactory= Olfactory= NNS 43431 4911 4 or or CC 43431 4911 5 = = SYM 43431 4911 6 Nasal nasal NN 43431 4911 7 capsules=. capsules=. . 43431 4912 1 The the DT 43431 4912 2 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 4912 3 axis axi NNS 43431 4912 4 in in IN 43431 4912 5 front front NN 43431 4912 6 of of IN 43431 4912 7 the the DT 43431 4912 8 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 4912 9 remains remain VBZ 43431 4912 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4912 11 , , , 43431 4912 12 neither neither DT 43431 4912 13 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 4912 14 nor nor CC 43431 4912 15 mesethmoid mesethmoid JJ 43431 4912 16 bones bone NNS 43431 4912 17 are be VBP 43431 4912 18 developed develop VBN 43431 4912 19 , , , 43431 4912 20 and and CC 43431 4912 21 the the DT 43431 4912 22 orbits orbit NNS 43431 4912 23 in in IN 43431 4912 24 a a DT 43431 4912 25 dry dry JJ 43431 4912 26 skull skull NN 43431 4912 27 communicate communicate NN 43431 4912 28 by by IN 43431 4912 29 a a DT 43431 4912 30 wide wide JJ 43431 4912 31 space space NN 43431 4912 32 through through IN 43431 4912 33 which which WDT 43431 4912 34 the the DT 43431 4912 35 second second JJ 43431 4912 36 , , , 43431 4912 37 third third JJ 43431 4912 38 , , , 43431 4912 39 fourth fourth JJ 43431 4912 40 , , , 43431 4912 41 and and CC 43431 4912 42 sixth sixth JJ 43431 4912 43 cranial cranial JJ 43431 4912 44 nerves nerve NNS 43431 4912 45 pass pass VBP 43431 4912 46 out out RP 43431 4912 47 . . . 43431 4913 1 Separate separate JJ 43431 4913 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4913 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 4913 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4913 5 bones bone NNS 43431 4913 6 also also RB 43431 4913 7 do do VBP 43431 4913 8 not not RB 43431 4913 9 occur occur VB 43431 4913 10 , , , 43431 4913 11 the the DT 43431 4913 12 large large JJ 43431 4913 13 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 4913 14 extending extend VBG 43431 4913 15 over over IN 43431 4913 16 the the DT 43431 4913 17 area area NN 43431 4913 18 usually usually RB 43431 4913 19 occupied occupy VBN 43431 4913 20 by by IN 43431 4913 21 both both DT 43431 4913 22 nasals nasal NNS 43431 4913 23 and and CC 43431 4913 24 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 4913 25 . . . 43431 4914 1 The the DT 43431 4914 2 only only JJ 43431 4914 3 bone bone NN 43431 4914 4 developed develop VBN 43431 4914 5 in in IN 43431 4914 6 connection connection NN 43431 4914 7 with with IN 43431 4914 8 the the DT 43431 4914 9 nasal nasal NN 43431 4914 10 capsules capsule NNS 43431 4914 11 is be VBZ 43431 4914 12 the the DT 43431 4914 13 _ _ NNP 43431 4914 14 vomer vomer NN 43431 4914 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4914 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4914 17 fig fig NN 43431 4914 18 . . . 43431 4915 1 39 39 CD 43431 4915 2 , , , 43431 4915 3 19 19 CD 43431 4915 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4915 5 , , , 43431 4915 6 an an DT 43431 4915 7 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 4915 8 bone bone NN 43431 4915 9 lying lie VBG 43431 4915 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4915 11 to to IN 43431 4915 12 the the DT 43431 4915 13 mesethmoid mesethmoid JJ 43431 4915 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4915 15 , , , 43431 4915 16 and and CC 43431 4915 17 in in IN 43431 4915 18 contact contact NN 43431 4915 19 laterally laterally RB 43431 4915 20 with with IN 43431 4915 21 the the DT 43431 4915 22 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 4915 23 , , , 43431 4915 24 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 4915 25 and and CC 43431 4915 26 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4915 27 . . . 43431 4916 1 3 3 LS 43431 4916 2 . . . 43431 4917 1 THE the DT 43431 4917 2 UPPER UPPER NNP 43431 4917 3 JAW JAW NNP 43431 4917 4 AND and CC 43431 4917 5 SUSPENSORIAL SUSPENSORIAL NNP 43431 4917 6 APPARATUS APPARATUS NNP 43431 4917 7 . . . 43431 4918 1 A a DT 43431 4918 2 number number NN 43431 4918 3 of of IN 43431 4918 4 pairs pair NNS 43431 4918 5 of of IN 43431 4918 6 bones bone NNS 43431 4918 7 are be VBP 43431 4918 8 developed develop VBN 43431 4918 9 in in IN 43431 4918 10 connection connection NN 43431 4918 11 with with IN 43431 4918 12 the the DT 43431 4918 13 upper upper JJ 43431 4918 14 jaw jaw NN 43431 4918 15 and and CC 43431 4918 16 suspensorial suspensorial JJ 43431 4918 17 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 4918 18 , , , 43431 4918 19 one one CD 43431 4918 20 pair pair NN 43431 4918 21 , , , 43431 4918 22 the the DT 43431 4918 23 = = SYM 43431 4918 24 quadrates= quadrates= JJ 43431 4918 25 , , , 43431 4918 26 being be VBG 43431 4918 27 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4918 28 bones bone NNS 43431 4918 29 , , , 43431 4918 30 while while IN 43431 4918 31 the the DT 43431 4918 32 rest rest NN 43431 4918 33 are be VBP 43431 4918 34 all all DT 43431 4918 35 membrane membrane NN 43431 4918 36 bones bone NNS 43431 4918 37 . . . 43431 4919 1 The the DT 43431 4919 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4919 3 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 4919 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4919 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4919 6 fig fig NN 43431 4919 7 . . . 43431 4920 1 38 38 CD 43431 4920 2 , , , 43431 4920 3 2 2 CD 43431 4920 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4920 5 are be VBP 43431 4920 6 large large JJ 43431 4920 7 bones bone NNS 43431 4920 8 which which WDT 43431 4920 9 , , , 43431 4920 10 lying lie VBG 43431 4920 11 external external JJ 43431 4920 12 to to IN 43431 4920 13 the the DT 43431 4920 14 auditory auditory JJ 43431 4920 15 bones bone NNS 43431 4920 16 , , , 43431 4920 17 extend extend VB 43431 4920 18 dorsalwards dorsalward NNS 43431 4920 19 to to TO 43431 4920 20 meet meet VB 43431 4920 21 the the DT 43431 4920 22 parietals parietal NNS 43431 4920 23 and and CC 43431 4920 24 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 4920 25 , , , 43431 4920 26 and and CC 43431 4920 27 form form VB 43431 4920 28 a a DT 43431 4920 29 large large JJ 43431 4920 30 part part NN 43431 4920 31 of of IN 43431 4920 32 the the DT 43431 4920 33 false false JJ 43431 4920 34 roof roof NN 43431 4920 35 of of IN 43431 4920 36 the the DT 43431 4920 37 skull skull NN 43431 4920 38 . . . 43431 4921 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4921 2 are be VBP 43431 4921 3 united united JJ 43431 4921 4 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4921 5 with with IN 43431 4921 6 the the DT 43431 4921 7 quadrates quadrate NNS 43431 4921 8 and and CC 43431 4921 9 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 4921 10 . . . 43431 4922 1 Each each DT 43431 4922 2 = = SYM 43431 4922 3 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 4922 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4922 5 fig fig NN 43431 4922 6 . . . 43431 4923 1 38 38 CD 43431 4923 2 , , , 43431 4923 3 3 3 LS 43431 4923 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4923 5 forms form VBZ 43431 4923 6 the the DT 43431 4923 7 outer outer JJ 43431 4923 8 boundary boundary NN 43431 4923 9 of of IN 43431 4923 10 the the DT 43431 4923 11 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 4923 12 cavity cavity NN 43431 4923 13 , , , 43431 4923 14 and and CC 43431 4923 15 is be VBZ 43431 4923 16 firmly firmly RB 43431 4923 17 united united JJ 43431 4923 18 on on IN 43431 4923 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4923 20 inner inner JJ 43431 4923 21 side side NN 43431 4923 22 with with IN 43431 4923 23 the the DT 43431 4923 24 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 4923 25 , , , 43431 4923 26 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 4923 27 , , , 43431 4923 28 and and CC 43431 4923 29 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 4923 30 . . . 43431 4924 1 Dorsally dorsally RB 43431 4924 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4924 3 is be VBZ 43431 4924 4 fixed fix VBN 43431 4924 5 to to IN 43431 4924 6 the the DT 43431 4924 7 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 4924 8 and and CC 43431 4924 9 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 4924 10 to to IN 43431 4924 11 the the DT 43431 4924 12 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 4924 13 . . . 43431 4925 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4925 2 outer outer JJ 43431 4925 3 surface surface NN 43431 4925 4 is be VBZ 43431 4925 5 marked mark VBN 43431 4925 6 by by IN 43431 4925 7 a a DT 43431 4925 8 deep deep JJ 43431 4925 9 recess recess NN 43431 4925 10 , , , 43431 4925 11 and and CC 43431 4925 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4925 13 ends end VBZ 43431 4925 14 below below RB 43431 4925 15 in in IN 43431 4925 16 a a DT 43431 4925 17 strong strong JJ 43431 4925 18 condyle condyle NN 43431 4925 19 with with IN 43431 4925 20 which which WDT 43431 4925 21 the the DT 43431 4925 22 mandible mandible JJ 43431 4925 23 articulates articulate NNS 43431 4925 24 . . . 43431 4926 1 In in IN 43431 4926 2 front front NN 43431 4926 3 of of IN 43431 4926 4 the the DT 43431 4926 5 quadrates quadrate NNS 43431 4926 6 are be VBP 43431 4926 7 a a DT 43431 4926 8 pair pair NN 43431 4926 9 of of IN 43431 4926 10 thin thin JJ 43431 4926 11 plate plate NN 43431 4926 12 - - HYPH 43431 4926 13 like like JJ 43431 4926 14 bones bone NNS 43431 4926 15 , , , 43431 4926 16 the the DT 43431 4926 17 _ _ NNP 43431 4926 18 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 4926 19 _ _ NNP 43431 4926 20 which which WDT 43431 4926 21 are be VBP 43431 4926 22 united unite VBN 43431 4926 23 in in IN 43431 4926 24 front front NN 43431 4926 25 to to IN 43431 4926 26 the the DT 43431 4926 27 jugals jugal NNS 43431 4926 28 or or CC 43431 4926 29 malars malar NNS 43431 4926 30 . . . 43431 4927 1 The the DT 43431 4927 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4927 3 jugals jugal NNS 43431 4927 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4927 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4927 6 fig fig NN 43431 4927 7 . . . 43431 4928 1 38 38 CD 43431 4928 2 , , , 43431 4928 3 17 17 CD 43431 4928 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4928 5 are be VBP 43431 4928 6 also also RB 43431 4928 7 thin thin JJ 43431 4928 8 plate plate NN 43431 4928 9 - - HYPH 43431 4928 10 like like JJ 43431 4928 11 bones bone NNS 43431 4928 12 , , , 43431 4928 13 and and CC 43431 4928 14 form form NN 43431 4928 15 part part NN 43431 4928 16 of of IN 43431 4928 17 the the DT 43431 4928 18 posterior posterior NN 43431 4928 19 boundary boundary JJ 43431 4928 20 of of IN 43431 4928 21 the the DT 43431 4928 22 orbit orbit NN 43431 4928 23 . . . 43431 4929 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4929 2 are be VBP 43431 4929 3 attached attach VBN 43431 4929 4 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 4929 5 to to IN 43431 4929 6 the the DT 43431 4929 7 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 4929 8 , , , 43431 4929 9 and and CC 43431 4929 10 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 4929 11 to to IN 43431 4929 12 the the DT 43431 4929 13 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 4929 14 , , , 43431 4929 15 while while IN 43431 4929 16 each each DT 43431 4929 17 also also RB 43431 4929 18 sends send VBZ 43431 4929 19 inwards inward NNS 43431 4929 20 a a DT 43431 4929 21 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 4929 22 process process NN 43431 4929 23 which which WDT 43431 4929 24 meets meet VBZ 43431 4929 25 the the DT 43431 4929 26 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 4929 27 and and CC 43431 4929 28 palatine palatine NNP 43431 4929 29 . . . 43431 4930 1 The the DT 43431 4930 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4930 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 4930 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4930 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4930 6 figs fig NNS 43431 4930 7 . . . 43431 4931 1 38 38 CD 43431 4931 2 and and CC 43431 4931 3 39 39 CD 43431 4931 4 , , , 43431 4931 5 16 16 CD 43431 4931 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4931 7 are be VBP 43431 4931 8 a a DT 43431 4931 9 pair pair NN 43431 4931 10 of of IN 43431 4931 11 large large JJ 43431 4931 12 vertically vertically RB 43431 4931 13 - - HYPH 43431 4931 14 placed place VBN 43431 4931 15 bones bone NNS 43431 4931 16 , , , 43431 4931 17 each each DT 43431 4931 18 drawn draw VBN 43431 4931 19 out out RP 43431 4931 20 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 4931 21 into into IN 43431 4931 22 a a DT 43431 4931 23 straight straight JJ 43431 4931 24 , , , 43431 4931 25 sharp sharp JJ 43431 4931 26 , , , 43431 4931 27 cutting cut VBG 43431 4931 28 edge edge NN 43431 4931 29 . . . 43431 4932 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4932 2 form form VBP 43431 4932 3 the the DT 43431 4932 4 lateral lateral JJ 43431 4932 5 boundaries boundary NNS 43431 4932 6 of of IN 43431 4932 7 the the DT 43431 4932 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 4932 9 nares naris NNS 43431 4932 10 , , , 43431 4932 11 and and CC 43431 4932 12 each each DT 43431 4932 13 sends send VBZ 43431 4932 14 dorsalwards dorsalward VBZ 43431 4932 15 a a DT 43431 4932 16 process process NN 43431 4932 17 which which WDT 43431 4932 18 meets meet VBZ 43431 4932 19 the the DT 43431 4932 20 postfrontal postfrontal NN 43431 4932 21 . . . 43431 4933 1 Each each DT 43431 4933 2 also also RB 43431 4933 3 sends send VBZ 43431 4933 4 inwards inward NNS 43431 4933 5 a a DT 43431 4933 6 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 4933 7 = = SYM 43431 4933 8 palatine palatine NN 43431 4933 9 process= process= NN 43431 4933 10 , , , 43431 4933 11 which which WDT 43431 4933 12 meets meet VBZ 43431 4933 13 the the DT 43431 4933 14 palatine palatine NN 43431 4933 15 and and CC 43431 4933 16 vomer vomer NN 43431 4933 17 , , , 43431 4933 18 and and CC 43431 4933 19 also also RB 43431 4933 20 forms form VBZ 43431 4933 21 much much JJ 43431 4933 22 of of IN 43431 4933 23 the the DT 43431 4933 24 floor floor NN 43431 4933 25 of of IN 43431 4933 26 the the DT 43431 4933 27 narial narial JJ 43431 4933 28 passage passage NN 43431 4933 29 . . . 43431 4934 1 The the DT 43431 4934 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4934 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 4934 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4934 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4934 6 figs fig NNS 43431 4934 7 . . . 43431 4935 1 38 38 CD 43431 4935 2 and and CC 43431 4935 3 39 39 CD 43431 4935 4 , , , 43431 4935 5 15 15 CD 43431 4935 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4935 7 are be VBP 43431 4935 8 a a DT 43431 4935 9 pair pair NN 43431 4935 10 of of IN 43431 4935 11 very very RB 43431 4935 12 small small JJ 43431 4935 13 bones bone NNS 43431 4935 14 forming form VBG 43431 4935 15 the the DT 43431 4935 16 floor floor NN 43431 4935 17 of of IN 43431 4935 18 the the DT 43431 4935 19 anterior anterior NNP 43431 4935 20 narial narial NNP 43431 4935 21 opening opening NN 43431 4935 22 , , , 43431 4935 23 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4935 24 are be VBP 43431 4935 25 wedged wedge VBN 43431 4935 26 in in RP 43431 4935 27 between between IN 43431 4935 28 the the DT 43431 4935 29 two two CD 43431 4935 30 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 4935 31 , , , 43431 4935 32 and and CC 43431 4935 33 send send VB 43431 4935 34 back back RB 43431 4935 35 processes process NNS 43431 4935 36 which which WDT 43431 4935 37 meet meet VBP 43431 4935 38 the the DT 43431 4935 39 vomer vomer NN 43431 4935 40 and and CC 43431 4935 41 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4935 42 . . . 43431 4936 1 The the DT 43431 4936 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4936 3 palatines palatine VBZ 43431 4936 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4936 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4936 6 fig fig NN 43431 4936 7 . . . 43431 4937 1 39 39 CD 43431 4937 2 , , , 43431 4937 3 10 10 CD 43431 4937 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4937 5 are be VBP 43431 4937 6 a a DT 43431 4937 7 pair pair NN 43431 4937 8 of of IN 43431 4937 9 small small JJ 43431 4937 10 bones bone NNS 43431 4937 11 firmly firmly RB 43431 4937 12 united united JJ 43431 4937 13 with with IN 43431 4937 14 the the DT 43431 4937 15 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4937 16 behind behind RB 43431 4937 17 , , , 43431 4937 18 with with IN 43431 4937 19 the the DT 43431 4937 20 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 4937 21 and and CC 43431 4937 22 jugals jugal NNS 43431 4937 23 externally externally RB 43431 4937 24 , , , 43431 4937 25 and and CC 43431 4937 26 with with IN 43431 4937 27 the the DT 43431 4937 28 vomer vomer NN 43431 4937 29 in in IN 43431 4937 30 the the DT 43431 4937 31 middle middle JJ 43431 4937 32 line line NN 43431 4937 33 . . . 43431 4938 1 Each each DT 43431 4938 2 also also RB 43431 4938 3 gives give VBZ 43431 4938 4 off off RP 43431 4938 5 a a DT 43431 4938 6 palatine palatine JJ 43431 4938 7 plate plate NN 43431 4938 8 which which WDT 43431 4938 9 unites unite VBZ 43431 4938 10 with with IN 43431 4938 11 the the DT 43431 4938 12 expanded expand VBN 43431 4938 13 lower low JJR 43431 4938 14 edge edge NN 43431 4938 15 of of IN 43431 4938 16 the the DT 43431 4938 17 vomer vomer NN 43431 4938 18 , , , 43431 4938 19 and and CC 43431 4938 20 forms form VBZ 43431 4938 21 the the DT 43431 4938 22 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4938 23 boundary boundary NN 43431 4938 24 of of IN 43431 4938 25 the the DT 43431 4938 26 posterior posterior NNP 43431 4938 27 nares naris NNS 43431 4938 28 . . . 43431 4939 1 Anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 4939 2 the the DT 43431 4939 3 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4939 4 form form VBP 43431 4939 5 the the DT 43431 4939 6 posterior posterior JJ 43431 4939 7 boundary boundary JJ 43431 4939 8 of of IN 43431 4939 9 a a DT 43431 4939 10 large large JJ 43431 4939 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4939 12 through through IN 43431 4939 13 which which WDT 43431 4939 14 the the DT 43431 4939 15 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 4939 16 branches branch NNS 43431 4939 17 of of IN 43431 4939 18 the the DT 43431 4939 19 fifth fifth JJ 43431 4939 20 and and CC 43431 4939 21 seventh seventh JJ 43431 4939 22 nerves nerve NNS 43431 4939 23 pass pass VBP 43431 4939 24 to to IN 43431 4939 25 the the DT 43431 4939 26 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 4939 27 organs organ NNS 43431 4939 28 . . . 43431 4940 1 The the DT 43431 4940 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4940 3 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 4940 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4940 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4940 6 fig fig NN 43431 4940 7 . . . 43431 4941 1 39 39 CD 43431 4941 2 , , , 43431 4941 3 9 9 CD 43431 4941 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4941 5 are be VBP 43431 4941 6 a a DT 43431 4941 7 pair pair NN 43431 4941 8 of of IN 43431 4941 9 large large JJ 43431 4941 10 bones bone NNS 43431 4941 11 which which WDT 43431 4941 12 unite unite VBP 43431 4941 13 with with IN 43431 4941 14 one one CD 43431 4941 15 another another DT 43431 4941 16 by by IN 43431 4941 17 a a DT 43431 4941 18 long long JJ 43431 4941 19 median median JJ 43431 4941 20 suture suture NN 43431 4941 21 . . . 43431 4942 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 4942 2 are be VBP 43431 4942 3 united unite VBN 43431 4942 4 also also RB 43431 4942 5 with with IN 43431 4942 6 the the DT 43431 4942 7 palatines palatine NNS 43431 4942 8 in in IN 43431 4942 9 front front NN 43431 4942 10 , , , 43431 4942 11 and and CC 43431 4942 12 with with IN 43431 4942 13 the the DT 43431 4942 14 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 4942 15 , , , 43431 4942 16 basisphenoid basisphenoid JJ 43431 4942 17 , , , 43431 4942 18 basi basi NN 43431 4942 19 - - HYPH 43431 4942 20 occipital occipital NN 43431 4942 21 , , , 43431 4942 22 and and CC 43431 4942 23 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 4942 24 behind behind RB 43431 4942 25 . . . 43431 4943 1 Each each DT 43431 4943 2 also also RB 43431 4943 3 sends send VBZ 43431 4943 4 dorsalwards dorsalward NNS 43431 4943 5 a a DT 43431 4943 6 short short JJ 43431 4943 7 = = SYM 43431 4943 8 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 4943 9 plate= plate= NN 43431 4943 10 which which WDT 43431 4943 11 meets meet VBZ 43431 4943 12 that that IN 43431 4943 13 from from IN 43431 4943 14 the the DT 43431 4943 15 parietal parietal NN 43431 4943 16 . . . 43431 4944 1 Piercing pierce VBG 43431 4944 2 the the DT 43431 4944 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 4944 4 end end NN 43431 4944 5 of of IN 43431 4944 6 the the DT 43431 4944 7 _ _ NNP 43431 4944 8 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 4944 9 _ _ NNP 43431 4944 10 is be VBZ 43431 4944 11 the the DT 43431 4944 12 prominent prominent JJ 43431 4944 13 opening opening NN 43431 4944 14 of of IN 43431 4944 15 the the DT 43431 4944 16 carotid carotid NNP 43431 4944 17 canal canal NN 43431 4944 18 ; ; : 43431 4944 19 a a DT 43431 4944 20 bristle bristle NN 43431 4944 21 passed pass VBD 43431 4944 22 into into IN 43431 4944 23 this this DT 43431 4944 24 hole hole NN 43431 4944 25 emerges emerge VBZ 43431 4944 26 through through IN 43431 4944 27 a a DT 43431 4944 28 foramen foraman NNS 43431 4944 29 lying lie VBG 43431 4944 30 between between IN 43431 4944 31 the the DT 43431 4944 32 pro pro JJ 43431 4944 33 - - JJ 43431 4944 34 otic otic JJ 43431 4944 35 and and CC 43431 4944 36 the the DT 43431 4944 37 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 4944 38 process process NN 43431 4944 39 of of IN 43431 4944 40 the the DT 43431 4944 41 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 4944 42 . . . 43431 4945 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4945 2 2 2 LS 43431 4945 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4945 4 THE the DT 43431 4945 5 LOWER LOWER NNP 43431 4945 6 JAW JAW NNP 43431 4945 7 OR or CC 43431 4945 8 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNP 43431 4945 9 . . . 43431 4946 1 The the DT 43431 4946 2 = = SYM 43431 4946 3 mandible= mandible= NN 43431 4946 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 4946 5 of of IN 43431 4946 6 one one CD 43431 4946 7 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 4946 8 bone bone NN 43431 4946 9 , , , 43431 4946 10 formed form VBN 43431 4946 11 by by IN 43431 4946 12 the the DT 43431 4946 13 fusion fusion NN 43431 4946 14 of of IN 43431 4946 15 the the DT 43431 4946 16 two two CD 43431 4946 17 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 18 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 4946 19 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 20 , , , 43431 4946 21 and and CC 43431 4946 22 five five CD 43431 4946 23 pairs pair NNS 43431 4946 24 of of IN 43431 4946 25 bones bone NNS 43431 4946 26 , , , 43431 4946 27 called call VBD 43431 4946 28 respectively respectively RB 43431 4946 29 the the DT 43431 4946 30 = = SYM 43431 4946 31 articular= articular= NN 43431 4946 32 , , , 43431 4946 33 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 34 angular angular JJ 43431 4946 35 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 36 , , , 43431 4946 37 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 38 supra supra NNP 43431 4946 39 - - HYPH 43431 4946 40 angular angular NNP 43431 4946 41 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 42 , , , 43431 4946 43 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 44 splenial splenial NN 43431 4946 45 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 46 and and CC 43431 4946 47 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 48 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 4946 49 _ _ NNP 43431 4946 50 . . . 43431 4947 1 The the DT 43431 4947 2 fused fuse VBN 43431 4947 3 _ _ NNP 43431 4947 4 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 4947 5 _ _ NNP 43431 4947 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4947 7 fig fig NN 43431 4947 8 . . . 43431 4948 1 38 38 CD 43431 4948 2 , , , 43431 4948 3 12 12 CD 43431 4948 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4948 5 form form NN 43431 4948 6 by by IN 43431 4948 7 far far RB 43431 4948 8 the the DT 43431 4948 9 largest large JJS 43431 4948 10 of of IN 43431 4948 11 the the DT 43431 4948 12 bones bone NNS 43431 4948 13 ; ; : 43431 4948 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 4948 15 constitute constitute VBP 43431 4948 16 the the DT 43431 4948 17 flattened flattened JJ 43431 4948 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4948 19 part part NN 43431 4948 20 of of IN 43431 4948 21 the the DT 43431 4948 22 mandible mandible NN 43431 4948 23 , , , 43431 4948 24 and and CC 43431 4948 25 extend extend VB 43431 4948 26 back back RB 43431 4948 27 below below IN 43431 4948 28 the the DT 43431 4948 29 other other JJ 43431 4948 30 bones bone NNS 43431 4948 31 almost almost RB 43431 4948 32 to to IN 43431 4948 33 the the DT 43431 4948 34 end end NN 43431 4948 35 of of IN 43431 4948 36 the the DT 43431 4948 37 jaw jaw NN 43431 4948 38 . . . 43431 4949 1 The the DT 43431 4949 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4949 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 4949 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4949 5 is be VBZ 43431 4949 6 the the DT 43431 4949 7 most most JJS 43431 4949 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 4949 9 of of IN 43431 4949 10 the the DT 43431 4949 11 paired pair VBN 43431 4949 12 bones bone NNS 43431 4949 13 , , , 43431 4949 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4949 15 forms form VBZ 43431 4949 16 a a DT 43431 4949 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 4949 18 process process NN 43431 4949 19 to to TO 43431 4949 20 which which WDT 43431 4949 21 the the DT 43431 4949 22 muscles muscle NNS 43431 4949 23 for for IN 43431 4949 24 closing close VBG 43431 4949 25 the the DT 43431 4949 26 jaw jaw NN 43431 4949 27 are be VBP 43431 4949 28 attached attach VBN 43431 4949 29 . . . 43431 4950 1 The the DT 43431 4950 2 = = SYM 43431 4950 3 articular= articular= NN 43431 4950 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4950 5 fig fig NN 43431 4950 6 . . . 43431 4951 1 38 38 CD 43431 4951 2 , , , 43431 4951 3 11 11 CD 43431 4951 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4951 5 is be VBZ 43431 4951 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 4951 7 , , , 43431 4951 8 and and CC 43431 4951 9 with with IN 43431 4951 10 the the DT 43431 4951 11 _ _ NNP 43431 4951 12 supra supra NNP 43431 4951 13 - - HYPH 43431 4951 14 angular angular NNP 43431 4951 15 _ _ NNP 43431 4951 16 forms form VBZ 43431 4951 17 the the DT 43431 4951 18 concave concave NNP 43431 4951 19 articulating articulating NN 43431 4951 20 surface surface NN 43431 4951 21 for for IN 43431 4951 22 the the DT 43431 4951 23 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 4951 24 . . . 43431 4952 1 The the DT 43431 4952 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4952 3 splenial splenial NN 43431 4952 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4952 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4952 6 fig fig NN 43431 4952 7 . . . 43431 4953 1 38 38 CD 43431 4953 2 , , , 43431 4953 3 10 10 CD 43431 4953 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4953 5 is be VBZ 43431 4953 6 a a DT 43431 4953 7 thin thin JJ 43431 4953 8 plate plate NN 43431 4953 9 applied apply VBN 43431 4953 10 to to IN 43431 4953 11 the the DT 43431 4953 12 inner inner JJ 43431 4953 13 surface surface NN 43431 4953 14 of of IN 43431 4953 15 the the DT 43431 4953 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 4953 17 part part NN 43431 4953 18 of of IN 43431 4953 19 the the DT 43431 4953 20 mandible mandible NN 43431 4953 21 . . . 43431 4954 1 The the DT 43431 4954 2 _ _ NNP 43431 4954 3 angular angular JJ 43431 4954 4 _ _ NNP 43431 4954 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4954 6 fig fig NN 43431 4954 7 . . . 43431 4955 1 38 38 CD 43431 4955 2 , , , 43431 4955 3 13 13 CD 43431 4955 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4955 5 is be VBZ 43431 4955 6 a a DT 43431 4955 7 slender slend JJR 43431 4955 8 plate plate NN 43431 4955 9 of of IN 43431 4955 10 bone bone NN 43431 4955 11 lying lie VBG 43431 4955 12 below below IN 43431 4955 13 the the DT 43431 4955 14 supra supra NNP 43431 4955 15 - - HYPH 43431 4955 16 angular angular JJ 43431 4955 17 and and CC 43431 4955 18 splenial splenial JJ 43431 4955 19 . . . 43431 4956 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4956 2 3 3 LS 43431 4956 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4956 4 THE the DT 43431 4956 5 HYOID HYOID NNP 43431 4956 6 . . . 43431 4957 1 The the DT 43431 4957 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 4957 3 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 4957 4 is be VBZ 43431 4957 5 well well RB 43431 4957 6 developed developed JJ 43431 4957 7 , , , 43431 4957 8 parts part NNS 43431 4957 9 of of IN 43431 4957 10 the the DT 43431 4957 11 first first JJ 43431 4957 12 two two CD 43431 4957 13 branchial branchial JJ 43431 4957 14 arches arch NNS 43431 4957 15 being be VBG 43431 4957 16 found find VBN 43431 4957 17 , , , 43431 4957 18 as as RB 43431 4957 19 well well RB 43431 4957 20 as as IN 43431 4957 21 of of IN 43431 4957 22 the the DT 43431 4957 23 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 4957 24 proper proper JJ 43431 4957 25 . . . 43431 4958 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4958 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 4958 3 of of IN 43431 4958 4 a a DT 43431 4958 5 more more RBR 43431 4958 6 or or CC 43431 4958 7 less less RBR 43431 4958 8 oblong oblong RB 43431 4958 9 flattened flattened JJ 43431 4958 10 = = SYM 43431 4958 11 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 4958 12 plate= plate= NN 43431 4958 13 or or CC 43431 4958 14 = = SYM 43431 4958 15 body body NN 43431 4958 16 of of IN 43431 4958 17 the the DT 43431 4958 18 hyoid= hyoid= NN 43431 4958 19 which which WDT 43431 4958 20 represents represent VBZ 43431 4958 21 the the DT 43431 4958 22 fused fuse VBN 43431 4958 23 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4958 24 ends end NNS 43431 4958 25 of of IN 43431 4958 26 the the DT 43431 4958 27 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 4958 28 and and CC 43431 4958 29 branchial branchial JJ 43431 4958 30 arches arch NNS 43431 4958 31 of of IN 43431 4958 32 the the DT 43431 4958 33 embryo embryo NN 43431 4958 34 , , , 43431 4958 35 and and CC 43431 4958 36 is be VBZ 43431 4958 37 drawn draw VBN 43431 4958 38 out out RP 43431 4958 39 into into IN 43431 4958 40 a a DT 43431 4958 41 point point NN 43431 4958 42 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 4958 43 . . . 43431 4959 1 The the DT 43431 4959 2 greater great JJR 43431 4959 3 part part NN 43431 4959 4 is be VBZ 43431 4959 5 formed form VBN 43431 4959 6 of of IN 43431 4959 7 unossified unossified JJ 43431 4959 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4959 9 , , , 43431 4959 10 but but CC 43431 4959 11 at at IN 43431 4959 12 the the DT 43431 4959 13 posterior posterior NN 43431 4959 14 end end VBP 43431 4959 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4959 16 is be VBZ 43431 4959 17 bilobed bilobe VBN 43431 4959 18 , , , 43431 4959 19 and and CC 43431 4959 20 a a DT 43431 4959 21 pair pair NN 43431 4959 22 of of IN 43431 4959 23 ossified ossify VBN 43431 4959 24 tracts tract NNS 43431 4959 25 occur occur VBP 43431 4959 26 . . . 43431 4960 1 To to IN 43431 4960 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4960 3 sides side NNS 43431 4960 4 are be VBP 43431 4960 5 attached attach VBN 43431 4960 6 three three CD 43431 4960 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 4960 8 of of IN 43431 4960 9 structures structure NNS 43431 4960 10 , , , 43431 4960 11 which which WDT 43431 4960 12 are be VBP 43431 4960 13 portions portion NNS 43431 4960 14 of of IN 43431 4960 15 the the DT 43431 4960 16 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 4960 17 and and CC 43431 4960 18 first first JJ 43431 4960 19 and and CC 43431 4960 20 second second JJ 43431 4960 21 branchial branchial JJ 43431 4960 22 arches arch NNS 43431 4960 23 respectively respectively RB 43431 4960 24 . . . 43431 4961 1 The the DT 43431 4961 2 free free JJ 43431 4961 3 part part NN 43431 4961 4 of of IN 43431 4961 5 the the DT 43431 4961 6 = = SYM 43431 4961 7 hyoid= hyoid= NN 43431 4961 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 4961 9 of of IN 43431 4961 10 a a DT 43431 4961 11 small small JJ 43431 4961 12 piece piece NN 43431 4961 13 of of IN 43431 4961 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4961 15 attached attach VBN 43431 4961 16 to to IN 43431 4961 17 the the DT 43431 4961 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4961 19 part part NN 43431 4961 20 of of IN 43431 4961 21 the the DT 43431 4961 22 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 4961 23 plate plate NN 43431 4961 24 at at IN 43431 4961 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4961 26 widest wide JJS 43431 4961 27 portion portion NN 43431 4961 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4961 29 fig fig NN 43431 4961 30 . . . 43431 4962 1 53 53 CD 43431 4962 2 , , , 43431 4962 3 2 2 CD 43431 4962 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4962 5 . . . 43431 4963 1 The the DT 43431 4963 2 = = SYM 43431 4963 3 anterior anterior NN 43431 4963 4 cornu= cornu= NN 43431 4963 5 or or CC 43431 4963 6 free free JJ 43431 4963 7 part part NN 43431 4963 8 of of IN 43431 4963 9 the the DT 43431 4963 10 = = SYM 43431 4963 11 first first JJ 43431 4963 12 branchial branchial NNP 43431 4963 13 arch= arch= NNP 43431 4963 14 is be VBZ 43431 4963 15 much much RB 43431 4963 16 the the DT 43431 4963 17 largest large JJS 43431 4963 18 of of IN 43431 4963 19 the the DT 43431 4963 20 three three CD 43431 4963 21 structures structure NNS 43431 4963 22 . . . 43431 4964 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4964 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 4964 3 portion portion NN 43431 4964 4 adjoining adjoin VBG 43431 4964 5 the the DT 43431 4964 6 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 4964 7 plate plate NN 43431 4964 8 is be VBZ 43431 4964 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4964 10 , , , 43431 4964 11 as as IN 43431 4964 12 is be VBZ 43431 4964 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4964 14 distal distal JJ 43431 4964 15 end end NN 43431 4964 16 ; ; : 43431 4964 17 the the DT 43431 4964 18 main main JJ 43431 4964 19 part part NN 43431 4964 20 is be VBZ 43431 4964 21 however however RB 43431 4964 22 ossified ossified JJ 43431 4964 23 . . . 43431 4965 1 The the DT 43431 4965 2 = = CD 43431 4965 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 4965 4 cornu= cornu= NN 43431 4965 5 or or CC 43431 4965 6 free free JJ 43431 4965 7 part part NN 43431 4965 8 of of IN 43431 4965 9 the the DT 43431 4965 10 = = SYM 43431 4965 11 second second JJ 43431 4965 12 branchial branchial NNP 43431 4965 13 arch= arch= NN 43431 4965 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4965 15 fig fig NN 43431 4965 16 . . . 43431 4966 1 53 53 CD 43431 4966 2 , , , 43431 4966 3 4 4 CD 43431 4966 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4966 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 4966 6 of of IN 43431 4966 7 a a DT 43431 4966 8 short short JJ 43431 4966 9 flattened flattened JJ 43431 4966 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4966 11 bar bar NN 43431 4966 12 arising arise VBG 43431 4966 13 from from IN 43431 4966 14 the the DT 43431 4966 15 bilobed bilobe VBN 43431 4966 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 4966 17 end end NN 43431 4966 18 of of IN 43431 4966 19 the the DT 43431 4966 20 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 4966 21 plate plate NN 43431 4966 22 . . . 43431 4967 1 The the DT 43431 4967 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 4967 3 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 4967 4 has have VBZ 43431 4967 5 no no DT 43431 4967 6 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 4967 7 connection connection NN 43431 4967 8 with with IN 43431 4967 9 the the DT 43431 4967 10 rest rest NN 43431 4967 11 of of IN 43431 4967 12 the the DT 43431 4967 13 skull skull NN 43431 4967 14 . . . 43431 4968 1 2 2 LS 43431 4968 2 . . . 43431 4969 1 THE the DT 43431 4969 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 4969 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 4969 4 . . . 43431 4970 1 This this DT 43431 4970 2 includes include VBZ 43431 4970 3 the the DT 43431 4970 4 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 4970 5 of of IN 43431 4970 6 the the DT 43431 4970 7 two two CD 43431 4970 8 pairs pair NNS 43431 4970 9 of of IN 43431 4970 10 limbs limb NNS 43431 4970 11 and and CC 43431 4970 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4970 13 girdles girdle NNS 43431 4970 14 . . . 43431 4971 1 THE the DT 43431 4971 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 4971 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 4971 4 . . . 43431 4972 1 The the DT 43431 4972 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 4972 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 4972 4 has have VBZ 43431 4972 5 an an DT 43431 4972 6 anomalous anomalous JJ 43431 4972 7 position position NN 43431 4972 8 , , , 43431 4972 9 being be VBG 43431 4972 10 situated situate VBN 43431 4972 11 internal internal JJ 43431 4972 12 or or CC 43431 4972 13 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4972 14 to to IN 43431 4972 15 the the DT 43431 4972 16 ribs rib NNS 43431 4972 17 . . . 43431 4973 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4973 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 4973 3 of of IN 43431 4973 4 three three CD 43431 4973 5 bones bone NNS 43431 4973 6 , , , 43431 4973 7 a a DT 43431 4973 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 4973 9 bone bone NN 43431 4973 10 , , , 43431 4973 11 the the DT 43431 4973 12 = = SYM 43431 4973 13 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 4973 14 , , , 43431 4973 15 an an DT 43431 4973 16 anterior anterior JJ 43431 4973 17 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4973 18 bone bone NN 43431 4973 19 , , , 43431 4973 20 the the DT 43431 4973 21 = = SYM 43431 4973 22 precoracoid= precoracoid= NN 43431 4973 23 , , , 43431 4973 24 and and CC 43431 4973 25 a a DT 43431 4973 26 posterior posterior NN 43431 4973 27 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4973 28 bone bone NN 43431 4973 29 , , , 43431 4973 30 the the DT 43431 4973 31 = = SYM 43431 4973 32 coracoid=. coracoid=. . 43431 4974 1 The the DT 43431 4974 2 = = SYM 43431 4974 3 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 4974 4 is be VBZ 43431 4974 5 a a DT 43431 4974 6 small small JJ 43431 4974 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 4974 8 rod rod RB 43431 4974 9 - - HYPH 43431 4974 10 shaped shape VBN 43431 4974 11 bone bone NN 43431 4974 12 forming form VBG 43431 4974 13 about about RB 43431 4974 14 two two CD 43431 4974 15 - - HYPH 43431 4974 16 thirds third NNS 43431 4974 17 of of IN 43431 4974 18 the the DT 43431 4974 19 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 4974 20 cavity cavity NN 43431 4974 21 . . . 43431 4975 1 At at IN 43431 4975 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4975 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 4975 4 end end NN 43431 4975 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4975 6 is be VBZ 43431 4975 7 closely closely RB 43431 4975 8 united united JJ 43431 4975 9 with with IN 43431 4975 10 the the DT 43431 4975 11 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 4975 12 , , , 43431 4975 13 the the DT 43431 4975 14 two two CD 43431 4975 15 bones bone NNS 43431 4975 16 ossifying ossify VBG 43431 4975 17 continuously continuously RB 43431 4975 18 . . . 43431 4976 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4976 2 tapers taper VBZ 43431 4976 3 away away RB 43431 4976 4 distally distally RB 43431 4976 5 , , , 43431 4976 6 and and CC 43431 4976 7 is be VBZ 43431 4976 8 directed direct VBN 43431 4976 9 dorsalwards dorsalward NNS 43431 4976 10 towards towards IN 43431 4976 11 the the DT 43431 4976 12 carapace carapace NN 43431 4976 13 . . . 43431 4977 1 The the DT 43431 4977 2 = = SYM 43431 4977 3 precoracoid= precoracoid= NN 43431 4977 4 forms form VBZ 43431 4977 5 an an DT 43431 4977 6 angle angle NN 43431 4977 7 of of IN 43431 4977 8 about about RB 43431 4977 9 130 130â CD 43431 4977 10 ° ° NNS 43431 4977 11 with with IN 43431 4977 12 the the DT 43431 4977 13 scapula scapula NN 43431 4977 14 , , , 43431 4977 15 with with IN 43431 4977 16 which which WDT 43431 4977 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4977 18 is be VBZ 43431 4977 19 completely completely RB 43431 4977 20 fused fuse VBN 43431 4977 21 at at IN 43431 4977 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4977 23 proximal proximal JJ 43431 4977 24 end end NN 43431 4977 25 . . . 43431 4978 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4978 2 distal distal JJ 43431 4978 3 end end NN 43431 4978 4 is be VBZ 43431 4978 5 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 4978 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 4978 7 and and CC 43431 4978 8 flattened flatten VBN 43431 4978 9 , , , 43431 4978 10 and and CC 43431 4978 11 is be VBZ 43431 4978 12 terminated terminate VBN 43431 4978 13 by by IN 43431 4978 14 a a DT 43431 4978 15 fibrocartilaginous fibrocartilaginous JJ 43431 4978 16 = = SYM 43431 4978 17 epiprecoracoid= epiprecoracoid= NN 43431 4978 18 which which WDT 43431 4978 19 meets meet VBZ 43431 4978 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4978 21 fellow fellow NN 43431 4978 22 . . . 43431 4979 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4979 2 takes take VBZ 43431 4979 3 no no DT 43431 4979 4 part part NN 43431 4979 5 in in IN 43431 4979 6 the the DT 43431 4979 7 formation formation NN 43431 4979 8 of of IN 43431 4979 9 the the DT 43431 4979 10 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 4979 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 4979 12 . . . 43431 4980 1 The the DT 43431 4980 2 = = SYM 43431 4980 3 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 4980 4 is be VBZ 43431 4980 5 a a DT 43431 4980 6 large large JJ 43431 4980 7 flattened flatten VBN 43431 4980 8 blade blade NN 43431 4980 9 - - HYPH 43431 4980 10 shaped shape VBN 43431 4980 11 bone bone NN 43431 4980 12 forming form VBG 43431 4980 13 about about RB 43431 4980 14 one one CD 43431 4980 15 - - HYPH 43431 4980 16 third third NN 43431 4980 17 of of IN 43431 4980 18 the the DT 43431 4980 19 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 4980 20 cavity cavity NN 43431 4980 21 . . . 43431 4981 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4981 2 does do VBZ 43431 4981 3 not not RB 43431 4981 4 meet meet VB 43431 4981 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4981 6 fellow fellow NN 43431 4981 7 in in IN 43431 4981 8 a a DT 43431 4981 9 ventral ventral JJ 43431 4981 10 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 4981 11 , , , 43431 4981 12 and and CC 43431 4981 13 is be VBZ 43431 4981 14 terminated terminate VBN 43431 4981 15 by by IN 43431 4981 16 a a DT 43431 4981 17 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 4981 18 = = SYM 43431 4981 19 epicoracoid=. epicoracoid=. ADD 43431 4982 1 The the DT 43431 4982 2 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 4982 3 articulating articulating NN 43431 4982 4 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4982 5 of of IN 43431 4982 6 both both CC 43431 4982 7 scapula scapula NN 43431 4982 8 and and CC 43431 4982 9 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 4982 10 are be VBP 43431 4982 11 lined line VBN 43431 4982 12 by by IN 43431 4982 13 a a DT 43431 4982 14 thick thick JJ 43431 4982 15 pad pad NN 43431 4982 16 of of IN 43431 4982 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 4982 18 . . . 43431 4983 1 THE the DT 43431 4983 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 4983 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 4983 4 . . . 43431 4984 1 This this DT 43431 4984 2 is be VBZ 43431 4984 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 4984 4 into into IN 43431 4984 5 three three CD 43431 4984 6 portions portion NNS 43431 4984 7 , , , 43431 4984 8 the the DT 43431 4984 9 = = SYM 43431 4984 10 upper upper JJ 43431 4984 11 arm= arm= NNP 43431 4984 12 , , , 43431 4984 13 = = SYM 43431 4984 14 fore fore NN 43431 4984 15 - - : 43431 4984 16 arm= arm= NNP 43431 4984 17 and and CC 43431 4984 18 = = SYM 43431 4984 19 manus=. manus=. NN 43431 4985 1 The the DT 43431 4985 2 = = SYM 43431 4985 3 upper upper JJ 43431 4985 4 arm= arm= NNP 43431 4985 5 contains contain VBZ 43431 4985 6 a a DT 43431 4985 7 single single JJ 43431 4985 8 bone bone NN 43431 4985 9 , , , 43431 4985 10 the the DT 43431 4985 11 = = SYM 43431 4985 12 humerus=. humerus=. FW 43431 4986 1 The the DT 43431 4986 2 = = SYM 43431 4986 3 humerus= humerus= NN 43431 4986 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4986 5 fig fig NN 43431 4986 6 . . . 43431 4987 1 40 40 CD 43431 4987 2 , , , 43431 4987 3 A a NN 43431 4987 4 , , , 43431 4987 5 1 1 CD 43431 4987 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4987 7 is be VBZ 43431 4987 8 a a DT 43431 4987 9 stout stout NN 43431 4987 10 , , , 43431 4987 11 nearly nearly RB 43431 4987 12 straight straight RB 43431 4987 13 , , , 43431 4987 14 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 4987 15 flattened flatten VBD 43431 4987 16 bone bone NN 43431 4987 17 widely widely RB 43431 4987 18 expanded expand VBN 43431 4987 19 at at IN 43431 4987 20 both both DT 43431 4987 21 ends end NNS 43431 4987 22 . . . 43431 4988 1 At at IN 43431 4988 2 the the DT 43431 4988 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 4988 4 end end NN 43431 4988 5 is be VBZ 43431 4988 6 the the DT 43431 4988 7 large large JJ 43431 4988 8 hemispherical hemispherical JJ 43431 4988 9 = = SYM 43431 4988 10 head= head= NN 43431 4988 11 , , , 43431 4988 12 which which WDT 43431 4988 13 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4988 14 with with IN 43431 4988 15 the the DT 43431 4988 16 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 4988 17 cavity cavity NN 43431 4988 18 . . . 43431 4989 1 Behind behind IN 43431 4989 2 the the DT 43431 4989 3 head head NN 43431 4989 4 the the DT 43431 4989 5 bone bone NN 43431 4989 6 is be VBZ 43431 4989 7 drawn draw VBN 43431 4989 8 out out RP 43431 4989 9 into into IN 43431 4989 10 another another DT 43431 4989 11 large large JJ 43431 4989 12 rounded rounded JJ 43431 4989 13 process process NN 43431 4989 14 . . . 43431 4990 1 Below below IN 43431 4990 2 the the DT 43431 4990 3 head head NN 43431 4990 4 the the DT 43431 4990 5 shaft shaft NN 43431 4990 6 bears bear VBZ 43431 4990 7 a a DT 43431 4990 8 small small JJ 43431 4990 9 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 4990 10 which which WDT 43431 4990 11 is be VBZ 43431 4990 12 continuous continuous JJ 43431 4990 13 with with IN 43431 4990 14 a a DT 43431 4990 15 larger large JJR 43431 4990 16 one one NN 43431 4990 17 on on IN 43431 4990 18 the the DT 43431 4990 19 flexor flexor NN 43431 4990 20 surface surface NN 43431 4990 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4990 22 see see VB 43431 4990 23 p. p. NN 43431 4990 24 29 29 CD 43431 4990 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4990 26 . . . 43431 4991 1 The the DT 43431 4991 2 bone bone NN 43431 4991 3 is be VBZ 43431 4991 4 terminated terminate VBN 43431 4991 5 distally distally RB 43431 4991 6 by by IN 43431 4991 7 the the DT 43431 4991 8 = = SYM 43431 4991 9 trochlea= trochlea= NN 43431 4991 10 , , , 43431 4991 11 consisting consist VBG 43431 4991 12 of of IN 43431 4991 13 three three CD 43431 4991 14 partially partially RB 43431 4991 15 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4991 16 convex convex NNP 43431 4991 17 surfaces surface NNS 43431 4991 18 which which WDT 43431 4991 19 articulate articulate VBP 43431 4991 20 with with IN 43431 4991 21 the the DT 43431 4991 22 bones bone NNS 43431 4991 23 of of IN 43431 4991 24 the the DT 43431 4991 25 fore fore NN 43431 4991 26 - - HYPH 43431 4991 27 arm arm NN 43431 4991 28 . . . 43431 4992 1 The the DT 43431 4992 2 = = SYM 43431 4992 3 fore fore NN 43431 4992 4 - - : 43431 4992 5 arm= arm= NNP 43431 4992 6 includes include VBZ 43431 4992 7 two two CD 43431 4992 8 bones bone NNS 43431 4992 9 , , , 43431 4992 10 the the DT 43431 4992 11 = = SYM 43431 4992 12 radius= radius= NNP 43431 4992 13 and and CC 43431 4992 14 = = SYM 43431 4992 15 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 4992 16 ; ; : 43431 4992 17 both both DT 43431 4992 18 these these DT 43431 4992 19 are be VBP 43431 4992 20 small small JJ 43431 4992 21 bones bone NNS 43431 4992 22 , , , 43431 4992 23 and and CC 43431 4992 24 are be VBP 43431 4992 25 immovably immovably RB 43431 4992 26 fixed fix VBN 43431 4992 27 to to IN 43431 4992 28 one one CD 43431 4992 29 another another DT 43431 4992 30 proximally proximally RB 43431 4992 31 and and CC 43431 4992 32 distally distally RB 43431 4992 33 . . . 43431 4993 1 The the DT 43431 4993 2 = = SYM 43431 4993 3 radius= radius= NN 43431 4993 4 or or CC 43431 4993 5 pre pre JJ 43431 4993 6 - - JJ 43431 4993 7 axial axial JJ 43431 4993 8 bone bone NN 43431 4993 9 is be VBZ 43431 4993 10 the the DT 43431 4993 11 larger large JJR 43431 4993 12 of of IN 43431 4993 13 the the DT 43431 4993 14 two two CD 43431 4993 15 , , , 43431 4993 16 and and CC 43431 4993 17 is be VBZ 43431 4993 18 a a DT 43431 4993 19 rod rod NN 43431 4993 20 - - HYPH 43431 4993 21 like like JJ 43431 4993 22 bone bone NN 43431 4993 23 terminated terminate VBN 43431 4993 24 at at IN 43431 4993 25 either either DT 43431 4993 26 end end NN 43431 4993 27 by by IN 43431 4993 28 an an DT 43431 4993 29 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 4993 30 . . . 43431 4994 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4994 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4994 3 at at IN 43431 4994 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4994 5 proximal proximal JJ 43431 4994 6 end end NN 43431 4994 7 with with IN 43431 4994 8 the the DT 43431 4994 9 humerus humerus NN 43431 4994 10 , , , 43431 4994 11 and and CC 43431 4994 12 at at IN 43431 4994 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4994 14 distal distal JJ 43431 4994 15 end end NN 43431 4994 16 with with IN 43431 4994 17 the the DT 43431 4994 18 radiale radiale NN 43431 4994 19 or or CC 43431 4994 20 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 4994 21 bone bone NN 43431 4994 22 of of IN 43431 4994 23 the the DT 43431 4994 24 carpus carpus NNP 43431 4994 25 . . . 43431 4995 1 The the DT 43431 4995 2 = = SYM 43431 4995 3 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 4995 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4995 5 fig fig NN 43431 4995 6 . . . 43431 4996 1 40 40 CD 43431 4996 2 , , , 43431 4996 3 A A NNP 43431 4996 4 , , , 43431 4996 5 3 3 CD 43431 4996 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4996 7 or or CC 43431 4996 8 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 4996 9 bone bone NN 43431 4996 10 is be VBZ 43431 4996 11 shorter short JJR 43431 4996 12 than than IN 43431 4996 13 the the DT 43431 4996 14 radius radius NN 43431 4996 15 , , , 43431 4996 16 and and CC 43431 4996 17 more more RBR 43431 4996 18 expanded expand VBN 43431 4996 19 at at IN 43431 4996 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4996 21 proximal proximal JJ 43431 4996 22 end end NN 43431 4996 23 , , , 43431 4996 24 where where WRB 43431 4996 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 4996 26 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4996 27 with with IN 43431 4996 28 the the DT 43431 4996 29 humerus humerus NNP 43431 4996 30 . . . 43431 4997 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 4997 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 4997 3 distally distally RB 43431 4997 4 with with IN 43431 4997 5 the the DT 43431 4997 6 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 4997 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4997 8 lunar lunar JJ 43431 4997 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4997 10 and and CC 43431 4997 11 the the DT 43431 4997 12 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 4997 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 4997 14 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 4997 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 4997 16 bones bone NNS 43431 4997 17 of of IN 43431 4997 18 the the DT 43431 4997 19 carpus carpus NNP 43431 4997 20 . . . 43431 4998 1 All all DT 43431 4998 2 three three CD 43431 4998 3 bones bone NNS 43431 4998 4 of of IN 43431 4998 5 the the DT 43431 4998 6 arm arm NN 43431 4998 7 have have VBP 43431 4998 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 4998 9 terminations termination NNS 43431 4998 10 formed form VBN 43431 4998 11 by by IN 43431 4998 12 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 4998 13 which which WDT 43431 4998 14 ossify ossify VBP 43431 4998 15 from from IN 43431 4998 16 centres centre NNS 43431 4998 17 distinct distinct JJ 43431 4998 18 from from IN 43431 4998 19 those those DT 43431 4998 20 forming form VBG 43431 4998 21 the the DT 43431 4998 22 shafts shaft NNS 43431 4998 23 . . . 43431 4999 1 The the DT 43431 4999 2 = = SYM 43431 4999 3 Manus= manus= NN 43431 4999 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 4999 5 of of IN 43431 4999 6 the the DT 43431 4999 7 = = SYM 43431 4999 8 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 4999 9 or or CC 43431 4999 10 = = SYM 43431 4999 11 wrist= wrist= NN 43431 4999 12 and and CC 43431 4999 13 the the DT 43431 4999 14 = = SYM 43431 4999 15 hand= hand= NN 43431 4999 16 which which WDT 43431 4999 17 includes include VBZ 43431 4999 18 the the DT 43431 4999 19 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 4999 20 and and CC 43431 4999 21 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 4999 22 . . . 43431 5000 1 The the DT 43431 5000 2 = = SYM 43431 5000 3 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 5000 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 5000 5 of of IN 43431 5000 6 a a DT 43431 5000 7 series series NN 43431 5000 8 of of IN 43431 5000 9 ten ten CD 43431 5000 10 small small JJ 43431 5000 11 bones bone NNS 43431 5000 12 , , , 43431 5000 13 one one CD 43431 5000 14 of of IN 43431 5000 15 which which WDT 43431 5000 16 , , , 43431 5000 17 the the DT 43431 5000 18 = = SYM 43431 5000 19 pisiform= pisiform= NN 43431 5000 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5000 21 fig fig VB 43431 5000 22 . . . 43431 5001 1 40 40 CD 43431 5001 2 , , , 43431 5001 3 A A NNP 43431 5001 4 , , , 43431 5001 5 10 10 CD 43431 5001 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5001 7 , , , 43431 5001 8 differs differ VBZ 43431 5001 9 from from IN 43431 5001 10 the the DT 43431 5001 11 others other NNS 43431 5001 12 in in IN 43431 5001 13 being be VBG 43431 5001 14 merely merely RB 43431 5001 15 an an DT 43431 5001 16 ossification ossification NN 43431 5001 17 in in IN 43431 5001 18 the the DT 43431 5001 19 tendon tendon NN 43431 5001 20 of of IN 43431 5001 21 a a DT 43431 5001 22 muscle muscle NN 43431 5001 23 . . . 43431 5002 1 The the DT 43431 5002 2 remaining remain VBG 43431 5002 3 nine nine CD 43431 5002 4 bones bone NNS 43431 5002 5 are be VBP 43431 5002 6 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5002 7 in in IN 43431 5002 8 a a DT 43431 5002 9 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5002 10 row row NN 43431 5002 11 of of IN 43431 5002 12 three three CD 43431 5002 13 , , , 43431 5002 14 the the DT 43431 5002 15 = = SYM 43431 5002 16 ulnare= ulnare= NN 43431 5002 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5002 18 fig fig NN 43431 5002 19 . . . 43431 5003 1 40 40 CD 43431 5003 2 , , , 43431 5003 3 A a NN 43431 5003 4 , , , 43431 5003 5 6 6 CD 43431 5003 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5003 7 , , , 43431 5003 8 = = SYM 43431 5003 9 intermedium= intermedium= NNS 43431 5003 10 , , , 43431 5003 11 and and CC 43431 5003 12 = = SYM 43431 5003 13 radiale= radiale= NN 43431 5003 14 , , , 43431 5003 15 and and CC 43431 5003 16 a a DT 43431 5003 17 distal distal JJ 43431 5003 18 row row NN 43431 5003 19 of of IN 43431 5003 20 five five CD 43431 5003 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5003 22 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 5003 23 1 1 CD 43431 5003 24 - - SYM 43431 5003 25 5 5 CD 43431 5003 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5003 27 , , , 43431 5003 28 each each DT 43431 5003 29 of of IN 43431 5003 30 which which WDT 43431 5003 31 supports support VBZ 43431 5003 32 one one CD 43431 5003 33 of of IN 43431 5003 34 the the DT 43431 5003 35 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 5003 36 . . . 43431 5004 1 A a DT 43431 5004 2 ninth ninth JJ 43431 5004 3 bone bone NN 43431 5004 4 , , , 43431 5004 5 the the DT 43431 5004 6 = = SYM 43431 5004 7 centrale= centrale= FW 43431 5004 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5004 9 fig fig NN 43431 5004 10 . . . 43431 5005 1 40 40 CD 43431 5005 2 , , , 43431 5005 3 A a NN 43431 5005 4 , , , 43431 5005 5 7 7 CD 43431 5005 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5005 7 , , , 43431 5005 8 is be VBZ 43431 5005 9 wedged wedge VBN 43431 5005 10 in in RP 43431 5005 11 between between IN 43431 5005 12 the the DT 43431 5005 13 two two CD 43431 5005 14 rows row NNS 43431 5005 15 . . . 43431 5006 1 The the DT 43431 5006 2 ulnare ulnare JJ 43431 5006 3 , , , 43431 5006 4 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 5006 5 and and CC 43431 5006 6 pisiform pisiform NNP 43431 5006 7 are be VBP 43431 5006 8 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 5006 9 large large JJ 43431 5006 10 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5006 11 bones bone NNS 43431 5006 12 , , , 43431 5006 13 the the DT 43431 5006 14 others other NNS 43431 5006 15 are be VBP 43431 5006 16 small small JJ 43431 5006 17 and and CC 43431 5006 18 cubical cubical JJ 43431 5006 19 . . . 43431 5007 1 The the DT 43431 5007 2 = = SYM 43431 5007 3 hand=. hand=. FW 43431 5008 1 This this DT 43431 5008 2 is be VBZ 43431 5008 3 composed compose VBN 43431 5008 4 of of IN 43431 5008 5 five five CD 43431 5008 6 digits digit NNS 43431 5008 7 , , , 43431 5008 8 each each DT 43431 5008 9 of of IN 43431 5008 10 which which WDT 43431 5008 11 consists consist VBZ 43431 5008 12 of of IN 43431 5008 13 a a DT 43431 5008 14 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 5008 15 and and CC 43431 5008 16 of of IN 43431 5008 17 a a DT 43431 5008 18 varying vary VBG 43431 5008 19 number number NN 43431 5008 20 of of IN 43431 5008 21 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5008 22 . . . 43431 5009 1 The the DT 43431 5009 2 = = SYM 43431 5009 3 metacarpals=. metacarpals=. NN 43431 5010 1 The the DT 43431 5010 2 first first JJ 43431 5010 3 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 5010 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5010 5 fig fig NN 43431 5010 6 . . . 43431 5011 1 40 40 CD 43431 5011 2 , , , 43431 5011 3 A A NNP 43431 5011 4 , , , 43431 5011 5 11 11 CD 43431 5011 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5011 7 is be VBZ 43431 5011 8 a a DT 43431 5011 9 short short JJ 43431 5011 10 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5011 11 bone bone NN 43431 5011 12 , , , 43431 5011 13 the the DT 43431 5011 14 others other NNS 43431 5011 15 are be VBP 43431 5011 16 all all RB 43431 5011 17 elongated elongated JJ 43431 5011 18 and and CC 43431 5011 19 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 5011 20 , , , 43431 5011 21 and and CC 43431 5011 22 are be VBP 43431 5011 23 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5011 24 proximally proximally RB 43431 5011 25 by by IN 43431 5011 26 slightly slightly RB 43431 5011 27 concave concave NNP 43431 5011 28 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5011 29 , , , 43431 5011 30 and and CC 43431 5011 31 distally distally RB 43431 5011 32 by by IN 43431 5011 33 slightly slightly RB 43431 5011 34 convex convex NNP 43431 5011 35 ones one NNS 43431 5011 36 . . . 43431 5012 1 The the DT 43431 5012 2 = = SYM 43431 5012 3 phalanges=. phalanges=. XX 43431 5013 1 The the DT 43431 5013 2 first first JJ 43431 5013 3 and and CC 43431 5013 4 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5013 5 digits digit NNS 43431 5013 6 both both DT 43431 5013 7 have have VBP 43431 5013 8 two two CD 43431 5013 9 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5013 10 , , , 43431 5013 11 the the DT 43431 5013 12 second second JJ 43431 5013 13 , , , 43431 5013 14 third third JJ 43431 5013 15 , , , 43431 5013 16 and and CC 43431 5013 17 fourth fourth RB 43431 5013 18 have have VBP 43431 5013 19 each each DT 43431 5013 20 three three CD 43431 5013 21 . . . 43431 5014 1 The the DT 43431 5014 2 distal distal JJ 43431 5014 3 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5014 4 of of IN 43431 5014 5 the the DT 43431 5014 6 first first JJ 43431 5014 7 digit digit NN 43431 5014 8 is be VBZ 43431 5014 9 stout stout JJ 43431 5014 10 and and CC 43431 5014 11 curved curved JJ 43431 5014 12 , , , 43431 5014 13 and and CC 43431 5014 14 bears bear VBZ 43431 5014 15 a a DT 43431 5014 16 horny horny NN 43431 5014 17 claw claw NN 43431 5014 18 ; ; : 43431 5014 19 those those DT 43431 5014 20 of of IN 43431 5014 21 the the DT 43431 5014 22 other other JJ 43431 5014 23 digits digit NNS 43431 5014 24 are be VBP 43431 5014 25 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5014 26 and and CC 43431 5014 27 more more RBR 43431 5014 28 or or CC 43431 5014 29 less less RBR 43431 5014 30 pointed pointed JJ 43431 5014 31 . . . 43431 5015 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5015 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5015 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5015 4 . . . 43431 5016 1 40 40 CD 43431 5016 2 . . . 43431 5017 1 A. A. NNP 43431 5017 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 5017 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 5017 4 OF of IN 43431 5017 5 A a DT 43431 5017 6 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 5017 7 HAWKSBILL hawksbill NN 43431 5017 8 TURTLE TURTLE NNS 43431 5017 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5017 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5017 11 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 5017 12 imbricata imbricata NN 43431 5017 13 _ _ NNP 43431 5017 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5017 15 à à NNP 43431 5017 16 � � NNP 43431 5017 17 1/4 1/4 CD 43431 5017 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5017 19 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5017 20 . . . 43431 5018 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5018 2 . . . 43431 5018 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5018 4 . . . 43431 5019 1 B. B. NNP 43431 5019 2 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR VBD 43431 5019 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 5019 4 OF of IN 43431 5019 5 A a DT 43431 5019 6 LARGE large JJ 43431 5019 7 GREEN green JJ 43431 5019 8 TURTLE turtle NN 43431 5019 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5019 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5019 11 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 5019 12 midas midas NNP 43431 5019 13 _ _ NNP 43431 5019 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5019 15 à à NNP 43431 5019 16 � � NNP 43431 5019 17 1/8 1/8 CD 43431 5019 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5019 19 Camb camb NN 43431 5019 20 . . . 43431 5020 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5020 2 . . . 43431 5020 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5020 4 . . . 43431 5021 1 1 1 LS 43431 5021 2 . . . 43431 5021 3 humerus humerus NNP 43431 5021 4 . . . 43431 5022 1 2 2 LS 43431 5022 2 . . . 43431 5022 3 radius radius NNP 43431 5022 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5022 5 almost almost RB 43431 5022 6 hidden hide VBN 43431 5022 7 by by IN 43431 5022 8 the the DT 43431 5022 9 ulna ulna NN 43431 5022 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5022 11 . . . 43431 5023 1 3 3 LS 43431 5023 2 . . . 43431 5023 3 ulna ulna NNP 43431 5023 4 . . . 43431 5024 1 4 4 LS 43431 5024 2 . . . 43431 5024 3 radiale radiale NNP 43431 5024 4 . . . 43431 5025 1 5 5 LS 43431 5025 2 . . . 43431 5025 3 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 5025 4 . . . 43431 5026 1 6 6 LS 43431 5026 2 . . . 43431 5026 3 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 5026 4 . . . 43431 5027 1 7 7 LS 43431 5027 2 . . . 43431 5027 3 centrale centrale NNP 43431 5027 4 . . . 43431 5028 1 8 8 LS 43431 5028 2 . . . 43431 5028 3 carpale carpale NN 43431 5028 4 I. I. NNP 43431 5029 1 9 9 LS 43431 5029 2 . . . 43431 5029 3 carpale carpale NNP 43431 5029 4 IV IV NNP 43431 5029 5 . . . 43431 5030 1 10 10 CD 43431 5030 2 . . . 43431 5030 3 pisiform pisiform NNP 43431 5030 4 . . . 43431 5031 1 11 11 CD 43431 5031 2 . . . 43431 5031 3 first first JJ 43431 5031 4 metacarpal metacarpal NNP 43431 5031 5 . . . 43431 5032 1 12 12 CD 43431 5032 2 . . . 43431 5032 3 femur femur NN 43431 5032 4 . . . 43431 5033 1 13 13 CD 43431 5033 2 . . . 43431 5033 3 tibia tibia NNP 43431 5033 4 . . . 43431 5034 1 14 14 CD 43431 5034 2 . . . 43431 5034 3 fibula fibula NNP 43431 5034 4 . . . 43431 5035 1 15 15 CD 43431 5035 2 . . . 43431 5035 3 tibiale tibiale NNP 43431 5035 4 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 5035 5 and and CC 43431 5035 6 centrale centrale NNP 43431 5035 7 fused fuse VBD 43431 5035 8 . . . 43431 5036 1 16 16 CD 43431 5036 2 . . . 43431 5036 3 fibulare fibulare NNP 43431 5036 4 . . . 43431 5037 1 17 17 CD 43431 5037 2 . . . 43431 5037 3 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 5037 4 1 1 CD 43431 5037 5 . . . 43431 5038 1 18 18 CD 43431 5038 2 . . . 43431 5038 3 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 5038 4 2 2 CD 43431 5038 5 . . . 43431 5039 1 19 19 CD 43431 5039 2 . . . 43431 5039 3 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 5039 4 4 4 CD 43431 5039 5 and and CC 43431 5039 6 5 5 CD 43431 5039 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 5039 8 . . . 43431 5040 1 20 20 CD 43431 5040 2 . . . 43431 5040 3 first first JJ 43431 5040 4 metatarsal metatarsal NNP 43431 5040 5 . . . 43431 5041 1 21 21 LS 43431 5041 2 . . . 43431 5041 3 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5041 4 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5041 5 . . . 43431 5042 1 I -PRON- PRP 43431 5042 2 , , , 43431 5042 3 II II NNP 43431 5042 4 , , , 43431 5042 5 III III NNP 43431 5042 6 , , , 43431 5042 7 IV IV NNP 43431 5042 8 , , , 43431 5042 9 V V NNP 43431 5042 10 , , , 43431 5042 11 digits digit NNS 43431 5042 12 . . . 43431 5042 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5043 1 THE the DT 43431 5043 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 5043 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 5043 4 . . . 43431 5044 1 The the DT 43431 5044 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 5044 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 5044 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 5044 5 of of IN 43431 5044 6 three three CD 43431 5044 7 bones bone NNS 43431 5044 8 ; ; : 43431 5044 9 a a DT 43431 5044 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5044 11 bone bone NN 43431 5044 12 , , , 43431 5044 13 the the DT 43431 5044 14 = = SYM 43431 5044 15 ilium= ilium= NNS 43431 5044 16 , , , 43431 5044 17 an an DT 43431 5044 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5044 19 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5044 20 bone bone NN 43431 5044 21 , , , 43431 5044 22 the the DT 43431 5044 23 = = SYM 43431 5044 24 pubis= pubis= NN 43431 5044 25 , , , 43431 5044 26 and and CC 43431 5044 27 a a DT 43431 5044 28 posterior posterior NN 43431 5044 29 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5044 30 bone bone NN 43431 5044 31 , , , 43431 5044 32 the the DT 43431 5044 33 = = SYM 43431 5044 34 ischium=. ischium=. . 43431 5045 1 All all DT 43431 5045 2 three three CD 43431 5045 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5045 4 contribute contribute VBP 43431 5045 5 largely largely RB 43431 5045 6 to to IN 43431 5045 7 the the DT 43431 5045 8 formation formation NN 43431 5045 9 of of IN 43431 5045 10 the the DT 43431 5045 11 = = SYM 43431 5045 12 acetabulum= acetabulum= NN 43431 5045 13 , , , 43431 5045 14 with with IN 43431 5045 15 which which WDT 43431 5045 16 the the DT 43431 5045 17 head head NN 43431 5045 18 of of IN 43431 5045 19 the the DT 43431 5045 20 femur femur NN 43431 5045 21 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5045 22 . . . 43431 5046 1 The the DT 43431 5046 2 = = SYM 43431 5046 3 ilium= ilium= NN 43431 5046 4 is be VBZ 43431 5046 5 a a DT 43431 5046 6 small small JJ 43431 5046 7 slightly slightly RB 43431 5046 8 curved curve VBN 43431 5046 9 bone bone NN 43431 5046 10 , , , 43431 5046 11 which which WDT 43431 5046 12 unites unite VBZ 43431 5046 13 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 5046 14 with with IN 43431 5046 15 the the DT 43431 5046 16 pubis pubis JJ 43431 5046 17 and and CC 43431 5046 18 ischium ischium NN 43431 5046 19 , , , 43431 5046 20 and and CC 43431 5046 21 extends extend VBZ 43431 5046 22 dorsalwards dorsalward NNS 43431 5046 23 and and CC 43431 5046 24 backwards backwards RB 43431 5046 25 to to TO 43431 5046 26 meet meet VB 43431 5046 27 the the DT 43431 5046 28 distal distal JJ 43431 5046 29 ends end NNS 43431 5046 30 of of IN 43431 5046 31 the the DT 43431 5046 32 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5046 33 ribs rib NNS 43431 5046 34 . . . 43431 5047 1 The the DT 43431 5047 2 = = SYM 43431 5047 3 pubis= pubis= NN 43431 5047 4 is be VBZ 43431 5047 5 the the DT 43431 5047 6 largest large JJS 43431 5047 7 bone bone NN 43431 5047 8 of of IN 43431 5047 9 the the DT 43431 5047 10 three three CD 43431 5047 11 ; ; : 43431 5047 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5047 13 distal distal JJ 43431 5047 14 end end NN 43431 5047 15 forms form NNS 43431 5047 16 a a DT 43431 5047 17 wide wide JJ 43431 5047 18 bilobed bilobe VBN 43431 5047 19 plate plate NN 43431 5047 20 , , , 43431 5047 21 the the DT 43431 5047 22 inner inner JJ 43431 5047 23 lobe lobe NN 43431 5047 24 meeting meet VBG 43431 5047 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5047 26 fellow fellow NN 43431 5047 27 in in IN 43431 5047 28 a a DT 43431 5047 29 median median JJ 43431 5047 30 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5047 31 , , , 43431 5047 32 while while IN 43431 5047 33 the the DT 43431 5047 34 other other JJ 43431 5047 35 lobe lobe NN 43431 5047 36 or or CC 43431 5047 37 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5047 38 process process NN 43431 5047 39 extends extend VBZ 43431 5047 40 outwards outward NNS 43431 5047 41 . . . 43431 5048 1 Attached attach VBN 43431 5048 2 to to IN 43431 5048 3 the the DT 43431 5048 4 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5048 5 in in IN 43431 5048 6 front front NN 43431 5048 7 is be VBZ 43431 5048 8 a a DT 43431 5048 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 5048 10 = = SYM 43431 5048 11 epipubis= epipubis= NN 43431 5048 12 , , , 43431 5048 13 while while IN 43431 5048 14 behind behind RB 43431 5048 15 , , , 43431 5048 16 the the DT 43431 5048 17 two two CD 43431 5048 18 pubes pubis NNS 43431 5048 19 are be VBP 43431 5048 20 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5048 21 by by IN 43431 5048 22 a a DT 43431 5048 23 wide wide JJ 43431 5048 24 rounded round VBN 43431 5048 25 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 5048 26 area area NN 43431 5048 27 . . . 43431 5049 1 The the DT 43431 5049 2 = = SYM 43431 5049 3 ischium= ischium= NN 43431 5049 4 , , , 43431 5049 5 the the DT 43431 5049 6 smallest small JJS 43431 5049 7 bone bone NN 43431 5049 8 of of IN 43431 5049 9 the the DT 43431 5049 10 three three CD 43431 5049 11 , , , 43431 5049 12 is be VBZ 43431 5049 13 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5049 14 and and CC 43431 5049 15 like like IN 43431 5049 16 the the DT 43431 5049 17 pubis pubis NNP 43431 5049 18 meets meet VBZ 43431 5049 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5049 20 fellow fellow NN 43431 5049 21 in in IN 43431 5049 22 a a DT 43431 5049 23 median median JJ 43431 5049 24 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5049 25 . . . 43431 5050 1 A a DT 43431 5050 2 narrow narrow JJ 43431 5050 3 band band NN 43431 5050 4 of of IN 43431 5050 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5050 6 connects connect VBZ 43431 5050 7 the the DT 43431 5050 8 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5050 9 pubis pubi VBD 43431 5050 10 with with IN 43431 5050 11 the the DT 43431 5050 12 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5050 13 ischii ischii NNP 43431 5050 14 , , , 43431 5050 15 and and CC 43431 5050 16 separates separate VBZ 43431 5050 17 the the DT 43431 5050 18 two two CD 43431 5050 19 = = SYM 43431 5050 20 obturator obturator NN 43431 5050 21 foramina= foramina= NN 43431 5050 22 from from IN 43431 5050 23 one one CD 43431 5050 24 another another DT 43431 5050 25 . . . 43431 5051 1 THE the DT 43431 5051 2 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 5051 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 5051 4 . . . 43431 5052 1 This this DT 43431 5052 2 is be VBZ 43431 5052 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 5052 4 into into IN 43431 5052 5 three three CD 43431 5052 6 portions portion NNS 43431 5052 7 , , , 43431 5052 8 the the DT 43431 5052 9 = = SYM 43431 5052 10 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 5052 11 , , , 43431 5052 12 the the DT 43431 5052 13 = = SYM 43431 5052 14 crus= crus= NN 43431 5052 15 or or CC 43431 5052 16 = = SYM 43431 5052 17 shin= shin= NNS 43431 5052 18 , , , 43431 5052 19 and and CC 43431 5052 20 the the DT 43431 5052 21 = = SYM 43431 5052 22 pes=. pes=. NN 43431 5053 1 The the DT 43431 5053 2 = = SYM 43431 5053 3 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 5053 4 includes include VBZ 43431 5053 5 a a DT 43431 5053 6 single single JJ 43431 5053 7 bone bone NN 43431 5053 8 , , , 43431 5053 9 the the DT 43431 5053 10 = = SYM 43431 5053 11 femur=. femur=. XX 43431 5054 1 The the DT 43431 5054 2 = = SYM 43431 5054 3 femur= femur= NNP 43431 5054 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5054 5 fig fig NN 43431 5054 6 . . . 43431 5055 1 40 40 CD 43431 5055 2 , , , 43431 5055 3 B b NN 43431 5055 4 , , , 43431 5055 5 12 12 CD 43431 5055 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5055 7 is be VBZ 43431 5055 8 a a DT 43431 5055 9 short short JJ 43431 5055 10 thick thick JJ 43431 5055 11 bone bone NN 43431 5055 12 , , , 43431 5055 13 with with IN 43431 5055 14 a a DT 43431 5055 15 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5055 16 rounded rounded JJ 43431 5055 17 = = SYM 43431 5055 18 head= head= NN 43431 5055 19 articulating articulate VBG 43431 5055 20 with with IN 43431 5055 21 the the DT 43431 5055 22 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 5055 23 . . . 43431 5056 1 Behind behind IN 43431 5056 2 this this DT 43431 5056 3 head head NN 43431 5056 4 is be VBZ 43431 5056 5 a a DT 43431 5056 6 deep deep JJ 43431 5056 7 pit pit NN 43431 5056 8 , , , 43431 5056 9 beyond beyond IN 43431 5056 10 which which WDT 43431 5056 11 is be VBZ 43431 5056 12 a a DT 43431 5056 13 roughened roughen VBN 43431 5056 14 area area NN 43431 5056 15 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 5056 16 with with IN 43431 5056 17 the the DT 43431 5056 18 great great JJ 43431 5056 19 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 5056 20 of of IN 43431 5056 21 mammals mammal NNS 43431 5056 22 . . . 43431 5057 1 The the DT 43431 5057 2 distal distal JJ 43431 5057 3 end end NN 43431 5057 4 is be VBZ 43431 5057 5 expanded expand VBN 43431 5057 6 and and CC 43431 5057 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5057 8 convex convex NNP 43431 5057 9 . . . 43431 5058 1 The the DT 43431 5058 2 bones bone NNS 43431 5058 3 of of IN 43431 5058 4 the the DT 43431 5058 5 = = SYM 43431 5058 6 crus= crus= NN 43431 5058 7 or or CC 43431 5058 8 = = SYM 43431 5058 9 shin= shin= NNS 43431 5058 10 are be VBP 43431 5058 11 the the DT 43431 5058 12 = = SYM 43431 5058 13 tibia= tibia= NN 43431 5058 14 and and CC 43431 5058 15 = = SYM 43431 5058 16 fibula=. fibula=. . 43431 5059 1 These these DT 43431 5059 2 are be VBP 43431 5059 3 both both DT 43431 5059 4 straight straight JJ 43431 5059 5 rod rod NN 43431 5059 6 - - HYPH 43431 5059 7 like like JJ 43431 5059 8 bones bone NNS 43431 5059 9 with with IN 43431 5059 10 expanded expand VBN 43431 5059 11 terminations termination NNS 43431 5059 12 which which WDT 43431 5059 13 closely closely RB 43431 5059 14 approach approach VBP 43431 5059 15 one one CD 43431 5059 16 another another DT 43431 5059 17 , , , 43431 5059 18 while while IN 43431 5059 19 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 5059 20 the the DT 43431 5059 21 bones bone NNS 43431 5059 22 diverge diverge VBP 43431 5059 23 considerably considerably RB 43431 5059 24 . . . 43431 5060 1 The the DT 43431 5060 2 terminations termination NNS 43431 5060 3 of of IN 43431 5060 4 all all DT 43431 5060 5 three three CD 43431 5060 6 of of IN 43431 5060 7 the the DT 43431 5060 8 leg leg NN 43431 5060 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5060 10 are be VBP 43431 5060 11 formed form VBN 43431 5060 12 by by IN 43431 5060 13 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 5060 14 . . . 43431 5061 1 The the DT 43431 5061 2 = = SYM 43431 5061 3 Pes= Pes= NNP 43431 5061 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 5061 5 of of IN 43431 5061 6 the the DT 43431 5061 7 = = SYM 43431 5061 8 tarsus= tarsus= CD 43431 5061 9 or or CC 43431 5061 10 = = SYM 43431 5061 11 ankle= ankle= NNS 43431 5061 12 , , , 43431 5061 13 and and CC 43431 5061 14 the the DT 43431 5061 15 = = SYM 43431 5061 16 foot= foot= NN 43431 5061 17 , , , 43431 5061 18 which which WDT 43431 5061 19 is be VBZ 43431 5061 20 made make VBN 43431 5061 21 up up RP 43431 5061 22 of of IN 43431 5061 23 five five CD 43431 5061 24 digits digit NNS 43431 5061 25 . . . 43431 5062 1 The the DT 43431 5062 2 = = SYM 43431 5062 3 tarsus=. tarsus=. XX 43431 5063 1 The the DT 43431 5063 2 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 5063 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5063 4 of of IN 43431 5063 5 the the DT 43431 5063 6 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 5063 7 do do VBP 43431 5063 8 not not RB 43431 5063 9 retain retain VB 43431 5063 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5063 11 primitive primitive JJ 43431 5063 12 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 5063 13 to to IN 43431 5063 14 such such PDT 43431 5063 15 an an DT 43431 5063 16 extent extent NN 43431 5063 17 as as IN 43431 5063 18 do do VBP 43431 5063 19 the the DT 43431 5063 20 carpals carpal NNS 43431 5063 21 . . . 43431 5064 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5064 2 are be VBP 43431 5064 3 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5064 4 in in IN 43431 5064 5 a a DT 43431 5064 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5064 7 row row NN 43431 5064 8 of of IN 43431 5064 9 two two CD 43431 5064 10 and and CC 43431 5064 11 a a DT 43431 5064 12 distal distal JJ 43431 5064 13 row row NN 43431 5064 14 of of IN 43431 5064 15 four four CD 43431 5064 16 . . . 43431 5065 1 Of of IN 43431 5065 2 the the DT 43431 5065 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5065 4 in in IN 43431 5065 5 the the DT 43431 5065 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5065 7 row row NN 43431 5065 8 the the DT 43431 5065 9 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 5065 10 one one NN 43431 5065 11 is be VBZ 43431 5065 12 much much RB 43431 5065 13 the the DT 43431 5065 14 smaller small JJR 43431 5065 15 and and CC 43431 5065 16 is be VBZ 43431 5065 17 the the DT 43431 5065 18 = = SYM 43431 5065 19 fibulare= fibulare= NN 43431 5065 20 ; ; : 43431 5065 21 the the DT 43431 5065 22 larger large JJR 43431 5065 23 pre pre JJ 43431 5065 24 - - JJ 43431 5065 25 axial axial JJ 43431 5065 26 one one NN 43431 5065 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5065 28 fig fig NN 43431 5065 29 . . . 43431 5066 1 40 40 CD 43431 5066 2 , , , 43431 5066 3 B B NNP 43431 5066 4 , , , 43431 5066 5 15 15 CD 43431 5066 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5066 7 represents represent VBZ 43431 5066 8 the the DT 43431 5066 9 = = SYM 43431 5066 10 tibiale= tibiale= NN 43431 5066 11 , , , 43431 5066 12 = = SYM 43431 5066 13 intermedium= intermedium= NNS 43431 5066 14 , , , 43431 5066 15 and and CC 43431 5066 16 = = SYM 43431 5066 17 centrale= centrale= FW 43431 5066 18 fused fuse VBN 43431 5066 19 , , , 43431 5066 20 and and CC 43431 5066 21 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5066 22 with with IN 43431 5066 23 both both CC 43431 5066 24 tibia tibia NNP 43431 5066 25 and and CC 43431 5066 26 fibula fibula NN 43431 5066 27 . . . 43431 5067 1 The the DT 43431 5067 2 first first JJ 43431 5067 3 three three CD 43431 5067 4 distal distal JJ 43431 5067 5 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 5067 6 are be VBP 43431 5067 7 all all DT 43431 5067 8 small small JJ 43431 5067 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5067 10 and and CC 43431 5067 11 are be VBP 43431 5067 12 very very RB 43431 5067 13 similar similar JJ 43431 5067 14 in in IN 43431 5067 15 size size NN 43431 5067 16 , , , 43431 5067 17 and and CC 43431 5067 18 each each DT 43431 5067 19 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5067 20 regularly regularly RB 43431 5067 21 with with IN 43431 5067 22 the the DT 43431 5067 23 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 5067 24 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5067 25 . . . 43431 5068 1 The the DT 43431 5068 2 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5068 3 bone bone NN 43431 5068 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5068 5 fig fig NN 43431 5068 6 . . . 43431 5069 1 40 40 CD 43431 5069 2 , , , 43431 5069 3 B B NNP 43431 5069 4 , , , 43431 5069 5 19 19 CD 43431 5069 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5069 7 is be VBZ 43431 5069 8 much much RB 43431 5069 9 larger large JJR 43431 5069 10 , , , 43431 5069 11 and and CC 43431 5069 12 represents represent VBZ 43431 5069 13 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 5069 14 4 4 CD 43431 5069 15 and and CC 43431 5069 16 5 5 CD 43431 5069 17 fused fuse VBN 43431 5069 18 . . . 43431 5070 1 The the DT 43431 5070 2 first first JJ 43431 5070 3 two two CD 43431 5070 4 distal distal JJ 43431 5070 5 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 5070 6 articulate articulate NN 43431 5070 7 with with IN 43431 5070 8 the the DT 43431 5070 9 pre pre JJ 43431 5070 10 - - JJ 43431 5070 11 axial axial JJ 43431 5070 12 tarsal tarsal NN 43431 5070 13 of of IN 43431 5070 14 the the DT 43431 5070 15 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5070 16 row row NN 43431 5070 17 , , , 43431 5070 18 the the DT 43431 5070 19 third third JJ 43431 5070 20 only only RB 43431 5070 21 with with IN 43431 5070 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5070 23 neighbours neighbour NNS 43431 5070 24 the the DT 43431 5070 25 second second JJ 43431 5070 26 , , , 43431 5070 27 and and CC 43431 5070 28 the the DT 43431 5070 29 fused fuse VBN 43431 5070 30 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5070 31 and and CC 43431 5070 32 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5070 33 . . . 43431 5071 1 The the DT 43431 5071 2 latter latter JJ 43431 5071 3 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5071 4 with with IN 43431 5071 5 both both DT 43431 5071 6 bones bone NNS 43431 5071 7 of of IN 43431 5071 8 the the DT 43431 5071 9 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5071 10 row row NN 43431 5071 11 . . . 43431 5072 1 Each each DT 43431 5072 2 = = SYM 43431 5072 3 digit= digit= NN 43431 5072 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 5072 5 of of IN 43431 5072 6 a a DT 43431 5072 7 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5072 8 and and CC 43431 5072 9 of of IN 43431 5072 10 a a DT 43431 5072 11 varying vary VBG 43431 5072 12 number number NN 43431 5072 13 of of IN 43431 5072 14 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5072 15 . . . 43431 5073 1 The the DT 43431 5073 2 = = SYM 43431 5073 3 metatarsals=. metatarsals=. FW 43431 5074 1 The the DT 43431 5074 2 first first JJ 43431 5074 3 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5074 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5074 5 fig fig NN 43431 5074 6 . . . 43431 5075 1 40 40 CD 43431 5075 2 , , , 43431 5075 3 B b NN 43431 5075 4 , , , 43431 5075 5 20 20 CD 43431 5075 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5075 7 is be VBZ 43431 5075 8 broad broad JJ 43431 5075 9 and and CC 43431 5075 10 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5075 11 , , , 43431 5075 12 the the DT 43431 5075 13 second second JJ 43431 5075 14 , , , 43431 5075 15 third third JJ 43431 5075 16 and and CC 43431 5075 17 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5075 18 , , , 43431 5075 19 are be VBP 43431 5075 20 all all DT 43431 5075 21 elongated elongate VBN 43431 5075 22 bones bone NNS 43431 5075 23 with with IN 43431 5075 24 nearly nearly RB 43431 5075 25 flat flat JJ 43431 5075 26 terminations termination NNS 43431 5075 27 formed form VBN 43431 5075 28 by by IN 43431 5075 29 small small JJ 43431 5075 30 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 5075 31 . . . 43431 5076 1 The the DT 43431 5076 2 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5076 3 is be VBZ 43431 5076 4 large large JJ 43431 5076 5 and and CC 43431 5076 6 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5076 7 , , , 43431 5076 8 and and CC 43431 5076 9 the the DT 43431 5076 10 articular articular JJ 43431 5076 11 surface surface NN 43431 5076 12 for for IN 43431 5076 13 the the DT 43431 5076 14 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5076 15 is be VBZ 43431 5076 16 situated situate VBN 43431 5076 17 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5076 18 laterally laterally RB 43431 5076 19 . . . 43431 5077 1 The the DT 43431 5077 2 = = SYM 43431 5077 3 phalanges=. phalanges=. XX 43431 5078 1 The the DT 43431 5078 2 first first JJ 43431 5078 3 digit digit NN 43431 5078 4 has have VBZ 43431 5078 5 two two CD 43431 5078 6 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5078 7 and and CC 43431 5078 8 is be VBZ 43431 5078 9 the the DT 43431 5078 10 stoutest stout JJS 43431 5078 11 of of IN 43431 5078 12 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5078 13 all all DT 43431 5078 14 ; ; : 43431 5078 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5078 16 distal distal JJ 43431 5078 17 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5078 18 is be VBZ 43431 5078 19 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 5078 20 in in IN 43431 5078 21 a a DT 43431 5078 22 large large JJ 43431 5078 23 horny horny NN 43431 5078 24 claw claw NN 43431 5078 25 . . . 43431 5079 1 The the DT 43431 5079 2 other other JJ 43431 5079 3 digits digit NNS 43431 5079 4 , , , 43431 5079 5 of of IN 43431 5079 6 which which WDT 43431 5079 7 the the DT 43431 5079 8 third third JJ 43431 5079 9 is be VBZ 43431 5079 10 the the DT 43431 5079 11 longest long JJS 43431 5079 12 , , , 43431 5079 13 have have VB 43431 5079 14 each each DT 43431 5079 15 three three CD 43431 5079 16 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5079 17 . . . 43431 5080 1 The the DT 43431 5080 2 distal distal JJ 43431 5080 3 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5080 4 of of IN 43431 5080 5 the the DT 43431 5080 6 second second JJ 43431 5080 7 and and CC 43431 5080 8 third third JJ 43431 5080 9 digits digit NNS 43431 5080 10 are be VBP 43431 5080 11 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5080 12 and and CC 43431 5080 13 pointed pointed JJ 43431 5080 14 and and CC 43431 5080 15 bear bear VBP 43431 5080 16 small small JJ 43431 5080 17 horny horny NN 43431 5080 18 claws claw NNS 43431 5080 19 . . . 43431 5081 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 5081 2 : : : 43431 5081 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5081 4 89 89 CD 43431 5081 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5081 6 Another another DT 43431 5081 7 view view NN 43431 5081 8 commonly commonly RB 43431 5081 9 held hold VBN 43431 5081 10 is be VBZ 43431 5081 11 that that IN 43431 5081 12 the the DT 43431 5081 13 neural neural JJ 43431 5081 14 and and CC 43431 5081 15 costal costal JJ 43431 5081 16 plates plate NNS 43431 5081 17 are be VBP 43431 5081 18 respectively respectively RB 43431 5081 19 formed form VBN 43431 5081 20 by by IN 43431 5081 21 the the DT 43431 5081 22 expanded expand VBN 43431 5081 23 neural neural JJ 43431 5081 24 arches arch NNS 43431 5081 25 and and CC 43431 5081 26 ribs rib NNS 43431 5081 27 . . . 43431 5082 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 5082 2 XV XV NNP 43431 5082 3 . . . 43431 5083 1 THE the DT 43431 5083 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 5083 3 OF of IN 43431 5083 4 THE the DT 43431 5083 5 CROCODILE CROCODILE NNP 43431 5083 6 . . . 43431 5084 1 The the DT 43431 5084 2 species specie NNS 43431 5084 3 chosen choose VBN 43431 5084 4 for for IN 43431 5084 5 description description NN 43431 5084 6 is be VBZ 43431 5084 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5084 8 C. C. NNP 43431 5085 1 palustris palustris NNP 43431 5085 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5085 3 , , , 43431 5085 4 a a DT 43431 5085 5 form form NN 43431 5085 6 occurring occur VBG 43431 5085 7 throughout throughout IN 43431 5085 8 the the DT 43431 5085 9 Oriental oriental JJ 43431 5085 10 region region NN 43431 5085 11 , , , 43431 5085 12 but but CC 43431 5085 13 the the DT 43431 5085 14 description description NN 43431 5085 15 would would MD 43431 5085 16 apply apply VB 43431 5085 17 almost almost RB 43431 5085 18 equally equally RB 43431 5085 19 well well RB 43431 5085 20 to to IN 43431 5085 21 any any DT 43431 5085 22 of of IN 43431 5085 23 the the DT 43431 5085 24 other other JJ 43431 5085 25 species specie NNS 43431 5085 26 of of IN 43431 5085 27 the the DT 43431 5085 28 genus genus NNP 43431 5085 29 _ _ NNP 43431 5085 30 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 5085 31 _ _ NNP 43431 5085 32 , , , 43431 5085 33 and and CC 43431 5085 34 with with IN 43431 5085 35 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 5085 36 unimportant unimportant JJ 43431 5085 37 modifications modification NNS 43431 5085 38 to to IN 43431 5085 39 any any DT 43431 5085 40 of of IN 43431 5085 41 the the DT 43431 5085 42 living live VBG 43431 5085 43 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5085 44 . . . 43431 5086 1 I. I. NNP 43431 5086 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 5086 3 . . . 43431 5087 1 The the DT 43431 5087 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 5087 3 of of IN 43431 5087 4 the the DT 43431 5087 5 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5087 6 is be VBZ 43431 5087 7 strongly strongly RB 43431 5087 8 developed develop VBN 43431 5087 9 and and CC 43431 5087 10 includes include VBZ 43431 5087 11 elements element NNS 43431 5087 12 of of IN 43431 5087 13 both both CC 43431 5087 14 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5087 15 and and CC 43431 5087 16 dermal dermal JJ 43431 5087 17 origin origin NN 43431 5087 18 . . . 43431 5088 1 _ _ NNP 43431 5088 2 a. a. NN 43431 5088 3 _ _ NNP 43431 5088 4 The The NNP 43431 5088 5 = = SYM 43431 5088 6 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5088 7 exoskeleton= exoskeleton= NN 43431 5088 8 is be VBZ 43431 5088 9 formed form VBN 43431 5088 10 of of IN 43431 5088 11 a a DT 43431 5088 12 number number NN 43431 5088 13 of of IN 43431 5088 14 horny horny NN 43431 5088 15 = = SYM 43431 5088 16 scales= scales= JJ 43431 5088 17 or or CC 43431 5088 18 plates plate NNS 43431 5088 19 of of IN 43431 5088 20 variable variable JJ 43431 5088 21 size size NN 43431 5088 22 covering cover VBG 43431 5088 23 the the DT 43431 5088 24 whole whole JJ 43431 5088 25 surface surface NN 43431 5088 26 of of IN 43431 5088 27 the the DT 43431 5088 28 body body NN 43431 5088 29 . . . 43431 5089 1 Those those DT 43431 5089 2 covering cover VBG 43431 5089 3 the the DT 43431 5089 4 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5089 5 and and CC 43431 5089 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5089 7 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5089 8 are be VBP 43431 5089 9 oblong oblong JJ 43431 5089 10 in in IN 43431 5089 11 shape shape NN 43431 5089 12 , , , 43431 5089 13 and and CC 43431 5089 14 are be VBP 43431 5089 15 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5089 16 in in IN 43431 5089 17 regular regular JJ 43431 5089 18 rows row NNS 43431 5089 19 running run VBG 43431 5089 20 transversely transversely RB 43431 5089 21 across across IN 43431 5089 22 the the DT 43431 5089 23 body body NN 43431 5089 24 . . . 43431 5090 1 The the DT 43431 5090 2 scales scale NNS 43431 5090 3 covering cover VBG 43431 5090 4 the the DT 43431 5090 5 limbs limb NNS 43431 5090 6 and and CC 43431 5090 7 head head NN 43431 5090 8 are be VBP 43431 5090 9 mostly mostly RB 43431 5090 10 smaller small JJR 43431 5090 11 and and CC 43431 5090 12 less less RBR 43431 5090 13 regularly regularly RB 43431 5090 14 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5090 15 , , , 43431 5090 16 and and CC 43431 5090 17 are be VBP 43431 5090 18 frequently frequently RB 43431 5090 19 raised raise VBN 43431 5090 20 into into IN 43431 5090 21 a a DT 43431 5090 22 more more RBR 43431 5090 23 or or CC 43431 5090 24 less less RBR 43431 5090 25 obvious obvious JJ 43431 5090 26 keel keel NN 43431 5090 27 . . . 43431 5091 1 Those those DT 43431 5091 2 covering cover VBG 43431 5091 3 the the DT 43431 5091 4 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5091 5 surface surface NN 43431 5091 6 of of IN 43431 5091 7 the the DT 43431 5091 8 tail tail NN 43431 5091 9 are be VBP 43431 5091 10 very very RB 43431 5091 11 prominently prominently RB 43431 5091 12 keeled keel VBN 43431 5091 13 . . . 43431 5092 1 The the DT 43431 5092 2 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5092 3 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 5092 4 also also RB 43431 5092 5 includes include VBZ 43431 5092 6 the the DT 43431 5092 7 horny horny NNP 43431 5092 8 = = SYM 43431 5092 9 claws= claws= NNS 43431 5092 10 borne bear VBN 43431 5092 11 by by IN 43431 5092 12 the the DT 43431 5092 13 first first JJ 43431 5092 14 three three CD 43431 5092 15 digits digit NNS 43431 5092 16 of of IN 43431 5092 17 both both CC 43431 5092 18 manus manus NN 43431 5092 19 and and CC 43431 5092 20 pes pe NNS 43431 5092 21 . . . 43431 5093 1 _ _ NNP 43431 5093 2 b. b. NN 43431 5093 3 _ _ NNP 43431 5093 4 The The NNP 43431 5093 5 = = SYM 43431 5093 6 dermal dermal JJ 43431 5093 7 exoskeleton=. exoskeleton=. . 43431 5094 1 This this DT 43431 5094 2 has have VBZ 43431 5094 3 the the DT 43431 5094 4 form form NN 43431 5094 5 of of IN 43431 5094 6 bony bony NNP 43431 5094 7 = = SYM 43431 5094 8 scutes= scutes= NN 43431 5094 9 which which WDT 43431 5094 10 underlie underlie VBP 43431 5094 11 the the DT 43431 5094 12 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5094 13 scales scale NNS 43431 5094 14 along along IN 43431 5094 15 the the DT 43431 5094 16 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5094 17 surface surface NN 43431 5094 18 of of IN 43431 5094 19 the the DT 43431 5094 20 trunk trunk NN 43431 5094 21 and and CC 43431 5094 22 anterior anterior NN 43431 5094 23 part part NN 43431 5094 24 of of IN 43431 5094 25 the the DT 43431 5094 26 tail tail NN 43431 5094 27 . . . 43431 5095 1 Except except IN 43431 5095 2 in in IN 43431 5095 3 very very RB 43431 5095 4 young young JJ 43431 5095 5 individuals individual NNS 43431 5095 6 the the DT 43431 5095 7 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5095 8 scales scale NNS 43431 5095 9 are be VBP 43431 5095 10 rubbed rub VBN 43431 5095 11 off off RP 43431 5095 12 from from IN 43431 5095 13 these these DT 43431 5095 14 scutes scute NNS 43431 5095 15 , , , 43431 5095 16 which which WDT 43431 5095 17 consequently consequently RB 43431 5095 18 come come VBP 43431 5095 19 to to TO 43431 5095 20 project project VB 43431 5095 21 freely freely RB 43431 5095 22 on on IN 43431 5095 23 the the DT 43431 5095 24 surface surface NN 43431 5095 25 of of IN 43431 5095 26 the the DT 43431 5095 27 body body NN 43431 5095 28 . . . 43431 5096 1 Each each DT 43431 5096 2 scute scute NN 43431 5096 3 is be VBZ 43431 5096 4 a a DT 43431 5096 5 nearly nearly RB 43431 5096 6 square square JJ 43431 5096 7 bony bony NN 43431 5096 8 plate plate NN 43431 5096 9 , , , 43431 5096 10 deeply deeply RB 43431 5096 11 pitted pitted JJ 43431 5096 12 or or CC 43431 5096 13 sculptured sculptured JJ 43431 5096 14 , , , 43431 5096 15 and and CC 43431 5096 16 marked mark VBN 43431 5096 17 by by IN 43431 5096 18 a a DT 43431 5096 19 strong strong JJ 43431 5096 20 ridge ridge NN 43431 5096 21 on on IN 43431 5096 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5096 23 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5096 24 surface surface NN 43431 5096 25 , , , 43431 5096 26 while while IN 43431 5096 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5096 28 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5096 29 surface surface NN 43431 5096 30 is be VBZ 43431 5096 31 smooth smooth JJ 43431 5096 32 . . . 43431 5097 1 Contiguous contiguous JJ 43431 5097 2 scutes scute NNS 43431 5097 3 are be VBP 43431 5097 4 united united JJ 43431 5097 5 to to IN 43431 5097 6 one one CD 43431 5097 7 another another DT 43431 5097 8 by by IN 43431 5097 9 interlocking interlock VBG 43431 5097 10 sutures suture NNS 43431 5097 11 . . . 43431 5098 1 The the DT 43431 5098 2 scutes scute NNS 43431 5098 3 are be VBP 43431 5098 4 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5098 5 in in IN 43431 5098 6 two two CD 43431 5098 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 5098 8 areas area NNS 43431 5098 9 , , , 43431 5098 10 viz viz NN 43431 5098 11 . . . 43431 5099 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5099 2 1 1 LS 43431 5099 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5099 4 a a DT 43431 5099 5 small small JJ 43431 5099 6 anterior anterior NN 43431 5099 7 = = SYM 43431 5099 8 nuchal nuchal JJ 43431 5099 9 shield= shield= NNS 43431 5099 10 which which WDT 43431 5099 11 lies lie VBZ 43431 5099 12 just just RB 43431 5099 13 behind behind IN 43431 5099 14 the the DT 43431 5099 15 head head NN 43431 5099 16 and and CC 43431 5099 17 is be VBZ 43431 5099 18 formed form VBN 43431 5099 19 of of IN 43431 5099 20 six six CD 43431 5099 21 large large JJ 43431 5099 22 scutes scute NNS 43431 5099 23 more more RBR 43431 5099 24 or or CC 43431 5099 25 less less RBR 43431 5099 26 firmly firmly RB 43431 5099 27 united united JJ 43431 5099 28 together together RB 43431 5099 29 , , , 43431 5099 30 and and CC 43431 5099 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5099 32 2 2 LS 43431 5099 33 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5099 34 a a DT 43431 5099 35 larger large JJR 43431 5099 36 posterior posterior NN 43431 5099 37 = = SYM 43431 5099 38 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5099 39 shield= shield= NNS 43431 5099 40 covering cover VBG 43431 5099 41 the the DT 43431 5099 42 whole whole NN 43431 5099 43 of of IN 43431 5099 44 the the DT 43431 5099 45 back back NN 43431 5099 46 and and CC 43431 5099 47 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5099 48 part part NN 43431 5099 49 of of IN 43431 5099 50 the the DT 43431 5099 51 tail tail NN 43431 5099 52 , , , 43431 5099 53 and and CC 43431 5099 54 formed form VBN 43431 5099 55 of of IN 43431 5099 56 smaller small JJR 43431 5099 57 scutes scute NNS 43431 5099 58 , , , 43431 5099 59 which which WDT 43431 5099 60 are be VBP 43431 5099 61 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5099 62 in in IN 43431 5099 63 regular regular JJ 43431 5099 64 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5099 65 rows row NNS 43431 5099 66 , , , 43431 5099 67 and and CC 43431 5099 68 progressively progressively RB 43431 5099 69 diminish diminish VB 43431 5099 70 in in IN 43431 5099 71 size size NN 43431 5099 72 when when WRB 43431 5099 73 followed follow VBD 43431 5099 74 back back RB 43431 5099 75 . . . 43431 5100 1 The the DT 43431 5100 2 = = NNS 43431 5100 3 teeth= teeth= NN 43431 5100 4 are be VBP 43431 5100 5 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 5100 6 structures structure NNS 43431 5100 7 , , , 43431 5100 8 partly partly RB 43431 5100 9 of of IN 43431 5100 10 dermal dermal JJ 43431 5100 11 , , , 43431 5100 12 partly partly RB 43431 5100 13 of of IN 43431 5100 14 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5100 15 origin origin NN 43431 5100 16 . . . 43431 5101 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5101 2 lie lie VBP 43431 5101 3 along along IN 43431 5101 4 the the DT 43431 5101 5 margins margin NNS 43431 5101 6 of of IN 43431 5101 7 the the DT 43431 5101 8 jaws jaw NNS 43431 5101 9 and and CC 43431 5101 10 are be VBP 43431 5101 11 confined confine VBN 43431 5101 12 to to IN 43431 5101 13 the the DT 43431 5101 14 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5101 15 , , , 43431 5101 16 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5101 17 and and CC 43431 5101 18 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 5101 19 . . . 43431 5102 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5102 2 are be VBP 43431 5102 3 simple simple JJ 43431 5102 4 conical conical JJ 43431 5102 5 structures structure NNS 43431 5102 6 , , , 43431 5102 7 without without IN 43431 5102 8 roots root NNS 43431 5102 9 ; ; : 43431 5102 10 each each DT 43431 5102 11 is be VBZ 43431 5102 12 in in IN 43431 5102 13 the the DT 43431 5102 14 adult adult NN 43431 5102 15 placed place VBN 43431 5102 16 in in IN 43431 5102 17 a a DT 43431 5102 18 separate separate JJ 43431 5102 19 socket socket NN 43431 5102 20 , , , 43431 5102 21 and and CC 43431 5102 22 is be VBZ 43431 5102 23 replaced replace VBN 43431 5102 24 by by IN 43431 5102 25 another another DT 43431 5102 26 which which WDT 43431 5102 27 as as IN 43431 5102 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5102 29 grows grow VBZ 43431 5102 30 comes come VBZ 43431 5102 31 to to TO 43431 5102 32 occupy occupy VB 43431 5102 33 the the DT 43431 5102 34 pulp pulp NN 43431 5102 35 cavity cavity NN 43431 5102 36 of of IN 43431 5102 37 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5102 38 predecessor predecessor NN 43431 5102 39 . . . 43431 5103 1 In in IN 43431 5103 2 the the DT 43431 5103 3 young young JJ 43431 5103 4 animal animal NN 43431 5103 5 the the DT 43431 5103 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5103 7 are be VBP 43431 5103 8 not not RB 43431 5103 9 placed place VBN 43431 5103 10 in in IN 43431 5103 11 separate separate JJ 43431 5103 12 sockets socket NNS 43431 5103 13 but but CC 43431 5103 14 in in IN 43431 5103 15 a a DT 43431 5103 16 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5103 17 groove groove NN 43431 5103 18 . . . 43431 5104 1 This this DT 43431 5104 2 feature feature NN 43431 5104 3 is be VBZ 43431 5104 4 met meet VBN 43431 5104 5 with with IN 43431 5104 6 also also RB 43431 5104 7 in in IN 43431 5104 8 the the DT 43431 5104 9 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5104 10 . . . 43431 5105 1 The the DT 43431 5105 2 groove groove NN 43431 5105 3 gradually gradually RB 43431 5105 4 becomes become VBZ 43431 5105 5 converted convert VBN 43431 5105 6 into into IN 43431 5105 7 a a DT 43431 5105 8 series series NN 43431 5105 9 of of IN 43431 5105 10 sockets socket NNS 43431 5105 11 by by IN 43431 5105 12 the the DT 43431 5105 13 ingrowth ingrowth NN 43431 5105 14 of of IN 43431 5105 15 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5105 16 bars bar NNS 43431 5105 17 of of IN 43431 5105 18 bone bone NN 43431 5105 19 . . . 43431 5106 1 The the DT 43431 5106 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 5106 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5106 4 are be VBP 43431 5106 5 sharply sharply RB 43431 5106 6 pointed pointed JJ 43431 5106 7 and and CC 43431 5106 8 slightly slightly RB 43431 5106 9 recurved recurve VBN 43431 5106 10 , , , 43431 5106 11 the the DT 43431 5106 12 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5106 13 ones one NNS 43431 5106 14 are be VBP 43431 5106 15 more more RBR 43431 5106 16 blunt blunt JJ 43431 5106 17 . . . 43431 5107 1 The the DT 43431 5107 2 upper upper JJ 43431 5107 3 jaw jaw NN 43431 5107 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 5107 5 about about RB 43431 5107 6 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 5107 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 5107 8 of of IN 43431 5107 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5107 10 , , , 43431 5107 11 the the DT 43431 5107 12 lower low JJR 43431 5107 13 jaw jaw NN 43431 5107 14 about about IN 43431 5107 15 fifteen fifteen CD 43431 5107 16 pairs pair NNS 43431 5107 17 . . . 43431 5108 1 The the DT 43431 5108 2 largest large JJS 43431 5108 3 tooth tooth NN 43431 5108 4 in in IN 43431 5108 5 the the DT 43431 5108 6 upper upper JJ 43431 5108 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 5108 8 is be VBZ 43431 5108 9 the the DT 43431 5108 10 tenth tenth JJ 43431 5108 11 , , , 43431 5108 12 and and CC 43431 5108 13 in in IN 43431 5108 14 the the DT 43431 5108 15 lower low JJR 43431 5108 16 jaw jaw NN 43431 5108 17 the the DT 43431 5108 18 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5108 19 . . . 43431 5109 1 The the DT 43431 5109 2 three three CD 43431 5109 3 living live VBG 43431 5109 4 families family NNS 43431 5109 5 of of IN 43431 5109 6 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5109 7 , , , 43431 5109 8 the the DT 43431 5109 9 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNPS 43431 5109 10 , , , 43431 5109 11 Alligators Alligators NNPS 43431 5109 12 and and CC 43431 5109 13 Garials Garials NNPS 43431 5109 14 , , , 43431 5109 15 can can MD 43431 5109 16 be be VB 43431 5109 17 readily readily RB 43431 5109 18 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 5109 19 by by IN 43431 5109 20 the the DT 43431 5109 21 characters character NNS 43431 5109 22 of of IN 43431 5109 23 the the DT 43431 5109 24 first first JJ 43431 5109 25 and and CC 43431 5109 26 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5109 27 lower low JJR 43431 5109 28 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5109 29 . . . 43431 5110 1 In in IN 43431 5110 2 Alligators alligator NNS 43431 5110 3 both both CC 43431 5110 4 first first JJ 43431 5110 5 and and CC 43431 5110 6 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5110 7 lower low JJR 43431 5110 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5110 9 bite bite VBP 43431 5110 10 into into IN 43431 5110 11 pits pit NNS 43431 5110 12 in in IN 43431 5110 13 the the DT 43431 5110 14 upper upper JJ 43431 5110 15 jaw jaw NN 43431 5110 16 ; ; : 43431 5110 17 in in IN 43431 5110 18 Garials garial NNS 43431 5110 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5110 20 both both DT 43431 5110 21 bite bite VBP 43431 5110 22 into into IN 43431 5110 23 notches notch NNS 43431 5110 24 or or CC 43431 5110 25 grooves groove NNS 43431 5110 26 in in IN 43431 5110 27 the the DT 43431 5110 28 upper upper JJ 43431 5110 29 jaw jaw NN 43431 5110 30 . . . 43431 5111 1 In in IN 43431 5111 2 Crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 5111 3 the the DT 43431 5111 4 first first JJ 43431 5111 5 tooth tooth NN 43431 5111 6 bites bite NNS 43431 5111 7 into into IN 43431 5111 8 a a DT 43431 5111 9 pit pit NN 43431 5111 10 , , , 43431 5111 11 the the DT 43431 5111 12 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5111 13 into into IN 43431 5111 14 a a DT 43431 5111 15 notch notch NN 43431 5111 16 in in IN 43431 5111 17 the the DT 43431 5111 18 upper upper JJ 43431 5111 19 jaw jaw NN 43431 5111 20 . . . 43431 5112 1 II ii CD 43431 5112 2 . . . 43431 5113 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 5113 2 . . . 43431 5114 1 1 1 LS 43431 5114 2 . . . 43431 5115 1 THE the DT 43431 5115 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 5115 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 5115 4 . . . 43431 5116 1 This this DT 43431 5116 2 includes include VBZ 43431 5116 3 the the DT 43431 5116 4 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5116 5 column column NN 43431 5116 6 , , , 43431 5116 7 the the DT 43431 5116 8 skull skull NN 43431 5116 9 , , , 43431 5116 10 and and CC 43431 5116 11 the the DT 43431 5116 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 5116 13 and and CC 43431 5116 14 sternum sternum NNP 43431 5116 15 . . . 43431 5117 1 A. A. NNP 43431 5118 1 THE the DT 43431 5118 2 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 5118 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 5118 4 . . . 43431 5119 1 The the DT 43431 5119 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5119 3 column column NN 43431 5119 4 is be VBZ 43431 5119 5 very very RB 43431 5119 6 long long JJ 43431 5119 7 , , , 43431 5119 8 consisting consist VBG 43431 5119 9 of of IN 43431 5119 10 some some DT 43431 5119 11 sixty sixty CD 43431 5119 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5119 13 . . . 43431 5120 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5120 2 can can MD 43431 5120 3 be be VB 43431 5120 4 divided divide VBN 43431 5120 5 into into IN 43431 5120 6 the the DT 43431 5120 7 usual usual JJ 43431 5120 8 five five CD 43431 5120 9 regions region NNS 43431 5120 10 , , , 43431 5120 11 the the DT 43431 5120 12 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5120 13 , , , 43431 5120 14 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5120 15 , , , 43431 5120 16 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 5120 17 , , , 43431 5120 18 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5120 19 , , , 43431 5120 20 and and CC 43431 5120 21 caudal caudal NN 43431 5120 22 regions region NNS 43431 5120 23 . . . 43431 5121 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5121 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5121 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5121 4 . . . 43431 5122 1 41 41 CD 43431 5122 2 . . . 43431 5123 1 FIRST first RB 43431 5123 2 FOUR four CD 43431 5123 3 CERVICAL cervical NN 43431 5123 4 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 5123 5 OF of IN 43431 5123 6 A a DT 43431 5123 7 CROCODILE CROCODILE NNP 43431 5123 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5123 9 _ _ NNP 43431 5123 10 C. C. NNP 43431 5124 1 vulgaris vulgaris NNP 43431 5124 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5124 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5124 4 . . . 43431 5125 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5125 2 Partly partly RB 43431 5125 3 after after IN 43431 5125 4 VON VON NNP 43431 5125 5 ZITTEL ZITTEL NNP 43431 5125 6 . . . 43431 5125 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5126 1 1 1 LS 43431 5126 2 . . . 43431 5126 3 pro pro JJ 43431 5126 4 - - JJ 43431 5126 5 atlas atlas JJ 43431 5126 6 . . . 43431 5127 1 2 2 LS 43431 5127 2 . . . 43431 5127 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5127 4 portion portion NN 43431 5127 5 of of IN 43431 5127 6 atlas atlas NNP 43431 5127 7 . . . 43431 5128 1 3 3 LS 43431 5128 2 . . . 43431 5128 3 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 5128 4 process process NN 43431 5128 5 . . . 43431 5129 1 4 4 LS 43431 5129 2 . . . 43431 5129 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5129 4 portion portion NN 43431 5129 5 of of IN 43431 5129 6 atlas atlas NNP 43431 5129 7 . . . 43431 5130 1 5 5 LS 43431 5130 2 . . . 43431 5130 3 neural neural JJ 43431 5130 4 spine spine NN 43431 5130 5 of of IN 43431 5130 6 axis axis NNP 43431 5130 7 . . . 43431 5131 1 6 6 LS 43431 5131 2 . . . 43431 5131 3 postzygapophysis postzygapophysis NNP 43431 5131 4 of of IN 43431 5131 5 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5131 6 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 5131 7 . . . 43431 5132 1 7 7 LS 43431 5132 2 . . . 43431 5132 3 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 5132 4 portion portion NN 43431 5132 5 of of IN 43431 5132 6 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5132 7 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5132 8 rib rib NN 43431 5132 9 . . . 43431 5133 1 8 8 LS 43431 5133 2 . . . 43431 5133 3 first first JJ 43431 5133 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5133 5 rib rib NN 43431 5133 6 . . . 43431 5134 1 9 9 LS 43431 5134 2 . . . 43431 5134 3 second second JJ 43431 5134 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5134 5 rib rib NN 43431 5134 6 . . . 43431 5135 1 10 10 CD 43431 5135 2 . . . 43431 5135 3 convex convex NNP 43431 5135 4 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5135 5 surface surface NN 43431 5135 6 of of IN 43431 5135 7 centrum centrum NN 43431 5135 8 of of IN 43431 5135 9 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5135 10 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 5135 11 . . . 43431 5135 12 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5136 1 THE the DT 43431 5136 2 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 5136 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 5136 4 . . . 43431 5137 1 Counting count VBG 43431 5137 2 as as IN 43431 5137 3 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5137 4 all all PDT 43431 5137 5 those those DT 43431 5137 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5137 7 which which WDT 43431 5137 8 are be VBP 43431 5137 9 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5137 10 to to IN 43431 5137 11 the the DT 43431 5137 12 first first JJ 43431 5137 13 one one CD 43431 5137 14 whose whose WP$ 43431 5137 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 5137 16 meet meet VBP 43431 5137 17 the the DT 43431 5137 18 sternum sternum NN 43431 5137 19 , , , 43431 5137 20 there there EX 43431 5137 21 are be VBP 43431 5137 22 nine nine CD 43431 5137 23 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5137 24 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5137 25 , , , 43431 5137 26 all all DT 43431 5137 27 of of IN 43431 5137 28 which which WDT 43431 5137 29 bear bear VBP 43431 5137 30 ribs rib NNS 43431 5137 31 . . . 43431 5138 1 As as IN 43431 5138 2 a a DT 43431 5138 3 type type NN 43431 5138 4 of of IN 43431 5138 5 the the DT 43431 5138 6 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5138 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5138 8 the the DT 43431 5138 9 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5138 10 may may MD 43431 5138 11 be be VB 43431 5138 12 taken take VBN 43431 5138 13 . . . 43431 5139 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5139 2 has have VBZ 43431 5139 3 a a DT 43431 5139 4 short short JJ 43431 5139 5 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 5139 6 = = SYM 43431 5139 7 centrum= centrum= NN 43431 5139 8 deeply deeply RB 43431 5139 9 concave concave NNP 43431 5139 10 in in IN 43431 5139 11 front front NNP 43431 5139 12 and and CC 43431 5139 13 convex convex NNP 43431 5139 14 behind behind RB 43431 5139 15 . . . 43431 5140 1 From from IN 43431 5140 2 the the DT 43431 5140 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5140 4 part part NN 43431 5140 5 of of IN 43431 5140 6 the the DT 43431 5140 7 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5140 8 surface surface NN 43431 5140 9 of of IN 43431 5140 10 the the DT 43431 5140 11 centrum centrum NN 43431 5140 12 arises arise VBZ 43431 5140 13 a a DT 43431 5140 14 short short JJ 43431 5140 15 = = SYM 43431 5140 16 hypapophysis= hypapophysis= NN 43431 5140 17 , , , 43431 5140 18 and and CC 43431 5140 19 on on IN 43431 5140 20 each each DT 43431 5140 21 side side NN 43431 5140 22 is be VBZ 43431 5140 23 a a DT 43431 5140 24 facet facet NN 43431 5140 25 with with IN 43431 5140 26 which which WDT 43431 5140 27 the the DT 43431 5140 28 lower low JJR 43431 5140 29 limb limb NN 43431 5140 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5140 31 = = SYM 43431 5140 32 capitulum= capitulum= NN 43431 5140 33 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5140 34 of of IN 43431 5140 35 the the DT 43431 5140 36 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5140 37 rib rib NN 43431 5140 38 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5140 39 . . . 43431 5141 1 The the DT 43431 5141 2 = = SYM 43431 5141 3 neural neural JJ 43431 5141 4 arch= arch= NN 43431 5141 5 is be VBZ 43431 5141 6 strongly strongly RB 43431 5141 7 developed develop VBN 43431 5141 8 and and CC 43431 5141 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 5141 10 out out RP 43431 5141 11 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5141 12 into into IN 43431 5141 13 a a DT 43431 5141 14 long long JJ 43431 5141 15 = = SYM 43431 5141 16 neural neural JJ 43431 5141 17 spine= spine= NN 43431 5141 18 , , , 43431 5141 19 in in IN 43431 5141 20 front front NN 43431 5141 21 of of IN 43431 5141 22 which which WDT 43431 5141 23 are be VBP 43431 5141 24 a a DT 43431 5141 25 pair pair NN 43431 5141 26 of of IN 43431 5141 27 upstanding upstande VBG 43431 5141 28 processes process NNS 43431 5141 29 bearing bear VBG 43431 5141 30 the the DT 43431 5141 31 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5141 32 upwardly upwardly JJ 43431 5141 33 and and CC 43431 5141 34 inwardly inwardly RB 43431 5141 35 directed direct VBN 43431 5141 36 = = NFP 43431 5141 37 prezygapophyses=. prezygapophyses=. NN 43431 5142 1 At at IN 43431 5142 2 the the DT 43431 5142 3 sides side NNS 43431 5142 4 and and CC 43431 5142 5 slightly slightly RB 43431 5142 6 behind behind IN 43431 5142 7 the the DT 43431 5142 8 neural neural JJ 43431 5142 9 spine spine NN 43431 5142 10 are be VBP 43431 5142 11 a a DT 43431 5142 12 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 5142 13 pair pair NN 43431 5142 14 of of IN 43431 5142 15 processes process NNS 43431 5142 16 bearing bear VBG 43431 5142 17 the the DT 43431 5142 18 = = SYM 43431 5142 19 postzygapophyses= postzygapophyses= NN 43431 5142 20 , , , 43431 5142 21 which which WDT 43431 5142 22 look look VBP 43431 5142 23 downwards downwards RB 43431 5142 24 and and CC 43431 5142 25 outwards outward NNS 43431 5142 26 . . . 43431 5143 1 At at IN 43431 5143 2 the the DT 43431 5143 3 point point NN 43431 5143 4 where where WRB 43431 5143 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5143 6 joins join VBZ 43431 5143 7 the the DT 43431 5143 8 centrum centrum NN 43431 5143 9 the the DT 43431 5143 10 neural neural JJ 43431 5143 11 arch arch NNP 43431 5143 12 is be VBZ 43431 5143 13 drawn draw VBN 43431 5143 14 out out RP 43431 5143 15 into into IN 43431 5143 16 a a DT 43431 5143 17 short short JJ 43431 5143 18 blunt blunt NN 43431 5143 19 = = SYM 43431 5143 20 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5143 21 process= process= JJ 43431 5143 22 with with IN 43431 5143 23 which which WDT 43431 5143 24 the the DT 43431 5143 25 upper upper JJ 43431 5143 26 limb limb NN 43431 5143 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5143 28 = = SYM 43431 5143 29 tuberculum= tuberculum= NN 43431 5143 30 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5143 31 of of IN 43431 5143 32 the the DT 43431 5143 33 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5143 34 rib rib NN 43431 5143 35 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5143 36 . . . 43431 5144 1 The the DT 43431 5144 2 sides side NNS 43431 5144 3 of of IN 43431 5144 4 the the DT 43431 5144 5 neural neural JJ 43431 5144 6 arch arch NN 43431 5144 7 are be VBP 43431 5144 8 slightly slightly RB 43431 5144 9 notched notch VBN 43431 5144 10 behind behind RB 43431 5144 11 for for IN 43431 5144 12 the the DT 43431 5144 13 exit exit NN 43431 5144 14 of of IN 43431 5144 15 the the DT 43431 5144 16 spinal spinal JJ 43431 5144 17 nerves nerve NNS 43431 5144 18 . . . 43431 5145 1 The the DT 43431 5145 2 first first JJ 43431 5145 3 or or CC 43431 5145 4 = = SYM 43431 5145 5 atlas= atlas= NNP 43431 5145 6 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 5145 7 differs differ VBZ 43431 5145 8 much much RB 43431 5145 9 from from IN 43431 5145 10 any any DT 43431 5145 11 of of IN 43431 5145 12 the the DT 43431 5145 13 others other NNS 43431 5145 14 , , , 43431 5145 15 and and CC 43431 5145 16 consists consist VBZ 43431 5145 17 of of IN 43431 5145 18 four four CD 43431 5145 19 quite quite RB 43431 5145 20 detached detached JJ 43431 5145 21 portions portion NNS 43431 5145 22 , , , 43431 5145 23 a a DT 43431 5145 24 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5145 25 arch arch NN 43431 5145 26 , , , 43431 5145 27 with with IN 43431 5145 28 two two CD 43431 5145 29 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5145 30 portions portion NNS 43431 5145 31 and and CC 43431 5145 32 one one CD 43431 5145 33 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5145 34 . . . 43431 5146 1 The the DT 43431 5146 2 = = SYM 43431 5146 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5146 4 arch= arch= NN 43431 5146 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5146 6 fig fig NN 43431 5146 7 . . . 43431 5147 1 41 41 CD 43431 5147 2 , , , 43431 5147 3 4 4 CD 43431 5147 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5147 5 is be VBZ 43431 5147 6 flat flat JJ 43431 5147 7 below below RB 43431 5147 8 and and CC 43431 5147 9 slightly slightly RB 43431 5147 10 concave concave NNP 43431 5147 11 in in IN 43431 5147 12 front front NN 43431 5147 13 , , , 43431 5147 14 forming form VBG 43431 5147 15 together together RB 43431 5147 16 with with IN 43431 5147 17 two two CD 43431 5147 18 flattened flatten VBD 43431 5147 19 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5147 20 on on IN 43431 5147 21 the the DT 43431 5147 22 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5147 23 portions portion NNS 43431 5147 24 a a DT 43431 5147 25 large large JJ 43431 5147 26 articulating articulating NN 43431 5147 27 surface surface NN 43431 5147 28 for for IN 43431 5147 29 the the DT 43431 5147 30 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5147 31 condyle condyle NN 43431 5147 32 of of IN 43431 5147 33 the the DT 43431 5147 34 skull skull NN 43431 5147 35 . . . 43431 5148 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5148 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 5148 3 face face NN 43431 5148 4 is be VBZ 43431 5148 5 bevelled bevel VBN 43431 5148 6 off off RP 43431 5148 7 and and CC 43431 5148 8 forms form NNS 43431 5148 9 with with IN 43431 5148 10 a a DT 43431 5148 11 second second JJ 43431 5148 12 pair pair NN 43431 5148 13 of of IN 43431 5148 14 facets facet NNS 43431 5148 15 on on IN 43431 5148 16 the the DT 43431 5148 17 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5148 18 portions portion NNS 43431 5148 19 a a DT 43431 5148 20 surface surface NN 43431 5148 21 with with IN 43431 5148 22 which which WDT 43431 5148 23 the the DT 43431 5148 24 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 5148 25 process process NN 43431 5148 26 of of IN 43431 5148 27 the the DT 43431 5148 28 second second JJ 43431 5148 29 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5148 30 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5148 31 . . . 43431 5149 1 The the DT 43431 5149 2 postero postero NN 43431 5149 3 - - HYPH 43431 5149 4 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5149 5 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5149 6 of of IN 43431 5149 7 the the DT 43431 5149 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5149 9 arch arch NN 43431 5149 10 also also RB 43431 5149 11 bear bear VBP 43431 5149 12 a a DT 43431 5149 13 pair pair NN 43431 5149 14 of of IN 43431 5149 15 little little JJ 43431 5149 16 facets facet NNS 43431 5149 17 with with IN 43431 5149 18 which which WDT 43431 5149 19 the the DT 43431 5149 20 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5149 21 ribs rib NNS 43431 5149 22 articulate articulate NN 43431 5149 23 . . . 43431 5150 1 The the DT 43431 5150 2 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5150 3 portions portion NNS 43431 5150 4 are be VBP 43431 5150 5 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5150 6 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5150 7 and and CC 43431 5150 8 expanded expand VBD 43431 5150 9 , , , 43431 5150 10 and and CC 43431 5150 11 bear bear VB 43431 5150 12 in in IN 43431 5150 13 addition addition NN 43431 5150 14 to to IN 43431 5150 15 those those DT 43431 5150 16 previously previously RB 43431 5150 17 mentioned mention VBD 43431 5150 18 a a DT 43431 5150 19 pair pair NN 43431 5150 20 of of IN 43431 5150 21 small small JJ 43431 5150 22 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 5150 23 directed direct VBN 43431 5150 24 facets facet NNS 43431 5150 25 , , , 43431 5150 26 the the DT 43431 5150 27 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 5150 28 , , , 43431 5150 29 which which WDT 43431 5150 30 articulate articulate VBP 43431 5150 31 with with IN 43431 5150 32 the the DT 43431 5150 33 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 5150 34 of of IN 43431 5150 35 the the DT 43431 5150 36 second second JJ 43431 5150 37 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5150 38 . . . 43431 5151 1 The the DT 43431 5151 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5151 3 portion portion NN 43431 5151 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5151 5 fig fig NN 43431 5151 6 . . . 43431 5152 1 41 41 CD 43431 5152 2 , , , 43431 5152 3 1 1 CD 43431 5152 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5152 5 is be VBZ 43431 5152 6 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5152 7 triangular triangular JJ 43431 5152 8 in in IN 43431 5152 9 shape shape NN 43431 5152 10 , , , 43431 5152 11 and and CC 43431 5152 12 overhangs overhang VBZ 43431 5152 13 the the DT 43431 5152 14 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5152 15 condyle condyle NN 43431 5152 16 . . . 43431 5153 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5153 2 is be VBZ 43431 5153 3 often often RB 43431 5153 4 regarded regard VBN 43431 5153 5 as as IN 43431 5153 6 the the DT 43431 5153 7 neural neural JJ 43431 5153 8 arch arch NN 43431 5153 9 of of IN 43431 5153 10 a a DT 43431 5153 11 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5153 12 in in IN 43431 5153 13 front front NN 43431 5153 14 of of IN 43431 5153 15 the the DT 43431 5153 16 atlas atla NNS 43431 5153 17 and and CC 43431 5153 18 is be VBZ 43431 5153 19 called call VBN 43431 5153 20 the the DT 43431 5153 21 _ _ NNP 43431 5153 22 pro pro JJ 43431 5153 23 - - JJ 43431 5153 24 atlas atlas JJ 43431 5153 25 _ _ NN 43431 5153 26 ; ; : 43431 5153 27 but but CC 43431 5153 28 as as IN 43431 5153 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5153 30 is be VBZ 43431 5153 31 a a DT 43431 5153 32 membrane membrane NN 43431 5153 33 bone bone NN 43431 5153 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5153 35 is be VBZ 43431 5153 36 not not RB 43431 5153 37 properly properly RB 43431 5153 38 a a DT 43431 5153 39 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5153 40 element element NN 43431 5153 41 . . . 43431 5154 1 The the DT 43431 5154 2 second second JJ 43431 5154 3 or or CC 43431 5154 4 = = SYM 43431 5154 5 axis axis RB 43431 5154 6 vertebra= vertebra= JJ 43431 5154 7 also also RB 43431 5154 8 differs differ VBZ 43431 5154 9 a a DT 43431 5154 10 good good JJ 43431 5154 11 deal deal NN 43431 5154 12 from from IN 43431 5154 13 the the DT 43431 5154 14 other other JJ 43431 5154 15 cervicals cervical NNS 43431 5154 16 . . . 43431 5155 1 The the DT 43431 5155 2 centrum centrum NN 43431 5155 3 is be VBZ 43431 5155 4 massive massive JJ 43431 5155 5 , , , 43431 5155 6 and and CC 43431 5155 7 is be VBZ 43431 5155 8 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5155 9 in in IN 43431 5155 10 front front NN 43431 5155 11 by by IN 43431 5155 12 a a DT 43431 5155 13 very very RB 43431 5155 14 large large JJ 43431 5155 15 slightly slightly RB 43431 5155 16 concave concave JJ 43431 5155 17 articulating articulate VBG 43431 5155 18 surface surface NN 43431 5155 19 formed form VBN 43431 5155 20 by by IN 43431 5155 21 the the DT 43431 5155 22 = = SYM 43431 5155 23 odontoid odontoid NNP 43431 5155 24 process= process= NNP 43431 5155 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5155 26 fig fig NN 43431 5155 27 . . . 43431 5156 1 41 41 CD 43431 5156 2 , , , 43431 5156 3 3 3 CD 43431 5156 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5156 5 which which WDT 43431 5156 6 is be VBZ 43431 5156 7 united united JJ 43431 5156 8 with with IN 43431 5156 9 the the DT 43431 5156 10 centrum centrum NN 43431 5156 11 by by IN 43431 5156 12 suture suture NN 43431 5156 13 only only RB 43431 5156 14 , , , 43431 5156 15 and and CC 43431 5156 16 is be VBZ 43431 5156 17 really really RB 43431 5156 18 the the DT 43431 5156 19 detached detach VBN 43431 5156 20 centrum centrum NN 43431 5156 21 of of IN 43431 5156 22 the the DT 43431 5156 23 first first JJ 43431 5156 24 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5156 25 . . . 43431 5157 1 The the DT 43431 5157 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5157 3 rib rib NN 43431 5157 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5157 5 fig fig NN 43431 5157 6 . . . 43431 5158 1 41 41 CD 43431 5158 2 , , , 43431 5158 3 9 9 CD 43431 5158 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5158 5 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5158 6 with with IN 43431 5158 7 two two CD 43431 5158 8 little little JJ 43431 5158 9 irregularities irregularity NNS 43431 5158 10 on on IN 43431 5158 11 the the DT 43431 5158 12 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 5158 13 process process NN 43431 5158 14 . . . 43431 5159 1 The the DT 43431 5159 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 5159 3 surface surface NN 43431 5159 4 of of IN 43431 5159 5 the the DT 43431 5159 6 centrum centrum NN 43431 5159 7 is be VBZ 43431 5159 8 convex convex NNP 43431 5159 9 . . . 43431 5160 1 The the DT 43431 5160 2 neural neural JJ 43431 5160 3 arch arch NN 43431 5160 4 is be VBZ 43431 5160 5 strongly strongly RB 43431 5160 6 developed develop VBN 43431 5160 7 and and CC 43431 5160 8 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5160 9 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5160 10 by by IN 43431 5160 11 a a DT 43431 5160 12 long long JJ 43431 5160 13 neural neural JJ 43431 5160 14 spine spine NN 43431 5160 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5160 16 fig fig NN 43431 5160 17 . . . 43431 5161 1 41 41 CD 43431 5161 2 , , , 43431 5161 3 5 5 CD 43431 5161 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5161 5 , , , 43431 5161 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5161 7 sides side NNS 43431 5161 8 are be VBP 43431 5161 9 notched notch VBN 43431 5161 10 , , , 43431 5161 11 slightly slightly RB 43431 5161 12 in in IN 43431 5161 13 front front NN 43431 5161 14 and and CC 43431 5161 15 more more RBR 43431 5161 16 prominently prominently RB 43431 5161 17 behind behind RB 43431 5161 18 for for IN 43431 5161 19 the the DT 43431 5161 20 exit exit NN 43431 5161 21 of of IN 43431 5161 22 the the DT 43431 5161 23 spinal spinal JJ 43431 5161 24 nerves nerve NNS 43431 5161 25 . . . 43431 5162 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5162 2 is be VBZ 43431 5162 3 drawn draw VBN 43431 5162 4 out out RP 43431 5162 5 in in IN 43431 5162 6 front front NN 43431 5162 7 into into IN 43431 5162 8 two two CD 43431 5162 9 little little JJ 43431 5162 10 processes process NNS 43431 5162 11 bearing bear VBG 43431 5162 12 a a DT 43431 5162 13 pair pair NN 43431 5162 14 of of IN 43431 5162 15 upwardly upwardly JJ 43431 5162 16 and and CC 43431 5162 17 outwardly outwardly RB 43431 5162 18 directed direct VBN 43431 5162 19 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 5162 20 , , , 43431 5162 21 while while IN 43431 5162 22 the the DT 43431 5162 23 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 5162 24 are be VBP 43431 5162 25 similar similar JJ 43431 5162 26 to to IN 43431 5162 27 those those DT 43431 5162 28 of of IN 43431 5162 29 the the DT 43431 5162 30 other other JJ 43431 5162 31 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5162 32 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5162 33 . . . 43431 5163 1 The the DT 43431 5163 2 last last JJ 43431 5163 3 two two CD 43431 5163 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5163 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5163 6 resemble resemble VBP 43431 5163 7 the the DT 43431 5163 8 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 5163 9 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5163 10 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 5163 11 , , , 43431 5163 12 in in IN 43431 5163 13 the the DT 43431 5163 14 increased increase VBN 43431 5163 15 length length NN 43431 5163 16 of of IN 43431 5163 17 the the DT 43431 5163 18 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5163 19 processes process NNS 43431 5163 20 , , , 43431 5163 21 and and CC 43431 5163 22 the the DT 43431 5163 23 shifting shifting NN 43431 5163 24 dorsalwards dorsalward NNS 43431 5163 25 of of IN 43431 5163 26 the the DT 43431 5163 27 facet facet NN 43431 5163 28 with with IN 43431 5163 29 which which WDT 43431 5163 30 the the DT 43431 5163 31 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 5163 32 of of IN 43431 5163 33 the the DT 43431 5163 34 rib rib NN 43431 5163 35 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5163 36 . . . 43431 5164 1 THE the DT 43431 5164 2 THORACIC THORACIC NNP 43431 5164 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 5164 4 . . . 43431 5165 1 The the DT 43431 5165 2 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5165 3 vertebrae vertebrae VBZ 43431 5165 4 commence commence NN 43431 5165 5 with with IN 43431 5165 6 the the DT 43431 5165 7 first first JJ 43431 5165 8 of of IN 43431 5165 9 those those DT 43431 5165 10 that that WDT 43431 5165 11 bears bear VBZ 43431 5165 12 ribs ribs NNP 43431 5165 13 reaching reach VBG 43431 5165 14 the the DT 43431 5165 15 sternum sternum NN 43431 5165 16 . . . 43431 5166 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5166 2 are be VBP 43431 5166 3 ten ten CD 43431 5166 4 in in IN 43431 5166 5 number number NN 43431 5166 6 , , , 43431 5166 7 and and CC 43431 5166 8 the the DT 43431 5166 9 first first JJ 43431 5166 10 eight eight CD 43431 5166 11 are be VBP 43431 5166 12 directly directly RB 43431 5166 13 connected connect VBN 43431 5166 14 with with IN 43431 5166 15 the the DT 43431 5166 16 sternum sternum NN 43431 5166 17 by by IN 43431 5166 18 ribs rib NNS 43431 5166 19 . . . 43431 5167 1 The the DT 43431 5167 2 = = SYM 43431 5167 3 third= third= NN 43431 5167 4 of of IN 43431 5167 5 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5167 6 may may MD 43431 5167 7 be be VB 43431 5167 8 taken take VBN 43431 5167 9 as as IN 43431 5167 10 a a DT 43431 5167 11 type type NN 43431 5167 12 . . . 43431 5168 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5168 2 has have VBZ 43431 5168 3 a a DT 43431 5168 4 thick thick JJ 43431 5168 5 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 5168 6 centrum centrum NN 43431 5168 7 , , , 43431 5168 8 concave concave NNP 43431 5168 9 in in IN 43431 5168 10 front front NNP 43431 5168 11 and and CC 43431 5168 12 convex convex NNS 43431 5168 13 behind behind IN 43431 5168 14 , , , 43431 5168 15 there there EX 43431 5168 16 is be VBZ 43431 5168 17 a a DT 43431 5168 18 slight slight JJ 43431 5168 19 hypapophysis hypapophysis NN 43431 5168 20 , , , 43431 5168 21 and and CC 43431 5168 22 the the DT 43431 5168 23 centrum centrum NN 43431 5168 24 is be VBZ 43431 5168 25 suturally suturally RB 43431 5168 26 united united JJ 43431 5168 27 with with IN 43431 5168 28 a a DT 43431 5168 29 strong strong JJ 43431 5168 30 neural neural JJ 43431 5168 31 arch arch NN 43431 5168 32 enclosing enclose VBG 43431 5168 33 a a DT 43431 5168 34 narrow narrow JJ 43431 5168 35 neural neural JJ 43431 5168 36 canal canal NN 43431 5168 37 . . . 43431 5169 1 The the DT 43431 5169 2 neural neural JJ 43431 5169 3 arch arch NN 43431 5169 4 is be VBZ 43431 5169 5 drawn draw VBN 43431 5169 6 out out RP 43431 5169 7 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5169 8 into into IN 43431 5169 9 a a DT 43431 5169 10 wide wide JJ 43431 5169 11 truncated truncate VBN 43431 5169 12 neural neural JJ 43431 5169 13 spine spine NN 43431 5169 14 , , , 43431 5169 15 and and CC 43431 5169 16 laterally laterally RB 43431 5169 17 into into IN 43431 5169 18 two two CD 43431 5169 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5169 20 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5169 21 processes process NNS 43431 5169 22 , , , 43431 5169 23 with with IN 43431 5169 24 the the DT 43431 5169 25 ends end NNS 43431 5169 26 of of IN 43431 5169 27 which which WDT 43431 5169 28 the the DT 43431 5169 29 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 5169 30 of of IN 43431 5169 31 the the DT 43431 5169 32 ribs rib NNS 43431 5169 33 articulate articulate NN 43431 5169 34 , , , 43431 5169 35 while while IN 43431 5169 36 the the DT 43431 5169 37 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 5169 38 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5169 39 in in IN 43431 5169 40 each each DT 43431 5169 41 case case NN 43431 5169 42 with with IN 43431 5169 43 a a DT 43431 5169 44 step step NN 43431 5169 45 - - HYPH 43431 5169 46 like like JJ 43431 5169 47 facet facet NNP 43431 5169 48 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5169 49 fig fig NN 43431 5169 50 . . . 43431 5170 1 42 42 CD 43431 5170 2 , , , 43431 5170 3 A a NN 43431 5170 4 , , , 43431 5170 5 3 3 CD 43431 5170 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5170 7 on on IN 43431 5170 8 the the DT 43431 5170 9 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5170 10 face face NN 43431 5170 11 of of IN 43431 5170 12 the the DT 43431 5170 13 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5170 14 process process NN 43431 5170 15 . . . 43431 5171 1 The the DT 43431 5171 2 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 5171 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5171 4 fig fig NN 43431 5171 5 . . . 43431 5172 1 42 42 CD 43431 5172 2 , , , 43431 5172 3 A a NN 43431 5172 4 , , , 43431 5172 5 2 2 CD 43431 5172 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5172 7 are be VBP 43431 5172 8 borne bear VBN 43431 5172 9 on on IN 43431 5172 10 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 5172 11 from from IN 43431 5172 12 the the DT 43431 5172 13 bases basis NNS 43431 5172 14 of of IN 43431 5172 15 the the DT 43431 5172 16 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5172 17 processes process NNS 43431 5172 18 , , , 43431 5172 19 and and CC 43431 5172 20 the the DT 43431 5172 21 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 5172 22 on on IN 43431 5172 23 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 5172 24 at at IN 43431 5172 25 the the DT 43431 5172 26 base base NN 43431 5172 27 of of IN 43431 5172 28 the the DT 43431 5172 29 neural neural JJ 43431 5172 30 spine spine NN 43431 5172 31 . . . 43431 5173 1 The the DT 43431 5173 2 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 5173 3 vertebrae vertebrae VBZ 43431 5173 4 behind behind IN 43431 5173 5 the the DT 43431 5173 6 third third JJ 43431 5173 7 have have VBP 43431 5173 8 no no DT 43431 5173 9 hypapophyses hypapophyse NNS 43431 5173 10 , , , 43431 5173 11 and and CC 43431 5173 12 the the DT 43431 5173 13 capitular capitular JJ 43431 5173 14 facets facet NNS 43431 5173 15 gradually gradually RB 43431 5173 16 come come VBP 43431 5173 17 to to TO 43431 5173 18 be be VB 43431 5173 19 placed place VBN 43431 5173 20 nearer nearer RB 43431 5173 21 and and CC 43431 5173 22 nearer nearer VB 43431 5173 23 the the DT 43431 5173 24 ends end NNS 43431 5173 25 of of IN 43431 5173 26 the the DT 43431 5173 27 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5173 28 processes process NNS 43431 5173 29 , , , 43431 5173 30 at at IN 43431 5173 31 the the DT 43431 5173 32 same same JJ 43431 5173 33 time time NN 43431 5173 34 becoming become VBG 43431 5173 35 less less RBR 43431 5173 36 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5173 37 ; ; : 43431 5173 38 otherwise otherwise RB 43431 5173 39 these these DT 43431 5173 40 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5173 41 are be VBP 43431 5173 42 just just RB 43431 5173 43 like like IN 43431 5173 44 the the DT 43431 5173 45 third third JJ 43431 5173 46 . . . 43431 5174 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5174 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5174 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5174 4 . . . 43431 5175 1 42 42 CD 43431 5175 2 . . . 43431 5176 1 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 5176 2 VIEW VIEW NNP 43431 5176 3 OF of IN 43431 5176 4 A a NN 43431 5176 5 , , , 43431 5176 6 A a DT 43431 5176 7 LATE late JJ 43431 5176 8 THORACIC thoracic NN 43431 5176 9 AND and CC 43431 5176 10 B b NN 43431 5176 11 , , , 43431 5176 12 THE the DT 43431 5176 13 FIRST first JJ 43431 5176 14 SACRAL sacral JJ 43431 5176 15 VERTEBRA VERTEBRA NNS 43431 5176 16 OF of IN 43431 5176 17 A a DT 43431 5176 18 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 5176 19 CROCODILE crocodile NN 43431 5176 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5176 21 _ _ NNP 43431 5176 22 C. C. NNP 43431 5177 1 palustris palustris NNP 43431 5177 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5177 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5177 4 . . . 43431 5178 1 à à NNP 43431 5178 2 � � NNP 43431 5178 3 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 5178 4 . . . 43431 5179 1 1 1 LS 43431 5179 2 . . . 43431 5179 3 neural neural JJ 43431 5179 4 spine spine NNP 43431 5179 5 . . . 43431 5180 1 2 2 LS 43431 5180 2 . . . 43431 5180 3 process process NN 43431 5180 4 bearing bearing NN 43431 5180 5 prezygapophysis prezygapophysis NN 43431 5180 6 . . . 43431 5181 1 3 3 LS 43431 5181 2 . . . 43431 5181 3 facet facet NNP 43431 5181 4 for for IN 43431 5181 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 5181 6 with with IN 43431 5181 7 the the DT 43431 5181 8 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 5181 9 of of IN 43431 5181 10 the the DT 43431 5181 11 rib rib NN 43431 5181 12 . . . 43431 5182 1 4 4 LS 43431 5182 2 . . . 43431 5182 3 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5182 4 rib rib NN 43431 5182 5 . . . 43431 5183 1 5 5 LS 43431 5183 2 . . . 43431 5183 3 surface surface NN 43431 5183 4 which which WDT 43431 5183 5 is be VBZ 43431 5183 6 united unite VBN 43431 5183 7 with with IN 43431 5183 8 the the DT 43431 5183 9 ilium ilium NNP 43431 5183 10 . . . 43431 5184 1 6 6 LS 43431 5184 2 . . . 43431 5184 3 concave concave NNP 43431 5184 4 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5184 5 face face NN 43431 5184 6 of of IN 43431 5184 7 centrum centrum NN 43431 5184 8 . . . 43431 5184 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5185 1 In in IN 43431 5185 2 the the DT 43431 5185 3 first first JJ 43431 5185 4 and and CC 43431 5185 5 second second JJ 43431 5185 6 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5185 7 vertebrae vertebrae VBZ 43431 5185 8 the the DT 43431 5185 9 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 5185 10 of of IN 43431 5185 11 the the DT 43431 5185 12 rib rib NN 43431 5185 13 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5185 14 , , , 43431 5185 15 not not RB 43431 5185 16 with with IN 43431 5185 17 a a DT 43431 5185 18 facet facet NN 43431 5185 19 on on IN 43431 5185 20 the the DT 43431 5185 21 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5185 22 process process NN 43431 5185 23 , , , 43431 5185 24 but but CC 43431 5185 25 with with IN 43431 5185 26 a a DT 43431 5185 27 little little JJ 43431 5185 28 elevation elevation NN 43431 5185 29 borne bear VBN 43431 5185 30 at at IN 43431 5185 31 the the DT 43431 5185 32 line line NN 43431 5185 33 of of IN 43431 5185 34 junction junction NN 43431 5185 35 of of IN 43431 5185 36 the the DT 43431 5185 37 centrum centrum NN 43431 5185 38 and and CC 43431 5185 39 neural neural NN 43431 5185 40 arch arch NNP 43431 5185 41 . . . 43431 5186 1 THE the DT 43431 5186 2 LUMBAR LUMBAR NNP 43431 5186 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 5186 4 . . . 43431 5187 1 These these DT 43431 5187 2 are be VBP 43431 5187 3 five five CD 43431 5187 4 in in IN 43431 5187 5 number number NN 43431 5187 6 , , , 43431 5187 7 and and CC 43431 5187 8 are be VBP 43431 5187 9 precisely precisely RB 43431 5187 10 like like IN 43431 5187 11 the the DT 43431 5187 12 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5187 13 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5187 14 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 5187 15 , , , 43431 5187 16 except except IN 43431 5187 17 in in IN 43431 5187 18 the the DT 43431 5187 19 fact fact NN 43431 5187 20 that that IN 43431 5187 21 the the DT 43431 5187 22 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5187 23 processes process NNS 43431 5187 24 have have VBP 43431 5187 25 no no DT 43431 5187 26 facets facet NNS 43431 5187 27 for for IN 43431 5187 28 the the DT 43431 5187 29 articulation articulation NN 43431 5187 30 of of IN 43431 5187 31 ribs ribs NNP 43431 5187 32 . . . 43431 5188 1 THE the DT 43431 5188 2 SACRAL SACRAL NNP 43431 5188 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 5188 4 . . . 43431 5189 1 These these DT 43431 5189 2 are be VBP 43431 5189 3 two two CD 43431 5189 4 in in IN 43431 5189 5 number number NN 43431 5189 6 , , , 43431 5189 7 and and CC 43431 5189 8 while while IN 43431 5189 9 the the DT 43431 5189 10 centrum centrum NN 43431 5189 11 of of IN 43431 5189 12 the the DT 43431 5189 13 first first JJ 43431 5189 14 is be VBZ 43431 5189 15 concave concave NNP 43431 5189 16 in in IN 43431 5189 17 front front NN 43431 5189 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5189 19 fig fig NN 43431 5189 20 . . . 43431 5190 1 42 42 CD 43431 5190 2 , , , 43431 5190 3 B b NN 43431 5190 4 , , , 43431 5190 5 6 6 CD 43431 5190 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5190 7 and and CC 43431 5190 8 nearly nearly RB 43431 5190 9 flat flat JJ 43431 5190 10 behind behind RB 43431 5190 11 , , , 43431 5190 12 that that DT 43431 5190 13 of of IN 43431 5190 14 the the DT 43431 5190 15 second second JJ 43431 5190 16 is be VBZ 43431 5190 17 flat flat JJ 43431 5190 18 in in IN 43431 5190 19 front front NN 43431 5190 20 and and CC 43431 5190 21 concave concave VBP 43431 5190 22 behind behind RB 43431 5190 23 . . . 43431 5191 1 Each each DT 43431 5191 2 has have VBZ 43431 5191 3 a a DT 43431 5191 4 pair pair NN 43431 5191 5 of of IN 43431 5191 6 strong strong JJ 43431 5191 7 = = SYM 43431 5191 8 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 5191 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5191 10 fig fig NN 43431 5191 11 . . . 43431 5192 1 42 42 CD 43431 5192 2 , , , 43431 5192 3 B b NN 43431 5192 4 , , , 43431 5192 5 4 4 CD 43431 5192 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5192 7 firmly firmly RB 43431 5192 8 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 5192 9 in in IN 43431 5192 10 the the DT 43431 5192 11 adult adult NN 43431 5192 12 with with IN 43431 5192 13 a a DT 43431 5192 14 wide wide JJ 43431 5192 15 surface surface NN 43431 5192 16 furnished furnish VBN 43431 5192 17 partly partly RB 43431 5192 18 by by IN 43431 5192 19 the the DT 43431 5192 20 centrum centrum NN 43431 5192 21 , , , 43431 5192 22 partly partly RB 43431 5192 23 by by IN 43431 5192 24 the the DT 43431 5192 25 neural neural NN 43431 5192 26 arch arch NN 43431 5192 27 . . . 43431 5193 1 The the DT 43431 5193 2 distal distal JJ 43431 5193 3 ends end NNS 43431 5193 4 of of IN 43431 5193 5 these these DT 43431 5193 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 5193 7 are be VBP 43431 5193 8 united unite VBN 43431 5193 9 with with IN 43431 5193 10 the the DT 43431 5193 11 ilia ilia NNP 43431 5193 12 . . . 43431 5194 1 The the DT 43431 5194 2 character character NN 43431 5194 3 of of IN 43431 5194 4 the the DT 43431 5194 5 neural neural JJ 43431 5194 6 spines spine NNS 43431 5194 7 and and CC 43431 5194 8 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 5194 9 is be VBZ 43431 5194 10 the the DT 43431 5194 11 same same JJ 43431 5194 12 as as IN 43431 5194 13 in in IN 43431 5194 14 the the DT 43431 5194 15 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5194 16 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 5194 17 . . . 43431 5195 1 THE the DT 43431 5195 2 CAUDAL CAUDAL NNP 43431 5195 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 5195 4 . . . 43431 5196 1 These these DT 43431 5196 2 are be VBP 43431 5196 3 very very RB 43431 5196 4 numerous numerous JJ 43431 5196 5 , , , 43431 5196 6 about about RB 43431 5196 7 thirty thirty CD 43431 5196 8 - - HYPH 43431 5196 9 four four CD 43431 5196 10 in in IN 43431 5196 11 number number NN 43431 5196 12 . . . 43431 5197 1 The the DT 43431 5197 2 first first JJ 43431 5197 3 differs differ NNS 43431 5197 4 from from IN 43431 5197 5 all all PDT 43431 5197 6 the the DT 43431 5197 7 other other JJ 43431 5197 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5197 9 of of IN 43431 5197 10 the the DT 43431 5197 11 body body NN 43431 5197 12 in in IN 43431 5197 13 having have VBG 43431 5197 14 a a DT 43431 5197 15 biconvex biconvex NNP 43431 5197 16 centrum centrum NN 43431 5197 17 . . . 43431 5198 1 The the DT 43431 5198 2 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 5198 3 ones one NNS 43431 5198 4 are be VBP 43431 5198 5 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 5198 6 and and CC 43431 5198 7 are be VBP 43431 5198 8 very very RB 43431 5198 9 much much RB 43431 5198 10 like like IN 43431 5198 11 the the DT 43431 5198 12 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5198 13 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5198 14 and and CC 43431 5198 15 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 5198 16 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5198 17 , , , 43431 5198 18 having have VBG 43431 5198 19 high high JJ 43431 5198 20 neural neural JJ 43431 5198 21 spines spine NNS 43431 5198 22 and and CC 43431 5198 23 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5198 24 straight straight JJ 43431 5198 25 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5198 26 processes process NNS 43431 5198 27 . . . 43431 5199 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5199 2 differ differ VBP 43431 5199 3 however however RB 43431 5199 4 in in IN 43431 5199 5 having have VBG 43431 5199 6 the the DT 43431 5199 7 neural neural JJ 43431 5199 8 spines spine NNS 43431 5199 9 less less RBR 43431 5199 10 strongly strongly RB 43431 5199 11 truncated truncate VBN 43431 5199 12 above above RB 43431 5199 13 , , , 43431 5199 14 and and CC 43431 5199 15 the the DT 43431 5199 16 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5199 17 processes process NNS 43431 5199 18 arise arise VBP 43431 5199 19 from from IN 43431 5199 20 the the DT 43431 5199 21 centra centra NNP 43431 5199 22 and and CC 43431 5199 23 not not RB 43431 5199 24 from from IN 43431 5199 25 the the DT 43431 5199 26 neural neural JJ 43431 5199 27 arches arch NNS 43431 5199 28 . . . 43431 5200 1 When when WRB 43431 5200 2 followed follow VBN 43431 5200 3 further further RB 43431 5200 4 back back RB 43431 5200 5 the the DT 43431 5200 6 centra centra NNP 43431 5200 7 and and CC 43431 5200 8 neural neural JJ 43431 5200 9 spines spine NNS 43431 5200 10 gradually gradually RB 43431 5200 11 lengthen lengthen VBP 43431 5200 12 while while IN 43431 5200 13 the the DT 43431 5200 14 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5200 15 processes process NNS 43431 5200 16 become become VBP 43431 5200 17 reduced reduce VBN 43431 5200 18 , , , 43431 5200 19 and and CC 43431 5200 20 after after IN 43431 5200 21 the the DT 43431 5200 22 twelfth twelfth JJ 43431 5200 23 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 5200 24 disappear disappear VBP 43431 5200 25 . . . 43431 5201 1 Further further RB 43431 5201 2 back back RB 43431 5201 3 still still RB 43431 5201 4 the the DT 43431 5201 5 neural neural JJ 43431 5201 6 spines spine NNS 43431 5201 7 and and CC 43431 5201 8 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 5201 9 gradually gradually RB 43431 5201 10 become become VBP 43431 5201 11 reduced reduced JJ 43431 5201 12 and and CC 43431 5201 13 disappear disappear VB 43431 5201 14 , , , 43431 5201 15 as as IN 43431 5201 16 finally finally RB 43431 5201 17 the the DT 43431 5201 18 neural neural JJ 43431 5201 19 arch arch NN 43431 5201 20 does do VBZ 43431 5201 21 also also RB 43431 5201 22 , , , 43431 5201 23 so so IN 43431 5201 24 that that IN 43431 5201 25 the the DT 43431 5201 26 last last JJ 43431 5201 27 few few JJ 43431 5201 28 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5201 29 consist consist VBP 43431 5201 30 simply simply RB 43431 5201 31 of of IN 43431 5201 32 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 5201 33 centra centrum NNS 43431 5201 34 . . . 43431 5202 1 Each each DT 43431 5202 2 caudal caudal JJ 43431 5202 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5202 4 , , , 43431 5202 5 except except IN 43431 5202 6 the the DT 43431 5202 7 first first JJ 43431 5202 8 and and CC 43431 5202 9 the the DT 43431 5202 10 last last JJ 43431 5202 11 eleven eleven CD 43431 5202 12 or or CC 43431 5202 13 so so RB 43431 5202 14 , , , 43431 5202 15 has have VBZ 43431 5202 16 a a DT 43431 5202 17 = = SYM 43431 5202 18 V=-shaped V=-shaped NNP 43431 5202 19 = = SYM 43431 5202 20 chevron chevron NNP 43431 5202 21 bone= bone= NNP 43431 5202 22 attached attach VBN 43431 5202 23 to to IN 43431 5202 24 the the DT 43431 5202 25 postero postero NN 43431 5202 26 - - HYPH 43431 5202 27 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5202 28 edge edge NN 43431 5202 29 of of IN 43431 5202 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5202 31 centrum centrum NN 43431 5202 32 . . . 43431 5203 1 The the DT 43431 5203 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5203 3 ones one NNS 43431 5203 4 are be VBP 43431 5203 5 the the DT 43431 5203 6 largest large JJS 43431 5203 7 and and CC 43431 5203 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5203 9 gradually gradually RB 43431 5203 10 decrease decrease VBP 43431 5203 11 in in IN 43431 5203 12 size size NN 43431 5203 13 till till IN 43431 5203 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5203 15 disappear disappear VBP 43431 5203 16 . . . 43431 5204 1 B. B. NNP 43431 5205 1 THE the DT 43431 5205 2 SKULL[90 skull[90 NN 43431 5205 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5205 4 . . . 43431 5206 1 The the DT 43431 5206 2 skull skull NN 43431 5206 3 of of IN 43431 5206 4 the the DT 43431 5206 5 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5206 6 is be VBZ 43431 5206 7 a a DT 43431 5206 8 massive massive JJ 43431 5206 9 depressed depressed JJ 43431 5206 10 structure structure NN 43431 5206 11 presenting present VBG 43431 5206 12 a a DT 43431 5206 13 number number NN 43431 5206 14 of of IN 43431 5206 15 striking strike VBG 43431 5206 16 characteristics characteristic NNS 43431 5206 17 , , , 43431 5206 18 some some DT 43431 5206 19 of of IN 43431 5206 20 the the DT 43431 5206 21 more more RBR 43431 5206 22 important important JJ 43431 5206 23 of of IN 43431 5206 24 which which WDT 43431 5206 25 are:-- are:-- NNP 43431 5206 26 1 1 CD 43431 5206 27 . . . 43431 5207 1 All all PDT 43431 5207 2 the the DT 43431 5207 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5207 4 except except IN 43431 5207 5 the the DT 43431 5207 6 mandible mandible JJ 43431 5207 7 , , , 43431 5207 8 hyoid hyoid JJ 43431 5207 9 , , , 43431 5207 10 and and CC 43431 5207 11 columella columella NN 43431 5207 12 are be VBP 43431 5207 13 firmly firmly RB 43431 5207 14 united unite VBN 43431 5207 15 by by IN 43431 5207 16 interlocking interlock VBG 43431 5207 17 sutures suture NNS 43431 5207 18 . . . 43431 5208 1 In in IN 43431 5208 2 spite spite NN 43431 5208 3 of of IN 43431 5208 4 this this DT 43431 5208 5 , , , 43431 5208 6 however however RB 43431 5208 7 , , , 43431 5208 8 growth growth NN 43431 5208 9 of of IN 43431 5208 10 the the DT 43431 5208 11 whole whole JJ 43431 5208 12 skull skull NN 43431 5208 13 and and CC 43431 5208 14 of of IN 43431 5208 15 the the DT 43431 5208 16 component component NN 43431 5208 17 bones bone NNS 43431 5208 18 goes go VBZ 43431 5208 19 on on RB 43431 5208 20 continuously continuously RB 43431 5208 21 throughout throughout IN 43431 5208 22 life life NN 43431 5208 23 , , , 43431 5208 24 this this DT 43431 5208 25 growth growth NN 43431 5208 26 being be VBG 43431 5208 27 especially especially RB 43431 5208 28 marked mark VBN 43431 5208 29 in in IN 43431 5208 30 the the DT 43431 5208 31 case case NN 43431 5208 32 of of IN 43431 5208 33 the the DT 43431 5208 34 facial facial JJ 43431 5208 35 as as IN 43431 5208 36 opposed oppose VBN 43431 5208 37 to to IN 43431 5208 38 the the DT 43431 5208 39 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5208 40 part part NN 43431 5208 41 of of IN 43431 5208 42 the the DT 43431 5208 43 skull skull NN 43431 5208 44 . . . 43431 5209 1 2 2 LS 43431 5209 2 . . . 43431 5210 1 All all PDT 43431 5210 2 the the DT 43431 5210 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5210 4 appearing appear VBG 43431 5210 5 on on IN 43431 5210 6 the the DT 43431 5210 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5210 8 surface surface NN 43431 5210 9 are be VBP 43431 5210 10 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 5210 11 for for IN 43431 5210 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5210 13 curious curious JJ 43431 5210 14 roughened roughen VBN 43431 5210 15 and and CC 43431 5210 16 pitted pitted JJ 43431 5210 17 character character NN 43431 5210 18 ; ; : 43431 5210 19 this this DT 43431 5210 20 feature feature NN 43431 5210 21 is be VBZ 43431 5210 22 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5210 23 also also RB 43431 5210 24 in in IN 43431 5210 25 many many JJ 43431 5210 26 Labyrinthodonts labyrinthodont NNS 43431 5210 27 . . . 43431 5211 1 3 3 LS 43431 5211 2 . . . 43431 5212 1 The the DT 43431 5212 2 size size NN 43431 5212 3 of of IN 43431 5212 4 the the DT 43431 5212 5 jaws jaw NNS 43431 5212 6 and and CC 43431 5212 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5212 8 is be VBZ 43431 5212 9 very very RB 43431 5212 10 great great JJ 43431 5212 11 . . . 43431 5213 1 4 4 LS 43431 5213 2 . . . 43431 5214 1 The the DT 43431 5214 2 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 5214 3 condyle condyle NN 43431 5214 4 is be VBZ 43431 5214 5 carried carry VBN 43431 5214 6 back back RB 43431 5214 7 to to IN 43431 5214 8 some some DT 43431 5214 9 distance distance NN 43431 5214 10 behind behind IN 43431 5214 11 the the DT 43431 5214 12 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5214 13 condyle condyle NN 43431 5214 14 . . . 43431 5215 1 5 5 CD 43431 5215 2 . . . 43431 5216 1 The the DT 43431 5216 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5216 3 plane plane NN 43431 5216 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5216 5 see see VB 43431 5216 6 p. p. NN 43431 5216 7 386 386 CD 43431 5216 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5216 9 of of IN 43431 5216 10 the the DT 43431 5216 11 skull skull NN 43431 5216 12 is be VBZ 43431 5216 13 vertical vertical JJ 43431 5216 14 . . . 43431 5217 1 6 6 CD 43431 5217 2 . . . 43431 5218 1 The the DT 43431 5218 2 length length NN 43431 5218 3 of of IN 43431 5218 4 the the DT 43431 5218 5 secondary secondary JJ 43431 5218 6 palate palate NN 43431 5218 7 is be VBZ 43431 5218 8 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 5218 9 great great JJ 43431 5218 10 , , , 43431 5218 11 and and CC 43431 5218 12 the the DT 43431 5218 13 vomer vomer NN 43431 5218 14 takes take VBZ 43431 5218 15 no no DT 43431 5218 16 part part NN 43431 5218 17 in in IN 43431 5218 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5218 19 formation formation NN 43431 5218 20 . . . 43431 5219 1 7 7 LS 43431 5219 2 . . . 43431 5220 1 The the DT 43431 5220 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 5220 3 nares naris NNS 43431 5220 4 are be VBP 43431 5220 5 placed place VBN 43431 5220 6 very very RB 43431 5220 7 far far RB 43431 5220 8 back back RB 43431 5220 9 , , , 43431 5220 10 the the DT 43431 5220 11 nasal nasal NN 43431 5220 12 passages passage NNS 43431 5220 13 being be VBG 43431 5220 14 as as IN 43431 5220 15 in in IN 43431 5220 16 mammals mammal NNS 43431 5220 17 separated separate VBN 43431 5220 18 from from IN 43431 5220 19 the the DT 43431 5220 20 mouth mouth NN 43431 5220 21 by by IN 43431 5220 22 the the DT 43431 5220 23 long long JJ 43431 5220 24 secondary secondary JJ 43431 5220 25 palate palate NN 43431 5220 26 . . . 43431 5221 1 8 8 LS 43431 5221 2 . . . 43431 5222 1 There there EX 43431 5222 2 is be VBZ 43431 5222 3 a a DT 43431 5222 4 complicated complicated JJ 43431 5222 5 system system NN 43431 5222 6 of of IN 43431 5222 7 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 5222 8 passages passage NNS 43431 5222 9 communicating communicate VBG 43431 5222 10 at at IN 43431 5222 11 one one CD 43431 5222 12 end end NN 43431 5222 13 with with IN 43431 5222 14 the the DT 43431 5222 15 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5222 16 cavity cavity NN 43431 5222 17 and and CC 43431 5222 18 at at IN 43431 5222 19 the the DT 43431 5222 20 other other JJ 43431 5222 21 end end NN 43431 5222 22 with with IN 43431 5222 23 the the DT 43431 5222 24 mouth mouth NN 43431 5222 25 cavity cavity NN 43431 5222 26 . . . 43431 5223 1 9 9 CD 43431 5223 2 . . . 43431 5224 1 The the DT 43431 5224 2 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 5224 3 septum septum NN 43431 5224 4 is be VBZ 43431 5224 5 mainly mainly RB 43431 5224 6 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 5224 7 , , , 43431 5224 8 the the DT 43431 5224 9 presphenoidal presphenoidal JJ 43431 5224 10 and and CC 43431 5224 11 orbitosphenoidal orbitosphenoidal JJ 43431 5224 12 regions region NNS 43431 5224 13 remaining remain VBG 43431 5224 14 unossified unossifie VBN 43431 5224 15 . . . 43431 5225 1 The the DT 43431 5225 2 = = SYM 43431 5225 3 skull= skull= NN 43431 5225 4 is be VBZ 43431 5225 5 divisible divisible JJ 43431 5225 6 into into IN 43431 5225 7 three three CD 43431 5225 8 parts:-- parts:-- NNS 43431 5225 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5225 10 1 1 LS 43431 5225 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5225 12 the the DT 43431 5225 13 cranium cranium NN 43431 5225 14 , , , 43431 5225 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5225 16 2 2 LS 43431 5225 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5225 18 the the DT 43431 5225 19 lower low JJR 43431 5225 20 jaw jaw NN 43431 5225 21 , , , 43431 5225 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5225 23 3 3 LS 43431 5225 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5225 25 the the DT 43431 5225 26 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 5225 27 . . . 43431 5226 1 The the DT 43431 5226 2 = = SYM 43431 5226 3 cranium= cranium= NN 43431 5226 4 may may MD 43431 5226 5 again again RB 43431 5226 6 for for IN 43431 5226 7 purposes purpose NNS 43431 5226 8 of of IN 43431 5226 9 description description NN 43431 5226 10 be be VB 43431 5226 11 divided divide VBN 43431 5226 12 into:-- into:-- ADD 43431 5226 13 1 1 CD 43431 5226 14 . . . 43431 5226 15 the the DT 43431 5226 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 5226 17 proper proper JJ 43431 5226 18 or or CC 43431 5226 19 brain brain NN 43431 5226 20 case case NN 43431 5226 21 ; ; : 43431 5226 22 2 2 LS 43431 5226 23 . . . 43431 5226 24 the the DT 43431 5226 25 bones bone NNS 43431 5226 26 connected connect VBN 43431 5226 27 with with IN 43431 5226 28 the the DT 43431 5226 29 several several JJ 43431 5226 30 special special JJ 43431 5226 31 sense sense NN 43431 5226 32 organs organ NNS 43431 5226 33 ; ; : 43431 5226 34 3 3 LS 43431 5226 35 . . . 43431 5226 36 the the DT 43431 5226 37 bones bone NNS 43431 5226 38 of of IN 43431 5226 39 the the DT 43431 5226 40 upper upper JJ 43431 5226 41 jaw jaw NN 43431 5226 42 , , , 43431 5226 43 and and CC 43431 5226 44 suspensorial suspensorial JJ 43431 5226 45 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 5226 46 . . . 43431 5227 1 1 1 LS 43431 5227 2 . . . 43431 5228 1 THE the DT 43431 5228 2 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 5228 3 PROPER proper NN 43431 5228 4 OR or CC 43431 5228 5 BRAIN BRAIN NNP 43431 5228 6 CASE case NN 43431 5228 7 . . . 43431 5229 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5229 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5229 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5229 4 . . . 43431 5230 1 43 43 CD 43431 5230 2 . . . 43431 5231 1 PALATAL PALATAL NNP 43431 5231 2 ASPECT ASPECT NNP 43431 5231 3 A a DT 43431 5231 4 , , , 43431 5231 5 OF of IN 43431 5231 6 THE the DT 43431 5231 7 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 5231 8 , , , 43431 5231 9 B B NNP 43431 5231 10 , , , 43431 5231 11 OF of IN 43431 5231 12 THE the DT 43431 5231 13 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNP 43431 5231 14 OF of IN 43431 5231 15 AN an DT 43431 5231 16 ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR NNP 43431 5231 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5231 18 _ _ NNP 43431 5231 19 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 5231 20 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 5231 21 _ _ NNP 43431 5231 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5231 23 . . . 43431 5232 1 à à NNP 43431 5232 2 � � NNP 43431 5232 3 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 5232 4 . . . 43431 5233 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5233 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5233 3 . . . 43431 5234 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5234 2 . . . 43431 5234 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5235 1 1 1 LS 43431 5235 2 . . . 43431 5235 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5235 4 . . . 43431 5236 1 2 2 LS 43431 5236 2 . . . 43431 5236 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5236 4 . . . 43431 5237 1 3 3 LS 43431 5237 2 . . . 43431 5237 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5237 4 . . . 43431 5238 1 4 4 LS 43431 5238 2 . . . 43431 5238 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 5238 4 . . . 43431 5239 1 5 5 LS 43431 5239 2 . . . 43431 5239 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5239 4 nares naris NNS 43431 5239 5 . . . 43431 5240 1 6 6 LS 43431 5240 2 . . . 43431 5240 3 transpalatine transpalatine NNP 43431 5240 4 . . . 43431 5241 1 7 7 LS 43431 5241 2 . . . 43431 5241 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5241 4 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5241 5 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5241 6 . . . 43431 5242 1 8 8 LS 43431 5242 2 . . . 43431 5242 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5242 4 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5242 5 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5242 6 . . . 43431 5243 1 9 9 LS 43431 5243 2 . . . 43431 5243 3 basi basi NN 43431 5243 4 - - HYPH 43431 5243 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 5243 6 . . . 43431 5244 1 10 10 CD 43431 5244 2 . . . 43431 5244 3 opening opening NN 43431 5244 4 of of IN 43431 5244 5 median median JJ 43431 5244 6 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 5244 7 canal canal NN 43431 5244 8 . . . 43431 5245 1 11 11 CD 43431 5245 2 . . . 43431 5245 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5245 4 . . . 43431 5246 1 12 12 CD 43431 5246 2 . . . 43431 5246 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5246 4 . . . 43431 5247 1 13 13 CD 43431 5247 2 . . . 43431 5247 3 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 5247 4 . . . 43431 5248 1 14 14 CD 43431 5248 2 . . . 43431 5248 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 5248 4 . . . 43431 5249 1 15 15 CD 43431 5249 2 . . . 43431 5249 3 splenial splenial NNP 43431 5249 4 . . . 43431 5250 1 16 16 CD 43431 5250 2 . . . 43431 5250 3 coronoid coronoid NNP 43431 5250 4 . . . 43431 5251 1 17 17 CD 43431 5251 2 . . . 43431 5251 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5251 4 - - HYPH 43431 5251 5 angular angular NNP 43431 5251 6 . . . 43431 5252 1 18 18 CD 43431 5252 2 . . . 43431 5252 3 angular angular JJ 43431 5252 4 . . . 43431 5253 1 19 19 CD 43431 5253 2 . . . 43431 5253 3 articular articular JJ 43431 5253 4 . . . 43431 5254 1 20 20 CD 43431 5254 2 . . . 43431 5254 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5254 4 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5254 5 fossa fossa NN 43431 5254 6 . . . 43431 5255 1 21 21 LS 43431 5255 2 . . . 43431 5255 3 openings opening NNS 43431 5255 4 of of IN 43431 5255 5 vascular vascular JJ 43431 5255 6 canals canal NNS 43431 5255 7 leading lead VBG 43431 5255 8 into into IN 43431 5255 9 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 5255 10 sinus sinus NN 43431 5255 11 . . . 43431 5255 12 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5256 1 The the DT 43431 5256 2 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5256 3 and and CC 43431 5256 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 5256 5 bones bone NNS 43431 5256 6 of of IN 43431 5256 7 the the DT 43431 5256 8 cranium cranium NN 43431 5256 9 proper proper JJ 43431 5256 10 when when WRB 43431 5256 11 taken take VBN 43431 5256 12 together together RB 43431 5256 13 can can MD 43431 5256 14 in in IN 43431 5256 15 most most JJS 43431 5256 16 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 5256 17 be be VB 43431 5256 18 seen see VBN 43431 5256 19 to to TO 43431 5256 20 be be VB 43431 5256 21 more more RBR 43431 5256 22 or or CC 43431 5256 23 less less RBR 43431 5256 24 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5256 25 in in IN 43431 5256 26 three three CD 43431 5256 27 rings ring NNS 43431 5256 28 or or CC 43431 5256 29 segments segment NNS 43431 5256 30 called call VBD 43431 5256 31 respectively respectively RB 43431 5256 32 the the DT 43431 5256 33 = = SYM 43431 5256 34 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 5256 35 , , , 43431 5256 36 = = SYM 43431 5256 37 parietal= parietal= NNP 43431 5256 38 and and CC 43431 5256 39 = = SYM 43431 5256 40 frontal= frontal= NNP 43431 5256 41 segments segment NNS 43431 5256 42 ; ; : 43431 5256 43 in in IN 43431 5256 44 the the DT 43431 5256 45 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5256 46 however however RB 43431 5256 47 only only RB 43431 5256 48 the the DT 43431 5256 49 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5256 50 and and CC 43431 5256 51 parietal parietal JJ 43431 5256 52 segments segment NNS 43431 5256 53 are be VBP 43431 5256 54 clearly clearly RB 43431 5256 55 seen see VBN 43431 5256 56 . . . 43431 5257 1 The the DT 43431 5257 2 = = SYM 43431 5257 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5257 4 segment= segment= NN 43431 5257 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 5257 6 of of IN 43431 5257 7 four four CD 43431 5257 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5257 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5257 10 , , , 43431 5257 11 three three CD 43431 5257 12 of of IN 43431 5257 13 which which WDT 43431 5257 14 together together RB 43431 5257 15 surround surround VBP 43431 5257 16 the the DT 43431 5257 17 = = SYM 43431 5257 18 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5257 19 magnum=. magnum=. . 43431 5258 1 The the DT 43431 5258 2 most most RBS 43431 5258 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5258 4 of of IN 43431 5258 5 these these DT 43431 5258 6 , , , 43431 5258 7 the the DT 43431 5258 8 = = SYM 43431 5258 9 basi basi NNP 43431 5258 10 - - HYPH 43431 5258 11 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 5258 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5258 13 figs fig NNS 43431 5258 14 . . . 43431 5259 1 43 43 CD 43431 5259 2 and and CC 43431 5259 3 45 45 CD 43431 5259 4 , , , 43431 5259 5 9 9 CD 43431 5259 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5259 7 , , , 43431 5259 8 forms form VBZ 43431 5259 9 the the DT 43431 5259 10 single single JJ 43431 5259 11 convex convex NNS 43431 5259 12 = = SYM 43431 5259 13 occipital occipital NN 43431 5259 14 condyle= condyle= NN 43431 5259 15 for for IN 43431 5259 16 articulation articulation NN 43431 5259 17 with with IN 43431 5259 18 the the DT 43431 5259 19 atlas atlas NNP 43431 5259 20 , , , 43431 5259 21 bounds bound VBZ 43431 5259 22 the the DT 43431 5259 23 base base NN 43431 5259 24 of of IN 43431 5259 25 the the DT 43431 5259 26 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5259 27 magnum magnum NN 43431 5259 28 , , , 43431 5259 29 and and CC 43431 5259 30 is be VBZ 43431 5259 31 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5259 32 laterally laterally RB 43431 5259 33 with with IN 43431 5259 34 two two CD 43431 5259 35 larger large JJR 43431 5259 36 bones bone NNS 43431 5259 37 , , , 43431 5259 38 the the DT 43431 5259 39 = = SYM 43431 5259 40 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NNP 43431 5259 41 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5259 42 fig fig NN 43431 5259 43 . . . 43431 5260 1 45 45 CD 43431 5260 2 , , , 43431 5260 3 24 24 CD 43431 5260 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5260 5 , , , 43431 5260 6 which which WDT 43431 5260 7 meet meet VBP 43431 5260 8 one one NN 43431 5260 9 another another DT 43431 5260 10 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5260 11 and and CC 43431 5260 12 form form VB 43431 5260 13 the the DT 43431 5260 14 remainder remainder NN 43431 5260 15 of of IN 43431 5260 16 the the DT 43431 5260 17 boundary boundary NN 43431 5260 18 of of IN 43431 5260 19 the the DT 43431 5260 20 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5260 21 magnum magnum NN 43431 5260 22 . . . 43431 5261 1 Each each DT 43431 5261 2 is be VBZ 43431 5261 3 drawn draw VBN 43431 5261 4 out out RP 43431 5261 5 externally externally RB 43431 5261 6 into into IN 43431 5261 7 a a DT 43431 5261 8 strong strong JJ 43431 5261 9 process process NN 43431 5261 10 , , , 43431 5261 11 which which WDT 43431 5261 12 is be VBZ 43431 5261 13 united unite VBN 43431 5261 14 below below RB 43431 5261 15 with with IN 43431 5261 16 the the DT 43431 5261 17 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5261 18 , , , 43431 5261 19 and and CC 43431 5261 20 above above RB 43431 5261 21 with with IN 43431 5261 22 the the DT 43431 5261 23 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 5261 24 by by IN 43431 5261 25 a a DT 43431 5261 26 surface surface NN 43431 5261 27 seen see VBN 43431 5261 28 in in IN 43431 5261 29 a a DT 43431 5261 30 disarticulated disarticulate VBN 43431 5261 31 skull skull NN 43431 5261 32 to to TO 43431 5261 33 be be VB 43431 5261 34 very very RB 43431 5261 35 rough rough JJ 43431 5261 36 and and CC 43431 5261 37 splintered splinter VBD 43431 5261 38 . . . 43431 5262 1 In in IN 43431 5262 2 a a DT 43431 5262 3 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 5262 4 section section NN 43431 5262 5 the the DT 43431 5262 6 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5262 7 face face NN 43431 5262 8 of of IN 43431 5262 9 the the DT 43431 5262 10 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 5262 11 is be VBZ 43431 5262 12 seen see VBN 43431 5262 13 to to TO 43431 5262 14 be be VB 43431 5262 15 closely closely RB 43431 5262 16 united unite VBN 43431 5262 17 with with IN 43431 5262 18 the the DT 43431 5262 19 opisthotic opisthotic NN 43431 5262 20 . . . 43431 5263 1 The the DT 43431 5263 2 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 5263 3 is be VBZ 43431 5263 4 pierced pierce VBN 43431 5263 5 by by IN 43431 5263 6 a a DT 43431 5263 7 number number NN 43431 5263 8 of of IN 43431 5263 9 foramina foramina NNP 43431 5263 10 , , , 43431 5263 11 four four CD 43431 5263 12 lying lie VBG 43431 5263 13 on on IN 43431 5263 14 the the DT 43431 5263 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 5263 16 surface surface NN 43431 5263 17 . . . 43431 5264 1 Just just RB 43431 5264 2 external external JJ 43431 5264 3 to to IN 43431 5264 4 the the DT 43431 5264 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5264 6 magnum magnum NN 43431 5264 7 is be VBZ 43431 5264 8 a a DT 43431 5264 9 small small JJ 43431 5264 10 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5264 11 for for IN 43431 5264 12 the the DT 43431 5264 13 exit exit NN 43431 5264 14 of of IN 43431 5264 15 the the DT 43431 5264 16 hypoglossal hypoglossal NN 43431 5264 17 nerve nerve NN 43431 5264 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5264 19 figs fig NNS 43431 5264 20 . . . 43431 5265 1 44 44 CD 43431 5265 2 and and CC 43431 5265 3 45 45 CD 43431 5265 4 , , , 43431 5265 5 XII XII NNP 43431 5265 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5265 7 . . . 43431 5266 1 External external JJ 43431 5266 2 to to IN 43431 5266 3 this this DT 43431 5266 4 is be VBZ 43431 5266 5 the the DT 43431 5266 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5266 7 for for IN 43431 5266 8 the the DT 43431 5266 9 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 5266 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5266 11 fig fig NN 43431 5266 12 . . . 43431 5267 1 44 44 CD 43431 5267 2 , , , 43431 5267 3 X X NNP 43431 5267 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5267 5 , , , 43431 5267 6 while while IN 43431 5267 7 more more JJR 43431 5267 8 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 5267 9 still still RB 43431 5267 10 is be VBZ 43431 5267 11 the the DT 43431 5267 12 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5267 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5267 14 fig fig NN 43431 5267 15 . . . 43431 5268 1 44 44 CD 43431 5268 2 , , , 43431 5268 3 15 15 CD 43431 5268 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5268 5 through through IN 43431 5268 6 which which WDT 43431 5268 7 the the DT 43431 5268 8 internal internal JJ 43431 5268 9 carotid carotid NNS 43431 5268 10 artery artery NN 43431 5268 11 enters enter VBZ 43431 5268 12 the the DT 43431 5268 13 skull skull NN 43431 5268 14 . . . 43431 5269 1 Some some DT 43431 5269 2 distance distance NN 43431 5269 3 further further RB 43431 5269 4 to to IN 43431 5269 5 the the DT 43431 5269 6 side side NN 43431 5269 7 , , , 43431 5269 8 and and CC 43431 5269 9 more more RBR 43431 5269 10 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5269 11 , , , 43431 5269 12 is be VBZ 43431 5269 13 a a DT 43431 5269 14 larger large JJR 43431 5269 15 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5269 16 which which WDT 43431 5269 17 gives give VBZ 43431 5269 18 passage passage NN 43431 5269 19 to to IN 43431 5269 20 the the DT 43431 5269 21 facial facial JJ 43431 5269 22 nerve nerve NN 43431 5269 23 and and CC 43431 5269 24 certain certain JJ 43431 5269 25 blood blood NN 43431 5269 26 - - HYPH 43431 5269 27 vessels vessel NNS 43431 5269 28 . . . 43431 5270 1 In in IN 43431 5270 2 a a DT 43431 5270 3 median median JJ 43431 5270 4 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 5270 5 section section NN 43431 5270 6 of of IN 43431 5270 7 the the DT 43431 5270 8 skull skull NN 43431 5270 9 the the DT 43431 5270 10 hypoglossal hypoglossal NN 43431 5270 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5270 12 is be VBZ 43431 5270 13 seen see VBN 43431 5270 14 , , , 43431 5270 15 and and CC 43431 5270 16 just just RB 43431 5270 17 in in IN 43431 5270 18 front front NN 43431 5270 19 of of IN 43431 5270 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5270 21 a a DT 43431 5270 22 small small JJ 43431 5270 23 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5270 24 for for IN 43431 5270 25 a a DT 43431 5270 26 vein vein NN 43431 5270 27 . . . 43431 5271 1 Further further RB 43431 5271 2 forwards forwards RB 43431 5271 3 the the DT 43431 5271 4 long long JJ 43431 5271 5 slit slit NN 43431 5271 6 - - HYPH 43431 5271 7 like like JJ 43431 5271 8 opening opening NN 43431 5271 9 between between IN 43431 5271 10 the the DT 43431 5271 11 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 5271 12 and and CC 43431 5271 13 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 5271 14 is be VBZ 43431 5271 15 the the DT 43431 5271 16 = = SYM 43431 5271 17 internal internal JJ 43431 5271 18 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5271 19 meatus= meatus= NN 43431 5271 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5271 21 fig fig NN 43431 5271 22 . . . 43431 5272 1 45 45 CD 43431 5272 2 , , , 43431 5272 3 VIII VIII NNP 43431 5272 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5272 5 through through IN 43431 5272 6 which which WDT 43431 5272 7 the the DT 43431 5272 8 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5272 9 nerve nerve NN 43431 5272 10 leaves leave VBZ 43431 5272 11 the the DT 43431 5272 12 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5272 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 5272 14 and and CC 43431 5272 15 enters enter VBZ 43431 5272 16 the the DT 43431 5272 17 internal internal JJ 43431 5272 18 ear ear NN 43431 5272 19 . . . 43431 5273 1 The the DT 43431 5273 2 = = SYM 43431 5273 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5273 4 - - HYPH 43431 5273 5 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 5273 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5273 7 fig fig NN 43431 5273 8 . . . 43431 5274 1 45 45 CD 43431 5274 2 , , , 43431 5274 3 5 5 CD 43431 5274 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5274 5 is be VBZ 43431 5274 6 a a DT 43431 5274 7 small small JJ 43431 5274 8 bone bone NN 43431 5274 9 which which WDT 43431 5274 10 takes take VBZ 43431 5274 11 no no DT 43431 5274 12 part part NN 43431 5274 13 in in IN 43431 5274 14 the the DT 43431 5274 15 formation formation NN 43431 5274 16 of of IN 43431 5274 17 the the DT 43431 5274 18 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5274 19 magnum magnum NN 43431 5274 20 , , , 43431 5274 21 and and CC 43431 5274 22 is be VBZ 43431 5274 23 closely closely RB 43431 5274 24 united united JJ 43431 5274 25 in in IN 43431 5274 26 front front NN 43431 5274 27 with with IN 43431 5274 28 the the DT 43431 5274 29 epi epi JJ 43431 5274 30 - - NN 43431 5274 31 otic otic JJ 43431 5274 32 . . . 43431 5275 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5275 2 is be VBZ 43431 5275 3 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 5275 4 of of IN 43431 5275 5 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNPS 43431 5275 6 that that IN 43431 5275 7 all all PDT 43431 5275 8 the the DT 43431 5275 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5275 10 of of IN 43431 5275 11 the the DT 43431 5275 12 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5275 13 segment segment NN 43431 5275 14 have have VBP 43431 5275 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5275 16 longer long JJR 43431 5275 17 axes axis NNS 43431 5275 18 placed place VBN 43431 5275 19 vertically vertically RB 43431 5275 20 , , , 43431 5275 21 and and CC 43431 5275 22 that that IN 43431 5275 23 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5275 24 scarcely scarcely RB 43431 5275 25 if if IN 43431 5275 26 at at RB 43431 5275 27 all all RB 43431 5275 28 appear appear VB 43431 5275 29 on on IN 43431 5275 30 the the DT 43431 5275 31 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5275 32 surface surface NN 43431 5275 33 . . . 43431 5276 1 In in IN 43431 5276 2 front front NN 43431 5276 3 of of IN 43431 5276 4 the the DT 43431 5276 5 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5276 6 segment segment NN 43431 5276 7 is be VBZ 43431 5276 8 the the DT 43431 5276 9 = = SYM 43431 5276 10 parietal parietal NN 43431 5276 11 segment=. segment=. . 43431 5277 1 The the DT 43431 5277 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5277 3 and and CC 43431 5277 4 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5277 5 portions portion NNS 43431 5277 6 of of IN 43431 5277 7 the the DT 43431 5277 8 two two CD 43431 5277 9 segments segment NNS 43431 5277 10 are be VBP 43431 5277 11 in in IN 43431 5277 12 contact contact NN 43431 5277 13 with with IN 43431 5277 14 one one CD 43431 5277 15 another another DT 43431 5277 16 , , , 43431 5277 17 but but CC 43431 5277 18 the the DT 43431 5277 19 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5277 20 portions portion NNS 43431 5277 21 are be VBP 43431 5277 22 widely widely RB 43431 5277 23 separated separate VBN 43431 5277 24 by by IN 43431 5277 25 the the DT 43431 5277 26 interposition interposition NN 43431 5277 27 of of IN 43431 5277 28 the the DT 43431 5277 29 = = SYM 43431 5277 30 auditory= auditory= NNP 43431 5277 31 and and CC 43431 5277 32 = = SYM 43431 5277 33 suspensorial suspensorial JJ 43431 5277 34 bones=. bones=. NN 43431 5278 1 The the DT 43431 5278 2 = = SYM 43431 5278 3 basisphenoid= basisphenoid= NN 43431 5278 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5278 5 fig fig NN 43431 5278 6 . . . 43431 5279 1 45 45 CD 43431 5279 2 , , , 43431 5279 3 12 12 CD 43431 5279 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5279 5 is be VBZ 43431 5279 6 an an DT 43431 5279 7 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 5279 8 wedge wedge NN 43431 5279 9 - - HYPH 43431 5279 10 shaped shape VBN 43431 5279 11 bone bone NN 43431 5279 12 , , , 43431 5279 13 united unite VBN 43431 5279 14 along along IN 43431 5279 15 a a DT 43431 5279 16 deep deep JJ 43431 5279 17 vertical vertical JJ 43431 5279 18 suture suture NN 43431 5279 19 with with IN 43431 5279 20 the the DT 43431 5279 21 basi basi NN 43431 5279 22 - - HYPH 43431 5279 23 occipital occipital NN 43431 5279 24 . . . 43431 5280 1 The the DT 43431 5280 2 two two CD 43431 5280 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5280 4 are be VBP 43431 5280 5 , , , 43431 5280 6 however however RB 43431 5280 7 , , , 43431 5280 8 partially partially RB 43431 5280 9 separated separate VBN 43431 5280 10 in in IN 43431 5280 11 the the DT 43431 5280 12 mid mid JJ 43431 5280 13 - - JJ 43431 5280 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5280 15 line line NN 43431 5280 16 by by IN 43431 5280 17 a a DT 43431 5280 18 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5280 19 , , , 43431 5280 20 the the DT 43431 5280 21 opening opening NN 43431 5280 22 of of IN 43431 5280 23 the the DT 43431 5280 24 = = SYM 43431 5280 25 median median JJ 43431 5280 26 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 5280 27 canal= canal= NN 43431 5280 28 , , , 43431 5280 29 which which WDT 43431 5280 30 leads lead VBZ 43431 5280 31 into into IN 43431 5280 32 a a DT 43431 5280 33 complicated complicated JJ 43431 5280 34 system system NN 43431 5280 35 of of IN 43431 5280 36 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 5280 37 passages passage NNS 43431 5280 38 ultimately ultimately RB 43431 5280 39 communicating communicate VBG 43431 5280 40 with with IN 43431 5280 41 the the DT 43431 5280 42 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5280 43 cavity cavity NN 43431 5280 44 . . . 43431 5281 1 The the DT 43431 5281 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5281 3 surface surface NN 43431 5281 4 of of IN 43431 5281 5 the the DT 43431 5281 6 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 5281 7 is be VBZ 43431 5281 8 well well RB 43431 5281 9 seen see VBN 43431 5281 10 in in IN 43431 5281 11 a a DT 43431 5281 12 section section NN 43431 5281 13 of of IN 43431 5281 14 the the DT 43431 5281 15 skull skull NN 43431 5281 16 , , , 43431 5281 17 but but CC 43431 5281 18 owing owe VBG 43431 5281 19 to to IN 43431 5281 20 the the DT 43431 5281 21 way way NN 43431 5281 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5281 23 tapers taper VBZ 43431 5281 24 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 5281 25 , , , 43431 5281 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5281 27 appears appear VBZ 43431 5281 28 on on IN 43431 5281 29 the the DT 43431 5281 30 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5281 31 surface surface NN 43431 5281 32 only only RB 43431 5281 33 as as IN 43431 5281 34 a a DT 43431 5281 35 very very RB 43431 5281 36 narrow narrow JJ 43431 5281 37 strip strip NN 43431 5281 38 of of IN 43431 5281 39 bone bone NN 43431 5281 40 wedged wedge VBN 43431 5281 41 in in RP 43431 5281 42 between between IN 43431 5281 43 the the DT 43431 5281 44 basi basi NN 43431 5281 45 - - HYPH 43431 5281 46 occipital occipital NN 43431 5281 47 and and CC 43431 5281 48 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5281 49 . . . 43431 5282 1 In in IN 43431 5282 2 a a DT 43431 5282 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5282 4 view view NN 43431 5282 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5282 6 is be VBZ 43431 5282 7 seen see VBN 43431 5282 8 to to TO 43431 5282 9 be be VB 43431 5282 10 drawn draw VBN 43431 5282 11 out out RP 43431 5282 12 in in IN 43431 5282 13 front front NN 43431 5282 14 into into IN 43431 5282 15 an an DT 43431 5282 16 abruptly abruptly RB 43431 5282 17 truncated truncate VBN 43431 5282 18 process process NN 43431 5282 19 , , , 43431 5282 20 the the DT 43431 5282 21 = = SYM 43431 5282 22 rostrum= rostrum= NNS 43431 5282 23 , , , 43431 5282 24 which which WDT 43431 5282 25 forms form VBZ 43431 5282 26 part part NN 43431 5282 27 of of IN 43431 5282 28 the the DT 43431 5282 29 = = SYM 43431 5282 30 interorbital interorbital NN 43431 5282 31 septum.= septum.= NNP 43431 5282 32 On on IN 43431 5282 33 the the DT 43431 5282 34 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5282 35 part part NN 43431 5282 36 of of IN 43431 5282 37 the the DT 43431 5282 38 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5282 39 surface surface NN 43431 5282 40 is be VBZ 43431 5282 41 a a DT 43431 5282 42 deep deep JJ 43431 5282 43 pit pit NN 43431 5282 44 , , , 43431 5282 45 the the DT 43431 5282 46 = = SYM 43431 5282 47 pituitary pituitary JJ 43431 5282 48 fossa= fossa= NN 43431 5282 49 or or CC 43431 5282 50 = = SYM 43431 5282 51 sella sella NNP 43431 5282 52 turcica= turcica= NNP 43431 5282 53 , , , 43431 5282 54 at at IN 43431 5282 55 the the DT 43431 5282 56 base base NN 43431 5282 57 of of IN 43431 5282 58 which which WDT 43431 5282 59 are be VBP 43431 5282 60 a a DT 43431 5282 61 pair pair NN 43431 5282 62 of of IN 43431 5282 63 foramina foramina NNP 43431 5282 64 , , , 43431 5282 65 through through IN 43431 5282 66 which which WDT 43431 5282 67 the the DT 43431 5282 68 carotid carotid NNP 43431 5282 69 arteries artery NNS 43431 5282 70 pass pass VBP 43431 5282 71 . . . 43431 5283 1 Dorsolaterally dorsolaterally RB 43431 5283 2 the the DT 43431 5283 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid JJ 43431 5283 4 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5283 5 with with IN 43431 5283 6 the the DT 43431 5283 7 = = SYM 43431 5283 8 alisphenoids=. alisphenoids=. . 43431 5284 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5284 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5284 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5284 4 . . . 43431 5285 1 44 44 CD 43431 5285 2 . . . 43431 5286 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 5286 2 VIEW view NN 43431 5286 3 OF of IN 43431 5286 4 THE the DT 43431 5286 5 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 5286 6 OF of IN 43431 5286 7 AN an DT 43431 5286 8 ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR NNP 43431 5286 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5286 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5286 11 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 5286 12 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 5286 13 _ _ NNP 43431 5286 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5286 15 . . . 43431 5287 1 à à NNP 43431 5287 2 � � NNP 43431 5287 3 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 5287 4 . . . 43431 5288 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5288 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5288 3 . . . 43431 5289 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5289 2 . . . 43431 5289 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5290 1 1 1 LS 43431 5290 2 . . . 43431 5290 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5290 4 . . . 43431 5291 1 2 2 LS 43431 5291 2 . . . 43431 5291 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5291 4 . . . 43431 5292 1 3 3 LS 43431 5292 2 . . . 43431 5292 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 5292 4 . . . 43431 5293 1 4 4 LS 43431 5293 2 . . . 43431 5293 3 prefrontal prefrontal JJ 43431 5293 4 . . . 43431 5294 1 5 5 LS 43431 5294 2 . . . 43431 5294 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5294 4 . . . 43431 5295 1 6 6 LS 43431 5295 2 . . . 43431 5295 3 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 5295 4 . . . 43431 5296 1 7 7 LS 43431 5296 2 . . . 43431 5296 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5296 4 . . . 43431 5297 1 8 8 LS 43431 5297 2 . . . 43431 5297 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 5297 4 . . . 43431 5298 1 9 9 LS 43431 5298 2 . . . 43431 5298 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5298 4 . . . 43431 5299 1 10 10 LS 43431 5299 2 . . . 43431 5299 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 5299 4 . . . 43431 5300 1 11 11 CD 43431 5300 2 . . . 43431 5300 3 transpalatine transpalatine NNP 43431 5300 4 . . . 43431 5301 1 12 12 CD 43431 5301 2 . . . 43431 5301 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5301 4 . . . 43431 5302 1 13 13 CD 43431 5302 2 . . . 43431 5302 3 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 5302 4 . . . 43431 5303 1 14 14 CD 43431 5303 2 . . . 43431 5303 3 basi basi NN 43431 5303 4 - - HYPH 43431 5303 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 5303 6 . . . 43431 5304 1 15 15 CD 43431 5304 2 . . . 43431 5304 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5304 4 by by IN 43431 5304 5 which which WDT 43431 5304 6 carotid carotid VBZ 43431 5304 7 artery artery NNP 43431 5304 8 enters enter VBZ 43431 5304 9 skull skull NNP 43431 5304 10 . . . 43431 5305 1 16 16 CD 43431 5305 2 . . . 43431 5305 3 external external JJ 43431 5305 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5305 5 meatus meatus NNP 43431 5305 6 . . . 43431 5306 1 17 17 CD 43431 5306 2 . . . 43431 5306 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5306 4 . . . 43431 5307 1 18 18 CD 43431 5307 2 . . . 43431 5307 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5307 4 - - HYPH 43431 5307 5 angular angular NNP 43431 5307 6 . . . 43431 5308 1 19 19 CD 43431 5308 2 . . . 43431 5308 3 articular articular JJ 43431 5308 4 . . . 43431 5309 1 20 20 CD 43431 5309 2 . . . 43431 5309 3 dentary dentary JJ 43431 5309 4 . . . 43431 5310 1 21 21 LS 43431 5310 2 . . . 43431 5310 3 coronoid coronoid NNP 43431 5310 4 . . . 43431 5311 1 22 22 CD 43431 5311 2 . . . 43431 5311 3 angular angular JJ 43431 5311 4 . . . 43431 5312 1 III III NNP 43431 5312 2 , , , 43431 5312 3 VI VI NNP 43431 5312 4 , , , 43431 5312 5 opening open VBG 43431 5312 6 for for IN 43431 5312 7 exit exit NN 43431 5312 8 of of IN 43431 5312 9 oculomotor oculomotor NN 43431 5312 10 and and CC 43431 5312 11 abducens abducens NNP 43431 5312 12 nerves nerve NNS 43431 5312 13 . . . 43431 5313 1 V V NNP 43431 5313 2 , , , 43431 5313 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5313 4 ovale ovale NN 43431 5313 5 . . . 43431 5314 1 X X NNS 43431 5314 2 , , , 43431 5314 3 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 5314 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5314 5 . . . 43431 5315 1 XII XII NNP 43431 5315 2 , , , 43431 5315 3 hypoglossal hypoglossal NN 43431 5315 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5315 5 . . . 43431 5315 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5316 1 The the DT 43431 5316 2 = = SYM 43431 5316 3 alisphenoids= alisphenoids= NN 43431 5316 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5316 5 fig fig NN 43431 5316 6 . . . 43431 5317 1 45 45 CD 43431 5317 2 , , , 43431 5317 3 13 13 CD 43431 5317 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5317 5 are be VBP 43431 5317 6 a a DT 43431 5317 7 pair pair NN 43431 5317 8 of of IN 43431 5317 9 irregular irregular JJ 43431 5317 10 bones bone NNS 43431 5317 11 which which WDT 43431 5317 12 arise arise VBP 43431 5317 13 from from IN 43431 5317 14 the the DT 43431 5317 15 basisphenoid basisphenoid JJ 43431 5317 16 antero antero NNP 43431 5317 17 - - HYPH 43431 5317 18 laterally laterally RB 43431 5317 19 , , , 43431 5317 20 and and CC 43431 5317 21 are be VBP 43431 5317 22 united unite VBN 43431 5317 23 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5317 24 with with IN 43431 5317 25 the the DT 43431 5317 26 parietal parietal JJ 43431 5317 27 , , , 43431 5317 28 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5317 29 , , , 43431 5317 30 and and CC 43431 5317 31 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 5317 32 . . . 43431 5318 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5318 2 bound bind VBD 43431 5318 3 most most JJS 43431 5318 4 of of IN 43431 5318 5 the the DT 43431 5318 6 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5318 7 part part NN 43431 5318 8 of of IN 43431 5318 9 the the DT 43431 5318 10 brain brain NN 43431 5318 11 case case NN 43431 5318 12 , , , 43431 5318 13 and and CC 43431 5318 14 each each DT 43431 5318 15 presents present VBZ 43431 5318 16 on on IN 43431 5318 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5318 18 inner inner JJ 43431 5318 19 face face NN 43431 5318 20 a a DT 43431 5318 21 deep deep JJ 43431 5318 22 concavity concavity NN 43431 5318 23 which which WDT 43431 5318 24 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 5318 25 the the DT 43431 5318 26 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 5318 27 hemisphere hemisphere NN 43431 5318 28 of of IN 43431 5318 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5318 30 side side NN 43431 5318 31 . . . 43431 5319 1 Viewed view VBN 43431 5319 2 from from IN 43431 5319 3 the the DT 43431 5319 4 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5319 5 side side NN 43431 5319 6 the the DT 43431 5319 7 two two CD 43431 5319 8 alisphenoids alisphenoid NNS 43431 5319 9 are be VBP 43431 5319 10 seen see VBN 43431 5319 11 to to IN 43431 5319 12 almost almost RB 43431 5319 13 or or CC 43431 5319 14 quite quite RB 43431 5319 15 meet meet VB 43431 5319 16 one one NN 43431 5319 17 another another DT 43431 5319 18 immediately immediately RB 43431 5319 19 below below IN 43431 5319 20 the the DT 43431 5319 21 frontal frontal NN 43431 5319 22 , , , 43431 5319 23 and and CC 43431 5319 24 then then RB 43431 5319 25 to to TO 43431 5319 26 diverge diverge VB 43431 5319 27 , , , 43431 5319 28 forming form VBG 43431 5319 29 an an DT 43431 5319 30 irregular irregular JJ 43431 5319 31 opening opening NN 43431 5319 32 -- -- : 43431 5319 33 partially partially RB 43431 5319 34 closed close VBN 43431 5319 35 by by IN 43431 5319 36 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5319 37 in in IN 43431 5319 38 the the DT 43431 5319 39 fresh fresh JJ 43431 5319 40 specimen,--through specimen,--through NNP 43431 5319 41 which which WDT 43431 5319 42 the the DT 43431 5319 43 optic optic JJ 43431 5319 44 nerves nerve NNS 43431 5319 45 leave leave VBP 43431 5319 46 the the DT 43431 5319 47 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5319 48 cavity cavity NN 43431 5319 49 . . . 43431 5320 1 Further further RB 43431 5320 2 back back RP 43431 5320 3 the the DT 43431 5320 4 alisphenoids alisphenoid NNS 43431 5320 5 meet meet VB 43431 5320 6 one one NN 43431 5320 7 another another DT 43431 5320 8 for for IN 43431 5320 9 a a DT 43431 5320 10 narrow narrow JJ 43431 5320 11 area area NN 43431 5320 12 , , , 43431 5320 13 and and CC 43431 5320 14 then then RB 43431 5320 15 diverge diverge VB 43431 5320 16 again again RB 43431 5320 17 , , , 43431 5320 18 so so IN 43431 5320 19 that that IN 43431 5320 20 between between IN 43431 5320 21 each each DT 43431 5320 22 and and CC 43431 5320 23 the the DT 43431 5320 24 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 5320 25 of of IN 43431 5320 26 the the DT 43431 5320 27 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 5320 28 there there EX 43431 5320 29 appears appear VBZ 43431 5320 30 an an DT 43431 5320 31 opening opening NN 43431 5320 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5320 33 fig fig NN 43431 5320 34 . . . 43431 5321 1 44 44 CD 43431 5321 2 , , , 43431 5321 3 III III NNP 43431 5321 4 , , , 43431 5321 5 VI VI NNP 43431 5321 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5321 7 through through IN 43431 5321 8 which which WDT 43431 5321 9 the the DT 43431 5321 10 oculomotor oculomotor NN 43431 5321 11 and and CC 43431 5321 12 abducens abducens NNP 43431 5321 13 nerves nerve NNS 43431 5321 14 leave leave VBP 43431 5321 15 the the DT 43431 5321 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 5321 17 . . . 43431 5322 1 Further further RB 43431 5322 2 back back RB 43431 5322 3 still still RB 43431 5322 4 each each DT 43431 5322 5 is be VBZ 43431 5322 6 united united JJ 43431 5322 7 for for IN 43431 5322 8 a a DT 43431 5322 9 short short JJ 43431 5322 10 space space NN 43431 5322 11 with with IN 43431 5322 12 the the DT 43431 5322 13 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 5322 14 , , , 43431 5322 15 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 5322 16 and and CC 43431 5322 17 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 5322 18 , , , 43431 5322 19 and and CC 43431 5322 20 then then RB 43431 5322 21 becomes become VBZ 43431 5322 22 separated separate VBN 43431 5322 23 from from IN 43431 5322 24 the the DT 43431 5322 25 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5322 26 by by IN 43431 5322 27 a a DT 43431 5322 28 large large JJ 43431 5322 29 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5322 30 , , , 43431 5322 31 the the DT 43431 5322 32 = = SYM 43431 5322 33 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5322 34 ovale= ovale= NNP 43431 5322 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5322 36 fig fig NN 43431 5322 37 . . . 43431 5323 1 44 44 CD 43431 5323 2 , , , 43431 5323 3 V V NNP 43431 5323 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5323 5 , , , 43431 5323 6 through through IN 43431 5323 7 which which WDT 43431 5323 8 the the DT 43431 5323 9 whole whole NN 43431 5323 10 of of IN 43431 5323 11 the the DT 43431 5323 12 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 5323 13 nerve nerve NN 43431 5323 14 passes pass VBZ 43431 5323 15 out out RP 43431 5323 16 . . . 43431 5324 1 The the DT 43431 5324 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5324 3 portion portion NN 43431 5324 4 of of IN 43431 5324 5 the the DT 43431 5324 6 parietal parietal JJ 43431 5324 7 segment segment NN 43431 5324 8 is be VBZ 43431 5324 9 formed form VBN 43431 5324 10 by by IN 43431 5324 11 the the DT 43431 5324 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5324 13 parietal parietal NN 43431 5324 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5324 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5324 16 fig fig NN 43431 5324 17 . . . 43431 5325 1 45 45 CD 43431 5325 2 , , , 43431 5325 3 4 4 CD 43431 5325 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5325 5 , , , 43431 5325 6 which which WDT 43431 5325 7 though though IN 43431 5325 8 double double JJ 43431 5325 9 in in IN 43431 5325 10 the the DT 43431 5325 11 embryo embryo NN 43431 5325 12 , , , 43431 5325 13 early early RB 43431 5325 14 comes come VBZ 43431 5325 15 to to TO 43431 5325 16 form form VB 43431 5325 17 a a DT 43431 5325 18 single single JJ 43431 5325 19 bone bone NN 43431 5325 20 . . . 43431 5326 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5326 2 extends extend VBZ 43431 5326 3 over over IN 43431 5326 4 the the DT 43431 5326 5 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5326 6 part part NN 43431 5326 7 of of IN 43431 5326 8 the the DT 43431 5326 9 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5326 10 cavity cavity NN 43431 5326 11 , , , 43431 5326 12 and and CC 43431 5326 13 is be VBZ 43431 5326 14 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5326 15 in in IN 43431 5326 16 front front NN 43431 5326 17 with with IN 43431 5326 18 the the DT 43431 5326 19 frontal frontal NN 43431 5326 20 , , , 43431 5326 21 behind behind RB 43431 5326 22 with with IN 43431 5326 23 the the DT 43431 5326 24 supra supra NN 43431 5326 25 - - HYPH 43431 5326 26 occipital occipital NN 43431 5326 27 , , , 43431 5326 28 and and CC 43431 5326 29 laterally laterally RB 43431 5326 30 with with IN 43431 5326 31 the the DT 43431 5326 32 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 5326 33 , , , 43431 5326 34 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 5326 35 , , , 43431 5326 36 alisphenoids alisphenoid NNS 43431 5326 37 , , , 43431 5326 38 pro pro JJ 43431 5326 39 - - NNS 43431 5326 40 otics otics JJ 43431 5326 41 and and CC 43431 5326 42 epi epi NN 43431 5326 43 - - HYPH 43431 5326 44 otics otic NNS 43431 5326 45 . . . 43431 5327 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5327 2 forms form VBZ 43431 5327 3 the the DT 43431 5327 4 inner inner JJ 43431 5327 5 boundary boundary NN 43431 5327 6 of of IN 43431 5327 7 a a DT 43431 5327 8 large large JJ 43431 5327 9 rounded rounded JJ 43431 5327 10 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5327 11 on on IN 43431 5327 12 the the DT 43431 5327 13 roof roof NN 43431 5327 14 of of IN 43431 5327 15 the the DT 43431 5327 16 skull skull NN 43431 5327 17 , , , 43431 5327 18 the the DT 43431 5327 19 = = SYM 43431 5327 20 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5327 21 fossa=. fossa=. . 43431 5328 1 The the DT 43431 5328 2 = = SYM 43431 5328 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5328 4 segment= segment= NN 43431 5328 5 is be VBZ 43431 5328 6 very very RB 43431 5328 7 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 5328 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5328 9 , , , 43431 5328 10 there there EX 43431 5328 11 being be VBG 43431 5328 12 no no DT 43431 5328 13 certain certain JJ 43431 5328 14 representatives representative NNS 43431 5328 15 of of IN 43431 5328 16 either either CC 43431 5328 17 the the DT 43431 5328 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5328 19 member member NN 43431 5328 20 , , , 43431 5328 21 the the DT 43431 5328 22 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 5328 23 , , , 43431 5328 24 or or CC 43431 5328 25 the the DT 43431 5328 26 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5328 27 members member NNS 43431 5328 28 , , , 43431 5328 29 the the DT 43431 5328 30 orbitosphenoids orbitosphenoid NNS 43431 5328 31 . . . 43431 5329 1 On on IN 43431 5329 2 the the DT 43431 5329 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5329 4 side side NN 43431 5329 5 there there EX 43431 5329 6 is be VBZ 43431 5329 7 , , , 43431 5329 8 however however RB 43431 5329 9 , , , 43431 5329 10 a a DT 43431 5329 11 large large JJ 43431 5329 12 development development NN 43431 5329 13 of of IN 43431 5329 14 membrane membrane NN 43431 5329 15 bones bone NNS 43431 5329 16 . . . 43431 5330 1 There there EX 43431 5330 2 is be VBZ 43431 5330 3 a a DT 43431 5330 4 large large JJ 43431 5330 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5330 6 frontal frontal NN 43431 5330 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5330 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5330 9 fig fig NN 43431 5330 10 . . . 43431 5331 1 45 45 CD 43431 5331 2 , , , 43431 5331 3 3 3 CD 43431 5331 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5331 5 , , , 43431 5331 6 unpaired unpaire VBN 43431 5331 7 , , , 43431 5331 8 except except IN 43431 5331 9 in in IN 43431 5331 10 the the DT 43431 5331 11 embryo embryo NN 43431 5331 12 , , , 43431 5331 13 united unite VBN 43431 5331 14 behind behind RB 43431 5331 15 with with IN 43431 5331 16 the the DT 43431 5331 17 parietal parietal NN 43431 5331 18 and and CC 43431 5331 19 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 5331 20 , , , 43431 5331 21 and and CC 43431 5331 22 drawn draw VBN 43431 5331 23 out out RP 43431 5331 24 in in IN 43431 5331 25 front front NN 43431 5331 26 into into IN 43431 5331 27 a a DT 43431 5331 28 long long JJ 43431 5331 29 process process NN 43431 5331 30 which which WDT 43431 5331 31 is be VBZ 43431 5331 32 overlapped overlap VBN 43431 5331 33 by by IN 43431 5331 34 the the DT 43431 5331 35 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 5331 36 and and CC 43431 5331 37 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5331 38 part part NN 43431 5331 39 of of IN 43431 5331 40 the the DT 43431 5331 41 nasals nasal NNS 43431 5331 42 . . . 43431 5332 1 The the DT 43431 5332 2 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5332 3 ends end VBZ 43431 5332 4 off off RB 43431 5332 5 freely freely RB 43431 5332 6 below below RB 43431 5332 7 , , , 43431 5332 8 owing owe VBG 43431 5332 9 to to IN 43431 5332 10 the the DT 43431 5332 11 orbitosphenoidal orbitosphenoidal JJ 43431 5332 12 region region NN 43431 5332 13 being be VBG 43431 5332 14 unossified unossifie VBN 43431 5332 15 , , , 43431 5332 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5332 17 forms form VBZ 43431 5332 18 a a DT 43431 5332 19 considerable considerable JJ 43431 5332 20 part part NN 43431 5332 21 of of IN 43431 5332 22 the the DT 43431 5332 23 roof roof NN 43431 5332 24 of of IN 43431 5332 25 the the DT 43431 5332 26 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5332 27 cavity cavity NN 43431 5332 28 , , , 43431 5332 29 but but CC 43431 5332 30 takes take VBZ 43431 5332 31 no no DT 43431 5332 32 part part NN 43431 5332 33 in in IN 43431 5332 34 the the DT 43431 5332 35 formation formation NN 43431 5332 36 of of IN 43431 5332 37 the the DT 43431 5332 38 wall wall NN 43431 5332 39 . . . 43431 5333 1 Each each DT 43431 5333 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5333 3 prefrontal prefrontal NN 43431 5333 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5333 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5333 6 fig fig NN 43431 5333 7 . . . 43431 5334 1 45 45 CD 43431 5334 2 , , , 43431 5334 3 14 14 CD 43431 5334 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5334 5 forms form VBZ 43431 5334 6 part part NN 43431 5334 7 of of IN 43431 5334 8 the the DT 43431 5334 9 inner inner JJ 43431 5334 10 wall wall NN 43431 5334 11 of of IN 43431 5334 12 the the DT 43431 5334 13 orbit orbit NN 43431 5334 14 and and CC 43431 5334 15 sends send VBZ 43431 5334 16 ventralwards ventralward NNS 43431 5334 17 a a DT 43431 5334 18 process process NN 43431 5334 19 which which WDT 43431 5334 20 meets meet VBZ 43431 5334 21 the the DT 43431 5334 22 palatine palatine NN 43431 5334 23 . . . 43431 5335 1 The the DT 43431 5335 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5335 3 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 5335 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5335 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5335 6 fig fig NN 43431 5335 7 . . . 43431 5336 1 44 44 CD 43431 5336 2 , , , 43431 5336 3 6 6 CD 43431 5336 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5336 5 are be VBP 43431 5336 6 small small JJ 43431 5336 7 bones bone NNS 43431 5336 8 lying lie VBG 43431 5336 9 at at IN 43431 5336 10 the the DT 43431 5336 11 sides side NNS 43431 5336 12 of of IN 43431 5336 13 the the DT 43431 5336 14 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5336 15 part part NN 43431 5336 16 of of IN 43431 5336 17 the the DT 43431 5336 18 frontal frontal NN 43431 5336 19 . . . 43431 5337 1 Each each DT 43431 5337 2 is be VBZ 43431 5337 3 united united JJ 43431 5337 4 with with IN 43431 5337 5 a a DT 43431 5337 6 number number NN 43431 5337 7 of of IN 43431 5337 8 bones bone NNS 43431 5337 9 , , , 43431 5337 10 on on IN 43431 5337 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5337 12 inner inner JJ 43431 5337 13 side side NN 43431 5337 14 with with IN 43431 5337 15 the the DT 43431 5337 16 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5337 17 and and CC 43431 5337 18 parietal parietal NN 43431 5337 19 , , , 43431 5337 20 behind behind RB 43431 5337 21 with with IN 43431 5337 22 the the DT 43431 5337 23 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 5337 24 , , , 43431 5337 25 and and CC 43431 5337 26 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 5337 27 with with IN 43431 5337 28 the the DT 43431 5337 29 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 5337 30 . . . 43431 5338 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5338 2 also also RB 43431 5338 3 unites unite VBZ 43431 5338 4 by by IN 43431 5338 5 means mean NNS 43431 5338 6 of of IN 43431 5338 7 a a DT 43431 5338 8 strong strong JJ 43431 5338 9 descending descending NN 43431 5338 10 process process NN 43431 5338 11 with with IN 43431 5338 12 an an DT 43431 5338 13 upgrowth upgrowth NN 43431 5338 14 from from IN 43431 5338 15 the the DT 43431 5338 16 jugal jugal NN 43431 5338 17 , , , 43431 5338 18 and and CC 43431 5338 19 thus thus RB 43431 5338 20 forms form VBZ 43431 5338 21 a a DT 43431 5338 22 = = SYM 43431 5338 23 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 5338 24 bar= bar= NNP 43431 5338 25 separating separate VBG 43431 5338 26 the the DT 43431 5338 27 orbit orbit NN 43431 5338 28 from from IN 43431 5338 29 the the DT 43431 5338 30 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5338 31 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5338 32 fossa fossa NN 43431 5338 33 . . . 43431 5339 1 The the DT 43431 5339 2 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 5339 3 forms form NNS 43431 5339 4 also also RB 43431 5339 5 part part NN 43431 5339 6 of of IN 43431 5339 7 the the DT 43431 5339 8 outer outer JJ 43431 5339 9 boundary boundary NN 43431 5339 10 of of IN 43431 5339 11 the the DT 43431 5339 12 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5339 13 fossa fossa NN 43431 5339 14 . . . 43431 5340 1 2 2 LS 43431 5340 2 . . . 43431 5341 1 THE the DT 43431 5341 2 SENSE SENSE NNS 43431 5341 3 CAPSULES capsule NNS 43431 5341 4 . . . 43431 5342 1 Skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 5342 2 capsules capsule NNS 43431 5342 3 occur occur VBP 43431 5342 4 in in IN 43431 5342 5 connection connection NN 43431 5342 6 with with IN 43431 5342 7 each each DT 43431 5342 8 of of IN 43431 5342 9 the the DT 43431 5342 10 three three CD 43431 5342 11 special special JJ 43431 5342 12 sense sense NN 43431 5342 13 organs organ NNS 43431 5342 14 of of IN 43431 5342 15 sight sight NN 43431 5342 16 , , , 43431 5342 17 of of IN 43431 5342 18 hearing hearing NN 43431 5342 19 and and CC 43431 5342 20 of of IN 43431 5342 21 smell smell NN 43431 5342 22 . . . 43431 5343 1 The the DT 43431 5343 2 = = SYM 43431 5343 3 Auditory auditory NN 43431 5343 4 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 5343 5 and and CC 43431 5343 6 associated associated JJ 43431 5343 7 bones bone NNS 43431 5343 8 . . . 43431 5344 1 Three three CD 43431 5344 2 bones bone NNS 43431 5344 3 , , , 43431 5344 4 the the DT 43431 5344 5 = = SYM 43431 5344 6 epi epi NNP 43431 5344 7 - - HYPH 43431 5344 8 otic= otic= NNP 43431 5344 9 , , , 43431 5344 10 = = SYM 43431 5344 11 opisthotic= opisthotic= NNS 43431 5344 12 and and CC 43431 5344 13 = = SYM 43431 5344 14 pro pro JJ 43431 5344 15 - - JJ 43431 5344 16 otic= otic= JJ 43431 5344 17 , , , 43431 5344 18 together together RB 43431 5344 19 form form VB 43431 5344 20 the the DT 43431 5344 21 auditory auditory NN 43431 5344 22 or or CC 43431 5344 23 = = SYM 43431 5344 24 periotic= periotic= NN 43431 5344 25 capsule capsule NN 43431 5344 26 of of IN 43431 5344 27 each each DT 43431 5344 28 side side NN 43431 5344 29 . . . 43431 5345 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5345 2 are be VBP 43431 5345 3 wedged wedge VBN 43431 5345 4 in in RP 43431 5345 5 between between IN 43431 5345 6 the the DT 43431 5345 7 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5345 8 portions portion NNS 43431 5345 9 of of IN 43431 5345 10 the the DT 43431 5345 11 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5345 12 and and CC 43431 5345 13 parietal parietal JJ 43431 5345 14 segments segment NNS 43431 5345 15 and and CC 43431 5345 16 complete complete VB 43431 5345 17 the the DT 43431 5345 18 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5345 19 wall wall NN 43431 5345 20 in in IN 43431 5345 21 this this DT 43431 5345 22 region region NN 43431 5345 23 . . . 43431 5346 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5346 2 relations relation NNS 43431 5346 3 to to IN 43431 5346 4 the the DT 43431 5346 5 surrounding surround VBG 43431 5346 6 structures structure NNS 43431 5346 7 are be VBP 43431 5346 8 very very RB 43431 5346 9 complicated complicated JJ 43431 5346 10 , , , 43431 5346 11 and and CC 43431 5346 12 many many JJ 43431 5346 13 points point NNS 43431 5346 14 can can MD 43431 5346 15 be be VB 43431 5346 16 made make VBN 43431 5346 17 out out RP 43431 5346 18 only only RB 43431 5346 19 in in IN 43431 5346 20 sections section NNS 43431 5346 21 of of IN 43431 5346 22 the the DT 43431 5346 23 skull skull NN 43431 5346 24 passing pass VBG 43431 5346 25 right right RB 43431 5346 26 through through IN 43431 5346 27 the the DT 43431 5346 28 periotic periotic JJ 43431 5346 29 capsule capsule NN 43431 5346 30 . . . 43431 5347 1 The the DT 43431 5347 2 relative relative JJ 43431 5347 3 position position NN 43431 5347 4 of of IN 43431 5347 5 the the DT 43431 5347 6 three three CD 43431 5347 7 bones bone NNS 43431 5347 8 is be VBZ 43431 5347 9 , , , 43431 5347 10 however however RB 43431 5347 11 , , , 43431 5347 12 well well UH 43431 5347 13 seen see VBN 43431 5347 14 in in IN 43431 5347 15 a a DT 43431 5347 16 median median JJ 43431 5347 17 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 5347 18 section section NN 43431 5347 19 . . . 43431 5348 1 The the DT 43431 5348 2 = = SYM 43431 5348 3 opisthotic= opisthotic= NN 43431 5348 4 early early RB 43431 5348 5 becomes become VBZ 43431 5348 6 united unite VBN 43431 5348 7 with with IN 43431 5348 8 the the DT 43431 5348 9 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 5348 10 , , , 43431 5348 11 while while IN 43431 5348 12 the the DT 43431 5348 13 = = SYM 43431 5348 14 epi epi NNP 43431 5348 15 - - HYPH 43431 5348 16 otic= otic= NN 43431 5348 17 similarly similarly RB 43431 5348 18 becomes become VBZ 43431 5348 19 united unite VBN 43431 5348 20 with with IN 43431 5348 21 the the DT 43431 5348 22 supra supra NNP 43431 5348 23 - - HYPH 43431 5348 24 occipital occipital NN 43431 5348 25 , , , 43431 5348 26 the the DT 43431 5348 27 = = SYM 43431 5348 28 pro pro JJ 43431 5348 29 - - JJ 43431 5348 30 otic= otic= JJ 43431 5348 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5348 32 fig fig NN 43431 5348 33 . . . 43431 5349 1 45 45 CD 43431 5349 2 , , , 43431 5349 3 7),--seen 7),--seen NNP 43431 5349 4 in in IN 43431 5349 5 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 5349 6 section section NN 43431 5349 7 to to TO 43431 5349 8 be be VB 43431 5349 9 pierced pierce VBN 43431 5349 10 by by IN 43431 5349 11 the the DT 43431 5349 12 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5349 13 = = SYM 43431 5349 14 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 5349 15 foramen=--alone foramen=--alone NN 43431 5349 16 remaining remain VBG 43431 5349 17 distinct distinct JJ 43431 5349 18 throughout throughout IN 43431 5349 19 life life NN 43431 5349 20 . . . 43431 5350 1 The the DT 43431 5350 2 three three CD 43431 5350 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5350 4 together together RB 43431 5350 5 surround surround VBP 43431 5350 6 the the DT 43431 5350 7 essential essential JJ 43431 5350 8 organ organ NN 43431 5350 9 of of IN 43431 5350 10 hearing hearing NN 43431 5350 11 which which WDT 43431 5350 12 communicates communicate VBZ 43431 5350 13 laterally laterally RB 43431 5350 14 with with IN 43431 5350 15 the the DT 43431 5350 16 deep deep JJ 43431 5350 17 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5350 18 cavity cavity NN 43431 5350 19 by by IN 43431 5350 20 the the DT 43431 5350 21 = = SYM 43431 5350 22 fenestra fenestra NN 43431 5350 23 ovalis=. ovalis=. NNP 43431 5351 1 The the DT 43431 5351 2 = = SYM 43431 5351 3 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5351 4 cavity= cavity= NN 43431 5351 5 , , , 43431 5351 6 leading lead VBG 43431 5351 7 to to IN 43431 5351 8 the the DT 43431 5351 9 exterior exterior NN 43431 5351 10 by by IN 43431 5351 11 the the DT 43431 5351 12 = = SYM 43431 5351 13 external external JJ 43431 5351 14 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5351 15 meatus= meatus= NN 43431 5351 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5351 17 fig fig NN 43431 5351 18 . . . 43431 5352 1 44 44 CD 43431 5352 2 , , , 43431 5352 3 16 16 CD 43431 5352 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5352 5 , , , 43431 5352 6 is be VBZ 43431 5352 7 well well RB 43431 5352 8 seen see VBN 43431 5352 9 in in IN 43431 5352 10 a a DT 43431 5352 11 side side NN 43431 5352 12 - - HYPH 43431 5352 13 view view NN 43431 5352 14 of of IN 43431 5352 15 the the DT 43431 5352 16 skull skull NN 43431 5352 17 ; ; : 43431 5352 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5352 19 is be VBZ 43431 5352 20 bounded bound VBN 43431 5352 21 on on IN 43431 5352 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5352 23 inner inner JJ 43431 5352 24 side side NN 43431 5352 25 by by IN 43431 5352 26 the the DT 43431 5352 27 periotic periotic JJ 43431 5352 28 bones bone NNS 43431 5352 29 , , , 43431 5352 30 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5352 31 in in IN 43431 5352 32 part part NN 43431 5352 33 by by IN 43431 5352 34 the the DT 43431 5352 35 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 5352 36 , , , 43431 5352 37 and and CC 43431 5352 38 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 5352 39 mainly mainly RB 43431 5352 40 by by IN 43431 5352 41 the the DT 43431 5352 42 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5352 43 . . . 43431 5353 1 A a DT 43431 5353 2 large large JJ 43431 5353 3 number number NN 43431 5353 4 of of IN 43431 5353 5 canals canal NNS 43431 5353 6 and and CC 43431 5353 7 passages passage NNS 43431 5353 8 open open JJ 43431 5353 9 into into IN 43431 5353 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5353 11 . . . 43431 5354 1 On on IN 43431 5354 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5354 3 inner inner JJ 43431 5354 4 side side NN 43431 5354 5 opening opening NN 43431 5354 6 ventro ventro NNP 43431 5354 7 - - HYPH 43431 5354 8 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 5354 9 is be VBZ 43431 5354 10 the the DT 43431 5354 11 = = SYM 43431 5354 12 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 5354 13 ovalis= ovalis= NNP 43431 5354 14 , , , 43431 5354 15 opening open VBG 43431 5354 16 ventro ventro NNP 43431 5354 17 - - , 43431 5354 18 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5354 19 the the DT 43431 5354 20 = = SYM 43431 5354 21 internal internal JJ 43431 5354 22 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5354 23 meatus= meatus= NN 43431 5354 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5354 25 fig fig NN 43431 5354 26 . . . 43431 5355 1 45 45 CD 43431 5355 2 , , , 43431 5355 3 VIII VIII NNP 43431 5355 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5355 5 , , , 43431 5355 6 while while IN 43431 5355 7 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5355 8 there there EX 43431 5355 9 is be VBZ 43431 5355 10 a a DT 43431 5355 11 wide wide JJ 43431 5355 12 opening opening NN 43431 5355 13 which which WDT 43431 5355 14 forms form VBZ 43431 5355 15 a a DT 43431 5355 16 communication communication NN 43431 5355 17 through through IN 43431 5355 18 the the DT 43431 5355 19 roof roof NN 43431 5355 20 of of IN 43431 5355 21 the the DT 43431 5355 22 brain brain NN 43431 5355 23 - - HYPH 43431 5355 24 case case NN 43431 5355 25 with with IN 43431 5355 26 the the DT 43431 5355 27 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5355 28 cavity cavity NN 43431 5355 29 of of IN 43431 5355 30 the the DT 43431 5355 31 other other JJ 43431 5355 32 side side NN 43431 5355 33 . . . 43431 5356 1 On on IN 43431 5356 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5356 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 5356 4 wall wall NN 43431 5356 5 is be VBZ 43431 5356 6 the the DT 43431 5356 7 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5356 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5356 9 through through IN 43431 5356 10 which which WDT 43431 5356 11 the the DT 43431 5356 12 facial facial JJ 43431 5356 13 nerve nerve NN 43431 5356 14 passes pass VBZ 43431 5356 15 on on IN 43431 5356 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5356 17 way way NN 43431 5356 18 to to IN 43431 5356 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5356 20 final final JJ 43431 5356 21 exit exit NN 43431 5356 22 from from IN 43431 5356 23 the the DT 43431 5356 24 skull skull NN 43431 5356 25 through through IN 43431 5356 26 the the DT 43431 5356 27 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 5356 28 , , , 43431 5356 29 this this DT 43431 5356 30 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5356 31 is be VBZ 43431 5356 32 bounded bound VBN 43431 5356 33 by by IN 43431 5356 34 the the DT 43431 5356 35 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5356 36 , , , 43431 5356 37 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5356 38 , , , 43431 5356 39 and and CC 43431 5356 40 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 5356 41 . . . 43431 5357 1 The the DT 43431 5357 2 opening opening NN 43431 5357 3 of of IN 43431 5357 4 the the DT 43431 5357 5 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 5357 6 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 5357 7 is be VBZ 43431 5357 8 in in IN 43431 5357 9 the the DT 43431 5357 10 fresh fresh JJ 43431 5357 11 skull skull NN 43431 5357 12 occupied occupy VBN 43431 5357 13 by by IN 43431 5357 14 the the DT 43431 5357 15 expanded expand VBN 43431 5357 16 end end NN 43431 5357 17 of of IN 43431 5357 18 the the DT 43431 5357 19 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5357 20 ossicle ossicle NN 43431 5357 21 , , , 43431 5357 22 the the DT 43431 5357 23 = = SYM 43431 5357 24 columella= columella= NN 43431 5357 25 , , , 43431 5357 26 whose whose WP$ 43431 5357 27 outer outer JJ 43431 5357 28 end end NN 43431 5357 29 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5357 30 by by IN 43431 5357 31 a a DT 43431 5357 32 concave concave NNP 43431 5357 33 facet facet NNP 43431 5357 34 with with IN 43431 5357 35 a a DT 43431 5357 36 trifid trifid NN 43431 5357 37 = = SYM 43431 5357 38 extra extra JJ 43431 5357 39 - - HYPH 43431 5357 40 columellar= columellar= NN 43431 5357 41 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5357 42 which which WDT 43431 5357 43 reaches reach VBZ 43431 5357 44 the the DT 43431 5357 45 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5357 46 membrane membrane NN 43431 5357 47 . . . 43431 5358 1 The the DT 43431 5358 2 lower low JJR 43431 5358 3 process process NN 43431 5358 4 of of IN 43431 5358 5 this this DT 43431 5358 6 extra extra JJ 43431 5358 7 - - HYPH 43431 5358 8 columella columella NN 43431 5358 9 passes pass VBZ 43431 5358 10 into into IN 43431 5358 11 a a DT 43431 5358 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 5358 13 rod rod NN 43431 5358 14 which which WDT 43431 5358 15 lies lie VBZ 43431 5358 16 in in IN 43431 5358 17 a a DT 43431 5358 18 canal canal NN 43431 5358 19 in in IN 43431 5358 20 the the DT 43431 5358 21 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5358 22 and and CC 43431 5358 23 is be VBZ 43431 5358 24 during during IN 43431 5358 25 life life NN 43431 5358 26 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5358 27 with with IN 43431 5358 28 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 5358 29 's 's POS 43431 5358 30 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5358 31 within within IN 43431 5358 32 the the DT 43431 5358 33 articular articular JJ 43431 5358 34 bone bone NN 43431 5358 35 of of IN 43431 5358 36 the the DT 43431 5358 37 mandible mandible NN 43431 5358 38 . . . 43431 5359 1 The the DT 43431 5359 2 columella columella JJ 43431 5359 3 and and CC 43431 5359 4 extra extra JJ 43431 5359 5 - - HYPH 43431 5359 6 columella columella JJ 43431 5359 7 are be VBP 43431 5359 8 together together RB 43431 5359 9 homologous homologous JJ 43431 5359 10 with with IN 43431 5359 11 the the DT 43431 5359 12 chain chain NN 43431 5359 13 of of IN 43431 5359 14 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 5359 15 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5359 16 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 5359 17 . . . 43431 5360 1 * * NFP 43431 5360 2 * * NFP 43431 5360 3 * * NFP 43431 5360 4 * * NFP 43431 5360 5 * * NFP 43431 5360 6 The the DT 43431 5360 7 = = SYM 43431 5360 8 Optic optic JJ 43431 5360 9 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 5360 10 and and CC 43431 5360 11 associated associated JJ 43431 5360 12 bones bone NNS 43431 5360 13 . . . 43431 5361 1 Two two CD 43431 5361 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 5361 3 of of IN 43431 5361 4 bones bone NNS 43431 5361 5 are be VBP 43431 5361 6 associated associate VBN 43431 5361 7 with with IN 43431 5361 8 the the DT 43431 5361 9 optic optic JJ 43431 5361 10 capsules capsule NNS 43431 5361 11 , , , 43431 5361 12 viz viz NN 43431 5361 13 . . . 43431 5362 1 the the DT 43431 5362 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5362 3 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 5362 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5362 5 and and CC 43431 5362 6 the the DT 43431 5362 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5362 8 supra supra NNP 43431 5362 9 - - HYPH 43431 5362 10 orbitals orbitals NNP 43431 5362 11 _ _ NNP 43431 5362 12 . . . 43431 5363 1 The the DT 43431 5363 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5363 3 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 5363 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5363 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5363 6 fig fig NN 43431 5363 7 . . . 43431 5364 1 44 44 CD 43431 5364 2 , , , 43431 5364 3 3 3 CD 43431 5364 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5364 5 is be VBZ 43431 5364 6 a a DT 43431 5364 7 fairly fairly RB 43431 5364 8 large large JJ 43431 5364 9 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5364 10 bone bone NN 43431 5364 11 lying lying NN 43431 5364 12 wedged wedge VBN 43431 5364 13 in in RP 43431 5364 14 between between IN 43431 5364 15 the the DT 43431 5364 16 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5364 17 , , , 43431 5364 18 nasal nasal NNP 43431 5364 19 , , , 43431 5364 20 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5364 21 , , , 43431 5364 22 and and CC 43431 5364 23 prefrontal prefrontal NNP 43431 5364 24 . . . 43431 5365 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5365 2 forms form VBZ 43431 5365 3 a a DT 43431 5365 4 considerable considerable JJ 43431 5365 5 part part NN 43431 5365 6 of of IN 43431 5365 7 the the DT 43431 5365 8 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5365 9 boundary boundary NNP 43431 5365 10 of of IN 43431 5365 11 the the DT 43431 5365 12 orbit orbit NN 43431 5365 13 , , , 43431 5365 14 and and CC 43431 5365 15 is be VBZ 43431 5365 16 pierced pierce VBN 43431 5365 17 by by IN 43431 5365 18 two two CD 43431 5365 19 foramina foramina NN 43431 5365 20 . . . 43431 5366 1 On on IN 43431 5366 2 the the DT 43431 5366 3 orbital orbital JJ 43431 5366 4 edge edge NN 43431 5366 5 is be VBZ 43431 5366 6 a a DT 43431 5366 7 large large JJ 43431 5366 8 hole hole NN 43431 5366 9 leading lead VBG 43431 5366 10 into into IN 43431 5366 11 a a DT 43431 5366 12 cavity cavity NN 43431 5366 13 within within IN 43431 5366 14 the the DT 43431 5366 15 bone bone NN 43431 5366 16 which which WDT 43431 5366 17 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 5366 18 the the DT 43431 5366 19 naso naso NN 43431 5366 20 - - HYPH 43431 5366 21 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 5366 22 sac sac NN 43431 5366 23 , , , 43431 5366 24 and and CC 43431 5366 25 communicates communicate NNS 43431 5366 26 with with IN 43431 5366 27 the the DT 43431 5366 28 narial narial JJ 43431 5366 29 passage passage NN 43431 5366 30 by by IN 43431 5366 31 a a DT 43431 5366 32 wide wide JJ 43431 5366 33 second second JJ 43431 5366 34 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5366 35 near near IN 43431 5366 36 the the DT 43431 5366 37 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5366 38 end end NN 43431 5366 39 of of IN 43431 5366 40 the the DT 43431 5366 41 bone bone NN 43431 5366 42 . . . 43431 5367 1 The the DT 43431 5367 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5367 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5367 4 - - HYPH 43431 5367 5 orbital orbital JJ 43431 5367 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5367 7 is be VBZ 43431 5367 8 a a DT 43431 5367 9 very very RB 43431 5367 10 small small JJ 43431 5367 11 loose loose JJ 43431 5367 12 bone bone NN 43431 5367 13 lying lie VBG 43431 5367 14 in in IN 43431 5367 15 the the DT 43431 5367 16 eyelid eyelid NN 43431 5367 17 close close RB 43431 5367 18 to to IN 43431 5367 19 the the DT 43431 5367 20 junction junction NN 43431 5367 21 of of IN 43431 5367 22 the the DT 43431 5367 23 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5367 24 and and CC 43431 5367 25 prefrontal prefrontal NN 43431 5367 26 . . . 43431 5368 1 * * NFP 43431 5368 2 * * NFP 43431 5368 3 * * NFP 43431 5368 4 * * NFP 43431 5368 5 * * NFP 43431 5368 6 The the DT 43431 5368 7 = = SYM 43431 5368 8 Olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 5368 9 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 5368 10 and and CC 43431 5368 11 associated associated JJ 43431 5368 12 bones bone NNS 43431 5368 13 . . . 43431 5369 1 Two two CD 43431 5369 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 5369 3 of of IN 43431 5369 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 5369 5 bones bone NNS 43431 5369 6 , , , 43431 5369 7 the the DT 43431 5369 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5369 9 vomers vomer NNS 43431 5369 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5369 11 and and CC 43431 5369 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5369 13 nasals nasal NNS 43431 5369 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5369 15 , , , 43431 5369 16 are be VBP 43431 5369 17 developed develop VBN 43431 5369 18 in in IN 43431 5369 19 association association NN 43431 5369 20 with with IN 43431 5369 21 the the DT 43431 5369 22 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 5369 23 organ organ NN 43431 5369 24 , , , 43431 5369 25 but but CC 43431 5369 26 the the DT 43431 5369 27 = = SYM 43431 5369 28 mesethmoid= mesethmoid= NN 43431 5369 29 is be VBZ 43431 5369 30 not not RB 43431 5369 31 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5369 32 . . . 43431 5370 1 The the DT 43431 5370 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5370 3 vomers vomer NNS 43431 5370 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5370 5 form form VBP 43431 5370 6 a a DT 43431 5370 7 pair pair NN 43431 5370 8 of of IN 43431 5370 9 delicate delicate JJ 43431 5370 10 bones bone NNS 43431 5370 11 , , , 43431 5370 12 each each DT 43431 5370 13 consisting consist VBG 43431 5370 14 of of IN 43431 5370 15 a a DT 43431 5370 16 vertical vertical JJ 43431 5370 17 plate plate NN 43431 5370 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5370 19 fig fig NN 43431 5370 20 . . . 43431 5371 1 45 45 CD 43431 5371 2 , , , 43431 5371 3 15 15 CD 43431 5371 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5371 5 , , , 43431 5371 6 which which WDT 43431 5371 7 with with IN 43431 5371 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5371 9 fellow fellow JJ 43431 5371 10 separates separate NNS 43431 5371 11 the the DT 43431 5371 12 two two CD 43431 5371 13 narial narial JJ 43431 5371 14 passages passage NNS 43431 5371 15 , , , 43431 5371 16 and and CC 43431 5371 17 of of IN 43431 5371 18 a a DT 43431 5371 19 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 5371 20 plate plate NN 43431 5371 21 which which WDT 43431 5371 22 forms form VBZ 43431 5371 23 much much JJ 43431 5371 24 of of IN 43431 5371 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5371 26 roof roof NN 43431 5371 27 . . . 43431 5372 1 The the DT 43431 5372 2 vomers vomer NNS 43431 5372 3 articulate articulate VBP 43431 5372 4 with with IN 43431 5372 5 one one CD 43431 5372 6 another another DT 43431 5372 7 and and CC 43431 5372 8 with with IN 43431 5372 9 the the DT 43431 5372 10 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5372 11 , , , 43431 5372 12 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5372 13 , , , 43431 5372 14 and and CC 43431 5372 15 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5372 16 . . . 43431 5373 1 The the DT 43431 5373 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5373 3 nasals nasal NNS 43431 5373 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5373 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5373 6 fig fig NN 43431 5373 7 . . . 43431 5374 1 45 45 CD 43431 5374 2 , , , 43431 5374 3 2 2 CD 43431 5374 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5374 5 are be VBP 43431 5374 6 very very RB 43431 5374 7 long long JJ 43431 5374 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 5374 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5374 10 extending extend VBG 43431 5374 11 along along IN 43431 5374 12 the the DT 43431 5374 13 middle middle JJ 43431 5374 14 line line NN 43431 5374 15 from from IN 43431 5374 16 the the DT 43431 5374 17 frontal frontal NN 43431 5374 18 almost almost RB 43431 5374 19 to to IN 43431 5374 20 the the DT 43431 5374 21 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5374 22 nares naris NNS 43431 5374 23 . . . 43431 5375 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5375 2 are be VBP 43431 5375 3 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5375 4 laterally laterally RB 43431 5375 5 with with IN 43431 5375 6 the the DT 43431 5375 7 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5375 8 , , , 43431 5375 9 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5375 10 , , , 43431 5375 11 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 5375 12 and and CC 43431 5375 13 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 5375 14 . . . 43431 5376 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5376 2 form form VBP 43431 5376 3 the the DT 43431 5376 4 roof roof NN 43431 5376 5 of of IN 43431 5376 6 the the DT 43431 5376 7 narial narial JJ 43431 5376 8 passages passage NNS 43431 5376 9 . . . 43431 5377 1 3 3 LS 43431 5377 2 . . . 43431 5378 1 THE the DT 43431 5378 2 UPPER UPPER NNP 43431 5378 3 JAW JAW NNP 43431 5378 4 AND and CC 43431 5378 5 SUSPENSORIAL SUSPENSORIAL NNP 43431 5378 6 APPARATUS APPARATUS NNP 43431 5378 7 . . . 43431 5379 1 These these DT 43431 5379 2 are be VBP 43431 5379 3 enormously enormously RB 43431 5379 4 developed develop VBN 43431 5379 5 in in IN 43431 5379 6 the the DT 43431 5379 7 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5379 8 and and CC 43431 5379 9 are be VBP 43431 5379 10 firmly firmly RB 43431 5379 11 united united JJ 43431 5379 12 to to IN 43431 5379 13 the the DT 43431 5379 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 5379 15 . . . 43431 5380 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5380 2 will will MD 43431 5380 3 be be VB 43431 5380 4 most most RBS 43431 5380 5 convenient convenient JJ 43431 5380 6 to to TO 43431 5380 7 begin begin VB 43431 5380 8 by by IN 43431 5380 9 describing describe VBG 43431 5380 10 the the DT 43431 5380 11 bones bone NNS 43431 5380 12 at at IN 43431 5380 13 the the DT 43431 5380 14 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5380 15 end end NN 43431 5380 16 of of IN 43431 5380 17 the the DT 43431 5380 18 jaw jaw NN 43431 5380 19 and and CC 43431 5380 20 to to TO 43431 5380 21 work work VB 43431 5380 22 back back RP 43431 5380 23 thence thence NN 43431 5380 24 towards towards IN 43431 5380 25 the the DT 43431 5380 26 brain brain NN 43431 5380 27 - - HYPH 43431 5380 28 case case NN 43431 5380 29 . . . 43431 5381 1 The the DT 43431 5381 2 most most JJS 43431 5381 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5381 4 bones bone NNS 43431 5381 5 are be VBP 43431 5381 6 the the DT 43431 5381 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5381 8 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5381 9 _ _ NNP 43431 5381 10 . . . 43431 5382 1 The the DT 43431 5382 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5382 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5382 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5382 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5382 6 figs fig NNS 43431 5382 7 . . . 43431 5383 1 44 44 CD 43431 5383 2 and and CC 43431 5383 3 45 45 CD 43431 5383 4 , , , 43431 5383 5 1 1 CD 43431 5383 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5383 7 are be VBP 43431 5383 8 small small JJ 43431 5383 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5383 10 , , , 43431 5383 11 each each DT 43431 5383 12 bearing bear VBG 43431 5383 13 five five CD 43431 5383 14 pairs pair NNS 43431 5383 15 of of IN 43431 5383 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5383 17 , , , 43431 5383 18 set set VBN 43431 5383 19 in in IN 43431 5383 20 separate separate JJ 43431 5383 21 sockets socket NNS 43431 5383 22 in in IN 43431 5383 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5383 24 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 5383 25 borders border NNS 43431 5383 26 . . . 43431 5384 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5384 2 constitute constitute VBP 43431 5384 3 almost almost RB 43431 5384 4 the the DT 43431 5384 5 whole whole NN 43431 5384 6 of of IN 43431 5384 7 the the DT 43431 5384 8 boundary boundary NN 43431 5384 9 of of IN 43431 5384 10 the the DT 43431 5384 11 = = SYM 43431 5384 12 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5384 13 nares= nares= NNP 43431 5384 14 , , , 43431 5384 15 which which WDT 43431 5384 16 are be VBP 43431 5384 17 confluent confluent JJ 43431 5384 18 with with IN 43431 5384 19 one one CD 43431 5384 20 another another DT 43431 5384 21 and and CC 43431 5384 22 form form VB 43431 5384 23 a a DT 43431 5384 24 large large JJ 43431 5384 25 semicircular semicircular JJ 43431 5384 26 opening opening NN 43431 5384 27 in in IN 43431 5384 28 the the DT 43431 5384 29 roof roof NN 43431 5384 30 of of IN 43431 5384 31 the the DT 43431 5384 32 skull skull NN 43431 5384 33 , , , 43431 5384 34 leading lead VBG 43431 5384 35 into into IN 43431 5384 36 the the DT 43431 5384 37 wide wide JJ 43431 5384 38 narial narial JJ 43431 5384 39 passage passage NN 43431 5384 40 . . . 43431 5385 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5385 2 are be VBP 43431 5385 3 also also RB 43431 5385 4 partially partially RB 43431 5385 5 separated separate VBN 43431 5385 6 from from IN 43431 5385 7 one one CD 43431 5385 8 another another DT 43431 5385 9 in in IN 43431 5385 10 the the DT 43431 5385 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5385 12 middle middle JJ 43431 5385 13 line line NN 43431 5385 14 , , , 43431 5385 15 by by IN 43431 5385 16 the the DT 43431 5385 17 small small JJ 43431 5385 18 = = SYM 43431 5385 19 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5385 20 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5385 21 vacuity= vacuity= NNP 43431 5385 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5385 23 fig fig NN 43431 5385 24 . . . 43431 5386 1 43 43 CD 43431 5386 2 , , , 43431 5386 3 A a NN 43431 5386 4 , , , 43431 5386 5 8) 8) CD 43431 5386 6 . . . 43431 5387 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5387 2 form form VBP 43431 5387 3 the the DT 43431 5387 4 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5387 5 part part NN 43431 5387 6 of of IN 43431 5387 7 the the DT 43431 5387 8 broad broad JJ 43431 5387 9 = = SYM 43431 5387 10 palate=. palate=. XX 43431 5388 1 The the DT 43431 5388 2 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 5388 3 border border NN 43431 5388 4 on on IN 43431 5388 5 each each DT 43431 5388 6 side side NN 43431 5388 7 between between IN 43431 5388 8 certain certain JJ 43431 5388 9 of of IN 43431 5388 10 the the DT 43431 5388 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5388 12 is be VBZ 43431 5388 13 marked mark VBN 43431 5388 14 by by IN 43431 5388 15 pits pit NNS 43431 5388 16 which which WDT 43431 5388 17 receive receive VBP 43431 5388 18 the the DT 43431 5388 19 points point NNS 43431 5388 20 of of IN 43431 5388 21 the the DT 43431 5388 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5388 23 of of IN 43431 5388 24 the the DT 43431 5388 25 other other JJ 43431 5388 26 jaw jaw NN 43431 5388 27 . . . 43431 5389 1 The the DT 43431 5389 2 first first JJ 43431 5389 3 pair pair NN 43431 5389 4 of of IN 43431 5389 5 these these DT 43431 5389 6 pits pit NNS 43431 5389 7 in in IN 43431 5389 8 the the DT 43431 5389 9 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 5389 10 are be VBP 43431 5389 11 often often RB 43431 5389 12 so so RB 43431 5389 13 deep deep JJ 43431 5389 14 as as IN 43431 5389 15 to to TO 43431 5389 16 be be VB 43431 5389 17 converted convert VBN 43431 5389 18 into into IN 43431 5389 19 perforations perforation NNS 43431 5389 20 . . . 43431 5390 1 Pits pit NNS 43431 5390 2 of of IN 43431 5390 3 the the DT 43431 5390 4 same same JJ 43431 5390 5 character character NN 43431 5390 6 occur occur VBP 43431 5390 7 between between IN 43431 5390 8 the the DT 43431 5390 9 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 5390 10 and and CC 43431 5390 11 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 5390 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5390 13 . . . 43431 5391 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5391 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5391 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5391 4 . . . 43431 5392 1 45 45 CD 43431 5392 2 . . . 43431 5393 1 LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL NNP 43431 5393 2 SECTION section NN 43431 5393 3 THROUGH THROUGH VBD 43431 5393 4 THE the DT 43431 5393 5 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 5393 6 OF of IN 43431 5393 7 AN an DT 43431 5393 8 ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR NNP 43431 5393 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5393 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5393 11 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 5393 12 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 5393 13 _ _ NNP 43431 5393 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5393 15 . . . 43431 5394 1 à à NNP 43431 5394 2 � � NNP 43431 5394 3 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 5394 4 . . . 43431 5395 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5395 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5395 3 . . . 43431 5396 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5396 2 . . . 43431 5396 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5397 1 1 1 LS 43431 5397 2 . . . 43431 5397 3 premaxilla premaxilla NNP 43431 5397 4 . . . 43431 5398 1 2 2 LS 43431 5398 2 . . . 43431 5398 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 5398 4 . . . 43431 5399 1 3 3 LS 43431 5399 2 . . . 43431 5399 3 frontal frontal NN 43431 5399 4 . . . 43431 5400 1 4 4 LS 43431 5400 2 . . . 43431 5400 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 5400 4 . . . 43431 5401 1 5 5 LS 43431 5401 2 . . . 43431 5401 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5401 4 - - HYPH 43431 5401 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 5401 6 . . . 43431 5402 1 6 6 LS 43431 5402 2 . . . 43431 5402 3 epi epi JJ 43431 5402 4 - - HYPH 43431 5402 5 otic otic JJ 43431 5402 6 . . . 43431 5403 1 7 7 LS 43431 5403 2 . . . 43431 5403 3 pro pro JJ 43431 5403 4 - - JJ 43431 5403 5 otic otic JJ 43431 5403 6 . . . 43431 5404 1 immediately immediately RB 43431 5404 2 in in IN 43431 5404 3 front front NN 43431 5404 4 of of IN 43431 5404 5 the the DT 43431 5404 6 figure figure NN 43431 5404 7 7 7 CD 43431 5404 8 is be VBZ 43431 5404 9 the the DT 43431 5404 10 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5404 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5404 12 for for IN 43431 5404 13 the the DT 43431 5404 14 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 5404 15 nerve nerve NN 43431 5404 16 . . . 43431 5405 1 8 8 LS 43431 5405 2 . . . 43431 5405 3 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 5405 4 . . . 43431 5406 1 9 9 LS 43431 5406 2 . . . 43431 5406 3 basi basi NN 43431 5406 4 - - HYPH 43431 5406 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 5406 6 . . . 43431 5407 1 10 10 LS 43431 5407 2 . . . 43431 5407 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 5407 4 . . . 43431 5408 1 11 11 CD 43431 5408 2 . . . 43431 5408 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 5408 4 . . . 43431 5409 1 12 12 CD 43431 5409 2 . . . 43431 5409 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 5409 4 . . . 43431 5410 1 13 13 CD 43431 5410 2 . . . 43431 5410 3 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 5410 4 . . . 43431 5411 1 14 14 CD 43431 5411 2 . . . 43431 5411 3 prefrontal prefrontal NNP 43431 5411 4 . . . 43431 5412 1 15 15 CD 43431 5412 2 . . . 43431 5412 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 5412 4 . . . 43431 5413 1 16 16 CD 43431 5413 2 . . . 43431 5413 3 maxilla maxilla NNP 43431 5413 4 . . . 43431 5414 1 17 17 CD 43431 5414 2 . . . 43431 5414 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5414 4 . . . 43431 5415 1 18 18 CD 43431 5415 2 . . . 43431 5415 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 5415 4 . . . 43431 5416 1 19 19 CD 43431 5416 2 . . . 43431 5416 3 splenial splenial JJ 43431 5416 4 . . . 43431 5417 1 20 20 CD 43431 5417 2 . . . 43431 5417 3 angular angular JJ 43431 5417 4 . . . 43431 5418 1 21 21 LS 43431 5418 2 . . . 43431 5418 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5418 4 - - HYPH 43431 5418 5 angular angular NNP 43431 5418 6 . . . 43431 5419 1 22 22 CD 43431 5419 2 . . . 43431 5419 3 articular articular NNP 43431 5419 4 . . . 43431 5420 1 23 23 CD 43431 5420 2 . . . 43431 5420 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 5420 4 . . . 43431 5421 1 24 24 CD 43431 5421 2 . . . 43431 5421 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 5421 4 . . . 43431 5422 1 25 25 CD 43431 5422 2 . . . 43431 5422 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5422 4 . . . 43431 5423 1 26 26 CD 43431 5423 2 . . . 43431 5423 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5423 4 . . . 43431 5424 1 27 27 CD 43431 5424 2 . . . 43431 5424 3 external external JJ 43431 5424 4 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 5424 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5424 6 . . . 43431 5425 1 28 28 CD 43431 5425 2 . . . 43431 5425 3 internal internal JJ 43431 5425 4 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 5425 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5425 6 . . . 43431 5426 1 VIII VIII NNP 43431 5426 2 . . . 43431 5427 1 internal internal NNP 43431 5427 2 auditory auditory NNP 43431 5427 3 meatus meatus NNP 43431 5427 4 . . . 43431 5428 1 XII XII NNP 43431 5428 2 . . . 43431 5429 1 hypoglossal hypoglossal NNP 43431 5429 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5429 3 . . . 43431 5429 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5430 1 The the DT 43431 5430 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5430 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5430 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5430 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5430 6 figs fig NNS 43431 5430 7 . . . 43431 5431 1 43 43 CD 43431 5431 2 , , , 43431 5431 3 A a NN 43431 5431 4 , , , 43431 5431 5 2 2 CD 43431 5431 6 and and CC 43431 5431 7 44 44 CD 43431 5431 8 , , , 43431 5431 9 2 2 CD 43431 5431 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5431 11 are be VBP 43431 5431 12 a a DT 43431 5431 13 pair pair NN 43431 5431 14 of of IN 43431 5431 15 very very RB 43431 5431 16 large large JJ 43431 5431 17 bones bone NNS 43431 5431 18 and and CC 43431 5431 19 bear bear VB 43431 5431 20 the the DT 43431 5431 21 remaining remain VBG 43431 5431 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5431 23 of of IN 43431 5431 24 the the DT 43431 5431 25 upper upper JJ 43431 5431 26 jaw jaw NN 43431 5431 27 , , , 43431 5431 28 set set VBN 43431 5431 29 in in IN 43431 5431 30 sockets socket NNS 43431 5431 31 along along IN 43431 5431 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5431 33 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 5431 34 borders border NNS 43431 5431 35 . . . 43431 5432 1 On on IN 43431 5432 2 the the DT 43431 5432 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5432 4 side side NN 43431 5432 5 each each DT 43431 5432 6 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5432 7 is be VBZ 43431 5432 8 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5432 9 with with IN 43431 5432 10 the the DT 43431 5432 11 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5432 12 , , , 43431 5432 13 nasal nasal NN 43431 5432 14 , , , 43431 5432 15 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 5432 16 , , , 43431 5432 17 and and CC 43431 5432 18 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5432 19 , , , 43431 5432 20 while while IN 43431 5432 21 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 5432 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5432 23 meets meet VBZ 43431 5432 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5432 25 fellow fellow NN 43431 5432 26 in in IN 43431 5432 27 a a DT 43431 5432 28 long long JJ 43431 5432 29 straight straight JJ 43431 5432 30 suture suture NN 43431 5432 31 and and CC 43431 5432 32 forms form VBZ 43431 5432 33 the the DT 43431 5432 34 greater great JJR 43431 5432 35 part part NN 43431 5432 36 of of IN 43431 5432 37 the the DT 43431 5432 38 long long JJ 43431 5432 39 bony bony NN 43431 5432 40 palate palate NN 43431 5432 41 . . . 43431 5433 1 The the DT 43431 5433 2 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 5433 3 are be VBP 43431 5433 4 separated separate VBN 43431 5433 5 in in IN 43431 5433 6 the the DT 43431 5433 7 middle middle JJ 43431 5433 8 line line NN 43431 5433 9 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5433 10 by by IN 43431 5433 11 processes process NNS 43431 5433 12 from from IN 43431 5433 13 the the DT 43431 5433 14 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5433 15 , , , 43431 5433 16 while while IN 43431 5433 17 further further RB 43431 5433 18 back back RB 43431 5433 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5433 20 meet meet VBP 43431 5433 21 the the DT 43431 5433 22 transpalatines transpalatine NNS 43431 5433 23 . . . 43431 5434 1 The the DT 43431 5434 2 internal internal JJ 43431 5434 3 or or CC 43431 5434 4 nasal nasal NN 43431 5434 5 surface surface NN 43431 5434 6 , , , 43431 5434 7 like like IN 43431 5434 8 that that DT 43431 5434 9 of of IN 43431 5434 10 the the DT 43431 5434 11 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 5434 12 , , , 43431 5434 13 is be VBZ 43431 5434 14 excavated excavate VBN 43431 5434 15 by by IN 43431 5434 16 a a DT 43431 5434 17 deep deep JJ 43431 5434 18 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 5434 19 groove groove NN 43431 5434 20 , , , 43431 5434 21 the the DT 43431 5434 22 = = SYM 43431 5434 23 narial narial JJ 43431 5434 24 passage=. passage=. NN 43431 5435 1 In in IN 43431 5435 2 a a DT 43431 5435 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5435 4 view view NN 43431 5435 5 of of IN 43431 5435 6 the the DT 43431 5435 7 skull skull NN 43431 5435 8 a a DT 43431 5435 9 number number NN 43431 5435 10 of of IN 43431 5435 11 small small JJ 43431 5435 12 openings opening NNS 43431 5435 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5435 14 fig fig NN 43431 5435 15 . . . 43431 5436 1 43 43 CD 43431 5436 2 , , , 43431 5436 3 A a NN 43431 5436 4 , , , 43431 5436 5 21 21 CD 43431 5436 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5436 7 are be VBP 43431 5436 8 seen see VBN 43431 5436 9 close close JJ 43431 5436 10 to to IN 43431 5436 11 the the DT 43431 5436 12 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 5436 13 border border NN 43431 5436 14 , , , 43431 5436 15 these these DT 43431 5436 16 are be VBP 43431 5436 17 the the DT 43431 5436 18 openings opening NNS 43431 5436 19 of of IN 43431 5436 20 small small JJ 43431 5436 21 vascular vascular JJ 43431 5436 22 canals canal NNS 43431 5436 23 which which WDT 43431 5436 24 lead lead VBP 43431 5436 25 into into IN 43431 5436 26 the the DT 43431 5436 27 = = NN 43431 5436 28 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 5436 29 sinus= sinus= NN 43431 5436 30 , , , 43431 5436 31 a a DT 43431 5436 32 passage passage NN 43431 5436 33 traversing traverse VBG 43431 5436 34 the the DT 43431 5436 35 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 5436 36 , , , 43431 5436 37 and and CC 43431 5436 38 transmitting transmit VBG 43431 5436 39 the the DT 43431 5436 40 superior superior JJ 43431 5436 41 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 5436 42 branch branch NN 43431 5436 43 of of IN 43431 5436 44 the the DT 43431 5436 45 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 5436 46 nerve nerve NN 43431 5436 47 and and CC 43431 5436 48 certain certain JJ 43431 5436 49 blood blood NN 43431 5436 50 - - HYPH 43431 5436 51 vessels vessel NNS 43431 5436 52 . . . 43431 5437 1 This this DT 43431 5437 2 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 5437 3 sinus sinus NN 43431 5437 4 opens open VBZ 43431 5437 5 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5437 6 by by IN 43431 5437 7 the the DT 43431 5437 8 more more RBR 43431 5437 9 external external JJ 43431 5437 10 of of IN 43431 5437 11 the the DT 43431 5437 12 two two CD 43431 5437 13 large large JJ 43431 5437 14 holes hole NNS 43431 5437 15 in in IN 43431 5437 16 the the DT 43431 5437 17 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 5437 18 , , , 43431 5437 19 which which WDT 43431 5437 20 lie lie VBP 43431 5437 21 close close RB 43431 5437 22 to to IN 43431 5437 23 the the DT 43431 5437 24 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5437 25 edge edge NN 43431 5437 26 of of IN 43431 5437 27 the the DT 43431 5437 28 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5437 29 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5437 30 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5437 31 , , , 43431 5437 32 to to TO 43431 5437 33 be be VB 43431 5437 34 described describe VBN 43431 5437 35 immediately immediately RB 43431 5437 36 . . . 43431 5438 1 The the DT 43431 5438 2 more more RBR 43431 5438 3 internal internal JJ 43431 5438 4 of of IN 43431 5438 5 these these DT 43431 5438 6 holes hole NNS 43431 5438 7 , , , 43431 5438 8 on on IN 43431 5438 9 the the DT 43431 5438 10 other other JJ 43431 5438 11 hand hand NN 43431 5438 12 , , , 43431 5438 13 leads lead VBZ 43431 5438 14 into into IN 43431 5438 15 a a DT 43431 5438 16 cavity cavity NN 43431 5438 17 lodging lodge VBG 43431 5438 18 the the DT 43431 5438 19 nasal nasal NN 43431 5438 20 sac sac NN 43431 5438 21 . . . 43431 5439 1 Behind behind IN 43431 5439 2 the the DT 43431 5439 3 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 5439 4 the the DT 43431 5439 5 completeness completeness NN 43431 5439 6 of of IN 43431 5439 7 the the DT 43431 5439 8 palate palate NN 43431 5439 9 is be VBZ 43431 5439 10 broken break VBN 43431 5439 11 up up RP 43431 5439 12 by by IN 43431 5439 13 the the DT 43431 5439 14 large large JJ 43431 5439 15 oval oval NN 43431 5439 16 = = SYM 43431 5439 17 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5439 18 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5439 19 vacuities= vacuities= NNP 43431 5439 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5439 21 fig fig NN 43431 5439 22 . . . 43431 5440 1 43 43 CD 43431 5440 2 , , , 43431 5440 3 A a NN 43431 5440 4 , , , 43431 5440 5 7 7 CD 43431 5440 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5440 7 ; ; : 43431 5440 8 these these DT 43431 5440 9 are be VBP 43431 5440 10 separated separate VBN 43431 5440 11 from from IN 43431 5440 12 one one CD 43431 5440 13 another another DT 43431 5440 14 in in IN 43431 5440 15 the the DT 43431 5440 16 middle middle JJ 43431 5440 17 line line NN 43431 5440 18 by by IN 43431 5440 19 the the DT 43431 5440 20 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5440 21 , , , 43431 5440 22 and and CC 43431 5440 23 are be VBP 43431 5440 24 bounded bound VBN 43431 5440 25 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 5440 26 by by IN 43431 5440 27 the the DT 43431 5440 28 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5440 29 , , , 43431 5440 30 transpalatines transpalatine NNS 43431 5440 31 , , , 43431 5440 32 and and CC 43431 5440 33 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5440 34 . . . 43431 5441 1 The the DT 43431 5441 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5441 3 palatines palatine VBZ 43431 5441 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5441 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5441 6 fig fig NN 43431 5441 7 . . . 43431 5442 1 43 43 CD 43431 5442 2 , , , 43431 5442 3 A a NN 43431 5442 4 , , , 43431 5442 5 3 3 CD 43431 5442 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5442 7 are be VBP 43431 5442 8 long long JJ 43431 5442 9 and and CC 43431 5442 10 rather rather RB 43431 5442 11 narrow narrow JJ 43431 5442 12 bones bone NNS 43431 5442 13 interposed interpose VBN 43431 5442 14 between between IN 43431 5442 15 the the DT 43431 5442 16 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5442 17 in in IN 43431 5442 18 front front NN 43431 5442 19 and and CC 43431 5442 20 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5442 21 behind behind RB 43431 5442 22 . . . 43431 5443 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5443 2 meet meet VBP 43431 5443 3 one one NN 43431 5443 4 another another DT 43431 5443 5 in in IN 43431 5443 6 a a DT 43431 5443 7 long long JJ 43431 5443 8 suture suture NN 43431 5443 9 and and CC 43431 5443 10 form form NN 43431 5443 11 much much JJ 43431 5443 12 of of IN 43431 5443 13 the the DT 43431 5443 14 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5443 15 part part NN 43431 5443 16 of of IN 43431 5443 17 the the DT 43431 5443 18 palate palate NN 43431 5443 19 , , , 43431 5443 20 while while IN 43431 5443 21 the the DT 43431 5443 22 whole whole JJ 43431 5443 23 length length NN 43431 5443 24 of of IN 43431 5443 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5443 26 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5443 27 surface surface NN 43431 5443 28 contributes contribute VBZ 43431 5443 29 to to IN 43431 5443 30 the the DT 43431 5443 31 floor floor NN 43431 5443 32 of of IN 43431 5443 33 the the DT 43431 5443 34 narial narial JJ 43431 5443 35 passage passage NN 43431 5443 36 . . . 43431 5444 1 The the DT 43431 5444 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5444 3 surface surface NN 43431 5444 4 of of IN 43431 5444 5 each each DT 43431 5444 6 bone bone NN 43431 5444 7 is be VBZ 43431 5444 8 also also RB 43431 5444 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 5444 10 out out RP 43431 5444 11 on on IN 43431 5444 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5444 13 outer outer JJ 43431 5444 14 side side NN 43431 5444 15 into into IN 43431 5444 16 a a DT 43431 5444 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5444 18 ridge ridge NN 43431 5444 19 which which WDT 43431 5444 20 forms form VBZ 43431 5444 21 much much JJ 43431 5444 22 of of IN 43431 5444 23 the the DT 43431 5444 24 side side NN 43431 5444 25 and and CC 43431 5444 26 roof roof NN 43431 5444 27 of of IN 43431 5444 28 the the DT 43431 5444 29 narial narial JJ 43431 5444 30 passage passage NN 43431 5444 31 , , , 43431 5444 32 being be VBG 43431 5444 33 in in IN 43431 5444 34 contact contact NN 43431 5444 35 with with IN 43431 5444 36 the the DT 43431 5444 37 vomer vomer NN 43431 5444 38 and and CC 43431 5444 39 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5444 40 , , , 43431 5444 41 and and CC 43431 5444 42 at at IN 43431 5444 43 one one CD 43431 5444 44 point point NN 43431 5444 45 by by IN 43431 5444 46 means mean NNS 43431 5444 47 of of IN 43431 5444 48 a a DT 43431 5444 49 short short JJ 43431 5444 50 ascending ascend VBG 43431 5444 51 process process NN 43431 5444 52 with with IN 43431 5444 53 the the DT 43431 5444 54 descending descend VBG 43431 5444 55 process process NN 43431 5444 56 of of IN 43431 5444 57 the the DT 43431 5444 58 prefrontal prefrontal NN 43431 5444 59 . . . 43431 5445 1 The the DT 43431 5445 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5445 3 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5445 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5445 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5445 6 figs fig NNS 43431 5445 7 . . . 43431 5446 1 43 43 CD 43431 5446 2 , , , 43431 5446 3 A a NN 43431 5446 4 , , , 43431 5446 5 4 4 CD 43431 5446 6 , , , 43431 5446 7 and and CC 43431 5446 8 45 45 CD 43431 5446 9 , , , 43431 5446 10 11 11 CD 43431 5446 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5446 12 are be VBP 43431 5446 13 a a DT 43431 5446 14 pair pair NN 43431 5446 15 of of IN 43431 5446 16 large large JJ 43431 5446 17 bones bone NNS 43431 5446 18 , , , 43431 5446 19 each each DT 43431 5446 20 consisting consist VBG 43431 5446 21 of of IN 43431 5446 22 a a DT 43431 5446 23 median median NN 43431 5446 24 more more RBR 43431 5446 25 or or CC 43431 5446 26 less less RBR 43431 5446 27 vertical vertical JJ 43431 5446 28 part part NN 43431 5446 29 , , , 43431 5446 30 which which WDT 43431 5446 31 becomes become VBZ 43431 5446 32 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 5446 33 to to IN 43431 5446 34 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5446 35 fellow fellow NN 43431 5446 36 in in IN 43431 5446 37 the the DT 43431 5446 38 middle middle JJ 43431 5446 39 line line NN 43431 5446 40 early early RB 43431 5446 41 in in IN 43431 5446 42 life life NN 43431 5446 43 , , , 43431 5446 44 and and CC 43431 5446 45 of of IN 43431 5446 46 a a DT 43431 5446 47 wide wide JJ 43431 5446 48 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 5446 49 part part NN 43431 5446 50 which which WDT 43431 5446 51 meets meet VBZ 43431 5446 52 the the DT 43431 5446 53 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5446 54 . . . 43431 5447 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5447 2 completely completely RB 43431 5447 3 surround surround VBP 43431 5447 4 the the DT 43431 5447 5 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5447 6 nares nares NNP 43431 5447 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5447 8 fig fig NN 43431 5447 9 . . . 43431 5448 1 43 43 CD 43431 5448 2 , , , 43431 5448 3 A a NN 43431 5448 4 , , , 43431 5448 5 5 5 CD 43431 5448 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5448 7 and and CC 43431 5448 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5448 9 median median JJ 43431 5448 10 portions portion NNS 43431 5448 11 form form VBP 43431 5448 12 the the DT 43431 5448 13 whole whole JJ 43431 5448 14 boundary boundary NN 43431 5448 15 of of IN 43431 5448 16 the the DT 43431 5448 17 posterior posterior NN 43431 5448 18 part part NN 43431 5448 19 of of IN 43431 5448 20 the the DT 43431 5448 21 narial narial JJ 43431 5448 22 passage passage NN 43431 5448 23 , , , 43431 5448 24 and and CC 43431 5448 25 assist assist VB 43431 5448 26 the the DT 43431 5448 27 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5448 28 and and CC 43431 5448 29 vomers vomer NNS 43431 5448 30 in in IN 43431 5448 31 bounding bound VBG 43431 5448 32 the the DT 43431 5448 33 middle middle JJ 43431 5448 34 part part NN 43431 5448 35 . . . 43431 5449 1 The the DT 43431 5449 2 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 5449 3 parts part NNS 43431 5449 4 form form VBP 43431 5449 5 the the DT 43431 5449 6 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5449 7 part part NN 43431 5449 8 of of IN 43431 5449 9 the the DT 43431 5449 10 secondary secondary JJ 43431 5449 11 palate palate NN 43431 5449 12 , , , 43431 5449 13 while while IN 43431 5449 14 the the DT 43431 5449 15 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5449 16 surface surface NN 43431 5449 17 of of IN 43431 5449 18 each each DT 43431 5449 19 looks look NNS 43431 5449 20 into into IN 43431 5449 21 the the DT 43431 5449 22 = = SYM 43431 5449 23 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 5449 24 fossa= fossa= NN 43431 5449 25 , , , 43431 5449 26 a a DT 43431 5449 27 large large JJ 43431 5449 28 cavity cavity NN 43431 5449 29 lying lie VBG 43431 5449 30 below below IN 43431 5449 31 the the DT 43431 5449 32 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5449 33 and and CC 43431 5449 34 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5449 35 at at IN 43431 5449 36 the the DT 43431 5449 37 side side NN 43431 5449 38 of of IN 43431 5449 39 the the DT 43431 5449 40 skull skull NN 43431 5449 41 . . . 43431 5450 1 The the DT 43431 5450 2 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5450 3 margin margin NN 43431 5450 4 adjoining adjoin VBG 43431 5450 5 the the DT 43431 5450 6 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5450 7 is be VBZ 43431 5450 8 in in IN 43431 5450 9 the the DT 43431 5450 10 fresh fresh JJ 43431 5450 11 skull skull NN 43431 5450 12 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5450 13 by by IN 43431 5450 14 a a DT 43431 5450 15 plate plate NN 43431 5450 16 of of IN 43431 5450 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5450 18 against against IN 43431 5450 19 which which WDT 43431 5450 20 the the DT 43431 5450 21 mandible mandible JJ 43431 5450 22 plays play VBZ 43431 5450 23 . . . 43431 5451 1 Dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5451 2 the the DT 43431 5451 3 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5451 4 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5451 5 with with IN 43431 5451 6 the the DT 43431 5451 7 basisphenoid basisphenoid JJ 43431 5451 8 , , , 43431 5451 9 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 5451 10 , , , 43431 5451 11 and and CC 43431 5451 12 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 5451 13 . . . 43431 5452 1 The the DT 43431 5452 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5452 3 transpalatines transpalatine NNS 43431 5452 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5452 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5452 6 fig fig NN 43431 5452 7 . . . 43431 5453 1 44 44 CD 43431 5453 2 , , , 43431 5453 3 11 11 CD 43431 5453 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5453 5 connect connect VBP 43431 5453 6 the the DT 43431 5453 7 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5453 8 with with IN 43431 5453 9 the the DT 43431 5453 10 jugals jugal NNS 43431 5453 11 and and CC 43431 5453 12 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5453 13 , , , 43431 5453 14 articulating articulate VBG 43431 5453 15 with with IN 43431 5453 16 each each DT 43431 5453 17 of of IN 43431 5453 18 the the DT 43431 5453 19 three three CD 43431 5453 20 bones bone NNS 43431 5453 21 by by IN 43431 5453 22 a a DT 43431 5453 23 long long JJ 43431 5453 24 pointed pointed JJ 43431 5453 25 process process NN 43431 5453 26 . . . 43431 5454 1 The the DT 43431 5454 2 jugal jugal JJ 43431 5454 3 process process NN 43431 5454 4 meets meet VBZ 43431 5454 5 also also RB 43431 5454 6 a a DT 43431 5454 7 down down NN 43431 5454 8 - - HYPH 43431 5454 9 growth growth NN 43431 5454 10 from from IN 43431 5454 11 the the DT 43431 5454 12 postfrontal postfrontal NN 43431 5454 13 . . . 43431 5455 1 The the DT 43431 5455 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5455 3 jugals jugal NNS 43431 5455 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5455 5 or or CC 43431 5455 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5455 7 malars malars NNP 43431 5455 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5455 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5455 10 fig fig NN 43431 5455 11 . . . 43431 5456 1 44 44 CD 43431 5456 2 , , , 43431 5456 3 5 5 CD 43431 5456 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5456 5 are be VBP 43431 5456 6 long long RB 43431 5456 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5456 8 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5456 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5456 10 which which WDT 43431 5456 11 are be VBP 43431 5456 12 united united JJ 43431 5456 13 to to IN 43431 5456 14 the the DT 43431 5456 15 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 5456 16 and and CC 43431 5456 17 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5456 18 in in IN 43431 5456 19 front front NN 43431 5456 20 , , , 43431 5456 21 while while IN 43431 5456 22 passing pass VBG 43431 5456 23 backwards backwards RB 43431 5456 24 each each DT 43431 5456 25 is be VBZ 43431 5456 26 united united JJ 43431 5456 27 behind behind RB 43431 5456 28 to to IN 43431 5456 29 the the DT 43431 5456 30 _ _ NNP 43431 5456 31 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 5456 32 _ _ NNP 43431 5456 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5456 34 fig fig NN 43431 5456 35 . . . 43431 5457 1 44 44 CD 43431 5457 2 , , , 43431 5457 3 12 12 CD 43431 5457 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5457 5 , , , 43431 5457 6 the the DT 43431 5457 7 two two CD 43431 5457 8 forming form VBG 43431 5457 9 the the DT 43431 5457 10 = = SYM 43431 5457 11 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5457 12 arcade= arcade= NN 43431 5457 13 which which WDT 43431 5457 14 constitutes constitute VBZ 43431 5457 15 the the DT 43431 5457 16 external external JJ 43431 5457 17 boundary boundary NN 43431 5457 18 of of IN 43431 5457 19 the the DT 43431 5457 20 orbit orbit NN 43431 5457 21 and and CC 43431 5457 22 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5457 23 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5457 24 fossa fossa NN 43431 5457 25 . . . 43431 5458 1 The the DT 43431 5458 2 jugal jugal NN 43431 5458 3 is be VBZ 43431 5458 4 united unite VBN 43431 5458 5 below below RB 43431 5458 6 to to IN 43431 5458 7 the the DT 43431 5458 8 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5458 9 , , , 43431 5458 10 and and CC 43431 5458 11 the the DT 43431 5458 12 two two CD 43431 5458 13 bones bone NNS 43431 5458 14 together together RB 43431 5458 15 form form VBP 43431 5458 16 an an DT 43431 5458 17 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 5458 18 , , , 43431 5458 19 which which WDT 43431 5458 20 meeting meet VBG 43431 5458 21 that that IN 43431 5458 22 from from IN 43431 5458 23 the the DT 43431 5458 24 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 5458 25 forms form NNS 43431 5458 26 the the DT 43431 5458 27 = = SYM 43431 5458 28 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 5458 29 bar= bar= NNP 43431 5458 30 , , , 43431 5458 31 and and CC 43431 5458 32 separates separate VBZ 43431 5458 33 the the DT 43431 5458 34 orbit orbit NN 43431 5458 35 from from IN 43431 5458 36 the the DT 43431 5458 37 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5458 38 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5458 39 fossa fossa NN 43431 5458 40 . . . 43431 5459 1 The the DT 43431 5459 2 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 5459 3 are be VBP 43431 5459 4 small small JJ 43431 5459 5 bones bone NNS 43431 5459 6 and and CC 43431 5459 7 are be VBP 43431 5459 8 united unite VBN 43431 5459 9 behind behind RB 43431 5459 10 with with IN 43431 5459 11 the the DT 43431 5459 12 quadrates quadrate NNS 43431 5459 13 . . . 43431 5460 1 The the DT 43431 5460 2 = = SYM 43431 5460 3 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 5460 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5460 5 figs fig NNS 43431 5460 6 . . . 43431 5461 1 43 43 CD 43431 5461 2 , , , 43431 5461 3 A a NN 43431 5461 4 , , , 43431 5461 5 13 13 CD 43431 5461 6 and and CC 43431 5461 7 44 44 CD 43431 5461 8 , , , 43431 5461 9 8) 8) CD 43431 5461 10 of of IN 43431 5461 11 each each DT 43431 5461 12 side side NN 43431 5461 13 is be VBZ 43431 5461 14 a a DT 43431 5461 15 large large JJ 43431 5461 16 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5461 17 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5461 18 bone bone NN 43431 5461 19 firmly firmly RB 43431 5461 20 fixed fix VBN 43431 5461 21 in in RP 43431 5461 22 among among IN 43431 5461 23 the the DT 43431 5461 24 other other JJ 43431 5461 25 bones bone NNS 43431 5461 26 of of IN 43431 5461 27 the the DT 43431 5461 28 skull skull NN 43431 5461 29 . . . 43431 5462 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5462 2 is be VBZ 43431 5462 3 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5462 4 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5462 5 by by IN 43431 5462 6 an an DT 43431 5462 7 elongated elongated JJ 43431 5462 8 slightly slightly RB 43431 5462 9 convex convex NNP 43431 5462 10 surface surface NN 43431 5462 11 , , , 43431 5462 12 coated coat VBN 43431 5462 13 with with IN 43431 5462 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5462 15 in in IN 43431 5462 16 the the DT 43431 5462 17 fresh fresh JJ 43431 5462 18 skull skull NN 43431 5462 19 , , , 43431 5462 20 by by IN 43431 5462 21 which which WDT 43431 5462 22 the the DT 43431 5462 23 mandible mandible JJ 43431 5462 24 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5462 25 with with IN 43431 5462 26 the the DT 43431 5462 27 cranium cranium NN 43431 5462 28 . . . 43431 5463 1 The the DT 43431 5463 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5463 3 surface surface NN 43431 5463 4 of of IN 43431 5463 5 the the DT 43431 5463 6 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5463 7 is be VBZ 43431 5463 8 flat flat JJ 43431 5463 9 behind behind RB 43431 5463 10 , , , 43431 5463 11 further further RB 43431 5463 12 forwards forwards RB 43431 5463 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5463 14 becomes become VBZ 43431 5463 15 much much RB 43431 5463 16 roughened roughen VBN 43431 5463 17 and and CC 43431 5463 18 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5463 19 with with IN 43431 5463 20 the the DT 43431 5463 21 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 5463 22 and and CC 43431 5463 23 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 5463 24 ; ; : 43431 5463 25 further further JJ 43431 5463 26 forwards forward NNS 43431 5463 27 still still RB 43431 5463 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5463 29 becomes become VBZ 43431 5463 30 marked mark VBN 43431 5463 31 by by IN 43431 5463 32 a a DT 43431 5463 33 deep deep JJ 43431 5463 34 groove groove NN 43431 5463 35 which which WDT 43431 5463 36 forms form VBZ 43431 5463 37 the the DT 43431 5463 38 floor floor NN 43431 5463 39 of of IN 43431 5463 40 the the DT 43431 5463 41 external external JJ 43431 5463 42 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5463 43 meatus meatus NNP 43431 5463 44 and and CC 43431 5463 45 part part NN 43431 5463 46 of of IN 43431 5463 47 the the DT 43431 5463 48 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5463 49 cavity cavity NN 43431 5463 50 . . . 43431 5464 1 The the DT 43431 5464 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5464 3 boundary boundary NN 43431 5464 4 of of IN 43431 5464 5 the the DT 43431 5464 6 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5464 7 is be VBZ 43431 5464 8 extremely extremely RB 43431 5464 9 irregular irregular JJ 43431 5464 10 , , , 43431 5464 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5464 12 is be VBZ 43431 5464 13 united united JJ 43431 5464 14 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5464 15 with with IN 43431 5464 16 the the DT 43431 5464 17 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 5464 18 , , , 43431 5464 19 pro pro JJ 43431 5464 20 - - JJ 43431 5464 21 otic otic JJ 43431 5464 22 , , , 43431 5464 23 and and CC 43431 5464 24 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 5464 25 , , , 43431 5464 26 and and CC 43431 5464 27 more more RBR 43431 5464 28 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 5464 29 with with IN 43431 5464 30 the the DT 43431 5464 31 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 5464 32 . . . 43431 5465 1 The the DT 43431 5465 2 smooth smooth JJ 43431 5465 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5465 4 surface surface NN 43431 5465 5 looks look VBZ 43431 5465 6 into into IN 43431 5465 7 the the DT 43431 5465 8 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 5465 9 fossa fossa NN 43431 5465 10 . . . 43431 5466 1 In in IN 43431 5466 2 front front JJ 43431 5466 3 the the DT 43431 5466 4 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 5466 5 forms form VBZ 43431 5466 6 the the DT 43431 5466 7 posterior posterior NN 43431 5466 8 boundary boundary JJ 43431 5466 9 of of IN 43431 5466 10 the the DT 43431 5466 11 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5466 12 fossa fossa NNP 43431 5466 13 and and CC 43431 5466 14 foramen foramen NNP 43431 5466 15 ovale ovale NN 43431 5466 16 , , , 43431 5466 17 and and CC 43431 5466 18 is be VBZ 43431 5466 19 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5466 20 with with IN 43431 5466 21 the the DT 43431 5466 22 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 5466 23 , , , 43431 5466 24 while while IN 43431 5466 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5466 26 sends send VBZ 43431 5466 27 down down RB 43431 5466 28 a a DT 43431 5466 29 thin thin JJ 43431 5466 30 plate plate NN 43431 5466 31 meeting meeting NN 43431 5466 32 the the DT 43431 5466 33 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5466 34 and and CC 43431 5466 35 basisphenoid basisphenoid JJ 43431 5466 36 . . . 43431 5467 1 On on IN 43431 5467 2 the the DT 43431 5467 3 inner inner JJ 43431 5467 4 side side NN 43431 5467 5 of of IN 43431 5467 6 the the DT 43431 5467 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5467 8 surface surface NN 43431 5467 9 of of IN 43431 5467 10 the the DT 43431 5467 11 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5467 12 near near IN 43431 5467 13 the the DT 43431 5467 14 condyle condyle NN 43431 5467 15 , , , 43431 5467 16 is be VBZ 43431 5467 17 a a DT 43431 5467 18 small small JJ 43431 5467 19 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5467 20 which which WDT 43431 5467 21 leads lead VBZ 43431 5467 22 into into IN 43431 5467 23 a a DT 43431 5467 24 tube tube NN 43431 5467 25 communicating communicate VBG 43431 5467 26 with with IN 43431 5467 27 the the DT 43431 5467 28 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5467 29 cavity cavity NN 43431 5467 30 , , , 43431 5467 31 by by IN 43431 5467 32 a a DT 43431 5467 33 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5467 34 lying lie VBG 43431 5467 35 in in IN 43431 5467 36 front front NN 43431 5467 37 of of IN 43431 5467 38 and and CC 43431 5467 39 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5467 40 to to IN 43431 5467 41 that that DT 43431 5467 42 for for IN 43431 5467 43 the the DT 43431 5467 44 exit exit NN 43431 5467 45 of of IN 43431 5467 46 the the DT 43431 5467 47 facial facial JJ 43431 5467 48 nerve nerve NN 43431 5467 49 . . . 43431 5468 1 By by IN 43431 5468 2 this this DT 43431 5468 3 tube tube NN 43431 5468 4 air air NN 43431 5468 5 can can MD 43431 5468 6 pass pass VB 43431 5468 7 from from IN 43431 5468 8 the the DT 43431 5468 9 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 5468 10 cavity cavity NN 43431 5468 11 into into IN 43431 5468 12 the the DT 43431 5468 13 articular articular JJ 43431 5468 14 bone bone NN 43431 5468 15 of of IN 43431 5468 16 the the DT 43431 5468 17 mandible mandible NN 43431 5468 18 . . . 43431 5469 1 The the DT 43431 5469 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5469 3 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 5469 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5469 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5469 6 fig fig NN 43431 5469 7 . . . 43431 5470 1 44 44 CD 43431 5470 2 , , , 43431 5470 3 7 7 CD 43431 5470 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5470 5 meets meet VBZ 43431 5470 6 the the DT 43431 5470 7 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 5470 8 and and CC 43431 5470 9 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 5470 10 below below RB 43431 5470 11 , , , 43431 5470 12 and and CC 43431 5470 13 forms form VBZ 43431 5470 14 part part NN 43431 5470 15 of of IN 43431 5470 16 the the DT 43431 5470 17 roof roof NN 43431 5470 18 of of IN 43431 5470 19 the the DT 43431 5470 20 external external JJ 43431 5470 21 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5470 22 meatus meatus NNP 43431 5470 23 , , , 43431 5470 24 while while IN 43431 5470 25 above above IN 43431 5470 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5470 27 forms form VBZ 43431 5470 28 part part NN 43431 5470 29 of of IN 43431 5470 30 the the DT 43431 5470 31 roof roof NN 43431 5470 32 of of IN 43431 5470 33 the the DT 43431 5470 34 skull skull NN 43431 5470 35 and and CC 43431 5470 36 has have VBZ 43431 5470 37 a a DT 43431 5470 38 pitted pitted JJ 43431 5470 39 structure structure NN 43431 5470 40 like like IN 43431 5470 41 that that DT 43431 5470 42 of of IN 43431 5470 43 the the DT 43431 5470 44 other other JJ 43431 5470 45 bones bone NNS 43431 5470 46 of of IN 43431 5470 47 the the DT 43431 5470 48 roof roof NN 43431 5470 49 . . . 43431 5471 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5471 2 is be VBZ 43431 5471 3 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5471 4 with with IN 43431 5471 5 the the DT 43431 5471 6 postfrontal postfrontal NN 43431 5471 7 in in IN 43431 5471 8 front front NN 43431 5471 9 , , , 43431 5471 10 forming form VBG 43431 5471 11 with with IN 43431 5471 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5471 13 the the DT 43431 5471 14 = = SYM 43431 5471 15 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5471 16 arcade= arcade= NN 43431 5471 17 which which WDT 43431 5471 18 constitutes constitute VBZ 43431 5471 19 the the DT 43431 5471 20 outer outer JJ 43431 5471 21 boundary boundary NN 43431 5471 22 of of IN 43431 5471 23 the the DT 43431 5471 24 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5471 25 fossa fossa NN 43431 5471 26 . . . 43431 5472 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5472 2 meets meet VBZ 43431 5472 3 also also RB 43431 5472 4 the the DT 43431 5472 5 parietal parietal NN 43431 5472 6 on on IN 43431 5472 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5472 8 inner inner JJ 43431 5472 9 side side NN 43431 5472 10 , , , 43431 5472 11 forming form VBG 43431 5472 12 the the DT 43431 5472 13 = = SYM 43431 5472 14 post post JJ 43431 5472 15 - - JJ 43431 5472 16 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5472 17 bar= bar= NNP 43431 5472 18 , , , 43431 5472 19 the the DT 43431 5472 20 posterior posterior NN 43431 5472 21 boundary boundary JJ 43431 5472 22 of of IN 43431 5472 23 the the DT 43431 5472 24 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5472 25 fossa fossa NN 43431 5472 26 . . . 43431 5473 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5473 2 may may MD 43431 5473 3 be be VB 43431 5473 4 useful useful JJ 43431 5473 5 to to TO 43431 5473 6 recapitulate recapitulate VB 43431 5473 7 the the DT 43431 5473 8 large large JJ 43431 5473 9 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 5473 10 in in IN 43431 5473 11 the the DT 43431 5473 12 surface surface NN 43431 5473 13 of of IN 43431 5473 14 the the DT 43431 5473 15 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5473 16 's 's POS 43431 5473 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 5473 18 . . . 43431 5474 1 _ _ NNP 43431 5474 2 Dorsal Dorsal NNP 43431 5474 3 surface surface NN 43431 5474 4 . . . 43431 5474 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5474 6 1 1 CD 43431 5474 7 . . . 43431 5475 1 = = NFP 43431 5475 2 The the DT 43431 5475 3 Supratemporal Supratemporal NNP 43431 5475 4 fossae=. fossae=. XX 43431 5476 1 Each each DT 43431 5476 2 is be VBZ 43431 5476 3 bounded bound VBN 43431 5476 4 internally internally RB 43431 5476 5 by by IN 43431 5476 6 the the DT 43431 5476 7 parietal parietal NN 43431 5476 8 , , , 43431 5476 9 behind behind RB 43431 5476 10 by by IN 43431 5476 11 the the DT 43431 5476 12 = = SYM 43431 5476 13 post post JJ 43431 5476 14 - - JJ 43431 5476 15 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5476 16 bar= bar= NNP 43431 5476 17 formed form VBN 43431 5476 18 by by IN 43431 5476 19 the the DT 43431 5476 20 parietal parietal NN 43431 5476 21 and and CC 43431 5476 22 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 5476 23 , , , 43431 5476 24 and and CC 43431 5476 25 externally externally RB 43431 5476 26 by by IN 43431 5476 27 the the DT 43431 5476 28 = = SYM 43431 5476 29 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5476 30 arcade= arcade= NNS 43431 5476 31 formed form VBN 43431 5476 32 by by IN 43431 5476 33 the the DT 43431 5476 34 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5476 35 and and CC 43431 5476 36 postfrontal postfrontal NN 43431 5476 37 . . . 43431 5477 1 The the DT 43431 5477 2 postfrontal postfrontal NN 43431 5477 3 meets meet VBZ 43431 5477 4 the the DT 43431 5477 5 parietal parietal NN 43431 5477 6 in in IN 43431 5477 7 front front NN 43431 5477 8 and and CC 43431 5477 9 forms form VBZ 43431 5477 10 the the DT 43431 5477 11 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5477 12 boundary boundary NNP 43431 5477 13 of of IN 43431 5477 14 the the DT 43431 5477 15 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5477 16 fossa fossa NN 43431 5477 17 . . . 43431 5478 1 2 2 LS 43431 5478 2 . . . 43431 5479 1 The the DT 43431 5479 2 = = SYM 43431 5479 3 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 5479 4 temporal= temporal= NN 43431 5479 5 or or CC 43431 5479 6 = = SYM 43431 5479 7 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5479 8 fossae=. fossae=. XX 43431 5480 1 These these DT 43431 5480 2 lie lie VBP 43431 5480 3 below below RB 43431 5480 4 and and CC 43431 5480 5 to to IN 43431 5480 6 the the DT 43431 5480 7 outer outer JJ 43431 5480 8 side side NN 43431 5480 9 of of IN 43431 5480 10 the the DT 43431 5480 11 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5480 12 fossae fossae NN 43431 5480 13 . . . 43431 5481 1 Each each DT 43431 5481 2 is be VBZ 43431 5481 3 bounded bound VBN 43431 5481 4 dorso dorso JJ 43431 5481 5 - - HYPH 43431 5481 6 internally internally RB 43431 5481 7 by by IN 43431 5481 8 the the DT 43431 5481 9 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5481 10 arcade arcade NN 43431 5481 11 ; ; : 43431 5481 12 and and CC 43431 5481 13 behind behind RB 43431 5481 14 by by IN 43431 5481 15 a a DT 43431 5481 16 continuation continuation NN 43431 5481 17 of of IN 43431 5481 18 the the DT 43431 5481 19 post post JJ 43431 5481 20 - - JJ 43431 5481 21 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5481 22 bar bar NN 43431 5481 23 formed form VBN 43431 5481 24 by by IN 43431 5481 25 the the DT 43431 5481 26 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 5481 27 and and CC 43431 5481 28 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5481 29 . . . 43431 5482 1 The the DT 43431 5482 2 external external JJ 43431 5482 3 boundary boundary NN 43431 5482 4 is be VBZ 43431 5482 5 the the DT 43431 5482 6 = = SYM 43431 5482 7 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5482 8 arcade= arcade= NNS 43431 5482 9 formed form VBN 43431 5482 10 of of IN 43431 5482 11 the the DT 43431 5482 12 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5482 13 and and CC 43431 5482 14 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5482 15 , , , 43431 5482 16 while while IN 43431 5482 17 in in IN 43431 5482 18 front front NN 43431 5482 19 the the DT 43431 5482 20 fossa fossa NN 43431 5482 21 is be VBZ 43431 5482 22 separated separate VBN 43431 5482 23 from from IN 43431 5482 24 the the DT 43431 5482 25 orbit orbit NN 43431 5482 26 by by IN 43431 5482 27 the the DT 43431 5482 28 = = SYM 43431 5482 29 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 5482 30 bar= bar= NNP 43431 5482 31 formed form VBN 43431 5482 32 by by IN 43431 5482 33 the the DT 43431 5482 34 junction junction NN 43431 5482 35 of of IN 43431 5482 36 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 5482 37 from from IN 43431 5482 38 the the DT 43431 5482 39 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 5482 40 and and CC 43431 5482 41 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5482 42 . . . 43431 5483 1 3 3 LS 43431 5483 2 . . . 43431 5484 1 The the DT 43431 5484 2 = = SYM 43431 5484 3 Orbits=. orbits=. NN 43431 5485 1 Each each DT 43431 5485 2 is be VBZ 43431 5485 3 bounded bound VBN 43431 5485 4 behind behind RB 43431 5485 5 by by IN 43431 5485 6 the the DT 43431 5485 7 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 5485 8 bar bar NN 43431 5485 9 , , , 43431 5485 10 externally externally RB 43431 5485 11 by by IN 43431 5485 12 the the DT 43431 5485 13 jugal jugal NN 43431 5485 14 forming form VBG 43431 5485 15 a a DT 43431 5485 16 continuation continuation NN 43431 5485 17 of of IN 43431 5485 18 the the DT 43431 5485 19 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5485 20 arcade arcade NN 43431 5485 21 , , , 43431 5485 22 in in IN 43431 5485 23 front front NN 43431 5485 24 by by IN 43431 5485 25 the the DT 43431 5485 26 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 5485 27 , , , 43431 5485 28 and and CC 43431 5485 29 internally internally RB 43431 5485 30 by by IN 43431 5485 31 the the DT 43431 5485 32 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5485 33 and and CC 43431 5485 34 prefrontal prefrontal NN 43431 5485 35 . . . 43431 5486 1 4 4 LS 43431 5486 2 . . . 43431 5487 1 The the DT 43431 5487 2 = = SYM 43431 5487 3 Anterior Anterior NNP 43431 5487 4 nares=. nares=. NNP 43431 5488 1 These these DT 43431 5488 2 form form VBP 43431 5488 3 an an DT 43431 5488 4 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 5488 5 opening opening NN 43431 5488 6 bounded bound VBN 43431 5488 7 by by IN 43431 5488 8 the the DT 43431 5488 9 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 5488 10 . . . 43431 5489 1 _ _ NNP 43431 5489 2 Posterior Posterior NNP 43431 5489 3 surface surface NN 43431 5489 4 . . . 43431 5489 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5489 6 5 5 CD 43431 5489 7 . . . 43431 5490 1 The the DT 43431 5490 2 = = SYM 43431 5490 3 Foramen Foramen NNP 43431 5490 4 magnum=. magnum=. CD 43431 5491 1 The the DT 43431 5491 2 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 5491 3 form form VBP 43431 5491 4 the the DT 43431 5491 5 chief chief JJ 43431 5491 6 part part NN 43431 5491 7 of of IN 43431 5491 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5491 9 boundary boundary NN 43431 5491 10 , , , 43431 5491 11 but but CC 43431 5491 12 part part NN 43431 5491 13 of of IN 43431 5491 14 the the DT 43431 5491 15 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5491 16 boundary boundary NN 43431 5491 17 is be VBZ 43431 5491 18 formed form VBN 43431 5491 19 by by IN 43431 5491 20 the the DT 43431 5491 21 basi basi NN 43431 5491 22 - - HYPH 43431 5491 23 occipital occipital NN 43431 5491 24 . . . 43431 5492 1 6 6 CD 43431 5492 2 . . . 43431 5493 1 The the DT 43431 5493 2 = = SYM 43431 5493 3 Pterygoid Pterygoid NNP 43431 5493 4 fossae=. fossae=. XX 43431 5494 1 These these DT 43431 5494 2 form form VBP 43431 5494 3 a a DT 43431 5494 4 pair pair NN 43431 5494 5 of of IN 43431 5494 6 large large JJ 43431 5494 7 cavities cavity NNS 43431 5494 8 at at IN 43431 5494 9 the the DT 43431 5494 10 sides side NNS 43431 5494 11 of of IN 43431 5494 12 the the DT 43431 5494 13 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5494 14 region region NN 43431 5494 15 of of IN 43431 5494 16 the the DT 43431 5494 17 skull skull NN 43431 5494 18 . . . 43431 5495 1 The the DT 43431 5495 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5495 3 boundary boundary NN 43431 5495 4 is be VBZ 43431 5495 5 formed form VBN 43431 5495 6 by by IN 43431 5495 7 the the DT 43431 5495 8 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 5495 9 and and CC 43431 5495 10 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5495 11 , , , 43431 5495 12 the the DT 43431 5495 13 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5495 14 by by IN 43431 5495 15 the the DT 43431 5495 16 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5495 17 , , , 43431 5495 18 the the DT 43431 5495 19 internal internal JJ 43431 5495 20 chiefly chiefly NN 43431 5495 21 by by IN 43431 5495 22 the the DT 43431 5495 23 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 5495 24 , , , 43431 5495 25 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 5495 26 , , , 43431 5495 27 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 5495 28 , , , 43431 5495 29 and and CC 43431 5495 30 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 5495 31 . . . 43431 5496 1 The the DT 43431 5496 2 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5496 3 forms form VBZ 43431 5496 4 a a DT 43431 5496 5 small small JJ 43431 5496 6 part part NN 43431 5496 7 of of IN 43431 5496 8 the the DT 43431 5496 9 external external JJ 43431 5496 10 boundary boundary NN 43431 5496 11 which which WDT 43431 5496 12 is be VBZ 43431 5496 13 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 5496 14 . . . 43431 5497 1 _ _ NNP 43431 5497 2 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 5497 3 surface surface NN 43431 5497 4 . . . 43431 5497 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5497 6 7 7 CD 43431 5497 7 . . . 43431 5498 1 The the DT 43431 5498 2 = = NFP 43431 5498 3 Posterior Posterior NNP 43431 5498 4 nares=. nares=. NNP 43431 5499 1 These these DT 43431 5499 2 form form VBP 43431 5499 3 a a DT 43431 5499 4 median median JJ 43431 5499 5 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 5499 6 opening opening NN 43431 5499 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5499 8 fig fig NN 43431 5499 9 . . . 43431 5500 1 43 43 CD 43431 5500 2 , , , 43431 5500 3 A a NN 43431 5500 4 , , , 43431 5500 5 5 5 CD 43431 5500 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5500 7 bounded bound VBN 43431 5500 8 by by IN 43431 5500 9 the the DT 43431 5500 10 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5500 11 . . . 43431 5501 1 8 8 LS 43431 5501 2 . . . 43431 5502 1 The the DT 43431 5502 2 = = -RRB- 43431 5502 3 Posterior Posterior NNP 43431 5502 4 palatine palatine NN 43431 5502 5 vacuities=. vacuities=. NN 43431 5503 1 Each each DT 43431 5503 2 is be VBZ 43431 5503 3 bounded bound VBN 43431 5503 4 by by IN 43431 5503 5 the the DT 43431 5503 6 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5503 7 in in IN 43431 5503 8 front front NN 43431 5503 9 , , , 43431 5503 10 the the DT 43431 5503 11 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5503 12 and and CC 43431 5503 13 transpalatine transpalatine NNP 43431 5503 14 externally externally RB 43431 5503 15 , , , 43431 5503 16 the the DT 43431 5503 17 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5503 18 and and CC 43431 5503 19 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 5503 20 behind behind RB 43431 5503 21 , , , 43431 5503 22 and and CC 43431 5503 23 the the DT 43431 5503 24 palatine palatine NN 43431 5503 25 on on IN 43431 5503 26 the the DT 43431 5503 27 inner inner JJ 43431 5503 28 side side NN 43431 5503 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5503 30 fig fig NN 43431 5503 31 . . . 43431 5504 1 43 43 CD 43431 5504 2 , , , 43431 5504 3 A a NN 43431 5504 4 , , , 43431 5504 5 7 7 CD 43431 5504 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5504 7 . . . 43431 5505 1 9 9 CD 43431 5505 2 . . . 43431 5506 1 The the DT 43431 5506 2 = = SYM 43431 5506 3 Anterior Anterior NNP 43431 5506 4 palatine palatine NN 43431 5506 5 vacuity=. vacuity=. . 43431 5507 1 This this DT 43431 5507 2 is be VBZ 43431 5507 3 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 5507 4 and and CC 43431 5507 5 is be VBZ 43431 5507 6 bounded bound VBN 43431 5507 7 by by IN 43431 5507 8 the the DT 43431 5507 9 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5507 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5507 11 fig fig NN 43431 5507 12 . . . 43431 5508 1 43 43 CD 43431 5508 2 , , , 43431 5508 3 A a NN 43431 5508 4 , , , 43431 5508 5 8) 8) CD 43431 5508 6 . . . 43431 5509 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5509 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5509 3 b b NNP 43431 5509 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5509 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5509 6 THE the DT 43431 5509 7 LOWER LOWER NNP 43431 5509 8 JAW JAW NNP 43431 5509 9 OR or CC 43431 5509 10 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNP 43431 5509 11 . . . 43431 5510 1 The the DT 43431 5510 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 5510 3 is be VBZ 43431 5510 4 a a DT 43431 5510 5 strong strong JJ 43431 5510 6 compact compact JJ 43431 5510 7 bony bony NN 43431 5510 8 structure structure NN 43431 5510 9 formed form VBN 43431 5510 10 of of IN 43431 5510 11 two two CD 43431 5510 12 halves half NNS 43431 5510 13 or or CC 43431 5510 14 = = SYM 43431 5510 15 rami= rami= NN 43431 5510 16 , , , 43431 5510 17 which which WDT 43431 5510 18 are be VBP 43431 5510 19 suturally suturally RB 43431 5510 20 united united JJ 43431 5510 21 at at IN 43431 5510 22 the the DT 43431 5510 23 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5510 24 in in IN 43431 5510 25 the the DT 43431 5510 26 middle middle JJ 43431 5510 27 line line NN 43431 5510 28 in in IN 43431 5510 29 front front NN 43431 5510 30 . . . 43431 5511 1 Each each DT 43431 5511 2 ramus ramus NN 43431 5511 3 is be VBZ 43431 5511 4 formed form VBN 43431 5511 5 of of IN 43431 5511 6 six six CD 43431 5511 7 separate separate JJ 43431 5511 8 bones bone NNS 43431 5511 9 . . . 43431 5512 1 The the DT 43431 5512 2 most most JJS 43431 5512 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5512 4 and and CC 43431 5512 5 largest large JJS 43431 5512 6 of of IN 43431 5512 7 these these DT 43431 5512 8 is be VBZ 43431 5512 9 the the DT 43431 5512 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5512 11 dentary dentary NN 43431 5512 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5512 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5512 14 figs fig NNS 43431 5512 15 . . . 43431 5513 1 44 44 CD 43431 5513 2 , , , 43431 5513 3 20 20 CD 43431 5513 4 , , , 43431 5513 5 and and CC 43431 5513 6 45 45 CD 43431 5513 7 , , , 43431 5513 8 18 18 CD 43431 5513 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5513 10 , , , 43431 5513 11 which which WDT 43431 5513 12 forms form VBZ 43431 5513 13 the the DT 43431 5513 14 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5513 15 , , , 43431 5513 16 and and CC 43431 5513 17 greater great JJR 43431 5513 18 part part NN 43431 5513 19 of of IN 43431 5513 20 the the DT 43431 5513 21 anterior anterior NN 43431 5513 22 half half NN 43431 5513 23 of of IN 43431 5513 24 the the DT 43431 5513 25 jaw jaw NN 43431 5513 26 , , , 43431 5513 27 and and CC 43431 5513 28 bears bear VBZ 43431 5513 29 along along IN 43431 5513 30 the the DT 43431 5513 31 outer outer JJ 43431 5513 32 part part NN 43431 5513 33 of of IN 43431 5513 34 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5513 35 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5513 36 border border NN 43431 5513 37 a a DT 43431 5513 38 number number NN 43431 5513 39 of of IN 43431 5513 40 sockets socket NNS 43431 5513 41 or or CC 43431 5513 42 = = SYM 43431 5513 43 alveoli= alveoli= NN 43431 5513 44 in in IN 43431 5513 45 which which WDT 43431 5513 46 the the DT 43431 5513 47 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5513 48 are be VBP 43431 5513 49 placed place VBN 43431 5513 50 . . . 43431 5514 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 5514 2 along along IN 43431 5514 3 the the DT 43431 5514 4 inner inner JJ 43431 5514 5 side side NN 43431 5514 6 of of IN 43431 5514 7 the the DT 43431 5514 8 dentary dentary NN 43431 5514 9 is be VBZ 43431 5514 10 a a DT 43431 5514 11 large large JJ 43431 5514 12 splint splint NN 43431 5514 13 - - HYPH 43431 5514 14 like like JJ 43431 5514 15 bone bone NN 43431 5514 16 , , , 43431 5514 17 the the DT 43431 5514 18 _ _ NNP 43431 5514 19 splenial splenial NN 43431 5514 20 _ _ NNP 43431 5514 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5514 22 fig fig NN 43431 5514 23 . . . 43431 5515 1 45 45 CD 43431 5515 2 , , , 43431 5515 3 19 19 CD 43431 5515 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5515 5 , , , 43431 5515 6 which which WDT 43431 5515 7 does do VBZ 43431 5515 8 not not RB 43431 5515 9 extend extend VB 43431 5515 10 so so RB 43431 5515 11 far far RB 43431 5515 12 forwards forwards RB 43431 5515 13 as as IN 43431 5515 14 the the DT 43431 5515 15 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5515 16 , , , 43431 5515 17 and and CC 43431 5515 18 is be VBZ 43431 5515 19 separated separate VBN 43431 5515 20 from from IN 43431 5515 21 the the DT 43431 5515 22 dentary dentary NN 43431 5515 23 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5515 24 by by IN 43431 5515 25 a a DT 43431 5515 26 large large JJ 43431 5515 27 cavity cavity NN 43431 5515 28 . . . 43431 5516 1 Forming form VBG 43431 5516 2 the the DT 43431 5516 3 lower low JJR 43431 5516 4 part part NN 43431 5516 5 of of IN 43431 5516 6 all all PDT 43431 5516 7 the the DT 43431 5516 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 5516 9 half half NN 43431 5516 10 of of IN 43431 5516 11 the the DT 43431 5516 12 jaw jaw NN 43431 5516 13 is be VBZ 43431 5516 14 the the DT 43431 5516 15 large large JJ 43431 5516 16 _ _ NNP 43431 5516 17 angular angular JJ 43431 5516 18 _ _ NNP 43431 5516 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5516 20 figs fig NNS 43431 5516 21 . . . 43431 5517 1 44 44 CD 43431 5517 2 , , , 43431 5517 3 22 22 CD 43431 5517 4 , , , 43431 5517 5 and and CC 43431 5517 6 45 45 CD 43431 5517 7 , , , 43431 5517 8 20 20 CD 43431 5517 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5517 10 , , , 43431 5517 11 which which WDT 43431 5517 12 underlies underlie VBZ 43431 5517 13 the the DT 43431 5517 14 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5517 15 part part NN 43431 5517 16 of of IN 43431 5517 17 the the DT 43431 5517 18 dentary dentary NN 43431 5517 19 in in IN 43431 5517 20 front front NN 43431 5517 21 and and CC 43431 5517 22 sends send VBZ 43431 5517 23 a a DT 43431 5517 24 long long JJ 43431 5517 25 process process NN 43431 5517 26 below below IN 43431 5517 27 that that DT 43431 5517 28 bone bone NN 43431 5517 29 to to IN 43431 5517 30 the the DT 43431 5517 31 splenial splenial NN 43431 5517 32 . . . 43431 5518 1 On on IN 43431 5518 2 the the DT 43431 5518 3 inner inner JJ 43431 5518 4 side side NN 43431 5518 5 of of IN 43431 5518 6 the the DT 43431 5518 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 5518 8 there there EX 43431 5518 9 is be VBZ 43431 5518 10 an an DT 43431 5518 11 oval oval JJ 43431 5518 12 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5518 13 , , , 43431 5518 14 the the DT 43431 5518 15 = = SYM 43431 5518 16 internal internal JJ 43431 5518 17 mandibular mandibular NNP 43431 5518 18 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 5518 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5518 20 fig fig NN 43431 5518 21 . . . 43431 5519 1 45 45 CD 43431 5519 2 , , , 43431 5519 3 28 28 CD 43431 5519 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5519 5 , , , 43431 5519 6 between between IN 43431 5519 7 the the DT 43431 5519 8 angular angular JJ 43431 5519 9 and and CC 43431 5519 10 the the DT 43431 5519 11 splenial splenial NN 43431 5519 12 ; ; : 43431 5519 13 through through IN 43431 5519 14 this this DT 43431 5519 15 pass pass NN 43431 5519 16 blood blood NN 43431 5519 17 - - HYPH 43431 5519 18 vessels vessel NNS 43431 5519 19 and and CC 43431 5519 20 branches branch NNS 43431 5519 21 of of IN 43431 5519 22 the the DT 43431 5519 23 inferior inferior JJ 43431 5519 24 dental dental JJ 43431 5519 25 nerve nerve NN 43431 5519 26 . . . 43431 5520 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 5520 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5520 3 to to IN 43431 5520 4 the the DT 43431 5520 5 angular angular JJ 43431 5520 6 is be VBZ 43431 5520 7 another another DT 43431 5520 8 large large JJ 43431 5520 9 bone bone NN 43431 5520 10 , , , 43431 5520 11 the the DT 43431 5520 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5520 13 supra supra NNP 43431 5520 14 - - HYPH 43431 5520 15 angular angular NNP 43431 5520 16 _ _ NNP 43431 5520 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5520 18 figs fig NNS 43431 5520 19 . . . 43431 5521 1 44 44 CD 43431 5521 2 , , , 43431 5521 3 18 18 CD 43431 5521 4 , , , 43431 5521 5 and and CC 43431 5521 6 45 45 CD 43431 5521 7 , , , 43431 5521 8 21 21 CD 43431 5521 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5521 10 . . . 43431 5522 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5522 2 extends extend VBZ 43431 5522 3 back back RB 43431 5522 4 as as RB 43431 5522 5 far far RB 43431 5522 6 as as IN 43431 5522 7 the the DT 43431 5522 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 5522 9 end end NN 43431 5522 10 of of IN 43431 5522 11 the the DT 43431 5522 12 jaw jaw NN 43431 5522 13 and and CC 43431 5522 14 forwards forward NNS 43431 5522 15 for for IN 43431 5522 16 some some DT 43431 5522 17 distance distance NN 43431 5522 18 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5522 19 to to IN 43431 5522 20 the the DT 43431 5522 21 dentary dentary JJ 43431 5522 22 and and CC 43431 5522 23 splenial splenial NN 43431 5522 24 . . . 43431 5523 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5523 2 forms form VBZ 43431 5523 3 part part NN 43431 5523 4 of of IN 43431 5523 5 the the DT 43431 5523 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 5523 7 margin margin NN 43431 5523 8 of of IN 43431 5523 9 a a DT 43431 5523 10 large large JJ 43431 5523 11 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5523 12 , , , 43431 5523 13 the the DT 43431 5523 14 = = SYM 43431 5523 15 external external JJ 43431 5523 16 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 5523 17 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 5523 18 , , , 43431 5523 19 which which WDT 43431 5523 20 is be VBZ 43431 5523 21 bordered border VBN 43431 5523 22 above above RB 43431 5523 23 and and CC 43431 5523 24 in in IN 43431 5523 25 front front NN 43431 5523 26 by by IN 43431 5523 27 the the DT 43431 5523 28 dentary dentary NN 43431 5523 29 and and CC 43431 5523 30 below below RB 43431 5523 31 by by IN 43431 5523 32 the the DT 43431 5523 33 angular angular NN 43431 5523 34 ; ; : 43431 5523 35 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5523 36 gives give VBZ 43431 5523 37 passage passage NN 43431 5523 38 to to IN 43431 5523 39 the the DT 43431 5523 40 cutaneous cutaneous JJ 43431 5523 41 branch branch NN 43431 5523 42 of of IN 43431 5523 43 the the DT 43431 5523 44 inferior inferior JJ 43431 5523 45 dental dental JJ 43431 5523 46 nerve nerve NN 43431 5523 47 . . . 43431 5524 1 The the DT 43431 5524 2 concave concave NNP 43431 5524 3 surface surface NN 43431 5524 4 for for IN 43431 5524 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 5524 6 with with IN 43431 5524 7 the the DT 43431 5524 8 mandible mandible JJ 43431 5524 9 and and CC 43431 5524 10 much much JJ 43431 5524 11 of of IN 43431 5524 12 the the DT 43431 5524 13 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5524 14 end end NN 43431 5524 15 of of IN 43431 5524 16 the the DT 43431 5524 17 jaw jaw NN 43431 5524 18 is be VBZ 43431 5524 19 formed form VBN 43431 5524 20 by by IN 43431 5524 21 a a DT 43431 5524 22 short short JJ 43431 5524 23 but but CC 43431 5524 24 solid solid JJ 43431 5524 25 bone bone NN 43431 5524 26 , , , 43431 5524 27 the the DT 43431 5524 28 = = SYM 43431 5524 29 articular= articular= NNP 43431 5524 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5524 31 fig fig NN 43431 5524 32 . . . 43431 5525 1 45 45 CD 43431 5525 2 , , , 43431 5525 3 22 22 CD 43431 5525 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5525 5 , , , 43431 5525 6 which which WDT 43431 5525 7 in in IN 43431 5525 8 young young JJ 43431 5525 9 skulls skull NNS 43431 5525 10 rather rather RB 43431 5525 11 readily readily RB 43431 5525 12 becomes become VBZ 43431 5525 13 detached detach VBN 43431 5525 14 . . . 43431 5526 1 The the DT 43431 5526 2 remaining remain VBG 43431 5526 3 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 5526 4 bone bone NN 43431 5526 5 is be VBZ 43431 5526 6 the the DT 43431 5526 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5526 8 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 5526 9 _ _ NNP 43431 5526 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5526 11 fig fig NN 43431 5526 12 . . . 43431 5527 1 45 45 CD 43431 5527 2 , , , 43431 5527 3 23 23 CD 43431 5527 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5527 5 , , , 43431 5527 6 a a DT 43431 5527 7 very very RB 43431 5527 8 small small JJ 43431 5527 9 bone bone NN 43431 5527 10 of of IN 43431 5527 11 irregular irregular JJ 43431 5527 12 shape shape NN 43431 5527 13 attached attach VBN 43431 5527 14 to to IN 43431 5527 15 the the DT 43431 5527 16 angular angular NN 43431 5527 17 below below RB 43431 5527 18 , , , 43431 5527 19 and and CC 43431 5527 20 to to IN 43431 5527 21 the the DT 43431 5527 22 supra supra NNP 43431 5527 23 - - HYPH 43431 5527 24 angular angular JJ 43431 5527 25 and and CC 43431 5527 26 splenial splenial JJ 43431 5527 27 above above RB 43431 5527 28 . . . 43431 5528 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5528 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5528 3 c c NNP 43431 5528 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5528 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5528 6 THE the DT 43431 5528 7 HYOID HYOID NNP 43431 5528 8 . . . 43431 5529 1 The the DT 43431 5529 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 5529 3 of of IN 43431 5529 4 the the DT 43431 5529 5 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5529 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 5529 7 of of IN 43431 5529 8 a a DT 43431 5529 9 wide wide JJ 43431 5529 10 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5529 11 plate plate NN 43431 5529 12 of of IN 43431 5529 13 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5529 14 , , , 43431 5529 15 the the DT 43431 5529 16 = = SYM 43431 5529 17 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 5529 18 plate= plate= NN 43431 5529 19 or or CC 43431 5529 20 = = SYM 43431 5529 21 body body NN 43431 5529 22 of of IN 43431 5529 23 the the DT 43431 5529 24 hyoid= hyoid= NN 43431 5529 25 , , , 43431 5529 26 and and CC 43431 5529 27 a a DT 43431 5529 28 pair pair NN 43431 5529 29 of of IN 43431 5529 30 = = NNS 43431 5529 31 cornua=. cornua=. FW 43431 5530 1 The the DT 43431 5530 2 = = SYM 43431 5530 3 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 5530 4 plate= plate= NN 43431 5530 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5530 6 fig fig NN 43431 5530 7 . . . 43431 5531 1 53 53 CD 43431 5531 2 , , , 43431 5531 3 1 1 CD 43431 5531 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5531 5 is be VBZ 43431 5531 6 rounded round VBN 43431 5531 7 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 5531 8 and and CC 43431 5531 9 marked mark VBN 43431 5531 10 by by IN 43431 5531 11 a a DT 43431 5531 12 deep deep JJ 43431 5531 13 notch notch NN 43431 5531 14 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5531 15 . . . 43431 5532 1 The the DT 43431 5532 2 = = SYM 43431 5532 3 cornua= cornua= NN 43431 5532 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5532 5 fig fig NN 43431 5532 6 . . . 43431 5533 1 53 53 CD 43431 5533 2 , , , 43431 5533 3 3 3 CD 43431 5533 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5533 5 , , , 43431 5533 6 which which WDT 43431 5533 7 are be VBP 43431 5533 8 attached attach VBN 43431 5533 9 at at IN 43431 5533 10 a a DT 43431 5533 11 pair pair NN 43431 5533 12 of of IN 43431 5533 13 notches notch NNS 43431 5533 14 near near IN 43431 5533 15 the the DT 43431 5533 16 middle middle NN 43431 5533 17 of of IN 43431 5533 18 the the DT 43431 5533 19 outer outer JJ 43431 5533 20 border border NN 43431 5533 21 of of IN 43431 5533 22 the the DT 43431 5533 23 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 5533 24 plate plate NN 43431 5533 25 , , , 43431 5533 26 are be VBP 43431 5533 27 partly partly RB 43431 5533 28 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5533 29 , , , 43431 5533 30 but but CC 43431 5533 31 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5533 32 expanded expand VBN 43431 5533 33 ends end NNS 43431 5533 34 are be VBP 43431 5533 35 formed form VBN 43431 5533 36 of of IN 43431 5533 37 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5533 38 . . . 43431 5534 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5534 2 pass pass VBP 43431 5534 3 at at IN 43431 5534 4 first first JJ 43431 5534 5 backwards backwards RB 43431 5534 6 and and CC 43431 5534 7 then then RB 43431 5534 8 upwards upward NNS 43431 5534 9 and and CC 43431 5534 10 inwards inward NNS 43431 5534 11 . . . 43431 5535 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5535 2 are be VBP 43431 5535 3 homologous homologous JJ 43431 5535 4 with with IN 43431 5535 5 part part NN 43431 5535 6 of of IN 43431 5535 7 the the DT 43431 5535 8 first first JJ 43431 5535 9 branchial branchial JJ 43431 5535 10 arches arch NNS 43431 5535 11 of of IN 43431 5535 12 Selachians Selachians NNPS 43431 5535 13 . . . 43431 5536 1 The the DT 43431 5536 2 columella columella JJ 43431 5536 3 and and CC 43431 5536 4 extra extra JJ 43431 5536 5 - - HYPH 43431 5536 6 columella columella JJ 43431 5536 7 have have VBP 43431 5536 8 been be VBN 43431 5536 9 already already RB 43431 5536 10 described describe VBN 43431 5536 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5536 12 p. p. NN 43431 5536 13 251 251 CD 43431 5536 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5536 15 . . . 43431 5537 1 C. C. NNP 43431 5537 2 THE the DT 43431 5537 3 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 5537 4 AND and CC 43431 5537 5 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 5537 6 . . . 43431 5538 1 = = NFP 43431 5538 2 Thoracic Thoracic NNP 43431 5538 3 ribs.= ribs.= CD 43431 5538 4 The the DT 43431 5538 5 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5538 6 has have VBZ 43431 5538 7 ten ten CD 43431 5538 8 pairs pair NNS 43431 5538 9 of of IN 43431 5538 10 = = SYM 43431 5538 11 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5538 12 ribs= ribs= NNP 43431 5538 13 , , , 43431 5538 14 all all DT 43431 5538 15 except except IN 43431 5538 16 the the DT 43431 5538 17 last last JJ 43431 5538 18 one one CD 43431 5538 19 or or CC 43431 5538 20 two two CD 43431 5538 21 of of IN 43431 5538 22 which which WDT 43431 5538 23 consist consist VBP 43431 5538 24 of of IN 43431 5538 25 three three CD 43431 5538 26 parts,--a parts,--a NNP 43431 5538 27 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5538 28 rib rib NN 43431 5538 29 , , , 43431 5538 30 an an DT 43431 5538 31 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 5538 32 rib rib NN 43431 5538 33 and and CC 43431 5538 34 a a DT 43431 5538 35 sternal sternal JJ 43431 5538 36 rib rib NN 43431 5538 37 . . . 43431 5539 1 Of of IN 43431 5539 2 the the DT 43431 5539 3 = = SYM 43431 5539 4 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5539 5 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 5539 6 the the DT 43431 5539 7 third third JJ 43431 5539 8 may may MD 43431 5539 9 be be VB 43431 5539 10 taken take VBN 43431 5539 11 as as IN 43431 5539 12 a a DT 43431 5539 13 type type NN 43431 5539 14 , , , 43431 5539 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5539 16 consists consist VBZ 43431 5539 17 of of IN 43431 5539 18 a a DT 43431 5539 19 curved curved JJ 43431 5539 20 bony bony NN 43431 5539 21 rod rod NN 43431 5539 22 which which WDT 43431 5539 23 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5539 24 proximally proximally RB 43431 5539 25 with with IN 43431 5539 26 the the DT 43431 5539 27 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5539 28 process process NN 43431 5539 29 of of IN 43431 5539 30 the the DT 43431 5539 31 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5539 32 by by IN 43431 5539 33 two two CD 43431 5539 34 facets facet NNS 43431 5539 35 . . . 43431 5540 1 The the DT 43431 5540 2 terminal terminal JJ 43431 5540 3 one one CD 43431 5540 4 of of IN 43431 5540 5 these these DT 43431 5540 6 , , , 43431 5540 7 the the DT 43431 5540 8 = = SYM 43431 5540 9 capitulum= capitulum= NN 43431 5540 10 or or CC 43431 5540 11 = = SYM 43431 5540 12 head= head= NN 43431 5540 13 , , , 43431 5540 14 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5540 15 with with IN 43431 5540 16 a a DT 43431 5540 17 notch notch NN 43431 5540 18 on on IN 43431 5540 19 the the DT 43431 5540 20 side side NN 43431 5540 21 of of IN 43431 5540 22 the the DT 43431 5540 23 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5540 24 process process NN 43431 5540 25 ; ; : 43431 5540 26 the the DT 43431 5540 27 other other JJ 43431 5540 28 , , , 43431 5540 29 the the DT 43431 5540 30 = = SYM 43431 5540 31 tuberculum= tuberculum= NNS 43431 5540 32 , , , 43431 5540 33 which which WDT 43431 5540 34 lies lie VBZ 43431 5540 35 on on IN 43431 5540 36 the the DT 43431 5540 37 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5540 38 surface surface NN 43431 5540 39 a a DT 43431 5540 40 short short JJ 43431 5540 41 distance distance NN 43431 5540 42 behind behind IN 43431 5540 43 the the DT 43431 5540 44 head head NN 43431 5540 45 , , , 43431 5540 46 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5540 47 with with IN 43431 5540 48 the the DT 43431 5540 49 end end NN 43431 5540 50 of of IN 43431 5540 51 the the DT 43431 5540 52 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5540 53 process process NN 43431 5540 54 . . . 43431 5541 1 From from IN 43431 5541 2 near near IN 43431 5541 3 the the DT 43431 5541 4 distal distal JJ 43431 5541 5 end end NN 43431 5541 6 an an DT 43431 5541 7 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 5541 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5541 9 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 5541 10 = = SYM 43431 5541 11 process= process= NN 43431 5541 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5541 13 see see VB 43431 5541 14 p. p. NN 43431 5541 15 190 190 CD 43431 5541 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5541 17 projects project NNS 43431 5541 18 backwards backwards RB 43431 5541 19 . . . 43431 5542 1 The the DT 43431 5542 2 = = SYM 43431 5542 3 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 5542 4 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 5542 5 are be VBP 43431 5542 6 short short JJ 43431 5542 7 and and CC 43431 5542 8 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 5542 9 ossified ossified JJ 43431 5542 10 ; ; : 43431 5542 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5542 12 are be VBP 43431 5542 13 united united JJ 43431 5542 14 with with IN 43431 5542 15 the the DT 43431 5542 16 = = SYM 43431 5542 17 sternal sternal JJ 43431 5542 18 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 5542 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5542 20 fig fig NN 43431 5542 21 . . . 43431 5543 1 46 46 CD 43431 5543 2 , , , 43431 5543 3 3 3 CD 43431 5543 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5543 5 , , , 43431 5543 6 which which WDT 43431 5543 7 are be VBP 43431 5543 8 large large JJ 43431 5543 9 , , , 43431 5543 10 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5543 11 , , , 43431 5543 12 likewise likewise RB 43431 5543 13 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 5543 14 ossified ossified JJ 43431 5543 15 structures structure NNS 43431 5543 16 , , , 43431 5543 17 and and CC 43431 5543 18 articulate articulate VB 43431 5543 19 at at IN 43431 5543 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5543 21 distal distal JJ 43431 5543 22 ends end NNS 43431 5543 23 with with IN 43431 5543 24 a a DT 43431 5543 25 pair pair NN 43431 5543 26 of of IN 43431 5543 27 long long JJ 43431 5543 28 divergent divergent JJ 43431 5543 29 = = SYM 43431 5543 30 xiphisternal xiphisternal NNP 43431 5543 31 horns= horns= NNP 43431 5543 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5543 33 fig fig NN 43431 5543 34 . . . 43431 5544 1 46 46 CD 43431 5544 2 , , , 43431 5544 3 5 5 CD 43431 5544 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5544 5 , , , 43431 5544 6 which which WDT 43431 5544 7 arise arise VBP 43431 5544 8 from from IN 43431 5544 9 the the DT 43431 5544 10 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5544 11 end end NN 43431 5544 12 of of IN 43431 5544 13 the the DT 43431 5544 14 sternum sternum FW 43431 5544 15 proper proper JJ 43431 5544 16 . . . 43431 5545 1 The the DT 43431 5545 2 last last JJ 43431 5545 3 pair pair NN 43431 5545 4 of of IN 43431 5545 5 sternal sternal JJ 43431 5545 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 5545 7 are be VBP 43431 5545 8 attached attach VBN 43431 5545 9 to to IN 43431 5545 10 the the DT 43431 5545 11 preceding precede VBG 43431 5545 12 pair pair NN 43431 5545 13 , , , 43431 5545 14 not not RB 43431 5545 15 to to IN 43431 5545 16 the the DT 43431 5545 17 xiphisternal xiphisternal JJ 43431 5545 18 horns horn NNS 43431 5545 19 . . . 43431 5546 1 The the DT 43431 5546 2 first first JJ 43431 5546 3 and and CC 43431 5546 4 second second JJ 43431 5546 5 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5546 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 5546 7 differ differ VBP 43431 5546 8 from from IN 43431 5546 9 the the DT 43431 5546 10 others other NNS 43431 5546 11 in in IN 43431 5546 12 the the DT 43431 5546 13 fact fact NN 43431 5546 14 that that IN 43431 5546 15 the the DT 43431 5546 16 tuberculum tuberculum NN 43431 5546 17 forms form VBZ 43431 5546 18 a a DT 43431 5546 19 fairly fairly RB 43431 5546 20 long long JJ 43431 5546 21 outstanding outstanding JJ 43431 5546 22 process process NN 43431 5546 23 . . . 43431 5547 1 = = NFP 43431 5547 2 Cervical cervical JJ 43431 5547 3 ribs.= ribs.= CD 43431 5547 4 Movable movable JJ 43431 5547 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 5547 6 are be VBP 43431 5547 7 attached attach VBN 43431 5547 8 to to IN 43431 5547 9 all all PDT 43431 5547 10 the the DT 43431 5547 11 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5547 12 as as RB 43431 5547 13 well well RB 43431 5547 14 as as IN 43431 5547 15 to to IN 43431 5547 16 the the DT 43431 5547 17 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5547 18 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 5547 19 . . . 43431 5548 1 Those those DT 43431 5548 2 borne bear VBN 43431 5548 3 by by IN 43431 5548 4 the the DT 43431 5548 5 atlas atla NNS 43431 5548 6 and and CC 43431 5548 7 axis axi NNS 43431 5548 8 are be VBP 43431 5548 9 long long JJ 43431 5548 10 , , , 43431 5548 11 narrow narrow JJ 43431 5548 12 structures structure NNS 43431 5548 13 attached attach VBN 43431 5548 14 by by IN 43431 5548 15 a a DT 43431 5548 16 fairly fairly RB 43431 5548 17 broad broad JJ 43431 5548 18 base base NN 43431 5548 19 , , , 43431 5548 20 and and CC 43431 5548 21 tapering taper VBG 43431 5548 22 gradually gradually RB 43431 5548 23 . . . 43431 5549 1 The the DT 43431 5549 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 5549 3 borne bear VBN 43431 5549 4 by by IN 43431 5549 5 the the DT 43431 5549 6 third third JJ 43431 5549 7 to to IN 43431 5549 8 seventh seventh JJ 43431 5549 9 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5549 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5549 11 are be VBP 43431 5549 12 shaped shape VBN 43431 5549 13 like like IN 43431 5549 14 a a DT 43431 5549 15 = = -RRB- 43431 5549 16 T= t= NN 43431 5549 17 with with IN 43431 5549 18 a a DT 43431 5549 19 double double JJ 43431 5549 20 base base NN 43431 5549 21 , , , 43431 5549 22 one one CD 43431 5549 23 limb limb NN 43431 5549 24 of of IN 43431 5549 25 which which WDT 43431 5549 26 , , , 43431 5549 27 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 5549 28 to to IN 43431 5549 29 the the DT 43431 5549 30 tuberculum tuberculum NN 43431 5549 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5549 32 fig fig NN 43431 5549 33 . . . 43431 5550 1 41 41 CD 43431 5550 2 , , , 43431 5550 3 7 7 CD 43431 5550 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5550 5 , , , 43431 5550 6 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5550 7 with with IN 43431 5550 8 a a DT 43431 5550 9 short short JJ 43431 5550 10 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5550 11 process process NN 43431 5550 12 arising arise VBG 43431 5550 13 from from IN 43431 5550 14 the the DT 43431 5550 15 neural neural JJ 43431 5550 16 arch arch NN 43431 5550 17 , , , 43431 5550 18 while while IN 43431 5550 19 the the DT 43431 5550 20 other other JJ 43431 5550 21 , , , 43431 5550 22 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 5550 23 to to IN 43431 5550 24 the the DT 43431 5550 25 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 5550 26 , , , 43431 5550 27 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5550 28 with with IN 43431 5550 29 a a DT 43431 5550 30 surface surface NN 43431 5550 31 on on IN 43431 5550 32 the the DT 43431 5550 33 centrum centrum NN 43431 5550 34 . . . 43431 5551 1 The the DT 43431 5551 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 5551 3 attached attach VBN 43431 5551 4 to to IN 43431 5551 5 the the DT 43431 5551 6 eighth eighth JJ 43431 5551 7 and and CC 43431 5551 8 ninth ninth JJ 43431 5551 9 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5551 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5551 11 are be VBP 43431 5551 12 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 5551 13 in in IN 43431 5551 14 character character NN 43431 5551 15 between between IN 43431 5551 16 the the DT 43431 5551 17 = = SYM 43431 5551 18 T=-shaped T=-shaped NNP 43431 5551 19 ribs rib NNS 43431 5551 20 and and CC 43431 5551 21 the the DT 43431 5551 22 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 5551 23 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5551 24 ribs ribs NNP 43431 5551 25 . . . 43431 5552 1 The the DT 43431 5552 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5552 3 limb limb NN 43431 5552 4 of of IN 43431 5552 5 the the DT 43431 5552 6 = = SYM 43431 5552 7 T= T= NNP 43431 5552 8 is be VBZ 43431 5552 9 shortened shorten VBN 43431 5552 10 , , , 43431 5552 11 the the DT 43431 5552 12 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5552 13 one one CD 43431 5552 14 is be VBZ 43431 5552 15 drawn draw VBN 43431 5552 16 out out RP 43431 5552 17 , , , 43431 5552 18 forming form VBG 43431 5552 19 the the DT 43431 5552 20 shaft shaft NN 43431 5552 21 of of IN 43431 5552 22 the the DT 43431 5552 23 rib rib NN 43431 5552 24 . . . 43431 5553 1 The the DT 43431 5553 2 distal distal JJ 43431 5553 3 portion portion NN 43431 5553 4 of of IN 43431 5553 5 the the DT 43431 5553 6 rib rib NN 43431 5553 7 of of IN 43431 5553 8 the the DT 43431 5553 9 ninth ninth JJ 43431 5553 10 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5553 11 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5553 12 is be VBZ 43431 5553 13 unossified unossified JJ 43431 5553 14 . . . 43431 5554 1 The the DT 43431 5554 2 = = SYM 43431 5554 3 Sacral sacral JJ 43431 5554 4 ribs= ribs= NN 43431 5554 5 have have VBP 43431 5554 6 been be VBN 43431 5554 7 described describe VBN 43431 5554 8 in in IN 43431 5554 9 connection connection NN 43431 5554 10 with with IN 43431 5554 11 the the DT 43431 5554 12 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5554 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5554 14 . . . 43431 5555 1 THE the DT 43431 5555 2 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 5555 3 . . . 43431 5556 1 The the DT 43431 5556 2 = = NNS 43431 5556 3 sternum= sternum= NNS 43431 5556 4 of of IN 43431 5556 5 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 5556 6 is be VBZ 43431 5556 7 a a DT 43431 5556 8 very very RB 43431 5556 9 simple simple JJ 43431 5556 10 structure structure NN 43431 5556 11 , , , 43431 5556 12 consisting consist VBG 43431 5556 13 of of IN 43431 5556 14 a a DT 43431 5556 15 plate plate NN 43431 5556 16 of of IN 43431 5556 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5556 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5556 19 fig fig NN 43431 5556 20 . . . 43431 5557 1 46 46 CD 43431 5557 2 , , , 43431 5557 3 2 2 CD 43431 5557 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5557 5 lying lie VBG 43431 5557 6 immediately immediately RB 43431 5557 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5557 8 to to IN 43431 5557 9 the the DT 43431 5557 10 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 5557 11 , , , 43431 5557 12 and and CC 43431 5557 13 drawn draw VBN 43431 5557 14 out out RP 43431 5557 15 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5557 16 into into IN 43431 5557 17 a a DT 43431 5557 18 pair pair NN 43431 5557 19 of of IN 43431 5557 20 long long JJ 43431 5557 21 = = SYM 43431 5557 22 xiphisternal xiphisternal NNP 43431 5557 23 horns= horns= NNP 43431 5557 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5557 25 fig fig NN 43431 5557 26 . . . 43431 5558 1 46 46 CD 43431 5558 2 , , , 43431 5558 3 5 5 CD 43431 5558 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5558 5 . . . 43431 5559 1 THE the DT 43431 5559 2 ABDOMINAL ABDOMINAL NNP 43431 5559 3 SPLINT SPLINT NNP 43431 5559 4 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 5559 5 . . . 43431 5560 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 5560 2 superficially superficially RB 43431 5560 3 to to IN 43431 5560 4 the the DT 43431 5560 5 recti recti JJ 43431 5560 6 muscles muscle NNS 43431 5560 7 of of IN 43431 5560 8 the the DT 43431 5560 9 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5560 10 body body NN 43431 5560 11 - - HYPH 43431 5560 12 wall wall NN 43431 5560 13 , , , 43431 5560 14 behind behind IN 43431 5560 15 the the DT 43431 5560 16 sternal sternal JJ 43431 5560 17 ribs rib NNS 43431 5560 18 , , , 43431 5560 19 are be VBP 43431 5560 20 seven seven CD 43431 5560 21 or or CC 43431 5560 22 eight eight CD 43431 5560 23 series series NN 43431 5560 24 of of IN 43431 5560 25 slender slender NN 43431 5560 26 curved curved JJ 43431 5560 27 bones bone NNS 43431 5560 28 , , , 43431 5560 29 the the DT 43431 5560 30 _ _ NNP 43431 5560 31 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 5560 32 ribs rib NNS 43431 5560 33 _ _ NNP 43431 5560 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5560 35 fig fig NN 43431 5560 36 . . . 43431 5561 1 46 46 CD 43431 5561 2 , , , 43431 5561 3 4 4 CD 43431 5561 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5561 5 . . . 43431 5562 1 Each each DT 43431 5562 2 series series NN 43431 5562 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 5562 4 of of IN 43431 5562 5 four four CD 43431 5562 6 or or CC 43431 5562 7 more more JJR 43431 5562 8 bones bone NNS 43431 5562 9 , , , 43431 5562 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5562 11 in in IN 43431 5562 12 a a DT 43431 5562 13 = = NN 43431 5562 14 V=-like V=-like NNS 43431 5562 15 form form NN 43431 5562 16 with with IN 43431 5562 17 the the DT 43431 5562 18 angle angle NN 43431 5562 19 of of IN 43431 5562 20 the the DT 43431 5562 21 = = SYM 43431 5562 22 V= v= NN 43431 5562 23 directed direct VBN 43431 5562 24 forwards forwards RB 43431 5562 25 . . . 43431 5563 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5563 2 show show VBP 43431 5563 3 a a DT 43431 5563 4 considerable considerable JJ 43431 5563 5 amount amount NN 43431 5563 6 of of IN 43431 5563 7 variability variability NN 43431 5563 8 in in IN 43431 5563 9 number number NN 43431 5563 10 and and CC 43431 5563 11 character character NN 43431 5563 12 . . . 43431 5564 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5564 2 are be VBP 43431 5564 3 really really RB 43431 5564 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 5564 5 bones bone NNS 43431 5564 6 , , , 43431 5564 7 and and CC 43431 5564 8 are be VBP 43431 5564 9 in in IN 43431 5564 10 no no DT 43431 5564 11 way way NN 43431 5564 12 homologous homologous JJ 43431 5564 13 with with IN 43431 5564 14 true true JJ 43431 5564 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 5564 16 , , , 43431 5564 17 but but CC 43431 5564 18 correspond correspond VB 43431 5564 19 rather rather RB 43431 5564 20 with with IN 43431 5564 21 the the DT 43431 5564 22 more more JJR 43431 5564 23 posterior posterior NN 43431 5564 24 of of IN 43431 5564 25 the the DT 43431 5564 26 bones bone NNS 43431 5564 27 constituting constitute VBG 43431 5564 28 the the DT 43431 5564 29 plastron plastron NN 43431 5564 30 of of IN 43431 5564 31 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5564 32 . . . 43431 5565 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5565 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5565 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5565 4 . . . 43431 5566 1 46 46 CD 43431 5566 2 . . . 43431 5567 1 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 5567 2 AND and CC 43431 5567 3 ASSOCIATED associate VBN 43431 5567 4 MEMBRANE membrane NN 43431 5567 5 BONES bone NNS 43431 5567 6 OF of IN 43431 5567 7 A a DT 43431 5567 8 CROCODILE CROCODILE NNP 43431 5567 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5567 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5567 11 C. C. NNP 43431 5568 1 palustris palustris NNP 43431 5568 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5568 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5568 4 à à NNP 43431 5568 5 � � NNP 43431 5568 6 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 5568 7 . . . 43431 5569 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5569 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5569 3 . . . 43431 5570 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5570 2 . . . 43431 5570 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5571 1 The the DT 43431 5571 2 last last JJ 43431 5571 3 pair pair NN 43431 5571 4 of of IN 43431 5571 5 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 5571 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 5571 7 which which WDT 43431 5571 8 are be VBP 43431 5571 9 united united JJ 43431 5571 10 with with IN 43431 5571 11 the the DT 43431 5571 12 epipubes epipube NNS 43431 5571 13 by by IN 43431 5571 14 a a DT 43431 5571 15 plate plate NN 43431 5571 16 of of IN 43431 5571 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5571 18 have have VBP 43431 5571 19 been be VBN 43431 5571 20 omitted omit VBN 43431 5571 21 . . . 43431 5572 1 1 1 LS 43431 5572 2 . . . 43431 5572 3 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 5572 4 . . . 43431 5573 1 2 2 LS 43431 5573 2 . . . 43431 5573 3 sternum sternum FW 43431 5573 4 . . . 43431 5574 1 3 3 LS 43431 5574 2 . . . 43431 5574 3 sternal sternal JJ 43431 5574 4 rib rib NN 43431 5574 5 . . . 43431 5575 1 4 4 LS 43431 5575 2 . . . 43431 5575 3 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 5575 4 splint splint NN 43431 5575 5 rib rib NNP 43431 5575 6 . . . 43431 5576 1 5 5 LS 43431 5576 2 . . . 43431 5576 3 xiphisternal xiphisternal NNP 43431 5576 4 horn horn NNP 43431 5576 5 . . . 43431 5576 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5577 1 2 2 LS 43431 5577 2 . . . 43431 5578 1 THE the DT 43431 5578 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 5578 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 5578 4 . . . 43431 5579 1 This this DT 43431 5579 2 includes include VBZ 43431 5579 3 the the DT 43431 5579 4 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 5579 5 of of IN 43431 5579 6 the the DT 43431 5579 7 two two CD 43431 5579 8 pairs pair NNS 43431 5579 9 of of IN 43431 5579 10 limbs limb NNS 43431 5579 11 and and CC 43431 5579 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5579 13 respective respective JJ 43431 5579 14 girdles girdle NNS 43431 5579 15 . . . 43431 5580 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5580 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5580 3 : : : 43431 5580 4 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5580 5 . . . 43431 5581 1 47 47 CD 43431 5581 2 . . . 43431 5582 1 LEFT left JJ 43431 5582 2 HALF half NN 43431 5582 3 OF of IN 43431 5582 4 THE the DT 43431 5582 5 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 5582 6 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 5582 7 OF of IN 43431 5582 8 AN an DT 43431 5582 9 ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR NNP 43431 5582 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5582 11 _ _ NNP 43431 5582 12 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 5582 13 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 5582 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5582 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5582 16 à à NNP 43431 5582 17 � � NNP 43431 5582 18 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 5582 19 . . . 43431 5583 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5583 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5583 3 . . . 43431 5584 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5584 2 . . . 43431 5584 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5585 1 1 1 LS 43431 5585 2 . . . 43431 5585 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 5585 4 . . . 43431 5586 1 2 2 LS 43431 5586 2 . . . 43431 5586 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 5586 4 . . . 43431 5587 1 3 3 LS 43431 5587 2 . . . 43431 5587 3 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 5587 4 . . . 43431 5588 1 4 4 LS 43431 5588 2 . . . 43431 5588 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 5588 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 5588 5 . . . 43431 5588 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5589 1 THE the DT 43431 5589 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 5589 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 5589 4 . . . 43431 5590 1 The the DT 43431 5590 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 5590 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 5590 4 of of IN 43431 5590 5 the the DT 43431 5590 6 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5590 7 is be VBZ 43431 5590 8 less less RBR 43431 5590 9 complete complete JJ 43431 5590 10 than than IN 43431 5590 11 is be VBZ 43431 5590 12 that that DT 43431 5590 13 of of IN 43431 5590 14 most most JJS 43431 5590 15 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5590 16 . . . 43431 5591 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5591 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 5591 3 of of IN 43431 5591 4 a a DT 43431 5591 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5591 6 bone bone NN 43431 5591 7 , , , 43431 5591 8 the the DT 43431 5591 9 = = SYM 43431 5591 10 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 5591 11 , , , 43431 5591 12 and and CC 43431 5591 13 a a DT 43431 5591 14 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5591 15 bone bone NN 43431 5591 16 , , , 43431 5591 17 the the DT 43431 5591 18 = = SYM 43431 5591 19 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 5591 20 , , , 43431 5591 21 with with IN 43431 5591 22 a a DT 43431 5591 23 median median JJ 43431 5591 24 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 5591 25 element element NN 43431 5591 26 , , , 43431 5591 27 the the DT 43431 5591 28 _ _ NNP 43431 5591 29 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 5591 30 _ _ NNP 43431 5591 31 ; ; : 43431 5591 32 but but CC 43431 5591 33 there there EX 43431 5591 34 is be VBZ 43431 5591 35 no no DT 43431 5591 36 separate separate JJ 43431 5591 37 representative representative NN 43431 5591 38 either either DT 43431 5591 39 of of IN 43431 5591 40 the the DT 43431 5591 41 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 5591 42 or or CC 43431 5591 43 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 5591 44 . . . 43431 5592 1 The the DT 43431 5592 2 = = SYM 43431 5592 3 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 5592 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5592 5 fig fig NN 43431 5592 6 . . . 43431 5593 1 47 47 CD 43431 5593 2 , , , 43431 5593 3 1 1 CD 43431 5593 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5593 5 is be VBZ 43431 5593 6 a a DT 43431 5593 7 large large JJ 43431 5593 8 bone bone NN 43431 5593 9 , , , 43431 5593 10 flattened flatten VBD 43431 5593 11 and and CC 43431 5593 12 expanded expand VBD 43431 5593 13 above above RB 43431 5593 14 where where WRB 43431 5593 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5593 16 is be VBZ 43431 5593 17 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5593 18 by by IN 43431 5593 19 an an DT 43431 5593 20 unossified unossified JJ 43431 5593 21 margin margin NN 43431 5593 22 , , , 43431 5593 23 the the DT 43431 5593 24 = = SYM 43431 5593 25 suprascapula= suprascapula= NN 43431 5593 26 , , , 43431 5593 27 and and CC 43431 5593 28 thickened thicken VBD 43431 5593 29 below below RB 43431 5593 30 where where WRB 43431 5593 31 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5593 32 meets meet VBZ 43431 5593 33 the the DT 43431 5593 34 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 5593 35 . . . 43431 5594 1 The the DT 43431 5594 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 5594 3 forms form VBZ 43431 5594 4 about about IN 43431 5594 5 half half PDT 43431 5594 6 the the DT 43431 5594 7 = = SYM 43431 5594 8 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 5594 9 cavity= cavity= NNP 43431 5594 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5594 11 fig fig NN 43431 5594 12 . . . 43431 5595 1 47 47 CD 43431 5595 2 , , , 43431 5595 3 4 4 CD 43431 5595 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5595 5 for for IN 43431 5595 6 articulation articulation NN 43431 5595 7 with with IN 43431 5595 8 the the DT 43431 5595 9 humerus humerus NNP 43431 5595 10 , , , 43431 5595 11 and and CC 43431 5595 12 has have VBZ 43431 5595 13 the the DT 43431 5595 14 lower low JJR 43431 5595 15 part part NN 43431 5595 16 of of IN 43431 5595 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5595 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5595 19 border border NN 43431 5595 20 drawn draw VBN 43431 5595 21 out out RP 43431 5595 22 into into IN 43431 5595 23 a a DT 43431 5595 24 roughened roughen VBN 43431 5595 25 ridge ridge NN 43431 5595 26 . . . 43431 5596 1 The the DT 43431 5596 2 = = SYM 43431 5596 3 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 5596 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5596 5 fig fig NN 43431 5596 6 . . . 43431 5597 1 47 47 CD 43431 5597 2 , , , 43431 5597 3 2 2 CD 43431 5597 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5597 5 is be VBZ 43431 5597 6 a a DT 43431 5597 7 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5597 8 bone bone NN 43431 5597 9 , , , 43431 5597 10 much much RB 43431 5597 11 expanded expand VBN 43431 5597 12 at at IN 43431 5597 13 either either DT 43431 5597 14 end end NN 43431 5597 15 ; ; : 43431 5597 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5597 17 bears bear VBZ 43431 5597 18 on on IN 43431 5597 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5597 20 upper upper JJ 43431 5597 21 posterior posterior NN 43431 5597 22 border border NN 43431 5597 23 a a DT 43431 5597 24 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5597 25 surface surface NN 43431 5597 26 which which WDT 43431 5597 27 forms form VBZ 43431 5597 28 half half PDT 43431 5597 29 the the DT 43431 5597 30 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 5597 31 cavity cavity NN 43431 5597 32 , , , 43431 5597 33 and and CC 43431 5597 34 is be VBZ 43431 5597 35 firmly firmly RB 43431 5597 36 united united JJ 43431 5597 37 to to IN 43431 5597 38 the the DT 43431 5597 39 scapula scapula NN 43431 5597 40 at at IN 43431 5597 41 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5597 42 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5597 43 end end NN 43431 5597 44 . . . 43431 5598 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5598 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5598 3 end end NN 43431 5598 4 meets meet VBZ 43431 5598 5 the the DT 43431 5598 6 sternum sternum NN 43431 5598 7 . . . 43431 5599 1 The the DT 43431 5599 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5599 3 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 5599 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5599 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5599 6 figs fig NNS 43431 5599 7 . . . 43431 5600 1 46 46 CD 43431 5600 2 , , , 43431 5600 3 1 1 CD 43431 5600 4 , , , 43431 5600 5 and and CC 43431 5600 6 47 47 CD 43431 5600 7 , , , 43431 5600 8 3 3 CD 43431 5600 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5600 10 is be VBZ 43431 5600 11 a a DT 43431 5600 12 long long JJ 43431 5600 13 narrow narrow JJ 43431 5600 14 blade blade NN 43431 5600 15 - - HYPH 43431 5600 16 shaped shape VBN 43431 5600 17 bone bone NN 43431 5600 18 lying lie VBG 43431 5600 19 along along IN 43431 5600 20 the the DT 43431 5600 21 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5600 22 side side NN 43431 5600 23 of of IN 43431 5600 24 the the DT 43431 5600 25 sternum sternum NN 43431 5600 26 ; ; : 43431 5600 27 about about RB 43431 5600 28 a a DT 43431 5600 29 third third NN 43431 5600 30 of of IN 43431 5600 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5600 32 length length NN 43431 5600 33 projects project NNS 43431 5600 34 beyond beyond IN 43431 5600 35 the the DT 43431 5600 36 sternum sternum NN 43431 5600 37 in in IN 43431 5600 38 front front NN 43431 5600 39 . . . 43431 5601 1 THE the DT 43431 5601 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 5601 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 5601 4 . . . 43431 5602 1 This this DT 43431 5602 2 is be VBZ 43431 5602 3 as as RB 43431 5602 4 usual usual JJ 43431 5602 5 divisible divisible NN 43431 5602 6 into into IN 43431 5602 7 three three CD 43431 5602 8 portions portion NNS 43431 5602 9 , , , 43431 5602 10 the the DT 43431 5602 11 upper upper JJ 43431 5602 12 arm arm NN 43431 5602 13 , , , 43431 5602 14 fore fore NN 43431 5602 15 - - HYPH 43431 5602 16 arm arm NN 43431 5602 17 and and CC 43431 5602 18 manus manus NN 43431 5602 19 . . . 43431 5603 1 The the DT 43431 5603 2 = = SYM 43431 5603 3 upper upper JJ 43431 5603 4 arm= arm= NNP 43431 5603 5 or or CC 43431 5603 6 = = SYM 43431 5603 7 brachium= brachium= NN 43431 5603 8 contains contain VBZ 43431 5603 9 one one CD 43431 5603 10 bone bone NN 43431 5603 11 , , , 43431 5603 12 the the DT 43431 5603 13 = = SYM 43431 5603 14 humerus.= humerus.= CD 43431 5603 15 The the DT 43431 5603 16 = = SYM 43431 5603 17 humerus= humerus= NN 43431 5603 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5603 19 fig fig NN 43431 5603 20 . . . 43431 5604 1 48 48 CD 43431 5604 2 , , , 43431 5604 3 A a NN 43431 5604 4 , , , 43431 5604 5 1 1 CD 43431 5604 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5604 7 is be VBZ 43431 5604 8 a a DT 43431 5604 9 fairly fairly RB 43431 5604 10 long long JJ 43431 5604 11 stout stout NN 43431 5604 12 bone bone NN 43431 5604 13 , , , 43431 5604 14 considerably considerably RB 43431 5604 15 expanded expand VBN 43431 5604 16 at at IN 43431 5604 17 either either DT 43431 5604 18 end end NN 43431 5604 19 . . . 43431 5605 1 The the DT 43431 5605 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5605 3 end end NN 43431 5605 4 or or CC 43431 5605 5 head head NN 43431 5605 6 is be VBZ 43431 5605 7 evenly evenly RB 43431 5605 8 rounded round VBN 43431 5605 9 and and CC 43431 5605 10 is be VBZ 43431 5605 11 formed form VBN 43431 5605 12 by by IN 43431 5605 13 an an DT 43431 5605 14 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 5605 15 ossifying ossify VBG 43431 5605 16 from from IN 43431 5605 17 a a DT 43431 5605 18 centre centre NN 43431 5605 19 different different JJ 43431 5605 20 from from IN 43431 5605 21 that that DT 43431 5605 22 forming form VBG 43431 5605 23 the the DT 43431 5605 24 shaft shaft NN 43431 5605 25 . . . 43431 5606 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5606 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5606 3 with with IN 43431 5606 4 the the DT 43431 5606 5 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 5606 6 cavity cavity NN 43431 5606 7 . . . 43431 5607 1 The the DT 43431 5607 2 shaft shaft NN 43431 5607 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 5607 4 on on IN 43431 5607 5 the the DT 43431 5607 6 flexor flexor NN 43431 5607 7 surface surface NN 43431 5607 8 , , , 43431 5607 9 at at IN 43431 5607 10 some some DT 43431 5607 11 little little JJ 43431 5607 12 distance distance NN 43431 5607 13 behind behind IN 43431 5607 14 the the DT 43431 5607 15 head head NN 43431 5607 16 , , , 43431 5607 17 a a DT 43431 5607 18 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5607 19 rounded rounded JJ 43431 5607 20 protuberance protuberance NN 43431 5607 21 , , , 43431 5607 22 the the DT 43431 5607 23 = = SYM 43431 5607 24 deltoid deltoid NN 43431 5607 25 ridge.= ridge.= VBN 43431 5607 26 The the DT 43431 5607 27 distal distal JJ 43431 5607 28 end end NN 43431 5607 29 or or CC 43431 5607 30 trochlea trochlea NN 43431 5607 31 is be VBZ 43431 5607 32 also also RB 43431 5607 33 formed form VBN 43431 5607 34 by by IN 43431 5607 35 an an DT 43431 5607 36 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 5607 37 and and CC 43431 5607 38 is be VBZ 43431 5607 39 partially partially RB 43431 5607 40 divided divide VBN 43431 5607 41 by by IN 43431 5607 42 a a DT 43431 5607 43 groove groove NN 43431 5607 44 into into IN 43431 5607 45 two two CD 43431 5607 46 convex convex NNS 43431 5607 47 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5607 48 ; ; : 43431 5607 49 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5607 50 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5607 51 with with IN 43431 5607 52 the the DT 43431 5607 53 two two CD 43431 5607 54 bones bone NNS 43431 5607 55 of of IN 43431 5607 56 the the DT 43431 5607 57 fore fore NN 43431 5607 58 - - HYPH 43431 5607 59 arm arm NN 43431 5607 60 , , , 43431 5607 61 the the DT 43431 5607 62 radius radius NN 43431 5607 63 and and CC 43431 5607 64 ulna ulna NNP 43431 5607 65 . . . 43431 5608 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5608 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5608 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5608 4 . . . 43431 5609 1 48 48 CD 43431 5609 2 . . . 43431 5610 1 A a DT 43431 5610 2 , , , 43431 5610 3 RIGHT right JJ 43431 5610 4 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 5610 5 , , , 43431 5610 6 AND and CC 43431 5610 7 B B NNP 43431 5610 8 , , , 43431 5610 9 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 5610 10 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR VBD 43431 5610 11 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 5610 12 OF of IN 43431 5610 13 A a DT 43431 5610 14 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 5610 15 ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR NNP 43431 5610 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5610 17 _ _ NNP 43431 5610 18 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 5610 19 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 5610 20 _ _ NNP 43431 5610 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5610 22 . . . 43431 5611 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5611 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5611 3 . . . 43431 5612 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5612 2 . . . 43431 5612 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5613 1 A a DT 43431 5613 2 à ã NN 43431 5613 3 � � NN 43431 5613 4 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 5613 5 . . . 43431 5614 1 B B NNP 43431 5614 2 à à NNP 43431 5614 3 � � NNP 43431 5614 4 about about RB 43431 5614 5 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 5614 6 . . . 43431 5614 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5615 1 1 1 LS 43431 5615 2 . . . 43431 5615 3 humerus humerus NNP 43431 5615 4 . . . 43431 5616 1 2 2 LS 43431 5616 2 . . . 43431 5616 3 radius radius NN 43431 5616 4 . . . 43431 5617 1 3 3 LS 43431 5617 2 . . . 43431 5617 3 ulna ulna NNP 43431 5617 4 . . . 43431 5618 1 4 4 LS 43431 5618 2 . . . 43431 5618 3 radiale radiale NNP 43431 5618 4 . . . 43431 5619 1 5 5 LS 43431 5619 2 . . . 43431 5619 3 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 5619 4 . . . 43431 5620 1 6 6 LS 43431 5620 2 . . . 43431 5620 3 pisiform pisiform NNP 43431 5620 4 . . . 43431 5621 1 7 7 LS 43431 5621 2 . . . 43431 5621 3 patch patch NN 43431 5621 4 of of IN 43431 5621 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5621 6 representing represent VBG 43431 5621 7 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 5621 8 1 1 CD 43431 5621 9 and and CC 43431 5621 10 2 2 CD 43431 5621 11 ; ; : 43431 5621 12 between between IN 43431 5621 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5621 14 and and CC 43431 5621 15 the the DT 43431 5621 16 radiale radiale NN 43431 5621 17 should should MD 43431 5621 18 be be VB 43431 5621 19 another another DT 43431 5621 20 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5621 21 patch patch NN 43431 5621 22 , , , 43431 5621 23 the the DT 43431 5621 24 centrale centrale NN 43431 5621 25 . . . 43431 5622 1 8 8 LS 43431 5622 2 . . . 43431 5622 3 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 5622 4 3 3 CD 43431 5622 5 , , , 43431 5622 6 4 4 CD 43431 5622 7 , , , 43431 5622 8 and and CC 43431 5622 9 5 5 CD 43431 5622 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5622 11 fused fuse VBN 43431 5622 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5622 13 . . . 43431 5623 1 9 9 CD 43431 5623 2 . . . 43431 5623 3 first first NNP 43431 5623 4 metacarpal metacarpal NNP 43431 5623 5 . . . 43431 5624 1 10 10 LS 43431 5624 2 . . . 43431 5624 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5624 4 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5624 5 of of IN 43431 5624 6 second second JJ 43431 5624 7 digit digit NN 43431 5624 8 . . . 43431 5625 1 11 11 LS 43431 5625 2 . . . 43431 5625 3 second second JJ 43431 5625 4 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5625 5 of of IN 43431 5625 6 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5625 7 digit digit NN 43431 5625 8 . . . 43431 5626 1 12 12 CD 43431 5626 2 . . . 43431 5626 3 femur femur NN 43431 5626 4 . . . 43431 5627 1 13 13 CD 43431 5627 2 . . . 43431 5627 3 tibia tibia NNP 43431 5627 4 . . . 43431 5628 1 14 14 CD 43431 5628 2 . . . 43431 5628 3 fibula fibula NNP 43431 5628 4 . . . 43431 5629 1 15 15 CD 43431 5629 2 . . . 43431 5629 3 tibiale tibiale NNP 43431 5629 4 , , , 43431 5629 5 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 5629 6 and and CC 43431 5629 7 centrale centrale NNP 43431 5629 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5629 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 5629 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5629 11 . . . 43431 5630 1 16 16 CD 43431 5630 2 . . . 43431 5630 3 fibulare fibulare NNP 43431 5630 4 . . . 43431 5631 1 17 17 CD 43431 5631 2 . . . 43431 5631 3 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 5631 4 1 1 CD 43431 5631 5 , , , 43431 5631 6 2 2 CD 43431 5631 7 , , , 43431 5631 8 and and CC 43431 5631 9 3 3 CD 43431 5631 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5631 11 fused fuse VBN 43431 5631 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5631 13 . . . 43431 5632 1 18 18 CD 43431 5632 2 . . . 43431 5632 3 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 5632 4 4 4 CD 43431 5632 5 and and CC 43431 5632 6 5 5 CD 43431 5632 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5632 8 fused fuse VBN 43431 5632 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5632 10 . . . 43431 5633 1 19 19 CD 43431 5633 2 . . . 43431 5633 3 first first JJ 43431 5633 4 metatarsal metatarsal NNP 43431 5633 5 . . . 43431 5634 1 20 20 CD 43431 5634 2 . . . 43431 5634 3 ungual ungual JJ 43431 5634 4 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5634 5 of of IN 43431 5634 6 second second JJ 43431 5634 7 digit digit NN 43431 5634 8 . . . 43431 5635 1 21 21 LS 43431 5635 2 . . . 43431 5635 3 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5635 4 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5635 5 . . . 43431 5636 1 The the DT 43431 5636 2 = = SYM 43431 5636 3 radius= radius= NN 43431 5636 4 and and CC 43431 5636 5 = = SYM 43431 5636 6 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 5636 7 are be VBP 43431 5636 8 nearly nearly RB 43431 5636 9 equal equal JJ 43431 5636 10 in in IN 43431 5636 11 size size NN 43431 5636 12 and and CC 43431 5636 13 each each DT 43431 5636 14 consists consist VBZ 43431 5636 15 of of IN 43431 5636 16 a a DT 43431 5636 17 long long JJ 43431 5636 18 shaft shaft NN 43431 5636 19 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5636 20 at at IN 43431 5636 21 either either DT 43431 5636 22 end end NN 43431 5636 23 by by IN 43431 5636 24 an an DT 43431 5636 25 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 5636 26 . . . 43431 5637 1 The the DT 43431 5637 2 = = SYM 43431 5637 3 radius= radius= NN 43431 5637 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5637 5 fig fig NN 43431 5637 6 . . . 43431 5638 1 48 48 CD 43431 5638 2 , , , 43431 5638 3 A a NN 43431 5638 4 , , , 43431 5638 5 2 2 CD 43431 5638 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5638 7 or or CC 43431 5638 8 pre pre JJ 43431 5638 9 - - JJ 43431 5638 10 axial axial JJ 43431 5638 11 bone bone NN 43431 5638 12 is be VBZ 43431 5638 13 slightly slightly RB 43431 5638 14 the the DT 43431 5638 15 smaller small JJR 43431 5638 16 of of IN 43431 5638 17 the the DT 43431 5638 18 two two CD 43431 5638 19 . . . 43431 5639 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5639 2 has have VBZ 43431 5639 3 a a DT 43431 5639 4 straight straight JJ 43431 5639 5 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 5639 6 shaft shaft NN 43431 5639 7 and and CC 43431 5639 8 is be VBZ 43431 5639 9 slightly slightly RB 43431 5639 10 and and CC 43431 5639 11 nearly nearly RB 43431 5639 12 evenly evenly RB 43431 5639 13 expanded expand VBN 43431 5639 14 at at IN 43431 5639 15 either either DT 43431 5639 16 end end NN 43431 5639 17 . . . 43431 5640 1 The the DT 43431 5640 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5640 3 end end NN 43431 5640 4 which which WDT 43431 5640 5 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5640 6 with with IN 43431 5640 7 the the DT 43431 5640 8 humerus humerus NN 43431 5640 9 is be VBZ 43431 5640 10 flat flat JJ 43431 5640 11 or or CC 43431 5640 12 slightly slightly RB 43431 5640 13 concave concave JJ 43431 5640 14 , , , 43431 5640 15 the the DT 43431 5640 16 distal distal JJ 43431 5640 17 end end NN 43431 5640 18 which which WDT 43431 5640 19 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5640 20 with with IN 43431 5640 21 the the DT 43431 5640 22 carpus carpus NN 43431 5640 23 is be VBZ 43431 5640 24 slightly slightly RB 43431 5640 25 convex convex NNPS 43431 5640 26 . . . 43431 5641 1 The the DT 43431 5641 2 = = SYM 43431 5641 3 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 5641 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5641 5 fig fig NN 43431 5641 6 . . . 43431 5642 1 48 48 CD 43431 5642 2 , , , 43431 5642 3 A a NN 43431 5642 4 , , , 43431 5642 5 3 3 CD 43431 5642 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5642 7 or or CC 43431 5642 8 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 5642 9 bone bone NN 43431 5642 10 is be VBZ 43431 5642 11 a a DT 43431 5642 12 curved curved JJ 43431 5642 13 bone bone NN 43431 5642 14 rather rather RB 43431 5642 15 larger large JJR 43431 5642 16 than than IN 43431 5642 17 the the DT 43431 5642 18 radius radius NN 43431 5642 19 . . . 43431 5643 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5643 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5643 3 end end NN 43431 5643 4 is be VBZ 43431 5643 5 large large JJ 43431 5643 6 and and CC 43431 5643 7 convex convex NNS 43431 5643 8 , , , 43431 5643 9 but but CC 43431 5643 10 is be VBZ 43431 5643 11 not not RB 43431 5643 12 drawn draw VBN 43431 5643 13 out out RP 43431 5643 14 into into IN 43431 5643 15 an an DT 43431 5643 16 olecranon olecranon JJ 43431 5643 17 process process NN 43431 5643 18 . . . 43431 5644 1 The the DT 43431 5644 2 = = SYM 43431 5644 3 Manus= manus= NN 43431 5644 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 5644 5 of of IN 43431 5644 6 the the DT 43431 5644 7 = = SYM 43431 5644 8 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 5644 9 or or CC 43431 5644 10 = = SYM 43431 5644 11 wrist= wrist= NN 43431 5644 12 , , , 43431 5644 13 and and CC 43431 5644 14 the the DT 43431 5644 15 = = SYM 43431 5644 16 hand=. hand=. FW 43431 5645 1 The the DT 43431 5645 2 = = SYM 43431 5645 3 Carpus=. carpus=. NN 43431 5646 1 This this DT 43431 5646 2 differs differ VBZ 43431 5646 3 considerably considerably RB 43431 5646 4 from from IN 43431 5646 5 the the DT 43431 5646 6 more more RBR 43431 5646 7 primitive primitive JJ 43431 5646 8 type type NN 43431 5646 9 met meet VBN 43431 5646 10 with with IN 43431 5646 11 in in IN 43431 5646 12 the the DT 43431 5646 13 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 5646 14 . . . 43431 5647 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5647 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 5647 3 of of IN 43431 5647 4 six six CD 43431 5647 5 elements element NNS 43431 5647 6 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5647 7 in in IN 43431 5647 8 a a DT 43431 5647 9 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5647 10 row row NN 43431 5647 11 of of IN 43431 5647 12 three three CD 43431 5647 13 and and CC 43431 5647 14 a a DT 43431 5647 15 distal distal JJ 43431 5647 16 row row NN 43431 5647 17 of of IN 43431 5647 18 two two CD 43431 5647 19 , , , 43431 5647 20 with with IN 43431 5647 21 one one CD 43431 5647 22 intervening intervening NN 43431 5647 23 . . . 43431 5648 1 The the DT 43431 5648 2 bones bone NNS 43431 5648 3 of of IN 43431 5648 4 the the DT 43431 5648 5 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5648 6 row row NN 43431 5648 7 are be VBP 43431 5648 8 the the DT 43431 5648 9 radiale radiale NN 43431 5648 10 , , , 43431 5648 11 the the DT 43431 5648 12 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 5648 13 , , , 43431 5648 14 and and CC 43431 5648 15 the the DT 43431 5648 16 pisiform pisiform NN 43431 5648 17 . . . 43431 5649 1 The the DT 43431 5649 2 = = SYM 43431 5649 3 radiale= radiale= NN 43431 5649 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5649 5 fig fig NN 43431 5649 6 . . . 43431 5650 1 48 48 CD 43431 5650 2 , , , 43431 5650 3 A a NN 43431 5650 4 , , , 43431 5650 5 4 4 CD 43431 5650 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5650 7 is be VBZ 43431 5650 8 the the DT 43431 5650 9 largest large JJS 43431 5650 10 bone bone NN 43431 5650 11 of of IN 43431 5650 12 the the DT 43431 5650 13 carpus carpus NNP 43431 5650 14 : : : 43431 5650 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5650 16 is be VBZ 43431 5650 17 a a DT 43431 5650 18 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5650 19 hour hour NN 43431 5650 20 - - HYPH 43431 5650 21 glass glass NN 43431 5650 22 shaped shape VBN 43431 5650 23 bone bone NN 43431 5650 24 , , , 43431 5650 25 with with IN 43431 5650 26 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5650 27 ends end NNS 43431 5650 28 formed form VBN 43431 5650 29 by by IN 43431 5650 30 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5650 31 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 5650 32 . . . 43431 5651 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5651 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5651 3 by by IN 43431 5651 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5651 5 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5651 6 end end NN 43431 5651 7 with with IN 43431 5651 8 the the DT 43431 5651 9 whole whole NN 43431 5651 10 of of IN 43431 5651 11 the the DT 43431 5651 12 radius radius NN 43431 5651 13 , , , 43431 5651 14 and and CC 43431 5651 15 partly partly RB 43431 5651 16 also also RB 43431 5651 17 with with IN 43431 5651 18 the the DT 43431 5651 19 ulna ulna NN 43431 5651 20 , , , 43431 5651 21 and and CC 43431 5651 22 by by IN 43431 5651 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5651 24 distal distal JJ 43431 5651 25 end end NN 43431 5651 26 with with IN 43431 5651 27 the the DT 43431 5651 28 centrale centrale NN 43431 5651 29 . . . 43431 5652 1 The the DT 43431 5652 2 = = SYM 43431 5652 3 ulnare= ulnare= NN 43431 5652 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5652 5 fig fig NN 43431 5652 6 . . . 43431 5653 1 48 48 CD 43431 5653 2 , , , 43431 5653 3 A a NN 43431 5653 4 , , , 43431 5653 5 5 5 CD 43431 5653 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5653 7 is be VBZ 43431 5653 8 a a DT 43431 5653 9 smaller small JJR 43431 5653 10 bone bone NN 43431 5653 11 , , , 43431 5653 12 also also RB 43431 5653 13 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5653 14 hour hour NN 43431 5653 15 - - HYPH 43431 5653 16 glass glass NN 43431 5653 17 shaped shape VBN 43431 5653 18 ; ; : 43431 5653 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5653 20 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5653 21 proximally proximally RB 43431 5653 22 with with IN 43431 5653 23 the the DT 43431 5653 24 pisiform pisiform NN 43431 5653 25 and and CC 43431 5653 26 radiale radiale NN 43431 5653 27 , , , 43431 5653 28 not not RB 43431 5653 29 quite quite RB 43431 5653 30 reaching reach VBG 43431 5653 31 the the DT 43431 5653 32 ulna ulna NN 43431 5653 33 . . . 43431 5654 1 The the DT 43431 5654 2 third third JJ 43431 5654 3 bone bone NN 43431 5654 4 of of IN 43431 5654 5 the the DT 43431 5654 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5654 7 row row NN 43431 5654 8 is be VBZ 43431 5654 9 the the DT 43431 5654 10 = = SYM 43431 5654 11 pisiform= pisiform= NN 43431 5654 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5654 13 fig fig VB 43431 5654 14 . . . 43431 5655 1 48 48 CD 43431 5655 2 , , , 43431 5655 3 A a NN 43431 5655 4 , , , 43431 5655 5 6 6 CD 43431 5655 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5655 7 , , , 43431 5655 8 an an DT 43431 5655 9 irregular irregular JJ 43431 5655 10 bone bone NN 43431 5655 11 , , , 43431 5655 12 articulating articulate VBG 43431 5655 13 with with IN 43431 5655 14 the the DT 43431 5655 15 ulna ulna NNP 43431 5655 16 , , , 43431 5655 17 radiale radiale NNP 43431 5655 18 , , , 43431 5655 19 and and CC 43431 5655 20 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5655 21 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 5655 22 . . . 43431 5656 1 The the DT 43431 5656 2 = = SYM 43431 5656 3 centrale= centrale= NN 43431 5656 4 is be VBZ 43431 5656 5 a a DT 43431 5656 6 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5656 7 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 5656 8 element element NN 43431 5656 9 applied apply VBN 43431 5656 10 to to IN 43431 5656 11 the the DT 43431 5656 12 distal distal JJ 43431 5656 13 surface surface NN 43431 5656 14 of of IN 43431 5656 15 the the DT 43431 5656 16 radiale radiale NN 43431 5656 17 . . . 43431 5657 1 The the DT 43431 5657 2 distal distal JJ 43431 5657 3 row row NN 43431 5657 4 of of IN 43431 5657 5 carpals carpal NNS 43431 5657 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 5657 7 of of IN 43431 5657 8 two two CD 43431 5657 9 small small JJ 43431 5657 10 structures structure NNS 43431 5657 11 . . . 43431 5658 1 The the DT 43431 5658 2 first first JJ 43431 5658 3 of of IN 43431 5658 4 these these DT 43431 5658 5 forms form NNS 43431 5658 6 a a DT 43431 5658 7 small small JJ 43431 5658 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 5658 9 patch patch NN 43431 5658 10 , , , 43431 5658 11 which which WDT 43431 5658 12 is be VBZ 43431 5658 13 wedged wedge VBN 43431 5658 14 in in RP 43431 5658 15 between between IN 43431 5658 16 the the DT 43431 5658 17 first first JJ 43431 5658 18 and and CC 43431 5658 19 second second JJ 43431 5658 20 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 5658 21 , , , 43431 5658 22 the the DT 43431 5658 23 centrale centrale NN 43431 5658 24 and and CC 43431 5658 25 the the DT 43431 5658 26 bone bone NN 43431 5658 27 representing represent VBG 43431 5658 28 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 5658 29 3 3 CD 43431 5658 30 , , , 43431 5658 31 4 4 CD 43431 5658 32 and and CC 43431 5658 33 5 5 CD 43431 5658 34 ; ; : 43431 5658 35 this this DT 43431 5658 36 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 5658 37 patch patch NN 43431 5658 38 represents represent VBZ 43431 5658 39 = = SYM 43431 5658 40 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 5658 41 1 1 CD 43431 5658 42 and and CC 43431 5658 43 2= 2= CD 43431 5658 44 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5658 45 fig fig NN 43431 5658 46 . . . 43431 5659 1 48 48 CD 43431 5659 2 , , , 43431 5659 3 A a NN 43431 5659 4 , , , 43431 5659 5 7 7 CD 43431 5659 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5659 7 . . . 43431 5660 1 The the DT 43431 5660 2 bone bone NN 43431 5660 3 representing represent VBG 43431 5660 4 = = SYM 43431 5660 5 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 5660 6 3 3 CD 43431 5660 7 , , , 43431 5660 8 4 4 CD 43431 5660 9 and and CC 43431 5660 10 5= 5= CD 43431 5660 11 is be VBZ 43431 5660 12 a a DT 43431 5660 13 good good JJ 43431 5660 14 deal deal NN 43431 5660 15 larger large JJR 43431 5660 16 , , , 43431 5660 17 rounded round VBD 43431 5660 18 , , , 43431 5660 19 and and CC 43431 5660 20 well well RB 43431 5660 21 - - HYPH 43431 5660 22 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5660 23 ; ; : 43431 5660 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5660 25 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5660 26 with with IN 43431 5660 27 the the DT 43431 5660 28 ulnare ulnare NN 43431 5660 29 , , , 43431 5660 30 the the DT 43431 5660 31 pisiform pisiform NN 43431 5660 32 , , , 43431 5660 33 and and CC 43431 5660 34 the the DT 43431 5660 35 third third JJ 43431 5660 36 , , , 43431 5660 37 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5660 38 , , , 43431 5660 39 and and CC 43431 5660 40 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5660 41 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 5660 42 . . . 43431 5661 1 The the DT 43431 5661 2 = = SYM 43431 5661 3 hand=. hand=. FW 43431 5662 1 Each each DT 43431 5662 2 of of IN 43431 5662 3 the the DT 43431 5662 4 five five CD 43431 5662 5 digits digit NNS 43431 5662 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 5662 7 of of IN 43431 5662 8 an an DT 43431 5662 9 elongated elongated JJ 43431 5662 10 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 5662 11 , , , 43431 5662 12 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5662 13 at at IN 43431 5662 14 each each DT 43431 5662 15 end end NN 43431 5662 16 by by IN 43431 5662 17 an an DT 43431 5662 18 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 5662 19 , , , 43431 5662 20 and and CC 43431 5662 21 of of IN 43431 5662 22 a a DT 43431 5662 23 varying vary VBG 43431 5662 24 number number NN 43431 5662 25 of of IN 43431 5662 26 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5662 27 . . . 43431 5663 1 The the DT 43431 5663 2 terminal terminal JJ 43431 5663 3 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5663 4 of of IN 43431 5663 5 each each DT 43431 5663 6 digit digit NN 43431 5663 7 has have VBZ 43431 5663 8 an an DT 43431 5663 9 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 5663 10 only only RB 43431 5663 11 at at IN 43431 5663 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5663 13 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5663 14 end end NN 43431 5663 15 , , , 43431 5663 16 the the DT 43431 5663 17 others other NNS 43431 5663 18 have have VBP 43431 5663 19 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5663 20 at at IN 43431 5663 21 both both DT 43431 5663 22 ends end NNS 43431 5663 23 . . . 43431 5664 1 The the DT 43431 5664 2 first first JJ 43431 5664 3 digit digit NN 43431 5664 4 , , , 43431 5664 5 or or CC 43431 5664 6 = = SYM 43431 5664 7 pollex= pollex= NN 43431 5664 8 , , , 43431 5664 9 is be VBZ 43431 5664 10 the the DT 43431 5664 11 stoutest stout JJS 43431 5664 12 , , , 43431 5664 13 and and CC 43431 5664 14 has have VBZ 43431 5664 15 two two CD 43431 5664 16 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5664 17 , , , 43431 5664 18 the the DT 43431 5664 19 second second JJ 43431 5664 20 has have VBZ 43431 5664 21 three three CD 43431 5664 22 , , , 43431 5664 23 the the DT 43431 5664 24 third third JJ 43431 5664 25 four four CD 43431 5664 26 , , , 43431 5664 27 the the DT 43431 5664 28 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5664 29 three three CD 43431 5664 30 , , , 43431 5664 31 and and CC 43431 5664 32 the the DT 43431 5664 33 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5664 34 two two CD 43431 5664 35 . . . 43431 5665 1 The the DT 43431 5665 2 terminal terminal JJ 43431 5665 3 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5665 4 of of IN 43431 5665 5 each each DT 43431 5665 6 of of IN 43431 5665 7 the the DT 43431 5665 8 first first JJ 43431 5665 9 three three CD 43431 5665 10 digits digit NNS 43431 5665 11 is be VBZ 43431 5665 12 pointed point VBN 43431 5665 13 and and CC 43431 5665 14 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 5665 15 in in IN 43431 5665 16 a a DT 43431 5665 17 horny horny NN 43431 5665 18 claw claw NN 43431 5665 19 ; ; : 43431 5665 20 and and CC 43431 5665 21 is be VBZ 43431 5665 22 also also RB 43431 5665 23 marked mark VBN 43431 5665 24 by by IN 43431 5665 25 a a DT 43431 5665 26 pair pair NN 43431 5665 27 of of IN 43431 5665 28 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5665 29 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5665 30 grooves groove NNS 43431 5665 31 . . . 43431 5666 1 THE the DT 43431 5666 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 5666 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 5666 4 . . . 43431 5667 1 The the DT 43431 5667 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 5667 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 5667 4 of of IN 43431 5667 5 the the DT 43431 5667 6 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 5667 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 5667 8 of of IN 43431 5667 9 four four CD 43431 5667 10 parts part NNS 43431 5667 11 , , , 43431 5667 12 a a DT 43431 5667 13 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5667 14 element element NN 43431 5667 15 , , , 43431 5667 16 the the DT 43431 5667 17 = = SYM 43431 5667 18 ilium= ilium= NNS 43431 5667 19 , , , 43431 5667 20 an an DT 43431 5667 21 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5667 22 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5667 23 element element NN 43431 5667 24 , , , 43431 5667 25 the the DT 43431 5667 26 = = SYM 43431 5667 27 pubis= pubis= NN 43431 5667 28 , , , 43431 5667 29 a a DT 43431 5667 30 posterior posterior NN 43431 5667 31 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5667 32 element element NN 43431 5667 33 , , , 43431 5667 34 the the DT 43431 5667 35 = = SYM 43431 5667 36 ischium= ischium= NNS 43431 5667 37 , , , 43431 5667 38 and and CC 43431 5667 39 an an DT 43431 5667 40 accessory accessory JJ 43431 5667 41 anterior anterior NN 43431 5667 42 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5667 43 element element NN 43431 5667 44 , , , 43431 5667 45 the the DT 43431 5667 46 = = SYM 43431 5667 47 epipubis=. epipubis=. FW 43431 5668 1 All all DT 43431 5668 2 except except IN 43431 5668 3 the the DT 43431 5668 4 epipubis epipubis NN 43431 5668 5 take take VBP 43431 5668 6 part part NN 43431 5668 7 in in IN 43431 5668 8 the the DT 43431 5668 9 formation formation NN 43431 5668 10 of of IN 43431 5668 11 the the DT 43431 5668 12 = = SYM 43431 5668 13 acetabulum= acetabulum= NNS 43431 5668 14 , , , 43431 5668 15 which which WDT 43431 5668 16 is be VBZ 43431 5668 17 perforated perforate VBN 43431 5668 18 by by IN 43431 5668 19 a a DT 43431 5668 20 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5668 21 hole hole NN 43431 5668 22 . . . 43431 5669 1 The the DT 43431 5669 2 = = SYM 43431 5669 3 ilium= ilium= NN 43431 5669 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5669 5 fig fig NN 43431 5669 6 . . . 43431 5670 1 49 49 CD 43431 5670 2 , , , 43431 5670 3 1 1 CD 43431 5670 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5670 5 is be VBZ 43431 5670 6 a a DT 43431 5670 7 thick thick JJ 43431 5670 8 strong strong JJ 43431 5670 9 bone bone NN 43431 5670 10 , , , 43431 5670 11 firmly firmly RB 43431 5670 12 united united JJ 43431 5670 13 on on IN 43431 5670 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5670 15 inner inner JJ 43431 5670 16 side side NN 43431 5670 17 with with IN 43431 5670 18 the the DT 43431 5670 19 two two CD 43431 5670 20 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5670 21 ribs rib NNS 43431 5670 22 . . . 43431 5671 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5671 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5671 3 border border NN 43431 5671 4 is be VBZ 43431 5671 5 rounded round VBN 43431 5671 6 , , , 43431 5671 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5671 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5671 9 border border NN 43431 5671 10 bears bear VBZ 43431 5671 11 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5671 12 two two CD 43431 5671 13 irregular irregular JJ 43431 5671 14 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5671 15 , , , 43431 5671 16 completed complete VBN 43431 5671 17 by by IN 43431 5671 18 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 5671 19 , , , 43431 5671 20 which which WDT 43431 5671 21 are be VBP 43431 5671 22 united unite VBN 43431 5671 23 respectively respectively RB 43431 5671 24 with with IN 43431 5671 25 the the DT 43431 5671 26 ischium ischium NN 43431 5671 27 and and CC 43431 5671 28 pubis pubi VBD 43431 5671 29 . . . 43431 5672 1 The the DT 43431 5672 2 = = SYM 43431 5672 3 ischium= ischium= NN 43431 5672 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5672 5 fig fig NN 43431 5672 6 . . . 43431 5673 1 49 49 CD 43431 5673 2 , , , 43431 5673 3 2)--the 2)--the DT 43431 5673 4 largest large JJS 43431 5673 5 bone bone NN 43431 5673 6 of of IN 43431 5673 7 the the DT 43431 5673 8 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 5673 9 , , , 43431 5673 10 is be VBZ 43431 5673 11 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5673 12 contracted contract VBN 43431 5673 13 in in IN 43431 5673 14 the the DT 43431 5673 15 middle middle NN 43431 5673 16 and and CC 43431 5673 17 expanded expand VBN 43431 5673 18 at at IN 43431 5673 19 either either DT 43431 5673 20 end end NN 43431 5673 21 . . . 43431 5674 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5674 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5674 3 end end NN 43431 5674 4 , , , 43431 5674 5 which which WDT 43431 5674 6 is be VBZ 43431 5674 7 formed form VBN 43431 5674 8 by by IN 43431 5674 9 an an DT 43431 5674 10 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 5674 11 , , , 43431 5674 12 bears bear VBZ 43431 5674 13 two two CD 43431 5674 14 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5674 15 , , , 43431 5674 16 one one CD 43431 5674 17 of of IN 43431 5674 18 which which WDT 43431 5674 19 is be VBZ 43431 5674 20 united united JJ 43431 5674 21 to to IN 43431 5674 22 the the DT 43431 5674 23 ilium ilium NN 43431 5674 24 , , , 43431 5674 25 while while IN 43431 5674 26 the the DT 43431 5674 27 other other JJ 43431 5674 28 forms form NNS 43431 5674 29 part part NN 43431 5674 30 of of IN 43431 5674 31 the the DT 43431 5674 32 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 5674 33 . . . 43431 5675 1 The the DT 43431 5675 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5675 3 border border NN 43431 5675 4 is be VBZ 43431 5675 5 also also RB 43431 5675 6 drawn draw VBN 43431 5675 7 out out RP 43431 5675 8 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 5675 9 into into IN 43431 5675 10 a a DT 43431 5675 11 strong strong JJ 43431 5675 12 process process NN 43431 5675 13 , , , 43431 5675 14 which which WDT 43431 5675 15 is be VBZ 43431 5675 16 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5675 17 by by IN 43431 5675 18 a a DT 43431 5675 19 convex convex NNP 43431 5675 20 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 5675 21 , , , 43431 5675 22 and and CC 43431 5675 23 is be VBZ 43431 5675 24 united united JJ 43431 5675 25 to to IN 43431 5675 26 the the DT 43431 5675 27 pubis pubis NNP 43431 5675 28 . . . 43431 5676 1 The the DT 43431 5676 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5676 3 end end NN 43431 5676 4 of of IN 43431 5676 5 the the DT 43431 5676 6 ischium ischium NN 43431 5676 7 forms form VBZ 43431 5676 8 a a DT 43431 5676 9 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5676 10 blade blade NN 43431 5676 11 , , , 43431 5676 12 meeting meet VBG 43431 5676 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5676 14 fellow fellow NN 43431 5676 15 in in IN 43431 5676 16 a a DT 43431 5676 17 median median JJ 43431 5676 18 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5676 19 . . . 43431 5677 1 The the DT 43431 5677 2 = = SYM 43431 5677 3 pubis= pubis= NN 43431 5677 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5677 5 fig fig NN 43431 5677 6 . . . 43431 5678 1 49 49 CD 43431 5678 2 , , , 43431 5678 3 3 3 CD 43431 5678 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5678 5 is be VBZ 43431 5678 6 much much RB 43431 5678 7 smaller small JJR 43431 5678 8 than than IN 43431 5678 9 either either CC 43431 5678 10 the the DT 43431 5678 11 ilium ilium NN 43431 5678 12 or or CC 43431 5678 13 ischium ischium NN 43431 5678 14 ; ; : 43431 5678 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5678 16 forms form VBZ 43431 5678 17 a a DT 43431 5678 18 small small JJ 43431 5678 19 patch patch NN 43431 5678 20 of of IN 43431 5678 21 unossified unossified JJ 43431 5678 22 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5678 23 , , , 43431 5678 24 interposed interpose VBN 43431 5678 25 between between IN 43431 5678 26 the the DT 43431 5678 27 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5678 28 parts part NNS 43431 5678 29 of of IN 43431 5678 30 the the DT 43431 5678 31 ilium ilium NN 43431 5678 32 and and CC 43431 5678 33 ischium ischium NN 43431 5678 34 . . . 43431 5679 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5679 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5679 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5679 4 . . . 43431 5680 1 49 49 CD 43431 5680 2 . . . 43431 5681 1 PELVIS PELVIS NNP 43431 5681 2 AND and CC 43431 5681 3 SACRUM SACRUM NNP 43431 5681 4 OF of IN 43431 5681 5 AN an DT 43431 5681 6 ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR NNP 43431 5681 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5681 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5681 9 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 5681 10 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 5681 11 _ _ NNP 43431 5681 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5681 13 à à NNP 43431 5681 14 � � NNP 43431 5681 15 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 5681 16 . . . 43431 5682 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5682 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5682 3 . . . 43431 5683 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5683 2 . . . 43431 5683 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5684 1 1 1 LS 43431 5684 2 . . . 43431 5684 3 ilium ilium NNP 43431 5684 4 . . . 43431 5685 1 2 2 LS 43431 5685 2 . . . 43431 5685 3 ischium ischium NN 43431 5685 4 . . . 43431 5686 1 3 3 LS 43431 5686 2 . . . 43431 5686 3 true true JJ 43431 5686 4 pubis pubi VBN 43431 5686 5 . . . 43431 5687 1 4 4 LS 43431 5687 2 . . . 43431 5687 3 epipubis epipubis NNP 43431 5687 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5687 5 so so RB 43431 5687 6 - - HYPH 43431 5687 7 called call VBN 43431 5687 8 pubis pubis NN 43431 5687 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5687 10 . . . 43431 5688 1 5 5 LS 43431 5688 2 . . . 43431 5688 3 acetabular acetabular JJ 43431 5688 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5688 5 . . . 43431 5689 1 6 6 LS 43431 5689 2 . . . 43431 5689 3 neural neural JJ 43431 5689 4 spines spine NNS 43431 5689 5 of of IN 43431 5689 6 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5689 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5689 8 . . . 43431 5690 1 7 7 LS 43431 5690 2 . . . 43431 5690 3 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 5690 4 ischii ischii NNP 43431 5690 5 . . . 43431 5691 1 8 8 LS 43431 5691 2 . . . 43431 5691 3 process process NN 43431 5691 4 bearing bearing NN 43431 5691 5 prezygapophysis prezygapophysis NN 43431 5691 6 . . . 43431 5691 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5692 1 The the DT 43431 5692 2 = = SYM 43431 5692 3 epipubis= epipubis= NN 43431 5692 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5692 5 fig fig NN 43431 5692 6 . . . 43431 5693 1 49 49 CD 43431 5693 2 , , , 43431 5693 3 4 4 CD 43431 5693 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5693 5 is be VBZ 43431 5693 6 a a DT 43431 5693 7 large large JJ 43431 5693 8 bone bone NN 43431 5693 9 with with IN 43431 5693 10 a a DT 43431 5693 11 thickened thicken VBN 43431 5693 12 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5693 13 end end NN 43431 5693 14 , , , 43431 5693 15 which which WDT 43431 5693 16 is be VBZ 43431 5693 17 loosely loosely RB 43431 5693 18 articulated articulate VBN 43431 5693 19 to to IN 43431 5693 20 the the DT 43431 5693 21 ischium ischium NN 43431 5693 22 , , , 43431 5693 23 and and CC 43431 5693 24 a a DT 43431 5693 25 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5693 26 expanded expand VBN 43431 5693 27 distal distal JJ 43431 5693 28 end end NN 43431 5693 29 , , , 43431 5693 30 which which WDT 43431 5693 31 is be VBZ 43431 5693 32 united united JJ 43431 5693 33 with with IN 43431 5693 34 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5693 35 fellow fellow NN 43431 5693 36 , , , 43431 5693 37 and and CC 43431 5693 38 with with IN 43431 5693 39 the the DT 43431 5693 40 last last JJ 43431 5693 41 pair pair NN 43431 5693 42 of of IN 43431 5693 43 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 5693 44 ribs rib NNS 43431 5693 45 by by IN 43431 5693 46 a a DT 43431 5693 47 large large JJ 43431 5693 48 plate plate NN 43431 5693 49 of of IN 43431 5693 50 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5693 51 . . . 43431 5694 1 This this DT 43431 5694 2 bone bone NN 43431 5694 3 is be VBZ 43431 5694 4 generally generally RB 43431 5694 5 described describe VBN 43431 5694 6 as as IN 43431 5694 7 the the DT 43431 5694 8 pubis pubis NNP 43431 5694 9 . . . 43431 5695 1 THE the DT 43431 5695 2 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 5695 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 5695 4 . . . 43431 5696 1 This this DT 43431 5696 2 is be VBZ 43431 5696 3 as as RB 43431 5696 4 usual usual JJ 43431 5696 5 divisible divisible NN 43431 5696 6 into into IN 43431 5696 7 three three CD 43431 5696 8 portions portion NNS 43431 5696 9 , , , 43431 5696 10 the the DT 43431 5696 11 = = SYM 43431 5696 12 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 5696 13 , , , 43431 5696 14 the the DT 43431 5696 15 = = SYM 43431 5696 16 crus= crus= NN 43431 5696 17 or or CC 43431 5696 18 = = SYM 43431 5696 19 shin= shin= NNS 43431 5696 20 , , , 43431 5696 21 and and CC 43431 5696 22 the the DT 43431 5696 23 = = SYM 43431 5696 24 pes=. pes=. NN 43431 5697 1 The the DT 43431 5697 2 = = SYM 43431 5697 3 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 5697 4 is be VBZ 43431 5697 5 formed form VBN 43431 5697 6 by by IN 43431 5697 7 the the DT 43431 5697 8 = = SYM 43431 5697 9 femur= femur= NNP 43431 5697 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5697 11 fig fig NNP 43431 5697 12 . . . 43431 5698 1 48 48 CD 43431 5698 2 , , , 43431 5698 3 B b NN 43431 5698 4 , , , 43431 5698 5 12 12 CD 43431 5698 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5698 7 , , , 43431 5698 8 a a DT 43431 5698 9 moderately moderately RB 43431 5698 10 long long JJ 43431 5698 11 stout stout NN 43431 5698 12 bone bone NN 43431 5698 13 , , , 43431 5698 14 not not RB 43431 5698 15 unlike unlike IN 43431 5698 16 the the DT 43431 5698 17 humerus humerus NNPS 43431 5698 18 ; ; : 43431 5698 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5698 20 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5698 21 with with IN 43431 5698 22 the the DT 43431 5698 23 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 5698 24 by by IN 43431 5698 25 a a DT 43431 5698 26 fairly fairly RB 43431 5698 27 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5698 28 rounded rounded JJ 43431 5698 29 = = -RRB- 43431 5698 30 head=. head=. XX 43431 5699 1 The the DT 43431 5699 2 distal distal JJ 43431 5699 3 end end NN 43431 5699 4 articulating articulate VBG 43431 5699 5 with with IN 43431 5699 6 the the DT 43431 5699 7 tibia tibia NNP 43431 5699 8 and and CC 43431 5699 9 fibula fibula NN 43431 5699 10 is be VBZ 43431 5699 11 also also RB 43431 5699 12 expanded expand VBN 43431 5699 13 , , , 43431 5699 14 and and CC 43431 5699 15 is be VBZ 43431 5699 16 partially partially RB 43431 5699 17 divided divide VBN 43431 5699 18 into into IN 43431 5699 19 equal equal JJ 43431 5699 20 parts part NNS 43431 5699 21 by by IN 43431 5699 22 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5699 23 and and CC 43431 5699 24 posterior posterior NNP 43431 5699 25 grooves groove NNS 43431 5699 26 . . . 43431 5700 1 The the DT 43431 5700 2 flexor flexor NN 43431 5700 3 surface surface NN 43431 5700 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 5700 5 a a DT 43431 5700 6 fairly fairly RB 43431 5700 7 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5700 8 trochanteric trochanteric JJ 43431 5700 9 ridge ridge NN 43431 5700 10 . . . 43431 5701 1 Each each DT 43431 5701 2 end end NN 43431 5701 3 of of IN 43431 5701 4 the the DT 43431 5701 5 femur femur NN 43431 5701 6 is be VBZ 43431 5701 7 formed form VBN 43431 5701 8 by by IN 43431 5701 9 an an DT 43431 5701 10 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 5701 11 . . . 43431 5702 1 The the DT 43431 5702 2 = = SYM 43431 5702 3 crus= crus= NN 43431 5702 4 or or CC 43431 5702 5 = = SYM 43431 5702 6 shin= shin= NNP 43431 5702 7 includes include VBZ 43431 5702 8 two two CD 43431 5702 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5702 10 , , , 43431 5702 11 the the DT 43431 5702 12 = = SYM 43431 5702 13 tibia= tibia= NNP 43431 5702 14 and and CC 43431 5702 15 = = SYM 43431 5702 16 fibula=. fibula=. . 43431 5703 1 Both both DT 43431 5703 2 are be VBP 43431 5703 3 well well RB 43431 5703 4 developed developed JJ 43431 5703 5 , , , 43431 5703 6 but but CC 43431 5703 7 the the DT 43431 5703 8 tibia tibia NNP 43431 5703 9 is be VBZ 43431 5703 10 considerably considerably RB 43431 5703 11 the the DT 43431 5703 12 larger large JJR 43431 5703 13 of of IN 43431 5703 14 the the DT 43431 5703 15 two two CD 43431 5703 16 . . . 43431 5704 1 The the DT 43431 5704 2 = = SYM 43431 5704 3 tibia= tibia= NN 43431 5704 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5704 5 fig fig NN 43431 5704 6 . . . 43431 5705 1 48 48 CD 43431 5705 2 , , , 43431 5705 3 B b NN 43431 5705 4 , , , 43431 5705 5 13 13 CD 43431 5705 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5705 7 is be VBZ 43431 5705 8 a a DT 43431 5705 9 strong strong JJ 43431 5705 10 bone bone NN 43431 5705 11 with with IN 43431 5705 12 a a DT 43431 5705 13 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5705 14 expanded expand VBN 43431 5705 15 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5705 16 end end NN 43431 5705 17 articulating articulate VBG 43431 5705 18 with with IN 43431 5705 19 almost almost RB 43431 5705 20 the the DT 43431 5705 21 whole whole NN 43431 5705 22 of of IN 43431 5705 23 the the DT 43431 5705 24 end end NN 43431 5705 25 of of IN 43431 5705 26 the the DT 43431 5705 27 femur femur NN 43431 5705 28 , , , 43431 5705 29 and and CC 43431 5705 30 a a DT 43431 5705 31 similarly similarly RB 43431 5705 32 expanded expand VBN 43431 5705 33 distal distal JJ 43431 5705 34 end end NN 43431 5705 35 articulating articulate VBG 43431 5705 36 with with IN 43431 5705 37 a a DT 43431 5705 38 bone bone NN 43431 5705 39 representing represent VBG 43431 5705 40 the the DT 43431 5705 41 fused fuse VBN 43431 5705 42 astragalus astragalus NNP 43431 5705 43 and and CC 43431 5705 44 centrale centrale NNP 43431 5705 45 . . . 43431 5706 1 The the DT 43431 5706 2 = = SYM 43431 5706 3 fibula= fibula= NN 43431 5706 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5706 5 fig fig NN 43431 5706 6 . . . 43431 5707 1 48 48 CD 43431 5707 2 , , , 43431 5707 3 B b NN 43431 5707 4 , , , 43431 5707 5 14 14 CD 43431 5707 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5707 7 is be VBZ 43431 5707 8 flattened flatten VBN 43431 5707 9 proximally proximally RB 43431 5707 10 , , , 43431 5707 11 and and CC 43431 5707 12 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5707 13 with with IN 43431 5707 14 only only RB 43431 5707 15 quite quite PDT 43431 5707 16 a a DT 43431 5707 17 small small JJ 43431 5707 18 part part NN 43431 5707 19 of of IN 43431 5707 20 the the DT 43431 5707 21 femur femur NN 43431 5707 22 , , , 43431 5707 23 while while IN 43431 5707 24 distally distally RB 43431 5707 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5707 26 is be VBZ 43431 5707 27 more more RBR 43431 5707 28 expanded expand VBN 43431 5707 29 , , , 43431 5707 30 and and CC 43431 5707 31 articulates articulate NNS 43431 5707 32 with with IN 43431 5707 33 the the DT 43431 5707 34 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 5707 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5707 36 calcaneum calcaneum NNP 43431 5707 37 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5707 38 and and CC 43431 5707 39 with with IN 43431 5707 40 a a DT 43431 5707 41 facet facet NN 43431 5707 42 on on IN 43431 5707 43 the the DT 43431 5707 44 side side NN 43431 5707 45 of of IN 43431 5707 46 the the DT 43431 5707 47 fused fuse VBN 43431 5707 48 astragalus astragalus NNP 43431 5707 49 and and CC 43431 5707 50 centrale centrale NNP 43431 5707 51 . . . 43431 5708 1 The the DT 43431 5708 2 = = SYM 43431 5708 3 Pes= Pes= NNP 43431 5708 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 5708 5 of of IN 43431 5708 6 the the DT 43431 5708 7 = = SYM 43431 5708 8 tarsus= tarsus= CD 43431 5708 9 or or CC 43431 5708 10 = = SYM 43431 5708 11 ankle= ankle= NNS 43431 5708 12 , , , 43431 5708 13 and and CC 43431 5708 14 the the DT 43431 5708 15 = = SYM 43431 5708 16 foot=. foot=. . 43431 5709 1 The the DT 43431 5709 2 = = SYM 43431 5709 3 Tarsus=. tarsus=. NN 43431 5710 1 This this DT 43431 5710 2 , , , 43431 5710 3 like like IN 43431 5710 4 the the DT 43431 5710 5 carpus carpus NNP 43431 5710 6 , , , 43431 5710 7 is be VBZ 43431 5710 8 much much RB 43431 5710 9 reduced reduce VBN 43431 5710 10 and and CC 43431 5710 11 modified modify VBN 43431 5710 12 from from IN 43431 5710 13 the the DT 43431 5710 14 primitive primitive JJ 43431 5710 15 condition condition NN 43431 5710 16 . . . 43431 5711 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5711 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 5711 3 of of IN 43431 5711 4 only only RB 43431 5711 5 four four CD 43431 5711 6 bones bone NNS 43431 5711 7 , , , 43431 5711 8 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5711 9 in in IN 43431 5711 10 two two CD 43431 5711 11 rows row NNS 43431 5711 12 of of IN 43431 5711 13 two two CD 43431 5711 14 each each DT 43431 5711 15 . . . 43431 5712 1 The the DT 43431 5712 2 two two CD 43431 5712 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5712 4 of of IN 43431 5712 5 the the DT 43431 5712 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 5712 7 row row NN 43431 5712 8 are be VBP 43431 5712 9 much much RB 43431 5712 10 larger large JJR 43431 5712 11 than than IN 43431 5712 12 are be VBP 43431 5712 13 those those DT 43431 5712 14 of of IN 43431 5712 15 the the DT 43431 5712 16 distal distal JJ 43431 5712 17 row row NN 43431 5712 18 . . . 43431 5713 1 The the DT 43431 5713 2 pre pre JJ 43431 5713 3 - - JJ 43431 5713 4 axial axial JJ 43431 5713 5 of of IN 43431 5713 6 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5713 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5713 8 fig fig NN 43431 5713 9 . . . 43431 5714 1 48 48 CD 43431 5714 2 , , , 43431 5714 3 B b NN 43431 5714 4 , , , 43431 5714 5 15 15 CD 43431 5714 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5714 7 representing represent VBG 43431 5714 8 the the DT 43431 5714 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 5714 10 = = SYM 43431 5714 11 astragalus= astragalus= NNP 43431 5714 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5714 13 tibiale tibiale NNP 43431 5714 14 and and CC 43431 5714 15 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 5714 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5714 17 and and CC 43431 5714 18 = = SYM 43431 5714 19 centrale= centrale= FW 43431 5714 20 , , , 43431 5714 21 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5714 22 proximally proximally RB 43431 5714 23 with with IN 43431 5714 24 the the DT 43431 5714 25 tibia tibia NNP 43431 5714 26 and and CC 43431 5714 27 fibula fibula NN 43431 5714 28 , , , 43431 5714 29 and and CC 43431 5714 30 distally distally RB 43431 5714 31 with with IN 43431 5714 32 the the DT 43431 5714 33 first first JJ 43431 5714 34 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5714 35 , , , 43431 5714 36 and and CC 43431 5714 37 a a DT 43431 5714 38 small small JJ 43431 5714 39 bone bone NN 43431 5714 40 representing represent VBG 43431 5714 41 the the DT 43431 5714 42 first first JJ 43431 5714 43 three three CD 43431 5714 44 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 5714 45 . . . 43431 5715 1 The the DT 43431 5715 2 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 5715 3 bone bone NN 43431 5715 4 , , , 43431 5715 5 the the DT 43431 5715 6 = = SYM 43431 5715 7 calcaneum= calcaneum= NN 43431 5715 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5715 9 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 5715 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5715 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5715 12 fig fig NN 43431 5715 13 . . . 43431 5716 1 48 48 CD 43431 5716 2 , , , 43431 5716 3 B b NN 43431 5716 4 , , , 43431 5716 5 16 16 CD 43431 5716 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5716 7 , , , 43431 5716 8 is be VBZ 43431 5716 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 5716 10 out out RP 43431 5716 11 into into IN 43431 5716 12 a a DT 43431 5716 13 prominent prominent JJ 43431 5716 14 posterior posterior NN 43431 5716 15 process process NN 43431 5716 16 forming form VBG 43431 5716 17 a a DT 43431 5716 18 heel heel NN 43431 5716 19 such such JJ 43431 5716 20 as as IN 43431 5716 21 is be VBZ 43431 5716 22 almost almost RB 43431 5716 23 unknown unknown JJ 43431 5716 24 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 5716 25 except except IN 43431 5716 26 in in IN 43431 5716 27 mammals mammal NNS 43431 5716 28 . . . 43431 5717 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5717 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 5717 3 with with IN 43431 5717 4 the the DT 43431 5717 5 fibula fibula NN 43431 5717 6 , , , 43431 5717 7 the the DT 43431 5717 8 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 5717 9 - - HYPH 43431 5717 10 centrale centrale NNP 43431 5717 11 , , , 43431 5717 12 and and CC 43431 5717 13 distally distally RB 43431 5717 14 with with IN 43431 5717 15 a a DT 43431 5717 16 bone bone NN 43431 5717 17 representing represent VBG 43431 5717 18 the the DT 43431 5717 19 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5717 20 and and CC 43431 5717 21 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5717 22 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 5717 23 , , , 43431 5717 24 and and CC 43431 5717 25 with with IN 43431 5717 26 the the DT 43431 5717 27 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5717 28 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5717 29 . . . 43431 5718 1 The the DT 43431 5718 2 two two CD 43431 5718 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5718 4 forming form VBG 43431 5718 5 the the DT 43431 5718 6 distal distal JJ 43431 5718 7 row row NN 43431 5718 8 of of IN 43431 5718 9 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 5718 10 are be VBP 43431 5718 11 both both DT 43431 5718 12 small small JJ 43431 5718 13 and and CC 43431 5718 14 rounded rounded JJ 43431 5718 15 ; ; : 43431 5718 16 one one PRP 43431 5718 17 represents represent VBZ 43431 5718 18 the the DT 43431 5718 19 first first JJ 43431 5718 20 three three CD 43431 5718 21 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 5718 22 fused fuse VBN 43431 5718 23 together together RB 43431 5718 24 , , , 43431 5718 25 the the DT 43431 5718 26 other other JJ 43431 5718 27 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 5718 28 4 4 CD 43431 5718 29 and and CC 43431 5718 30 5 5 CD 43431 5718 31 . . . 43431 5719 1 The the DT 43431 5719 2 = = SYM 43431 5719 3 Foot=. Foot=. . 43431 5720 1 The the DT 43431 5720 2 = = SYM 43431 5720 3 foot= foot= NN 43431 5720 4 has have VBZ 43431 5720 5 five five CD 43431 5720 6 digits digit NNS 43431 5720 7 , , , 43431 5720 8 but but CC 43431 5720 9 the the DT 43431 5720 10 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5720 11 is be VBZ 43431 5720 12 much much RB 43431 5720 13 reduced reduce VBN 43431 5720 14 , , , 43431 5720 15 consisting consist VBG 43431 5720 16 only only RB 43431 5720 17 of of IN 43431 5720 18 a a DT 43431 5720 19 short short JJ 43431 5720 20 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5720 21 . . . 43431 5721 1 The the DT 43431 5721 2 first first JJ 43431 5721 3 four four CD 43431 5721 4 = = SYM 43431 5721 5 metatarsals= metatarsals= NN 43431 5721 6 are be VBP 43431 5721 7 all all DT 43431 5721 8 long long JJ 43431 5721 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5721 10 , , , 43431 5721 11 slightly slightly RB 43431 5721 12 expanded expand VBN 43431 5721 13 at at IN 43431 5721 14 each each DT 43431 5721 15 end end NN 43431 5721 16 , , , 43431 5721 17 and and CC 43431 5721 18 terminated terminate VBN 43431 5721 19 by by IN 43431 5721 20 small small JJ 43431 5721 21 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 5721 22 . . . 43431 5722 1 The the DT 43431 5722 2 first first JJ 43431 5722 3 digit digit NN 43431 5722 4 has have VBZ 43431 5722 5 two two CD 43431 5722 6 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 5722 7 , , , 43431 5722 8 the the DT 43431 5722 9 second second JJ 43431 5722 10 three three CD 43431 5722 11 , , , 43431 5722 12 the the DT 43431 5722 13 third third JJ 43431 5722 14 four four CD 43431 5722 15 , , , 43431 5722 16 and and CC 43431 5722 17 the the DT 43431 5722 18 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5722 19 five five CD 43431 5722 20 . . . 43431 5723 1 The the DT 43431 5723 2 terminal terminal NN 43431 5723 3 or or CC 43431 5723 4 = = SYM 43431 5723 5 ungual ungual JJ 43431 5723 6 phalanx= phalanx= NN 43431 5723 7 in in IN 43431 5723 8 each each DT 43431 5723 9 instance instance NN 43431 5723 10 is be VBZ 43431 5723 11 grooved groove VBN 43431 5723 12 and and CC 43431 5723 13 pointed pointed JJ 43431 5723 14 , , , 43431 5723 15 and and CC 43431 5723 16 in in IN 43431 5723 17 the the DT 43431 5723 18 case case NN 43431 5723 19 of of IN 43431 5723 20 the the DT 43431 5723 21 first first JJ 43431 5723 22 three three CD 43431 5723 23 digits digit NNS 43431 5723 24 bears bear VBZ 43431 5723 25 a a DT 43431 5723 26 horny horny NN 43431 5723 27 claw claw NN 43431 5723 28 . . . 43431 5724 1 The the DT 43431 5724 2 ungual ungual JJ 43431 5724 3 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 5724 4 progressively progressively RB 43431 5724 5 decreases decrease VBZ 43431 5724 6 in in IN 43431 5724 7 size size NN 43431 5724 8 from from IN 43431 5724 9 the the DT 43431 5724 10 first first JJ 43431 5724 11 to to IN 43431 5724 12 the the DT 43431 5724 13 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5724 14 . . . 43431 5725 1 The the DT 43431 5725 2 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5725 3 digit digit NN 43431 5725 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 5725 5 only only RB 43431 5725 6 of of IN 43431 5725 7 a a DT 43431 5725 8 small small JJ 43431 5725 9 , , , 43431 5725 10 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5725 11 square square JJ 43431 5725 12 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 5725 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5725 14 fig fig NN 43431 5725 15 . . . 43431 5726 1 48 48 CD 43431 5726 2 , , , 43431 5726 3 B b NN 43431 5726 4 , , , 43431 5726 5 21 21 CD 43431 5726 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5726 7 , , , 43431 5726 8 attached attach VBN 43431 5726 9 to to IN 43431 5726 10 the the DT 43431 5726 11 bone bone NN 43431 5726 12 representing represent VBG 43431 5726 13 the the DT 43431 5726 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 5726 15 fourth fourth JJ 43431 5726 16 and and CC 43431 5726 17 fifth fifth JJ 43431 5726 18 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 5726 19 . . . 43431 5727 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 5727 2 : : : 43431 5727 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5727 4 90 90 CD 43431 5727 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5727 6 Free free JJ 43431 5727 7 use use NN 43431 5727 8 has have VBZ 43431 5727 9 been be VBN 43431 5727 10 made make VBN 43431 5727 11 of of IN 43431 5727 12 L.C. L.C. NNP 43431 5728 1 Miall Miall NNP 43431 5728 2 's 's POS 43431 5728 3 _ _ NNP 43431 5728 4 Studies Studies NNPS 43431 5728 5 in in IN 43431 5728 6 Comparative Comparative NNP 43431 5728 7 Anatomy Anatomy NNP 43431 5728 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5728 9 , , , 43431 5728 10 I. I. NNP 43431 5728 11 , , , 43431 5728 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5728 13 The the DT 43431 5728 14 Skull Skull NNP 43431 5728 15 in in IN 43431 5728 16 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5728 17 _ _ NNP 43431 5728 18 , , , 43431 5728 19 London London NNP 43431 5728 20 , , , 43431 5728 21 1878 1878 CD 43431 5728 22 . . . 43431 5729 1 See see VB 43431 5729 2 also also RB 43431 5729 3 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 5730 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 5730 2 , , , 43431 5730 3 _ _ NNP 43431 5730 4 Tr Tr NNP 43431 5730 5 . . . 43431 5731 1 Z.S. Z.S. NNP 43431 5731 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5731 3 , , , 43431 5731 4 vol vol NNP 43431 5731 5 . . . 43431 5732 1 XI XI NNP 43431 5732 2 . . . 43431 5733 1 1885 1885 CD 43431 5733 2 , , , 43431 5733 3 p. p. NN 43431 5733 4 263 263 CD 43431 5733 5 . . . 43431 5734 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 5734 2 XVI XVI NNP 43431 5734 3 . . . 43431 5735 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 5735 2 ACCOUNT account NN 43431 5735 3 OF of IN 43431 5735 4 THE the DT 43431 5735 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 5735 6 IN in IN 43431 5735 7 REPTILES reptile NNS 43431 5735 8 . . . 43431 5736 1 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 5736 2 . . . 43431 5737 1 The the DT 43431 5737 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton JJ 43431 5737 3 both both CC 43431 5737 4 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5737 5 and and CC 43431 5737 6 dermal dermal JJ 43431 5737 7 is be VBZ 43431 5737 8 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 5737 9 well well RB 43431 5737 10 developed develop VBN 43431 5737 11 in in IN 43431 5737 12 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5737 13 . . . 43431 5738 1 EPIDERMAL EPIDERMAL NNP 43431 5738 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 5738 3 . . . 43431 5739 1 This this DT 43431 5739 2 generally generally RB 43431 5739 3 has have VBZ 43431 5739 4 the the DT 43431 5739 5 form form NN 43431 5739 6 of of IN 43431 5739 7 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 5739 8 horny horny NN 43431 5739 9 = = SYM 43431 5739 10 scales= scales= JJ 43431 5739 11 which which WDT 43431 5739 12 invest invest VBP 43431 5739 13 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 5739 14 of of IN 43431 5739 15 the the DT 43431 5739 16 dermis dermis NN 43431 5739 17 , , , 43431 5739 18 and and CC 43431 5739 19 are be VBP 43431 5739 20 found find VBN 43431 5739 21 covering cover VBG 43431 5739 22 the the DT 43431 5739 23 whole whole JJ 43431 5739 24 body body NN 43431 5739 25 in in IN 43431 5739 26 most most JJS 43431 5739 27 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNPS 43431 5739 28 , , , 43431 5739 29 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5739 30 , , , 43431 5739 31 and and CC 43431 5739 32 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5739 33 , , , 43431 5739 34 and and CC 43431 5739 35 many many JJ 43431 5739 36 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5739 37 . . . 43431 5740 1 In in IN 43431 5740 2 the the DT 43431 5740 3 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5740 4 the the DT 43431 5740 5 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5740 6 surface surface NN 43431 5740 7 of of IN 43431 5740 8 the the DT 43431 5740 9 tail tail NN 43431 5740 10 is be VBZ 43431 5740 11 commonly commonly RB 43431 5740 12 covered cover VBN 43431 5740 13 by by IN 43431 5740 14 a a DT 43431 5740 15 double double JJ 43431 5740 16 row row NN 43431 5740 17 of of IN 43431 5740 18 broad broad JJ 43431 5740 19 scales scale NNS 43431 5740 20 , , , 43431 5740 21 while while IN 43431 5740 22 the the DT 43431 5740 23 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5740 24 surface surface NN 43431 5740 25 of of IN 43431 5740 26 the the DT 43431 5740 27 precaudal precaudal JJ 43431 5740 28 part part NN 43431 5740 29 of of IN 43431 5740 30 the the DT 43431 5740 31 body body NN 43431 5740 32 is be VBZ 43431 5740 33 covered cover VBN 43431 5740 34 by by IN 43431 5740 35 a a DT 43431 5740 36 single single JJ 43431 5740 37 row row NN 43431 5740 38 . . . 43431 5741 1 In in IN 43431 5741 2 the the DT 43431 5741 3 burrowing burrow VBG 43431 5741 4 snakes snake NNS 43431 5741 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5741 6 Typhlopidae Typhlopidae NNP 43431 5741 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5741 8 and and CC 43431 5741 9 some some DT 43431 5741 10 sea sea NN 43431 5741 11 snakes snake NNS 43431 5741 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5741 13 Hydrophidae hydrophidae NN 43431 5741 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5741 15 these these DT 43431 5741 16 broad broad JJ 43431 5741 17 scales scale NNS 43431 5741 18 do do VBP 43431 5741 19 not not RB 43431 5741 20 occur occur VB 43431 5741 21 , , , 43431 5741 22 the the DT 43431 5741 23 scales scale NNS 43431 5741 24 of of IN 43431 5741 25 the the DT 43431 5741 26 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5741 27 surface surface NN 43431 5741 28 being be VBG 43431 5741 29 similar similar JJ 43431 5741 30 to to IN 43431 5741 31 those those DT 43431 5741 32 of of IN 43431 5741 33 the the DT 43431 5741 34 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5741 35 . . . 43431 5742 1 In in IN 43431 5742 2 the the DT 43431 5742 3 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5742 4 with with IN 43431 5742 5 the the DT 43431 5742 6 exception exception NN 43431 5742 7 of of IN 43431 5742 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5742 9 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 5742 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5742 11 , , , 43431 5742 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5742 13 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 5742 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5742 15 and and CC 43431 5742 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5742 17 allies ally NNS 43431 5742 18 there there EX 43431 5742 19 is be VBZ 43431 5742 20 a a DT 43431 5742 21 well well RB 43431 5742 22 - - HYPH 43431 5742 23 developed develop VBN 43431 5742 24 system system NN 43431 5742 25 of of IN 43431 5742 26 horny horny NN 43431 5742 27 shields shield NNS 43431 5742 28 having have VBG 43431 5742 29 a a DT 43431 5742 30 regular regular JJ 43431 5742 31 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 5742 32 which which WDT 43431 5742 33 has have VBZ 43431 5742 34 been be VBN 43431 5742 35 described describe VBN 43431 5742 36 in in IN 43431 5742 37 the the DT 43431 5742 38 account account NN 43431 5742 39 of of IN 43431 5742 40 the the DT 43431 5742 41 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 5742 42 's 's POS 43431 5742 43 skeleton[91 skeleton[91 NN 43431 5742 44 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5742 45 . . . 43431 5743 1 The the DT 43431 5743 2 = = SYM 43431 5743 3 rattle rattle NN 43431 5743 4 of of IN 43431 5743 5 the the DT 43431 5743 6 rattlesnake= rattlesnake= NN 43431 5743 7 is be VBZ 43431 5743 8 an an DT 43431 5743 9 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5743 10 structure structure NN 43431 5743 11 formed form VBN 43431 5743 12 of of IN 43431 5743 13 several several JJ 43431 5743 14 loosely loosely RB 43431 5743 15 articulated articulate VBN 43431 5743 16 horny horny NN 43431 5743 17 rings ring NNS 43431 5743 18 , , , 43431 5743 19 produced produce VBN 43431 5743 20 by by IN 43431 5743 21 the the DT 43431 5743 22 modification modification NN 43431 5743 23 of of IN 43431 5743 24 the the DT 43431 5743 25 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5743 26 covering covering NN 43431 5743 27 of of IN 43431 5743 28 the the DT 43431 5743 29 end end NN 43431 5743 30 of of IN 43431 5743 31 the the DT 43431 5743 32 tail tail NN 43431 5743 33 , , , 43431 5743 34 which which WDT 43431 5743 35 instead instead RB 43431 5743 36 of of IN 43431 5743 37 being be VBG 43431 5743 38 cast cast VBN 43431 5743 39 off off RP 43431 5743 40 when when WRB 43431 5743 41 the the DT 43431 5743 42 rest rest NN 43431 5743 43 of of IN 43431 5743 44 the the DT 43431 5743 45 outer outer JJ 43431 5743 46 skin skin NN 43431 5743 47 is be VBZ 43431 5743 48 shed shed VBN 43431 5743 49 is be VBZ 43431 5743 50 retained retain VBN 43431 5743 51 loosely loosely RB 43431 5743 52 interlocked interlocked JJ 43431 5743 53 with with IN 43431 5743 54 the the DT 43431 5743 55 adjoining adjoining JJ 43431 5743 56 ring ring NN 43431 5743 57 or or CC 43431 5743 58 joint joint NN 43431 5743 59 . . . 43431 5744 1 New new JJ 43431 5744 2 rings ring NNS 43431 5744 3 are be VBP 43431 5744 4 thus thus RB 43431 5744 5 periodically periodically RB 43431 5744 6 added add VBN 43431 5744 7 to to IN 43431 5744 8 the the DT 43431 5744 9 base base NN 43431 5744 10 of of IN 43431 5744 11 the the DT 43431 5744 12 rattle rattle NN 43431 5744 13 , , , 43431 5744 14 and and CC 43431 5744 15 in in IN 43431 5744 16 old old JJ 43431 5744 17 animals animal NNS 43431 5744 18 the the DT 43431 5744 19 terminal terminal JJ 43431 5744 20 ones one NNS 43431 5744 21 wear wear VBP 43431 5744 22 away away RB 43431 5744 23 and and CC 43431 5744 24 are be VBP 43431 5744 25 lost lose VBN 43431 5744 26 . . . 43431 5745 1 Horny Horny NNP 43431 5745 2 claws claw NNS 43431 5745 3 occur occur VBP 43431 5745 4 on on IN 43431 5745 5 the the DT 43431 5745 6 ends end NNS 43431 5745 7 of of IN 43431 5745 8 some some DT 43431 5745 9 or or CC 43431 5745 10 all all DT 43431 5745 11 of of IN 43431 5745 12 the the DT 43431 5745 13 digits digit NNS 43431 5745 14 in in IN 43431 5745 15 most most RBS 43431 5745 16 living living JJ 43431 5745 17 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5745 18 . . . 43431 5746 1 Owen Owen NNP 43431 5746 2 's 's POS 43431 5746 3 Chameleon Chameleon NNP 43431 5746 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 5746 5 three three CD 43431 5746 6 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5746 7 horns horn NNS 43431 5746 8 , , , 43431 5746 9 one one CD 43431 5746 10 arising arise VBG 43431 5746 11 from from IN 43431 5746 12 the the DT 43431 5746 13 nasal nasal NN 43431 5746 14 and and CC 43431 5746 15 two two CD 43431 5746 16 from from IN 43431 5746 17 the the DT 43431 5746 18 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5746 19 region region NN 43431 5746 20 . . . 43431 5747 1 In in IN 43431 5747 2 the the DT 43431 5747 3 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5747 4 , , , 43431 5747 5 some some DT 43431 5747 6 of of IN 43431 5747 7 the the DT 43431 5747 8 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5747 9 such such JJ 43431 5747 10 as as IN 43431 5747 11 _ _ NNP 43431 5747 12 Udenodon Udenodon NNP 43431 5747 13 _ _ NNP 43431 5747 14 and and CC 43431 5747 15 _ _ NNP 43431 5747 16 Dicynodon Dicynodon NNP 43431 5747 17 _ _ NNP 43431 5747 18 , , , 43431 5747 19 probably probably RB 43431 5747 20 also also RB 43431 5747 21 in in IN 43431 5747 22 the the DT 43431 5747 23 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5747 24 and and CC 43431 5747 25 _ _ NNP 43431 5747 26 Polyonax Polyonax NNP 43431 5747 27 _ _ NNP 43431 5747 28 among among IN 43431 5747 29 the the DT 43431 5747 30 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNPS 43431 5747 31 , , , 43431 5747 32 the the DT 43431 5747 33 jaws jaw NNS 43431 5747 34 are be VBP 43431 5747 35 more more RBR 43431 5747 36 or or CC 43431 5747 37 less less RBR 43431 5747 38 cased cased JJ 43431 5747 39 in in IN 43431 5747 40 horny horny NN 43431 5747 41 beaks beak NNS 43431 5747 42 . . . 43431 5748 1 The the DT 43431 5748 2 horny horny NN 43431 5748 3 beaks beak NNS 43431 5748 4 of of IN 43431 5748 5 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5748 6 are be VBP 43431 5748 7 variable variable JJ 43431 5748 8 ; ; : 43431 5748 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5748 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5748 11 have have VBP 43431 5748 12 cutting cut VBG 43431 5748 13 edges edge NNS 43431 5748 14 , , , 43431 5748 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5748 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5748 17 are be VBP 43431 5748 18 denticulated denticulate VBN 43431 5748 19 , , , 43431 5748 20 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5748 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5748 22 are be VBP 43431 5748 23 adapted adapt VBN 43431 5748 24 for for IN 43431 5748 25 crushing crush VBG 43431 5748 26 . . . 43431 5749 1 DERMAL DERMAL NNP 43431 5749 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 5749 3 . . . 43431 5750 1 Nearly nearly RB 43431 5750 2 all all DT 43431 5750 3 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5750 4 , , , 43431 5750 5 many many JJ 43431 5750 6 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5750 7 , , , 43431 5750 8 some some DT 43431 5750 9 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 5750 10 and and CC 43431 5750 11 Pythonomorpha Pythonomorpha NNP 43431 5750 12 , , , 43431 5750 13 and and CC 43431 5750 14 some some DT 43431 5750 15 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5750 16 such such JJ 43431 5750 17 as as IN 43431 5750 18 _ _ NNP 43431 5750 19 Tiliqua Tiliqua NNP 43431 5750 20 _ _ NNP 43431 5750 21 , , , 43431 5750 22 _ _ NNP 43431 5750 23 Scincus Scincus NNP 43431 5750 24 _ _ NNP 43431 5750 25 and and CC 43431 5750 26 _ _ NNP 43431 5750 27 Anguis Anguis NNP 43431 5750 28 _ _ NNP 43431 5750 29 have have VBP 43431 5750 30 a a DT 43431 5750 31 dermal dermal JJ 43431 5750 32 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 5750 33 of of IN 43431 5750 34 bony bony NNP 43431 5750 35 scutes scutes NNP 43431 5750 36 , , , 43431 5750 37 developed develop VBN 43431 5750 38 below below IN 43431 5750 39 and and CC 43431 5750 40 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 5750 41 in in IN 43431 5750 42 shape shape NN 43431 5750 43 to to IN 43431 5750 44 the the DT 43431 5750 45 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 5750 46 scales scale NNS 43431 5750 47 . . . 43431 5751 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5751 2 as as IN 43431 5751 3 in in IN 43431 5751 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5751 5 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 5751 6 sclerops sclerop NNS 43431 5751 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5751 8 , , , 43431 5751 9 _ _ NNP 43431 5751 10 Jacare Jacare NNP 43431 5751 11 _ _ NNP 43431 5751 12 and and CC 43431 5751 13 _ _ NNP 43431 5751 14 Teleosaurus Teleosaurus NNP 43431 5751 15 _ _ NNP 43431 5751 16 , , , 43431 5751 17 the the DT 43431 5751 18 scutes scute NNS 43431 5751 19 completely completely RB 43431 5751 20 invest invest VBP 43431 5751 21 the the DT 43431 5751 22 body body NN 43431 5751 23 , , , 43431 5751 24 being be VBG 43431 5751 25 so so RB 43431 5751 26 arranged arrange VBN 43431 5751 27 as as IN 43431 5751 28 to to TO 43431 5751 29 form form VB 43431 5751 30 a a DT 43431 5751 31 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5751 32 and and CC 43431 5751 33 a a DT 43431 5751 34 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5751 35 shield shield NN 43431 5751 36 , , , 43431 5751 37 and and CC 43431 5751 38 a a DT 43431 5751 39 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5751 40 series series NN 43431 5751 41 of of IN 43431 5751 42 rings ring NNS 43431 5751 43 round round IN 43431 5751 44 the the DT 43431 5751 45 tail tail NN 43431 5751 46 . . . 43431 5752 1 In in IN 43431 5752 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5752 3 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 5752 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5752 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5752 6 are be VBP 43431 5752 7 confined confine VBN 43431 5752 8 to to IN 43431 5752 9 the the DT 43431 5752 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5752 11 surface surface NN 43431 5752 12 , , , 43431 5752 13 and and CC 43431 5752 14 in in IN 43431 5752 15 _ _ NNP 43431 5752 16 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 5752 17 _ _ NNP 43431 5752 18 to to IN 43431 5752 19 the the DT 43431 5752 20 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5752 21 and and CC 43431 5752 22 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5752 23 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5752 24 . . . 43431 5753 1 The the DT 43431 5753 2 scutes scute NNS 43431 5753 3 of of IN 43431 5753 4 some some DT 43431 5753 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 5753 6 forms form NNS 43431 5753 7 articulate articulate VBP 43431 5753 8 with with IN 43431 5753 9 one one CD 43431 5753 10 another another DT 43431 5753 11 by by IN 43431 5753 12 a a DT 43431 5753 13 peg peg NN 43431 5753 14 and and CC 43431 5753 15 socket socket NN 43431 5753 16 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 5753 17 as as IN 43431 5753 18 in in IN 43431 5753 19 some some DT 43431 5753 20 Ganoid Ganoid NNP 43431 5753 21 fish fish NN 43431 5753 22 . . . 43431 5754 1 The the DT 43431 5754 2 = = SYM 43431 5754 3 carapace= carapace= NN 43431 5754 4 of of IN 43431 5754 5 most most JJS 43431 5754 6 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5754 7 is be VBZ 43431 5754 8 a a DT 43431 5754 9 compound compound NN 43431 5754 10 structure structure NN 43431 5754 11 , , , 43431 5754 12 being be VBG 43431 5754 13 partly partly RB 43431 5754 14 endoskeletal endoskeletal JJ 43431 5754 15 and and CC 43431 5754 16 formed form VBN 43431 5754 17 from from IN 43431 5754 18 the the DT 43431 5754 19 ribs rib NNS 43431 5754 20 and and CC 43431 5754 21 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5754 22 , , , 43431 5754 23 partly partly RB 43431 5754 24 from from IN 43431 5754 25 plates plate NNS 43431 5754 26 derived derive VBN 43431 5754 27 from from IN 43431 5754 28 the the DT 43431 5754 29 dermal dermal JJ 43431 5754 30 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 5754 31 . . . 43431 5755 1 The the DT 43431 5755 2 common common JJ 43431 5755 3 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 5755 4 is be VBZ 43431 5755 5 seen see VBN 43431 5755 6 in in IN 43431 5755 7 fig fig NN 43431 5755 8 . . . 43431 5756 1 36 36 CD 43431 5756 2 . . . 43431 5757 1 All all PDT 43431 5757 2 the the DT 43431 5757 3 surface surface NN 43431 5757 4 plates plate NNS 43431 5757 5 are be VBP 43431 5757 6 probably probably RB 43431 5757 7 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 5757 8 in in IN 43431 5757 9 origin origin NN 43431 5757 10 , , , 43431 5757 11 but but CC 43431 5757 12 united unite VBN 43431 5757 13 with with IN 43431 5757 14 the the DT 43431 5757 15 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5757 16 surfaces surface NNS 43431 5757 17 of of IN 43431 5757 18 the the DT 43431 5757 19 costal costal JJ 43431 5757 20 and and CC 43431 5757 21 neural neural JJ 43431 5757 22 plates plate NNS 43431 5757 23 respectively respectively RB 43431 5757 24 are be VBP 43431 5757 25 the the DT 43431 5757 26 expanded expand VBN 43431 5757 27 ribs rib NNS 43431 5757 28 and and CC 43431 5757 29 neural neural JJ 43431 5757 30 arches arch NNS 43431 5757 31 of of IN 43431 5757 32 the the DT 43431 5757 33 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5757 34 . . . 43431 5758 1 The the DT 43431 5758 2 = = SYM 43431 5758 3 plastron= plastron= NN 43431 5758 4 in in IN 43431 5758 5 the the DT 43431 5758 6 common common JJ 43431 5758 7 genus genus NNP 43431 5758 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5758 9 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 5758 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5758 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5758 12 fig fig NN 43431 5758 13 . . . 43431 5759 1 37 37 LS 43431 5759 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5759 3 includes include VBZ 43431 5759 4 nine nine CD 43431 5759 5 plates plate NNS 43431 5759 6 of of IN 43431 5759 7 bone bone NN 43431 5759 8 , , , 43431 5759 9 one one CD 43431 5759 10 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 5759 11 and and CC 43431 5759 12 four four CD 43431 5759 13 pairs pair NNS 43431 5759 14 ; ; : 43431 5759 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5759 16 will will MD 43431 5759 17 be be VB 43431 5759 18 referred refer VBN 43431 5759 19 to to IN 43431 5759 20 in in IN 43431 5759 21 connection connection NN 43431 5759 22 with with IN 43431 5759 23 the the DT 43431 5759 24 ribs rib NNS 43431 5759 25 and and CC 43431 5759 26 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 5759 27 girdle girdle NNP 43431 5759 28 . . . 43431 5760 1 In in IN 43431 5760 2 the the DT 43431 5760 3 Leathery Leathery NNP 43431 5760 4 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 5760 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5760 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5760 7 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 5760 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5760 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5760 10 the the DT 43431 5760 11 carapace carapace NN 43431 5760 12 and and CC 43431 5760 13 plastron plastron NN 43431 5760 14 differ differ VBP 43431 5760 15 completely completely RB 43431 5760 16 from from IN 43431 5760 17 those those DT 43431 5760 18 of of IN 43431 5760 19 any any DT 43431 5760 20 other other JJ 43431 5760 21 living living NN 43431 5760 22 form form NN 43431 5760 23 . . . 43431 5761 1 The the DT 43431 5761 2 carapace carapace NN 43431 5761 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 5761 4 of of IN 43431 5761 5 a a DT 43431 5761 6 number number NN 43431 5761 7 of of IN 43431 5761 8 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 5761 9 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 5761 10 fitting fit VBG 43431 5761 11 closely closely RB 43431 5761 12 together together RB 43431 5761 13 and and CC 43431 5761 14 altogether altogether RB 43431 5761 15 distinct distinct JJ 43431 5761 16 from from IN 43431 5761 17 the the DT 43431 5761 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5761 19 and and CC 43431 5761 20 ribs rib NNS 43431 5761 21 . . . 43431 5762 1 The the DT 43431 5762 2 plastron plastron NN 43431 5762 3 is be VBZ 43431 5762 4 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 5762 5 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5762 6 , , , 43431 5762 7 and and CC 43431 5762 8 not not RB 43431 5762 9 united united JJ 43431 5762 10 with with IN 43431 5762 11 the the DT 43431 5762 12 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 5762 13 , , , 43431 5762 14 and and CC 43431 5762 15 the the DT 43431 5762 16 whole whole JJ 43431 5762 17 surface surface NN 43431 5762 18 of of IN 43431 5762 19 both both CC 43431 5762 20 carapace carapace NN 43431 5762 21 and and CC 43431 5762 22 plastron plastron NN 43431 5762 23 is be VBZ 43431 5762 24 covered cover VBN 43431 5762 25 with with IN 43431 5762 26 a a DT 43431 5762 27 tough tough JJ 43431 5762 28 leathery leathery NN 43431 5762 29 skin skin NN 43431 5762 30 , , , 43431 5762 31 without without IN 43431 5762 32 horny horny NN 43431 5762 33 shields shield NNS 43431 5762 34 . . . 43431 5763 1 Some some DT 43431 5763 2 of of IN 43431 5763 3 the the DT 43431 5763 4 extinct extinct JJ 43431 5763 5 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5763 6 have have VBP 43431 5763 7 an an DT 43431 5763 8 enormously enormously RB 43431 5763 9 developed develop VBN 43431 5763 10 dermal dermal JJ 43431 5763 11 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 5763 12 . . . 43431 5764 1 Thus thus RB 43431 5764 2 in in IN 43431 5764 3 _ _ NNP 43431 5764 4 Stegosaurus Stegosaurus NNP 43431 5764 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5764 6 and and CC 43431 5764 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5764 8 Omosaurus Omosaurus NNP 43431 5764 9 _ _ NNP 43431 5764 10 the the DT 43431 5764 11 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5764 12 surface surface NN 43431 5764 13 is be VBZ 43431 5764 14 provided provide VBN 43431 5764 15 with with IN 43431 5764 16 flattened flattened JJ 43431 5764 17 plates plate NNS 43431 5764 18 or or CC 43431 5764 19 with with IN 43431 5764 20 spines spine NNS 43431 5764 21 reaching reach VBG 43431 5764 22 a a DT 43431 5764 23 length length NN 43431 5764 24 of of IN 43431 5764 25 upwards upward NNS 43431 5764 26 of of IN 43431 5764 27 two two CD 43431 5764 28 feet foot NNS 43431 5764 29 . . . 43431 5765 1 In in IN 43431 5765 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5765 3 Polacanthus Polacanthus NNP 43431 5765 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5765 5 the the DT 43431 5765 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 5765 7 part part NN 43431 5765 8 of of IN 43431 5765 9 the the DT 43431 5765 10 body body NN 43431 5765 11 is be VBZ 43431 5765 12 protected protect VBN 43431 5765 13 by by IN 43431 5765 14 a a DT 43431 5765 15 bony bony NN 43431 5765 16 shield shield NN 43431 5765 17 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5765 18 recalling recall VBG 43431 5765 19 that that DT 43431 5765 20 of of IN 43431 5765 21 the the DT 43431 5765 22 little little JJ 43431 5765 23 armadillo armadillo NN 43431 5765 24 _ _ NNP 43431 5765 25 Chlamydophorus Chlamydophorus NNP 43431 5765 26 _ _ NNP 43431 5765 27 . . . 43431 5766 1 No no DT 43431 5766 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 5766 3 is be VBZ 43431 5766 4 known know VBN 43431 5766 5 in in IN 43431 5766 6 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5766 7 , , , 43431 5766 8 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 5766 9 , , , 43431 5766 10 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5766 11 , , , 43431 5766 12 many many JJ 43431 5766 13 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5766 14 and and CC 43431 5766 15 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5766 16 , , , 43431 5766 17 and and CC 43431 5766 18 some some DT 43431 5766 19 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5766 20 , , , 43431 5766 21 such such JJ 43431 5766 22 as as IN 43431 5766 23 _ _ NNP 43431 5766 24 Chamaeleon Chamaeleon NNP 43431 5766 25 _ _ NNP 43431 5766 26 and and CC 43431 5766 27 _ _ NNP 43431 5766 28 Amphisbaena Amphisbaena NNP 43431 5766 29 _ _ NNP 43431 5766 30 . . . 43431 5767 1 TEETH TEETH NNP 43431 5767 2 . . . 43431 5768 1 The the DT 43431 5768 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5768 3 of of IN 43431 5768 4 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5768 5 are be VBP 43431 5768 6 generally generally RB 43431 5768 7 well well RB 43431 5768 8 developed developed JJ 43431 5768 9 , , , 43431 5768 10 and and CC 43431 5768 11 in in IN 43431 5768 12 the the DT 43431 5768 13 great great JJ 43431 5768 14 majority majority NN 43431 5768 15 of of IN 43431 5768 16 forms form NNS 43431 5768 17 are be VBP 43431 5768 18 simple simple JJ 43431 5768 19 conical conical JJ 43431 5768 20 structures structure NNS 43431 5768 21 , , , 43431 5768 22 uniform uniform JJ 43431 5768 23 in in IN 43431 5768 24 character character NN 43431 5768 25 , , , 43431 5768 26 generally generally RB 43431 5768 27 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 5768 28 recurved recurve VBN 43431 5768 29 , , , 43431 5768 30 and and CC 43431 5768 31 often often RB 43431 5768 32 with with IN 43431 5768 33 serrated serrated JJ 43431 5768 34 edges edge NNS 43431 5768 35 . . . 43431 5769 1 Another another DT 43431 5769 2 common common JJ 43431 5769 3 type type NN 43431 5769 4 of of IN 43431 5769 5 tooth tooth NN 43431 5769 6 is be VBZ 43431 5769 7 that that DT 43431 5769 8 with with IN 43431 5769 9 a a DT 43431 5769 10 laterally laterally RB 43431 5769 11 compressed compress VBN 43431 5769 12 triangular triangular JJ 43431 5769 13 crown crown NN 43431 5769 14 provided provide VBN 43431 5769 15 with with IN 43431 5769 16 a a DT 43431 5769 17 double double JJ 43431 5769 18 cutting cutting NN 43431 5769 19 edge edge NN 43431 5769 20 which which WDT 43431 5769 21 may may MD 43431 5769 22 or or CC 43431 5769 23 may may MD 43431 5769 24 not not RB 43431 5769 25 be be VB 43431 5769 26 serrated serrate VBN 43431 5769 27 . . . 43431 5770 1 The the DT 43431 5770 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5770 3 are be VBP 43431 5770 4 mainly mainly RB 43431 5770 5 formed form VBN 43431 5770 6 of of IN 43431 5770 7 dentine dentine NNP 43431 5770 8 , , , 43431 5770 9 with with IN 43431 5770 10 usually usually RB 43431 5770 11 an an DT 43431 5770 12 external external JJ 43431 5770 13 layer layer NN 43431 5770 14 of of IN 43431 5770 15 enamel enamel NNP 43431 5770 16 , , , 43431 5770 17 and and CC 43431 5770 18 often often RB 43431 5770 19 a a DT 43431 5770 20 coating coating NN 43431 5770 21 of of IN 43431 5770 22 cement cement NN 43431 5770 23 on on IN 43431 5770 24 the the DT 43431 5770 25 root root NN 43431 5770 26 . . . 43431 5771 1 Vasodentine Vasodentine NNP 43431 5771 2 is be VBZ 43431 5771 3 found find VBN 43431 5771 4 below below IN 43431 5771 5 the the DT 43431 5771 6 dentine dentine NN 43431 5771 7 in in IN 43431 5771 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5771 9 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 5771 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5771 11 . . . 43431 5772 1 The the DT 43431 5772 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5772 3 of of IN 43431 5772 4 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5772 5 never never RB 43431 5772 6 have have VBP 43431 5772 7 the the DT 43431 5772 8 enamel enamel NN 43431 5772 9 deeply deeply RB 43431 5772 10 infolded infolded JJ 43431 5772 11 , , , 43431 5772 12 nor nor CC 43431 5772 13 do do VBP 43431 5772 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5772 15 have have VB 43431 5772 16 double double JJ 43431 5772 17 roots root NNS 43431 5772 18 . . . 43431 5773 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 5773 2 may may MD 43431 5773 3 be be VB 43431 5773 4 present present JJ 43431 5773 5 not not RB 43431 5773 6 only only RB 43431 5773 7 on on IN 43431 5773 8 the the DT 43431 5773 9 jaw jaw NN 43431 5773 10 - - HYPH 43431 5773 11 bones bone NNS 43431 5773 12 , , , 43431 5773 13 but but CC 43431 5773 14 as as IN 43431 5773 15 in in IN 43431 5773 16 many many JJ 43431 5773 17 _ _ NNP 43431 5773 18 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 5773 19 _ _ NNP 43431 5773 20 , , , 43431 5773 21 also also RB 43431 5773 22 on on IN 43431 5773 23 the the DT 43431 5773 24 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5773 25 , , , 43431 5773 26 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5773 27 or or CC 43431 5773 28 vomers vomer NNS 43431 5773 29 . . . 43431 5774 1 The the DT 43431 5774 2 method method NN 43431 5774 3 by by IN 43431 5774 4 which which WDT 43431 5774 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5774 6 are be VBP 43431 5774 7 attached attach VBN 43431 5774 8 to to IN 43431 5774 9 the the DT 43431 5774 10 bones bone NNS 43431 5774 11 varies vary VBZ 43431 5774 12 much much JJ 43431 5774 13 . . . 43431 5775 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5775 2 as as IN 43431 5775 3 in in IN 43431 5775 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5775 5 Iguana Iguana NNP 43431 5775 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5775 7 and and CC 43431 5775 8 some some DT 43431 5775 9 other other JJ 43431 5775 10 lizards lizard NNS 43431 5775 11 , , , 43431 5775 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5775 13 are be VBP 43431 5775 14 pleurodont[1 pleurodont[1 `` 43431 5775 15 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5775 16 , , , 43431 5775 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5775 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5775 19 are be VBP 43431 5775 20 acrodont[92 acrodont[92 NNP 43431 5775 21 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5775 22 , , , 43431 5775 23 as as IN 43431 5775 24 in in IN 43431 5775 25 the the DT 43431 5775 26 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 5775 27 , , , 43431 5775 28 Pythonomorpha Pythonomorpha NNP 43431 5775 29 , , , 43431 5775 30 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5775 31 and and CC 43431 5775 32 some some DT 43431 5775 33 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5775 34 such such JJ 43431 5775 35 as as IN 43431 5775 36 _ _ NNP 43431 5775 37 Agama Agama NNP 43431 5775 38 _ _ NNP 43431 5775 39 . . . 43431 5776 1 Again again RB 43431 5776 2 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5776 3 may may MD 43431 5776 4 be be VB 43431 5776 5 set set VBN 43431 5776 6 in in IN 43431 5776 7 a a DT 43431 5776 8 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5776 9 groove groove NN 43431 5776 10 as as IN 43431 5776 11 in in IN 43431 5776 12 the the DT 43431 5776 13 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5776 14 and and CC 43431 5776 15 young young JJ 43431 5776 16 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5776 17 . . . 43431 5777 1 Finally finally RB 43431 5777 2 the the DT 43431 5777 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5777 4 may may MD 43431 5777 5 be be VB 43431 5777 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5777 7 thecodont thecodont NNP 43431 5777 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5777 9 or or CC 43431 5777 10 placed place VBN 43431 5777 11 in in IN 43431 5777 12 distinct distinct JJ 43431 5777 13 sockets socket NNS 43431 5777 14 as as IN 43431 5777 15 in in IN 43431 5777 16 the the DT 43431 5777 17 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5777 18 , , , 43431 5777 19 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 5777 20 , , , 43431 5777 21 adult adult NN 43431 5777 22 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5777 23 , , , 43431 5777 24 Sauropoda Sauropoda NNP 43431 5777 25 and and CC 43431 5777 26 Theropoda Theropoda NNP 43431 5777 27 . . . 43431 5778 1 In in IN 43431 5778 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5778 3 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 5778 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5778 5 the the DT 43431 5778 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5778 7 are be VBP 43431 5778 8 set set VBN 43431 5778 9 in in IN 43431 5778 10 shallow shallow JJ 43431 5778 11 sockets socket NNS 43431 5778 12 in in IN 43431 5778 13 a a DT 43431 5778 14 groove groove NN 43431 5778 15 one one CD 43431 5778 16 side side NN 43431 5778 17 of of IN 43431 5778 18 which which WDT 43431 5778 19 is be VBZ 43431 5778 20 higher high JJR 43431 5778 21 than than IN 43431 5778 22 the the DT 43431 5778 23 other other JJ 43431 5778 24 ; ; : 43431 5778 25 the the DT 43431 5778 26 method method NN 43431 5778 27 of of IN 43431 5778 28 attachment attachment NN 43431 5778 29 thus thus RB 43431 5778 30 shows show VBZ 43431 5778 31 points point NNS 43431 5778 32 of of IN 43431 5778 33 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 5778 34 to to IN 43431 5778 35 the the DT 43431 5778 36 thecodont thecodont NN 43431 5778 37 condition condition NN 43431 5778 38 , , , 43431 5778 39 the the DT 43431 5778 40 pleurodont pleurodont NN 43431 5778 41 condition condition NN 43431 5778 42 , , , 43431 5778 43 and and CC 43431 5778 44 that that DT 43431 5778 45 met meet VBD 43431 5778 46 with with IN 43431 5778 47 in in IN 43431 5778 48 the the DT 43431 5778 49 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5778 50 . . . 43431 5779 1 In in IN 43431 5779 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5779 3 Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus NNP 43431 5779 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5779 5 the the DT 43431 5779 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5779 7 are be VBP 43431 5779 8 marked mark VBN 43431 5779 9 by by IN 43431 5779 10 a a DT 43431 5779 11 number number NN 43431 5779 12 of of IN 43431 5779 13 vertical vertical JJ 43431 5779 14 furrows furrow NNS 43431 5779 15 , , , 43431 5779 16 and and CC 43431 5779 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5779 18 is be VBZ 43431 5779 19 from from IN 43431 5779 20 a a DT 43431 5779 21 furrow furrow NN 43431 5779 22 of of IN 43431 5779 23 this this DT 43431 5779 24 nature nature NN 43431 5779 25 greatly greatly RB 43431 5779 26 enlarged enlarge VBD 43431 5779 27 and and CC 43431 5779 28 converted convert VBN 43431 5779 29 into into IN 43431 5779 30 a a DT 43431 5779 31 tube tube NN 43431 5779 32 that that WDT 43431 5779 33 the the DT 43431 5779 34 channel channel NN 43431 5779 35 down down IN 43431 5779 36 which which WDT 43431 5779 37 flows flow VBZ 43431 5779 38 the the DT 43431 5779 39 poison poison NN 43431 5779 40 of of IN 43431 5779 41 venomous venomous JJ 43431 5779 42 snakes snake NNS 43431 5779 43 is be VBZ 43431 5779 44 derived derive VBN 43431 5779 45 . . . 43431 5780 1 In in IN 43431 5780 2 most most JJS 43431 5780 3 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 5780 4 the the DT 43431 5780 5 dentition dentition NN 43431 5780 6 is be VBZ 43431 5780 7 more more RBR 43431 5780 8 or or CC 43431 5780 9 less less JJR 43431 5780 10 homodont homodont JJ 43431 5780 11 . . . 43431 5781 1 The the DT 43431 5781 2 only only JJ 43431 5781 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5781 4 in in IN 43431 5781 5 which which WDT 43431 5781 6 a a DT 43431 5781 7 definite definite JJ 43431 5781 8 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 5781 9 dentition dentition NN 43431 5781 10 is be VBZ 43431 5781 11 known know VBN 43431 5781 12 are be VBP 43431 5781 13 the the DT 43431 5781 14 extinct extinct JJ 43431 5781 15 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5781 16 , , , 43431 5781 17 and and CC 43431 5781 18 in in IN 43431 5781 19 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5781 20 the the DT 43431 5781 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5781 22 vary vary VBP 43431 5781 23 greatly greatly RB 43431 5781 24 . . . 43431 5782 1 Thus thus RB 43431 5782 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5782 3 Udenodon Udenodon NNP 43431 5782 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5782 5 is be VBZ 43431 5782 6 toothless toothless NN 43431 5782 7 , , , 43431 5782 8 the the DT 43431 5782 9 jaws jaw NNS 43431 5782 10 having have VBG 43431 5782 11 been be VBN 43431 5782 12 probably probably RB 43431 5782 13 cased case VBN 43431 5782 14 in in IN 43431 5782 15 a a DT 43431 5782 16 horny horny JJ 43431 5782 17 beak beak NN 43431 5782 18 . . . 43431 5783 1 In in IN 43431 5783 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5783 3 Dicynodon Dicynodon NNP 43431 5783 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5783 5 the the DT 43431 5783 6 jaws jaw NNS 43431 5783 7 are be VBP 43431 5783 8 likewise likewise RB 43431 5783 9 toothless toothless JJ 43431 5783 10 with with IN 43431 5783 11 the the DT 43431 5783 12 exception exception NN 43431 5783 13 of of IN 43431 5783 14 a a DT 43431 5783 15 pair pair NN 43431 5783 16 of of IN 43431 5783 17 permanently permanently RB 43431 5783 18 growing grow VBG 43431 5783 19 tusks tusk NNS 43431 5783 20 borne bear VBN 43431 5783 21 by by IN 43431 5783 22 the the DT 43431 5783 23 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5783 24 . . . 43431 5784 1 _ _ NNP 43431 5784 2 Dicynodon Dicynodon NNP 43431 5784 3 _ _ NNP 43431 5784 4 is be VBZ 43431 5784 5 the the DT 43431 5784 6 only only RB 43431 5784 7 known know VBN 43431 5784 8 reptile reptile NN 43431 5784 9 whose whose WP$ 43431 5784 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5784 11 have have VBP 43431 5784 12 permanently permanently RB 43431 5784 13 growing grow VBG 43431 5784 14 pulps pulps NN 43431 5784 15 . . . 43431 5785 1 In in IN 43431 5785 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5785 3 Pariasaurus Pariasaurus NNP 43431 5785 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5785 5 the the DT 43431 5785 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5785 7 are be VBP 43431 5785 8 uniform uniform JJ 43431 5785 9 and and CC 43431 5785 10 very very RB 43431 5785 11 numerous numerous JJ 43431 5785 12 , , , 43431 5785 13 and and CC 43431 5785 14 though though IN 43431 5785 15 placed place VBN 43431 5785 16 in in IN 43431 5785 17 distinct distinct JJ 43431 5785 18 sockets socket NNS 43431 5785 19 are be VBP 43431 5785 20 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 5785 21 to to IN 43431 5785 22 the the DT 43431 5785 23 jaw jaw NN 43431 5785 24 . . . 43431 5786 1 In in IN 43431 5786 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5786 3 Galesaurus Galesaurus NNP 43431 5786 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5786 5 and and CC 43431 5786 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5786 7 Cynognathus Cynognathus NNP 43431 5786 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5786 9 three three CD 43431 5786 10 kinds kind NNS 43431 5786 11 of of IN 43431 5786 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5786 13 can can MD 43431 5786 14 be be VB 43431 5786 15 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 5786 16 , , , 43431 5786 17 slender slender NN 43431 5786 18 conical conical JJ 43431 5786 19 incisor incisor NN 43431 5786 20 - - HYPH 43431 5786 21 like like JJ 43431 5786 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5786 23 , , , 43431 5786 24 large large JJ 43431 5786 25 canine canine NN 43431 5786 26 - - HYPH 43431 5786 27 like like JJ 43431 5786 28 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5786 29 , , , 43431 5786 30 and and CC 43431 5786 31 cheek cheek VB 43431 5786 32 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5786 33 with with IN 43431 5786 34 two two CD 43431 5786 35 or or CC 43431 5786 36 three three CD 43431 5786 37 cusps cusp NNS 43431 5786 38 . . . 43431 5787 1 The the DT 43431 5787 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5787 3 in in IN 43431 5787 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5787 5 Galesaurus Galesaurus NNP 43431 5787 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5787 7 are be VBP 43431 5787 8 confined confine VBN 43431 5787 9 to to IN 43431 5787 10 the the DT 43431 5787 11 jaws jaw NNS 43431 5787 12 , , , 43431 5787 13 in in IN 43431 5787 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5787 15 Placodus Placodus NNP 43431 5787 16 _ _ NNP 43431 5787 17 and and CC 43431 5787 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5787 19 allies ally NNS 43431 5787 20 , , , 43431 5787 21 however however RB 43431 5787 22 , , , 43431 5787 23 large large JJ 43431 5787 24 flat flat JJ 43431 5787 25 crushing crushing NN 43431 5787 26 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5787 27 are be VBP 43431 5787 28 attached attach VBN 43431 5787 29 to to IN 43431 5787 30 the the DT 43431 5787 31 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5787 32 as as RB 43431 5787 33 well well RB 43431 5787 34 as as IN 43431 5787 35 to to IN 43431 5787 36 the the DT 43431 5787 37 jaw jaw NN 43431 5787 38 - - HYPH 43431 5787 39 bones bone NNS 43431 5787 40 , , , 43431 5787 41 and and CC 43431 5787 42 in in IN 43431 5787 43 _ _ NNP 43431 5787 44 Pariasaurus Pariasaurus NNP 43431 5787 45 _ _ NNP 43431 5787 46 the the DT 43431 5787 47 vomer vomer NN 43431 5787 48 , , , 43431 5787 49 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5787 50 and and CC 43431 5787 51 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 5787 52 all all DT 43431 5787 53 bear bear VBP 43431 5787 54 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5787 55 as as RB 43431 5787 56 well well RB 43431 5787 57 as as IN 43431 5787 58 the the DT 43431 5787 59 jaw jaw NN 43431 5787 60 bones bone VBZ 43431 5787 61 . . . 43431 5788 1 The the DT 43431 5788 2 upper upper JJ 43431 5788 3 jaw jaw NN 43431 5788 4 of of IN 43431 5788 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5788 6 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5788 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5788 8 and and CC 43431 5788 9 other other JJ 43431 5788 10 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 5788 11 is be VBZ 43431 5788 12 provided provide VBN 43431 5788 13 with with IN 43431 5788 14 two two CD 43431 5788 15 parallel parallel JJ 43431 5788 16 rows row NNS 43431 5788 17 of of IN 43431 5788 18 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5788 19 , , , 43431 5788 20 one one CD 43431 5788 21 borne bear VBN 43431 5788 22 on on IN 43431 5788 23 the the DT 43431 5788 24 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 5788 25 and and CC 43431 5788 26 one one CD 43431 5788 27 on on IN 43431 5788 28 the the DT 43431 5788 29 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5788 30 , , , 43431 5788 31 the the DT 43431 5788 32 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 5788 33 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5788 34 bite bite VBP 43431 5788 35 in in IN 43431 5788 36 a a DT 43431 5788 37 groove groove NN 43431 5788 38 between between IN 43431 5788 39 these these DT 43431 5788 40 two two CD 43431 5788 41 rows row NNS 43431 5788 42 . . . 43431 5789 1 The the DT 43431 5789 2 bone bone NN 43431 5789 3 of of IN 43431 5789 4 the the DT 43431 5789 5 jaws jaw NNS 43431 5789 6 in in IN 43431 5789 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5789 8 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5789 9 _ _ NNP 43431 5789 10 is be VBZ 43431 5789 11 so so RB 43431 5789 12 hard hard JJ 43431 5789 13 that that IN 43431 5789 14 when when WRB 43431 5789 15 the the DT 43431 5789 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5789 17 get get VBP 43431 5789 18 worn wear VBN 43431 5789 19 away away RP 43431 5789 20 , , , 43431 5789 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5789 22 can can MD 43431 5789 23 act act VB 43431 5789 24 as as IN 43431 5789 25 a a DT 43431 5789 26 substitute substitute NN 43431 5789 27 . . . 43431 5790 1 In in IN 43431 5790 2 the the DT 43431 5790 3 young young JJ 43431 5790 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5790 5 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5790 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5790 7 the the DT 43431 5790 8 vomers vomer NNS 43431 5790 9 bear bear VBP 43431 5790 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5790 11 , , , 43431 5790 12 as as IN 43431 5790 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5790 14 do do VBP 43431 5790 15 also also RB 43431 5790 16 in in IN 43431 5790 17 _ _ NNP 43431 5790 18 Proterosaurus Proterosaurus NNP 43431 5790 19 _ _ NNP 43431 5790 20 . . . 43431 5791 1 There there EX 43431 5791 2 is be VBZ 43431 5791 3 generally generally RB 43431 5791 4 a a DT 43431 5791 5 continuous continuous JJ 43431 5791 6 succession succession NN 43431 5791 7 of of IN 43431 5791 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5791 9 throughout throughout IN 43431 5791 10 life life NN 43431 5791 11 , , , 43431 5791 12 the the DT 43431 5791 13 new new JJ 43431 5791 14 tooth tooth NN 43431 5791 15 coming come VBG 43431 5791 16 up up RP 43431 5791 17 below below RB 43431 5791 18 , , , 43431 5791 19 or or CC 43431 5791 20 partly partly RB 43431 5791 21 at at IN 43431 5791 22 the the DT 43431 5791 23 side side NN 43431 5791 24 of of IN 43431 5791 25 the the DT 43431 5791 26 one one CD 43431 5791 27 in in IN 43431 5791 28 use use NN 43431 5791 29 , , , 43431 5791 30 and and CC 43431 5791 31 causing cause VBG 43431 5791 32 the the DT 43431 5791 33 absorption absorption NN 43431 5791 34 of of IN 43431 5791 35 part part NN 43431 5791 36 of of IN 43431 5791 37 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5791 38 wall wall NN 43431 5791 39 or or CC 43431 5791 40 base base NN 43431 5791 41 . . . 43431 5792 1 In in IN 43431 5792 2 this this DT 43431 5792 3 way way NN 43431 5792 4 the the DT 43431 5792 5 new new JJ 43431 5792 6 tooth tooth NN 43431 5792 7 comes come VBZ 43431 5792 8 to to TO 43431 5792 9 lie lie VB 43431 5792 10 in in IN 43431 5792 11 the the DT 43431 5792 12 pulp pulp NN 43431 5792 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 5792 14 of of IN 43431 5792 15 the the DT 43431 5792 16 old old JJ 43431 5792 17 one one CD 43431 5792 18 . . . 43431 5793 1 This this DT 43431 5793 2 method method NN 43431 5793 3 of of IN 43431 5793 4 succession succession NN 43431 5793 5 is be VBZ 43431 5793 6 well well RB 43431 5793 7 seen see VBN 43431 5793 8 in in IN 43431 5793 9 the the DT 43431 5793 10 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5793 11 . . . 43431 5794 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5794 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5794 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5794 4 . . . 43431 5795 1 50 50 CD 43431 5795 2 . . . 43431 5796 1 PREPARATION preparation NN 43431 5796 2 OF of IN 43431 5796 3 PART part NN 43431 5796 4 OF of IN 43431 5796 5 THE the DT 43431 5796 6 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 5796 7 MANDIBULAR MANDIBULAR NNP 43431 5796 8 RAMUS RAMUS NNP 43431 5796 9 OF of IN 43431 5796 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5796 11 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 5796 12 palustris palustris NN 43431 5796 13 _ _ NNP 43431 5796 14 à à NNP 43431 5796 15 � � NNP 43431 5796 16 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 5796 17 . . . 43431 5797 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5797 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 5797 3 . . . 43431 5798 1 Mus mus NN 43431 5798 2 . . . 43431 5798 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5799 1 1 1 LS 43431 5799 2 . . . 43431 5799 3 tooth tooth NNP 43431 5799 4 in in IN 43431 5799 5 use use NN 43431 5799 6 . . . 43431 5800 1 2 2 LS 43431 5800 2 . . . 43431 5800 3 fairly fairly RB 43431 5800 4 old old JJ 43431 5800 5 germ germ NN 43431 5800 6 of of IN 43431 5800 7 future future NNP 43431 5800 8 tooth tooth NN 43431 5800 9 . . . 43431 5801 1 3 3 LS 43431 5801 2 . . . 43431 5801 3 symphysial symphysial JJ 43431 5801 4 surface surface NN 43431 5801 5 of of IN 43431 5801 6 the the DT 43431 5801 7 mandible mandible NN 43431 5801 8 . . . 43431 5801 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5802 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 5802 2 have have VBP 43431 5802 3 been be VBN 43431 5802 4 detected detect VBN 43431 5802 5 in in IN 43431 5802 6 embryos embryo NNS 43431 5802 7 of of IN 43431 5802 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 9 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 5802 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 11 , , , 43431 5802 12 but but CC 43431 5802 13 otherwise otherwise RB 43431 5802 14 no no DT 43431 5802 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5802 16 are be VBP 43431 5802 17 known know VBN 43431 5802 18 to to TO 43431 5802 19 occur occur VB 43431 5802 20 in in IN 43431 5802 21 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5802 22 , , , 43431 5802 23 or or CC 43431 5802 24 in in IN 43431 5802 25 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 26 Pteranodon Pteranodon NNP 43431 5802 27 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5802 29 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5802 30 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5802 31 , , , 43431 5802 32 while while IN 43431 5802 33 the the DT 43431 5802 34 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5802 35 part part NN 43431 5802 36 of of IN 43431 5802 37 the the DT 43431 5802 38 jaw jaw NN 43431 5802 39 is be VBZ 43431 5802 40 edentulous edentulous JJ 43431 5802 41 in in IN 43431 5802 42 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 43 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 5802 44 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 45 , , , 43431 5802 46 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 47 Polyonax Polyonax NNP 43431 5802 48 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 49 and and CC 43431 5802 50 some some DT 43431 5802 51 other other JJ 43431 5802 52 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNPS 43431 5802 53 , , , 43431 5802 54 and and CC 43431 5802 55 in in IN 43431 5802 56 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 57 Rhamphorhynchus Rhamphorhynchus NNP 43431 5802 58 _ _ NNP 43431 5802 59 . . . 43431 5803 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 5803 2 . . . 43431 5804 1 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 5804 2 COLUMN COLUMN NNP 43431 5804 3 . . . 43431 5805 1 The the DT 43431 5805 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5805 3 column column NN 43431 5805 4 is be VBZ 43431 5805 5 commonly commonly RB 43431 5805 6 divisible divisible JJ 43431 5805 7 into into IN 43431 5805 8 the the DT 43431 5805 9 usual usual JJ 43431 5805 10 five five CD 43431 5805 11 regions region NNS 43431 5805 12 , , , 43431 5805 13 but but CC 43431 5805 14 in in IN 43431 5805 15 the the DT 43431 5805 16 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5805 17 , , , 43431 5805 18 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5805 19 , , , 43431 5805 20 and and CC 43431 5805 21 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaenidae NNP 43431 5805 22 among among IN 43431 5805 23 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5805 24 , , , 43431 5805 25 only only RB 43431 5805 26 into into IN 43431 5805 27 caudal caudal JJ 43431 5805 28 and and CC 43431 5805 29 precaudal precaudal JJ 43431 5805 30 regions region NNS 43431 5805 31 . . . 43431 5806 1 In in IN 43431 5806 2 the the DT 43431 5806 3 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5806 4 there there EX 43431 5806 5 are be VBP 43431 5806 6 no no DT 43431 5806 7 lumbar lumbar JJ 43431 5806 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5806 9 . . . 43431 5807 1 The the DT 43431 5807 2 form form NN 43431 5807 3 of of IN 43431 5807 4 the the DT 43431 5807 5 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5807 6 centra centra NNP 43431 5807 7 is be VBZ 43431 5807 8 very very RB 43431 5807 9 variable variable JJ 43431 5807 10 . . . 43431 5808 1 A a DT 43431 5808 2 large large JJ 43431 5808 3 proportion proportion NN 43431 5808 4 of of IN 43431 5808 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 5808 6 reptiles,--several reptiles,--several JJ 43431 5808 7 entire entire JJ 43431 5808 8 orders,--and orders,--and NN 43431 5808 9 the the DT 43431 5808 10 earlier early JJR 43431 5808 11 and and CC 43431 5808 12 more more RBR 43431 5808 13 primitive primitive JJ 43431 5808 14 forms form NNS 43431 5808 15 in in IN 43431 5808 16 some some DT 43431 5808 17 of of IN 43431 5808 18 the the DT 43431 5808 19 other other JJ 43431 5808 20 groups group NNS 43431 5808 21 have have VBP 43431 5808 22 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 5808 23 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5808 24 . . . 43431 5809 1 Vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5809 2 of of IN 43431 5809 3 this this DT 43431 5809 4 type type NN 43431 5809 5 occur occur VBP 43431 5809 6 in in IN 43431 5809 7 the the DT 43431 5809 8 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5809 9 , , , 43431 5809 10 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5809 11 , , , 43431 5809 12 most most JJS 43431 5809 13 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 5809 14 and and CC 43431 5809 15 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 5809 16 , , , 43431 5809 17 and and CC 43431 5809 18 many many JJ 43431 5809 19 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5809 20 , , , 43431 5809 21 also also RB 43431 5809 22 in in IN 43431 5809 23 some some DT 43431 5809 24 of of IN 43431 5809 25 the the DT 43431 5809 26 early early JJ 43431 5809 27 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5809 28 such such JJ 43431 5809 29 as as IN 43431 5809 30 _ _ NNP 43431 5809 31 Belodon Belodon NNP 43431 5809 32 _ _ NNP 43431 5809 33 , , , 43431 5809 34 _ _ NNP 43431 5809 35 Teleosaurus Teleosaurus NNP 43431 5809 36 _ _ NNP 43431 5809 37 and and CC 43431 5809 38 _ _ NNP 43431 5809 39 Goniopholis Goniopholis NNP 43431 5809 40 _ _ NNP 43431 5809 41 , , , 43431 5809 42 and and CC 43431 5809 43 the the DT 43431 5809 44 Geckonidae Geckonidae NNP 43431 5809 45 among among IN 43431 5809 46 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5809 47 . . . 43431 5810 1 The the DT 43431 5810 2 majority majority NN 43431 5810 3 of of IN 43431 5810 4 living living NN 43431 5810 5 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5810 6 have have VBP 43431 5810 7 procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 5810 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5810 9 . . . 43431 5811 1 Thus thus RB 43431 5811 2 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5811 3 occur occur VBP 43431 5811 4 in in IN 43431 5811 5 the the DT 43431 5811 6 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5811 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5811 8 excluding exclude VBG 43431 5811 9 the the DT 43431 5811 10 Geckos Geckos NNP 43431 5811 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5811 12 , , , 43431 5811 13 the the DT 43431 5811 14 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5811 15 , , , 43431 5811 16 and and CC 43431 5811 17 the the DT 43431 5811 18 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5811 19 , , , 43431 5811 20 also also RB 43431 5811 21 among among IN 43431 5811 22 extinct extinct JJ 43431 5811 23 forms form NNS 43431 5811 24 in in IN 43431 5811 25 the the DT 43431 5811 26 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5811 27 and and CC 43431 5811 28 many many JJ 43431 5811 29 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5811 30 . . . 43431 5812 1 On on IN 43431 5812 2 the the DT 43431 5812 3 other other JJ 43431 5812 4 hand hand NN 43431 5812 5 some some DT 43431 5812 6 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5812 7 such such JJ 43431 5812 8 as as IN 43431 5812 9 _ _ NNP 43431 5812 10 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 5812 11 _ _ NNP 43431 5812 12 have have VBP 43431 5812 13 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 5812 14 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5812 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5812 16 , , , 43431 5812 17 while while IN 43431 5812 18 others other NNS 43431 5812 19 have have VBP 43431 5812 20 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 5812 21 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5812 22 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5812 23 . . . 43431 5813 1 The the DT 43431 5813 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5813 3 of of IN 43431 5813 4 the the DT 43431 5813 5 Ceratopsidae Ceratopsidae NNP 43431 5813 6 and and CC 43431 5813 7 some some DT 43431 5813 8 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 5813 9 , , , 43431 5813 10 the the DT 43431 5813 11 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 5813 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5813 13 of of IN 43431 5813 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5813 15 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 5813 16 _ _ NNP 43431 5813 17 , , , 43431 5813 18 and and CC 43431 5813 19 the the DT 43431 5813 20 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5813 21 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5813 22 of of IN 43431 5813 23 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5813 24 have have VBP 43431 5813 25 flat flat JJ 43431 5813 26 centra centrum NNS 43431 5813 27 . . . 43431 5814 1 The the DT 43431 5814 2 first first JJ 43431 5814 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 5814 4 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5814 5 of of IN 43431 5814 6 modern modern JJ 43431 5814 7 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5814 8 is be VBZ 43431 5814 9 biconvex biconvex JJ 43431 5814 10 , , , 43431 5814 11 and and CC 43431 5814 12 in in IN 43431 5814 13 the the DT 43431 5814 14 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5814 15 all all DT 43431 5814 16 types type NNS 43431 5814 17 of of IN 43431 5814 18 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 5814 19 centra centrum NNS 43431 5814 20 are be VBP 43431 5814 21 found find VBN 43431 5814 22 . . . 43431 5815 1 The the DT 43431 5815 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5815 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5815 4 of of IN 43431 5815 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5815 6 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5815 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5815 8 are be VBP 43431 5815 9 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 5815 10 for for IN 43431 5815 11 the the DT 43431 5815 12 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 5815 13 of of IN 43431 5815 14 a a DT 43431 5815 15 small small JJ 43431 5815 16 pro pro JJ 43431 5815 17 - - JJ 43431 5815 18 atlas atlas JJ 43431 5815 19 , , , 43431 5815 20 which which WDT 43431 5815 21 may may MD 43431 5815 22 represent represent VB 43431 5815 23 the the DT 43431 5815 24 neural neural JJ 43431 5815 25 arch arch NN 43431 5815 26 of of IN 43431 5815 27 a a DT 43431 5815 28 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5815 29 in in IN 43431 5815 30 front front NN 43431 5815 31 of of IN 43431 5815 32 the the DT 43431 5815 33 atlas atla NNS 43431 5815 34 . . . 43431 5816 1 In in IN 43431 5816 2 most most JJS 43431 5816 3 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 5816 4 the the DT 43431 5816 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5816 6 are be VBP 43431 5816 7 fully fully RB 43431 5816 8 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5816 9 , , , 43431 5816 10 but but CC 43431 5816 11 in in IN 43431 5816 12 some some DT 43431 5816 13 of of IN 43431 5816 14 the the DT 43431 5816 15 more more RBR 43431 5816 16 primitive primitive JJ 43431 5816 17 forms form NNS 43431 5816 18 the the DT 43431 5816 19 notochord notochord NN 43431 5816 20 persists persist VBZ 43431 5816 21 in in IN 43431 5816 22 the the DT 43431 5816 23 centre centre NN 43431 5816 24 of of IN 43431 5816 25 the the DT 43431 5816 26 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 5816 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5816 28 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 5817 1 intervertebrally intervertebrally RB 43431 5817 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5817 3 , , , 43431 5817 4 this this DT 43431 5817 5 is be VBZ 43431 5817 6 the the DT 43431 5817 7 case case NN 43431 5817 8 for for IN 43431 5817 9 instance instance NN 43431 5817 10 in in IN 43431 5817 11 many many JJ 43431 5817 12 of of IN 43431 5817 13 the the DT 43431 5817 14 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5817 15 and and CC 43431 5817 16 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 5817 17 , , , 43431 5817 18 and and CC 43431 5817 19 also also RB 43431 5817 20 in in IN 43431 5817 21 the the DT 43431 5817 22 Geckos Geckos NNP 43431 5817 23 . . . 43431 5818 1 In in IN 43431 5818 2 other other JJ 43431 5818 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5818 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5818 5 persists persist VBZ 43431 5818 6 longest long RBS 43431 5818 7 intravertebrally intravertebrally RB 43431 5818 8 . . . 43431 5819 1 The the DT 43431 5819 2 centrum centrum NN 43431 5819 3 of of IN 43431 5819 4 each each DT 43431 5819 5 of of IN 43431 5819 6 the the DT 43431 5819 7 caudal caudal JJ 43431 5819 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5819 9 of of IN 43431 5819 10 most most JJS 43431 5819 11 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5819 12 is be VBZ 43431 5819 13 traversed traverse VBN 43431 5819 14 by by IN 43431 5819 15 an an DT 43431 5819 16 unossified unossified JJ 43431 5819 17 septum septum NN 43431 5819 18 along along IN 43431 5819 19 which which WDT 43431 5819 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5819 21 readily readily RB 43431 5819 22 breaks break VBZ 43431 5819 23 . . . 43431 5820 1 Chevron Chevron NNP 43431 5820 2 bones bone NNS 43431 5820 3 occur occur VBP 43431 5820 4 below below IN 43431 5820 5 the the DT 43431 5820 6 caudal caudal JJ 43431 5820 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5820 8 in in IN 43431 5820 9 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5820 10 , , , 43431 5820 11 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5820 12 , , , 43431 5820 13 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5820 14 , , , 43431 5820 15 many many JJ 43431 5820 16 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5820 17 , , , 43431 5820 18 and and CC 43431 5820 19 _ _ NNP 43431 5820 20 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5820 21 _ _ NNP 43431 5820 22 , , , 43431 5820 23 articulating articulate VBG 43431 5820 24 with with IN 43431 5820 25 quite quite PDT 43431 5820 26 the the DT 43431 5820 27 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5820 28 part part NN 43431 5820 29 of of IN 43431 5820 30 the the DT 43431 5820 31 centrum centrum NN 43431 5820 32 which which WDT 43431 5820 33 bears bear VBZ 43431 5820 34 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5820 35 . . . 43431 5821 1 In in IN 43431 5821 2 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5821 3 and and CC 43431 5821 4 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5821 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5821 6 fig fig NN 43431 5821 7 . . . 43431 5822 1 41 41 CD 43431 5822 2 , , , 43431 5822 3 3 3 LS 43431 5822 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5822 5 the the DT 43431 5822 6 axis axi NNS 43431 5822 7 has have VBZ 43431 5822 8 a a DT 43431 5822 9 well well RB 43431 5822 10 - - HYPH 43431 5822 11 marked mark VBN 43431 5822 12 odontoid odontoid NN 43431 5822 13 process process NN 43431 5822 14 . . . 43431 5823 1 The the DT 43431 5823 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5823 3 portions portion NNS 43431 5823 4 of of IN 43431 5823 5 the the DT 43431 5823 6 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 5823 7 discs disc NNS 43431 5823 8 are be VBP 43431 5823 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5823 10 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5823 11 , , , 43431 5823 12 forming form VBG 43431 5823 13 wedge wedge NN 43431 5823 14 - - HYPH 43431 5823 15 shaped shape VBN 43431 5823 16 inter inter NNP 43431 5823 17 centra centra NNP 43431 5823 18 , , , 43431 5823 19 as as IN 43431 5823 20 in in IN 43431 5823 21 Geckos Geckos NNP 43431 5823 22 , , , 43431 5823 23 and and CC 43431 5823 24 the the DT 43431 5823 25 cervical cervical JJ 43431 5823 26 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5823 27 of of IN 43431 5823 28 _ _ NNP 43431 5823 29 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5823 30 _ _ NNP 43431 5823 31 . . . 43431 5824 1 In in IN 43431 5824 2 snakes snake NNS 43431 5824 3 , , , 43431 5824 4 Theropod Theropod NNP 43431 5824 5 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 5824 6 , , , 43431 5824 7 and and CC 43431 5824 8 the the DT 43431 5824 9 iguanas iguana NNS 43431 5824 10 among among IN 43431 5824 11 lizards lizards NNP 43431 5824 12 , , , 43431 5824 13 the the DT 43431 5824 14 neural neural JJ 43431 5824 15 arches arch NNS 43431 5824 16 are be VBP 43431 5824 17 provided provide VBN 43431 5824 18 with with IN 43431 5824 19 _ _ NNP 43431 5824 20 zygosphenes zygosphenes NNPS 43431 5824 21 _ _ NNP 43431 5824 22 , , , 43431 5824 23 and and CC 43431 5824 24 _ _ NNP 43431 5824 25 zygantra zygantra NNP 43431 5824 26 _ _ NNP 43431 5824 27 . . . 43431 5825 1 The the DT 43431 5825 2 neural neural JJ 43431 5825 3 arches arch NNS 43431 5825 4 are be VBP 43431 5825 5 usually usually RB 43431 5825 6 firmly firmly RB 43431 5825 7 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 5825 8 to to IN 43431 5825 9 the the DT 43431 5825 10 centra centra NNP 43431 5825 11 , , , 43431 5825 12 but but CC 43431 5825 13 in in IN 43431 5825 14 the the DT 43431 5825 15 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5825 16 and and CC 43431 5825 17 some some DT 43431 5825 18 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5825 19 , , , 43431 5825 20 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 5825 21 , , , 43431 5825 22 and and CC 43431 5825 23 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5825 24 , , , 43431 5825 25 the the DT 43431 5825 26 suture suture NN 43431 5825 27 between between IN 43431 5825 28 the the DT 43431 5825 29 centrum centrum NN 43431 5825 30 and and CC 43431 5825 31 neural neural JJ 43431 5825 32 arch arch JJ 43431 5825 33 persists persist NNS 43431 5825 34 at at IN 43431 5825 35 any any DT 43431 5825 36 rate rate NN 43431 5825 37 till till IN 43431 5825 38 late late RB 43431 5825 39 in in IN 43431 5825 40 life life NN 43431 5825 41 . . . 43431 5826 1 In in IN 43431 5826 2 the the DT 43431 5826 3 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5826 4 the the DT 43431 5826 5 neural neural JJ 43431 5826 6 arches arch NNS 43431 5826 7 were be VBD 43431 5826 8 united united JJ 43431 5826 9 to to IN 43431 5826 10 the the DT 43431 5826 11 centra centra NNP 43431 5826 12 by by IN 43431 5826 13 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 5826 14 only only RB 43431 5826 15 . . . 43431 5827 1 The the DT 43431 5827 2 thoracic thoracic JJ 43431 5827 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5827 4 of of IN 43431 5827 5 some some DT 43431 5827 6 of of IN 43431 5827 7 the the DT 43431 5827 8 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5827 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5827 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5827 11 Dimetrodon Dimetrodon NNP 43431 5827 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5827 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5827 14 are be VBP 43431 5827 15 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 5827 16 for for IN 43431 5827 17 the the DT 43431 5827 18 extraordinary extraordinary JJ 43431 5827 19 development development NN 43431 5827 20 of of IN 43431 5827 21 the the DT 43431 5827 22 neural neural JJ 43431 5827 23 spine spine NN 43431 5827 24 , , , 43431 5827 25 and and CC 43431 5827 26 those those DT 43431 5827 27 of of IN 43431 5827 28 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5827 29 for for IN 43431 5827 30 the the DT 43431 5827 31 absence absence NN 43431 5827 32 of of IN 43431 5827 33 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5827 34 processes process NNS 43431 5827 35 . . . 43431 5828 1 In in IN 43431 5828 2 living living NN 43431 5828 3 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 5828 4 the the DT 43431 5828 5 number number NN 43431 5828 6 of of IN 43431 5828 7 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5828 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5828 9 is be VBZ 43431 5828 10 nearly nearly RB 43431 5828 11 always always RB 43431 5828 12 two two CD 43431 5828 13 , , , 43431 5828 14 but but CC 43431 5828 15 in in IN 43431 5828 16 the the DT 43431 5828 17 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5828 18 , , , 43431 5828 19 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5828 20 , , , 43431 5828 21 and and CC 43431 5828 22 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5828 23 , , , 43431 5828 24 as as RB 43431 5828 25 many many JJ 43431 5828 26 as as IN 43431 5828 27 five five CD 43431 5828 28 or or CC 43431 5828 29 six six CD 43431 5828 30 bones bone NNS 43431 5828 31 may may MD 43431 5828 32 be be VB 43431 5828 33 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 5828 34 together together RB 43431 5828 35 in in IN 43431 5828 36 the the DT 43431 5828 37 sacral sacral JJ 43431 5828 38 region region NN 43431 5828 39 . . . 43431 5829 1 In in IN 43431 5829 2 Crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 5829 3 the the DT 43431 5829 4 two two CD 43431 5829 5 halves half NNS 43431 5829 6 of of IN 43431 5829 7 the the DT 43431 5829 8 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 5829 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5829 10 articulate articulate VBP 43431 5829 11 with with IN 43431 5829 12 different different JJ 43431 5829 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5829 14 . . . 43431 5830 1 The the DT 43431 5830 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5830 3 of of IN 43431 5830 4 some some DT 43431 5830 5 of of IN 43431 5830 6 the the DT 43431 5830 7 great great JJ 43431 5830 8 Sauropoda Sauropoda NNP 43431 5830 9 are be VBP 43431 5830 10 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 5830 11 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 5830 12 out out RP 43431 5830 13 , , , 43431 5830 14 having have VBG 43431 5830 15 a a DT 43431 5830 16 large large JJ 43431 5830 17 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5830 18 on on IN 43431 5830 19 each each DT 43431 5830 20 side side NN 43431 5830 21 of of IN 43431 5830 22 the the DT 43431 5830 23 centrum centrum NN 43431 5830 24 communicating communicate VBG 43431 5830 25 with with IN 43431 5830 26 a a DT 43431 5830 27 series series NN 43431 5830 28 of of IN 43431 5830 29 internal internal JJ 43431 5830 30 cavities cavity NNS 43431 5830 31 . . . 43431 5831 1 The the DT 43431 5831 2 whole whole JJ 43431 5831 3 structure structure NN 43431 5831 4 of of IN 43431 5831 5 these these DT 43431 5831 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 5831 7 shows show VBZ 43431 5831 8 a a DT 43431 5831 9 combination combination NN 43431 5831 10 of of IN 43431 5831 11 great great JJ 43431 5831 12 strength strength NN 43431 5831 13 with with IN 43431 5831 14 lightness lightness NN 43431 5831 15 . . . 43431 5832 1 THE the DT 43431 5832 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 5832 3 . . . 43431 5833 1 The the DT 43431 5833 2 reptilian reptilian JJ 43431 5833 3 skull skull NN 43431 5833 4 is be VBZ 43431 5833 5 well well RB 43431 5833 6 ossified ossified JJ 43431 5833 7 and and CC 43431 5833 8 the the DT 43431 5833 9 bones bone NNS 43431 5833 10 are be VBP 43431 5833 11 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 5833 12 for for IN 43431 5833 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5833 14 density density NN 43431 5833 15 . . . 43431 5834 1 The the DT 43431 5834 2 true true JJ 43431 5834 3 cranium cranium NN 43431 5834 4 is be VBZ 43431 5834 5 often often RB 43431 5834 6 largely largely RB 43431 5834 7 concealed conceal VBN 43431 5834 8 by by IN 43431 5834 9 a a DT 43431 5834 10 secondary secondary JJ 43431 5834 11 or or CC 43431 5834 12 false false JJ 43431 5834 13 roof roof NN 43431 5834 14 of of IN 43431 5834 15 membrane membrane NN 43431 5834 16 bones bone NNS 43431 5834 17 , , , 43431 5834 18 which which WDT 43431 5834 19 is be VBZ 43431 5834 20 best well RBS 43431 5834 21 seen see VBN 43431 5834 22 in in IN 43431 5834 23 the the DT 43431 5834 24 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5834 25 and and CC 43431 5834 26 some some DT 43431 5834 27 of of IN 43431 5834 28 the the DT 43431 5834 29 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5834 30 . . . 43431 5835 1 In in IN 43431 5835 2 other other JJ 43431 5835 3 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 5835 4 the the DT 43431 5835 5 false false JJ 43431 5835 6 roof roof NN 43431 5835 7 is be VBZ 43431 5835 8 more more RBR 43431 5835 9 or or CC 43431 5835 10 less less RBR 43431 5835 11 broken break VBN 43431 5835 12 up up RP 43431 5835 13 by by IN 43431 5835 14 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 5835 15 exposing expose VBG 43431 5835 16 the the DT 43431 5835 17 true true JJ 43431 5835 18 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5835 19 walls wall NNS 43431 5835 20 . . . 43431 5836 1 The the DT 43431 5836 2 ethmoidal ethmoidal JJ 43431 5836 3 region region NN 43431 5836 4 is be VBZ 43431 5836 5 the the DT 43431 5836 6 only only JJ 43431 5836 7 one one CD 43431 5836 8 in in IN 43431 5836 9 which which WDT 43431 5836 10 much much JJ 43431 5836 11 of of IN 43431 5836 12 the the DT 43431 5836 13 primordial primordial JJ 43431 5836 14 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 5836 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 5836 16 remains remain VBZ 43431 5836 17 . . . 43431 5837 1 The the DT 43431 5837 2 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5837 3 parts part NNS 43431 5837 4 of of IN 43431 5837 5 the the DT 43431 5837 6 sphenoidal sphenoidal NN 43431 5837 7 region region NN 43431 5837 8 are be VBP 43431 5837 9 also also RB 43431 5837 10 as as IN 43431 5837 11 a a DT 43431 5837 12 rule rule NN 43431 5837 13 not not RB 43431 5837 14 well well RB 43431 5837 15 ossified ossified JJ 43431 5837 16 . . . 43431 5838 1 In in IN 43431 5838 2 some some DT 43431 5838 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5838 4 , , , 43431 5838 5 such such JJ 43431 5838 6 as as IN 43431 5838 7 most most JJS 43431 5838 8 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5838 9 and and CC 43431 5838 10 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5838 11 , , , 43431 5838 12 the the DT 43431 5838 13 orbits orbit NNS 43431 5838 14 are be VBP 43431 5838 15 separated separate VBN 43431 5838 16 only only RB 43431 5838 17 by by IN 43431 5838 18 the the DT 43431 5838 19 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 5838 20 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 5838 21 septum septum NN 43431 5838 22 , , , 43431 5838 23 while while IN 43431 5838 24 in in IN 43431 5838 25 others other NNS 43431 5838 26 , , , 43431 5838 27 such such JJ 43431 5838 28 as as IN 43431 5838 29 the the DT 43431 5838 30 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5838 31 , , , 43431 5838 32 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5838 33 and and CC 43431 5838 34 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaenidae NNP 43431 5838 35 , , , 43431 5838 36 the the DT 43431 5838 37 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5838 38 cavity cavity NN 43431 5838 39 extends extend VBZ 43431 5838 40 forwards forwards RB 43431 5838 41 between between IN 43431 5838 42 the the DT 43431 5838 43 orbits orbit NNS 43431 5838 44 . . . 43431 5839 1 In in IN 43431 5839 2 the the DT 43431 5839 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5839 4 region region NN 43431 5839 5 all all DT 43431 5839 6 four four CD 43431 5839 7 bones bone NNS 43431 5839 8 are be VBP 43431 5839 9 ossified ossify VBN 43431 5839 10 . . . 43431 5840 1 The the DT 43431 5840 2 great great JJ 43431 5840 3 majority majority NN 43431 5840 4 of of IN 43431 5840 5 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5840 6 have have VBP 43431 5840 7 a a DT 43431 5840 8 single single JJ 43431 5840 9 convex convex NNS 43431 5840 10 occipital occipital NN 43431 5840 11 condyle condyle NN 43431 5840 12 , , , 43431 5840 13 but but CC 43431 5840 14 some some DT 43431 5840 15 of of IN 43431 5840 16 the the DT 43431 5840 17 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5840 18 such such JJ 43431 5840 19 as as IN 43431 5840 20 _ _ NNP 43431 5840 21 Cynognathus Cynognathus NNP 43431 5840 22 _ _ NNP 43431 5840 23 have have VBP 43431 5840 24 two two CD 43431 5840 25 distinct distinct JJ 43431 5840 26 condyles condyle NNS 43431 5840 27 as as IN 43431 5840 28 in in IN 43431 5840 29 mammals mammal NNS 43431 5840 30 . . . 43431 5841 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5841 2 , , , 43431 5841 3 as as IN 43431 5841 4 in in IN 43431 5841 5 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5841 6 , , , 43431 5841 7 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5841 8 and and CC 43431 5841 9 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5841 10 , , , 43431 5841 11 the the DT 43431 5841 12 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 5841 13 , , , 43431 5841 14 as as RB 43431 5841 15 well well RB 43431 5841 16 as as IN 43431 5841 17 the the DT 43431 5841 18 basi basi NN 43431 5841 19 - - HYPH 43431 5841 20 occipital occipital NN 43431 5841 21 , , , 43431 5841 22 take take VBP 43431 5841 23 part part NN 43431 5841 24 in in IN 43431 5841 25 the the DT 43431 5841 26 formation formation NN 43431 5841 27 of of IN 43431 5841 28 the the DT 43431 5841 29 single single JJ 43431 5841 30 condyle condyle NN 43431 5841 31 ; ; : 43431 5841 32 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5841 33 , , , 43431 5841 34 as as IN 43431 5841 35 in in IN 43431 5841 36 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 5841 37 , , , 43431 5841 38 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5841 39 is be VBZ 43431 5841 40 formed form VBN 43431 5841 41 by by IN 43431 5841 42 the the DT 43431 5841 43 basi basi NN 43431 5841 44 - - HYPH 43431 5841 45 occipital occipital NN 43431 5841 46 alone alone RB 43431 5841 47 , , , 43431 5841 48 as as IN 43431 5841 49 in in IN 43431 5841 50 birds bird NNS 43431 5841 51 . . . 43431 5842 1 The the DT 43431 5842 2 relations relation NNS 43431 5842 3 of of IN 43431 5842 4 the the DT 43431 5842 5 bones bone NNS 43431 5842 6 to to IN 43431 5842 7 the the DT 43431 5842 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5842 9 magnum magnum NNP 43431 5842 10 vary vary VBP 43431 5842 11 considerably considerably RB 43431 5842 12 , , , 43431 5842 13 in in IN 43431 5842 14 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5842 15 the the DT 43431 5842 16 basi basi NN 43431 5842 17 - - HYPH 43431 5842 18 occipital occipital NN 43431 5842 19 generally generally RB 43431 5842 20 takes take VBZ 43431 5842 21 no no DT 43431 5842 22 part part NN 43431 5842 23 in in IN 43431 5842 24 bounding bound VBG 43431 5842 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5842 26 , , , 43431 5842 27 and and CC 43431 5842 28 in in IN 43431 5842 29 the the DT 43431 5842 30 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5842 31 , , , 43431 5842 32 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5842 33 , , , 43431 5842 34 and and CC 43431 5842 35 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5842 36 , , , 43431 5842 37 the the DT 43431 5842 38 supra supra NN 43431 5842 39 - - HYPH 43431 5842 40 occipital occipital NN 43431 5842 41 is be VBZ 43431 5842 42 excluded exclude VBN 43431 5842 43 . . . 43431 5843 1 The the DT 43431 5843 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 5843 3 are be VBP 43431 5843 4 paired pair VBN 43431 5843 5 in in IN 43431 5843 6 Geckos Geckos NNP 43431 5843 7 and and CC 43431 5843 8 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5843 9 alone alone RB 43431 5843 10 among among IN 43431 5843 11 living live VBG 43431 5843 12 forms form NNS 43431 5843 13 , , , 43431 5843 14 and and CC 43431 5843 15 in in IN 43431 5843 16 the the DT 43431 5843 17 extinct extinct JJ 43431 5843 18 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5843 19 and and CC 43431 5843 20 some some DT 43431 5843 21 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5843 22 ; ; : 43431 5843 23 in in IN 43431 5843 24 all all DT 43431 5843 25 other other JJ 43431 5843 26 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5843 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5843 28 are be VBP 43431 5843 29 united united JJ 43431 5843 30 . . . 43431 5844 1 The the DT 43431 5844 2 frontals frontal NNS 43431 5844 3 are be VBP 43431 5844 4 paired pair VBN 43431 5844 5 in in IN 43431 5844 6 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5844 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5844 8 fig fig NN 43431 5844 9 . . . 43431 5845 1 32 32 CD 43431 5845 2 , , , 43431 5845 3 5 5 CD 43431 5845 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5845 5 , , , 43431 5845 6 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5845 7 , , , 43431 5845 8 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5845 9 , , , 43431 5845 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5845 11 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5845 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5845 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5845 14 fig fig NN 43431 5845 15 . . . 43431 5846 1 52 52 CD 43431 5846 2 , , , 43431 5846 3 B b NN 43431 5846 4 , , , 43431 5846 5 4 4 CD 43431 5846 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5846 7 and and CC 43431 5846 8 some some DT 43431 5846 9 extinct extinct JJ 43431 5846 10 crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 5846 11 , , , 43431 5846 12 such such JJ 43431 5846 13 as as IN 43431 5846 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5846 15 Belodon Belodon NNP 43431 5846 16 _ _ NNP 43431 5846 17 . . . 43431 5847 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 5847 2 are be VBP 43431 5847 3 completely completely RB 43431 5847 4 fused fuse VBN 43431 5847 5 in in IN 43431 5847 6 living live VBG 43431 5847 7 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5847 8 and and CC 43431 5847 9 some some DT 43431 5847 10 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5847 11 and and CC 43431 5847 12 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5847 13 . . . 43431 5848 1 In in IN 43431 5848 2 the the DT 43431 5848 3 gigantic gigantic JJ 43431 5848 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5848 5 Polyonax Polyonax NNP 43431 5848 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5848 7 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5848 8 are be VBP 43431 5848 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 5848 10 out out RP 43431 5848 11 into into IN 43431 5848 12 a a DT 43431 5848 13 pair pair NN 43431 5848 14 of of IN 43431 5848 15 enormous enormous JJ 43431 5848 16 horns horn NNS 43431 5848 17 , , , 43431 5848 18 and and CC 43431 5848 19 the the DT 43431 5848 20 parietals parietal NNS 43431 5848 21 and and CC 43431 5848 22 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 5848 23 are be VBP 43431 5848 24 greatly greatly RB 43431 5848 25 expanded expand VBN 43431 5848 26 behind behind RB 43431 5848 27 . . . 43431 5849 1 An an DT 43431 5849 2 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 5849 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5849 4 occurs occur VBZ 43431 5849 5 in in IN 43431 5849 6 the the DT 43431 5849 7 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5849 8 , , , 43431 5849 9 the the DT 43431 5849 10 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5849 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5849 12 fig fig NN 43431 5849 13 . . . 43431 5850 1 32 32 CD 43431 5850 2 , , , 43431 5850 3 10 10 CD 43431 5850 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5850 5 , , , 43431 5850 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5850 7 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5850 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5850 9 , , , 43431 5850 10 the the DT 43431 5850 11 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 5850 12 and and CC 43431 5850 13 most most JJS 43431 5850 14 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5850 15 . . . 43431 5851 1 The the DT 43431 5851 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 5851 3 part part NN 43431 5851 4 of of IN 43431 5851 5 the the DT 43431 5851 6 skull skull NN 43431 5851 7 is be VBZ 43431 5851 8 curiously curiously RB 43431 5851 9 modified modify VBN 43431 5851 10 in in IN 43431 5851 11 some some DT 43431 5851 12 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 5851 13 , , , 43431 5851 14 the the DT 43431 5851 15 parietals parietal NNS 43431 5851 16 and and CC 43431 5851 17 supra supra NN 43431 5851 18 - - HYPH 43431 5851 19 occipitals occipital NNS 43431 5851 20 being be VBG 43431 5851 21 drawn draw VBN 43431 5851 22 out out RP 43431 5851 23 into into IN 43431 5851 24 a a DT 43431 5851 25 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 5851 26 - - HYPH 43431 5851 27 projecting project VBG 43431 5851 28 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 5851 29 crest crest NN 43431 5851 30 which which WDT 43431 5851 31 unites unite VBZ 43431 5851 32 with with IN 43431 5851 33 the the DT 43431 5851 34 two two CD 43431 5851 35 prolongations prolongation NNS 43431 5851 36 from from IN 43431 5851 37 the the DT 43431 5851 38 squamosals squamosal NNS 43431 5851 39 . . . 43431 5852 1 In in IN 43431 5852 2 other other JJ 43431 5852 3 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 5852 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5852 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5852 6 C. C. NNP 43431 5853 1 bifidus bifidus NNP 43431 5853 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5853 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5853 4 prolongations prolongation NNS 43431 5853 5 of of IN 43431 5853 6 the the DT 43431 5853 7 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 5853 8 and and CC 43431 5853 9 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5853 10 form form VBP 43431 5853 11 large large JJ 43431 5853 12 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 5853 13 - - HYPH 43431 5853 14 projecting project VBG 43431 5853 15 bony bony NN 43431 5853 16 processes process NNS 43431 5853 17 . . . 43431 5854 1 The the DT 43431 5854 2 roof roof NN 43431 5854 3 of of IN 43431 5854 4 the the DT 43431 5854 5 skull skull NN 43431 5854 6 is be VBZ 43431 5854 7 characterised characterise VBN 43431 5854 8 by by IN 43431 5854 9 the the DT 43431 5854 10 development development NN 43431 5854 11 of of IN 43431 5854 12 prefrontals prefrontal NNS 43431 5854 13 and and CC 43431 5854 14 postfrontals postfrontal NNS 43431 5854 15 , , , 43431 5854 16 which which WDT 43431 5854 17 lie lie VBP 43431 5854 18 respectively respectively RB 43431 5854 19 near near IN 43431 5854 20 the the DT 43431 5854 21 anterior anterior NN 43431 5854 22 and and CC 43431 5854 23 posterior posterior NN 43431 5854 24 extremity extremity NN 43431 5854 25 of of IN 43431 5854 26 the the DT 43431 5854 27 orbit orbit NN 43431 5854 28 . . . 43431 5855 1 In in IN 43431 5855 2 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5855 3 , , , 43431 5855 4 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 5855 5 , , , 43431 5855 6 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5855 7 , , , 43431 5855 8 and and CC 43431 5855 9 some some DT 43431 5855 10 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5855 11 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 5855 12 are be VBP 43431 5855 13 developed develop VBN 43431 5855 14 . . . 43431 5856 1 There there EX 43431 5856 2 is be VBZ 43431 5856 3 a a DT 43431 5856 4 ring ring NN 43431 5856 5 of of IN 43431 5856 6 bones bone NNS 43431 5856 7 in in IN 43431 5856 8 the the DT 43431 5856 9 sclerotic sclerotic NN 43431 5856 10 in in IN 43431 5856 11 the the DT 43431 5856 12 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5856 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5856 14 fig fig NN 43431 5856 15 . . . 43431 5857 1 32 32 CD 43431 5857 2 , , , 43431 5857 3 15 15 CD 43431 5857 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5857 5 , , , 43431 5857 6 the the DT 43431 5857 7 Metriorhynchidae Metriorhynchidae NNP 43431 5857 8 among among IN 43431 5857 9 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNPS 43431 5857 10 and and CC 43431 5857 11 some some DT 43431 5857 12 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 5857 13 , , , 43431 5857 14 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5857 15 , , , 43431 5857 16 and and CC 43431 5857 17 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5857 18 . . . 43431 5858 1 The the DT 43431 5858 2 pro pro JJ 43431 5858 3 - - JJ 43431 5858 4 otic otic JJ 43431 5858 5 lies lie NNS 43431 5858 6 in in IN 43431 5858 7 front front NN 43431 5858 8 of of IN 43431 5858 9 the the DT 43431 5858 10 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 5858 11 and and CC 43431 5858 12 together together RB 43431 5858 13 with with IN 43431 5858 14 the the DT 43431 5858 15 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 5858 16 forms form NNS 43431 5858 17 the the DT 43431 5858 18 hind hind JJ 43431 5858 19 border border NN 43431 5858 20 of of IN 43431 5858 21 the the DT 43431 5858 22 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 5858 23 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 5858 24 . . . 43431 5859 1 In in IN 43431 5859 2 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5859 3 the the DT 43431 5859 4 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 5859 5 remains remain VBZ 43431 5859 6 separate separate JJ 43431 5859 7 , , , 43431 5859 8 in in IN 43431 5859 9 all all DT 43431 5859 10 other other JJ 43431 5859 11 living living NN 43431 5859 12 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5859 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5859 14 fuses fuse VBZ 43431 5859 15 with with IN 43431 5859 16 the the DT 43431 5859 17 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 5859 18 . . . 43431 5860 1 The the DT 43431 5860 2 epi epi JJ 43431 5860 3 - - JJ 43431 5860 4 otic otic JJ 43431 5860 5 fuses fuse NNS 43431 5860 6 with with IN 43431 5860 7 the the DT 43431 5860 8 supra supra NN 43431 5860 9 - - HYPH 43431 5860 10 occipital occipital NN 43431 5860 11 . . . 43431 5861 1 The the DT 43431 5861 2 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 5861 3 , , , 43431 5861 4 so so RB 43431 5861 5 important important JJ 43431 5861 6 in in IN 43431 5861 7 Ichthyopsids Ichthyopsids NNP 43431 5861 8 , , , 43431 5861 9 has have VBZ 43431 5861 10 very very RB 43431 5861 11 often often RB 43431 5861 12 disappeared disappear VBN 43431 5861 13 completely completely RB 43431 5861 14 ; ; : 43431 5861 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5861 16 is be VBZ 43431 5861 17 present present JJ 43431 5861 18 , , , 43431 5861 19 however however RB 43431 5861 20 , , , 43431 5861 21 in in IN 43431 5861 22 the the DT 43431 5861 23 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5861 24 , , , 43431 5861 25 the the DT 43431 5861 26 Plesiosauridae Plesiosauridae NNP 43431 5861 27 , , , 43431 5861 28 and and CC 43431 5861 29 a a DT 43431 5861 30 number number NN 43431 5861 31 of of IN 43431 5861 32 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 5861 33 , , , 43431 5861 34 in in IN 43431 5861 35 many many JJ 43431 5861 36 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5861 37 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5861 38 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5861 39 part part NN 43431 5861 40 forming form VBG 43431 5861 41 the the DT 43431 5861 42 base base NN 43431 5861 43 of of IN 43431 5861 44 the the DT 43431 5861 45 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 5861 46 septum septum NN 43431 5861 47 . . . 43431 5862 1 In in IN 43431 5862 2 the the DT 43431 5862 3 Plesiosauridae Plesiosauridae NNP 43431 5862 4 and and CC 43431 5862 5 most most JJS 43431 5862 6 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5862 7 , , , 43431 5862 8 but but CC 43431 5862 9 not not RB 43431 5862 10 in in IN 43431 5862 11 the the DT 43431 5862 12 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaenidae NNP 43431 5862 13 , , , 43431 5862 14 a a DT 43431 5862 15 slender slender NN 43431 5862 16 bone bone NN 43431 5862 17 , , , 43431 5862 18 the the DT 43431 5862 19 epipterygoid epipterygoid JJ 43431 5862 20 , , , 43431 5862 21 occurs occur VBZ 43431 5862 22 uniting unite VBG 43431 5862 23 the the DT 43431 5862 24 parietal parietal NN 43431 5862 25 or or CC 43431 5862 26 the the DT 43431 5862 27 anterior anterior JJ 43431 5862 28 end end NN 43431 5862 29 of of IN 43431 5862 30 the the DT 43431 5862 31 pro pro JJ 43431 5862 32 - - JJ 43431 5862 33 otic otic JJ 43431 5862 34 with with IN 43431 5862 35 the the DT 43431 5862 36 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5862 37 . . . 43431 5863 1 A a DT 43431 5863 2 homologous homologous JJ 43431 5863 3 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 5863 4 occurs occur VBZ 43431 5863 5 in in IN 43431 5863 6 the the DT 43431 5863 7 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5863 8 and and CC 43431 5863 9 some some DT 43431 5863 10 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5863 11 . . . 43431 5864 1 In in IN 43431 5864 2 most most JJS 43431 5864 3 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 5864 4 a a DT 43431 5864 5 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5864 6 occurs occur VBZ 43431 5864 7 , , , 43431 5864 8 connecting connect VBG 43431 5864 9 the the DT 43431 5864 10 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5864 11 with with IN 43431 5864 12 the the DT 43431 5864 13 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5864 14 , , , 43431 5864 15 but but CC 43431 5864 16 this this DT 43431 5864 17 is be VBZ 43431 5864 18 absent absent JJ 43431 5864 19 in in IN 43431 5864 20 the the DT 43431 5864 21 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5864 22 , , , 43431 5864 23 and and CC 43431 5864 24 some some DT 43431 5864 25 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5864 26 , , , 43431 5864 27 and and CC 43431 5864 28 in in IN 43431 5864 29 the the DT 43431 5864 30 Typhlopidae Typhlopidae NNP 43431 5864 31 among among IN 43431 5864 32 snakes snake NNS 43431 5864 33 . . . 43431 5865 1 The the DT 43431 5865 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5865 3 is be VBZ 43431 5865 4 always always RB 43431 5865 5 well well RB 43431 5865 6 developed developed JJ 43431 5865 7 , , , 43431 5865 8 and and CC 43431 5865 9 except except IN 43431 5865 10 in in IN 43431 5865 11 the the DT 43431 5865 12 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 5865 13 is be VBZ 43431 5865 14 firmly firmly RB 43431 5865 15 fixed fix VBN 43431 5865 16 to to IN 43431 5865 17 the the DT 43431 5865 18 surrounding surround VBG 43431 5865 19 bones bone NNS 43431 5865 20 . . . 43431 5866 1 The the DT 43431 5866 2 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 5866 3 also also RB 43431 5866 4 , , , 43431 5866 5 among among IN 43431 5866 6 the the DT 43431 5866 7 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 5866 8 , , , 43431 5866 9 have have VBP 43431 5866 10 a a DT 43431 5866 11 fixed fix VBN 43431 5866 12 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5866 13 , , , 43431 5866 14 and and CC 43431 5866 15 in in IN 43431 5866 16 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5866 17 too too RB 43431 5866 18 the the DT 43431 5866 19 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 5866 20 is be VBZ 43431 5866 21 absent absent JJ 43431 5866 22 . . . 43431 5867 1 Separate separate JJ 43431 5867 2 nasal nasal NN 43431 5867 3 bones bone NNS 43431 5867 4 do do VBP 43431 5867 5 not not RB 43431 5867 6 occur occur VB 43431 5867 7 in in IN 43431 5867 8 any any DT 43431 5867 9 living live VBG 43431 5867 10 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5867 11 . . . 43431 5868 1 The the DT 43431 5868 2 vomers vomer NNS 43431 5868 3 are be VBP 43431 5868 4 generally generally RB 43431 5868 5 paired pair VBN 43431 5868 6 as as IN 43431 5868 7 in in IN 43431 5868 8 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 5868 9 , , , 43431 5868 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5868 11 unpaired unpaire VBN 43431 5868 12 as as IN 43431 5868 13 in in IN 43431 5868 14 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5868 15 . . . 43431 5869 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5869 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5869 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5869 4 . . . 43431 5870 1 51 51 CD 43431 5870 2 . . . 43431 5871 1 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 5871 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5871 3 TO to IN 43431 5871 4 THE the DT 43431 5871 5 LEFT left NN 43431 5871 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5871 7 AND and CC 43431 5871 8 VENTRAL VENTRAL NNP 43431 5871 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5871 10 TO to IN 43431 5871 11 THE the DT 43431 5871 12 RIGHT right NN 43431 5871 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5871 14 VIEWS VIEWS NNP 43431 5871 15 OF of IN 43431 5871 16 THE the DT 43431 5871 17 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 5871 18 OF of IN 43431 5871 19 THE the DT 43431 5871 20 COMMON COMMON NNP 43431 5871 21 SNAKE snake NN 43431 5871 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5871 23 _ _ NNP 43431 5871 24 Tropidinotus Tropidinotus NNP 43431 5871 25 natrix natrix NN 43431 5871 26 _ _ NNP 43431 5871 27 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5871 28 . . . 43431 5872 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5872 2 After after IN 43431 5872 3 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 5872 4 . . . 43431 5872 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5873 1 1 1 LS 43431 5873 2 . . . 43431 5873 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5873 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5873 5 fused fuse VBN 43431 5873 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5873 7 . . . 43431 5874 1 2 2 LS 43431 5874 2 . . . 43431 5874 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5874 4 nares naris NNS 43431 5874 5 . . . 43431 5875 1 3 3 LS 43431 5875 2 . . . 43431 5875 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 5875 4 . . . 43431 5876 1 4 4 LS 43431 5876 2 . . . 43431 5876 3 prefrontal prefrontal JJ 43431 5876 4 . . . 43431 5877 1 5 5 LS 43431 5877 2 . . . 43431 5877 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5877 4 . . . 43431 5878 1 6 6 LS 43431 5878 2 . . . 43431 5878 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 5878 4 . . . 43431 5879 1 7 7 LS 43431 5879 2 . . . 43431 5879 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5879 4 . . . 43431 5880 1 8 8 LS 43431 5880 2 . . . 43431 5880 3 transpalatine transpalatine NNP 43431 5880 4 . . . 43431 5881 1 9 9 LS 43431 5881 2 . . . 43431 5881 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5881 4 . . . 43431 5882 1 10 10 LS 43431 5882 2 . . . 43431 5882 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 5882 4 . . . 43431 5883 1 11 11 CD 43431 5883 2 . . . 43431 5883 3 pro pro JJ 43431 5883 4 - - JJ 43431 5883 5 otic otic JJ 43431 5883 6 . . . 43431 5884 1 12 12 CD 43431 5884 2 . . . 43431 5884 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 5884 4 . . . 43431 5885 1 13 13 CD 43431 5885 2 . . . 43431 5885 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5885 4 - - HYPH 43431 5885 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 5885 6 . . . 43431 5886 1 14 14 CD 43431 5886 2 . . . 43431 5886 3 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 5886 4 . . . 43431 5887 1 15 15 CD 43431 5887 2 . . . 43431 5887 3 epi epi JJ 43431 5887 4 - - HYPH 43431 5887 5 otic otic JJ 43431 5887 6 . . . 43431 5888 1 16 16 CD 43431 5888 2 . . . 43431 5888 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 5888 4 . . . 43431 5889 1 17 17 CD 43431 5889 2 . . . 43431 5889 3 parasphenoid parasphenoid NNP 43431 5889 4 . . . 43431 5890 1 18 18 CD 43431 5890 2 . . . 43431 5890 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 5890 4 . . . 43431 5891 1 19 19 CD 43431 5891 2 . . . 43431 5891 3 basi basi NN 43431 5891 4 - - HYPH 43431 5891 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 5891 6 . . . 43431 5892 1 20 20 CD 43431 5892 2 . . . 43431 5892 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 5892 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 5892 5 . . . 43431 5893 1 21 21 LS 43431 5893 2 . . . 43431 5893 3 splenial splenial NN 43431 5893 4 . . . 43431 5894 1 22 22 CD 43431 5894 2 . . . 43431 5894 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 5894 4 . . . 43431 5895 1 23 23 CD 43431 5895 2 . . . 43431 5895 3 angular angular JJ 43431 5895 4 . . . 43431 5896 1 24 24 CD 43431 5896 2 . . . 43431 5896 3 articular articular JJ 43431 5896 4 . . . 43431 5897 1 25 25 CD 43431 5897 2 . . . 43431 5897 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5897 4 - - HYPH 43431 5897 5 angular angular NNP 43431 5897 6 . . . 43431 5898 1 26 26 CD 43431 5898 2 . . . 43431 5898 3 coronoid coronoid NNP 43431 5898 4 . . . 43431 5899 1 27 27 CD 43431 5899 2 . . . 43431 5899 3 vomer vomer NN 43431 5899 4 . . . 43431 5900 1 28 28 CD 43431 5900 2 . . . 43431 5900 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5900 4 . . . 43431 5901 1 IX ix NN 43431 5901 2 , , , 43431 5901 3 X X NNP 43431 5901 4 foramina foramina NNP 43431 5901 5 for for IN 43431 5901 6 the the DT 43431 5901 7 ninth ninth JJ 43431 5901 8 and and CC 43431 5901 9 tenth tenth JJ 43431 5901 10 cranial cranial JJ 43431 5901 11 nerves nerve NNS 43431 5901 12 . . . 43431 5901 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5902 1 The the DT 43431 5902 2 disposition disposition NN 43431 5902 3 of of IN 43431 5902 4 the the DT 43431 5902 5 bones bone NNS 43431 5902 6 of of IN 43431 5902 7 the the DT 43431 5902 8 jaws jaw NNS 43431 5902 9 is be VBZ 43431 5902 10 subject subject JJ 43431 5902 11 to to IN 43431 5902 12 much much JJ 43431 5902 13 modification modification NN 43431 5902 14 in in IN 43431 5902 15 the the DT 43431 5902 16 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5902 17 in in IN 43431 5902 18 order order NN 43431 5902 19 to to TO 43431 5902 20 adapt adapt VB 43431 5902 21 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5902 22 for for IN 43431 5902 23 swallowing swallow VBG 43431 5902 24 very very RB 43431 5902 25 large large JJ 43431 5902 26 prey prey NN 43431 5902 27 . . . 43431 5903 1 The the DT 43431 5903 2 arrangements arrangement NNS 43431 5903 3 again again RB 43431 5903 4 differ differ VBP 43431 5903 5 greatly greatly RB 43431 5903 6 in in IN 43431 5903 7 the the DT 43431 5903 8 venomous venomous JJ 43431 5903 9 and and CC 43431 5903 10 non non JJ 43431 5903 11 - - JJ 43431 5903 12 venomous venomous JJ 43431 5903 13 snakes snake NNS 43431 5903 14 . . . 43431 5904 1 In in IN 43431 5904 2 the the DT 43431 5904 3 non non JJ 43431 5904 4 - - JJ 43431 5904 5 venomous venomous JJ 43431 5904 6 snakes snake NNS 43431 5904 7 , , , 43431 5904 8 such such JJ 43431 5904 9 as as IN 43431 5904 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5904 11 Python Python NNP 43431 5904 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5904 13 and and CC 43431 5904 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5904 15 Tropidonotus Tropidonotus NNP 43431 5904 16 _ _ NNP 43431 5904 17 , , , 43431 5904 18 the the DT 43431 5904 19 palatine palatine NN 43431 5904 20 is be VBZ 43431 5904 21 large large JJ 43431 5904 22 and and CC 43431 5904 23 is be VBZ 43431 5904 24 fixed fix VBN 43431 5904 25 to to IN 43431 5904 26 the the DT 43431 5904 27 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5904 28 which which WDT 43431 5904 29 extends extend VBZ 43431 5904 30 outwards outward NNS 43431 5904 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5904 32 fig fig NN 43431 5904 33 . . . 43431 5905 1 51 51 CD 43431 5905 2 , , , 43431 5905 3 10 10 CD 43431 5905 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5905 5 so so IN 43431 5905 6 as as IN 43431 5905 7 to to TO 43431 5905 8 be be VB 43431 5905 9 united united JJ 43431 5905 10 to to IN 43431 5905 11 the the DT 43431 5905 12 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5905 13 , , , 43431 5905 14 and and CC 43431 5905 15 is be VBZ 43431 5905 16 at at IN 43431 5905 17 the the DT 43431 5905 18 same same JJ 43431 5905 19 time time NN 43431 5905 20 firmly firmly RB 43431 5905 21 connected connect VBN 43431 5905 22 by by IN 43431 5905 23 the the DT 43431 5905 24 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5905 25 with with IN 43431 5905 26 the the DT 43431 5905 27 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5905 28 . . . 43431 5906 1 The the DT 43431 5906 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5906 3 is be VBZ 43431 5906 4 united united JJ 43431 5906 5 to to IN 43431 5906 6 the the DT 43431 5906 7 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 5906 8 , , , 43431 5906 9 which which WDT 43431 5906 10 is be VBZ 43431 5906 11 loosely loosely RB 43431 5906 12 attached attach VBN 43431 5906 13 to to IN 43431 5906 14 the the DT 43431 5906 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 5906 16 . . . 43431 5907 1 The the DT 43431 5907 2 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 5907 3 is be VBZ 43431 5907 4 moderately moderately RB 43431 5907 5 developed develop VBN 43431 5907 6 and and CC 43431 5907 7 bears bear VBZ 43431 5907 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5907 9 , , , 43431 5907 10 and and CC 43431 5907 11 the the DT 43431 5907 12 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5907 13 forms form VBZ 43431 5907 14 a a DT 43431 5907 15 long long JJ 43431 5907 16 bar bar NN 43431 5907 17 loosely loosely RB 43431 5907 18 connected connect VBN 43431 5907 19 with with IN 43431 5907 20 the the DT 43431 5907 21 rest rest NN 43431 5907 22 of of IN 43431 5907 23 the the DT 43431 5907 24 skull skull NN 43431 5907 25 . . . 43431 5908 1 The the DT 43431 5908 2 rami rami NN 43431 5908 3 of of IN 43431 5908 4 the the DT 43431 5908 5 mandible mandible JJ 43431 5908 6 are be VBP 43431 5908 7 united unite VBN 43431 5908 8 only only RB 43431 5908 9 by by IN 43431 5908 10 an an DT 43431 5908 11 extremely extremely RB 43431 5908 12 elastic elastic JJ 43431 5908 13 ligament ligament NN 43431 5908 14 . . . 43431 5909 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 5909 2 is be VBZ 43431 5909 3 as as IN 43431 5909 4 regards regard VBZ 43431 5909 5 the the DT 43431 5909 6 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5909 7 and and CC 43431 5909 8 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5909 9 that that IN 43431 5909 10 the the DT 43431 5909 11 skulls skull NNS 43431 5909 12 of of IN 43431 5909 13 venomous venomous JJ 43431 5909 14 and and CC 43431 5909 15 non non JJ 43431 5909 16 - - JJ 43431 5909 17 venomous venomous JJ 43431 5909 18 snakes snake NNS 43431 5909 19 differ differ VBP 43431 5909 20 most most RBS 43431 5909 21 . . . 43431 5910 1 In in IN 43431 5910 2 the the DT 43431 5910 3 rattlesnake rattlesnake NN 43431 5910 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5910 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5910 6 Crotalus Crotalus NNP 43431 5910 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5910 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5910 9 and and CC 43431 5910 10 other other JJ 43431 5910 11 venomous venomous JJ 43431 5910 12 snakes snake NNS 43431 5910 13 the the DT 43431 5910 14 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 5910 15 is be VBZ 43431 5910 16 extremely extremely RB 43431 5910 17 small small JJ 43431 5910 18 and and CC 43431 5910 19 toothless toothless JJ 43431 5910 20 . . . 43431 5911 1 The the DT 43431 5911 2 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 5911 3 is be VBZ 43431 5911 4 small small JJ 43431 5911 5 and and CC 43431 5911 6 subcylindrical subcylindrical JJ 43431 5911 7 , , , 43431 5911 8 and and CC 43431 5911 9 is be VBZ 43431 5911 10 movably movably RB 43431 5911 11 articulated articulate VBN 43431 5911 12 to to IN 43431 5911 13 the the DT 43431 5911 14 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 5911 15 , , , 43431 5911 16 which which WDT 43431 5911 17 also also RB 43431 5911 18 is be VBZ 43431 5911 19 capable capable JJ 43431 5911 20 of of IN 43431 5911 21 a a DT 43431 5911 22 certain certain JJ 43431 5911 23 amount amount NN 43431 5911 24 of of IN 43431 5911 25 motion motion NN 43431 5911 26 on on IN 43431 5911 27 the the DT 43431 5911 28 frontal frontal NN 43431 5911 29 . . . 43431 5912 1 The the DT 43431 5912 2 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 5912 3 is be VBZ 43431 5912 4 connected connect VBN 43431 5912 5 by by IN 43431 5912 6 means mean NNS 43431 5912 7 of of IN 43431 5912 8 the the DT 43431 5912 9 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5912 10 with with IN 43431 5912 11 the the DT 43431 5912 12 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5912 13 , , , 43431 5912 14 which which WDT 43431 5912 15 in in IN 43431 5912 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5912 17 turn turn NN 43431 5912 18 is be VBZ 43431 5912 19 united united JJ 43431 5912 20 to to IN 43431 5912 21 the the DT 43431 5912 22 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5912 23 . . . 43431 5913 1 When when WRB 43431 5913 2 the the DT 43431 5913 3 mouth mouth NN 43431 5913 4 is be VBZ 43431 5913 5 shut shut VBN 43431 5913 6 the the DT 43431 5913 7 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5913 8 is be VBZ 43431 5913 9 directed direct VBN 43431 5913 10 backwards backwards RB 43431 5913 11 , , , 43431 5913 12 and and CC 43431 5913 13 carrying carry VBG 43431 5913 14 back back RP 43431 5913 15 the the DT 43431 5913 16 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 5913 17 and and CC 43431 5913 18 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5913 19 pulls pull NNS 43431 5913 20 at at IN 43431 5913 21 the the DT 43431 5913 22 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5913 23 and and CC 43431 5913 24 causes cause VBZ 43431 5913 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5913 26 palatal palatal JJ 43431 5913 27 face face NN 43431 5913 28 , , , 43431 5913 29 to to TO 43431 5913 30 which which WDT 43431 5913 31 the the DT 43431 5913 32 poison poison NN 43431 5913 33 teeth tooth NNS 43431 5913 34 are be VBP 43431 5913 35 attached attach VBN 43431 5913 36 , , , 43431 5913 37 to to TO 43431 5913 38 lie lie VB 43431 5913 39 back back RB 43431 5913 40 along along IN 43431 5913 41 the the DT 43431 5913 42 roof roof NN 43431 5913 43 of of IN 43431 5913 44 the the DT 43431 5913 45 mouth mouth NN 43431 5913 46 . . . 43431 5914 1 When when WRB 43431 5914 2 the the DT 43431 5914 3 mouth mouth NN 43431 5914 4 opens open VBZ 43431 5914 5 the the DT 43431 5914 6 distal distal JJ 43431 5914 7 end end NN 43431 5914 8 of of IN 43431 5914 9 the the DT 43431 5914 10 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 5914 11 is be VBZ 43431 5914 12 thrust thrust VBN 43431 5914 13 forward forward RB 43431 5914 14 , , , 43431 5914 15 and and CC 43431 5914 16 this this DT 43431 5914 17 necessitates necessitate VBZ 43431 5914 18 the the DT 43431 5914 19 pushing push VBG 43431 5914 20 forward forward RB 43431 5914 21 of of IN 43431 5914 22 the the DT 43431 5914 23 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 5914 24 and and CC 43431 5914 25 transpalatine transpalatine NN 43431 5914 26 , , , 43431 5914 27 causing cause VBG 43431 5914 28 the the DT 43431 5914 29 tooth tooth JJ 43431 5914 30 - - HYPH 43431 5914 31 bearing bear VBG 43431 5914 32 surface surface NN 43431 5914 33 of of IN 43431 5914 34 the the DT 43431 5914 35 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 5914 36 to to TO 43431 5914 37 look look VB 43431 5914 38 downwards downwards RB 43431 5914 39 and and CC 43431 5914 40 the the DT 43431 5914 41 tooth tooth NN 43431 5914 42 to to TO 43431 5914 43 come come VB 43431 5914 44 into into IN 43431 5914 45 the the DT 43431 5914 46 position position NN 43431 5914 47 for for IN 43431 5914 48 striking strike VBG 43431 5914 49 . . . 43431 5915 1 The the DT 43431 5915 2 Ophidian ophidian JJ 43431 5915 3 skull skull NN 43431 5915 4 is be VBZ 43431 5915 5 also also RB 43431 5915 6 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 5915 7 for for IN 43431 5915 8 the the DT 43431 5915 9 absence absence NN 43431 5915 10 of of IN 43431 5915 11 the the DT 43431 5915 12 jugals jugal NNS 43431 5915 13 and and CC 43431 5915 14 quadratojugals quadratojugal NNS 43431 5915 15 . . . 43431 5916 1 In in IN 43431 5916 2 poisonous poisonous JJ 43431 5916 3 snakes snake NNS 43431 5916 4 the the DT 43431 5916 5 place place NN 43431 5916 6 of of IN 43431 5916 7 the the DT 43431 5916 8 jugal jugal NN 43431 5916 9 is be VBZ 43431 5916 10 taken take VBN 43431 5916 11 by by IN 43431 5916 12 the the DT 43431 5916 13 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 5916 14 ligament ligament NN 43431 5916 15 which which WDT 43431 5916 16 connects connect VBZ 43431 5916 17 the the DT 43431 5916 18 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 5916 19 and and CC 43431 5916 20 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5916 21 . . . 43431 5917 1 The the DT 43431 5917 2 extent extent NN 43431 5917 3 to to TO 43431 5917 4 which which WDT 43431 5917 5 the the DT 43431 5917 6 palate palate NN 43431 5917 7 is be VBZ 43431 5917 8 closed close VBN 43431 5917 9 in in IN 43431 5917 10 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5917 11 varies vary VBZ 43431 5917 12 much much JJ 43431 5917 13 . . . 43431 5918 1 In in IN 43431 5918 2 many many JJ 43431 5918 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5918 4 , , , 43431 5918 5 such such JJ 43431 5918 6 as as IN 43431 5918 7 the the DT 43431 5918 8 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 5918 9 and and CC 43431 5918 10 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 5918 11 , , , 43431 5918 12 the the DT 43431 5918 13 palate palate NN 43431 5918 14 is be VBZ 43431 5918 15 not not RB 43431 5918 16 complete complete JJ 43431 5918 17 , , , 43431 5918 18 both both DT 43431 5918 19 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5918 20 and and CC 43431 5918 21 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5918 22 being be VBG 43431 5918 23 widely widely RB 43431 5918 24 separated separate VBN 43431 5918 25 in in IN 43431 5918 26 the the DT 43431 5918 27 middle middle JJ 43431 5918 28 line line NN 43431 5918 29 . . . 43431 5919 1 In in IN 43431 5919 2 others other NNS 43431 5919 3 , , , 43431 5919 4 such such JJ 43431 5919 5 as as IN 43431 5919 6 the the DT 43431 5919 7 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5919 8 , , , 43431 5919 9 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 5919 10 , , , 43431 5919 11 and and CC 43431 5919 12 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5919 13 , , , 43431 5919 14 there there EX 43431 5919 15 is be VBZ 43431 5919 16 a a DT 43431 5919 17 more more RBR 43431 5919 18 or or CC 43431 5919 19 less less RBR 43431 5919 20 complete complete JJ 43431 5919 21 bony bony NN 43431 5919 22 palate palate NN 43431 5919 23 . . . 43431 5920 1 In in IN 43431 5920 2 many many JJ 43431 5920 3 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5920 4 this this DT 43431 5920 5 is be VBZ 43431 5920 6 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 5920 7 formed form VBN 43431 5920 8 of of IN 43431 5920 9 the the DT 43431 5920 10 vomer vomer NN 43431 5920 11 , , , 43431 5920 12 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5920 13 , , , 43431 5920 14 and and CC 43431 5920 15 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5920 16 , , , 43431 5920 17 the the DT 43431 5920 18 posterior posterior NN 43431 5920 19 nares naris NNS 43431 5920 20 being be VBG 43431 5920 21 mainly mainly RB 43431 5920 22 bounded bound VBN 43431 5920 23 by by IN 43431 5920 24 the the DT 43431 5920 25 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5920 26 . . . 43431 5921 1 In in IN 43431 5921 2 living live VBG 43431 5921 3 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5921 4 , , , 43431 5921 5 however however RB 43431 5921 6 , , , 43431 5921 7 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 5921 8 are be VBP 43431 5921 9 formed form VBN 43431 5921 10 from from IN 43431 5921 11 the the DT 43431 5921 12 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5921 13 and and CC 43431 5921 14 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5921 15 which which WDT 43431 5921 16 arch arch VBP 43431 5921 17 round round NN 43431 5921 18 and and CC 43431 5921 19 meet meet VB 43431 5921 20 one one NN 43431 5921 21 another another DT 43431 5921 22 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 5921 23 , , , 43431 5921 24 forming form VBG 43431 5921 25 a a DT 43431 5921 26 secondary secondary JJ 43431 5921 27 palate palate NN 43431 5921 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5921 29 fig fig NN 43431 5921 30 . . . 43431 5922 1 43 43 CD 43431 5922 2 , , , 43431 5922 3 A a NN 43431 5922 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5922 5 , , , 43431 5922 6 which which WDT 43431 5922 7 completely completely RB 43431 5922 8 shuts shut VBZ 43431 5922 9 off off RP 43431 5922 10 the the DT 43431 5922 11 true true JJ 43431 5922 12 sphenoidal sphenoidal JJ 43431 5922 13 floor floor NN 43431 5922 14 of of IN 43431 5922 15 the the DT 43431 5922 16 skull skull NN 43431 5922 17 , , , 43431 5922 18 and and CC 43431 5922 19 causes cause VBZ 43431 5922 20 the the DT 43431 5922 21 posterior posterior NN 43431 5922 22 nares naris NNS 43431 5922 23 which which WDT 43431 5922 24 are be VBP 43431 5922 25 bounded bound VBN 43431 5922 26 by by IN 43431 5922 27 the the DT 43431 5922 28 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5922 29 to to TO 43431 5922 30 open open VB 43431 5922 31 very very RB 43431 5922 32 far far RB 43431 5922 33 back back RB 43431 5922 34 . . . 43431 5923 1 Though though IN 43431 5923 2 this this DT 43431 5923 3 feature feature NN 43431 5923 4 is be VBZ 43431 5923 5 common common JJ 43431 5923 6 to to IN 43431 5923 7 all all DT 43431 5923 8 postsecondary postsecondary JJ 43431 5923 9 crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 5923 10 , , , 43431 5923 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5923 12 is be VBZ 43431 5923 13 interesting interesting JJ 43431 5923 14 to to TO 43431 5923 15 notice notice VB 43431 5923 16 that that IN 43431 5923 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5923 18 is be VBZ 43431 5923 19 not not RB 43431 5923 20 found find VBN 43431 5923 21 in in IN 43431 5923 22 the the DT 43431 5923 23 earlier early JJR 43431 5923 24 forms form NNS 43431 5923 25 , , , 43431 5923 26 but but CC 43431 5923 27 that that IN 43431 5923 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5923 29 gradual gradual JJ 43431 5923 30 evolution evolution NN 43431 5923 31 can can MD 43431 5923 32 be be VB 43431 5923 33 traced trace VBN 43431 5923 34 . . . 43431 5924 1 In in IN 43431 5924 2 the the DT 43431 5924 3 Triassic Triassic NNP 43431 5924 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5924 5 Belodon Belodon NNP 43431 5924 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5924 7 , , , 43431 5924 8 for for IN 43431 5924 9 instance instance NN 43431 5924 10 , , , 43431 5924 11 the the DT 43431 5924 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 5924 13 nares nare VBZ 43431 5924 14 open open VBP 43431 5924 15 far far RB 43431 5924 16 forwards forward NNS 43431 5924 17 , , , 43431 5924 18 and and CC 43431 5924 19 are be VBP 43431 5924 20 not not RB 43431 5924 21 surrounded surround VBN 43431 5924 22 by by IN 43431 5924 23 either either CC 43431 5924 24 the the DT 43431 5924 25 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5924 26 or or CC 43431 5924 27 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5924 28 . . . 43431 5925 1 In in IN 43431 5925 2 the the DT 43431 5925 3 Jurassic Jurassic NNP 43431 5925 4 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 5925 5 , , , 43431 5925 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5925 7 Teleosaurus Teleosaurus NNP 43431 5925 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5925 9 , , , 43431 5925 10 the the DT 43431 5925 11 posterior posterior NN 43431 5925 12 nares naris NNS 43431 5925 13 lie lie VBP 43431 5925 14 further further RB 43431 5925 15 back back RB 43431 5925 16 , , , 43431 5925 17 being be VBG 43431 5925 18 surrounded surround VBN 43431 5925 19 by by IN 43431 5925 20 the the DT 43431 5925 21 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5925 22 , , , 43431 5925 23 but but CC 43431 5925 24 the the DT 43431 5925 25 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 5925 26 do do VBP 43431 5925 27 not not RB 43431 5925 28 meet meet VB 43431 5925 29 them -PRON- PRP 43431 5925 30 . . . 43431 5926 1 Finally finally RB 43431 5926 2 , , , 43431 5926 3 in in IN 43431 5926 4 the the DT 43431 5926 5 Tertiary tertiary JJ 43431 5926 6 forms form NNS 43431 5926 7 the the DT 43431 5926 8 arrangements arrangement NNS 43431 5926 9 are be VBP 43431 5926 10 as as IN 43431 5926 11 in in IN 43431 5926 12 living living NN 43431 5926 13 crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 5926 14 . . . 43431 5927 1 A a DT 43431 5927 2 short short JJ 43431 5927 3 secondary secondary JJ 43431 5927 4 hard hard JJ 43431 5927 5 palate palate NN 43431 5927 6 is be VBZ 43431 5927 7 found find VBN 43431 5927 8 also also RB 43431 5927 9 in in IN 43431 5927 10 the the DT 43431 5927 11 Theriodontia Theriodontia NNP 43431 5927 12 . . . 43431 5928 1 The the DT 43431 5928 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 5928 3 of of IN 43431 5928 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5928 5 Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus NNP 43431 5928 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5928 7 are be VBP 43431 5928 8 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 5928 9 for for IN 43431 5928 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5928 11 transverse transverse JJ 43431 5928 12 position position NN 43431 5928 13 , , , 43431 5928 14 which which WDT 43431 5928 15 recalls recall VBZ 43431 5928 16 that that IN 43431 5928 17 in in IN 43431 5928 18 the the DT 43431 5928 19 Frog Frog NNP 43431 5928 20 . . . 43431 5929 1 The the DT 43431 5929 2 various various JJ 43431 5929 3 = = SYM 43431 5929 4 fossae= fossae= NN 43431 5929 5 or or CC 43431 5929 6 = = SYM 43431 5929 7 vacuities= vacuities= JJ 43431 5929 8 in in IN 43431 5929 9 the the DT 43431 5929 10 false false JJ 43431 5929 11 roof roof NN 43431 5929 12 of of IN 43431 5929 13 the the DT 43431 5929 14 skull skull NN 43431 5929 15 are be VBP 43431 5929 16 important important JJ 43431 5929 17 , , , 43431 5929 18 and and CC 43431 5929 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5929 20 relations relation NNS 43431 5929 21 may may MD 43431 5929 22 best best RB 43431 5929 23 be be VB 43431 5929 24 understood understand VBN 43431 5929 25 by by IN 43431 5929 26 a a DT 43431 5929 27 description description NN 43431 5929 28 of of IN 43431 5929 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5929 30 mode mode NN 43431 5929 31 of of IN 43431 5929 32 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 5929 33 in in IN 43431 5929 34 _ _ NNP 43431 5929 35 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5929 36 _ _ NNP 43431 5929 37 , , , 43431 5929 38 a a DT 43431 5929 39 form form NN 43431 5929 40 in in IN 43431 5929 41 which which WDT 43431 5929 42 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5929 43 are be VBP 43431 5929 44 very very RB 43431 5929 45 completely completely RB 43431 5929 46 developed develop VBN 43431 5929 47 . . . 43431 5930 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5930 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5930 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5930 4 . . . 43431 5931 1 52 52 CD 43431 5931 2 . . . 43431 5932 1 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 5932 2 OF of IN 43431 5932 3 HATTERIA HATTERIA NNP 43431 5932 4 . . . 43431 5933 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5933 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5933 3 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5933 4 punctatus punctatus NN 43431 5933 5 _ _ NNP 43431 5933 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5933 7 . . . 43431 5934 1 A a DT 43431 5934 2 , , , 43431 5934 3 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5934 4 ; ; : 43431 5934 5 B b NN 43431 5934 6 , , , 43431 5934 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5934 8 ; ; : 43431 5934 9 C C NNP 43431 5934 10 , , , 43431 5934 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 5934 12 ; ; : 43431 5934 13 D d NN 43431 5934 14 , , , 43431 5934 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 5934 16 . . . 43431 5935 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5935 2 After after IN 43431 5935 3 VON VON NNP 43431 5935 4 ZITTEL ZITTEL NNP 43431 5935 5 . . . 43431 5935 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5936 1 1 1 LS 43431 5936 2 . . . 43431 5936 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 5936 4 . . . 43431 5937 1 2 2 LS 43431 5937 2 . . . 43431 5937 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 5937 4 . . . 43431 5938 1 3 3 LS 43431 5938 2 . . . 43431 5938 3 prefrontal prefrontal NNP 43431 5938 4 . . . 43431 5939 1 4 4 LS 43431 5939 2 . . . 43431 5939 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 5939 4 . . . 43431 5940 1 5 5 LS 43431 5940 2 . . . 43431 5940 3 postfrontal postfrontal NNP 43431 5940 4 . . . 43431 5941 1 6 6 LS 43431 5941 2 . . . 43431 5941 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 5941 4 . . . 43431 5942 1 7 7 LS 43431 5942 2 . . . 43431 5942 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5942 4 . . . 43431 5943 1 8 8 LS 43431 5943 2 . . . 43431 5943 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5943 4 . . . 43431 5944 1 9 9 LS 43431 5944 2 . . . 43431 5944 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 5944 4 . . . 43431 5945 1 10 10 CD 43431 5945 2 . . . 43431 5945 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 5945 4 . . . 43431 5946 1 11 11 CD 43431 5946 2 . . . 43431 5946 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5946 4 . . . 43431 5947 1 12 12 CD 43431 5947 2 . . . 43431 5947 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 5947 4 . . . 43431 5948 1 13 13 CD 43431 5948 2 . . . 43431 5948 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 5948 4 . . . 43431 5949 1 14 14 CD 43431 5949 2 . . . 43431 5949 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 5949 4 . . . 43431 5950 1 15 15 CD 43431 5950 2 . . . 43431 5950 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 5950 4 . . . 43431 5951 1 16 16 CD 43431 5951 2 . . . 43431 5951 3 transpalatine transpalatine NNP 43431 5951 4 . . . 43431 5952 1 17 17 CD 43431 5952 2 . . . 43431 5952 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 5952 4 . . . 43431 5953 1 18 18 CD 43431 5953 2 . . . 43431 5953 3 epipterygoid epipterygoid JJ 43431 5953 4 . . . 43431 5954 1 19 19 CD 43431 5954 2 . . . 43431 5954 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 5954 4 . . . 43431 5955 1 20 20 CD 43431 5955 2 . . . 43431 5955 3 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5955 4 fossa fossa NNP 43431 5955 5 . . . 43431 5956 1 21 21 LS 43431 5956 2 . . . 43431 5956 3 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5956 4 or or CC 43431 5956 5 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5956 6 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5956 7 fossa fossa NN 43431 5956 8 . . . 43431 5957 1 22 22 CD 43431 5957 2 . . . 43431 5957 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 5957 4 . . . 43431 5958 1 23 23 CD 43431 5958 2 . . . 43431 5958 3 post post JJ 43431 5958 4 - - JJ 43431 5958 5 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5958 6 fossa fossa NN 43431 5958 7 . . . 43431 5959 1 24 24 CD 43431 5959 2 . . . 43431 5959 3 foramen foramen NNP 43431 5959 4 magnum magnum NNP 43431 5959 5 . . . 43431 5960 1 25 25 CD 43431 5960 2 . . . 43431 5960 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 5960 4 nares naris NNS 43431 5960 5 . . . 43431 5961 1 26 26 CD 43431 5961 2 . . . 43431 5961 3 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 5961 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 5961 5 . . . 43431 5962 1 27 27 CD 43431 5962 2 . . . 43431 5962 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 5962 4 . . . 43431 5963 1 28 28 CD 43431 5963 2 . . . 43431 5963 3 supra supra NNP 43431 5963 4 - - HYPH 43431 5963 5 angular angular NNP 43431 5963 6 . . . 43431 5964 1 29 29 CD 43431 5964 2 . . . 43431 5965 1 articular articular NNP 43431 5965 2 . . . 43431 5965 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5966 1 In in IN 43431 5966 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5966 3 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5966 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5966 5 , , , 43431 5966 6 then then RB 43431 5966 7 , , , 43431 5966 8 on on IN 43431 5966 9 the the DT 43431 5966 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 5966 11 surface surface NN 43431 5966 12 of of IN 43431 5966 13 the the DT 43431 5966 14 skull skull NN 43431 5966 15 , , , 43431 5966 16 are be VBP 43431 5966 17 the the DT 43431 5966 18 large large JJ 43431 5966 19 = = SYM 43431 5966 20 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5966 21 fossae= fossae= NN 43431 5966 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5966 23 fig fig NN 43431 5966 24 . . . 43431 5967 1 52 52 CD 43431 5967 2 , , , 43431 5967 3 20 20 CD 43431 5967 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5967 5 . . . 43431 5968 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 5968 2 inner inner JJ 43431 5968 3 margins margin NNS 43431 5968 4 are be VBP 43431 5968 5 separated separate VBN 43431 5968 6 from from IN 43431 5968 7 one one CD 43431 5968 8 another another DT 43431 5968 9 by by IN 43431 5968 10 the the DT 43431 5968 11 parietal parietal JJ 43431 5968 12 walls wall NNS 43431 5968 13 of of IN 43431 5968 14 the the DT 43431 5968 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 5968 16 , , , 43431 5968 17 while while IN 43431 5968 18 externally externally RB 43431 5968 19 each each DT 43431 5968 20 is be VBZ 43431 5968 21 bounded bound VBN 43431 5968 22 by by IN 43431 5968 23 a a DT 43431 5968 24 bony bony NN 43431 5968 25 arch arch NN 43431 5968 26 , , , 43431 5968 27 the the DT 43431 5968 28 = = SYM 43431 5968 29 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5968 30 arcade= arcade= NNS 43431 5968 31 , , , 43431 5968 32 formed form VBN 43431 5968 33 of of IN 43431 5968 34 the the DT 43431 5968 35 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 5968 36 , , , 43431 5968 37 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 5968 38 , , , 43431 5968 39 and and CC 43431 5968 40 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5968 41 . . . 43431 5969 1 Posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 5969 2 the the DT 43431 5969 3 boundary boundary NN 43431 5969 4 is be VBZ 43431 5969 5 formed form VBN 43431 5969 6 by by IN 43431 5969 7 a a DT 43431 5969 8 = = SYM 43431 5969 9 post post JJ 43431 5969 10 - - JJ 43431 5969 11 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5969 12 bar= bar= NNP 43431 5969 13 , , , 43431 5969 14 formed form VBN 43431 5969 15 by by IN 43431 5969 16 the the DT 43431 5969 17 parietal parietal NN 43431 5969 18 and and CC 43431 5969 19 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5969 20 . . . 43431 5970 1 Below below IN 43431 5970 2 the the DT 43431 5970 3 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5970 4 arcade arcade NN 43431 5970 5 is be VBZ 43431 5970 6 another another DT 43431 5970 7 large large JJ 43431 5970 8 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5970 9 , , , 43431 5970 10 the the DT 43431 5970 11 = = SYM 43431 5970 12 infratemporal= infratemporal= NN 43431 5970 13 or or CC 43431 5970 14 = = SYM 43431 5970 15 lateral lateral JJ 43431 5970 16 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5970 17 fossa= fossa= NN 43431 5970 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5970 19 fig fig NN 43431 5970 20 . . . 43431 5971 1 52 52 CD 43431 5971 2 , , , 43431 5971 3 21 21 CD 43431 5971 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5971 5 . . . 43431 5972 1 This this DT 43431 5972 2 is be VBZ 43431 5972 3 bounded bound VBN 43431 5972 4 above above IN 43431 5972 5 by by IN 43431 5972 6 the the DT 43431 5972 7 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5972 8 arcade arcade NN 43431 5972 9 , , , 43431 5972 10 and and CC 43431 5972 11 is be VBZ 43431 5972 12 separated separate VBN 43431 5972 13 from from IN 43431 5972 14 the the DT 43431 5972 15 orbit orbit NN 43431 5972 16 in in IN 43431 5972 17 front front NN 43431 5972 18 by by IN 43431 5972 19 the the DT 43431 5972 20 = = SYM 43431 5972 21 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 5972 22 bar= bar= NNP 43431 5972 23 , , , 43431 5972 24 formed form VBN 43431 5972 25 by by IN 43431 5972 26 the the DT 43431 5972 27 union union NN 43431 5972 28 of of IN 43431 5972 29 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 5972 30 from from IN 43431 5972 31 the the DT 43431 5972 32 jugals jugal NNS 43431 5972 33 and and CC 43431 5972 34 postorbitals postorbital NNS 43431 5972 35 . . . 43431 5973 1 Behind behind IN 43431 5973 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5973 3 is be VBZ 43431 5973 4 bounded bound VBN 43431 5973 5 by by IN 43431 5973 6 a a DT 43431 5973 7 continuation continuation NN 43431 5973 8 of of IN 43431 5973 9 the the DT 43431 5973 10 post post JJ 43431 5973 11 - - JJ 43431 5973 12 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5973 13 bar bar NN 43431 5973 14 formed form VBN 43431 5973 15 of of IN 43431 5973 16 the the DT 43431 5973 17 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 5973 18 and and CC 43431 5973 19 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5973 20 , , , 43431 5973 21 and and CC 43431 5973 22 below below RB 43431 5973 23 by by IN 43431 5973 24 an an DT 43431 5973 25 = = SYM 43431 5973 26 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5973 27 arcade= arcade= NNS 43431 5973 28 , , , 43431 5973 29 which which WDT 43431 5973 30 is be VBZ 43431 5973 31 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 5973 32 composed compose VBN 43431 5973 33 of of IN 43431 5973 34 the the DT 43431 5973 35 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 5973 36 and and CC 43431 5973 37 jugal jugal NNP 43431 5973 38 . . . 43431 5974 1 Below below IN 43431 5974 2 the the DT 43431 5974 3 post post JJ 43431 5974 4 - - JJ 43431 5974 5 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5974 6 bar bar NN 43431 5974 7 is be VBZ 43431 5974 8 a a DT 43431 5974 9 third third JJ 43431 5974 10 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 5974 11 , , , 43431 5974 12 the the DT 43431 5974 13 = = SYM 43431 5974 14 post post JJ 43431 5974 15 - - JJ 43431 5974 16 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5974 17 fossa= fossa= NN 43431 5974 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5974 19 fig fig NN 43431 5974 20 . . . 43431 5975 1 52 52 CD 43431 5975 2 , , , 43431 5975 3 D d NN 43431 5975 4 , , , 43431 5975 5 23 23 CD 43431 5975 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5975 7 , , , 43431 5975 8 bounded bound VBN 43431 5975 9 above above RB 43431 5975 10 by by IN 43431 5975 11 the the DT 43431 5975 12 post post JJ 43431 5975 13 - - JJ 43431 5975 14 temporal temporal JJ 43431 5975 15 bar bar NN 43431 5975 16 and and CC 43431 5975 17 below below RB 43431 5975 18 by by IN 43431 5975 19 the the DT 43431 5975 20 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 5975 21 and and CC 43431 5975 22 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 5975 23 . . . 43431 5976 1 _ _ NNP 43431 5976 2 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 5976 3 _ _ NNP 43431 5976 4 and and CC 43431 5976 5 the the DT 43431 5976 6 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5976 7 are be VBP 43431 5976 8 the the DT 43431 5976 9 only only JJ 43431 5976 10 living living NN 43431 5976 11 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5976 12 with with IN 43431 5976 13 complete complete JJ 43431 5976 14 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5976 15 and and CC 43431 5976 16 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5976 17 arcades arcade NNS 43431 5976 18 , , , 43431 5976 19 but but CC 43431 5976 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5976 21 are be VBP 43431 5976 22 both both RB 43431 5976 23 present present JJ 43431 5976 24 in in IN 43431 5976 25 the the DT 43431 5976 26 extinct extinct JJ 43431 5976 27 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5976 28 and and CC 43431 5976 29 some some DT 43431 5976 30 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5976 31 . . . 43431 5977 1 Supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5977 2 fossae fossae NN 43431 5977 3 , , , 43431 5977 4 bounded bound VBN 43431 5977 5 below below RB 43431 5977 6 by by IN 43431 5977 7 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 5977 8 arcades arcade NNS 43431 5977 9 , , , 43431 5977 10 occur occur VBP 43431 5977 11 in in IN 43431 5977 12 all all DT 43431 5977 13 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5977 14 except except IN 43431 5977 15 some some DT 43431 5977 16 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5977 17 , , , 43431 5977 18 the the DT 43431 5977 19 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5977 20 , , , 43431 5977 21 the the DT 43431 5977 22 Geckonidae Geckonidae NNP 43431 5977 23 among among IN 43431 5977 24 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5977 25 , , , 43431 5977 26 and and CC 43431 5977 27 the the DT 43431 5977 28 Pariasauria Pariasauria NNP 43431 5977 29 and and CC 43431 5977 30 others other NNS 43431 5977 31 among among IN 43431 5977 32 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5977 33 ; ; : 43431 5977 34 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5977 35 are be VBP 43431 5977 36 specially specially RB 43431 5977 37 large large JJ 43431 5977 38 in in IN 43431 5977 39 _ _ NNP 43431 5977 40 Nothosaurus Nothosaurus NNP 43431 5977 41 _ _ NNP 43431 5977 42 among among IN 43431 5977 43 the the DT 43431 5977 44 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 5977 45 , , , 43431 5977 46 _ _ NNP 43431 5977 47 Dicynodon Dicynodon NNP 43431 5977 48 _ _ NNP 43431 5977 49 among among IN 43431 5977 50 the the DT 43431 5977 51 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5977 52 , , , 43431 5977 53 and and CC 43431 5977 54 many many JJ 43431 5977 55 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5977 56 and and CC 43431 5977 57 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5977 58 . . . 43431 5978 1 In in IN 43431 5978 2 some some DT 43431 5978 3 Dinosaurs dinosaur NNS 43431 5978 4 , , , 43431 5978 5 such such JJ 43431 5978 6 as as IN 43431 5978 7 _ _ NNP 43431 5978 8 Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus NNP 43431 5978 9 _ _ NNP 43431 5978 10 , , , 43431 5978 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5978 12 are be VBP 43431 5978 13 very very RB 43431 5978 14 small small JJ 43431 5978 15 , , , 43431 5978 16 while while IN 43431 5978 17 the the DT 43431 5978 18 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5978 19 fossae fossae NN 43431 5978 20 are be VBP 43431 5978 21 correspondingly correspondingly RB 43431 5978 22 large large JJ 43431 5978 23 . . . 43431 5979 1 In in IN 43431 5979 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5979 3 Elginia_[93 Elginia_[93 NNP 43431 5979 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 5979 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5979 6 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5979 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5979 8 and and CC 43431 5979 9 some some DT 43431 5979 10 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5979 11 , , , 43431 5979 12 such such JJ 43431 5979 13 as as IN 43431 5979 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5979 15 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 5979 16 _ _ NNP 43431 5979 17 , , , 43431 5979 18 there there EX 43431 5979 19 are be VBP 43431 5979 20 no no DT 43431 5979 21 fossae fossae NN 43431 5979 22 on on IN 43431 5979 23 the the DT 43431 5979 24 surface surface NN 43431 5979 25 of of IN 43431 5979 26 the the DT 43431 5979 27 skull skull NN 43431 5979 28 , , , 43431 5979 29 a a DT 43431 5979 30 complete complete JJ 43431 5979 31 false false JJ 43431 5979 32 roof roof NN 43431 5979 33 being be VBG 43431 5979 34 developed develop VBN 43431 5979 35 ; ; : 43431 5979 36 in in IN 43431 5979 37 other other JJ 43431 5979 38 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5979 39 , , , 43431 5979 40 such such JJ 43431 5979 41 as as IN 43431 5979 42 _ _ NNP 43431 5979 43 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 5979 44 _ _ NNP 43431 5979 45 , , , 43431 5979 46 the the DT 43431 5979 47 true true JJ 43431 5979 48 cranium cranium NN 43431 5979 49 is be VBZ 43431 5979 50 freely freely RB 43431 5979 51 visible visible JJ 43431 5979 52 , , , 43431 5979 53 the the DT 43431 5979 54 only only JJ 43431 5979 55 part part NN 43431 5979 56 of of IN 43431 5979 57 the the DT 43431 5979 58 false false JJ 43431 5979 59 roof roof NN 43431 5979 60 developed develop VBD 43431 5979 61 being be VBG 43431 5979 62 the the DT 43431 5979 63 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 5979 64 arcade arcade NN 43431 5979 65 . . . 43431 5980 1 In in IN 43431 5980 2 many many JJ 43431 5980 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 5980 4 large large JJ 43431 5980 5 = = SYM 43431 5980 6 pre pre JJ 43431 5980 7 - - JJ 43431 5980 8 orbital orbital JJ 43431 5980 9 vacuities= vacuities= NN 43431 5980 10 occur occur VBP 43431 5980 11 ; ; : 43431 5980 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5980 13 are be VBP 43431 5980 14 specially specially RB 43431 5980 15 large large JJ 43431 5980 16 in in IN 43431 5980 17 the the DT 43431 5980 18 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5980 19 and and CC 43431 5980 20 in in IN 43431 5980 21 some some DT 43431 5980 22 of of IN 43431 5980 23 the the DT 43431 5980 24 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5980 25 and and CC 43431 5980 26 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5980 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5980 28 fig fig NN 43431 5980 29 . . . 43431 5981 1 35 35 CD 43431 5981 2 , , , 43431 5981 3 3 3 CD 43431 5981 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5981 5 . . . 43431 5982 1 In in IN 43431 5982 2 some some DT 43431 5982 3 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5982 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5982 5 are be VBP 43431 5982 6 confluent confluent JJ 43431 5982 7 with with IN 43431 5982 8 the the DT 43431 5982 9 orbits orbit NNS 43431 5982 10 . . . 43431 5983 1 The the DT 43431 5983 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 5983 3 are be VBP 43431 5983 4 usually usually RB 43431 5983 5 separate separate JJ 43431 5983 6 , , , 43431 5983 7 but but CC 43431 5983 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5983 9 , , , 43431 5983 10 as as IN 43431 5983 11 in in IN 43431 5983 12 some some DT 43431 5983 13 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5983 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5983 15 fig fig NN 43431 5983 16 . . . 43431 5984 1 51 51 CD 43431 5984 2 , , , 43431 5984 3 1 1 CD 43431 5984 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5984 5 , , , 43431 5984 6 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5984 7 , , , 43431 5984 8 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5984 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5984 10 Agamidae Agamidae NNP 43431 5984 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5984 12 , , , 43431 5984 13 and and CC 43431 5984 14 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 5984 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5984 16 Ceratopsia Ceratopsia NNP 43431 5984 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5984 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5984 19 are be VBP 43431 5984 20 united united JJ 43431 5984 21 . . . 43431 5985 1 In in IN 43431 5985 2 the the DT 43431 5985 3 Dinosaur Dinosaur NNP 43431 5985 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5985 5 Hadrosaurus Hadrosaurus NNP 43431 5985 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5985 7 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5985 8 are be VBP 43431 5985 9 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 5985 10 large large JJ 43431 5985 11 and and CC 43431 5985 12 spatulate spatulate JJ 43431 5985 13 . . . 43431 5986 1 In in IN 43431 5986 2 the the DT 43431 5986 3 Rhynchocephalian Rhynchocephalian NNP 43431 5986 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5986 5 Hyperodapedon Hyperodapedon NNP 43431 5986 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5986 7 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5986 8 are be VBP 43431 5986 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 5986 10 out out RP 43431 5986 11 into into IN 43431 5986 12 a a DT 43431 5986 13 strongly strongly RB 43431 5986 14 curved curved JJ 43431 5986 15 beak beak NN 43431 5986 16 . . . 43431 5987 1 As as IN 43431 5987 2 regards regard VBZ 43431 5987 3 the the DT 43431 5987 4 mandible mandible NN 43431 5987 5 , , , 43431 5987 6 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5987 7 , , , 43431 5987 8 as as IN 43431 5987 9 in in IN 43431 5987 10 most most JJS 43431 5987 11 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNPS 43431 5987 12 , , , 43431 5987 13 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5987 14 and and CC 43431 5987 15 Pythonomorpha Pythonomorpha NNP 43431 5987 16 , , , 43431 5987 17 the the DT 43431 5987 18 rami rami NN 43431 5987 19 have have VBP 43431 5987 20 only only RB 43431 5987 21 a a DT 43431 5987 22 ligamental ligamental JJ 43431 5987 23 union union NN 43431 5987 24 ; ; : 43431 5987 25 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5987 26 , , , 43431 5987 27 as as IN 43431 5987 28 in in IN 43431 5987 29 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5987 30 , , , 43431 5987 31 the the DT 43431 5987 32 Rhynchosauridae Rhynchosauridae NNP 43431 5987 33 and and CC 43431 5987 34 the the DT 43431 5987 35 majority majority NN 43431 5987 36 of of IN 43431 5987 37 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 5987 38 , , , 43431 5987 39 they -PRON- PRP 43431 5987 40 are be VBP 43431 5987 41 suturally suturally RB 43431 5987 42 united united JJ 43431 5987 43 . . . 43431 5988 1 In in IN 43431 5988 2 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5988 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5988 4 fig fig NN 43431 5988 5 . . . 43431 5989 1 28 28 CD 43431 5989 2 , , , 43431 5989 3 B b NN 43431 5989 4 , , , 43431 5989 5 12 12 CD 43431 5989 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5989 7 , , , 43431 5989 8 and and CC 43431 5989 9 apparently apparently RB 43431 5989 10 in in IN 43431 5989 11 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 5989 12 , , , 43431 5989 13 the the DT 43431 5989 14 two two CD 43431 5989 15 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 5989 16 are be VBP 43431 5989 17 completely completely RB 43431 5989 18 fused fuse VBN 43431 5989 19 together together RB 43431 5989 20 . . . 43431 5990 1 The the DT 43431 5990 2 sutures suture NNS 43431 5990 3 between between IN 43431 5990 4 the the DT 43431 5990 5 various various JJ 43431 5990 6 bones bone NNS 43431 5990 7 of of IN 43431 5990 8 the the DT 43431 5990 9 lower low JJR 43431 5990 10 jaw jaw NN 43431 5990 11 usually usually RB 43431 5990 12 persist persist JJ 43431 5990 13 , , , 43431 5990 14 but but CC 43431 5990 15 in in IN 43431 5990 16 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 5990 17 those those DT 43431 5990 18 between between IN 43431 5990 19 the the DT 43431 5990 20 angular angular JJ 43431 5990 21 , , , 43431 5990 22 supra supra NNP 43431 5990 23 - - HYPH 43431 5990 24 angular angular JJ 43431 5990 25 , , , 43431 5990 26 articular articular JJ 43431 5990 27 and and CC 43431 5990 28 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 5990 29 are be VBP 43431 5990 30 obliterated obliterate VBN 43431 5990 31 . . . 43431 5991 1 There there EX 43431 5991 2 are be VBP 43431 5991 3 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 5991 4 large large JJ 43431 5991 5 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 5991 6 in in IN 43431 5991 7 the the DT 43431 5991 8 mandible mandible NN 43431 5991 9 , , , 43431 5991 10 as as IN 43431 5991 11 in in IN 43431 5991 12 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 5991 13 , , , 43431 5991 14 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5991 15 , , , 43431 5991 16 and and CC 43431 5991 17 some some DT 43431 5991 18 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 5991 19 . . . 43431 5992 1 In in IN 43431 5992 2 _ _ NNP 43431 5992 3 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 5992 4 _ _ NNP 43431 5992 5 , , , 43431 5992 6 _ _ NNP 43431 5992 7 Polyonax Polyonax NNP 43431 5992 8 _ _ NNP 43431 5992 9 , , , 43431 5992 10 _ _ NNP 43431 5992 11 Hypsilophodon Hypsilophodon NNP 43431 5992 12 _ _ NNP 43431 5992 13 and and CC 43431 5992 14 _ _ NNP 43431 5992 15 Hadrosaurus Hadrosaurus NNP 43431 5992 16 _ _ NNP 43431 5992 17 among among IN 43431 5992 18 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 5992 19 the the DT 43431 5992 20 mandible mandible NN 43431 5992 21 has have VBZ 43431 5992 22 a a DT 43431 5992 23 predentary predentary JJ 43431 5992 24 or or CC 43431 5992 25 mento mento JJ 43431 5992 26 - - HYPH 43431 5992 27 meckelian meckelian JJ 43431 5992 28 bone bone NN 43431 5992 29 which which WDT 43431 5992 30 , , , 43431 5992 31 in in IN 43431 5992 32 some some DT 43431 5992 33 cases case NNS 43431 5992 34 at at IN 43431 5992 35 any any DT 43431 5992 36 rate rate NN 43431 5992 37 , , , 43431 5992 38 was be VBD 43431 5992 39 probably probably RB 43431 5992 40 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 5992 41 in in IN 43431 5992 42 a a DT 43431 5992 43 horny horny JJ 43431 5992 44 beak beak NN 43431 5992 45 . . . 43431 5993 1 The the DT 43431 5993 2 principal principal JJ 43431 5993 3 part part NN 43431 5993 4 of of IN 43431 5993 5 the the DT 43431 5993 6 auditory auditory JJ 43431 5993 7 ossicular ossicular JJ 43431 5993 8 chain chain NN 43431 5993 9 is be VBZ 43431 5993 10 formed form VBN 43431 5993 11 by by IN 43431 5993 12 a a DT 43431 5993 13 rod rod NN 43431 5993 14 - - HYPH 43431 5993 15 like like JJ 43431 5993 16 columella columella NN 43431 5993 17 . . . 43431 5994 1 The the DT 43431 5994 2 development development NN 43431 5994 3 of of IN 43431 5994 4 the the DT 43431 5994 5 hyoid hyoid NNP 43431 5994 6 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 5994 7 varies vary VBZ 43431 5994 8 , , , 43431 5994 9 and and CC 43431 5994 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 5994 11 often often RB 43431 5994 12 happens happen VBZ 43431 5994 13 that that IN 43431 5994 14 the the DT 43431 5994 15 first first JJ 43431 5994 16 branchial branchial JJ 43431 5994 17 arch arch NN 43431 5994 18 is be VBZ 43431 5994 19 better well RBR 43431 5994 20 developed develop VBN 43431 5994 21 than than IN 43431 5994 22 is be VBZ 43431 5994 23 the the DT 43431 5994 24 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 5994 25 arch arch NN 43431 5994 26 . . . 43431 5995 1 In in IN 43431 5995 2 the the DT 43431 5995 3 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5995 4 and and CC 43431 5995 5 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5995 6 there there EX 43431 5995 7 is be VBZ 43431 5995 8 a a DT 43431 5995 9 large large JJ 43431 5995 10 basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 5995 11 plate plate NN 43431 5995 12 or or CC 43431 5995 13 body body NN 43431 5995 14 of of IN 43431 5995 15 the the DT 43431 5995 16 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 5995 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 5995 18 fig fig NN 43431 5995 19 . . . 43431 5996 1 53 53 CD 43431 5996 2 , , , 43431 5996 3 1 1 CD 43431 5996 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 5996 5 ; ; : 43431 5996 6 but but CC 43431 5996 7 while while IN 43431 5996 8 in in IN 43431 5996 9 the the DT 43431 5996 10 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 5996 11 the the DT 43431 5996 12 first first JJ 43431 5996 13 branchial branchial JJ 43431 5996 14 forms form NNS 43431 5996 15 the the DT 43431 5996 16 only only JJ 43431 5996 17 well well RB 43431 5996 18 - - HYPH 43431 5996 19 developed develop VBN 43431 5996 20 arch arch NN 43431 5996 21 , , , 43431 5996 22 in in IN 43431 5996 23 the the DT 43431 5996 24 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 5996 25 the the DT 43431 5996 26 first first JJ 43431 5996 27 and and CC 43431 5996 28 second second JJ 43431 5996 29 branchials branchial NNS 43431 5996 30 are be VBP 43431 5996 31 both both DT 43431 5996 32 strongly strongly RB 43431 5996 33 developed developed JJ 43431 5996 34 , , , 43431 5996 35 and and CC 43431 5996 36 the the DT 43431 5996 37 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 5996 38 is be VBZ 43431 5996 39 often often RB 43431 5996 40 fairly fairly RB 43431 5996 41 large large JJ 43431 5996 42 . . . 43431 5997 1 THE the DT 43431 5997 2 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 5997 3 . . . 43431 5998 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 5998 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 5998 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 5998 4 . . . 43431 5999 1 53 53 CD 43431 5999 2 . . . 43431 6000 1 HYOIDS HYOIDS NNP 43431 6000 2 OF of IN 43431 6000 3 AN an DT 43431 6000 4 ALLIGATOR ALLIGATOR NNP 43431 6000 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6000 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6000 7 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 6000 8 latirostris latirostris NN 43431 6000 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6000 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6000 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6000 12 TO to IN 43431 6000 13 THE the DT 43431 6000 14 LEFT left NN 43431 6000 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6000 16 AND and CC 43431 6000 17 OF of IN 43431 6000 18 A a DT 43431 6000 19 GREEN green JJ 43431 6000 20 TURTLE turtle NN 43431 6000 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6000 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6000 23 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 6000 24 midas midas NNP 43431 6000 25 _ _ NNP 43431 6000 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6000 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6000 28 TO to IN 43431 6000 29 THE the DT 43431 6000 30 RIGHT right NN 43431 6000 31 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6000 32 à à NNP 43431 6000 33 � � NNP 43431 6000 34 5/8 5/8 CD 43431 6000 35 . . . 43431 6001 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6001 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 6001 3 . . . 43431 6002 1 Mus mus NN 43431 6002 2 . . . 43431 6002 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6003 1 The the DT 43431 6003 2 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6003 3 portions portion NNS 43431 6003 4 are be VBP 43431 6003 5 dotted dotted JJ 43431 6003 6 . . . 43431 6004 1 1 1 LS 43431 6004 2 . . . 43431 6004 3 basilingual basilingual NNP 43431 6004 4 plate plate NN 43431 6004 5 or or CC 43431 6004 6 body body NN 43431 6004 7 of of IN 43431 6004 8 the the DT 43431 6004 9 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 6004 10 . . . 43431 6005 1 2 2 LS 43431 6005 2 . . . 43431 6005 3 hyoid hyoid NNP 43431 6005 4 arch arch NNP 43431 6005 5 . . . 43431 6006 1 3 3 LS 43431 6006 2 . . . 43431 6006 3 first first NNP 43431 6006 4 branchial branchial NNP 43431 6006 5 arch arch NNP 43431 6006 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6006 7 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6006 8 cornu cornu NNP 43431 6006 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6006 10 . . . 43431 6007 1 4 4 LS 43431 6007 2 . . . 43431 6007 3 second second JJ 43431 6007 4 branchial branchial NNP 43431 6007 5 arch arch NN 43431 6007 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6007 7 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6007 8 cornu cornu NNP 43431 6007 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6007 10 . . . 43431 6007 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6008 1 Ribs Ribs NNP 43431 6008 2 are be VBP 43431 6008 3 always always RB 43431 6008 4 present present JJ 43431 6008 5 , , , 43431 6008 6 and and CC 43431 6008 7 may may MD 43431 6008 8 be be VB 43431 6008 9 attached attach VBN 43431 6008 10 to to IN 43431 6008 11 any any DT 43431 6008 12 of of IN 43431 6008 13 the the DT 43431 6008 14 precaudal precaudal JJ 43431 6008 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6008 16 . . . 43431 6009 1 In in IN 43431 6009 2 most most JJS 43431 6009 3 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 6009 4 the the DT 43431 6009 5 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6009 6 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6009 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6009 8 bear bear VBP 43431 6009 9 ribs ribs NNP 43431 6009 10 , , , 43431 6009 11 while while IN 43431 6009 12 the the DT 43431 6009 13 atlas atla NNS 43431 6009 14 and and CC 43431 6009 15 axis axi NNS 43431 6009 16 are be VBP 43431 6009 17 ribless ribless JJ 43431 6009 18 ; ; : 43431 6009 19 in in IN 43431 6009 20 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 6009 21 and and CC 43431 6009 22 Geckos Geckos NNP 43431 6009 23 , , , 43431 6009 24 however however RB 43431 6009 25 , , , 43431 6009 26 ribs rib NNS 43431 6009 27 are be VBP 43431 6009 28 borne bear VBN 43431 6009 29 even even RB 43431 6009 30 by by IN 43431 6009 31 the the DT 43431 6009 32 atlas atla NNS 43431 6009 33 and and CC 43431 6009 34 axis axis NNP 43431 6009 35 . . . 43431 6010 1 On on IN 43431 6010 2 the the DT 43431 6010 3 other other JJ 43431 6010 4 hand hand NN 43431 6010 5 , , , 43431 6010 6 in in IN 43431 6010 7 the the DT 43431 6010 8 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6010 9 none none NN 43431 6010 10 of of IN 43431 6010 11 the the DT 43431 6010 12 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6010 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6010 14 bear bear VBP 43431 6010 15 obvious obvious JJ 43431 6010 16 ribs rib NNS 43431 6010 17 . . . 43431 6011 1 In in IN 43431 6011 2 the the DT 43431 6011 3 following follow VBG 43431 6011 4 groups group NNS 43431 6011 5 the the DT 43431 6011 6 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6011 7 ribs ribs NNP 43431 6011 8 have have VBP 43431 6011 9 both both DT 43431 6011 10 capitula capitula NN 43431 6011 11 and and CC 43431 6011 12 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 6011 13 -- -- : 43431 6011 14 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6011 15 , , , 43431 6011 16 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6011 17 , , , 43431 6011 18 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 6011 19 , , , 43431 6011 20 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6011 21 , , , 43431 6011 22 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6011 23 . . . 43431 6012 1 In in IN 43431 6012 2 the the DT 43431 6012 3 other other JJ 43431 6012 4 groups group NNS 43431 6012 5 each each DT 43431 6012 6 rib rib NN 43431 6012 7 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6012 8 by by IN 43431 6012 9 a a DT 43431 6012 10 single single JJ 43431 6012 11 head head NN 43431 6012 12 , , , 43431 6012 13 and and CC 43431 6012 14 the the DT 43431 6012 15 position position NN 43431 6012 16 of of IN 43431 6012 17 the the DT 43431 6012 18 facet facet NN 43431 6012 19 is be VBZ 43431 6012 20 subject subject JJ 43431 6012 21 to to IN 43431 6012 22 a a DT 43431 6012 23 considerable considerable JJ 43431 6012 24 amount amount NN 43431 6012 25 of of IN 43431 6012 26 variation variation NN 43431 6012 27 , , , 43431 6012 28 thus thus RB 43431 6012 29 in in IN 43431 6012 30 the the DT 43431 6012 31 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 6012 32 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6012 33 lies lie VBZ 43431 6012 34 on on IN 43431 6012 35 the the DT 43431 6012 36 centrum centrum NN 43431 6012 37 , , , 43431 6012 38 and and CC 43431 6012 39 in in IN 43431 6012 40 the the DT 43431 6012 41 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6012 42 on on IN 43431 6012 43 the the DT 43431 6012 44 neural neural JJ 43431 6012 45 arch arch NN 43431 6012 46 , , , 43431 6012 47 while while IN 43431 6012 48 in in IN 43431 6012 49 the the DT 43431 6012 50 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6012 51 the the DT 43431 6012 52 rib rib NN 43431 6012 53 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6012 54 with with IN 43431 6012 55 the the DT 43431 6012 56 contiguous contiguous JJ 43431 6012 57 parts part NNS 43431 6012 58 of of IN 43431 6012 59 two two CD 43431 6012 60 centra centrum NNS 43431 6012 61 instead instead RB 43431 6012 62 of of IN 43431 6012 63 directly directly RB 43431 6012 64 with with IN 43431 6012 65 one one CD 43431 6012 66 . . . 43431 6013 1 In in IN 43431 6013 2 most most JJS 43431 6013 3 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 6013 4 a a DT 43431 6013 5 greater great JJR 43431 6013 6 or or CC 43431 6013 7 smaller small JJR 43431 6013 8 number number NN 43431 6013 9 of of IN 43431 6013 10 ribs rib NNS 43431 6013 11 are be VBP 43431 6013 12 united unite VBN 43431 6013 13 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 6013 14 with with IN 43431 6013 15 a a DT 43431 6013 16 sternum sternum NN 43431 6013 17 ; ; : 43431 6013 18 but but CC 43431 6013 19 in in IN 43431 6013 20 snakes snake NNS 43431 6013 21 a a DT 43431 6013 22 continuous continuous JJ 43431 6013 23 series series NN 43431 6013 24 of of IN 43431 6013 25 similar similar JJ 43431 6013 26 ribs rib NNS 43431 6013 27 , , , 43431 6013 28 all all DT 43431 6013 29 articulating articulate VBG 43431 6013 30 freely freely RB 43431 6013 31 with with IN 43431 6013 32 the the DT 43431 6013 33 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6013 34 column column NN 43431 6013 35 , , , 43431 6013 36 extends extend VBZ 43431 6013 37 from from IN 43431 6013 38 the the DT 43431 6013 39 third third JJ 43431 6013 40 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6013 41 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6013 42 to to IN 43431 6013 43 the the DT 43431 6013 44 end end NN 43431 6013 45 of of IN 43431 6013 46 the the DT 43431 6013 47 trunk trunk NN 43431 6013 48 . . . 43431 6014 1 The the DT 43431 6014 2 number number NN 43431 6014 3 of of IN 43431 6014 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 6014 5 connected connect VBN 43431 6014 6 with with IN 43431 6014 7 the the DT 43431 6014 8 sternum sternum NN 43431 6014 9 varies varie NNS 43431 6014 10 from from IN 43431 6014 11 three three CD 43431 6014 12 or or CC 43431 6014 13 four four CD 43431 6014 14 in in IN 43431 6014 15 Lizards Lizards NNPS 43431 6014 16 to to IN 43431 6014 17 eight eight CD 43431 6014 18 or or CC 43431 6014 19 nine nine CD 43431 6014 20 in in IN 43431 6014 21 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 6014 22 . . . 43431 6015 1 Those those DT 43431 6015 2 which which WDT 43431 6015 3 reach reach VBP 43431 6015 4 the the DT 43431 6015 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 6015 6 are be VBP 43431 6015 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 6015 8 always always RB 43431 6015 9 divided divide VBN 43431 6015 10 into into IN 43431 6015 11 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6015 12 , , , 43431 6015 13 sternal sternal JJ 43431 6015 14 , , , 43431 6015 15 and and CC 43431 6015 16 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 6015 17 portions portion NNS 43431 6015 18 , , , 43431 6015 19 and and CC 43431 6015 20 as as IN 43431 6015 21 a a DT 43431 6015 22 rule rule NN 43431 6015 23 only only RB 43431 6015 24 the the DT 43431 6015 25 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6015 26 portion portion NN 43431 6015 27 is be VBZ 43431 6015 28 completely completely RB 43431 6015 29 ossified ossified JJ 43431 6015 30 . . . 43431 6016 1 In in IN 43431 6016 2 Crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 6016 3 a a DT 43431 6016 4 number number NN 43431 6016 5 of of IN 43431 6016 6 sternal sternal JJ 43431 6016 7 ribs rib NNS 43431 6016 8 are be VBP 43431 6016 9 connected connect VBN 43431 6016 10 with with IN 43431 6016 11 a a DT 43431 6016 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6016 13 arch arch NN 43431 6016 14 , , , 43431 6016 15 which which WDT 43431 6016 16 is be VBZ 43431 6016 17 attached attach VBN 43431 6016 18 to to IN 43431 6016 19 the the DT 43431 6016 20 hind hind JJ 43431 6016 21 end end NN 43431 6016 22 of of IN 43431 6016 23 the the DT 43431 6016 24 sternum sternum NN 43431 6016 25 , , , 43431 6016 26 and and CC 43431 6016 27 represents represent VBZ 43431 6016 28 the the DT 43431 6016 29 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 6016 30 . . . 43431 6017 1 The the DT 43431 6017 2 sacral sacral JJ 43431 6017 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 6017 4 connecting connect VBG 43431 6017 5 the the DT 43431 6017 6 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6017 7 column column NN 43431 6017 8 with with IN 43431 6017 9 the the DT 43431 6017 10 ilia ilium NNS 43431 6017 11 are be VBP 43431 6017 12 very very RB 43431 6017 13 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6017 14 in in IN 43431 6017 15 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 6017 16 ; ; : 43431 6017 17 in in IN 43431 6017 18 these these DT 43431 6017 19 animals animal NNS 43431 6017 20 and and CC 43431 6017 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6017 22 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 6017 23 _ _ NNP 43431 6017 24 the the DT 43431 6017 25 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6017 26 ribs rib NNS 43431 6017 27 have have VBP 43431 6017 28 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 6017 29 projecting project VBG 43431 6017 30 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 6017 31 processes process NNS 43431 6017 32 as as IN 43431 6017 33 in in IN 43431 6017 34 birds bird NNS 43431 6017 35 . . . 43431 6018 1 In in IN 43431 6018 2 the the DT 43431 6018 3 curious curious JJ 43431 6018 4 arboreal arboreal NN 43431 6018 5 lizard lizard NN 43431 6018 6 , , , 43431 6018 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6018 8 Draco Draco NNP 43431 6018 9 volans volans NNPS 43431 6018 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6018 11 , , , 43431 6018 12 the the DT 43431 6018 13 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6018 14 ribs rib NNS 43431 6018 15 are be VBP 43431 6018 16 long long JJ 43431 6018 17 and and CC 43431 6018 18 straight straight JJ 43431 6018 19 , , , 43431 6018 20 and and CC 43431 6018 21 support support VB 43431 6018 22 a a DT 43431 6018 23 parachute parachute NN 43431 6018 24 - - HYPH 43431 6018 25 like like JJ 43431 6018 26 expansion expansion NN 43431 6018 27 of of IN 43431 6018 28 the the DT 43431 6018 29 integument integument NN 43431 6018 30 used use VBN 43431 6018 31 in in IN 43431 6018 32 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6018 33 long long JJ 43431 6018 34 flight flight NN 43431 6018 35 - - HYPH 43431 6018 36 like like JJ 43431 6018 37 leaps leap NNS 43431 6018 38 . . . 43431 6019 1 In in IN 43431 6019 2 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6019 3 the the DT 43431 6019 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 6019 5 are be VBP 43431 6019 6 generally generally RB 43431 6019 7 combined combine VBN 43431 6019 8 with with IN 43431 6019 9 the the DT 43431 6019 10 carapace carapace NN 43431 6019 11 . . . 43431 6020 1 In in IN 43431 6020 2 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6020 3 , , , 43431 6020 4 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6020 5 , , , 43431 6020 6 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 6020 7 and and CC 43431 6020 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6020 9 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 6020 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6020 11 , , , 43431 6020 12 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 6020 13 splint splint NN 43431 6020 14 ribs ribs NNP 43431 6020 15 occur occur VBP 43431 6020 16 ; ; : 43431 6020 17 and and CC 43431 6020 18 probably probably RB 43431 6020 19 all all DT 43431 6020 20 except except IN 43431 6020 21 the the DT 43431 6020 22 first first JJ 43431 6020 23 of of IN 43431 6020 24 the the DT 43431 6020 25 paired pair VBN 43431 6020 26 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 6020 27 forming form VBG 43431 6020 28 the the DT 43431 6020 29 plastron plastron NN 43431 6020 30 of of IN 43431 6020 31 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6020 32 are be VBP 43431 6020 33 of of IN 43431 6020 34 similar similar JJ 43431 6020 35 character character NN 43431 6020 36 . . . 43431 6021 1 Abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 6021 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 6021 3 have have VBP 43431 6021 4 quite quite PDT 43431 6021 5 a a DT 43431 6021 6 different different JJ 43431 6021 7 origin origin NN 43431 6021 8 from from IN 43431 6021 9 true true JJ 43431 6021 10 ribs rib NNS 43431 6021 11 , , , 43431 6021 12 for for IN 43431 6021 13 while while IN 43431 6021 14 true true JJ 43431 6021 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 6021 16 are be VBP 43431 6021 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6021 18 bones bone NNS 43431 6021 19 , , , 43431 6021 20 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 6021 21 ribs rib NNS 43431 6021 22 have have VBP 43431 6021 23 no no DT 43431 6021 24 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6021 25 precursors precursor NNS 43431 6021 26 , , , 43431 6021 27 but but CC 43431 6021 28 are be VBP 43431 6021 29 simply simply RB 43431 6021 30 the the DT 43431 6021 31 ossified ossified JJ 43431 6021 32 tendons tendon NNS 43431 6021 33 of of IN 43431 6021 34 the the DT 43431 6021 35 rectus rectus NN 43431 6021 36 abdominalis abdominalis NNP 43431 6021 37 muscle muscle NN 43431 6021 38 . . . 43431 6022 1 THE the DT 43431 6022 2 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 6022 3 . . . 43431 6023 1 A a DT 43431 6023 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 6023 3 occurs occur VBZ 43431 6023 4 in in IN 43431 6023 5 the the DT 43431 6023 6 following follow VBG 43431 6023 7 groups group NNS 43431 6023 8 of of IN 43431 6023 9 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6023 10 : : : 43431 6023 11 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 6023 12 , , , 43431 6023 13 nearly nearly RB 43431 6023 14 all all DT 43431 6023 15 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6023 16 , , , 43431 6023 17 Pythonomorpha Pythonomorpha NNP 43431 6023 18 , , , 43431 6023 19 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 6023 20 , , , 43431 6023 21 and and CC 43431 6023 22 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6023 23 , , , 43431 6023 24 and and CC 43431 6023 25 is be VBZ 43431 6023 26 generally generally RB 43431 6023 27 more more RBR 43431 6023 28 or or CC 43431 6023 29 less less RBR 43431 6023 30 rhomboidal rhomboidal JJ 43431 6023 31 or or CC 43431 6023 32 shield shield NN 43431 6023 33 - - HYPH 43431 6023 34 shaped shape VBN 43431 6023 35 . . . 43431 6024 1 In in IN 43431 6024 2 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6024 3 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6024 4 is be VBZ 43431 6024 5 keeled keel VBN 43431 6024 6 and and CC 43431 6024 7 bears bear VBZ 43431 6024 8 some some DT 43431 6024 9 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 6024 10 to to IN 43431 6024 11 that that DT 43431 6024 12 of of IN 43431 6024 13 birds bird NNS 43431 6024 14 . . . 43431 6025 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6025 2 may may MD 43431 6025 3 have have VB 43431 6025 4 been be VBN 43431 6025 5 replaced replace VBN 43431 6025 6 by by IN 43431 6025 7 membrane membrane NN 43431 6025 8 bone bone NN 43431 6025 9 . . . 43431 6026 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6026 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6026 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6026 4 . . . 43431 6027 1 54 54 CD 43431 6027 2 . . . 43431 6028 1 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 6028 2 VIEW view NN 43431 6028 3 OF of IN 43431 6028 4 THE the DT 43431 6028 5 SHOULDER SHOULDER NNP 43431 6028 6 - - HYPH 43431 6028 7 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 6028 8 OF of IN 43431 6028 9 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 6028 10 OF of IN 43431 6028 11 A A NNP 43431 6028 12 LIZARD LIZARD NNP 43431 6028 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6028 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6028 15 Loemanctus Loemanctus NNP 43431 6028 16 longipes longipe VBZ 43431 6028 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6028 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6028 19 à à NNP 43431 6028 20 � � NNP 43431 6028 21 2 2 CD 43431 6028 22 . . . 43431 6029 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6029 2 After after IN 43431 6029 3 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 6029 4 . . . 43431 6029 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6030 1 1 1 LS 43431 6030 2 . . . 43431 6030 3 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 6030 4 . . . 43431 6031 1 2 2 LS 43431 6031 2 . . . 43431 6031 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 6031 4 . . . 43431 6032 1 3 3 LS 43431 6032 2 . . . 43431 6032 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 6032 4 . . . 43431 6033 1 4 4 LS 43431 6033 2 . . . 43431 6033 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6033 4 . . . 43431 6034 1 5 5 LS 43431 6034 2 . . . 43431 6034 3 precoracoidal precoracoidal JJ 43431 6034 4 process process NN 43431 6034 5 . . . 43431 6035 1 6 6 LS 43431 6035 2 . . . 43431 6035 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 6035 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 6035 5 . . . 43431 6036 1 7 7 LS 43431 6036 2 . . . 43431 6036 3 sternum sternum FW 43431 6036 4 . . . 43431 6037 1 8 8 LS 43431 6037 2 . . . 43431 6037 3 xiphisternum xiphisternum NNP 43431 6037 4 . . . 43431 6038 1 9 9 LS 43431 6038 2 . . . 43431 6038 3 sternal sternal JJ 43431 6038 4 rib rib NN 43431 6038 5 . . . 43431 6038 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6039 1 The the DT 43431 6039 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 6039 3 is be VBZ 43431 6039 4 absent absent JJ 43431 6039 5 in in IN 43431 6039 6 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6039 7 , , , 43431 6039 8 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6039 9 , , , 43431 6039 10 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6039 11 , , , 43431 6039 12 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 6039 13 , , , 43431 6039 14 and and CC 43431 6039 15 most most JJS 43431 6039 16 of of IN 43431 6039 17 the the DT 43431 6039 18 snake snake NN 43431 6039 19 - - HYPH 43431 6039 20 like like JJ 43431 6039 21 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaenidae NNP 43431 6039 22 among among IN 43431 6039 23 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6039 24 ; ; : 43431 6039 25 while while IN 43431 6039 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6039 27 is be VBZ 43431 6039 28 not not RB 43431 6039 29 well well RB 43431 6039 30 known know VBN 43431 6039 31 in in IN 43431 6039 32 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6039 33 and and CC 43431 6039 34 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6039 35 . . . 43431 6040 1 In in IN 43431 6040 2 the the DT 43431 6040 3 Sauropod Sauropod NNP 43431 6040 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6040 5 Brontosaurus Brontosaurus NNP 43431 6040 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6040 7 , , , 43431 6040 8 however however RB 43431 6040 9 , , , 43431 6040 10 two two CD 43431 6040 11 rounded rounded JJ 43431 6040 12 bones bone NNS 43431 6040 13 occur occur VBP 43431 6040 14 near near IN 43431 6040 15 the the DT 43431 6040 16 base base NN 43431 6040 17 of of IN 43431 6040 18 the the DT 43431 6040 19 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 6040 20 , , , 43431 6040 21 and and CC 43431 6040 22 these these DT 43431 6040 23 probably probably RB 43431 6040 24 represent represent VBP 43431 6040 25 ossified ossified JJ 43431 6040 26 patches patch NNS 43431 6040 27 in in IN 43431 6040 28 a a DT 43431 6040 29 sternum sternum NN 43431 6040 30 , , , 43431 6040 31 which which WDT 43431 6040 32 was be VBD 43431 6040 33 mainly mainly RB 43431 6040 34 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6040 35 ; ; : 43431 6040 36 similar similar JJ 43431 6040 37 structures structure NNS 43431 6040 38 occur occur VBP 43431 6040 39 in in IN 43431 6040 40 _ _ NNP 43431 6040 41 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 6040 42 _ _ NNP 43431 6040 43 . . . 43431 6041 1 The the DT 43431 6041 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 6041 3 frequently frequently RB 43431 6041 4 remains remain VBZ 43431 6041 5 wholly wholly RB 43431 6041 6 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6041 7 , , , 43431 6041 8 especially especially RB 43431 6041 9 in in IN 43431 6041 10 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6041 11 ; ; : 43431 6041 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6041 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6041 14 becomes become VBZ 43431 6041 15 calcified calcify VBN 43431 6041 16 , , , 43431 6041 17 but but CC 43431 6041 18 true true JJ 43431 6041 19 ossification ossification NN 43431 6041 20 does do VBZ 43431 6041 21 not not RB 43431 6041 22 as as IN 43431 6041 23 a a DT 43431 6041 24 rule rule NN 43431 6041 25 take take VB 43431 6041 26 place place NN 43431 6041 27 . . . 43431 6042 1 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 6042 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 6042 3 . . . 43431 6043 1 THE the DT 43431 6043 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 6043 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 6043 4 . . . 43431 6044 1 The the DT 43431 6044 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 6044 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 6044 4 is be VBZ 43431 6044 5 well well RB 43431 6044 6 developed develop VBN 43431 6044 7 in in IN 43431 6044 8 all all DT 43431 6044 9 groups group NNS 43431 6044 10 of of IN 43431 6044 11 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6044 12 except except IN 43431 6044 13 the the DT 43431 6044 14 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 6044 15 , , , 43431 6044 16 occurring occur VBG 43431 6044 17 even even RB 43431 6044 18 in in IN 43431 6044 19 the the DT 43431 6044 20 limbless limbless JJ 43431 6044 21 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaenidae NNP 43431 6044 22 . . . 43431 6045 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6045 2 is be VBZ 43431 6045 3 very very RB 43431 6045 4 solid solid JJ 43431 6045 5 in in IN 43431 6045 6 the the DT 43431 6045 7 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6045 8 . . . 43431 6046 1 As as IN 43431 6046 2 a a DT 43431 6046 3 rule rule NN 43431 6046 4 all all DT 43431 6046 5 three three CD 43431 6046 6 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6046 7 bones bone NNS 43431 6046 8 , , , 43431 6046 9 scapula scapula NN 43431 6046 10 , , , 43431 6046 11 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6046 12 , , , 43431 6046 13 and and CC 43431 6046 14 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 6046 15 are be VBP 43431 6046 16 represented represent VBN 43431 6046 17 , , , 43431 6046 18 and and CC 43431 6046 19 frequently frequently RB 43431 6046 20 also also RB 43431 6046 21 the the DT 43431 6046 22 membrane membrane NN 43431 6046 23 bones,--clavicles bones,--clavicles NNP 43431 6046 24 , , , 43431 6046 25 and and CC 43431 6046 26 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 6046 27 . . . 43431 6047 1 The the DT 43431 6047 2 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 6047 3 are be VBP 43431 6047 4 generally generally RB 43431 6047 5 flat flat JJ 43431 6047 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 6047 7 bones bone NNS 43431 6047 8 , , , 43431 6047 9 which which WDT 43431 6047 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6047 11 , , , 43431 6047 12 as as IN 43431 6047 13 in in IN 43431 6047 14 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6047 15 and and CC 43431 6047 16 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6047 17 , , , 43431 6047 18 meet meet VBP 43431 6047 19 in in IN 43431 6047 20 a a DT 43431 6047 21 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6047 22 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 6047 23 ; ; : 43431 6047 24 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6047 25 , , , 43431 6047 26 as as IN 43431 6047 27 in in IN 43431 6047 28 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6047 29 , , , 43431 6047 30 are be VBP 43431 6047 31 united united JJ 43431 6047 32 with with IN 43431 6047 33 the the DT 43431 6047 34 sides side NNS 43431 6047 35 of of IN 43431 6047 36 the the DT 43431 6047 37 sternum sternum NN 43431 6047 38 . . . 43431 6048 1 In in IN 43431 6048 2 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6048 3 neither neither CC 43431 6048 4 the the DT 43431 6048 5 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 6048 6 nor nor CC 43431 6048 7 precoracoids precoracoid NNS 43431 6048 8 meet meet VBP 43431 6048 9 one one CD 43431 6048 10 another another DT 43431 6048 11 , , , 43431 6048 12 but but CC 43431 6048 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6048 14 free free JJ 43431 6048 15 ends end NNS 43431 6048 16 are be VBP 43431 6048 17 connected connect VBN 43431 6048 18 by by IN 43431 6048 19 fibrocartilaginous fibrocartilaginous JJ 43431 6048 20 bands band NNS 43431 6048 21 . . . 43431 6049 1 In in IN 43431 6049 2 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6049 3 the the DT 43431 6049 4 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 6049 5 are be VBP 43431 6049 6 pierced pierce VBN 43431 6049 7 by by IN 43431 6049 8 fenestrae fenestra NNS 43431 6049 9 . . . 43431 6050 1 The the DT 43431 6050 2 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 6050 3 is be VBZ 43431 6050 4 generally generally RB 43431 6050 5 represented represent VBN 43431 6050 6 , , , 43431 6050 7 but but CC 43431 6050 8 the the DT 43431 6050 9 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6050 10 are be VBP 43431 6050 11 the the DT 43431 6050 12 only only JJ 43431 6050 13 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6050 14 in in IN 43431 6050 15 which which WDT 43431 6050 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6050 17 is be VBZ 43431 6050 18 separately separately RB 43431 6050 19 ossified ossified JJ 43431 6050 20 ; ; : 43431 6050 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6050 22 forms form VBZ 43431 6050 23 a a DT 43431 6050 24 well well RB 43431 6050 25 - - HYPH 43431 6050 26 marked marked JJ 43431 6050 27 process process NN 43431 6050 28 on on IN 43431 6050 29 the the DT 43431 6050 30 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6050 31 in in IN 43431 6050 32 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6050 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6050 34 fig fig NN 43431 6050 35 . . . 43431 6051 1 54 54 CD 43431 6051 2 , , , 43431 6051 3 5 5 CD 43431 6051 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6051 5 . . . 43431 6052 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6052 2 is be VBZ 43431 6052 3 absent absent JJ 43431 6052 4 in in IN 43431 6052 5 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6052 6 , , , 43431 6052 7 and and CC 43431 6052 8 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6052 9 , , , 43431 6052 10 and and CC 43431 6052 11 probably probably RB 43431 6052 12 in in IN 43431 6052 13 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6052 14 . . . 43431 6053 1 In in IN 43431 6053 2 some some DT 43431 6053 3 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6053 4 and and CC 43431 6053 5 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6053 6 the the DT 43431 6053 7 sternal sternal JJ 43431 6053 8 ends end NNS 43431 6053 9 of of IN 43431 6053 10 the the DT 43431 6053 11 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 6053 12 are be VBP 43431 6053 13 unossified unossified JJ 43431 6053 14 and and CC 43431 6053 15 form form NN 43431 6053 16 epicoracoids epicoracoid NNS 43431 6053 17 ; ; : 43431 6053 18 in in IN 43431 6053 19 some some DT 43431 6053 20 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6053 21 there there EX 43431 6053 22 are be VBP 43431 6053 23 also also RB 43431 6053 24 epiprecoracoids epiprecoracoid NNS 43431 6053 25 ; ; : 43431 6053 26 but but CC 43431 6053 27 neither neither CC 43431 6053 28 these these DT 43431 6053 29 nor nor CC 43431 6053 30 the the DT 43431 6053 31 epicoracoids epicoracoid NNS 43431 6053 32 overlap overlap VBP 43431 6053 33 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6053 34 fellows fellow NNS 43431 6053 35 of of IN 43431 6053 36 the the DT 43431 6053 37 opposite opposite JJ 43431 6053 38 side side NN 43431 6053 39 as as IN 43431 6053 40 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6053 41 do do VBP 43431 6053 42 in in IN 43431 6053 43 arciferous arciferous JJ 43431 6053 44 Anura Anura NNP 43431 6053 45 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6053 46 see see VB 43431 6053 47 p. p. NN 43431 6053 48 185 185 CD 43431 6053 49 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6053 50 . . . 43431 6054 1 In in IN 43431 6054 2 some some DT 43431 6054 3 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6054 4 with with IN 43431 6054 5 degenerate degenerate NN 43431 6054 6 limbs limb VBZ 43431 6054 7 the the DT 43431 6054 8 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 6054 9 girdle girdle NNP 43431 6054 10 is be VBZ 43431 6054 11 also also RB 43431 6054 12 much much RB 43431 6054 13 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6054 14 , , , 43431 6054 15 in in IN 43431 6054 16 _ _ NNP 43431 6054 17 Ophisaurus Ophisaurus NNP 43431 6054 18 apus apus NN 43431 6054 19 _ _ IN 43431 6054 20 the the DT 43431 6054 21 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6054 22 borders border NNS 43431 6054 23 of of IN 43431 6054 24 the the DT 43431 6054 25 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 6054 26 are be VBP 43431 6054 27 widely widely RB 43431 6054 28 separated separate VBN 43431 6054 29 . . . 43431 6055 1 A a DT 43431 6055 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 6055 3 is be VBZ 43431 6055 4 always always RB 43431 6055 5 present present JJ 43431 6055 6 , , , 43431 6055 7 and and CC 43431 6055 8 is be VBZ 43431 6055 9 generally generally RB 43431 6055 10 expanded expand VBN 43431 6055 11 distally distally RB 43431 6055 12 , , , 43431 6055 13 but but CC 43431 6055 14 in in IN 43431 6055 15 the the DT 43431 6055 16 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6055 17 the the DT 43431 6055 18 distal distal JJ 43431 6055 19 end end NN 43431 6055 20 is be VBZ 43431 6055 21 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 6055 22 . . . 43431 6056 1 In in IN 43431 6056 2 the the DT 43431 6056 3 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6056 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6056 5 has have VBZ 43431 6056 6 an an DT 43431 6056 7 acromial acromial JJ 43431 6056 8 process process NN 43431 6056 9 with with IN 43431 6056 10 which which WDT 43431 6056 11 the the DT 43431 6056 12 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 6056 13 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6056 14 , , , 43431 6056 15 and and CC 43431 6056 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6056 17 is be VBZ 43431 6056 18 very very RB 43431 6056 19 large large JJ 43431 6056 20 in in IN 43431 6056 21 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6056 22 . . . 43431 6057 1 In in IN 43431 6057 2 the the DT 43431 6057 3 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6057 4 the the DT 43431 6057 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 6057 6 and and CC 43431 6057 7 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 6057 8 are be VBP 43431 6057 9 ossified ossify VBN 43431 6057 10 continuously continuously RB 43431 6057 11 . . . 43431 6058 1 Among among IN 43431 6058 2 the the DT 43431 6058 3 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6058 4 , , , 43431 6058 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6058 6 Pteranodon Pteranodon NNP 43431 6058 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6058 8 has have VBZ 43431 6058 9 an an DT 43431 6058 10 unique unique JJ 43431 6058 11 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 6058 12 girdle girdle NN 43431 6058 13 ; ; : 43431 6058 14 the the DT 43431 6058 15 scapula scapula NN 43431 6058 16 and and CC 43431 6058 17 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6058 18 are be VBP 43431 6058 19 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6058 20 and and CC 43431 6058 21 the the DT 43431 6058 22 scapula scapula NN 43431 6058 23 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6058 24 with with IN 43431 6058 25 the the DT 43431 6058 26 neural neural JJ 43431 6058 27 spines spine NNS 43431 6058 28 of of IN 43431 6058 29 several several JJ 43431 6058 30 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6058 31 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6058 32 . . . 43431 6059 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 6059 2 occur occur VBP 43431 6059 3 in in IN 43431 6059 4 some some DT 43431 6059 5 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6059 6 such such JJ 43431 6059 7 as as IN 43431 6059 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6059 9 Pariasaurus Pariasaurus NNP 43431 6059 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6059 11 , , , 43431 6059 12 and and CC 43431 6059 13 also also RB 43431 6059 14 in in IN 43431 6059 15 the the DT 43431 6059 16 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6059 17 , , , 43431 6059 18 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6059 19 , , , 43431 6059 20 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 6059 21 , , , 43431 6059 22 and and CC 43431 6059 23 most most JJS 43431 6059 24 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6059 25 . . . 43431 6060 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6060 2 are be VBP 43431 6060 3 absent absent JJ 43431 6060 4 in in IN 43431 6060 5 the the DT 43431 6060 6 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6060 7 , , , 43431 6060 8 the the DT 43431 6060 9 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 6060 10 among among IN 43431 6060 11 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6060 12 , , , 43431 6060 13 the the DT 43431 6060 14 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 6060 15 and and CC 43431 6060 16 the the DT 43431 6060 17 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 6060 18 . . . 43431 6061 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6061 2 are be VBP 43431 6061 3 wanting want VBG 43431 6061 4 too too RB 43431 6061 5 in in IN 43431 6061 6 the the DT 43431 6061 7 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6061 8 , , , 43431 6061 9 unless unless IN 43431 6061 10 the the DT 43431 6061 11 first first JJ 43431 6061 12 pair pair NN 43431 6061 13 of of IN 43431 6061 14 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 6061 15 in in IN 43431 6061 16 the the DT 43431 6061 17 plastron plastron NN 43431 6061 18 are be VBP 43431 6061 19 to to TO 43431 6061 20 be be VB 43431 6061 21 regarded regard VBN 43431 6061 22 as as IN 43431 6061 23 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 6061 24 . . . 43431 6062 1 In in IN 43431 6062 2 the the DT 43431 6062 3 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6062 4 bones bone NNS 43431 6062 5 regarded regard VBD 43431 6062 6 as as IN 43431 6062 7 the the DT 43431 6062 8 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 6062 9 and and CC 43431 6062 10 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 6062 11 are be VBP 43431 6062 12 generally generally RB 43431 6062 13 well well RB 43431 6062 14 developed developed JJ 43431 6062 15 . . . 43431 6063 1 The the DT 43431 6063 2 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 6063 3 ossification ossification NN 43431 6063 4 in in IN 43431 6063 5 the the DT 43431 6063 6 plastron plastron NN 43431 6063 7 of of IN 43431 6063 8 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6063 9 is be VBZ 43431 6063 10 an an DT 43431 6063 11 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 6063 12 , , , 43431 6063 13 and and CC 43431 6063 14 a a DT 43431 6063 15 representative representative NN 43431 6063 16 of of IN 43431 6063 17 the the DT 43431 6063 18 same same JJ 43431 6063 19 bone bone NN 43431 6063 20 occurs occur VBZ 43431 6063 21 arising arise VBG 43431 6063 22 from from IN 43431 6063 23 the the DT 43431 6063 24 sternum sternum NN 43431 6063 25 in in IN 43431 6063 26 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6063 27 . . . 43431 6064 1 A a DT 43431 6064 2 well well RB 43431 6064 3 developed develop VBN 43431 6064 4 = = -RRB- 43431 6064 5 T=-shaped t=-shaped CD 43431 6064 6 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 6064 7 is be VBZ 43431 6064 8 found find VBN 43431 6064 9 in in IN 43431 6064 10 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6064 11 , , , 43431 6064 12 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 6064 13 , , , 43431 6064 14 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6064 15 , , , 43431 6064 16 and and CC 43431 6064 17 some some DT 43431 6064 18 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6064 19 , , , 43431 6064 20 such such JJ 43431 6064 21 as as IN 43431 6064 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6064 23 Pariasaurus Pariasaurus NNP 43431 6064 24 _ _ NNP 43431 6064 25 . . . 43431 6065 1 THE the DT 43431 6065 2 LIMBS LIMBS NNP 43431 6065 3 . . . 43431 6066 1 In in IN 43431 6066 2 most most JJS 43431 6066 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6066 4 there there EX 43431 6066 5 are be VBP 43431 6066 6 two two CD 43431 6066 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 6066 8 of of IN 43431 6066 9 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 6066 10 limbs limb NNS 43431 6066 11 provided provide VBN 43431 6066 12 with with IN 43431 6066 13 claws claws NN 43431 6066 14 , , , 43431 6066 15 but but CC 43431 6066 16 in in IN 43431 6066 17 nearly nearly RB 43431 6066 18 all all DT 43431 6066 19 Ophidia Ophidia NNPS 43431 6066 20 and and CC 43431 6066 21 some some DT 43431 6066 22 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6066 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6066 24 _ _ NNP 43431 6066 25 Amphisbaena Amphisbaena NNP 43431 6066 26 _ _ NNP 43431 6066 27 , , , 43431 6066 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6066 29 Lialis Lialis NNP 43431 6066 30 _ _ NNP 43431 6066 31 , , , 43431 6066 32 _ _ NNP 43431 6066 33 Anguis Anguis NNP 43431 6066 34 _ _ NNP 43431 6066 35 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6066 36 the the DT 43431 6066 37 limbs limb NNS 43431 6066 38 have have VBP 43431 6066 39 entirely entirely RB 43431 6066 40 disappeared disappear VBN 43431 6066 41 . . . 43431 6067 1 In in IN 43431 6067 2 a a DT 43431 6067 3 few few JJ 43431 6067 4 Ophidia Ophidia NNPS 43431 6067 5 such such JJ 43431 6067 6 as as IN 43431 6067 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6067 8 Python Python NNP 43431 6067 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6067 10 traces trace NNS 43431 6067 11 of of IN 43431 6067 12 the the DT 43431 6067 13 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6067 14 limbs limb NNS 43431 6067 15 occur occur VBP 43431 6067 16 , , , 43431 6067 17 and and CC 43431 6067 18 in in IN 43431 6067 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6067 20 Chirotes Chirotes NNPS 43431 6067 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6067 22 among among IN 43431 6067 23 the the DT 43431 6067 24 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaenidae NNP 43431 6067 25 there there EX 43431 6067 26 are be VBP 43431 6067 27 minute minute NN 43431 6067 28 anterior anterior NN 43431 6067 29 limbs limb NNS 43431 6067 30 . . . 43431 6068 1 The the DT 43431 6068 2 Lacertilians Lacertilians NNPS 43431 6068 3 , , , 43431 6068 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 5 Chalcides Chalcides NNPS 43431 6068 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6068 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 9 Seps Seps NNP 43431 6068 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6068 12 and and CC 43431 6068 13 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 14 Ophisaurus Ophisaurus NNP 43431 6068 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6068 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 18 Bipes Bipes NNP 43431 6068 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 20 , , , 43431 6068 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 22 Pseudopus Pseudopus NNP 43431 6068 23 _ _ NNP 43431 6068 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6068 25 have have VBP 43431 6068 26 very very RB 43431 6068 27 small small JJ 43431 6068 28 posterior posterior NN 43431 6068 29 limbs limb NNS 43431 6068 30 . . . 43431 6069 1 The the DT 43431 6069 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 6069 3 are be VBP 43431 6069 4 as as IN 43431 6069 5 a a DT 43431 6069 6 rule rule NN 43431 6069 7 adapted adapt VBN 43431 6069 8 for for IN 43431 6069 9 walking walking NN 43431 6069 10 , , , 43431 6069 11 but but CC 43431 6069 12 in in IN 43431 6069 13 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6069 14 , , , 43431 6069 15 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6069 16 , , , 43431 6069 17 Pythonomorpha Pythonomorpha NNP 43431 6069 18 and and CC 43431 6069 19 some some DT 43431 6069 20 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6069 21 , , , 43431 6069 22 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6069 23 have have VBP 43431 6069 24 the the DT 43431 6069 25 form form NN 43431 6069 26 of of IN 43431 6069 27 swimming swimming NN 43431 6069 28 paddles paddle NNS 43431 6069 29 , , , 43431 6069 30 the the DT 43431 6069 31 relative relative JJ 43431 6069 32 size size NN 43431 6069 33 of of IN 43431 6069 34 the the DT 43431 6069 35 manus manus NN 43431 6069 36 and and CC 43431 6069 37 pes pe NNS 43431 6069 38 being be VBG 43431 6069 39 increased increase VBN 43431 6069 40 , , , 43431 6069 41 while while IN 43431 6069 42 that that DT 43431 6069 43 of of IN 43431 6069 44 the the DT 43431 6069 45 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6069 46 and and CC 43431 6069 47 middle middle JJ 43431 6069 48 portions portion NNS 43431 6069 49 of of IN 43431 6069 50 the the DT 43431 6069 51 limbs limb NNS 43431 6069 52 is be VBZ 43431 6069 53 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6069 54 . . . 43431 6070 1 This this DT 43431 6070 2 reduction reduction NN 43431 6070 3 is be VBZ 43431 6070 4 carried carry VBN 43431 6070 5 to to IN 43431 6070 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6070 7 furthest furth JJS 43431 6070 8 extent extent NN 43431 6070 9 in in IN 43431 6070 10 the the DT 43431 6070 11 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6070 12 in in IN 43431 6070 13 which which WDT 43431 6070 14 radius radius NN 43431 6070 15 and and CC 43431 6070 16 ulna ulna NNP 43431 6070 17 , , , 43431 6070 18 tibia tibia NNP 43431 6070 19 and and CC 43431 6070 20 fibula fibula NNP 43431 6070 21 , , , 43431 6070 22 have have VBP 43431 6070 23 the the DT 43431 6070 24 form form NN 43431 6070 25 of of IN 43431 6070 26 short short JJ 43431 6070 27 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 6070 28 bones bone NNS 43431 6070 29 similar similar JJ 43431 6070 30 to to IN 43431 6070 31 those those DT 43431 6070 32 constituting constitute VBG 43431 6070 33 the the DT 43431 6070 34 manus manus NN 43431 6070 35 and and CC 43431 6070 36 pes pe NNS 43431 6070 37 . . . 43431 6071 1 In in IN 43431 6071 2 the the DT 43431 6071 3 Pythonomorpha Pythonomorpha NNP 43431 6071 4 the the DT 43431 6071 5 reduction reduction NN 43431 6071 6 of of IN 43431 6071 7 the the DT 43431 6071 8 limb limb NN 43431 6071 9 bones bone NNS 43431 6071 10 is be VBZ 43431 6071 11 not not RB 43431 6071 12 quite quite RB 43431 6071 13 so so RB 43431 6071 14 marked marked JJ 43431 6071 15 , , , 43431 6071 16 in in IN 43431 6071 17 the the DT 43431 6071 18 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6071 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6071 20 is be VBZ 43431 6071 21 less less JJR 43431 6071 22 , , , 43431 6071 23 and and CC 43431 6071 24 still still RB 43431 6071 25 less less JJR 43431 6071 26 in in IN 43431 6071 27 the the DT 43431 6071 28 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6071 29 . . . 43431 6072 1 In in IN 43431 6072 2 the the DT 43431 6072 3 earlier early JJR 43431 6072 4 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6072 5 too too RB 43431 6072 6 , , , 43431 6072 7 the the DT 43431 6072 8 limb limb NN 43431 6072 9 bones bone NNS 43431 6072 10 are be VBP 43431 6072 11 not not RB 43431 6072 12 so so RB 43431 6072 13 short short JJ 43431 6072 14 as as IN 43431 6072 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6072 16 are be VBP 43431 6072 17 in in IN 43431 6072 18 the the DT 43431 6072 19 later later JJ 43431 6072 20 forms form NNS 43431 6072 21 . . . 43431 6073 1 The the DT 43431 6073 2 Ichthyosaurian ichthyosaurian JJ 43431 6073 3 limb limb NN 43431 6073 4 is be VBZ 43431 6073 5 also also RB 43431 6073 6 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 6073 7 , , , 43431 6073 8 firstly firstly RB 43431 6073 9 for for IN 43431 6073 10 the the DT 43431 6073 11 fact fact NN 43431 6073 12 that that IN 43431 6073 13 both both CC 43431 6073 14 humerus humerus NNP 43431 6073 15 and and CC 43431 6073 16 femur femur NNP 43431 6073 17 are be VBP 43431 6073 18 terminated terminate VBN 43431 6073 19 by by IN 43431 6073 20 concave concave NNP 43431 6073 21 articulating articulating NN 43431 6073 22 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6073 23 instead instead RB 43431 6073 24 of of IN 43431 6073 25 by by IN 43431 6073 26 convex convex NNP 43431 6073 27 condyles condyle NNS 43431 6073 28 , , , 43431 6073 29 and and CC 43431 6073 30 secondly secondly RB 43431 6073 31 for for IN 43431 6073 32 the the DT 43431 6073 33 great great JJ 43431 6073 34 multiplication multiplication NN 43431 6073 35 of of IN 43431 6073 36 the the DT 43431 6073 37 phalangeal phalangeal JJ 43431 6073 38 bones bone NNS 43431 6073 39 , , , 43431 6073 40 each each DT 43431 6073 41 digit digit NN 43431 6073 42 being be VBG 43431 6073 43 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6073 44 composed compose VBN 43431 6073 45 of of IN 43431 6073 46 a a DT 43431 6073 47 series series NN 43431 6073 48 of of IN 43431 6073 49 over over IN 43431 6073 50 twenty twenty CD 43431 6073 51 . . . 43431 6074 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6074 2 too too RB 43431 6074 3 the the DT 43431 6074 4 number number NN 43431 6074 5 of of IN 43431 6074 6 series series NN 43431 6074 7 is be VBZ 43431 6074 8 increased increase VBN 43431 6074 9 , , , 43431 6074 10 either either CC 43431 6074 11 by by IN 43431 6074 12 the the DT 43431 6074 13 bifurcation bifurcation NN 43431 6074 14 of of IN 43431 6074 15 some some DT 43431 6074 16 of of IN 43431 6074 17 the the DT 43431 6074 18 digits digit NNS 43431 6074 19 or or CC 43431 6074 20 by by IN 43431 6074 21 the the DT 43431 6074 22 development development NN 43431 6074 23 of of IN 43431 6074 24 marginal marginal JJ 43431 6074 25 bones bone NNS 43431 6074 26 . . . 43431 6075 1 In in IN 43431 6075 2 the the DT 43431 6075 3 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6075 4 the the DT 43431 6075 5 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6075 6 are be VBP 43431 6075 7 likewise likewise RB 43431 6075 8 increased increase VBN 43431 6075 9 above above IN 43431 6075 10 the the DT 43431 6075 11 normal normal JJ 43431 6075 12 but but CC 43431 6075 13 not not RB 43431 6075 14 so so RB 43431 6075 15 much much RB 43431 6075 16 as as IN 43431 6075 17 in in IN 43431 6075 18 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6075 19 . . . 43431 6076 1 The the DT 43431 6076 2 humerus humeru NNS 43431 6076 3 and and CC 43431 6076 4 femur femur NN 43431 6076 5 of of IN 43431 6076 6 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6076 7 are be VBP 43431 6076 8 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 6076 9 for for IN 43431 6076 10 the the DT 43431 6076 11 enormous enormous JJ 43431 6076 12 size size NN 43431 6076 13 of of IN 43431 6076 14 the the DT 43431 6076 15 terminal terminal JJ 43431 6076 16 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 6076 17 which which WDT 43431 6076 18 form form VBP 43431 6076 19 in in IN 43431 6076 20 each each DT 43431 6076 21 case case NN 43431 6076 22 by by IN 43431 6076 23 far far RB 43431 6076 24 the the DT 43431 6076 25 greater great JJR 43431 6076 26 part part NN 43431 6076 27 of of IN 43431 6076 28 the the DT 43431 6076 29 bone bone NN 43431 6076 30 . . . 43431 6077 1 THE the DT 43431 6077 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 6077 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 6077 4 . . . 43431 6078 1 The the DT 43431 6078 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 6078 3 limb limb NN 43431 6078 4 is be VBZ 43431 6078 5 usually usually RB 43431 6078 6 approximately approximately RB 43431 6078 7 equal equal JJ 43431 6078 8 in in IN 43431 6078 9 length length NN 43431 6078 10 to to IN 43431 6078 11 the the DT 43431 6078 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 6078 13 , , , 43431 6078 14 but but CC 43431 6078 15 in in IN 43431 6078 16 many many JJ 43431 6078 17 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6078 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6078 19 is be VBZ 43431 6078 20 considerably considerably RB 43431 6078 21 the the DT 43431 6078 22 shorter short JJR 43431 6078 23 of of IN 43431 6078 24 the the DT 43431 6078 25 two two CD 43431 6078 26 . . . 43431 6079 1 The the DT 43431 6079 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 6079 3 is be VBZ 43431 6079 4 generally generally RB 43431 6079 5 without without IN 43431 6079 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6079 7 condyles condyle NNS 43431 6079 8 , , , 43431 6079 9 but but CC 43431 6079 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6079 11 are be VBP 43431 6079 12 well well RB 43431 6079 13 developed develop VBN 43431 6079 14 in in IN 43431 6079 15 the the DT 43431 6079 16 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6079 17 , , , 43431 6079 18 the the DT 43431 6079 19 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6079 20 and and CC 43431 6079 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6079 22 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 6079 23 _ _ NNP 43431 6079 24 . . . 43431 6080 1 In in IN 43431 6080 2 the the DT 43431 6080 3 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6080 4 , , , 43431 6080 5 some some DT 43431 6080 6 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 6080 7 , , , 43431 6080 8 and and CC 43431 6080 9 some some DT 43431 6080 10 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6080 11 , , , 43431 6080 12 such such JJ 43431 6080 13 as as IN 43431 6080 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6080 15 Mesosaurus Mesosaurus NNP 43431 6080 16 _ _ NNP 43431 6080 17 , , , 43431 6080 18 the the DT 43431 6080 19 humerus humerus NN 43431 6080 20 has have VBZ 43431 6080 21 an an DT 43431 6080 22 ent ent JJ 43431 6080 23 - - HYPH 43431 6080 24 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 6080 25 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6080 26 ; ; : 43431 6080 27 in in IN 43431 6080 28 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6080 29 , , , 43431 6080 30 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6080 31 and and CC 43431 6080 32 some some DT 43431 6080 33 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6080 34 there there EX 43431 6080 35 is be VBZ 43431 6080 36 an an DT 43431 6080 37 ect ect NN 43431 6080 38 - - HYPH 43431 6080 39 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 6080 40 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6080 41 or or CC 43431 6080 42 groove groove NN 43431 6080 43 ; ; : 43431 6080 44 _ _ NNP 43431 6080 45 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 6080 46 _ _ NNP 43431 6080 47 possesses possess VBZ 43431 6080 48 both both CC 43431 6080 49 ent- ent- VBP 43431 6080 50 and and CC 43431 6080 51 ect ect JJ 43431 6080 52 - - HYPH 43431 6080 53 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 6080 54 foramina foramina NN 43431 6080 55 . . . 43431 6081 1 The the DT 43431 6081 2 radius radius NN 43431 6081 3 and and CC 43431 6081 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 6081 5 are be VBP 43431 6081 6 always always RB 43431 6081 7 separate separate JJ 43431 6081 8 . . . 43431 6082 1 In in IN 43431 6082 2 some some DT 43431 6082 3 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6082 4 , , , 43431 6082 5 such such JJ 43431 6082 6 as as IN 43431 6082 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6082 8 Chelydra Chelydra NNP 43431 6082 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6082 10 , , , 43431 6082 11 the the DT 43431 6082 12 carpus carpus NN 43431 6082 13 has have VBZ 43431 6082 14 a a DT 43431 6082 15 very very RB 43431 6082 16 simple simple JJ 43431 6082 17 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6082 18 , , , 43431 6082 19 namely namely RB 43431 6082 20 , , , 43431 6082 21 a a DT 43431 6082 22 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6082 23 row row NN 43431 6082 24 of of IN 43431 6082 25 three three CD 43431 6082 26 bones bone NNS 43431 6082 27 , , , 43431 6082 28 the the DT 43431 6082 29 radiale radiale JJ 43431 6082 30 , , , 43431 6082 31 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 6082 32 and and CC 43431 6082 33 ulnare ulnare JJ 43431 6082 34 , , , 43431 6082 35 and and CC 43431 6082 36 a a DT 43431 6082 37 distal distal JJ 43431 6082 38 row row NN 43431 6082 39 of of IN 43431 6082 40 five five CD 43431 6082 41 carpalia carpalia NNS 43431 6082 42 , , , 43431 6082 43 with with IN 43431 6082 44 one one CD 43431 6082 45 bone bone NN 43431 6082 46 , , , 43431 6082 47 the the DT 43431 6082 48 centrale centrale NN 43431 6082 49 , , , 43431 6082 50 between between IN 43431 6082 51 the the DT 43431 6082 52 two two CD 43431 6082 53 rows row NNS 43431 6082 54 . . . 43431 6083 1 Many many JJ 43431 6083 2 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6083 3 have have VBP 43431 6083 4 a a DT 43431 6083 5 carpus carpus NN 43431 6083 6 only only RB 43431 6083 7 slightly slightly RB 43431 6083 8 different different JJ 43431 6083 9 from from IN 43431 6083 10 this this DT 43431 6083 11 . . . 43431 6084 1 Thus thus RB 43431 6084 2 the the DT 43431 6084 3 carpus carpus NN 43431 6084 4 in in IN 43431 6084 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6084 6 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 6084 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6084 8 differs differ VBZ 43431 6084 9 mainly mainly RB 43431 6084 10 in in IN 43431 6084 11 having have VBG 43431 6084 12 two two CD 43431 6084 13 centralia centralia NNS 43431 6084 14 , , , 43431 6084 15 that that DT 43431 6084 16 of of IN 43431 6084 17 most most JJS 43431 6084 18 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6084 19 , , , 43431 6084 20 in in IN 43431 6084 21 having have VBG 43431 6084 22 the the DT 43431 6084 23 centrale centrale NN 43431 6084 24 and and CC 43431 6084 25 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 6084 26 fused fuse VBN 43431 6084 27 . . . 43431 6085 1 Crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 6085 2 have have VBP 43431 6085 3 a a DT 43431 6085 4 much much RB 43431 6085 5 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6085 6 carpus carpus NNP 43431 6085 7 with with IN 43431 6085 8 the the DT 43431 6085 9 radiale radiale NNP 43431 6085 10 and and CC 43431 6085 11 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 6085 12 considerably considerably RB 43431 6085 13 elongated elongate VBD 43431 6085 14 . . . 43431 6086 1 The the DT 43431 6086 2 manus manus NN 43431 6086 3 in in IN 43431 6086 4 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNP 43431 6086 5 is be VBZ 43431 6086 6 curiously curiously RB 43431 6086 7 modified modify VBN 43431 6086 8 , , , 43431 6086 9 having have VBG 43431 6086 10 the the DT 43431 6086 11 first first JJ 43431 6086 12 three three CD 43431 6086 13 digits digit NNS 43431 6086 14 arranged arrange VBN 43431 6086 15 in in IN 43431 6086 16 one one CD 43431 6086 17 group group NN 43431 6086 18 and and CC 43431 6086 19 turned turn VBD 43431 6086 20 inwards inward NNS 43431 6086 21 , , , 43431 6086 22 and and CC 43431 6086 23 the the DT 43431 6086 24 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6086 25 and and CC 43431 6086 26 fifth fifth JJ 43431 6086 27 in in IN 43431 6086 28 another another DT 43431 6086 29 group group NN 43431 6086 30 turned turn VBD 43431 6086 31 outwards outward NNS 43431 6086 32 ; ; : 43431 6086 33 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 6086 34 3 3 CD 43431 6086 35 and and CC 43431 6086 36 4 4 CD 43431 6086 37 are be VBP 43431 6086 38 united united JJ 43431 6086 39 . . . 43431 6087 1 In in IN 43431 6087 2 the the DT 43431 6087 3 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6087 4 the the DT 43431 6087 5 anterior anterior NN 43431 6087 6 limbs limb NNS 43431 6087 7 form form NN 43431 6087 8 wings wing NNS 43431 6087 9 , , , 43431 6087 10 the the DT 43431 6087 11 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6087 12 of of IN 43431 6087 13 the the DT 43431 6087 14 fifth fifth JJ 43431 6087 15 digit digit NN 43431 6087 16 being be VBG 43431 6087 17 very very RB 43431 6087 18 greatly greatly RB 43431 6087 19 elongated elongate VBN 43431 6087 20 to to TO 43431 6087 21 support support VB 43431 6087 22 the the DT 43431 6087 23 wing wing NN 43431 6087 24 membrane membrane NN 43431 6087 25 . . . 43431 6088 1 The the DT 43431 6088 2 first first JJ 43431 6088 3 digit digit NN 43431 6088 4 is be VBZ 43431 6088 5 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 6088 6 and and CC 43431 6088 7 the the DT 43431 6088 8 second second JJ 43431 6088 9 , , , 43431 6088 10 third third JJ 43431 6088 11 , , , 43431 6088 12 and and CC 43431 6088 13 fourth fourth RB 43431 6088 14 are be VBP 43431 6088 15 clawed claw VBN 43431 6088 16 . . . 43431 6089 1 THE the DT 43431 6089 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 6089 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 6089 4 . . . 43431 6090 1 The the DT 43431 6090 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 6090 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 6090 4 is be VBZ 43431 6090 5 well well RB 43431 6090 6 developed develop VBN 43431 6090 7 in in IN 43431 6090 8 all all DT 43431 6090 9 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6090 10 which which WDT 43431 6090 11 have have VBP 43431 6090 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 6090 13 limbs limb NNS 43431 6090 14 , , , 43431 6090 15 but but CC 43431 6090 16 is be VBZ 43431 6090 17 absent absent JJ 43431 6090 18 or or CC 43431 6090 19 quite quite RB 43431 6090 20 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 6090 21 in in IN 43431 6090 22 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 6090 23 and and CC 43431 6090 24 those those DT 43431 6090 25 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6090 26 which which WDT 43431 6090 27 have have VBP 43431 6090 28 no no DT 43431 6090 29 posterior posterior NN 43431 6090 30 limbs limb NNS 43431 6090 31 . . . 43431 6091 1 The the DT 43431 6091 2 ilium ilium NN 43431 6091 3 and and CC 43431 6091 4 ischium ischium NN 43431 6091 5 agree agree VBP 43431 6091 6 in in IN 43431 6091 7 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6091 8 general general JJ 43431 6091 9 characters character NNS 43431 6091 10 throughout throughout IN 43431 6091 11 all all PDT 43431 6091 12 the the DT 43431 6091 13 various various JJ 43431 6091 14 groups group NNS 43431 6091 15 of of IN 43431 6091 16 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6091 17 , , , 43431 6091 18 but but CC 43431 6091 19 that that DT 43431 6091 20 is be VBZ 43431 6091 21 not not RB 43431 6091 22 the the DT 43431 6091 23 case case NN 43431 6091 24 with with IN 43431 6091 25 the the DT 43431 6091 26 pubis pubis NNP 43431 6091 27 . . . 43431 6092 1 In in IN 43431 6092 2 many many JJ 43431 6092 3 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6092 4 such such JJ 43431 6092 5 as as IN 43431 6092 6 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6092 7 , , , 43431 6092 8 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6092 9 and and CC 43431 6092 10 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6092 11 the the DT 43431 6092 12 ilia ilium NNS 43431 6092 13 are be VBP 43431 6092 14 small small JJ 43431 6092 15 , , , 43431 6092 16 more more RBR 43431 6092 17 or or CC 43431 6092 18 less less RBR 43431 6092 19 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 6092 20 bones bone NNS 43431 6092 21 either either CC 43431 6092 22 directed direct VBN 43431 6092 23 backwards backwards RB 43431 6092 24 , , , 43431 6092 25 or or CC 43431 6092 26 vertically vertically RB 43431 6092 27 placed place VBN 43431 6092 28 as as IN 43431 6092 29 in in IN 43431 6092 30 the the DT 43431 6092 31 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 6092 32 . . . 43431 6093 1 In in IN 43431 6093 2 the the DT 43431 6093 3 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 6093 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6093 5 are be VBP 43431 6093 6 larger large JJR 43431 6093 7 and and CC 43431 6093 8 more more RBR 43431 6093 9 expanded expand VBN 43431 6093 10 , , , 43431 6093 11 while while IN 43431 6093 12 in in IN 43431 6093 13 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6093 14 and and CC 43431 6093 15 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6093 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6093 17 are be VBP 43431 6093 18 greatly greatly RB 43431 6093 19 elongated elongate VBN 43431 6093 20 both both CC 43431 6093 21 in in IN 43431 6093 22 front front NN 43431 6093 23 of of IN 43431 6093 24 , , , 43431 6093 25 and and CC 43431 6093 26 behind behind RB 43431 6093 27 , , , 43431 6093 28 the the DT 43431 6093 29 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6093 30 . . . 43431 6094 1 The the DT 43431 6094 2 ischia ischia NN 43431 6094 3 are be VBP 43431 6094 4 generally generally RB 43431 6094 5 strongly strongly RB 43431 6094 6 developed develop VBN 43431 6094 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6094 8 square square JJ 43431 6094 9 bones bone NNS 43431 6094 10 meeting meet VBG 43431 6094 11 in in IN 43431 6094 12 a a DT 43431 6094 13 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6094 14 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 6094 15 . . . 43431 6095 1 In in IN 43431 6095 2 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6095 3 the the DT 43431 6095 4 ischium ischium NN 43431 6095 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6095 6 fig fig NN 43431 6095 7 . . . 43431 6096 1 35 35 CD 43431 6096 2 , , , 43431 6096 3 9 9 CD 43431 6096 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6096 5 is be VBZ 43431 6096 6 a a DT 43431 6096 7 much much RB 43431 6096 8 elongated elongated JJ 43431 6096 9 and and CC 43431 6096 10 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 6096 11 - - HYPH 43431 6096 12 directed direct VBN 43431 6096 13 bone bone NN 43431 6096 14 , , , 43431 6096 15 bearing bear VBG 43431 6096 16 a a DT 43431 6096 17 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 6096 18 projecting project VBG 43431 6096 19 obturator obturator NN 43431 6096 20 process process NN 43431 6096 21 . . . 43431 6097 1 In in IN 43431 6097 2 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 6097 3 the the DT 43431 6097 4 ischium ischium NN 43431 6097 5 is be VBZ 43431 6097 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 6097 7 with with IN 43431 6097 8 the the DT 43431 6097 9 ilium ilium NN 43431 6097 10 , , , 43431 6097 11 and and CC 43431 6097 12 in in IN 43431 6097 13 both both DT 43431 6097 14 pterosaurs pterosaur NNS 43431 6097 15 and and CC 43431 6097 16 crocodiles crocodile VBZ 43431 6097 17 the the DT 43431 6097 18 ilium ilium NNP 43431 6097 19 and and CC 43431 6097 20 ischium ischium NN 43431 6097 21 are be VBP 43431 6097 22 the the DT 43431 6097 23 only only JJ 43431 6097 24 bones bone NNS 43431 6097 25 taking take VBG 43431 6097 26 part part NN 43431 6097 27 in in IN 43431 6097 28 the the DT 43431 6097 29 formation formation NN 43431 6097 30 of of IN 43431 6097 31 the the DT 43431 6097 32 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6097 33 . . . 43431 6098 1 In in IN 43431 6098 2 most most JJS 43431 6098 3 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6098 4 there there EX 43431 6098 5 is be VBZ 43431 6098 6 an an DT 43431 6098 7 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 6098 8 structure structure NN 43431 6098 9 , , , 43431 6098 10 the the DT 43431 6098 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6098 12 hypo hypo NNP 43431 6098 13 - - HYPH 43431 6098 14 ischium ischium NNP 43431 6098 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6098 16 or or CC 43431 6098 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6098 18 os os NNP 43431 6098 19 cloacae cloacae VBN 43431 6098 20 _ _ NNP 43431 6098 21 projecting project VBG 43431 6098 22 back back RB 43431 6098 23 from from IN 43431 6098 24 the the DT 43431 6098 25 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 6098 26 ischii ischii NNP 43431 6098 27 , , , 43431 6098 28 which which WDT 43431 6098 29 is be VBZ 43431 6098 30 usually usually RB 43431 6098 31 separated separate VBN 43431 6098 32 from from IN 43431 6098 33 the the DT 43431 6098 34 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 6098 35 pubis pubi VBN 43431 6098 36 by by IN 43431 6098 37 a a DT 43431 6098 38 large large JJ 43431 6098 39 space space NN 43431 6098 40 , , , 43431 6098 41 the the DT 43431 6098 42 _ _ NNP 43431 6098 43 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6098 44 cordiforme cordiforme NNP 43431 6098 45 _ _ NNP 43431 6098 46 . . . 43431 6099 1 In in IN 43431 6099 2 some some DT 43431 6099 3 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6099 4 and and CC 43431 6099 5 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6099 6 there there EX 43431 6099 7 is be VBZ 43431 6099 8 a a DT 43431 6099 9 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6099 10 bar bar NN 43431 6099 11 dividing divide VBG 43431 6099 12 the the DT 43431 6099 13 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6099 14 cordiforme cordiforme NN 43431 6099 15 into into IN 43431 6099 16 two two CD 43431 6099 17 obturator obturator NNP 43431 6099 18 foramina foramina NN 43431 6099 19 ; ; : 43431 6099 20 in in IN 43431 6099 21 many many JJ 43431 6099 22 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6099 23 this this DT 43431 6099 24 bar bar NN 43431 6099 25 is be VBZ 43431 6099 26 ossified ossified JJ 43431 6099 27 . . . 43431 6100 1 Among among IN 43431 6100 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6100 3 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 6100 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6100 5 , , , 43431 6100 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6100 7 Python Python NNP 43431 6100 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6100 9 , , , 43431 6100 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6100 11 Tortrix Tortrix NNP 43431 6100 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6100 13 , , , 43431 6100 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6100 15 Typhlops Typhlops NNPS 43431 6100 16 _ _ NNP 43431 6100 17 and and CC 43431 6100 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6100 19 allies ally NNS 43431 6100 20 have have VBP 43431 6100 21 a a DT 43431 6100 22 structure structure NN 43431 6100 23 representing represent VBG 43431 6100 24 a a DT 43431 6100 25 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 6100 26 ischio ischio RB 43431 6100 27 - - HYPH 43431 6100 28 pubis pubi VBN 43431 6100 29 : : : 43431 6100 30 but but CC 43431 6100 31 in in IN 43431 6100 32 most most JJS 43431 6100 33 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 6100 34 there there EX 43431 6100 35 is be VBZ 43431 6100 36 no no DT 43431 6100 37 trace trace NN 43431 6100 38 of of IN 43431 6100 39 the the DT 43431 6100 40 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 6100 41 . . . 43431 6101 1 In in IN 43431 6101 2 some some DT 43431 6101 3 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 6101 4 all all PDT 43431 6101 5 the the DT 43431 6101 6 bones bone NNS 43431 6101 7 of of IN 43431 6101 8 the the DT 43431 6101 9 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 6101 10 are be VBP 43431 6101 11 completely completely RB 43431 6101 12 fused fuse VBN 43431 6101 13 , , , 43431 6101 14 forming form VBG 43431 6101 15 an an DT 43431 6101 16 os os NNP 43431 6101 17 innominatum innominatum NN 43431 6101 18 as as IN 43431 6101 19 in in IN 43431 6101 20 mammals mammal NNS 43431 6101 21 ; ; : 43431 6101 22 the the DT 43431 6101 23 pubes pubes NNPS 43431 6101 24 and and CC 43431 6101 25 ischia ischia NNP 43431 6101 26 are be VBP 43431 6101 27 so so RB 43431 6101 28 completely completely RB 43431 6101 29 fused fuse VBN 43431 6101 30 that that IN 43431 6101 31 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6101 32 as as IN 43431 6101 33 in in IN 43431 6101 34 _ _ NNP 43431 6101 35 Pariasaurus Pariasaurus NNP 43431 6101 36 _ _ NNP 43431 6101 37 even even RB 43431 6101 38 the the DT 43431 6101 39 obturator obturator NN 43431 6101 40 foramina foramina NNP 43431 6101 41 are be VBP 43431 6101 42 closed close VBN 43431 6101 43 . . . 43431 6102 1 Concerning concern VBG 43431 6102 2 the the DT 43431 6102 3 reptilian reptilian NN 43431 6102 4 pubis pubi VBD 43431 6102 5 there there EX 43431 6102 6 are be VBP 43431 6102 7 considerable considerable JJ 43431 6102 8 difficulties difficulty NNS 43431 6102 9 . . . 43431 6103 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6103 2 there there EX 43431 6103 3 is be VBZ 43431 6103 4 only only RB 43431 6103 5 a a DT 43431 6103 6 single single JJ 43431 6103 7 pubic pubic JJ 43431 6103 8 structure structure NN 43431 6103 9 present present NN 43431 6103 10 , , , 43431 6103 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6103 12 there there EX 43431 6103 13 are be VBP 43431 6103 14 two two CD 43431 6103 15 . . . 43431 6104 1 The the DT 43431 6104 2 reptilian reptilian NN 43431 6104 3 pubis pubi VBD 43431 6104 4 is be VBZ 43431 6104 5 best best RB 43431 6104 6 understood understand VBN 43431 6104 7 by by IN 43431 6104 8 comparing compare VBG 43431 6104 9 the the DT 43431 6104 10 arrangements arrangement NNS 43431 6104 11 met meet VBD 43431 6104 12 with with IN 43431 6104 13 in in IN 43431 6104 14 the the DT 43431 6104 15 various various JJ 43431 6104 16 other other JJ 43431 6104 17 groups group NNS 43431 6104 18 with with IN 43431 6104 19 that that DT 43431 6104 20 in in IN 43431 6104 21 the the DT 43431 6104 22 Orthopod Orthopod NNP 43431 6104 23 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 6104 24 such such JJ 43431 6104 25 as as IN 43431 6104 26 _ _ NNP 43431 6104 27 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 6104 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6104 29 . . . 43431 6105 1 In in IN 43431 6105 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6105 3 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 6105 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6105 5 the the DT 43431 6105 6 pubis pubis JJ 43431 6105 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 6105 8 of of IN 43431 6105 9 two two CD 43431 6105 10 portions portion NNS 43431 6105 11 , , , 43431 6105 12 viz viz NN 43431 6105 13 . . . 43431 6106 1 of of IN 43431 6106 2 a a DT 43431 6106 3 moderately moderately RB 43431 6106 4 broad broad JJ 43431 6106 5 pre pre JJ 43431 6106 6 - - JJ 43431 6106 7 pubis pubi VBD 43431 6106 8 directed direct VBN 43431 6106 9 downwards downwards RB 43431 6106 10 and and CC 43431 6106 11 forwards forwards RB 43431 6106 12 , , , 43431 6106 13 and and CC 43431 6106 14 of of IN 43431 6106 15 a a DT 43431 6106 16 narrow narrow JJ 43431 6106 17 greatly greatly RB 43431 6106 18 elongated elongated JJ 43431 6106 19 post post NN 43431 6106 20 - - JJ 43431 6106 21 pubis pubi VBD 43431 6106 22 directed direct VBN 43431 6106 23 backwards backwards RB 43431 6106 24 parallel parallel JJ 43431 6106 25 to to IN 43431 6106 26 the the DT 43431 6106 27 ischium ischium NN 43431 6106 28 . . . 43431 6107 1 The the DT 43431 6107 2 pubis pubis JJ 43431 6107 3 is be VBZ 43431 6107 4 united united JJ 43431 6107 5 to to IN 43431 6107 6 both both DT 43431 6107 7 ilium ilium NNP 43431 6107 8 and and CC 43431 6107 9 ischium ischium NN 43431 6107 10 , , , 43431 6107 11 the the DT 43431 6107 12 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6107 13 has have VBZ 43431 6107 14 a a DT 43431 6107 15 large large JJ 43431 6107 16 unossified unossified JJ 43431 6107 17 space space NN 43431 6107 18 , , , 43431 6107 19 and and CC 43431 6107 20 neither neither DT 43431 6107 21 pre pre JJ 43431 6107 22 - - JJ 43431 6107 23 pubes pubes JJ 43431 6107 24 nor nor CC 43431 6107 25 post post JJ 43431 6107 26 - - JJ 43431 6107 27 pubes pubes JJ 43431 6107 28 meet meet VBP 43431 6107 29 in in IN 43431 6107 30 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6107 31 symphyses symphysis NNS 43431 6107 32 . . . 43431 6108 1 The the DT 43431 6108 2 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6108 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 6108 4 a a DT 43431 6108 5 great great JJ 43431 6108 6 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 6108 7 to to IN 43431 6108 8 that that DT 43431 6108 9 of of IN 43431 6108 10 Ratite Ratite NNP 43431 6108 11 birds bird NNS 43431 6108 12 . . . 43431 6109 1 In in IN 43431 6109 2 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6109 3 , , , 43431 6109 4 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6109 5 , , , 43431 6109 6 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 6109 7 and and CC 43431 6109 8 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6109 9 together together RB 43431 6109 10 with with IN 43431 6109 11 Theropod Theropod NNP 43431 6109 12 and and CC 43431 6109 13 Sauropod Sauropod NNP 43431 6109 14 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 6109 15 the the DT 43431 6109 16 pubis pubis JJ 43431 6109 17 corresponds correspond NNS 43431 6109 18 to to IN 43431 6109 19 the the DT 43431 6109 20 pre pre NN 43431 6109 21 - - NN 43431 6109 22 pubis pubis JJ 43431 6109 23 of of IN 43431 6109 24 _ _ NNP 43431 6109 25 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 6109 26 _ _ NNP 43431 6109 27 and and CC 43431 6109 28 is be VBZ 43431 6109 29 a a DT 43431 6109 30 more more RBR 43431 6109 31 or or CC 43431 6109 32 less less RBR 43431 6109 33 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 6109 34 bone bone NN 43431 6109 35 expanded expand VBN 43431 6109 36 at at IN 43431 6109 37 both both DT 43431 6109 38 ends end NNS 43431 6109 39 , , , 43431 6109 40 meeting meet VBG 43431 6109 41 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6109 42 fellow fellow NN 43431 6109 43 in in IN 43431 6109 44 a a DT 43431 6109 45 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6109 46 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 6109 47 . . . 43431 6110 1 In in IN 43431 6110 2 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6110 3 and and CC 43431 6110 4 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6110 5 the the DT 43431 6110 6 pubis pubis RB 43431 6110 7 bears bear VBZ 43431 6110 8 a a DT 43431 6110 9 lateral lateral JJ 43431 6110 10 process process NN 43431 6110 11 which which WDT 43431 6110 12 is be VBZ 43431 6110 13 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6110 14 with with IN 43431 6110 15 the the DT 43431 6110 16 post post NN 43431 6110 17 - - JJ 43431 6110 18 pubis pubis JJ 43431 6110 19 of of IN 43431 6110 20 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 6110 21 . . . 43431 6111 1 In in IN 43431 6111 2 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6111 3 and and CC 43431 6111 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6111 5 in in IN 43431 6111 6 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6111 7 there there EX 43431 6111 8 is be VBZ 43431 6111 9 a a DT 43431 6111 10 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6111 11 epipubis epipubis NN 43431 6111 12 attached attach VBN 43431 6111 13 to to IN 43431 6111 14 the the DT 43431 6111 15 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6111 16 border border NN 43431 6111 17 of of IN 43431 6111 18 the the DT 43431 6111 19 pubic pubic JJ 43431 6111 20 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 6111 21 ; ; : 43431 6111 22 this this DT 43431 6111 23 is be VBZ 43431 6111 24 well well RB 43431 6111 25 developed develop VBN 43431 6111 26 in in IN 43431 6111 27 the the DT 43431 6111 28 Chamaeleons Chamaeleons NNPS 43431 6111 29 and and CC 43431 6111 30 Geckos Geckos NNP 43431 6111 31 . . . 43431 6112 1 In in IN 43431 6112 2 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 6112 3 there there EX 43431 6112 4 is be VBZ 43431 6112 5 , , , 43431 6112 6 forming form VBG 43431 6112 7 the the DT 43431 6112 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 6112 9 and and CC 43431 6112 10 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6112 11 portion portion NN 43431 6112 12 of of IN 43431 6112 13 the the DT 43431 6112 14 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6112 15 , , , 43431 6112 16 a a DT 43431 6112 17 patch patch NN 43431 6112 18 of of IN 43431 6112 19 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6112 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6112 21 fig fig NN 43431 6112 22 . . . 43431 6113 1 49 49 CD 43431 6113 2 , , , 43431 6113 3 3 3 CD 43431 6113 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6113 5 which which WDT 43431 6113 6 is be VBZ 43431 6113 7 probably probably RB 43431 6113 8 the the DT 43431 6113 9 true true JJ 43431 6113 10 pubis pubi VBN 43431 6113 11 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6113 12 with with IN 43431 6113 13 that that DT 43431 6113 14 of of IN 43431 6113 15 lizards lizard NNS 43431 6113 16 and and CC 43431 6113 17 with with IN 43431 6113 18 the the DT 43431 6113 19 pre pre NN 43431 6113 20 - - NN 43431 6113 21 pubis pubis JJ 43431 6113 22 of of IN 43431 6113 23 _ _ NNP 43431 6113 24 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 6113 25 _ _ NNP 43431 6113 26 . . . 43431 6114 1 The the DT 43431 6114 2 large large JJ 43431 6114 3 bone bone NN 43431 6114 4 generally generally RB 43431 6114 5 called call VBD 43431 6114 6 the the DT 43431 6114 7 pubis pubis NN 43431 6114 8 in in IN 43431 6114 9 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 6114 10 is be VBZ 43431 6114 11 probably probably RB 43431 6114 12 an an DT 43431 6114 13 epipubis epipubis NN 43431 6114 14 . . . 43431 6115 1 THE the DT 43431 6115 2 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 6115 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 6115 4 . . . 43431 6116 1 The the DT 43431 6116 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 6116 3 limb limb NN 43431 6116 4 is be VBZ 43431 6116 5 entirely entirely RB 43431 6116 6 absent absent JJ 43431 6116 7 in in IN 43431 6116 8 some some DT 43431 6116 9 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6116 10 and and CC 43431 6116 11 in in IN 43431 6116 12 most most JJS 43431 6116 13 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 6116 14 , , , 43431 6116 15 though though IN 43431 6116 16 traces trace NNS 43431 6116 17 occur occur VBP 43431 6116 18 in in IN 43431 6116 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6116 20 Python Python NNP 43431 6116 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6116 22 , , , 43431 6116 23 _ _ NNP 43431 6116 24 Tortrix Tortrix NNP 43431 6116 25 _ _ NNP 43431 6116 26 and and CC 43431 6116 27 _ _ NNP 43431 6116 28 Typhlops Typhlops NNPS 43431 6116 29 _ _ NNP 43431 6116 30 . . . 43431 6117 1 In in IN 43431 6117 2 the the DT 43431 6117 3 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 6117 4 , , , 43431 6117 5 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 6117 6 and and CC 43431 6117 7 Pythonomorpha Pythonomorpha NNP 43431 6117 8 the the DT 43431 6117 9 posterior posterior NN 43431 6117 10 limbs limb NNS 43431 6117 11 form form NN 43431 6117 12 swimming swimming NN 43431 6117 13 paddles paddle NNS 43431 6117 14 and and CC 43431 6117 15 have have VBP 43431 6117 16 been be VBN 43431 6117 17 already already RB 43431 6117 18 referred refer VBN 43431 6117 19 to to IN 43431 6117 20 . . . 43431 6118 1 The the DT 43431 6118 2 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6118 3 of of IN 43431 6118 4 the the DT 43431 6118 5 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6118 6 and and CC 43431 6118 7 middle middle JJ 43431 6118 8 segments segment NNS 43431 6118 9 of of IN 43431 6118 10 the the DT 43431 6118 11 limb limb NN 43431 6118 12 is be VBZ 43431 6118 13 fairly fairly RB 43431 6118 14 constant constant JJ 43431 6118 15 in in IN 43431 6118 16 all all DT 43431 6118 17 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6118 18 with with IN 43431 6118 19 limbs limb NNS 43431 6118 20 adapted adapt VBN 43431 6118 21 for for IN 43431 6118 22 walking walking NN 43431 6118 23 , , , 43431 6118 24 and and CC 43431 6118 25 the the DT 43431 6118 26 tibia tibia NNP 43431 6118 27 and and CC 43431 6118 28 fibula fibula NN 43431 6118 29 are be VBP 43431 6118 30 always always RB 43431 6118 31 separate separate JJ 43431 6118 32 . . . 43431 6119 1 The the DT 43431 6119 2 pes pe NNS 43431 6119 3 is be VBZ 43431 6119 4 however however RB 43431 6119 5 subject subject JJ 43431 6119 6 to to IN 43431 6119 7 a a DT 43431 6119 8 considerable considerable JJ 43431 6119 9 amount amount NN 43431 6119 10 of of IN 43431 6119 11 variation variation NN 43431 6119 12 , , , 43431 6119 13 especially especially RB 43431 6119 14 as as IN 43431 6119 15 regards regard VBZ 43431 6119 16 the the DT 43431 6119 17 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 6119 18 . . . 43431 6120 1 In in IN 43431 6120 2 some some DT 43431 6120 3 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6120 4 the the DT 43431 6120 5 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 6120 6 like like IN 43431 6120 7 the the DT 43431 6120 8 carpus carpus NNP 43431 6120 9 has have VBZ 43431 6120 10 an an DT 43431 6120 11 extremely extremely RB 43431 6120 12 simple simple JJ 43431 6120 13 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6120 14 , , , 43431 6120 15 consisting consist VBG 43431 6120 16 of of IN 43431 6120 17 a a DT 43431 6120 18 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6120 19 row row NN 43431 6120 20 of of IN 43431 6120 21 three three CD 43431 6120 22 bones bone NNS 43431 6120 23 , , , 43431 6120 24 the the DT 43431 6120 25 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 6120 26 , , , 43431 6120 27 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 6120 28 and and CC 43431 6120 29 fibulare fibulare NNP 43431 6120 30 , , , 43431 6120 31 a a DT 43431 6120 32 centrale centrale NN 43431 6120 33 , , , 43431 6120 34 and and CC 43431 6120 35 a a DT 43431 6120 36 distal distal JJ 43431 6120 37 row row NN 43431 6120 38 of of IN 43431 6120 39 five five CD 43431 6120 40 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 6120 41 . . . 43431 6121 1 In in IN 43431 6121 2 most most RBS 43431 6121 3 living living JJ 43431 6121 4 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6121 5 , , , 43431 6121 6 however however RB 43431 6121 7 , , , 43431 6121 8 the the DT 43431 6121 9 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 6121 10 and and CC 43431 6121 11 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 6121 12 are be VBP 43431 6121 13 as as IN 43431 6121 14 in in IN 43431 6121 15 mammals mammal NNS 43431 6121 16 united united NNP 43431 6121 17 , , , 43431 6121 18 forming form VBG 43431 6121 19 the the DT 43431 6121 20 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 6121 21 . . . 43431 6122 1 In in IN 43431 6122 2 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 6122 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6122 4 fig fig NN 43431 6122 5 . . . 43431 6123 1 48 48 CD 43431 6123 2 , , , 43431 6123 3 B b NN 43431 6123 4 , , , 43431 6123 5 15 15 CD 43431 6123 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6123 7 the the DT 43431 6123 8 centrale centrale NN 43431 6123 9 is be VBZ 43431 6123 10 also also RB 43431 6123 11 united united JJ 43431 6123 12 with with IN 43431 6123 13 the the DT 43431 6123 14 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 6123 15 while while IN 43431 6123 16 the the DT 43431 6123 17 distal distal JJ 43431 6123 18 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 6123 19 are be VBP 43431 6123 20 very very RB 43431 6123 21 slightly slightly RB 43431 6123 22 developed develop VBN 43431 6123 23 . . . 43431 6124 1 The the DT 43431 6124 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 6124 3 in in IN 43431 6124 4 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 6124 5 is be VBZ 43431 6124 6 drawn draw VBN 43431 6124 7 out out RP 43431 6124 8 into into IN 43431 6124 9 a a DT 43431 6124 10 long long JJ 43431 6124 11 process process NN 43431 6124 12 forming form VBG 43431 6124 13 a a DT 43431 6124 14 heel heel NN 43431 6124 15 in in IN 43431 6124 16 a a DT 43431 6124 17 manner manner NN 43431 6124 18 almost almost RB 43431 6124 19 unique unique JJ 43431 6124 20 among among IN 43431 6124 21 Sauropsida Sauropsida NNP 43431 6124 22 . . . 43431 6125 1 In in IN 43431 6125 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6125 3 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 6125 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6125 5 and and CC 43431 6125 6 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6125 7 the the DT 43431 6125 8 tibia tibia NN 43431 6125 9 and and CC 43431 6125 10 fibula fibula NN 43431 6125 11 articulate articulate NN 43431 6125 12 with with IN 43431 6125 13 a a DT 43431 6125 14 single single JJ 43431 6125 15 large large JJ 43431 6125 16 bone bone NN 43431 6125 17 representing represent VBG 43431 6125 18 the the DT 43431 6125 19 whole whole JJ 43431 6125 20 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6125 21 row row NN 43431 6125 22 of of IN 43431 6125 23 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 6125 24 . . . 43431 6126 1 The the DT 43431 6126 2 pes pe NNS 43431 6126 3 is be VBZ 43431 6126 4 generally generally RB 43431 6126 5 pentedactylate pentedactylate JJ 43431 6126 6 , , , 43431 6126 7 but but CC 43431 6126 8 in in IN 43431 6126 9 some some DT 43431 6126 10 Crocodiles crocodile NNS 43431 6126 11 the the DT 43431 6126 12 fifth fifth JJ 43431 6126 13 digit digit NN 43431 6126 14 is be VBZ 43431 6126 15 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 6126 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6126 17 fig fig NN 43431 6126 18 . . . 43431 6127 1 48 48 CD 43431 6127 2 , , , 43431 6127 3 B b NN 43431 6127 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6127 5 , , , 43431 6127 6 and and CC 43431 6127 7 in in IN 43431 6127 8 some some DT 43431 6127 9 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 6127 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6127 11 fig fig NN 43431 6127 12 . . . 43431 6128 1 35 35 LS 43431 6128 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6128 3 there there EX 43431 6128 4 are be VBP 43431 6128 5 only only RB 43431 6128 6 three three CD 43431 6128 7 digits digit NNS 43431 6128 8 . . . 43431 6129 1 The the DT 43431 6129 2 North north JJ 43431 6129 3 American American NNP 43431 6129 4 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 6129 5 present present VBP 43431 6129 6 a a DT 43431 6129 7 continuous continuous JJ 43431 6129 8 series series NN 43431 6129 9 ranging range VBG 43431 6129 10 from from IN 43431 6129 11 a a DT 43431 6129 12 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 6129 13 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 6129 14 form form NN 43431 6129 15 like like IN 43431 6129 16 _ _ NNP 43431 6129 17 Morosaurus Morosaurus NNP 43431 6129 18 _ _ NNP 43431 6129 19 , , , 43431 6129 20 to to IN 43431 6129 21 such such PDT 43431 6129 22 a a DT 43431 6129 23 form form NN 43431 6129 24 as as IN 43431 6129 25 _ _ NNP 43431 6129 26 Hallopus Hallopus NNP 43431 6129 27 _ _ NNP 43431 6129 28 with with IN 43431 6129 29 a a DT 43431 6129 30 highly highly RB 43431 6129 31 digitigrade digitigrade JJ 43431 6129 32 and and CC 43431 6129 33 specialised specialised JJ 43431 6129 34 pes pe NNS 43431 6129 35 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6129 36 to to IN 43431 6129 37 three three CD 43431 6129 38 functional functional JJ 43431 6129 39 digits digit NNS 43431 6129 40 , , , 43431 6129 41 and and CC 43431 6129 42 a a DT 43431 6129 43 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 6129 44 fifth fifth JJ 43431 6129 45 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 6129 46 . . . 43431 6130 1 The the DT 43431 6130 2 second second JJ 43431 6130 3 , , , 43431 6130 4 third third JJ 43431 6130 5 and and CC 43431 6130 6 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6130 7 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 6130 8 in in IN 43431 6130 9 this this DT 43431 6130 10 form form NN 43431 6130 11 are be VBP 43431 6130 12 nearly nearly RB 43431 6130 13 two two CD 43431 6130 14 - - HYPH 43431 6130 15 thirds third NNS 43431 6130 16 as as RB 43431 6130 17 long long RB 43431 6130 18 as as IN 43431 6130 19 the the DT 43431 6130 20 femur femur NN 43431 6130 21 , , , 43431 6130 22 and and CC 43431 6130 23 the the DT 43431 6130 24 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 6130 25 is be VBZ 43431 6130 26 drawn draw VBN 43431 6130 27 out out RP 43431 6130 28 into into IN 43431 6130 29 a a DT 43431 6130 30 heel heel NN 43431 6130 31 much much RB 43431 6130 32 as as IN 43431 6130 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6130 34 is be VBZ 43431 6130 35 in in IN 43431 6130 36 most most JJS 43431 6130 37 mammals mammal NNS 43431 6130 38 . . . 43431 6131 1 In in IN 43431 6131 2 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 6131 3 , , , 43431 6131 4 Orthopoda Orthopoda NNP 43431 6131 5 and and CC 43431 6131 6 many many JJ 43431 6131 7 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 6131 8 , , , 43431 6131 9 the the DT 43431 6131 10 ankle ankle NN 43431 6131 11 joint joint NN 43431 6131 12 comes come VBZ 43431 6131 13 to to TO 43431 6131 14 lie lie VB 43431 6131 15 between between IN 43431 6131 16 the the DT 43431 6131 17 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6131 18 and and CC 43431 6131 19 distal distal JJ 43431 6131 20 row row NN 43431 6131 21 of of IN 43431 6131 22 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 6131 23 as as IN 43431 6131 24 in in IN 43431 6131 25 birds bird NNS 43431 6131 26 . . . 43431 6132 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 6132 2 : : : 43431 6132 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6132 4 91 91 CD 43431 6132 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6132 6 See see UH 43431 6132 7 pp pp NN 43431 6132 8 . . . 43431 6133 1 214 214 CD 43431 6133 2 and and CC 43431 6133 3 215 215 CD 43431 6133 4 . . . 43431 6134 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6134 2 92 92 CD 43431 6134 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6134 4 These these DT 43431 6134 5 terms term NNS 43431 6134 6 are be VBP 43431 6134 7 defined define VBN 43431 6134 8 on on IN 43431 6134 9 p. p. NN 43431 6134 10 199 199 CD 43431 6134 11 . . . 43431 6135 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6135 2 93 93 CD 43431 6135 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6135 4 E.T. E.T. NNP 43431 6136 1 Newton Newton NNP 43431 6136 2 , , , 43431 6136 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6136 4 Phil Phil NNP 43431 6136 5 . . . 43431 6137 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 6137 2 . . . 43431 6137 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6137 4 vol vol NNP 43431 6137 5 . . . 43431 6138 1 CLXXXIV CLXXXIV NNP 43431 6138 2 , , , 43431 6138 3 B b NN 43431 6138 4 , , , 43431 6138 5 p. p. NN 43431 6138 6 431 431 CD 43431 6138 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6138 8 1893 1893 CD 43431 6138 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6138 10 . . . 43431 6139 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 6139 2 XVII XVII NNP 43431 6139 3 . . . 43431 6140 1 CLASS clas NNS 43431 6140 2 . . . 43431 6141 1 AVES[94 AVES[94 NFP 43431 6141 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6141 3 . . . 43431 6142 1 Birds bird NNS 43431 6142 2 form form VBP 43431 6142 3 a a DT 43431 6142 4 large large JJ 43431 6142 5 and and CC 43431 6142 6 extremely extremely RB 43431 6142 7 homogeneous homogeneous JJ 43431 6142 8 class class NN 43431 6142 9 of of IN 43431 6142 10 the the DT 43431 6142 11 vertebrata vertebrata NN 43431 6142 12 , , , 43431 6142 13 and and CC 43431 6142 14 are be VBP 43431 6142 15 readily readily RB 43431 6142 16 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 6142 17 from from IN 43431 6142 18 all all DT 43431 6142 19 other other JJ 43431 6142 20 animals animal NNS 43431 6142 21 by by IN 43431 6142 22 the the DT 43431 6142 23 possession possession NN 43431 6142 24 of of IN 43431 6142 25 an an DT 43431 6142 26 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 6142 27 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 6142 28 having have VBG 43431 6142 29 the the DT 43431 6142 30 form form NN 43431 6142 31 of of IN 43431 6142 32 feathers feather NNS 43431 6142 33 . . . 43431 6143 1 Feathers feather NNS 43431 6143 2 differ differ VBP 43431 6143 3 from from IN 43431 6143 4 hairs hair NNS 43431 6143 5 in in IN 43431 6143 6 the the DT 43431 6143 7 fact fact NN 43431 6143 8 that that IN 43431 6143 9 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6143 10 grow grow VBP 43431 6143 11 from from IN 43431 6143 12 papillae papillae NNP 43431 6143 13 formed form VBN 43431 6143 14 of of IN 43431 6143 15 both both CC 43431 6143 16 the the DT 43431 6143 17 horny horny NN 43431 6143 18 and and CC 43431 6143 19 the the DT 43431 6143 20 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 6143 21 layer layer NN 43431 6143 22 of of IN 43431 6143 23 the the DT 43431 6143 24 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 6143 25 , , , 43431 6143 26 which which WDT 43431 6143 27 papillae papillae VBZ 43431 6143 28 at at IN 43431 6143 29 first first JJ 43431 6143 30 project project NN 43431 6143 31 from from IN 43431 6143 32 the the DT 43431 6143 33 surface surface NN 43431 6143 34 , , , 43431 6143 35 and and CC 43431 6143 36 only only RB 43431 6143 37 subsequently subsequently RB 43431 6143 38 become become VBN 43431 6143 39 imbedded imbedded JJ 43431 6143 40 in in IN 43431 6143 41 pits pit NNS 43431 6143 42 of of IN 43431 6143 43 the the DT 43431 6143 44 dermis dermis NN 43431 6143 45 . . . 43431 6144 1 A a DT 43431 6144 2 dermal dermal JJ 43431 6144 3 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 6144 4 does do VBZ 43431 6144 5 not not RB 43431 6144 6 occur occur VB 43431 6144 7 in in IN 43431 6144 8 birds bird NNS 43431 6144 9 . . . 43431 6145 1 The the DT 43431 6145 2 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 6145 3 is be VBZ 43431 6145 4 characterised characterise VBN 43431 6145 5 by by IN 43431 6145 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6145 7 lightness lightness NN 43431 6145 8 , , , 43431 6145 9 the the DT 43431 6145 10 large large JJ 43431 6145 11 bones bone NNS 43431 6145 12 being be VBG 43431 6145 13 generally generally RB 43431 6145 14 hollow hollow JJ 43431 6145 15 ; ; : 43431 6145 16 but but CC 43431 6145 17 the the DT 43431 6145 18 pneumaticity pneumaticity NN 43431 6145 19 does do VBZ 43431 6145 20 not not RB 43431 6145 21 vary vary VB 43431 6145 22 in in IN 43431 6145 23 proportion proportion NN 43431 6145 24 to to IN 43431 6145 25 the the DT 43431 6145 26 power power NN 43431 6145 27 of of IN 43431 6145 28 flight flight NN 43431 6145 29 . . . 43431 6146 1 The the DT 43431 6146 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6146 3 part part NN 43431 6146 4 of of IN 43431 6146 5 the the DT 43431 6146 6 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6146 7 column column NN 43431 6146 8 is be VBZ 43431 6146 9 very very RB 43431 6146 10 long long JJ 43431 6146 11 and and CC 43431 6146 12 flexible flexible JJ 43431 6146 13 , , , 43431 6146 14 while while IN 43431 6146 15 the the DT 43431 6146 16 post post JJ 43431 6146 17 - - JJ 43431 6146 18 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6146 19 portion portion NN 43431 6146 20 is be VBZ 43431 6146 21 generally generally RB 43431 6146 22 very very RB 43431 6146 23 rigid rigid JJ 43431 6146 24 , , , 43431 6146 25 owing owe VBG 43431 6146 26 to to IN 43431 6146 27 the the DT 43431 6146 28 fusion fusion NN 43431 6146 29 of of IN 43431 6146 30 many many JJ 43431 6146 31 of of IN 43431 6146 32 the the DT 43431 6146 33 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6146 34 , , , 43431 6146 35 especially especially RB 43431 6146 36 in in IN 43431 6146 37 the the DT 43431 6146 38 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 6146 39 and and CC 43431 6146 40 sacral sacral JJ 43431 6146 41 regions region NNS 43431 6146 42 . . . 43431 6147 1 The the DT 43431 6147 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6147 3 are be VBP 43431 6147 4 generally generally RB 43431 6147 5 without without IN 43431 6147 6 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 6147 7 to to IN 43431 6147 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6147 9 centra centrum NNS 43431 6147 10 . . . 43431 6148 1 The the DT 43431 6148 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6148 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6148 4 in in IN 43431 6148 5 living live VBG 43431 6148 6 forms form NNS 43431 6148 7 have have VBP 43431 6148 8 saddle saddle NN 43431 6148 9 - - HYPH 43431 6148 10 shaped shape VBN 43431 6148 11 articulating articulating NN 43431 6148 12 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6148 13 , , , 43431 6148 14 and and CC 43431 6148 15 many many JJ 43431 6148 16 of of IN 43431 6148 17 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6148 18 bear bear VBP 43431 6148 19 ribs rib NNS 43431 6148 20 . . . 43431 6149 1 The the DT 43431 6149 2 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 6149 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 6149 4 in in IN 43431 6149 5 almost almost RB 43431 6149 6 all all DT 43431 6149 7 birds bird NNS 43431 6149 8 have have VBP 43431 6149 9 large large JJ 43431 6149 10 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 6149 11 processes process NNS 43431 6149 12 . . . 43431 6150 1 The the DT 43431 6150 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 6150 3 is be VBZ 43431 6150 4 very very RB 43431 6150 5 large large JJ 43431 6150 6 , , , 43431 6150 7 and and CC 43431 6150 8 the the DT 43431 6150 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 6150 10 are be VBP 43431 6150 11 always always RB 43431 6150 12 attached attach VBN 43431 6150 13 to to IN 43431 6150 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6150 15 sides side NNS 43431 6150 16 , , , 43431 6150 17 not not RB 43431 6150 18 as as IN 43431 6150 19 in in IN 43431 6150 20 many many JJ 43431 6150 21 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6150 22 to to IN 43431 6150 23 anybackwardly anybackwardly RB 43431 6150 24 projecting project VBG 43431 6150 25 process process NN 43431 6150 26 or or CC 43431 6150 27 processes process NNS 43431 6150 28 . . . 43431 6151 1 The the DT 43431 6151 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 6151 3 ossifies ossifie NNS 43431 6151 4 from from IN 43431 6151 5 two two CD 43431 6151 6 or or CC 43431 6151 7 more more JJR 43431 6151 8 centres centre NNS 43431 6151 9 . . . 43431 6152 1 The the DT 43431 6152 2 skull skull NN 43431 6152 3 is be VBZ 43431 6152 4 extremely extremely RB 43431 6152 5 light light JJ 43431 6152 6 , , , 43431 6152 7 and and CC 43431 6152 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6152 9 component component NN 43431 6152 10 bones bone NNS 43431 6152 11 show show VBP 43431 6152 12 a a DT 43431 6152 13 great great JJ 43431 6152 14 tendency tendency NN 43431 6152 15 to to TO 43431 6152 16 fuse fuse VB 43431 6152 17 together together RB 43431 6152 18 completely completely RB 43431 6152 19 . . . 43431 6153 1 The the DT 43431 6153 2 facial facial JJ 43431 6153 3 part part NN 43431 6153 4 of of IN 43431 6153 5 the the DT 43431 6153 6 skull skull NN 43431 6153 7 is be VBZ 43431 6153 8 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 6153 9 into into IN 43431 6153 10 a a DT 43431 6153 11 beak beak NN 43431 6153 12 , , , 43431 6153 13 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 6153 14 formed form VBN 43431 6153 15 of of IN 43431 6153 16 the the DT 43431 6153 17 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6153 18 ; ; : 43431 6153 19 this this DT 43431 6153 20 beak beak NN 43431 6153 21 is be VBZ 43431 6153 22 in in IN 43431 6153 23 all all DT 43431 6153 24 modern modern JJ 43431 6153 25 birds bird NNS 43431 6153 26 devoid devoid JJ 43431 6153 27 of of IN 43431 6153 28 teeth tooth NNS 43431 6153 29 , , , 43431 6153 30 and and CC 43431 6153 31 is be VBZ 43431 6153 32 coated coat VBN 43431 6153 33 externally externally RB 43431 6153 34 with with IN 43431 6153 35 a a DT 43431 6153 36 horny horny JJ 43431 6153 37 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 6153 38 sheath sheath NN 43431 6153 39 . . . 43431 6154 1 The the DT 43431 6154 2 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 6154 3 is be VBZ 43431 6154 4 large large JJ 43431 6154 5 and and CC 43431 6154 6 freely freely RB 43431 6154 7 movable movable JJ 43431 6154 8 . . . 43431 6155 1 The the DT 43431 6155 2 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 6155 3 arcade[1 arcade[1 NNP 43431 6155 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6155 5 is be VBZ 43431 6155 6 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 6155 7 , , , 43431 6155 8 while while IN 43431 6155 9 the the DT 43431 6155 10 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 6155 11 arcade[95 arcade[95 NNP 43431 6155 12 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6155 13 is be VBZ 43431 6155 14 complete complete JJ 43431 6155 15 . . . 43431 6156 1 There there EX 43431 6156 2 are be VBP 43431 6156 3 no no DT 43431 6156 4 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 6156 5 or or CC 43431 6156 6 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 6156 7 bones bone NNS 43431 6156 8 . . . 43431 6157 1 Neither neither DT 43431 6157 2 parotic parotic JJ 43431 6157 3 processes process NNS 43431 6157 4 nor nor CC 43431 6157 5 an an DT 43431 6157 6 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 6157 7 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6157 8 occur occur VBP 43431 6157 9 . . . 43431 6158 1 There there EX 43431 6158 2 are be VBP 43431 6158 3 commonly commonly RB 43431 6158 4 large large JJ 43431 6158 5 pre pre JJ 43431 6158 6 - - JJ 43431 6158 7 orbital orbital JJ 43431 6158 8 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 6158 9 . . . 43431 6159 1 The the DT 43431 6159 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 6159 3 and and CC 43431 6159 4 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 6159 5 never never RB 43431 6159 6 form form VBP 43431 6159 7 a a DT 43431 6159 8 secondary secondary JJ 43431 6159 9 bony bony NN 43431 6159 10 palate palate NN 43431 6159 11 as as IN 43431 6159 12 in in IN 43431 6159 13 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNP 43431 6159 14 . . . 43431 6160 1 Part part NN 43431 6160 2 of of IN 43431 6160 3 the the DT 43431 6160 4 floor floor NN 43431 6160 5 of of IN 43431 6160 6 the the DT 43431 6160 7 skull skull NN 43431 6160 8 is be VBZ 43431 6160 9 formed form VBN 43431 6160 10 by by IN 43431 6160 11 a a DT 43431 6160 12 wide wide JJ 43431 6160 13 _ _ NNP 43431 6160 14 basitemporal basitemporal NN 43431 6160 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6160 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6160 17 paired pair VBN 43431 6160 18 in in IN 43431 6160 19 the the DT 43431 6160 20 embryo embryo NN 43431 6160 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6160 22 which which WDT 43431 6160 23 is be VBZ 43431 6160 24 continued continue VBN 43431 6160 25 in in IN 43431 6160 26 front front NN 43431 6160 27 as as IN 43431 6160 28 a a DT 43431 6160 29 long long JJ 43431 6160 30 slender slender NN 43431 6160 31 _ _ NNP 43431 6160 32 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 6160 33 _ _ NNP 43431 6160 34 ; ; : 43431 6160 35 these these DT 43431 6160 36 structures structure NNS 43431 6160 37 have have VBP 43431 6160 38 replaced replace VBN 43431 6160 39 the the DT 43431 6160 40 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 6160 41 of of IN 43431 6160 42 Ichthyopsids Ichthyopsids NNP 43431 6160 43 . . . 43431 6161 1 Cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6161 2 or or CC 43431 6161 3 bone bone NN 43431 6161 4 is be VBZ 43431 6161 5 always always RB 43431 6161 6 developed develop VBN 43431 6161 7 in in IN 43431 6161 8 the the DT 43431 6161 9 sclerotic sclerotic NN 43431 6161 10 . . . 43431 6162 1 The the DT 43431 6162 2 first first JJ 43431 6162 3 branchial branchial JJ 43431 6162 4 arch arch NN 43431 6162 5 is be VBZ 43431 6162 6 well well RB 43431 6162 7 developed developed JJ 43431 6162 8 , , , 43431 6162 9 the the DT 43431 6162 10 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 6162 11 arch arch NN 43431 6162 12 but but CC 43431 6162 13 slightly slightly RB 43431 6162 14 . . . 43431 6163 1 The the DT 43431 6163 2 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 6163 3 are be VBP 43431 6163 4 large large JJ 43431 6163 5 , , , 43431 6163 6 and and CC 43431 6163 7 the the DT 43431 6163 8 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 6163 9 are be VBP 43431 6163 10 nearly nearly RB 43431 6163 11 always always RB 43431 6163 12 united unite VBN 43431 6163 13 forming form VBG 43431 6163 14 the the DT 43431 6163 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6163 16 furcula furcula NN 43431 6163 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6163 18 . . . 43431 6164 1 There there EX 43431 6164 2 is be VBZ 43431 6164 3 no no DT 43431 6164 4 separate separate JJ 43431 6164 5 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 6164 6 and and CC 43431 6164 7 hardly hardly RB 43431 6164 8 any any DT 43431 6164 9 trace trace NN 43431 6164 10 of of IN 43431 6164 11 a a DT 43431 6164 12 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 6164 13 . . . 43431 6165 1 The the DT 43431 6165 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 6165 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 6165 4 form form NN 43431 6165 5 wings wing NNS 43431 6165 6 , , , 43431 6165 7 and and CC 43431 6165 8 the the DT 43431 6165 9 manus manus NN 43431 6165 10 is be VBZ 43431 6165 11 in in IN 43431 6165 12 the the DT 43431 6165 13 adult adult NN 43431 6165 14 always always RB 43431 6165 15 much much RB 43431 6165 16 modified modify VBN 43431 6165 17 , , , 43431 6165 18 never never RB 43431 6165 19 having have VBG 43431 6165 20 more more JJR 43431 6165 21 than than IN 43431 6165 22 three three CD 43431 6165 23 digits digit NNS 43431 6165 24 . . . 43431 6166 1 The the DT 43431 6166 2 three three CD 43431 6166 3 bones bone NNS 43431 6166 4 of of IN 43431 6166 5 the the DT 43431 6166 6 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 6166 7 are be VBP 43431 6166 8 , , , 43431 6166 9 except except IN 43431 6166 10 in in IN 43431 6166 11 Archaeornithes Archaeornithes NNP 43431 6166 12 , , , 43431 6166 13 always always RB 43431 6166 14 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6166 15 together together RB 43431 6166 16 in in IN 43431 6166 17 the the DT 43431 6166 18 adult adult NN 43431 6166 19 , , , 43431 6166 20 and and CC 43431 6166 21 the the DT 43431 6166 22 ilium ilium NN 43431 6166 23 is be VBZ 43431 6166 24 greatly greatly RB 43431 6166 25 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 6166 26 in in IN 43431 6166 27 front front NN 43431 6166 28 of of IN 43431 6166 29 the the DT 43431 6166 30 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6166 31 , , , 43431 6166 32 which which WDT 43431 6166 33 is be VBZ 43431 6166 34 perforated perforate VBN 43431 6166 35 . . . 43431 6167 1 The the DT 43431 6167 2 ilia ilium NNS 43431 6167 3 are be VBP 43431 6167 4 not not RB 43431 6167 5 connected connect VBN 43431 6167 6 with with IN 43431 6167 7 the the DT 43431 6167 8 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 6167 9 by by IN 43431 6167 10 ossified ossify VBN 43431 6167 11 sacral sacral JJ 43431 6167 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 6167 13 . . . 43431 6168 1 The the DT 43431 6168 2 pubes pubis NNS 43431 6168 3 and and CC 43431 6168 4 ischia ischia NN 43431 6168 5 are be VBP 43431 6168 6 directed direct VBN 43431 6168 7 backwards backwards RB 43431 6168 8 parallel parallel JJ 43431 6168 9 to to IN 43431 6168 10 one one CD 43431 6168 11 another another DT 43431 6168 12 , , , 43431 6168 13 and and CC 43431 6168 14 except except IN 43431 6168 15 in in IN 43431 6168 16 a a DT 43431 6168 17 very very RB 43431 6168 18 few few JJ 43431 6168 19 forms form NNS 43431 6168 20 never never RB 43431 6168 21 meet meet VBP 43431 6168 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6168 23 fellows fellow NNS 43431 6168 24 in in IN 43431 6168 25 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6168 26 symphyses symphysis NNS 43431 6168 27 . . . 43431 6169 1 The the DT 43431 6169 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 6169 3 is be VBZ 43431 6169 4 generally generally RB 43431 6169 5 much much RB 43431 6169 6 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6169 7 . . . 43431 6170 1 The the DT 43431 6170 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6170 3 tarsal tarsal NN 43431 6170 4 bones bone NNS 43431 6170 5 are be VBP 43431 6170 6 always always RB 43431 6170 7 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 6170 8 to to IN 43431 6170 9 the the DT 43431 6170 10 tibia tibia NNP 43431 6170 11 , , , 43431 6170 12 and and CC 43431 6170 13 the the DT 43431 6170 14 distal distal JJ 43431 6170 15 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 6170 16 to to IN 43431 6170 17 the the DT 43431 6170 18 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 6170 19 , , , 43431 6170 20 so so IN 43431 6170 21 that that IN 43431 6170 22 the the DT 43431 6170 23 ankle ankle NN 43431 6170 24 joint joint NN 43431 6170 25 is be VBZ 43431 6170 26 _ _ NNP 43431 6170 27 intertarsal intertarsal JJ 43431 6170 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6170 29 . . . 43431 6171 1 The the DT 43431 6171 2 first first JJ 43431 6171 3 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 6171 4 is be VBZ 43431 6171 5 nearly nearly RB 43431 6171 6 always always RB 43431 6171 7 free free JJ 43431 6171 8 . . . 43431 6172 1 The the DT 43431 6172 2 pes pe NNS 43431 6172 3 never never RB 43431 6172 4 has have VBZ 43431 6172 5 more more JJR 43431 6172 6 than than IN 43431 6172 7 four four CD 43431 6172 8 digits digit NNS 43431 6172 9 in in IN 43431 6172 10 the the DT 43431 6172 11 adult adult NN 43431 6172 12 . . . 43431 6173 1 The the DT 43431 6173 2 class class NN 43431 6173 3 Aves Aves NNPS 43431 6173 4 is be VBZ 43431 6173 5 most most RBS 43431 6173 6 conveniently conveniently RB 43431 6173 7 divided divide VBN 43431 6173 8 into into IN 43431 6173 9 two two CD 43431 6173 10 subclasses subclass NNS 43431 6173 11 : : : 43431 6173 12 1 1 CD 43431 6173 13 . . . 43431 6174 1 Archaeornithes archaeornithe NNS 43431 6174 2 . . . 43431 6175 1 2 2 LS 43431 6175 2 . . . 43431 6176 1 Neornithes neornithe NNS 43431 6176 2 . . . 43431 6177 1 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 6177 2 I. I. NNP 43431 6177 3 ARCHAEORNITHES ARCHAEORNITHES NNP 43431 6177 4 . . . 43431 6178 1 The the DT 43431 6178 2 only only JJ 43431 6178 3 form form NN 43431 6178 4 referred refer VBN 43431 6178 5 to to IN 43431 6178 6 this this DT 43431 6178 7 subclass subclass NN 43431 6178 8 of of IN 43431 6178 9 extinct extinct JJ 43431 6178 10 birds bird NNS 43431 6178 11 is be VBZ 43431 6178 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6178 13 Archaeopteryx_[96 Archaeopteryx_[96 NNP 43431 6178 14 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6178 15 , , , 43431 6178 16 the the DT 43431 6178 17 earliest early JJS 43431 6178 18 known know VBN 43431 6178 19 bird bird NN 43431 6178 20 . . . 43431 6179 1 In in IN 43431 6179 2 this this DT 43431 6179 3 animal animal NN 43431 6179 4 the the DT 43431 6179 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 6179 6 does do VBZ 43431 6179 7 not not RB 43431 6179 8 seem seem VB 43431 6179 9 to to TO 43431 6179 10 be be VB 43431 6179 11 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 6179 12 . . . 43431 6180 1 The the DT 43431 6180 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6180 3 and and CC 43431 6180 4 trunk trunk NN 43431 6180 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6180 6 are be VBP 43431 6180 7 generally generally RB 43431 6180 8 thought think VBN 43431 6180 9 to to TO 43431 6180 10 be be VB 43431 6180 11 flat flat JJ 43431 6180 12 , , , 43431 6180 13 certainly certainly RB 43431 6180 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6180 15 articulating articulating NN 43431 6180 16 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6180 17 are be VBP 43431 6180 18 not not RB 43431 6180 19 saddle saddle RB 43431 6180 20 - - HYPH 43431 6180 21 shaped shaped JJ 43431 6180 22 . . . 43431 6181 1 There there EX 43431 6181 2 is be VBZ 43431 6181 3 no no DT 43431 6181 4 long long JJ 43431 6181 5 compound compound NN 43431 6181 6 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 6181 7 as as IN 43431 6181 8 in in IN 43431 6181 9 modern modern JJ 43431 6181 10 birds bird NNS 43431 6181 11 . . . 43431 6182 1 The the DT 43431 6182 2 tail tail NN 43431 6182 3 is be VBZ 43431 6182 4 longer long JJR 43431 6182 5 than than IN 43431 6182 6 the the DT 43431 6182 7 whole whole JJ 43431 6182 8 body body NN 43431 6182 9 , , , 43431 6182 10 the the DT 43431 6182 11 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6182 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6182 13 are be VBP 43431 6182 14 twenty twenty CD 43431 6182 15 in in IN 43431 6182 16 number number NN 43431 6182 17 , , , 43431 6182 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6182 19 gradually gradually RB 43431 6182 20 taper taper VBP 43431 6182 21 as as IN 43431 6182 22 traced trace VBN 43431 6182 23 away away RB 43431 6182 24 from from IN 43431 6182 25 the the DT 43431 6182 26 trunk trunk NN 43431 6182 27 , , , 43431 6182 28 and and CC 43431 6182 29 each each DT 43431 6182 30 bears bear VBZ 43431 6182 31 a a DT 43431 6182 32 pair pair NN 43431 6182 33 of of IN 43431 6182 34 feathers feather NNS 43431 6182 35 . . . 43431 6183 1 The the DT 43431 6183 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 6183 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6183 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6183 5 are be VBP 43431 6183 6 not not RB 43431 6183 7 united united JJ 43431 6183 8 together together RB 43431 6183 9 to to TO 43431 6183 10 form form VB 43431 6183 11 a a DT 43431 6183 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6183 13 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6183 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6183 15 . . . 43431 6184 1 The the DT 43431 6184 2 upper upper JJ 43431 6184 3 jaw jaw NN 43431 6184 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 6184 5 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 6184 6 pairs pair NNS 43431 6184 7 of of IN 43431 6184 8 conical conical JJ 43431 6184 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 6184 10 , , , 43431 6184 11 planted plant VBN 43431 6184 12 in in IN 43431 6184 13 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6184 14 sockets socket NNS 43431 6184 15 in in IN 43431 6184 16 the the DT 43431 6184 17 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 6184 18 and and CC 43431 6184 19 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 6184 20 , , , 43431 6184 21 but but CC 43431 6184 22 the the DT 43431 6184 23 mandible mandible NN 43431 6184 24 has have VBZ 43431 6184 25 only only RB 43431 6184 26 three three CD 43431 6184 27 pairs pair NNS 43431 6184 28 . . . 43431 6185 1 The the DT 43431 6185 2 presence presence NN 43431 6185 3 of of IN 43431 6185 4 these these DT 43431 6185 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 6185 6 forms form VBZ 43431 6185 7 the the DT 43431 6185 8 most most RBS 43431 6185 9 essential essential JJ 43431 6185 10 difference difference NN 43431 6185 11 between between IN 43431 6185 12 the the DT 43431 6185 13 skull skull NN 43431 6185 14 of of IN 43431 6185 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6185 16 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6185 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6185 18 and and CC 43431 6185 19 that that DT 43431 6185 20 of of IN 43431 6185 21 modern modern JJ 43431 6185 22 birds bird NNS 43431 6185 23 , , , 43431 6185 24 and and CC 43431 6185 25 the the DT 43431 6185 26 fact fact NN 43431 6185 27 that that IN 43431 6185 28 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6185 29 occur occur VBP 43431 6185 30 on on IN 43431 6185 31 the the DT 43431 6185 32 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6185 33 renders render VBZ 43431 6185 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6185 35 improbable improbable JJ 43431 6185 36 that that IN 43431 6185 37 a a DT 43431 6185 38 horny horny JJ 43431 6185 39 beak beak NN 43431 6185 40 was be VBD 43431 6185 41 present present JJ 43431 6185 42 . . . 43431 6186 1 There there EX 43431 6186 2 is be VBZ 43431 6186 3 a a DT 43431 6186 4 ring ring NN 43431 6186 5 of of IN 43431 6186 6 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 6186 7 in in IN 43431 6186 8 the the DT 43431 6186 9 sclerotic sclerotic NN 43431 6186 10 . . . 43431 6187 1 The the DT 43431 6187 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 6187 3 do do VBP 43431 6187 4 not not RB 43431 6187 5 show show VB 43431 6187 6 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 6187 7 processes process NNS 43431 6187 8 , , , 43431 6187 9 and and CC 43431 6187 10 articulate articulate VB 43431 6187 11 with with IN 43431 6187 12 the the DT 43431 6187 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6187 14 by by IN 43431 6187 15 single single JJ 43431 6187 16 heads head NNS 43431 6187 17 not not RB 43431 6187 18 divided divide VBN 43431 6187 19 into into IN 43431 6187 20 capitula capitula NN 43431 6187 21 and and CC 43431 6187 22 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 6187 23 . . . 43431 6188 1 Abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 6188 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 6188 3 appear appear VBP 43431 6188 4 to to TO 43431 6188 5 have have VB 43431 6188 6 been be VBN 43431 6188 7 present present JJ 43431 6188 8 . . . 43431 6189 1 The the DT 43431 6189 2 furcula furcula NN 43431 6189 3 is be VBZ 43431 6189 4 large large JJ 43431 6189 5 , , , 43431 6189 6 and and CC 43431 6189 7 the the DT 43431 6189 8 scapula scapula NN 43431 6189 9 has have VBZ 43431 6189 10 a a DT 43431 6189 11 well well RB 43431 6189 12 developed develop VBN 43431 6189 13 acromion acromion NN 43431 6189 14 . . . 43431 6190 1 The the DT 43431 6190 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 6190 3 is be VBZ 43431 6190 4 unknown unknown JJ 43431 6190 5 . . . 43431 6191 1 The the DT 43431 6191 2 radius radius NN 43431 6191 3 and and CC 43431 6191 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 6191 5 are be VBP 43431 6191 6 approximately approximately RB 43431 6191 7 equal equal JJ 43431 6191 8 in in IN 43431 6191 9 size size NN 43431 6191 10 . . . 43431 6192 1 In in IN 43431 6192 2 the the DT 43431 6192 3 manus manus NN 43431 6192 4 the the DT 43431 6192 5 first first JJ 43431 6192 6 , , , 43431 6192 7 second second JJ 43431 6192 8 and and CC 43431 6192 9 third third JJ 43431 6192 10 digits[97 digits[97 NN 43431 6192 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6192 12 are be VBP 43431 6192 13 present present JJ 43431 6192 14 , , , 43431 6192 15 each each DT 43431 6192 16 terminated terminate VBN 43431 6192 17 by by IN 43431 6192 18 a a DT 43431 6192 19 claw claw NN 43431 6192 20 . . . 43431 6193 1 The the DT 43431 6193 2 second second JJ 43431 6193 3 digit digit NN 43431 6193 4 is be VBZ 43431 6193 5 considerably considerably RB 43431 6193 6 the the DT 43431 6193 7 longest long JJS 43431 6193 8 , , , 43431 6193 9 while while IN 43431 6193 10 the the DT 43431 6193 11 third third NN 43431 6193 12 includes include VBZ 43431 6193 13 four four CD 43431 6193 14 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6193 15 . . . 43431 6194 1 The the DT 43431 6194 2 three three CD 43431 6194 3 bones bone NNS 43431 6194 4 of of IN 43431 6194 5 the the DT 43431 6194 6 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 6194 7 probably probably RB 43431 6194 8 remained remain VBD 43431 6194 9 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6194 10 throughout throughout IN 43431 6194 11 life life NN 43431 6194 12 . . . 43431 6195 1 The the DT 43431 6195 2 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 6195 3 are be VBP 43431 6195 4 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6195 5 respectively respectively RB 43431 6195 6 to to IN 43431 6195 7 the the DT 43431 6195 8 tibia tibia NNP 43431 6195 9 and and CC 43431 6195 10 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 6195 11 as as IN 43431 6195 12 in in IN 43431 6195 13 other other JJ 43431 6195 14 birds bird NNS 43431 6195 15 . . . 43431 6196 1 The the DT 43431 6196 2 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 6196 3 are be VBP 43431 6196 4 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6196 5 together together RB 43431 6196 6 , , , 43431 6196 7 and and CC 43431 6196 8 the the DT 43431 6196 9 pes pe NNS 43431 6196 10 has have VBZ 43431 6196 11 four four CD 43431 6196 12 digits digit NNS 43431 6196 13 . . . 43431 6197 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6197 2 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 6197 3 II II NNP 43431 6197 4 . . . 43431 6197 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6197 6 NEORNITHES NEORNITHES NNP 43431 6197 7 . . . 43431 6198 1 To to IN 43431 6198 2 this this DT 43431 6198 3 subclass subclass NN 43431 6198 4 may may MD 43431 6198 5 be be VB 43431 6198 6 referred refer VBN 43431 6198 7 all all DT 43431 6198 8 known know VBN 43431 6198 9 birds bird NNS 43431 6198 10 except except IN 43431 6198 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6198 12 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6198 13 _ _ NNP 43431 6198 14 . . . 43431 6199 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6199 2 all all DT 43431 6199 3 agree agree VBP 43431 6199 4 in in IN 43431 6199 5 having have VBG 43431 6199 6 a a DT 43431 6199 7 short short JJ 43431 6199 8 tail tail NN 43431 6199 9 whose whose WP$ 43431 6199 10 component component NN 43431 6199 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6199 12 are be VBP 43431 6199 13 commonly commonly RB 43431 6199 14 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6199 15 together together RB 43431 6199 16 forming form VBG 43431 6199 17 a a DT 43431 6199 18 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6199 19 . . . 43431 6200 1 The the DT 43431 6200 2 three three CD 43431 6200 3 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 6200 4 do do VBP 43431 6200 5 not not RB 43431 6200 6 all all DT 43431 6200 7 remain remain VB 43431 6200 8 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6200 9 . . . 43431 6201 1 The the DT 43431 6201 2 bones bone NNS 43431 6201 3 of of IN 43431 6201 4 the the DT 43431 6201 5 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 6201 6 are be VBP 43431 6201 7 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6201 8 together together RB 43431 6201 9 , , , 43431 6201 10 and and CC 43431 6201 11 to to IN 43431 6201 12 a a DT 43431 6201 13 large large JJ 43431 6201 14 though though IN 43431 6201 15 variable variable JJ 43431 6201 16 number number NN 43431 6201 17 of of IN 43431 6201 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6201 19 . . . 43431 6202 1 There there EX 43431 6202 2 are be VBP 43431 6202 3 three three CD 43431 6202 4 orders order NNS 43431 6202 5 , , , 43431 6202 6 the the DT 43431 6202 7 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6202 8 , , , 43431 6202 9 Odontolcae Odontolcae NNP 43431 6202 10 , , , 43431 6202 11 and and CC 43431 6202 12 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6202 13 . . . 43431 6203 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6203 2 Order Order NNP 43431 6203 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6203 4 1 1 CD 43431 6203 5 . . . 43431 6204 1 RATITAE RATITAE NNP 43431 6204 2 . . . 43431 6205 1 The the DT 43431 6205 2 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6205 3 differ differ VBP 43431 6205 4 from from IN 43431 6205 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6205 6 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6205 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6205 8 and and CC 43431 6205 9 the the DT 43431 6205 10 great great JJ 43431 6205 11 majority majority NN 43431 6205 12 of of IN 43431 6205 13 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6205 14 in in IN 43431 6205 15 being be VBG 43431 6205 16 flightless flightless NN 43431 6205 17 . . . 43431 6206 1 The the DT 43431 6206 2 bones bone NNS 43431 6206 3 are be VBP 43431 6206 4 generally generally RB 43431 6206 5 not not RB 43431 6206 6 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 6206 7 , , , 43431 6206 8 containing contain VBG 43431 6206 9 marrow marrow NN 43431 6206 10 instead instead RB 43431 6206 11 of of IN 43431 6206 12 air air NN 43431 6206 13 , , , 43431 6206 14 in in IN 43431 6206 15 the the DT 43431 6206 16 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 6206 17 however however RB 43431 6206 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6206 19 are be VBP 43431 6206 20 very very RB 43431 6206 21 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 6206 22 . . . 43431 6207 1 The the DT 43431 6207 2 tail tail NN 43431 6207 3 is be VBZ 43431 6207 4 short short JJ 43431 6207 5 and and CC 43431 6207 6 the the DT 43431 6207 7 posterior posterior NN 43431 6207 8 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6207 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6207 10 are be VBP 43431 6207 11 generally generally RB 43431 6207 12 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6207 13 together together RB 43431 6207 14 forming form VBG 43431 6207 15 a a DT 43431 6207 16 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6207 17 . . . 43431 6208 1 The the DT 43431 6208 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 6208 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 6208 4 has have VBZ 43431 6208 5 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 6208 6 a a DT 43431 6208 7 much much RB 43431 6208 8 smaller small JJR 43431 6208 9 size size NN 43431 6208 10 than than IN 43431 6208 11 in in IN 43431 6208 12 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6208 13 , , , 43431 6208 14 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 6208 15 are be VBP 43431 6208 16 small small JJ 43431 6208 17 or or CC 43431 6208 18 absent absent JJ 43431 6208 19 , , , 43431 6208 20 and and CC 43431 6208 21 the the DT 43431 6208 22 scapula scapula NN 43431 6208 23 and and CC 43431 6208 24 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6208 25 lie lie VBP 43431 6208 26 nearly nearly RB 43431 6208 27 in in IN 43431 6208 28 the the DT 43431 6208 29 same same JJ 43431 6208 30 straight straight JJ 43431 6208 31 line line NN 43431 6208 32 . . . 43431 6209 1 The the DT 43431 6209 2 ilium ilium NN 43431 6209 3 and and CC 43431 6209 4 ischium ischium NN 43431 6209 5 do do VBP 43431 6209 6 not not RB 43431 6209 7 as as IN 43431 6209 8 in in IN 43431 6209 9 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6209 10 unite unite VB 43431 6209 11 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6209 12 , , , 43431 6209 13 and and CC 43431 6209 14 enclose enclose VB 43431 6209 15 a a DT 43431 6209 16 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6209 17 except except IN 43431 6209 18 in in IN 43431 6209 19 very very RB 43431 6209 20 old old JJ 43431 6209 21 Rheas Rheas NNPS 43431 6209 22 and and CC 43431 6209 23 Emeus Emeus NNP 43431 6209 24 . . . 43431 6210 1 The the DT 43431 6210 2 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 6210 3 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6210 4 with with IN 43431 6210 5 the the DT 43431 6210 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 6210 7 by by IN 43431 6210 8 a a DT 43431 6210 9 single single JJ 43431 6210 10 head head NN 43431 6210 11 . . . 43431 6211 1 The the DT 43431 6211 2 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6211 3 unite unite VBP 43431 6211 4 and and CC 43431 6211 5 form form VB 43431 6211 6 a a DT 43431 6211 7 broad broad JJ 43431 6211 8 plate plate NN 43431 6211 9 , , , 43431 6211 10 separating separate VBG 43431 6211 11 the the DT 43431 6211 12 palatines palatine NNS 43431 6211 13 , , , 43431 6211 14 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 6211 15 and and CC 43431 6211 16 basisphenoidal basisphenoidal JJ 43431 6211 17 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 6211 18 . . . 43431 6212 1 The the DT 43431 6212 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 6212 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 6212 4 are be VBP 43431 6212 5 greatly greatly RB 43431 6212 6 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6212 7 in in IN 43431 6212 8 size size NN 43431 6212 9 or or CC 43431 6212 10 even even RB 43431 6212 11 absent absent JJ 43431 6212 12 , , , 43431 6212 13 while while IN 43431 6212 14 the the DT 43431 6212 15 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6212 16 limbs limb NNS 43431 6212 17 are be VBP 43431 6212 18 greatly greatly RB 43431 6212 19 developed develop VBN 43431 6212 20 and and CC 43431 6212 21 adapted adapt VBN 43431 6212 22 for for IN 43431 6212 23 running run VBG 43431 6212 24 . . . 43431 6213 1 The the DT 43431 6213 2 tibia tibia NN 43431 6213 3 and and CC 43431 6213 4 fibula fibula NN 43431 6213 5 are be VBP 43431 6213 6 quite quite RB 43431 6213 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6213 8 . . . 43431 6214 1 Many many JJ 43431 6214 2 ornithologists ornithologist NNS 43431 6214 3 agree agree VBP 43431 6214 4 that that IN 43431 6214 5 the the DT 43431 6214 6 various various JJ 43431 6214 7 forms form NNS 43431 6214 8 grouped group VBN 43431 6214 9 together together RB 43431 6214 10 as as IN 43431 6214 11 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6214 12 are be VBP 43431 6214 13 not not RB 43431 6214 14 all all DT 43431 6214 15 very very RB 43431 6214 16 closely closely RB 43431 6214 17 allied ally VBN 43431 6214 18 to to IN 43431 6214 19 one one CD 43431 6214 20 another another DT 43431 6214 21 , , , 43431 6214 22 that that IN 43431 6214 23 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6214 24 resemble resemble VBP 43431 6214 25 one one NN 43431 6214 26 another another DT 43431 6214 27 mainly mainly RB 43431 6214 28 in in IN 43431 6214 29 having have VBG 43431 6214 30 lost lose VBN 43431 6214 31 the the DT 43431 6214 32 power power NN 43431 6214 33 of of IN 43431 6214 34 flight flight NN 43431 6214 35 , , , 43431 6214 36 and and CC 43431 6214 37 do do VBP 43431 6214 38 not not RB 43431 6214 39 form form VB 43431 6214 40 a a DT 43431 6214 41 natural natural JJ 43431 6214 42 group group NN 43431 6214 43 . . . 43431 6215 1 The the DT 43431 6215 2 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6215 3 include include VBP 43431 6215 4 the the DT 43431 6215 5 following follow VBG 43431 6215 6 groups:-- groups:-- NN 43431 6215 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6215 8 à à NNP 43431 6215 9 � � NNP 43431 6215 10 pyornithes_[98 pyornithes_[98 VBZ 43431 6215 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6215 12 , , , 43431 6215 13 huge huge JJ 43431 6215 14 extinct extinct JJ 43431 6215 15 birds bird NNS 43431 6215 16 from from IN 43431 6215 17 Madagascar Madagascar NNP 43431 6215 18 . . . 43431 6216 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6216 2 Apteryges Apteryges NNP 43431 6216 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6216 4 , , , 43431 6216 5 including include VBG 43431 6216 6 the the DT 43431 6216 7 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 6216 8 of of IN 43431 6216 9 New New NNP 43431 6216 10 Zealand Zealand NNP 43431 6216 11 . . . 43431 6217 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6217 2 Dinornithes_[99 Dinornithes_[99 NNP 43431 6217 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6217 4 , , , 43431 6217 5 the the DT 43431 6217 6 Moas Moas NNP 43431 6217 7 , , , 43431 6217 8 huge huge JJ 43431 6217 9 extinct extinct JJ 43431 6217 10 birds bird NNS 43431 6217 11 from from IN 43431 6217 12 New New NNP 43431 6217 13 Zealand Zealand NNP 43431 6217 14 , , , 43431 6217 15 and and CC 43431 6217 16 some some DT 43431 6217 17 of of IN 43431 6217 18 the the DT 43431 6217 19 neighbouring neighbour VBG 43431 6217 20 islands island NNS 43431 6217 21 . . . 43431 6218 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6218 2 Megistanes Megistanes NNPS 43431 6218 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6218 4 , , , 43431 6218 5 including include VBG 43431 6218 6 the the DT 43431 6218 7 Cassowaries Cassowaries NNPS 43431 6218 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6218 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6218 10 Casuarius Casuarius NNP 43431 6218 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6218 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6218 13 of of IN 43431 6218 14 Australia Australia NNP 43431 6218 15 , , , 43431 6218 16 New New NNP 43431 6218 17 Guinea Guinea NNP 43431 6218 18 , , , 43431 6218 19 and and CC 43431 6218 20 some some DT 43431 6218 21 of of IN 43431 6218 22 the the DT 43431 6218 23 neighbouring neighbour VBG 43431 6218 24 islands island NNS 43431 6218 25 ; ; : 43431 6218 26 and and CC 43431 6218 27 the the DT 43431 6218 28 Emeus Emeus NNPS 43431 6218 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6218 30 _ _ NNP 43431 6218 31 Dromaeus Dromaeus NNP 43431 6218 32 _ _ NNP 43431 6218 33 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6218 34 of of IN 43431 6218 35 Australia Australia NNP 43431 6218 36 . . . 43431 6219 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6219 2 Rheornithes Rheornithes NNP 43431 6219 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6219 4 , , , 43431 6219 5 including include VBG 43431 6219 6 the the DT 43431 6219 7 Rheas Rheas NNP 43431 6219 8 of of IN 43431 6219 9 S. S. NNP 43431 6219 10 America America NNP 43431 6219 11 . . . 43431 6220 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6220 2 Struthiornithes Struthiornithes NNP 43431 6220 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6220 4 , , , 43431 6220 5 including include VBG 43431 6220 6 the the DT 43431 6220 7 Ostriches Ostriches NNP 43431 6220 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6220 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6220 10 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 6220 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6220 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6220 13 now now RB 43431 6220 14 living live VBG 43431 6220 15 in in IN 43431 6220 16 Africa Africa NNP 43431 6220 17 , , , 43431 6220 18 and and CC 43431 6220 19 found find VBD 43431 6220 20 fossil fossil NN 43431 6220 21 in in IN 43431 6220 22 N. N. NNP 43431 6220 23 India India NNP 43431 6220 24 and and CC 43431 6220 25 Samos Samos NNP 43431 6220 26 . . . 43431 6221 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6221 2 Order Order NNP 43431 6221 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6221 4 2 2 CD 43431 6221 5 . . . 43431 6222 1 ODONTOLCAE ODONTOLCAE NNP 43431 6222 2 . . . 43431 6223 1 This this DT 43431 6223 2 order order NN 43431 6223 3 includes include VBZ 43431 6223 4 only only RB 43431 6223 5 an an DT 43431 6223 6 extinct extinct JJ 43431 6223 7 N. N. NNP 43431 6223 8 American american JJ 43431 6223 9 bird bird NN 43431 6223 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6223 11 Hesperornis_[100 Hesperornis_[100 NNP 43431 6223 12 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6223 13 . . . 43431 6224 1 The the DT 43431 6224 2 jaws jaw NNS 43431 6224 3 are be VBP 43431 6224 4 provided provide VBN 43431 6224 5 with with IN 43431 6224 6 a a DT 43431 6224 7 series series NN 43431 6224 8 of of IN 43431 6224 9 sharp sharp JJ 43431 6224 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 6224 11 placed place VBN 43431 6224 12 in in IN 43431 6224 13 continuous continuous JJ 43431 6224 14 grooves groove NNS 43431 6224 15 , , , 43431 6224 16 but but CC 43431 6224 17 the the DT 43431 6224 18 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 6224 19 are be VBP 43431 6224 20 toothless toothless JJ 43431 6224 21 , , , 43431 6224 22 and and CC 43431 6224 23 were be VBD 43431 6224 24 probably probably RB 43431 6224 25 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 6224 26 in in IN 43431 6224 27 a a DT 43431 6224 28 horny horny JJ 43431 6224 29 beak beak NN 43431 6224 30 . . . 43431 6225 1 The the DT 43431 6225 2 rami rami NN 43431 6225 3 of of IN 43431 6225 4 the the DT 43431 6225 5 mandible mandible JJ 43431 6225 6 are be VBP 43431 6225 7 not not RB 43431 6225 8 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6225 9 together together RB 43431 6225 10 in in IN 43431 6225 11 front front NN 43431 6225 12 . . . 43431 6226 1 The the DT 43431 6226 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 6226 3 is be VBZ 43431 6226 4 not not RB 43431 6226 5 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 6226 6 . . . 43431 6227 1 The the DT 43431 6227 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6227 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6227 4 have have VBP 43431 6227 5 saddle saddle NN 43431 6227 6 - - HYPH 43431 6227 7 shaped shape VBN 43431 6227 8 articulating articulating NN 43431 6227 9 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6227 10 as as IN 43431 6227 11 in in IN 43431 6227 12 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 6227 13 birds bird NNS 43431 6227 14 , , , 43431 6227 15 and and CC 43431 6227 16 the the DT 43431 6227 17 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6227 18 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 6227 19 are be VBP 43431 6227 20 not not RB 43431 6227 21 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6227 22 together together RB 43431 6227 23 . . . 43431 6228 1 The the DT 43431 6228 2 tail tail NN 43431 6228 3 is be VBZ 43431 6228 4 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 6228 5 long long JJ 43431 6228 6 , , , 43431 6228 7 and and CC 43431 6228 8 formed form VBN 43431 6228 9 of of IN 43431 6228 10 twelve twelve CD 43431 6228 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6228 12 with with IN 43431 6228 13 only only JJ 43431 6228 14 slight slight JJ 43431 6228 15 indications indication NNS 43431 6228 16 of of IN 43431 6228 17 a a DT 43431 6228 18 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6228 19 . . . 43431 6229 1 The the DT 43431 6229 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 6229 3 have have VBP 43431 6229 4 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 6229 5 processes process NNS 43431 6229 6 . . . 43431 6230 1 The the DT 43431 6230 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 6230 3 limb limb NN 43431 6230 4 is be VBZ 43431 6230 5 quite quite RB 43431 6230 6 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 6230 7 , , , 43431 6230 8 being be VBG 43431 6230 9 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6230 10 to to IN 43431 6230 11 a a DT 43431 6230 12 slender slender NN 43431 6230 13 humerus humerus NNP 43431 6230 14 . . . 43431 6231 1 The the DT 43431 6231 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 6231 3 limb limb NN 43431 6231 4 is be VBZ 43431 6231 5 very very RB 43431 6231 6 powerful powerful JJ 43431 6231 7 and and CC 43431 6231 8 adapted adapt VBN 43431 6231 9 for for IN 43431 6231 10 swimming swimming NN 43431 6231 11 . . . 43431 6232 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6232 2 Order Order NNP 43431 6232 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6232 4 3 3 CD 43431 6232 5 . . . 43431 6233 1 CARINATAE CARINATAE NNP 43431 6233 2 . . . 43431 6234 1 This this DT 43431 6234 2 order order NN 43431 6234 3 includes include VBZ 43431 6234 4 the the DT 43431 6234 5 vast vast JJ 43431 6234 6 majority majority NN 43431 6234 7 of of IN 43431 6234 8 living living NN 43431 6234 9 birds bird NNS 43431 6234 10 . . . 43431 6235 1 The the DT 43431 6235 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6235 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6235 4 have have VBP 43431 6235 5 saddle saddle NN 43431 6235 6 - - HYPH 43431 6235 7 shaped shape VBN 43431 6235 8 articulating articulating NN 43431 6235 9 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6235 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6235 11 except except IN 43431 6235 12 in in IN 43431 6235 13 the the DT 43431 6235 14 Ichthyornithiformes Ichthyornithiformes NNPS 43431 6235 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6235 16 . . . 43431 6236 1 The the DT 43431 6236 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 6236 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6236 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6236 5 are be VBP 43431 6236 6 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6236 7 forming form VBG 43431 6236 8 a a DT 43431 6236 9 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6236 10 . . . 43431 6237 1 The the DT 43431 6237 2 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 6237 3 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6237 4 with with IN 43431 6237 5 the the DT 43431 6237 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 6237 7 by by IN 43431 6237 8 a a DT 43431 6237 9 double double JJ 43431 6237 10 head head NN 43431 6237 11 . . . 43431 6238 1 In in IN 43431 6238 2 all all DT 43431 6238 3 except except IN 43431 6238 4 the the DT 43431 6238 5 Tinamidae tinamidae JJ 43431 6238 6 the the DT 43431 6238 7 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6238 8 are be VBP 43431 6238 9 narrow narrow JJ 43431 6238 10 behind behind RB 43431 6238 11 and and CC 43431 6238 12 not not RB 43431 6238 13 interposed interpose VBN 43431 6238 14 between between IN 43431 6238 15 the the DT 43431 6238 16 palatines palatine NNS 43431 6238 17 , , , 43431 6238 18 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 6238 19 and and CC 43431 6238 20 basisphenoidal basisphenoidal JJ 43431 6238 21 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 6238 22 . . . 43431 6239 1 The the DT 43431 6239 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 6239 3 has have VBZ 43431 6239 4 a a DT 43431 6239 5 median median JJ 43431 6239 6 keel keel NN 43431 6239 7 , , , 43431 6239 8 and and CC 43431 6239 9 the the DT 43431 6239 10 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6239 11 limbs limb NNS 43431 6239 12 are be VBP 43431 6239 13 in in IN 43431 6239 14 the the DT 43431 6239 15 great great JJ 43431 6239 16 majority majority NN 43431 6239 17 of of IN 43431 6239 18 cases case NNS 43431 6239 19 adapted adapt VBN 43431 6239 20 for for IN 43431 6239 21 flight flight NN 43431 6239 22 . . . 43431 6240 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 6240 2 are be VBP 43431 6240 3 well well RB 43431 6240 4 developed developed JJ 43431 6240 5 , , , 43431 6240 6 and and CC 43431 6240 7 the the DT 43431 6240 8 scapula scapula NN 43431 6240 9 and and CC 43431 6240 10 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6240 11 are be VBP 43431 6240 12 nearly nearly RB 43431 6240 13 at at IN 43431 6240 14 right right JJ 43431 6240 15 angles angle NNS 43431 6240 16 to to IN 43431 6240 17 one one CD 43431 6240 18 another another DT 43431 6240 19 . . . 43431 6241 1 The the DT 43431 6241 2 various various JJ 43431 6241 3 groups group NNS 43431 6241 4 into into IN 43431 6241 5 which which WDT 43431 6241 6 the the DT 43431 6241 7 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6241 8 are be VBP 43431 6241 9 divisible divisible JJ 43431 6241 10 are be VBP 43431 6241 11 shown show VBN 43431 6241 12 in in IN 43431 6241 13 the the DT 43431 6241 14 table table NN 43431 6241 15 on on IN 43431 6241 16 pp pp NNP 43431 6241 17 . . . 43431 6242 1 40 40 CD 43431 6242 2 - - SYM 43431 6242 3 42 42 CD 43431 6242 4 . . . 43431 6243 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6243 2 special special JJ 43431 6243 3 characters character NNS 43431 6243 4 will will MD 43431 6243 5 not not RB 43431 6243 6 be be VB 43431 6243 7 dealt deal VBN 43431 6243 8 with with IN 43431 6243 9 . . . 43431 6244 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6244 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6244 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6244 4 . . . 43431 6245 1 55 55 CD 43431 6245 2 . . . 43431 6246 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6246 2 Gallus Gallus NNP 43431 6246 3 bankiva bankiva NN 43431 6246 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6246 5 var var NN 43431 6246 6 . . . 43431 6247 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6247 2 domesticus domesticus NNP 43431 6247 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6247 4 . . . 43431 6248 1 THE the DT 43431 6248 2 LEFT left JJ 43431 6248 3 HALF half NN 43431 6248 4 OF of IN 43431 6248 5 THE the DT 43431 6248 6 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 6248 7 . . . 43431 6249 1 The the DT 43431 6249 2 skull skull NN 43431 6249 3 , , , 43431 6249 4 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6249 5 column column NN 43431 6249 6 , , , 43431 6249 7 and and CC 43431 6249 8 sternum sternum NNP 43431 6249 9 are be VBP 43431 6249 10 bisected bisect VBN 43431 6249 11 in in IN 43431 6249 12 the the DT 43431 6249 13 median median JJ 43431 6249 14 plane plane NN 43431 6249 15 . . . 43431 6250 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6250 2 After after IN 43431 6250 3 Marshall Marshall NNP 43431 6250 4 and and CC 43431 6250 5 Hurst Hurst NNP 43431 6250 6 . . . 43431 6250 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6251 1 A a DT 43431 6251 2 , , , 43431 6251 3 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6251 4 . . . 43431 6252 1 B b NN 43431 6252 2 , , , 43431 6252 3 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 6252 4 fossa fossa NN 43431 6252 5 . . . 43431 6253 1 CB CB NNP 43431 6253 2 , , , 43431 6253 3 cerebellar cerebellar JJ 43431 6253 4 fossa fossa NN 43431 6253 5 . . . 43431 6254 1 CL CL NNP 43431 6254 2 , , , 43431 6254 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 6254 4 . . . 43431 6255 1 CO CO NNP 43431 6255 2 , , , 43431 6255 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6255 4 . . . 43431 6256 1 CR CR NNP 43431 6256 2 , , , 43431 6256 3 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6256 4 rib rib NN 43431 6256 5 . . . 43431 6257 1 C C NNP 43431 6257 2 1 1 CD 43431 6257 3 = = SYM 43431 6257 4 one one CD 43431 6257 5 , , , 43431 6257 6 first first JJ 43431 6257 7 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6257 8 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6257 9 . . . 43431 6258 1 FE FE NNP 43431 6258 2 , , , 43431 6258 3 femur femur NN 43431 6258 4 . . . 43431 6259 1 HC HC NNP 43431 6259 2 , , , 43431 6259 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6259 4 end end NN 43431 6259 5 of of IN 43431 6259 6 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 6259 7 . . . 43431 6260 1 HU HU NNP 43431 6260 2 , , , 43431 6260 3 humerus humerus NNP 43431 6260 4 . . . 43431 6261 1 HY HY NNP 43431 6261 2 , , , 43431 6261 3 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 6261 4 . . . 43431 6262 1 IF if IN 43431 6262 2 , , , 43431 6262 3 ilio ilio NN 43431 6262 4 - - HYPH 43431 6262 5 sciatic sciatic JJ 43431 6262 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6262 7 . . . 43431 6263 1 IL IL NNP 43431 6263 2 , , , 43431 6263 3 ilium ilium NNP 43431 6263 4 . . . 43431 6264 1 IS be VBZ 43431 6264 2 , , , 43431 6264 3 ischium ischium NN 43431 6264 4 . . . 43431 6265 1 L L NNP 43431 6265 2 , , , 43431 6265 3 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 6265 4 . . . 43431 6266 1 MC MC NNP 43431 6266 2 3 3 CD 43431 6266 3 , , , 43431 6266 4 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 6266 5 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 6266 6 . . . 43431 6267 1 MN MN NNP 43431 6267 2 , , , 43431 6267 3 mandible mandible NN 43431 6267 4 . . . 43431 6268 1 MS MS NNP 43431 6268 2 , , , 43431 6268 3 xiphoid xiphoid NN 43431 6268 4 processes process NNS 43431 6268 5 . . . 43431 6269 1 MT MT NNP 43431 6269 2 , , , 43431 6269 3 tarso tarso NN 43431 6269 4 - - HYPH 43431 6269 5 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 6269 6 . . . 43431 6270 1 MT MT NNP 43431 6270 2 1 1 CD 43431 6270 3 , , , 43431 6270 4 first first JJ 43431 6270 5 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 6270 6 . . . 43431 6271 1 N n NN 43431 6271 2 , , , 43431 6271 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 6271 4 . . . 43431 6272 1 OP op NN 43431 6272 2 , , , 43431 6272 3 optic optic JJ 43431 6272 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6272 5 . . . 43431 6273 1 P p NN 43431 6273 2 , , , 43431 6273 3 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6273 4 . . . 43431 6274 1 PB PB NNP 43431 6274 2 , , , 43431 6274 3 pubis pubi VBD 43431 6274 4 . . . 43431 6275 1 PL PL NNP 43431 6275 2 , , , 43431 6275 3 palatine palatine NN 43431 6275 4 . . . 43431 6276 1 PY py NN 43431 6276 2 , , , 43431 6276 3 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6276 4 . . . 43431 6277 1 R r NN 43431 6277 2 , , , 43431 6277 3 radius radius NN 43431 6277 4 . . . 43431 6278 1 RC rc NN 43431 6278 2 , , , 43431 6278 3 radial radial JJ 43431 6278 4 carpal carpal NN 43431 6278 5 . . . 43431 6279 1 S S NNP 43431 6279 2 , , , 43431 6279 3 keel keel NN 43431 6279 4 of of IN 43431 6279 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 6279 6 . . . 43431 6280 1 SC SC NNP 43431 6280 2 , , , 43431 6280 3 scapula scapula NN 43431 6280 4 . . . 43431 6281 1 T T NNP 43431 6281 2 , , , 43431 6281 3 tibio tibio NN 43431 6281 4 - - HYPH 43431 6281 5 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 6281 6 . . . 43431 6282 1 TH th NN 43431 6282 2 4 4 CD 43431 6282 3 , , , 43431 6282 4 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6282 5 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6282 6 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 6282 7 . . . 43431 6283 1 U U NNP 43431 6283 2 , , , 43431 6283 3 ulna ulna NNP 43431 6283 4 . . . 43431 6284 1 UC UC NNP 43431 6284 2 , , , 43431 6284 3 ulnar ulnar NNP 43431 6284 4 carpal carpal NN 43431 6284 5 . . . 43431 6285 1 UP up RB 43431 6285 2 , , , 43431 6285 3 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 6285 4 process process NN 43431 6285 5 . . . 43431 6286 1 Z z NN 43431 6286 2 , , , 43431 6286 3 infra infra NN 43431 6286 4 - - HYPH 43431 6286 5 orbital orbital JJ 43431 6286 6 bar bar NN 43431 6286 7 . . . 43431 6287 1 1 1 CD 43431 6287 2 , , , 43431 6287 3 2 2 CD 43431 6287 4 , , , 43431 6287 5 3 3 CD 43431 6287 6 , , , 43431 6287 7 4 4 CD 43431 6287 8 , , , 43431 6287 9 first first RB 43431 6287 10 , , , 43431 6287 11 second second JJ 43431 6287 12 , , , 43431 6287 13 third third JJ 43431 6287 14 and and CC 43431 6287 15 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6287 16 digits digit NNS 43431 6287 17 of of IN 43431 6287 18 pes pe NNS 43431 6287 19 . . . 43431 6288 1 3 3 LS 43431 6288 2 , , , 43431 6288 3 pre pre JJ 43431 6288 4 - - JJ 43431 6288 5 axial axial JJ 43431 6288 6 , , , 43431 6288 7 4 4 CD 43431 6288 8 , , , 43431 6288 9 middle middle JJ 43431 6288 10 , , , 43431 6288 11 and and CC 43431 6288 12 5 5 CD 43431 6288 13 , , , 43431 6288 14 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 6288 15 digit digit NN 43431 6288 16 of of IN 43431 6288 17 manus manus NN 43431 6288 18 . . . 43431 6288 19 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6289 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 6289 2 : : : 43431 6289 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6289 4 94 94 CD 43431 6289 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6289 6 M. M. NNP 43431 6289 7 Fürbringer fã¼rbringer NN 43431 6289 8 , , , 43431 6289 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6289 10 Untersuchungen Untersuchungen NNP 43431 6289 11 zur zur NN 43431 6289 12 Morphologie Morphologie NNP 43431 6289 13 und und VBP 43431 6289 14 Systematik Systematik NNP 43431 6289 15 der der VBP 43431 6289 16 Vögel Vögel NNP 43431 6289 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6289 18 , , , 43431 6289 19 I. I. NNP 43431 6289 20 and and CC 43431 6289 21 II II NNP 43431 6289 22 . . . 43431 6290 1 Amsterdam Amsterdam NNP 43431 6290 2 , , , 43431 6290 3 1888 1888 CD 43431 6290 4 . . . 43431 6291 1 Cf cf NN 43431 6291 2 . . . 43431 6292 1 H. H. NNP 43431 6292 2 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 6292 3 , , , 43431 6292 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6292 5 Nature Nature NNP 43431 6292 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6292 7 , , , 43431 6292 8 XXXIX XXXIX NNP 43431 6292 9 . . . 43431 6293 1 1888 1888 CD 43431 6293 2 , , , 43431 6293 3 pp pp NNP 43431 6293 4 . . . 43431 6294 1 150 150 CD 43431 6294 2 and and CC 43431 6294 3 177 177 CD 43431 6294 4 . . . 43431 6295 1 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 6296 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 6296 2 , , , 43431 6296 3 " " `` 43431 6296 4 On on IN 43431 6296 5 the the DT 43431 6296 6 classification classification NN 43431 6296 7 of of IN 43431 6296 8 birds bird NNS 43431 6296 9 . . . 43431 6296 10 " " '' 43431 6297 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6297 2 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 6297 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6297 4 , , , 43431 6297 5 London London NNP 43431 6297 6 , , , 43431 6297 7 1867 1867 CD 43431 6297 8 . . . 43431 6298 1 E. E. NNP 43431 6298 2 Selenka Selenka NNP 43431 6298 3 and and CC 43431 6298 4 H. H. NNP 43431 6298 5 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 6298 6 , , , 43431 6298 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6298 8 Vögel Vögel NNP 43431 6298 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6298 10 in in IN 43431 6298 11 Bronn Bronn NNP 43431 6298 12 's 's POS 43431 6298 13 _ _ NNP 43431 6298 14 Classen Classen NNP 43431 6298 15 und und VBD 43431 6298 16 Ordnungen Ordnungen NNP 43431 6298 17 des des NNP 43431 6298 18 Thierreichs Thierreichs NNP 43431 6298 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6298 20 1869 1869 CD 43431 6298 21 - - SYM 43431 6298 22 1890 1890 CD 43431 6298 23 . . . 43431 6299 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6299 2 95 95 CD 43431 6299 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6299 4 See see VB 43431 6299 5 p. p. NN 43431 6299 6 283 283 CD 43431 6299 7 . . . 43431 6300 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6300 2 96 96 CD 43431 6300 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6300 4 R. R. NNP 43431 6300 5 Owen Owen NNP 43431 6300 6 , , , 43431 6300 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6300 8 Phil Phil NNP 43431 6300 9 . . . 43431 6301 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 6301 2 . . . 43431 6301 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6301 4 , , , 43431 6301 5 vol vol NNP 43431 6301 6 . . . 43431 6302 1 CLIII CLIII NNP 43431 6302 2 . . . 43431 6302 3 , , , 43431 6302 4 p. p. NN 43431 6302 5 33 33 CD 43431 6302 6 ; ; : 43431 6302 7 1863 1863 CD 43431 6302 8 . . . 43431 6303 1 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 6304 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 6304 2 , , , 43431 6304 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6304 4 P. P. NNP 43431 6305 1 R.S. R.S. NNP 43431 6305 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6305 3 , , , 43431 6305 4 vol vol NNP 43431 6305 5 . . . 43431 6306 1 XVI XVI NNP 43431 6306 2 . . NNP 43431 6306 3 , , , 43431 6306 4 p. p. NN 43431 6306 5 243 243 CD 43431 6306 6 ; ; SYM 43431 6306 7 1868 1868 CD 43431 6306 8 . . . 43431 6307 1 C. C. NNP 43431 6307 2 Vogt Vogt NNP 43431 6307 3 , , , 43431 6307 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6307 5 Rev. Rev. NNP 43431 6308 1 Scient Scient NNP 43431 6308 2 . . . 43431 6308 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6308 4 , , , 43431 6308 5 ser ser NN 43431 6308 6 . . . 43431 6309 1 2 2 CD 43431 6309 2 , , , 43431 6309 3 tom tom NNP 43431 6309 4 . . . 43431 6310 1 9 9 CD 43431 6310 2 , , , 43431 6310 3 p. p. NN 43431 6310 4 241 241 CD 43431 6310 5 ; ; : 43431 6310 6 1879 1879 CD 43431 6310 7 . . . 43431 6311 1 C.H. C.H. NNP 43431 6312 1 Hurst hurst NN 43431 6312 2 , , , 43431 6312 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6312 4 Nat Nat NNP 43431 6312 5 . . . 43431 6313 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 6313 2 . . NNP 43431 6313 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6313 4 , , , 43431 6313 5 vol vol NNP 43431 6313 6 . . . 43431 6314 1 III III NNP 43431 6314 2 . . NNP 43431 6314 3 , , , 43431 6314 4 p. p. NN 43431 6314 5 275 275 CD 43431 6314 6 ; ; : 43431 6314 7 1893 1893 CD 43431 6314 8 ; ; : 43431 6314 9 vol vol NNP 43431 6314 10 . . . 43431 6315 1 VI VI NNP 43431 6315 2 . . NNP 43431 6315 3 , , , 43431 6315 4 pp pp NNP 43431 6315 5 . . . 43431 6316 1 112 112 CD 43431 6316 2 , , , 43431 6316 3 180 180 CD 43431 6316 4 , , , 43431 6316 5 244 244 CD 43431 6316 6 ; ; SYM 43431 6316 7 1895 1895 CD 43431 6316 8 . . . 43431 6317 1 W.P. W.P. NNP 43431 6318 1 Pycraft pycraft NN 43431 6318 2 , , , 43431 6318 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6318 4 Nat Nat NNP 43431 6318 5 . . . 43431 6319 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 6319 2 . . NNP 43431 6319 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6319 4 , , , 43431 6319 5 vol vol NNP 43431 6319 6 . . . 43431 6320 1 V. V. NNP 43431 6320 2 , , , 43431 6320 3 pp pp NNP 43431 6320 4 . . . 43431 6321 1 350 350 CD 43431 6321 2 and and CC 43431 6321 3 437 437 CD 43431 6321 4 ; ; : 43431 6321 5 1894 1894 CD 43431 6321 6 ; ; : 43431 6321 7 and and CC 43431 6321 8 vol vol NNP 43431 6321 9 . . . 43431 6322 1 VIII VIII NNP 43431 6322 2 . . . 43431 6322 3 , , , 43431 6322 4 p. p. NN 43431 6322 5 261 261 CD 43431 6322 6 ; ; : 43431 6322 7 1896 1896 CD 43431 6322 8 . . . 43431 6323 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6323 2 97 97 CD 43431 6323 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6323 4 According accord VBG 43431 6323 5 to to IN 43431 6323 6 Hurst Hurst NNP 43431 6323 7 the the DT 43431 6323 8 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6323 9 and and CC 43431 6323 10 fifth fifth JJ 43431 6323 11 digits digit NNS 43431 6323 12 are be VBP 43431 6323 13 also also RB 43431 6323 14 present present JJ 43431 6323 15 . . . 43431 6324 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6324 2 98 98 CD 43431 6324 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6324 4 See See NNP 43431 6324 5 C.W. C.W. NNP 43431 6325 1 Andrews Andrews NNP 43431 6325 2 , , , 43431 6325 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6325 4 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 6325 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6325 6 , , , 43431 6325 7 1894 1894 CD 43431 6325 8 , , , 43431 6325 9 p. p. NN 43431 6325 10 108 108 CD 43431 6325 11 . . . 43431 6326 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6326 2 99 99 CD 43431 6326 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6326 4 See See NNP 43431 6326 5 T.J. T.J. NNP 43431 6326 6 Parker Parker NNP 43431 6326 7 , , , 43431 6326 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6326 9 Tr Tr NNP 43431 6326 10 . . . 43431 6327 1 Zool Zool NNP 43431 6327 2 . . . 43431 6328 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 6328 2 . . . 43431 6329 1 London London NNP 43431 6329 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6329 3 , , , 43431 6329 4 vol vol NNP 43431 6329 5 . . . 43431 6330 1 XIII XIII NNP 43431 6330 2 . . . 43431 6330 3 , , , 43431 6330 4 pt pt NNP 43431 6330 5 . . . 43431 6331 1 2 2 CD 43431 6331 2 , , , 43431 6331 3 1895 1895 CD 43431 6331 4 , , , 43431 6331 5 and and CC 43431 6331 6 F.W. F.W. NNP 43431 6332 1 Hutton Hutton NNP 43431 6332 2 , , , 43431 6332 3 several several JJ 43431 6332 4 papers paper NNS 43431 6332 5 in in IN 43431 6332 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6332 7 Tr Tr NNP 43431 6332 8 . . . 43431 6333 1 N. N. NNP 43431 6333 2 Zealand Zealand NNP 43431 6333 3 Inst Inst NNP 43431 6333 4 . . . 43431 6333 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6333 6 , , , 43431 6333 7 1893 1893 CD 43431 6333 8 and and CC 43431 6333 9 1895 1895 CD 43431 6333 10 . . . 43431 6334 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6334 2 100 100 CD 43431 6334 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6334 4 See See NNP 43431 6334 5 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 6335 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 6335 2 . . . 43431 6336 1 _ _ NNP 43431 6336 2 Odontornithes Odontornithes NNP 43431 6336 3 . . . 43431 6337 1 A a DT 43431 6337 2 monograph monograph NN 43431 6337 3 of of IN 43431 6337 4 the the DT 43431 6337 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 6337 6 toothed toothed JJ 43431 6337 7 birds bird NNS 43431 6337 8 of of IN 43431 6337 9 N. N. NNP 43431 6337 10 America America NNP 43431 6337 11 . . . 43431 6337 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6337 13 New New NNP 43431 6337 14 Haven Haven NNP 43431 6337 15 , , , 43431 6337 16 1880 1880 CD 43431 6337 17 . . . 43431 6338 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 6338 2 XVIII xviii NN 43431 6338 3 . . . 43431 6339 1 THE the DT 43431 6339 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 6339 3 OF of IN 43431 6339 4 THE the DT 43431 6339 5 WILD WILD NNP 43431 6339 6 DUCK duck NN 43431 6339 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6339 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6339 9 Anas Anas NNP 43431 6339 10 boschas boschas IN 43431 6339 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6339 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6339 13 . . . 43431 6340 1 I. I. NNP 43431 6340 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 6340 3 . . . 43431 6341 1 The the DT 43431 6341 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 6341 3 of of IN 43431 6341 4 the the DT 43431 6341 5 Duck Duck NNP 43431 6341 6 and and CC 43431 6341 7 indeed indeed RB 43431 6341 8 of of IN 43431 6341 9 all all DT 43431 6341 10 birds bird NNS 43431 6341 11 is be VBZ 43431 6341 12 entirely entirely RB 43431 6341 13 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 6341 14 in in IN 43431 6341 15 origin origin NN 43431 6341 16 . . . 43431 6342 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6342 2 most most RBS 43431 6342 3 important important JJ 43431 6342 4 part part NN 43431 6342 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 6342 6 of of IN 43431 6342 7 = = SYM 43431 6342 8 feathers= feathers= NN 43431 6342 9 , , , 43431 6342 10 but but CC 43431 6342 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6342 12 includes include VBZ 43431 6342 13 also also RB 43431 6342 14 the the DT 43431 6342 15 following follow VBG 43431 6342 16 horny horny NN 43431 6342 17 structures:-- structures:-- : 43431 6342 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6342 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6342 20 a a DT 43431 6342 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6342 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6342 23 = = SYM 43431 6342 24 scales= scales= JJ 43431 6342 25 , , , 43431 6342 26 which which WDT 43431 6342 27 cover cover VBP 43431 6342 28 the the DT 43431 6342 29 toes toe NNS 43431 6342 30 and and CC 43431 6342 31 tarso tarso NN 43431 6342 32 - - HYPH 43431 6342 33 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 6342 34 ; ; , 43431 6342 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6342 36 _ _ NNP 43431 6342 37 b b NNP 43431 6342 38 _ _ NNP 43431 6342 39 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6342 40 = = SYM 43431 6342 41 claws= claws= NNS 43431 6342 42 , , , 43431 6342 43 which which WDT 43431 6342 44 are be VBP 43431 6342 45 attached attach VBN 43431 6342 46 to to IN 43431 6342 47 the the DT 43431 6342 48 distal distal JJ 43431 6342 49 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6342 50 of of IN 43431 6342 51 the the DT 43431 6342 52 toes toe NNS 43431 6342 53 and and CC 43431 6342 54 of of IN 43431 6342 55 the the DT 43431 6342 56 pollex pollex NN 43431 6342 57 ; ; : 43431 6342 58 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6342 59 _ _ NNP 43431 6342 60 c c NNP 43431 6342 61 _ _ NNP 43431 6342 62 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6342 63 the the DT 43431 6342 64 wide wide JJ 43431 6342 65 = = SYM 43431 6342 66 beak= beak= NN 43431 6342 67 , , , 43431 6342 68 which which WDT 43431 6342 69 sheaths sheath VBZ 43431 6342 70 both both CC 43431 6342 71 upper upper JJ 43431 6342 72 and and CC 43431 6342 73 lower lower JJ 43431 6342 74 jaws jaw NNS 43431 6342 75 , , , 43431 6342 76 and and CC 43431 6342 77 whose whose WP$ 43431 6342 78 edges edge NNS 43431 6342 79 are be VBP 43431 6342 80 raised raise VBN 43431 6342 81 into into IN 43431 6342 82 lamellae lamella NNS 43431 6342 83 , , , 43431 6342 84 which which WDT 43431 6342 85 act act VBP 43431 6342 86 as as IN 43431 6342 87 strainers strainer NNS 43431 6342 88 . . . 43431 6343 1 FEATHERS feather NNS 43431 6343 2 . . . 43431 6344 1 A a DT 43431 6344 2 well well RB 43431 6344 3 developed developed JJ 43431 6344 4 feather feather NN 43431 6344 5 , , , 43431 6344 6 such such JJ 43431 6344 7 as as IN 43431 6344 8 one one CD 43431 6344 9 of of IN 43431 6344 10 the the DT 43431 6344 11 large large JJ 43431 6344 12 quill quill NN 43431 6344 13 feathers feather NNS 43431 6344 14 of of IN 43431 6344 15 the the DT 43431 6344 16 wing wing NN 43431 6344 17 or or CC 43431 6344 18 tail tail NN 43431 6344 19 , , , 43431 6344 20 consists consist VBZ 43431 6344 21 of of IN 43431 6344 22 the the DT 43431 6344 23 following follow VBG 43431 6344 24 parts part NNS 43431 6344 25 : : : 43431 6344 26 A a DT 43431 6344 27 main main JJ 43431 6344 28 stem stem NN 43431 6344 29 , , , 43431 6344 30 the the DT 43431 6344 31 = = SYM 43431 6344 32 scapus= scapus= NN 43431 6344 33 , , , 43431 6344 34 which which WDT 43431 6344 35 forms form VBZ 43431 6344 36 the the DT 43431 6344 37 axis axi NNS 43431 6344 38 running run VBG 43431 6344 39 along along IN 43431 6344 40 the the DT 43431 6344 41 whole whole JJ 43431 6344 42 length length NN 43431 6344 43 of of IN 43431 6344 44 the the DT 43431 6344 45 feather feather NN 43431 6344 46 , , , 43431 6344 47 and and CC 43431 6344 48 is be VBZ 43431 6344 49 divided divide VBN 43431 6344 50 into into IN 43431 6344 51 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6344 52 1 1 LS 43431 6344 53 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6344 54 a a DT 43431 6344 55 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6344 56 hollow hollow JJ 43431 6344 57 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 6344 58 portion portion NN 43431 6344 59 , , , 43431 6344 60 the the DT 43431 6344 61 = = SYM 43431 6344 62 calamus= calamus= NNP 43431 6344 63 or or CC 43431 6344 64 = = SYM 43431 6344 65 quill= quill= NNP 43431 6344 66 , , , 43431 6344 67 and and CC 43431 6344 68 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6344 69 2 2 LS 43431 6344 70 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6344 71 a a DT 43431 6344 72 distal distal JJ 43431 6344 73 solid solid JJ 43431 6344 74 portion portion NN 43431 6344 75 , , , 43431 6344 76 the the DT 43431 6344 77 = = SYM 43431 6344 78 rachis= rachis= NN 43431 6344 79 or or CC 43431 6344 80 = = SYM 43431 6344 81 shaft= shaft= NNS 43431 6344 82 , , , 43431 6344 83 which which WDT 43431 6344 84 is be VBZ 43431 6344 85 square square JJ 43431 6344 86 in in IN 43431 6344 87 section section NN 43431 6344 88 , , , 43431 6344 89 flexible flexible JJ 43431 6344 90 and and CC 43431 6344 91 grooved groove VBN 43431 6344 92 along along IN 43431 6344 93 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6344 94 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6344 95 surface surface NN 43431 6344 96 , , , 43431 6344 97 and and CC 43431 6344 98 bears bear VBZ 43431 6344 99 a a DT 43431 6344 100 number number NN 43431 6344 101 of of IN 43431 6344 102 lateral lateral JJ 43431 6344 103 processes process NNS 43431 6344 104 , , , 43431 6344 105 the the DT 43431 6344 106 = = SYM 43431 6344 107 barbs=. barbs=. XX 43431 6345 1 The the DT 43431 6345 2 = = SYM 43431 6345 3 calamus= calamus= CD 43431 6345 4 which which WDT 43431 6345 5 is be VBZ 43431 6345 6 partly partly RB 43431 6345 7 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 6345 8 in in IN 43431 6345 9 a a DT 43431 6345 10 pit pit NN 43431 6345 11 in in IN 43431 6345 12 the the DT 43431 6345 13 dermis dermis NN 43431 6345 14 , , , 43431 6345 15 bears bear VBZ 43431 6345 16 two two CD 43431 6345 17 holes hole NNS 43431 6345 18 : : : 43431 6345 19 one one CD 43431 6345 20 , , , 43431 6345 21 the the DT 43431 6345 22 = = SYM 43431 6345 23 inferior inferior JJ 43431 6345 24 umbilicus= umbilicus= NNP 43431 6345 25 , , , 43431 6345 26 is be VBZ 43431 6345 27 at at IN 43431 6345 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6345 29 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6345 30 end end NN 43431 6345 31 , , , 43431 6345 32 and and CC 43431 6345 33 into into IN 43431 6345 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6345 35 enters enter VBZ 43431 6345 36 a a DT 43431 6345 37 vascular vascular JJ 43431 6345 38 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 6345 39 from from IN 43431 6345 40 the the DT 43431 6345 41 dermis dermis NN 43431 6345 42 ; ; : 43431 6345 43 the the DT 43431 6345 44 other other JJ 43431 6345 45 , , , 43431 6345 46 the the DT 43431 6345 47 = = SYM 43431 6345 48 superior superior JJ 43431 6345 49 umbilicus= umbilicus= NN 43431 6345 50 , , , 43431 6345 51 lies lie VBZ 43431 6345 52 on on IN 43431 6345 53 the the DT 43431 6345 54 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6345 55 surface surface NN 43431 6345 56 at at IN 43431 6345 57 the the DT 43431 6345 58 junction junction NN 43431 6345 59 of of IN 43431 6345 60 the the DT 43431 6345 61 calamus calamus NNP 43431 6345 62 and and CC 43431 6345 63 scapus scapus NNP 43431 6345 64 . . . 43431 6346 1 The the DT 43431 6346 2 = = SYM 43431 6346 3 barbs= barbs= NN 43431 6346 4 are be VBP 43431 6346 5 a a DT 43431 6346 6 series series NN 43431 6346 7 of of IN 43431 6346 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 6346 9 elastic elastic JJ 43431 6346 10 plates plate NNS 43431 6346 11 , , , 43431 6346 12 attached attach VBN 43431 6346 13 by by IN 43431 6346 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6346 15 bases basis NNS 43431 6346 16 to to IN 43431 6346 17 the the DT 43431 6346 18 rachis rachis NN 43431 6346 19 , , , 43431 6346 20 and and CC 43431 6346 21 with with IN 43431 6346 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6346 23 edges edge NNS 43431 6346 24 looking look VBG 43431 6346 25 upwards upwards RB 43431 6346 26 and and CC 43431 6346 27 downwards downwards RB 43431 6346 28 . . . 43431 6347 1 The the DT 43431 6347 2 barbs barb NNS 43431 6347 3 are be VBP 43431 6347 4 connected connect VBN 43431 6347 5 together together RB 43431 6347 6 by by IN 43431 6347 7 a a DT 43431 6347 8 number number NN 43431 6347 9 of of IN 43431 6347 10 smaller small JJR 43431 6347 11 processes process NNS 43431 6347 12 , , , 43431 6347 13 the the DT 43431 6347 14 = = SYM 43431 6347 15 barbules= barbules= NNP 43431 6347 16 , , , 43431 6347 17 which which WDT 43431 6347 18 interlock interlock NN 43431 6347 19 with with IN 43431 6347 20 one one CD 43431 6347 21 another another DT 43431 6347 22 by by IN 43431 6347 23 means mean NNS 43431 6347 24 of of IN 43431 6347 25 hooklets hooklet NNS 43431 6347 26 , , , 43431 6347 27 and and CC 43431 6347 28 bear bear VB 43431 6347 29 the the DT 43431 6347 30 same same JJ 43431 6347 31 relation relation NN 43431 6347 32 to to IN 43431 6347 33 the the DT 43431 6347 34 barbs barb NNS 43431 6347 35 that that WDT 43431 6347 36 the the DT 43431 6347 37 barbs barb NNS 43431 6347 38 do do VBP 43431 6347 39 to to IN 43431 6347 40 the the DT 43431 6347 41 rachis rachis NN 43431 6347 42 . . . 43431 6348 1 The the DT 43431 6348 2 barbs barb NNS 43431 6348 3 and and CC 43431 6348 4 barbules barbule NNS 43431 6348 5 , , , 43431 6348 6 together together RB 43431 6348 7 with with IN 43431 6348 8 the the DT 43431 6348 9 rachis rachis NN 43431 6348 10 , , , 43431 6348 11 constitute constitute VB 43431 6348 12 the the DT 43431 6348 13 = = NN 43431 6348 14 vexillum= vexillum= NNS 43431 6348 15 or or CC 43431 6348 16 = = SYM 43431 6348 17 vane= vane= NN 43431 6348 18 of of IN 43431 6348 19 the the DT 43431 6348 20 feather feather NN 43431 6348 21 . . . 43431 6349 1 Any any DT 43431 6349 2 feather feather NN 43431 6349 3 having have VBG 43431 6349 4 the the DT 43431 6349 5 above above JJ 43431 6349 6 type type NN 43431 6349 7 of of IN 43431 6349 8 structure structure NN 43431 6349 9 is be VBZ 43431 6349 10 called call VBN 43431 6349 11 a a DT 43431 6349 12 = = SYM 43431 6349 13 penna= penna= NN 43431 6349 14 or or CC 43431 6349 15 a a DT 43431 6349 16 = = SYM 43431 6349 17 contour contour NN 43431 6349 18 feather= feather= NNS 43431 6349 19 , , , 43431 6349 20 from from IN 43431 6349 21 the the DT 43431 6349 22 fact fact NN 43431 6349 23 that that IN 43431 6349 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6349 25 helps help VBZ 43431 6349 26 to to TO 43431 6349 27 produce produce VB 43431 6349 28 the the DT 43431 6349 29 contour contour NN 43431 6349 30 of of IN 43431 6349 31 the the DT 43431 6349 32 body body NN 43431 6349 33 . . . 43431 6350 1 VARIETIES varieties JJ 43431 6350 2 OF of IN 43431 6350 3 FEATHERS feather NNS 43431 6350 4 . . . 43431 6351 1 1 1 LS 43431 6351 2 . . . 43431 6352 1 = = NFP 43431 6352 2 Pennae.= Pennae.= NNP 43431 6352 3 There there EX 43431 6352 4 are be VBP 43431 6352 5 two two CD 43431 6352 6 kinds kind NNS 43431 6352 7 of of IN 43431 6352 8 pennae pennae NN 43431 6352 9 or or CC 43431 6352 10 contour contour NN 43431 6352 11 feathers feather NNS 43431 6352 12 . . . 43431 6353 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6353 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6353 3 a a DT 43431 6353 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6353 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6353 6 The the DT 43431 6353 7 = = SYM 43431 6353 8 quills=. quills=. FW 43431 6354 1 These these DT 43431 6354 2 form form VBP 43431 6354 3 the the DT 43431 6354 4 large large JJ 43431 6354 5 feathers feather NNS 43431 6354 6 of of IN 43431 6354 7 the the DT 43431 6354 8 wing wing NN 43431 6354 9 and and CC 43431 6354 10 tail tail NN 43431 6354 11 . . . 43431 6355 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6355 2 are be VBP 43431 6355 3 divided divide VBN 43431 6355 4 into into IN 43431 6355 5 two two CD 43431 6355 6 groups group NNS 43431 6355 7 , , , 43431 6355 8 the the DT 43431 6355 9 = = SYM 43431 6355 10 remiges= remiges= JJ 43431 6355 11 , , , 43431 6355 12 or or CC 43431 6355 13 wing wing NN 43431 6355 14 quills quill NNS 43431 6355 15 , , , 43431 6355 16 and and CC 43431 6355 17 the the DT 43431 6355 18 = = SYM 43431 6355 19 rectrices= rectrices= NN 43431 6355 20 , , , 43431 6355 21 or or CC 43431 6355 22 tail tail NN 43431 6355 23 quills quill NNS 43431 6355 24 . . . 43431 6356 1 The the DT 43431 6356 2 = = SYM 43431 6356 3 remiges=[101 remiges=[101 : 43431 6356 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6356 5 include include VBP 43431 6356 6 three three CD 43431 6356 7 sets set NNS 43431 6356 8 of of IN 43431 6356 9 feathers feather NNS 43431 6356 10 , , , 43431 6356 11 the the DT 43431 6356 12 = = SYM 43431 6356 13 primaries= primaries= NN 43431 6356 14 or or CC 43431 6356 15 = = SYM 43431 6356 16 metacarpo metacarpo NNP 43431 6356 17 - - HYPH 43431 6356 18 digitals= digitals= NN 43431 6356 19 , , , 43431 6356 20 which which WDT 43431 6356 21 are be VBP 43431 6356 22 attached attach VBN 43431 6356 23 to to IN 43431 6356 24 the the DT 43431 6356 25 bones bone NNS 43431 6356 26 of of IN 43431 6356 27 the the DT 43431 6356 28 manus manus NN 43431 6356 29 , , , 43431 6356 30 the the DT 43431 6356 31 = = SYM 43431 6356 32 secondaries= secondaries= NNP 43431 6356 33 or or CC 43431 6356 34 = = SYM 43431 6356 35 cubitals= cubitals= NN 43431 6356 36 , , , 43431 6356 37 which which WDT 43431 6356 38 are be VBP 43431 6356 39 attached attach VBN 43431 6356 40 to to IN 43431 6356 41 the the DT 43431 6356 42 ulna ulna NN 43431 6356 43 , , , 43431 6356 44 and and CC 43431 6356 45 the the DT 43431 6356 46 = = SYM 43431 6356 47 humerals= humerals= NN 43431 6356 48 , , , 43431 6356 49 which which WDT 43431 6356 50 are be VBP 43431 6356 51 attached attach VBN 43431 6356 52 to to IN 43431 6356 53 the the DT 43431 6356 54 humerus humerus NNP 43431 6356 55 . . . 43431 6357 1 The the DT 43431 6357 2 = = SYM 43431 6357 3 primaries= primaries= JJ 43431 6357 4 differ differ VBP 43431 6357 5 from from IN 43431 6357 6 all all PDT 43431 6357 7 the the DT 43431 6357 8 other other JJ 43431 6357 9 quill quill NN 43431 6357 10 feathers feather NNS 43431 6357 11 in in IN 43431 6357 12 having have VBG 43431 6357 13 the the DT 43431 6357 14 posterior posterior NN 43431 6357 15 half half NN 43431 6357 16 of of IN 43431 6357 17 the the DT 43431 6357 18 vane vane NN 43431 6357 19 much much RB 43431 6357 20 wider wide JJR 43431 6357 21 than than IN 43431 6357 22 the the DT 43431 6357 23 anterior anterior NN 43431 6357 24 half half NN 43431 6357 25 . . . 43431 6358 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6358 2 are be VBP 43431 6358 3 ten ten CD 43431 6358 4 in in IN 43431 6358 5 number number NN 43431 6358 6 , , , 43431 6358 7 and and CC 43431 6358 8 of of IN 43431 6358 9 these these DT 43431 6358 10 six six CD 43431 6358 11 , , , 43431 6358 12 the the DT 43431 6358 13 = = SYM 43431 6358 14 metacarpal= metacarpal= NNP 43431 6358 15 quills quills NNP 43431 6358 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6358 17 fig fig NNP 43431 6358 18 . . . 43431 6359 1 57 57 CD 43431 6359 2 , , , 43431 6359 3 14 14 CD 43431 6359 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6359 5 , , , 43431 6359 6 are be VBP 43431 6359 7 attached attach VBN 43431 6359 8 to to IN 43431 6359 9 the the DT 43431 6359 10 second second JJ 43431 6359 11 and and CC 43431 6359 12 third third JJ 43431 6359 13 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 6359 14 , , , 43431 6359 15 one one CD 43431 6359 16 , , , 43431 6359 17 the the DT 43431 6359 18 = = SYM 43431 6359 19 ad ad NN 43431 6359 20 - - HYPH 43431 6359 21 digital= digital= NN 43431 6359 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6359 23 fig fig NN 43431 6359 24 . . . 43431 6360 1 57 57 CD 43431 6360 2 , , , 43431 6360 3 15 15 CD 43431 6360 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6360 5 , , , 43431 6360 6 to to IN 43431 6360 7 the the DT 43431 6360 8 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 6360 9 of of IN 43431 6360 10 the the DT 43431 6360 11 third third JJ 43431 6360 12 digit digit NN 43431 6360 13 , , , 43431 6360 14 two two CD 43431 6360 15 , , , 43431 6360 16 the the DT 43431 6360 17 = = SYM 43431 6360 18 mid mid NNP 43431 6360 19 - - NN 43431 6360 20 digitals= digitals= NN 43431 6360 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6360 22 fig fig NN 43431 6360 23 . . . 43431 6361 1 57 57 CD 43431 6361 2 , , , 43431 6361 3 16 16 CD 43431 6361 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6361 5 , , , 43431 6361 6 to to IN 43431 6361 7 the the DT 43431 6361 8 first first JJ 43431 6361 9 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 6361 10 of of IN 43431 6361 11 the the DT 43431 6361 12 second second JJ 43431 6361 13 digit digit NN 43431 6361 14 , , , 43431 6361 15 and and CC 43431 6361 16 two two CD 43431 6361 17 , , , 43431 6361 18 the the DT 43431 6361 19 = = SYM 43431 6361 20 pre pre JJ 43431 6361 21 - - NN 43431 6361 22 digitals= digitals= JJ 43431 6361 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6361 24 fig fig NN 43431 6361 25 . . . 43431 6362 1 51 51 CD 43431 6362 2 , , , 43431 6362 3 17 17 CD 43431 6362 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6362 5 , , , 43431 6362 6 to to IN 43431 6362 7 the the DT 43431 6362 8 second second JJ 43431 6362 9 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 6362 10 of of IN 43431 6362 11 the the DT 43431 6362 12 second second JJ 43431 6362 13 digit digit NN 43431 6362 14 . . . 43431 6363 1 One one CD 43431 6363 2 of of IN 43431 6363 3 the the DT 43431 6363 4 pre pre NN 43431 6363 5 - - NN 43431 6363 6 digitals digital NNS 43431 6363 7 is be VBZ 43431 6363 8 very very RB 43431 6363 9 small small JJ 43431 6363 10 , , , 43431 6363 11 and and CC 43431 6363 12 is be VBZ 43431 6363 13 called call VBN 43431 6363 14 the the DT 43431 6363 15 = = SYM 43431 6363 16 remicle= remicle= NNP 43431 6363 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6363 18 fig fig NN 43431 6363 19 . . . 43431 6364 1 57 57 CD 43431 6364 2 , , , 43431 6364 3 11 11 CD 43431 6364 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6364 5 . . . 43431 6365 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6365 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6365 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6365 4 . . . 43431 6366 1 56 56 CD 43431 6366 2 . . . 43431 6367 1 THE the DT 43431 6367 2 WING wing NN 43431 6367 3 OF of IN 43431 6367 4 A a DT 43431 6367 5 WILD wild JJ 43431 6367 6 DUCK duck NN 43431 6367 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6367 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6367 9 Anas Anas NNP 43431 6367 10 boschas boschas IN 43431 6367 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6367 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6367 13 . . . 43431 6368 1 The the DT 43431 6368 2 upper upper JJ 43431 6368 3 figure figure NN 43431 6368 4 shows show VBZ 43431 6368 5 the the DT 43431 6368 6 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6368 7 side side NN 43431 6368 8 of of IN 43431 6368 9 a a DT 43431 6368 10 right right JJ 43431 6368 11 wing wing NN 43431 6368 12 , , , 43431 6368 13 the the DT 43431 6368 14 lower low JJR 43431 6368 15 figure figure NN 43431 6368 16 the the DT 43431 6368 17 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6368 18 side side NN 43431 6368 19 of of IN 43431 6368 20 a a DT 43431 6368 21 left left JJ 43431 6368 22 wing wing NN 43431 6368 23 . . . 43431 6369 1 à à NNP 43431 6369 2 � � NNP 43431 6369 3 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 6369 4 . . . 43431 6370 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6370 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 6370 3 . . . 43431 6371 1 Mus mus NN 43431 6371 2 . . . 43431 6371 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6372 1 1 1 LS 43431 6372 2 . . . 43431 6372 3 scapulars scapular NNS 43431 6372 4 . . . 43431 6373 1 2 2 LS 43431 6373 2 . . . 43431 6373 3 tectrices tectrix NNS 43431 6373 4 marginales marginales NNP 43431 6373 5 . . . 43431 6374 1 3 3 LS 43431 6374 2 . . . 43431 6374 3 tectrices tectrix NNS 43431 6374 4 minores minores NNP 43431 6374 5 . . . 43431 6375 1 4 4 LS 43431 6375 2 . . . 43431 6375 3 bastard bastard JJ 43431 6375 4 wing wing NN 43431 6375 5 . . . 43431 6376 1 5 5 LS 43431 6376 2 . . . 43431 6376 3 tectrices tectrix NNS 43431 6376 4 majores majore NNS 43431 6376 5 . . . 43431 6377 1 6 6 LS 43431 6377 2 . . . 43431 6377 3 metacarpo metacarpo NNS 43431 6377 4 - - HYPH 43431 6377 5 digitals digital NNS 43431 6377 6 or or CC 43431 6377 7 primaries primary NNS 43431 6377 8 . . . 43431 6378 1 7 7 LS 43431 6378 2 . . . 43431 6378 3 tectrices tectrix NNS 43431 6378 4 mediae mediae NNP 43431 6378 5 . . . 43431 6379 1 8 8 LS 43431 6379 2 . . . 43431 6379 3 cubitals cubital NNS 43431 6379 4 or or CC 43431 6379 5 secondaries secondary NNS 43431 6379 6 . . . 43431 6380 1 9 9 LS 43431 6380 2 . . . 43431 6380 3 pennae pennae NNP 43431 6380 4 humerales humerale NNS 43431 6380 5 . . . 43431 6381 1 10 10 LS 43431 6381 2 . . . 43431 6381 3 pennae pennae NNP 43431 6381 4 axillares axillare NNS 43431 6381 5 . . . 43431 6381 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6382 1 In in IN 43431 6382 2 addition addition NN 43431 6382 3 , , , 43431 6382 4 a a DT 43431 6382 5 group group NN 43431 6382 6 of of IN 43431 6382 7 three three CD 43431 6382 8 quill quill NN 43431 6382 9 feathers feather NNS 43431 6382 10 is be VBZ 43431 6382 11 attached attach VBN 43431 6382 12 to to IN 43431 6382 13 the the DT 43431 6382 14 first first JJ 43431 6382 15 digit digit NN 43431 6382 16 , , , 43431 6382 17 constituting constitute VBG 43431 6382 18 the the DT 43431 6382 19 = = SYM 43431 6382 20 bastard bastard NNP 43431 6382 21 wing= wing= NNP 43431 6382 22 or or CC 43431 6382 23 = = SYM 43431 6382 24 ala ala NNP 43431 6382 25 spuria= spuria= NNP 43431 6382 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6382 27 fig fig NN 43431 6382 28 . . . 43431 6383 1 56 56 CD 43431 6383 2 , , , 43431 6383 3 4 4 CD 43431 6383 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6383 5 . . . 43431 6384 1 The the DT 43431 6384 2 = = SYM 43431 6384 3 secondaries= secondaries= NN 43431 6384 4 or or CC 43431 6384 5 = = SYM 43431 6384 6 cubitals= cubitals= NNP 43431 6384 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6384 8 fig fig NN 43431 6384 9 . . . 43431 6385 1 56 56 CD 43431 6385 2 , , , 43431 6385 3 8) 8) CD 43431 6385 4 form form NN 43431 6385 5 a a DT 43431 6385 6 group group NN 43431 6385 7 of of IN 43431 6385 8 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 6385 9 feathers feather NNS 43431 6385 10 , , , 43431 6385 11 attached attach VBN 43431 6385 12 to to IN 43431 6385 13 the the DT 43431 6385 14 ulna ulna NN 43431 6385 15 ; ; : 43431 6385 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6385 17 are be VBP 43431 6385 18 shorter short JJR 43431 6385 19 than than IN 43431 6385 20 the the DT 43431 6385 21 primaries primary NNS 43431 6385 22 , , , 43431 6385 23 and and CC 43431 6385 24 do do VBP 43431 6385 25 not not RB 43431 6385 26 have have VB 43431 6385 27 the the DT 43431 6385 28 posterior posterior NN 43431 6385 29 half half NN 43431 6385 30 of of IN 43431 6385 31 the the DT 43431 6385 32 vane vane NN 43431 6385 33 much much RB 43431 6385 34 wider wide JJR 43431 6385 35 than than IN 43431 6385 36 the the DT 43431 6385 37 anterior anterior NN 43431 6385 38 half half NN 43431 6385 39 . . . 43431 6386 1 The the DT 43431 6386 2 = = SYM 43431 6386 3 humerals= humerals= NN 43431 6386 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6386 5 figs fig NNS 43431 6386 6 . . . 43431 6387 1 56 56 CD 43431 6387 2 , , , 43431 6387 3 9 9 CD 43431 6387 4 and and CC 43431 6387 5 57 57 CD 43431 6387 6 , , , 43431 6387 7 12 12 CD 43431 6387 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6387 9 form form VBP 43431 6387 10 a a DT 43431 6387 11 group group NN 43431 6387 12 of of IN 43431 6387 13 eight eight CD 43431 6387 14 small small JJ 43431 6387 15 feathers feather NNS 43431 6387 16 , , , 43431 6387 17 of of IN 43431 6387 18 varying varying NN 43431 6387 19 length length NN 43431 6387 20 , , , 43431 6387 21 attached attach VBN 43431 6387 22 to to IN 43431 6387 23 the the DT 43431 6387 24 anterior anterior NN 43431 6387 25 half half NN 43431 6387 26 of of IN 43431 6387 27 the the DT 43431 6387 28 humerus humerus NN 43431 6387 29 . . . 43431 6388 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6388 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6388 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6388 4 . . . 43431 6389 1 57 57 CD 43431 6389 2 . . . 43431 6390 1 WINGS wing NNS 43431 6390 2 OF of IN 43431 6390 3 A a DT 43431 6390 4 WILD wild JJ 43431 6390 5 DUCK duck NN 43431 6390 6 WITH with IN 43431 6390 7 THE the DT 43431 6390 8 COVERTS COVERTS NNP 43431 6390 9 REMOVED remove VBN 43431 6390 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6390 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6390 12 Anas Anas NNP 43431 6390 13 boschas boschas IN 43431 6390 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6390 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6390 16 . . . 43431 6391 1 à à NNP 43431 6391 2 � � NNP 43431 6391 3 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 6391 4 . . . 43431 6392 1 A. A. NNP 43431 6393 1 Right right JJ 43431 6393 2 wing wing NN 43431 6393 3 seen see VBN 43431 6393 4 from from IN 43431 6393 5 the the DT 43431 6393 6 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6393 7 side side NN 43431 6393 8 . . . 43431 6394 1 B. B. NNP 43431 6395 1 Left left JJ 43431 6395 2 wing wing NN 43431 6395 3 disarticulated disarticulate VBN 43431 6395 4 and and CC 43431 6395 5 seen see VBN 43431 6395 6 from from IN 43431 6395 7 the the DT 43431 6395 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6395 9 side side NN 43431 6395 10 . . . 43431 6396 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6396 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 6396 3 . . . 43431 6397 1 Mus mus NN 43431 6397 2 . . . 43431 6397 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6398 1 1 1 LS 43431 6398 2 . . . 43431 6398 3 humerus humerus NNP 43431 6398 4 . . . 43431 6399 1 2 2 LS 43431 6399 2 . . . 43431 6399 3 radius radius NN 43431 6399 4 . . . 43431 6400 1 3 3 LS 43431 6400 2 . . . 43431 6400 3 ulna ulna NNP 43431 6400 4 . . . 43431 6401 1 4 4 LS 43431 6401 2 . . . 43431 6401 3 radial radial JJ 43431 6401 4 carpal carpal NN 43431 6401 5 . . . 43431 6402 1 5 5 CD 43431 6402 2 . . . 43431 6402 3 ulnar ulnar NNP 43431 6402 4 carpal carpal NNP 43431 6402 5 . . . 43431 6403 1 6 6 LS 43431 6403 2 . . . 43431 6403 3 first first JJ 43431 6403 4 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 6403 5 of of IN 43431 6403 6 first first JJ 43431 6403 7 digit digit NN 43431 6403 8 . . . 43431 6404 1 7 7 LS 43431 6404 2 . . . 43431 6404 3 second second JJ 43431 6404 4 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 6404 5 . . . 43431 6405 1 8 8 LS 43431 6405 2 . . . 43431 6405 3 third third JJ 43431 6405 4 metacarpal metacarpal NNP 43431 6405 5 . . . 43431 6406 1 9 9 LS 43431 6406 2 . . . 43431 6406 3 first first JJ 43431 6406 4 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 6406 5 of of IN 43431 6406 6 second second JJ 43431 6406 7 digit digit NN 43431 6406 8 . . . 43431 6407 1 10 10 LS 43431 6407 2 . . . 43431 6407 3 second second JJ 43431 6407 4 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 6407 5 of of IN 43431 6407 6 second second JJ 43431 6407 7 digit digit NN 43431 6407 8 . . . 43431 6408 1 11 11 CD 43431 6408 2 . . . 43431 6408 3 remicle remicle NN 43431 6408 4 . . . 43431 6409 1 12 12 CD 43431 6409 2 . . . 43431 6409 3 pennae pennae NNP 43431 6409 4 humerales humerale NNS 43431 6409 5 . . . 43431 6410 1 13 13 CD 43431 6410 2 . . . 43431 6410 3 cubitals cubital NNS 43431 6410 4 or or CC 43431 6410 5 secondaries secondary NNS 43431 6410 6 . . . 43431 6411 1 14 14 CD 43431 6411 2 . . . 43431 6411 3 metacarpal metacarpal NNP 43431 6411 4 quills quills NNP 43431 6411 5 . . . 43431 6412 1 15 15 CD 43431 6412 2 . . . 43431 6412 3 ad ad NN 43431 6412 4 - - HYPH 43431 6412 5 digital digital NNP 43431 6412 6 . . . 43431 6413 1 16 16 CD 43431 6413 2 . . . 43431 6413 3 mid mid NNS 43431 6413 4 - - NNP 43431 6413 5 digitals digital NNS 43431 6413 6 . . . 43431 6414 1 17 17 CD 43431 6414 2 . . . 43431 6415 1 pre pre JJ 43431 6415 2 - - JJ 43431 6415 3 digital digital JJ 43431 6415 4 . . . 43431 6415 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6416 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6416 2 b b LS 43431 6416 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6416 4 The the DT 43431 6416 5 = = SYM 43431 6416 6 tectrices= tectrices= NN 43431 6416 7 or or CC 43431 6416 8 = = SYM 43431 6416 9 coverts= coverts= NN 43431 6416 10 are be VBP 43431 6416 11 short short JJ 43431 6416 12 feathers feather NNS 43431 6416 13 , , , 43431 6416 14 which which WDT 43431 6416 15 cover cover VBP 43431 6416 16 over over IN 43431 6416 17 the the DT 43431 6416 18 quills quill NNS 43431 6416 19 of of IN 43431 6416 20 the the DT 43431 6416 21 rectrices rectrix NNS 43431 6416 22 and and CC 43431 6416 23 remiges remex NNS 43431 6416 24 , , , 43431 6416 25 and and CC 43431 6416 26 clothe clothe VB 43431 6416 27 the the DT 43431 6416 28 body body NN 43431 6416 29 generally generally RB 43431 6416 30 . . . 43431 6417 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6417 2 barbules barbule NNS 43431 6417 3 are be VBP 43431 6417 4 less less RBR 43431 6417 5 developed developed JJ 43431 6417 6 than than IN 43431 6417 7 is be VBZ 43431 6417 8 the the DT 43431 6417 9 case case NN 43431 6417 10 with with IN 43431 6417 11 the the DT 43431 6417 12 quill quill NN 43431 6417 13 feathers feather NNS 43431 6417 14 , , , 43431 6417 15 so so IN 43431 6417 16 that that IN 43431 6417 17 the the DT 43431 6417 18 barbs barb NNS 43431 6417 19 separate separate VBP 43431 6417 20 readily readily RB 43431 6417 21 from from IN 43431 6417 22 one one CD 43431 6417 23 another another DT 43431 6417 24 , , , 43431 6417 25 especially especially RB 43431 6417 26 at at IN 43431 6417 27 the the DT 43431 6417 28 base base NN 43431 6417 29 of of IN 43431 6417 30 the the DT 43431 6417 31 vane vane NN 43431 6417 32 . . . 43431 6418 1 The the DT 43431 6418 2 nomenclature nomenclature NN 43431 6418 3 of of IN 43431 6418 4 the the DT 43431 6418 5 various various JJ 43431 6418 6 patches patch NNS 43431 6418 7 of of IN 43431 6418 8 coverts covert NNS 43431 6418 9 on on IN 43431 6418 10 the the DT 43431 6418 11 wings wing NNS 43431 6418 12 is be VBZ 43431 6418 13 seen see VBN 43431 6418 14 in in IN 43431 6418 15 fig fig NN 43431 6418 16 . . . 43431 6419 1 56 56 CD 43431 6419 2 . . . 43431 6420 1 A a DT 43431 6420 2 small small JJ 43431 6420 3 patch patch NN 43431 6420 4 of of IN 43431 6420 5 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 6420 6 - - HYPH 43431 6420 7 directed direct VBN 43431 6420 8 feathers feather NNS 43431 6420 9 surrounding surround VBG 43431 6420 10 the the DT 43431 6420 11 external external JJ 43431 6420 12 auditory auditory NN 43431 6420 13 opening opening NN 43431 6420 14 are be VBP 43431 6420 15 known know VBN 43431 6420 16 as as IN 43431 6420 17 the the DT 43431 6420 18 = = NFP 43431 6420 19 auriculars=. auriculars=. XX 43431 6421 1 2 2 LS 43431 6421 2 . . . 43431 6422 1 The the DT 43431 6422 2 = = SYM 43431 6422 3 filoplumes= filoplumes= NN 43431 6422 4 are be VBP 43431 6422 5 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 6422 6 feathers feather NNS 43431 6422 7 , , , 43431 6422 8 consisting consist VBG 43431 6422 9 of of IN 43431 6422 10 a a DT 43431 6422 11 minute minute JJ 43431 6422 12 stem stem NN 43431 6422 13 and and CC 43431 6422 14 slightly slightly RB 43431 6422 15 developed develop VBN 43431 6422 16 vane vane NN 43431 6422 17 . . . 43431 6423 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6423 2 are be VBP 43431 6423 3 left leave VBN 43431 6423 4 in in IN 43431 6423 5 the the DT 43431 6423 6 skin skin NN 43431 6423 7 after after IN 43431 6423 8 the the DT 43431 6423 9 other other JJ 43431 6423 10 feathers feather NNS 43431 6423 11 have have VBP 43431 6423 12 been be VBN 43431 6423 13 removed remove VBN 43431 6423 14 . . . 43431 6424 1 3 3 LS 43431 6424 2 . . . 43431 6425 1 The the DT 43431 6425 2 = = SYM 43431 6425 3 plumulae= plumulae= NN 43431 6425 4 , , , 43431 6425 5 or or CC 43431 6425 6 down down JJ 43431 6425 7 feathers feather NNS 43431 6425 8 , , , 43431 6425 9 have have VBP 43431 6425 10 the the DT 43431 6425 11 stem stem NN 43431 6425 12 very very RB 43431 6425 13 slightly slightly RB 43431 6425 14 developed develop VBN 43431 6425 15 , , , 43431 6425 16 while while IN 43431 6425 17 the the DT 43431 6425 18 barbs barb NNS 43431 6425 19 are be VBP 43431 6425 20 soft soft JJ 43431 6425 21 and and CC 43431 6425 22 free free JJ 43431 6425 23 from from IN 43431 6425 24 one one CD 43431 6425 25 another another DT 43431 6425 26 . . . 43431 6426 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6426 2 are be VBP 43431 6426 3 distributed distribute VBN 43431 6426 4 all all RB 43431 6426 5 over over IN 43431 6426 6 the the DT 43431 6426 7 body body NN 43431 6426 8 , , , 43431 6426 9 not not RB 43431 6426 10 only only RB 43431 6426 11 among among IN 43431 6426 12 the the DT 43431 6426 13 contour contour NN 43431 6426 14 feathers feather NNS 43431 6426 15 , , , 43431 6426 16 but but CC 43431 6426 17 also also RB 43431 6426 18 over over IN 43431 6426 19 the the DT 43431 6426 20 spaces space NNS 43431 6426 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6426 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6426 23 apteria apteria NN 43431 6426 24 _ _ NNP 43431 6426 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6426 26 which which WDT 43431 6426 27 bear bear VBP 43431 6426 28 no no DT 43431 6426 29 contour contour NN 43431 6426 30 feathers feather NNS 43431 6426 31 . . . 43431 6427 1 In in IN 43431 6427 2 the the DT 43431 6427 3 young young JJ 43431 6427 4 bird bird NN 43431 6427 5 the the DT 43431 6427 6 rudiments rudiment NNS 43431 6427 7 of of IN 43431 6427 8 the the DT 43431 6427 9 new new JJ 43431 6427 10 feathers feather NNS 43431 6427 11 are be VBP 43431 6427 12 formed form VBN 43431 6427 13 at at IN 43431 6427 14 the the DT 43431 6427 15 bases basis NNS 43431 6427 16 of of IN 43431 6427 17 the the DT 43431 6427 18 embryonic embryonic JJ 43431 6427 19 down down JJ 43431 6427 20 feathers feather NNS 43431 6427 21 , , , 43431 6427 22 and and CC 43431 6427 23 as as IN 43431 6427 24 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6427 25 grow grow VBP 43431 6427 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6427 27 push push VB 43431 6427 28 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6427 29 out out RP 43431 6427 30 from from IN 43431 6427 31 the the DT 43431 6427 32 skin skin NN 43431 6427 33 . . . 43431 6428 1 The the DT 43431 6428 2 embryonic embryonic JJ 43431 6428 3 down down JJ 43431 6428 4 feathers feather NNS 43431 6428 5 however however RB 43431 6428 6 remain remain VBP 43431 6428 7 attached attached JJ 43431 6428 8 to to IN 43431 6428 9 the the DT 43431 6428 10 apices apex NNS 43431 6428 11 of of IN 43431 6428 12 the the DT 43431 6428 13 new new JJ 43431 6428 14 feathers feather NNS 43431 6428 15 till till IN 43431 6428 16 these these DT 43431 6428 17 have have VBP 43431 6428 18 reached reach VBN 43431 6428 19 a a DT 43431 6428 20 length length NN 43431 6428 21 of of IN 43431 6428 22 about about RB 43431 6428 23 an an DT 43431 6428 24 inch inch NN 43431 6428 25 ; ; : 43431 6428 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6428 27 are be VBP 43431 6428 28 then then RB 43431 6428 29 shed shed VBN 43431 6428 30 . . . 43431 6429 1 II ii CD 43431 6429 2 . . . 43431 6430 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 6430 2 . . . 43431 6431 1 As as IN 43431 6431 2 compared compare VBN 43431 6431 3 with with IN 43431 6431 4 that that DT 43431 6431 5 of of IN 43431 6431 6 the the DT 43431 6431 7 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 6431 8 or or CC 43431 6431 9 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 6431 10 , , , 43431 6431 11 the the DT 43431 6431 12 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 6431 13 of of IN 43431 6431 14 the the DT 43431 6431 15 Duck Duck NNP 43431 6431 16 is be VBZ 43431 6431 17 characterised characterise VBN 43431 6431 18 by by IN 43431 6431 19 : : : 43431 6431 20 1 1 CD 43431 6431 21 . . . 43431 6432 1 The the DT 43431 6432 2 great great JJ 43431 6432 3 lightness lightness NN 43431 6432 4 of of IN 43431 6432 5 the the DT 43431 6432 6 bones bone NNS 43431 6432 7 , , , 43431 6432 8 many many DT 43431 6432 9 of of IN 43431 6432 10 which which WDT 43431 6432 11 contain contain VBP 43431 6432 12 air air NN 43431 6432 13 cavities cavity NNS 43431 6432 14 . . . 43431 6433 1 2 2 LS 43431 6433 2 . . . 43431 6434 1 The the DT 43431 6434 2 tendency tendency NN 43431 6434 3 to to TO 43431 6434 4 become become VB 43431 6434 5 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 6434 6 together together RB 43431 6434 7 shown show VBN 43431 6434 8 by by IN 43431 6434 9 many many JJ 43431 6434 10 of of IN 43431 6434 11 the the DT 43431 6434 12 bones bone NNS 43431 6434 13 . . . 43431 6435 1 3 3 LS 43431 6435 2 . . . 43431 6436 1 The the DT 43431 6436 2 modification modification NN 43431 6436 3 of of IN 43431 6436 4 the the DT 43431 6436 5 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6436 6 limbs limb NNS 43431 6436 7 and and CC 43431 6436 8 girdle girdle VB 43431 6436 9 for for IN 43431 6436 10 the the DT 43431 6436 11 purpose purpose NN 43431 6436 12 of of IN 43431 6436 13 flight flight NN 43431 6436 14 . . . 43431 6437 1 1 1 LS 43431 6437 2 . . . 43431 6438 1 THE the DT 43431 6438 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 6438 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 6438 4 . . . 43431 6439 1 This this DT 43431 6439 2 , , , 43431 6439 3 as as IN 43431 6439 4 in in IN 43431 6439 5 other other JJ 43431 6439 6 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 6439 7 , , , 43431 6439 8 is be VBZ 43431 6439 9 divisible divisible JJ 43431 6439 10 into-- into-- NNP 43431 6439 11 A. A. NNP 43431 6440 1 The the DT 43431 6440 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6440 3 column column NN 43431 6440 4 . . . 43431 6441 1 B. B. NNP 43431 6442 1 The the DT 43431 6442 2 skull skull NN 43431 6442 3 . . . 43431 6443 1 C. C. NNP 43431 6443 2 The the DT 43431 6443 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 6443 4 and and CC 43431 6443 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 6443 6 . . . 43431 6444 1 A. A. NNP 43431 6445 1 THE the DT 43431 6445 2 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 6445 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 6445 4 . . . 43431 6446 1 The the DT 43431 6446 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6446 3 column column NN 43431 6446 4 of of IN 43431 6446 5 the the DT 43431 6446 6 duck duck NN 43431 6446 7 , , , 43431 6446 8 like like IN 43431 6446 9 that that DT 43431 6446 10 of of IN 43431 6446 11 the the DT 43431 6446 12 great great JJ 43431 6446 13 majority majority NN 43431 6446 14 of of IN 43431 6446 15 birds bird NNS 43431 6446 16 , , , 43431 6446 17 presents present VBZ 43431 6446 18 a a DT 43431 6446 19 number number NN 43431 6446 20 of of IN 43431 6446 21 well well RB 43431 6446 22 - - HYPH 43431 6446 23 marked mark VBN 43431 6446 24 characteristics characteristic NNS 43431 6446 25 , , , 43431 6446 26 contrasting contrast VBG 43431 6446 27 strongly strongly RB 43431 6446 28 with with IN 43431 6446 29 those those DT 43431 6446 30 of of IN 43431 6446 31 the the DT 43431 6446 32 generality generality NN 43431 6446 33 of of IN 43431 6446 34 higher high JJR 43431 6446 35 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 6446 36 . . . 43431 6447 1 The the DT 43431 6447 2 centra centrum NNS 43431 6447 3 are be VBP 43431 6447 4 always always RB 43431 6447 5 without without IN 43431 6447 6 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 6447 7 . . . 43431 6448 1 The the DT 43431 6448 2 neck neck NN 43431 6448 3 is be VBZ 43431 6448 4 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 6448 5 long long JJ 43431 6448 6 , , , 43431 6448 7 about about RB 43431 6448 8 as as RB 43431 6448 9 long long RB 43431 6448 10 as as IN 43431 6448 11 all all PDT 43431 6448 12 the the DT 43431 6448 13 rest rest NN 43431 6448 14 of of IN 43431 6448 15 the the DT 43431 6448 16 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6448 17 column column NN 43431 6448 18 put put VBN 43431 6448 19 together together RB 43431 6448 20 , , , 43431 6448 21 and and CC 43431 6448 22 is be VBZ 43431 6448 23 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 6448 24 for for IN 43431 6448 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6448 26 flexibility flexibility NN 43431 6448 27 . . . 43431 6449 1 The the DT 43431 6449 2 trunk trunk NN 43431 6449 3 portion portion NN 43431 6449 4 of of IN 43431 6449 5 the the DT 43431 6449 6 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6449 7 column column NN 43431 6449 8 on on IN 43431 6449 9 the the DT 43431 6449 10 other other JJ 43431 6449 11 hand hand NN 43431 6449 12 is be VBZ 43431 6449 13 characterised characterise VBN 43431 6449 14 by by IN 43431 6449 15 extreme extreme JJ 43431 6449 16 rigidity rigidity NN 43431 6449 17 , , , 43431 6449 18 and and CC 43431 6449 19 the the DT 43431 6449 20 marked marked JJ 43431 6449 21 tendency tendency NN 43431 6449 22 shown show VBN 43431 6449 23 by by IN 43431 6449 24 the the DT 43431 6449 25 component component NN 43431 6449 26 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6449 27 to to TO 43431 6449 28 fuse fuse VB 43431 6449 29 together together RB 43431 6449 30 into into IN 43431 6449 31 one one CD 43431 6449 32 almost almost RB 43431 6449 33 continuous continuous JJ 43431 6449 34 mass mass NN 43431 6449 35 . . . 43431 6450 1 The the DT 43431 6450 2 most most RBS 43431 6450 3 rigid rigid JJ 43431 6450 4 part part NN 43431 6450 5 of of IN 43431 6450 6 the the DT 43431 6450 7 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6450 8 column column NN 43431 6450 9 is be VBZ 43431 6450 10 that that DT 43431 6450 11 to to TO 43431 6450 12 which which WDT 43431 6450 13 the the DT 43431 6450 14 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 6450 15 is be VBZ 43431 6450 16 united united JJ 43431 6450 17 , , , 43431 6450 18 as as IN 43431 6450 19 no no DT 43431 6450 20 less less JJR 43431 6450 21 than than IN 43431 6450 22 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 6450 23 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6450 24 take take VB 43431 6450 25 part part NN 43431 6450 26 in in IN 43431 6450 27 the the DT 43431 6450 28 union union NN 43431 6450 29 . . . 43431 6451 1 The the DT 43431 6451 2 tail tail NN 43431 6451 3 of of IN 43431 6451 4 the the DT 43431 6451 5 duck duck NN 43431 6451 6 , , , 43431 6451 7 like like IN 43431 6451 8 that that DT 43431 6451 9 of of IN 43431 6451 10 all all DT 43431 6451 11 living live VBG 43431 6451 12 birds bird NNS 43431 6451 13 , , , 43431 6451 14 is be VBZ 43431 6451 15 very very RB 43431 6451 16 short short JJ 43431 6451 17 , , , 43431 6451 18 and and CC 43431 6451 19 the the DT 43431 6451 20 posterior posterior NN 43431 6451 21 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6451 22 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6451 23 are be VBP 43431 6451 24 united united JJ 43431 6451 25 together together RB 43431 6451 26 , , , 43431 6451 27 forming form VBG 43431 6451 28 the the DT 43431 6451 29 = = SYM 43431 6451 30 pygostyle=. pygostyle=. FW 43431 6452 1 The the DT 43431 6452 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6452 3 column column NN 43431 6452 4 may may MD 43431 6452 5 be be VB 43431 6452 6 divided divide VBN 43431 6452 7 into into IN 43431 6452 8 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6452 9 , , , 43431 6452 10 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6452 11 , , , 43431 6452 12 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 6452 13 , , , 43431 6452 14 sacral sacral JJ 43431 6452 15 , , , 43431 6452 16 and and CC 43431 6452 17 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6452 18 regions region NNS 43431 6452 19 , , , 43431 6452 20 but but CC 43431 6452 21 the the DT 43431 6452 22 boundaries boundary NNS 43431 6452 23 between between IN 43431 6452 24 the the DT 43431 6452 25 several several JJ 43431 6452 26 regions region NNS 43431 6452 27 are be VBP 43431 6452 28 ill ill RB 43431 6452 29 - - HYPH 43431 6452 30 defined define VBN 43431 6452 31 . . . 43431 6453 1 THE the DT 43431 6453 2 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 6453 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 6453 4 . . . 43431 6454 1 All all PDT 43431 6454 2 the the DT 43431 6454 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6454 4 anterior anterior NN 43431 6454 5 to to IN 43431 6454 6 the the DT 43431 6454 7 first first JJ 43431 6454 8 one one NN 43431 6454 9 that that WDT 43431 6454 10 bears bear VBZ 43431 6454 11 a a DT 43431 6454 12 rib rib NN 43431 6454 13 meeting meet VBG 43431 6454 14 the the DT 43431 6454 15 sternum sternum NN 43431 6454 16 are be VBP 43431 6454 17 regarded regard VBN 43431 6454 18 as as IN 43431 6454 19 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6454 20 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6454 21 . . . 43431 6455 1 There there EX 43431 6455 2 are be VBP 43431 6455 3 therefore therefore RB 43431 6455 4 sixteen sixteen CD 43431 6455 5 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6455 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6455 7 , , , 43431 6455 8 the the DT 43431 6455 9 last last JJ 43431 6455 10 two two CD 43431 6455 11 of of IN 43431 6455 12 which which WDT 43431 6455 13 bear bear VBP 43431 6455 14 well well RB 43431 6455 15 developed developed JJ 43431 6455 16 ribs rib NNS 43431 6455 17 . . . 43431 6456 1 All all DT 43431 6456 2 are be VBP 43431 6456 3 freely freely RB 43431 6456 4 movable movable JJ 43431 6456 5 on on IN 43431 6456 6 one one CD 43431 6456 7 another another DT 43431 6456 8 . . . 43431 6457 1 As as IN 43431 6457 2 a a DT 43431 6457 3 typical typical JJ 43431 6457 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6457 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6457 6 , , , 43431 6457 7 any any DT 43431 6457 8 one one CD 43431 6457 9 from from IN 43431 6457 10 the the DT 43431 6457 11 fifth fifth NN 43431 6457 12 to to IN 43431 6457 13 the the DT 43431 6457 14 ninth ninth JJ 43431 6457 15 may may MD 43431 6457 16 be be VB 43431 6457 17 taken take VBN 43431 6457 18 . . . 43431 6458 1 The the DT 43431 6458 2 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6458 3 is be VBZ 43431 6458 4 rather rather RB 43431 6458 5 elongated elongate VBN 43431 6458 6 , , , 43431 6458 7 and and CC 43431 6458 8 is be VBZ 43431 6458 9 very very RB 43431 6458 10 lightly lightly RB 43431 6458 11 and and CC 43431 6458 12 strongly strongly RB 43431 6458 13 made make VBN 43431 6458 14 , , , 43431 6458 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6458 16 most most RBS 43431 6458 17 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 6458 18 feature feature NN 43431 6458 19 being be VBG 43431 6458 20 the the DT 43431 6458 21 shape shape NN 43431 6458 22 of of IN 43431 6458 23 the the DT 43431 6458 24 articulating articulating NN 43431 6458 25 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6458 26 of of IN 43431 6458 27 the the DT 43431 6458 28 centra centra NNP 43431 6458 29 , , , 43431 6458 30 which which WDT 43431 6458 31 are be VBP 43431 6458 32 generally generally RB 43431 6458 33 described describe VBN 43431 6458 34 as as IN 43431 6458 35 saddle saddle NN 43431 6458 36 - - HYPH 43431 6458 37 shaped shaped JJ 43431 6458 38 . . . 43431 6459 1 The the DT 43431 6459 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 6459 3 surface surface NN 43431 6459 4 is be VBZ 43431 6459 5 convex convex NNP 43431 6459 6 from from IN 43431 6459 7 above above IN 43431 6459 8 downward downward RB 43431 6459 9 , , , 43431 6459 10 and and CC 43431 6459 11 concave concave NNP 43431 6459 12 from from IN 43431 6459 13 side side NN 43431 6459 14 to to IN 43431 6459 15 side side VB 43431 6459 16 , , , 43431 6459 17 while while IN 43431 6459 18 the the DT 43431 6459 19 posterior posterior NN 43431 6459 20 and and CC 43431 6459 21 more more RBR 43431 6459 22 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6459 23 surface surface NN 43431 6459 24 is be VBZ 43431 6459 25 concave concave NNP 43431 6459 26 from from IN 43431 6459 27 above above RB 43431 6459 28 downwards downwards NNP 43431 6459 29 and and CC 43431 6459 30 convex convex NNS 43431 6459 31 from from IN 43431 6459 32 side side NN 43431 6459 33 to to IN 43431 6459 34 side side NN 43431 6459 35 . . . 43431 6460 1 The the DT 43431 6460 2 neural neural JJ 43431 6460 3 arch arch NN 43431 6460 4 is be VBZ 43431 6460 5 low low JJ 43431 6460 6 , , , 43431 6460 7 and and CC 43431 6460 8 is be VBZ 43431 6460 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 6460 10 out out RP 43431 6460 11 into into IN 43431 6460 12 a a DT 43431 6460 13 slight slight JJ 43431 6460 14 blade blade NN 43431 6460 15 - - HYPH 43431 6460 16 like like JJ 43431 6460 17 = = SYM 43431 6460 18 neural neural JJ 43431 6460 19 spine=. spine=. NN 43431 6461 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6461 2 base base NN 43431 6461 3 is be VBZ 43431 6461 4 deeply deeply RB 43431 6461 5 notched notch VBN 43431 6461 6 on on IN 43431 6461 7 both both DT 43431 6461 8 sides side NNS 43431 6461 9 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6461 10 for for IN 43431 6461 11 the the DT 43431 6461 12 exit exit NN 43431 6461 13 of of IN 43431 6461 14 the the DT 43431 6461 15 spinal spinal JJ 43431 6461 16 nerves nerve NNS 43431 6461 17 . . . 43431 6462 1 Above above IN 43431 6462 2 these these DT 43431 6462 3 notches notch NNS 43431 6462 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6462 5 is be VBZ 43431 6462 6 drawn draw VBN 43431 6462 7 out out RP 43431 6462 8 into into IN 43431 6462 9 two two CD 43431 6462 10 rather rather RB 43431 6462 11 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6462 12 diverging diverging NN 43431 6462 13 processes process NNS 43431 6462 14 , , , 43431 6462 15 which which WDT 43431 6462 16 bear bear VBP 43431 6462 17 the the DT 43431 6462 18 = = SYM 43431 6462 19 postzygapophyses=,--two postzygapophyses=,--two NNP 43431 6462 20 flattened flatten VBD 43431 6462 21 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6462 22 which which WDT 43431 6462 23 look look VBP 43431 6462 24 downwards downwards RB 43431 6462 25 and and CC 43431 6462 26 outwards outward NNS 43431 6462 27 . . . 43431 6463 1 The the DT 43431 6463 2 = = SYM 43431 6463 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6463 4 processes= processes= NN 43431 6463 5 form form NN 43431 6463 6 irregular irregular JJ 43431 6463 7 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 6463 8 from from IN 43431 6463 9 the the DT 43431 6463 10 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6463 11 two two CD 43431 6463 12 - - HYPH 43431 6463 13 thirds third NNS 43431 6463 14 of of IN 43431 6463 15 the the DT 43431 6463 16 sides side NNS 43431 6463 17 of of IN 43431 6463 18 the the DT 43431 6463 19 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6463 20 ; ; : 43431 6463 21 each each DT 43431 6463 22 projects project VBZ 43431 6463 23 for for IN 43431 6463 24 a a DT 43431 6463 25 short short JJ 43431 6463 26 distance distance NN 43431 6463 27 downwards downwards RB 43431 6463 28 and and CC 43431 6463 29 outwards outward NNS 43431 6463 30 , , , 43431 6463 31 and and CC 43431 6463 32 is be VBZ 43431 6463 33 terminated terminate VBN 43431 6463 34 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6463 35 by by IN 43431 6463 36 a a DT 43431 6463 37 short short JJ 43431 6463 38 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 6463 39 - - HYPH 43431 6463 40 projecting project VBG 43431 6463 41 spine spine NN 43431 6463 42 . . . 43431 6464 1 The the DT 43431 6464 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6464 3 processes process NNS 43431 6464 4 are be VBP 43431 6464 5 shown show VBN 43431 6464 6 by by IN 43431 6464 7 development development NN 43431 6464 8 to to TO 43431 6464 9 ossify ossify VB 43431 6464 10 from from IN 43431 6464 11 separate separate JJ 43431 6464 12 centres centre NNS 43431 6464 13 , , , 43431 6464 14 and and CC 43431 6464 15 are be VBP 43431 6464 16 therefore therefore RB 43431 6464 17 to to TO 43431 6464 18 be be VB 43431 6464 19 regarded regard VBN 43431 6464 20 as as IN 43431 6464 21 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6464 22 ribs rib NNS 43431 6464 23 , , , 43431 6464 24 and and CC 43431 6464 25 each each DT 43431 6464 26 is be VBZ 43431 6464 27 perforated perforate VBN 43431 6464 28 at at IN 43431 6464 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6464 30 base base NN 43431 6464 31 by by IN 43431 6464 32 a a DT 43431 6464 33 canal canal NN 43431 6464 34 for for IN 43431 6464 35 the the DT 43431 6464 36 passage passage NN 43431 6464 37 of of IN 43431 6464 38 the the DT 43431 6464 39 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6464 40 artery artery NN 43431 6464 41 . . . 43431 6465 1 Above above IN 43431 6465 2 the the DT 43431 6465 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6465 4 end end NN 43431 6465 5 of of IN 43431 6465 6 the the DT 43431 6465 7 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 6465 8 canal canal NN 43431 6465 9 are be VBP 43431 6465 10 a a DT 43431 6465 11 pair pair NN 43431 6465 12 of of IN 43431 6465 13 thickened thicken VBN 43431 6465 14 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 6465 15 , , , 43431 6465 16 which which WDT 43431 6465 17 bear bear VBP 43431 6465 18 upwardly upwardly JJ 43431 6465 19 and and CC 43431 6465 20 inwardly inwardly RB 43431 6465 21 directed direct VBN 43431 6465 22 = = NFP 43431 6465 23 prezygapophyses=. prezygapophyses=. NN 43431 6466 1 Each each DT 43431 6466 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6466 3 process process NN 43431 6466 4 is be VBZ 43431 6466 5 perforated perforate VBN 43431 6466 6 near near IN 43431 6466 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6466 8 middle middle NN 43431 6466 9 by by IN 43431 6466 10 a a DT 43431 6466 11 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6466 12 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6466 13 through through IN 43431 6466 14 which which WDT 43431 6466 15 passes pass VBZ 43431 6466 16 a a DT 43431 6466 17 vein vein NN 43431 6466 18 which which WDT 43431 6466 19 is be VBZ 43431 6466 20 connected connect VBN 43431 6466 21 with with IN 43431 6466 22 the the DT 43431 6466 23 jugular jugular NNP 43431 6466 24 vein vein NN 43431 6466 25 . . . 43431 6467 1 The the DT 43431 6467 2 third third JJ 43431 6467 3 and and CC 43431 6467 4 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6467 5 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6467 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6467 7 resemble resemble VBP 43431 6467 8 the the DT 43431 6467 9 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 6467 10 ones one NNS 43431 6467 11 in in IN 43431 6467 12 most most JJS 43431 6467 13 respects respect NNS 43431 6467 14 , , , 43431 6467 15 but but CC 43431 6467 16 have have VBP 43431 6467 17 small small JJ 43431 6467 18 = = SYM 43431 6467 19 hypapophyses= hypapophyses= JJ 43431 6467 20 , , , 43431 6467 21 and and CC 43431 6467 22 the the DT 43431 6467 23 neural neural JJ 43431 6467 24 spines spine NNS 43431 6467 25 are be VBP 43431 6467 26 less less RBR 43431 6467 27 blade blade JJ 43431 6467 28 - - HYPH 43431 6467 29 like like JJ 43431 6467 30 . . . 43431 6468 1 The the DT 43431 6468 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 6468 3 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6468 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6468 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6468 6 tenth tenth NN 43431 6468 7 to to TO 43431 6468 8 sixteenth sixteenth VB 43431 6468 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6468 10 differ differ VBP 43431 6468 11 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6468 12 from from IN 43431 6468 13 the the DT 43431 6468 14 middle middle JJ 43431 6468 15 ones one NNS 43431 6468 16 . . . 43431 6469 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6469 2 are be VBP 43431 6469 3 shorter short JJR 43431 6469 4 and and CC 43431 6469 5 more more RBR 43431 6469 6 massive massive JJ 43431 6469 7 , , , 43431 6469 8 the the DT 43431 6469 9 neural neural JJ 43431 6469 10 arch arch NN 43431 6469 11 is be VBZ 43431 6469 12 much much RB 43431 6469 13 shorter short JJR 43431 6469 14 , , , 43431 6469 15 being be VBG 43431 6469 16 deeply deeply RB 43431 6469 17 notched notch VBN 43431 6469 18 in in IN 43431 6469 19 the the DT 43431 6469 20 middle middle JJ 43431 6469 21 line line NN 43431 6469 22 in in IN 43431 6469 23 front front NN 43431 6469 24 and and CC 43431 6469 25 behind behind RB 43431 6469 26 . . . 43431 6470 1 The the DT 43431 6470 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6470 3 processes process NNS 43431 6470 4 arise arise VBP 43431 6470 5 from from IN 43431 6470 6 the the DT 43431 6470 7 anterior anterior NN 43431 6470 8 half half NN 43431 6470 9 of of IN 43431 6470 10 the the DT 43431 6470 11 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6470 12 only only RB 43431 6470 13 , , , 43431 6470 14 and and CC 43431 6470 15 in in IN 43431 6470 16 the the DT 43431 6470 17 eleventh eleventh JJ 43431 6470 18 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6470 19 each each DT 43431 6470 20 is be VBZ 43431 6470 21 drawn draw VBN 43431 6470 22 out out RP 43431 6470 23 below below IN 43431 6470 24 into into IN 43431 6470 25 a a DT 43431 6470 26 pair pair NN 43431 6470 27 of of IN 43431 6470 28 rather rather RB 43431 6470 29 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6470 30 downwardly downwardly JJ 43431 6470 31 and and CC 43431 6470 32 inwardly inwardly RB 43431 6470 33 directed direct VBN 43431 6470 34 processes process NNS 43431 6470 35 . . . 43431 6471 1 In in IN 43431 6471 2 the the DT 43431 6471 3 twelfth twelfth JJ 43431 6471 4 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6471 5 these these DT 43431 6471 6 processes process NNS 43431 6471 7 have have VBP 43431 6471 8 almost almost RB 43431 6471 9 coalesced coalesce VBN 43431 6471 10 , , , 43431 6471 11 and and CC 43431 6471 12 in in IN 43431 6471 13 the the DT 43431 6471 14 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 43431 6471 15 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 6471 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6471 17 have have VBP 43431 6471 18 coalesced coalesce VBN 43431 6471 19 completely completely RB 43431 6471 20 , , , 43431 6471 21 forming form VBG 43431 6471 22 a a DT 43431 6471 23 prominent prominent NN 43431 6471 24 = = SYM 43431 6471 25 hypapophysis=. hypapophysis=. FW 43431 6472 1 In in IN 43431 6472 2 the the DT 43431 6472 3 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 6472 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6472 5 this this DT 43431 6472 6 hypapophysis hypapophysis NN 43431 6472 7 rapidly rapidly RB 43431 6472 8 decreases decrease VBZ 43431 6472 9 in in IN 43431 6472 10 size size NN 43431 6472 11 . . . 43431 6473 1 The the DT 43431 6473 2 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 43431 6473 3 and and CC 43431 6473 4 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 43431 6473 5 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6473 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6473 7 resemble resemble VBP 43431 6473 8 the the DT 43431 6473 9 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 6473 10 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6473 11 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 6473 12 , , , 43431 6473 13 having have VBG 43431 6473 14 short short JJ 43431 6473 15 thick thick JJ 43431 6473 16 centra centra NNP 43431 6473 17 and and CC 43431 6473 18 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6473 19 squarely squarely RB 43431 6473 20 truncated truncate VBN 43431 6473 21 neural neural JJ 43431 6473 22 spines spine NNS 43431 6473 23 ; ; : 43431 6473 24 the the DT 43431 6473 25 sides side NNS 43431 6473 26 of of IN 43431 6473 27 the the DT 43431 6473 28 neural neural JJ 43431 6473 29 arches arch NNS 43431 6473 30 are be VBP 43431 6473 31 very very RB 43431 6473 32 deeply deeply RB 43431 6473 33 notched notched JJ 43431 6473 34 . . . 43431 6474 1 The the DT 43431 6474 2 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 43431 6474 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6474 4 has have VBZ 43431 6474 5 a a DT 43431 6474 6 short short JJ 43431 6474 7 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6474 8 process process NN 43431 6474 9 , , , 43431 6474 10 perforated perforate VBN 43431 6474 11 by by IN 43431 6474 12 a a DT 43431 6474 13 wide wide JJ 43431 6474 14 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 6474 15 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6474 16 , , , 43431 6474 17 but but CC 43431 6474 18 this this DT 43431 6474 19 foramen foramen NN 43431 6474 20 is be VBZ 43431 6474 21 absent absent JJ 43431 6474 22 in in IN 43431 6474 23 the the DT 43431 6474 24 sixteenth sixteenth NN 43431 6474 25 . . . 43431 6475 1 The the DT 43431 6475 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6475 3 processes process NNS 43431 6475 4 of of IN 43431 6475 5 the the DT 43431 6475 6 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 43431 6475 7 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 6475 8 bear bear VBP 43431 6475 9 two two CD 43431 6475 10 facets facet NNS 43431 6475 11 for for IN 43431 6475 12 the the DT 43431 6475 13 articulation articulation NN 43431 6475 14 of of IN 43431 6475 15 the the DT 43431 6475 16 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 6475 17 and and CC 43431 6475 18 tuberculum tuberculum NN 43431 6475 19 of of IN 43431 6475 20 the the DT 43431 6475 21 rib rib NN 43431 6475 22 . . . 43431 6476 1 The the DT 43431 6476 2 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 43431 6476 3 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6476 4 has have VBZ 43431 6476 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6476 6 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 6476 7 facet facet NN 43431 6476 8 on on IN 43431 6476 9 the the DT 43431 6476 10 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6476 11 process process NN 43431 6476 12 , , , 43431 6476 13 but but CC 43431 6476 14 the the DT 43431 6476 15 capitular capitular JJ 43431 6476 16 facet facet NN 43431 6476 17 is be VBZ 43431 6476 18 borne bear VBN 43431 6476 19 on on IN 43431 6476 20 the the DT 43431 6476 21 centrum centrum NN 43431 6476 22 . . . 43431 6477 1 The the DT 43431 6477 2 second second JJ 43431 6477 3 or or CC 43431 6477 4 = = SYM 43431 6477 5 axis= axis= NNP 43431 6477 6 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6477 7 is be VBZ 43431 6477 8 small small JJ 43431 6477 9 , , , 43431 6477 10 and and CC 43431 6477 11 has have VBZ 43431 6477 12 the the DT 43431 6477 13 centrum centrum NN 43431 6477 14 drawn draw VBN 43431 6477 15 out out RP 43431 6477 16 into into IN 43431 6477 17 a a DT 43431 6477 18 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 6477 19 very very RB 43431 6477 20 large large JJ 43431 6477 21 hypapophysis hypapophysis NN 43431 6477 22 . . . 43431 6478 1 The the DT 43431 6478 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 6478 3 articulating articulate VBG 43431 6478 4 surface surface NN 43431 6478 5 of of IN 43431 6478 6 the the DT 43431 6478 7 centrum centrum NN 43431 6478 8 is be VBZ 43431 6478 9 saddle saddle NN 43431 6478 10 - - HYPH 43431 6478 11 shaped shape VBN 43431 6478 12 , , , 43431 6478 13 the the DT 43431 6478 14 anterior anterior NN 43431 6478 15 nearly nearly RB 43431 6478 16 flat flat RB 43431 6478 17 : : : 43431 6478 18 above above IN 43431 6478 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6478 20 the the DT 43431 6478 21 centrum centrum NN 43431 6478 22 is be VBZ 43431 6478 23 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 6478 24 into into IN 43431 6478 25 the the DT 43431 6478 26 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6478 27 = = SYM 43431 6478 28 odontoid odontoid NN 43431 6478 29 process= process= NN 43431 6478 30 , , , 43431 6478 31 which which WDT 43431 6478 32 is be VBZ 43431 6478 33 shown show VBN 43431 6478 34 by by IN 43431 6478 35 development development NN 43431 6478 36 to to TO 43431 6478 37 be be VB 43431 6478 38 the the DT 43431 6478 39 detached detached JJ 43431 6478 40 centrum centrum NN 43431 6478 41 of of IN 43431 6478 42 the the DT 43431 6478 43 atlas atlas NNP 43431 6478 44 . . . 43431 6479 1 The the DT 43431 6479 2 neural neural JJ 43431 6479 3 arch arch NN 43431 6479 4 is be VBZ 43431 6479 5 deeply deeply RB 43431 6479 6 notched notch VBN 43431 6479 7 in in IN 43431 6479 8 the the DT 43431 6479 9 middle middle JJ 43431 6479 10 line line NN 43431 6479 11 in in IN 43431 6479 12 front front NN 43431 6479 13 , , , 43431 6479 14 and and CC 43431 6479 15 at at IN 43431 6479 16 the the DT 43431 6479 17 sides side NNS 43431 6479 18 behind behind RB 43431 6479 19 . . . 43431 6480 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6480 2 is be VBZ 43431 6480 3 drawn draw VBN 43431 6480 4 out out RP 43431 6480 5 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6480 6 into into IN 43431 6480 7 a a DT 43431 6480 8 wide wide JJ 43431 6480 9 massive massive JJ 43431 6480 10 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 6480 11 , , , 43431 6480 12 which which WDT 43431 6480 13 overhangs overhang VBZ 43431 6480 14 the the DT 43431 6480 15 third third JJ 43431 6480 16 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6480 17 and and CC 43431 6480 18 bears bear VBZ 43431 6480 19 the the DT 43431 6480 20 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 6480 21 - - HYPH 43431 6480 22 directed direct VBN 43431 6480 23 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 6480 24 . . . 43431 6481 1 The the DT 43431 6481 2 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 6481 3 are be VBP 43431 6481 4 situated situate VBN 43431 6481 5 at at IN 43431 6481 6 the the DT 43431 6481 7 sides side NNS 43431 6481 8 of of IN 43431 6481 9 the the DT 43431 6481 10 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6481 11 end end NN 43431 6481 12 of of IN 43431 6481 13 the the DT 43431 6481 14 neural neural JJ 43431 6481 15 arch arch NN 43431 6481 16 , , , 43431 6481 17 and and CC 43431 6481 18 look look VB 43431 6481 19 directly directly RB 43431 6481 20 outwards outward NNS 43431 6481 21 . . . 43431 6482 1 The the DT 43431 6482 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6482 3 processes process NNS 43431 6482 4 are be VBP 43431 6482 5 very very RB 43431 6482 6 slightly slightly RB 43431 6482 7 developed develop VBN 43431 6482 8 , , , 43431 6482 9 and and CC 43431 6482 10 are be VBP 43431 6482 11 pierced pierce VBN 43431 6482 12 by by IN 43431 6482 13 the the DT 43431 6482 14 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 6482 15 canals canal NNS 43431 6482 16 . . . 43431 6483 1 The the DT 43431 6483 2 = = SYM 43431 6483 3 atlas= atlas= NNP 43431 6483 4 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 6483 5 is be VBZ 43431 6483 6 a a DT 43431 6483 7 very very RB 43431 6483 8 slight slight JJ 43431 6483 9 ring ring NN 43431 6483 10 - - HYPH 43431 6483 11 like like JJ 43431 6483 12 structure structure NN 43431 6483 13 , , , 43431 6483 14 thickened thicken VBD 43431 6483 15 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 6483 16 and and CC 43431 6483 17 bearing bear VBG 43431 6483 18 in in IN 43431 6483 19 front front NN 43431 6483 20 a a DT 43431 6483 21 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6483 22 concave concave NNP 43431 6483 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 6483 24 for for IN 43431 6483 25 articulation articulation NN 43431 6483 26 with with IN 43431 6483 27 the the DT 43431 6483 28 occipital occipital JJ 43431 6483 29 condyle condyle NN 43431 6483 30 of of IN 43431 6483 31 the the DT 43431 6483 32 skull skull NN 43431 6483 33 . . . 43431 6484 1 Posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6484 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6484 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 6484 4 a a DT 43431 6484 5 more more RBR 43431 6484 6 or or CC 43431 6484 7 less less RBR 43431 6484 8 flattened flatten VBD 43431 6484 9 surface surface NN 43431 6484 10 for for IN 43431 6484 11 articulation articulation NN 43431 6484 12 with with IN 43431 6484 13 the the DT 43431 6484 14 centrum centrum NN 43431 6484 15 of of IN 43431 6484 16 the the DT 43431 6484 17 axis axi NNS 43431 6484 18 . . . 43431 6485 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6485 2 surrounds surround VBZ 43431 6485 3 a a DT 43431 6485 4 large large JJ 43431 6485 5 cavity cavity NN 43431 6485 6 partially partially RB 43431 6485 7 divided divide VBN 43431 6485 8 into into IN 43431 6485 9 a a DT 43431 6485 10 larger large JJR 43431 6485 11 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6485 12 portion portion NN 43431 6485 13 , , , 43431 6485 14 which which WDT 43431 6485 15 is be VBZ 43431 6485 16 the the DT 43431 6485 17 neural neural NNP 43431 6485 18 canal canal NN 43431 6485 19 , , , 43431 6485 20 and and CC 43431 6485 21 a a DT 43431 6485 22 smaller small JJR 43431 6485 23 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6485 24 portion portion NN 43431 6485 25 which which WDT 43431 6485 26 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 6485 27 the the DT 43431 6485 28 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 6485 29 process process NN 43431 6485 30 . . . 43431 6486 1 The the DT 43431 6486 2 sides side NNS 43431 6486 3 of of IN 43431 6486 4 the the DT 43431 6486 5 atlas atla NNS 43431 6486 6 are be VBP 43431 6486 7 pierced pierce VBN 43431 6486 8 by by IN 43431 6486 9 the the DT 43431 6486 10 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 6486 11 canals canal NNS 43431 6486 12 , , , 43431 6486 13 above above IN 43431 6486 14 which which WDT 43431 6486 15 there there EX 43431 6486 16 are be VBP 43431 6486 17 two two CD 43431 6486 18 slight slight JJ 43431 6486 19 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 6486 20 - - HYPH 43431 6486 21 projecting project VBG 43431 6486 22 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 6486 23 bearing bear VBG 43431 6486 24 the the DT 43431 6486 25 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 6486 26 on on IN 43431 6486 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6486 28 inner inner JJ 43431 6486 29 faces face NNS 43431 6486 30 . . . 43431 6487 1 THE the DT 43431 6487 2 THORACIC THORACIC NNP 43431 6487 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 6487 4 . . . 43431 6488 1 The the DT 43431 6488 2 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 6488 3 region region NN 43431 6488 4 includes include VBZ 43431 6488 5 all all PDT 43431 6488 6 the the DT 43431 6488 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6488 8 bearing bear VBG 43431 6488 9 free free JJ 43431 6488 10 ribs rib NNS 43431 6488 11 , , , 43431 6488 12 except except IN 43431 6488 13 the the DT 43431 6488 14 first first JJ 43431 6488 15 two two CD 43431 6488 16 , , , 43431 6488 17 viz viz NN 43431 6488 18 . . . 43431 6489 1 those those DT 43431 6489 2 whose whose WP$ 43431 6489 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 6489 4 do do VBP 43431 6489 5 not not RB 43431 6489 6 reach reach VB 43431 6489 7 the the DT 43431 6489 8 sternum sternum NN 43431 6489 9 . . . 43431 6490 1 There there EX 43431 6490 2 are be VBP 43431 6490 3 seven seven CD 43431 6490 4 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6490 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6490 6 . . . 43431 6491 1 The the DT 43431 6491 2 first first JJ 43431 6491 3 four four CD 43431 6491 4 have have VBP 43431 6491 5 centra centra NNP 43431 6491 6 with with IN 43431 6491 7 saddle saddle NN 43431 6491 8 - - HYPH 43431 6491 9 shaped shape VBN 43431 6491 10 articulating articulating NN 43431 6491 11 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6491 12 , , , 43431 6491 13 but but CC 43431 6491 14 are be VBP 43431 6491 15 more more RBR 43431 6491 16 or or CC 43431 6491 17 less less RBR 43431 6491 18 firmly firmly RB 43431 6491 19 united united JJ 43431 6491 20 together together RB 43431 6491 21 by by IN 43431 6491 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6491 23 neural neural JJ 43431 6491 24 spines spine NNS 43431 6491 25 ; ; : 43431 6491 26 the the DT 43431 6491 27 last last JJ 43431 6491 28 two two CD 43431 6491 29 are be VBP 43431 6491 30 completely completely RB 43431 6491 31 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6491 32 by by IN 43431 6491 33 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6491 34 centra centrum NNS 43431 6491 35 to to IN 43431 6491 36 the the DT 43431 6491 37 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 6491 38 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6491 39 . . . 43431 6492 1 Each each DT 43431 6492 2 of of IN 43431 6492 3 the the DT 43431 6492 4 first first JJ 43431 6492 5 five five CD 43431 6492 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6492 7 has have VBZ 43431 6492 8 a a DT 43431 6492 9 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6492 10 , , , 43431 6492 11 vertical vertical JJ 43431 6492 12 , , , 43431 6492 13 abruptly abruptly RB 43431 6492 14 terminated terminate VBN 43431 6492 15 neural neural JJ 43431 6492 16 spine spine NN 43431 6492 17 , , , 43431 6492 18 and and CC 43431 6492 19 straight straight JJ 43431 6492 20 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6492 21 processes process NNS 43431 6492 22 . . . 43431 6493 1 The the DT 43431 6493 2 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 6493 3 and and CC 43431 6493 4 articulating articulate VBG 43431 6493 5 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6493 6 at at IN 43431 6493 7 the the DT 43431 6493 8 ends end NNS 43431 6493 9 of of IN 43431 6493 10 the the DT 43431 6493 11 centra centrum NNS 43431 6493 12 are be VBP 43431 6493 13 well well RB 43431 6493 14 developed developed JJ 43431 6493 15 . . . 43431 6494 1 The the DT 43431 6494 2 third third JJ 43431 6494 3 , , , 43431 6494 4 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6494 5 , , , 43431 6494 6 fifth fifth JJ 43431 6494 7 , , , 43431 6494 8 and and CC 43431 6494 9 sixth sixth JJ 43431 6494 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6494 11 have have VBP 43431 6494 12 very very RB 43431 6494 13 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6494 14 hypapophyses hypapophyse NNS 43431 6494 15 . . . 43431 6495 1 The the DT 43431 6495 2 articular articular JJ 43431 6495 3 facets facet VBZ 43431 6495 4 for for IN 43431 6495 5 the the DT 43431 6495 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 6495 7 are be VBP 43431 6495 8 well well RB 43431 6495 9 marked marked JJ 43431 6495 10 , , , 43431 6495 11 those those DT 43431 6495 12 for for IN 43431 6495 13 the the DT 43431 6495 14 tubercula tubercula NNP 43431 6495 15 lying lie VBG 43431 6495 16 at at IN 43431 6495 17 the the DT 43431 6495 18 free free JJ 43431 6495 19 ends end NNS 43431 6495 20 of of IN 43431 6495 21 the the DT 43431 6495 22 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6495 23 processes process NNS 43431 6495 24 , , , 43431 6495 25 and and CC 43431 6495 26 those those DT 43431 6495 27 for for IN 43431 6495 28 the the DT 43431 6495 29 capitula capitula NN 43431 6495 30 at at IN 43431 6495 31 the the DT 43431 6495 32 sides side NNS 43431 6495 33 of of IN 43431 6495 34 the the DT 43431 6495 35 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6495 36 ends end NNS 43431 6495 37 of of IN 43431 6495 38 the the DT 43431 6495 39 centra centra NNP 43431 6495 40 . . . 43431 6496 1 The the DT 43431 6496 2 sixth sixth JJ 43431 6496 3 and and CC 43431 6496 4 seventh seventh JJ 43431 6496 5 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6496 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6496 7 are be VBP 43431 6496 8 firmly firmly RB 43431 6496 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 6496 10 by by IN 43431 6496 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6496 12 centra centrum NNS 43431 6496 13 and and CC 43431 6496 14 neural neural JJ 43431 6496 15 arches arch NNS 43431 6496 16 to to IN 43431 6496 17 one one CD 43431 6496 18 another another DT 43431 6496 19 and and CC 43431 6496 20 to to IN 43431 6496 21 the the DT 43431 6496 22 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 6496 23 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6496 24 behind behind RB 43431 6496 25 , , , 43431 6496 26 and and CC 43431 6496 27 by by IN 43431 6496 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6496 29 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6496 30 processes process NNS 43431 6496 31 to to IN 43431 6496 32 the the DT 43431 6496 33 ilia ilia NNP 43431 6496 34 . . . 43431 6497 1 The the DT 43431 6497 2 sixth sixth JJ 43431 6497 3 has have VBZ 43431 6497 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6497 5 centrum centrum NN 43431 6497 6 terminated terminate VBN 43431 6497 7 in in IN 43431 6497 8 front front NN 43431 6497 9 by by IN 43431 6497 10 a a DT 43431 6497 11 saddle saddle NN 43431 6497 12 - - HYPH 43431 6497 13 shaped shape VBN 43431 6497 14 articulating articulating NN 43431 6497 15 surface surface NN 43431 6497 16 , , , 43431 6497 17 and and CC 43431 6497 18 bears bear VBZ 43431 6497 19 a a DT 43431 6497 20 pair pair NN 43431 6497 21 of of IN 43431 6497 22 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6497 23 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 6497 24 . . . 43431 6498 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6498 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6498 3 processes process NNS 43431 6498 4 and and CC 43431 6498 5 centrum centrum NN 43431 6498 6 bear bear NN 43431 6498 7 facets facet NNS 43431 6498 8 for for IN 43431 6498 9 the the DT 43431 6498 10 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 6498 11 and and CC 43431 6498 12 capitula capitula NN 43431 6498 13 of of IN 43431 6498 14 the the DT 43431 6498 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 6498 16 respectively respectively RB 43431 6498 17 . . . 43431 6499 1 In in IN 43431 6499 2 the the DT 43431 6499 3 seventh seventh JJ 43431 6499 4 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 6499 5 the the DT 43431 6499 6 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 6499 7 facet facet NN 43431 6499 8 is be VBZ 43431 6499 9 wanting want VBG 43431 6499 10 . . . 43431 6500 1 THE the DT 43431 6500 2 SACRUM SACRUM NNP 43431 6500 3 . . . 43431 6501 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6501 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6501 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6501 4 . . . 43431 6502 1 58 58 CD 43431 6502 2 . . . 43431 6503 1 A a DT 43431 6503 2 , , , 43431 6503 3 DORSAL dorsal NN 43431 6503 4 AND and CC 43431 6503 5 B b NN 43431 6503 6 , , , 43431 6503 7 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 6503 8 VIEW view NN 43431 6503 9 OF of IN 43431 6503 10 THE the DT 43431 6503 11 PELVIS PELVIS NNP 43431 6503 12 AND and CC 43431 6503 13 SACRUM SACRUM NNP 43431 6503 14 OF of IN 43431 6503 15 A a DT 43431 6503 16 DUCK DUCK NNP 43431 6503 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6503 18 _ _ NNP 43431 6503 19 Anas Anas NNP 43431 6503 20 boschas boschas IN 43431 6503 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6503 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6503 23 . . . 43431 6504 1 1 1 LS 43431 6504 2 . . . 43431 6504 3 ilium ilium NNP 43431 6504 4 . . . 43431 6505 1 2 2 LS 43431 6505 2 . . . 43431 6505 3 ischium ischium NN 43431 6505 4 . . . 43431 6506 1 3 3 LS 43431 6506 2 . . . 43431 6506 3 pubis pubi VBN 43431 6506 4 . . . 43431 6507 1 4 4 LS 43431 6507 2 . . . 43431 6507 3 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 6507 4 process process NN 43431 6507 5 . . . 43431 6508 1 5 5 LS 43431 6508 2 . . . 43431 6508 3 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 6508 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6508 5 . . . 43431 6509 1 6 6 LS 43431 6509 2 . . . 43431 6509 3 true true JJ 43431 6509 4 sacral sacral JJ 43431 6509 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6509 6 . . . 43431 6509 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6510 1 The the DT 43431 6510 2 = = SYM 43431 6510 3 sacrum= sacrum= NNS 43431 6510 4 generally generally RB 43431 6510 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 6510 6 of of IN 43431 6510 7 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 6510 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6510 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 6510 10 with with IN 43431 6510 11 one one CD 43431 6510 12 another another DT 43431 6510 13 and and CC 43431 6510 14 with with IN 43431 6510 15 the the DT 43431 6510 16 ilia ilia NN 43431 6510 17 . . . 43431 6511 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6511 2 number number NN 43431 6511 3 may may MD 43431 6511 4 be be VB 43431 6511 5 reckoned reckon VBN 43431 6511 6 from from IN 43431 6511 7 the the DT 43431 6511 8 number number NN 43431 6511 9 of of IN 43431 6511 10 foramina foramina NNP 43431 6511 11 for for IN 43431 6511 12 the the DT 43431 6511 13 exit exit NN 43431 6511 14 of of IN 43431 6511 15 spinal spinal JJ 43431 6511 16 nerves nerve NNS 43431 6511 17 . . . 43431 6512 1 The the DT 43431 6512 2 two two CD 43431 6512 3 most most JJS 43431 6512 4 anterior anterior NN 43431 6512 5 of of IN 43431 6512 6 these these DT 43431 6512 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6512 8 bear bear VBP 43431 6512 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 6512 10 and and CC 43431 6512 11 have have VBP 43431 6512 12 been be VBN 43431 6512 13 already already RB 43431 6512 14 described describe VBN 43431 6512 15 with with IN 43431 6512 16 the the DT 43431 6512 17 other other JJ 43431 6512 18 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6512 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6512 20 . . . 43431 6513 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6513 2 neural neural JJ 43431 6513 3 spines spine NNS 43431 6513 4 and and CC 43431 6513 5 those those DT 43431 6513 6 of of IN 43431 6513 7 the the DT 43431 6513 8 four four CD 43431 6513 9 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 6513 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6513 11 are be VBP 43431 6513 12 fused fuse VBN 43431 6513 13 together together RB 43431 6513 14 , , , 43431 6513 15 forming form VBG 43431 6513 16 a a DT 43431 6513 17 continuous continuous JJ 43431 6513 18 crest crest NN 43431 6513 19 of of IN 43431 6513 20 bone bone NN 43431 6513 21 completely completely RB 43431 6513 22 united united JJ 43431 6513 23 laterally laterally RB 43431 6513 24 with with IN 43431 6513 25 the the DT 43431 6513 26 ilia ilia NNP 43431 6513 27 . . . 43431 6514 1 The the DT 43431 6514 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6514 3 processes process NNS 43431 6514 4 of of IN 43431 6514 5 all all PDT 43431 6514 6 these these DT 43431 6514 7 six six CD 43431 6514 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6514 9 are be VBP 43431 6514 10 well well RB 43431 6514 11 developed developed JJ 43431 6514 12 , , , 43431 6514 13 but but CC 43431 6514 14 those those DT 43431 6514 15 of of IN 43431 6514 16 the the DT 43431 6514 17 posterior posterior NN 43431 6514 18 two two CD 43431 6514 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6514 20 fig fig NN 43431 6514 21 . . . 43431 6515 1 58 58 CD 43431 6515 2 , , , 43431 6515 3 B b NN 43431 6515 4 , , , 43431 6515 5 5 5 CD 43431 6515 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6515 7 are be VBP 43431 6515 8 much much RB 43431 6515 9 the the DT 43431 6515 10 stoutest stout JJS 43431 6515 11 . . . 43431 6516 1 The the DT 43431 6516 2 next next JJ 43431 6516 3 three three CD 43431 6516 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6516 5 have have VBP 43431 6516 6 broad broad JJ 43431 6516 7 centra centrum NNS 43431 6516 8 , , , 43431 6516 9 but but CC 43431 6516 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6516 11 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6516 12 processes process NNS 43431 6516 13 are be VBP 43431 6516 14 very very RB 43431 6516 15 slightly slightly RB 43431 6516 16 developed develop VBN 43431 6516 17 and and CC 43431 6516 18 have have VBP 43431 6516 19 no no DT 43431 6516 20 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6516 21 elements element NNS 43431 6516 22 . . . 43431 6517 1 These these DT 43431 6517 2 seven seven CD 43431 6517 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6517 4 belong belong VBP 43431 6517 5 to to IN 43431 6517 6 the the DT 43431 6517 7 = = SYM 43431 6517 8 lumbar= lumbar= NNP 43431 6517 9 series series NNP 43431 6517 10 . . . 43431 6518 1 The the DT 43431 6518 2 remaining remain VBG 43431 6518 3 eight eight CD 43431 6518 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6518 5 have have VBP 43431 6518 6 well well RB 43431 6518 7 - - HYPH 43431 6518 8 developed develop VBN 43431 6518 9 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6518 10 processes process NNS 43431 6518 11 , , , 43431 6518 12 which which WDT 43431 6518 13 in in IN 43431 6518 14 the the DT 43431 6518 15 case case NN 43431 6518 16 of of IN 43431 6518 17 the the DT 43431 6518 18 first first JJ 43431 6518 19 three three CD 43431 6518 20 or or CC 43431 6518 21 four four CD 43431 6518 22 are be VBP 43431 6518 23 divisible divisible JJ 43431 6518 24 into into IN 43431 6518 25 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6518 26 and and CC 43431 6518 27 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6518 28 elements element NNS 43431 6518 29 . . . 43431 6519 1 All all PDT 43431 6519 2 the the DT 43431 6519 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6519 4 elements element NNS 43431 6519 5 are be VBP 43431 6519 6 united united JJ 43431 6519 7 to to TO 43431 6519 8 form form VB 43431 6519 9 a a DT 43431 6519 10 pair pair NN 43431 6519 11 of of IN 43431 6519 12 flattened flattened JJ 43431 6519 13 plates plate NNS 43431 6519 14 , , , 43431 6519 15 partially partially RB 43431 6519 16 separated separate VBN 43431 6519 17 by by IN 43431 6519 18 a a DT 43431 6519 19 series series NN 43431 6519 20 of of IN 43431 6519 21 foramina foramina NNP 43431 6519 22 from from IN 43431 6519 23 a a DT 43431 6519 24 median median JJ 43431 6519 25 plate plate NN 43431 6519 26 formed form VBN 43431 6519 27 by by IN 43431 6519 28 the the DT 43431 6519 29 united united NNP 43431 6519 30 neural neural NNP 43431 6519 31 arches arch NNS 43431 6519 32 . . . 43431 6520 1 Laterally laterally RB 43431 6520 2 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6520 3 are be VBP 43431 6520 4 continuous continuous JJ 43431 6520 5 with with IN 43431 6520 6 the the DT 43431 6520 7 ischia ischia NN 43431 6520 8 . . . 43431 6521 1 The the DT 43431 6521 2 first first JJ 43431 6521 3 two two CD 43431 6521 4 of of IN 43431 6521 5 this this DT 43431 6521 6 series series NN 43431 6521 7 of of IN 43431 6521 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6521 9 are be VBP 43431 6521 10 shown show VBN 43431 6521 11 by by IN 43431 6521 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6521 13 relation relation NN 43431 6521 14 to to IN 43431 6521 15 the the DT 43431 6521 16 nerves nerve NNS 43431 6521 17 to to TO 43431 6521 18 be be VB 43431 6521 19 the the DT 43431 6521 20 true true JJ 43431 6521 21 = = SYM 43431 6521 22 sacrals= sacrals= NN 43431 6521 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6521 24 fig fig NN 43431 6521 25 . . . 43431 6522 1 58 58 CD 43431 6522 2 , , , 43431 6522 3 B b NN 43431 6522 4 , , , 43431 6522 5 6 6 CD 43431 6522 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6522 7 , , , 43431 6522 8 the the DT 43431 6522 9 remaining remain VBG 43431 6522 10 six six CD 43431 6522 11 belonging belong VBG 43431 6522 12 to to IN 43431 6522 13 the the DT 43431 6522 14 = = SYM 43431 6522 15 caudal= caudal= NNP 43431 6522 16 series series NNP 43431 6522 17 . . . 43431 6523 1 Behind behind IN 43431 6523 2 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6523 3 come come VBP 43431 6523 4 the the DT 43431 6523 5 six six CD 43431 6523 6 free free JJ 43431 6523 7 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6523 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6523 9 , , , 43431 6523 10 succeeded succeed VBN 43431 6523 11 by by IN 43431 6523 12 a a DT 43431 6523 13 terminal terminal JJ 43431 6523 14 piece piece NN 43431 6523 15 , , , 43431 6523 16 the the DT 43431 6523 17 = = SYM 43431 6523 18 pygostyle= pygostyle= NN 43431 6523 19 , , , 43431 6523 20 formed form VBN 43431 6523 21 of of IN 43431 6523 22 a a DT 43431 6523 23 number number NN 43431 6523 24 of of IN 43431 6523 25 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6523 26 fused fuse VBN 43431 6523 27 together together RB 43431 6523 28 ; ; : 43431 6523 29 this this DT 43431 6523 30 bears bear VBZ 43431 6523 31 the the DT 43431 6523 32 rectrices rectrix NNS 43431 6523 33 or or CC 43431 6523 34 tail tail NN 43431 6523 35 quills quill NNS 43431 6523 36 . . . 43431 6524 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6524 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6524 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6524 4 . . . 43431 6525 1 59 59 CD 43431 6525 2 . . . 43431 6526 1 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 6526 2 OF of IN 43431 6526 3 A a DT 43431 6526 4 DUCK DUCK NNP 43431 6526 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6526 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6526 7 Anas Anas NNP 43431 6526 8 boschas boschas IN 43431 6526 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6526 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6526 11 . . . 43431 6527 1 à à NNP 43431 6527 2 � � NNP 43431 6527 3 1 1 CD 43431 6527 4 . . . 43431 6528 1 A. a. JJ 43431 6528 2 Dorsal Dorsal NNP 43431 6528 3 view view NN 43431 6528 4 of of IN 43431 6528 5 the the DT 43431 6528 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 6528 7 . . . 43431 6529 1 B. B. NNP 43431 6529 2 Palatal Palatal NNP 43431 6529 3 view view NN 43431 6529 4 of of IN 43431 6529 5 the the DT 43431 6529 6 mandible mandible NN 43431 6529 7 . . . 43431 6530 1 C. C. NNP 43431 6530 2 The the DT 43431 6530 3 Hyoid Hyoid NNP 43431 6530 4 . . . 43431 6531 1 For for IN 43431 6531 2 numbers number NNS 43431 6531 3 see see VBP 43431 6531 4 Fig Fig NNP 43431 6531 5 . . . 43431 6532 1 60 60 CD 43431 6532 2 . . . 43431 6532 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6533 1 B. B. NNP 43431 6534 1 THE the DT 43431 6534 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 6534 3 . . . 43431 6535 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6535 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6535 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6535 4 . . . 43431 6536 1 60 60 CD 43431 6536 2 . . . 43431 6537 1 A. a. JJ 43431 6537 2 Ventral ventral JJ 43431 6537 3 view view NN 43431 6537 4 of of IN 43431 6537 5 the the DT 43431 6537 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 6537 7 of of IN 43431 6537 8 a a DT 43431 6537 9 Duck Duck NNP 43431 6537 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6537 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6537 12 Anas Anas NNP 43431 6537 13 boschas boschas IN 43431 6537 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6537 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6537 16 . . . 43431 6538 1 B. B. NNP 43431 6538 2 Cranium Cranium NNP 43431 6538 3 and and CC 43431 6538 4 mandible mandible JJ 43431 6538 5 seen see VBN 43431 6538 6 from from IN 43431 6538 7 the the DT 43431 6538 8 left left JJ 43431 6538 9 side side NN 43431 6538 10 . . . 43431 6539 1 à à NNP 43431 6539 2 � � NNP 43431 6539 3 1 1 CD 43431 6539 4 . . . 43431 6540 1 1 1 LS 43431 6540 2 . . . 43431 6540 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 6540 4 . . . 43431 6541 1 2 2 LS 43431 6541 2 . . . 43431 6541 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 6541 4 . . . 43431 6542 1 3 3 LS 43431 6542 2 . . . 43431 6542 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6542 4 nares naris NNS 43431 6542 5 . . . 43431 6543 1 4 4 LS 43431 6543 2 . . . 43431 6543 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 6543 4 process process NN 43431 6543 5 of of IN 43431 6543 6 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 6543 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6543 8 fig fig NN 43431 6543 9 . . . 43431 6544 1 59 59 LS 43431 6544 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6544 3 . . . 43431 6545 1 5 5 LS 43431 6545 2 . . . 43431 6545 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 6545 4 . . . 43431 6546 1 6 6 LS 43431 6546 2 . . . 43431 6546 3 frontal frontal NNP 43431 6546 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6546 5 fig fig NN 43431 6546 6 . . . 43431 6547 1 59 59 LS 43431 6547 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6547 3 . . . 43431 6548 1 7 7 LS 43431 6548 2 . . . 43431 6548 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 6548 4 . . . 43431 6549 1 8 8 LS 43431 6549 2 . . . 43431 6549 3 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 6549 4 process process NN 43431 6549 5 . . . 43431 6550 1 9 9 LS 43431 6550 2 . . . 43431 6550 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 6550 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6550 5 fig fig NN 43431 6550 6 . . . 43431 6551 1 59 59 LS 43431 6551 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6551 3 . . . 43431 6552 1 10 10 CD 43431 6552 2 . . . 43431 6552 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 6552 4 . . . 43431 6553 1 11 11 CD 43431 6553 2 . . . 43431 6553 3 quadratojugal quadratojugal NNP 43431 6553 4 . . . 43431 6554 1 12 12 CD 43431 6554 2 . . . 43431 6554 3 quadrate quadrate NNP 43431 6554 4 . . . 43431 6555 1 13 13 CD 43431 6555 2 . . . 43431 6555 3 condyle condyle NN 43431 6555 4 of of IN 43431 6555 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 6555 6 . . . 43431 6556 1 14 14 CD 43431 6556 2 . . . 43431 6556 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6556 4 articular articular JJ 43431 6556 5 process process NN 43431 6556 6 . . . 43431 6557 1 15 15 CD 43431 6557 2 . . . 43431 6557 3 dentary dentary NNP 43431 6557 4 at at IN 43431 6557 5 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 6557 6 . . . 43431 6557 7 } } -RRB- 43431 6558 1 16 16 CD 43431 6558 2 . . . 43431 6558 3 basi basi NNP 43431 6558 4 - - HYPH 43431 6558 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 6558 6 . . . 43431 6558 7 } } -RRB- 43431 6559 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6559 2 fig fig NN 43431 6559 3 . . . 43431 6560 1 17 17 CD 43431 6560 2 . . . 43431 6560 3 uro uro NNP 43431 6560 4 - - HYPH 43431 6560 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 6560 6 . . . 43431 6560 7 } } -RRB- 43431 6561 1 59 59 LS 43431 6561 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6561 3 . . . 43431 6562 1 18 18 CD 43431 6562 2 . . . 43431 6562 3 basibranchial basibranchial NNP 43431 6562 4 . . . 43431 6562 5 } } -RRB- 43431 6563 1 19 19 CD 43431 6563 2 . . . 43431 6563 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 6563 4 . . . 43431 6564 1 20 20 CD 43431 6564 2 . . . 43431 6564 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 6564 4 . . . 43431 6565 1 21 21 LS 43431 6565 2 . . . 43431 6565 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 6565 4 . . . 43431 6566 1 22 22 CD 43431 6566 2 . . . 43431 6566 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6566 4 palatine palatine NNP 43431 6566 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6566 6 . . . 43431 6567 1 23 23 CD 43431 6567 2 . . . 43431 6567 3 basitemporal basitemporal JJ 43431 6567 4 . . . 43431 6568 1 24 24 CD 43431 6568 2 . . . 43431 6568 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6568 4 leading lead VBG 43431 6568 5 into into IN 43431 6568 6 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 6568 7 cavity cavity NN 43431 6568 8 . . . 43431 6569 1 25 25 CD 43431 6569 2 . . . 43431 6569 3 bristle bristle NN 43431 6569 4 inserted insert VBD 43431 6569 5 into into IN 43431 6569 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 6569 7 opening opening NN 43431 6569 8 of of IN 43431 6569 9 carotid carotid JJ 43431 6569 10 canal canal NN 43431 6569 11 . . . 43431 6570 1 26 26 CD 43431 6570 2 . . . 43431 6570 3 bristle bristle NNP 43431 6570 4 inserted insert VBD 43431 6570 5 into into IN 43431 6570 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 6570 7 opening opening NN 43431 6570 8 of of IN 43431 6570 9 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 6570 10 canal canal NN 43431 6570 11 . . . 43431 6571 1 27 27 CD 43431 6571 2 . . . 43431 6571 3 bristle bristle NNP 43431 6571 4 emerging emerge VBG 43431 6571 5 through through IN 43431 6571 6 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6571 7 opening opening NN 43431 6571 8 of of IN 43431 6571 9 carotid carotid JJ 43431 6571 10 canal canal NN 43431 6571 11 . . . 43431 6572 1 Close close JJ 43431 6572 2 by by IN 43431 6572 3 is be VBZ 43431 6572 4 seen see VBN 43431 6572 5 the the DT 43431 6572 6 bristle bristle NN 43431 6572 7 emerging emerge VBG 43431 6572 8 through through IN 43431 6572 9 the the DT 43431 6572 10 anterior anterior NN 43431 6572 11 opening opening NN 43431 6572 12 of of IN 43431 6572 13 the the DT 43431 6572 14 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 6572 15 canal canal NN 43431 6572 16 . . . 43431 6573 1 28 28 CD 43431 6573 2 . . . 43431 6573 3 fenestral fenestral JJ 43431 6573 4 recess recess NN 43431 6573 5 . . . 43431 6574 1 29 29 CD 43431 6574 2 . . . 43431 6574 3 maxillo maxillo NNP 43431 6574 4 - - HYPH 43431 6574 5 palatine palatine NNP 43431 6574 6 . . . 43431 6575 1 30 30 CD 43431 6575 2 . . . 43431 6575 3 lambdoidal lambdoidal NNP 43431 6575 4 crest crest NNP 43431 6575 5 . . . 43431 6576 1 31 31 CD 43431 6576 2 . . . 43431 6576 3 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 6576 4 . . . 43431 6577 1 I. I. NNP 43431 6577 2 II II NNP 43431 6577 3 . . . 43431 6578 1 IV IV NNP 43431 6578 2 . . . 43431 6579 1 V. V. NNP 43431 6579 2 IX IX NNP 43431 6579 3 . . . 43431 6580 1 X. X. NNP 43431 6580 2 nerve nerve NN 43431 6580 3 foramina foramina NNP 43431 6580 4 . . . 43431 6580 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6581 1 The the DT 43431 6581 2 skull skull NN 43431 6581 3 of of IN 43431 6581 4 the the DT 43431 6581 5 duck duck NN 43431 6581 6 , , , 43431 6581 7 like like IN 43431 6581 8 that that DT 43431 6581 9 of of IN 43431 6581 10 birds bird NNS 43431 6581 11 in in IN 43431 6581 12 general general JJ 43431 6581 13 , , , 43431 6581 14 is be VBZ 43431 6581 15 characterised characterise VBN 43431 6581 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6581 17 1 1 CD 43431 6581 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6581 19 by by IN 43431 6581 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6581 21 lightness lightness NN 43431 6581 22 , , , 43431 6581 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6581 24 2 2 LS 43431 6581 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6581 26 by by IN 43431 6581 27 the the DT 43431 6581 28 contrast contrast NN 43431 6581 29 between between IN 43431 6581 30 the the DT 43431 6581 31 bones bone NNS 43431 6581 32 of of IN 43431 6581 33 the the DT 43431 6581 34 cranium cranium NN 43431 6581 35 proper proper JJ 43431 6581 36 and and CC 43431 6581 37 those those DT 43431 6581 38 forming form VBG 43431 6581 39 the the DT 43431 6581 40 rest rest NN 43431 6581 41 of of IN 43431 6581 42 the the DT 43431 6581 43 skull skull NN 43431 6581 44 , , , 43431 6581 45 for for IN 43431 6581 46 the the DT 43431 6581 47 bones bone NNS 43431 6581 48 forming form VBG 43431 6581 49 the the DT 43431 6581 50 cranium cranium NN 43431 6581 51 proper proper JJ 43431 6581 52 are be VBP 43431 6581 53 closely closely RB 43431 6581 54 fused fuse VBN 43431 6581 55 together together RB 43431 6581 56 , , , 43431 6581 57 the the DT 43431 6581 58 sutures suture NNS 43431 6581 59 between between IN 43431 6581 60 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6581 61 being be VBG 43431 6581 62 nearly nearly RB 43431 6581 63 all all DT 43431 6581 64 completely completely RB 43431 6581 65 obliterated obliterate VBN 43431 6581 66 in in IN 43431 6581 67 the the DT 43431 6581 68 adult adult NN 43431 6581 69 , , , 43431 6581 70 while while IN 43431 6581 71 the the DT 43431 6581 72 bones bone NNS 43431 6581 73 forming form VBG 43431 6581 74 the the DT 43431 6581 75 face face NN 43431 6581 76 are be VBP 43431 6581 77 loosely loosely RB 43431 6581 78 connected connect VBN 43431 6581 79 with with IN 43431 6581 80 the the DT 43431 6581 81 cranium cranium NN 43431 6581 82 proper proper JJ 43431 6581 83 ; ; : 43431 6581 84 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6581 85 3 3 LS 43431 6581 86 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6581 87 by by IN 43431 6581 88 the the DT 43431 6581 89 prolongation prolongation NN 43431 6581 90 of of IN 43431 6581 91 the the DT 43431 6581 92 face face NN 43431 6581 93 into into IN 43431 6581 94 a a DT 43431 6581 95 long long JJ 43431 6581 96 toothless toothless JJ 43431 6581 97 beak beak NN 43431 6581 98 ; ; : 43431 6581 99 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6581 100 4 4 LS 43431 6581 101 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6581 102 by by IN 43431 6581 103 the the DT 43431 6581 104 size size NN 43431 6581 105 of of IN 43431 6581 106 the the DT 43431 6581 107 orbits orbit NNS 43431 6581 108 , , , 43431 6581 109 and and CC 43431 6581 110 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6581 111 position position NN 43431 6581 112 entirely entirely RB 43431 6581 113 in in IN 43431 6581 114 front front NN 43431 6581 115 of of IN 43431 6581 116 the the DT 43431 6581 117 cranium cranium NN 43431 6581 118 , , , 43431 6581 119 so so IN 43431 6581 120 that that IN 43431 6581 121 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6581 122 are be VBP 43431 6581 123 separated separate VBN 43431 6581 124 from from IN 43431 6581 125 one one CD 43431 6581 126 another another DT 43431 6581 127 only only RB 43431 6581 128 by by IN 43431 6581 129 a a DT 43431 6581 130 thin thin JJ 43431 6581 131 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 6581 132 septum septum NN 43431 6581 133 . . . 43431 6582 1 For for IN 43431 6582 2 purposes purpose NNS 43431 6582 3 of of IN 43431 6582 4 description description NN 43431 6582 5 the the DT 43431 6582 6 skull skull NN 43431 6582 7 may may MD 43431 6582 8 be be VB 43431 6582 9 divided divide VBN 43431 6582 10 into into IN 43431 6582 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6582 12 1 1 LS 43431 6582 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6582 14 The the DT 43431 6582 15 cranial cranial JJ 43431 6582 16 portion portion NN 43431 6582 17 . . . 43431 6583 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6583 2 2 2 LS 43431 6583 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6583 4 The the DT 43431 6583 5 facial facial JJ 43431 6583 6 portion portion NN 43431 6583 7 . . . 43431 6584 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6584 2 3 3 LS 43431 6584 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6584 4 The the DT 43431 6584 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 6584 6 . . . 43431 6585 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6585 2 4 4 LS 43431 6585 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6585 4 The the DT 43431 6585 5 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 6585 6 . . . 43431 6586 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6586 2 1 1 LS 43431 6586 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6586 4 THE the DT 43431 6586 5 CRANIAL CRANIAL NNP 43431 6586 6 PORTION PORTION NNP 43431 6586 7 . . . 43431 6587 1 This this DT 43431 6587 2 is be VBZ 43431 6587 3 a a DT 43431 6587 4 rounded round VBN 43431 6587 5 box box NN 43431 6587 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 6587 7 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 6587 8 and and CC 43431 6587 9 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6587 10 , , , 43431 6587 11 but but CC 43431 6587 12 tapering taper VBG 43431 6587 13 antero antero NNP 43431 6587 14 - - HYPH 43431 6587 15 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 6587 16 . . . 43431 6588 1 In in IN 43431 6588 2 the the DT 43431 6588 3 young young JJ 43431 6588 4 skull skull NN 43431 6588 5 the the DT 43431 6588 6 divisional divisional JJ 43431 6588 7 lines line NNS 43431 6588 8 between between IN 43431 6588 9 the the DT 43431 6588 10 several several JJ 43431 6588 11 bones bone NNS 43431 6588 12 can can MD 43431 6588 13 be be VB 43431 6588 14 easily easily RB 43431 6588 15 seen see VBN 43431 6588 16 , , , 43431 6588 17 but but CC 43431 6588 18 in in IN 43431 6588 19 the the DT 43431 6588 20 adult adult NN 43431 6588 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6588 22 are be VBP 43431 6588 23 quite quite RB 43431 6588 24 obliterated obliterated JJ 43431 6588 25 . . . 43431 6589 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6589 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6589 3 a a DT 43431 6589 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6589 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6589 6 The the DT 43431 6589 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6589 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6589 9 surface surface NN 43431 6589 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6589 11 is be VBZ 43431 6589 12 rounded rounded JJ 43431 6589 13 , , , 43431 6589 14 expanded expand VBN 43431 6589 15 in in IN 43431 6589 16 front front NN 43431 6589 17 and and CC 43431 6589 18 behind behind RB 43431 6589 19 , , , 43431 6589 20 but but CC 43431 6589 21 encroached encroach VBN 43431 6589 22 upon upon IN 43431 6589 23 in in IN 43431 6589 24 the the DT 43431 6589 25 middle middle NN 43431 6589 26 by by IN 43431 6589 27 the the DT 43431 6589 28 cavities cavity NNS 43431 6589 29 of of IN 43431 6589 30 the the DT 43431 6589 31 orbits orbit NNS 43431 6589 32 . . . 43431 6590 1 There there EX 43431 6590 2 is be VBZ 43431 6590 3 a a DT 43431 6590 4 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6590 5 divisional divisional JJ 43431 6590 6 line line NN 43431 6590 7 in in IN 43431 6590 8 front front NN 43431 6590 9 , , , 43431 6590 10 separating separate VBG 43431 6590 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6590 12 from from IN 43431 6590 13 the the DT 43431 6590 14 facial facial JJ 43431 6590 15 part part NN 43431 6590 16 of of IN 43431 6590 17 the the DT 43431 6590 18 skull skull NN 43431 6590 19 . . . 43431 6591 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6591 2 is be VBZ 43431 6591 3 formed form VBN 43431 6591 4 mainly mainly RB 43431 6591 5 by by IN 43431 6591 6 the the DT 43431 6591 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6591 8 frontal frontal NN 43431 6591 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6591 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6591 11 fig fig NN 43431 6591 12 . . . 43431 6592 1 59 59 CD 43431 6592 2 , , , 43431 6592 3 A a NN 43431 6592 4 , , , 43431 6592 5 6 6 CD 43431 6592 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6592 7 and and CC 43431 6592 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6592 9 parietal parietal NN 43431 6592 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6592 11 bones bone NNS 43431 6592 12 , , , 43431 6592 13 but but CC 43431 6592 14 the the DT 43431 6592 15 frontals frontal NNS 43431 6592 16 diverge diverge VBP 43431 6592 17 a a DT 43431 6592 18 little little JJ 43431 6592 19 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 6592 20 and and CC 43431 6592 21 enclose enclose VBP 43431 6592 22 between between IN 43431 6592 23 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6592 24 the the DT 43431 6592 25 ends end NNS 43431 6592 26 of of IN 43431 6592 27 the the DT 43431 6592 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6592 29 nasal nasal NN 43431 6592 30 processes process VBZ 43431 6592 31 _ _ NNP 43431 6592 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6592 33 fig fig NN 43431 6592 34 . . . 43431 6593 1 59 59 CD 43431 6593 2 , , , 43431 6593 3 A a NN 43431 6593 4 , , , 43431 6593 5 4 4 CD 43431 6593 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6593 7 of of IN 43431 6593 8 the the DT 43431 6593 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6593 10 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 6593 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6593 12 . . . 43431 6594 1 Just just RB 43431 6594 2 in in IN 43431 6594 3 front front NN 43431 6594 4 of of IN 43431 6594 5 the the DT 43431 6594 6 orbit orbit NN 43431 6594 7 the the DT 43431 6594 8 outer outer JJ 43431 6594 9 margins margin NNS 43431 6594 10 of of IN 43431 6594 11 the the DT 43431 6594 12 frontals frontal NNS 43431 6594 13 are be VBP 43431 6594 14 either either CC 43431 6594 15 notched notch VBN 43431 6594 16 or or CC 43431 6594 17 pierced pierce VBN 43431 6594 18 by by IN 43431 6594 19 a a DT 43431 6594 20 pair pair NN 43431 6594 21 of of IN 43431 6594 22 foramina foramina NN 43431 6594 23 . . . 43431 6595 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6595 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6595 3 b b NNP 43431 6595 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6595 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6595 6 At at IN 43431 6595 7 the the DT 43431 6595 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6595 9 posterior posterior NN 43431 6595 10 end end NN 43431 6595 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6595 12 of of IN 43431 6595 13 the the DT 43431 6595 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 6595 15 the the DT 43431 6595 16 most most RBS 43431 6595 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6595 18 feature feature NN 43431 6595 19 is be VBZ 43431 6595 20 the the DT 43431 6595 21 large large JJ 43431 6595 22 , , , 43431 6595 23 almost almost RB 43431 6595 24 circular circular JJ 43431 6595 25 = = SYM 43431 6595 26 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6595 27 magnum= magnum= NNS 43431 6595 28 , , , 43431 6595 29 through through IN 43431 6595 30 which which WDT 43431 6595 31 the the DT 43431 6595 32 spinal spinal JJ 43431 6595 33 cord cord NN 43431 6595 34 and and CC 43431 6595 35 brain brain NN 43431 6595 36 communicate communicate NN 43431 6595 37 ; ; : 43431 6595 38 this this DT 43431 6595 39 in in IN 43431 6595 40 young young JJ 43431 6595 41 birds bird NNS 43431 6595 42 is be VBZ 43431 6595 43 seen see VBN 43431 6595 44 to to TO 43431 6595 45 be be VB 43431 6595 46 bounded bound VBN 43431 6595 47 by by IN 43431 6595 48 four four CD 43431 6595 49 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6595 50 bones bone NNS 43431 6595 51 , , , 43431 6595 52 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 6595 53 by by IN 43431 6595 54 the the DT 43431 6595 55 = = SYM 43431 6595 56 supra supra NNP 43431 6595 57 - - HYPH 43431 6595 58 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 6595 59 , , , 43431 6595 60 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 6595 61 by by IN 43431 6595 62 the the DT 43431 6595 63 = = SYM 43431 6595 64 basi basi NNP 43431 6595 65 - - HYPH 43431 6595 66 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 6595 67 , , , 43431 6595 68 and and CC 43431 6595 69 laterally laterally RB 43431 6595 70 by by IN 43431 6595 71 the the DT 43431 6595 72 = = SYM 43431 6595 73 exoccipitals=. exoccipitals=. FW 43431 6596 1 The the DT 43431 6596 2 = = SYM 43431 6596 3 basi basi NNP 43431 6596 4 - - HYPH 43431 6596 5 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 6596 6 forms form VBZ 43431 6596 7 the the DT 43431 6596 8 main main JJ 43431 6596 9 part part NN 43431 6596 10 of of IN 43431 6596 11 a a DT 43431 6596 12 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6596 13 convex convex NNP 43431 6596 14 knob knob NN 43431 6596 15 , , , 43431 6596 16 the the DT 43431 6596 17 = = SYM 43431 6596 18 occipital occipital NN 43431 6596 19 condyle= condyle= NN 43431 6596 20 , , , 43431 6596 21 with with IN 43431 6596 22 which which WDT 43431 6596 23 the the DT 43431 6596 24 atlas atlas NNP 43431 6596 25 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6596 26 . . . 43431 6597 1 The the DT 43431 6597 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 6597 3 condyle condyle NN 43431 6597 4 is be VBZ 43431 6597 5 slightly slightly RB 43431 6597 6 notched notch VBN 43431 6597 7 above above RB 43431 6597 8 , , , 43431 6597 9 and and CC 43431 6597 10 the the DT 43431 6597 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6597 12 surface surface NN 43431 6597 13 of of IN 43431 6597 14 the the DT 43431 6597 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 6597 16 is be VBZ 43431 6597 17 deeply deeply RB 43431 6597 18 pitted pit VBN 43431 6597 19 just just RB 43431 6597 20 in in IN 43431 6597 21 front front NN 43431 6597 22 of of IN 43431 6597 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6597 24 ; ; : 43431 6597 25 the the DT 43431 6597 26 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 6597 27 also also RB 43431 6597 28 contribute contribute VBP 43431 6597 29 slightly slightly RB 43431 6597 30 to to IN 43431 6597 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6597 32 formation formation NN 43431 6597 33 . . . 43431 6598 1 Slightly slightly RB 43431 6598 2 in in IN 43431 6598 3 front front NN 43431 6598 4 of of IN 43431 6598 5 and and CC 43431 6598 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6598 7 to to IN 43431 6598 8 the the DT 43431 6598 9 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6598 10 magnum magnum NN 43431 6598 11 is be VBZ 43431 6598 12 a a DT 43431 6598 13 small small JJ 43431 6598 14 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6598 15 through through IN 43431 6598 16 which which WDT 43431 6598 17 the the DT 43431 6598 18 hypoglossal hypoglossal NN 43431 6598 19 nerve nerve NN 43431 6598 20 leaves leave VBZ 43431 6598 21 the the DT 43431 6598 22 cranial cranial JJ 43431 6598 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 6598 24 . . . 43431 6599 1 The the DT 43431 6599 2 = = SYM 43431 6599 3 supra supra NNP 43431 6599 4 - - HYPH 43431 6599 5 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 6599 6 is be VBZ 43431 6599 7 separated separate VBN 43431 6599 8 from from IN 43431 6599 9 the the DT 43431 6599 10 parietal parietal NN 43431 6599 11 by by IN 43431 6599 12 a a DT 43431 6599 13 suture suture NN 43431 6599 14 line line NN 43431 6599 15 along along IN 43431 6599 16 which which WDT 43431 6599 17 run run VBP 43431 6599 18 a a DT 43431 6599 19 pair pair NN 43431 6599 20 of of IN 43431 6599 21 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6599 22 ridges ridge NNS 43431 6599 23 , , , 43431 6599 24 the the DT 43431 6599 25 = = SYM 43431 6599 26 lambdoidal lambdoidal NNP 43431 6599 27 crests= crests= NNP 43431 6599 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6599 29 fig fig NN 43431 6599 30 . . . 43431 6600 1 60 60 CD 43431 6600 2 , , , 43431 6600 3 B b NN 43431 6600 4 , , , 43431 6600 5 30 30 CD 43431 6600 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6600 7 . . . 43431 6601 1 There there EX 43431 6601 2 are be VBP 43431 6601 3 often often RB 43431 6601 4 a a DT 43431 6601 5 pair pair NN 43431 6601 6 of of IN 43431 6601 7 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6601 8 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 6601 9 in in IN 43431 6601 10 the the DT 43431 6601 11 supra supra NNP 43431 6601 12 - - HYPH 43431 6601 13 occipital occipital JJ 43431 6601 14 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6601 15 to to IN 43431 6601 16 the the DT 43431 6601 17 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6601 18 magnum magnum NN 43431 6601 19 . . . 43431 6602 1 The the DT 43431 6602 2 = = SYM 43431 6602 3 epi epi NNP 43431 6602 4 - - HYPH 43431 6602 5 otics= otics= NNP 43431 6602 6 and and CC 43431 6602 7 = = SYM 43431 6602 8 opisthotics= opisthotics= NN 43431 6602 9 become become VBP 43431 6602 10 completely completely RB 43431 6602 11 fused fuse VBN 43431 6602 12 with with IN 43431 6602 13 the the DT 43431 6602 14 bones bone NNS 43431 6602 15 of of IN 43431 6602 16 the the DT 43431 6602 17 occipital occipital JJ 43431 6602 18 segment segment NN 43431 6602 19 at at IN 43431 6602 20 a a DT 43431 6602 21 very very RB 43431 6602 22 early early JJ 43431 6602 23 stage stage NN 43431 6602 24 . . . 43431 6603 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6603 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6603 3 c c NNP 43431 6603 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6603 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6603 6 The the DT 43431 6603 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6603 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6603 9 surface surface NN 43431 6603 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6603 11 of of IN 43431 6603 12 the the DT 43431 6603 13 cranium cranium NN 43431 6603 14 is be VBZ 43431 6603 15 wide wide JJ 43431 6603 16 behind behind RB 43431 6603 17 , , , 43431 6603 18 where where WRB 43431 6603 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6603 20 is be VBZ 43431 6603 21 formed form VBN 43431 6603 22 by by IN 43431 6603 23 a a DT 43431 6603 24 broad broad JJ 43431 6603 25 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6603 26 membrane membrane NN 43431 6603 27 bone bone NN 43431 6603 28 , , , 43431 6603 29 the the DT 43431 6603 30 _ _ NNP 43431 6603 31 basitemporal basitemporal NN 43431 6603 32 _ _ NNP 43431 6603 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6603 34 fig fig NN 43431 6603 35 . . . 43431 6604 1 60 60 CD 43431 6604 2 , , , 43431 6604 3 A a NN 43431 6604 4 , , , 43431 6604 5 23 23 CD 43431 6604 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6604 7 , , , 43431 6604 8 the the DT 43431 6604 9 sides side NNS 43431 6604 10 of of IN 43431 6604 11 which which WDT 43431 6604 12 are be VBP 43431 6604 13 fused fuse VBN 43431 6604 14 with with IN 43431 6604 15 the the DT 43431 6604 16 auditory auditory JJ 43431 6604 17 capsules capsule NNS 43431 6604 18 . . . 43431 6605 1 Slightly slightly RB 43431 6605 2 in in IN 43431 6605 3 front front NN 43431 6605 4 of of IN 43431 6605 5 and and CC 43431 6605 6 an an DT 43431 6605 7 eighth eighth NN 43431 6605 8 of of IN 43431 6605 9 an an DT 43431 6605 10 inch inch NN 43431 6605 11 external external JJ 43431 6605 12 to to IN 43431 6605 13 the the DT 43431 6605 14 hypoglossal hypoglossal NN 43431 6605 15 foramen foramen VBZ 43431 6605 16 the the DT 43431 6605 17 cranial cranial JJ 43431 6605 18 wall wall NN 43431 6605 19 is be VBZ 43431 6605 20 pierced pierce VBN 43431 6605 21 by by IN 43431 6605 22 a a DT 43431 6605 23 pair pair NN 43431 6605 24 of of IN 43431 6605 25 foramina foramina NN 43431 6605 26 through through IN 43431 6605 27 which which WDT 43431 6605 28 the the DT 43431 6605 29 tenth tenth JJ 43431 6605 30 or or CC 43431 6605 31 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 6605 32 nerves nerve NNS 43431 6605 33 leave leave VBP 43431 6605 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6605 35 fig fig NN 43431 6605 36 . . . 43431 6606 1 60 60 CD 43431 6606 2 , , , 43431 6606 3 A a NN 43431 6606 4 , , , 43431 6606 5 X x NN 43431 6606 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6606 7 . . . 43431 6607 1 At at IN 43431 6607 2 the the DT 43431 6607 3 sides side NNS 43431 6607 4 of of IN 43431 6607 5 the the DT 43431 6607 6 basitemporal basitemporal NN 43431 6607 7 are be VBP 43431 6607 8 a a DT 43431 6607 9 pair pair NN 43431 6607 10 of of IN 43431 6607 11 depressions depression NNS 43431 6607 12 , , , 43431 6607 13 the the DT 43431 6607 14 = = SYM 43431 6607 15 tympanic tympanic NNP 43431 6607 16 recesses= recesses= NN 43431 6607 17 , , , 43431 6607 18 in in IN 43431 6607 19 each each DT 43431 6607 20 of of IN 43431 6607 21 which which WDT 43431 6607 22 are be VBP 43431 6607 23 three three CD 43431 6607 24 holes hole NNS 43431 6607 25 . . . 43431 6608 1 Straight straight JJ 43431 6608 2 lines line NNS 43431 6608 3 joining join VBG 43431 6608 4 these these DT 43431 6608 5 holes hole NNS 43431 6608 6 would would MD 43431 6608 7 form form VB 43431 6608 8 an an DT 43431 6608 9 isosceles isoscele NNS 43431 6608 10 triangle triangle NN 43431 6608 11 with with IN 43431 6608 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6608 13 apex apex NN 43431 6608 14 directed direct VBN 43431 6608 15 forwards forwards RB 43431 6608 16 . . . 43431 6609 1 Of of IN 43431 6609 2 the the DT 43431 6609 3 two two CD 43431 6609 4 holes hole NNS 43431 6609 5 at at IN 43431 6609 6 the the DT 43431 6609 7 base base NN 43431 6609 8 of of IN 43431 6609 9 the the DT 43431 6609 10 triangle triangle NN 43431 6609 11 , , , 43431 6609 12 the the DT 43431 6609 13 one one CD 43431 6609 14 nearer nearer NN 43431 6609 15 the the DT 43431 6609 16 middle middle JJ 43431 6609 17 line line NN 43431 6609 18 and and CC 43431 6609 19 leading lead VBG 43431 6609 20 into into IN 43431 6609 21 the the DT 43431 6609 22 cranial cranial JJ 43431 6609 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 6609 24 , , , 43431 6609 25 is be VBZ 43431 6609 26 for for IN 43431 6609 27 the the DT 43431 6609 28 exit exit NN 43431 6609 29 of of IN 43431 6609 30 the the DT 43431 6609 31 ninth ninth JJ 43431 6609 32 or or CC 43431 6609 33 glossopharyngeal glossopharyngeal JJ 43431 6609 34 nerve nerve NN 43431 6609 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6609 36 fig fig NN 43431 6609 37 . . . 43431 6610 1 60 60 CD 43431 6610 2 , , , 43431 6610 3 A a NN 43431 6610 4 , , , 43431 6610 5 IX IX NNP 43431 6610 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6610 7 , , , 43431 6610 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6610 9 lies lie VBZ 43431 6610 10 just just RB 43431 6610 11 in in IN 43431 6610 12 front front NN 43431 6610 13 of of IN 43431 6610 14 the the DT 43431 6610 15 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 6610 16 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6610 17 . . . 43431 6611 1 The the DT 43431 6611 2 more more RBR 43431 6611 3 external external JJ 43431 6611 4 leads lead NNS 43431 6611 5 into into IN 43431 6611 6 the the DT 43431 6611 7 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 6611 8 cavity cavity NN 43431 6611 9 , , , 43431 6611 10 while while IN 43431 6611 11 the the DT 43431 6611 12 more more JJR 43431 6611 13 anterior anterior NN 43431 6611 14 at at IN 43431 6611 15 the the DT 43431 6611 16 apex apex NN 43431 6611 17 of of IN 43431 6611 18 the the DT 43431 6611 19 triangle triangle NN 43431 6611 20 is be VBZ 43431 6611 21 the the DT 43431 6611 22 = = SYM 43431 6611 23 posterior posterior NN 43431 6611 24 opening opening NN 43431 6611 25 of of IN 43431 6611 26 the the DT 43431 6611 27 carotid carotid JJ 43431 6611 28 canal= canal= NNP 43431 6611 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6611 30 fig fig NNP 43431 6611 31 . . . 43431 6612 1 60 60 CD 43431 6612 2 , , , 43431 6612 3 A a NN 43431 6612 4 , , , 43431 6612 5 25 25 CD 43431 6612 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6612 7 , , , 43431 6612 8 which which WDT 43431 6612 9 traverses traverse VBZ 43431 6612 10 the the DT 43431 6612 11 base base NN 43431 6612 12 of of IN 43431 6612 13 the the DT 43431 6612 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 6612 15 , , , 43431 6612 16 and and CC 43431 6612 17 during during IN 43431 6612 18 life life NN 43431 6612 19 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 6612 20 the the DT 43431 6612 21 carotid carotid JJ 43431 6612 22 artery artery NN 43431 6612 23 . . . 43431 6613 1 The the DT 43431 6613 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6613 3 end end NN 43431 6613 4 of of IN 43431 6613 5 the the DT 43431 6613 6 basitemporal basitemporal NN 43431 6613 7 is be VBZ 43431 6613 8 pierced pierce VBN 43431 6613 9 near near IN 43431 6613 10 the the DT 43431 6613 11 middle middle JJ 43431 6613 12 line line NN 43431 6613 13 by by IN 43431 6613 14 a a DT 43431 6613 15 pair pair NN 43431 6613 16 of of IN 43431 6613 17 holes hole NNS 43431 6613 18 , , , 43431 6613 19 the the DT 43431 6613 20 = = SYM 43431 6613 21 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6613 22 openings opening NNS 43431 6613 23 of of IN 43431 6613 24 the the DT 43431 6613 25 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 6613 26 canals= canals= NN 43431 6613 27 ; ; : 43431 6613 28 while while IN 43431 6613 29 just just RB 43431 6613 30 in in IN 43431 6613 31 front front NN 43431 6613 32 of of IN 43431 6613 33 these these DT 43431 6613 34 and and CC 43431 6613 35 a a DT 43431 6613 36 little little JJ 43431 6613 37 further further RB 43431 6613 38 removed remove VBN 43431 6613 39 from from IN 43431 6613 40 the the DT 43431 6613 41 middle middle JJ 43431 6613 42 line line NN 43431 6613 43 are be VBP 43431 6613 44 the the DT 43431 6613 45 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6613 46 openings opening NNS 43431 6613 47 of of IN 43431 6613 48 the the DT 43431 6613 49 = = SYM 43431 6613 50 carotid carotid NNS 43431 6613 51 canals=. canals=. NNP 43431 6614 1 Bristles bristle NNS 43431 6614 2 passed pass VBN 43431 6614 3 in in RP 43431 6614 4 through through IN 43431 6614 5 the the DT 43431 6614 6 posterior posterior JJ 43431 6614 7 openings opening NNS 43431 6614 8 of of IN 43431 6614 9 the the DT 43431 6614 10 carotid carotid JJ 43431 6614 11 canals canal NNS 43431 6614 12 will will MD 43431 6614 13 emerge emerge VB 43431 6614 14 here here RB 43431 6614 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6614 16 fig fig NN 43431 6614 17 . . . 43431 6615 1 60 60 CD 43431 6615 2 , , , 43431 6615 3 A a NN 43431 6615 4 , , , 43431 6615 5 27 27 CD 43431 6615 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6615 7 . . . 43431 6616 1 In in IN 43431 6616 2 front front NN 43431 6616 3 of of IN 43431 6616 4 the the DT 43431 6616 5 basitemporal basitemporal NN 43431 6616 6 the the DT 43431 6616 7 base base NN 43431 6616 8 of of IN 43431 6616 9 the the DT 43431 6616 10 cranium cranium NN 43431 6616 11 is be VBZ 43431 6616 12 formed form VBN 43431 6616 13 by by IN 43431 6616 14 the the DT 43431 6616 15 = = SYM 43431 6616 16 rostrum= rostrum= NNS 43431 6616 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6616 18 fig fig NN 43431 6616 19 . . . 43431 6617 1 60 60 CD 43431 6617 2 , , , 43431 6617 3 A a NN 43431 6617 4 , , , 43431 6617 5 31 31 CD 43431 6617 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6617 7 , , , 43431 6617 8 or or CC 43431 6617 9 thickened thicken VBN 43431 6617 10 basal basal NN 43431 6617 11 portion portion NN 43431 6617 12 of of IN 43431 6617 13 the the DT 43431 6617 14 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 6617 15 septum septum NN 43431 6617 16 ; ; : 43431 6617 17 this this DT 43431 6617 18 bears bear VBZ 43431 6617 19 two two CD 43431 6617 20 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6617 21 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6617 22 with with IN 43431 6617 23 which which WDT 43431 6617 24 the the DT 43431 6617 25 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 6617 26 articulate articulate VBP 43431 6617 27 . . . 43431 6618 1 In in IN 43431 6618 2 some some DT 43431 6618 3 kinds kind NNS 43431 6618 4 of of IN 43431 6618 5 duck duck NN 43431 6618 6 these these DT 43431 6618 7 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6618 8 are be VBP 43431 6618 9 borne bear VBN 43431 6618 10 by by IN 43431 6618 11 well well RB 43431 6618 12 - - HYPH 43431 6618 13 marked mark VBN 43431 6618 14 basi basi JJ 43431 6618 15 - - HYPH 43431 6618 16 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 6618 17 processes process NNS 43431 6618 18 . . . 43431 6619 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6619 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6619 3 d d NNP 43431 6619 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6619 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6619 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6619 7 The the DT 43431 6619 8 side side NN 43431 6619 9 of of IN 43431 6619 10 the the DT 43431 6619 11 cranium cranium NN 43431 6619 12 . . . 43431 6619 13 _ _ NNP 43431 6619 14 At at IN 43431 6619 15 the the DT 43431 6619 16 base base NN 43431 6619 17 of of IN 43431 6619 18 the the DT 43431 6619 19 posterior posterior NN 43431 6619 20 end end NN 43431 6619 21 is be VBZ 43431 6619 22 seen see VBN 43431 6619 23 the the DT 43431 6619 24 deep deep JJ 43431 6619 25 = = SYM 43431 6619 26 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 6619 27 cavity=. cavity=. NN 43431 6620 1 The the DT 43431 6620 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6620 3 part part NN 43431 6620 4 of of IN 43431 6620 5 this this DT 43431 6620 6 is be VBZ 43431 6620 7 divided divide VBN 43431 6620 8 by by IN 43431 6620 9 a a DT 43431 6620 10 vertical vertical JJ 43431 6620 11 partition partition NN 43431 6620 12 into into IN 43431 6620 13 two two CD 43431 6620 14 halves half NNS 43431 6620 15 ; ; : 43431 6620 16 of of IN 43431 6620 17 these these DT 43431 6620 18 the the DT 43431 6620 19 more more JJR 43431 6620 20 anterior anterior NN 43431 6620 21 is be VBZ 43431 6620 22 the the DT 43431 6620 23 larger large JJR 43431 6620 24 , , , 43431 6620 25 and and CC 43431 6620 26 forms form VBZ 43431 6620 27 a a DT 43431 6620 28 deep deep JJ 43431 6620 29 funnel funnel NN 43431 6620 30 - - HYPH 43431 6620 31 shaped shape VBN 43431 6620 32 cavity cavity NN 43431 6620 33 , , , 43431 6620 34 the the DT 43431 6620 35 = = SYM 43431 6620 36 posterior posterior NN 43431 6620 37 opening opening NN 43431 6620 38 of of IN 43431 6620 39 the the DT 43431 6620 40 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 6620 41 canal= canal= NN 43431 6620 42 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6620 43 fig fig NN 43431 6620 44 . . . 43431 6621 1 60 60 CD 43431 6621 2 , , , 43431 6621 3 B b NN 43431 6621 4 , , , 43431 6621 5 26 26 CD 43431 6621 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6621 7 . . . 43431 6622 1 A a DT 43431 6622 2 bristle bristle NN 43431 6622 3 passed pass VBD 43431 6622 4 into into IN 43431 6622 5 this this DT 43431 6622 6 opening opening NN 43431 6622 7 emerges emerge VBZ 43431 6622 8 through through IN 43431 6622 9 the the DT 43431 6622 10 anterior anterior NN 43431 6622 11 opening opening NN 43431 6622 12 of of IN 43431 6622 13 the the DT 43431 6622 14 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 6622 15 canal canal NN 43431 6622 16 . . . 43431 6623 1 The the DT 43431 6623 2 more more JJR 43431 6623 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 6623 4 of of IN 43431 6623 5 the the DT 43431 6623 6 two two CD 43431 6623 7 is be VBZ 43431 6623 8 the the DT 43431 6623 9 = = SYM 43431 6623 10 fenestral fenestral NNP 43431 6623 11 recess= recess= NN 43431 6623 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6623 13 fig fig NN 43431 6623 14 . . . 43431 6624 1 60 60 CD 43431 6624 2 , , , 43431 6624 3 B b NN 43431 6624 4 , , , 43431 6624 5 28 28 CD 43431 6624 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6624 7 , , , 43431 6624 8 and and CC 43431 6624 9 is be VBZ 43431 6624 10 in in IN 43431 6624 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6624 12 turn turn NN 43431 6624 13 divided divide VBN 43431 6624 14 by by IN 43431 6624 15 a a DT 43431 6624 16 slender slend JJR 43431 6624 17 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 6624 18 bar bar NN 43431 6624 19 into into IN 43431 6624 20 a a DT 43431 6624 21 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6624 22 hole hole NN 43431 6624 23 , , , 43431 6624 24 the the DT 43431 6624 25 = = SYM 43431 6624 26 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 6624 27 ovalis= ovalis= NNP 43431 6624 28 , , , 43431 6624 29 and and CC 43431 6624 30 a a DT 43431 6624 31 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6624 32 hole hole NN 43431 6624 33 , , , 43431 6624 34 the the DT 43431 6624 35 = = SYM 43431 6624 36 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 6624 37 rotunda=. rotunda=. NNP 43431 6625 1 During during IN 43431 6625 2 life life NN 43431 6625 3 the the DT 43431 6625 4 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 6625 5 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 6625 6 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 6625 7 the the DT 43431 6625 8 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6625 9 end end NN 43431 6625 10 of of IN 43431 6625 11 the the DT 43431 6625 12 = = SYM 43431 6625 13 columellar= columellar= NN 43431 6625 14 chain chain NN 43431 6625 15 . . . 43431 6626 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 6626 2 at at IN 43431 6626 3 the the DT 43431 6626 4 outer outer JJ 43431 6626 5 side side NN 43431 6626 6 and and CC 43431 6626 7 slightly slightly RB 43431 6626 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6626 9 to to IN 43431 6626 10 the the DT 43431 6626 11 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 6626 12 cavity cavity NN 43431 6626 13 is be VBZ 43431 6626 14 a a DT 43431 6626 15 deep deep JJ 43431 6626 16 depression depression NN 43431 6626 17 , , , 43431 6626 18 the the DT 43431 6626 19 = = SYM 43431 6626 20 lateral lateral JJ 43431 6626 21 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 6626 22 recess= recess= NN 43431 6626 23 , , , 43431 6626 24 and and CC 43431 6626 25 immediately immediately RB 43431 6626 26 in in IN 43431 6626 27 front front NN 43431 6626 28 of of IN 43431 6626 29 this this DT 43431 6626 30 is be VBZ 43431 6626 31 the the DT 43431 6626 32 articular articular JJ 43431 6626 33 surface surface NN 43431 6626 34 for for IN 43431 6626 35 the the DT 43431 6626 36 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 6626 37 . . . 43431 6627 1 The the DT 43431 6627 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 6627 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 6627 4 is be VBZ 43431 6627 5 bounded bound VBN 43431 6627 6 below below RB 43431 6627 7 by by IN 43431 6627 8 the the DT 43431 6627 9 basitemporal basitemporal NN 43431 6627 10 , , , 43431 6627 11 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6627 12 by by IN 43431 6627 13 the the DT 43431 6627 14 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 6627 15 , , , 43431 6627 16 and and CC 43431 6627 17 above above RB 43431 6627 18 by by IN 43431 6627 19 the the DT 43431 6627 20 _ _ NNP 43431 6627 21 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 6627 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6627 23 , , , 43431 6627 24 a a DT 43431 6627 25 membrane membrane NN 43431 6627 26 bone bone NN 43431 6627 27 , , , 43431 6627 28 which which WDT 43431 6627 29 roofs roof VBZ 43431 6627 30 over over IN 43431 6627 31 a a DT 43431 6627 32 good good JJ 43431 6627 33 deal deal NN 43431 6627 34 of of IN 43431 6627 35 the the DT 43431 6627 36 side side NN 43431 6627 37 of of IN 43431 6627 38 the the DT 43431 6627 39 cranium cranium NN 43431 6627 40 , , , 43431 6627 41 and and CC 43431 6627 42 bears bear VBZ 43431 6627 43 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 6627 44 a a DT 43431 6627 45 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6627 46 surface surface NN 43431 6627 47 with with IN 43431 6627 48 which which WDT 43431 6627 49 the the DT 43431 6627 50 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 6627 51 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6627 52 . . . 43431 6628 1 Just just RB 43431 6628 2 in in IN 43431 6628 3 front front NN 43431 6628 4 of of IN 43431 6628 5 this this DT 43431 6628 6 is be VBZ 43431 6628 7 a a DT 43431 6628 8 large large JJ 43431 6628 9 round round JJ 43431 6628 10 hole hole NN 43431 6628 11 , , , 43431 6628 12 the the DT 43431 6628 13 = = SYM 43431 6628 14 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 6628 15 foramen= foramen= NNP 43431 6628 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6628 17 fig fig NN 43431 6628 18 . . . 43431 6629 1 60 60 CD 43431 6629 2 , , , 43431 6629 3 B b NN 43431 6629 4 , , , 43431 6629 5 V V NNP 43431 6629 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6629 7 , , , 43431 6629 8 behind behind IN 43431 6629 9 which which WDT 43431 6629 10 the the DT 43431 6629 11 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 6629 12 is be VBZ 43431 6629 13 drawn draw VBN 43431 6629 14 out out RP 43431 6629 15 into into IN 43431 6629 16 a a DT 43431 6629 17 short short JJ 43431 6629 18 process process NN 43431 6629 19 . . . 43431 6630 1 In in IN 43431 6630 2 front front NN 43431 6630 3 of of IN 43431 6630 4 the the DT 43431 6630 5 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 6630 6 there there EX 43431 6630 7 is be VBZ 43431 6630 8 a a DT 43431 6630 9 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6630 10 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 6630 11 - - HYPH 43431 6630 12 projecting projecting NN 43431 6630 13 = = SYM 43431 6630 14 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 6630 15 process= process= NN 43431 6630 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6630 17 fig fig NN 43431 6630 18 . . . 43431 6631 1 60 60 CD 43431 6631 2 , , , 43431 6631 3 8) 8) CD 43431 6631 4 , , , 43431 6631 5 which which WDT 43431 6631 6 ossifies ossify VBZ 43431 6631 7 from from IN 43431 6631 8 a a DT 43431 6631 9 different different JJ 43431 6631 10 centre centre NN 43431 6631 11 from from IN 43431 6631 12 that that DT 43431 6631 13 forming form VBG 43431 6631 14 the the DT 43431 6631 15 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 6631 16 , , , 43431 6631 17 but but CC 43431 6631 18 in in IN 43431 6631 19 the the DT 43431 6631 20 adult adult NN 43431 6631 21 is be VBZ 43431 6631 22 completely completely RB 43431 6631 23 fused fuse VBN 43431 6631 24 with with IN 43431 6631 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6631 26 . . . 43431 6632 1 The the DT 43431 6632 2 = = NFP 43431 6632 3 orbit= orbit= NN 43431 6632 4 forms form NNS 43431 6632 5 a a DT 43431 6632 6 large large JJ 43431 6632 7 more more RBR 43431 6632 8 or or CC 43431 6632 9 less less RBR 43431 6632 10 hemispherical hemispherical JJ 43431 6632 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 6632 12 which which WDT 43431 6632 13 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 6632 14 the the DT 43431 6632 15 eyeball eyeball NN 43431 6632 16 . . . 43431 6633 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6633 2 is be VBZ 43431 6633 3 separated separate VBN 43431 6633 4 from from IN 43431 6633 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6633 6 fellow fellow NN 43431 6633 7 of of IN 43431 6633 8 the the DT 43431 6633 9 opposite opposite JJ 43431 6633 10 side side NN 43431 6633 11 by by IN 43431 6633 12 an an DT 43431 6633 13 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 6633 14 partition partition NN 43431 6633 15 , , , 43431 6633 16 the the DT 43431 6633 17 = = SYM 43431 6633 18 interorbital interorbital NN 43431 6633 19 septum=. septum=. . 43431 6634 1 In in IN 43431 6634 2 the the DT 43431 6634 3 young young JJ 43431 6634 4 skull skull NN 43431 6634 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6634 6 is be VBZ 43431 6634 7 seen see VBN 43431 6634 8 to to TO 43431 6634 9 be be VB 43431 6634 10 bounded bound VBN 43431 6634 11 above above RB 43431 6634 12 by by IN 43431 6634 13 the the DT 43431 6634 14 frontal frontal NN 43431 6634 15 , , , 43431 6634 16 with with IN 43431 6634 17 which which WDT 43431 6634 18 the the DT 43431 6634 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6634 20 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 6634 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6634 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6634 23 fig fig NN 43431 6634 24 . . . 43431 6635 1 60 60 CD 43431 6635 2 , , , 43431 6635 3 7 7 CD 43431 6635 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6635 5 is be VBZ 43431 6635 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 6635 7 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 6635 8 , , , 43431 6635 9 forming form VBG 43431 6635 10 a a DT 43431 6635 11 large large JJ 43431 6635 12 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 6635 13 - - HYPH 43431 6635 14 projecting project VBG 43431 6635 15 process process NN 43431 6635 16 ; ; : 43431 6635 17 while while IN 43431 6635 18 behind behind IN 43431 6635 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6635 20 is be VBZ 43431 6635 21 bounded bound VBN 43431 6635 22 by by IN 43431 6635 23 the the DT 43431 6635 24 = = SYM 43431 6635 25 alisphenoid=. alisphenoid=. XX 43431 6636 1 The the DT 43431 6636 2 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 6636 3 septum septum NN 43431 6636 4 is be VBZ 43431 6636 5 formed form VBN 43431 6636 6 by by IN 43431 6636 7 the the DT 43431 6636 8 ossification ossification NN 43431 6636 9 and and CC 43431 6636 10 coalescence coalescence NN 43431 6636 11 of of IN 43431 6636 12 the the DT 43431 6636 13 = = SYM 43431 6636 14 mesethmoid= mesethmoid= NN 43431 6636 15 in in IN 43431 6636 16 front front NN 43431 6636 17 , , , 43431 6636 18 with with IN 43431 6636 19 the the DT 43431 6636 20 = = SYM 43431 6636 21 orbitosphenoid= orbitosphenoid= NN 43431 6636 22 behind behind RB 43431 6636 23 , , , 43431 6636 24 and and CC 43431 6636 25 the the DT 43431 6636 26 = = SYM 43431 6636 27 rostrum= rostrum= NNS 43431 6636 28 below below RB 43431 6636 29 . . . 43431 6637 1 The the DT 43431 6637 2 boundary boundary NN 43431 6637 3 of of IN 43431 6637 4 the the DT 43431 6637 5 orbit orbit NN 43431 6637 6 below below RB 43431 6637 7 is be VBZ 43431 6637 8 very very RB 43431 6637 9 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 6637 10 , , , 43431 6637 11 the the DT 43431 6637 12 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 6637 13 arch arch NN 43431 6637 14 being be VBG 43431 6637 15 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 6637 16 . . . 43431 6638 1 The the DT 43431 6638 2 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 6638 3 septum septum NN 43431 6638 4 is be VBZ 43431 6638 5 pierced pierce VBN 43431 6638 6 by by IN 43431 6638 7 the the DT 43431 6638 8 very very RB 43431 6638 9 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6638 10 = = SYM 43431 6638 11 optic optic JJ 43431 6638 12 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 6638 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6638 14 fig fig NN 43431 6638 15 . . . 43431 6639 1 60 60 CD 43431 6639 2 , , , 43431 6639 3 B b NN 43431 6639 4 , , , 43431 6639 5 2 2 CD 43431 6639 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6639 7 , , , 43431 6639 8 just just RB 43431 6639 9 behind behind IN 43431 6639 10 which which WDT 43431 6639 11 are be VBP 43431 6639 12 the the DT 43431 6639 13 two two CD 43431 6639 14 much much JJ 43431 6639 15 smaller small JJR 43431 6639 16 foramina foramina NN 43431 6639 17 for for IN 43431 6639 18 the the DT 43431 6639 19 exit exit NN 43431 6639 20 of of IN 43431 6639 21 the the DT 43431 6639 22 oculomotor oculomotor NN 43431 6639 23 and and CC 43431 6639 24 pathetic pathetic JJ 43431 6639 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6639 26 fig fig NN 43431 6639 27 . . . 43431 6640 1 60 60 CD 43431 6640 2 , , , 43431 6640 3 B B NNP 43431 6640 4 , , , 43431 6640 5 IV IV NNP 43431 6640 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6640 7 nerves nerve NNS 43431 6640 8 , , , 43431 6640 9 the the DT 43431 6640 10 more more JJR 43431 6640 11 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6640 12 being be VBG 43431 6640 13 that that IN 43431 6640 14 for for IN 43431 6640 15 the the DT 43431 6640 16 oculomotor oculomotor NN 43431 6640 17 . . . 43431 6641 1 Above above IN 43431 6641 2 and and CC 43431 6641 3 slightly slightly RB 43431 6641 4 in in IN 43431 6641 5 front front NN 43431 6641 6 of of IN 43431 6641 7 the the DT 43431 6641 8 optic optic JJ 43431 6641 9 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6641 10 is be VBZ 43431 6641 11 a a DT 43431 6641 12 median median JJ 43431 6641 13 opening opening NN 43431 6641 14 , , , 43431 6641 15 the the DT 43431 6641 16 = = SYM 43431 6641 17 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 6641 18 foramen.= foramen.= NNP 43431 6641 19 This this DT 43431 6641 20 leads lead VBZ 43431 6641 21 into into IN 43431 6641 22 the the DT 43431 6641 23 cranial cranial JJ 43431 6641 24 cavity cavity NN 43431 6641 25 behind behind RB 43431 6641 26 , , , 43431 6641 27 and and CC 43431 6641 28 in in IN 43431 6641 29 front front NN 43431 6641 30 is be VBZ 43431 6641 31 continued continue VBN 43431 6641 32 forwards forwards RB 43431 6641 33 as as IN 43431 6641 34 a a DT 43431 6641 35 groove groove NN 43431 6641 36 between between IN 43431 6641 37 the the DT 43431 6641 38 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 6641 39 septum septum NN 43431 6641 40 and and CC 43431 6641 41 the the DT 43431 6641 42 frontal frontal NN 43431 6641 43 . . . 43431 6642 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6642 2 2 2 LS 43431 6642 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6642 4 THE the DT 43431 6642 5 FACIAL FACIAL NNP 43431 6642 6 PART PART NNP 43431 6642 7 OF of IN 43431 6642 8 THE the DT 43431 6642 9 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 6642 10 . . . 43431 6643 1 This this DT 43431 6643 2 includes include VBZ 43431 6643 3 the the DT 43431 6643 4 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 6643 5 capsule capsule NN 43431 6643 6 and and CC 43431 6643 7 associated associated JJ 43431 6643 8 bones bone NNS 43431 6643 9 , , , 43431 6643 10 and and CC 43431 6643 11 the the DT 43431 6643 12 upper upper JJ 43431 6643 13 jaw jaw NN 43431 6643 14 . . . 43431 6644 1 The the DT 43431 6644 2 bones bone NNS 43431 6644 3 associated associate VBN 43431 6644 4 with with IN 43431 6644 5 the the DT 43431 6644 6 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 6644 7 capsules capsule NNS 43431 6644 8 are be VBP 43431 6644 9 the the DT 43431 6644 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6644 11 nasals nasal NNS 43431 6644 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6644 13 and and CC 43431 6644 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6644 15 vomer vomer NN 43431 6644 16 _ _ NNP 43431 6644 17 . . . 43431 6645 1 The the DT 43431 6645 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6645 3 nasals nasal NNS 43431 6645 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6645 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6645 6 figs fig NNS 43431 6645 7 . . . 43431 6646 1 59 59 CD 43431 6646 2 and and CC 43431 6646 3 60 60 CD 43431 6646 4 , , , 43431 6646 5 5 5 CD 43431 6646 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6646 7 lie lie NN 43431 6646 8 on on IN 43431 6646 9 the the DT 43431 6646 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6646 11 surface surface NN 43431 6646 12 immediately immediately RB 43431 6646 13 in in IN 43431 6646 14 front front NN 43431 6646 15 of of IN 43431 6646 16 the the DT 43431 6646 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 6646 18 , , , 43431 6646 19 and and CC 43431 6646 20 are be VBP 43431 6646 21 separated separate VBN 43431 6646 22 from from IN 43431 6646 23 one one CD 43431 6646 24 another another DT 43431 6646 25 by by IN 43431 6646 26 the the DT 43431 6646 27 nasal nasal NN 43431 6646 28 processes process NNS 43431 6646 29 of of IN 43431 6646 30 the the DT 43431 6646 31 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6646 32 . . . 43431 6647 1 Each each DT 43431 6647 2 is be VBZ 43431 6647 3 completely completely RB 43431 6647 4 fused fuse VBN 43431 6647 5 in in IN 43431 6647 6 the the DT 43431 6647 7 adult adult NN 43431 6647 8 with with IN 43431 6647 9 the the DT 43431 6647 10 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 6647 11 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 6647 12 and and CC 43431 6647 13 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 6647 14 , , , 43431 6647 15 the the DT 43431 6647 16 three three CD 43431 6647 17 bones bone NNS 43431 6647 18 together together RB 43431 6647 19 forming form VBG 43431 6647 20 the the DT 43431 6647 21 boundary boundary NN 43431 6647 22 of of IN 43431 6647 23 the the DT 43431 6647 24 = = SYM 43431 6647 25 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6647 26 nares.= nares.= NNP 43431 6647 27 The the DT 43431 6647 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6647 29 vomer vomer NN 43431 6647 30 _ _ NNP 43431 6647 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6647 32 fig fig NN 43431 6647 33 . . . 43431 6648 1 60 60 CD 43431 6648 2 , , , 43431 6648 3 19 19 CD 43431 6648 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6648 5 is be VBZ 43431 6648 6 unpaired unpaire VBN 43431 6648 7 and and CC 43431 6648 8 forms form VBZ 43431 6648 9 a a DT 43431 6648 10 small small JJ 43431 6648 11 median median JJ 43431 6648 12 vertical vertical JJ 43431 6648 13 plate plate NN 43431 6648 14 lying lie VBG 43431 6648 15 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6648 16 to to IN 43431 6648 17 the the DT 43431 6648 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6648 19 continuation continuation NN 43431 6648 20 of of IN 43431 6648 21 the the DT 43431 6648 22 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 6648 23 septum septum NN 43431 6648 24 . . . 43431 6649 1 The the DT 43431 6649 2 bones bone NNS 43431 6649 3 of of IN 43431 6649 4 the the DT 43431 6649 5 upper upper JJ 43431 6649 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 6649 7 consist consist VB 43431 6649 8 on on IN 43431 6649 9 each each DT 43431 6649 10 side side NN 43431 6649 11 of of IN 43431 6649 12 two two CD 43431 6649 13 slender slender NN 43431 6649 14 arcades arcade NNS 43431 6649 15 which which WDT 43431 6649 16 in in IN 43431 6649 17 front front JJ 43431 6649 18 converge converge NN 43431 6649 19 and and CC 43431 6649 20 are be VBP 43431 6649 21 attached attach VBN 43431 6649 22 to to IN 43431 6649 23 the the DT 43431 6649 24 large large JJ 43431 6649 25 beak beak NN 43431 6649 26 , , , 43431 6649 27 while while IN 43431 6649 28 behind behind IN 43431 6649 29 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6649 30 diverge diverge VBP 43431 6649 31 but but CC 43431 6649 32 are be VBP 43431 6649 33 united unite VBN 43431 6649 34 by by IN 43431 6649 35 the the DT 43431 6649 36 = = SYM 43431 6649 37 quadrate=. quadrate=. JJR 43431 6650 1 The the DT 43431 6650 2 = = SYM 43431 6650 3 inner inner JJ 43431 6650 4 arcade= arcade= NN 43431 6650 5 is be VBZ 43431 6650 6 formed form VBN 43431 6650 7 by by IN 43431 6650 8 the the DT 43431 6650 9 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 6650 10 and and CC 43431 6650 11 palatine palatine NNP 43431 6650 12 . . . 43431 6651 1 The the DT 43431 6651 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6651 3 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 6651 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6651 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6651 6 fig fig NN 43431 6651 7 . . . 43431 6652 1 60 60 CD 43431 6652 2 , , , 43431 6652 3 21 21 CD 43431 6652 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6652 5 is be VBZ 43431 6652 6 a a DT 43431 6652 7 short short JJ 43431 6652 8 flattened flattened JJ 43431 6652 9 bone bone NN 43431 6652 10 , , , 43431 6652 11 which which WDT 43431 6652 12 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6652 13 behind behind RP 43431 6652 14 with with IN 43431 6652 15 the the DT 43431 6652 16 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 6652 17 , , , 43431 6652 18 and and CC 43431 6652 19 on on IN 43431 6652 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6652 21 inner inner JJ 43431 6652 22 side side NN 43431 6652 23 with with IN 43431 6652 24 a a DT 43431 6652 25 large large JJ 43431 6652 26 flattened flatten VBN 43431 6652 27 surface surface NN 43431 6652 28 borne bear VBN 43431 6652 29 by by IN 43431 6652 30 the the DT 43431 6652 31 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 6652 32 , , , 43431 6652 33 in in IN 43431 6652 34 front front NN 43431 6652 35 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6652 36 meets meet VBZ 43431 6652 37 the the DT 43431 6652 38 palatine palatine NN 43431 6652 39 , , , 43431 6652 40 or or CC 43431 6652 41 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6652 42 ends end VBZ 43431 6652 43 freely freely RB 43431 6652 44 with with IN 43431 6652 45 a a DT 43431 6652 46 long long JJ 43431 6652 47 antero antero NN 43431 6652 48 - - , 43431 6652 49 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 6652 50 directed direct VBN 43431 6652 51 point point NN 43431 6652 52 . . . 43431 6653 1 The the DT 43431 6653 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6653 3 palatine palatine NN 43431 6653 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6653 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6653 6 fig fig NN 43431 6653 7 . . . 43431 6654 1 60 60 CD 43431 6654 2 , , , 43431 6654 3 20 20 CD 43431 6654 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6654 5 is be VBZ 43431 6654 6 a a DT 43431 6654 7 slender slend JJR 43431 6654 8 irregular irregular JJ 43431 6654 9 bone bone NN 43431 6654 10 flattened flatten VBD 43431 6654 11 dorso dorso NNP 43431 6654 12 - - HYPH 43431 6654 13 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 6654 14 at at IN 43431 6654 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6654 16 anterior anterior NN 43431 6654 17 end end NN 43431 6654 18 where where WRB 43431 6654 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6654 20 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6654 21 with with IN 43431 6654 22 the the DT 43431 6654 23 beak beak NN 43431 6654 24 , , , 43431 6654 25 and and CC 43431 6654 26 laterally laterally RB 43431 6654 27 behind behind RB 43431 6654 28 . . . 43431 6655 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6655 2 gives give VBZ 43431 6655 3 off off RP 43431 6655 4 at at IN 43431 6655 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6655 6 posterior posterior NN 43431 6655 7 end end VBP 43431 6655 8 a a DT 43431 6655 9 process process NN 43431 6655 10 , , , 43431 6655 11 which which WDT 43431 6655 12 is be VBZ 43431 6655 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6655 14 united unite VBN 43431 6655 15 with with IN 43431 6655 16 the the DT 43431 6655 17 vomer vomer NN 43431 6655 18 , , , 43431 6655 19 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6655 20 projects project VBZ 43431 6655 21 forwards forwards RB 43431 6655 22 , , , 43431 6655 23 and and CC 43431 6655 24 meets meet VBZ 43431 6655 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6655 26 fellow fellow JJ 43431 6655 27 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6655 28 to to IN 43431 6655 29 the the DT 43431 6655 30 vomer vomer NN 43431 6655 31 . . . 43431 6656 1 In in IN 43431 6656 2 the the DT 43431 6656 3 large large JJ 43431 6656 4 space space NN 43431 6656 5 between between IN 43431 6656 6 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6656 7 and and CC 43431 6656 8 the the DT 43431 6656 9 vomer vomer NN 43431 6656 10 is be VBZ 43431 6656 11 the the DT 43431 6656 12 opening opening NN 43431 6656 13 of of IN 43431 6656 14 the the DT 43431 6656 15 = = SYM 43431 6656 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 6656 17 nares=. nares=. NNP 43431 6657 1 The the DT 43431 6657 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6657 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 6657 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6657 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6657 6 figs fig NNS 43431 6657 7 . . . 43431 6658 1 59 59 CD 43431 6658 2 and and CC 43431 6658 3 60 60 CD 43431 6658 4 , , , 43431 6658 5 2 2 CD 43431 6658 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6658 7 are be VBP 43431 6658 8 very very RB 43431 6658 9 large large JJ 43431 6658 10 , , , 43431 6658 11 and and CC 43431 6658 12 form form VB 43431 6658 13 nearly nearly RB 43431 6658 14 a a DT 43431 6658 15 third third NN 43431 6658 16 of of IN 43431 6658 17 the the DT 43431 6658 18 big big JJ 43431 6658 19 shovel shovel NN 43431 6658 20 - - HYPH 43431 6658 21 shaped shape VBN 43431 6658 22 beak beak NN 43431 6658 23 . . . 43431 6659 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6659 2 constitute constitute VBP 43431 6659 3 the the DT 43431 6659 4 inner inner JJ 43431 6659 5 , , , 43431 6659 6 and and CC 43431 6659 7 part part NN 43431 6659 8 of of IN 43431 6659 9 the the DT 43431 6659 10 front front JJ 43431 6659 11 boundary boundary NN 43431 6659 12 of of IN 43431 6659 13 the the DT 43431 6659 14 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6659 15 nares naris NNS 43431 6659 16 , , , 43431 6659 17 and and CC 43431 6659 18 send send VB 43431 6659 19 back back RB 43431 6659 20 a a DT 43431 6659 21 pair pair NN 43431 6659 22 of of IN 43431 6659 23 _ _ NNP 43431 6659 24 nasal nasal NN 43431 6659 25 processes process VBZ 43431 6659 26 _ _ NNP 43431 6659 27 which which WDT 43431 6659 28 partially partially RB 43431 6659 29 separate separate VBP 43431 6659 30 the the DT 43431 6659 31 nasals nasal NNS 43431 6659 32 from from IN 43431 6659 33 one one CD 43431 6659 34 another another DT 43431 6659 35 . . . 43431 6660 1 The the DT 43431 6660 2 = = SYM 43431 6660 3 outer outer JJ 43431 6660 4 arcade= arcade= NN 43431 6660 5 forms form VBZ 43431 6660 6 the the DT 43431 6660 7 slender slender NN 43431 6660 8 = = SYM 43431 6660 9 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 6660 10 bar= bar= NNP 43431 6660 11 , , , 43431 6660 12 and and CC 43431 6660 13 consists consist VBZ 43431 6660 14 mainly mainly RB 43431 6660 15 of of IN 43431 6660 16 two two CD 43431 6660 17 rod rod NN 43431 6660 18 - - HYPH 43431 6660 19 like like JJ 43431 6660 20 bones bone NNS 43431 6660 21 , , , 43431 6660 22 which which WDT 43431 6660 23 in in IN 43431 6660 24 the the DT 43431 6660 25 adult adult NN 43431 6660 26 are be VBP 43431 6660 27 completely completely RB 43431 6660 28 fused fuse VBN 43431 6660 29 together together RB 43431 6660 30 . . . 43431 6661 1 The the DT 43431 6661 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 6661 3 of of IN 43431 6661 4 these these DT 43431 6661 5 is be VBZ 43431 6661 6 the the DT 43431 6661 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6661 8 quadratojugal quadratojugal NN 43431 6661 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6661 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6661 11 figs fig NNS 43431 6661 12 . . . 43431 6662 1 59 59 CD 43431 6662 2 and and CC 43431 6662 3 60 60 CD 43431 6662 4 , , , 43431 6662 5 11 11 CD 43431 6662 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6662 7 which which WDT 43431 6662 8 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6662 9 with with IN 43431 6662 10 the the DT 43431 6662 11 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 6662 12 , , , 43431 6662 13 the the DT 43431 6662 14 anterior anterior NN 43431 6662 15 is be VBZ 43431 6662 16 the the DT 43431 6662 17 small small JJ 43431 6662 18 and and CC 43431 6662 19 slender slend JJR 43431 6662 20 _ _ NNP 43431 6662 21 jugal jugal NNP 43431 6662 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6662 23 or or CC 43431 6662 24 _ _ NNP 43431 6662 25 malar malar NNP 43431 6662 26 _ _ NNP 43431 6662 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6662 28 figs fig NNS 43431 6662 29 . . . 43431 6663 1 59 59 CD 43431 6663 2 and and CC 43431 6663 3 60 60 CD 43431 6663 4 , , , 43431 6663 5 10 10 CD 43431 6663 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6663 7 . . . 43431 6664 1 The the DT 43431 6664 2 extreme extreme JJ 43431 6664 3 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6664 4 part part NN 43431 6664 5 of of IN 43431 6664 6 the the DT 43431 6664 7 bar bar NN 43431 6664 8 is be VBZ 43431 6664 9 formed form VBN 43431 6664 10 by by IN 43431 6664 11 the the DT 43431 6664 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6664 13 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 6664 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6664 15 . . . 43431 6665 1 The the DT 43431 6665 2 main main JJ 43431 6665 3 part part NN 43431 6665 4 of of IN 43431 6665 5 the the DT 43431 6665 6 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 6665 7 however however RB 43431 6665 8 lies lie VBZ 43431 6665 9 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6665 10 to to IN 43431 6665 11 the the DT 43431 6665 12 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 6665 13 bar bar NN 43431 6665 14 , , , 43431 6665 15 and and CC 43431 6665 16 extends extend VBZ 43431 6665 17 forwards forwards RB 43431 6665 18 along along IN 43431 6665 19 the the DT 43431 6665 20 side side NN 43431 6665 21 of of IN 43431 6665 22 the the DT 43431 6665 23 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6665 24 forming form VBG 43431 6665 25 all all PDT 43431 6665 26 the the DT 43431 6665 27 lateral lateral JJ 43431 6665 28 part part NN 43431 6665 29 of of IN 43431 6665 30 the the DT 43431 6665 31 beak beak NN 43431 6665 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6665 33 figs fig NNS 43431 6665 34 . . . 43431 6666 1 59 59 CD 43431 6666 2 and and CC 43431 6666 3 60 60 CD 43431 6666 4 , , , 43431 6666 5 1 1 CD 43431 6666 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6666 7 ; ; : 43431 6666 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6666 9 also also RB 43431 6666 10 sends send VBZ 43431 6666 11 inwards inward NNS 43431 6666 12 a a DT 43431 6666 13 plate plate NN 43431 6666 14 , , , 43431 6666 15 the the DT 43431 6666 16 = = SYM 43431 6666 17 maxillo maxillo NNP 43431 6666 18 - - HYPH 43431 6666 19 palatine= palatine= NNP 43431 6666 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6666 21 fig fig NN 43431 6666 22 . . . 43431 6667 1 60 60 CD 43431 6667 2 , , , 43431 6667 3 A a NN 43431 6667 4 , , , 43431 6667 5 29 29 CD 43431 6667 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6667 7 , , , 43431 6667 8 which which WDT 43431 6667 9 completely completely RB 43431 6667 10 fuses fuse VBZ 43431 6667 11 with with IN 43431 6667 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6667 13 fellow fellow NN 43431 6667 14 in in IN 43431 6667 15 the the DT 43431 6667 16 middle middle JJ 43431 6667 17 line line NN 43431 6667 18 , , , 43431 6667 19 and and CC 43431 6667 20 forms form VBZ 43431 6667 21 the the DT 43431 6667 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 6667 23 boundary boundary JJ 43431 6667 24 of of IN 43431 6667 25 the the DT 43431 6667 26 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6667 27 palatine palatine NNP 43431 6667 28 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6667 29 . . . 43431 6668 1 The the DT 43431 6668 2 term term NN 43431 6668 3 = = SYM 43431 6668 4 desmognathous= desmognathous= NN 43431 6668 5 describes describe VBZ 43431 6668 6 the the DT 43431 6668 7 condition condition NN 43431 6668 8 of of IN 43431 6668 9 the the DT 43431 6668 10 skull skull NN 43431 6668 11 in in IN 43431 6668 12 which which WDT 43431 6668 13 the the DT 43431 6668 14 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 6668 15 - - HYPH 43431 6668 16 palatines palatine NNS 43431 6668 17 fuse fuse NN 43431 6668 18 with with IN 43431 6668 19 one one CD 43431 6668 20 another another DT 43431 6668 21 in in IN 43431 6668 22 the the DT 43431 6668 23 middle middle JJ 43431 6668 24 line line NN 43431 6668 25 in in IN 43431 6668 26 this this DT 43431 6668 27 way way NN 43431 6668 28 . . . 43431 6669 1 The the DT 43431 6669 2 = = SYM 43431 6669 3 quadrate= quadrate= NN 43431 6669 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6669 5 fig fig NN 43431 6669 6 . . . 43431 6670 1 60 60 CD 43431 6670 2 , , , 43431 6670 3 12 12 CD 43431 6670 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6670 5 , , , 43431 6670 6 which which WDT 43431 6670 7 unites unite VBZ 43431 6670 8 the the DT 43431 6670 9 two two CD 43431 6670 10 arcades arcade NNS 43431 6670 11 behind behind RB 43431 6670 12 , , , 43431 6670 13 is be VBZ 43431 6670 14 a a DT 43431 6670 15 stout stout JJ 43431 6670 16 irregular irregular JJ 43431 6670 17 four four CD 43431 6670 18 - - HYPH 43431 6670 19 cornered cornered JJ 43431 6670 20 bone bone NN 43431 6670 21 forming form VBG 43431 6670 22 the the DT 43431 6670 23 = = NFP 43431 6670 24 suspensorium=. suspensorium=. XX 43431 6671 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6671 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6671 3 by by IN 43431 6671 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6671 5 dorso dorso JJ 43431 6671 6 - - HYPH 43431 6671 7 posterior posterior NN 43431 6671 8 corner corner NN 43431 6671 9 with with IN 43431 6671 10 the the DT 43431 6671 11 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 6671 12 , , , 43431 6671 13 and and CC 43431 6671 14 by by IN 43431 6671 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6671 16 antero antero NNP 43431 6671 17 - - HYPH 43431 6671 18 internal internal JJ 43431 6671 19 corner corner NN 43431 6671 20 with with IN 43431 6671 21 the the DT 43431 6671 22 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 6671 23 . . . 43431 6672 1 The the DT 43431 6672 2 middle middle NN 43431 6672 3 of of IN 43431 6672 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6672 5 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6672 6 surface surface NN 43431 6672 7 forms form VBZ 43431 6672 8 a a DT 43431 6672 9 hemispherical hemispherical JJ 43431 6672 10 knob knob NN 43431 6672 11 with with IN 43431 6672 12 which which WDT 43431 6672 13 the the DT 43431 6672 14 mandible mandible JJ 43431 6672 15 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6672 16 , , , 43431 6672 17 while while IN 43431 6672 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6672 19 dorso dorso NN 43431 6672 20 - - HYPH 43431 6672 21 anterior anterior NN 43431 6672 22 border border NN 43431 6672 23 is be VBZ 43431 6672 24 drawn draw VBN 43431 6672 25 out out RP 43431 6672 26 into into IN 43431 6672 27 a a DT 43431 6672 28 long long JJ 43431 6672 29 point point NN 43431 6672 30 which which WDT 43431 6672 31 extends extend VBZ 43431 6672 32 towards towards IN 43431 6672 33 the the DT 43431 6672 34 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 6672 35 septum septum NN 43431 6672 36 . . . 43431 6673 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6673 2 3 3 LS 43431 6673 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6673 4 THE the DT 43431 6673 5 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNS 43431 6673 6 . . . 43431 6674 1 The the DT 43431 6674 2 = = SYM 43431 6674 3 mandible= mandible= NN 43431 6674 4 or or CC 43431 6674 5 lower low JJR 43431 6674 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 6674 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 6674 8 of of IN 43431 6674 9 two two CD 43431 6674 10 = = SYM 43431 6674 11 rami= rami= NN 43431 6674 12 which which WDT 43431 6674 13 are be VBP 43431 6674 14 flattened flatten VBN 43431 6674 15 and and CC 43431 6674 16 fused fuse VBN 43431 6674 17 together together RB 43431 6674 18 in in IN 43431 6674 19 the the DT 43431 6674 20 middle middle JJ 43431 6674 21 line line NN 43431 6674 22 in in IN 43431 6674 23 front front NN 43431 6674 24 , , , 43431 6674 25 while while IN 43431 6674 26 behind behind IN 43431 6674 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6674 28 diverge diverge VBP 43431 6674 29 from from IN 43431 6674 30 one one CD 43431 6674 31 another another DT 43431 6674 32 and and CC 43431 6674 33 articulate articulate VB 43431 6674 34 with with IN 43431 6674 35 the the DT 43431 6674 36 quadrates quadrate NNS 43431 6674 37 . . . 43431 6675 1 Each each DT 43431 6675 2 ramus ramus NN 43431 6675 3 is be VBZ 43431 6675 4 composed compose VBN 43431 6675 5 of of IN 43431 6675 6 five five CD 43431 6675 7 bones bone NNS 43431 6675 8 fused fuse VBN 43431 6675 9 together together RB 43431 6675 10 , , , 43431 6675 11 one one CD 43431 6675 12 being be VBG 43431 6675 13 a a DT 43431 6675 14 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6675 15 bone bone NN 43431 6675 16 , , , 43431 6675 17 and and CC 43431 6675 18 the the DT 43431 6675 19 other other JJ 43431 6675 20 four four CD 43431 6675 21 membrane membrane NN 43431 6675 22 bones bone NNS 43431 6675 23 . . . 43431 6676 1 The the DT 43431 6676 2 = = SYM 43431 6676 3 articular= articular= NN 43431 6676 4 is be VBZ 43431 6676 5 the the DT 43431 6676 6 only only JJ 43431 6676 7 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6676 8 bone bone NN 43431 6676 9 of of IN 43431 6676 10 the the DT 43431 6676 11 mandible mandible NN 43431 6676 12 , , , 43431 6676 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6676 14 bears bear VBZ 43431 6676 15 the the DT 43431 6676 16 double double JJ 43431 6676 17 condyle condyle NN 43431 6676 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6676 19 figs fig NNS 43431 6676 20 . . . 43431 6677 1 59 59 CD 43431 6677 2 and and CC 43431 6677 3 60 60 CD 43431 6677 4 , , , 43431 6677 5 13 13 CD 43431 6677 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6677 7 or or CC 43431 6677 8 concave concave NNP 43431 6677 9 articular articular JJ 43431 6677 10 surface surface NN 43431 6677 11 for for IN 43431 6677 12 the the DT 43431 6677 13 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 6677 14 , , , 43431 6677 15 and and CC 43431 6677 16 is be VBZ 43431 6677 17 drawn draw VBN 43431 6677 18 out out RP 43431 6677 19 behind behind RB 43431 6677 20 into into IN 43431 6677 21 a a DT 43431 6677 22 large large JJ 43431 6677 23 hooked hooked JJ 43431 6677 24 = = : 43431 6677 25 posterior posterior NN 43431 6677 26 articular articular JJ 43431 6677 27 process=. process=. NN 43431 6678 1 The the DT 43431 6678 2 articular articular NNP 43431 6678 3 is be VBZ 43431 6678 4 also also RB 43431 6678 5 drawn draw VBN 43431 6678 6 out out RP 43431 6678 7 into into IN 43431 6678 8 a a DT 43431 6678 9 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6678 10 process process NN 43431 6678 11 on on IN 43431 6678 12 each each DT 43431 6678 13 side side NN 43431 6678 14 of of IN 43431 6678 15 the the DT 43431 6678 16 articular articular JJ 43431 6678 17 surface surface NN 43431 6678 18 for for IN 43431 6678 19 the the DT 43431 6678 20 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 6678 21 , , , 43431 6678 22 and and CC 43431 6678 23 is be VBZ 43431 6678 24 marked mark VBN 43431 6678 25 by by IN 43431 6678 26 a a DT 43431 6678 27 deep deep JJ 43431 6678 28 pit pit NN 43431 6678 29 opening opening NN 43431 6678 30 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6678 31 . . . 43431 6679 1 The the DT 43431 6679 2 articular articular NNP 43431 6679 3 is be VBZ 43431 6679 4 continuous continuous JJ 43431 6679 5 in in IN 43431 6679 6 front front NN 43431 6679 7 with with IN 43431 6679 8 = = SYM 43431 6679 9 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 6679 10 's 's POS 43431 6679 11 cartilage= cartilage= NN 43431 6679 12 which which WDT 43431 6679 13 forms form VBZ 43431 6679 14 the the DT 43431 6679 15 original original JJ 43431 6679 16 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6679 17 bar bar NN 43431 6679 18 of of IN 43431 6679 19 the the DT 43431 6679 20 lower low JJR 43431 6679 21 jaw jaw NN 43431 6679 22 , , , 43431 6679 23 and and CC 43431 6679 24 is be VBZ 43431 6679 25 ensheathed ensheathe VBN 43431 6679 26 by by IN 43431 6679 27 the the DT 43431 6679 28 membrane membrane NN 43431 6679 29 bones bone NNS 43431 6679 30 . . . 43431 6680 1 Of of IN 43431 6680 2 these these DT 43431 6680 3 the the DT 43431 6680 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6680 5 supra supra NNP 43431 6680 6 - - HYPH 43431 6680 7 angular angular NNP 43431 6680 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6680 9 forms form VBZ 43431 6680 10 the the DT 43431 6680 11 upper upper JJ 43431 6680 12 part part NN 43431 6680 13 of of IN 43431 6680 14 the the DT 43431 6680 15 mandible mandible JJ 43431 6680 16 in in IN 43431 6680 17 front front NN 43431 6680 18 of of IN 43431 6680 19 the the DT 43431 6680 20 articular articular NNP 43431 6680 21 , , , 43431 6680 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6680 23 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6680 24 surface surface NN 43431 6680 25 is be VBZ 43431 6680 26 drawn draw VBN 43431 6680 27 out out RP 43431 6680 28 into into IN 43431 6680 29 a a DT 43431 6680 30 small small JJ 43431 6680 31 = = SYM 43431 6680 32 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 6680 33 process= process= NN 43431 6680 34 , , , 43431 6680 35 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6680 36 outer outer JJ 43431 6680 37 surface surface NN 43431 6680 38 also also RB 43431 6680 39 bearing bear VBG 43431 6680 40 a a DT 43431 6680 41 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6680 42 process process NN 43431 6680 43 . . . 43431 6681 1 The the DT 43431 6681 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6681 3 angular angular JJ 43431 6681 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6681 5 is be VBZ 43431 6681 6 a a DT 43431 6681 7 small small JJ 43431 6681 8 bone bone NN 43431 6681 9 which which WDT 43431 6681 10 underlies underlie VBZ 43431 6681 11 the the DT 43431 6681 12 articular articular JJ 43431 6681 13 and and CC 43431 6681 14 supra supra NN 43431 6681 15 - - HYPH 43431 6681 16 angular angular JJ 43431 6681 17 on on IN 43431 6681 18 the the DT 43431 6681 19 inner inner JJ 43431 6681 20 side side NN 43431 6681 21 of of IN 43431 6681 22 the the DT 43431 6681 23 jaw jaw NN 43431 6681 24 . . . 43431 6682 1 The the DT 43431 6682 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6682 3 dentary dentary NN 43431 6682 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6682 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6682 6 fig fig NN 43431 6682 7 . . . 43431 6683 1 59 59 CD 43431 6683 2 , , , 43431 6683 3 15 15 CD 43431 6683 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6683 5 forms form VBZ 43431 6683 6 the the DT 43431 6683 7 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6683 8 half half NN 43431 6683 9 of of IN 43431 6683 10 each each DT 43431 6683 11 ramus ramus NN 43431 6683 12 , , , 43431 6683 13 and and CC 43431 6683 14 is be VBZ 43431 6683 15 the the DT 43431 6683 16 largest large JJS 43431 6683 17 bone bone NN 43431 6683 18 of of IN 43431 6683 19 the the DT 43431 6683 20 mandible mandible NN 43431 6683 21 ; ; : 43431 6683 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6683 23 is be VBZ 43431 6683 24 fused fuse VBN 43431 6683 25 with with IN 43431 6683 26 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6683 27 fellow fellow NN 43431 6683 28 at at IN 43431 6683 29 the the DT 43431 6683 30 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 6683 31 in in IN 43431 6683 32 front front NN 43431 6683 33 , , , 43431 6683 34 and and CC 43431 6683 35 extends extend VBZ 43431 6683 36 back back RB 43431 6683 37 below below IN 43431 6683 38 the the DT 43431 6683 39 supra supra NNP 43431 6683 40 - - HYPH 43431 6683 41 angular angular JJ 43431 6683 42 . . . 43431 6684 1 The the DT 43431 6684 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6684 3 splenial splenial NN 43431 6684 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6684 5 is be VBZ 43431 6684 6 a a DT 43431 6684 7 small small JJ 43431 6684 8 bone bone NN 43431 6684 9 lying lie VBG 43431 6684 10 along along IN 43431 6684 11 the the DT 43431 6684 12 middle middle JJ 43431 6684 13 half half NN 43431 6684 14 of of IN 43431 6684 15 the the DT 43431 6684 16 inner inner JJ 43431 6684 17 side side NN 43431 6684 18 of of IN 43431 6684 19 each each DT 43431 6684 20 ramus ramus NN 43431 6684 21 of of IN 43431 6684 22 the the DT 43431 6684 23 mandible mandible NN 43431 6684 24 . . . 43431 6685 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6685 2 4 4 LS 43431 6685 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6685 4 THE the DT 43431 6685 5 HYOID HYOID NNP 43431 6685 6 . . . 43431 6686 1 With with IN 43431 6686 2 the the DT 43431 6686 3 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 6686 4 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 6686 5 is be VBZ 43431 6686 6 included include VBN 43431 6686 7 the the DT 43431 6686 8 = = SYM 43431 6686 9 columella=. columella=. . 43431 6687 1 This this DT 43431 6687 2 forms form VBZ 43431 6687 3 a a DT 43431 6687 4 minute minute NN 43431 6687 5 rod rod NN 43431 6687 6 of of IN 43431 6687 7 bone bone NN 43431 6687 8 , , , 43431 6687 9 one one CD 43431 6687 10 end end NN 43431 6687 11 of of IN 43431 6687 12 which which WDT 43431 6687 13 is be VBZ 43431 6687 14 expanded expand VBN 43431 6687 15 and and CC 43431 6687 16 fits fit VBZ 43431 6687 17 into into IN 43431 6687 18 the the DT 43431 6687 19 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 6687 20 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 6687 21 , , , 43431 6687 22 while while IN 43431 6687 23 the the DT 43431 6687 24 other other JJ 43431 6687 25 end end NN 43431 6687 26 , , , 43431 6687 27 terminated terminate VBN 43431 6687 28 by by IN 43431 6687 29 a a DT 43431 6687 30 triradiate triradiate NN 43431 6687 31 piece piece NN 43431 6687 32 of of IN 43431 6687 33 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6687 34 , , , 43431 6687 35 is be VBZ 43431 6687 36 attached attach VBN 43431 6687 37 to to IN 43431 6687 38 the the DT 43431 6687 39 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 6687 40 membrane membrane NN 43431 6687 41 . . . 43431 6688 1 The the DT 43431 6688 2 structure structure NN 43431 6688 3 is be VBZ 43431 6688 4 as as IN 43431 6688 5 a a DT 43431 6688 6 whole whole JJ 43431 6688 7 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6688 8 with with IN 43431 6688 9 the the DT 43431 6688 10 auditory auditory JJ 43431 6688 11 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 6688 12 of of IN 43431 6688 13 mammals mammal NNS 43431 6688 14 and and CC 43431 6688 15 the the DT 43431 6688 16 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 6688 17 of of IN 43431 6688 18 fish fish NN 43431 6688 19 . . . 43431 6689 1 The the DT 43431 6689 2 = = SYM 43431 6689 3 hyoid= hyoid= NN 43431 6689 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 6689 5 of of IN 43431 6689 6 a a DT 43431 6689 7 median median JJ 43431 6689 8 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 6689 9 portion portion NN 43431 6689 10 , , , 43431 6689 11 formed form VBN 43431 6689 12 of of IN 43431 6689 13 two two CD 43431 6689 14 pieces piece NNS 43431 6689 15 of of IN 43431 6689 16 bone bone NN 43431 6689 17 , , , 43431 6689 18 the the DT 43431 6689 19 = = SYM 43431 6689 20 basi basi NNP 43431 6689 21 - - HYPH 43431 6689 22 hyal= hyal= NN 43431 6689 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6689 24 fig fig NN 43431 6689 25 . . . 43431 6690 1 59 59 CD 43431 6690 2 , , , 43431 6690 3 C C NNP 43431 6690 4 , , , 43431 6690 5 16 16 CD 43431 6690 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6690 7 in in IN 43431 6690 8 front front NN 43431 6690 9 , , , 43431 6690 10 and and CC 43431 6690 11 the the DT 43431 6690 12 = = SYM 43431 6690 13 uro uro NNP 43431 6690 14 - - HYPH 43431 6690 15 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 6690 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6690 17 fig fig NN 43431 6690 18 . . . 43431 6691 1 59 59 CD 43431 6691 2 , , , 43431 6691 3 C C NNP 43431 6691 4 , , , 43431 6691 5 17 17 CD 43431 6691 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6691 7 behind behind RB 43431 6691 8 , , , 43431 6691 9 the the DT 43431 6691 10 two two CD 43431 6691 11 being be VBG 43431 6691 12 placed place VBN 43431 6691 13 end end NN 43431 6691 14 to to IN 43431 6691 15 end end NN 43431 6691 16 and and CC 43431 6691 17 terminated terminate VBN 43431 6691 18 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 6691 19 by by IN 43431 6691 20 an an DT 43431 6691 21 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 6691 22 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6691 23 plate plate NN 43431 6691 24 , , , 43431 6691 25 the the DT 43431 6691 26 = = SYM 43431 6691 27 os os UH 43431 6691 28 entoglossum.= entoglossum.= CD 43431 6691 29 At at IN 43431 6691 30 the the DT 43431 6691 31 posterior posterior NN 43431 6691 32 end end NN 43431 6691 33 there there RB 43431 6691 34 come come VB 43431 6691 35 off off RP 43431 6691 36 a a DT 43431 6691 37 pair pair NN 43431 6691 38 of of IN 43431 6691 39 long long JJ 43431 6691 40 = = NFP 43431 6691 41 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6691 42 cornua= cornua= NN 43431 6691 43 , , , 43431 6691 44 each each DT 43431 6691 45 of of IN 43431 6691 46 which which WDT 43431 6691 47 consists consist VBZ 43431 6691 48 of of IN 43431 6691 49 two two CD 43431 6691 50 pieces piece NNS 43431 6691 51 , , , 43431 6691 52 a a DT 43431 6691 53 longer long JJR 43431 6691 54 = = SYM 43431 6691 55 basibranchial= basibranchial= NNP 43431 6691 56 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6691 57 fig fig NN 43431 6691 58 . . . 43431 6692 1 59 59 CD 43431 6692 2 , , , 43431 6692 3 C C NNP 43431 6692 4 , , , 43431 6692 5 18 18 CD 43431 6692 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6692 7 , , , 43431 6692 8 and and CC 43431 6692 9 a a DT 43431 6692 10 shorter short JJR 43431 6692 11 = = SYM 43431 6692 12 cerato cerato NN 43431 6692 13 - - HYPH 43431 6692 14 branchial=. branchial=. NN 43431 6693 1 For for IN 43431 6693 2 the the DT 43431 6693 3 homology homology NN 43431 6693 4 of of IN 43431 6693 5 these these DT 43431 6693 6 parts part NNS 43431 6693 7 see see VBP 43431 6693 8 p. p. NN 43431 6693 9 336 336 CD 43431 6693 10 . . . 43431 6694 1 THE the DT 43431 6694 2 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 6694 3 AND and CC 43431 6694 4 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 6694 5 . . . 43431 6695 1 The the DT 43431 6695 2 last last JJ 43431 6695 3 two two CD 43431 6695 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6695 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6695 6 bear bear VBP 43431 6695 7 long long JJ 43431 6695 8 movable movable JJ 43431 6695 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 6695 10 which which WDT 43431 6695 11 articulate articulate NN 43431 6695 12 by by IN 43431 6695 13 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6695 14 capitular capitular NN 43431 6695 15 and and CC 43431 6695 16 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 6695 17 processes process NNS 43431 6695 18 , , , 43431 6695 19 but but CC 43431 6695 20 do do VBP 43431 6695 21 not not RB 43431 6695 22 meet meet VB 43431 6695 23 the the DT 43431 6695 24 sternum sternum NN 43431 6695 25 . . . 43431 6696 1 The the DT 43431 6696 2 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6696 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 6696 4 are be VBP 43431 6696 5 eight eight CD 43431 6696 6 in in IN 43431 6696 7 number number NN 43431 6696 8 , , , 43431 6696 9 and and CC 43431 6696 10 each each DT 43431 6696 11 is be VBZ 43431 6696 12 divisible divisible JJ 43431 6696 13 into into IN 43431 6696 14 a a DT 43431 6696 15 = = SYM 43431 6696 16 vertebral= vertebral= NN 43431 6696 17 and and CC 43431 6696 18 a a DT 43431 6696 19 = = SYM 43431 6696 20 sternal= sternal= NN 43431 6696 21 portion portion NN 43431 6696 22 . . . 43431 6697 1 The the DT 43431 6697 2 first first JJ 43431 6697 3 five five CD 43431 6697 4 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6697 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 6697 6 are be VBP 43431 6697 7 flattened flatten VBN 43431 6697 8 curved curved JJ 43431 6697 9 bars bar NNS 43431 6697 10 of of IN 43431 6697 11 bone bone NN 43431 6697 12 , , , 43431 6697 13 which which WDT 43431 6697 14 articulate articulate NN 43431 6697 15 by by IN 43431 6697 16 a a DT 43431 6697 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6697 18 = = SYM 43431 6697 19 capitulum= capitulum= NN 43431 6697 20 with with IN 43431 6697 21 the the DT 43431 6697 22 centrum centrum NN 43431 6697 23 of of IN 43431 6697 24 the the DT 43431 6697 25 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 6697 26 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 6697 27 , , , 43431 6697 28 and and CC 43431 6697 29 by by IN 43431 6697 30 a a DT 43431 6697 31 = = SYM 43431 6697 32 tuberculum= tuberculum= NN 43431 6697 33 with with IN 43431 6697 34 the the DT 43431 6697 35 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6697 36 process process NN 43431 6697 37 . . . 43431 6698 1 Projecting project VBG 43431 6698 2 backwards backwards RB 43431 6698 3 from from IN 43431 6698 4 each each DT 43431 6698 5 is be VBZ 43431 6698 6 a a DT 43431 6698 7 large large JJ 43431 6698 8 hooked hook VBN 43431 6698 9 = = : 43431 6698 10 uncinate uncinate VB 43431 6698 11 process.= process.= CD 43431 6698 12 The the DT 43431 6698 13 last last JJ 43431 6698 14 three three CD 43431 6698 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 6698 16 which which WDT 43431 6698 17 are be VBP 43431 6698 18 without without IN 43431 6698 19 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 6698 20 processes process NNS 43431 6698 21 , , , 43431 6698 22 become become VBP 43431 6698 23 progressively progressively RB 43431 6698 24 more more JJR 43431 6698 25 slender slender NN 43431 6698 26 , , , 43431 6698 27 and and CC 43431 6698 28 in in IN 43431 6698 29 the the DT 43431 6698 30 eighth eighth JJ 43431 6698 31 the the DT 43431 6698 32 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 6698 33 processes process NNS 43431 6698 34 are be VBP 43431 6698 35 lost lose VBN 43431 6698 36 . . . 43431 6699 1 The the DT 43431 6699 2 sternal sternal JJ 43431 6699 3 portions portion NNS 43431 6699 4 of of IN 43431 6699 5 the the DT 43431 6699 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 6699 7 are be VBP 43431 6699 8 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 6699 9 ossified ossify VBN 43431 6699 10 pieces piece NNS 43431 6699 11 , , , 43431 6699 12 short short JJ 43431 6699 13 and and CC 43431 6699 14 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 6699 15 thick thick JJ 43431 6699 16 in in IN 43431 6699 17 the the DT 43431 6699 18 case case NN 43431 6699 19 of of IN 43431 6699 20 the the DT 43431 6699 21 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6699 22 ribs ribs NNP 43431 6699 23 , , , 43431 6699 24 longer long JJR 43431 6699 25 and and CC 43431 6699 26 more more JJR 43431 6699 27 slender slender NN 43431 6699 28 in in IN 43431 6699 29 the the DT 43431 6699 30 case case NN 43431 6699 31 of of IN 43431 6699 32 the the DT 43431 6699 33 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6699 34 ribs ribs NNP 43431 6699 35 . . . 43431 6700 1 THE the DT 43431 6700 2 STERNUM[1 STERNUM[1 NNP 43431 6700 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6700 4 . . . 43431 6701 1 The the DT 43431 6701 2 = = SYM 43431 6701 3 sternum= sternum= NNS 43431 6701 4 or or CC 43431 6701 5 breast breast NN 43431 6701 6 bone bone NN 43431 6701 7 is be VBZ 43431 6701 8 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 6701 9 large large JJ 43431 6701 10 in in IN 43431 6701 11 the the DT 43431 6701 12 Duck Duck NNP 43431 6701 13 , , , 43431 6701 14 as as IN 43431 6701 15 in in IN 43431 6701 16 all all DT 43431 6701 17 birds bird NNS 43431 6701 18 , , , 43431 6701 19 and and CC 43431 6701 20 projects project NNS 43431 6701 21 back back RB 43431 6701 22 far far RB 43431 6701 23 beyond beyond IN 43431 6701 24 the the DT 43431 6701 25 thorax thorax NN 43431 6701 26 over over IN 43431 6701 27 much much JJ 43431 6701 28 of of IN 43431 6701 29 the the DT 43431 6701 30 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6701 31 part part NN 43431 6701 32 of of IN 43431 6701 33 the the DT 43431 6701 34 abdomen abdomen NNP 43431 6701 35 . . . 43431 6702 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6702 2 is be VBZ 43431 6702 3 an an DT 43431 6702 4 irregularly irregularly RB 43431 6702 5 oblong oblong JJ 43431 6702 6 plate plate NN 43431 6702 7 of of IN 43431 6702 8 bone bone NN 43431 6702 9 , , , 43431 6702 10 abruptly abruptly RB 43431 6702 11 truncated truncate VBN 43431 6702 12 behind behind RB 43431 6702 13 , , , 43431 6702 14 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6702 15 concave concave NNP 43431 6702 16 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 6702 17 , , , 43431 6702 18 and and CC 43431 6702 19 drawn draw VBN 43431 6702 20 out out RP 43431 6702 21 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 6702 22 into into IN 43431 6702 23 a a DT 43431 6702 24 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6702 25 keel keel NN 43431 6702 26 , , , 43431 6702 27 the the DT 43431 6702 28 = = SYM 43431 6702 29 carina= carina= NN 43431 6702 30 , , , 43431 6702 31 which which WDT 43431 6702 32 projects project VBZ 43431 6702 33 for for IN 43431 6702 34 some some DT 43431 6702 35 distance distance NN 43431 6702 36 forwards forwards RB 43431 6702 37 beyond beyond IN 43431 6702 38 the the DT 43431 6702 39 body body NN 43431 6702 40 of of IN 43431 6702 41 the the DT 43431 6702 42 sternum sternum NN 43431 6702 43 , , , 43431 6702 44 and and CC 43431 6702 45 tapers taper VBZ 43431 6702 46 off off RP 43431 6702 47 gradually gradually RB 43431 6702 48 behind behind RB 43431 6702 49 . . . 43431 6703 1 The the DT 43431 6703 2 point point NN 43431 6703 3 where where WRB 43431 6703 4 the the DT 43431 6703 5 carina carina NN 43431 6703 6 joins join VBZ 43431 6703 7 the the DT 43431 6703 8 body body NN 43431 6703 9 of of IN 43431 6703 10 the the DT 43431 6703 11 sternum sternum NN 43431 6703 12 is be VBZ 43431 6703 13 at at IN 43431 6703 14 the the DT 43431 6703 15 anterior anterior NN 43431 6703 16 end end NN 43431 6703 17 drawn draw VBN 43431 6703 18 out out RP 43431 6703 19 into into IN 43431 6703 20 a a DT 43431 6703 21 small small JJ 43431 6703 22 process process NN 43431 6703 23 , , , 43431 6703 24 the the DT 43431 6703 25 = = SYM 43431 6703 26 rostrum=[102 rostrum=[102 LS 43431 6703 27 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6703 28 . . . 43431 6704 1 Just just RB 43431 6704 2 dorsolateral dorsolateral JJ 43431 6704 3 to to IN 43431 6704 4 this this DT 43431 6704 5 are be VBP 43431 6704 6 a a DT 43431 6704 7 pair pair NN 43431 6704 8 of of IN 43431 6704 9 deep deep JJ 43431 6704 10 grooves groove NNS 43431 6704 11 , , , 43431 6704 12 the the DT 43431 6704 13 = = SYM 43431 6704 14 coracoid coracoid NNP 43431 6704 15 grooves= grooves= NNP 43431 6704 16 , , , 43431 6704 17 with with IN 43431 6704 18 which which WDT 43431 6704 19 the the DT 43431 6704 20 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 6704 21 articulate articulate VBP 43431 6704 22 . . . 43431 6705 1 The the DT 43431 6705 2 sides side NNS 43431 6705 3 of of IN 43431 6705 4 the the DT 43431 6705 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 6705 6 are be VBP 43431 6705 7 drawn draw VBN 43431 6705 8 out out RP 43431 6705 9 in in IN 43431 6705 10 front front NN 43431 6705 11 into into IN 43431 6705 12 a a DT 43431 6705 13 pair pair NN 43431 6705 14 of of IN 43431 6705 15 short short JJ 43431 6705 16 blunt blunt NN 43431 6705 17 = = SYM 43431 6705 18 costal costal NN 43431 6705 19 processes;= processes;= NNPS 43431 6705 20 and and CC 43431 6705 21 just just RB 43431 6705 22 behind behind IN 43431 6705 23 these these DT 43431 6705 24 are be VBP 43431 6705 25 a a DT 43431 6705 26 series series NN 43431 6705 27 of of IN 43431 6705 28 seven seven CD 43431 6705 29 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6705 30 with with IN 43431 6705 31 which which WDT 43431 6705 32 the the DT 43431 6705 33 ends end NNS 43431 6705 34 of of IN 43431 6705 35 the the DT 43431 6705 36 sternal sternal JJ 43431 6705 37 ribs rib NNS 43431 6705 38 articulate articulate NN 43431 6705 39 . . . 43431 6706 1 Immediately immediately RB 43431 6706 2 behind behind IN 43431 6706 3 these these DT 43431 6706 4 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6706 5 the the DT 43431 6706 6 sides side NNS 43431 6706 7 are be VBP 43431 6706 8 produced produce VBN 43431 6706 9 into into IN 43431 6706 10 a a DT 43431 6706 11 pair pair NN 43431 6706 12 of of IN 43431 6706 13 long long JJ 43431 6706 14 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 6706 15 - - : 43431 6706 16 projecting project VBG 43431 6706 17 = = NFP 43431 6706 18 xiphoid xiphoid NN 43431 6706 19 processes= processes= NN 43431 6706 20 which which WDT 43431 6706 21 nearly nearly RB 43431 6706 22 meet meet VBP 43431 6706 23 processes process NNS 43431 6706 24 from from IN 43431 6706 25 the the DT 43431 6706 26 posterior posterior JJ 43431 6706 27 end end NN 43431 6706 28 of of IN 43431 6706 29 the the DT 43431 6706 30 sternum sternum NN 43431 6706 31 . . . 43431 6707 1 2 2 LS 43431 6707 2 . . . 43431 6708 1 THE the DT 43431 6708 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 6708 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 6708 4 . . . 43431 6709 1 This this DT 43431 6709 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 6709 3 of of IN 43431 6709 4 the the DT 43431 6709 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 6709 6 of of IN 43431 6709 7 the the DT 43431 6709 8 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6709 9 and and CC 43431 6709 10 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6709 11 limbs limbs NNP 43431 6709 12 and and CC 43431 6709 13 of of IN 43431 6709 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6709 15 respective respective JJ 43431 6709 16 girdles girdle NNS 43431 6709 17 . . . 43431 6710 1 A. A. NNP 43431 6711 1 THE the DT 43431 6711 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNP 43431 6711 3 GIRDLE[103 GIRDLE[103 , 43431 6711 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6711 5 . . . 43431 6712 1 The the DT 43431 6712 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 6712 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 6712 4 in in IN 43431 6712 5 almost almost RB 43431 6712 6 all all DT 43431 6712 7 birds bird NNS 43431 6712 8 is be VBZ 43431 6712 9 strongly strongly RB 43431 6712 10 constructed construct VBN 43431 6712 11 and and CC 43431 6712 12 firmly firmly RB 43431 6712 13 united united JJ 43431 6712 14 to to IN 43431 6712 15 the the DT 43431 6712 16 sternum sternum NN 43431 6712 17 . . . 43431 6713 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6713 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 6713 3 of of IN 43431 6713 4 three three CD 43431 6713 5 bones bone NNS 43431 6713 6 , , , 43431 6713 7 a a DT 43431 6713 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6713 9 element element NN 43431 6713 10 , , , 43431 6713 11 the the DT 43431 6713 12 = = SYM 43431 6713 13 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 6713 14 , , , 43431 6713 15 a a DT 43431 6713 16 posterior posterior NN 43431 6713 17 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6713 18 element element NN 43431 6713 19 , , , 43431 6713 20 the the DT 43431 6713 21 = = SYM 43431 6713 22 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 6713 23 , , , 43431 6713 24 and and CC 43431 6713 25 an an DT 43431 6713 26 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6713 27 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6713 28 element element NN 43431 6713 29 , , , 43431 6713 30 the the DT 43431 6713 31 _ _ NNP 43431 6713 32 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 6713 33 _ _ NNP 43431 6713 34 . . . 43431 6714 1 The the DT 43431 6714 2 = = SYM 43431 6714 3 scapula= scapula= JJ 43431 6714 4 forms form NNS 43431 6714 5 a a DT 43431 6714 6 long long JJ 43431 6714 7 curved curved NN 43431 6714 8 flattened flatten VBD 43431 6714 9 bone bone NN 43431 6714 10 expanded expand VBN 43431 6714 11 at at IN 43431 6714 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6714 13 anterior anterior NN 43431 6714 14 end end NN 43431 6714 15 , , , 43431 6714 16 where where WRB 43431 6714 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6714 18 meets meet VBZ 43431 6714 19 the the DT 43431 6714 20 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6714 21 , , , 43431 6714 22 and and CC 43431 6714 23 lying lie VBG 43431 6714 24 across across IN 43431 6714 25 the the DT 43431 6714 26 ribs rib NNS 43431 6714 27 at at IN 43431 6714 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6714 29 tapering taper VBG 43431 6714 30 posterior posterior NN 43431 6714 31 end end NN 43431 6714 32 . . . 43431 6715 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6715 2 helps help VBZ 43431 6715 3 to to TO 43431 6715 4 form form VB 43431 6715 5 the the DT 43431 6715 6 imperfect imperfect NN 43431 6715 7 = = SYM 43431 6715 8 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 6715 9 cavity= cavity= NN 43431 6715 10 , , , 43431 6715 11 with with IN 43431 6715 12 which which WDT 43431 6715 13 the the DT 43431 6715 14 humerus humerus JJ 43431 6715 15 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6715 16 . . . 43431 6716 1 The the DT 43431 6716 2 = = SYM 43431 6716 3 coracoid= coracoid= NN 43431 6716 4 , , , 43431 6716 5 a a DT 43431 6716 6 shorter short JJR 43431 6716 7 but but CC 43431 6716 8 stouter stouter NN 43431 6716 9 bone bone NN 43431 6716 10 than than IN 43431 6716 11 the the DT 43431 6716 12 scapula scapula NN 43431 6716 13 , , , 43431 6716 14 has have VBZ 43431 6716 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6716 16 upper upper JJ 43431 6716 17 end end NN 43431 6716 18 or or CC 43431 6716 19 = = SYM 43431 6716 20 head= head= NN 43431 6716 21 thickened thicken VBD 43431 6716 22 and and CC 43431 6716 23 bears bear NNS 43431 6716 24 on on IN 43431 6716 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6716 26 posterior posterior NN 43431 6716 27 border border NN 43431 6716 28 an an DT 43431 6716 29 irregular irregular JJ 43431 6716 30 surface surface NN 43431 6716 31 , , , 43431 6716 32 with with IN 43431 6716 33 part part NN 43431 6716 34 of of IN 43431 6716 35 which which WDT 43431 6716 36 the the DT 43431 6716 37 scapula scapula NN 43431 6716 38 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6716 39 , , , 43431 6716 40 while while IN 43431 6716 41 the the DT 43431 6716 42 rest rest NN 43431 6716 43 forms form NNS 43431 6716 44 part part NN 43431 6716 45 of of IN 43431 6716 46 the the DT 43431 6716 47 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 6716 48 cavity cavity NN 43431 6716 49 . . . 43431 6717 1 The the DT 43431 6717 2 inner inner JJ 43431 6717 3 border border NN 43431 6717 4 of of IN 43431 6717 5 the the DT 43431 6717 6 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6717 7 adjoining adjoin VBG 43431 6717 8 the the DT 43431 6717 9 articular articular JJ 43431 6717 10 facet facet NN 43431 6717 11 for for IN 43431 6717 12 the the DT 43431 6717 13 scapula scapula NN 43431 6717 14 is be VBZ 43431 6717 15 produced produce VBN 43431 6717 16 into into IN 43431 6717 17 a a DT 43431 6717 18 strong strong JJ 43431 6717 19 process process NN 43431 6717 20 which which WDT 43431 6717 21 helps help VBZ 43431 6717 22 to to TO 43431 6717 23 complete complete VB 43431 6717 24 the the DT 43431 6717 25 = = SYM 43431 6717 26 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6717 27 triosseum= triosseum= VBZ 43431 6717 28 , , , 43431 6717 29 a a DT 43431 6717 30 space space NN 43431 6717 31 lying lie VBG 43431 6717 32 between between IN 43431 6717 33 the the DT 43431 6717 34 adjoining adjoin VBG 43431 6717 35 ends end NNS 43431 6717 36 of of IN 43431 6717 37 the the DT 43431 6717 38 scapula scapula NN 43431 6717 39 and and CC 43431 6717 40 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6717 41 , , , 43431 6717 42 through through IN 43431 6717 43 which which WDT 43431 6717 44 the the DT 43431 6717 45 tendon tendon NN 43431 6717 46 of of IN 43431 6717 47 the the DT 43431 6717 48 second second JJ 43431 6717 49 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 6717 50 muscle muscle NN 43431 6717 51 passes pass VBZ 43431 6717 52 . . . 43431 6718 1 The the DT 43431 6718 2 lower low JJR 43431 6718 3 part part NN 43431 6718 4 of of IN 43431 6718 5 the the DT 43431 6718 6 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6718 7 , , , 43431 6718 8 which which WDT 43431 6718 9 is be VBZ 43431 6718 10 much much RB 43431 6718 11 flattened flatten VBN 43431 6718 12 and and CC 43431 6718 13 expanded expand VBD 43431 6718 14 , , , 43431 6718 15 and and CC 43431 6718 16 abruptly abruptly RB 43431 6718 17 truncated truncate VBN 43431 6718 18 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6718 19 , , , 43431 6718 20 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6718 21 with with IN 43431 6718 22 the the DT 43431 6718 23 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 6718 24 groove groove NN 43431 6718 25 of of IN 43431 6718 26 the the DT 43431 6718 27 sternum sternum NN 43431 6718 28 . . . 43431 6719 1 The the DT 43431 6719 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6719 3 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 6719 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6719 5 is be VBZ 43431 6719 6 a a DT 43431 6719 7 thickened thicken VBN 43431 6719 8 curved curved JJ 43431 6719 9 membrane membrane NN 43431 6719 10 bone bone NN 43431 6719 11 , , , 43431 6719 12 which which WDT 43431 6719 13 is be VBZ 43431 6719 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 6719 15 with with IN 43431 6719 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6719 17 fellow fellow NN 43431 6719 18 in in IN 43431 6719 19 the the DT 43431 6719 20 middle middle JJ 43431 6719 21 line line NN 43431 6719 22 below below RB 43431 6719 23 , , , 43431 6719 24 the the DT 43431 6719 25 two two CD 43431 6719 26 forming form VBG 43431 6719 27 the the DT 43431 6719 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6719 29 furcula furcula NN 43431 6719 30 _ _ NNP 43431 6719 31 or or CC 43431 6719 32 merrythought merrythought NN 43431 6719 33 . . . 43431 6720 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6720 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6720 3 end end NN 43431 6720 4 is be VBZ 43431 6720 5 drawn draw VBN 43431 6720 6 out out RP 43431 6720 7 into into IN 43431 6720 8 a a DT 43431 6720 9 process process NN 43431 6720 10 which which WDT 43431 6720 11 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6720 12 with with IN 43431 6720 13 the the DT 43431 6720 14 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6720 15 . . . 43431 6721 1 THE the DT 43431 6721 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 6721 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 6721 4 OR or CC 43431 6721 5 WING WING NNP 43431 6721 6 . . . 43431 6722 1 This this DT 43431 6722 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 6722 3 of of IN 43431 6722 4 three three CD 43431 6722 5 parts part NNS 43431 6722 6 , , , 43431 6722 7 a a DT 43431 6722 8 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6722 9 part part NN 43431 6722 10 , , , 43431 6722 11 the the DT 43431 6722 12 upper upper JJ 43431 6722 13 arm arm NN 43431 6722 14 or or CC 43431 6722 15 = = SYM 43431 6722 16 brachium= brachium= NNS 43431 6722 17 , , , 43431 6722 18 a a DT 43431 6722 19 middle middle JJ 43431 6722 20 part part NN 43431 6722 21 , , , 43431 6722 22 the the DT 43431 6722 23 fore fore NN 43431 6722 24 - - HYPH 43431 6722 25 arm arm NN 43431 6722 26 or or CC 43431 6722 27 = = SYM 43431 6722 28 antibrachium= antibrachium= NNS 43431 6722 29 , , , 43431 6722 30 and and CC 43431 6722 31 a a DT 43431 6722 32 distal distal JJ 43431 6722 33 part part NN 43431 6722 34 , , , 43431 6722 35 the the DT 43431 6722 36 = = XX 43431 6722 37 manus=. manus=. NN 43431 6723 1 When when WRB 43431 6723 2 extended extend VBN 43431 6723 3 for for IN 43431 6723 4 flight flight NN 43431 6723 5 the the DT 43431 6723 6 parts part NNS 43431 6723 7 lie lie VBP 43431 6723 8 almost almost RB 43431 6723 9 in in IN 43431 6723 10 the the DT 43431 6723 11 same same JJ 43431 6723 12 straight straight JJ 43431 6723 13 line line NN 43431 6723 14 , , , 43431 6723 15 but but CC 43431 6723 16 when when WRB 43431 6723 17 at at IN 43431 6723 18 rest rest NN 43431 6723 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6723 20 are be VBP 43431 6723 21 folded fold VBN 43431 6723 22 on on IN 43431 6723 23 one one CD 43431 6723 24 another another DT 43431 6723 25 in in IN 43431 6723 26 the the DT 43431 6723 27 form form NN 43431 6723 28 of of IN 43431 6723 29 a a DT 43431 6723 30 Z z NN 43431 6723 31 , , , 43431 6723 32 the the DT 43431 6723 33 brachium brachium NN 43431 6723 34 and and CC 43431 6723 35 manus manus NN 43431 6723 36 pointing pointing NN 43431 6723 37 backwards backwards RB 43431 6723 38 , , , 43431 6723 39 and and CC 43431 6723 40 the the DT 43431 6723 41 antibrachium antibrachium NN 43431 6723 42 forwards forwards RB 43431 6723 43 . . . 43431 6724 1 When when WRB 43431 6724 2 extended extend VBN 43431 6724 3 for for IN 43431 6724 4 flight flight NN 43431 6724 5 the the DT 43431 6724 6 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6724 7 and and CC 43431 6724 8 borders border NNS 43431 6724 9 of of IN 43431 6724 10 the the DT 43431 6724 11 wing wing NN 43431 6724 12 correspond correspond NN 43431 6724 13 in in IN 43431 6724 14 position position NN 43431 6724 15 with with IN 43431 6724 16 those those DT 43431 6724 17 of of IN 43431 6724 18 the the DT 43431 6724 19 primitive primitive JJ 43431 6724 20 vertebrate vertebrate NN 43431 6724 21 limb[104 limb[104 NN 43431 6724 22 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6724 23 , , , 43431 6724 24 the the DT 43431 6724 25 pre pre JJ 43431 6724 26 - - JJ 43431 6724 27 axial axial JJ 43431 6724 28 border border NN 43431 6724 29 being be VBG 43431 6724 30 directed direct VBN 43431 6724 31 forwards forwards RB 43431 6724 32 and and CC 43431 6724 33 the the DT 43431 6724 34 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 6724 35 backwards backwards RB 43431 6724 36 , , , 43431 6724 37 while while IN 43431 6724 38 the the DT 43431 6724 39 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6724 40 and and CC 43431 6724 41 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6724 42 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6724 43 look look VBP 43431 6724 44 respectively respectively RB 43431 6724 45 upwards upwards RB 43431 6724 46 and and CC 43431 6724 47 downwards downwards RB 43431 6724 48 . . . 43431 6725 1 But but CC 43431 6725 2 when when WRB 43431 6725 3 the the DT 43431 6725 4 wing wing NN 43431 6725 5 is be VBZ 43431 6725 6 at at IN 43431 6725 7 rest rest NN 43431 6725 8 , , , 43431 6725 9 the the DT 43431 6725 10 humerus humerus NN 43431 6725 11 as as IN 43431 6725 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6725 13 extends extend VBZ 43431 6725 14 backwards backwards RB 43431 6725 15 becomes become VBZ 43431 6725 16 slightly slightly RB 43431 6725 17 rotated rotate VBN 43431 6725 18 , , , 43431 6725 19 so so IN 43431 6725 20 that that IN 43431 6725 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6725 22 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6725 23 surface surface NN 43431 6725 24 looks look VBZ 43431 6725 25 more more JJR 43431 6725 26 inwards inward NNS 43431 6725 27 than than IN 43431 6725 28 upwards upward NNS 43431 6725 29 , , , 43431 6725 30 while while IN 43431 6725 31 the the DT 43431 6725 32 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6725 33 surface surface NN 43431 6725 34 of of IN 43431 6725 35 the the DT 43431 6725 36 antibrachium antibrachium NN 43431 6725 37 looks look VBZ 43431 6725 38 partially partially RB 43431 6725 39 outwards outward NNS 43431 6725 40 and and CC 43431 6725 41 upwards upwards RB 43431 6725 42 , , , 43431 6725 43 and and CC 43431 6725 44 that that DT 43431 6725 45 of of IN 43431 6725 46 the the DT 43431 6725 47 manus manus NN 43431 6725 48 mainly mainly RB 43431 6725 49 outwards outward VBZ 43431 6725 50 . . . 43431 6726 1 The the DT 43431 6726 2 = = SYM 43431 6726 3 brachium= brachium= NN 43431 6726 4 or or CC 43431 6726 5 = = SYM 43431 6726 6 upper upper JJ 43431 6726 7 arm= arm= NNP 43431 6726 8 contains contain VBZ 43431 6726 9 only only RB 43431 6726 10 a a DT 43431 6726 11 single single JJ 43431 6726 12 bone bone NN 43431 6726 13 , , , 43431 6726 14 the the DT 43431 6726 15 = = SYM 43431 6726 16 humerus= humerus= NN 43431 6726 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6726 18 fig fig NN 43431 6726 19 . . . 43431 6727 1 57 57 CD 43431 6727 2 , , , 43431 6727 3 1 1 CD 43431 6727 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6727 5 . . . 43431 6728 1 This this DT 43431 6728 2 is be VBZ 43431 6728 3 a a DT 43431 6728 4 large large JJ 43431 6728 5 nearly nearly RB 43431 6728 6 straight straight JJ 43431 6728 7 bone bone NN 43431 6728 8 expanded expand VBN 43431 6728 9 at at IN 43431 6728 10 both both DT 43431 6728 11 ends end NNS 43431 6728 12 . . . 43431 6729 1 The the DT 43431 6729 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6729 3 end end NN 43431 6729 4 is be VBZ 43431 6729 5 specially specially RB 43431 6729 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 6729 7 , , , 43431 6729 8 forming form VBG 43431 6729 9 two two CD 43431 6729 10 = = SYM 43431 6729 11 tuberosities= tuberosities= NN 43431 6729 12 , , , 43431 6729 13 and and CC 43431 6729 14 a a DT 43431 6729 15 large large JJ 43431 6729 16 convex convex NNS 43431 6729 17 = = SYM 43431 6729 18 head= head= NN 43431 6729 19 articulating articulate VBG 43431 6729 20 with with IN 43431 6729 21 the the DT 43431 6729 22 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 6729 23 cavity cavity NN 43431 6729 24 . . . 43431 6730 1 The the DT 43431 6730 2 = = SYM 43431 6730 3 pre pre JJ 43431 6730 4 - - JJ 43431 6730 5 axial axial JJ 43431 6730 6 tuberosity= tuberosity= NN 43431 6730 7 is be VBZ 43431 6730 8 the the DT 43431 6730 9 smaller small JJR 43431 6730 10 of of IN 43431 6730 11 the the DT 43431 6730 12 two two CD 43431 6730 13 , , , 43431 6730 14 but but CC 43431 6730 15 is be VBZ 43431 6730 16 continued continue VBN 43431 6730 17 by by IN 43431 6730 18 a a DT 43431 6730 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6730 20 = = SYM 43431 6730 21 deltoid deltoid JJ 43431 6730 22 ridge= ridge= NN 43431 6730 23 , , , 43431 6730 24 which which WDT 43431 6730 25 extends extend VBZ 43431 6730 26 for for IN 43431 6730 27 a a DT 43431 6730 28 very very RB 43431 6730 29 short short JJ 43431 6730 30 distance distance NN 43431 6730 31 down down IN 43431 6730 32 the the DT 43431 6730 33 shaft shaft NN 43431 6730 34 . . . 43431 6731 1 The the DT 43431 6731 2 = = SYM 43431 6731 3 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 6731 4 tuberosity= tuberosity= NN 43431 6731 5 is be VBZ 43431 6731 6 the the DT 43431 6731 7 larger large JJR 43431 6731 8 , , , 43431 6731 9 and and CC 43431 6731 10 below below IN 43431 6731 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6731 12 there there EX 43431 6731 13 is be VBZ 43431 6731 14 a a DT 43431 6731 15 very very RB 43431 6731 16 deep deep JJ 43431 6731 17 pit pit NN 43431 6731 18 , , , 43431 6731 19 the the DT 43431 6731 20 = = SYM 43431 6731 21 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 6731 22 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 6731 23 , , , 43431 6731 24 which which WDT 43431 6731 25 leads lead VBZ 43431 6731 26 into into IN 43431 6731 27 an an DT 43431 6731 28 air air NN 43431 6731 29 cavity cavity NN 43431 6731 30 in in IN 43431 6731 31 the the DT 43431 6731 32 shaft shaft NN 43431 6731 33 of of IN 43431 6731 34 the the DT 43431 6731 35 bone bone NN 43431 6731 36 . . . 43431 6732 1 The the DT 43431 6732 2 shaft shaft NN 43431 6732 3 is be VBZ 43431 6732 4 long long JJ 43431 6732 5 and and CC 43431 6732 6 straight straight JJ 43431 6732 7 , , , 43431 6732 8 and and CC 43431 6732 9 at at IN 43431 6732 10 the the DT 43431 6732 11 distal distal JJ 43431 6732 12 end end NN 43431 6732 13 of of IN 43431 6732 14 the the DT 43431 6732 15 bone bone NN 43431 6732 16 is be VBZ 43431 6732 17 the the DT 43431 6732 18 = = SYM 43431 6732 19 trochlea= trochlea= NN 43431 6732 20 with with IN 43431 6732 21 two two CD 43431 6732 22 convex convex NNS 43431 6732 23 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6732 24 , , , 43431 6732 25 one one CD 43431 6732 26 pre pre JJ 43431 6732 27 - - JJ 43431 6732 28 axial axial JJ 43431 6732 29 with with IN 43431 6732 30 which which WDT 43431 6732 31 the the DT 43431 6732 32 radius radius NN 43431 6732 33 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6732 34 , , , 43431 6732 35 the the DT 43431 6732 36 other other JJ 43431 6732 37 postaxial postaxial NN 43431 6732 38 for for IN 43431 6732 39 the the DT 43431 6732 40 ulna ulna NN 43431 6732 41 . . . 43431 6733 1 The the DT 43431 6733 2 = = SYM 43431 6733 3 fore fore NN 43431 6733 4 - - : 43431 6733 5 arm= arm= NNP 43431 6733 6 or or CC 43431 6733 7 = = SYM 43431 6733 8 antibrachium= antibrachium= NNS 43431 6733 9 consists consist VBZ 43431 6733 10 of of IN 43431 6733 11 two two CD 43431 6733 12 bones bone NNS 43431 6733 13 , , , 43431 6733 14 the the DT 43431 6733 15 = = SYM 43431 6733 16 radius= radius= NNP 43431 6733 17 and and CC 43431 6733 18 = = SYM 43431 6733 19 ulna=. ulna=. NN 43431 6734 1 These these DT 43431 6734 2 are be VBP 43431 6734 3 of of IN 43431 6734 4 nearly nearly RB 43431 6734 5 equal equal JJ 43431 6734 6 length length NN 43431 6734 7 , , , 43431 6734 8 and and CC 43431 6734 9 are be VBP 43431 6734 10 separated separate VBN 43431 6734 11 from from IN 43431 6734 12 one one CD 43431 6734 13 another another DT 43431 6734 14 by by IN 43431 6734 15 a a DT 43431 6734 16 considerable considerable JJ 43431 6734 17 space space NN 43431 6734 18 except except IN 43431 6734 19 at at IN 43431 6734 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6734 21 terminations termination NNS 43431 6734 22 . . . 43431 6735 1 The the DT 43431 6735 2 = = SYM 43431 6735 3 radius= radius= NN 43431 6735 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6735 5 fig fig NN 43431 6735 6 . . . 43431 6736 1 57 57 CD 43431 6736 2 , , , 43431 6736 3 2 2 CD 43431 6736 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6736 5 , , , 43431 6736 6 the the DT 43431 6736 7 pre pre JJ 43431 6736 8 - - JJ 43431 6736 9 axial axial JJ 43431 6736 10 and and CC 43431 6736 11 smaller small JJR 43431 6736 12 bone bone NN 43431 6736 13 , , , 43431 6736 14 is be VBZ 43431 6736 15 straight straight JJ 43431 6736 16 and and CC 43431 6736 17 fairly fairly RB 43431 6736 18 stout stout RB 43431 6736 19 ; ; : 43431 6736 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6736 21 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6736 22 end end NN 43431 6736 23 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6736 24 with with IN 43431 6736 25 the the DT 43431 6736 26 humerus humerus NNP 43431 6736 27 by by IN 43431 6736 28 a a DT 43431 6736 29 slightly slightly RB 43431 6736 30 cupped cup VBN 43431 6736 31 surface surface NN 43431 6736 32 , , , 43431 6736 33 while while IN 43431 6736 34 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6736 35 distal distal JJ 43431 6736 36 end end NN 43431 6736 37 , , , 43431 6736 38 which which WDT 43431 6736 39 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6736 40 with with IN 43431 6736 41 the the DT 43431 6736 42 carpus carpus NNP 43431 6736 43 , , , 43431 6736 44 is be VBZ 43431 6736 45 convex convex NNP 43431 6736 46 and and CC 43431 6736 47 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6736 48 expanded expanded JJ 43431 6736 49 . . . 43431 6737 1 The the DT 43431 6737 2 = = SYM 43431 6737 3 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 6737 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6737 5 fig fig NN 43431 6737 6 . . . 43431 6738 1 57 57 CD 43431 6738 2 , , , 43431 6738 3 3 3 CD 43431 6738 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6738 5 is be VBZ 43431 6738 6 longer long JJR 43431 6738 7 , , , 43431 6738 8 stouter stouter NN 43431 6738 9 , , , 43431 6738 10 and and CC 43431 6738 11 slightly slightly RB 43431 6738 12 curved curve VBN 43431 6738 13 . . . 43431 6739 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6739 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6739 3 end end NN 43431 6739 4 is be VBZ 43431 6739 5 expanded expand VBN 43431 6739 6 , , , 43431 6739 7 forming form VBG 43431 6739 8 two two CD 43431 6739 9 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6739 10 which which WDT 43431 6739 11 articulate articulate VBP 43431 6739 12 with with IN 43431 6739 13 the the DT 43431 6739 14 trochlea trochlea NN 43431 6739 15 of of IN 43431 6739 16 the the DT 43431 6739 17 humerus humerus NNP 43431 6739 18 ; ; : 43431 6739 19 behind behind IN 43431 6739 20 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6739 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6739 22 is be VBZ 43431 6739 23 drawn draw VBN 43431 6739 24 out out RP 43431 6739 25 into into IN 43431 6739 26 a a DT 43431 6739 27 short short JJ 43431 6739 28 blunt blunt NN 43431 6739 29 = = NFP 43431 6739 30 olecranon olecranon UH 43431 6739 31 process=. process=. NN 43431 6740 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6740 2 distal distal JJ 43431 6740 3 end end NN 43431 6740 4 is be VBZ 43431 6740 5 less less RBR 43431 6740 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 6740 7 , , , 43431 6740 8 and and CC 43431 6740 9 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6740 10 with with IN 43431 6740 11 the the DT 43431 6740 12 carpus carpus NN 43431 6740 13 and and CC 43431 6740 14 also also RB 43431 6740 15 with with IN 43431 6740 16 the the DT 43431 6740 17 radius radius NN 43431 6740 18 . . . 43431 6741 1 The the DT 43431 6741 2 = = SYM 43431 6741 3 Manus=. manus=. NN 43431 6742 1 This this DT 43431 6742 2 includes include VBZ 43431 6742 3 the the DT 43431 6742 4 carpus carpus NN 43431 6742 5 or or CC 43431 6742 6 wrist wrist NN 43431 6742 7 , , , 43431 6742 8 and and CC 43431 6742 9 the the DT 43431 6742 10 hand hand NN 43431 6742 11 . . . 43431 6743 1 The the DT 43431 6743 2 = = SYM 43431 6743 3 Carpus=. carpus=. NN 43431 6744 1 While while IN 43431 6744 2 in in IN 43431 6744 3 the the DT 43431 6744 4 embryo embryo NN 43431 6744 5 the the DT 43431 6744 6 carpus carpus NNP 43431 6744 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 6744 8 of of IN 43431 6744 9 five five CD 43431 6744 10 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6744 11 elements element NNS 43431 6744 12 arranged arrange VBN 43431 6744 13 in in IN 43431 6744 14 a a DT 43431 6744 15 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6744 16 row row NN 43431 6744 17 of of IN 43431 6744 18 two two CD 43431 6744 19 and and CC 43431 6744 20 a a DT 43431 6744 21 distal distal JJ 43431 6744 22 row row NN 43431 6744 23 of of IN 43431 6744 24 three three CD 43431 6744 25 , , , 43431 6744 26 in in IN 43431 6744 27 the the DT 43431 6744 28 adult adult NN 43431 6744 29 only only RB 43431 6744 30 the the DT 43431 6744 31 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6744 32 bones bone NNS 43431 6744 33 can can MD 43431 6744 34 be be VB 43431 6744 35 clearly clearly RB 43431 6744 36 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 6744 37 , , , 43431 6744 38 the the DT 43431 6744 39 distal distal JJ 43431 6744 40 ones one NNS 43431 6744 41 having have VBG 43431 6744 42 become become VBN 43431 6744 43 completely completely RB 43431 6744 44 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 6744 45 with with IN 43431 6744 46 the the DT 43431 6744 47 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 6744 48 to to TO 43431 6744 49 form form VB 43431 6744 50 the the DT 43431 6744 51 = = SYM 43431 6744 52 carpo carpo NN 43431 6744 53 - - HYPH 43431 6744 54 metacarpus=. metacarpus=. NN 43431 6745 1 The the DT 43431 6745 2 two two CD 43431 6745 3 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6745 4 carpal carpal NN 43431 6745 5 bones bone NNS 43431 6745 6 are be VBP 43431 6745 7 the the DT 43431 6745 8 radial radial JJ 43431 6745 9 carpal carpal NN 43431 6745 10 and and CC 43431 6745 11 the the DT 43431 6745 12 ulnar ulnar NNP 43431 6745 13 carpal carpal NN 43431 6745 14 . . . 43431 6746 1 The the DT 43431 6746 2 radial radial JJ 43431 6746 3 carpal carpal NN 43431 6746 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6746 5 fig fig NN 43431 6746 6 . . . 43431 6747 1 57 57 CD 43431 6747 2 , , , 43431 6747 3 4 4 CD 43431 6747 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6747 5 is be VBZ 43431 6747 6 a a DT 43431 6747 7 small small JJ 43431 6747 8 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6747 9 cubical cubical JJ 43431 6747 10 bone bone NN 43431 6747 11 , , , 43431 6747 12 wedged wedge VBN 43431 6747 13 in in RP 43431 6747 14 between between IN 43431 6747 15 the the DT 43431 6747 16 manus manus NN 43431 6747 17 and and CC 43431 6747 18 the the DT 43431 6747 19 radius radius NN 43431 6747 20 and and CC 43431 6747 21 ulna ulna NNP 43431 6747 22 . . . 43431 6748 1 The the DT 43431 6748 2 ulnar ulnar NN 43431 6748 3 carpal carpal NN 43431 6748 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6748 5 fig fig NN 43431 6748 6 . . . 43431 6749 1 57 57 CD 43431 6749 2 , , , 43431 6749 3 5 5 CD 43431 6749 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6749 5 is be VBZ 43431 6749 6 a a DT 43431 6749 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6749 8 larger large JJR 43431 6749 9 , , , 43431 6749 10 more more RBR 43431 6749 11 irregular irregular JJ 43431 6749 12 bone bone NN 43431 6749 13 , , , 43431 6749 14 lying lie VBG 43431 6749 15 adjacent adjacent JJ 43431 6749 16 to to IN 43431 6749 17 the the DT 43431 6749 18 end end NN 43431 6749 19 of of IN 43431 6749 20 the the DT 43431 6749 21 ulna ulna NN 43431 6749 22 . . . 43431 6750 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6750 2 is be VBZ 43431 6750 3 deeply deeply RB 43431 6750 4 notched notch VBN 43431 6750 5 to to TO 43431 6750 6 receive receive VB 43431 6750 7 the the DT 43431 6750 8 carpo carpo NNP 43431 6750 9 - - HYPH 43431 6750 10 metacarpus metacarpus NNP 43431 6750 11 . . . 43431 6751 1 = = NFP 43431 6751 2 The the DT 43431 6751 3 hand.= hand.= NNS 43431 6751 4 In in IN 43431 6751 5 the the DT 43431 6751 6 adult adult NN 43431 6751 7 bird bird NN 43431 6751 8 the the DT 43431 6751 9 hand hand NN 43431 6751 10 is be VBZ 43431 6751 11 in in IN 43431 6751 12 a a DT 43431 6751 13 much much RB 43431 6751 14 modified modify VBN 43431 6751 15 condition condition NN 43431 6751 16 ; ; : 43431 6751 17 only only RB 43431 6751 18 the the DT 43431 6751 19 first first JJ 43431 6751 20 three three CD 43431 6751 21 digits digit NNS 43431 6751 22 are be VBP 43431 6751 23 represented represent VBN 43431 6751 24 , , , 43431 6751 25 and and CC 43431 6751 26 the the DT 43431 6751 27 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 6751 28 are be VBP 43431 6751 29 all all DT 43431 6751 30 fused fuse VBN 43431 6751 31 with with IN 43431 6751 32 one one CD 43431 6751 33 another another DT 43431 6751 34 and and CC 43431 6751 35 with with IN 43431 6751 36 the the DT 43431 6751 37 distal distal JJ 43431 6751 38 carpalia carpalia NNS 43431 6751 39 to to TO 43431 6751 40 form form VB 43431 6751 41 the the DT 43431 6751 42 = = SYM 43431 6751 43 carpo carpo NN 43431 6751 44 - - HYPH 43431 6751 45 metacarpus=. metacarpus=. NN 43431 6752 1 The the DT 43431 6752 2 most most RBS 43431 6752 3 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6752 4 part part NN 43431 6752 5 of of IN 43431 6752 6 the the DT 43431 6752 7 carpo carpo NNP 43431 6752 8 - - HYPH 43431 6752 9 metacarpus metacarpus NNP 43431 6752 10 is be VBZ 43431 6752 11 formed form VBN 43431 6752 12 by by IN 43431 6752 13 the the DT 43431 6752 14 = = SYM 43431 6752 15 second second JJ 43431 6752 16 metacarpal= metacarpal= NN 43431 6752 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6752 18 fig fig NN 43431 6752 19 . . . 43431 6753 1 57 57 CD 43431 6753 2 , , , 43431 6753 3 7 7 CD 43431 6753 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6753 5 , , , 43431 6753 6 a a DT 43431 6753 7 stout stout NN 43431 6753 8 , , , 43431 6753 9 straight straight JJ 43431 6753 10 bone bone NN 43431 6753 11 expanded expand VBN 43431 6753 12 at at IN 43431 6753 13 both both DT 43431 6753 14 ends end NNS 43431 6753 15 . . . 43431 6754 1 The the DT 43431 6754 2 = = SYM 43431 6754 3 third third JJ 43431 6754 4 metacarpal= metacarpal= NN 43431 6754 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6754 6 fig fig NN 43431 6754 7 . . . 43431 6755 1 57 57 CD 43431 6755 2 , , , 43431 6755 3 8) 8) CD 43431 6755 4 is be VBZ 43431 6755 5 a a DT 43431 6755 6 more more RBR 43431 6755 7 slender slender NN 43431 6755 8 curved curve VBN 43431 6755 9 bone bone NN 43431 6755 10 fused fuse VBN 43431 6755 11 at at IN 43431 6755 12 both both DT 43431 6755 13 ends end VBZ 43431 6755 14 with with IN 43431 6755 15 the the DT 43431 6755 16 second second JJ 43431 6755 17 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 6755 18 . . . 43431 6756 1 The the DT 43431 6756 2 = = SYM 43431 6756 3 first first JJ 43431 6756 4 metacarpal= metacarpal= NN 43431 6756 5 forms form NNS 43431 6756 6 simply simply RB 43431 6756 7 a a DT 43431 6756 8 small small JJ 43431 6756 9 projection projection NN 43431 6756 10 on on IN 43431 6756 11 the the DT 43431 6756 12 radial radial JJ 43431 6756 13 side side NN 43431 6756 14 of of IN 43431 6756 15 the the DT 43431 6756 16 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6756 17 end end NN 43431 6756 18 of of IN 43431 6756 19 the the DT 43431 6756 20 second second JJ 43431 6756 21 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 6756 22 . . . 43431 6757 1 The the DT 43431 6757 2 = = SYM 43431 6757 3 phalanges=. phalanges=. XX 43431 6758 1 The the DT 43431 6758 2 first first JJ 43431 6758 3 digit digit NN 43431 6758 4 or or CC 43431 6758 5 = = SYM 43431 6758 6 pollex= pollex= NN 43431 6758 7 includes include VBZ 43431 6758 8 two two CD 43431 6758 9 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6758 10 , , , 43431 6758 11 the the DT 43431 6758 12 distal distal JJ 43431 6758 13 one one CD 43431 6758 14 being be VBG 43431 6758 15 very very RB 43431 6758 16 small small JJ 43431 6758 17 and and CC 43431 6758 18 bearing bear VBG 43431 6758 19 a a DT 43431 6758 20 claw claw NN 43431 6758 21 . . . 43431 6759 1 The the DT 43431 6759 2 second second JJ 43431 6759 3 digit digit NN 43431 6759 4 includes include VBZ 43431 6759 5 three three CD 43431 6759 6 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6759 7 , , , 43431 6759 8 the the DT 43431 6759 9 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6759 10 one one NN 43431 6759 11 being be VBG 43431 6759 12 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6759 13 flattened flattened JJ 43431 6759 14 . . . 43431 6760 1 The the DT 43431 6760 2 third third JJ 43431 6760 3 digit digit NN 43431 6760 4 has have VBZ 43431 6760 5 a a DT 43431 6760 6 single single JJ 43431 6760 7 small small JJ 43431 6760 8 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 6760 9 . . . 43431 6761 1 THE the DT 43431 6761 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 6761 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 6761 4 . . . 43431 6762 1 The the DT 43431 6762 2 bones bone NNS 43431 6762 3 constituting constitute VBG 43431 6762 4 the the DT 43431 6762 5 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 6762 6 girdle girdle NN 43431 6762 7 are be VBP 43431 6762 8 not not RB 43431 6762 9 only only RB 43431 6762 10 as as IN 43431 6762 11 in in IN 43431 6762 12 other other JJ 43431 6762 13 higher high JJR 43431 6762 14 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 6762 15 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6762 16 together together RB 43431 6762 17 forming form VBG 43431 6762 18 the the DT 43431 6762 19 innominate innominate JJ 43431 6762 20 bones bone NNS 43431 6762 21 , , , 43431 6762 22 but but CC 43431 6762 23 are be VBP 43431 6762 24 also also RB 43431 6762 25 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 6762 26 with with IN 43431 6762 27 a a DT 43431 6762 28 series series NN 43431 6762 29 of of IN 43431 6762 30 some some DT 43431 6762 31 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 6762 32 sacral sacral JJ 43431 6762 33 and and CC 43431 6762 34 pseudosacral pseudosacral JJ 43431 6762 35 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6762 36 . . . 43431 6763 1 The the DT 43431 6763 2 = = SYM 43431 6763 3 acetabulum= acetabulum= NN 43431 6763 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6763 5 fig fig NN 43431 6763 6 . . . 43431 6764 1 61 61 CD 43431 6764 2 , , , 43431 6764 3 5 5 CD 43431 6764 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6764 5 with with IN 43431 6764 6 which which WDT 43431 6764 7 the the DT 43431 6764 8 head head NN 43431 6764 9 of of IN 43431 6764 10 the the DT 43431 6764 11 femur femur NN 43431 6764 12 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6764 13 is be VBZ 43431 6764 14 incompletely incompletely RB 43431 6764 15 ossified ossify VBN 43431 6764 16 . . . 43431 6765 1 The the DT 43431 6765 2 = = SYM 43431 6765 3 ilium= ilium= NNS 43431 6765 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6765 5 figs fig NNS 43431 6765 6 . . . 43431 6766 1 58 58 CD 43431 6766 2 and and CC 43431 6766 3 61 61 CD 43431 6766 4 , , , 43431 6766 5 1 1 CD 43431 6766 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6766 7 is be VBZ 43431 6766 8 the the DT 43431 6766 9 largest large JJS 43431 6766 10 bone bone NN 43431 6766 11 of of IN 43431 6766 12 the the DT 43431 6766 13 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 6766 14 . . . 43431 6767 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6767 2 forms form VBZ 43431 6767 3 a a DT 43431 6767 4 long long JJ 43431 6767 5 flattened flattened JJ 43431 6767 6 plate plate NN 43431 6767 7 extending extend VBG 43431 6767 8 for for IN 43431 6767 9 a a DT 43431 6767 10 considerable considerable JJ 43431 6767 11 distance distance NN 43431 6767 12 both both CC 43431 6767 13 in in IN 43431 6767 14 front front NN 43431 6767 15 of of IN 43431 6767 16 and and CC 43431 6767 17 behind behind IN 43431 6767 18 the the DT 43431 6767 19 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6767 20 , , , 43431 6767 21 and and CC 43431 6767 22 is be VBZ 43431 6767 23 fused fuse VBN 43431 6767 24 along along IN 43431 6767 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6767 26 whole whole JJ 43431 6767 27 length length NN 43431 6767 28 with with IN 43431 6767 29 the the DT 43431 6767 30 transverse transverse JJ 43431 6767 31 processes process NNS 43431 6767 32 and and CC 43431 6767 33 neural neural JJ 43431 6767 34 spines spine NNS 43431 6767 35 of of IN 43431 6767 36 the the DT 43431 6767 37 sacral sacral JJ 43431 6767 38 and and CC 43431 6767 39 pseudosacral pseudosacral JJ 43431 6767 40 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6767 41 . . . 43431 6768 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6768 2 forms form VBZ 43431 6768 3 more more JJR 43431 6768 4 than than IN 43431 6768 5 half half PDT 43431 6768 6 the the DT 43431 6768 7 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6768 8 , , , 43431 6768 9 above above RB 43431 6768 10 and and CC 43431 6768 11 behind behind IN 43431 6768 12 which which WDT 43431 6768 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6768 14 is be VBZ 43431 6768 15 produced produce VBN 43431 6768 16 to to TO 43431 6768 17 form form VB 43431 6768 18 a a DT 43431 6768 19 process process NN 43431 6768 20 , , , 43431 6768 21 the the DT 43431 6768 22 = = SYM 43431 6768 23 antitrochanter= antitrochanter= NNS 43431 6768 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6768 25 fig fig VB 43431 6768 26 61 61 CD 43431 6768 27 , , , 43431 6768 28 8) 8) CD 43431 6768 29 , , , 43431 6768 30 with with IN 43431 6768 31 which which WDT 43431 6768 32 the the DT 43431 6768 33 great great JJ 43431 6768 34 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 6768 35 of of IN 43431 6768 36 the the DT 43431 6768 37 femur femur NN 43431 6768 38 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6768 39 . . . 43431 6769 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6769 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6769 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6769 4 . . . 43431 6770 1 61 61 CD 43431 6770 2 . . . 43431 6771 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 6771 2 VIEW view NN 43431 6771 3 OF of IN 43431 6771 4 THE the DT 43431 6771 5 PELVIS PELVIS NNP 43431 6771 6 AND and CC 43431 6771 7 SACRUM SACRUM NNP 43431 6771 8 OF of IN 43431 6771 9 A a DT 43431 6771 10 DUCK DUCK NNP 43431 6771 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6771 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6771 13 Anas Anas NNP 43431 6771 14 boschas boschas IN 43431 6771 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6771 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6771 17 à à NNP 43431 6771 18 � � NNP 43431 6771 19 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 6771 20 . . . 43431 6772 1 1 1 LS 43431 6772 2 . . . 43431 6772 3 ilium ilium NNP 43431 6772 4 . . . 43431 6773 1 2 2 LS 43431 6773 2 . . . 43431 6773 3 ischium ischium NN 43431 6773 4 . . . 43431 6774 1 3 3 LS 43431 6774 2 . . . 43431 6774 3 pubis pubi VBN 43431 6774 4 . . . 43431 6775 1 4 4 LS 43431 6775 2 . . . 43431 6775 3 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 6775 4 process process NN 43431 6775 5 . . . 43431 6776 1 5 5 LS 43431 6776 2 . . . 43431 6776 3 acetabulum acetabulum NNP 43431 6776 4 . . . 43431 6777 1 6 6 LS 43431 6777 2 . . . 43431 6777 3 ilio ilio NN 43431 6777 4 - - HYPH 43431 6777 5 sciatic sciatic JJ 43431 6777 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 6777 7 . . . 43431 6778 1 7 7 LS 43431 6778 2 . . . 43431 6778 3 fused fuse VBN 43431 6778 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6778 5 . . . 43431 6779 1 8 8 LS 43431 6779 2 . . . 43431 6780 1 antitrochanter antitrochanter NN 43431 6780 2 . . . 43431 6780 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6781 1 The the DT 43431 6781 2 = = SYM 43431 6781 3 ischium= ischium= VBZ 43431 6781 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6781 5 figs fig NNS 43431 6781 6 . . . 43431 6782 1 58 58 CD 43431 6782 2 and and CC 43431 6782 3 61 61 CD 43431 6782 4 , , , 43431 6782 5 2 2 CD 43431 6782 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6782 7 is be VBZ 43431 6782 8 a a DT 43431 6782 9 flattened flattened JJ 43431 6782 10 bone bone NN 43431 6782 11 which which WDT 43431 6782 12 forms form VBZ 43431 6782 13 about about RB 43431 6782 14 one one CD 43431 6782 15 - - HYPH 43431 6782 16 third third NN 43431 6782 17 of of IN 43431 6782 18 the the DT 43431 6782 19 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6782 20 , , , 43431 6782 21 and and CC 43431 6782 22 lies lie VBZ 43431 6782 23 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6782 24 to to IN 43431 6782 25 the the DT 43431 6782 26 posterior posterior JJ 43431 6782 27 part part NN 43431 6782 28 of of IN 43431 6782 29 the the DT 43431 6782 30 ilium ilium NN 43431 6782 31 . . . 43431 6783 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6783 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6783 3 portion portion NN 43431 6783 4 is be VBZ 43431 6783 5 separated separate VBN 43431 6783 6 from from IN 43431 6783 7 the the DT 43431 6783 8 ilium ilium NN 43431 6783 9 by by IN 43431 6783 10 the the DT 43431 6783 11 large large JJ 43431 6783 12 oval oval NN 43431 6783 13 = = SYM 43431 6783 14 ilio ilio NN 43431 6783 15 - - HYPH 43431 6783 16 sciatic sciatic VBN 43431 6783 17 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 6783 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6783 19 fig fig NN 43431 6783 20 . . . 43431 6784 1 61 61 CD 43431 6784 2 , , , 43431 6784 3 6 6 CD 43431 6784 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6784 5 , , , 43431 6784 6 while while IN 43431 6784 7 behind behind IN 43431 6784 8 this this DT 43431 6784 9 the the DT 43431 6784 10 two two CD 43431 6784 11 bones bone NNS 43431 6784 12 are be VBP 43431 6784 13 completely completely RB 43431 6784 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 6784 15 . . . 43431 6785 1 The the DT 43431 6785 2 = = SYM 43431 6785 3 pubis= pubis= NN 43431 6785 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6785 5 figs fig NNS 43431 6785 6 . . . 43431 6786 1 58 58 CD 43431 6786 2 and and CC 43431 6786 3 61 61 CD 43431 6786 4 , , , 43431 6786 5 3 3 CD 43431 6786 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6786 7 is be VBZ 43431 6786 8 a a DT 43431 6786 9 very very RB 43431 6786 10 long long JJ 43431 6786 11 slender slender NN 43431 6786 12 bar bar NN 43431 6786 13 of of IN 43431 6786 14 bone bone NN 43431 6786 15 which which WDT 43431 6786 16 forms form VBZ 43431 6786 17 only only RB 43431 6786 18 a a DT 43431 6786 19 very very RB 43431 6786 20 small small JJ 43431 6786 21 part part NN 43431 6786 22 of of IN 43431 6786 23 the the DT 43431 6786 24 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6786 25 and and CC 43431 6786 26 runs run VBZ 43431 6786 27 back back RB 43431 6786 28 parallel parallel RB 43431 6786 29 to to IN 43431 6786 30 the the DT 43431 6786 31 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6786 32 surface surface NN 43431 6786 33 of of IN 43431 6786 34 the the DT 43431 6786 35 ischium ischium NN 43431 6786 36 with with IN 43431 6786 37 which which WDT 43431 6786 38 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6786 39 is be VBZ 43431 6786 40 loosely loosely RB 43431 6786 41 connected connect VBN 43431 6786 42 at at IN 43431 6786 43 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6786 44 posterior posterior NN 43431 6786 45 end end NN 43431 6786 46 . . . 43431 6787 1 For for IN 43431 6787 2 the the DT 43431 6787 3 greater great JJR 43431 6787 4 part part NN 43431 6787 5 of of IN 43431 6787 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6787 7 length length NN 43431 6787 8 the the DT 43431 6787 9 two two CD 43431 6787 10 bones bone NNS 43431 6787 11 are be VBP 43431 6787 12 separated separate VBN 43431 6787 13 by by IN 43431 6787 14 the the DT 43431 6787 15 long long JJ 43431 6787 16 narrow narrow JJ 43431 6787 17 = = SYM 43431 6787 18 obturator obturator NN 43431 6787 19 foramen=. foramen=. ADD 43431 6788 1 Behind behind IN 43431 6788 2 the the DT 43431 6788 3 ischium ischium NN 43431 6788 4 the the DT 43431 6788 5 pubis pubis RB 43431 6788 6 is be VBZ 43431 6788 7 produced produce VBN 43431 6788 8 into into IN 43431 6788 9 a a DT 43431 6788 10 long long JJ 43431 6788 11 curved curved JJ 43431 6788 12 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 6788 13 - - HYPH 43431 6788 14 projecting project VBG 43431 6788 15 process process NN 43431 6788 16 , , , 43431 6788 17 and and CC 43431 6788 18 in in IN 43431 6788 19 front front NN 43431 6788 20 of of IN 43431 6788 21 the the DT 43431 6788 22 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6788 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6788 24 bears bear VBZ 43431 6788 25 a a DT 43431 6788 26 short short JJ 43431 6788 27 blunt blunt NN 43431 6788 28 = = SYM 43431 6788 29 pectineal= pectineal= NN 43431 6788 30 or or CC 43431 6788 31 = = SYM 43431 6788 32 pre pre JJ 43431 6788 33 - - JJ 43431 6788 34 pubic pubic JJ 43431 6788 35 process= process= NN 43431 6788 36 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6788 37 fig fig NN 43431 6788 38 . . . 43431 6789 1 61 61 CD 43431 6789 2 , , , 43431 6789 3 4 4 CD 43431 6789 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6789 5 probably probably RB 43431 6789 6 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6789 7 with with IN 43431 6789 8 the the DT 43431 6789 9 pre pre NN 43431 6789 10 - - NN 43431 6789 11 pubis pubis JJ 43431 6789 12 of of IN 43431 6789 13 Orthopod Orthopod NNP 43431 6789 14 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 6789 15 . . . 43431 6790 1 The the DT 43431 6790 2 remainder remainder NN 43431 6790 3 of of IN 43431 6790 4 the the DT 43431 6790 5 pubis pubi VBN 43431 6790 6 is be VBZ 43431 6790 7 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6790 8 with with IN 43431 6790 9 the the DT 43431 6790 10 post post NN 43431 6790 11 - - JJ 43431 6790 12 pubis pubi VBN 43431 6790 13 of of IN 43431 6790 14 Orthopod Orthopod NNP 43431 6790 15 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 6790 16 . . . 43431 6791 1 THE the DT 43431 6791 2 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 6791 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 6791 4 . . . 43431 6792 1 The the DT 43431 6792 2 leg leg NN 43431 6792 3 of of IN 43431 6792 4 the the DT 43431 6792 5 bird bird NN 43431 6792 6 is be VBZ 43431 6792 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6792 8 differently differently RB 43431 6792 9 constructed construct VBN 43431 6792 10 from from IN 43431 6792 11 that that DT 43431 6792 12 of of IN 43431 6792 13 other other JJ 43431 6792 14 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 6792 15 owing owe VBG 43431 6792 16 to to IN 43431 6792 17 the the DT 43431 6792 18 fact fact NN 43431 6792 19 that that IN 43431 6792 20 there there EX 43431 6792 21 is be VBZ 43431 6792 22 no no DT 43431 6792 23 free free JJ 43431 6792 24 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 6792 25 , , , 43431 6792 26 the the DT 43431 6792 27 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6792 28 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 6792 29 having have VBG 43431 6792 30 fused fuse VBN 43431 6792 31 with with IN 43431 6792 32 the the DT 43431 6792 33 tibia tibia NNP 43431 6792 34 , , , 43431 6792 35 and and CC 43431 6792 36 the the DT 43431 6792 37 distal distal JJ 43431 6792 38 with with IN 43431 6792 39 the the DT 43431 6792 40 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 6792 41 . . . 43431 6793 1 The the DT 43431 6793 2 = = SYM 43431 6793 3 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 6793 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 6793 5 of of IN 43431 6793 6 a a DT 43431 6793 7 single single JJ 43431 6793 8 bone bone NN 43431 6793 9 , , , 43431 6793 10 the the DT 43431 6793 11 femur femur NN 43431 6793 12 . . . 43431 6794 1 The the DT 43431 6794 2 = = SYM 43431 6794 3 femur= femur= NNP 43431 6794 4 is be VBZ 43431 6794 5 a a DT 43431 6794 6 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 6794 7 short short JJ 43431 6794 8 bone bone NN 43431 6794 9 with with IN 43431 6794 10 a a DT 43431 6794 11 straight straight JJ 43431 6794 12 shaft shaft NN 43431 6794 13 and and CC 43431 6794 14 expanded expand VBN 43431 6794 15 ends end NNS 43431 6794 16 . . . 43431 6795 1 The the DT 43431 6795 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6795 3 end end NN 43431 6795 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 6795 5 on on IN 43431 6795 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6795 7 inner inner JJ 43431 6795 8 side side NN 43431 6795 9 a a DT 43431 6795 10 rounded rounded JJ 43431 6795 11 = = SYM 43431 6795 12 head= head= NN 43431 6795 13 , , , 43431 6795 14 which which WDT 43431 6795 15 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6795 16 with with IN 43431 6795 17 the the DT 43431 6795 18 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 6795 19 . . . 43431 6796 1 On on IN 43431 6796 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6796 3 outer outer JJ 43431 6796 4 side side NN 43431 6796 5 is be VBZ 43431 6796 6 an an DT 43431 6796 7 irregular irregular JJ 43431 6796 8 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 6796 9 , , , 43431 6796 10 the the DT 43431 6796 11 = = SYM 43431 6796 12 great great JJ 43431 6796 13 trochanter= trochanter= NNS 43431 6796 14 , , , 43431 6796 15 while while IN 43431 6796 16 between between IN 43431 6796 17 the the DT 43431 6796 18 two two CD 43431 6796 19 is be VBZ 43431 6796 20 the the DT 43431 6796 21 surface surface NN 43431 6796 22 which which WDT 43431 6796 23 meets meet VBZ 43431 6796 24 the the DT 43431 6796 25 antitrochanter antitrochanter NN 43431 6796 26 of of IN 43431 6796 27 the the DT 43431 6796 28 ilium ilium NN 43431 6796 29 . . . 43431 6797 1 The the DT 43431 6797 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 6797 3 end end NN 43431 6797 4 also also RB 43431 6797 5 is be VBZ 43431 6797 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 6797 7 and and CC 43431 6797 8 marked mark VBN 43431 6797 9 by by IN 43431 6797 10 a a DT 43431 6797 11 wide wide JJ 43431 6797 12 groove groove NN 43431 6797 13 which which WDT 43431 6797 14 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 6797 15 the the DT 43431 6797 16 = = NNS 43431 6797 17 patella=. patella=. XX 43431 6798 1 On on IN 43431 6798 2 each each DT 43431 6798 3 side side NN 43431 6798 4 of of IN 43431 6798 5 the the DT 43431 6798 6 groove groove NN 43431 6798 7 is be VBZ 43431 6798 8 a a DT 43431 6798 9 strong strong JJ 43431 6798 10 = = SYM 43431 6798 11 condylar condylar JJ 43431 6798 12 ridge= ridge= NN 43431 6798 13 for for IN 43431 6798 14 articulation articulation NN 43431 6798 15 with with IN 43431 6798 16 the the DT 43431 6798 17 tibia tibia NNP 43431 6798 18 . . . 43431 6799 1 The the DT 43431 6799 2 external external JJ 43431 6799 3 condyle condyle NN 43431 6799 4 is be VBZ 43431 6799 5 deeply deeply RB 43431 6799 6 grooved groove VBN 43431 6799 7 behind behind RB 43431 6799 8 for for IN 43431 6799 9 articulation articulation NN 43431 6799 10 with with IN 43431 6799 11 the the DT 43431 6799 12 fibula fibula NN 43431 6799 13 . . . 43431 6800 1 The the DT 43431 6800 2 = = SYM 43431 6800 3 crus= crus= NN 43431 6800 4 or or CC 43431 6800 5 = = SYM 43431 6800 6 shin= shin= NNP 43431 6800 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 6800 8 of of IN 43431 6800 9 two two CD 43431 6800 10 separate separate JJ 43431 6800 11 bones bone NNS 43431 6800 12 , , , 43431 6800 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6800 14 1 1 LS 43431 6800 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6800 16 the the DT 43431 6800 17 = = SYM 43431 6800 18 tibio tibio NNP 43431 6800 19 - - HYPH 43431 6800 20 tarsus= tarsus= NNP 43431 6800 21 , , , 43431 6800 22 formed form VBN 43431 6800 23 by by IN 43431 6800 24 the the DT 43431 6800 25 fusion fusion NN 43431 6800 26 of of IN 43431 6800 27 the the DT 43431 6800 28 tibia tibia NNP 43431 6800 29 with with IN 43431 6800 30 the the DT 43431 6800 31 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6800 32 row row NN 43431 6800 33 of of IN 43431 6800 34 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 6800 35 , , , 43431 6800 36 and and CC 43431 6800 37 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6800 38 2 2 LS 43431 6800 39 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6800 40 the the DT 43431 6800 41 = = SYM 43431 6800 42 fibula=. fibula=. . 43431 6801 1 The the DT 43431 6801 2 = = SYM 43431 6801 3 tibio tibio NN 43431 6801 4 - - HYPH 43431 6801 5 tarsus= tarsus= NNP 43431 6801 6 is be VBZ 43431 6801 7 a a DT 43431 6801 8 thick thick JJ 43431 6801 9 straight straight JJ 43431 6801 10 bone bone NN 43431 6801 11 nearly nearly RB 43431 6801 12 twice twice RB 43431 6801 13 as as RB 43431 6801 14 long long RB 43431 6801 15 as as IN 43431 6801 16 the the DT 43431 6801 17 femur femur NN 43431 6801 18 . . . 43431 6802 1 Both both DT 43431 6802 2 ends end NNS 43431 6802 3 of of IN 43431 6802 4 the the DT 43431 6802 5 bone bone NN 43431 6802 6 are be VBP 43431 6802 7 considerably considerably RB 43431 6802 8 expanded expand VBN 43431 6802 9 . . . 43431 6803 1 The the DT 43431 6803 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6803 3 end end NN 43431 6803 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 6803 5 two two CD 43431 6803 6 slight slight JJ 43431 6803 7 depressions depression NNS 43431 6803 8 which which WDT 43431 6803 9 articulate articulate VBP 43431 6803 10 with with IN 43431 6803 11 the the DT 43431 6803 12 condyles condyle NNS 43431 6803 13 of of IN 43431 6803 14 the the DT 43431 6803 15 femur femur NN 43431 6803 16 , , , 43431 6803 17 and and CC 43431 6803 18 a a DT 43431 6803 19 third third JJ 43431 6803 20 depression depression NN 43431 6803 21 which which WDT 43431 6803 22 partly partly RB 43431 6803 23 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 6803 24 the the DT 43431 6803 25 patella patella NN 43431 6803 26 . . . 43431 6804 1 The the DT 43431 6804 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6804 3 end end NN 43431 6804 4 of of IN 43431 6804 5 the the DT 43431 6804 6 anterior anterior NN 43431 6804 7 or or CC 43431 6804 8 extensor extensor NN 43431 6804 9 surface surface NN 43431 6804 10 is be VBZ 43431 6804 11 drawn draw VBN 43431 6804 12 out out RP 43431 6804 13 into into IN 43431 6804 14 a a DT 43431 6804 15 very very RB 43431 6804 16 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6804 17 = = SYM 43431 6804 18 cnemial cnemial JJ 43431 6804 19 crest= crest= NN 43431 6804 20 which which WDT 43431 6804 21 bends bend VBZ 43431 6804 22 over over RP 43431 6804 23 towards towards IN 43431 6804 24 the the DT 43431 6804 25 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 6804 26 side side NN 43431 6804 27 of of IN 43431 6804 28 the the DT 43431 6804 29 bone bone NN 43431 6804 30 ; ; : 43431 6804 31 a a DT 43431 6804 32 slight slight JJ 43431 6804 33 ridge ridge NN 43431 6804 34 is be VBZ 43431 6804 35 continued continue VBN 43431 6804 36 from from IN 43431 6804 37 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6804 38 all all PDT 43431 6804 39 the the DT 43431 6804 40 way way NN 43431 6804 41 down down IN 43431 6804 42 the the DT 43431 6804 43 shaft shaft NN 43431 6804 44 . . . 43431 6805 1 The the DT 43431 6805 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6805 3 part part NN 43431 6805 4 of of IN 43431 6805 5 the the DT 43431 6805 6 shaft shaft NN 43431 6805 7 of of IN 43431 6805 8 the the DT 43431 6805 9 tibio tibio NN 43431 6805 10 - - HYPH 43431 6805 11 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 6805 12 bears bear VBZ 43431 6805 13 a a DT 43431 6805 14 roughened roughened JJ 43431 6805 15 ridge ridge NN 43431 6805 16 with with IN 43431 6805 17 which which WDT 43431 6805 18 the the DT 43431 6805 19 fibula fibula NN 43431 6805 20 is be VBZ 43431 6805 21 closely closely RB 43431 6805 22 connected connect VBN 43431 6805 23 . . . 43431 6806 1 The the DT 43431 6806 2 distal distal JJ 43431 6806 3 end end NN 43431 6806 4 is be VBZ 43431 6806 5 expanded expand VBN 43431 6806 6 and and CC 43431 6806 7 rotated rotate VBN 43431 6806 8 outwardly outwardly RB 43431 6806 9 and and CC 43431 6806 10 forms form VBZ 43431 6806 11 a a DT 43431 6806 12 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6806 13 pulley pulley NN 43431 6806 14 - - HYPH 43431 6806 15 like like JJ 43431 6806 16 surface surface NN 43431 6806 17 which which WDT 43431 6806 18 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 6806 19 with with IN 43431 6806 20 the the DT 43431 6806 21 tarso tarso NN 43431 6806 22 - - HYPH 43431 6806 23 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 6806 24 . . . 43431 6807 1 The the DT 43431 6807 2 = = SYM 43431 6807 3 fibula= fibula= NN 43431 6807 4 is be VBZ 43431 6807 5 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6807 6 to to IN 43431 6807 7 the the DT 43431 6807 8 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6807 9 portion portion NN 43431 6807 10 only only RB 43431 6807 11 , , , 43431 6807 12 which which WDT 43431 6807 13 is be VBZ 43431 6807 14 expanded expand VBN 43431 6807 15 and and CC 43431 6807 16 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6807 17 with with IN 43431 6807 18 a a DT 43431 6807 19 depression depression NN 43431 6807 20 behind behind IN 43431 6807 21 the the DT 43431 6807 22 external external JJ 43431 6807 23 condyle condyle NN 43431 6807 24 of of IN 43431 6807 25 the the DT 43431 6807 26 femur femur NN 43431 6807 27 . . . 43431 6808 1 The the DT 43431 6808 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 6808 3 further further RB 43431 6808 4 extends extend VBZ 43431 6808 5 about about RB 43431 6808 6 a a DT 43431 6808 7 third third NN 43431 6808 8 of of IN 43431 6808 9 the the DT 43431 6808 10 way way NN 43431 6808 11 down down IN 43431 6808 12 the the DT 43431 6808 13 shaft shaft NN 43431 6808 14 of of IN 43431 6808 15 the the DT 43431 6808 16 tibio tibio NN 43431 6808 17 - - HYPH 43431 6808 18 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 6808 19 . . . 43431 6809 1 The the DT 43431 6809 2 = = SYM 43431 6809 3 patella= patella= NN 43431 6809 4 or or CC 43431 6809 5 = = SYM 43431 6809 6 knee knee NN 43431 6809 7 - - HYPH 43431 6809 8 cap= cap= NNP 43431 6809 9 is be VBZ 43431 6809 10 a a DT 43431 6809 11 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 6809 12 bone bone NN 43431 6809 13 due due JJ 43431 6809 14 to to IN 43431 6809 15 an an DT 43431 6809 16 ossification ossification NN 43431 6809 17 in in IN 43431 6809 18 the the DT 43431 6809 19 tendon tendon NN 43431 6809 20 of of IN 43431 6809 21 the the DT 43431 6809 22 extensor extensor NN 43431 6809 23 muscles muscle NNS 43431 6809 24 of of IN 43431 6809 25 the the DT 43431 6809 26 leg leg NN 43431 6809 27 . . . 43431 6810 1 The the DT 43431 6810 2 = = SYM 43431 6810 3 ankle ankle NN 43431 6810 4 joint= joint= NN 43431 6810 5 lies lie VBZ 43431 6810 6 between between IN 43431 6810 7 the the DT 43431 6810 8 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6810 9 and and CC 43431 6810 10 distal distal JJ 43431 6810 11 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 6810 12 which which WDT 43431 6810 13 as as IN 43431 6810 14 previously previously RB 43431 6810 15 mentioned mention VBD 43431 6810 16 fuse fuse NN 43431 6810 17 respectively respectively RB 43431 6810 18 with with IN 43431 6810 19 the the DT 43431 6810 20 tibia tibia NNP 43431 6810 21 and and CC 43431 6810 22 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 6810 23 . . . 43431 6811 1 The the DT 43431 6811 2 = = SYM 43431 6811 3 Pes=. pes=. CD 43431 6812 1 The the DT 43431 6812 2 pes pe NNS 43431 6812 3 includes include VBZ 43431 6812 4 four four CD 43431 6812 5 digits digit NNS 43431 6812 6 , , , 43431 6812 7 and and CC 43431 6812 8 consists consist VBZ 43431 6812 9 of of IN 43431 6812 10 the the DT 43431 6812 11 tarso tarso NN 43431 6812 12 - - HYPH 43431 6812 13 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 6812 14 and and CC 43431 6812 15 the the DT 43431 6812 16 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6812 17 . . . 43431 6813 1 The the DT 43431 6813 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6813 3 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 6813 4 which which WDT 43431 6813 5 are be VBP 43431 6813 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 6813 7 with with IN 43431 6813 8 the the DT 43431 6813 9 tibia tibia NNS 43431 6813 10 also also RB 43431 6813 11 really really RB 43431 6813 12 belong belong VBP 43431 6813 13 to to IN 43431 6813 14 the the DT 43431 6813 15 pes pe NNS 43431 6813 16 . . . 43431 6814 1 The the DT 43431 6814 2 = = SYM 43431 6814 3 tarso tarso CD 43431 6814 4 - - HYPH 43431 6814 5 metatarsus= metatarsus= NN 43431 6814 6 is be VBZ 43431 6814 7 a a DT 43431 6814 8 strong strong JJ 43431 6814 9 straight straight JJ 43431 6814 10 bone bone NN 43431 6814 11 nearly nearly RB 43431 6814 12 as as RB 43431 6814 13 long long RB 43431 6814 14 as as IN 43431 6814 15 the the DT 43431 6814 16 femur femur NN 43431 6814 17 , , , 43431 6814 18 and and CC 43431 6814 19 is be VBZ 43431 6814 20 formed form VBN 43431 6814 21 by by IN 43431 6814 22 the the DT 43431 6814 23 fusion fusion NN 43431 6814 24 of of IN 43431 6814 25 the the DT 43431 6814 26 distal distal JJ 43431 6814 27 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 6814 28 with with IN 43431 6814 29 the the DT 43431 6814 30 second second JJ 43431 6814 31 , , , 43431 6814 32 third third JJ 43431 6814 33 and and CC 43431 6814 34 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6814 35 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 6814 36 . . . 43431 6815 1 The the DT 43431 6815 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6815 3 end end NN 43431 6815 4 of of IN 43431 6815 5 the the DT 43431 6815 6 bone bone NN 43431 6815 7 is be VBZ 43431 6815 8 expanded expand VBN 43431 6815 9 and and CC 43431 6815 10 bears bear VBZ 43431 6815 11 two two CD 43431 6815 12 facets facet NNS 43431 6815 13 for for IN 43431 6815 14 articulation articulation NN 43431 6815 15 with with IN 43431 6815 16 the the DT 43431 6815 17 tibio tibio NN 43431 6815 18 - - HYPH 43431 6815 19 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 6815 20 , , , 43431 6815 21 and and CC 43431 6815 22 near near IN 43431 6815 23 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6815 24 on on IN 43431 6815 25 the the DT 43431 6815 26 posterior posterior NN 43431 6815 27 surface surface NN 43431 6815 28 is be VBZ 43431 6815 29 a a DT 43431 6815 30 large large JJ 43431 6815 31 roughened roughen VBN 43431 6815 32 projection projection NN 43431 6815 33 . . . 43431 6816 1 The the DT 43431 6816 2 lines line NNS 43431 6816 3 of of IN 43431 6816 4 junction junction NN 43431 6816 5 between between IN 43431 6816 6 the the DT 43431 6816 7 several several JJ 43431 6816 8 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 6816 9 are be VBP 43431 6816 10 marked mark VBN 43431 6816 11 along along IN 43431 6816 12 the the DT 43431 6816 13 shaft shaft NN 43431 6816 14 by by IN 43431 6816 15 slight slight JJ 43431 6816 16 ridges ridge NNS 43431 6816 17 . . . 43431 6817 1 At at IN 43431 6817 2 the the DT 43431 6817 3 distal distal JJ 43431 6817 4 end end NN 43431 6817 5 of of IN 43431 6817 6 the the DT 43431 6817 7 bone bone NN 43431 6817 8 the the DT 43431 6817 9 three three CD 43431 6817 10 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 6817 11 diverge diverge VBP 43431 6817 12 from from IN 43431 6817 13 one one CD 43431 6817 14 another another DT 43431 6817 15 and and CC 43431 6817 16 each each DT 43431 6817 17 bears bear VBZ 43431 6817 18 a a DT 43431 6817 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 6817 20 convex convex NNP 43431 6817 21 pulley pulley NNP 43431 6817 22 - - HYPH 43431 6817 23 like like JJ 43431 6817 24 surface surface NN 43431 6817 25 . . . 43431 6818 1 The the DT 43431 6818 2 = = -RRB- 43431 6818 3 first first JJ 43431 6818 4 metatarsal= metatarsal= NN 43431 6818 5 is be VBZ 43431 6818 6 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6818 7 to to IN 43431 6818 8 the the DT 43431 6818 9 distal distal JJ 43431 6818 10 end end NN 43431 6818 11 , , , 43431 6818 12 which which WDT 43431 6818 13 tapers taper VBZ 43431 6818 14 to to IN 43431 6818 15 a a DT 43431 6818 16 point point NN 43431 6818 17 proximally proximally RB 43431 6818 18 , , , 43431 6818 19 and and CC 43431 6818 20 is be VBZ 43431 6818 21 attached attach VBN 43431 6818 22 by by IN 43431 6818 23 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 6818 24 near near IN 43431 6818 25 the the DT 43431 6818 26 distal distal JJ 43431 6818 27 end end NN 43431 6818 28 of of IN 43431 6818 29 the the DT 43431 6818 30 tarso tarso NN 43431 6818 31 - - HYPH 43431 6818 32 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 6818 33 . . . 43431 6819 1 The the DT 43431 6819 2 = = SYM 43431 6819 3 digits=. digits=. FW 43431 6820 1 Four four CD 43431 6820 2 digits digit NNS 43431 6820 3 are be VBP 43431 6820 4 present present JJ 43431 6820 5 , , , 43431 6820 6 each each DT 43431 6820 7 consisting consist VBG 43431 6820 8 of of IN 43431 6820 9 a a DT 43431 6820 10 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 6820 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6820 12 already already RB 43431 6820 13 described describe VBN 43431 6820 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6820 15 and and CC 43431 6820 16 a a DT 43431 6820 17 certain certain JJ 43431 6820 18 number number NN 43431 6820 19 of of IN 43431 6820 20 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6820 21 , , , 43431 6820 22 the the DT 43431 6820 23 terminal terminal JJ 43431 6820 24 one one NN 43431 6820 25 being be VBG 43431 6820 26 in in IN 43431 6820 27 each each DT 43431 6820 28 case case NN 43431 6820 29 clawed claw VBD 43431 6820 30 . . . 43431 6821 1 The the DT 43431 6821 2 first first JJ 43431 6821 3 digit digit NN 43431 6821 4 or or CC 43431 6821 5 = = SYM 43431 6821 6 hallux= hallux= NN 43431 6821 7 has have VBZ 43431 6821 8 two two CD 43431 6821 9 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6821 10 , , , 43431 6821 11 the the DT 43431 6821 12 second second JJ 43431 6821 13 three three CD 43431 6821 14 , , , 43431 6821 15 the the DT 43431 6821 16 third third JJ 43431 6821 17 four four CD 43431 6821 18 , , , 43431 6821 19 and and CC 43431 6821 20 the the DT 43431 6821 21 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6821 22 five five CD 43431 6821 23 . . . 43431 6822 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 6822 2 : : : 43431 6822 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6822 4 101 101 CD 43431 6822 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6822 6 See See NNP 43431 6822 7 R.S. R.S. NNP 43431 6823 1 Wray wray UH 43431 6823 2 , , , 43431 6823 3 _ _ NNP 43431 6823 4 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 6823 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6823 6 , , , 43431 6823 7 1887 1887 CD 43431 6823 8 , , , 43431 6823 9 p. p. NN 43431 6823 10 343 343 CD 43431 6823 11 . . . 43431 6824 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6824 2 102 102 CD 43431 6824 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6824 4 Often often RB 43431 6824 5 called call VBN 43431 6824 6 the the DT 43431 6824 7 manubrium manubrium NN 43431 6824 8 , , , 43431 6824 9 but but CC 43431 6824 10 not not RB 43431 6824 11 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6824 12 with with IN 43431 6824 13 the the DT 43431 6824 14 manubrium manubrium NN 43431 6824 15 of of IN 43431 6824 16 the the DT 43431 6824 17 mammalian mammalian NNP 43431 6824 18 sternum sternum NNP 43431 6824 19 . . . 43431 6825 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6825 2 103 103 CD 43431 6825 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6825 4 Cp Cp NNP 43431 6825 5 . . . 43431 6826 1 fig fig NNP 43431 6826 2 . . . 43431 6827 1 63 63 CD 43431 6827 2 . . . 43431 6828 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6828 2 104 104 CD 43431 6828 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6828 4 See see VB 43431 6828 5 p. p. NN 43431 6828 6 28 28 CD 43431 6828 7 . . . 43431 6829 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 6829 2 XIX XIX NNP 43431 6829 3 . . . 43431 6830 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 6830 2 ACCOUNT account NN 43431 6830 3 OF of IN 43431 6830 4 THE the DT 43431 6830 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 6830 6 IN in IN 43431 6830 7 BIRDS bird NNS 43431 6830 8 . . . 43431 6831 1 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 6831 2 . . . 43431 6832 1 The the DT 43431 6832 2 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 6832 3 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 6832 4 of of IN 43431 6832 5 birds bird NNS 43431 6832 6 is be VBZ 43431 6832 7 very very RB 43431 6832 8 greatly greatly RB 43431 6832 9 developed developed JJ 43431 6832 10 , , , 43431 6832 11 feathers feather NNS 43431 6832 12 constituting constitute VBG 43431 6832 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6832 14 most most RBS 43431 6832 15 important important JJ 43431 6832 16 part part NN 43431 6832 17 . . . 43431 6833 1 Three three CD 43431 6833 2 kinds kind NNS 43431 6833 3 of of IN 43431 6833 4 feathers feather NNS 43431 6833 5 are be VBP 43431 6833 6 found find VBN 43431 6833 7 , , , 43431 6833 8 viz viz NN 43431 6833 9 . . . 43431 6834 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6834 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 3 a a DT 43431 6834 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6834 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 7 pennae pennae NNP 43431 6834 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 9 including include VBG 43431 6834 10 quills quill NNS 43431 6834 11 and and CC 43431 6834 12 coverts covert NNS 43431 6834 13 , , , 43431 6834 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6834 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 16 b b NNP 43431 6834 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6834 19 down down RP 43431 6834 20 feathers feather NNS 43431 6834 21 or or CC 43431 6834 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 23 plumulae plumulae NNP 43431 6834 24 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 25 , , , 43431 6834 26 and and CC 43431 6834 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6834 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 29 c c NNP 43431 6834 30 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 31 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6834 32 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 33 filoplumes filoplumes NNP 43431 6834 34 _ _ NNP 43431 6834 35 which which WDT 43431 6834 36 are be VBP 43431 6834 37 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 6834 38 feathers feather NNS 43431 6834 39 . . . 43431 6835 1 The the DT 43431 6835 2 structure structure NN 43431 6835 3 of of IN 43431 6835 4 the the DT 43431 6835 5 different different JJ 43431 6835 6 kinds kind NNS 43431 6835 7 of of IN 43431 6835 8 feathers feather NNS 43431 6835 9 is be VBZ 43431 6835 10 described describe VBN 43431 6835 11 on on IN 43431 6835 12 pp pp NNP 43431 6835 13 . . . 43431 6836 1 303 303 CD 43431 6836 2 - - SYM 43431 6836 3 306 306 CD 43431 6836 4 . . . 43431 6837 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6837 2 a a DT 43431 6837 3 fourth fourth JJ 43431 6837 4 class class NN 43431 6837 5 of of IN 43431 6837 6 feathers feather NNS 43431 6837 7 , , , 43431 6837 8 the the DT 43431 6837 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6837 10 semiplumae semiplumae NN 43431 6837 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6837 12 , , , 43431 6837 13 is be VBZ 43431 6837 14 recognised recognise VBN 43431 6837 15 . . . 43431 6838 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6838 2 have have VBP 43431 6838 3 the the DT 43431 6838 4 stems stem NNS 43431 6838 5 of of IN 43431 6838 6 pennae pennae NNP 43431 6838 7 , , , 43431 6838 8 and and CC 43431 6838 9 the the DT 43431 6838 10 downy downy JJ 43431 6838 11 barbs barb NNS 43431 6838 12 and and CC 43431 6838 13 barbules barbule NNS 43431 6838 14 of of IN 43431 6838 15 plumulae plumulae NNS 43431 6838 16 . . . 43431 6839 1 In in IN 43431 6839 2 most most JJS 43431 6839 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6839 4 the the DT 43431 6839 5 pennae pennae NN 43431 6839 6 are be VBP 43431 6839 7 not not RB 43431 6839 8 uniformly uniformly RB 43431 6839 9 distributed distribute VBN 43431 6839 10 over over IN 43431 6839 11 the the DT 43431 6839 12 whole whole JJ 43431 6839 13 surface surface NN 43431 6839 14 of of IN 43431 6839 15 the the DT 43431 6839 16 body body NN 43431 6839 17 , , , 43431 6839 18 but but CC 43431 6839 19 are be VBP 43431 6839 20 confined confine VBN 43431 6839 21 to to IN 43431 6839 22 certain certain JJ 43431 6839 23 tracts tract NNS 43431 6839 24 , , , 43431 6839 25 the the DT 43431 6839 26 = = SYM 43431 6839 27 pterylae= pterylae= NN 43431 6839 28 ; ; : 43431 6839 29 while while IN 43431 6839 30 the the DT 43431 6839 31 intervening intervening NN 43431 6839 32 spaces space NNS 43431 6839 33 or or CC 43431 6839 34 = = SYM 43431 6839 35 apteria= apteria= NNP 43431 6839 36 are be VBP 43431 6839 37 either either CC 43431 6839 38 bare bare JJ 43431 6839 39 or or CC 43431 6839 40 covered cover VBN 43431 6839 41 only only RB 43431 6839 42 with with IN 43431 6839 43 down down JJ 43431 6839 44 feathers feather NNS 43431 6839 45 . . . 43431 6840 1 In in IN 43431 6840 2 some some DT 43431 6840 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6840 4 , , , 43431 6840 5 however however RB 43431 6840 6 , , , 43431 6840 7 such such JJ 43431 6840 8 as as IN 43431 6840 9 the the DT 43431 6840 10 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6840 11 and and CC 43431 6840 12 the the DT 43431 6840 13 Penguins Penguins NNPS 43431 6840 14 , , , 43431 6840 15 pennae pennae NNP 43431 6840 16 are be VBP 43431 6840 17 evenly evenly RB 43431 6840 18 distributed distribute VBN 43431 6840 19 over over IN 43431 6840 20 the the DT 43431 6840 21 whole whole JJ 43431 6840 22 body body NN 43431 6840 23 . . . 43431 6841 1 In in IN 43431 6841 2 many many JJ 43431 6841 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6841 4 the the DT 43431 6841 5 calamus calamus NN 43431 6841 6 or or CC 43431 6841 7 quill quill NN 43431 6841 8 bears bear VBZ 43431 6841 9 two two CD 43431 6841 10 vexilla vexilla NN 43431 6841 11 or or CC 43431 6841 12 vanes vane NNS 43431 6841 13 , , , 43431 6841 14 the the DT 43431 6841 15 second second JJ 43431 6841 16 of of IN 43431 6841 17 which which WDT 43431 6841 18 , , , 43431 6841 19 called call VBD 43431 6841 20 the the DT 43431 6841 21 = = NN 43431 6841 22 aftershaft= aftershaft= NNS 43431 6841 23 or or CC 43431 6841 24 = = SYM 43431 6841 25 hyporachis= hyporachis= NN 43431 6841 26 , , , 43431 6841 27 is be VBZ 43431 6841 28 generally generally RB 43431 6841 29 much much RB 43431 6841 30 the the DT 43431 6841 31 smaller small JJR 43431 6841 32 , , , 43431 6841 33 and and CC 43431 6841 34 is be VBZ 43431 6841 35 attached attach VBN 43431 6841 36 to to IN 43431 6841 37 the the DT 43431 6841 38 under under JJ 43431 6841 39 surface surface NN 43431 6841 40 of of IN 43431 6841 41 the the DT 43431 6841 42 main main JJ 43431 6841 43 vexillum vexillum NN 43431 6841 44 . . . 43431 6842 1 In in IN 43431 6842 2 the the DT 43431 6842 3 Moas Moas NNP 43431 6842 4 , , , 43431 6842 5 Emeu Emeu NNP 43431 6842 6 and and CC 43431 6842 7 Cassowary Cassowary NNP 43431 6842 8 the the DT 43431 6842 9 two two CD 43431 6842 10 vexilla vexilla NN 43431 6842 11 in in IN 43431 6842 12 the the DT 43431 6842 13 adult adult NN 43431 6842 14 bird bird NN 43431 6842 15 are be VBP 43431 6842 16 nearly nearly RB 43431 6842 17 equal equal JJ 43431 6842 18 in in IN 43431 6842 19 size size NN 43431 6842 20 ; ; : 43431 6842 21 though though IN 43431 6842 22 in in IN 43431 6842 23 the the DT 43431 6842 24 nestling nestle VBG 43431 6842 25 Emeu Emeu NNP 43431 6842 26 one one NN 43431 6842 27 is be VBZ 43431 6842 28 much much RB 43431 6842 29 longer long JJR 43431 6842 30 than than IN 43431 6842 31 the the DT 43431 6842 32 other other JJ 43431 6842 33 . . . 43431 6843 1 The the DT 43431 6843 2 aftershaft aftershaft NN 43431 6843 3 is be VBZ 43431 6843 4 very very RB 43431 6843 5 small small JJ 43431 6843 6 in in IN 43431 6843 7 most most JJS 43431 6843 8 Passeres Passeres NNPS 43431 6843 9 and and CC 43431 6843 10 gallinaceous gallinaceous JJ 43431 6843 11 birds bird NNS 43431 6843 12 , , , 43431 6843 13 but but CC 43431 6843 14 is be VBZ 43431 6843 15 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 6843 16 large large JJ 43431 6843 17 in in IN 43431 6843 18 Parrots Parrots NNP 43431 6843 19 , , , 43431 6843 20 Gulls Gulls NNPS 43431 6843 21 , , , 43431 6843 22 Herons Herons NNPS 43431 6843 23 and and CC 43431 6843 24 most most JJS 43431 6843 25 birds bird NNS 43431 6843 26 of of IN 43431 6843 27 prey prey NN 43431 6843 28 . . . 43431 6844 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6844 2 is be VBZ 43431 6844 3 absent absent JJ 43431 6844 4 or or CC 43431 6844 5 extremely extremely RB 43431 6844 6 small small JJ 43431 6844 7 in in IN 43431 6844 8 the the DT 43431 6844 9 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 6844 10 , , , 43431 6844 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6844 12 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 6844 13 _ _ NNP 43431 6844 14 , , , 43431 6844 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6844 16 Rhea Rhea NNP 43431 6844 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6844 18 , , , 43431 6844 19 Pigeons Pigeons NNPS 43431 6844 20 , , , 43431 6844 21 Owls Owls NNPS 43431 6844 22 , , , 43431 6844 23 Anseres Anseres NNPS 43431 6844 24 , , , 43431 6844 25 and and CC 43431 6844 26 others other NNS 43431 6844 27 . . . 43431 6845 1 The the DT 43431 6845 2 quill quill NN 43431 6845 3 feathers feather NNS 43431 6845 4 include include VBP 43431 6845 5 two two CD 43431 6845 6 groups group NNS 43431 6845 7 , , , 43431 6845 8 the the DT 43431 6845 9 = = SYM 43431 6845 10 remiges= remiges= JJ 43431 6845 11 or or CC 43431 6845 12 wing wing NN 43431 6845 13 quills quill NNS 43431 6845 14 , , , 43431 6845 15 and and CC 43431 6845 16 the the DT 43431 6845 17 = = SYM 43431 6845 18 rectrices= rectrices= NN 43431 6845 19 or or CC 43431 6845 20 tail tail NN 43431 6845 21 quills quill NNS 43431 6845 22 . . . 43431 6846 1 In in IN 43431 6846 2 most most JJS 43431 6846 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6846 4 the the DT 43431 6846 5 primary primary JJ 43431 6846 6 remiges remex NNS 43431 6846 7 , , , 43431 6846 8 or or CC 43431 6846 9 those those DT 43431 6846 10 which which WDT 43431 6846 11 are be VBP 43431 6846 12 attached attach VBN 43431 6846 13 to to IN 43431 6846 14 the the DT 43431 6846 15 bones bone NNS 43431 6846 16 of of IN 43431 6846 17 the the DT 43431 6846 18 manus manus NN 43431 6846 19 , , , 43431 6846 20 are be VBP 43431 6846 21 ten ten CD 43431 6846 22 or or CC 43431 6846 23 eleven eleven CD 43431 6846 24 in in IN 43431 6846 25 number number NN 43431 6846 26 , , , 43431 6846 27 and and CC 43431 6846 28 are be VBP 43431 6846 29 set set VBN 43431 6846 30 in in IN 43431 6846 31 grooves groove NNS 43431 6846 32 in in IN 43431 6846 33 the the DT 43431 6846 34 bones bone NNS 43431 6846 35 , , , 43431 6846 36 being be VBG 43431 6846 37 firmly firmly RB 43431 6846 38 attached attach VBN 43431 6846 39 to to IN 43431 6846 40 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6846 41 . . . 43431 6847 1 In in IN 43431 6847 2 the the DT 43431 6847 3 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 6847 4 however however RB 43431 6847 5 the the DT 43431 6847 6 primaries primary NNS 43431 6847 7 are be VBP 43431 6847 8 little little JJ 43431 6847 9 specialised specialised JJ 43431 6847 10 in in IN 43431 6847 11 character character NN 43431 6847 12 and and CC 43431 6847 13 are be VBP 43431 6847 14 as as RB 43431 6847 15 many many JJ 43431 6847 16 as as IN 43431 6847 17 sixteen sixteen CD 43431 6847 18 in in IN 43431 6847 19 number number NN 43431 6847 20 . . . 43431 6848 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6848 2 are be VBP 43431 6848 3 also also RB 43431 6848 4 less less RBR 43431 6848 5 definitely definitely RB 43431 6848 6 attached attach VBN 43431 6848 7 to to IN 43431 6848 8 the the DT 43431 6848 9 bones bone NNS 43431 6848 10 ; ; : 43431 6848 11 as as IN 43431 6848 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6848 13 ends end NNS 43431 6848 14 do do VBP 43431 6848 15 not not RB 43431 6848 16 lie lie VB 43431 6848 17 in in IN 43431 6848 18 grooves groove NNS 43431 6848 19 in in IN 43431 6848 20 the the DT 43431 6848 21 bones bone NNS 43431 6848 22 , , , 43431 6848 23 but but CC 43431 6848 24 project project NN 43431 6848 25 beyond beyond IN 43431 6848 26 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6848 27 . . . 43431 6849 1 The the DT 43431 6849 2 secondary secondary JJ 43431 6849 3 quills quill NNS 43431 6849 4 or or CC 43431 6849 5 those those DT 43431 6849 6 attached attach VBN 43431 6849 7 to to IN 43431 6849 8 the the DT 43431 6849 9 ulna ulna NN 43431 6849 10 vary vary VBP 43431 6849 11 much much RB 43431 6849 12 in in IN 43431 6849 13 number number NN 43431 6849 14 according accord VBG 43431 6849 15 to to IN 43431 6849 16 the the DT 43431 6849 17 length length NN 43431 6849 18 of of IN 43431 6849 19 the the DT 43431 6849 20 bone bone NN 43431 6849 21 . . . 43431 6850 1 The the DT 43431 6850 2 large large JJ 43431 6850 3 dark dark JJ 43431 6850 4 quills quill NNS 43431 6850 5 in in IN 43431 6850 6 the the DT 43431 6850 7 wings wing NNS 43431 6850 8 of of IN 43431 6850 9 Cassowaries cassowary NNS 43431 6850 10 are be VBP 43431 6850 11 the the DT 43431 6850 12 secondaries secondary NNS 43431 6850 13 . . . 43431 6851 1 The the DT 43431 6851 2 wing wing NN 43431 6851 3 of of IN 43431 6851 4 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 6851 5 is be VBZ 43431 6851 6 very very RB 43431 6851 7 little little RB 43431 6851 8 differentiated differentiated JJ 43431 6851 9 . . . 43431 6852 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6852 2 is be VBZ 43431 6852 3 covered cover VBN 43431 6852 4 at at IN 43431 6852 5 the the DT 43431 6852 6 margin margin NN 43431 6852 7 by by IN 43431 6852 8 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 6852 9 scales scale NNS 43431 6852 10 which which WDT 43431 6852 11 gradually gradually RB 43431 6852 12 merge merge VBP 43431 6852 13 into into IN 43431 6852 14 scale scale NN 43431 6852 15 - - HYPH 43431 6852 16 like like JJ 43431 6852 17 feathers feather NNS 43431 6852 18 at at IN 43431 6852 19 the the DT 43431 6852 20 proximal proximal JJ 43431 6852 21 end end NN 43431 6852 22 . . . 43431 6853 1 The the DT 43431 6853 2 wing wing NN 43431 6853 3 of of IN 43431 6853 4 the the DT 43431 6853 5 Penguin Penguin NNP 43431 6853 6 has have VBZ 43431 6853 7 nothing nothing NN 43431 6853 8 comparable comparable JJ 43431 6853 9 to to IN 43431 6853 10 the the DT 43431 6853 11 remiges remex NNS 43431 6853 12 of of IN 43431 6853 13 other other JJ 43431 6853 14 birds bird NNS 43431 6853 15 . . . 43431 6854 1 In in IN 43431 6854 2 some some DT 43431 6854 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6854 4 , , , 43431 6854 5 such such JJ 43431 6854 6 as as IN 43431 6854 7 Herons Herons NNP 43431 6854 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6854 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6854 10 Ardea Ardea NNP 43431 6854 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6854 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6854 13 , , , 43431 6854 14 there there EX 43431 6854 15 occur occur VBP 43431 6854 16 in in IN 43431 6854 17 places place NNS 43431 6854 18 plumulae plumulae NNS 43431 6854 19 of of IN 43431 6854 20 a a DT 43431 6854 21 peculiar peculiar JJ 43431 6854 22 kind kind NN 43431 6854 23 , , , 43431 6854 24 which which WDT 43431 6854 25 grow grow VBP 43431 6854 26 persistently persistently RB 43431 6854 27 and and CC 43431 6854 28 whose whose WP$ 43431 6854 29 summits summit NNS 43431 6854 30 break break VBP 43431 6854 31 off off RP 43431 6854 32 into into IN 43431 6854 33 fine fine JJ 43431 6854 34 powder powder NN 43431 6854 35 as as RB 43431 6854 36 fast fast RB 43431 6854 37 as as IN 43431 6854 38 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6854 39 are be VBP 43431 6854 40 formed form VBN 43431 6854 41 . . . 43431 6855 1 These these DT 43431 6855 2 feathers feather NNS 43431 6855 3 are be VBP 43431 6855 4 known know VBN 43431 6855 5 as as IN 43431 6855 6 _ _ NNP 43431 6855 7 powder powder NN 43431 6855 8 - - HYPH 43431 6855 9 down down NN 43431 6855 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6855 11 feathers feather NNS 43431 6855 12 . . . 43431 6856 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6856 2 occur occur VBP 43431 6856 3 also also RB 43431 6856 4 in in IN 43431 6856 5 some some DT 43431 6856 6 Parrots Parrots NNPS 43431 6856 7 and and CC 43431 6856 8 are be VBP 43431 6856 9 then then RB 43431 6856 10 scattered scatter VBN 43431 6856 11 indiscriminately indiscriminately RB 43431 6856 12 all all RB 43431 6856 13 over over IN 43431 6856 14 the the DT 43431 6856 15 body body NN 43431 6856 16 . . . 43431 6857 1 Other other JJ 43431 6857 2 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 6857 3 structures structure NNS 43431 6857 4 besides besides IN 43431 6857 5 feathers feather NNS 43431 6857 6 are be VBP 43431 6857 7 commonly commonly RB 43431 6857 8 well well RB 43431 6857 9 developed developed JJ 43431 6857 10 . . . 43431 6858 1 Thus thus RB 43431 6858 2 the the DT 43431 6858 3 extremities extremity NNS 43431 6858 4 of of IN 43431 6858 5 the the DT 43431 6858 6 jaws jaw NNS 43431 6858 7 are be VBP 43431 6858 8 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 6858 9 in in IN 43431 6858 10 horny horny NN 43431 6858 11 = = SYM 43431 6858 12 beaks= beaks= NN 43431 6858 13 whose whose WP$ 43431 6858 14 form form NN 43431 6858 15 varies vary VBZ 43431 6858 16 enormously enormously RB 43431 6858 17 according accord VBG 43431 6858 18 to to IN 43431 6858 19 the the DT 43431 6858 20 special special JJ 43431 6858 21 mode mode NN 43431 6858 22 of of IN 43431 6858 23 life life NN 43431 6858 24 . . . 43431 6859 1 In in IN 43431 6859 2 ducks duck NNS 43431 6859 3 and and CC 43431 6859 4 geese geese VB 43431 6859 5 the the DT 43431 6859 6 beak beak NN 43431 6859 7 with with IN 43431 6859 8 the the DT 43431 6859 9 exception exception NN 43431 6859 10 of of IN 43431 6859 11 the the DT 43431 6859 12 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6859 13 end end NN 43431 6859 14 is be VBZ 43431 6859 15 soft soft JJ 43431 6859 16 , , , 43431 6859 17 and and CC 43431 6859 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6859 19 edges edge NNS 43431 6859 20 are be VBP 43431 6859 21 raised raise VBN 43431 6859 22 into into IN 43431 6859 23 lamellae lamella NNS 43431 6859 24 , , , 43431 6859 25 while while IN 43431 6859 26 in in IN 43431 6859 27 the the DT 43431 6859 28 Mergansers Mergansers NNP 43431 6859 29 these these DT 43431 6859 30 lamellae lamella NNS 43431 6859 31 become become VBP 43431 6859 32 pointed pointed JJ 43431 6859 33 processes process NNS 43431 6859 34 supported support VBN 43431 6859 35 by by IN 43431 6859 36 bony bony NN 43431 6859 37 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 6859 38 . . . 43431 6860 1 These these DT 43431 6860 2 lamellae lamellae JJ 43431 6860 3 act act NN 43431 6860 4 as as IN 43431 6860 5 strainers strainer NNS 43431 6860 6 . . . 43431 6861 1 In in IN 43431 6861 2 Parrots Parrots NNP 43431 6861 3 and and CC 43431 6861 4 Hawks Hawks NNPS 43431 6861 5 , , , 43431 6861 6 on on IN 43431 6861 7 the the DT 43431 6861 8 other other JJ 43431 6861 9 hand hand NN 43431 6861 10 , , , 43431 6861 11 nearly nearly RB 43431 6861 12 the the DT 43431 6861 13 whole whole NN 43431 6861 14 of of IN 43431 6861 15 the the DT 43431 6861 16 beak beak NN 43431 6861 17 is be VBZ 43431 6861 18 hard hard JJ 43431 6861 19 . . . 43431 6862 1 The the DT 43431 6862 2 toes toe NNS 43431 6862 3 and and CC 43431 6862 4 tarso tarso NN 43431 6862 5 - - HYPH 43431 6862 6 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 6862 7 are be VBP 43431 6862 8 usually usually RB 43431 6862 9 featherless featherless JJ 43431 6862 10 and and CC 43431 6862 11 are be VBP 43431 6862 12 covered cover VBN 43431 6862 13 either either CC 43431 6862 14 with with IN 43431 6862 15 granular granular JJ 43431 6862 16 structures structure NNS 43431 6862 17 or or CC 43431 6862 18 with with IN 43431 6862 19 well well RB 43431 6862 20 - - HYPH 43431 6862 21 formed form VBN 43431 6862 22 scales scale NNS 43431 6862 23 . . . 43431 6863 1 The the DT 43431 6863 2 toes toe NNS 43431 6863 3 are be VBP 43431 6863 4 nearly nearly RB 43431 6863 5 always always RB 43431 6863 6 provided provide VBN 43431 6863 7 with with IN 43431 6863 8 = = SYM 43431 6863 9 claws= claws= NNS 43431 6863 10 , , , 43431 6863 11 and and CC 43431 6863 12 these these DT 43431 6863 13 vary vary VBP 43431 6863 14 in in IN 43431 6863 15 correlation correlation NN 43431 6863 16 with with IN 43431 6863 17 the the DT 43431 6863 18 character character NN 43431 6863 19 of of IN 43431 6863 20 the the DT 43431 6863 21 beak beak NN 43431 6863 22 . . . 43431 6864 1 Claws[105 Claws[105 NNP 43431 6864 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6864 3 also also RB 43431 6864 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6864 5 occur occur VB 43431 6864 6 on on IN 43431 6864 7 the the DT 43431 6864 8 manus manus NN 43431 6864 9 . . . 43431 6865 1 Thus thus RB 43431 6865 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6865 3 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6865 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6865 5 and and CC 43431 6865 6 some some DT 43431 6865 7 Ostriches Ostriches NNPS 43431 6865 8 and and CC 43431 6865 9 Rheas Rheas NNPS 43431 6865 10 have have VBP 43431 6865 11 claws claw NNS 43431 6865 12 on on IN 43431 6865 13 all all DT 43431 6865 14 three three CD 43431 6865 15 digits digit NNS 43431 6865 16 . . . 43431 6866 1 Most Most JJS 43431 6866 2 Ostriches Ostriches NNPS 43431 6866 3 and and CC 43431 6866 4 Rheas Rheas NNP 43431 6866 5 , , , 43431 6866 6 and and CC 43431 6866 7 many many JJ 43431 6866 8 Anseres Anseres NNPS 43431 6866 9 and and CC 43431 6866 10 birds bird NNS 43431 6866 11 of of IN 43431 6866 12 prey prey NN 43431 6866 13 , , , 43431 6866 14 have have VB 43431 6866 15 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6866 16 on on IN 43431 6866 17 the the DT 43431 6866 18 first first JJ 43431 6866 19 two two CD 43431 6866 20 digits digit NNS 43431 6866 21 , , , 43431 6866 22 while while IN 43431 6866 23 the the DT 43431 6866 24 Secretary Secretary NNP 43431 6866 25 bird bird NN 43431 6866 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6866 27 _ _ NNP 43431 6866 28 Gypogeranus Gypogeranus NNP 43431 6866 29 _ _ NNP 43431 6866 30 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6866 31 and and CC 43431 6866 32 many many JJ 43431 6866 33 fowls fowl NNS 43431 6866 34 , , , 43431 6866 35 ducks duck NNS 43431 6866 36 , , , 43431 6866 37 and and CC 43431 6866 38 birds bird NNS 43431 6866 39 of of IN 43431 6866 40 prey prey NN 43431 6866 41 , , , 43431 6866 42 especially especially RB 43431 6866 43 kestrels kestrel NNS 43431 6866 44 , , , 43431 6866 45 have have VBP 43431 6866 46 a a DT 43431 6866 47 claw claw NN 43431 6866 48 only only RB 43431 6866 49 on on IN 43431 6866 50 the the DT 43431 6866 51 pollex pollex NN 43431 6866 52 . . . 43431 6867 1 In in IN 43431 6867 2 the the DT 43431 6867 3 Cassowary Cassowary NNP 43431 6867 4 , , , 43431 6867 5 Emeu Emeu NNP 43431 6867 6 , , , 43431 6867 7 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 6867 8 and and CC 43431 6867 9 some some DT 43431 6867 10 Ostriches Ostriches NNPS 43431 6867 11 and and CC 43431 6867 12 Rheas Rheas NNPS 43431 6867 13 only only RB 43431 6867 14 the the DT 43431 6867 15 second second JJ 43431 6867 16 digit digit NN 43431 6867 17 is be VBZ 43431 6867 18 clawed claw VBN 43431 6867 19 . . . 43431 6868 1 Claws claws NN 43431 6868 2 should should MD 43431 6868 3 not not RB 43431 6868 4 be be VB 43431 6868 5 confounded confound VBN 43431 6868 6 with with IN 43431 6868 7 = = SYM 43431 6868 8 spurs= spurs= NN 43431 6868 9 , , , 43431 6868 10 which which WDT 43431 6868 11 are be VBP 43431 6868 12 conical conical JJ 43431 6868 13 horny horny NN 43431 6868 14 structures structure NNS 43431 6868 15 developed develop VBN 43431 6868 16 on on IN 43431 6868 17 bony bony NN 43431 6868 18 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 6868 19 of of IN 43431 6868 20 the the DT 43431 6868 21 radial radial JJ 43431 6868 22 side side NN 43431 6868 23 of of IN 43431 6868 24 the the DT 43431 6868 25 carpus carpus NNP 43431 6868 26 , , , 43431 6868 27 metacarpus metacarpus NNP 43431 6868 28 , , , 43431 6868 29 or or CC 43431 6868 30 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 6868 31 . . . 43431 6869 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6869 2 occur occur VBP 43431 6869 3 in in IN 43431 6869 4 a a DT 43431 6869 5 number number NN 43431 6869 6 of of IN 43431 6869 7 birds bird NNS 43431 6869 8 , , , 43431 6869 9 but but CC 43431 6869 10 are be VBP 43431 6869 11 most most RBS 43431 6869 12 commonly commonly RB 43431 6869 13 developed develop VBN 43431 6869 14 in in IN 43431 6869 15 gallinaceous gallinaceous JJ 43431 6869 16 birds bird NNS 43431 6869 17 , , , 43431 6869 18 by by IN 43431 6869 19 which which WDT 43431 6869 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6869 21 are be VBP 43431 6869 22 used use VBN 43431 6869 23 for for IN 43431 6869 24 fighting fighting NN 43431 6869 25 . . . 43431 6870 1 A a DT 43431 6870 2 single single JJ 43431 6870 3 spur spur NN 43431 6870 4 occurs occur VBZ 43431 6870 5 on on IN 43431 6870 6 the the DT 43431 6870 7 metacarpus metacarpus NN 43431 6870 8 in in IN 43431 6870 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6870 10 Megapodius Megapodius NNP 43431 6870 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6870 12 , , , 43431 6870 13 in in IN 43431 6870 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6870 15 Palamedea Palamedea NNP 43431 6870 16 _ _ NNP 43431 6870 17 , , , 43431 6870 18 in in IN 43431 6870 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6870 20 Parra Parra NNP 43431 6870 21 jacana jacana NNP 43431 6870 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6870 23 and and CC 43431 6870 24 in in IN 43431 6870 25 _ _ NNP 43431 6870 26 Hoplopterus Hoplopterus NNP 43431 6870 27 spinosus spinosus NN 43431 6870 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6870 29 , , , 43431 6870 30 the the DT 43431 6870 31 Spur Spur NNP 43431 6870 32 - - HYPH 43431 6870 33 winged wing VBN 43431 6870 34 plover plover NN 43431 6870 35 . . . 43431 6871 1 The the DT 43431 6871 2 Derbian Derbian NNP 43431 6871 3 Screamer Screamer NNP 43431 6871 4 , , , 43431 6871 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6871 6 Chauna Chauna NNP 43431 6871 7 derbiana derbiana NN 43431 6871 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6871 9 , , , 43431 6871 10 has have VBZ 43431 6871 11 two two CD 43431 6871 12 metacarpal metacarpal JJ 43431 6871 13 spurs spur NNS 43431 6871 14 , , , 43431 6871 15 borne bear VBN 43431 6871 16 on on IN 43431 6871 17 the the DT 43431 6871 18 first first JJ 43431 6871 19 and and CC 43431 6871 20 second second JJ 43431 6871 21 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 6871 22 . . . 43431 6872 1 The the DT 43431 6872 2 Spur spur NN 43431 6872 3 - - HYPH 43431 6872 4 winged wing VBN 43431 6872 5 goose goose NN 43431 6872 6 , , , 43431 6872 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6872 8 Plectropterus Plectropterus NNP 43431 6872 9 gambensis gambensis NN 43431 6872 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6872 11 , , , 43431 6872 12 has have VBZ 43431 6872 13 a a DT 43431 6872 14 carpal carpal NN 43431 6872 15 spur spur NN 43431 6872 16 borne bear VBN 43431 6872 17 on on IN 43431 6872 18 the the DT 43431 6872 19 radial radial JJ 43431 6872 20 carpal carpal NN 43431 6872 21 . . . 43431 6873 1 Metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 6873 2 spurs spur NNS 43431 6873 3 are be VBP 43431 6873 4 quite quite RB 43431 6873 5 common common JJ 43431 6873 6 . . . 43431 6874 1 The the DT 43431 6874 2 male male JJ 43431 6874 3 Solitaire Solitaire NNP 43431 6874 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6874 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6874 6 Pezophaps Pezophaps NNP 43431 6874 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6874 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6874 9 has have VBZ 43431 6874 10 large large JJ 43431 6874 11 bony bony NN 43431 6874 12 excrescences excrescence NNS 43431 6874 13 on on IN 43431 6874 14 the the DT 43431 6874 15 wrist wrist NN 43431 6874 16 which which WDT 43431 6874 17 may may MD 43431 6874 18 , , , 43431 6874 19 like like IN 43431 6874 20 spurs spur NNS 43431 6874 21 , , , 43431 6874 22 have have VBP 43431 6874 23 been be VBN 43431 6874 24 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 6874 25 in in IN 43431 6874 26 horn horn NN 43431 6874 27 and and CC 43431 6874 28 used use VBN 43431 6874 29 for for IN 43431 6874 30 fighting fighting NN 43431 6874 31 . . . 43431 6875 1 = = NFP 43431 6875 2 Teeth= teeth= NN 43431 6875 3 do do VBP 43431 6875 4 not not RB 43431 6875 5 occur occur VB 43431 6875 6 in in IN 43431 6875 7 any any DT 43431 6875 8 living living NN 43431 6875 9 birds bird NNS 43431 6875 10 , , , 43431 6875 11 but but CC 43431 6875 12 conical conical JJ 43431 6875 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 6875 14 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 6875 15 in in IN 43431 6875 16 separate separate JJ 43431 6875 17 sockets socket NNS 43431 6875 18 are be VBP 43431 6875 19 present present JJ 43431 6875 20 in in IN 43431 6875 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6875 22 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6875 23 _ _ NNP 43431 6875 24 and and CC 43431 6875 25 _ _ NNP 43431 6875 26 Ichthyornis Ichthyornis NNP 43431 6875 27 _ _ NNP 43431 6875 28 , , , 43431 6875 29 while while IN 43431 6875 30 in in IN 43431 6875 31 _ _ NNP 43431 6875 32 Hesperornis Hesperornis NNP 43431 6875 33 _ _ NNP 43431 6875 34 similar similar JJ 43431 6875 35 teeth tooth NNS 43431 6875 36 occur occur VBP 43431 6875 37 implanted implant VBN 43431 6875 38 in in IN 43431 6875 39 continuous continuous JJ 43431 6875 40 grooves groove NNS 43431 6875 41 in in IN 43431 6875 42 the the DT 43431 6875 43 mandibles mandible NNS 43431 6875 44 and and CC 43431 6875 45 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 6875 46 , , , 43431 6875 47 the the DT 43431 6875 48 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6875 49 being be VBG 43431 6875 50 toothless toothless JJ 43431 6875 51 . . . 43431 6876 1 Except except IN 43431 6876 2 that that IN 43431 6876 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 6876 4 are be VBP 43431 6876 5 partly partly RB 43431 6876 6 dermal dermal JJ 43431 6876 7 in in IN 43431 6876 8 origin origin NN 43431 6876 9 , , , 43431 6876 10 a a DT 43431 6876 11 dermal dermal JJ 43431 6876 12 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 6876 13 is be VBZ 43431 6876 14 quite quite RB 43431 6876 15 unrepresented unrepresented JJ 43431 6876 16 in in IN 43431 6876 17 birds bird NNS 43431 6876 18 . . . 43431 6877 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 6877 2 . . . 43431 6878 1 Perhaps perhaps RB 43431 6878 2 the the DT 43431 6878 3 most most RBS 43431 6878 4 striking striking JJ 43431 6878 5 feature feature NN 43431 6878 6 of of IN 43431 6878 7 the the DT 43431 6878 8 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 6878 9 of of IN 43431 6878 10 birds bird NNS 43431 6878 11 is be VBZ 43431 6878 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6878 13 pneumaticity pneumaticity NN 43431 6878 14 . . . 43431 6879 1 In in IN 43431 6879 2 the the DT 43431 6879 3 embryo embryo NN 43431 6879 4 all all PDT 43431 6879 5 the the DT 43431 6879 6 bones bone NNS 43431 6879 7 contain contain VBP 43431 6879 8 marrow marrow NN 43431 6879 9 , , , 43431 6879 10 but but CC 43431 6879 11 as as IN 43431 6879 12 growth growth NN 43431 6879 13 proceeds proceed VBZ 43431 6879 14 this this DT 43431 6879 15 becomes become VBZ 43431 6879 16 replaced replace VBN 43431 6879 17 by by IN 43431 6879 18 air air NN 43431 6879 19 to to IN 43431 6879 20 a a DT 43431 6879 21 variable variable JJ 43431 6879 22 extent extent NN 43431 6879 23 in in IN 43431 6879 24 different different JJ 43431 6879 25 forms form NNS 43431 6879 26 . . . 43431 6880 1 In in IN 43431 6880 2 all all DT 43431 6880 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6880 4 some some DT 43431 6880 5 part part NN 43431 6880 6 of of IN 43431 6880 7 the the DT 43431 6880 8 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 6880 9 is be VBZ 43431 6880 10 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 6880 11 . . . 43431 6881 1 Many many JJ 43431 6881 2 small small JJ 43431 6881 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6881 4 and and CC 43431 6881 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6881 6 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 6881 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6881 8 and and CC 43431 6881 9 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 6881 10 among among IN 43431 6881 11 larger large JJR 43431 6881 12 ones one NNS 43431 6881 13 have have VBP 43431 6881 14 air air NN 43431 6881 15 only only RB 43431 6881 16 in in IN 43431 6881 17 the the DT 43431 6881 18 skull skull NN 43431 6881 19 ; ; : 43431 6881 20 in in IN 43431 6881 21 Pigeons Pigeons NNP 43431 6881 22 air air NN 43431 6881 23 is be VBZ 43431 6881 24 present present JJ 43431 6881 25 in in IN 43431 6881 26 all all PDT 43431 6881 27 the the DT 43431 6881 28 bones bone NNS 43431 6881 29 except except IN 43431 6881 30 the the DT 43431 6881 31 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6881 32 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6881 33 , , , 43431 6881 34 the the DT 43431 6881 35 leg leg NN 43431 6881 36 bones bone NNS 43431 6881 37 , , , 43431 6881 38 and and CC 43431 6881 39 those those DT 43431 6881 40 of of IN 43431 6881 41 the the DT 43431 6881 42 antibrachium antibrachium NN 43431 6881 43 and and CC 43431 6881 44 manus manus NN 43431 6881 45 ; ; : 43431 6881 46 in in IN 43431 6881 47 Hornbills hornbill NNS 43431 6881 48 every every DT 43431 6881 49 bone bone NN 43431 6881 50 contains contain VBZ 43431 6881 51 air air NN 43431 6881 52 . . . 43431 6882 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6882 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6882 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6882 4 . . . 43431 6883 1 62 62 CD 43431 6883 2 . . . 43431 6884 1 THIRD THIRD NNP 43431 6884 2 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 6884 3 VERTEBRA VERTEBRA NNS 43431 6884 4 OF of IN 43431 6884 5 AN an DT 43431 6884 6 OSTRICH OSTRICH NNP 43431 6884 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6884 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6884 9 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 6884 10 camelus camelus POS 43431 6884 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6884 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6884 13 . . . 43431 6885 1 à à NNP 43431 6885 2 � � NNP 43431 6885 3 1 1 CD 43431 6885 4 . . . 43431 6886 1 A a DT 43431 6886 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 6886 3 , , , 43431 6886 4 B b NN 43431 6886 5 posterior posterior NN 43431 6886 6 , , , 43431 6886 7 C C NNP 43431 6886 8 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 6886 9 view view NN 43431 6886 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6886 11 A a NN 43431 6886 12 and and CC 43431 6886 13 B b NN 43431 6886 14 after after IN 43431 6886 15 MIVART MIVART NNP 43431 6886 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6886 17 . . . 43431 6887 1 1 1 LS 43431 6887 2 . . . 43431 6887 3 neural neural JJ 43431 6887 4 spine spine NNP 43431 6887 5 . . . 43431 6888 1 2 2 LS 43431 6888 2 . . . 43431 6888 3 neural neural NNP 43431 6888 4 canal canal NNP 43431 6888 5 . . . 43431 6889 1 3 3 LS 43431 6889 2 . . . 43431 6889 3 prezygapophysis prezygapophysis NN 43431 6889 4 . . . 43431 6890 1 4 4 LS 43431 6890 2 . . . 43431 6890 3 postzygapophysis postzygapophysis NN 43431 6890 4 . . . 43431 6891 1 5 5 LS 43431 6891 2 . . . 43431 6891 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6891 4 articular articular JJ 43431 6891 5 surface surface NN 43431 6891 6 of of IN 43431 6891 7 centrum centrum NN 43431 6891 8 . . . 43431 6892 1 6 6 LS 43431 6892 2 . . . 43431 6892 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6892 4 articular articular NNP 43431 6892 5 surface surface NN 43431 6892 6 of of IN 43431 6892 7 centrum centrum NN 43431 6892 8 . . . 43431 6893 1 7 7 LS 43431 6893 2 . . . 43431 6893 3 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 6893 4 canal canal NN 43431 6893 5 . . . 43431 6894 1 8 8 LS 43431 6894 2 . . . 43431 6895 1 hypapophysis hypapophysis NNP 43431 6895 2 . . . 43431 6895 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6896 1 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 6896 2 COLUMN COLUMN NNP 43431 6896 3 . . . 43431 6897 1 The the DT 43431 6897 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6897 3 column column NN 43431 6897 4 of of IN 43431 6897 5 birds bird NNS 43431 6897 6 is be VBZ 43431 6897 7 readily readily RB 43431 6897 8 divisible divisible JJ 43431 6897 9 into into IN 43431 6897 10 a a DT 43431 6897 11 very very RB 43431 6897 12 mobile mobile JJ 43431 6897 13 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6897 14 region region NN 43431 6897 15 , , , 43431 6897 16 and and CC 43431 6897 17 an an DT 43431 6897 18 extremely extremely RB 43431 6897 19 rigid rigid JJ 43431 6897 20 post post JJ 43431 6897 21 - - JJ 43431 6897 22 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6897 23 region region NN 43431 6897 24 . . . 43431 6898 1 In in IN 43431 6898 2 most most JJS 43431 6898 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6898 4 the the DT 43431 6898 5 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 6898 6 centra centrum NNS 43431 6898 7 are be VBP 43431 6898 8 without without IN 43431 6898 9 terminal terminal JJ 43431 6898 10 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 6898 11 , , , 43431 6898 12 but but CC 43431 6898 13 these these DT 43431 6898 14 structures structure NNS 43431 6898 15 are be VBP 43431 6898 16 found find VBN 43431 6898 17 in in IN 43431 6898 18 Parrots Parrots NNP 43431 6898 19 . . . 43431 6899 1 The the DT 43431 6899 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6899 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6899 4 are be VBP 43431 6899 5 generally generally RB 43431 6899 6 large large JJ 43431 6899 7 and and CC 43431 6899 8 vary vary VBP 43431 6899 9 in in IN 43431 6899 10 number number NN 43431 6899 11 from from IN 43431 6899 12 eight eight CD 43431 6899 13 or or CC 43431 6899 14 nine nine CD 43431 6899 15 to to TO 43431 6899 16 twenty twenty CD 43431 6899 17 - - HYPH 43431 6899 18 three three CD 43431 6899 19 in in IN 43431 6899 20 Swans swan NNS 43431 6899 21 . . . 43431 6900 1 Except except IN 43431 6900 2 in in IN 43431 6900 3 some some DT 43431 6900 4 extinct extinct JJ 43431 6900 5 forms form NNS 43431 6900 6 , , , 43431 6900 7 such such JJ 43431 6900 8 as as IN 43431 6900 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6900 10 Ichthyornis Ichthyornis NNP 43431 6900 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6900 12 and and CC 43431 6900 13 _ _ NNP 43431 6900 14 Apatornis Apatornis NNP 43431 6900 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6900 16 , , , 43431 6900 17 in in IN 43431 6900 18 which which WDT 43431 6900 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6900 20 are be VBP 43431 6900 21 biconcave biconcave IN 43431 6900 22 , , , 43431 6900 23 the the DT 43431 6900 24 centra centrum NNS 43431 6900 25 are be VBP 43431 6900 26 characterised characterise VBN 43431 6900 27 by by IN 43431 6900 28 having have VBG 43431 6900 29 saddle saddle NN 43431 6900 30 - - HYPH 43431 6900 31 shaped shape VBN 43431 6900 32 articulating articulating NN 43431 6900 33 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6900 34 , , , 43431 6900 35 which which WDT 43431 6900 36 in in IN 43431 6900 37 front front NN 43431 6900 38 are be VBP 43431 6900 39 concave concave NNP 43431 6900 40 from from IN 43431 6900 41 side side NN 43431 6900 42 to to IN 43431 6900 43 side side NN 43431 6900 44 and and CC 43431 6900 45 slightly slightly RB 43431 6900 46 convex convex NNS 43431 6900 47 from from IN 43431 6900 48 above above RB 43431 6900 49 downwards downwards RB 43431 6900 50 , , , 43431 6900 51 while while IN 43431 6900 52 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6900 53 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6900 54 are be VBP 43431 6900 55 convex convex NNS 43431 6900 56 from from IN 43431 6900 57 side side NN 43431 6900 58 to to IN 43431 6900 59 side side NN 43431 6900 60 and and CC 43431 6900 61 concave concave VB 43431 6900 62 from from IN 43431 6900 63 above above RB 43431 6900 64 downwards downwards RB 43431 6900 65 . . . 43431 6901 1 The the DT 43431 6901 2 atlas atlas NN 43431 6901 3 is be VBZ 43431 6901 4 small small JJ 43431 6901 5 and and CC 43431 6901 6 ring re VBG 43431 6901 7 - - HYPH 43431 6901 8 like like JJ 43431 6901 9 , , , 43431 6901 10 and and CC 43431 6901 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6901 12 centrum centrum NN 43431 6901 13 is be VBZ 43431 6901 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 6901 15 with with IN 43431 6901 16 the the DT 43431 6901 17 axis axi NNS 43431 6901 18 forming form VBG 43431 6901 19 the the DT 43431 6901 20 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 6901 21 process process NN 43431 6901 22 . . . 43431 6902 1 Cervical cervical JJ 43431 6902 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 6902 3 are be VBP 43431 6902 4 often often RB 43431 6902 5 well well RB 43431 6902 6 developed developed JJ 43431 6902 7 , , , 43431 6902 8 and and CC 43431 6902 9 in in IN 43431 6902 10 some some DT 43431 6902 11 of of IN 43431 6902 12 the the DT 43431 6902 13 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6902 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6902 15 remain remain VBP 43431 6902 16 for for IN 43431 6902 17 a a DT 43431 6902 18 long long JJ 43431 6902 19 time time NN 43431 6902 20 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6902 21 from from IN 43431 6902 22 the the DT 43431 6902 23 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6902 24 . . . 43431 6903 1 The the DT 43431 6903 2 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6903 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6903 4 are be VBP 43431 6903 5 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 6903 6 from from IN 43431 6903 7 the the DT 43431 6903 8 cervical cervical NN 43431 6903 9 by by IN 43431 6903 10 the the DT 43431 6903 11 fact fact NN 43431 6903 12 that that IN 43431 6903 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6903 14 true true JJ 43431 6903 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 6903 16 are be VBP 43431 6903 17 united united JJ 43431 6903 18 to to IN 43431 6903 19 the the DT 43431 6903 20 sternum sternum NN 43431 6903 21 by by IN 43431 6903 22 means mean NNS 43431 6903 23 of of IN 43431 6903 24 sternal sternal JJ 43431 6903 25 ribs rib NNS 43431 6903 26 . . . 43431 6904 1 This this DT 43431 6904 2 distinction distinction NN 43431 6904 3 , , , 43431 6904 4 however however RB 43431 6904 5 , , , 43431 6904 6 though though IN 43431 6904 7 convenient convenient JJ 43431 6904 8 , , , 43431 6904 9 is be VBZ 43431 6904 10 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6904 11 arbitrary arbitrary JJ 43431 6904 12 , , , 43431 6904 13 as as IN 43431 6904 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6904 15 has have VBZ 43431 6904 16 been be VBN 43431 6904 17 shown show VBN 43431 6904 18 that that IN 43431 6904 19 in in IN 43431 6904 20 the the DT 43431 6904 21 fowl fowl NN 43431 6904 22 and and CC 43431 6904 23 gannet gannet NN 43431 6904 24 , , , 43431 6904 25 two two CD 43431 6904 26 pairs pair NNS 43431 6904 27 of of IN 43431 6904 28 ribs rib NNS 43431 6904 29 which which WDT 43431 6904 30 in in IN 43431 6904 31 the the DT 43431 6904 32 adult adult NN 43431 6904 33 are be VBP 43431 6904 34 free free JJ 43431 6904 35 from from IN 43431 6904 36 the the DT 43431 6904 37 sternum sternum NN 43431 6904 38 , , , 43431 6904 39 are be VBP 43431 6904 40 connected connect VBN 43431 6904 41 with with IN 43431 6904 42 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6904 43 in in IN 43431 6904 44 the the DT 43431 6904 45 embryo embryo NN 43431 6904 46 . . . 43431 6905 1 When when WRB 43431 6905 2 , , , 43431 6905 3 as as IN 43431 6905 4 in in IN 43431 6905 5 the the DT 43431 6905 6 Swans Swans NNPS 43431 6905 7 , , , 43431 6905 8 the the DT 43431 6905 9 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6905 10 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 6905 11 are be VBP 43431 6905 12 not not RB 43431 6905 13 all all DT 43431 6905 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 6905 15 together together RB 43431 6905 16 , , , 43431 6905 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6905 18 generally generally RB 43431 6905 19 have have VBP 43431 6905 20 saddle saddle NN 43431 6905 21 - - HYPH 43431 6905 22 shaped shape VBN 43431 6905 23 articulating articulating NN 43431 6905 24 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6905 25 , , , 43431 6905 26 but but CC 43431 6905 27 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6905 28 , , , 43431 6905 29 as as IN 43431 6905 30 in in IN 43431 6905 31 the the DT 43431 6905 32 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 6905 33 , , , 43431 6905 34 Auks Auks NNP 43431 6905 35 and and CC 43431 6905 36 Plovers Plovers NNPS 43431 6905 37 , , , 43431 6905 38 the the DT 43431 6905 39 centra centrum NNS 43431 6905 40 are be VBP 43431 6905 41 convex convex NNP 43431 6905 42 in in IN 43431 6905 43 front front NNP 43431 6905 44 and and CC 43431 6905 45 concave concave VBP 43431 6905 46 behind behind RB 43431 6905 47 . . . 43431 6906 1 The the DT 43431 6906 2 trunk trunk NN 43431 6906 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6906 4 generally generally RB 43431 6906 5 have have VBP 43431 6906 6 well well RB 43431 6906 7 - - HYPH 43431 6906 8 marked mark VBN 43431 6906 9 neural neural JJ 43431 6906 10 spines spine NNS 43431 6906 11 , , , 43431 6906 12 while while IN 43431 6906 13 in in IN 43431 6906 14 the the DT 43431 6906 15 Divers diver NNS 43431 6906 16 the the DT 43431 6906 17 anterior anterior JJ 43431 6906 18 ones one NNS 43431 6906 19 have have VBP 43431 6906 20 peculiar peculiar JJ 43431 6906 21 bifurcating bifurcating NN 43431 6906 22 hypapophyses hypapophyse NNS 43431 6906 23 . . . 43431 6907 1 The the DT 43431 6907 2 trunk trunk NN 43431 6907 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6907 4 are be VBP 43431 6907 5 not not RB 43431 6907 6 readily readily RB 43431 6907 7 divisible divisible JJ 43431 6907 8 into into IN 43431 6907 9 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 6907 10 and and CC 43431 6907 11 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 6907 12 . . . 43431 6908 1 There there EX 43431 6908 2 are be VBP 43431 6908 3 two two CD 43431 6908 4 true true JJ 43431 6908 5 sacral sacral JJ 43431 6908 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6908 7 , , , 43431 6908 8 but but CC 43431 6908 9 as as IN 43431 6908 10 development development NN 43431 6908 11 proceeds proceed VBZ 43431 6908 12 a a DT 43431 6908 13 number number NN 43431 6908 14 of of IN 43431 6908 15 other other JJ 43431 6908 16 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6908 17 become become VBN 43431 6908 18 fused fuse VBN 43431 6908 19 with with IN 43431 6908 20 the the DT 43431 6908 21 true true JJ 43431 6908 22 sacrals sacral NNS 43431 6908 23 , , , 43431 6908 24 the the DT 43431 6908 25 whole whole JJ 43431 6908 26 forming form VBG 43431 6908 27 a a DT 43431 6908 28 large large JJ 43431 6908 29 compound compound NN 43431 6908 30 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 6908 31 . . . 43431 6909 1 These these DT 43431 6909 2 pseudosacral pseudosacral JJ 43431 6909 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6909 4 generally generally RB 43431 6909 5 include include VBP 43431 6909 6 the the DT 43431 6909 7 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 6909 8 , , , 43431 6909 9 and and CC 43431 6909 10 some some DT 43431 6909 11 of of IN 43431 6909 12 the the DT 43431 6909 13 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6909 14 and and CC 43431 6909 15 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6909 16 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6909 17 . . . 43431 6910 1 Sixteen sixteen CD 43431 6910 2 to to TO 43431 6910 3 twenty twenty CD 43431 6910 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6910 5 or or CC 43431 6910 6 even even RB 43431 6910 7 more more JJR 43431 6910 8 may may MD 43431 6910 9 be be VB 43431 6910 10 included include VBN 43431 6910 11 in in IN 43431 6910 12 the the DT 43431 6910 13 compound compound NNP 43431 6910 14 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 6910 15 , , , 43431 6910 16 and and CC 43431 6910 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6910 18 the the DT 43431 6910 19 whole whole NN 43431 6910 20 of of IN 43431 6910 21 the the DT 43431 6910 22 trunk trunk NN 43431 6910 23 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6910 24 are be VBP 43431 6910 25 fused fuse VBN 43431 6910 26 together together RB 43431 6910 27 . . . 43431 6911 1 In in IN 43431 6911 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6911 3 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6911 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6911 5 however however RB 43431 6911 6 but but CC 43431 6911 7 five five CD 43431 6911 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6911 9 take take VBP 43431 6911 10 part part NN 43431 6911 11 in in IN 43431 6911 12 the the DT 43431 6911 13 formation formation NN 43431 6911 14 of of IN 43431 6911 15 the the DT 43431 6911 16 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 6911 17 . . . 43431 6912 1 In in IN 43431 6912 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6912 3 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6912 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6912 5 there there EX 43431 6912 6 are be VBP 43431 6912 7 twenty twenty CD 43431 6912 8 long long JJ 43431 6912 9 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6912 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6912 11 , , , 43431 6912 12 of of IN 43431 6912 13 which which WDT 43431 6912 14 the the DT 43431 6912 15 last last JJ 43431 6912 16 sixteen sixteen CD 43431 6912 17 carry carry VBP 43431 6912 18 a a DT 43431 6912 19 pair pair NN 43431 6912 20 of of IN 43431 6912 21 feathers feather NNS 43431 6912 22 apiece apiece RB 43431 6912 23 , , , 43431 6912 24 but but CC 43431 6912 25 in in IN 43431 6912 26 all all DT 43431 6912 27 other other JJ 43431 6912 28 birds bird NNS 43431 6912 29 the the DT 43431 6912 30 tail tail NN 43431 6912 31 is be VBZ 43431 6912 32 short short JJ 43431 6912 33 and and CC 43431 6912 34 in in IN 43431 6912 35 the the DT 43431 6912 36 great great JJ 43431 6912 37 majority majority NN 43431 6912 38 of of IN 43431 6912 39 cases case NNS 43431 6912 40 the the DT 43431 6912 41 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6912 42 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6912 43 are be VBP 43431 6912 44 fused fuse VBN 43431 6912 45 together together RB 43431 6912 46 , , , 43431 6912 47 forming form VBG 43431 6912 48 the the DT 43431 6912 49 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6912 50 . . . 43431 6913 1 In in IN 43431 6913 2 the the DT 43431 6913 3 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6913 4 and and CC 43431 6913 5 Tinamidae Tinamidae NNP 43431 6913 6 a a DT 43431 6913 7 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6913 8 is be VBZ 43431 6913 9 rarely rarely RB 43431 6913 10 or or CC 43431 6913 11 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 6913 12 developed develop VBN 43431 6913 13 . . . 43431 6914 1 In in IN 43431 6914 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6914 3 Hesperornis Hesperornis NNP 43431 6914 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6914 5 there there EX 43431 6914 6 are be VBP 43431 6914 7 twelve twelve CD 43431 6914 8 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6914 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6914 10 , , , 43431 6914 11 six six CD 43431 6914 12 or or CC 43431 6914 13 seven seven CD 43431 6914 14 of of IN 43431 6914 15 which which WDT 43431 6914 16 are be VBP 43431 6914 17 united unite VBN 43431 6914 18 by by IN 43431 6914 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6914 20 centra centrum NNS 43431 6914 21 only only RB 43431 6914 22 , , , 43431 6914 23 forming form VBG 43431 6914 24 an an DT 43431 6914 25 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 6914 26 pygostyle pygostyle NN 43431 6914 27 . . . 43431 6915 1 The the DT 43431 6915 2 free free JJ 43431 6915 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 6915 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6915 5 are be VBP 43431 6915 6 generally generally RB 43431 6915 7 amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 6915 8 . . . 43431 6916 1 THE the DT 43431 6916 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 6916 3 . . . 43431 6917 1 The the DT 43431 6917 2 skull skull NN 43431 6917 3 of of IN 43431 6917 4 all all DT 43431 6917 5 birds bird NNS 43431 6917 6 from from IN 43431 6917 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6917 8 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6917 9 _ _ NNP 43431 6917 10 onwards onwards RB 43431 6917 11 is be VBZ 43431 6917 12 essentially essentially RB 43431 6917 13 similar similar JJ 43431 6917 14 , , , 43431 6917 15 differing differ VBG 43431 6917 16 from from IN 43431 6917 17 the the DT 43431 6917 18 skull skull NN 43431 6917 19 of of IN 43431 6917 20 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6917 21 mainly mainly RB 43431 6917 22 in in IN 43431 6917 23 the the DT 43431 6917 24 extent extent NN 43431 6917 25 to to TO 43431 6917 26 which which WDT 43431 6917 27 the the DT 43431 6917 28 cranium cranium NN 43431 6917 29 is be VBZ 43431 6917 30 arched arch VBN 43431 6917 31 , , , 43431 6917 32 and and CC 43431 6917 33 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6917 34 greater great JJR 43431 6917 35 size size NN 43431 6917 36 in in IN 43431 6917 37 proportion proportion NN 43431 6917 38 to to IN 43431 6917 39 the the DT 43431 6917 40 jaws jaw NNS 43431 6917 41 . . . 43431 6918 1 Most Most JJS 43431 6918 2 of of IN 43431 6918 3 the the DT 43431 6918 4 bones bone NNS 43431 6918 5 of of IN 43431 6918 6 the the DT 43431 6918 7 cranium cranium NN 43431 6918 8 are be VBP 43431 6918 9 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 6918 10 , , , 43431 6918 11 and and CC 43431 6918 12 all all DT 43431 6918 13 show show VBP 43431 6918 14 a a DT 43431 6918 15 marked marked JJ 43431 6918 16 tendency tendency NN 43431 6918 17 to to TO 43431 6918 18 fuse fuse VB 43431 6918 19 together together RB 43431 6918 20 , , , 43431 6918 21 and and CC 43431 6918 22 have have VBP 43431 6918 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6918 24 outlines outline NNS 43431 6918 25 obliterated obliterate VBN 43431 6918 26 by by IN 43431 6918 27 the the DT 43431 6918 28 disappearance disappearance NN 43431 6918 29 of of IN 43431 6918 30 the the DT 43431 6918 31 sutures suture NNS 43431 6918 32 . . . 43431 6919 1 The the DT 43431 6919 2 several several JJ 43431 6919 3 bones bone NNS 43431 6919 4 remain remain VBP 43431 6919 5 longest long JJS 43431 6919 6 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 43431 6919 7 in in IN 43431 6919 8 the the DT 43431 6919 9 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6919 10 and and CC 43431 6919 11 to to IN 43431 6919 12 a a DT 43431 6919 13 less less JJR 43431 6919 14 extent extent NN 43431 6919 15 in in IN 43431 6919 16 the the DT 43431 6919 17 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 6919 18 . . . 43431 6920 1 The the DT 43431 6920 2 orbits orbit NNS 43431 6920 3 are be VBP 43431 6920 4 very very RB 43431 6920 5 large large JJ 43431 6920 6 and and CC 43431 6920 7 lie lie VB 43431 6920 8 almost almost RB 43431 6920 9 entirely entirely RB 43431 6920 10 in in IN 43431 6920 11 front front NN 43431 6920 12 of of IN 43431 6920 13 the the DT 43431 6920 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 6920 15 ; ; : 43431 6920 16 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6920 17 are be VBP 43431 6920 18 separated separate VBN 43431 6920 19 by by IN 43431 6920 20 an an DT 43431 6920 21 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 6920 22 septum septum NN 43431 6920 23 which which WDT 43431 6920 24 is be VBZ 43431 6920 25 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6920 26 , , , 43431 6920 27 as as IN 43431 6920 28 in in IN 43431 6920 29 _ _ NNP 43431 6920 30 Chauna Chauna NNP 43431 6920 31 _ _ NNP 43431 6920 32 and and CC 43431 6920 33 _ _ NNP 43431 6920 34 Scythrops Scythrops NNPS 43431 6920 35 _ _ NNP 43431 6920 36 , , , 43431 6920 37 very very RB 43431 6920 38 complete complete JJ 43431 6920 39 , , , 43431 6920 40 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6920 41 , , , 43431 6920 42 as as IN 43431 6920 43 in in IN 43431 6920 44 Hornbills Hornbills NNP 43431 6920 45 and and CC 43431 6920 46 the the DT 43431 6920 47 Common Common NNP 43431 6920 48 Heron Heron NNP 43431 6920 49 , , , 43431 6920 50 very very RB 43431 6920 51 slightly slightly RB 43431 6920 52 developed develop VBN 43431 6920 53 . . . 43431 6921 1 As as IN 43431 6921 2 a a DT 43431 6921 3 general general JJ 43431 6921 4 rule rule NN 43431 6921 5 the the DT 43431 6921 6 sclerotic sclerotic JJ 43431 6921 7 is be VBZ 43431 6921 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 6921 9 . . . 43431 6922 1 The the DT 43431 6922 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 6922 3 nares naris NNS 43431 6922 4 are be VBP 43431 6922 5 almost almost RB 43431 6922 6 always always RB 43431 6922 7 situated situate VBN 43431 6922 8 far far RB 43431 6922 9 back back RB 43431 6922 10 at at IN 43431 6922 11 the the DT 43431 6922 12 base base NN 43431 6922 13 of of IN 43431 6922 14 the the DT 43431 6922 15 beak beak NN 43431 6922 16 near near IN 43431 6922 17 the the DT 43431 6922 18 orbits orbit NNS 43431 6922 19 , , , 43431 6922 20 but but CC 43431 6922 21 in in IN 43431 6922 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6922 23 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 6922 24 _ _ NNP 43431 6922 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6922 26 are be VBP 43431 6922 27 placed place VBN 43431 6922 28 right right RB 43431 6922 29 at at IN 43431 6922 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6922 31 extremity extremity NN 43431 6922 32 . . . 43431 6923 1 In in IN 43431 6923 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6923 3 Phororhacos Phororhacos NNP 43431 6923 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6923 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6923 6 are be VBP 43431 6923 7 placed place VBN 43431 6923 8 very very RB 43431 6923 9 high high RB 43431 6923 10 up up RP 43431 6923 11 on on IN 43431 6923 12 the the DT 43431 6923 13 enormous enormous JJ 43431 6923 14 beak beak NN 43431 6923 15 and and CC 43431 6923 16 are be VBP 43431 6923 17 not not RB 43431 6923 18 separated separate VBN 43431 6923 19 by by IN 43431 6923 20 any any DT 43431 6923 21 bony bony NN 43431 6923 22 partition partition NN 43431 6923 23 . . . 43431 6924 1 The the DT 43431 6924 2 skull skull NN 43431 6924 3 of of IN 43431 6924 4 Parrots parrot NNS 43431 6924 5 has have VBZ 43431 6924 6 some some DT 43431 6924 7 peculiarities peculiarity NNS 43431 6924 8 . . . 43431 6925 1 In in IN 43431 6925 2 some some DT 43431 6925 3 Parrots parrot NNS 43431 6925 4 the the DT 43431 6925 5 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 6925 6 sends send VBZ 43431 6925 7 back back RB 43431 6925 8 a a DT 43431 6925 9 process process NN 43431 6925 10 which which WDT 43431 6925 11 meets meet VBZ 43431 6925 12 the the DT 43431 6925 13 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 6925 14 process process NN 43431 6925 15 of of IN 43431 6925 16 the the DT 43431 6925 17 frontal frontal NN 43431 6925 18 and and CC 43431 6925 19 completes complete VBZ 43431 6925 20 the the DT 43431 6925 21 orbit orbit NN 43431 6925 22 . . . 43431 6926 1 In in IN 43431 6926 2 most most JJS 43431 6926 3 birds bird NNS 43431 6926 4 the the DT 43431 6926 5 upper upper JJ 43431 6926 6 beak beak NN 43431 6926 7 is be VBZ 43431 6926 8 immovably immovably RB 43431 6926 9 fixed fix VBN 43431 6926 10 , , , 43431 6926 11 but but CC 43431 6926 12 in in IN 43431 6926 13 some some DT 43431 6926 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6926 15 is be VBZ 43431 6926 16 attached attach VBN 43431 6926 17 to to IN 43431 6926 18 the the DT 43431 6926 19 cranium cranium NN 43431 6926 20 , , , 43431 6926 21 only only RB 43431 6926 22 by by IN 43431 6926 23 the the DT 43431 6926 24 nasals nasal NNS 43431 6926 25 and and CC 43431 6926 26 by by IN 43431 6926 27 flexible flexible JJ 43431 6926 28 processes process NNS 43431 6926 29 of of IN 43431 6926 30 the the DT 43431 6926 31 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6926 32 , , , 43431 6926 33 so so IN 43431 6926 34 that that IN 43431 6926 35 by by IN 43431 6926 36 this this DT 43431 6926 37 means mean VBZ 43431 6926 38 a a DT 43431 6926 39 kind kind NN 43431 6926 40 of of IN 43431 6926 41 elastic elastic JJ 43431 6926 42 joint joint NN 43431 6926 43 is be VBZ 43431 6926 44 established establish VBN 43431 6926 45 and and CC 43431 6926 46 the the DT 43431 6926 47 beak beak NN 43431 6926 48 is be VBZ 43431 6926 49 able able JJ 43431 6926 50 to to TO 43431 6926 51 be be VB 43431 6926 52 moved move VBN 43431 6926 53 on on IN 43431 6926 54 the the DT 43431 6926 55 cranium cranium NN 43431 6926 56 . . . 43431 6927 1 In in IN 43431 6927 2 the the DT 43431 6927 3 Parrots Parrots NNPS 43431 6927 4 and and CC 43431 6927 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6927 6 Opisthocomus Opisthocomus NNP 43431 6927 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6927 8 there there EX 43431 6927 9 is be VBZ 43431 6927 10 a a DT 43431 6927 11 regular regular JJ 43431 6927 12 highly highly RB 43431 6927 13 movable movable JJ 43431 6927 14 joint joint NN 43431 6927 15 . . . 43431 6928 1 In in IN 43431 6928 2 Cassowaries cassowary NNS 43431 6928 3 the the DT 43431 6928 4 fronto fronto JJ 43431 6928 5 - - HYPH 43431 6928 6 nasal nasal NN 43431 6928 7 region region NN 43431 6928 8 of of IN 43431 6928 9 the the DT 43431 6928 10 skull skull NN 43431 6928 11 is be VBZ 43431 6928 12 produced produce VBN 43431 6928 13 into into IN 43431 6928 14 an an DT 43431 6928 15 enormous enormous JJ 43431 6928 16 bony bony NN 43431 6928 17 crest crest NN 43431 6928 18 , , , 43431 6928 19 and and CC 43431 6928 20 in in IN 43431 6928 21 Hornbills Hornbills NNP 43431 6928 22 a a DT 43431 6928 23 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 6928 24 similar similar JJ 43431 6928 25 structure structure NN 43431 6928 26 occurs occur VBZ 43431 6928 27 . . . 43431 6929 1 Although although IN 43431 6929 2 true true JJ 43431 6929 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 6929 4 do do VBP 43431 6929 5 not not RB 43431 6929 6 occur occur VB 43431 6929 7 in in IN 43431 6929 8 any any DT 43431 6929 9 known know VBN 43431 6929 10 bird bird NN 43431 6929 11 except except IN 43431 6929 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 13 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6929 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 15 , , , 43431 6929 16 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 17 Hesperornis Hesperornis NNP 43431 6929 18 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 19 , , , 43431 6929 20 and and CC 43431 6929 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 22 Ichthyornis Ichthyornis NNP 43431 6929 23 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 24 , , , 43431 6929 25 another another DT 43431 6929 26 extinct extinct JJ 43431 6929 27 bird bird NN 43431 6929 28 , , , 43431 6929 29 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 30 Odontopteryx Odontopteryx NNP 43431 6929 31 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 32 , , , 43431 6929 33 has have VBZ 43431 6929 34 the the DT 43431 6929 35 margins margin NNS 43431 6929 36 of of IN 43431 6929 37 both both DT 43431 6929 38 jaws jaw NNS 43431 6929 39 provided provide VBN 43431 6929 40 with with IN 43431 6929 41 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 6929 42 - - HYPH 43431 6929 43 directed direct VBN 43431 6929 44 tooth tooth JJ 43431 6929 45 - - HYPH 43431 6929 46 like like JJ 43431 6929 47 serrations serration NNS 43431 6929 48 , , , 43431 6929 49 formed form VBN 43431 6929 50 of of IN 43431 6929 51 part part NN 43431 6929 52 of of IN 43431 6929 53 the the DT 43431 6929 54 actual actual JJ 43431 6929 55 jawbone jawbone NN 43431 6929 56 : : : 43431 6929 57 a a DT 43431 6929 58 living live VBG 43431 6929 59 hawk hawk NN 43431 6929 60 , , , 43431 6929 61 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 62 Harpagus Harpagus NNP 43431 6929 63 _ _ NNP 43431 6929 64 , , , 43431 6929 65 too too RB 43431 6929 66 , , , 43431 6929 67 has have VBZ 43431 6929 68 a a DT 43431 6929 69 deeply deeply RB 43431 6929 70 notched notch VBN 43431 6929 71 bill bill NN 43431 6929 72 , , , 43431 6929 73 to to TO 43431 6929 74 which which WDT 43431 6929 75 correspond correspond VB 43431 6929 76 serrations serration NNS 43431 6929 77 in in IN 43431 6929 78 the the DT 43431 6929 79 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6929 80 . . . 43431 6930 1 A a DT 43431 6930 2 basi basi JJ 43431 6930 3 - - HYPH 43431 6930 4 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 6930 5 process process NN 43431 6930 6 of of IN 43431 6930 7 the the DT 43431 6930 8 basisphenoid basisphenoid JJ 43431 6930 9 abuts abut NNS 43431 6930 10 against against IN 43431 6930 11 the the DT 43431 6930 12 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 6930 13 in in IN 43431 6930 14 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6930 15 and and CC 43431 6930 16 in in IN 43431 6930 17 Tinamous Tinamous NNP 43431 6930 18 , , , 43431 6930 19 plovers plover NNS 43431 6930 20 , , , 43431 6930 21 fowls fowl NNS 43431 6930 22 , , , 43431 6930 23 pigeons pigeon NNS 43431 6930 24 , , , 43431 6930 25 ducks duck NNS 43431 6930 26 and and CC 43431 6930 27 geese geese JJ 43431 6930 28 among among IN 43431 6930 29 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6930 30 , , , 43431 6930 31 recalling recall VBG 43431 6930 32 the the DT 43431 6930 33 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6930 34 met meet VBN 43431 6930 35 with with IN 43431 6930 36 in in IN 43431 6930 37 many many JJ 43431 6930 38 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 6930 39 . . . 43431 6931 1 The the DT 43431 6931 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 6931 3 is be VBZ 43431 6931 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6931 5 , , , 43431 6931 6 as as IN 43431 6931 7 in in IN 43431 6931 8 the the DT 43431 6931 9 fowl fowl NN 43431 6931 10 , , , 43431 6931 11 united unite VBN 43431 6931 12 with with IN 43431 6931 13 the the DT 43431 6931 14 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 6931 15 process process NN 43431 6931 16 of of IN 43431 6931 17 the the DT 43431 6931 18 frontal frontal NN 43431 6931 19 . . . 43431 6932 1 In in IN 43431 6932 2 the the DT 43431 6932 3 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6932 4 the the DT 43431 6932 5 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 6932 6 articulates articulate NNS 43431 6932 7 with with IN 43431 6932 8 the the DT 43431 6932 9 cranium cranium NN 43431 6932 10 by by IN 43431 6932 11 a a DT 43431 6932 12 double double JJ 43431 6932 13 convex convex NNP 43431 6932 14 surface surface NN 43431 6932 15 , , , 43431 6932 16 in in IN 43431 6932 17 the the DT 43431 6932 18 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6932 19 by by IN 43431 6932 20 a a DT 43431 6932 21 single single JJ 43431 6932 22 one one NN 43431 6932 23 . . . 43431 6933 1 The the DT 43431 6933 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 6933 3 are be VBP 43431 6933 4 always always RB 43431 6933 5 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 6933 6 large large JJ 43431 6933 7 bones bone NNS 43431 6933 8 , , , 43431 6933 9 the the DT 43431 6933 10 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 6933 11 on on IN 43431 6933 12 the the DT 43431 6933 13 contrary contrary NN 43431 6933 14 are be VBP 43431 6933 15 small small JJ 43431 6933 16 , , , 43431 6933 17 but but CC 43431 6933 18 give give VB 43431 6933 19 rise rise NN 43431 6933 20 to to IN 43431 6933 21 important important JJ 43431 6933 22 inwardly inwardly RB 43431 6933 23 - - HYPH 43431 6933 24 projecting project VBG 43431 6933 25 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 6933 26 - - HYPH 43431 6933 27 palatine palatine NN 43431 6933 28 processes process NNS 43431 6933 29 . . . 43431 6934 1 The the DT 43431 6934 2 relations relation NNS 43431 6934 3 of of IN 43431 6934 4 the the DT 43431 6934 5 palatines palatine NNS 43431 6934 6 , , , 43431 6934 7 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 6934 8 , , , 43431 6934 9 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 6934 10 , , , 43431 6934 11 and and CC 43431 6934 12 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6934 13 vary vary VBP 43431 6934 14 considerably considerably RB 43431 6934 15 , , , 43431 6934 16 and and CC 43431 6934 17 on on IN 43431 6934 18 them -PRON- PRP 43431 6934 19 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 6934 20 has have VBZ 43431 6934 21 based base VBN 43431 6934 22 a a DT 43431 6934 23 classification classification NN 43431 6934 24 of of IN 43431 6934 25 birds[106 birds[106 NNP 43431 6934 26 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6934 27 . . . 43431 6935 1 In in IN 43431 6935 2 the the DT 43431 6935 3 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6935 4 and and CC 43431 6935 5 the the DT 43431 6935 6 Tinamous tinamous JJ 43431 6935 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6935 8 Tinamidae Tinamidae NNP 43431 6935 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6935 10 , , , 43431 6935 11 among among IN 43431 6935 12 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6935 13 the the DT 43431 6935 14 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6935 15 unite unite VB 43431 6935 16 and and CC 43431 6935 17 form form VB 43431 6935 18 a a DT 43431 6935 19 large large JJ 43431 6935 20 broad broad JJ 43431 6935 21 bone bone NN 43431 6935 22 , , , 43431 6935 23 separating separate VBG 43431 6935 24 the the DT 43431 6935 25 palatines palatine NNS 43431 6935 26 and and CC 43431 6935 27 the the DT 43431 6935 28 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 6935 29 from from IN 43431 6935 30 the the DT 43431 6935 31 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 6935 32 . . . 43431 6936 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 6936 2 uses use VBZ 43431 6936 3 the the DT 43431 6936 4 term term NN 43431 6936 5 = = SYM 43431 6936 6 Dromaeognathous= Dromaeognathous= VBZ 43431 6936 7 to to TO 43431 6936 8 describe describe VB 43431 6936 9 this this DT 43431 6936 10 condition condition NN 43431 6936 11 . . . 43431 6937 1 In in IN 43431 6937 2 all all DT 43431 6937 3 other other JJ 43431 6937 4 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6937 5 the the DT 43431 6937 6 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6937 7 are be VBP 43431 6937 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 6937 9 behind behind RB 43431 6937 10 , , , 43431 6937 11 and and CC 43431 6937 12 the the DT 43431 6937 13 palatines palatine NNS 43431 6937 14 and and CC 43431 6937 15 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 6937 16 converge converge VBP 43431 6937 17 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 6937 18 and and CC 43431 6937 19 articulate articulate VB 43431 6937 20 largely largely RB 43431 6937 21 with with IN 43431 6937 22 the the DT 43431 6937 23 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 6937 24 . . . 43431 6938 1 Three three CD 43431 6938 2 modifications modification NNS 43431 6938 3 of of IN 43431 6938 4 this this DT 43431 6938 5 condition condition NN 43431 6938 6 are be VBP 43431 6938 7 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 6938 8 by by IN 43431 6938 9 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 6938 10 , , , 43431 6938 11 and and CC 43431 6938 12 termed term VBD 43431 6938 13 = = NNS 43431 6938 14 Schizognathous= Schizognathous= NNS 43431 6938 15 , , , 43431 6938 16 = = NFP 43431 6938 17 à à NNP 43431 6938 18 � � NN 43431 6938 19 githognathous= githognathous= NNS 43431 6938 20 , , , 43431 6938 21 and and CC 43431 6938 22 = = SYM 43431 6938 23 Desmognathous=. desmognathous=. NN 43431 6939 1 In in IN 43431 6939 2 the the DT 43431 6939 3 = = SYM 43431 6939 4 Schizognathae= Schizognathae= NNS 43431 6939 5 the the DT 43431 6939 6 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6939 7 coalesce coalesce NN 43431 6939 8 and and CC 43431 6939 9 form form VB 43431 6939 10 a a DT 43431 6939 11 narrow narrow JJ 43431 6939 12 elongated elongated JJ 43431 6939 13 bone bone NN 43431 6939 14 , , , 43431 6939 15 pointed point VBN 43431 6939 16 in in IN 43431 6939 17 front front NN 43431 6939 18 , , , 43431 6939 19 separating separate VBG 43431 6939 20 the the DT 43431 6939 21 maxillo maxillo NNP 43431 6939 22 - - HYPH 43431 6939 23 palatine palatine NN 43431 6939 24 processes process NNS 43431 6939 25 of of IN 43431 6939 26 the the DT 43431 6939 27 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 6939 28 . . . 43431 6940 1 Waders wader NNS 43431 6940 2 , , , 43431 6940 3 fowls fowl NNS 43431 6940 4 , , , 43431 6940 5 penguins penguin NNS 43431 6940 6 , , , 43431 6940 7 gulls gull NNS 43431 6940 8 , , , 43431 6940 9 some some DT 43431 6940 10 falcons falcon NNS 43431 6940 11 and and CC 43431 6940 12 eagles eagle NNS 43431 6940 13 , , , 43431 6940 14 American american JJ 43431 6940 15 vultures vulture NNS 43431 6940 16 , , , 43431 6940 17 some some DT 43431 6940 18 herons heron NNS 43431 6940 19 and and CC 43431 6940 20 many many JJ 43431 6940 21 owls owl NNS 43431 6940 22 have have VBP 43431 6940 23 the the DT 43431 6940 24 Schizognathous schizognathous JJ 43431 6940 25 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6940 26 . . . 43431 6941 1 In in IN 43431 6941 2 pigeons pigeon NNS 43431 6941 3 and and CC 43431 6941 4 sandgrouse sandgrouse VB 43431 6941 5 there there EX 43431 6941 6 is be VBZ 43431 6941 7 no no DT 43431 6941 8 vomer vomer NN 43431 6941 9 , , , 43431 6941 10 but but CC 43431 6941 11 the the DT 43431 6941 12 other other JJ 43431 6941 13 bones bone NNS 43431 6941 14 have have VBP 43431 6941 15 the the DT 43431 6941 16 Schizognathous schizognathous JJ 43431 6941 17 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6941 18 . . . 43431 6942 1 In in IN 43431 6942 2 the the DT 43431 6942 3 = = SYM 43431 6942 4 à à NNP 43431 6942 5 � � NNP 43431 6942 6 githognathae= githognathae= NN 43431 6942 7 the the DT 43431 6942 8 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6942 9 is be VBZ 43431 6942 10 the the DT 43431 6942 11 same same JJ 43431 6942 12 as as IN 43431 6942 13 in in IN 43431 6942 14 the the DT 43431 6942 15 Schizognathae Schizognathae NNP 43431 6942 16 , , , 43431 6942 17 except except IN 43431 6942 18 that that IN 43431 6942 19 the the DT 43431 6942 20 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6942 21 are be VBP 43431 6942 22 truncated truncate VBN 43431 6942 23 in in IN 43431 6942 24 front front NN 43431 6942 25 . . . 43431 6943 1 Passeres passere NNS 43431 6943 2 , , , 43431 6943 3 swifts swift NNS 43431 6943 4 , , , 43431 6943 5 woodpeckers woodpecker NNS 43431 6943 6 , , , 43431 6943 7 humming hum VBG 43431 6943 8 birds bird NNS 43431 6943 9 , , , 43431 6943 10 rollers roller NNS 43431 6943 11 , , , 43431 6943 12 hoopoes hoopoe NNS 43431 6943 13 have have VBP 43431 6943 14 this this DT 43431 6943 15 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 6943 16 . . . 43431 6944 1 In in IN 43431 6944 2 the the DT 43431 6944 3 = = NNS 43431 6944 4 Desmognathae= desmognathae= NN 43431 6944 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6944 6 fig fig NN 43431 6944 7 . . . 43431 6945 1 60 60 CD 43431 6945 2 , , , 43431 6945 3 A a LS 43431 6945 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6945 5 the the DT 43431 6945 6 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 6945 7 - - HYPH 43431 6945 8 palatine palatine NN 43431 6945 9 processes process NNS 43431 6945 10 approach approach VBP 43431 6945 11 one one CD 43431 6945 12 another another DT 43431 6945 13 in in IN 43431 6945 14 the the DT 43431 6945 15 middle middle JJ 43431 6945 16 line line NN 43431 6945 17 , , , 43431 6945 18 and and CC 43431 6945 19 either either CC 43431 6945 20 unite unite VB 43431 6945 21 with with IN 43431 6945 22 the the DT 43431 6945 23 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6945 24 , , , 43431 6945 25 or or CC 43431 6945 26 unite unite VB 43431 6945 27 with with IN 43431 6945 28 one one CD 43431 6945 29 another another DT 43431 6945 30 , , , 43431 6945 31 hiding hide VBG 43431 6945 32 the the DT 43431 6945 33 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6945 34 . . . 43431 6946 1 Thus thus RB 43431 6946 2 a a DT 43431 6946 3 more more RBR 43431 6946 4 or or CC 43431 6946 5 less less RBR 43431 6946 6 complete complete JJ 43431 6946 7 bony bony NN 43431 6946 8 roof roof NN 43431 6946 9 is be VBZ 43431 6946 10 formed form VBN 43431 6946 11 across across IN 43431 6946 12 the the DT 43431 6946 13 palate palate NN 43431 6946 14 . . . 43431 6947 1 The the DT 43431 6947 2 vomers vomer NNS 43431 6947 3 in in IN 43431 6947 4 Desmognathae Desmognathae NNP 43431 6947 5 are be VBP 43431 6947 6 small small JJ 43431 6947 7 or or CC 43431 6947 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6947 9 absent absent JJ 43431 6947 10 . . . 43431 6948 1 Ducks duck NNS 43431 6948 2 , , , 43431 6948 3 storks stork NNS 43431 6948 4 , , , 43431 6948 5 most most JJS 43431 6948 6 herons heron NNS 43431 6948 7 , , , 43431 6948 8 most most JJS 43431 6948 9 birds bird NNS 43431 6948 10 of of IN 43431 6948 11 prey prey NN 43431 6948 12 and and CC 43431 6948 13 owls owl NNS 43431 6948 14 , , , 43431 6948 15 pelicans pelican NNS 43431 6948 16 , , , 43431 6948 17 cormorants cormorant NNS 43431 6948 18 , , , 43431 6948 19 parrots parrot NNS 43431 6948 20 , , , 43431 6948 21 and and CC 43431 6948 22 flamingoes flamingo NNS 43431 6948 23 are be VBP 43431 6948 24 Desmognathous desmognathous JJ 43431 6948 25 . . . 43431 6949 1 The the DT 43431 6949 2 mandible mandible JJ 43431 6949 3 , , , 43431 6949 4 as as IN 43431 6949 5 in in IN 43431 6949 6 other other JJ 43431 6949 7 Sauropsids Sauropsids NNPS 43431 6949 8 , , , 43431 6949 9 consists consist VBZ 43431 6949 10 of of IN 43431 6949 11 a a DT 43431 6949 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6949 13 bone bone NN 43431 6949 14 , , , 43431 6949 15 the the DT 43431 6949 16 articular articular NNP 43431 6949 17 , , , 43431 6949 18 and and CC 43431 6949 19 a a DT 43431 6949 20 series series NN 43431 6949 21 of of IN 43431 6949 22 membrane membrane NN 43431 6949 23 bones bone NNS 43431 6949 24 , , , 43431 6949 25 the the DT 43431 6949 26 dentary dentary JJ 43431 6949 27 , , , 43431 6949 28 splenial splenial JJ 43431 6949 29 , , , 43431 6949 30 coronoid coronoid JJ 43431 6949 31 , , , 43431 6949 32 angular angular JJ 43431 6949 33 , , , 43431 6949 34 and and CC 43431 6949 35 supra supra NNP 43431 6949 36 - - HYPH 43431 6949 37 angular angular NNP 43431 6949 38 , , , 43431 6949 39 developed develop VBD 43431 6949 40 round round IN 43431 6949 41 the the DT 43431 6949 42 unossified unossified JJ 43431 6949 43 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 6949 44 's 's POS 43431 6949 45 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6949 46 . . . 43431 6950 1 The the DT 43431 6950 2 dentaries dentarie NNS 43431 6950 3 of of IN 43431 6950 4 the the DT 43431 6950 5 two two CD 43431 6950 6 rami rami NN 43431 6950 7 are be VBP 43431 6950 8 nearly nearly RB 43431 6950 9 always always RB 43431 6950 10 fused fuse VBN 43431 6950 11 together together RB 43431 6950 12 , , , 43431 6950 13 but but CC 43431 6950 14 in in IN 43431 6950 15 _ _ NNP 43431 6950 16 Ichthyornis Ichthyornis NNP 43431 6950 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6950 18 and and CC 43431 6950 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6950 20 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6950 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6950 22 the the DT 43431 6950 23 two two CD 43431 6950 24 rami rami NN 43431 6950 25 are be VBP 43431 6950 26 but but CC 43431 6950 27 loosely loosely RB 43431 6950 28 united unite VBN 43431 6950 29 . . . 43431 6951 1 There there EX 43431 6951 2 is be VBZ 43431 6951 3 often often RB 43431 6951 4 a a DT 43431 6951 5 fontanelle fontanelle NN 43431 6951 6 between between IN 43431 6951 7 the the DT 43431 6951 8 dentary dentary NN 43431 6951 9 and and CC 43431 6951 10 the the DT 43431 6951 11 posterior posterior NN 43431 6951 12 bones bone NNS 43431 6951 13 , , , 43431 6951 14 while while IN 43431 6951 15 the the DT 43431 6951 16 angle angle NN 43431 6951 17 is be VBZ 43431 6951 18 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6951 19 , , , 43431 6951 20 as as IN 43431 6951 21 in in IN 43431 6951 22 the the DT 43431 6951 23 fowl fowl NN 43431 6951 24 , , , 43431 6951 25 drawn draw VBN 43431 6951 26 out out RP 43431 6951 27 into into IN 43431 6951 28 a a DT 43431 6951 29 long long JJ 43431 6951 30 curved curved JJ 43431 6951 31 process process NN 43431 6951 32 . . . 43431 6952 1 The the DT 43431 6952 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 6952 3 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 6952 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6952 5 fig fig NN 43431 6952 6 . . . 43431 6953 1 59 59 CD 43431 6953 2 , , , 43431 6953 3 C C NNP 43431 6953 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6953 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 6953 6 of of IN 43431 6953 7 a a DT 43431 6953 8 median median JJ 43431 6953 9 portion portion NN 43431 6953 10 , , , 43431 6953 11 and and CC 43431 6953 12 a a DT 43431 6953 13 pair pair NN 43431 6953 14 of of IN 43431 6953 15 cornua cornua NN 43431 6953 16 . . . 43431 6954 1 The the DT 43431 6954 2 median median JJ 43431 6954 3 portion portion NN 43431 6954 4 is be VBZ 43431 6954 5 composed compose VBN 43431 6954 6 of of IN 43431 6954 7 three three CD 43431 6954 8 pieces piece NNS 43431 6954 9 placed place VBD 43431 6954 10 end end NN 43431 6954 11 to to IN 43431 6954 12 end end NN 43431 6954 13 , , , 43431 6954 14 and and CC 43431 6954 15 called call VBD 43431 6954 16 respectively respectively RB 43431 6954 17 the the DT 43431 6954 18 os os NNP 43431 6954 19 entoglossum entoglossum NNP 43431 6954 20 , , , 43431 6954 21 the the DT 43431 6954 22 basi basi NNP 43431 6954 23 - - HYPH 43431 6954 24 hyal hyal NNP 43431 6954 25 , , , 43431 6954 26 and and CC 43431 6954 27 the the DT 43431 6954 28 uro uro NNP 43431 6954 29 - - HYPH 43431 6954 30 hyal hyal NNP 43431 6954 31 . . . 43431 6955 1 The the DT 43431 6955 2 os os NNP 43431 6955 3 entoglossum entoglossum NN 43431 6955 4 is be VBZ 43431 6955 5 shown show VBN 43431 6955 6 by by IN 43431 6955 7 development development NN 43431 6955 8 to to TO 43431 6955 9 be be VB 43431 6955 10 formed form VBN 43431 6955 11 by by IN 43431 6955 12 the the DT 43431 6955 13 union union NN 43431 6955 14 of of IN 43431 6955 15 paired pair VBN 43431 6955 16 structures structure NNS 43431 6955 17 and and CC 43431 6955 18 is be VBZ 43431 6955 19 probably probably RB 43431 6955 20 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6955 21 with with IN 43431 6955 22 the the DT 43431 6955 23 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 6955 24 arch arch NN 43431 6955 25 of of IN 43431 6955 26 fishes fish NNS 43431 6955 27 . . . 43431 6956 1 The the DT 43431 6956 2 basi basi NNP 43431 6956 3 - - HYPH 43431 6956 4 hyal hyal NNP 43431 6956 5 and and CC 43431 6956 6 the the DT 43431 6956 7 long long JJ 43431 6956 8 cornua cornua NN 43431 6956 9 , , , 43431 6956 10 each each DT 43431 6956 11 of of IN 43431 6956 12 which which WDT 43431 6956 13 is be VBZ 43431 6956 14 composed compose VBN 43431 6956 15 of of IN 43431 6956 16 two two CD 43431 6956 17 or or CC 43431 6956 18 three three CD 43431 6956 19 pieces piece NNS 43431 6956 20 placed place VBD 43431 6956 21 end end NN 43431 6956 22 to to IN 43431 6956 23 end end NN 43431 6956 24 , , , 43431 6956 25 are be VBP 43431 6956 26 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6956 27 with with IN 43431 6956 28 the the DT 43431 6956 29 first first JJ 43431 6956 30 branchial branchial JJ 43431 6956 31 arch arch NN 43431 6956 32 of of IN 43431 6956 33 fishes fish NNS 43431 6956 34 , , , 43431 6956 35 while while IN 43431 6956 36 the the DT 43431 6956 37 uro uro NNP 43431 6956 38 - - HYPH 43431 6956 39 hyal hyal NNP 43431 6956 40 is be VBZ 43431 6956 41 probably probably RB 43431 6956 42 homologous homologous JJ 43431 6956 43 with with IN 43431 6956 44 the the DT 43431 6956 45 second second JJ 43431 6956 46 branchial branchial JJ 43431 6956 47 arch arch NN 43431 6956 48 of of IN 43431 6956 49 fishes fish NNS 43431 6956 50 . . . 43431 6957 1 In in IN 43431 6957 2 Woodpeckers woodpecker NNS 43431 6957 3 the the DT 43431 6957 4 cornua cornua NN 43431 6957 5 are be VBP 43431 6957 6 enormously enormously RB 43431 6957 7 long long JJ 43431 6957 8 , , , 43431 6957 9 and and CC 43431 6957 10 curve curve NN 43431 6957 11 over over IN 43431 6957 12 the the DT 43431 6957 13 skull skull NN 43431 6957 14 , , , 43431 6957 15 extending extend VBG 43431 6957 16 as as IN 43431 6957 17 far far RB 43431 6957 18 forwards forwards RB 43431 6957 19 as as IN 43431 6957 20 the the DT 43431 6957 21 anterior anterior NNP 43431 6957 22 nares nare VBZ 43431 6957 23 . . . 43431 6958 1 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 6958 2 AND and CC 43431 6958 3 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 6958 4 . . . 43431 6959 1 Well well RB 43431 6959 2 - - HYPH 43431 6959 3 developed develop VBN 43431 6959 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 6959 5 are be VBP 43431 6959 6 attached attach VBN 43431 6959 7 to to IN 43431 6959 8 the the DT 43431 6959 9 posterior posterior NNP 43431 6959 10 cervical cervical JJ 43431 6959 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 6959 12 as as RB 43431 6959 13 well well RB 43431 6959 14 as as IN 43431 6959 15 to to IN 43431 6959 16 the the DT 43431 6959 17 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 6959 18 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 6959 19 . . . 43431 6960 1 The the DT 43431 6960 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 6960 3 generally generally RB 43431 6960 4 have have VBP 43431 6960 5 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 6960 6 processes process NNS 43431 6960 7 and and CC 43431 6960 8 separate separate JJ 43431 6960 9 capitula capitula NN 43431 6960 10 and and CC 43431 6960 11 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 6960 12 , , , 43431 6960 13 but but CC 43431 6960 14 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 6960 15 processes process NNS 43431 6960 16 are be VBP 43431 6960 17 absent absent JJ 43431 6960 18 in in IN 43431 6960 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6960 20 Chauna Chauna NNP 43431 6960 21 Palamedea Palamedea NNP 43431 6960 22 _ _ NNP 43431 6960 23 and and CC 43431 6960 24 apparently apparently RB 43431 6960 25 in in IN 43431 6960 26 _ _ NNP 43431 6960 27 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6960 28 _ _ NNP 43431 6960 29 . . . 43431 6961 1 The the DT 43431 6961 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 6961 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6961 4 fig fig NN 43431 6961 5 . . . 43431 6962 1 63 63 CD 43431 6962 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6962 3 is be VBZ 43431 6962 4 greatly greatly RB 43431 6962 5 developed develop VBN 43431 6962 6 in in IN 43431 6962 7 all all DT 43431 6962 8 birds bird NNS 43431 6962 9 . . . 43431 6963 1 In in IN 43431 6963 2 the the DT 43431 6963 3 embryo[107 embryo[107 NN 43431 6963 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6963 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6963 6 is be VBZ 43431 6963 7 seen see VBN 43431 6963 8 to to TO 43431 6963 9 be be VB 43431 6963 10 derived derive VBN 43431 6963 11 from from IN 43431 6963 12 the the DT 43431 6963 13 union union NN 43431 6963 14 of of IN 43431 6963 15 right right NN 43431 6963 16 and and CC 43431 6963 17 left left JJ 43431 6963 18 plates plate NNS 43431 6963 19 of of IN 43431 6963 20 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 6963 21 , , , 43431 6963 22 formed form VBN 43431 6963 23 by by IN 43431 6963 24 the the DT 43431 6963 25 fusion fusion NN 43431 6963 26 of of IN 43431 6963 27 the the DT 43431 6963 28 ventral ventral JJ 43431 6963 29 ends end NNS 43431 6963 30 of of IN 43431 6963 31 the the DT 43431 6963 32 ribs rib NNS 43431 6963 33 . . . 43431 6964 1 In in IN 43431 6964 2 the the DT 43431 6964 3 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6964 4 and and CC 43431 6964 5 a a DT 43431 6964 6 few few JJ 43431 6964 7 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6964 8 , , , 43431 6964 9 such such JJ 43431 6964 10 as as IN 43431 6964 11 _ _ NNP 43431 6964 12 Stringops Stringops NNP 43431 6964 13 _ _ NNP 43431 6964 14 , , , 43431 6964 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6964 16 is be VBZ 43431 6964 17 flat flat JJ 43431 6964 18 , , , 43431 6964 19 but but CC 43431 6964 20 in in IN 43431 6964 21 the the DT 43431 6964 22 great great JJ 43431 6964 23 majority majority NN 43431 6964 24 of of IN 43431 6964 25 birds bird NNS 43431 6964 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6964 27 is be VBZ 43431 6964 28 keeled keel VBN 43431 6964 29 , , , 43431 6964 30 though though IN 43431 6964 31 the the DT 43431 6964 32 development development NN 43431 6964 33 of of IN 43431 6964 34 the the DT 43431 6964 35 keel keel NN 43431 6964 36 varies vary VBZ 43431 6964 37 greatly greatly RB 43431 6964 38 . . . 43431 6965 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 6965 2 is be VBZ 43431 6965 3 large large JJ 43431 6965 4 in in IN 43431 6965 5 the the DT 43431 6965 6 flightless flightless NN 43431 6965 7 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 6965 8 , , , 43431 6965 9 which which WDT 43431 6965 10 use use VBP 43431 6965 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 6965 12 wings wing NNS 43431 6965 13 for for IN 43431 6965 14 swimming swimming NN 43431 6965 15 . . . 43431 6966 1 Traces trace NNS 43431 6966 2 of of IN 43431 6966 3 an an DT 43431 6966 4 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 6966 5 may may MD 43431 6966 6 occur occur VB 43431 6966 7 in in IN 43431 6966 8 the the DT 43431 6966 9 embryo embryo NN 43431 6966 10 . . . 43431 6967 1 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNP 43431 6967 2 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 6967 3 . . . 43431 6968 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 6968 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 6968 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 6968 4 . . . 43431 6969 1 63 63 CD 43431 6969 2 . . . 43431 6970 1 SHOULDER SHOULDER NNP 43431 6970 2 - - HYPH 43431 6970 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 6970 4 AND and CC 43431 6970 5 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 6970 6 OF of IN 43431 6970 7 A. a. NN 43431 6971 1 BLACK BLACK NNP 43431 6971 2 VULTURE VULTURE NNP 43431 6971 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6971 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6971 5 Vultur Vultur NNP 43431 6971 6 cinereus cinereu NNS 43431 6971 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6971 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6971 9 à à NNP 43431 6971 10 � � NNP 43431 6971 11 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 6971 12 . . . 43431 6972 1 B. B. NNP 43431 6972 2 PEACOCK PEACOCK NNP 43431 6972 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6972 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6972 5 Pavo Pavo NNP 43431 6972 6 cristatus cristatus NN 43431 6972 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6972 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6972 9 à à NNP 43431 6972 10 � � NNP 43431 6972 11 3/8 3/8 CD 43431 6972 12 . . . 43431 6973 1 C. C. NNP 43431 6973 2 PELICAN PELICAN NNP 43431 6973 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6973 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6973 5 Pelicanus Pelicanus NNP 43431 6973 6 conspicillatus conspicillatus NN 43431 6973 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6973 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6973 9 à à NNP 43431 6973 10 � � NNP 43431 6973 11 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 6973 12 . . . 43431 6974 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6974 2 All all DT 43431 6974 3 Camb Camb NNP 43431 6974 4 . . . 43431 6975 1 Mus mus NN 43431 6975 2 . . . 43431 6975 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6976 1 1 1 LS 43431 6976 2 . . . 43431 6976 3 carina carina NNP 43431 6976 4 of of IN 43431 6976 5 the the DT 43431 6976 6 sternum sternum NN 43431 6976 7 . . . 43431 6977 1 2 2 LS 43431 6977 2 . . . 43431 6977 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6977 4 . . . 43431 6978 1 3 3 LS 43431 6978 2 . . . 43431 6978 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 6978 4 . . . 43431 6979 1 4 4 LS 43431 6979 2 . . . 43431 6979 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 6979 4 . . . 43431 6980 1 5 5 LS 43431 6980 2 . . . 43431 6980 3 costal costal JJ 43431 6980 4 process process NN 43431 6980 5 . . . 43431 6981 1 6 6 LS 43431 6981 2 . . . 43431 6981 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 6981 4 for for IN 43431 6981 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 6981 6 with with IN 43431 6981 7 the the DT 43431 6981 8 sternal sternal JJ 43431 6981 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 6981 10 . . . 43431 6982 1 7 7 LS 43431 6982 2 . . . 43431 6982 3 xiphoid xiphoid NNP 43431 6982 4 processes process NNS 43431 6982 5 . . . 43431 6983 1 8 8 LS 43431 6983 2 . . . 43431 6984 1 fontanelle fontanelle NNP 43431 6984 2 . . . 43431 6984 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 6985 1 The the DT 43431 6985 2 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 6985 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 6985 4 is be VBZ 43431 6985 5 also also RB 43431 6985 6 strongly strongly RB 43431 6985 7 developed develop VBN 43431 6985 8 in in IN 43431 6985 9 all all DT 43431 6985 10 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6985 11 , , , 43431 6985 12 but but CC 43431 6985 13 is be VBZ 43431 6985 14 much much RB 43431 6985 15 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6985 16 in in IN 43431 6985 17 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6985 18 . . . 43431 6986 1 In in IN 43431 6986 2 some some DT 43431 6986 3 Moas Moas NNP 43431 6986 4 the the DT 43431 6986 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 6986 6 has have VBZ 43431 6986 7 no no DT 43431 6986 8 facet facet NN 43431 6986 9 for for IN 43431 6986 10 the the DT 43431 6986 11 articulation articulation NN 43431 6986 12 of of IN 43431 6986 13 the the DT 43431 6986 14 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6986 15 , , , 43431 6986 16 and and CC 43431 6986 17 the the DT 43431 6986 18 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 6986 19 girdle girdle NNP 43431 6986 20 appears appear VBZ 43431 6986 21 to to TO 43431 6986 22 have have VB 43431 6986 23 been be VBN 43431 6986 24 entirely entirely RB 43431 6986 25 absent absent JJ 43431 6986 26 ; ; : 43431 6986 27 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6986 28 is be VBZ 43431 6986 29 extremely extremely RB 43431 6986 30 small small JJ 43431 6986 31 also also RB 43431 6986 32 in in IN 43431 6986 33 _ _ NNP 43431 6986 34 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 6986 35 _ _ NNP 43431 6986 36 . . . 43431 6987 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 6987 2 are be VBP 43431 6987 3 generally generally RB 43431 6987 4 well well RB 43431 6987 5 developed develop VBN 43431 6987 6 in in IN 43431 6987 7 the the DT 43431 6987 8 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6987 9 , , , 43431 6987 10 and and CC 43431 6987 11 small small JJ 43431 6987 12 ones one NNS 43431 6987 13 are be VBP 43431 6987 14 found find VBN 43431 6987 15 also also RB 43431 6987 16 in in IN 43431 6987 17 _ _ NNP 43431 6987 18 Hesperornis Hesperornis NNP 43431 6987 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6987 20 , , , 43431 6987 21 and and CC 43431 6987 22 in in IN 43431 6987 23 Emeus Emeus NNP 43431 6987 24 and and CC 43431 6987 25 Cassowaries Cassowaries NNPS 43431 6987 26 . . . 43431 6988 1 In in IN 43431 6988 2 the the DT 43431 6988 3 other other JJ 43431 6988 4 living live VBG 43431 6988 5 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6988 6 and and CC 43431 6988 7 in in IN 43431 6988 8 _ _ NNP 43431 6988 9 Stringops Stringops NNP 43431 6988 10 _ _ NNP 43431 6988 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6988 12 are be VBP 43431 6988 13 absent absent JJ 43431 6988 14 . . . 43431 6989 1 In in IN 43431 6989 2 some some DT 43431 6989 3 Parrots Parrots NNPS 43431 6989 4 , , , 43431 6989 5 Owls Owls NNPS 43431 6989 6 and and CC 43431 6989 7 Toucans Toucans NNPS 43431 6989 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6989 9 do do VBP 43431 6989 10 not not RB 43431 6989 11 meet meet VB 43431 6989 12 one one NN 43431 6989 13 another another DT 43431 6989 14 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 6989 15 . . . 43431 6990 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 6990 2 are be VBP 43431 6990 3 especially especially RB 43431 6990 4 stout stout JJ 43431 6990 5 in in IN 43431 6990 6 some some DT 43431 6990 7 of of IN 43431 6990 8 the the DT 43431 6990 9 birds bird NNS 43431 6990 10 of of IN 43431 6990 11 prey prey NN 43431 6990 12 . . . 43431 6991 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 6991 2 do do VBP 43431 6991 3 not not RB 43431 6991 4 generally generally RB 43431 6991 5 touch touch VB 43431 6991 6 the the DT 43431 6991 7 sternum sternum NN 43431 6991 8 , , , 43431 6991 9 but but CC 43431 6991 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 6991 11 , , , 43431 6991 12 as as IN 43431 6991 13 in in IN 43431 6991 14 the the DT 43431 6991 15 Pelican Pelican NNP 43431 6991 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6991 17 fig fig NN 43431 6991 18 . . . 43431 6992 1 63 63 CD 43431 6992 2 , , , 43431 6992 3 C C NNP 43431 6992 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6992 5 , , , 43431 6992 6 Adjutant Adjutant NNP 43431 6992 7 and and CC 43431 6992 8 Frigate Frigate NNP 43431 6992 9 bird bird NN 43431 6992 10 , , , 43431 6992 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6992 12 are be VBP 43431 6992 13 fused fuse VBN 43431 6992 14 with with IN 43431 6992 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 6992 16 . . . 43431 6993 1 In in IN 43431 6993 2 all all DT 43431 6993 3 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6993 4 the the DT 43431 6993 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 6993 6 and and CC 43431 6993 7 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 6993 8 lie lie VB 43431 6993 9 almost almost RB 43431 6993 10 in in IN 43431 6993 11 the the DT 43431 6993 12 same same JJ 43431 6993 13 straight straight JJ 43431 6993 14 line line NN 43431 6993 15 with with IN 43431 6993 16 one one CD 43431 6993 17 another another DT 43431 6993 18 , , , 43431 6993 19 in in IN 43431 6993 20 the the DT 43431 6993 21 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 6993 22 they -PRON- PRP 43431 6993 23 are be VBP 43431 6993 24 nearly nearly RB 43431 6993 25 at at IN 43431 6993 26 right right JJ 43431 6993 27 angles angle NNS 43431 6993 28 to to IN 43431 6993 29 one one CD 43431 6993 30 another another DT 43431 6993 31 . . . 43431 6994 1 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 6994 2 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 6994 3 . . . 43431 6995 1 In in IN 43431 6995 2 the the DT 43431 6995 3 wing wing NN 43431 6995 4 of of IN 43431 6995 5 nearly nearly RB 43431 6995 6 all all DT 43431 6995 7 birds bird NNS 43431 6995 8 the the DT 43431 6995 9 ulna ulna NN 43431 6995 10 is be VBZ 43431 6995 11 thicker thick JJR 43431 6995 12 than than IN 43431 6995 13 the the DT 43431 6995 14 radius radius NN 43431 6995 15 , , , 43431 6995 16 but but CC 43431 6995 17 in in IN 43431 6995 18 _ _ NNP 43431 6995 19 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6995 20 _ _ NNP 43431 6995 21 the the DT 43431 6995 22 two two CD 43431 6995 23 bones bone NNS 43431 6995 24 are be VBP 43431 6995 25 equal equal JJ 43431 6995 26 in in IN 43431 6995 27 size size NN 43431 6995 28 . . . 43431 6996 1 In in IN 43431 6996 2 the the DT 43431 6996 3 wing wing NN 43431 6996 4 of of IN 43431 6996 5 _ _ NNP 43431 6996 6 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 6996 7 _ _ NNP 43431 6996 8 there there EX 43431 6996 9 are be VBP 43431 6996 10 three three CD 43431 6996 11 long long JJ 43431 6996 12 digits digit NNS 43431 6996 13 with with IN 43431 6996 14 distinct distinct JJ 43431 6996 15 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 6996 16 . . . 43431 6997 1 In in IN 43431 6997 2 all all DT 43431 6997 3 other other JJ 43431 6997 4 birds bird NNS 43431 6997 5 the the DT 43431 6997 6 digits digit NNS 43431 6997 7 are be VBP 43431 6997 8 modified modify VBN 43431 6997 9 , , , 43431 6997 10 the the DT 43431 6997 11 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 6997 12 being be VBG 43431 6997 13 commonly commonly RB 43431 6997 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 6997 15 and and CC 43431 6997 16 the the DT 43431 6997 17 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 6997 18 reduced reduce VBN 43431 6997 19 in in IN 43431 6997 20 number number NN 43431 6997 21 . . . 43431 6998 1 In in IN 43431 6998 2 _ _ NNP 43431 6998 3 Palamedea Palamedea NNP 43431 6998 4 _ _ NNP 43431 6998 5 and and CC 43431 6998 6 some some DT 43431 6998 7 other other JJ 43431 6998 8 birds bird NNS 43431 6998 9 the the DT 43431 6998 10 metacarpus metacarpus NNP 43431 6998 11 bears bear VBZ 43431 6998 12 a a DT 43431 6998 13 bony bony NN 43431 6998 14 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 6998 15 , , , 43431 6998 16 which which WDT 43431 6998 17 when when WRB 43431 6998 18 sheathed sheathe VBD 43431 6998 19 in in IN 43431 6998 20 horn horn NN 43431 6998 21 forms form VBZ 43431 6998 22 a a DT 43431 6998 23 spur spur NN 43431 6998 24 . . . 43431 6999 1 In in IN 43431 6999 2 most most JJS 43431 6999 3 of of IN 43431 6999 4 the the DT 43431 6999 5 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 6999 6 and and CC 43431 6999 7 in in IN 43431 6999 8 the the DT 43431 6999 9 extinct extinct NN 43431 6999 10 Dodo Dodo NNP 43431 6999 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6999 12 _ _ NNP 43431 6999 13 Didus Didus NNP 43431 6999 14 _ _ NNP 43431 6999 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6999 16 and and CC 43431 6999 17 Solitaire Solitaire NNP 43431 6999 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 6999 19 _ _ NNP 43431 6999 20 Pezophaps Pezophaps NNP 43431 6999 21 _ _ NNP 43431 6999 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 6999 23 the the DT 43431 6999 24 wing wing NN 43431 6999 25 is be VBZ 43431 6999 26 very very RB 43431 6999 27 small small JJ 43431 6999 28 , , , 43431 6999 29 but but CC 43431 6999 30 the the DT 43431 6999 31 usual usual JJ 43431 6999 32 parts part NNS 43431 6999 33 are be VBP 43431 6999 34 recognisable recognisable JJ 43431 6999 35 . . . 43431 7000 1 In in IN 43431 7000 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7000 3 Hesperornis Hesperornis NNP 43431 7000 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7000 5 apparently apparently RB 43431 7000 6 only only RB 43431 7000 7 the the DT 43431 7000 8 humerus humerus NN 43431 7000 9 is be VBZ 43431 7000 10 present present JJ 43431 7000 11 ; ; : 43431 7000 12 in in IN 43431 7000 13 some some DT 43431 7000 14 Moas Moas NNP 43431 7000 15 , , , 43431 7000 16 in in IN 43431 7000 17 which which WDT 43431 7000 18 the the DT 43431 7000 19 wing wing NN 43431 7000 20 is be VBZ 43431 7000 21 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 7000 22 known know VBN 43431 7000 23 , , , 43431 7000 24 the the DT 43431 7000 25 presence presence NN 43431 7000 26 of of IN 43431 7000 27 the the DT 43431 7000 28 humerus humerus NNP 43431 7000 29 is be VBZ 43431 7000 30 indicated indicate VBN 43431 7000 31 by by IN 43431 7000 32 traces trace NNS 43431 7000 33 of of IN 43431 7000 34 a a DT 43431 7000 35 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 7000 36 cavity cavity NN 43431 7000 37 . . . 43431 7001 1 In in IN 43431 7001 2 most most JJS 43431 7001 3 Moas Moas NNP 43431 7001 4 the the DT 43431 7001 5 wing wing NN 43431 7001 6 is be VBZ 43431 7001 7 apparently apparently RB 43431 7001 8 completely completely RB 43431 7001 9 absent absent JJ 43431 7001 10 . . . 43431 7002 1 As as IN 43431 7002 2 compared compare VBN 43431 7002 3 with with IN 43431 7002 4 those those DT 43431 7002 5 in in IN 43431 7002 6 other other JJ 43431 7002 7 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 7002 8 , , , 43431 7002 9 the the DT 43431 7002 10 wings wing NNS 43431 7002 11 of of IN 43431 7002 12 the the DT 43431 7002 13 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 7002 14 and and CC 43431 7002 15 Rhea Rhea NNP 43431 7002 16 are be VBP 43431 7002 17 well well RB 43431 7002 18 developed developed JJ 43431 7002 19 . . . 43431 7003 1 In in IN 43431 7003 2 the the DT 43431 7003 3 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 7003 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7003 5 fig fig NN 43431 7003 6 . . . 43431 7004 1 64 64 CD 43431 7004 2 , , , 43431 7004 3 B b NN 43431 7004 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7004 5 and and CC 43431 7004 6 Rhea Rhea NNP 43431 7004 7 , , , 43431 7004 8 as as IN 43431 7004 9 in in IN 43431 7004 10 nearly nearly RB 43431 7004 11 all all DT 43431 7004 12 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 7004 13 , , , 43431 7004 14 the the DT 43431 7004 15 manus manus NN 43431 7004 16 has have VBZ 43431 7004 17 three three CD 43431 7004 18 digits digit NNS 43431 7004 19 , , , 43431 7004 20 but but CC 43431 7004 21 in in IN 43431 7004 22 _ _ NNP 43431 7004 23 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 7004 24 _ _ NNP 43431 7004 25 there there EX 43431 7004 26 is be VBZ 43431 7004 27 only only RB 43431 7004 28 a a DT 43431 7004 29 single single JJ 43431 7004 30 digit digit NN 43431 7004 31 , , , 43431 7004 32 the the DT 43431 7004 33 second second JJ 43431 7004 34 . . . 43431 7005 1 The the DT 43431 7005 2 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 7005 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7005 4 fig fig NN 43431 7005 5 . . . 43431 7006 1 64 64 CD 43431 7006 2 , , , 43431 7006 3 A a DT 43431 7006 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7006 5 too too RB 43431 7006 6 among among IN 43431 7006 7 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 7006 8 have have VB 43431 7006 9 only only RB 43431 7006 10 two two CD 43431 7006 11 digits digit NNS 43431 7006 12 , , , 43431 7006 13 but but CC 43431 7006 14 in in IN 43431 7006 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7006 16 case case NN 43431 7006 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7006 18 is be VBZ 43431 7006 19 the the DT 43431 7006 20 pollex pollex NN 43431 7006 21 which which WDT 43431 7006 22 is be VBZ 43431 7006 23 missing miss VBG 43431 7006 24 . . . 43431 7007 1 In in IN 43431 7007 2 the the DT 43431 7007 3 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 7007 4 the the DT 43431 7007 5 third third JJ 43431 7007 6 digit digit NN 43431 7007 7 has have VBZ 43431 7007 8 two two CD 43431 7007 9 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7007 10 , , , 43431 7007 11 in in IN 43431 7007 12 all all DT 43431 7007 13 other other JJ 43431 7007 14 living living NN 43431 7007 15 birds bird NNS 43431 7007 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7007 17 has have VBZ 43431 7007 18 only only RB 43431 7007 19 one one CD 43431 7007 20 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 7007 21 . . . 43431 7008 1 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 7008 2 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 7008 3 . . . 43431 7009 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7009 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7009 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7009 4 . . . 43431 7010 1 64 64 CD 43431 7010 2 . . . 43431 7011 1 BONES bone NNS 43431 7011 2 OF of IN 43431 7011 3 THE the DT 43431 7011 4 RIGHT right JJ 43431 7011 5 WING wing NN 43431 7011 6 OF of IN 43431 7011 7 A. a. NN 43431 7012 1 A a DT 43431 7012 2 PENGUIN PENGUIN NNP 43431 7012 3 à à NNP 43431 7012 4 � � NN 43431 7012 5 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 7012 6 . . . 43431 7013 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7013 2 Camb camb NN 43431 7013 3 . . . 43431 7014 1 Mus mus NN 43431 7014 2 . . . 43431 7014 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7015 1 B. B. NNP 43431 7015 2 OSTRICH OSTRICH NNP 43431 7015 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7015 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7015 5 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 7015 6 camelus camelus JJ 43431 7015 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7015 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7015 9 à à NNP 43431 7015 10 � � NNP 43431 7015 11 1/7 1/7 CD 43431 7015 12 . . . 43431 7016 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7016 2 Partly partly RB 43431 7016 3 after after IN 43431 7016 4 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 7016 5 . . . 43431 7016 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7017 1 C. C. NNP 43431 7017 2 GANNET GANNET NNP 43431 7017 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7017 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7017 5 Sula Sula NNP 43431 7017 6 alba alba VBZ 43431 7017 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7017 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7017 9 à à NNP 43431 7017 10 � � NNP 43431 7017 11 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 7017 12 . . . 43431 7018 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7018 2 Camb camb NN 43431 7018 3 . . . 43431 7019 1 Mus mus NN 43431 7019 2 . . . 43431 7019 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7020 1 In in IN 43431 7020 2 C c NN 43431 7020 3 the the DT 43431 7020 4 distal distal JJ 43431 7020 5 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7020 6 of of IN 43431 7020 7 the the DT 43431 7020 8 pollex pollex NN 43431 7020 9 and and CC 43431 7020 10 second second JJ 43431 7020 11 digit digit NN 43431 7020 12 have have VBP 43431 7020 13 been be VBN 43431 7020 14 omitted omit VBN 43431 7020 15 . . . 43431 7021 1 1 1 LS 43431 7021 2 . . . 43431 7021 3 humerus humerus NNP 43431 7021 4 . . . 43431 7022 1 2 2 LS 43431 7022 2 . . . 43431 7022 3 radius radius NN 43431 7022 4 . . . 43431 7023 1 3 3 LS 43431 7023 2 . . . 43431 7023 3 ulna ulna NNP 43431 7023 4 . . . 43431 7024 1 4 4 LS 43431 7024 2 . . . 43431 7024 3 second second JJ 43431 7024 4 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 7024 5 . . . 43431 7025 1 5 5 LS 43431 7025 2 . . . 43431 7025 3 third third JJ 43431 7025 4 metacarpal metacarpal NNP 43431 7025 5 . . . 43431 7026 1 6 6 LS 43431 7026 2 . . . 43431 7026 3 pollex pollex NN 43431 7026 4 . . . 43431 7027 1 7 7 LS 43431 7027 2 . . . 43431 7027 3 second second JJ 43431 7027 4 digit digit NN 43431 7027 5 . . . 43431 7028 1 8 8 LS 43431 7028 2 . . . 43431 7028 3 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 7028 4 . . . 43431 7029 1 9 9 LS 43431 7029 2 . . . 43431 7029 3 sesamoid sesamoid NNP 43431 7029 4 bone bone NN 43431 7029 5 . . . 43431 7029 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7030 1 Birds bird NNS 43431 7030 2 have have VBP 43431 7030 3 a a DT 43431 7030 4 very very RB 43431 7030 5 large large JJ 43431 7030 6 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 7030 7 and and CC 43431 7030 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7030 9 characters character NNS 43431 7030 10 are be VBP 43431 7030 11 constant constant JJ 43431 7030 12 throughout throughout IN 43431 7030 13 almost almost RB 43431 7030 14 the the DT 43431 7030 15 whole whole JJ 43431 7030 16 group group NN 43431 7030 17 . . . 43431 7031 1 The the DT 43431 7031 2 ilium ilium NN 43431 7031 3 is be VBZ 43431 7031 4 very very RB 43431 7031 5 large large JJ 43431 7031 6 , , , 43431 7031 7 and and CC 43431 7031 8 is be VBZ 43431 7031 9 united united JJ 43431 7031 10 along along IN 43431 7031 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7031 12 whole whole JJ 43431 7031 13 length length NN 43431 7031 14 with with IN 43431 7031 15 the the DT 43431 7031 16 sacral sacral JJ 43431 7031 17 and and CC 43431 7031 18 pseudosacral pseudosacral JJ 43431 7031 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7031 20 . . . 43431 7032 1 The the DT 43431 7032 2 ischium ischium NN 43431 7032 3 is be VBZ 43431 7032 4 broad broad JJ 43431 7032 5 and and CC 43431 7032 6 extends extend VBZ 43431 7032 7 back back RB 43431 7032 8 parallel parallel RB 43431 7032 9 to to IN 43431 7032 10 the the DT 43431 7032 11 ilium ilium NN 43431 7032 12 with with IN 43431 7032 13 which which WDT 43431 7032 14 in in IN 43431 7032 15 most most JJS 43431 7032 16 birds bird NNS 43431 7032 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7032 18 fuses fuse VBZ 43431 7032 19 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 7032 20 , , , 43431 7032 21 further further RB 43431 7032 22 forward forward RB 43431 7032 23 the the DT 43431 7032 24 ilio ilio NN 43431 7032 25 - - HYPH 43431 7032 26 sciatic sciatic JJ 43431 7032 27 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7032 28 separates separate VBZ 43431 7032 29 the the DT 43431 7032 30 two two CD 43431 7032 31 bones bone NNS 43431 7032 32 . . . 43431 7033 1 In in IN 43431 7033 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7033 3 Tinamus Tinamus NNP 43431 7033 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7033 5 , , , 43431 7033 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7033 7 Hesperornis Hesperornis NNP 43431 7033 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7033 9 , , , 43431 7033 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7033 11 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 7033 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7033 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7033 14 fig fig NN 43431 7033 15 . . . 43431 7034 1 65 65 CD 43431 7034 2 , , , 43431 7034 3 B b NN 43431 7034 4 , , , 43431 7034 5 2 2 CD 43431 7034 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7034 7 , , , 43431 7034 8 and and CC 43431 7034 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7034 10 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 7034 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7034 12 , , , 43431 7034 13 the the DT 43431 7034 14 ischia ischia NN 43431 7034 15 are be VBP 43431 7034 16 separate separate JJ 43431 7034 17 from from IN 43431 7034 18 the the DT 43431 7034 19 ilia ilia NN 43431 7034 20 along along IN 43431 7034 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7034 22 whole whole JJ 43431 7034 23 length length NN 43431 7034 24 except except IN 43431 7034 25 at at IN 43431 7034 26 the the DT 43431 7034 27 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 7034 28 ; ; : 43431 7034 29 in in IN 43431 7034 30 _ _ NNP 43431 7034 31 Phororhacos Phororhacos NNP 43431 7034 32 _ _ NNP 43431 7034 33 , , , 43431 7034 34 on on IN 43431 7034 35 the the DT 43431 7034 36 other other JJ 43431 7034 37 hand hand NN 43431 7034 38 , , , 43431 7034 39 the the DT 43431 7034 40 two two CD 43431 7034 41 bones bone NNS 43431 7034 42 are be VBP 43431 7034 43 fused fuse VBN 43431 7034 44 along along IN 43431 7034 45 almost almost RB 43431 7034 46 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7034 47 whole whole JJ 43431 7034 48 length length NN 43431 7034 49 . . . 43431 7035 1 The the DT 43431 7035 2 bone bone NN 43431 7035 3 usually usually RB 43431 7035 4 called call VBD 43431 7035 5 the the DT 43431 7035 6 pubis pubis NN 43431 7035 7 in in IN 43431 7035 8 birds bird NNS 43431 7035 9 corresponds correspond NNS 43431 7035 10 to to IN 43431 7035 11 the the DT 43431 7035 12 post post NN 43431 7035 13 - - JJ 43431 7035 14 pubis pubis JJ 43431 7035 15 of of IN 43431 7035 16 Dinosaurs dinosaur NNS 43431 7035 17 and and CC 43431 7035 18 forms form VBZ 43431 7035 19 a a DT 43431 7035 20 long long JJ 43431 7035 21 slender slender NN 43431 7035 22 rod rod NN 43431 7035 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7035 24 fig fig NN 43431 7035 25 . . . 43431 7036 1 65 65 CD 43431 7036 2 , , , 43431 7036 3 3 3 LS 43431 7036 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7036 5 lying lie VBG 43431 7036 6 parallel parallel NN 43431 7036 7 to to IN 43431 7036 8 the the DT 43431 7036 9 ischium ischium NN 43431 7036 10 . . . 43431 7037 1 In in IN 43431 7037 2 many many JJ 43431 7037 3 birds bird NNS 43431 7037 4 the the DT 43431 7037 5 ischia ischia NN 43431 7037 6 and and CC 43431 7037 7 pubes pubis NNS 43431 7037 8 are be VBP 43431 7037 9 united united JJ 43431 7037 10 at at IN 43431 7037 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7037 12 distal distal JJ 43431 7037 13 ends end NNS 43431 7037 14 . . . 43431 7038 1 This this DT 43431 7038 2 is be VBZ 43431 7038 3 the the DT 43431 7038 4 case case NN 43431 7038 5 in in IN 43431 7038 6 the the DT 43431 7038 7 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 7038 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7038 9 fig fig NN 43431 7038 10 . . . 43431 7039 1 65 65 CD 43431 7039 2 , , , 43431 7039 3 D d NN 43431 7039 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7039 5 , , , 43431 7039 6 in in IN 43431 7039 7 which which WDT 43431 7039 8 the the DT 43431 7039 9 ilia ilia NNP 43431 7039 10 and and CC 43431 7039 11 ischia ischia NNP 43431 7039 12 are be VBP 43431 7039 13 widely widely RB 43431 7039 14 separated separate VBN 43431 7039 15 . . . 43431 7040 1 In in IN 43431 7040 2 many many JJ 43431 7040 3 birds bird NNS 43431 7040 4 the the DT 43431 7040 5 pubis pubi NNS 43431 7040 6 is be VBZ 43431 7040 7 drawn draw VBN 43431 7040 8 out out RP 43431 7040 9 in in IN 43431 7040 10 front front NN 43431 7040 11 into into IN 43431 7040 12 the the DT 43431 7040 13 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 7040 14 process process NN 43431 7040 15 , , , 43431 7040 16 this this DT 43431 7040 17 is be VBZ 43431 7040 18 specially specially RB 43431 7040 19 large large JJ 43431 7040 20 in in IN 43431 7040 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7040 22 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 7040 23 _ _ NNP 43431 7040 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7040 25 fig fig NN 43431 7040 26 . . . 43431 7041 1 65 65 CD 43431 7041 2 , , , 43431 7041 3 B b NN 43431 7041 4 , , , 43431 7041 5 5 5 CD 43431 7041 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7041 7 , , , 43431 7041 8 and and CC 43431 7041 9 in in IN 43431 7041 10 the the DT 43431 7041 11 embryos embryo NNS 43431 7041 12 of of IN 43431 7041 13 many many JJ 43431 7041 14 birds bird NNS 43431 7041 15 . . . 43431 7042 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 7042 2 is be VBZ 43431 7042 3 probably probably RB 43431 7042 4 homologous homologous JJ 43431 7042 5 with with IN 43431 7042 6 the the DT 43431 7042 7 pre pre NN 43431 7042 8 - - NN 43431 7042 9 pubis pubis JJ 43431 7042 10 of of IN 43431 7042 11 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNP 43431 7042 12 but but CC 43431 7042 13 in in IN 43431 7042 14 some some DT 43431 7042 15 birds bird NNS 43431 7042 16 is be VBZ 43431 7042 17 formed form VBN 43431 7042 18 in in IN 43431 7042 19 part part NN 43431 7042 20 by by IN 43431 7042 21 the the DT 43431 7042 22 ilium ilium NN 43431 7042 23 . . . 43431 7043 1 The the DT 43431 7043 2 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 7043 3 in in IN 43431 7043 4 birds bird NNS 43431 7043 5 is be VBZ 43431 7043 6 always always RB 43431 7043 7 perforate perforate NN 43431 7043 8 . . . 43431 7044 1 In in IN 43431 7044 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7044 3 Rhea Rhea NNP 43431 7044 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7044 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7044 6 fig fig NN 43431 7044 7 . . . 43431 7045 1 65 65 CD 43431 7045 2 , , , 43431 7045 3 C C NNP 43431 7045 4 , , , 43431 7045 5 2 2 CD 43431 7045 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7045 7 and and CC 43431 7045 8 probably probably RB 43431 7045 9 in in IN 43431 7045 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7045 11 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 7045 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7045 13 a a DT 43431 7045 14 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7045 15 ischii ischii NN 43431 7045 16 occurs occur VBZ 43431 7045 17 , , , 43431 7045 18 and and CC 43431 7045 19 in in IN 43431 7045 20 the the DT 43431 7045 21 ostrich ostrich NN 43431 7045 22 alone alone RB 43431 7045 23 among among IN 43431 7045 24 birds bird NNS 43431 7045 25 there there EX 43431 7045 26 is be VBZ 43431 7045 27 a a DT 43431 7045 28 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7045 29 pubis pubi VBN 43431 7045 30 . . . 43431 7046 1 In in IN 43431 7046 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7046 3 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 7046 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7046 5 all all DT 43431 7046 6 three three CD 43431 7046 7 bones bone NNS 43431 7046 8 of of IN 43431 7046 9 the the DT 43431 7046 10 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 7046 11 are be VBP 43431 7046 12 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7046 13 , , , 43431 7046 14 but but CC 43431 7046 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7046 16 are be VBP 43431 7046 17 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 7046 18 known know VBN 43431 7046 19 . . . 43431 7047 1 In in IN 43431 7047 2 Ichthyornis Ichthyornis NNP 43431 7047 3 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7047 4 are be VBP 43431 7047 5 also also RB 43431 7047 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7047 7 , , , 43431 7047 8 in in IN 43431 7047 9 all all DT 43431 7047 10 other other JJ 43431 7047 11 known know VBN 43431 7047 12 birds bird NNS 43431 7047 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7047 14 are be VBP 43431 7047 15 fused fuse VBN 43431 7047 16 together together RB 43431 7047 17 to to IN 43431 7047 18 a a DT 43431 7047 19 greater great JJR 43431 7047 20 or or CC 43431 7047 21 less less JJR 43431 7047 22 extent extent NN 43431 7047 23 . . . 43431 7048 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7048 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7048 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7048 4 . . . 43431 7049 1 65 65 CD 43431 7049 2 . . . 43431 7050 1 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 7050 2 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 7050 3 AND and CC 43431 7050 4 SACRUM SACRUM NNP 43431 7050 5 OF of IN 43431 7050 6 A. A. NNP 43431 7050 7 CASSOWARY CASSOWARY NNP 43431 7050 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7050 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7050 10 Casuarius Casuarius NNP 43431 7050 11 galeatus galeatus NN 43431 7050 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7050 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7050 14 à à NNP 43431 7050 15 � � NNP 43431 7050 16 1/8 1/8 CD 43431 7050 17 . . . 43431 7051 1 B. B. NNP 43431 7051 2 OWEN OWEN NNP 43431 7051 3 'S 's POS 43431 7051 4 APTERYX APTERYX NNP 43431 7051 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7051 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7051 7 A. A. NNP 43431 7052 1 oweni oweni NNP 43431 7052 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7052 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7052 4 à à NNP 43431 7052 5 � � NNP 43431 7052 6 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 7052 7 . . . 43431 7053 1 C. C. NNP 43431 7053 2 BROAD BROAD NNP 43431 7053 3 BILLED BILLED NNP 43431 7053 4 RHEA RHEA NNP 43431 7053 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7053 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7053 7 R. R. NNP 43431 7054 1 macrorhyncha macrorhyncha NNP 43431 7054 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7054 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7054 4 à à NNP 43431 7054 5 � � NNP 43431 7054 6 1/6 1/6 CD 43431 7054 7 . . . 43431 7055 1 D. D. NNP 43431 7055 2 OSTRICH OSTRICH NNP 43431 7055 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7055 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7055 5 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 7055 6 camelus camelus JJ 43431 7055 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7055 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7055 9 à à NNP 43431 7055 10 � � NNP 43431 7055 11 1/10 1/10 CD 43431 7055 12 . . . 43431 7056 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7056 2 All all DT 43431 7056 3 Camb Camb NNP 43431 7056 4 . . . 43431 7057 1 Mus mus NN 43431 7057 2 . . . 43431 7057 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7058 1 1 1 LS 43431 7058 2 . . . 43431 7058 3 ilium ilium NNP 43431 7058 4 . . . 43431 7059 1 2 2 LS 43431 7059 2 . . . 43431 7059 3 ischium ischium NN 43431 7059 4 . . . 43431 7060 1 3 3 LS 43431 7060 2 . . . 43431 7060 3 pubis pubi VBN 43431 7060 4 . . . 43431 7061 1 4 4 LS 43431 7061 2 . . . 43431 7061 3 acetabulum acetabulum NNP 43431 7061 4 . . . 43431 7062 1 5 5 LS 43431 7062 2 . . . 43431 7062 3 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 7062 4 process process NN 43431 7062 5 . . . 43431 7062 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7063 1 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 7063 2 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 7063 3 . . . 43431 7064 1 The the DT 43431 7064 2 tibia tibia NN 43431 7064 3 is be VBZ 43431 7064 4 always always RB 43431 7064 5 well well RB 43431 7064 6 developed developed JJ 43431 7064 7 and and CC 43431 7064 8 has have VBZ 43431 7064 9 a a DT 43431 7064 10 very very RB 43431 7064 11 strong strong JJ 43431 7064 12 cnemial cnemial JJ 43431 7064 13 crest crest NN 43431 7064 14 . . . 43431 7065 1 The the DT 43431 7065 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7065 3 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 7065 4 are be VBP 43431 7065 5 fused fuse VBN 43431 7065 6 with with IN 43431 7065 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7065 8 distal distal JJ 43431 7065 9 end end NN 43431 7065 10 , , , 43431 7065 11 the the DT 43431 7065 12 whole whole NN 43431 7065 13 forming form VBG 43431 7065 14 a a DT 43431 7065 15 compound compound NN 43431 7065 16 bone bone NN 43431 7065 17 , , , 43431 7065 18 the the DT 43431 7065 19 tibio tibio NN 43431 7065 20 - - HYPH 43431 7065 21 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 7065 22 . . . 43431 7066 1 There there EX 43431 7066 2 is be VBZ 43431 7066 3 frequently frequently RB 43431 7066 4 an an DT 43431 7066 5 oblique oblique JJ 43431 7066 6 bar bar NN 43431 7066 7 of of IN 43431 7066 8 bone bone NN 43431 7066 9 crossing cross VBG 43431 7066 10 the the DT 43431 7066 11 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7066 12 face face NN 43431 7066 13 of of IN 43431 7066 14 the the DT 43431 7066 15 tibio tibio NN 43431 7066 16 - - HYPH 43431 7066 17 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 7066 18 at at IN 43431 7066 19 the the DT 43431 7066 20 distal distal JJ 43431 7066 21 end end NN 43431 7066 22 , , , 43431 7066 23 just just RB 43431 7066 24 above above IN 43431 7066 25 the the DT 43431 7066 26 articular articular JJ 43431 7066 27 surface surface NN 43431 7066 28 of of IN 43431 7066 29 the the DT 43431 7066 30 tarso tarso NN 43431 7066 31 - - HYPH 43431 7066 32 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 7066 33 , , , 43431 7066 34 this this DT 43431 7066 35 is be VBZ 43431 7066 36 absent absent JJ 43431 7066 37 in in IN 43431 7066 38 Ostriches Ostriches NNP 43431 7066 39 and and CC 43431 7066 40 _ _ NNP 43431 7066 41 à à NNP 43431 7066 42 � � NNP 43431 7066 43 pyornis pyornis NNP 43431 7066 44 _ _ NNP 43431 7066 45 . . . 43431 7067 1 The the DT 43431 7067 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 7067 3 though though IN 43431 7067 4 in in IN 43431 7067 5 the the DT 43431 7067 6 embryo embryo NN 43431 7067 7 and and CC 43431 7067 8 in in IN 43431 7067 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7067 10 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 7067 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7067 12 equal equal JJ 43431 7067 13 in in IN 43431 7067 14 length length NN 43431 7067 15 to to IN 43431 7067 16 the the DT 43431 7067 17 tibia tibia NNP 43431 7067 18 , , , 43431 7067 19 is be VBZ 43431 7067 20 in in IN 43431 7067 21 the the DT 43431 7067 22 adult adult NN 43431 7067 23 of of IN 43431 7067 24 other other JJ 43431 7067 25 birds bird NNS 43431 7067 26 always always RB 43431 7067 27 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 7067 28 , , , 43431 7067 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7067 30 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7067 31 end end NN 43431 7067 32 is be VBZ 43431 7067 33 often often RB 43431 7067 34 fused fuse VBN 43431 7067 35 with with IN 43431 7067 36 the the DT 43431 7067 37 tibia tibia NNP 43431 7067 38 , , , 43431 7067 39 and and CC 43431 7067 40 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7067 41 distal distal JJ 43431 7067 42 end end NN 43431 7067 43 is be VBZ 43431 7067 44 commonly commonly RB 43431 7067 45 atrophied atrophy VBN 43431 7067 46 . . . 43431 7068 1 In in IN 43431 7068 2 the the DT 43431 7068 3 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 7068 4 however however RB 43431 7068 5 the the DT 43431 7068 6 distal distal JJ 43431 7068 7 end end NN 43431 7068 8 is be VBZ 43431 7068 9 complete complete JJ 43431 7068 10 . . . 43431 7069 1 The the DT 43431 7069 2 distal distal JJ 43431 7069 3 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 7069 4 fuse fuse VBP 43431 7069 5 with with IN 43431 7069 6 the the DT 43431 7069 7 second second JJ 43431 7069 8 , , , 43431 7069 9 third third JJ 43431 7069 10 and and CC 43431 7069 11 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7069 12 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 7069 13 , , , 43431 7069 14 forming form VBG 43431 7069 15 a a DT 43431 7069 16 compound compound NN 43431 7069 17 bone bone NN 43431 7069 18 , , , 43431 7069 19 the the DT 43431 7069 20 tarso tarso NN 43431 7069 21 - - HYPH 43431 7069 22 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 7069 23 . . . 43431 7070 1 The the DT 43431 7070 2 first first JJ 43431 7070 3 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 7070 4 is be VBZ 43431 7070 5 nearly nearly RB 43431 7070 6 always always RB 43431 7070 7 free free JJ 43431 7070 8 but but CC 43431 7070 9 occasionally occasionally RB 43431 7070 10 as as IN 43431 7070 11 in in IN 43431 7070 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7070 13 Phaëthon Phaëthon NNP 43431 7070 14 _ _ IN 43431 7070 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7070 16 is be VBZ 43431 7070 17 fused fuse VBN 43431 7070 18 with with IN 43431 7070 19 the the DT 43431 7070 20 others other NNS 43431 7070 21 . . . 43431 7071 1 No no DT 43431 7071 2 adult adult NN 43431 7071 3 bird bird NN 43431 7071 4 has have VBZ 43431 7071 5 more more JJR 43431 7071 6 than than IN 43431 7071 7 four four CD 43431 7071 8 digits digit NNS 43431 7071 9 in in IN 43431 7071 10 the the DT 43431 7071 11 pes pe NNS 43431 7071 12 . . . 43431 7072 1 In in IN 43431 7072 2 the the DT 43431 7072 3 Penguins penguin NNS 43431 7072 4 the the DT 43431 7072 5 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 7072 6 are be VBP 43431 7072 7 separate separate JJ 43431 7072 8 , , , 43431 7072 9 and and CC 43431 7072 10 in in IN 43431 7072 11 many many JJ 43431 7072 12 birds bird NNS 43431 7072 13 larger large JJR 43431 7072 14 or or CC 43431 7072 15 smaller small JJR 43431 7072 16 gaps gap NNS 43431 7072 17 exist exist VBP 43431 7072 18 between between IN 43431 7072 19 the the DT 43431 7072 20 fused fuse VBN 43431 7072 21 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 7072 22 . . . 43431 7073 1 In in IN 43431 7073 2 most most JJS 43431 7073 3 birds bird NNS 43431 7073 4 the the DT 43431 7073 5 third third JJ 43431 7073 6 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 7073 7 is be VBZ 43431 7073 8 curved curve VBN 43431 7073 9 so so RB 43431 7073 10 as as IN 43431 7073 11 not not RB 43431 7073 12 to to TO 43431 7073 13 lie lie VB 43431 7073 14 in in IN 43431 7073 15 the the DT 43431 7073 16 same same JJ 43431 7073 17 plane plane NN 43431 7073 18 as as IN 43431 7073 19 the the DT 43431 7073 20 others other NNS 43431 7073 21 , , , 43431 7073 22 but but CC 43431 7073 23 in in IN 43431 7073 24 the the DT 43431 7073 25 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 7073 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7073 27 all all DT 43431 7073 28 three three CD 43431 7073 29 lie lie NN 43431 7073 30 in in IN 43431 7073 31 the the DT 43431 7073 32 same same JJ 43431 7073 33 plane plane NN 43431 7073 34 . . . 43431 7074 1 The the DT 43431 7074 2 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 7074 3 are be VBP 43431 7074 4 clearly clearly RB 43431 7074 5 separated separate VBN 43431 7074 6 in in IN 43431 7074 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7074 8 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 7074 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7074 10 . . . 43431 7075 1 In in IN 43431 7075 2 Gallinaceous gallinaceous JJ 43431 7075 3 birds bird NNS 43431 7075 4 the the DT 43431 7075 5 tarso tarso JJ 43431 7075 6 - - HYPH 43431 7075 7 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 7075 8 bears bear VBZ 43431 7075 9 a a DT 43431 7075 10 bony bony NN 43431 7075 11 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 7075 12 which which WDT 43431 7075 13 is be VBZ 43431 7075 14 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 7075 15 in in IN 43431 7075 16 horn horn NN 43431 7075 17 and and CC 43431 7075 18 forms form VBZ 43431 7075 19 a a DT 43431 7075 20 spur spur NN 43431 7075 21 . . . 43431 7076 1 In in IN 43431 7076 2 most most JJS 43431 7076 3 birds bird NNS 43431 7076 4 the the DT 43431 7076 5 first first JJ 43431 7076 6 four four CD 43431 7076 7 toes toe NNS 43431 7076 8 are be VBP 43431 7076 9 present present JJ 43431 7076 10 while while IN 43431 7076 11 the the DT 43431 7076 12 fifth fifth NN 43431 7076 13 is be VBZ 43431 7076 14 always always RB 43431 7076 15 absent absent JJ 43431 7076 16 . . . 43431 7077 1 The the DT 43431 7077 2 first first JJ 43431 7077 3 toe toe NN 43431 7077 4 commonly commonly RB 43431 7077 5 has have VBZ 43431 7077 6 two two CD 43431 7077 7 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7077 8 , , , 43431 7077 9 the the DT 43431 7077 10 second second JJ 43431 7077 11 three three CD 43431 7077 12 , , , 43431 7077 13 the the DT 43431 7077 14 third third JJ 43431 7077 15 four four CD 43431 7077 16 , , , 43431 7077 17 and and CC 43431 7077 18 the the DT 43431 7077 19 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7077 20 five five CD 43431 7077 21 . . . 43431 7078 1 In in IN 43431 7078 2 Swifts Swifts NNP 43431 7078 3 the the DT 43431 7078 4 third third JJ 43431 7078 5 and and CC 43431 7078 6 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7078 7 toes toe NNS 43431 7078 8 have have VBP 43431 7078 9 only only RB 43431 7078 10 three three CD 43431 7078 11 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7078 12 . . . 43431 7079 1 Many many JJ 43431 7079 2 birds bird NNS 43431 7079 3 , , , 43431 7079 4 such such JJ 43431 7079 5 as as IN 43431 7079 6 all all DT 43431 7079 7 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 7079 8 except except IN 43431 7079 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7079 10 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 7079 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7079 12 , , , 43431 7079 13 have have VBP 43431 7079 14 only only RB 43431 7079 15 three three CD 43431 7079 16 toes toe NNS 43431 7079 17 , , , 43431 7079 18 the the DT 43431 7079 19 hallux hallux NN 43431 7079 20 being be VBG 43431 7079 21 absent absent JJ 43431 7079 22 ; ; : 43431 7079 23 in in IN 43431 7079 24 the the DT 43431 7079 25 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 7079 26 the the DT 43431 7079 27 second second JJ 43431 7079 28 toe toe NN 43431 7079 29 is be VBZ 43431 7079 30 also also RB 43431 7079 31 gone go VBN 43431 7079 32 with with IN 43431 7079 33 the the DT 43431 7079 34 exception exception NN 43431 7079 35 of of IN 43431 7079 36 a a DT 43431 7079 37 small small JJ 43431 7079 38 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 7079 39 , , , 43431 7079 40 so so IN 43431 7079 41 that that IN 43431 7079 42 the the DT 43431 7079 43 foot foot NN 43431 7079 44 retains retain VBZ 43431 7079 45 only only RB 43431 7079 46 the the DT 43431 7079 47 third third JJ 43431 7079 48 and and CC 43431 7079 49 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7079 50 digits digit NNS 43431 7079 51 , , , 43431 7079 52 the the DT 43431 7079 53 third third JJ 43431 7079 54 being be VBG 43431 7079 55 much much RB 43431 7079 56 the the DT 43431 7079 57 larger large JJR 43431 7079 58 of of IN 43431 7079 59 the the DT 43431 7079 60 two two CD 43431 7079 61 and and CC 43431 7079 62 bearing bear VBG 43431 7079 63 a a DT 43431 7079 64 claw claw NN 43431 7079 65 , , , 43431 7079 66 while while IN 43431 7079 67 the the DT 43431 7079 68 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7079 69 is be VBZ 43431 7079 70 clawless clawless JJ 43431 7079 71 . . . 43431 7080 1 In in IN 43431 7080 2 the the DT 43431 7080 3 Swifts Swifts NNPS 43431 7080 4 , , , 43431 7080 5 Cormorants Cormorants NNPS 43431 7080 6 , , , 43431 7080 7 and and CC 43431 7080 8 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 7080 9 , , , 43431 7080 10 all all DT 43431 7080 11 four four CD 43431 7080 12 toes toe NNS 43431 7080 13 are be VBP 43431 7080 14 directed direct VBN 43431 7080 15 forwards forwards RB 43431 7080 16 . . . 43431 7081 1 In in IN 43431 7081 2 most most JJS 43431 7081 3 birds bird NNS 43431 7081 4 the the DT 43431 7081 5 hallux hallux NN 43431 7081 6 is be VBZ 43431 7081 7 directed direct VBN 43431 7081 8 backwards backwards RB 43431 7081 9 , , , 43431 7081 10 and and CC 43431 7081 11 the the DT 43431 7081 12 other other JJ 43431 7081 13 toes toe NNS 43431 7081 14 forwards forwards RB 43431 7081 15 . . . 43431 7082 1 In in IN 43431 7082 2 the the DT 43431 7082 3 Owls Owls NNP 43431 7082 4 the the DT 43431 7082 5 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7082 6 toe toe NN 43431 7082 7 can can MD 43431 7082 8 be be VB 43431 7082 9 directed direct VBN 43431 7082 10 backwards backwards RB 43431 7082 11 as as RB 43431 7082 12 well well RB 43431 7082 13 as as IN 43431 7082 14 the the DT 43431 7082 15 hallux hallux NN 43431 7082 16 , , , 43431 7082 17 while while IN 43431 7082 18 in in IN 43431 7082 19 Parrots Parrots NNP 43431 7082 20 , , , 43431 7082 21 Cuckoos Cuckoos NNPS 43431 7082 22 , , , 43431 7082 23 Woodpeckers Woodpeckers NNPS 43431 7082 24 , , , 43431 7082 25 and and CC 43431 7082 26 Toucans Toucans NNPS 43431 7082 27 the the DT 43431 7082 28 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7082 29 toe toe NN 43431 7082 30 is be VBZ 43431 7082 31 permanently permanently RB 43431 7082 32 reversed reverse VBN 43431 7082 33 . . . 43431 7083 1 In in IN 43431 7083 2 Trogons trogon NNS 43431 7083 3 the the DT 43431 7083 4 second second JJ 43431 7083 5 toe toe NN 43431 7083 6 is be VBZ 43431 7083 7 reversed reverse VBN 43431 7083 8 in in IN 43431 7083 9 addition addition NN 43431 7083 10 to to IN 43431 7083 11 the the DT 43431 7083 12 hallux hallux NN 43431 7083 13 , , , 43431 7083 14 but but CC 43431 7083 15 not not RB 43431 7083 16 the the DT 43431 7083 17 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7083 18 . . . 43431 7084 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 7084 2 : : : 43431 7084 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7084 4 105 105 CD 43431 7084 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7084 6 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 7085 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 7085 2 , , , 43431 7085 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7085 4 Phil Phil NNP 43431 7085 5 . . . 43431 7086 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 7086 2 . . . 43431 7086 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7086 4 vol vol NNP 43431 7086 5 . . . 43431 7087 1 179 179 CD 43431 7087 2 , , , 43431 7087 3 p. p. NN 43431 7087 4 385 385 CD 43431 7087 5 , , , 43431 7087 6 1888 1888 CD 43431 7087 7 ; ; : 43431 7087 8 and and CC 43431 7087 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7087 10 Ibis Ibis NNP 43431 7087 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7087 12 , , , 43431 7087 13 1888 1888 CD 43431 7087 14 , , , 43431 7087 15 p. p. NN 43431 7087 16 124 124 CD 43431 7087 17 . . . 43431 7088 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7088 2 106 106 CD 43431 7088 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7088 4 See see VB 43431 7088 5 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 7089 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 7089 2 , , , 43431 7089 3 " " `` 43431 7089 4 On on IN 43431 7089 5 the the DT 43431 7089 6 Classification Classification NNP 43431 7089 7 of of IN 43431 7089 8 Birds Birds NNPS 43431 7089 9 , , , 43431 7089 10 " " '' 43431 7089 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7089 12 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 7089 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7089 14 1867 1867 CD 43431 7089 15 . . . 43431 7090 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7090 2 107 107 CD 43431 7090 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7090 4 B. B. NNP 43431 7090 5 Lindsay Lindsay NNP 43431 7090 6 , , , 43431 7090 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7090 8 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 7090 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7090 10 1885 1885 CD 43431 7090 11 , , , 43431 7090 12 p. p. NN 43431 7090 13 684 684 CD 43431 7090 14 . . . 43431 7091 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 7091 2 XX XX NNP 43431 7091 3 . . . 43431 7092 1 CLASS class NN 43431 7092 2 MAMMALIA mammalia NN 43431 7092 3 . . . 43431 7093 1 The the DT 43431 7093 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7093 3 of of IN 43431 7093 4 the the DT 43431 7093 5 members member NNS 43431 7093 6 of of IN 43431 7093 7 this this DT 43431 7093 8 class class NN 43431 7093 9 , , , 43431 7093 10 the the DT 43431 7093 11 highest high JJS 43431 7093 12 of of IN 43431 7093 13 the the DT 43431 7093 14 vertebrata vertebrata NN 43431 7093 15 , , , 43431 7093 16 has have VBZ 43431 7093 17 the the DT 43431 7093 18 following follow VBG 43431 7093 19 characteristics:-- characteristics:-- CD 43431 7093 20 Some some DT 43431 7093 21 part part NN 43431 7093 22 of of IN 43431 7093 23 the the DT 43431 7093 24 integument integument NN 43431 7093 25 at at IN 43431 7093 26 some some DT 43431 7093 27 period period NN 43431 7093 28 of of IN 43431 7093 29 life life NN 43431 7093 30 is be VBZ 43431 7093 31 always always RB 43431 7093 32 provided provide VBN 43431 7093 33 with with IN 43431 7093 34 hairs hair NNS 43431 7093 35 ; ; : 43431 7093 36 these these DT 43431 7093 37 are be VBP 43431 7093 38 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 7093 39 structures structure NNS 43431 7093 40 arising arise VBG 43431 7093 41 from from IN 43431 7093 42 short short JJ 43431 7093 43 papillae papilla NNS 43431 7093 44 of of IN 43431 7093 45 the the DT 43431 7093 46 Malpighian malpighian JJ 43431 7093 47 layer layer NN 43431 7093 48 of of IN 43431 7093 49 the the DT 43431 7093 50 epidermis epidermis NN 43431 7093 51 , , , 43431 7093 52 which which WDT 43431 7093 53 at at IN 43431 7093 54 once once RB 43431 7093 55 grow grow VB 43431 7093 56 inwards inward NNS 43431 7093 57 and and CC 43431 7093 58 become become VB 43431 7093 59 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 7093 60 in in IN 43431 7093 61 pits pit NNS 43431 7093 62 of of IN 43431 7093 63 the the DT 43431 7093 64 dermis dermis NN 43431 7093 65 . . . 43431 7094 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7094 2 scales scale VBZ 43431 7094 3 or or CC 43431 7094 4 spines spine NNS 43431 7094 5 occur occur VBP 43431 7094 6 , , , 43431 7094 7 and and CC 43431 7094 8 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 7094 9 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 7094 10 structures structure NNS 43431 7094 11 in in IN 43431 7094 12 the the DT 43431 7094 13 form form NN 43431 7094 14 of of IN 43431 7094 15 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 7094 16 , , , 43431 7094 17 nails nail NNS 43431 7094 18 , , , 43431 7094 19 claws claws NN 43431 7094 20 and and CC 43431 7094 21 horns horn NNS 43431 7094 22 are be VBP 43431 7094 23 also also RB 43431 7094 24 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 7094 25 . . . 43431 7095 1 As as IN 43431 7095 2 regards regard VBZ 43431 7095 3 the the DT 43431 7095 4 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 7095 5 , , , 43431 7095 6 the the DT 43431 7095 7 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7095 8 centra centra NNP 43431 7095 9 have have VBP 43431 7095 10 terminal terminal JJ 43431 7095 11 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 7095 12 except except IN 43431 7095 13 in in IN 43431 7095 14 the the DT 43431 7095 15 Ornithodelphia Ornithodelphia NNP 43431 7095 16 and and CC 43431 7095 17 some some DT 43431 7095 18 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 7095 19 . . . 43431 7096 1 In in IN 43431 7096 2 the the DT 43431 7096 3 skull skull NN 43431 7096 4 the the DT 43431 7096 5 cranial cranial JJ 43431 7096 6 region region NN 43431 7096 7 is be VBZ 43431 7096 8 greatly greatly RB 43431 7096 9 developed develop VBN 43431 7096 10 as as IN 43431 7096 11 compared compare VBN 43431 7096 12 with with IN 43431 7096 13 that that DT 43431 7096 14 in in IN 43431 7096 15 lower low JJR 43431 7096 16 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 43431 7096 17 , , , 43431 7096 18 and and CC 43431 7096 19 whereas whereas IN 43431 7096 20 in in IN 43431 7096 21 many many JJ 43431 7096 22 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 7096 23 the the DT 43431 7096 24 true true JJ 43431 7096 25 cranium cranium NN 43431 7096 26 is be VBZ 43431 7096 27 largely largely RB 43431 7096 28 concealed conceal VBN 43431 7096 29 by by IN 43431 7096 30 a a DT 43431 7096 31 false false JJ 43431 7096 32 roof roof NN 43431 7096 33 , , , 43431 7096 34 in in IN 43431 7096 35 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7096 36 the the DT 43431 7096 37 only only JJ 43431 7096 38 relic relic NN 43431 7096 39 of of IN 43431 7096 40 this this DT 43431 7096 41 secondary secondary JJ 43431 7096 42 roof roof NN 43431 7096 43 is be VBZ 43431 7096 44 found find VBN 43431 7096 45 in in IN 43431 7096 46 the the DT 43431 7096 47 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 7096 48 arch arch NN 43431 7096 49 , , , 43431 7096 50 and and CC 43431 7096 51 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 7096 52 bar bar NN 43431 7096 53 . . . 43431 7097 1 In in IN 43431 7097 2 the the DT 43431 7097 3 adult adult NN 43431 7097 4 all all PDT 43431 7097 5 the the DT 43431 7097 6 bones bone NNS 43431 7097 7 except except IN 43431 7097 8 the the DT 43431 7097 9 mandible mandible JJ 43431 7097 10 , , , 43431 7097 11 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 7097 12 , , , 43431 7097 13 and and CC 43431 7097 14 auditory auditory JJ 43431 7097 15 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 7097 16 are be VBP 43431 7097 17 firmly firmly RB 43431 7097 18 united united JJ 43431 7097 19 together together RB 43431 7097 20 . . . 43431 7098 1 The the DT 43431 7098 2 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 7098 3 is be VBZ 43431 7098 4 well well RB 43431 7098 5 ossified ossified JJ 43431 7098 6 , , , 43431 7098 7 and and CC 43431 7098 8 there there EX 43431 7098 9 is be VBZ 43431 7098 10 no no DT 43431 7098 11 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 7098 12 . . . 43431 7099 1 The the DT 43431 7099 2 pro pro JJ 43431 7099 3 - - JJ 43431 7099 4 otic otic JJ 43431 7099 5 ossifies ossifie NNS 43431 7099 6 , , , 43431 7099 7 and and CC 43431 7099 8 unites unite VBZ 43431 7099 9 with with IN 43431 7099 10 the the DT 43431 7099 11 epi epi JJ 43431 7099 12 - - JJ 43431 7099 13 otic otic JJ 43431 7099 14 and and CC 43431 7099 15 opisthotic opisthotic JJ 43431 7099 16 before before IN 43431 7099 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7099 18 coalesce coalesce VBP 43431 7099 19 with with IN 43431 7099 20 any any DT 43431 7099 21 other other JJ 43431 7099 22 bones bone NNS 43431 7099 23 . . . 43431 7100 1 The the DT 43431 7100 2 skull skull NN 43431 7100 3 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7100 4 with with IN 43431 7100 5 the the DT 43431 7100 6 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7100 7 column column NN 43431 7100 8 by by IN 43431 7100 9 means mean NNS 43431 7100 10 of of IN 43431 7100 11 two two CD 43431 7100 12 convex convex NNS 43431 7100 13 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7100 14 condyles condyle NNS 43431 7100 15 formed form VBN 43431 7100 16 mainly mainly RB 43431 7100 17 by by IN 43431 7100 18 the the DT 43431 7100 19 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 7100 20 , , , 43431 7100 21 and and CC 43431 7100 22 the the DT 43431 7100 23 mandible mandible JJ 43431 7100 24 articulates articulate NNS 43431 7100 25 with with IN 43431 7100 26 the the DT 43431 7100 27 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 7100 28 without without IN 43431 7100 29 the the DT 43431 7100 30 intervention intervention NN 43431 7100 31 of of IN 43431 7100 32 the the DT 43431 7100 33 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 7100 34 . . . 43431 7101 1 The the DT 43431 7101 2 latter latter JJ 43431 7101 3 is be VBZ 43431 7101 4 much much RB 43431 7101 5 reduced reduce VBN 43431 7101 6 , , , 43431 7101 7 and and CC 43431 7101 8 is be VBZ 43431 7101 9 converted convert VBN 43431 7101 10 into into IN 43431 7101 11 the the DT 43431 7101 12 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 7101 13 ring ring NN 43431 7101 14 , , , 43431 7101 15 while while IN 43431 7101 16 the the DT 43431 7101 17 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 7101 18 of of IN 43431 7101 19 fish fish NN 43431 7101 20 is be VBZ 43431 7101 21 represented represent VBN 43431 7101 22 by by IN 43431 7101 23 the the DT 43431 7101 24 auditory auditory NN 43431 7101 25 ossicles[108 ossicles[108 . 43431 7101 26 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7101 27 . . . 43431 7102 1 The the DT 43431 7102 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7102 3 are be VBP 43431 7102 4 always always RB 43431 7102 5 attached attach VBN 43431 7102 6 to to IN 43431 7102 7 the the DT 43431 7102 8 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 7102 9 , , , 43431 7102 10 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 7102 11 and and CC 43431 7102 12 mandibles mandible NNS 43431 7102 13 , , , 43431 7102 14 never never RB 43431 7102 15 to to IN 43431 7102 16 any any DT 43431 7102 17 of of IN 43431 7102 18 the the DT 43431 7102 19 other other JJ 43431 7102 20 bones bone NNS 43431 7102 21 . . . 43431 7103 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7103 2 are be VBP 43431 7103 3 nearly nearly RB 43431 7103 4 always always RB 43431 7103 5 implanted implant VBN 43431 7103 6 in in IN 43431 7103 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7103 8 sockets socket NNS 43431 7103 9 , , , 43431 7103 10 and and CC 43431 7103 11 are be VBP 43431 7103 12 hardly hardly RB 43431 7103 13 ever ever RB 43431 7103 14 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 7103 15 to to IN 43431 7103 16 the the DT 43431 7103 17 bone bone NN 43431 7103 18 . . . 43431 7104 1 The the DT 43431 7104 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7104 3 of of IN 43431 7104 4 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7104 5 are be VBP 43431 7104 6 generally generally RB 43431 7104 7 markedly markedly RB 43431 7104 8 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 7104 9 , , , 43431 7104 10 four four CD 43431 7104 11 forms form NNS 43431 7104 12 , , , 43431 7104 13 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7104 14 , , , 43431 7104 15 canines canine NNS 43431 7104 16 , , , 43431 7104 17 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7104 18 , , , 43431 7104 19 and and CC 43431 7104 20 molars molar NNS 43431 7104 21 , , , 43431 7104 22 being be VBG 43431 7104 23 commonly commonly RB 43431 7104 24 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 43431 7104 25 . . . 43431 7105 1 Some some DT 43431 7105 2 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7105 3 are be VBP 43431 7105 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7105 5 monophyodont monophyodont NN 43431 7105 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7105 7 , , , 43431 7105 8 having have VBG 43431 7105 9 only only RB 43431 7105 10 a a DT 43431 7105 11 single single JJ 43431 7105 12 set set NN 43431 7105 13 of of IN 43431 7105 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7105 15 , , , 43431 7105 16 but but CC 43431 7105 17 the the DT 43431 7105 18 great great JJ 43431 7105 19 majority majority NN 43431 7105 20 are be VBP 43431 7105 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7105 22 diphyodont diphyodont NNP 43431 7105 23 _ _ NNP 43431 7105 24 , , , 43431 7105 25 having have VBG 43431 7105 26 two two CD 43431 7105 27 sets set NNS 43431 7105 28 , , , 43431 7105 29 a a DT 43431 7105 30 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 7105 31 or or CC 43431 7105 32 milk milk NN 43431 7105 33 dentition dentition NN 43431 7105 34 , , , 43431 7105 35 and and CC 43431 7105 36 a a DT 43431 7105 37 permanent permanent JJ 43431 7105 38 dentition dentition NN 43431 7105 39 . . . 43431 7106 1 The the DT 43431 7106 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7106 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7106 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7106 5 , , , 43431 7106 6 the the DT 43431 7106 7 front front JJ 43431 7106 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7106 9 , , , 43431 7106 10 are be VBP 43431 7106 11 simple simple JJ 43431 7106 12 , , , 43431 7106 13 one one CD 43431 7106 14 - - HYPH 43431 7106 15 rooted root VBN 43431 7106 16 , , , 43431 7106 17 adapted adapt VBN 43431 7106 18 for for IN 43431 7106 19 cutting cutting NN 43431 7106 20 , , , 43431 7106 21 and and CC 43431 7106 22 are be VBP 43431 7106 23 nearly nearly RB 43431 7106 24 always always RB 43431 7106 25 borne bear VBN 43431 7106 26 by by IN 43431 7106 27 the the DT 43431 7106 28 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 7106 29 . . . 43431 7107 1 Next next RB 43431 7107 2 come come VB 43431 7107 3 the the DT 43431 7107 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7107 5 canines canine NNS 43431 7107 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7107 7 , , , 43431 7107 8 one one CD 43431 7107 9 on on IN 43431 7107 10 each each DT 43431 7107 11 side side NN 43431 7107 12 in in IN 43431 7107 13 each each DT 43431 7107 14 jaw jaw NN 43431 7107 15 . . . 43431 7108 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7108 2 are be VBP 43431 7108 3 generally generally RB 43431 7108 4 large large JJ 43431 7108 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7108 6 adapted adapt VBN 43431 7108 7 for for IN 43431 7108 8 tearing tearing NN 43431 7108 9 or or CC 43431 7108 10 holding hold VBG 43431 7108 11 , , , 43431 7108 12 and and CC 43431 7108 13 get get VB 43431 7108 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7108 15 name name NN 43431 7108 16 from from IN 43431 7108 17 the the DT 43431 7108 18 fact fact NN 43431 7108 19 that that IN 43431 7108 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7108 21 are be VBP 43431 7108 22 largely largely RB 43431 7108 23 developed develop VBN 43431 7108 24 in in IN 43431 7108 25 the the DT 43431 7108 26 dog dog NN 43431 7108 27 . . . 43431 7109 1 The the DT 43431 7109 2 remaining remain VBG 43431 7109 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7109 4 form form VBP 43431 7109 5 the the DT 43431 7109 6 grinding grind VBG 43431 7109 7 series series NN 43431 7109 8 , , , 43431 7109 9 the the DT 43431 7109 10 more more JJR 43431 7109 11 posterior posterior NN 43431 7109 12 of of IN 43431 7109 13 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7109 14 being be VBG 43431 7109 15 the the DT 43431 7109 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7109 17 molars molars NNPS 43431 7109 18 _ _ NNP 43431 7109 19 , , , 43431 7109 20 which which WDT 43431 7109 21 are be VBP 43431 7109 22 not not RB 43431 7109 23 preceded precede VBN 43431 7109 24 by by IN 43431 7109 25 milk milk NN 43431 7109 26 teeth[109 teeth[109 NNP 43431 7109 27 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7109 28 . . . 43431 7110 1 Between between IN 43431 7110 2 the the DT 43431 7110 3 molars molar NNS 43431 7110 4 and and CC 43431 7110 5 the the DT 43431 7110 6 canines canine NNS 43431 7110 7 are be VBP 43431 7110 8 the the DT 43431 7110 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7110 10 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7110 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7110 12 , , , 43431 7110 13 which which WDT 43431 7110 14 do do VBP 43431 7110 15 as as IN 43431 7110 16 a a DT 43431 7110 17 rule rule NN 43431 7110 18 have have VBP 43431 7110 19 milk milk NN 43431 7110 20 or or CC 43431 7110 21 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 7110 22 predecessors predecessor NNS 43431 7110 23 , , , 43431 7110 24 though though IN 43431 7110 25 very very RB 43431 7110 26 frequently frequently RB 43431 7110 27 the the DT 43431 7110 28 first first JJ 43431 7110 29 of of IN 43431 7110 30 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7110 31 is be VBZ 43431 7110 32 without without IN 43431 7110 33 a a DT 43431 7110 34 milk milk NN 43431 7110 35 predecessor predecessor NN 43431 7110 36 . . . 43431 7111 1 In in IN 43431 7111 2 describing describe VBG 43431 7111 3 the the DT 43431 7111 4 dentition dentition NN 43431 7111 5 of of IN 43431 7111 6 any any DT 43431 7111 7 mammal mammal JJ 43431 7111 8 , , , 43431 7111 9 for for IN 43431 7111 10 the the DT 43431 7111 11 sake sake NN 43431 7111 12 of of IN 43431 7111 13 brevity brevity NN 43431 7111 14 a a DT 43431 7111 15 formula formula NN 43431 7111 16 is be VBZ 43431 7111 17 generally generally RB 43431 7111 18 made make VBN 43431 7111 19 use use NN 43431 7111 20 of of IN 43431 7111 21 . . . 43431 7112 1 Thus thus RB 43431 7112 2 , , , 43431 7112 3 the the DT 43431 7112 4 typical typical JJ 43431 7112 5 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 7112 6 dentition dentition NN 43431 7112 7 is be VBZ 43431 7112 8 expressed express VBN 43431 7112 9 by by IN 43431 7112 10 the the DT 43431 7112 11 formula formula NN 43431 7112 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7112 13 i i PRP 43431 7112 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7112 15 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 7112 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7112 17 c c NNP 43431 7112 18 _ _ NNP 43431 7112 19 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 7112 20 _ _ NNP 43431 7112 21 pm pm NN 43431 7112 22 _ _ NNP 43431 7112 23 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 7112 24 _ _ NNP 43431 7112 25 m m NNP 43431 7112 26 _ _ NNP 43431 7112 27 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 7112 28 = = SYM 43431 7112 29 11/11 11/11 CD 43431 7112 30 , , , 43431 7112 31 giving give VBG 43431 7112 32 twenty twenty CD 43431 7112 33 - - HYPH 43431 7112 34 two two CD 43431 7112 35 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7112 36 on on IN 43431 7112 37 each each DT 43431 7112 38 side side NN 43431 7112 39 , , , 43431 7112 40 or or CC 43431 7112 41 forty forty CD 43431 7112 42 - - HYPH 43431 7112 43 four four CD 43431 7112 44 altogether[110 altogether[110 NN 43431 7112 45 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7112 46 . . . 43431 7113 1 The the DT 43431 7113 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7113 3 are be VBP 43431 7113 4 represented represent VBN 43431 7113 5 by by IN 43431 7113 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 7 i i PRP 43431 7113 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 9 , , , 43431 7113 10 the the DT 43431 7113 11 canines canine NNS 43431 7113 12 by by IN 43431 7113 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 14 c c NNP 43431 7113 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 16 , , , 43431 7113 17 the the DT 43431 7113 18 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7113 19 by by IN 43431 7113 20 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 21 p p NNP 43431 7113 22 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 23 or or CC 43431 7113 24 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 25 pm pm NN 43431 7113 26 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 27 , , , 43431 7113 28 and and CC 43431 7113 29 the the DT 43431 7113 30 molars molar NNS 43431 7113 31 by by IN 43431 7113 32 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 33 m m NNP 43431 7113 34 _ _ NNP 43431 7113 35 . . . 43431 7114 1 The the DT 43431 7114 2 numbers number NNS 43431 7114 3 above above IN 43431 7114 4 the the DT 43431 7114 5 lines line NNS 43431 7114 6 represent represent VBP 43431 7114 7 the the DT 43431 7114 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7114 9 in in IN 43431 7114 10 the the DT 43431 7114 11 upper upper JJ 43431 7114 12 jaw jaw NN 43431 7114 13 , , , 43431 7114 14 those those DT 43431 7114 15 below below IN 43431 7114 16 the the DT 43431 7114 17 lines line NNS 43431 7114 18 the the DT 43431 7114 19 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7114 20 in in IN 43431 7114 21 the the DT 43431 7114 22 lower low JJR 43431 7114 23 jaw jaw NN 43431 7114 24 . . . 43431 7115 1 The the DT 43431 7115 2 milk milk NN 43431 7115 3 dentition dentition NN 43431 7115 4 is be VBZ 43431 7115 5 expressed express VBN 43431 7115 6 by by IN 43431 7115 7 a a DT 43431 7115 8 similar similar JJ 43431 7115 9 formula formula NN 43431 7115 10 with with IN 43431 7115 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7115 12 d d NNP 43431 7115 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7115 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7115 15 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 7115 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7115 17 prefixed prefix VBN 43431 7115 18 to to IN 43431 7115 19 the the DT 43431 7115 20 letter letter NN 43431 7115 21 expressing express VBG 43431 7115 22 the the DT 43431 7115 23 nature nature NN 43431 7115 24 of of IN 43431 7115 25 the the DT 43431 7115 26 tooth tooth NN 43431 7115 27 . . . 43431 7116 1 The the DT 43431 7116 2 following follow VBG 43431 7116 3 terms term NNS 43431 7116 4 are be VBP 43431 7116 5 of of IN 43431 7116 6 frequent frequent JJ 43431 7116 7 use use NN 43431 7116 8 as as IN 43431 7116 9 characterising characterise VBG 43431 7116 10 certain certain JJ 43431 7116 11 forms form NNS 43431 7116 12 of of IN 43431 7116 13 the the DT 43431 7116 14 grinding grind VBG 43431 7116 15 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7116 16 of of IN 43431 7116 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7116 18 , , , 43431 7116 19 and and CC 43431 7116 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7116 21 will will MD 43431 7116 22 be be VB 43431 7116 23 well well JJ 43431 7116 24 to to TO 43431 7116 25 define define VB 43431 7116 26 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7116 27 at at IN 43431 7116 28 once once RB 43431 7116 29 . . . 43431 7117 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7117 2 Bunodont Bunodont NNP 43431 7117 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7117 4 is be VBZ 43431 7117 5 a a DT 43431 7117 6 term term NN 43431 7117 7 applied apply VBN 43431 7117 8 to to IN 43431 7117 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7117 10 with with IN 43431 7117 11 broad broad JJ 43431 7117 12 crowns crown NNS 43431 7117 13 raised raise VBN 43431 7117 14 into into IN 43431 7117 15 rounded rounded JJ 43431 7117 16 tubercles tubercle NNS 43431 7117 17 , , , 43431 7117 18 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 7118 1 the the DT 43431 7118 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 7118 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7118 4 of of IN 43431 7118 5 Pigs Pigs NNPS 43431 7118 6 and and CC 43431 7118 7 Hippopotami Hippopotami NNP 43431 7118 8 ; ; : 43431 7118 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7118 10 Bilophodont Bilophodont NNP 43431 7118 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7118 12 to to IN 43431 7118 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7118 14 marked mark VBN 43431 7118 15 by by IN 43431 7118 16 a a DT 43431 7118 17 simple simple JJ 43431 7118 18 pair pair NN 43431 7118 19 of of IN 43431 7118 20 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7118 21 ridges ridge NNS 43431 7118 22 , , , 43431 7118 23 with with IN 43431 7118 24 or or CC 43431 7118 25 without without IN 43431 7118 26 a a DT 43431 7118 27 third third JJ 43431 7118 28 ridge ridge NN 43431 7118 29 running run VBG 43431 7118 30 along along IN 43431 7118 31 the the DT 43431 7118 32 outer outer JJ 43431 7118 33 border border NN 43431 7118 34 of of IN 43431 7118 35 the the DT 43431 7118 36 tooth tooth NN 43431 7118 37 at at IN 43431 7118 38 right right JJ 43431 7118 39 angles angle NNS 43431 7118 40 to to IN 43431 7118 41 the the DT 43431 7118 42 other other JJ 43431 7118 43 two two CD 43431 7118 44 , , , 43431 7118 45 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 7119 1 the the DT 43431 7119 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 7119 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7119 4 of of IN 43431 7119 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7119 6 Lophiodon Lophiodon NNP 43431 7119 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7119 8 , , , 43431 7119 9 Kangaroo Kangaroo NNP 43431 7119 10 , , , 43431 7119 11 Manatee Manatee NNP 43431 7119 12 , , , 43431 7119 13 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 7119 14 , , , 43431 7119 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7119 16 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 7119 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7119 18 ; ; : 43431 7119 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7119 20 Selenodont Selenodont NNP 43431 7119 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7119 22 to to IN 43431 7119 23 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7119 24 marked mark VBN 43431 7119 25 by by IN 43431 7119 26 crescentic crescentic JJ 43431 7119 27 ridges ridge NNS 43431 7119 28 running run VBG 43431 7119 29 from from IN 43431 7119 30 the the DT 43431 7119 31 anterior anterior NN 43431 7119 32 towards towards IN 43431 7119 33 the the DT 43431 7119 34 posterior posterior JJ 43431 7119 35 end end NN 43431 7119 36 of of IN 43431 7119 37 the the DT 43431 7119 38 tooth tooth NN 43431 7119 39 , , , 43431 7119 40 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 7120 1 the the DT 43431 7120 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 7120 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7120 4 of of IN 43431 7120 5 the the DT 43431 7120 6 Ox Ox NNP 43431 7120 7 and and CC 43431 7120 8 Sheep Sheep NNP 43431 7120 9 . . . 43431 7121 1 Teeth Teeth NNP 43431 7121 2 whose whose WP$ 43431 7121 3 crowns crown NNS 43431 7121 4 are be VBP 43431 7121 5 low low JJ 43431 7121 6 so so IN 43431 7121 7 that that IN 43431 7121 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7121 9 whole whole JJ 43431 7121 10 structure structure NN 43431 7121 11 is be VBZ 43431 7121 12 visible visible JJ 43431 7121 13 from from IN 43431 7121 14 the the DT 43431 7121 15 grinding grind VBG 43431 7121 16 surface surface NN 43431 7121 17 are be VBP 43431 7121 18 called call VBN 43431 7121 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7121 20 brachydont brachydont NNP 43431 7121 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7121 22 , , , 43431 7121 23 while while IN 43431 7121 24 those those DT 43431 7121 25 with with IN 43431 7121 26 higher high JJR 43431 7121 27 crowns crown NNS 43431 7121 28 , , , 43431 7121 29 in in IN 43431 7121 30 which which WDT 43431 7121 31 the the DT 43431 7121 32 bases basis NNS 43431 7121 33 of of IN 43431 7121 34 the the DT 43431 7121 35 infoldings infolding NNS 43431 7121 36 of of IN 43431 7121 37 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7121 38 are be VBP 43431 7121 39 invisible invisible JJ 43431 7121 40 from from IN 43431 7121 41 the the DT 43431 7121 42 grinding grind VBG 43431 7121 43 surface surface NN 43431 7121 44 are be VBP 43431 7121 45 said say VBN 43431 7121 46 to to TO 43431 7121 47 be be VB 43431 7121 48 _ _ NNP 43431 7121 49 hypsodont hypsodont NNP 43431 7121 50 _ _ NNP 43431 7121 51 . . . 43431 7122 1 Bunodont Bunodont NNP 43431 7122 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7122 3 are be VBP 43431 7122 4 brachydont brachydont NN 43431 7122 5 , , , 43431 7122 6 the the DT 43431 7122 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7122 8 of of IN 43431 7122 9 the the DT 43431 7122 10 Horse Horse NNP 43431 7122 11 and and CC 43431 7122 12 Ox Ox NNP 43431 7122 13 are be VBP 43431 7122 14 hypsodont hypsodont JJ 43431 7122 15 . . . 43431 7123 1 Passing pass VBG 43431 7123 2 now now RB 43431 7123 3 to to IN 43431 7123 4 the the DT 43431 7123 5 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 7123 6 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7123 7 -- -- : 43431 7123 8 the the DT 43431 7123 9 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 7123 10 girdle girdle NNP 43431 7123 11 differs differ VBZ 43431 7123 12 markedly markedly RB 43431 7123 13 from from IN 43431 7123 14 that that DT 43431 7123 15 of of IN 43431 7123 16 Sauropsids Sauropsids NNPS 43431 7123 17 in in IN 43431 7123 18 the the DT 43431 7123 19 fact fact NN 43431 7123 20 that that IN 43431 7123 21 the the DT 43431 7123 22 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 7123 23 , , , 43431 7123 24 except except IN 43431 7123 25 in in IN 43431 7123 26 the the DT 43431 7123 27 Ornithodelphia Ornithodelphia NNP 43431 7123 28 , , , 43431 7123 29 is be VBZ 43431 7123 30 greatly greatly RB 43431 7123 31 reduced reduce VBN 43431 7123 32 , , , 43431 7123 33 generally generally RB 43431 7123 34 forming form VBG 43431 7123 35 only only RB 43431 7123 36 a a DT 43431 7123 37 small small JJ 43431 7123 38 process process NN 43431 7123 39 on on IN 43431 7123 40 the the DT 43431 7123 41 scapula scapula NN 43431 7123 42 . . . 43431 7124 1 In in IN 43431 7124 2 the the DT 43431 7124 3 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 7124 4 the the DT 43431 7124 5 pubes pubis NNS 43431 7124 6 meet meet VBP 43431 7124 7 in in IN 43431 7124 8 a a DT 43431 7124 9 ventral ventral JJ 43431 7124 10 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7124 11 , , , 43431 7124 12 except except IN 43431 7124 13 in in IN 43431 7124 14 some some DT 43431 7124 15 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 7124 16 and and CC 43431 7124 17 Chiroptera Chiroptera NNP 43431 7124 18 . . . 43431 7125 1 In in IN 43431 7125 2 many many JJ 43431 7125 3 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7125 4 a a DT 43431 7125 5 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7125 6 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 7125 7 element element NN 43431 7125 8 , , , 43431 7125 9 the the DT 43431 7125 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7125 11 acetabular acetabular NN 43431 7125 12 bone bone NN 43431 7125 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7125 14 , , , 43431 7125 15 is be VBZ 43431 7125 16 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 43431 7125 17 . . . 43431 7126 1 The the DT 43431 7126 2 ankle ankle NN 43431 7126 3 joint joint NN 43431 7126 4 is be VBZ 43431 7126 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7126 6 cruro cruro NNP 43431 7126 7 - - HYPH 43431 7126 8 tarsal tarsal NNP 43431 7126 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7126 10 , , , 43431 7126 11 or or CC 43431 7126 12 situated situate VBN 43431 7126 13 between between IN 43431 7126 14 the the DT 43431 7126 15 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7126 16 tarsal tarsal NN 43431 7126 17 bones bone NNS 43431 7126 18 and and CC 43431 7126 19 the the DT 43431 7126 20 tibia tibia NNP 43431 7126 21 and and CC 43431 7126 22 fibula fibula NNP 43431 7126 23 . . . 43431 7127 1 Carpalia Carpalia NNP 43431 7127 2 4 4 CD 43431 7127 3 and and CC 43431 7127 4 5 5 CD 43431 7127 5 are be VBP 43431 7127 6 united unite VBN 43431 7127 7 forming form VBG 43431 7127 8 the the DT 43431 7127 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7127 10 unciform unciform NN 43431 7127 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7127 12 ; ; : 43431 7127 13 and and CC 43431 7127 14 the the DT 43431 7127 15 ulnar ulnar NNP 43431 7127 16 sesamoid sesamoid NNP 43431 7127 17 bone bone NNP 43431 7127 18 or or CC 43431 7127 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7127 20 pisiform pisiform NN 43431 7127 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7127 22 is be VBZ 43431 7127 23 generally generally RB 43431 7127 24 well well RB 43431 7127 25 developed developed JJ 43431 7127 26 . . . 43431 7128 1 In in IN 43431 7128 2 the the DT 43431 7128 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7128 4 row row NN 43431 7128 5 of of IN 43431 7128 6 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 7128 7 elements element NNS 43431 7128 8 there there EX 43431 7128 9 are be VBP 43431 7128 10 only only RB 43431 7128 11 two two CD 43431 7128 12 bones bone NNS 43431 7128 13 , , , 43431 7128 14 the the DT 43431 7128 15 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7128 16 and and CC 43431 7128 17 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7128 18 . . . 43431 7129 1 Of of IN 43431 7129 2 these these DT 43431 7129 3 the the DT 43431 7129 4 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7129 5 is be VBZ 43431 7129 6 the the DT 43431 7129 7 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 7129 8 , , , 43431 7129 9 and and CC 43431 7129 10 the the DT 43431 7129 11 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7129 12 is be VBZ 43431 7129 13 generally generally RB 43431 7129 14 regarded regard VBN 43431 7129 15 as as IN 43431 7129 16 the the DT 43431 7129 17 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 7129 18 and and CC 43431 7129 19 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 7129 20 fused[111 fused[111 NN 43431 7129 21 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7129 22 . . . 43431 7130 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7130 2 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 7130 3 I. I. NNP 43431 7130 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7130 5 ORNITHODELPHIA ORNITHODELPHIA NNP 43431 7130 6 OR or CC 43431 7130 7 PROTOTHERIA prototheria NN 43431 7130 8 . . . 43431 7131 1 This this DT 43431 7131 2 subclass subclass NN 43431 7131 3 contains contain VBZ 43431 7131 4 only only RB 43431 7131 5 a a DT 43431 7131 6 single single JJ 43431 7131 7 order order NN 43431 7131 8 , , , 43431 7131 9 the the DT 43431 7131 10 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 7131 11 , , , 43431 7131 12 and and CC 43431 7131 13 the the DT 43431 7131 14 following follow VBG 43431 7131 15 characteristics characteristic NNS 43431 7131 16 are be VBP 43431 7131 17 equally equally RB 43431 7131 18 applicable applicable JJ 43431 7131 19 to to IN 43431 7131 20 the the DT 43431 7131 21 subclass subclass NN 43431 7131 22 and and CC 43431 7131 23 to to IN 43431 7131 24 the the DT 43431 7131 25 order order NN 43431 7131 26 . . . 43431 7132 1 The the DT 43431 7132 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7132 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 7132 4 have have VBP 43431 7132 5 no no DT 43431 7132 6 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 7132 7 , , , 43431 7132 8 and and CC 43431 7132 9 the the DT 43431 7132 10 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 7132 11 process process NN 43431 7132 12 remains remain VBZ 43431 7132 13 for for IN 43431 7132 14 a a DT 43431 7132 15 long long JJ 43431 7132 16 time time NN 43431 7132 17 free free JJ 43431 7132 18 from from IN 43431 7132 19 the the DT 43431 7132 20 centrum centrum NN 43431 7132 21 of of IN 43431 7132 22 the the DT 43431 7132 23 second second JJ 43431 7132 24 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7132 25 . . . 43431 7133 1 With with IN 43431 7133 2 the the DT 43431 7133 3 exception exception NN 43431 7133 4 of of IN 43431 7133 5 the the DT 43431 7133 6 atlas atla NNS 43431 7133 7 of of IN 43431 7133 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7133 9 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 7133 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7133 11 the the DT 43431 7133 12 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7133 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7133 14 are be VBP 43431 7133 15 without without IN 43431 7133 16 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 7133 17 . . . 43431 7134 1 The the DT 43431 7134 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 7134 3 walls wall NNS 43431 7134 4 are be VBP 43431 7134 5 smooth smooth JJ 43431 7134 6 and and CC 43431 7134 7 rounded rounded JJ 43431 7134 8 , , , 43431 7134 9 and and CC 43431 7134 10 the the DT 43431 7134 11 sutures suture NNS 43431 7134 12 between between IN 43431 7134 13 the the DT 43431 7134 14 several several JJ 43431 7134 15 bones bone NNS 43431 7134 16 early early RB 43431 7134 17 become become VBP 43431 7134 18 completely completely RB 43431 7134 19 obliterated obliterated JJ 43431 7134 20 as as IN 43431 7134 21 in in IN 43431 7134 22 birds bird NNS 43431 7134 23 . . . 43431 7135 1 The the DT 43431 7135 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 7135 3 is be VBZ 43431 7135 4 a a DT 43431 7135 5 very very RB 43431 7135 6 slight slight JJ 43431 7135 7 structure structure NN 43431 7135 8 , , , 43431 7135 9 with with IN 43431 7135 10 no no DT 43431 7135 11 ascending ascend VBG 43431 7135 12 ramus ramus NN 43431 7135 13 , , , 43431 7135 14 and and CC 43431 7135 15 with with IN 43431 7135 16 the the DT 43431 7135 17 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 7135 18 process process NN 43431 7135 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7135 20 see see VB 43431 7135 21 p. p. NN 43431 7135 22 398 398 CD 43431 7135 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7135 24 and and CC 43431 7135 25 angle angle VB 43431 7135 26 rudimentary rudimentary NNP 43431 7135 27 . . . 43431 7136 1 The the DT 43431 7136 2 auditory auditory JJ 43431 7136 3 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 7136 4 show show VBP 43431 7136 5 a a DT 43431 7136 6 low low JJ 43431 7136 7 state state NN 43431 7136 8 of of IN 43431 7136 9 development development NN 43431 7136 10 . . . 43431 7137 1 The the DT 43431 7137 2 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 7137 3 of of IN 43431 7137 4 the the DT 43431 7137 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 7137 6 articulate articulate NN 43431 7137 7 with with IN 43431 7137 8 the the DT 43431 7137 9 sides side NNS 43431 7137 10 of of IN 43431 7137 11 the the DT 43431 7137 12 centra centra NN 43431 7137 13 of of IN 43431 7137 14 the the DT 43431 7137 15 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7137 16 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 7137 17 , , , 43431 7137 18 not not RB 43431 7137 19 with with IN 43431 7137 20 the the DT 43431 7137 21 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7137 22 processes process NNS 43431 7137 23 . . . 43431 7138 1 Some some DT 43431 7138 2 of of IN 43431 7138 3 the the DT 43431 7138 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7138 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 7138 6 remain remain VBP 43431 7138 7 for for IN 43431 7138 8 a a DT 43431 7138 9 long long JJ 43431 7138 10 time time NN 43431 7138 11 separate separate JJ 43431 7138 12 from from IN 43431 7138 13 the the DT 43431 7138 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7138 15 . . . 43431 7139 1 Well well UH 43431 7139 2 ossified ossified JJ 43431 7139 3 sternal sternal JJ 43431 7139 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 7139 5 occur occur VBP 43431 7139 6 . . . 43431 7140 1 No no DT 43431 7140 2 true true JJ 43431 7140 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7140 4 are be VBP 43431 7140 5 present present JJ 43431 7140 6 in in IN 43431 7140 7 the the DT 43431 7140 8 adult adult NN 43431 7140 9 . . . 43431 7141 1 The the DT 43431 7141 2 young young JJ 43431 7141 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7141 4 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 7141 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7141 6 has have VBZ 43431 7141 7 functional functional JJ 43431 7141 8 molar molar JJ 43431 7141 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7141 10 , , , 43431 7141 11 but but CC 43431 7141 12 in in IN 43431 7141 13 the the DT 43431 7141 14 adult adult NN 43431 7141 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7141 16 place place NN 43431 7141 17 is be VBZ 43431 7141 18 taken take VBN 43431 7141 19 by by IN 43431 7141 20 horny horny NN 43431 7141 21 plates plate NNS 43431 7141 22 . . . 43431 7142 1 In in IN 43431 7142 2 the the DT 43431 7142 3 Echidnidae Echidnidae NNP 43431 7142 4 neither neither CC 43431 7142 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7142 6 nor nor CC 43431 7142 7 horny horny JJ 43431 7142 8 plates plate NNS 43431 7142 9 occur occur VBP 43431 7142 10 . . . 43431 7143 1 The the DT 43431 7143 2 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 7143 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7143 4 fig fig NN 43431 7143 5 . . . 43431 7144 1 66 66 CD 43431 7144 2 , , , 43431 7144 3 3 3 CD 43431 7144 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7144 5 is be VBZ 43431 7144 6 complete complete JJ 43431 7144 7 and and CC 43431 7144 8 well well RB 43431 7144 9 developed developed JJ 43431 7144 10 , , , 43431 7144 11 and and CC 43431 7144 12 articulates articulate NNS 43431 7144 13 with with IN 43431 7144 14 the the DT 43431 7144 15 sternum sternum NN 43431 7144 16 . . . 43431 7145 1 A a DT 43431 7145 2 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 7145 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7145 4 epicoracoid epicoracoid NN 43431 7145 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7145 6 occurs occur VBZ 43431 7145 7 in in IN 43431 7145 8 front front NN 43431 7145 9 of of IN 43431 7145 10 the the DT 43431 7145 11 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 7145 12 , , , 43431 7145 13 and and CC 43431 7145 14 there there EX 43431 7145 15 is be VBZ 43431 7145 16 a a DT 43431 7145 17 large large JJ 43431 7145 18 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 7145 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7145 20 fig fig NN 43431 7145 21 . . . 43431 7146 1 66 66 CD 43431 7146 2 , , , 43431 7146 3 6 6 CD 43431 7146 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7146 5 . . . 43431 7147 1 The the DT 43431 7147 2 ridge ridge NN 43431 7147 3 on on IN 43431 7147 4 the the DT 43431 7147 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 7147 6 , , , 43431 7147 7 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 7147 8 to to IN 43431 7147 9 the the DT 43431 7147 10 spine spine NN 43431 7147 11 of of IN 43431 7147 12 other other JJ 43431 7147 13 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7147 14 , , , 43431 7147 15 is be VBZ 43431 7147 16 situated situate VBN 43431 7147 17 on on IN 43431 7147 18 the the DT 43431 7147 19 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7147 20 border border NN 43431 7147 21 instead instead RB 43431 7147 22 of of IN 43431 7147 23 in in IN 43431 7147 24 the the DT 43431 7147 25 middle middle NN 43431 7147 26 of of IN 43431 7147 27 the the DT 43431 7147 28 outer outer JJ 43431 7147 29 surface surface NN 43431 7147 30 . . . 43431 7148 1 Epipubic epipubic JJ 43431 7148 2 bones bone NNS 43431 7148 3 are be VBP 43431 7148 4 present present JJ 43431 7148 5 . . . 43431 7149 1 In in IN 43431 7149 2 the the DT 43431 7149 3 Echidnidae Echidnidae NNP 43431 7149 4 , , , 43431 7149 5 but but CC 43431 7149 6 not not RB 43431 7149 7 in in IN 43431 7149 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7149 9 Ornithorhynchus_[112 Ornithorhynchus_[112 NNP 43431 7149 10 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7149 11 , , , 43431 7149 12 the the DT 43431 7149 13 central central JJ 43431 7149 14 portion portion NN 43431 7149 15 of of IN 43431 7149 16 the the DT 43431 7149 17 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 7149 18 is be VBZ 43431 7149 19 unossified unossifie VBN 43431 7149 20 as as IN 43431 7149 21 in in IN 43431 7149 22 birds bird NNS 43431 7149 23 . . . 43431 7150 1 The the DT 43431 7150 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 7150 3 has have VBZ 43431 7150 4 a a DT 43431 7150 5 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7150 6 deltoid deltoid NN 43431 7150 7 crest crest NN 43431 7150 8 ; ; : 43431 7150 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7150 10 ends end NNS 43431 7150 11 are be VBP 43431 7150 12 much much RB 43431 7150 13 expanded expand VBN 43431 7150 14 , , , 43431 7150 15 and and CC 43431 7150 16 the the DT 43431 7150 17 distal distal JJ 43431 7150 18 end end NN 43431 7150 19 is be VBZ 43431 7150 20 pierced pierce VBN 43431 7150 21 by by IN 43431 7150 22 an an DT 43431 7150 23 ent ent NN 43431 7150 24 - - HYPH 43431 7150 25 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 7150 26 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7150 27 . . . 43431 7151 1 The the DT 43431 7151 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 7151 3 has have VBZ 43431 7151 4 a a DT 43431 7151 5 broad broad JJ 43431 7151 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7151 7 process process NN 43431 7151 8 resembling resemble VBG 43431 7151 9 an an DT 43431 7151 10 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 7151 11 . . . 43431 7152 1 The the DT 43431 7152 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 7152 3 and and CC 43431 7152 4 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7152 5 girdles girdle NNS 43431 7152 6 bear bear VBP 43431 7152 7 a a DT 43431 7152 8 striking striking JJ 43431 7152 9 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 7152 10 to to IN 43431 7152 11 those those DT 43431 7152 12 of of IN 43431 7152 13 some some DT 43431 7152 14 Theromorphous theromorphous JJ 43431 7152 15 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 7152 16 . . . 43431 7153 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7153 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7153 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7153 4 . . . 43431 7154 1 66 66 CD 43431 7154 2 . . . 43431 7155 1 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 7155 2 VIEW view NN 43431 7155 3 OF of IN 43431 7155 4 THE the DT 43431 7155 5 SHOULDER SHOULDER NNP 43431 7155 6 - - HYPH 43431 7155 7 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 7155 8 AND and CC 43431 7155 9 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 7155 10 OF of IN 43431 7155 11 A a DT 43431 7155 12 DUCKBILL DUCKBILL NNP 43431 7155 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7155 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7155 15 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 7155 16 paradoxus paradoxus NN 43431 7155 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7155 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7155 19 à à NNP 43431 7155 20 � � NNP 43431 7155 21 3/4 3/4 CD 43431 7155 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7155 23 after after IN 43431 7155 24 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 7155 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7155 26 . . . 43431 7156 1 1 1 CD 43431 7156 2 and and CC 43431 7156 3 2 2 CD 43431 7156 4 . . . 43431 7156 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 7156 6 . . . 43431 7157 1 3 3 LS 43431 7157 2 . . . 43431 7157 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 7157 4 . . . 43431 7158 1 4 4 LS 43431 7158 2 . . . 43431 7158 3 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 7158 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7158 5 epicoracoid epicoracoid NNP 43431 7158 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7158 7 . . . 43431 7159 1 5 5 LS 43431 7159 2 . . . 43431 7159 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 7159 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 7159 5 . . . 43431 7160 1 6 6 CD 43431 7160 2 . . . 43431 7160 3 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 7160 4 . . . 43431 7161 1 7 7 LS 43431 7161 2 . . . 43431 7161 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 7161 4 . . . 43431 7162 1 8 8 LS 43431 7162 2 . . . 43431 7162 3 presternum presternum NN 43431 7162 4 . . . 43431 7163 1 9 9 LS 43431 7163 2 . . . 43431 7163 3 third third JJ 43431 7163 4 segment segment NN 43431 7163 5 of of IN 43431 7163 6 mesosternum mesosternum NNP 43431 7163 7 . . . 43431 7164 1 10 10 CD 43431 7164 2 . . . 43431 7164 3 sternal sternal JJ 43431 7164 4 rib rib NN 43431 7164 5 . . . 43431 7165 1 11 11 CD 43431 7165 2 . . . 43431 7165 3 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 7165 4 rib rib NN 43431 7165 5 . . . 43431 7166 1 12 12 CD 43431 7166 2 . . . 43431 7166 3 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7166 4 rib rib NN 43431 7166 5 . . . 43431 7166 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7167 1 The the DT 43431 7167 2 order order NN 43431 7167 3 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 7167 4 includes include VBZ 43431 7167 5 only only RB 43431 7167 6 two two CD 43431 7167 7 living live VBG 43431 7167 8 families family NNS 43431 7167 9 , , , 43431 7167 10 the the DT 43431 7167 11 Echidnidae Echidnidae NNP 43431 7167 12 and and CC 43431 7167 13 Ornithorhynchidae Ornithorhynchidae NNP 43431 7167 14 . . . 43431 7168 1 MESOZOIC MESOZOIC NNP 43431 7168 2 MAMMALIA[113 mammalia[113 CD 43431 7168 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7168 4 . . . 43431 7169 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 7169 2 will will MD 43431 7169 3 be be VB 43431 7169 4 well well JJ 43431 7169 5 here here RB 43431 7169 6 to to TO 43431 7169 7 briefly briefly RB 43431 7169 8 refer refer VB 43431 7169 9 to to IN 43431 7169 10 certain certain JJ 43431 7169 11 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7169 12 of of IN 43431 7169 13 small small JJ 43431 7169 14 size size NN 43431 7169 15 , , , 43431 7169 16 the the DT 43431 7169 17 remains remain NNS 43431 7169 18 of of IN 43431 7169 19 which which WDT 43431 7169 20 have have VBP 43431 7169 21 been be VBN 43431 7169 22 found find VBN 43431 7169 23 in in IN 43431 7169 24 deposits deposit NNS 43431 7169 25 of of IN 43431 7169 26 Mesozoic mesozoic JJ 43431 7169 27 age age NN 43431 7169 28 . . . 43431 7170 1 In in IN 43431 7170 2 the the DT 43431 7170 3 great great JJ 43431 7170 4 majority majority NN 43431 7170 5 of of IN 43431 7170 6 cases case NNS 43431 7170 7 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7170 8 are be VBP 43431 7170 9 known know VBN 43431 7170 10 only only RB 43431 7170 11 by by IN 43431 7170 12 the the DT 43431 7170 13 lower low JJR 43431 7170 14 jaw jaw NN 43431 7170 15 , , , 43431 7170 16 or or CC 43431 7170 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7170 18 only only RB 43431 7170 19 by by IN 43431 7170 20 isolated isolated JJ 43431 7170 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7170 22 . . . 43431 7171 1 A a DT 43431 7171 2 large large JJ 43431 7171 3 number number NN 43431 7171 4 of of IN 43431 7171 5 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7171 6 are be VBP 43431 7171 7 commonly commonly RB 43431 7171 8 grouped group VBN 43431 7171 9 together together RB 43431 7171 10 as as IN 43431 7171 11 the the DT 43431 7171 12 Multituberculata Multituberculata NNP 43431 7171 13 , , , 43431 7171 14 and and CC 43431 7171 15 are be VBP 43431 7171 16 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7171 17 , , , 43431 7171 18 partly partly RB 43431 7171 19 owing owe VBG 43431 7171 20 to to IN 43431 7171 21 the the DT 43431 7171 22 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 7171 23 of of IN 43431 7171 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7171 25 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7171 26 to to IN 43431 7171 27 those those DT 43431 7171 28 of of IN 43431 7171 29 _ _ NNP 43431 7171 30 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 7171 31 _ _ NNP 43431 7171 32 , , , 43431 7171 33 placed place VBN 43431 7171 34 with with IN 43431 7171 35 the the DT 43431 7171 36 Prototheria Prototheria NNP 43431 7171 37 , , , 43431 7171 38 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7171 39 between between IN 43431 7171 40 the the DT 43431 7171 41 Prototheria Prototheria NNP 43431 7171 42 and and CC 43431 7171 43 the the DT 43431 7171 44 Metatheria Metatheria NNP 43431 7171 45 . . . 43431 7172 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7172 2 are be VBP 43431 7172 3 characterised characterise VBN 43431 7172 4 by by IN 43431 7172 5 having have VBG 43431 7172 6 a a DT 43431 7172 7 single single JJ 43431 7172 8 pair pair NN 43431 7172 9 of of IN 43431 7172 10 large large JJ 43431 7172 11 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7172 12 in in IN 43431 7172 13 the the DT 43431 7172 14 lower low JJR 43431 7172 15 jaw jaw NN 43431 7172 16 , , , 43431 7172 17 and and CC 43431 7172 18 one one CD 43431 7172 19 large large JJ 43431 7172 20 with with IN 43431 7172 21 one one CD 43431 7172 22 or or CC 43431 7172 23 two two CD 43431 7172 24 smaller small JJR 43431 7172 25 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7172 26 in in IN 43431 7172 27 each each DT 43431 7172 28 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 7172 29 . . . 43431 7173 1 The the DT 43431 7173 2 lower low JJR 43431 7173 3 canines canine NNS 43431 7173 4 are be VBP 43431 7173 5 very very RB 43431 7173 6 small small JJ 43431 7173 7 or or CC 43431 7173 8 altogether altogether RB 43431 7173 9 wanting want VBG 43431 7173 10 . . . 43431 7174 1 The the DT 43431 7174 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7174 3 are be VBP 43431 7174 4 separated separate VBN 43431 7174 5 by by IN 43431 7174 6 a a DT 43431 7174 7 diastema diastema NN 43431 7174 8 from from IN 43431 7174 9 the the DT 43431 7174 10 grinding grind VBG 43431 7174 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7174 12 , , , 43431 7174 13 which which WDT 43431 7174 14 are be VBP 43431 7174 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7174 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7174 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7174 18 Tritylodon Tritylodon NNP 43431 7174 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7174 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7174 21 characterised characterise VBN 43431 7174 22 by by IN 43431 7174 23 the the DT 43431 7174 24 possession possession NN 43431 7174 25 of of IN 43431 7174 26 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 7174 27 rows row NNS 43431 7174 28 of of IN 43431 7174 29 little little JJ 43431 7174 30 tubercles tubercle NNS 43431 7174 31 separated separate VBN 43431 7174 32 by by IN 43431 7174 33 grooves groove NNS 43431 7174 34 , , , 43431 7174 35 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7174 36 by by IN 43431 7174 37 having have VBG 43431 7174 38 the the DT 43431 7174 39 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7174 40 provided provide VBN 43431 7174 41 with with IN 43431 7174 42 high high JJ 43431 7174 43 cutting cut VBG 43431 7174 44 edges edge NNS 43431 7174 45 , , , 43431 7174 46 whose whose WP$ 43431 7174 47 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7174 48 are be VBP 43431 7174 49 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 7174 50 grooved grooved JJ 43431 7174 51 . . . 43431 7175 1 Some some DT 43431 7175 2 of of IN 43431 7175 3 the the DT 43431 7175 4 Mesozoic mesozoic JJ 43431 7175 5 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7175 6 found find VBD 43431 7175 7 associated associate VBN 43431 7175 8 with with IN 43431 7175 9 the the DT 43431 7175 10 Multituberculata Multituberculata NNP 43431 7175 11 , , , 43431 7175 12 have have VBP 43431 7175 13 however however RB 43431 7175 14 a a DT 43431 7175 15 dentition dentition NN 43431 7175 16 of of IN 43431 7175 17 an an DT 43431 7175 18 altogether altogether RB 43431 7175 19 different different JJ 43431 7175 20 type type NN 43431 7175 21 , , , 43431 7175 22 with with IN 43431 7175 23 at at RB 43431 7175 24 least least RBS 43431 7175 25 three three CD 43431 7175 26 lower low JJR 43431 7175 27 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7175 28 , , , 43431 7175 29 well well RB 43431 7175 30 developed developed JJ 43431 7175 31 canines canine NNS 43431 7175 32 and and CC 43431 7175 33 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7175 34 , , , 43431 7175 35 and and CC 43431 7175 36 numerous numerous JJ 43431 7175 37 molars molar NNS 43431 7175 38 with with IN 43431 7175 39 peculiar peculiar JJ 43431 7175 40 three three CD 43431 7175 41 - - HYPH 43431 7175 42 cusped cuspe VBN 43431 7175 43 or or CC 43431 7175 44 tritubercular tritubercular JJ 43431 7175 45 grinding grinding NN 43431 7175 46 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7175 47 . . . 43431 7176 1 These these DT 43431 7176 2 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7176 3 , , , 43431 7176 4 one one CD 43431 7176 5 of of IN 43431 7176 6 the the DT 43431 7176 7 best well RBS 43431 7176 8 known know VBN 43431 7176 9 of of IN 43431 7176 10 which which WDT 43431 7176 11 is be VBZ 43431 7176 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7176 13 Phascolotherium Phascolotherium NNP 43431 7176 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7176 15 , , , 43431 7176 16 are be VBP 43431 7176 17 commonly commonly RB 43431 7176 18 separated separate VBN 43431 7176 19 from from IN 43431 7176 20 the the DT 43431 7176 21 Multituberculata Multituberculata NNP 43431 7176 22 , , , 43431 7176 23 and and CC 43431 7176 24 are be VBP 43431 7176 25 divided divide VBN 43431 7176 26 by by IN 43431 7176 27 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 7176 28 into into IN 43431 7176 29 two two CD 43431 7176 30 groups group NNS 43431 7176 31 , , , 43431 7176 32 one one CD 43431 7176 33 allied ally VBD 43431 7176 34 to to IN 43431 7176 35 the the DT 43431 7176 36 Marsupials Marsupials NNPS 43431 7176 37 , , , 43431 7176 38 and and CC 43431 7176 39 one one CD 43431 7176 40 to to IN 43431 7176 41 the the DT 43431 7176 42 Insectivores Insectivores NNPS 43431 7176 43 . . . 43431 7177 1 The the DT 43431 7177 2 group group NN 43431 7177 3 showing show VBG 43431 7177 4 Marsupial marsupial JJ 43431 7177 5 affinities affinity NNS 43431 7177 6 is be VBZ 43431 7177 7 further far RBR 43431 7177 8 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 7177 9 into into IN 43431 7177 10 carnivorous carnivorous JJ 43431 7177 11 , , , 43431 7177 12 omnivorous omnivorous JJ 43431 7177 13 , , , 43431 7177 14 and and CC 43431 7177 15 herbivorous herbivorous JJ 43431 7177 16 subgroups subgroup NNS 43431 7177 17 . . . 43431 7178 1 The the DT 43431 7178 2 members member NNS 43431 7178 3 of of IN 43431 7178 4 both both DT 43431 7178 5 groups group NNS 43431 7178 6 commonly commonly RB 43431 7178 7 have have VBP 43431 7178 8 four four CD 43431 7178 9 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7178 10 , , , 43431 7178 11 and and CC 43431 7178 12 six six CD 43431 7178 13 to to TO 43431 7178 14 eight eight CD 43431 7178 15 molars molar NNS 43431 7178 16 in in IN 43431 7178 17 each each DT 43431 7178 18 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 7178 19 ramus ramus NN 43431 7178 20 . . . 43431 7179 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7179 2 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 7179 3 II II NNP 43431 7179 4 . . . 43431 7179 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7179 6 DIDELPHIA DIDELPHIA NNP 43431 7179 7 OR or CC 43431 7179 8 METATHERIA METATHERIA NNP 43431 7179 9 . . . 43431 7180 1 This this DT 43431 7180 2 subclass subclass NN 43431 7180 3 , , , 43431 7180 4 like like IN 43431 7180 5 the the DT 43431 7180 6 previous previous JJ 43431 7180 7 one one NN 43431 7180 8 , , , 43431 7180 9 contains contain VBZ 43431 7180 10 only only RB 43431 7180 11 a a DT 43431 7180 12 single single JJ 43431 7180 13 order order NN 43431 7180 14 , , , 43431 7180 15 viz viz NN 43431 7180 16 . . . 43431 7181 1 the the DT 43431 7181 2 Marsupialia[114 Marsupialia[114 NNP 43431 7181 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7181 4 ; ; : 43431 7181 5 but but CC 43431 7181 6 the the DT 43431 7181 7 forms form NNS 43431 7181 8 referable referable JJ 43431 7181 9 to to IN 43431 7181 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7181 11 are be VBP 43431 7181 12 far far RB 43431 7181 13 more more RBR 43431 7181 14 numerous numerous JJ 43431 7181 15 than than IN 43431 7181 16 in in IN 43431 7181 17 the the DT 43431 7181 18 case case NN 43431 7181 19 of of IN 43431 7181 20 the the DT 43431 7181 21 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 7181 22 . . . 43431 7182 1 The the DT 43431 7182 2 integument integument NN 43431 7182 3 is be VBZ 43431 7182 4 always always RB 43431 7182 5 furry furry JJ 43431 7182 6 , , , 43431 7182 7 and and CC 43431 7182 8 the the DT 43431 7182 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7182 10 are be VBP 43431 7182 11 always always RB 43431 7182 12 differentiated differentiate VBN 43431 7182 13 into into IN 43431 7182 14 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7182 15 , , , 43431 7182 16 canines canine NNS 43431 7182 17 , , , 43431 7182 18 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7182 19 and and CC 43431 7182 20 molars molar NNS 43431 7182 21 . . . 43431 7183 1 Except except IN 43431 7183 2 in in IN 43431 7183 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7183 4 Phascolomys Phascolomys NNP 43431 7183 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7183 6 , , , 43431 7183 7 the the DT 43431 7183 8 number number NN 43431 7183 9 of of IN 43431 7183 10 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7183 11 in in IN 43431 7183 12 the the DT 43431 7183 13 upper upper JJ 43431 7183 14 and and CC 43431 7183 15 lower low JJR 43431 7183 16 jaws jaw NNS 43431 7183 17 is be VBZ 43431 7183 18 never never RB 43431 7183 19 equal equal JJ 43431 7183 20 , , , 43431 7183 21 and and CC 43431 7183 22 the the DT 43431 7183 23 number number NN 43431 7183 24 in in IN 43431 7183 25 the the DT 43431 7183 26 upper upper NN 43431 7183 27 usually usually RB 43431 7183 28 exceeds exceed VBZ 43431 7183 29 that that IN 43431 7183 30 in in IN 43431 7183 31 the the DT 43431 7183 32 lower low JJR 43431 7183 33 jaw jaw NN 43431 7183 34 . . . 43431 7184 1 There there EX 43431 7184 2 is be VBZ 43431 7184 3 no no DT 43431 7184 4 such such JJ 43431 7184 5 regular regular JJ 43431 7184 6 succession succession NN 43431 7184 7 and and CC 43431 7184 8 displacement displacement NN 43431 7184 9 of of IN 43431 7184 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7184 11 as as IN 43431 7184 12 in in IN 43431 7184 13 most most JJS 43431 7184 14 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7184 15 . . . 43431 7185 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7185 2 the the DT 43431 7185 3 anterior anterior NN 43431 7185 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7185 5 are be VBP 43431 7185 6 diphyodont diphyodont NN 43431 7185 7 , , , 43431 7185 8 and and CC 43431 7185 9 as as IN 43431 7185 10 a a DT 43431 7185 11 general general JJ 43431 7185 12 rule rule NN 43431 7185 13 the the DT 43431 7185 14 tooth tooth NN 43431 7185 15 commonly commonly RB 43431 7185 16 regarded regard VBN 43431 7185 17 as as IN 43431 7185 18 the the DT 43431 7185 19 last last JJ 43431 7185 20 premolar premolar NN 43431 7185 21 is be VBZ 43431 7185 22 preceded precede VBN 43431 7185 23 by by IN 43431 7185 24 a a DT 43431 7185 25 milk milk NN 43431 7185 26 tooth tooth NN 43431 7185 27 . . . 43431 7186 1 The the DT 43431 7186 2 majority majority NN 43431 7186 3 of of IN 43431 7186 4 the the DT 43431 7186 5 permanent permanent JJ 43431 7186 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7186 7 of of IN 43431 7186 8 most most JJS 43431 7186 9 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 7186 10 are be VBP 43431 7186 11 regarded regard VBN 43431 7186 12 as as IN 43431 7186 13 belonging belong VBG 43431 7186 14 to to IN 43431 7186 15 the the DT 43431 7186 16 milk milk NN 43431 7186 17 series series NN 43431 7186 18 for for IN 43431 7186 19 two two CD 43431 7186 20 reasons reason NNS 43431 7186 21 , , , 43431 7186 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7186 23 1 1 LS 43431 7186 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7186 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7186 26 are be VBP 43431 7186 27 developed develop VBN 43431 7186 28 from from IN 43431 7186 29 the the DT 43431 7186 30 more more RBR 43431 7186 31 superficial superficial JJ 43431 7186 32 tissues tissue NNS 43431 7186 33 of of IN 43431 7186 34 the the DT 43431 7186 35 jaws jaw NNS 43431 7186 36 , , , 43431 7186 37 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7186 38 2 2 LS 43431 7186 39 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7186 40 a a DT 43431 7186 41 second second JJ 43431 7186 42 set set NN 43431 7186 43 , , , 43431 7186 44 the the DT 43431 7186 45 permanent permanent JJ 43431 7186 46 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7186 47 , , , 43431 7186 48 begin begin VB 43431 7186 49 to to TO 43431 7186 50 develop develop VB 43431 7186 51 as as IN 43431 7186 52 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 7186 53 from from IN 43431 7186 54 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7186 55 , , , 43431 7186 56 but but CC 43431 7186 57 afterwards afterwards RB 43431 7186 58 become become VBN 43431 7186 59 aborted[115 aborted[115 . 43431 7186 60 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7186 61 . . . 43431 7187 1 The the DT 43431 7187 2 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 7187 3 process process NN 43431 7187 4 at at IN 43431 7187 5 an an DT 43431 7187 6 early early JJ 43431 7187 7 stage stage NN 43431 7187 8 becomes become VBZ 43431 7187 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 7187 10 with with IN 43431 7187 11 the the DT 43431 7187 12 centrum centrum NN 43431 7187 13 of of IN 43431 7187 14 the the DT 43431 7187 15 second second JJ 43431 7187 16 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7187 17 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7187 18 , , , 43431 7187 19 and and CC 43431 7187 20 the the DT 43431 7187 21 number number NN 43431 7187 22 of of IN 43431 7187 23 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 7187 24 - - HYPH 43431 7187 25 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 7187 26 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7187 27 is be VBZ 43431 7187 28 always always RB 43431 7187 29 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 7187 30 . . . 43431 7188 1 The the DT 43431 7188 2 skull skull NN 43431 7188 3 has have VBZ 43431 7188 4 several several JJ 43431 7188 5 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 7188 6 features feature NNS 43431 7188 7 . . . 43431 7189 1 The the DT 43431 7189 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 7189 3 bone bone NN 43431 7189 4 remains remain VBZ 43431 7189 5 permanently permanently RB 43431 7189 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7189 7 , , , 43431 7189 8 and and CC 43431 7189 9 the the DT 43431 7189 10 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7189 11 boundary boundary NNP 43431 7189 12 of of IN 43431 7189 13 the the DT 43431 7189 14 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 7189 15 cavity cavity NN 43431 7189 16 is be VBZ 43431 7189 17 formed form VBN 43431 7189 18 by by IN 43431 7189 19 the the DT 43431 7189 20 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 7189 21 . . . 43431 7190 1 The the DT 43431 7190 2 carotid carotid JJ 43431 7190 3 canal canal NN 43431 7190 4 perforates perforate VBZ 43431 7190 5 the the DT 43431 7190 6 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 7190 7 , , , 43431 7190 8 and and CC 43431 7190 9 the the DT 43431 7190 10 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 7190 11 canal canal NN 43431 7190 12 opens open VBZ 43431 7190 13 either either CC 43431 7190 14 outside outside IN 43431 7190 15 the the DT 43431 7190 16 orbit orbit NN 43431 7190 17 or or CC 43431 7190 18 at at IN 43431 7190 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7190 20 margin margin NN 43431 7190 21 . . . 43431 7191 1 There there EX 43431 7191 2 are be VBP 43431 7191 3 generally generally RB 43431 7191 4 large large JJ 43431 7191 5 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 7191 6 in in IN 43431 7191 7 the the DT 43431 7191 8 palate palate NN 43431 7191 9 . . . 43431 7192 1 The the DT 43431 7192 2 angle angle NN 43431 7192 3 of of IN 43431 7192 4 the the DT 43431 7192 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 7192 6 is be VBZ 43431 7192 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7192 8 except except IN 43431 7192 9 in in IN 43431 7192 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7192 11 Tarsipes Tarsipes NNPS 43431 7192 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7192 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7192 14 more more RBR 43431 7192 15 or or CC 43431 7192 16 less less RBR 43431 7192 17 inflected inflected JJ 43431 7192 18 ; ; : 43431 7192 19 and and CC 43431 7192 20 as as IN 43431 7192 21 a a DT 43431 7192 22 rule rule NN 43431 7192 23 the the DT 43431 7192 24 jugal jugal NNP 43431 7192 25 furnishes furnish VBZ 43431 7192 26 part part NN 43431 7192 27 of of IN 43431 7192 28 the the DT 43431 7192 29 articular articular JJ 43431 7192 30 surface surface NN 43431 7192 31 for for IN 43431 7192 32 the the DT 43431 7192 33 mandible mandible NN 43431 7192 34 . . . 43431 7193 1 There there EX 43431 7193 2 is be VBZ 43431 7193 3 no no DT 43431 7193 4 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 7193 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7193 6 epicoracoid epicoracoid NN 43431 7193 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7193 8 or or CC 43431 7193 9 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 7193 10 , , , 43431 7193 11 and and CC 43431 7193 12 the the DT 43431 7193 13 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 7193 14 is be VBZ 43431 7193 15 reduced reduce VBN 43431 7193 16 to to TO 43431 7193 17 form form VB 43431 7193 18 a a DT 43431 7193 19 mere mere JJ 43431 7193 20 process process NN 43431 7193 21 of of IN 43431 7193 22 the the DT 43431 7193 23 scapula scapula NN 43431 7193 24 , , , 43431 7193 25 not not RB 43431 7193 26 coming come VBG 43431 7193 27 near near IN 43431 7193 28 the the DT 43431 7193 29 sternum sternum NN 43431 7193 30 . . . 43431 7194 1 Epipubic epipubic JJ 43431 7194 2 , , , 43431 7194 3 or or CC 43431 7194 4 so so RB 43431 7194 5 - - HYPH 43431 7194 6 called call VBN 43431 7194 7 marsupial marsupial NN 43431 7194 8 bones[116 bones[116 NNP 43431 7194 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7194 10 , , , 43431 7194 11 nearly nearly RB 43431 7194 12 always always RB 43431 7194 13 occur occur VBP 43431 7194 14 , , , 43431 7194 15 and and CC 43431 7194 16 a a DT 43431 7194 17 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7194 18 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 7194 19 element element NN 43431 7194 20 , , , 43431 7194 21 the the DT 43431 7194 22 acetabular acetabular NN 43431 7194 23 bone bone NN 43431 7194 24 , , , 43431 7194 25 is be VBZ 43431 7194 26 frequently frequently RB 43431 7194 27 developed develop VBN 43431 7194 28 . . . 43431 7195 1 The the DT 43431 7195 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 7195 3 is be VBZ 43431 7195 4 always always RB 43431 7195 5 complete complete JJ 43431 7195 6 at at IN 43431 7195 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7195 8 distal distal JJ 43431 7195 9 end end NN 43431 7195 10 , , , 43431 7195 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7195 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7195 13 is be VBZ 43431 7195 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 7195 15 with with IN 43431 7195 16 the the DT 43431 7195 17 tibia tibia NN 43431 7195 18 , , , 43431 7195 19 but but CC 43431 7195 20 often often RB 43431 7195 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7195 22 is be VBZ 43431 7195 23 not not RB 43431 7195 24 only only RB 43431 7195 25 free free JJ 43431 7195 26 but but CC 43431 7195 27 is be VBZ 43431 7195 28 capable capable JJ 43431 7195 29 of of IN 43431 7195 30 a a DT 43431 7195 31 rotatory rotatory JJ 43431 7195 32 movement movement NN 43431 7195 33 on on IN 43431 7195 34 the the DT 43431 7195 35 tibia tibia NNP 43431 7195 36 . . . 43431 7196 1 This this DT 43431 7196 2 is be VBZ 43431 7196 3 the the DT 43431 7196 4 case case NN 43431 7196 5 in in IN 43431 7196 6 the the DT 43431 7196 7 families family NNS 43431 7196 8 Phascolomyidae Phascolomyidae NNP 43431 7196 9 , , , 43431 7196 10 Didelphyidae Didelphyidae NNP 43431 7196 11 , , , 43431 7196 12 and and CC 43431 7196 13 Phalangeridae Phalangeridae NNP 43431 7196 14 . . . 43431 7197 1 The the DT 43431 7197 2 Marsupialia Marsupialia NNP 43431 7197 3 can can MD 43431 7197 4 be be VB 43431 7197 5 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 7197 6 into into IN 43431 7197 7 two two CD 43431 7197 8 main main JJ 43431 7197 9 groups group NNS 43431 7197 10 , , , 43431 7197 11 according accord VBG 43431 7197 12 to to IN 43431 7197 13 the the DT 43431 7197 14 character character NN 43431 7197 15 of of IN 43431 7197 16 the the DT 43431 7197 17 teeth:-- teeth:-- NNP 43431 7197 18 1 1 CD 43431 7197 19 . . . 43431 7198 1 POLYPROTODONTIA POLYPROTODONTIA NNP 43431 7198 2 . . . 43431 7199 1 In in IN 43431 7199 2 this this DT 43431 7199 3 group group NN 43431 7199 4 the the DT 43431 7199 5 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7199 6 are be VBP 43431 7199 7 small small JJ 43431 7199 8 , , , 43431 7199 9 subequal subequal JJ 43431 7199 10 and and CC 43431 7199 11 numerous numerous JJ 43431 7199 12 , , , 43431 7199 13 not not RB 43431 7199 14 less less JJR 43431 7199 15 than than IN 43431 7199 16 4/3 4/3 CD 43431 7199 17 . . . 43431 7200 1 The the DT 43431 7200 2 canines canine NNS 43431 7200 3 are be VBP 43431 7200 4 larger large JJR 43431 7200 5 than than IN 43431 7200 6 the the DT 43431 7200 7 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7200 8 , , , 43431 7200 9 and and CC 43431 7200 10 the the DT 43431 7200 11 molars molar NNS 43431 7200 12 have have VBP 43431 7200 13 sharp sharp JJ 43431 7200 14 cusps cusp NNS 43431 7200 15 . . . 43431 7201 1 The the DT 43431 7201 2 members member NNS 43431 7201 3 of of IN 43431 7201 4 this this DT 43431 7201 5 group group NN 43431 7201 6 are be VBP 43431 7201 7 all all RB 43431 7201 8 more more RBR 43431 7201 9 or or CC 43431 7201 10 less less RBR 43431 7201 11 carnivorous carnivorous JJ 43431 7201 12 or or CC 43431 7201 13 insectivorous insectivorous JJ 43431 7201 14 . . . 43431 7202 1 The the DT 43431 7202 2 group group NN 43431 7202 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7202 4 the the DT 43431 7202 5 families family NNS 43431 7202 6 Didelphyidae Didelphyidae NNP 43431 7202 7 , , , 43431 7202 8 Dasyuridae Dasyuridae NNP 43431 7202 9 , , , 43431 7202 10 Peramelidae Peramelidae NNP 43431 7202 11 , , , 43431 7202 12 and and CC 43431 7202 13 Notoryctidae[117 notoryctidae[117 RB 43431 7202 14 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7202 15 . . . 43431 7203 1 2 2 LS 43431 7203 2 . . . 43431 7204 1 DIPROTODONTIA DIPROTODONTIA NNP 43431 7204 2 . . . 43431 7205 1 In in IN 43431 7205 2 this this DT 43431 7205 3 group group NN 43431 7205 4 the the DT 43431 7205 5 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7205 6 do do VBP 43431 7205 7 not not RB 43431 7205 8 exceed exceed VB 43431 7205 9 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 7205 10 , , , 43431 7205 11 and and CC 43431 7205 12 are be VBP 43431 7205 13 usually usually RB 43431 7205 14 3/1 3/1 CD 43431 7205 15 , , , 43431 7205 16 occasionally occasionally RB 43431 7205 17 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 7205 18 . . . 43431 7206 1 The the DT 43431 7206 2 first first JJ 43431 7206 3 upper upper JJ 43431 7206 4 and and CC 43431 7206 5 lower low JJR 43431 7206 6 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7206 7 are be VBP 43431 7206 8 large large JJ 43431 7206 9 and and CC 43431 7206 10 cutting cut VBG 43431 7206 11 . . . 43431 7207 1 The the DT 43431 7207 2 lower low JJR 43431 7207 3 canines canine NNS 43431 7207 4 are be VBP 43431 7207 5 always always RB 43431 7207 6 small small JJ 43431 7207 7 or or CC 43431 7207 8 absent absent JJ 43431 7207 9 , , , 43431 7207 10 and and CC 43431 7207 11 so so RB 43431 7207 12 in in IN 43431 7207 13 most most JJS 43431 7207 14 cases case NNS 43431 7207 15 are be VBP 43431 7207 16 the the DT 43431 7207 17 upper upper JJ 43431 7207 18 canines canine NNS 43431 7207 19 . . . 43431 7208 1 The the DT 43431 7208 2 molars molar NNS 43431 7208 3 have have VBP 43431 7208 4 bluntly bluntly RB 43431 7208 5 tuberculated tuberculate VBN 43431 7208 6 , , , 43431 7208 7 or or CC 43431 7208 8 transversely transversely RB 43431 7208 9 ridged ridge VBD 43431 7208 10 crowns crown NNS 43431 7208 11 . . . 43431 7209 1 The the DT 43431 7209 2 group group NN 43431 7209 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7209 4 the the DT 43431 7209 5 families family NNS 43431 7209 6 Phascolomyidae Phascolomyidae NNP 43431 7209 7 , , , 43431 7209 8 Phalangeridae Phalangeridae NNP 43431 7209 9 , , , 43431 7209 10 Macropodidae Macropodidae NNP 43431 7209 11 , , , 43431 7209 12 and and CC 43431 7209 13 Epanorthidae Epanorthidae NNP 43431 7209 14 . . . 43431 7210 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7210 2 Subclass Subclass NNP 43431 7210 3 III III NNP 43431 7210 4 . . . 43431 7210 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7210 6 MONODELPHIA MONODELPHIA NNP 43431 7210 7 OR or CC 43431 7210 8 EUTHERIA EUTHERIA NNP 43431 7210 9 . . . 43431 7211 1 This this DT 43431 7211 2 great great JJ 43431 7211 3 group group NN 43431 7211 4 includes include VBZ 43431 7211 5 all all PDT 43431 7211 6 the the DT 43431 7211 7 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 7211 8 except except IN 43431 7211 9 the the DT 43431 7211 10 orders order NNS 43431 7211 11 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 7211 12 and and CC 43431 7211 13 Marsupialia Marsupialia NNP 43431 7211 14 . . . 43431 7212 1 Coming come VBG 43431 7212 2 to to IN 43431 7212 3 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7212 4 general general JJ 43431 7212 5 characteristics-- characteristics-- NN 43431 7212 6 as as IN 43431 7212 7 in in IN 43431 7212 8 the the DT 43431 7212 9 Didelphia Didelphia NNP 43431 7212 10 the the DT 43431 7212 11 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 7212 12 process process NN 43431 7212 13 and and CC 43431 7212 14 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7212 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 7212 16 early early RB 43431 7212 17 become become VBN 43431 7212 18 fused fuse VBN 43431 7212 19 with with IN 43431 7212 20 the the DT 43431 7212 21 centra centra NNP 43431 7212 22 which which WDT 43431 7212 23 bear bear VBP 43431 7212 24 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7212 25 , , , 43431 7212 26 while while IN 43431 7212 27 the the DT 43431 7212 28 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 7212 29 is be VBZ 43431 7212 30 reduced reduce VBN 43431 7212 31 so so IN 43431 7212 32 as as IN 43431 7212 33 to to TO 43431 7212 34 form form VB 43431 7212 35 a a DT 43431 7212 36 mere mere JJ 43431 7212 37 process process NN 43431 7212 38 on on IN 43431 7212 39 the the DT 43431 7212 40 scapula scapula NN 43431 7212 41 , , , 43431 7212 42 and and CC 43431 7212 43 there there EX 43431 7212 44 is be VBZ 43431 7212 45 no no DT 43431 7212 46 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 7212 47 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7212 48 epicoracoid epicoracoid NNP 43431 7212 49 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7212 50 , , , 43431 7212 51 such such JJ 43431 7212 52 as as IN 43431 7212 53 is be VBZ 43431 7212 54 found find VBN 43431 7212 55 in in IN 43431 7212 56 Ornithodelphia Ornithodelphia NNP 43431 7212 57 . . . 43431 7213 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7213 2 may may MD 43431 7213 3 be be VB 43431 7213 4 present present JJ 43431 7213 5 or or CC 43431 7213 6 absent absent JJ 43431 7213 7 ; ; : 43431 7213 8 when when WRB 43431 7213 9 fully fully RB 43431 7213 10 developed develop VBD 43431 7213 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7213 12 articulate articulate VBP 43431 7213 13 with with IN 43431 7213 14 the the DT 43431 7213 15 sternum sternum NN 43431 7213 16 , , , 43431 7213 17 usually usually RB 43431 7213 18 directly directly RB 43431 7213 19 , , , 43431 7213 20 but but CC 43431 7213 21 occasionally occasionally RB 43431 7213 22 , , , 43431 7213 23 as as IN 43431 7213 24 in in IN 43431 7213 25 some some DT 43431 7213 26 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 7213 27 and and CC 43431 7213 28 Insectivores Insectivores NNPS 43431 7213 29 , , , 43431 7213 30 through through IN 43431 7213 31 the the DT 43431 7213 32 remains remain NNS 43431 7213 33 of of IN 43431 7213 34 the the DT 43431 7213 35 sternal sternal JJ 43431 7213 36 end end NN 43431 7213 37 of of IN 43431 7213 38 the the DT 43431 7213 39 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 7213 40 . . . 43431 7214 1 There there EX 43431 7214 2 is be VBZ 43431 7214 3 never never RB 43431 7214 4 any any DT 43431 7214 5 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 7214 6 in in IN 43431 7214 7 the the DT 43431 7214 8 adult adult NN 43431 7214 9 , , , 43431 7214 10 though though IN 43431 7214 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7214 12 traces trace NNS 43431 7214 13 of of IN 43431 7214 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7214 15 occur occur VBP 43431 7214 16 during during IN 43431 7214 17 development development NN 43431 7214 18 . . . 43431 7215 1 In in IN 43431 7215 2 the the DT 43431 7215 3 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 7215 4 the the DT 43431 7215 5 acetabula acetabula NN 43431 7215 6 are be VBP 43431 7215 7 imperforate imperforate JJ 43431 7215 8 ; ; : 43431 7215 9 and and CC 43431 7215 10 well well RB 43431 7215 11 - - HYPH 43431 7215 12 developed develop VBN 43431 7215 13 epipubic epipubic JJ 43431 7215 14 bones bone NNS 43431 7215 15 are be VBP 43431 7215 16 never never RB 43431 7215 17 found find VBN 43431 7215 18 in in IN 43431 7215 19 the the DT 43431 7215 20 adult adult NN 43431 7215 21 , , , 43431 7215 22 though though IN 43431 7215 23 traces trace NNS 43431 7215 24 of of IN 43431 7215 25 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7215 26 occur occur VBP 43431 7215 27 in in IN 43431 7215 28 some some DT 43431 7215 29 Carnivores carnivore NNS 43431 7215 30 and and CC 43431 7215 31 foetal foetal JJ 43431 7215 32 Ungulates ungulate NNS 43431 7215 33 . . . 43431 7216 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7216 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7216 3 1 1 CD 43431 7216 4 . . . 43431 7216 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7216 6 EDENTATA[118 EDENTATA[118 NNP 43431 7216 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7216 8 . . . 43431 7217 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 7217 2 are be VBP 43431 7217 3 not not RB 43431 7217 4 , , , 43431 7217 5 as as IN 43431 7217 6 the the DT 43431 7217 7 name name NN 43431 7217 8 of of IN 43431 7217 9 the the DT 43431 7217 10 order order NN 43431 7217 11 seems seem VBZ 43431 7217 12 to to TO 43431 7217 13 imply imply VB 43431 7217 14 , , , 43431 7217 15 always always RB 43431 7217 16 wanting want VBG 43431 7217 17 ; ; : 43431 7217 18 and and CC 43431 7217 19 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7217 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7217 21 are be VBP 43431 7217 22 very very RB 43431 7217 23 numerous numerous JJ 43431 7217 24 . . . 43431 7218 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7218 2 are be VBP 43431 7218 3 , , , 43431 7218 4 however however RB 43431 7218 5 , , , 43431 7218 6 always always RB 43431 7218 7 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 7218 8 , , , 43431 7218 9 and and CC 43431 7218 10 , , , 43431 7218 11 with with IN 43431 7218 12 very very RB 43431 7218 13 few few JJ 43431 7218 14 exceptions exception NNS 43431 7218 15 , , , 43431 7218 16 are be VBP 43431 7218 17 homodont homodont JJ 43431 7218 18 and and CC 43431 7218 19 monophyodont monophyodont JJ 43431 7218 20 . . . 43431 7219 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7219 2 have have VBP 43431 7219 3 persistent persistent JJ 43431 7219 4 pulps pulp NNS 43431 7219 5 , , , 43431 7219 6 and and CC 43431 7219 7 so so RB 43431 7219 8 grow grow VB 43431 7219 9 indefinitely indefinitely RB 43431 7219 10 and and CC 43431 7219 11 are be VBP 43431 7219 12 never never RB 43431 7219 13 rooted root VBN 43431 7219 14 . . . 43431 7220 1 In in IN 43431 7220 2 all all DT 43431 7220 3 living live VBG 43431 7220 4 forms form NNS 43431 7220 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7220 6 are be VBP 43431 7220 7 without without IN 43431 7220 8 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7220 9 , , , 43431 7220 10 consisting consist VBG 43431 7220 11 merely merely RB 43431 7220 12 of of IN 43431 7220 13 dentine dentine NN 43431 7220 14 and and CC 43431 7220 15 cement cement NN 43431 7220 16 , , , 43431 7220 17 and and CC 43431 7220 18 are be VBP 43431 7220 19 never never RB 43431 7220 20 found find VBN 43431 7220 21 in in IN 43431 7220 22 the the DT 43431 7220 23 front front JJ 43431 7220 24 part part NN 43431 7220 25 of of IN 43431 7220 26 the the DT 43431 7220 27 mouth mouth NN 43431 7220 28 in in IN 43431 7220 29 the the DT 43431 7220 30 situation situation NN 43431 7220 31 occupied occupy VBN 43431 7220 32 by by IN 43431 7220 33 the the DT 43431 7220 34 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7220 35 of of IN 43431 7220 36 other other JJ 43431 7220 37 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7220 38 . . . 43431 7221 1 These these DT 43431 7221 2 characters character NNS 43431 7221 3 derived derive VBN 43431 7221 4 from from IN 43431 7221 5 the the DT 43431 7221 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7221 7 are be VBP 43431 7221 8 the the DT 43431 7221 9 only only JJ 43431 7221 10 ones one NNS 43431 7221 11 common common JJ 43431 7221 12 to to IN 43431 7221 13 the the DT 43431 7221 14 various various JJ 43431 7221 15 members member NNS 43431 7221 16 of of IN 43431 7221 17 the the DT 43431 7221 18 order order NN 43431 7221 19 , , , 43431 7221 20 which which WDT 43431 7221 21 includes include VBZ 43431 7221 22 the the DT 43431 7221 23 living live VBG 43431 7221 24 sloths sloth NNS 43431 7221 25 , , , 43431 7221 26 ant ant NN 43431 7221 27 - - HYPH 43431 7221 28 eaters eater NNS 43431 7221 29 , , , 43431 7221 30 armadillos armadillo NNS 43431 7221 31 , , , 43431 7221 32 pangolins pangolin NNS 43431 7221 33 and and CC 43431 7221 34 aard aard NN 43431 7221 35 - - HYPH 43431 7221 36 varks vark NNS 43431 7221 37 , , , 43431 7221 38 together together RB 43431 7221 39 with with IN 43431 7221 40 various various JJ 43431 7221 41 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7221 42 forms form NNS 43431 7221 43 , , , 43431 7221 44 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 7221 45 found find VBN 43431 7221 46 in in IN 43431 7221 47 beds bed NNS 43431 7221 48 of of IN 43431 7221 49 late late JJ 43431 7221 50 tertiary tertiary JJ 43431 7221 51 age age NN 43431 7221 52 in in IN 43431 7221 53 both both CC 43431 7221 54 North North NNP 43431 7221 55 and and CC 43431 7221 56 South South NNP 43431 7221 57 America America NNP 43431 7221 58 , , , 43431 7221 59 the the DT 43431 7221 60 best well RBS 43431 7221 61 known know VBN 43431 7221 62 being be VBG 43431 7221 63 the the DT 43431 7221 64 Megatheridae Megatheridae NNP 43431 7221 65 and and CC 43431 7221 66 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNPS 43431 7221 67 . . . 43431 7222 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7222 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7222 3 2 2 CD 43431 7222 4 . . . 43431 7222 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7222 6 SIRENIA[119 SIRENIA[119 NNP 43431 7222 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7222 8 . . . 43431 7223 1 The the DT 43431 7223 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7223 3 of of IN 43431 7223 4 these these DT 43431 7223 5 animals animal NNS 43431 7223 6 has have VBZ 43431 7223 7 a a DT 43431 7223 8 general general JJ 43431 7223 9 fish fish NN 43431 7223 10 - - HYPH 43431 7223 11 like like JJ 43431 7223 12 form form NN 43431 7223 13 , , , 43431 7223 14 in in IN 43431 7223 15 correlation correlation NN 43431 7223 16 with with IN 43431 7223 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7223 18 purely purely RB 43431 7223 19 aquatic aquatic JJ 43431 7223 20 habits habit NNS 43431 7223 21 . . . 43431 7224 1 The the DT 43431 7224 2 fore fore NN 43431 7224 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 7224 4 have have VBP 43431 7224 5 the the DT 43431 7224 6 form form NN 43431 7224 7 of of IN 43431 7224 8 paddles paddle NNS 43431 7224 9 , , , 43431 7224 10 but but CC 43431 7224 11 the the DT 43431 7224 12 number number NN 43431 7224 13 of of IN 43431 7224 14 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7224 15 is be VBZ 43431 7224 16 not not RB 43431 7224 17 increased increase VBN 43431 7224 18 beyond beyond IN 43431 7224 19 the the DT 43431 7224 20 normal normal JJ 43431 7224 21 . . . 43431 7225 1 There there EX 43431 7225 2 are be VBP 43431 7225 3 no no DT 43431 7225 4 external external JJ 43431 7225 5 traces trace NNS 43431 7225 6 of of IN 43431 7225 7 hind hind NN 43431 7225 8 limbs limb NNS 43431 7225 9 . . . 43431 7226 1 The the DT 43431 7226 2 whole whole JJ 43431 7226 3 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7226 4 and and CC 43431 7226 5 especially especially RB 43431 7226 6 the the DT 43431 7226 7 skull skull NN 43431 7226 8 and and CC 43431 7226 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 7226 10 is be VBZ 43431 7226 11 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 7226 12 massive massive JJ 43431 7226 13 and and CC 43431 7226 14 heavy heavy JJ 43431 7226 15 . . . 43431 7227 1 The the DT 43431 7227 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 7227 3 varies vary VBZ 43431 7227 4 ; ; : 43431 7227 5 in in IN 43431 7227 6 the the DT 43431 7227 7 two two CD 43431 7227 8 living live VBG 43431 7227 9 genera genera NN 43431 7227 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7227 11 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 7227 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7227 13 and and CC 43431 7227 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7227 15 Halicore Halicore NNP 43431 7227 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7227 17 , , , 43431 7227 18 incisor incisor NN 43431 7227 19 and and CC 43431 7227 20 molar molar JJ 43431 7227 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7227 22 are be VBP 43431 7227 23 present present JJ 43431 7227 24 , , , 43431 7227 25 in in IN 43431 7227 26 one one CD 43431 7227 27 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7227 28 genus genus NN 43431 7227 29 , , , 43431 7227 30 _ _ NNP 43431 7227 31 Rhytina Rhytina NNP 43431 7227 32 _ _ NNP 43431 7227 33 , , , 43431 7227 34 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7227 35 are be VBP 43431 7227 36 entirely entirely RB 43431 7227 37 absent absent JJ 43431 7227 38 , , , 43431 7227 39 while while IN 43431 7227 40 in in IN 43431 7227 41 another another DT 43431 7227 42 , , , 43431 7227 43 _ _ NNP 43431 7227 44 Halitherium Halitherium NNP 43431 7227 45 _ _ NNP 43431 7227 46 , , , 43431 7227 47 the the DT 43431 7227 48 dentition dentition NN 43431 7227 49 is be VBZ 43431 7227 50 more more RBR 43431 7227 51 decidedly decidedly RB 43431 7227 52 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 7227 53 than than IN 43431 7227 54 in in IN 43431 7227 55 living live VBG 43431 7227 56 forms form NNS 43431 7227 57 . . . 43431 7228 1 In in IN 43431 7228 2 the the DT 43431 7228 3 two two CD 43431 7228 4 living live VBG 43431 7228 5 genera genera NN 43431 7228 6 the the DT 43431 7228 7 dentition dentition NN 43431 7228 8 is be VBZ 43431 7228 9 monophyodont monophyodont JJ 43431 7228 10 , , , 43431 7228 11 but but CC 43431 7228 12 in in IN 43431 7228 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7228 14 Halitherium Halitherium NNP 43431 7228 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7228 16 the the DT 43431 7228 17 anterior anterior NN 43431 7228 18 grinding grind VBG 43431 7228 19 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7228 20 are be VBP 43431 7228 21 preceded precede VBN 43431 7228 22 by by IN 43431 7228 23 milk milk NN 43431 7228 24 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7228 25 . . . 43431 7229 1 The the DT 43431 7229 2 tongue tongue NN 43431 7229 3 and and CC 43431 7229 4 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7229 5 part part NN 43431 7229 6 of of IN 43431 7229 7 the the DT 43431 7229 8 palate palate NN 43431 7229 9 and and CC 43431 7229 10 lower low JJR 43431 7229 11 jaw jaw NN 43431 7229 12 are be VBP 43431 7229 13 covered cover VBN 43431 7229 14 with with IN 43431 7229 15 roughened roughen VBN 43431 7229 16 horny horny NN 43431 7229 17 plates plate NNS 43431 7229 18 . . . 43431 7230 1 The the DT 43431 7230 2 skull skull NN 43431 7230 3 is be VBZ 43431 7230 4 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 7230 5 for for IN 43431 7230 6 the the DT 43431 7230 7 size size NN 43431 7230 8 and and CC 43431 7230 9 backward backward JJ 43431 7230 10 position position NN 43431 7230 11 of of IN 43431 7230 12 the the DT 43431 7230 13 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7230 14 nares naris NNS 43431 7230 15 , , , 43431 7230 16 also also RB 43431 7230 17 for for IN 43431 7230 18 the the DT 43431 7230 19 absence absence NN 43431 7230 20 or or CC 43431 7230 21 small small JJ 43431 7230 22 size size NN 43431 7230 23 of of IN 43431 7230 24 the the DT 43431 7230 25 nasal nasal NN 43431 7230 26 bones bone NNS 43431 7230 27 . . . 43431 7231 1 There there EX 43431 7231 2 is be VBZ 43431 7231 3 no no DT 43431 7231 4 union union NN 43431 7231 5 of of IN 43431 7231 6 certain certain JJ 43431 7231 7 of of IN 43431 7231 8 the the DT 43431 7231 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7231 10 to to TO 43431 7231 11 form form VB 43431 7231 12 a a DT 43431 7231 13 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 7231 14 , , , 43431 7231 15 and and CC 43431 7231 16 in in IN 43431 7231 17 living living NN 43431 7231 18 forms form NNS 43431 7231 19 the the DT 43431 7231 20 centra centrum NNS 43431 7231 21 are be VBP 43431 7231 22 not not RB 43431 7231 23 terminated terminate VBN 43431 7231 24 by by IN 43431 7231 25 well well RB 43431 7231 26 - - HYPH 43431 7231 27 formed form VBN 43431 7231 28 epiphyses[120 epiphyses[120 NN 43431 7231 29 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7231 30 . . . 43431 7232 1 The the DT 43431 7232 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7232 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7232 4 are be VBP 43431 7232 5 much much RB 43431 7232 6 compressed compress VBN 43431 7232 7 , , , 43431 7232 8 but but CC 43431 7232 9 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7232 10 are be VBP 43431 7232 11 never never RB 43431 7232 12 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 7232 13 together together RB 43431 7232 14 . . . 43431 7233 1 In in IN 43431 7233 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7233 3 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 7233 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7233 5 there there EX 43431 7233 6 are be VBP 43431 7233 7 only only RB 43431 7233 8 six six CD 43431 7233 9 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7233 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7233 11 . . . 43431 7234 1 The the DT 43431 7234 2 caudal caudal JJ 43431 7234 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7234 4 have have VBP 43431 7234 5 well well RB 43431 7234 6 - - HYPH 43431 7234 7 developed develop VBN 43431 7234 8 chevron chevron NN 43431 7234 9 bones bone NNS 43431 7234 10 . . . 43431 7235 1 The the DT 43431 7235 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 7235 3 is be VBZ 43431 7235 4 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 7235 5 articulated articulate VBN 43431 7235 6 to to IN 43431 7235 7 the the DT 43431 7235 8 radius radius NN 43431 7235 9 and and CC 43431 7235 10 ulna ulna NNP 43431 7235 11 , , , 43431 7235 12 and and CC 43431 7235 13 these these DT 43431 7235 14 two two CD 43431 7235 15 bones bone NNS 43431 7235 16 are be VBP 43431 7235 17 about about IN 43431 7235 18 equally equally RB 43431 7235 19 developed develop VBN 43431 7235 20 , , , 43431 7235 21 and and CC 43431 7235 22 are be VBP 43431 7235 23 often often RB 43431 7235 24 fused fuse VBN 43431 7235 25 together together RB 43431 7235 26 . . . 43431 7236 1 There there EX 43431 7236 2 are be VBP 43431 7236 3 no no DT 43431 7236 4 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7236 5 , , , 43431 7236 6 and and CC 43431 7236 7 the the DT 43431 7236 8 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 7236 9 is be VBZ 43431 7236 10 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7236 11 , , , 43431 7236 12 consisting consist VBG 43431 7236 13 of of IN 43431 7236 14 a a DT 43431 7236 15 pair pair NN 43431 7236 16 of of IN 43431 7236 17 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 7236 18 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 7236 19 bones bone NNS 43431 7236 20 suspended suspend VBN 43431 7236 21 at at IN 43431 7236 22 some some DT 43431 7236 23 distance distance NN 43431 7236 24 from from IN 43431 7236 25 the the DT 43431 7236 26 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7236 27 column column NN 43431 7236 28 . . . 43431 7237 1 In in IN 43431 7237 2 living live VBG 43431 7237 3 forms form NNS 43431 7237 4 there there EX 43431 7237 5 is be VBZ 43431 7237 6 no no DT 43431 7237 7 trace trace NN 43431 7237 8 of of IN 43431 7237 9 a a DT 43431 7237 10 posterior posterior NN 43431 7237 11 limb limb NN 43431 7237 12 , , , 43431 7237 13 but but CC 43431 7237 14 in in IN 43431 7237 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7237 16 Halitherium Halitherium NNP 43431 7237 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7237 18 there there EX 43431 7237 19 is be VBZ 43431 7237 20 a a DT 43431 7237 21 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7237 22 femur femur NN 43431 7237 23 connected connect VBN 43431 7237 24 with with IN 43431 7237 25 each each DT 43431 7237 26 half half NN 43431 7237 27 of of IN 43431 7237 28 the the DT 43431 7237 29 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 7237 30 . . . 43431 7238 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7238 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7238 3 3 3 CD 43431 7238 4 . . . 43431 7238 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7238 6 CETACEA[121 CETACEA[121 , 43431 7238 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7238 8 . . . 43431 7239 1 In in IN 43431 7239 2 these these DT 43431 7239 3 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7239 4 the the DT 43431 7239 5 general general JJ 43431 7239 6 form form NN 43431 7239 7 is be VBZ 43431 7239 8 more more JJR 43431 7239 9 fish fish NN 43431 7239 10 - - HYPH 43431 7239 11 like like JJ 43431 7239 12 than than IN 43431 7239 13 is be VBZ 43431 7239 14 the the DT 43431 7239 15 case case NN 43431 7239 16 even even RB 43431 7239 17 in in IN 43431 7239 18 the the DT 43431 7239 19 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 7239 20 . . . 43431 7240 1 The the DT 43431 7240 2 skin skin NN 43431 7240 3 is be VBZ 43431 7240 4 generally generally RB 43431 7240 5 almost almost RB 43431 7240 6 completely completely RB 43431 7240 7 naked naked JJ 43431 7240 8 , , , 43431 7240 9 but but CC 43431 7240 10 hairs hair NNS 43431 7240 11 are be VBP 43431 7240 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7240 13 present present JJ 43431 7240 14 in in IN 43431 7240 15 the the DT 43431 7240 16 neighbourhood neighbourhood NN 43431 7240 17 of of IN 43431 7240 18 the the DT 43431 7240 19 mouth mouth NN 43431 7240 20 , , , 43431 7240 21 especially especially RB 43431 7240 22 in in IN 43431 7240 23 the the DT 43431 7240 24 foetus foetus NN 43431 7240 25 . . . 43431 7241 1 In in IN 43431 7241 2 some some DT 43431 7241 3 Odontoceti odontoceti JJ 43431 7241 4 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 7241 5 of of IN 43431 7241 6 dermal dermal JJ 43431 7241 7 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 7241 8 have have VBP 43431 7241 9 been be VBN 43431 7241 10 described describe VBN 43431 7241 11 , , , 43431 7241 12 and and CC 43431 7241 13 in in IN 43431 7241 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7241 15 Zeuglodon Zeuglodon NNP 43431 7241 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7241 17 the the DT 43431 7241 18 back back NN 43431 7241 19 was be VBD 43431 7241 20 probably probably RB 43431 7241 21 protected protect VBN 43431 7241 22 by by IN 43431 7241 23 dermal dermal JJ 43431 7241 24 plates plate NNS 43431 7241 25 . . . 43431 7242 1 The the DT 43431 7242 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 7242 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 7242 4 have have VBP 43431 7242 5 the the DT 43431 7242 6 form form NN 43431 7242 7 of of IN 43431 7242 8 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7242 9 paddles paddle NNS 43431 7242 10 , , , 43431 7242 11 showing show VBG 43431 7242 12 no no DT 43431 7242 13 trace trace NN 43431 7242 14 of of IN 43431 7242 15 nails nail NNS 43431 7242 16 , , , 43431 7242 17 the the DT 43431 7242 18 posterior posterior NN 43431 7242 19 limb limb NN 43431 7242 20 bones bone NNS 43431 7242 21 are be VBP 43431 7242 22 quite quite RB 43431 7242 23 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7242 24 or or CC 43431 7242 25 absent absent JJ 43431 7242 26 , , , 43431 7242 27 and and CC 43431 7242 28 there there EX 43431 7242 29 is be VBZ 43431 7242 30 never never RB 43431 7242 31 any any DT 43431 7242 32 external external JJ 43431 7242 33 sign sign NN 43431 7242 34 of of IN 43431 7242 35 the the DT 43431 7242 36 limb limb NN 43431 7242 37 . . . 43431 7243 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 7243 2 are be VBP 43431 7243 3 always always RB 43431 7243 4 present present JJ 43431 7243 5 at at IN 43431 7243 6 some some DT 43431 7243 7 period period NN 43431 7243 8 of of IN 43431 7243 9 the the DT 43431 7243 10 life life NN 43431 7243 11 history history NN 43431 7243 12 , , , 43431 7243 13 but but CC 43431 7243 14 in in IN 43431 7243 15 the the DT 43431 7243 16 whalebone whalebone NN 43431 7243 17 whales whale NNS 43431 7243 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7243 19 are be VBP 43431 7243 20 only only RB 43431 7243 21 present present JJ 43431 7243 22 during during IN 43431 7243 23 foetal foetal JJ 43431 7243 24 life life NN 43431 7243 25 , , , 43431 7243 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7243 27 place place NN 43431 7243 28 in in IN 43431 7243 29 the the DT 43431 7243 30 adult adult NN 43431 7243 31 animal animal NN 43431 7243 32 being be VBG 43431 7243 33 taken take VBN 43431 7243 34 by by IN 43431 7243 35 horny horny JJ 43431 7243 36 plates plate NNS 43431 7243 37 of of IN 43431 7243 38 baleen baleen NN 43431 7243 39 . . . 43431 7244 1 In in IN 43431 7244 2 all all DT 43431 7244 3 living live VBG 43431 7244 4 forms form NNS 43431 7244 5 the the DT 43431 7244 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7244 7 are be VBP 43431 7244 8 simple simple JJ 43431 7244 9 and and CC 43431 7244 10 uniform uniform JJ 43431 7244 11 structures structure NNS 43431 7244 12 without without IN 43431 7244 13 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7244 14 ; ; : 43431 7244 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7244 16 have have VBP 43431 7244 17 single single JJ 43431 7244 18 roots root NNS 43431 7244 19 , , , 43431 7244 20 and and CC 43431 7244 21 the the DT 43431 7244 22 alveoli alveolus NNS 43431 7244 23 in in IN 43431 7244 24 which which WDT 43431 7244 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7244 26 are be VBP 43431 7244 27 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 7244 28 are be VBP 43431 7244 29 often often RB 43431 7244 30 incompletely incompletely RB 43431 7244 31 separated separate VBN 43431 7244 32 from from IN 43431 7244 33 one one CD 43431 7244 34 another another DT 43431 7244 35 . . . 43431 7245 1 As as IN 43431 7245 2 in in IN 43431 7245 3 some some DT 43431 7245 4 forms form NNS 43431 7245 5 traces trace NNS 43431 7245 6 of of IN 43431 7245 7 a a DT 43431 7245 8 replacing replace VBG 43431 7245 9 dentition dentition NN 43431 7245 10 have have VBP 43431 7245 11 been be VBN 43431 7245 12 described describe VBN 43431 7245 13 , , , 43431 7245 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7245 15 has have VBZ 43431 7245 16 been be VBN 43431 7245 17 concluded conclude VBN 43431 7245 18 that that IN 43431 7245 19 the the DT 43431 7245 20 functional functional JJ 43431 7245 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7245 22 of of IN 43431 7245 23 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 7245 24 belong belong VBP 43431 7245 25 to to IN 43431 7245 26 the the DT 43431 7245 27 milk milk NN 43431 7245 28 dentition dentition NN 43431 7245 29 . . . 43431 7246 1 The the DT 43431 7246 2 texture texture NN 43431 7246 3 of of IN 43431 7246 4 the the DT 43431 7246 5 bones bone NNS 43431 7246 6 is be VBZ 43431 7246 7 spongy spongy JJ 43431 7246 8 . . . 43431 7247 1 The the DT 43431 7247 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7247 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7247 4 are be VBP 43431 7247 5 very very RB 43431 7247 6 short short JJ 43431 7247 7 , , , 43431 7247 8 and and CC 43431 7247 9 though though IN 43431 7247 10 originally originally RB 43431 7247 11 seven seven CD 43431 7247 12 in in IN 43431 7247 13 number number NN 43431 7247 14 , , , 43431 7247 15 are be VBP 43431 7247 16 in in IN 43431 7247 17 many many JJ 43431 7247 18 forms form NNS 43431 7247 19 completely completely RB 43431 7247 20 fused fuse VBN 43431 7247 21 , , , 43431 7247 22 forming form VBG 43431 7247 23 one one CD 43431 7247 24 solid solid JJ 43431 7247 25 mass mass NN 43431 7247 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7247 27 fig fig NN 43431 7247 28 . . . 43431 7248 1 67 67 CD 43431 7248 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7248 3 . . . 43431 7249 1 The the DT 43431 7249 2 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 7249 3 process process NN 43431 7249 4 of of IN 43431 7249 5 the the DT 43431 7249 6 axis axis NN 43431 7249 7 is be VBZ 43431 7249 8 short short JJ 43431 7249 9 and and CC 43431 7249 10 blunt blunt JJ 43431 7249 11 , , , 43431 7249 12 or or CC 43431 7249 13 may may MD 43431 7249 14 be be VB 43431 7249 15 completely completely RB 43431 7249 16 wanting want VBG 43431 7249 17 . . . 43431 7250 1 The the DT 43431 7250 2 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7250 3 and and CC 43431 7250 4 caudal caudal JJ 43431 7250 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7250 6 are be VBP 43431 7250 7 large large JJ 43431 7250 8 and and CC 43431 7250 9 numerous numerous JJ 43431 7250 10 , , , 43431 7250 11 and and CC 43431 7250 12 as as IN 43431 7250 13 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 7250 14 are be VBP 43431 7250 15 absent absent JJ 43431 7250 16 , , , 43431 7250 17 are be VBP 43431 7250 18 very very RB 43431 7250 19 freely freely RB 43431 7250 20 movable movable JJ 43431 7250 21 on on IN 43431 7250 22 one one CD 43431 7250 23 another another DT 43431 7250 24 ; ; : 43431 7250 25 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 7250 26 are be VBP 43431 7250 27 also also RB 43431 7250 28 absent absent JJ 43431 7250 29 from from IN 43431 7250 30 the the DT 43431 7250 31 posterior posterior NNP 43431 7250 32 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7250 33 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 7250 34 . . . 43431 7251 1 The the DT 43431 7251 2 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7251 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7251 4 are be VBP 43431 7251 5 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7251 6 more more RBR 43431 7251 7 numerous numerous JJ 43431 7251 8 than than IN 43431 7251 9 the the DT 43431 7251 10 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 7251 11 . . . 43431 7252 1 The the DT 43431 7252 2 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 7252 3 are be VBP 43431 7252 4 very very RB 43431 7252 5 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7252 6 , , , 43431 7252 7 and and CC 43431 7252 8 do do VBP 43431 7252 9 not not RB 43431 7252 10 unite unite VB 43431 7252 11 with with IN 43431 7252 12 the the DT 43431 7252 13 centra centra NN 43431 7252 14 till till IN 43431 7252 15 the the DT 43431 7252 16 animal animal NN 43431 7252 17 is be VBZ 43431 7252 18 quite quite RB 43431 7252 19 adult adult NN 43431 7252 20 . . . 43431 7253 1 None none NN 43431 7253 2 of of IN 43431 7253 3 the the DT 43431 7253 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7253 5 are be VBP 43431 7253 6 united united JJ 43431 7253 7 to to TO 43431 7253 8 form form VB 43431 7253 9 a a DT 43431 7253 10 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 7253 11 , , , 43431 7253 12 but but CC 43431 7253 13 the the DT 43431 7253 14 caudal caudal JJ 43431 7253 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7253 16 have have VBP 43431 7253 17 large large JJ 43431 7253 18 chevron chevron NN 43431 7253 19 bones bone NNS 43431 7253 20 . . . 43431 7254 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7254 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7254 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7254 4 . . . 43431 7255 1 67 67 CD 43431 7255 2 . . . 43431 7256 1 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 7256 2 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 7256 3 OF of IN 43431 7256 4 A a DT 43431 7256 5 CA'ING CA'ING NNP 43431 7256 6 WHALE WHALE NNP 43431 7256 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7256 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7256 9 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 7256 10 melas mela NNS 43431 7256 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7256 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7256 13 à à NNP 43431 7256 14 � � NNP 43431 7256 15 1/4 1/4 CD 43431 7256 16 . . . 43431 7257 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7257 2 Camb camb NN 43431 7257 3 . . . 43431 7258 1 Mus mus NN 43431 7258 2 . . . 43431 7258 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7259 1 1 1 LS 43431 7259 2 . . . 43431 7259 3 centrum centrum NN 43431 7259 4 of of IN 43431 7259 5 seventh seventh JJ 43431 7259 6 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7259 7 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7259 8 . . . 43431 7260 1 2 2 LS 43431 7260 2 . . . 43431 7260 3 neural neural JJ 43431 7260 4 arch arch NN 43431 7260 5 of of IN 43431 7260 6 seventh seventh JJ 43431 7260 7 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7260 8 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 7260 9 . . . 43431 7261 1 3 3 LS 43431 7261 2 . . . 43431 7261 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7261 4 process process NN 43431 7261 5 of of IN 43431 7261 6 atlas atlas NNP 43431 7261 7 . . . 43431 7262 1 4 4 LS 43431 7262 2 . . . 43431 7262 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7262 4 for for IN 43431 7262 5 exit exit NN 43431 7262 6 of of IN 43431 7262 7 first first JJ 43431 7262 8 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7262 9 nerve nerve NN 43431 7262 10 . . . 43431 7263 1 5 5 LS 43431 7263 2 . . . 43431 7263 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7263 4 process process NN 43431 7263 5 of of IN 43431 7263 6 axis axis NNP 43431 7263 7 . . . 43431 7264 1 6 6 CD 43431 7264 2 . . . 43431 7264 3 fused fuse VBN 43431 7264 4 neural neural JJ 43431 7264 5 spines spine NNS 43431 7264 6 of of IN 43431 7264 7 atlas atlas NNP 43431 7264 8 and and CC 43431 7264 9 axis axi NNS 43431 7264 10 . . . 43431 7264 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7265 1 The the DT 43431 7265 2 skull skull NN 43431 7265 3 is be VBZ 43431 7265 4 peculiarly peculiarly RB 43431 7265 5 modified modify VBN 43431 7265 6 ; ; : 43431 7265 7 the the DT 43431 7265 8 bones bone NNS 43431 7265 9 forming form VBG 43431 7265 10 the the DT 43431 7265 11 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7265 12 segment segment NN 43431 7265 13 show show VBP 43431 7265 14 a a DT 43431 7265 15 specially specially RB 43431 7265 16 strong strong JJ 43431 7265 17 development development NN 43431 7265 18 , , , 43431 7265 19 and and CC 43431 7265 20 the the DT 43431 7265 21 cranial cranial JJ 43431 7265 22 cavity cavity NN 43431 7265 23 is be VBZ 43431 7265 24 short short JJ 43431 7265 25 , , , 43431 7265 26 high high JJ 43431 7265 27 , , , 43431 7265 28 and and CC 43431 7265 29 almost almost RB 43431 7265 30 spherical spherical JJ 43431 7265 31 . . . 43431 7266 1 The the DT 43431 7266 2 supra supra NN 43431 7266 3 - - HYPH 43431 7266 4 occipital occipital NN 43431 7266 5 is be VBZ 43431 7266 6 very very RB 43431 7266 7 large large JJ 43431 7266 8 and and CC 43431 7266 9 rises rise VBZ 43431 7266 10 up up RP 43431 7266 11 to to TO 43431 7266 12 meet meet VB 43431 7266 13 the the DT 43431 7266 14 frontals frontal NNS 43431 7266 15 , , , 43431 7266 16 thus thus RB 43431 7266 17 with with IN 43431 7266 18 the the DT 43431 7266 19 interparietal interparietal NN 43431 7266 20 completely completely RB 43431 7266 21 separating separate VBG 43431 7266 22 the the DT 43431 7266 23 parietals parietal NNS 43431 7266 24 from from IN 43431 7266 25 one one CD 43431 7266 26 another another DT 43431 7266 27 . . . 43431 7267 1 The the DT 43431 7267 2 frontals frontal NNS 43431 7267 3 are be VBP 43431 7267 4 expanded expand VBN 43431 7267 5 , , , 43431 7267 6 forming form VBG 43431 7267 7 large large JJ 43431 7267 8 bony bony NN 43431 7267 9 plates plate NNS 43431 7267 10 , , , 43431 7267 11 which which WDT 43431 7267 12 roof roof VBP 43431 7267 13 over over IN 43431 7267 14 the the DT 43431 7267 15 orbits orbit NNS 43431 7267 16 . . . 43431 7268 1 The the DT 43431 7268 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 7268 3 process process NN 43431 7268 4 of of IN 43431 7268 5 the the DT 43431 7268 6 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 7268 7 is be VBZ 43431 7268 8 extremely extremely RB 43431 7268 9 large large JJ 43431 7268 10 and and CC 43431 7268 11 extends extend VBZ 43431 7268 12 forwards forwards RB 43431 7268 13 to to TO 43431 7268 14 meet meet VB 43431 7268 15 the the DT 43431 7268 16 supra supra NNP 43431 7268 17 - - HYPH 43431 7268 18 orbital orbital JJ 43431 7268 19 process process NN 43431 7268 20 of of IN 43431 7268 21 the the DT 43431 7268 22 frontal frontal NN 43431 7268 23 ; ; : 43431 7268 24 the the DT 43431 7268 25 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 7268 26 process process NN 43431 7268 27 of of IN 43431 7268 28 the the DT 43431 7268 29 jugal jugal NN 43431 7268 30 is be VBZ 43431 7268 31 on on IN 43431 7268 32 the the DT 43431 7268 33 contrary contrary NN 43431 7268 34 very very RB 43431 7268 35 slender slender NN 43431 7268 36 . . . 43431 7269 1 The the DT 43431 7269 2 face face NN 43431 7269 3 is be VBZ 43431 7269 4 drawn draw VBN 43431 7269 5 out out RP 43431 7269 6 into into IN 43431 7269 7 a a DT 43431 7269 8 long long JJ 43431 7269 9 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 7269 10 , , , 43431 7269 11 formed form VBN 43431 7269 12 of of IN 43431 7269 13 the the DT 43431 7269 14 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 7269 15 and and CC 43431 7269 16 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 7269 17 surrounding surround VBG 43431 7269 18 the the DT 43431 7269 19 vomer vomer NN 43431 7269 20 and and CC 43431 7269 21 the the DT 43431 7269 22 mesethmoid mesethmoid JJ 43431 7269 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7269 24 . . . 43431 7270 1 The the DT 43431 7270 2 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 7270 3 are be VBP 43431 7270 4 specially specially RB 43431 7270 5 large large JJ 43431 7270 6 , , , 43431 7270 7 and and CC 43431 7270 8 extend extend VB 43431 7270 9 backwards backwards RB 43431 7270 10 so so IN 43431 7270 11 as as IN 43431 7270 12 to to TO 43431 7270 13 partially partially RB 43431 7270 14 overlap overlap VB 43431 7270 15 the the DT 43431 7270 16 frontals frontal NNS 43431 7270 17 . . . 43431 7271 1 The the DT 43431 7271 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 7271 3 are be VBP 43431 7271 4 always always RB 43431 7271 5 small small JJ 43431 7271 6 , , , 43431 7271 7 and and CC 43431 7271 8 the the DT 43431 7271 9 anterior anterior NN 43431 7271 10 nares nare VBZ 43431 7271 11 open open JJ 43431 7271 12 upwards upwards RB 43431 7271 13 between between IN 43431 7271 14 the the DT 43431 7271 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 7271 16 and and CC 43431 7271 17 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 7271 18 . . . 43431 7272 1 The the DT 43431 7272 2 periotics periotic NNS 43431 7272 3 are be VBP 43431 7272 4 loosely loosely RB 43431 7272 5 connected connect VBN 43431 7272 6 with with IN 43431 7272 7 the the DT 43431 7272 8 other other JJ 43431 7272 9 bones bone NNS 43431 7272 10 of of IN 43431 7272 11 the the DT 43431 7272 12 skull skull NN 43431 7272 13 and and CC 43431 7272 14 the the DT 43431 7272 15 tympanics tympanic NNS 43431 7272 16 are be VBP 43431 7272 17 commonly commonly RB 43431 7272 18 large large JJ 43431 7272 19 and and CC 43431 7272 20 dense dense JJ 43431 7272 21 . . . 43431 7273 1 The the DT 43431 7273 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 7273 3 has have VBZ 43431 7273 4 hardly hardly RB 43431 7273 5 any any DT 43431 7273 6 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 7273 7 process process NN 43431 7273 8 , , , 43431 7273 9 and and CC 43431 7273 10 the the DT 43431 7273 11 condyles condyle NNS 43431 7273 12 are be VBP 43431 7273 13 at at IN 43431 7273 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7273 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 7273 16 end end NN 43431 7273 17 . . . 43431 7274 1 There there EX 43431 7274 2 are be VBP 43431 7274 3 no no DT 43431 7274 4 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7274 5 , , , 43431 7274 6 but but CC 43431 7274 7 the the DT 43431 7274 8 scapula scapula NN 43431 7274 9 and and CC 43431 7274 10 humerus humerus NNP 43431 7274 11 are be VBP 43431 7274 12 well well RB 43431 7274 13 developed developed JJ 43431 7274 14 . . . 43431 7275 1 The the DT 43431 7275 2 humerus humerus JJ 43431 7275 3 moves move VBZ 43431 7275 4 freely freely RB 43431 7275 5 in in IN 43431 7275 6 the the DT 43431 7275 7 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 7275 8 cavity cavity NN 43431 7275 9 , , , 43431 7275 10 but but CC 43431 7275 11 all all PDT 43431 7275 12 the the DT 43431 7275 13 other other JJ 43431 7275 14 articulations articulation NNS 43431 7275 15 of of IN 43431 7275 16 the the DT 43431 7275 17 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7275 18 limb limb NN 43431 7275 19 are be VBP 43431 7275 20 imperfect imperfect JJ 43431 7275 21 ; ; : 43431 7275 22 the the DT 43431 7275 23 various various JJ 43431 7275 24 bones bone NNS 43431 7275 25 have have VBP 43431 7275 26 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7275 27 ends end NNS 43431 7275 28 , , , 43431 7275 29 and and CC 43431 7275 30 are be VBP 43431 7275 31 connected connect VBN 43431 7275 32 with with IN 43431 7275 33 one one CD 43431 7275 34 another another DT 43431 7275 35 by by IN 43431 7275 36 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 7275 37 tissue tissue NN 43431 7275 38 , , , 43431 7275 39 which which WDT 43431 7275 40 allows allow VBZ 43431 7275 41 of of IN 43431 7275 42 hardly hardly RB 43431 7275 43 any any DT 43431 7275 44 movement movement NN 43431 7275 45 . . . 43431 7276 1 Frequently frequently RB 43431 7276 2 the the DT 43431 7276 3 carpus carpus NN 43431 7276 4 is be VBZ 43431 7276 5 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 7276 6 ossified ossified JJ 43431 7276 7 . . . 43431 7277 1 The the DT 43431 7277 2 number number NN 43431 7277 3 of of IN 43431 7277 4 digits digit NNS 43431 7277 5 in in IN 43431 7277 6 the the DT 43431 7277 7 manus manus NN 43431 7277 8 is be VBZ 43431 7277 9 generally generally RB 43431 7277 10 five five CD 43431 7277 11 , , , 43431 7277 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7277 13 four four CD 43431 7277 14 , , , 43431 7277 15 and and CC 43431 7277 16 when when WRB 43431 7277 17 there there EX 43431 7277 18 are be VBP 43431 7277 19 four four CD 43431 7277 20 digits digit NNS 43431 7277 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7277 22 is be VBZ 43431 7277 23 the the DT 43431 7277 24 third third JJ 43431 7277 25 and and CC 43431 7277 26 not not RB 43431 7277 27 the the DT 43431 7277 28 first first JJ 43431 7277 29 that that WDT 43431 7277 30 is be VBZ 43431 7277 31 suppressed suppress VBN 43431 7277 32 . . . 43431 7278 1 The the DT 43431 7278 2 number number NN 43431 7278 3 of of IN 43431 7278 4 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7278 5 in in IN 43431 7278 6 the the DT 43431 7278 7 second second JJ 43431 7278 8 and and CC 43431 7278 9 third third JJ 43431 7278 10 digits digit VBZ 43431 7278 11 almost almost RB 43431 7278 12 always always RB 43431 7278 13 exceeds exceed VBZ 43431 7278 14 that that IN 43431 7278 15 which which WDT 43431 7278 16 is be VBZ 43431 7278 17 normal normal JJ 43431 7278 18 in in IN 43431 7278 19 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7278 20 , , , 43431 7278 21 and and CC 43431 7278 22 the the DT 43431 7278 23 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7278 24 are be VBP 43431 7278 25 also also RB 43431 7278 26 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 7278 27 for for IN 43431 7278 28 having have VBG 43431 7278 29 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 7278 30 at at IN 43431 7278 31 both both DT 43431 7278 32 ends end NNS 43431 7278 33 . . . 43431 7279 1 The the DT 43431 7279 2 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 7279 3 is be VBZ 43431 7279 4 represented represent VBN 43431 7279 5 by by IN 43431 7279 6 two two CD 43431 7279 7 small small JJ 43431 7279 8 bones bone NNS 43431 7279 9 which which WDT 43431 7279 10 lie lie VBP 43431 7279 11 suspended suspend VBN 43431 7279 12 horizontally horizontally RB 43431 7279 13 at at IN 43431 7279 14 some some DT 43431 7279 15 distance distance NN 43431 7279 16 below below IN 43431 7279 17 the the DT 43431 7279 18 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7279 19 column column NN 43431 7279 20 ; ; : 43431 7279 21 in in IN 43431 7279 22 some some DT 43431 7279 23 cases case NNS 43431 7279 24 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 7279 25 of of IN 43431 7279 26 the the DT 43431 7279 27 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7279 28 of of IN 43431 7279 29 the the DT 43431 7279 30 hind hind NN 43431 7279 31 limb limb NN 43431 7279 32 are be VBP 43431 7279 33 attached attach VBN 43431 7279 34 to to IN 43431 7279 35 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7279 36 . . . 43431 7280 1 The the DT 43431 7280 2 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 7280 3 are be VBP 43431 7280 4 divided divide VBN 43431 7280 5 into into IN 43431 7280 6 three three CD 43431 7280 7 suborders suborder NNS 43431 7280 8 . . . 43431 7281 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7281 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7281 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7281 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7281 5 1 1 CD 43431 7281 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7281 7 . . . 43431 7282 1 ARCHAEOCETI ARCHAEOCETI NNP 43431 7282 2 . . . 43431 7283 1 The the DT 43431 7283 2 members member NNS 43431 7283 3 of of IN 43431 7283 4 this this DT 43431 7283 5 group group NN 43431 7283 6 are be VBP 43431 7283 7 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7283 8 ; ; : 43431 7283 9 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7283 10 differ differ VBP 43431 7283 11 from from IN 43431 7283 12 all all DT 43431 7283 13 living live VBG 43431 7283 14 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 7283 15 in in IN 43431 7283 16 having have VBG 43431 7283 17 the the DT 43431 7283 18 dentition dentition NN 43431 7283 19 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 7283 20 and and CC 43431 7283 21 in in IN 43431 7283 22 the the DT 43431 7283 23 fact fact NN 43431 7283 24 that that IN 43431 7283 25 the the DT 43431 7283 26 back back NN 43431 7283 27 was be VBD 43431 7283 28 probably probably RB 43431 7283 29 protected protect VBN 43431 7283 30 by by IN 43431 7283 31 dermal dermal JJ 43431 7283 32 plates plate NNS 43431 7283 33 . . . 43431 7284 1 The the DT 43431 7284 2 skull skull NN 43431 7284 3 is be VBZ 43431 7284 4 elongated elongate VBN 43431 7284 5 and and CC 43431 7284 6 depressed depressed JJ 43431 7284 7 , , , 43431 7284 8 and and CC 43431 7284 9 the the DT 43431 7284 10 brain brain NN 43431 7284 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 7284 12 is be VBZ 43431 7284 13 very very RB 43431 7284 14 small small JJ 43431 7284 15 . . . 43431 7285 1 The the DT 43431 7285 2 temporal temporal JJ 43431 7285 3 fossae fossae NN 43431 7285 4 are be VBP 43431 7285 5 large large JJ 43431 7285 6 , , , 43431 7285 7 and and CC 43431 7285 8 there there EX 43431 7285 9 is be VBZ 43431 7285 10 a a DT 43431 7285 11 strong strong JJ 43431 7285 12 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 7285 13 crest crest NN 43431 7285 14 . . . 43431 7286 1 The the DT 43431 7286 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 7286 3 and and CC 43431 7286 4 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 7286 5 are be VBP 43431 7286 6 a a DT 43431 7286 7 good good JJ 43431 7286 8 deal deal NN 43431 7286 9 larger large JJR 43431 7286 10 than than IN 43431 7286 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7286 12 are be VBP 43431 7286 13 in in IN 43431 7286 14 living live VBG 43431 7286 15 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 7286 16 , , , 43431 7286 17 and and CC 43431 7286 18 the the DT 43431 7286 19 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7286 20 nares naris NNS 43431 7286 21 are be VBP 43431 7286 22 usually usually RB 43431 7286 23 far far RB 43431 7286 24 forward forward RB 43431 7286 25 . . . 43431 7287 1 The the DT 43431 7287 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7287 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7287 4 are be VBP 43431 7287 5 not not RB 43431 7287 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 7287 7 with with IN 43431 7287 8 one one CD 43431 7287 9 another another DT 43431 7287 10 , , , 43431 7287 11 and and CC 43431 7287 12 the the DT 43431 7287 13 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 7287 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7287 15 are be VBP 43431 7287 16 unusually unusually RB 43431 7287 17 elongated elongate VBN 43431 7287 18 . . . 43431 7288 1 The the DT 43431 7288 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 7288 3 are be VBP 43431 7288 4 very very RB 43431 7288 5 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 7288 6 known know VBN 43431 7288 7 , , , 43431 7288 8 but but CC 43431 7288 9 while while IN 43431 7288 10 the the DT 43431 7288 11 humerus humerus NN 43431 7288 12 is be VBZ 43431 7288 13 much much RB 43431 7288 14 longer long JJR 43431 7288 15 than than IN 43431 7288 16 in in IN 43431 7288 17 modern modern JJ 43431 7288 18 Cetaceans Cetaceans NNPS 43431 7288 19 , , , 43431 7288 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7288 21 is be VBZ 43431 7288 22 nevertheless nevertheless RB 43431 7288 23 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7288 24 distally distally RB 43431 7288 25 , , , 43431 7288 26 indicating indicate VBG 43431 7288 27 that that IN 43431 7288 28 the the DT 43431 7288 29 limb limb NN 43431 7288 30 was be VBD 43431 7288 31 paddle paddle NN 43431 7288 32 - - HYPH 43431 7288 33 like like JJ 43431 7288 34 , , , 43431 7288 35 and and CC 43431 7288 36 that that IN 43431 7288 37 there there EX 43431 7288 38 was be VBD 43431 7288 39 scarcely scarcely RB 43431 7288 40 any any DT 43431 7288 41 free free JJ 43431 7288 42 movement movement NN 43431 7288 43 between between IN 43431 7288 44 the the DT 43431 7288 45 fore fore NN 43431 7288 46 - - HYPH 43431 7288 47 arm arm NN 43431 7288 48 and and CC 43431 7288 49 upper upper JJ 43431 7288 50 arm arm NN 43431 7288 51 . . . 43431 7289 1 The the DT 43431 7289 2 best well RBS 43431 7289 3 known known JJ 43431 7289 4 genus genus NN 43431 7289 5 is be VBZ 43431 7289 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7289 7 Zeuglodon Zeuglodon NNP 43431 7289 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7289 9 , , , 43431 7289 10 which which WDT 43431 7289 11 is be VBZ 43431 7289 12 found find VBN 43431 7289 13 in in IN 43431 7289 14 beds bed NNS 43431 7289 15 of of IN 43431 7289 16 Eocene Eocene NNP 43431 7289 17 age age NN 43431 7289 18 in in IN 43431 7289 19 various various JJ 43431 7289 20 parts part NNS 43431 7289 21 of of IN 43431 7289 22 Europe Europe NNP 43431 7289 23 , , , 43431 7289 24 and and CC 43431 7289 25 in in IN 43431 7289 26 Alabama Alabama NNP 43431 7289 27 . . . 43431 7290 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7290 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7290 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7290 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7290 5 2 2 CD 43431 7290 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7290 7 . . . 43431 7291 1 MYSTACOCETI MYSTACOCETI NNP 43431 7291 2 OR or CC 43431 7291 3 BALAENOIDEA BALAENOIDEA NNP 43431 7291 4 . . . 43431 7292 1 These these DT 43431 7292 2 are be VBP 43431 7292 3 the the DT 43431 7292 4 Whalebone Whalebone NNP 43431 7292 5 Whales Whales NNPS 43431 7292 6 or or CC 43431 7292 7 True true JJ 43431 7292 8 Whales whale NNS 43431 7292 9 . . . 43431 7293 1 Calcified calcified JJ 43431 7293 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7293 3 representing represent VBG 43431 7293 4 the the DT 43431 7293 5 milk milk NN 43431 7293 6 dentition dentition NN 43431 7293 7 occur occur VB 43431 7293 8 in in IN 43431 7293 9 the the DT 43431 7293 10 foetus foetus NN 43431 7293 11 , , , 43431 7293 12 but but CC 43431 7293 13 the the DT 43431 7293 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7293 15 are be VBP 43431 7293 16 never never RB 43431 7293 17 functional functional JJ 43431 7293 18 , , , 43431 7293 19 and and CC 43431 7293 20 always always RB 43431 7293 21 disappear disappear VB 43431 7293 22 before before IN 43431 7293 23 the the DT 43431 7293 24 close close NN 43431 7293 25 of of IN 43431 7293 26 foetal foetal JJ 43431 7293 27 life life NN 43431 7293 28 . . . 43431 7294 1 There there EX 43431 7294 2 is be VBZ 43431 7294 3 a a DT 43431 7294 4 definite definite NN 43431 7294 5 though though IN 43431 7294 6 small small JJ 43431 7294 7 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 7294 8 fossa fossa NN 43431 7294 9 . . . 43431 7295 1 The the DT 43431 7295 2 palate palate NN 43431 7295 3 is be VBZ 43431 7295 4 provided provide VBN 43431 7295 5 with with IN 43431 7295 6 plates plate NNS 43431 7295 7 of of IN 43431 7295 8 baleen baleen NN 43431 7295 9 or or CC 43431 7295 10 whalebone whalebone NN 43431 7295 11 . . . 43431 7296 1 The the DT 43431 7296 2 skull skull NN 43431 7296 3 is be VBZ 43431 7296 4 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 7296 5 , , , 43431 7296 6 and and CC 43431 7296 7 is be VBZ 43431 7296 8 extremely extremely RB 43431 7296 9 large large JJ 43431 7296 10 in in IN 43431 7296 11 proportion proportion NN 43431 7296 12 to to IN 43431 7296 13 the the DT 43431 7296 14 body body NN 43431 7296 15 . . . 43431 7297 1 The the DT 43431 7297 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 7297 3 are be VBP 43431 7297 4 moderately moderately RB 43431 7297 5 well well RB 43431 7297 6 developed developed JJ 43431 7297 7 , , , 43431 7297 8 and and CC 43431 7297 9 the the DT 43431 7297 10 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 7297 11 do do VBP 43431 7297 12 not not RB 43431 7297 13 overlap overlap VB 43431 7297 14 the the DT 43431 7297 15 orbital orbital JJ 43431 7297 16 processes process NNS 43431 7297 17 of of IN 43431 7297 18 the the DT 43431 7297 19 frontals frontal NNS 43431 7297 20 . . . 43431 7298 1 The the DT 43431 7298 2 lachrymals lachrymal NNS 43431 7298 3 are be VBP 43431 7298 4 small small JJ 43431 7298 5 and and CC 43431 7298 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7298 7 from from IN 43431 7298 8 the the DT 43431 7298 9 jugals jugal NNS 43431 7298 10 . . . 43431 7299 1 The the DT 43431 7299 2 tympanics tympanic NNS 43431 7299 3 are be VBP 43431 7299 4 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 7299 5 to to IN 43431 7299 6 the the DT 43431 7299 7 periotics periotic NNS 43431 7299 8 , , , 43431 7299 9 and and CC 43431 7299 10 the the DT 43431 7299 11 rami rami NN 43431 7299 12 of of IN 43431 7299 13 the the DT 43431 7299 14 mandible mandible NN 43431 7299 15 do do VBP 43431 7299 16 not not RB 43431 7299 17 meet meet VB 43431 7299 18 in in IN 43431 7299 19 a a DT 43431 7299 20 true true JJ 43431 7299 21 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7299 22 . . . 43431 7300 1 The the DT 43431 7300 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 7300 3 articulate articulate NN 43431 7300 4 only only RB 43431 7300 5 with with IN 43431 7300 6 the the DT 43431 7300 7 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7300 8 processes process NNS 43431 7300 9 , , , 43431 7300 10 and and CC 43431 7300 11 the the DT 43431 7300 12 capitula capitula NN 43431 7300 13 are be VBP 43431 7300 14 absent absent JJ 43431 7300 15 or or CC 43431 7300 16 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 7300 17 developed develop VBN 43431 7300 18 . . . 43431 7301 1 Only only RB 43431 7301 2 one one CD 43431 7301 3 pair pair NN 43431 7301 4 of of IN 43431 7301 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 7301 6 meets meet VBZ 43431 7301 7 the the DT 43431 7301 8 sternum sternum NN 43431 7301 9 , , , 43431 7301 10 which which WDT 43431 7301 11 is be VBZ 43431 7301 12 composed compose VBN 43431 7301 13 of of IN 43431 7301 14 a a DT 43431 7301 15 single single JJ 43431 7301 16 piece piece NN 43431 7301 17 . . . 43431 7302 1 The the DT 43431 7302 2 group group NN 43431 7302 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7302 4 among among IN 43431 7302 5 others other NNS 43431 7302 6 the the DT 43431 7302 7 Right right JJ 43431 7302 8 whale whale NN 43431 7302 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7302 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7302 11 Balaena Balaena NNP 43431 7302 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7302 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7302 14 , , , 43431 7302 15 Humpbacked humpbacked JJ 43431 7302 16 whale whale NN 43431 7302 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7302 18 _ _ NNP 43431 7302 19 Megaptera Megaptera NNP 43431 7302 20 _ _ NNP 43431 7302 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7302 22 , , , 43431 7302 23 and and CC 43431 7302 24 Rorqual Rorqual NNP 43431 7302 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7302 26 _ _ NNP 43431 7302 27 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 7302 28 _ _ NNP 43431 7302 29 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7302 30 . . . 43431 7303 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7303 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7303 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7303 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7303 5 3 3 CD 43431 7303 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7303 7 . . . 43431 7304 1 ODONTOCETI ODONTOCETI NNP 43431 7304 2 . . . 43431 7305 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 7305 2 always always RB 43431 7305 3 exist exist VBP 43431 7305 4 after after IN 43431 7305 5 birth birth NN 43431 7305 6 and and CC 43431 7305 7 baleen baleen NN 43431 7305 8 is be VBZ 43431 7305 9 never never RB 43431 7305 10 present present JJ 43431 7305 11 . . . 43431 7306 1 The the DT 43431 7306 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7306 3 are be VBP 43431 7306 4 generally generally RB 43431 7306 5 numerous numerous JJ 43431 7306 6 , , , 43431 7306 7 but but CC 43431 7306 8 are be VBP 43431 7306 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7306 10 few few JJ 43431 7306 11 and and CC 43431 7306 12 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 7306 13 ; ; : 43431 7306 14 the the DT 43431 7306 15 dentition dentition NN 43431 7306 16 is be VBZ 43431 7306 17 homodont homodont JJ 43431 7306 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7306 19 except except IN 43431 7306 20 in in IN 43431 7306 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7306 22 Squalodon Squalodon NNP 43431 7306 23 _ _ NNP 43431 7306 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7306 25 . . . 43431 7307 1 The the DT 43431 7307 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 7307 3 surface surface NN 43431 7307 4 of of IN 43431 7307 5 the the DT 43431 7307 6 skull skull NN 43431 7307 7 is be VBZ 43431 7307 8 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 7307 9 asymmetrical asymmetrical JJ 43431 7307 10 , , , 43431 7307 11 there there EX 43431 7307 12 is be VBZ 43431 7307 13 no no DT 43431 7307 14 trace trace NN 43431 7307 15 of of IN 43431 7307 16 an an DT 43431 7307 17 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 7307 18 fossa fossa NN 43431 7307 19 , , , 43431 7307 20 the the DT 43431 7307 21 nasals nasal NNS 43431 7307 22 are be VBP 43431 7307 23 quite quite RB 43431 7307 24 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 7307 25 , , , 43431 7307 26 and and CC 43431 7307 27 the the DT 43431 7307 28 hind hind JJ 43431 7307 29 ends end NNS 43431 7307 30 of of IN 43431 7307 31 the the DT 43431 7307 32 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 7307 33 cover cover VBP 43431 7307 34 part part NN 43431 7307 35 of of IN 43431 7307 36 the the DT 43431 7307 37 frontals frontal NNS 43431 7307 38 ; ; : 43431 7307 39 in in IN 43431 7307 40 all all PDT 43431 7307 41 these these DT 43431 7307 42 respects respect NNS 43431 7307 43 the the DT 43431 7307 44 skull skull NN 43431 7307 45 differs differ VBZ 43431 7307 46 from from IN 43431 7307 47 that that DT 43431 7307 48 of of IN 43431 7307 49 the the DT 43431 7307 50 Mystacoceti Mystacoceti NNP 43431 7307 51 . . . 43431 7308 1 The the DT 43431 7308 2 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 7308 3 may may MD 43431 7308 4 either either CC 43431 7308 5 be be VB 43431 7308 6 united united JJ 43431 7308 7 to to IN 43431 7308 8 the the DT 43431 7308 9 jugal jugal NN 43431 7308 10 or or CC 43431 7308 11 may may MD 43431 7308 12 be be VB 43431 7308 13 large large JJ 43431 7308 14 and and CC 43431 7308 15 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7308 16 . . . 43431 7309 1 The the DT 43431 7309 2 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 7309 3 is be VBZ 43431 7309 4 not not RB 43431 7309 5 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 7309 6 to to IN 43431 7309 7 the the DT 43431 7309 8 periotic periotic NN 43431 7309 9 . . . 43431 7310 1 The the DT 43431 7310 2 rami rami NN 43431 7310 3 of of IN 43431 7310 4 the the DT 43431 7310 5 mandible mandible JJ 43431 7310 6 are be VBP 43431 7310 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 7310 8 straight straight JJ 43431 7310 9 and and CC 43431 7310 10 become become VB 43431 7310 11 united united JJ 43431 7310 12 in in IN 43431 7310 13 a a DT 43431 7310 14 long long JJ 43431 7310 15 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7310 16 . . . 43431 7311 1 Some some DT 43431 7311 2 of of IN 43431 7311 3 the the DT 43431 7311 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 7311 5 have have VBP 43431 7311 6 well well RB 43431 7311 7 developed develop VBN 43431 7311 8 capitula capitula NN 43431 7311 9 articulating articulating NN 43431 7311 10 with with IN 43431 7311 11 the the DT 43431 7311 12 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7311 13 centra centra NN 43431 7311 14 . . . 43431 7312 1 The the DT 43431 7312 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 7312 3 is be VBZ 43431 7312 4 almost almost RB 43431 7312 5 always always RB 43431 7312 6 composed compose VBN 43431 7312 7 of of IN 43431 7312 8 several several JJ 43431 7312 9 pieces piece NNS 43431 7312 10 as as IN 43431 7312 11 in in IN 43431 7312 12 other other JJ 43431 7312 13 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7312 14 , , , 43431 7312 15 and and CC 43431 7312 16 several several JJ 43431 7312 17 pairs pair NNS 43431 7312 18 of of IN 43431 7312 19 ribs rib NNS 43431 7312 20 are be VBP 43431 7312 21 connected connect VBN 43431 7312 22 with with IN 43431 7312 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7312 24 . . . 43431 7313 1 There there EX 43431 7313 2 are be VBP 43431 7313 3 always always RB 43431 7313 4 five five CD 43431 7313 5 digits digit NNS 43431 7313 6 to to IN 43431 7313 7 the the DT 43431 7313 8 manus manus NN 43431 7313 9 , , , 43431 7313 10 though though IN 43431 7313 11 the the DT 43431 7313 12 first first JJ 43431 7313 13 and and CC 43431 7313 14 fifth fifth JJ 43431 7313 15 are be VBP 43431 7313 16 usually usually RB 43431 7313 17 very very RB 43431 7313 18 little little RB 43431 7313 19 developed developed JJ 43431 7313 20 . . . 43431 7314 1 The the DT 43431 7314 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 7314 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7314 4 the the DT 43431 7314 5 Sperm Sperm NNP 43431 7314 6 Whale Whale NNP 43431 7314 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7314 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 9 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 7314 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7314 12 , , , 43431 7314 13 Narwhal Narwhal NNP 43431 7314 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7314 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 16 Monodon Monodon NNP 43431 7314 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7314 19 , , , 43431 7314 20 Dolphin Dolphin NNP 43431 7314 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7314 22 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 23 Delphinus Delphinus NNP 43431 7314 24 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7314 26 , , , 43431 7314 27 Porpoise porpoise NN 43431 7314 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7314 29 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 30 Phocoena Phocoena NNP 43431 7314 31 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7314 33 , , , 43431 7314 34 and and CC 43431 7314 35 many many JJ 43431 7314 36 other other JJ 43431 7314 37 living live VBG 43431 7314 38 forms form NNS 43431 7314 39 as as RB 43431 7314 40 well well RB 43431 7314 41 as as IN 43431 7314 42 the the DT 43431 7314 43 extinct extinct NN 43431 7314 44 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 45 Squalodon Squalodon NNP 43431 7314 46 _ _ NNP 43431 7314 47 which which WDT 43431 7314 48 differs differ VBZ 43431 7314 49 from from IN 43431 7314 50 the the DT 43431 7314 51 other other JJ 43431 7314 52 members member NNS 43431 7314 53 of of IN 43431 7314 54 the the DT 43431 7314 55 suborder suborder NN 43431 7314 56 in in IN 43431 7314 57 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7314 58 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 7314 59 dentition dentition NN 43431 7314 60 . . . 43431 7315 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7315 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7315 3 4 4 CD 43431 7315 4 . . . 43431 7315 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7315 6 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 7315 7 . . . 43431 7316 1 This this DT 43431 7316 2 order order NN 43431 7316 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7316 4 a a DT 43431 7316 5 great great JJ 43431 7316 6 and and CC 43431 7316 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 7316 8 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ 43431 7316 9 group group NN 43431 7316 10 of of IN 43431 7316 11 animals animal NNS 43431 7316 12 , , , 43431 7316 13 a a DT 43431 7316 14 large large JJ 43431 7316 15 proportion proportion NN 43431 7316 16 of of IN 43431 7316 17 which which WDT 43431 7316 18 are be VBP 43431 7316 19 extinct extinct VBN 43431 7316 20 . . . 43431 7317 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7317 2 all all DT 43431 7317 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7317 4 except except IN 43431 7317 5 certain certain JJ 43431 7317 6 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7317 7 forms form NNS 43431 7317 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7317 9 agree agree VBP 43431 7317 10 in in IN 43431 7317 11 having have VBG 43431 7317 12 the the DT 43431 7317 13 ends end NNS 43431 7317 14 of of IN 43431 7317 15 the the DT 43431 7317 16 digits digit NNS 43431 7317 17 either either CC 43431 7317 18 encased encase VBN 43431 7317 19 in in IN 43431 7317 20 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 7317 21 or or CC 43431 7317 22 provided provide VBN 43431 7317 23 with with IN 43431 7317 24 broad broad JJ 43431 7317 25 flat flat JJ 43431 7317 26 nails nail NNS 43431 7317 27 . . . 43431 7318 1 The the DT 43431 7318 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7318 3 are be VBP 43431 7318 4 markedly markedly RB 43431 7318 5 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 7318 6 and and CC 43431 7318 7 diphyodont diphyodont JJ 43431 7318 8 , , , 43431 7318 9 and and CC 43431 7318 10 the the DT 43431 7318 11 molars molar NNS 43431 7318 12 have have VBP 43431 7318 13 broad broad JJ 43431 7318 14 crowns crown NNS 43431 7318 15 with with IN 43431 7318 16 tuberculated tuberculated JJ 43431 7318 17 or or CC 43431 7318 18 ridged ridge VBN 43431 7318 19 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7318 20 . . . 43431 7319 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7319 2 are be VBP 43431 7319 3 never never RB 43431 7319 4 present present JJ 43431 7319 5 in in IN 43431 7319 6 the the DT 43431 7319 7 adult adult NN 43431 7319 8 except except IN 43431 7319 9 in in IN 43431 7319 10 a a DT 43431 7319 11 few few JJ 43431 7319 12 generalised generalise VBN 43431 7319 13 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7319 14 forms form NNS 43431 7319 15 such such JJ 43431 7319 16 as as IN 43431 7319 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7319 18 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 7319 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7319 20 , , , 43431 7319 21 and and CC 43431 7319 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7319 23 is be VBZ 43431 7319 24 only only RB 43431 7319 25 recently recently RB 43431 7319 26 that that IN 43431 7319 27 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7319 28 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7319 29 have have VBP 43431 7319 30 been be VBN 43431 7319 31 discovered discover VBN 43431 7319 32 in in IN 43431 7319 33 the the DT 43431 7319 34 embryo[122 embryo[122 NN 43431 7319 35 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7319 36 . . . 43431 7320 1 The the DT 43431 7320 2 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 7320 3 and and CC 43431 7320 4 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7320 5 are be VBP 43431 7320 6 always always RB 43431 7320 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7320 8 . . . 43431 7321 1 The the DT 43431 7321 2 order order NN 43431 7321 3 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 7321 4 may may MD 43431 7321 5 be be VB 43431 7321 6 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 7321 7 into into IN 43431 7321 8 two two CD 43431 7321 9 main main JJ 43431 7321 10 groups group NNS 43431 7321 11 , , , 43431 7321 12 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 7321 13 vera vera NNP 43431 7321 14 and and CC 43431 7321 15 Subungulata Subungulata NNP 43431 7321 16 . . . 43431 7322 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7322 2 Section Section NNP 43431 7322 3 I. I. NNP 43431 7322 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7322 5 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 7322 6 VERA[123 vera[123 NN 43431 7322 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7322 8 . . . 43431 7323 1 The the DT 43431 7323 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7323 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7323 4 except except IN 43431 7323 5 the the DT 43431 7323 6 atlas atla NNS 43431 7323 7 are be VBP 43431 7323 8 generally generally RB 43431 7323 9 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 7323 10 . . . 43431 7324 1 The the DT 43431 7324 2 feet foot NNS 43431 7324 3 are be VBP 43431 7324 4 never never RB 43431 7324 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7324 6 plantigrade_[124 plantigrade_[124 , 43431 7324 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7324 8 . . . 43431 7325 1 In in IN 43431 7325 2 all all PDT 43431 7325 3 the the DT 43431 7325 4 living living NN 43431 7325 5 and and CC 43431 7325 6 the the DT 43431 7325 7 great great JJ 43431 7325 8 majority majority NN 43431 7325 9 of of IN 43431 7325 10 the the DT 43431 7325 11 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7325 12 forms form NNS 43431 7325 13 the the DT 43431 7325 14 digits digit NNS 43431 7325 15 do do VBP 43431 7325 16 not not RB 43431 7325 17 exceed exceed VB 43431 7325 18 four four CD 43431 7325 19 , , , 43431 7325 20 the the DT 43431 7325 21 first first JJ 43431 7325 22 being be VBG 43431 7325 23 suppressed suppress VBN 43431 7325 24 . . . 43431 7326 1 In in IN 43431 7326 2 the the DT 43431 7326 3 carpus carpus NNP 43431 7326 4 the the DT 43431 7326 5 os os NNP 43431 7326 6 magnum magnum NNP 43431 7326 7 articulates articulate NNS 43431 7326 8 freely freely RB 43431 7326 9 with with IN 43431 7326 10 the the DT 43431 7326 11 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 7326 12 , , , 43431 7326 13 and and CC 43431 7326 14 is be VBZ 43431 7326 15 separated separate VBN 43431 7326 16 from from IN 43431 7326 17 the the DT 43431 7326 18 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 7326 19 by by IN 43431 7326 20 the the DT 43431 7326 21 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7326 22 and and CC 43431 7326 23 unciform unciform NN 43431 7326 24 . . . 43431 7327 1 In in IN 43431 7327 2 the the DT 43431 7327 3 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 7327 4 the the DT 43431 7327 5 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 7327 6 articulates articulate NNS 43431 7327 7 with with IN 43431 7327 8 the the DT 43431 7327 9 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7327 10 as as RB 43431 7327 11 well well RB 43431 7327 12 as as IN 43431 7327 13 with with IN 43431 7327 14 the the DT 43431 7327 15 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7327 16 , , , 43431 7327 17 and and CC 43431 7327 18 the the DT 43431 7327 19 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7327 20 surface surface NN 43431 7327 21 of of IN 43431 7327 22 the the DT 43431 7327 23 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7327 24 is be VBZ 43431 7327 25 marked mark VBN 43431 7327 26 by by IN 43431 7327 27 a a DT 43431 7327 28 pulley pulley NN 43431 7327 29 - - HYPH 43431 7327 30 like like JJ 43431 7327 31 groove groove NN 43431 7327 32 . . . 43431 7328 1 All all PDT 43431 7328 2 the the DT 43431 7328 3 bones bone NNS 43431 7328 4 of of IN 43431 7328 5 the the DT 43431 7328 6 carpus carpus NNP 43431 7328 7 and and CC 43431 7328 8 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 7328 9 strongly strongly RB 43431 7328 10 interlock interlock NN 43431 7328 11 . . . 43431 7329 1 These these DT 43431 7329 2 characters character NNS 43431 7329 3 with with IN 43431 7329 4 regard regard NN 43431 7329 5 to to IN 43431 7329 6 the the DT 43431 7329 7 carpus carpus NNP 43431 7329 8 and and CC 43431 7329 9 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 7329 10 do do VBP 43431 7329 11 not not RB 43431 7329 12 hold hold VB 43431 7329 13 in in IN 43431 7329 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7329 15 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 7329 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7329 17 and and CC 43431 7329 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7329 19 allies ally NNS 43431 7329 20 . . . 43431 7330 1 The the DT 43431 7330 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 7330 3 never never RB 43431 7330 4 has have VBZ 43431 7330 5 an an DT 43431 7330 6 ent ent JJ 43431 7330 7 - - HYPH 43431 7330 8 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 7330 9 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7330 10 . . . 43431 7331 1 The the DT 43431 7331 2 group group NN 43431 7331 3 is be VBZ 43431 7331 4 divided divide VBN 43431 7331 5 into into IN 43431 7331 6 two two CD 43431 7331 7 very very RB 43431 7331 8 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7331 9 suborders:-- suborders:-- '' 43431 7331 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7331 11 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7331 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7331 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7331 14 1 1 CD 43431 7331 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7331 16 . . . 43431 7332 1 ARTIODACTYLA ARTIODACTYLA NNP 43431 7332 2 . . . 43431 7333 1 The the DT 43431 7333 2 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 7333 3 have have VBP 43431 7333 4 a a DT 43431 7333 5 number number NN 43431 7333 6 of of IN 43431 7333 7 well well RB 43431 7333 8 marked mark VBN 43431 7333 9 characters character NNS 43431 7333 10 , , , 43431 7333 11 one one CD 43431 7333 12 of of IN 43431 7333 13 the the DT 43431 7333 14 most most RBS 43431 7333 15 obvious obvious JJ 43431 7333 16 being be VBG 43431 7333 17 the the DT 43431 7333 18 fact fact NN 43431 7333 19 that that IN 43431 7333 20 many many JJ 43431 7333 21 of of IN 43431 7333 22 the the DT 43431 7333 23 most most RBS 43431 7333 24 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 7333 25 forms form NNS 43431 7333 26 have have VBP 43431 7333 27 large large JJ 43431 7333 28 paired pair VBN 43431 7333 29 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 7333 30 on on IN 43431 7333 31 the the DT 43431 7333 32 frontal frontal JJ 43431 7333 33 bones bone NNS 43431 7333 34 . . . 43431 7334 1 These these DT 43431 7334 2 may may MD 43431 7334 3 be be VB 43431 7334 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7334 5 1 1 LS 43431 7334 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7334 7 solid solid JJ 43431 7334 8 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 7334 9 bony bony NN 43431 7334 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7334 11 antlers antler NNS 43431 7334 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7334 13 , , , 43431 7334 14 or or CC 43431 7334 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7334 16 2 2 LS 43431 7334 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7334 18 more more RBR 43431 7334 19 or or CC 43431 7334 20 less less RBR 43431 7334 21 hollow hollow JJ 43431 7334 22 bony bony NN 43431 7334 23 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 7334 24 which which WDT 43431 7334 25 are be VBP 43431 7334 26 sheathed sheathe VBN 43431 7334 27 with with IN 43431 7334 28 permanently permanently RB 43431 7334 29 growing grow VBG 43431 7334 30 horn horn NN 43431 7334 31 . . . 43431 7335 1 The the DT 43431 7335 2 premolar premolar JJ 43431 7335 3 and and CC 43431 7335 4 molar molar JJ 43431 7335 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7335 6 are be VBP 43431 7335 7 usually usually RB 43431 7335 8 dissimilar dissimilar JJ 43431 7335 9 , , , 43431 7335 10 the the DT 43431 7335 11 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7335 12 being be VBG 43431 7335 13 one one CD 43431 7335 14 - - HYPH 43431 7335 15 lobed lobed JJ 43431 7335 16 and and CC 43431 7335 17 the the DT 43431 7335 18 molars molar NNS 43431 7335 19 two two CD 43431 7335 20 - - HYPH 43431 7335 21 lobed lobed NN 43431 7335 22 ; ; : 43431 7335 23 the the DT 43431 7335 24 last last JJ 43431 7335 25 lower low JJR 43431 7335 26 molar molar NN 43431 7335 27 of of IN 43431 7335 28 both both PDT 43431 7335 29 the the DT 43431 7335 30 milk milk NN 43431 7335 31 and and CC 43431 7335 32 permanent permanent JJ 43431 7335 33 dentitions dentition NNS 43431 7335 34 is be VBZ 43431 7335 35 almost almost RB 43431 7335 36 always always RB 43431 7335 37 three three CD 43431 7335 38 - - HYPH 43431 7335 39 lobed lobed JJ 43431 7335 40 . . . 43431 7336 1 The the DT 43431 7336 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 7336 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7336 4 of of IN 43431 7336 5 the the DT 43431 7336 6 molar molar JJ 43431 7336 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7336 8 have have VBP 43431 7336 9 a a DT 43431 7336 10 tendency tendency NN 43431 7336 11 to to TO 43431 7336 12 assume assume VB 43431 7336 13 one one CD 43431 7336 14 of of IN 43431 7336 15 two two CD 43431 7336 16 forms form NNS 43431 7336 17 . . . 43431 7337 1 In in IN 43431 7337 2 the the DT 43431 7337 3 Pigs Pigs NNPS 43431 7337 4 and and CC 43431 7337 5 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7337 6 allies ally NNS 43431 7337 7 the the DT 43431 7337 8 crowns crown NNS 43431 7337 9 are be VBP 43431 7337 10 bunodont[1 bunodont[1 `` 43431 7337 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7337 12 , , , 43431 7337 13 while while IN 43431 7337 14 in in IN 43431 7337 15 the the DT 43431 7337 16 more more RBR 43431 7337 17 highly highly RB 43431 7337 18 specialised specialised JJ 43431 7337 19 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 7337 20 the the DT 43431 7337 21 crowns crown NNS 43431 7337 22 are be VBP 43431 7337 23 selenodont[125 selenodont[125 JJ 43431 7337 24 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7337 25 . . . 43431 7338 1 The the DT 43431 7338 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 7338 3 are be VBP 43431 7338 4 not not RB 43431 7338 5 expanded expand VBN 43431 7338 6 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 7338 7 , , , 43431 7338 8 and and CC 43431 7338 9 there there EX 43431 7338 10 is be VBZ 43431 7338 11 no no DT 43431 7338 12 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 7338 13 canal[126 canal[126 NNP 43431 7338 14 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7338 15 . . . 43431 7339 1 The the DT 43431 7339 2 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 7339 3 - - HYPH 43431 7339 4 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7339 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7339 6 are be VBP 43431 7339 7 always always RB 43431 7339 8 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 7339 9 . . . 43431 7340 1 The the DT 43431 7340 2 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7340 3 of of IN 43431 7340 4 the the DT 43431 7340 5 ischia ischia NN 43431 7340 6 and and CC 43431 7340 7 pubes pubes NN 43431 7340 8 is be VBZ 43431 7340 9 very very RB 43431 7340 10 elongated elongated JJ 43431 7340 11 , , , 43431 7340 12 and and CC 43431 7340 13 the the DT 43431 7340 14 femur femur NN 43431 7340 15 has have VBZ 43431 7340 16 no no DT 43431 7340 17 third third JJ 43431 7340 18 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7340 19 . . . 43431 7341 1 The the DT 43431 7341 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 7341 3 never never RB 43431 7341 4 have have VBP 43431 7341 5 more more JJR 43431 7341 6 than than IN 43431 7341 7 four four CD 43431 7341 8 digits digit NNS 43431 7341 9 , , , 43431 7341 10 and and CC 43431 7341 11 are be VBP 43431 7341 12 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 7341 13 about about IN 43431 7341 14 a a DT 43431 7341 15 line line NN 43431 7341 16 drawn draw VBN 43431 7341 17 between between IN 43431 7341 18 the the DT 43431 7341 19 third third JJ 43431 7341 20 and and CC 43431 7341 21 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7341 22 digits digit NNS 43431 7341 23 ; ; : 43431 7341 24 the the DT 43431 7341 25 digits digit NNS 43431 7341 26 , , , 43431 7341 27 on on IN 43431 7341 28 the the DT 43431 7341 29 other other JJ 43431 7341 30 hand hand NN 43431 7341 31 , , , 43431 7341 32 are be VBP 43431 7341 33 never never RB 43431 7341 34 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 7341 35 in in IN 43431 7341 36 themselves -PRON- PRP 43431 7341 37 . . . 43431 7342 1 The the DT 43431 7342 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7342 3 has have VBZ 43431 7342 4 pulley pulley NN 43431 7342 5 - - HYPH 43431 7342 6 like like JJ 43431 7342 7 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7342 8 both both DT 43431 7342 9 proximally proximally RB 43431 7342 10 and and CC 43431 7342 11 distally distally RB 43431 7342 12 , , , 43431 7342 13 and and CC 43431 7342 14 articulates articulate NNS 43431 7342 15 with with IN 43431 7342 16 the the DT 43431 7342 17 navicular navicular JJ 43431 7342 18 and and CC 43431 7342 19 cuboid cuboid VB 43431 7342 20 by by IN 43431 7342 21 two two CD 43431 7342 22 nearly nearly RB 43431 7342 23 equal equal JJ 43431 7342 24 facets facet NNS 43431 7342 25 . . . 43431 7343 1 The the DT 43431 7343 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7343 3 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7343 4 with with IN 43431 7343 5 the the DT 43431 7343 6 lower low JJR 43431 7343 7 end end NN 43431 7343 8 of of IN 43431 7343 9 the the DT 43431 7343 10 fibula fibula NN 43431 7343 11 when when WRB 43431 7343 12 that that DT 43431 7343 13 bone bone NN 43431 7343 14 is be VBZ 43431 7343 15 fully fully RB 43431 7343 16 developed develop VBN 43431 7343 17 . . . 43431 7344 1 In in IN 43431 7344 2 the the DT 43431 7344 3 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 7344 4 are be VBP 43431 7344 5 included include VBN 43431 7344 6 the the DT 43431 7344 7 following follow VBG 43431 7344 8 living living NN 43431 7344 9 groups:-- groups:-- '' 43431 7344 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7344 11 a. a. NN 43431 7344 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7344 13 Suina Suina NNP 43431 7344 14 . . . 43431 7345 1 Pigs Pigs NNP 43431 7345 2 and and CC 43431 7345 3 Hippopotami Hippopotami NNP 43431 7345 4 . . . 43431 7346 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7346 2 b. b. NN 43431 7346 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7346 4 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 7346 5 . . . 43431 7347 1 Camels Camels NNPS 43431 7347 2 and and CC 43431 7347 3 Llamas Llamas NNP 43431 7347 4 . . . 43431 7348 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7348 2 c. c. NNP 43431 7348 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7348 4 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 7348 5 . . . 43431 7349 1 Chevrotains chevrotain NNS 43431 7349 2 . . . 43431 7350 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7350 2 d. d. NNP 43431 7350 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7350 4 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 7350 5 or or CC 43431 7350 6 Pecora Pecora NNP 43431 7350 7 . . . 43431 7351 1 Deer Deer NNS 43431 7351 2 , , , 43431 7351 3 giraffes giraffes NN 43431 7351 4 , , , 43431 7351 5 oxen oxen NN 43431 7351 6 , , , 43431 7351 7 sheep sheep NN 43431 7351 8 and and CC 43431 7351 9 antelopes antelope NNS 43431 7351 10 . . . 43431 7352 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7352 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7352 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7352 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7352 5 2 2 CD 43431 7352 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7352 7 . . . 43431 7353 1 PERISSODACTYLA[127 perissodactyla[127 LS 43431 7353 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7353 3 . . . 43431 7354 1 In in IN 43431 7354 2 this this DT 43431 7354 3 group group NN 43431 7354 4 there there EX 43431 7354 5 are be VBP 43431 7354 6 never never RB 43431 7354 7 any any DT 43431 7354 8 bony bony NN 43431 7354 9 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 7354 10 from from IN 43431 7354 11 the the DT 43431 7354 12 frontals frontal NNS 43431 7354 13 . . . 43431 7355 1 The the DT 43431 7355 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 7355 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7355 4 form form VBP 43431 7355 5 a a DT 43431 7355 6 continuous continuous JJ 43431 7355 7 series series NN 43431 7355 8 , , , 43431 7355 9 the the DT 43431 7355 10 posterior posterior NNP 43431 7355 11 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7355 12 resembling resemble VBG 43431 7355 13 the the DT 43431 7355 14 molars molar NNS 43431 7355 15 in in IN 43431 7355 16 complexity complexity NN 43431 7355 17 , , , 43431 7355 18 and and CC 43431 7355 19 the the DT 43431 7355 20 last last JJ 43431 7355 21 lower low JJR 43431 7355 22 molar molar NN 43431 7355 23 generally generally RB 43431 7355 24 has have VBZ 43431 7355 25 no no DT 43431 7355 26 third third JJ 43431 7355 27 lobe lobe NN 43431 7355 28 . . . 43431 7356 1 The the DT 43431 7356 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7356 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7356 4 with with IN 43431 7356 5 the the DT 43431 7356 6 exception exception NN 43431 7356 7 of of IN 43431 7356 8 the the DT 43431 7356 9 atlas atlas NN 43431 7356 10 almost almost RB 43431 7356 11 always always RB 43431 7356 12 have have VBP 43431 7356 13 markedly markedly RB 43431 7356 14 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 7356 15 centra centrum NNS 43431 7356 16 , , , 43431 7356 17 but but CC 43431 7356 18 in in IN 43431 7356 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7356 20 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 7356 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7356 22 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7356 23 are be VBP 43431 7356 24 flat flat JJ 43431 7356 25 . . . 43431 7357 1 The the DT 43431 7357 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 7357 3 are be VBP 43431 7357 4 expanded expand VBN 43431 7357 5 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 7357 6 , , , 43431 7357 7 and and CC 43431 7357 8 an an DT 43431 7357 9 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 7357 10 canal canal NN 43431 7357 11 is be VBZ 43431 7357 12 present present JJ 43431 7357 13 . . . 43431 7358 1 The the DT 43431 7358 2 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 7358 3 - - HYPH 43431 7358 4 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7358 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7358 6 are be VBP 43431 7358 7 never never RB 43431 7358 8 less less JJR 43431 7358 9 than than IN 43431 7358 10 twenty twenty CD 43431 7358 11 - - HYPH 43431 7358 12 two two CD 43431 7358 13 in in IN 43431 7358 14 number number NN 43431 7358 15 and and CC 43431 7358 16 are be VBP 43431 7358 17 usually usually RB 43431 7358 18 twenty twenty CD 43431 7358 19 - - HYPH 43431 7358 20 three three CD 43431 7358 21 . . . 43431 7359 1 The the DT 43431 7359 2 femur femur NN 43431 7359 3 has have VBZ 43431 7359 4 a a DT 43431 7359 5 third third JJ 43431 7359 6 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7359 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7359 8 except except IN 43431 7359 9 in in IN 43431 7359 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7359 11 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 7359 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7359 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7359 14 . . . 43431 7360 1 The the DT 43431 7360 2 third third JJ 43431 7360 3 digit digit NN 43431 7360 4 of of IN 43431 7360 5 the the DT 43431 7360 6 manus manus NN 43431 7360 7 and and CC 43431 7360 8 pes pes NN 43431 7360 9 is be VBZ 43431 7360 10 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 7360 11 in in IN 43431 7360 12 itself -PRON- PRP 43431 7360 13 , , , 43431 7360 14 and and CC 43431 7360 15 larger large JJR 43431 7360 16 than than IN 43431 7360 17 the the DT 43431 7360 18 others other NNS 43431 7360 19 , , , 43431 7360 20 and and CC 43431 7360 21 in in IN 43431 7360 22 some some DT 43431 7360 23 cases case NNS 43431 7360 24 the the DT 43431 7360 25 other other JJ 43431 7360 26 digits digit NNS 43431 7360 27 are be VBP 43431 7360 28 quite quite RB 43431 7360 29 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7360 30 . . . 43431 7361 1 The the DT 43431 7361 2 number number NN 43431 7361 3 of of IN 43431 7361 4 the the DT 43431 7361 5 digits digit NNS 43431 7361 6 of of IN 43431 7361 7 the the DT 43431 7361 8 pes pe NNS 43431 7361 9 is be VBZ 43431 7361 10 always always RB 43431 7361 11 odd odd JJ 43431 7361 12 . . . 43431 7362 1 The the DT 43431 7362 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7362 3 is be VBZ 43431 7362 4 abruptly abruptly RB 43431 7362 5 truncated truncate VBN 43431 7362 6 distally distally RB 43431 7362 7 , , , 43431 7362 8 and and CC 43431 7362 9 the the DT 43431 7362 10 facet facet NN 43431 7362 11 by by IN 43431 7362 12 which which WDT 43431 7362 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7362 14 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7362 15 with with IN 43431 7362 16 the the DT 43431 7362 17 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 7362 18 , , , 43431 7362 19 is be VBZ 43431 7362 20 much much RB 43431 7362 21 smaller small JJR 43431 7362 22 than than IN 43431 7362 23 that that DT 43431 7362 24 by by IN 43431 7362 25 which which WDT 43431 7362 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7362 27 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7362 28 with with IN 43431 7362 29 the the DT 43431 7362 30 navicular navicular NN 43431 7362 31 . . . 43431 7363 1 The the DT 43431 7363 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7363 3 does do VBZ 43431 7363 4 not not RB 43431 7363 5 articulate articulate VB 43431 7363 6 with with IN 43431 7363 7 the the DT 43431 7363 8 fibula fibula NN 43431 7363 9 , , , 43431 7363 10 except except IN 43431 7363 11 in in IN 43431 7363 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7363 13 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 7363 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7363 15 . . . 43431 7364 1 The the DT 43431 7364 2 group group NN 43431 7364 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7364 4 many many JJ 43431 7364 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7364 6 forms form NNS 43431 7364 7 , , , 43431 7364 8 and and CC 43431 7364 9 the the DT 43431 7364 10 living live VBG 43431 7364 11 families family NNS 43431 7364 12 of of IN 43431 7364 13 the the DT 43431 7364 14 Tapirs Tapirs NNP 43431 7364 15 , , , 43431 7364 16 Horses Horses NNPS 43431 7364 17 and and CC 43431 7364 18 Asses Asses NNPS 43431 7364 19 , , , 43431 7364 20 and and CC 43431 7364 21 Rhinoceroses rhinoceros NNS 43431 7364 22 . . . 43431 7365 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7365 2 Section Section NNP 43431 7365 3 II II NNP 43431 7365 4 . . . 43431 7365 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7365 6 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 7365 7 . . . 43431 7366 1 In in IN 43431 7366 2 this this DT 43431 7366 3 group group NN 43431 7366 4 is be VBZ 43431 7366 5 placed place VBN 43431 7366 6 a a DT 43431 7366 7 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ 43431 7366 8 collection collection NN 43431 7366 9 of of IN 43431 7366 10 animals animal NNS 43431 7366 11 , , , 43431 7366 12 the the DT 43431 7366 13 great great JJ 43431 7366 14 majority majority NN 43431 7366 15 of of IN 43431 7366 16 which which WDT 43431 7366 17 are be VBP 43431 7366 18 extinct extinct VBN 43431 7366 19 . . . 43431 7367 1 There there EX 43431 7367 2 is be VBZ 43431 7367 3 really really RB 43431 7367 4 no no DT 43431 7367 5 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 7367 6 which which WDT 43431 7367 7 is be VBZ 43431 7367 8 common common JJ 43431 7367 9 to to IN 43431 7367 10 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7367 11 all all DT 43431 7367 12 , , , 43431 7367 13 and and CC 43431 7367 14 which which WDT 43431 7367 15 serves serve VBZ 43431 7367 16 to to TO 43431 7367 17 distinguish distinguish VB 43431 7367 18 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7367 19 as as IN 43431 7367 20 a a DT 43431 7367 21 group group NN 43431 7367 22 from from IN 43431 7367 23 the the DT 43431 7367 24 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 7367 25 vera vera NNP 43431 7367 26 . . . 43431 7368 1 But but CC 43431 7368 2 the the DT 43431 7368 3 most most RBS 43431 7368 4 distinctive distinctive JJ 43431 7368 5 character character NN 43431 7368 6 common common JJ 43431 7368 7 to to IN 43431 7368 8 the the DT 43431 7368 9 greatest great JJS 43431 7368 10 number number NN 43431 7368 11 of of IN 43431 7368 12 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7368 13 is be VBZ 43431 7368 14 to to TO 43431 7368 15 be be VB 43431 7368 16 found find VBN 43431 7368 17 in in IN 43431 7368 18 the the DT 43431 7368 19 carpus carpus NNP 43431 7368 20 , , , 43431 7368 21 whose whose WP$ 43431 7368 22 bones bone NNS 43431 7368 23 in in IN 43431 7368 24 most most JJS 43431 7368 25 cases case NNS 43431 7368 26 retain retain VBP 43431 7368 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7368 28 primitive primitive JJ 43431 7368 29 relation relation NN 43431 7368 30 to to IN 43431 7368 31 one one CD 43431 7368 32 another another DT 43431 7368 33 , , , 43431 7368 34 the the DT 43431 7368 35 os os NNP 43431 7368 36 magnum magnum NNP 43431 7368 37 articulating articulating NN 43431 7368 38 with with IN 43431 7368 39 the the DT 43431 7368 40 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7368 41 and and CC 43431 7368 42 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7368 43 just just RB 43431 7368 44 meeting meet VBG 43431 7368 45 the the DT 43431 7368 46 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 7368 47 , , , 43431 7368 48 but but CC 43431 7368 49 in in IN 43431 7368 50 living live VBG 43431 7368 51 forms form NNS 43431 7368 52 at at IN 43431 7368 53 any any DT 43431 7368 54 rate rate NN 43431 7368 55 not not RB 43431 7368 56 articulating articulate VBG 43431 7368 57 with with IN 43431 7368 58 the the DT 43431 7368 59 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 7368 60 . . . 43431 7369 1 The the DT 43431 7369 2 feet foot NNS 43431 7369 3 frequently frequently RB 43431 7369 4 have have VBP 43431 7369 5 five five CD 43431 7369 6 functional functional JJ 43431 7369 7 digits digit NNS 43431 7369 8 , , , 43431 7369 9 and and CC 43431 7369 10 may may MD 43431 7369 11 be be VB 43431 7369 12 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 7369 13 . . . 43431 7370 1 The the DT 43431 7370 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7370 3 surface surface NN 43431 7370 4 of of IN 43431 7370 5 the the DT 43431 7370 6 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7370 7 is be VBZ 43431 7370 8 generally generally RB 43431 7370 9 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7370 10 instead instead RB 43431 7370 11 of of IN 43431 7370 12 being be VBG 43431 7370 13 pulley pulley NN 43431 7370 14 - - , 43431 7370 15 like like JJ 43431 7370 16 as as IN 43431 7370 17 in in IN 43431 7370 18 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 7370 19 vera vera NNP 43431 7370 20 . . . 43431 7371 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7371 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7371 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7371 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7371 5 1 1 CD 43431 7371 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7371 7 . . . 43431 7372 1 TOXODONTIA TOXODONTIA NNP 43431 7372 2 . . . 43431 7373 1 This this DT 43431 7373 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 7373 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7373 4 some some DT 43431 7373 5 very very RB 43431 7373 6 aberrant aberrant JJ 43431 7373 7 extinct extinct VBD 43431 7373 8 South south JJ 43431 7373 9 American american JJ 43431 7373 10 ungulates ungulate NNS 43431 7373 11 , , , 43431 7373 12 which which WDT 43431 7373 13 have have VBP 43431 7373 14 characters character NNS 43431 7373 15 recalling recall VBG 43431 7373 16 the the DT 43431 7373 17 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 7373 18 , , , 43431 7373 19 both both DT 43431 7373 20 groups group NNS 43431 7373 21 of of IN 43431 7373 22 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 7373 23 vera vera NNP 43431 7373 24 , , , 43431 7373 25 and and CC 43431 7373 26 the the DT 43431 7373 27 Rodentia Rodentia NNP 43431 7373 28 . . . 43431 7374 1 The the DT 43431 7374 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 7374 3 are be VBP 43431 7374 4 subplantigrade subplantigrade NN 43431 7374 5 or or CC 43431 7374 6 digitigrade digitigrade NN 43431 7374 7 , , , 43431 7374 8 and and CC 43431 7374 9 the the DT 43431 7374 10 digits digit NNS 43431 7374 11 are be VBP 43431 7374 12 three three CD 43431 7374 13 , , , 43431 7374 14 rarely rarely RB 43431 7374 15 five five CD 43431 7374 16 , , , 43431 7374 17 in in IN 43431 7374 18 number number NN 43431 7374 19 , , , 43431 7374 20 the the DT 43431 7374 21 third third JJ 43431 7374 22 being be VBG 43431 7374 23 most most RBS 43431 7374 24 developed develop VBN 43431 7374 25 . . . 43431 7375 1 The the DT 43431 7375 2 carpus carpus NN 43431 7375 3 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 7375 4 that that DT 43431 7375 5 of of IN 43431 7375 6 the the DT 43431 7375 7 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 7375 8 vera vera NNP 43431 7375 9 , , , 43431 7375 10 in in IN 43431 7375 11 that that IN 43431 7375 12 the the DT 43431 7375 13 bones bone NNS 43431 7375 14 interlock interlock NN 43431 7375 15 and and CC 43431 7375 16 the the DT 43431 7375 17 magnum magnum NN 43431 7375 18 articulates articulate NNS 43431 7375 19 with with IN 43431 7375 20 the the DT 43431 7375 21 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 7375 22 . . . 43431 7376 1 In in IN 43431 7376 2 the the DT 43431 7376 3 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 7376 4 , , , 43431 7376 5 however however RB 43431 7376 6 , , , 43431 7376 7 the the DT 43431 7376 8 bones bone NNS 43431 7376 9 do do VBP 43431 7376 10 not not RB 43431 7376 11 interlock interlock VB 43431 7376 12 . . . 43431 7377 1 The the DT 43431 7377 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7377 3 has have VBZ 43431 7377 4 a a DT 43431 7377 5 pulley pulley NN 43431 7377 6 - - HYPH 43431 7377 7 like like JJ 43431 7377 8 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7377 9 surface surface NN 43431 7377 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7377 11 except except IN 43431 7377 12 in in IN 43431 7377 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7377 14 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 7377 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7377 16 , , , 43431 7377 17 in in IN 43431 7377 18 which which WDT 43431 7377 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7377 20 is be VBZ 43431 7377 21 flat flat JJ 43431 7377 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7377 23 , , , 43431 7377 24 and and CC 43431 7377 25 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7377 26 only only RB 43431 7377 27 with with IN 43431 7377 28 the the DT 43431 7377 29 navicular navicular NN 43431 7377 30 , , , 43431 7377 31 not not RB 43431 7377 32 meeting meet VBG 43431 7377 33 the the DT 43431 7377 34 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 7377 35 . . . 43431 7378 1 The the DT 43431 7378 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7378 3 has have VBZ 43431 7378 4 a a DT 43431 7378 5 large large JJ 43431 7378 6 facet facet NN 43431 7378 7 for for IN 43431 7378 8 articulation articulation NN 43431 7378 9 with with IN 43431 7378 10 the the DT 43431 7378 11 fibula fibula NN 43431 7378 12 , , , 43431 7378 13 as as IN 43431 7378 14 in in IN 43431 7378 15 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 7378 16 . . . 43431 7379 1 There there EX 43431 7379 2 is be VBZ 43431 7379 3 no no DT 43431 7379 4 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 7379 5 canal canal NN 43431 7379 6 , , , 43431 7379 7 and and CC 43431 7379 8 the the DT 43431 7379 9 orbit orbit NN 43431 7379 10 is be VBZ 43431 7379 11 confluent confluent JJ 43431 7379 12 with with IN 43431 7379 13 the the DT 43431 7379 14 temporal temporal JJ 43431 7379 15 fossa fossa NN 43431 7379 16 . . . 43431 7380 1 Some some DT 43431 7380 2 of of IN 43431 7380 3 the the DT 43431 7380 4 forms form NNS 43431 7380 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7380 6 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 7381 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7381 2 Nesodon Nesodon NNP 43431 7381 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7381 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7381 5 referred refer VBD 43431 7381 6 to to IN 43431 7381 7 this this DT 43431 7381 8 group group NN 43431 7381 9 have have VB 43431 7381 10 the the DT 43431 7381 11 typical typical JJ 43431 7381 12 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 7381 13 series series NN 43431 7381 14 of of IN 43431 7381 15 forty forty CD 43431 7381 16 - - HYPH 43431 7381 17 four four CD 43431 7381 18 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7381 19 , , , 43431 7381 20 but but CC 43431 7381 21 in in IN 43431 7381 22 others other NNS 43431 7381 23 the the DT 43431 7381 24 canines canine NNS 43431 7381 25 are be VBP 43431 7381 26 undeveloped undeveloped JJ 43431 7381 27 . . . 43431 7382 1 In in IN 43431 7382 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7382 3 Toxodon Toxodon NNP 43431 7382 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7382 5 all all PDT 43431 7382 6 the the DT 43431 7382 7 cheek cheek NN 43431 7382 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7382 9 have have VBP 43431 7382 10 persistent persistent JJ 43431 7382 11 pulps pulp NNS 43431 7382 12 , , , 43431 7382 13 while while IN 43431 7382 14 in in IN 43431 7382 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7382 16 Nesodon Nesodon NNP 43431 7382 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7382 18 and and CC 43431 7382 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7382 20 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 7382 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7382 22 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7382 23 are be VBP 43431 7382 24 rooted root VBN 43431 7382 25 . . . 43431 7383 1 A a DT 43431 7383 2 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 7383 3 is be VBZ 43431 7383 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7383 5 present present JJ 43431 7383 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7383 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7383 8 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 7383 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7383 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7383 11 , , , 43431 7383 12 and and CC 43431 7383 13 the the DT 43431 7383 14 femur femur NN 43431 7383 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7383 16 has have VBZ 43431 7383 17 a a DT 43431 7383 18 third third JJ 43431 7383 19 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7383 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7383 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7383 22 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 7383 23 _ _ NNP 43431 7383 24 and and CC 43431 7383 25 _ _ NNP 43431 7383 26 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 7383 27 _ _ NNP 43431 7383 28 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7383 29 , , , 43431 7383 30 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7383 31 is be VBZ 43431 7383 32 without without IN 43431 7383 33 one one CD 43431 7383 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7383 35 _ _ NNP 43431 7383 36 Toxodon Toxodon NNP 43431 7383 37 _ _ NNP 43431 7383 38 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7383 39 . . . 43431 7384 1 The the DT 43431 7384 2 remains remain NNS 43431 7384 3 of of IN 43431 7384 4 these these DT 43431 7384 5 curious curious JJ 43431 7384 6 Ungulates Ungulates NNPS 43431 7384 7 have have VBP 43431 7384 8 been be VBN 43431 7384 9 found find VBN 43431 7384 10 in in IN 43431 7384 11 beds bed NNS 43431 7384 12 of of IN 43431 7384 13 late late JJ 43431 7384 14 Tertiary tertiary JJ 43431 7384 15 age age NN 43431 7384 16 in in IN 43431 7384 17 South South NNP 43431 7384 18 America America NNP 43431 7384 19 . . . 43431 7385 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7385 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7385 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7385 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7385 5 2 2 CD 43431 7385 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7385 7 . . . 43431 7386 1 CONDYLARTHRA[128 condylarthra[128 LS 43431 7386 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7386 3 . . . 43431 7387 1 This this DT 43431 7387 2 group group NN 43431 7387 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7387 4 some some DT 43431 7387 5 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 7387 6 small small JJ 43431 7387 7 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7387 8 ungulates ungulate NNS 43431 7387 9 , , , 43431 7387 10 which which WDT 43431 7387 11 are be VBP 43431 7387 12 best well RBS 43431 7387 13 known know VBN 43431 7387 14 from from IN 43431 7387 15 the the DT 43431 7387 16 Lower Lower NNP 43431 7387 17 Eocene Eocene NNP 43431 7387 18 of of IN 43431 7387 19 Wyoming Wyoming NNP 43431 7387 20 , , , 43431 7387 21 though though IN 43431 7387 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7387 23 remains remain NNS 43431 7387 24 have have VBP 43431 7387 25 also also RB 43431 7387 26 been be VBN 43431 7387 27 found find VBN 43431 7387 28 in in IN 43431 7387 29 deposits deposit NNS 43431 7387 30 of of IN 43431 7387 31 similar similar JJ 43431 7387 32 age age NN 43431 7387 33 in in IN 43431 7387 34 France France NNP 43431 7387 35 and and CC 43431 7387 36 Switzerland Switzerland NNP 43431 7387 37 . . . 43431 7388 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7388 2 characters character NNS 43431 7388 3 are be VBP 43431 7388 4 little little JJ 43431 7388 5 specialised specialised JJ 43431 7388 6 , , , 43431 7388 7 and and CC 43431 7388 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7388 9 show show VBP 43431 7388 10 relationship relationship NN 43431 7388 11 on on IN 43431 7388 12 the the DT 43431 7388 13 one one CD 43431 7388 14 hand hand NN 43431 7388 15 to to IN 43431 7388 16 the the DT 43431 7388 17 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 7388 18 vera vera NN 43431 7388 19 and and CC 43431 7388 20 on on IN 43431 7388 21 the the DT 43431 7388 22 other other JJ 43431 7388 23 to to IN 43431 7388 24 the the DT 43431 7388 25 Hyracoidea Hyracoidea NNP 43431 7388 26 . . . 43431 7389 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7389 2 also also RB 43431 7389 3 have have VBP 43431 7389 4 characters character NNS 43431 7389 5 allying ally VBG 43431 7389 6 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7389 7 to to IN 43431 7389 8 the the DT 43431 7389 9 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7389 10 . . . 43431 7390 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7390 2 generally generally RB 43431 7390 3 have have VBP 43431 7390 4 the the DT 43431 7390 5 typical typical JJ 43431 7390 6 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 7390 7 series series NN 43431 7390 8 of of IN 43431 7390 9 forty forty CD 43431 7390 10 - - HYPH 43431 7390 11 four four CD 43431 7390 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7390 13 , , , 43431 7390 14 the the DT 43431 7390 15 molars molar NNS 43431 7390 16 being be VBG 43431 7390 17 brachydont brachydont NNP 43431 7390 18 and and CC 43431 7390 19 generally generally RB 43431 7390 20 bunodont bunodont VBP 43431 7390 21 . . . 43431 7391 1 The the DT 43431 7391 2 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7391 3 are be VBP 43431 7391 4 more more RBR 43431 7391 5 simple simple JJ 43431 7391 6 than than IN 43431 7391 7 the the DT 43431 7391 8 molars molar NNS 43431 7391 9 . . . 43431 7392 1 The the DT 43431 7392 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 7392 3 are be VBP 43431 7392 4 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 7392 5 , , , 43431 7392 6 and and CC 43431 7392 7 have have VBP 43431 7392 8 five five CD 43431 7392 9 digits digit NNS 43431 7392 10 with with IN 43431 7392 11 rather rather RB 43431 7392 12 pointed point VBD 43431 7392 13 ungual ungual JJ 43431 7392 14 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7392 15 . . . 43431 7393 1 The the DT 43431 7393 2 os os NNP 43431 7393 3 magnum magnum NN 43431 7393 4 , , , 43431 7393 5 as as IN 43431 7393 6 in in IN 43431 7393 7 living live VBG 43431 7393 8 Subungulates Subungulates NNPS 43431 7393 9 , , , 43431 7393 10 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7393 11 with with IN 43431 7393 12 the the DT 43431 7393 13 lunar lunar NN 43431 7393 14 , , , 43431 7393 15 not not RB 43431 7393 16 reaching reach VBG 43431 7393 17 the the DT 43431 7393 18 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 7393 19 . . . 43431 7394 1 The the DT 43431 7394 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7394 3 has have VBZ 43431 7394 4 an an DT 43431 7394 5 elongated elongated JJ 43431 7394 6 neck neck NN 43431 7394 7 , , , 43431 7394 8 a a DT 43431 7394 9 pulley pulley NN 43431 7394 10 - - HYPH 43431 7394 11 like like JJ 43431 7394 12 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7394 13 and and CC 43431 7394 14 a a DT 43431 7394 15 convex convex NNP 43431 7394 16 distal distal JJ 43431 7394 17 articular articular JJ 43431 7394 18 surface surface NN 43431 7394 19 , , , 43431 7394 20 and and CC 43431 7394 21 does do VBZ 43431 7394 22 not not RB 43431 7394 23 articulate articulate VB 43431 7394 24 with with IN 43431 7394 25 the the DT 43431 7394 26 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 7394 27 . . . 43431 7395 1 The the DT 43431 7395 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 7395 3 has have VBZ 43431 7395 4 an an DT 43431 7395 5 ent ent JJ 43431 7395 6 - - HYPH 43431 7395 7 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 7395 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7395 9 , , , 43431 7395 10 and and CC 43431 7395 11 the the DT 43431 7395 12 femur femur NN 43431 7395 13 has have VBZ 43431 7395 14 a a DT 43431 7395 15 third third JJ 43431 7395 16 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7395 17 . . . 43431 7396 1 The the DT 43431 7396 2 best well RBS 43431 7396 3 known known JJ 43431 7396 4 genus genus NN 43431 7396 5 is be VBZ 43431 7396 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7396 7 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 7396 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7396 9 ; ; : 43431 7396 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7396 11 is be VBZ 43431 7396 12 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 7396 13 the the DT 43431 7396 14 most most RBS 43431 7396 15 primitive primitive JJ 43431 7396 16 ungulate ungulate NN 43431 7396 17 whose whose WP$ 43431 7396 18 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7396 19 is be VBZ 43431 7396 20 thoroughly thoroughly RB 43431 7396 21 well well RB 43431 7396 22 known know VBN 43431 7396 23 , , , 43431 7396 24 and and CC 43431 7396 25 is be VBZ 43431 7396 26 of of IN 43431 7396 27 special special JJ 43431 7396 28 interest interest NN 43431 7396 29 from from IN 43431 7396 30 the the DT 43431 7396 31 fact fact NN 43431 7396 32 that that IN 43431 7396 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7396 34 is be VBZ 43431 7396 35 regarded regard VBN 43431 7396 36 as as IN 43431 7396 37 the the DT 43431 7396 38 lowest low JJS 43431 7396 39 stage stage NN 43431 7396 40 in in IN 43431 7396 41 the the DT 43431 7396 42 evolutionary evolutionary JJ 43431 7396 43 series series NN 43431 7396 44 of of IN 43431 7396 45 the the DT 43431 7396 46 horse horse NN 43431 7396 47 . . . 43431 7397 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7397 2 remains remain NNS 43431 7397 3 are be VBP 43431 7397 4 found find VBN 43431 7397 5 in in IN 43431 7397 6 the the DT 43431 7397 7 Lower Lower NNP 43431 7397 8 Eocene Eocene NNP 43431 7397 9 of of IN 43431 7397 10 Wyoming Wyoming NNP 43431 7397 11 . . . 43431 7398 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7398 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7398 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7398 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7398 5 3 3 CD 43431 7398 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7398 7 . . . 43431 7399 1 HYRACOIDEA[129 hyracoidea[129 LS 43431 7399 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7399 3 . . . 43431 7400 1 This this DT 43431 7400 2 group group NN 43431 7400 3 of of IN 43431 7400 4 animals animal NNS 43431 7400 5 is be VBZ 43431 7400 6 very very RB 43431 7400 7 isolated isolated JJ 43431 7400 8 , , , 43431 7400 9 having have VBG 43431 7400 10 no no DT 43431 7400 11 very very RB 43431 7400 12 close close JJ 43431 7400 13 allies ally NNS 43431 7400 14 , , , 43431 7400 15 either either CC 43431 7400 16 living living NN 43431 7400 17 or or CC 43431 7400 18 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7400 19 . . . 43431 7401 1 The the DT 43431 7401 2 digits digit NNS 43431 7401 3 are be VBP 43431 7401 4 provided provide VBN 43431 7401 5 with with IN 43431 7401 6 flat flat JJ 43431 7401 7 nails nail NNS 43431 7401 8 , , , 43431 7401 9 except except IN 43431 7401 10 the the DT 43431 7401 11 second second JJ 43431 7401 12 digit digit NN 43431 7401 13 of of IN 43431 7401 14 the the DT 43431 7401 15 pes pe NNS 43431 7401 16 , , , 43431 7401 17 which which WDT 43431 7401 18 is be VBZ 43431 7401 19 clawed claw VBN 43431 7401 20 . . . 43431 7402 1 Canine canine NN 43431 7402 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7402 3 are be VBP 43431 7402 4 absent absent JJ 43431 7402 5 , , , 43431 7402 6 and and CC 43431 7402 7 the the DT 43431 7402 8 dental dental JJ 43431 7402 9 formula formula NN 43431 7402 10 is be VBZ 43431 7402 11 usually usually RB 43431 7402 12 given give VBN 43431 7402 13 as as IN 43431 7402 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7402 15 i i PRP 43431 7402 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7402 17 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 7402 18 , , , 43431 7402 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7402 20 c c NNP 43431 7402 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7402 22 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 7402 23 , , , 43431 7402 24 _ _ NNP 43431 7402 25 pm pm NN 43431 7402 26 _ _ NNP 43431 7402 27 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 7402 28 , , , 43431 7402 29 _ _ NNP 43431 7402 30 m m NNP 43431 7402 31 _ _ NNP 43431 7402 32 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 7402 33 . . . 43431 7403 1 The the DT 43431 7403 2 upper upper JJ 43431 7403 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7403 4 are be VBP 43431 7403 5 long long JJ 43431 7403 6 and and CC 43431 7403 7 curved curved JJ 43431 7403 8 , , , 43431 7403 9 and and CC 43431 7403 10 have have VBP 43431 7403 11 persistent persistent JJ 43431 7403 12 pulps pulp NNS 43431 7403 13 as as IN 43431 7403 14 in in IN 43431 7403 15 Rodents rodent NNS 43431 7403 16 ; ; : 43431 7403 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7403 18 terminations termination NNS 43431 7403 19 are be VBP 43431 7403 20 , , , 43431 7403 21 however however RB 43431 7403 22 , , , 43431 7403 23 pointed point VBD 43431 7403 24 , , , 43431 7403 25 not not RB 43431 7403 26 chisel chisel NN 43431 7403 27 - - HYPH 43431 7403 28 shaped shape VBN 43431 7403 29 , , , 43431 7403 30 as as IN 43431 7403 31 in in IN 43431 7403 32 Rodents Rodents NNP 43431 7403 33 . . . 43431 7404 1 The the DT 43431 7404 2 lower low JJR 43431 7404 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7404 4 have have VBP 43431 7404 5 pectinated pectinate VBN 43431 7404 6 edges edge NNS 43431 7404 7 . . . 43431 7405 1 The the DT 43431 7405 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 7405 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7405 4 have have VBP 43431 7405 5 a a DT 43431 7405 6 pattern pattern NN 43431 7405 7 much much JJ 43431 7405 8 like like IN 43431 7405 9 that that DT 43431 7405 10 in in IN 43431 7405 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7405 12 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 7405 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7405 14 . . . 43431 7406 1 In in IN 43431 7406 2 the the DT 43431 7406 3 skull skull NN 43431 7406 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7406 5 fig fig NN 43431 7406 6 . . . 43431 7407 1 83 83 CD 43431 7407 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7407 3 the the DT 43431 7407 4 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 7407 5 processes process NNS 43431 7407 6 of of IN 43431 7407 7 the the DT 43431 7407 8 frontal frontal JJ 43431 7407 9 and and CC 43431 7407 10 jugal jugal NN 43431 7407 11 almost almost RB 43431 7407 12 or or CC 43431 7407 13 quite quite RB 43431 7407 14 meet meet VB 43431 7407 15 . . . 43431 7408 1 The the DT 43431 7408 2 jugal jugal JJ 43431 7408 3 forms form VBZ 43431 7408 4 part part NN 43431 7408 5 of of IN 43431 7408 6 the the DT 43431 7408 7 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 7408 8 cavity cavity NN 43431 7408 9 for for IN 43431 7408 10 articulation articulation NN 43431 7408 11 with with IN 43431 7408 12 the the DT 43431 7408 13 mandible mandible NN 43431 7408 14 , , , 43431 7408 15 and and CC 43431 7408 16 also also RB 43431 7408 17 extends extend VBZ 43431 7408 18 forwards forwards RB 43431 7408 19 so so IN 43431 7408 20 as as IN 43431 7408 21 to to TO 43431 7408 22 meet meet VB 43431 7408 23 the the DT 43431 7408 24 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 7408 25 . . . 43431 7409 1 There there EX 43431 7409 2 is be VBZ 43431 7409 3 an an DT 43431 7409 4 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 7409 5 canal canal NN 43431 7409 6 . . . 43431 7410 1 There there EX 43431 7410 2 are be VBP 43431 7410 3 as as RB 43431 7410 4 many many JJ 43431 7410 5 as as IN 43431 7410 6 twenty twenty CD 43431 7410 7 - - HYPH 43431 7410 8 one one CD 43431 7410 9 or or CC 43431 7410 10 twenty twenty CD 43431 7410 11 - - HYPH 43431 7410 12 two two CD 43431 7410 13 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7410 14 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 7410 15 , , , 43431 7410 16 and and CC 43431 7410 17 the the DT 43431 7410 18 number number NN 43431 7410 19 of of IN 43431 7410 20 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 7410 21 - - HYPH 43431 7410 22 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 7410 23 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7410 24 reaches reach VBZ 43431 7410 25 twenty twenty CD 43431 7410 26 - - HYPH 43431 7410 27 eight eight CD 43431 7410 28 or or CC 43431 7410 29 thirty thirty CD 43431 7410 30 . . . 43431 7411 1 There there EX 43431 7411 2 are be VBP 43431 7411 3 no no DT 43431 7411 4 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7411 5 , , , 43431 7411 6 and and CC 43431 7411 7 the the DT 43431 7411 8 scapula scapula NN 43431 7411 9 has have VBZ 43431 7411 10 no no DT 43431 7411 11 acromion acromion NN 43431 7411 12 ; ; : 43431 7411 13 the the DT 43431 7411 14 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 7411 15 process process NN 43431 7411 16 is be VBZ 43431 7411 17 , , , 43431 7411 18 however however RB 43431 7411 19 , , , 43431 7411 20 well well RB 43431 7411 21 developed developed JJ 43431 7411 22 . . . 43431 7412 1 The the DT 43431 7412 2 ulna ulna NN 43431 7412 3 is be VBZ 43431 7412 4 complete complete JJ 43431 7412 5 . . . 43431 7413 1 In in IN 43431 7413 2 the the DT 43431 7413 3 manus manus NN 43431 7413 4 the the DT 43431 7413 5 second second JJ 43431 7413 6 , , , 43431 7413 7 third third JJ 43431 7413 8 and and CC 43431 7413 9 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7413 10 digits digit NNS 43431 7413 11 are be VBP 43431 7413 12 approximately approximately RB 43431 7413 13 equal equal JJ 43431 7413 14 in in IN 43431 7413 15 size size NN 43431 7413 16 , , , 43431 7413 17 the the DT 43431 7413 18 fifth fifth NN 43431 7413 19 is be VBZ 43431 7413 20 smaller small JJR 43431 7413 21 , , , 43431 7413 22 and and CC 43431 7413 23 the the DT 43431 7413 24 first first JJ 43431 7413 25 is be VBZ 43431 7413 26 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7413 27 . . . 43431 7414 1 The the DT 43431 7414 2 femur femur NN 43431 7414 3 has have VBZ 43431 7414 4 a a DT 43431 7414 5 slight slight JJ 43431 7414 6 ridge ridge NN 43431 7414 7 representing represent VBG 43431 7414 8 the the DT 43431 7414 9 third third JJ 43431 7414 10 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7414 11 . . . 43431 7415 1 The the DT 43431 7415 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 7415 3 is be VBZ 43431 7415 4 complete complete JJ 43431 7415 5 , , , 43431 7415 6 but but CC 43431 7415 7 is be VBZ 43431 7415 8 generally generally RB 43431 7415 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 7415 10 with with IN 43431 7415 11 the the DT 43431 7415 12 tibia tibia NNP 43431 7415 13 proximally proximally RB 43431 7415 14 . . . 43431 7416 1 There there EX 43431 7416 2 is be VBZ 43431 7416 3 a a DT 43431 7416 4 complicated complicated JJ 43431 7416 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 7416 6 between between IN 43431 7416 7 the the DT 43431 7416 8 tibia tibia NNP 43431 7416 9 and and CC 43431 7416 10 astragalus astragalus NNP 43431 7416 11 , , , 43431 7416 12 which which WDT 43431 7416 13 has have VBZ 43431 7416 14 a a DT 43431 7416 15 pulley pulley NN 43431 7416 16 - - HYPH 43431 7416 17 like like JJ 43431 7416 18 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7416 19 surface surface NN 43431 7416 20 . . . 43431 7417 1 In in IN 43431 7417 2 the the DT 43431 7417 3 pes pe NNS 43431 7417 4 the the DT 43431 7417 5 three three CD 43431 7417 6 middle middle JJ 43431 7417 7 digits digit NNS 43431 7417 8 are be VBP 43431 7417 9 well well RB 43431 7417 10 developed developed JJ 43431 7417 11 , , , 43431 7417 12 but but CC 43431 7417 13 there there EX 43431 7417 14 is be VBZ 43431 7417 15 no no DT 43431 7417 16 trace trace NN 43431 7417 17 of of IN 43431 7417 18 a a DT 43431 7417 19 hallux hallux NN 43431 7417 20 , , , 43431 7417 21 and and CC 43431 7417 22 the the DT 43431 7417 23 fifth fifth JJ 43431 7417 24 digit digit NN 43431 7417 25 is be VBZ 43431 7417 26 represented represent VBN 43431 7417 27 only only RB 43431 7417 28 by by IN 43431 7417 29 a a DT 43431 7417 30 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7417 31 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 7417 32 . . . 43431 7418 1 The the DT 43431 7418 2 only only JJ 43431 7418 3 representatives representative NNS 43431 7418 4 of of IN 43431 7418 5 the the DT 43431 7418 6 suborder suborder NN 43431 7418 7 are be VBP 43431 7418 8 some some DT 43431 7418 9 small small JJ 43431 7418 10 animals animal NNS 43431 7418 11 belonging belong VBG 43431 7418 12 to to IN 43431 7418 13 the the DT 43431 7418 14 genus genus JJ 43431 7418 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7418 16 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 7418 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7418 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7418 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7418 20 Hyrax Hyrax NNP 43431 7418 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7418 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7418 23 , , , 43431 7418 24 which which WDT 43431 7418 25 is be VBZ 43431 7418 26 found find VBN 43431 7418 27 in in IN 43431 7418 28 Africa Africa NNP 43431 7418 29 and and CC 43431 7418 30 Syria Syria NNP 43431 7418 31 ; ; : 43431 7418 32 some some DT 43431 7418 33 of of IN 43431 7418 34 the the DT 43431 7418 35 species specie NNS 43431 7418 36 are be VBP 43431 7418 37 by by IN 43431 7418 38 many many JJ 43431 7418 39 authors author NNS 43431 7418 40 placed place VBN 43431 7418 41 in in IN 43431 7418 42 a a DT 43431 7418 43 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7418 44 genus genus NN 43431 7418 45 _ _ NNP 43431 7418 46 Dendrohyrax Dendrohyrax NNP 43431 7418 47 _ _ NNP 43431 7418 48 . . . 43431 7419 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7419 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7419 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7419 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7419 5 4 4 CD 43431 7419 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7419 7 . . . 43431 7420 1 AMBLYPODA[130 amblypoda[130 LS 43431 7420 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7420 3 . . . 43431 7421 1 This this DT 43431 7421 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 7421 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7421 4 a a DT 43431 7421 5 number number NN 43431 7421 6 of of IN 43431 7421 7 primitive primitive JJ 43431 7421 8 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7421 9 Ungulates Ungulates NNP 43431 7421 10 , , , 43431 7421 11 many many JJ 43431 7421 12 of of IN 43431 7421 13 which which WDT 43431 7421 14 are be VBP 43431 7421 15 of of IN 43431 7421 16 great great JJ 43431 7421 17 size size NN 43431 7421 18 . . . 43431 7422 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7422 2 most most RBS 43431 7422 3 distinguishing distinguishing JJ 43431 7422 4 characteristics characteristic NNS 43431 7422 5 are be VBP 43431 7422 6 afforded afford VBN 43431 7422 7 by by IN 43431 7422 8 the the DT 43431 7422 9 extremities extremity NNS 43431 7422 10 . . . 43431 7423 1 In in IN 43431 7423 2 the the DT 43431 7423 3 carpus carpus NN 43431 7423 4 the the DT 43431 7423 5 bones bone NNS 43431 7423 6 interlock interlock NN 43431 7423 7 a a DT 43431 7423 8 little little JJ 43431 7423 9 more more JJR 43431 7423 10 than than IN 43431 7423 11 is be VBZ 43431 7423 12 the the DT 43431 7423 13 case case NN 43431 7423 14 in in IN 43431 7423 15 most most JJS 43431 7423 16 Subungulata Subungulata NNP 43431 7423 17 , , , 43431 7423 18 and and CC 43431 7423 19 the the DT 43431 7423 20 corner corner NN 43431 7423 21 of of IN 43431 7423 22 the the DT 43431 7423 23 os os NNP 43431 7423 24 magnum magnum NNP 43431 7423 25 reaches reach VBZ 43431 7423 26 the the DT 43431 7423 27 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 7423 28 , , , 43431 7423 29 while while IN 43431 7423 30 the the DT 43431 7423 31 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7423 32 articulates articulate NNS 43431 7423 33 partially partially RB 43431 7423 34 with with IN 43431 7423 35 both both CC 43431 7423 36 magnum magnum JJ 43431 7423 37 and and CC 43431 7423 38 unciform unciform NN 43431 7423 39 , , , 43431 7423 40 instead instead RB 43431 7423 41 of of IN 43431 7423 42 only only RB 43431 7423 43 with with IN 43431 7423 44 the the DT 43431 7423 45 magnum magnum NN 43431 7423 46 . . . 43431 7424 1 In in IN 43431 7424 2 the the DT 43431 7424 3 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 7424 4 the the DT 43431 7424 5 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 7424 6 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7424 7 with with IN 43431 7424 8 both both CC 43431 7424 9 the the DT 43431 7424 10 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7424 11 and and CC 43431 7424 12 the the DT 43431 7424 13 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7424 14 , , , 43431 7424 15 which which WDT 43431 7424 16 is be VBZ 43431 7424 17 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 7424 18 flat flat JJ 43431 7424 19 . . . 43431 7425 1 The the DT 43431 7425 2 manus manus NN 43431 7425 3 and and CC 43431 7425 4 pes pe NNS 43431 7425 5 are be VBP 43431 7425 6 short short JJ 43431 7425 7 , , , 43431 7425 8 nearly nearly RB 43431 7425 9 or or CC 43431 7425 10 quite quite RB 43431 7425 11 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 7425 12 , , , 43431 7425 13 and and CC 43431 7425 14 have have VBP 43431 7425 15 the the DT 43431 7425 16 full full JJ 43431 7425 17 number number NN 43431 7425 18 of of IN 43431 7425 19 digits digit NNS 43431 7425 20 . . . 43431 7426 1 The the DT 43431 7426 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 7426 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 7426 4 is be VBZ 43431 7426 5 singularly singularly RB 43431 7426 6 small small JJ 43431 7426 7 . . . 43431 7427 1 Canine canine NN 43431 7427 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7427 3 are be VBP 43431 7427 4 present present JJ 43431 7427 5 in in IN 43431 7427 6 both both DT 43431 7427 7 jaws jaw NNS 43431 7427 8 , , , 43431 7427 9 and and CC 43431 7427 10 the the DT 43431 7427 11 grinding grind VBG 43431 7427 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7427 13 have have VBP 43431 7427 14 short short JJ 43431 7427 15 crowns crown NNS 43431 7427 16 , , , 43431 7427 17 marked mark VBN 43431 7427 18 by by IN 43431 7427 19 = = SYM 43431 7427 20 V=-shaped V=-shaped NNP 43431 7427 21 ridges ridge NNS 43431 7427 22 . . . 43431 7428 1 The the DT 43431 7428 2 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 7428 3 is be VBZ 43431 7428 4 large large JJ 43431 7428 5 , , , 43431 7428 6 the the DT 43431 7428 7 ilia ilium NNS 43431 7428 8 are be VBP 43431 7428 9 placed place VBN 43431 7428 10 vertically vertically RB 43431 7428 11 , , , 43431 7428 12 and and CC 43431 7428 13 the the DT 43431 7428 14 ischia ischia NN 43431 7428 15 do do VBP 43431 7428 16 not not RB 43431 7428 17 take take VB 43431 7428 18 part part NN 43431 7428 19 in in IN 43431 7428 20 the the DT 43431 7428 21 ventral ventral JJ 43431 7428 22 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7428 23 . . . 43431 7429 1 The the DT 43431 7429 2 best well RBS 43431 7429 3 known know VBN 43431 7429 4 animals animal NNS 43431 7429 5 belonging belong VBG 43431 7429 6 to to IN 43431 7429 7 this this DT 43431 7429 8 suborder suborder NN 43431 7429 9 are be VBP 43431 7429 10 the the DT 43431 7429 11 Uintatheriidae Uintatheriidae NNP 43431 7429 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7429 13 Dinocerata)[131 Dinocerata)[131 NNP 43431 7429 14 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7429 15 , , , 43431 7429 16 found find VBN 43431 7429 17 in in IN 43431 7429 18 the the DT 43431 7429 19 Upper Upper NNP 43431 7429 20 Eocene Eocene NNP 43431 7429 21 of of IN 43431 7429 22 Wyoming Wyoming NNP 43431 7429 23 . . . 43431 7430 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7430 2 are be VBP 43431 7430 3 as as RB 43431 7430 4 large large JJ 43431 7430 5 as as IN 43431 7430 6 elephants elephant NNS 43431 7430 7 , , , 43431 7430 8 and and CC 43431 7430 9 are be VBP 43431 7430 10 characterised characterise VBN 43431 7430 11 by by IN 43431 7430 12 the the DT 43431 7430 13 long long JJ 43431 7430 14 narrow narrow JJ 43431 7430 15 skull skull NN 43431 7430 16 drawn draw VBN 43431 7430 17 out out RP 43431 7430 18 into into IN 43431 7430 19 three three CD 43431 7430 20 pairs pair NNS 43431 7430 21 of of IN 43431 7430 22 rounded rounded JJ 43431 7430 23 protuberances protuberance NNS 43431 7430 24 , , , 43431 7430 25 by by IN 43431 7430 26 the the DT 43431 7430 27 strong strong JJ 43431 7430 28 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7430 29 crest crest NN 43431 7430 30 , , , 43431 7430 31 and and CC 43431 7430 32 by by IN 43431 7430 33 the the DT 43431 7430 34 very very RB 43431 7430 35 large large JJ 43431 7430 36 upper upper JJ 43431 7430 37 canines canine NNS 43431 7430 38 . . . 43431 7431 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7431 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7431 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7431 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7431 5 5 5 CD 43431 7431 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7431 7 . . . 43431 7432 1 PROBOSCIDEA PROBOSCIDEA NNP 43431 7432 2 . . . 43431 7433 1 This this DT 43431 7433 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 7433 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7433 4 the the DT 43431 7433 5 largest large JJS 43431 7433 6 of of IN 43431 7433 7 land land NN 43431 7433 8 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7433 9 , , , 43431 7433 10 the the DT 43431 7433 11 Elephants Elephants NNPS 43431 7433 12 , , , 43431 7433 13 and and CC 43431 7433 14 certain certain JJ 43431 7433 15 of of IN 43431 7433 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7433 17 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7433 18 allies ally NNS 43431 7433 19 . . . 43431 7434 1 The the DT 43431 7434 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 7434 3 are be VBP 43431 7434 4 strong strong JJ 43431 7434 5 , , , 43431 7434 6 and and CC 43431 7434 7 are be VBP 43431 7434 8 vertically vertically RB 43431 7434 9 placed place VBN 43431 7434 10 ; ; : 43431 7434 11 the the DT 43431 7434 12 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7434 13 segment segment NN 43431 7434 14 is be VBZ 43431 7434 15 the the DT 43431 7434 16 longest long JJS 43431 7434 17 , , , 43431 7434 18 and and CC 43431 7434 19 the the DT 43431 7434 20 manus manus NN 43431 7434 21 and and CC 43431 7434 22 pes pes NN 43431 7434 23 are be VBP 43431 7434 24 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 7434 25 and and CC 43431 7434 26 subplantigrade subplantigrade NN 43431 7434 27 . . . 43431 7435 1 The the DT 43431 7435 2 digits digit NNS 43431 7435 3 are be VBP 43431 7435 4 all all DT 43431 7435 5 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 7435 6 in in IN 43431 7435 7 a a DT 43431 7435 8 common common JJ 43431 7435 9 integument integument NN 43431 7435 10 , , , 43431 7435 11 and and CC 43431 7435 12 each each DT 43431 7435 13 is be VBZ 43431 7435 14 provided provide VBN 43431 7435 15 with with IN 43431 7435 16 a a DT 43431 7435 17 broad broad JJ 43431 7435 18 hoof hoof NN 43431 7435 19 . . . 43431 7436 1 The the DT 43431 7436 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7436 3 centra centrum NNS 43431 7436 4 are be VBP 43431 7436 5 much much RB 43431 7436 6 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7436 7 and and CC 43431 7436 8 compressed compress VBN 43431 7436 9 , , , 43431 7436 10 especially especially RB 43431 7436 11 in in IN 43431 7436 12 the the DT 43431 7436 13 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7436 14 region region NN 43431 7436 15 . . . 43431 7437 1 The the DT 43431 7437 2 number number NN 43431 7437 3 of of IN 43431 7437 4 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7437 5 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 7437 6 is be VBZ 43431 7437 7 very very RB 43431 7437 8 great great JJ 43431 7437 9 , , , 43431 7437 10 reaching reach VBG 43431 7437 11 twenty twenty CD 43431 7437 12 . . . 43431 7438 1 The the DT 43431 7438 2 skull skull NN 43431 7438 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7438 4 figs fig NNS 43431 7438 5 . . . 43431 7439 1 96 96 CD 43431 7439 2 and and CC 43431 7439 3 97 97 CD 43431 7439 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7439 5 is be VBZ 43431 7439 6 extremely extremely RB 43431 7439 7 large large JJ 43431 7439 8 , , , 43431 7439 9 this this DT 43431 7439 10 being be VBG 43431 7439 11 due due IN 43431 7439 12 to to IN 43431 7439 13 the the DT 43431 7439 14 great great JJ 43431 7439 15 development development NN 43431 7439 16 of of IN 43431 7439 17 air air NN 43431 7439 18 cells cell NNS 43431 7439 19 , , , 43431 7439 20 which which WDT 43431 7439 21 takes take VBZ 43431 7439 22 place place NN 43431 7439 23 in in IN 43431 7439 24 nearly nearly RB 43431 7439 25 all all PDT 43431 7439 26 the the DT 43431 7439 27 bones bone NNS 43431 7439 28 of of IN 43431 7439 29 the the DT 43431 7439 30 adult adult NN 43431 7439 31 skull skull NN 43431 7439 32 . . . 43431 7440 1 In in IN 43431 7440 2 the the DT 43431 7440 3 young young JJ 43431 7440 4 skull skull NN 43431 7440 5 there there EX 43431 7440 6 are be VBP 43431 7440 7 hardly hardly RB 43431 7440 8 any any DT 43431 7440 9 air air NN 43431 7440 10 cells cell NNS 43431 7440 11 , , , 43431 7440 12 and and CC 43431 7440 13 the the DT 43431 7440 14 growth growth NN 43431 7440 15 of of IN 43431 7440 16 the the DT 43431 7440 17 cranial cranial JJ 43431 7440 18 cavity cavity NN 43431 7440 19 does do VBZ 43431 7440 20 not not RB 43431 7440 21 by by IN 43431 7440 22 any any DT 43431 7440 23 means mean NNS 43431 7440 24 keep keep VB 43431 7440 25 pace pace NN 43431 7440 26 with with IN 43431 7440 27 the the DT 43431 7440 28 growth growth NN 43431 7440 29 of of IN 43431 7440 30 the the DT 43431 7440 31 skull skull NN 43431 7440 32 in in IN 43431 7440 33 general general NN 43431 7440 34 . . . 43431 7441 1 The the DT 43431 7441 2 supra supra NN 43431 7441 3 - - HYPH 43431 7441 4 occipital occipital NN 43431 7441 5 is be VBZ 43431 7441 6 very very RB 43431 7441 7 large large JJ 43431 7441 8 , , , 43431 7441 9 and and CC 43431 7441 10 forms form VBZ 43431 7441 11 a a DT 43431 7441 12 considerable considerable JJ 43431 7441 13 part part NN 43431 7441 14 of of IN 43431 7441 15 the the DT 43431 7441 16 roof roof NN 43431 7441 17 of of IN 43431 7441 18 the the DT 43431 7441 19 skull skull NN 43431 7441 20 . . . 43431 7442 1 The the DT 43431 7442 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 7442 3 and and CC 43431 7442 4 jugals jugal NNS 43431 7442 5 are be VBP 43431 7442 6 short short JJ 43431 7442 7 , , , 43431 7442 8 and and CC 43431 7442 9 the the DT 43431 7442 10 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 7442 11 very very RB 43431 7442 12 large large JJ 43431 7442 13 . . . 43431 7443 1 The the DT 43431 7443 2 rami rami NN 43431 7443 3 of of IN 43431 7443 4 the the DT 43431 7443 5 mandible mandible JJ 43431 7443 6 meet meet NN 43431 7443 7 in in IN 43431 7443 8 a a DT 43431 7443 9 long long JJ 43431 7443 10 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7443 11 , , , 43431 7443 12 and and CC 43431 7443 13 the the DT 43431 7443 14 ascending ascend VBG 43431 7443 15 portion portion NN 43431 7443 16 is be VBZ 43431 7443 17 very very RB 43431 7443 18 high high JJ 43431 7443 19 . . . 43431 7444 1 Canine canine NN 43431 7444 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7444 3 are be VBP 43431 7444 4 absent absent JJ 43431 7444 5 , , , 43431 7444 6 and and CC 43431 7444 7 the the DT 43431 7444 8 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7444 9 have have VBP 43431 7444 10 the the DT 43431 7444 11 form form NN 43431 7444 12 of of IN 43431 7444 13 ever ever RB 43431 7444 14 - - HYPH 43431 7444 15 growing grow VBG 43431 7444 16 tusks tusk NNS 43431 7444 17 composed compose VBN 43431 7444 18 mainly mainly RB 43431 7444 19 of of IN 43431 7444 20 dentine dentine NN 43431 7444 21 ; ; : 43431 7444 22 in in IN 43431 7444 23 living live VBG 43431 7444 24 forms form NNS 43431 7444 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7444 26 are be VBP 43431 7444 27 present present JJ 43431 7444 28 in in IN 43431 7444 29 the the DT 43431 7444 30 upper upper JJ 43431 7444 31 jaw jaw NN 43431 7444 32 only only RB 43431 7444 33 . . . 43431 7445 1 The the DT 43431 7445 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 7445 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7445 4 are be VBP 43431 7445 5 large large JJ 43431 7445 6 , , , 43431 7445 7 and and CC 43431 7445 8 in in IN 43431 7445 9 living live VBG 43431 7445 10 forms form NNS 43431 7445 11 have have VBP 43431 7445 12 a a DT 43431 7445 13 very very RB 43431 7445 14 complex complex JJ 43431 7445 15 structure structure NN 43431 7445 16 and and CC 43431 7445 17 mode mode NN 43431 7445 18 of of IN 43431 7445 19 succession succession NN 43431 7445 20 . . . 43431 7446 1 In in IN 43431 7446 2 some some DT 43431 7446 3 of of IN 43431 7446 4 the the DT 43431 7446 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7446 6 forms form NNS 43431 7446 7 , , , 43431 7446 8 such such JJ 43431 7446 9 as as IN 43431 7446 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7446 11 Mastodon Mastodon NNP 43431 7446 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7446 13 and and CC 43431 7446 14 especially especially RB 43431 7446 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7446 16 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 7446 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7446 18 , , , 43431 7446 19 the the DT 43431 7446 20 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7446 21 are be VBP 43431 7446 22 much much RB 43431 7446 23 more more RBR 43431 7446 24 simple simple JJ 43431 7446 25 . . . 43431 7447 1 In in IN 43431 7447 2 every every DT 43431 7447 3 case case NN 43431 7447 4 the the DT 43431 7447 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7447 6 have have VBP 43431 7447 7 the the DT 43431 7447 8 same same JJ 43431 7447 9 general general JJ 43431 7447 10 structure structure NN 43431 7447 11 , , , 43431 7447 12 consisting consist VBG 43431 7447 13 of of IN 43431 7447 14 a a DT 43431 7447 15 series series NN 43431 7447 16 of of IN 43431 7447 17 ridges ridge NNS 43431 7447 18 of of IN 43431 7447 19 dentine dentine NNP 43431 7447 20 , , , 43431 7447 21 coated coat VBN 43431 7447 22 with with IN 43431 7447 23 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7447 24 . . . 43431 7448 1 In in IN 43431 7448 2 the the DT 43431 7448 3 more more RBR 43431 7448 4 specialised specialised JJ 43431 7448 5 forms form NNS 43431 7448 6 the the DT 43431 7448 7 valleys valley NNS 43431 7448 8 between between IN 43431 7448 9 the the DT 43431 7448 10 ridges ridge NNS 43431 7448 11 are be VBP 43431 7448 12 filled fill VBN 43431 7448 13 up up RP 43431 7448 14 with with IN 43431 7448 15 cement cement NN 43431 7448 16 . . . 43431 7449 1 The the DT 43431 7449 2 acromion acromion NN 43431 7449 3 of of IN 43431 7449 4 the the DT 43431 7449 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 7449 6 has have VBZ 43431 7449 7 a a DT 43431 7449 8 recurved recurved JJ 43431 7449 9 process process NN 43431 7449 10 , , , 43431 7449 11 similar similar JJ 43431 7449 12 to to IN 43431 7449 13 that that DT 43431 7449 14 often often RB 43431 7449 15 found find VBD 43431 7449 16 in in IN 43431 7449 17 rodents rodent NNS 43431 7449 18 . . . 43431 7450 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7450 2 are be VBP 43431 7450 3 absent absent JJ 43431 7450 4 . . . 43431 7451 1 The the DT 43431 7451 2 radius radius NN 43431 7451 3 and and CC 43431 7451 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 7451 5 are be VBP 43431 7451 6 not not RB 43431 7451 7 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 7451 8 , , , 43431 7451 9 but but CC 43431 7451 10 are be VBP 43431 7451 11 incapable incapable JJ 43431 7451 12 of of IN 43431 7451 13 any any DT 43431 7451 14 rotatory rotatory JJ 43431 7451 15 movement movement NN 43431 7451 16 . . . 43431 7452 1 All all PDT 43431 7452 2 the the DT 43431 7452 3 bones bone NNS 43431 7452 4 of of IN 43431 7452 5 the the DT 43431 7452 6 extremities extremity NNS 43431 7452 7 are be VBP 43431 7452 8 very very RB 43431 7452 9 short short JJ 43431 7452 10 and and CC 43431 7452 11 thick thick JJ 43431 7452 12 ; ; : 43431 7452 13 the the DT 43431 7452 14 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 7452 15 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7452 16 regularly regularly RB 43431 7452 17 with with IN 43431 7452 18 the the DT 43431 7452 19 trapezoid trapezoid NN 43431 7452 20 and and CC 43431 7452 21 the the DT 43431 7452 22 lunar lunar NN 43431 7452 23 with with IN 43431 7452 24 the the DT 43431 7452 25 magnum magnum NN 43431 7452 26 . . . 43431 7453 1 The the DT 43431 7453 2 ilia ilium NNS 43431 7453 3 are be VBP 43431 7453 4 vertically vertically RB 43431 7453 5 placed place VBN 43431 7453 6 , , , 43431 7453 7 and and CC 43431 7453 8 are be VBP 43431 7453 9 very very RB 43431 7453 10 much much RB 43431 7453 11 expanded expand VBN 43431 7453 12 ; ; : 43431 7453 13 the the DT 43431 7453 14 ischia ischia NN 43431 7453 15 and and CC 43431 7453 16 pubes pubis NNS 43431 7453 17 are be VBP 43431 7453 18 small small JJ 43431 7453 19 , , , 43431 7453 20 and and CC 43431 7453 21 form form VB 43431 7453 22 a a DT 43431 7453 23 short short JJ 43431 7453 24 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7453 25 . . . 43431 7454 1 The the DT 43431 7454 2 femur femur NN 43431 7454 3 has have VBZ 43431 7454 4 no no DT 43431 7454 5 third third JJ 43431 7454 6 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7454 7 , , , 43431 7454 8 and and CC 43431 7454 9 the the DT 43431 7454 10 tibia tibia NNP 43431 7454 11 and and CC 43431 7454 12 fibula fibula NNP 43431 7454 13 are be VBP 43431 7454 14 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7454 15 . . . 43431 7455 1 The the DT 43431 7455 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 7455 3 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7455 4 with with IN 43431 7455 5 the the DT 43431 7455 6 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7455 7 , , , 43431 7455 8 and and CC 43431 7455 9 the the DT 43431 7455 10 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7455 11 is be VBZ 43431 7455 12 very very RB 43431 7455 13 flat flat JJ 43431 7455 14 . . . 43431 7456 1 * * NFP 43431 7456 2 * * NFP 43431 7456 3 * * NFP 43431 7456 4 * * NFP 43431 7456 5 * * NFP 43431 7456 6 Here here RB 43431 7456 7 brief brief JJ 43431 7456 8 reference reference NN 43431 7456 9 may may MD 43431 7456 10 be be VB 43431 7456 11 made make VBN 43431 7456 12 to to IN 43431 7456 13 the the DT 43431 7456 14 TILLODONTIA[132 tillodontia[132 NN 43431 7456 15 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7456 16 , , , 43431 7456 17 a a DT 43431 7456 18 group group NN 43431 7456 19 of of IN 43431 7456 20 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7456 21 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7456 22 found find VBN 43431 7456 23 in in IN 43431 7456 24 the the DT 43431 7456 25 Eocene Eocene NNP 43431 7456 26 beds bed NNS 43431 7456 27 of of IN 43431 7456 28 both both CC 43431 7456 29 Europe Europe NNP 43431 7456 30 and and CC 43431 7456 31 North North NNP 43431 7456 32 America America NNP 43431 7456 33 . . . 43431 7457 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7457 2 seem seem VBP 43431 7457 3 to to TO 43431 7457 4 connect connect VB 43431 7457 5 together together RB 43431 7457 6 the the DT 43431 7457 7 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 7457 8 , , , 43431 7457 9 Rodentia Rodentia NNP 43431 7457 10 , , , 43431 7457 11 and and CC 43431 7457 12 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7457 13 . . . 43431 7458 1 The the DT 43431 7458 2 skull skull NN 43431 7458 3 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 7458 4 that that IN 43431 7458 5 of of IN 43431 7458 6 bears bear NNS 43431 7458 7 , , , 43431 7458 8 but but CC 43431 7458 9 the the DT 43431 7458 10 grinding grind VBG 43431 7458 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7458 12 are be VBP 43431 7458 13 of of IN 43431 7458 14 Ungulate Ungulate NNP 43431 7458 15 type type NN 43431 7458 16 , , , 43431 7458 17 while while IN 43431 7458 18 the the DT 43431 7458 19 second second JJ 43431 7458 20 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7458 21 resemble resemble VBP 43431 7458 22 those those DT 43431 7458 23 of of IN 43431 7458 24 rodents rodent NNS 43431 7458 25 , , , 43431 7458 26 and and CC 43431 7458 27 have have VBP 43431 7458 28 persistent persistent JJ 43431 7458 29 pulps pulp NNS 43431 7458 30 . . . 43431 7459 1 The the DT 43431 7459 2 femur femur NN 43431 7459 3 has have VBZ 43431 7459 4 a a DT 43431 7459 5 third third JJ 43431 7459 6 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7459 7 , , , 43431 7459 8 and and CC 43431 7459 9 the the DT 43431 7459 10 feet foot NNS 43431 7459 11 resemble resemble VBP 43431 7459 12 those those DT 43431 7459 13 of of IN 43431 7459 14 bears bear NNS 43431 7459 15 in in IN 43431 7459 16 being be VBG 43431 7459 17 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 7459 18 and and CC 43431 7459 19 having have VBG 43431 7459 20 pointed point VBN 43431 7459 21 ungual ungual JJ 43431 7459 22 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7459 23 , , , 43431 7459 24 differing differ VBG 43431 7459 25 , , , 43431 7459 26 however however RB 43431 7459 27 , , , 43431 7459 28 in in IN 43431 7459 29 having have VBG 43431 7459 30 the the DT 43431 7459 31 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 7459 32 and and CC 43431 7459 33 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7459 34 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7459 35 . . . 43431 7460 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7460 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7460 3 5 5 CD 43431 7460 4 . . . 43431 7460 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7460 6 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 7460 7 . . . 43431 7461 1 The the DT 43431 7461 2 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 7461 3 form form VBP 43431 7461 4 a a DT 43431 7461 5 very very RB 43431 7461 6 large large JJ 43431 7461 7 and and CC 43431 7461 8 well well RB 43431 7461 9 - - HYPH 43431 7461 10 defined define VBN 43431 7461 11 group group NN 43431 7461 12 of of IN 43431 7461 13 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7461 14 easily easily RB 43431 7461 15 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 43431 7461 16 by by IN 43431 7461 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7461 18 peculiar peculiar JJ 43431 7461 19 dentition dentition NN 43431 7461 20 . . . 43431 7462 1 Canines canine NNS 43431 7462 2 are be VBP 43431 7462 3 absent absent JJ 43431 7462 4 , , , 43431 7462 5 and and CC 43431 7462 6 the the DT 43431 7462 7 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7462 8 are be VBP 43431 7462 9 very very RB 43431 7462 10 large large JJ 43431 7462 11 and and CC 43431 7462 12 curved curved JJ 43431 7462 13 , , , 43431 7462 14 growing grow VBG 43431 7462 15 from from IN 43431 7462 16 persistent persistent JJ 43431 7462 17 pulps pulp NNS 43431 7462 18 . . . 43431 7463 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7463 2 are be VBP 43431 7463 3 rectangular rectangular JJ 43431 7463 4 in in IN 43431 7463 5 section section NN 43431 7463 6 and and CC 43431 7463 7 are be VBP 43431 7463 8 much much RB 43431 7463 9 more more RBR 43431 7463 10 thickly thickly RB 43431 7463 11 coated coat VBN 43431 7463 12 with with IN 43431 7463 13 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7463 14 on on IN 43431 7463 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7463 16 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7463 17 face face NN 43431 7463 18 than than IN 43431 7463 19 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 7463 20 ; ; : 43431 7463 21 consequently consequently RB 43431 7463 22 , , , 43431 7463 23 as as IN 43431 7463 24 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7463 25 wear wear VBP 43431 7463 26 down down RP 43431 7463 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7463 28 acquire acquire VBP 43431 7463 29 and and CC 43431 7463 30 retain retain VBP 43431 7463 31 a a DT 43431 7463 32 chisel chisel NN 43431 7463 33 - - HYPH 43431 7463 34 shaped shape VBN 43431 7463 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7463 36 scalpriform scalpriform NN 43431 7463 37 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7463 38 edge edge NN 43431 7463 39 . . . 43431 7464 1 There there EX 43431 7464 2 is be VBZ 43431 7464 3 never never RB 43431 7464 4 more more JJR 43431 7464 5 than than IN 43431 7464 6 one one CD 43431 7464 7 pair pair NN 43431 7464 8 of of IN 43431 7464 9 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7464 10 in in IN 43431 7464 11 the the DT 43431 7464 12 mandible mandible NN 43431 7464 13 , , , 43431 7464 14 and and CC 43431 7464 15 except except IN 43431 7464 16 in in IN 43431 7464 17 the the DT 43431 7464 18 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 7464 19 and and CC 43431 7464 20 Rabbits Rabbits NNPS 43431 7464 21 , , , 43431 7464 22 there there EX 43431 7464 23 is be VBZ 43431 7464 24 similarly similarly RB 43431 7464 25 only only RB 43431 7464 26 a a DT 43431 7464 27 single single JJ 43431 7464 28 pair pair NN 43431 7464 29 in in IN 43431 7464 30 the the DT 43431 7464 31 upper upper JJ 43431 7464 32 jaw jaw NN 43431 7464 33 . . . 43431 7465 1 These these DT 43431 7465 2 animals animal NNS 43431 7465 3 are be VBP 43431 7465 4 , , , 43431 7465 5 too too RB 43431 7465 6 , , , 43431 7465 7 the the DT 43431 7465 8 only only JJ 43431 7465 9 rodents rodent NNS 43431 7465 10 which which WDT 43431 7465 11 have have VBP 43431 7465 12 well well RB 43431 7465 13 developed develop VBN 43431 7465 14 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 7465 15 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7465 16 . . . 43431 7466 1 There there EX 43431 7466 2 is be VBZ 43431 7466 3 always always RB 43431 7466 4 a a DT 43431 7466 5 long long JJ 43431 7466 6 diastema diastema NN 43431 7466 7 separating separate VBG 43431 7466 8 the the DT 43431 7466 9 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7466 10 from from IN 43431 7466 11 the the DT 43431 7466 12 grinding grind VBG 43431 7466 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7466 14 . . . 43431 7467 1 The the DT 43431 7467 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 7467 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7467 4 , , , 43431 7467 5 which which WDT 43431 7467 6 are be VBP 43431 7467 7 arranged arrange VBN 43431 7467 8 in in IN 43431 7467 9 a a DT 43431 7467 10 continuous continuous JJ 43431 7467 11 series series NN 43431 7467 12 , , , 43431 7467 13 vary vary VBP 43431 7467 14 in in IN 43431 7467 15 number number NN 43431 7467 16 from from IN 43431 7467 17 two two CD 43431 7467 18 to to TO 43431 7467 19 six six CD 43431 7467 20 in in IN 43431 7467 21 the the DT 43431 7467 22 upper upper JJ 43431 7467 23 jaw jaw NN 43431 7467 24 , , , 43431 7467 25 and and CC 43431 7467 26 from from IN 43431 7467 27 two two CD 43431 7467 28 to to TO 43431 7467 29 five five CD 43431 7467 30 in in IN 43431 7467 31 the the DT 43431 7467 32 lower low JJR 43431 7467 33 jaw jaw NN 43431 7467 34 . . . 43431 7468 1 The the DT 43431 7468 2 number number NN 43431 7468 3 of of IN 43431 7468 4 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7468 5 is be VBZ 43431 7468 6 always always RB 43431 7468 7 below below IN 43431 7468 8 the the DT 43431 7468 9 normal normal JJ 43431 7468 10 , , , 43431 7468 11 often often RB 43431 7468 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7468 13 are be VBP 43431 7468 14 altogether altogether RB 43431 7468 15 wanting want VBG 43431 7468 16 , , , 43431 7468 17 but but CC 43431 7468 18 generally generally RB 43431 7468 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7468 20 are be VBP 43431 7468 21 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 7468 22 . . . 43431 7469 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7469 2 the the DT 43431 7469 3 grinding grind VBG 43431 7469 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7469 5 form form VBP 43431 7469 6 roots root NNS 43431 7469 7 , , , 43431 7469 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7469 9 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7469 10 grow grow VBP 43431 7469 11 persistently persistently RB 43431 7469 12 . . . 43431 7470 1 The the DT 43431 7470 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 7470 3 are be VBP 43431 7470 4 always always RB 43431 7470 5 large large JJ 43431 7470 6 , , , 43431 7470 7 and and CC 43431 7470 8 the the DT 43431 7470 9 orbits orbit NNS 43431 7470 10 always always RB 43431 7470 11 communicate communicate VBP 43431 7470 12 freely freely RB 43431 7470 13 with with IN 43431 7470 14 the the DT 43431 7470 15 temporal temporal JJ 43431 7470 16 fossae fossae NN 43431 7470 17 . . . 43431 7471 1 The the DT 43431 7471 2 condyle condyle NN 43431 7471 3 of of IN 43431 7471 4 the the DT 43431 7471 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 7471 6 is be VBZ 43431 7471 7 elongated elongate VBN 43431 7471 8 from from IN 43431 7471 9 before before RB 43431 7471 10 backwards backwards RB 43431 7471 11 , , , 43431 7471 12 and and CC 43431 7471 13 owing owe VBG 43431 7471 14 to to IN 43431 7471 15 the the DT 43431 7471 16 absence absence NN 43431 7471 17 of of IN 43431 7471 18 a a DT 43431 7471 19 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 7471 20 process process NN 43431 7471 21 to to IN 43431 7471 22 the the DT 43431 7471 23 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 7471 24 , , , 43431 7471 25 a a DT 43431 7471 26 backward backward JJ 43431 7471 27 and and CC 43431 7471 28 forward forward JJ 43431 7471 29 motion motion NN 43431 7471 30 of of IN 43431 7471 31 the the DT 43431 7471 32 jaw jaw NN 43431 7471 33 can can MD 43431 7471 34 take take VB 43431 7471 35 place place NN 43431 7471 36 . . . 43431 7472 1 The the DT 43431 7472 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 7472 3 arch arch NN 43431 7472 4 is be VBZ 43431 7472 5 complete complete JJ 43431 7472 6 , , , 43431 7472 7 but but CC 43431 7472 8 the the DT 43431 7472 9 jugal jugal NN 43431 7472 10 is be VBZ 43431 7472 11 short short JJ 43431 7472 12 and and CC 43431 7472 13 only only RB 43431 7472 14 forms form NNS 43431 7472 15 the the DT 43431 7472 16 middle middle NN 43431 7472 17 of of IN 43431 7472 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7472 19 . . . 43431 7473 1 The the DT 43431 7473 2 palate palate NN 43431 7473 3 is be VBZ 43431 7473 4 small small JJ 43431 7473 5 , , , 43431 7473 6 being be VBG 43431 7473 7 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7473 8 , , , 43431 7473 9 as as IN 43431 7473 10 in in IN 43431 7473 11 the the DT 43431 7473 12 hares hare NNS 43431 7473 13 , , , 43431 7473 14 narrowed narrow VBN 43431 7473 15 from from IN 43431 7473 16 before before RB 43431 7473 17 backwards backwards RB 43431 7473 18 , , , 43431 7473 19 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7473 20 as as IN 43431 7473 21 in in IN 43431 7473 22 the the DT 43431 7473 23 mole mole NN 43431 7473 24 - - HYPH 43431 7473 25 rats rat NNS 43431 7473 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7473 27 Bathyerginae Bathyerginae NNP 43431 7473 28 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7473 29 narrowed narrow VBD 43431 7473 30 transversely transversely RB 43431 7473 31 . . . 43431 7474 1 The the DT 43431 7474 2 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 7474 3 - - HYPH 43431 7474 4 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7474 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7474 6 are be VBP 43431 7474 7 usually usually RB 43431 7474 8 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 7474 9 in in IN 43431 7474 10 number number NN 43431 7474 11 . . . 43431 7475 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7475 2 are be VBP 43431 7475 3 generally generally RB 43431 7475 4 present present JJ 43431 7475 5 , , , 43431 7475 6 and and CC 43431 7475 7 the the DT 43431 7475 8 acromion acromion NN 43431 7475 9 of of IN 43431 7475 10 the the DT 43431 7475 11 scapula scapula NN 43431 7475 12 is be VBZ 43431 7475 13 commonly commonly RB 43431 7475 14 very very RB 43431 7475 15 long long JJ 43431 7475 16 . . . 43431 7476 1 The the DT 43431 7476 2 feet foot NNS 43431 7476 3 are be VBP 43431 7476 4 as as IN 43431 7476 5 a a DT 43431 7476 6 rule rule NN 43431 7476 7 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 7476 8 , , , 43431 7476 9 and and CC 43431 7476 10 provided provide VBN 43431 7476 11 with with IN 43431 7476 12 five five CD 43431 7476 13 clawed claw VBN 43431 7476 14 digits digit NNS 43431 7476 15 . . . 43431 7477 1 There there EX 43431 7477 2 are be VBP 43431 7477 3 two two CD 43431 7477 4 main main JJ 43431 7477 5 groups group NNS 43431 7477 6 of of IN 43431 7477 7 Rodentia Rodentia NNP 43431 7477 8 ; ; : 43431 7477 9 the the DT 43431 7477 10 Duplicidentata Duplicidentata NNP 43431 7477 11 , , , 43431 7477 12 or or CC 43431 7477 13 Hares Hares NNP 43431 7477 14 and and CC 43431 7477 15 Rabbits Rabbits NNPS 43431 7477 16 , , , 43431 7477 17 which which WDT 43431 7477 18 have have VBP 43431 7477 19 two two CD 43431 7477 20 pairs pair NNS 43431 7477 21 of of IN 43431 7477 22 upper upper JJ 43431 7477 23 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7477 24 , , , 43431 7477 25 whose whose WP$ 43431 7477 26 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7477 27 extends extend VBZ 43431 7477 28 round round RB 43431 7477 29 to to IN 43431 7477 30 the the DT 43431 7477 31 posterior posterior NN 43431 7477 32 surface surface NN 43431 7477 33 ; ; : 43431 7477 34 and and CC 43431 7477 35 the the DT 43431 7477 36 Simplicidentata Simplicidentata NNP 43431 7477 37 , , , 43431 7477 38 in in IN 43431 7477 39 which which WDT 43431 7477 40 there there EX 43431 7477 41 is be VBZ 43431 7477 42 only only RB 43431 7477 43 a a DT 43431 7477 44 single single JJ 43431 7477 45 pair pair NN 43431 7477 46 of of IN 43431 7477 47 upper upper JJ 43431 7477 48 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7477 49 , , , 43431 7477 50 whose whose WP$ 43431 7477 51 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7477 52 is be VBZ 43431 7477 53 confined confine VBN 43431 7477 54 to to IN 43431 7477 55 the the DT 43431 7477 56 anterior anterior NNP 43431 7477 57 surface surface NN 43431 7477 58 . . . 43431 7478 1 This this DT 43431 7478 2 group group NN 43431 7478 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7478 4 all all PDT 43431 7478 5 the the DT 43431 7478 6 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 7478 7 except except IN 43431 7478 8 the the DT 43431 7478 9 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 7478 10 and and CC 43431 7478 11 Rabbits Rabbits NNPS 43431 7478 12 . . . 43431 7479 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7479 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7479 3 6 6 CD 43431 7479 4 . . . 43431 7479 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7479 6 CARNIVORA CARNIVORA NNP 43431 7479 7 . . . 43431 7480 1 The the DT 43431 7480 2 living live VBG 43431 7480 3 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7480 4 form form NN 43431 7480 5 a a DT 43431 7480 6 natural natural JJ 43431 7480 7 and and CC 43431 7480 8 well well RB 43431 7480 9 - - HYPH 43431 7480 10 marked mark VBN 43431 7480 11 group group NN 43431 7480 12 , , , 43431 7480 13 but but CC 43431 7480 14 as as IN 43431 7480 15 is be VBZ 43431 7480 16 the the DT 43431 7480 17 case case NN 43431 7480 18 with with IN 43431 7480 19 so so RB 43431 7480 20 many many JJ 43431 7480 21 other other JJ 43431 7480 22 groups group NNS 43431 7480 23 of of IN 43431 7480 24 animals animal NNS 43431 7480 25 , , , 43431 7480 26 when when WRB 43431 7480 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7480 28 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7480 29 allies ally NNS 43431 7480 30 are be VBP 43431 7480 31 included include VBN 43431 7480 32 , , , 43431 7480 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7480 34 becomes become VBZ 43431 7480 35 impossible impossible JJ 43431 7480 36 to to TO 43431 7480 37 readily readily RB 43431 7480 38 define define VB 43431 7480 39 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7480 40 . . . 43431 7481 1 The the DT 43431 7481 2 manus manus NN 43431 7481 3 and and CC 43431 7481 4 pes pe NNS 43431 7481 5 never never RB 43431 7481 6 have have VBP 43431 7481 7 less less JJR 43431 7481 8 than than IN 43431 7481 9 four four CD 43431 7481 10 well well RB 43431 7481 11 - - HYPH 43431 7481 12 developed develop VBN 43431 7481 13 digits digit NNS 43431 7481 14 , , , 43431 7481 15 and and CC 43431 7481 16 these these DT 43431 7481 17 are be VBP 43431 7481 18 nearly nearly RB 43431 7481 19 always always RB 43431 7481 20 provided provide VBN 43431 7481 21 with with IN 43431 7481 22 more more JJR 43431 7481 23 or or CC 43431 7481 24 less less RBR 43431 7481 25 pointed pointed JJ 43431 7481 26 nails nail NNS 43431 7481 27 , , , 43431 7481 28 generally generally RB 43431 7481 29 with with IN 43431 7481 30 definite definite JJ 43431 7481 31 claws claws NN 43431 7481 32 . . . 43431 7482 1 The the DT 43431 7482 2 hallux hallux NN 43431 7482 3 and and CC 43431 7482 4 pollex pollex NN 43431 7482 5 are be VBP 43431 7482 6 never never RB 43431 7482 7 opposable opposable JJ 43431 7482 8 . . . 43431 7483 1 The the DT 43431 7483 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 7483 3 is be VBZ 43431 7483 4 diphyodont diphyodont JJ 43431 7483 5 and and CC 43431 7483 6 markedly markedly RB 43431 7483 7 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 7483 8 . . . 43431 7484 1 The the DT 43431 7484 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7484 3 are be VBP 43431 7484 4 always always RB 43431 7484 5 rooted root VBN 43431 7484 6 , , , 43431 7484 7 except except IN 43431 7484 8 in in IN 43431 7484 9 the the DT 43431 7484 10 case case NN 43431 7484 11 of of IN 43431 7484 12 the the DT 43431 7484 13 canines canine NNS 43431 7484 14 of of IN 43431 7484 15 the the DT 43431 7484 16 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 7484 17 . . . 43431 7485 1 The the DT 43431 7485 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7485 3 are be VBP 43431 7485 4 generally generally RB 43431 7485 5 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 7485 6 , , , 43431 7485 7 and and CC 43431 7485 8 are be VBP 43431 7485 9 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 7485 10 small small JJ 43431 7485 11 , , , 43431 7485 12 while while IN 43431 7485 13 the the DT 43431 7485 14 canines canine NNS 43431 7485 15 are be VBP 43431 7485 16 large large JJ 43431 7485 17 , , , 43431 7485 18 pointed pointed JJ 43431 7485 19 , , , 43431 7485 20 and and CC 43431 7485 21 slightly slightly RB 43431 7485 22 recurved recurve VBN 43431 7485 23 . . . 43431 7486 1 The the DT 43431 7486 2 cheek cheek NN 43431 7486 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7486 4 are be VBP 43431 7486 5 variable variable JJ 43431 7486 6 , , , 43431 7486 7 and and CC 43431 7486 8 are be VBP 43431 7486 9 generally generally RB 43431 7486 10 more more RBR 43431 7486 11 or or CC 43431 7486 12 less less RBR 43431 7486 13 compressed compress VBN 43431 7486 14 and and CC 43431 7486 15 pointed point VBN 43431 7486 16 ; ; : 43431 7486 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7486 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7486 19 crowns crown NNS 43431 7486 20 are be VBP 43431 7486 21 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7486 22 and and CC 43431 7486 23 tuberculated tuberculated JJ 43431 7486 24 , , , 43431 7486 25 but but CC 43431 7486 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7486 27 are be VBP 43431 7486 28 never never RB 43431 7486 29 divided divide VBN 43431 7486 30 into into IN 43431 7486 31 lobes lobe NNS 43431 7486 32 by by IN 43431 7486 33 deep deep JJ 43431 7486 34 infoldings infolding NNS 43431 7486 35 of of IN 43431 7486 36 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7486 37 . . . 43431 7487 1 The the DT 43431 7487 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 7487 3 is be VBZ 43431 7487 4 drawn draw VBN 43431 7487 5 out out RP 43431 7487 6 into into IN 43431 7487 7 a a DT 43431 7487 8 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 7487 9 process process NN 43431 7487 10 , , , 43431 7487 11 and and CC 43431 7487 12 the the DT 43431 7487 13 mandible mandible NN 43431 7487 14 has have VBZ 43431 7487 15 a a DT 43431 7487 16 large large JJ 43431 7487 17 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 7487 18 process process NN 43431 7487 19 . . . 43431 7488 1 The the DT 43431 7488 2 condyle condyle NN 43431 7488 3 of of IN 43431 7488 4 the the DT 43431 7488 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 7488 6 is be VBZ 43431 7488 7 transversely transversely RB 43431 7488 8 elongated elongate VBN 43431 7488 9 , , , 43431 7488 10 and and CC 43431 7488 11 the the DT 43431 7488 12 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 7488 13 fossa fossa NNP 43431 7488 14 is be VBZ 43431 7488 15 very very RB 43431 7488 16 deep deep JJ 43431 7488 17 ; ; : 43431 7488 18 in in IN 43431 7488 19 consequence consequence NN 43431 7488 20 of of IN 43431 7488 21 this this DT 43431 7488 22 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 7488 23 the the DT 43431 7488 24 mandible mandible NN 43431 7488 25 can can MD 43431 7488 26 perform perform VB 43431 7488 27 an an DT 43431 7488 28 up up NN 43431 7488 29 and and CC 43431 7488 30 down down IN 43431 7488 31 movement movement NN 43431 7488 32 only only RB 43431 7488 33 , , , 43431 7488 34 any any DT 43431 7488 35 rotatory rotatory NN 43431 7488 36 or or CC 43431 7488 37 back back NN 43431 7488 38 and and CC 43431 7488 39 fore fore JJ 43431 7488 40 movement movement NN 43431 7488 41 being be VBG 43431 7488 42 impossible impossible JJ 43431 7488 43 . . . 43431 7489 1 The the DT 43431 7489 2 jugal jugal NN 43431 7489 3 is be VBZ 43431 7489 4 large large JJ 43431 7489 5 , , , 43431 7489 6 and and CC 43431 7489 7 the the DT 43431 7489 8 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 7489 9 arch arch NN 43431 7489 10 generally generally RB 43431 7489 11 strong strong JJ 43431 7489 12 , , , 43431 7489 13 while while IN 43431 7489 14 the the DT 43431 7489 15 orbit orbit NN 43431 7489 16 and and CC 43431 7489 17 temporal temporal JJ 43431 7489 18 fossa fossa NN 43431 7489 19 are be VBP 43431 7489 20 in in IN 43431 7489 21 most most JJS 43431 7489 22 cases case NNS 43431 7489 23 completely completely RB 43431 7489 24 confluent confluent JJ 43431 7489 25 . . . 43431 7490 1 The the DT 43431 7490 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 7490 3 has have VBZ 43431 7490 4 a a DT 43431 7490 5 large large JJ 43431 7490 6 spine spine NN 43431 7490 7 . . . 43431 7491 1 The the DT 43431 7491 2 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 7491 3 is be VBZ 43431 7491 4 never never RB 43431 7491 5 complete complete JJ 43431 7491 6 and and CC 43431 7491 7 is be VBZ 43431 7491 8 often often RB 43431 7491 9 absent absent JJ 43431 7491 10 , , , 43431 7491 11 this this DT 43431 7491 12 forming form VBG 43431 7491 13 an an DT 43431 7491 14 important important JJ 43431 7491 15 distinction distinction NN 43431 7491 16 between between IN 43431 7491 17 the the DT 43431 7491 18 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7491 19 of of IN 43431 7491 20 a a DT 43431 7491 21 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 43431 7491 22 and and CC 43431 7491 23 of of IN 43431 7491 24 any any DT 43431 7491 25 Insectivore Insectivore NNP 43431 7491 26 except except IN 43431 7491 27 _ _ NNP 43431 7491 28 Potamogale Potamogale NNP 43431 7491 29 _ _ NNP 43431 7491 30 . . . 43431 7492 1 The the DT 43431 7492 2 humerus humeru NNS 43431 7492 3 often often RB 43431 7492 4 has have VBZ 43431 7492 5 an an DT 43431 7492 6 ent ent JJ 43431 7492 7 - - HYPH 43431 7492 8 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 7492 9 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7492 10 , , , 43431 7492 11 and and CC 43431 7492 12 the the DT 43431 7492 13 radius radius NN 43431 7492 14 and and CC 43431 7492 15 ulna ulna NNP 43431 7492 16 , , , 43431 7492 17 tibia tibia NNP 43431 7492 18 and and CC 43431 7492 19 fibula fibula NN 43431 7492 20 are be VBP 43431 7492 21 always always RB 43431 7492 22 separate separate JJ 43431 7492 23 . . . 43431 7493 1 The the DT 43431 7493 2 manus manus NN 43431 7493 3 is be VBZ 43431 7493 4 often often RB 43431 7493 5 capable capable JJ 43431 7493 6 of of IN 43431 7493 7 the the DT 43431 7493 8 movements movement NNS 43431 7493 9 of of IN 43431 7493 10 pronation pronation NN 43431 7493 11 and and CC 43431 7493 12 supination supination NN 43431 7493 13 , , , 43431 7493 14 and and CC 43431 7493 15 the the DT 43431 7493 16 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 7493 17 , , , 43431 7493 18 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7493 19 and and CC 43431 7493 20 centrale centrale NNP 43431 7493 21 are be VBP 43431 7493 22 in in IN 43431 7493 23 living live VBG 43431 7493 24 forms form NNS 43431 7493 25 always always RB 43431 7493 26 united united JJ 43431 7493 27 together together RB 43431 7493 28 . . . 43431 7494 1 The the DT 43431 7494 2 order order NN 43431 7494 3 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7494 4 includes include VBZ 43431 7494 5 three three CD 43431 7494 6 suborders suborder NNS 43431 7494 7 . . . 43431 7495 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7495 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7495 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7495 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7495 5 1 1 CD 43431 7495 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7495 7 . . . 43431 7496 1 CREODONTA[133 creodonta[133 XX 43431 7496 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7496 3 . . . 43431 7497 1 This this DT 43431 7497 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 7497 3 contains contain VBZ 43431 7497 4 a a DT 43431 7497 5 number number NN 43431 7497 6 of of IN 43431 7497 7 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7497 8 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7497 9 , , , 43431 7497 10 which which WDT 43431 7497 11 present present VBP 43431 7497 12 very very RB 43431 7497 13 generalised generalise VBN 43431 7497 14 characters character NNS 43431 7497 15 . . . 43431 7498 1 The the DT 43431 7498 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 7498 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 7498 4 is be VBZ 43431 7498 5 very very RB 43431 7498 6 small small JJ 43431 7498 7 ; ; : 43431 7498 8 and and CC 43431 7498 9 the the DT 43431 7498 10 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7498 11 upper upper NNP 43431 7498 12 premolar premolar NNP 43431 7498 13 and and CC 43431 7498 14 first first JJ 43431 7498 15 lower low JJR 43431 7498 16 molar molar JJ 43431 7498 17 are be VBP 43431 7498 18 not not RB 43431 7498 19 differentiated differentiate VBN 43431 7498 20 as as IN 43431 7498 21 carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 7498 22 teeth[134 teeth[134 NN 43431 7498 23 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7498 24 , , , 43431 7498 25 as as IN 43431 7498 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7498 27 are be VBP 43431 7498 28 in in IN 43431 7498 29 modern modern JJ 43431 7498 30 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7498 31 . . . 43431 7499 1 The the DT 43431 7499 2 Creodonta Creodonta NNP 43431 7499 3 also also RB 43431 7499 4 differ differ VBP 43431 7499 5 from from IN 43431 7499 6 modern modern JJ 43431 7499 7 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7499 8 in in IN 43431 7499 9 the the DT 43431 7499 10 fact fact NN 43431 7499 11 that that IN 43431 7499 12 the the DT 43431 7499 13 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 7499 14 and and CC 43431 7499 15 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7499 16 are be VBP 43431 7499 17 usually usually RB 43431 7499 18 separate separate JJ 43431 7499 19 , , , 43431 7499 20 and and CC 43431 7499 21 that that IN 43431 7499 22 the the DT 43431 7499 23 femur femur NN 43431 7499 24 has have VBZ 43431 7499 25 a a DT 43431 7499 26 third third JJ 43431 7499 27 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7499 28 . . . 43431 7500 1 The the DT 43431 7500 2 feet foot NNS 43431 7500 3 are be VBP 43431 7500 4 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 7500 5 . . . 43431 7501 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7501 2 resemble resemble VBP 43431 7501 3 the the DT 43431 7501 4 Condylarthra Condylarthra NNP 43431 7501 5 , , , 43431 7501 6 another another DT 43431 7501 7 very very RB 43431 7501 8 generalised generalised JJ 43431 7501 9 group group NN 43431 7501 10 , , , 43431 7501 11 in in IN 43431 7501 12 having have VBG 43431 7501 13 an an DT 43431 7501 14 ent ent NN 43431 7501 15 - - HYPH 43431 7501 16 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 7501 17 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7501 18 . . . 43431 7502 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7502 2 occurred occur VBD 43431 7502 3 throughout throughout IN 43431 7502 4 the the DT 43431 7502 5 Tertiary tertiary JJ 43431 7502 6 period period NN 43431 7502 7 in in IN 43431 7502 8 both both CC 43431 7502 9 Europe Europe NNP 43431 7502 10 and and CC 43431 7502 11 North North NNP 43431 7502 12 America America NNP 43431 7502 13 , , , 43431 7502 14 and and CC 43431 7502 15 have have VBP 43431 7502 16 also also RB 43431 7502 17 been be VBN 43431 7502 18 found find VBN 43431 7502 19 in in IN 43431 7502 20 India India NNP 43431 7502 21 . . . 43431 7503 1 One one CD 43431 7503 2 of of IN 43431 7503 3 the the DT 43431 7503 4 best well RBS 43431 7503 5 known know VBN 43431 7503 6 genera genera NN 43431 7503 7 is be VBZ 43431 7503 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7503 9 Hyaenodon Hyaenodon NNP 43431 7503 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7503 11 . . . 43431 7504 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7504 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7504 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7504 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7504 5 2 2 CD 43431 7504 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7504 7 . . . 43431 7505 1 CARNIVORA CARNIVORA NNP 43431 7505 2 VERA VERA NNP 43431 7505 3 or or CC 43431 7505 4 FISSIPEDIA fissipedia NN 43431 7505 5 . . . 43431 7506 1 The the DT 43431 7506 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7506 3 is be VBZ 43431 7506 4 mainly mainly RB 43431 7506 5 adapted adapt VBN 43431 7506 6 for for IN 43431 7506 7 a a DT 43431 7506 8 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 43431 7506 9 mode mode NN 43431 7506 10 of of IN 43431 7506 11 life life NN 43431 7506 12 , , , 43431 7506 13 and and CC 43431 7506 14 the the DT 43431 7506 15 hind hind NN 43431 7506 16 limbs limb NNS 43431 7506 17 have have VBP 43431 7506 18 the the DT 43431 7506 19 normal normal JJ 43431 7506 20 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 7506 21 position position NN 43431 7506 22 . . . 43431 7507 1 In in IN 43431 7507 2 almost almost RB 43431 7507 3 every every DT 43431 7507 4 case case NN 43431 7507 5 the the DT 43431 7507 6 number number NN 43431 7507 7 of of IN 43431 7507 8 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7507 9 is be VBZ 43431 7507 10 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 7507 11 . . . 43431 7508 1 Each each DT 43431 7508 2 jaw jaw NN 43431 7508 3 always always RB 43431 7508 4 has have VBZ 43431 7508 5 one one CD 43431 7508 6 specially specially RB 43431 7508 7 modified modify VBN 43431 7508 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7508 9 carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 7508 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7508 11 or or CC 43431 7508 12 sectorial sectorial JJ 43431 7508 13 tooth tooth NN 43431 7508 14 which which WDT 43431 7508 15 bites bite VBZ 43431 7508 16 like like IN 43431 7508 17 a a DT 43431 7508 18 scissors scissor NNS 43431 7508 19 blade blade NN 43431 7508 20 against against IN 43431 7508 21 a a DT 43431 7508 22 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 7508 23 tooth tooth NN 43431 7508 24 in in IN 43431 7508 25 the the DT 43431 7508 26 other other JJ 43431 7508 27 jaw jaw NN 43431 7508 28 . . . 43431 7509 1 In in IN 43431 7509 2 front front NN 43431 7509 3 of of IN 43431 7509 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7509 5 the the DT 43431 7509 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7509 7 are be VBP 43431 7509 8 always always RB 43431 7509 9 more more RBR 43431 7509 10 or or CC 43431 7509 11 less less RBR 43431 7509 12 pointed pointed JJ 43431 7509 13 , , , 43431 7509 14 while while IN 43431 7509 15 behind behind IN 43431 7509 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7509 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7509 18 are be VBP 43431 7509 19 more more RBR 43431 7509 20 or or CC 43431 7509 21 less less RBR 43431 7509 22 broadened broadened JJ 43431 7509 23 and and CC 43431 7509 24 tuberculated tuberculate VBN 43431 7509 25 . . . 43431 7510 1 In in IN 43431 7510 2 the the DT 43431 7510 3 manus manus NN 43431 7510 4 the the DT 43431 7510 5 first first JJ 43431 7510 6 digit digit NN 43431 7510 7 , , , 43431 7510 8 and and CC 43431 7510 9 in in IN 43431 7510 10 the the DT 43431 7510 11 pes pe NNS 43431 7510 12 the the DT 43431 7510 13 first first JJ 43431 7510 14 and and CC 43431 7510 15 fifth fifth JJ 43431 7510 16 digits digit NNS 43431 7510 17 are be VBP 43431 7510 18 never never RB 43431 7510 19 longer long JJR 43431 7510 20 than than IN 43431 7510 21 the the DT 43431 7510 22 rest rest NN 43431 7510 23 , , , 43431 7510 24 and and CC 43431 7510 25 the the DT 43431 7510 26 digits digit NNS 43431 7510 27 of of IN 43431 7510 28 both both DT 43431 7510 29 limbs limb NNS 43431 7510 30 are be VBP 43431 7510 31 almost almost RB 43431 7510 32 invariably invariably RB 43431 7510 33 clawed claw VBN 43431 7510 34 . . . 43431 7511 1 Some some DT 43431 7511 2 forms form NNS 43431 7511 3 are be VBP 43431 7511 4 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 7511 5 , , , 43431 7511 6 some some DT 43431 7511 7 digitigrade digitigrade NN 43431 7511 8 , , , 43431 7511 9 some some DT 43431 7511 10 subplantigrade subplantigrade NN 43431 7511 11 . . . 43431 7512 1 The the DT 43431 7512 2 group group NN 43431 7512 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7512 4 all all PDT 43431 7512 5 the the DT 43431 7512 6 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 7512 7 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 43431 7512 8 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7512 9 , , , 43431 7512 10 and and CC 43431 7512 11 is be VBZ 43431 7512 12 divided divide VBN 43431 7512 13 into into IN 43431 7512 14 three three CD 43431 7512 15 sections:-- sections:-- NN 43431 7512 16 à à NNP 43431 7512 17 � � NNP 43431 7512 18 luroidea[135 luroidea[135 VBZ 43431 7512 19 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7512 20 , , , 43431 7512 21 including include VBG 43431 7512 22 the the DT 43431 7512 23 cats cat NNS 43431 7512 24 , , , 43431 7512 25 civets civet NNS 43431 7512 26 , , , 43431 7512 27 hyaenas hyaenas NNP 43431 7512 28 , , , 43431 7512 29 and and CC 43431 7512 30 allied ally VBN 43431 7512 31 forms form NNS 43431 7512 32 . . . 43431 7513 1 Cynoidea Cynoidea NNP 43431 7513 2 , , , 43431 7513 3 including include VBG 43431 7513 4 the the DT 43431 7513 5 dog dog NN 43431 7513 6 tribe tribe NN 43431 7513 7 . . . 43431 7514 1 Arctoidea Arctoidea NNP 43431 7514 2 , , , 43431 7514 3 including include VBG 43431 7514 4 the the DT 43431 7514 5 bears bear NNS 43431 7514 6 , , , 43431 7514 7 raccoons raccoon NNS 43431 7514 8 , , , 43431 7514 9 weasels weasel NNS 43431 7514 10 , , , 43431 7514 11 and and CC 43431 7514 12 allied ally VBN 43431 7514 13 forms form NNS 43431 7514 14 . . . 43431 7515 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7515 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7515 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7515 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7515 5 3 3 CD 43431 7515 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7515 7 . . . 43431 7516 1 PINNIPEDIA[136 PINNIPEDIA[136 NNP 43431 7516 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7516 3 . . . 43431 7517 1 In in IN 43431 7517 2 this this DT 43431 7517 3 suborder suborder NN 43431 7517 4 the the DT 43431 7517 5 limbs limb NNS 43431 7517 6 are be VBP 43431 7517 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 7517 8 modified modify VBN 43431 7517 9 and and CC 43431 7517 10 adapted adapt VBN 43431 7517 11 for for IN 43431 7517 12 a a DT 43431 7517 13 more more RBR 43431 7517 14 or or CC 43431 7517 15 less less RBR 43431 7517 16 purely purely RB 43431 7517 17 aquatic aquatic JJ 43431 7517 18 life life NN 43431 7517 19 , , , 43431 7517 20 the the DT 43431 7517 21 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7517 22 and and CC 43431 7517 23 middle middle JJ 43431 7517 24 segments segment NNS 43431 7517 25 of of IN 43431 7517 26 the the DT 43431 7517 27 limbs limb NNS 43431 7517 28 are be VBP 43431 7517 29 shortened shorten VBN 43431 7517 30 , , , 43431 7517 31 while while IN 43431 7517 32 the the DT 43431 7517 33 distal distal JJ 43431 7517 34 segment segment NN 43431 7517 35 , , , 43431 7517 36 especially especially RB 43431 7517 37 in in IN 43431 7517 38 the the DT 43431 7517 39 leg leg NN 43431 7517 40 , , , 43431 7517 41 is be VBZ 43431 7517 42 much much RB 43431 7517 43 elongated elongate VBN 43431 7517 44 and and CC 43431 7517 45 expanded expand VBN 43431 7517 46 . . . 43431 7518 1 There there EX 43431 7518 2 are be VBP 43431 7518 3 always always RB 43431 7518 4 five five CD 43431 7518 5 well well RB 43431 7518 6 - - HYPH 43431 7518 7 developed develop VBN 43431 7518 8 digits digit NNS 43431 7518 9 to to IN 43431 7518 10 each each DT 43431 7518 11 limb limb NN 43431 7518 12 , , , 43431 7518 13 and and CC 43431 7518 14 in in IN 43431 7518 15 the the DT 43431 7518 16 pes pe NNS 43431 7518 17 the the DT 43431 7518 18 first first JJ 43431 7518 19 and and CC 43431 7518 20 fifth fifth JJ 43431 7518 21 digits digit NNS 43431 7518 22 are be VBP 43431 7518 23 generally generally RB 43431 7518 24 larger large JJR 43431 7518 25 than than IN 43431 7518 26 the the DT 43431 7518 27 others other NNS 43431 7518 28 . . . 43431 7519 1 The the DT 43431 7519 2 digits digit NNS 43431 7519 3 generally generally RB 43431 7519 4 bear bear VBP 43431 7519 5 straight straight JJ 43431 7519 6 nails nail NNS 43431 7519 7 instead instead RB 43431 7519 8 of of IN 43431 7519 9 claws claws NN 43431 7519 10 , , , 43431 7519 11 but but CC 43431 7519 12 even even RB 43431 7519 13 nails nail NNS 43431 7519 14 are be VBP 43431 7519 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7519 16 absent absent JJ 43431 7519 17 . . . 43431 7520 1 There there EX 43431 7520 2 is be VBZ 43431 7520 3 no no DT 43431 7520 4 carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 7520 5 tooth tooth NN 43431 7520 6 , , , 43431 7520 7 and and CC 43431 7520 8 the the DT 43431 7520 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7520 10 in in IN 43431 7520 11 other other JJ 43431 7520 12 ways way NNS 43431 7520 13 differ differ VBP 43431 7520 14 considerably considerably RB 43431 7520 15 from from IN 43431 7520 16 those those DT 43431 7520 17 of of IN 43431 7520 18 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 7520 19 vera vera NN 43431 7520 20 . . . 43431 7521 1 The the DT 43431 7521 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7521 3 are be VBP 43431 7521 4 always always RB 43431 7521 5 fewer few JJR 43431 7521 6 than than IN 43431 7521 7 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 7521 8 ; ; : 43431 7521 9 while while IN 43431 7521 10 the the DT 43431 7521 11 cheek cheek NN 43431 7521 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7521 13 generally generally RB 43431 7521 14 consist consist VBP 43431 7521 15 of of IN 43431 7521 16 four four CD 43431 7521 17 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7521 18 and and CC 43431 7521 19 one one CD 43431 7521 20 molar molar NN 43431 7521 21 , , , 43431 7521 22 all all DT 43431 7521 23 of of IN 43431 7521 24 very very RB 43431 7521 25 uniform uniform JJ 43431 7521 26 character character NN 43431 7521 27 , , , 43431 7521 28 being be VBG 43431 7521 29 compressed compress VBN 43431 7521 30 with with IN 43431 7521 31 conical conical JJ 43431 7521 32 crowns crown NNS 43431 7521 33 , , , 43431 7521 34 and and CC 43431 7521 35 never never RB 43431 7521 36 more more JJR 43431 7521 37 than than IN 43431 7521 38 two two CD 43431 7521 39 roots root NNS 43431 7521 40 . . . 43431 7522 1 The the DT 43431 7522 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 7522 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7522 4 three three CD 43431 7522 5 families family NNS 43431 7522 6 -- -- : 43431 7522 7 Otariidae Otariidae NNP 43431 7522 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7522 9 Eared Eared NNP 43431 7522 10 Seals Seals NNP 43431 7522 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7522 12 , , , 43431 7522 13 Trichechidae Trichechidae NNP 43431 7522 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7522 15 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 7522 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7522 17 , , , 43431 7522 18 and and CC 43431 7522 19 Phocidae Phocidae NNP 43431 7522 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7522 21 Seals Seals NNP 43431 7522 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7522 23 . . . 43431 7523 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7523 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7523 3 7 7 CD 43431 7523 4 . . . 43431 7523 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7523 6 INSECTIVORA[137 INSECTIVORA[137 NNP 43431 7523 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7523 8 . . . 43431 7524 1 This this DT 43431 7524 2 order order NN 43431 7524 3 contains contain VBZ 43431 7524 4 a a DT 43431 7524 5 large large JJ 43431 7524 6 number number NN 43431 7524 7 of of IN 43431 7524 8 small small JJ 43431 7524 9 generally generally RB 43431 7524 10 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 43431 7524 11 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7524 12 . . . 43431 7525 1 The the DT 43431 7525 2 limbs limb NNS 43431 7525 3 are be VBP 43431 7525 4 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 7525 5 or or CC 43431 7525 6 subplantigrade subplantigrade NN 43431 7525 7 , , , 43431 7525 8 and and CC 43431 7525 9 are be VBP 43431 7525 10 generally generally RB 43431 7525 11 pentedactylate pentedactylate JJ 43431 7525 12 . . . 43431 7526 1 All all PDT 43431 7526 2 the the DT 43431 7526 3 digits digit NNS 43431 7526 4 are be VBP 43431 7526 5 armed arm VBN 43431 7526 6 with with IN 43431 7526 7 claws claws NN 43431 7526 8 , , , 43431 7526 9 and and CC 43431 7526 10 the the DT 43431 7526 11 pollex pollex NN 43431 7526 12 and and CC 43431 7526 13 hallux hallux NN 43431 7526 14 are be VBP 43431 7526 15 not not RB 43431 7526 16 opposable opposable JJ 43431 7526 17 . . . 43431 7527 1 The the DT 43431 7527 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7527 3 are be VBP 43431 7527 4 diphyodont diphyodont JJ 43431 7527 5 , , , 43431 7527 6 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 7527 7 , , , 43431 7527 8 and and CC 43431 7527 9 rooted root VBN 43431 7527 10 . . . 43431 7528 1 The the DT 43431 7528 2 cheek cheek NN 43431 7528 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7528 4 have have VBP 43431 7528 5 tuberculated tuberculate VBN 43431 7528 6 crowns crown NNS 43431 7528 7 , , , 43431 7528 8 and and CC 43431 7528 9 there there EX 43431 7528 10 are be VBP 43431 7528 11 never never RB 43431 7528 12 less less JJR 43431 7528 13 than than IN 43431 7528 14 two two CD 43431 7528 15 pairs pair NNS 43431 7528 16 of of IN 43431 7528 17 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7528 18 in in IN 43431 7528 19 the the DT 43431 7528 20 mandible mandible NN 43431 7528 21 ; ; : 43431 7528 22 often often RB 43431 7528 23 the the DT 43431 7528 24 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7528 25 , , , 43431 7528 26 canines canine NNS 43431 7528 27 , , , 43431 7528 28 and and CC 43431 7528 29 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7528 30 are be VBP 43431 7528 31 not not RB 43431 7528 32 clearly clearly RB 43431 7528 33 differentiated differentiate VBN 43431 7528 34 from from IN 43431 7528 35 one one CD 43431 7528 36 another another DT 43431 7528 37 , , , 43431 7528 38 and and CC 43431 7528 39 special special JJ 43431 7528 40 carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 7528 41 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7528 42 are be VBP 43431 7528 43 never never RB 43431 7528 44 found find VBN 43431 7528 45 . . . 43431 7529 1 The the DT 43431 7529 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 7529 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 7529 4 is be VBZ 43431 7529 5 small small JJ 43431 7529 6 , , , 43431 7529 7 and and CC 43431 7529 8 the the DT 43431 7529 9 facial facial JJ 43431 7529 10 part part NN 43431 7529 11 of of IN 43431 7529 12 the the DT 43431 7529 13 skull skull NN 43431 7529 14 is be VBZ 43431 7529 15 generally generally RB 43431 7529 16 much much RB 43431 7529 17 developed develop VBN 43431 7529 18 ; ; : 43431 7529 19 often often RB 43431 7529 20 the the DT 43431 7529 21 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 7529 22 arch arch NN 43431 7529 23 is be VBZ 43431 7529 24 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 7529 25 . . . 43431 7530 1 Clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7530 2 are be VBP 43431 7530 3 well well RB 43431 7530 4 developed developed JJ 43431 7530 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7530 6 except except IN 43431 7530 7 in in IN 43431 7530 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7530 9 Potamogale Potamogale NNP 43431 7530 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7530 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7530 12 , , , 43431 7530 13 and and CC 43431 7530 14 the the DT 43431 7530 15 humerus humerus NNP 43431 7530 16 generally generally RB 43431 7530 17 has have VBZ 43431 7530 18 an an DT 43431 7530 19 ent ent JJ 43431 7530 20 - - HYPH 43431 7530 21 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 7530 22 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7530 23 . . . 43431 7531 1 The the DT 43431 7531 2 femur femur NN 43431 7531 3 frequently frequently RB 43431 7531 4 has have VBZ 43431 7531 5 a a DT 43431 7531 6 ridge ridge NN 43431 7531 7 representing represent VBG 43431 7531 8 the the DT 43431 7531 9 third third JJ 43431 7531 10 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7531 11 . . . 43431 7532 1 There there EX 43431 7532 2 are be VBP 43431 7532 3 two two CD 43431 7532 4 suborders suborder NNS 43431 7532 5 : : : 43431 7532 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7532 7 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7532 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7532 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7532 10 1 1 CD 43431 7532 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7532 12 . . . 43431 7533 1 DERMOPTERA DERMOPTERA NNP 43431 7533 2 . . . 43431 7534 1 This this DT 43431 7534 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 7534 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7534 4 only only RB 43431 7534 5 a a DT 43431 7534 6 very very RB 43431 7534 7 aberrant aberrant JJ 43431 7534 8 arboreal arboreal NN 43431 7534 9 genus genus NNP 43431 7534 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7534 11 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 7534 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7534 13 , , , 43431 7534 14 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 7534 15 for for IN 43431 7534 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7534 17 greatly greatly RB 43431 7534 18 elongated elongated JJ 43431 7534 19 limb limb NN 43431 7534 20 bones bone NNS 43431 7534 21 , , , 43431 7534 22 and and CC 43431 7534 23 peculiar peculiar JJ 43431 7534 24 dentition dentition NN 43431 7534 25 . . . 43431 7535 1 The the DT 43431 7535 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7535 3 of of IN 43431 7535 4 the the DT 43431 7535 5 lower low JJR 43431 7535 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 7535 7 are be VBP 43431 7535 8 deeply deeply RB 43431 7535 9 pectinated pectinate VBN 43431 7535 10 or or CC 43431 7535 11 divided divide VBN 43431 7535 12 by by IN 43431 7535 13 several several JJ 43431 7535 14 vertical vertical JJ 43431 7535 15 fissures fissure NNS 43431 7535 16 , , , 43431 7535 17 the the DT 43431 7535 18 canines canine NNS 43431 7535 19 and and CC 43431 7535 20 outer outer JJ 43431 7535 21 upper upper JJ 43431 7535 22 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7535 23 have have VBP 43431 7535 24 two two CD 43431 7535 25 roots root NNS 43431 7535 26 . . . 43431 7536 1 Ossified ossified JJ 43431 7536 2 inter inter NN 43431 7536 3 centra centra NNP 43431 7536 4 occur occur VBP 43431 7536 5 in in IN 43431 7536 6 the the DT 43431 7536 7 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 7536 8 - - HYPH 43431 7536 9 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7536 10 region region NN 43431 7536 11 of of IN 43431 7536 12 the the DT 43431 7536 13 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7536 14 column column NN 43431 7536 15 . . . 43431 7537 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7537 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7537 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7537 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7537 5 2 2 CD 43431 7537 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7537 7 . . . 43431 7538 1 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 7538 2 VERA VERA NNP 43431 7538 3 . . . 43431 7539 1 This this DT 43431 7539 2 suborder suborder NN 43431 7539 3 includes include VBZ 43431 7539 4 all all PDT 43431 7539 5 the the DT 43431 7539 6 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 7539 7 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 7539 8 , , , 43431 7539 9 such such JJ 43431 7539 10 as as IN 43431 7539 11 moles mole NNS 43431 7539 12 , , , 43431 7539 13 shrews shrew NNS 43431 7539 14 and and CC 43431 7539 15 hedgehogs hedgehog NNS 43431 7539 16 . . . 43431 7540 1 The the DT 43431 7540 2 upper upper JJ 43431 7540 3 and and CC 43431 7540 4 lower low JJR 43431 7540 5 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7540 6 are be VBP 43431 7540 7 conical conical JJ 43431 7540 8 , , , 43431 7540 9 not not RB 43431 7540 10 pectinated pectinate VBN 43431 7540 11 . . . 43431 7541 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7541 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7541 3 8 8 CD 43431 7541 4 . . . 43431 7541 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7541 6 CHIROPTERA[138 CHIROPTERA[138 NNP 43431 7541 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7541 8 . . . 43431 7542 1 This this DT 43431 7542 2 order order NN 43431 7542 3 is be VBZ 43431 7542 4 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 7542 5 the the DT 43431 7542 6 best good JJS 43431 7542 7 marked marked JJ 43431 7542 8 and and CC 43431 7542 9 most most RBS 43431 7542 10 easily easily RB 43431 7542 11 defined define VBN 43431 7542 12 of of IN 43431 7542 13 all all PDT 43431 7542 14 the the DT 43431 7542 15 orders order NNS 43431 7542 16 of of IN 43431 7542 17 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7542 18 . . . 43431 7543 1 The the DT 43431 7543 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 7543 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 7543 4 form form VBP 43431 7543 5 true true JJ 43431 7543 6 wings wing NNS 43431 7543 7 and and CC 43431 7543 8 the the DT 43431 7543 9 whole whole JJ 43431 7543 10 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7543 11 is be VBZ 43431 7543 12 modified modify VBN 43431 7543 13 in in IN 43431 7543 14 relation relation NN 43431 7543 15 to to IN 43431 7543 16 flight flight NN 43431 7543 17 . . . 43431 7544 1 The the DT 43431 7544 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 7544 3 limbs limb NNS 43431 7544 4 are be VBP 43431 7544 5 vastly vastly RB 43431 7544 6 larger large JJR 43431 7544 7 than than IN 43431 7544 8 the the DT 43431 7544 9 posterior posterior NN 43431 7544 10 ; ; , 43431 7544 11 for for IN 43431 7544 12 all all PDT 43431 7544 13 the the DT 43431 7544 14 bones bone NNS 43431 7544 15 except except IN 43431 7544 16 the the DT 43431 7544 17 carpals carpal NNS 43431 7544 18 are be VBP 43431 7544 19 much much RB 43431 7544 20 elongated elongate VBN 43431 7544 21 , , , 43431 7544 22 and and CC 43431 7544 23 this this DT 43431 7544 24 applies apply VBZ 43431 7544 25 specially specially RB 43431 7544 26 to to IN 43431 7544 27 the the DT 43431 7544 28 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 7544 29 of of IN 43431 7544 30 all all PDT 43431 7544 31 the the DT 43431 7544 32 digits digit NNS 43431 7544 33 except except IN 43431 7544 34 the the DT 43431 7544 35 pollex pollex NN 43431 7544 36 . . . 43431 7545 1 The the DT 43431 7545 2 pollex pollex NN 43431 7545 3 is be VBZ 43431 7545 4 clawed claw VBN 43431 7545 5 and and CC 43431 7545 6 so so RB 43431 7545 7 is be VBZ 43431 7545 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7545 9 the the DT 43431 7545 10 second second JJ 43431 7545 11 digit digit NN 43431 7545 12 ; ; : 43431 7545 13 the the DT 43431 7545 14 other other JJ 43431 7545 15 digits digit NNS 43431 7545 16 of of IN 43431 7545 17 the the DT 43431 7545 18 manus manus NN 43431 7545 19 are be VBP 43431 7545 20 without without IN 43431 7545 21 nails nail NNS 43431 7545 22 or or CC 43431 7545 23 claws claw NNS 43431 7545 24 . . . 43431 7546 1 The the DT 43431 7546 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7546 3 are be VBP 43431 7546 4 divisible divisible JJ 43431 7546 5 into into IN 43431 7546 6 the the DT 43431 7546 7 four four CD 43431 7546 8 usual usual JJ 43431 7546 9 types type NNS 43431 7546 10 and and CC 43431 7546 11 the the DT 43431 7546 12 series series NN 43431 7546 13 never never RB 43431 7546 14 exceeds exceed VBZ 43431 7546 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7546 16 i i PRP 43431 7546 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7546 18 2/3 2/3 NNP 43431 7546 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7546 20 c c NNP 43431 7546 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7546 22 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 7546 23 _ _ NNP 43431 7546 24 pm pm NN 43431 7546 25 _ _ NNP 43431 7546 26 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 7546 27 _ _ NNP 43431 7546 28 m m NNP 43431 7546 29 _ _ NNP 43431 7546 30 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 7546 31 à à NNP 43431 7546 32 � � NNP 43431 7546 33 2 2 CD 43431 7546 34 , , , 43431 7546 35 total total JJ 43431 7546 36 38 38 CD 43431 7546 37 . . . 43431 7547 1 The the DT 43431 7547 2 milk milk NN 43431 7547 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7547 4 are be VBP 43431 7547 5 quite quite RB 43431 7547 6 unlike unlike IN 43431 7547 7 the the DT 43431 7547 8 permanent permanent JJ 43431 7547 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7547 10 . . . 43431 7548 1 The the DT 43431 7548 2 orbit orbit NN 43431 7548 3 is be VBZ 43431 7548 4 not not RB 43431 7548 5 divided divide VBN 43431 7548 6 by by IN 43431 7548 7 bone bone NN 43431 7548 8 from from IN 43431 7548 9 the the DT 43431 7548 10 temporal temporal JJ 43431 7548 11 fossa fossa NN 43431 7548 12 . . . 43431 7549 1 The the DT 43431 7549 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7549 3 column column NN 43431 7549 4 is be VBZ 43431 7549 5 short short JJ 43431 7549 6 , , , 43431 7549 7 and and CC 43431 7549 8 in in IN 43431 7549 9 old old JJ 43431 7549 10 animals animal NNS 43431 7549 11 the the DT 43431 7549 12 trunk trunk NN 43431 7549 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7549 14 have have VBP 43431 7549 15 a a DT 43431 7549 16 tendency tendency NN 43431 7549 17 to to TO 43431 7549 18 become become VB 43431 7549 19 partially partially RB 43431 7549 20 fused fuse VBN 43431 7549 21 together together RB 43431 7549 22 . . . 43431 7550 1 The the DT 43431 7550 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7550 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7550 4 are be VBP 43431 7550 5 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 7550 6 wide wide JJ 43431 7550 7 , , , 43431 7550 8 and and CC 43431 7550 9 the the DT 43431 7550 10 development development NN 43431 7550 11 of of IN 43431 7550 12 spinous spinous JJ 43431 7550 13 processes process NNS 43431 7550 14 is be VBZ 43431 7550 15 everywhere everywhere RB 43431 7550 16 slight slight JJ 43431 7550 17 . . . 43431 7551 1 The the DT 43431 7551 2 presternum presternum NN 43431 7551 3 has have VBZ 43431 7551 4 a a DT 43431 7551 5 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7551 6 keel keel NN 43431 7551 7 for for IN 43431 7551 8 the the DT 43431 7551 9 attachment attachment NN 43431 7551 10 of of IN 43431 7551 11 the the DT 43431 7551 12 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 7551 13 muscles muscle NNS 43431 7551 14 . . . 43431 7552 1 The the DT 43431 7552 2 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 7552 3 are be VBP 43431 7552 4 very very RB 43431 7552 5 long long JJ 43431 7552 6 and and CC 43431 7552 7 strong strong JJ 43431 7552 8 , , , 43431 7552 9 and and CC 43431 7552 10 the the DT 43431 7552 11 scapula scapula NN 43431 7552 12 has have VBZ 43431 7552 13 a a DT 43431 7552 14 long long JJ 43431 7552 15 spine spine NN 43431 7552 16 and and CC 43431 7552 17 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 7552 18 process process NN 43431 7552 19 . . . 43431 7553 1 The the DT 43431 7553 2 ulna ulna NN 43431 7553 3 is be VBZ 43431 7553 4 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7553 5 , , , 43431 7553 6 consisting consist VBG 43431 7553 7 only only RB 43431 7553 8 of of IN 43431 7553 9 a a DT 43431 7553 10 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7553 11 end end NN 43431 7553 12 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 7553 13 to to IN 43431 7553 14 the the DT 43431 7553 15 radius radius NN 43431 7553 16 . . . 43431 7554 1 All all PDT 43431 7554 2 the the DT 43431 7554 3 carpals carpal NNS 43431 7554 4 of of IN 43431 7554 5 the the DT 43431 7554 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 7554 7 row row NN 43431 7554 8 -- -- : 43431 7554 9 the the DT 43431 7554 10 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 7554 11 , , , 43431 7554 12 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7554 13 and and CC 43431 7554 14 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 7554 15 -- -- : 43431 7554 16 are be VBP 43431 7554 17 united united JJ 43431 7554 18 , , , 43431 7554 19 forming form VBG 43431 7554 20 a a DT 43431 7554 21 single single JJ 43431 7554 22 bone bone NN 43431 7554 23 . . . 43431 7555 1 The the DT 43431 7555 2 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 7555 3 is be VBZ 43431 7555 4 very very RB 43431 7555 5 weak weak JJ 43431 7555 6 and and CC 43431 7555 7 narrow narrow JJ 43431 7555 8 , , , 43431 7555 9 and and CC 43431 7555 10 only only RB 43431 7555 11 in in IN 43431 7555 12 the the DT 43431 7555 13 Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae NNP 43431 7555 14 do do VBP 43431 7555 15 the the DT 43431 7555 16 pubes pubes NN 43431 7555 17 meet meet VB 43431 7555 18 in in IN 43431 7555 19 a a DT 43431 7555 20 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7555 21 . . . 43431 7556 1 The the DT 43431 7556 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 7556 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 7556 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7556 5 are be VBP 43431 7556 6 frequently frequently RB 43431 7556 7 united united JJ 43431 7556 8 to to IN 43431 7556 9 the the DT 43431 7556 10 ischia ischia NN 43431 7556 11 . . . 43431 7557 1 The the DT 43431 7557 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 7557 3 is be VBZ 43431 7557 4 generally generally RB 43431 7557 5 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7557 6 , , , 43431 7557 7 and and CC 43431 7557 8 the the DT 43431 7557 9 knee knee NN 43431 7557 10 joint joint NN 43431 7557 11 is be VBZ 43431 7557 12 directed direct VBN 43431 7557 13 backwards backwards RB 43431 7557 14 instead instead RB 43431 7557 15 of of IN 43431 7557 16 forwards forward NNS 43431 7557 17 . . . 43431 7558 1 The the DT 43431 7558 2 pes pe NNS 43431 7558 3 has have VBZ 43431 7558 4 five five CD 43431 7558 5 slender slender NN 43431 7558 6 clawed claw VBD 43431 7558 7 digits digit NNS 43431 7558 8 , , , 43431 7558 9 and and CC 43431 7558 10 the the DT 43431 7558 11 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 7558 12 is be VBZ 43431 7558 13 often often RB 43431 7558 14 drawn draw VBN 43431 7558 15 out out RP 43431 7558 16 into into IN 43431 7558 17 a a DT 43431 7558 18 spur spur NN 43431 7558 19 which which WDT 43431 7558 20 helps help VBZ 43431 7558 21 to to TO 43431 7558 22 support support VB 43431 7558 23 the the DT 43431 7558 24 membrane membrane NN 43431 7558 25 connecting connect VBG 43431 7558 26 the the DT 43431 7558 27 hind hind NN 43431 7558 28 limbs limb NNS 43431 7558 29 with with IN 43431 7558 30 the the DT 43431 7558 31 tail tail NN 43431 7558 32 . . . 43431 7559 1 There there EX 43431 7559 2 are be VBP 43431 7559 3 two two CD 43431 7559 4 suborders suborder NNS 43431 7559 5 of of IN 43431 7559 6 Chiroptera Chiroptera NNP 43431 7559 7 : : : 43431 7559 8 1 1 CD 43431 7559 9 . . . 43431 7560 1 The the DT 43431 7560 2 MEGACHIROPTERA MEGACHIROPTERA NNP 43431 7560 3 or or CC 43431 7560 4 Flying Flying NNP 43431 7560 5 foxes fox NNS 43431 7560 6 , , , 43431 7560 7 which which WDT 43431 7560 8 almost almost RB 43431 7560 9 always always RB 43431 7560 10 have have VBP 43431 7560 11 smooth smooth JJ 43431 7560 12 crowns crown NNS 43431 7560 13 to to IN 43431 7560 14 the the DT 43431 7560 15 molar molar JJ 43431 7560 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7560 17 , , , 43431 7560 18 and and CC 43431 7560 19 the the DT 43431 7560 20 second second JJ 43431 7560 21 digit digit NN 43431 7560 22 of of IN 43431 7560 23 the the DT 43431 7560 24 manus manus NN 43431 7560 25 clawed claw VBD 43431 7560 26 . . . 43431 7561 1 2 2 LS 43431 7561 2 . . . 43431 7562 1 The the DT 43431 7562 2 MICROCHIROPTERA MICROCHIROPTERA NNP 43431 7562 3 including include VBG 43431 7562 4 all all PDT 43431 7562 5 the the DT 43431 7562 6 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 7562 7 bats bat NNS 43431 7562 8 which which WDT 43431 7562 9 have have VBP 43431 7562 10 cusped cuspe VBN 43431 7562 11 molar molar JJ 43431 7562 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7562 13 , , , 43431 7562 14 and and CC 43431 7562 15 the the DT 43431 7562 16 second second JJ 43431 7562 17 digit digit NN 43431 7562 18 of of IN 43431 7562 19 the the DT 43431 7562 20 manus manus NN 43431 7562 21 clawless clawless NN 43431 7562 22 . . . 43431 7563 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7563 2 Order Order NNP 43431 7563 3 9 9 CD 43431 7563 4 . . . 43431 7563 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7563 6 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 7563 7 . . . 43431 7564 1 The the DT 43431 7564 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 7564 3 is be VBZ 43431 7564 4 diphyodont diphyodont NN 43431 7564 5 and and CC 43431 7564 6 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 7564 7 , , , 43431 7564 8 the the DT 43431 7564 9 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7564 10 generally generally RB 43431 7564 11 number number VBP 43431 7564 12 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 7564 13 , , , 43431 7564 14 and and CC 43431 7564 15 the the DT 43431 7564 16 molars molar NNS 43431 7564 17 , , , 43431 7564 18 except except IN 43431 7564 19 in in IN 43431 7564 20 the the DT 43431 7564 21 Hapalidae Hapalidae NNP 43431 7564 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7564 23 Marmosets Marmosets NNPS 43431 7564 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7564 25 , , , 43431 7564 26 are be VBP 43431 7564 27 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 7564 28 . . . 43431 7565 1 The the DT 43431 7565 2 cheek cheek NN 43431 7565 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7565 4 are be VBP 43431 7565 5 adapted adapt VBN 43431 7565 6 for for IN 43431 7565 7 grinding grinding NN 43431 7565 8 , , , 43431 7565 9 and and CC 43431 7565 10 the the DT 43431 7565 11 molars molar NNS 43431 7565 12 are be VBP 43431 7565 13 more more RBR 43431 7565 14 complex complex JJ 43431 7565 15 than than IN 43431 7565 16 the the DT 43431 7565 17 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7565 18 . . . 43431 7566 1 A a DT 43431 7566 2 process process NN 43431 7566 3 from from IN 43431 7566 4 the the DT 43431 7566 5 jugal jugal NN 43431 7566 6 meets meet VBZ 43431 7566 7 the the DT 43431 7566 8 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 7566 9 process process NN 43431 7566 10 of of IN 43431 7566 11 the the DT 43431 7566 12 frontal frontal JJ 43431 7566 13 completing complete VBG 43431 7566 14 the the DT 43431 7566 15 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 7566 16 bar bar NN 43431 7566 17 . . . 43431 7567 1 The the DT 43431 7567 2 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 7567 3 is be VBZ 43431 7567 4 well well RB 43431 7567 5 developed developed JJ 43431 7567 6 , , , 43431 7567 7 and and CC 43431 7567 8 the the DT 43431 7567 9 radius radius NN 43431 7567 10 and and CC 43431 7567 11 ulna ulna NNP 43431 7567 12 are be VBP 43431 7567 13 never never RB 43431 7567 14 united united JJ 43431 7567 15 . . . 43431 7568 1 The the DT 43431 7568 2 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 7568 3 and and CC 43431 7568 4 lunar lunar JJ 43431 7568 5 of of IN 43431 7568 6 the the DT 43431 7568 7 carpus carpus NN 43431 7568 8 , , , 43431 7568 9 and and CC 43431 7568 10 commonly commonly RB 43431 7568 11 also also RB 43431 7568 12 the the DT 43431 7568 13 centrale centrale NN 43431 7568 14 , , , 43431 7568 15 remain remain VBP 43431 7568 16 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7568 17 from from IN 43431 7568 18 one one CD 43431 7568 19 another another DT 43431 7568 20 . . . 43431 7569 1 As as IN 43431 7569 2 a a DT 43431 7569 3 rule rule NN 43431 7569 4 both both CC 43431 7569 5 manus manus NN 43431 7569 6 and and CC 43431 7569 7 pes pe NNS 43431 7569 8 have have VBP 43431 7569 9 five five CD 43431 7569 10 digits digit NNS 43431 7569 11 , , , 43431 7569 12 but but CC 43431 7569 13 the the DT 43431 7569 14 pollex pollex NN 43431 7569 15 may may MD 43431 7569 16 be be VB 43431 7569 17 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7569 18 . . . 43431 7570 1 The the DT 43431 7570 2 pollex pollex NN 43431 7570 3 is be VBZ 43431 7570 4 opposable opposable JJ 43431 7570 5 to to IN 43431 7570 6 the the DT 43431 7570 7 other other JJ 43431 7570 8 digits digit NNS 43431 7570 9 , , , 43431 7570 10 and and CC 43431 7570 11 so so RB 43431 7570 12 is be VBZ 43431 7570 13 the the DT 43431 7570 14 hallux hallux NN 43431 7570 15 except except IN 43431 7570 16 in in IN 43431 7570 17 Man Man NNP 43431 7570 18 ; ; : 43431 7570 19 the the DT 43431 7570 20 digits digit NNS 43431 7570 21 are be VBP 43431 7570 22 almost almost RB 43431 7570 23 always always RB 43431 7570 24 provided provide VBN 43431 7570 25 with with IN 43431 7570 26 flat flat JJ 43431 7570 27 nails nail NNS 43431 7570 28 . . . 43431 7571 1 The the DT 43431 7571 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 7571 3 has have VBZ 43431 7571 4 no no DT 43431 7571 5 ent ent JJ 43431 7571 6 - - HYPH 43431 7571 7 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 7571 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7571 9 and and CC 43431 7571 10 the the DT 43431 7571 11 femur femur NN 43431 7571 12 has have VBZ 43431 7571 13 no no DT 43431 7571 14 third third JJ 43431 7571 15 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 7571 16 . . . 43431 7572 1 The the DT 43431 7572 2 order order NN 43431 7572 3 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 7572 4 is be VBZ 43431 7572 5 divisible divisible JJ 43431 7572 6 into into IN 43431 7572 7 two two CD 43431 7572 8 suborders suborder NNS 43431 7572 9 : : : 43431 7572 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7572 11 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7572 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7572 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7572 14 1 1 CD 43431 7572 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7572 16 . . . 43431 7573 1 LEMUROIDEA LEMUROIDEA NNP 43431 7573 2 . . . 43431 7574 1 The the DT 43431 7574 2 skull skull NN 43431 7574 3 has have VBZ 43431 7574 4 the the DT 43431 7574 5 orbit orbit NN 43431 7574 6 communicating communicate VBG 43431 7574 7 freely freely RB 43431 7574 8 with with IN 43431 7574 9 the the DT 43431 7574 10 temporal temporal JJ 43431 7574 11 fossa fossa NN 43431 7574 12 beneath beneath IN 43431 7574 13 the the DT 43431 7574 14 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 7574 15 bar bar NN 43431 7574 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7574 17 except except IN 43431 7574 18 in in IN 43431 7574 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7574 20 Tarsius Tarsius NNP 43431 7574 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7574 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7574 23 . . . 43431 7575 1 The the DT 43431 7575 2 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 7575 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7575 4 is be VBZ 43431 7575 5 external external JJ 43431 7575 6 to to IN 43431 7575 7 the the DT 43431 7575 8 margin margin NN 43431 7575 9 of of IN 43431 7575 10 the the DT 43431 7575 11 orbit orbit NN 43431 7575 12 . . . 43431 7576 1 Both both DT 43431 7576 2 pollex pollex NN 43431 7576 3 and and CC 43431 7576 4 hallux hallux NN 43431 7576 5 are be VBP 43431 7576 6 well well RB 43431 7576 7 developed developed JJ 43431 7576 8 . . . 43431 7577 1 In in IN 43431 7577 2 the the DT 43431 7577 3 pes pe NNS 43431 7577 4 the the DT 43431 7577 5 second second JJ 43431 7577 6 digit digit NN 43431 7577 7 is be VBZ 43431 7577 8 terminated terminate VBN 43431 7577 9 by by IN 43431 7577 10 a a DT 43431 7577 11 long long RB 43431 7577 12 pointed pointed JJ 43431 7577 13 claw claw NN 43431 7577 14 , , , 43431 7577 15 and and CC 43431 7577 16 so so RB 43431 7577 17 is be VBZ 43431 7577 18 also also RB 43431 7577 19 the the DT 43431 7577 20 third third JJ 43431 7577 21 in in IN 43431 7577 22 _ _ NNP 43431 7577 23 Tarsius Tarsius NNP 43431 7577 24 _ _ NNP 43431 7577 25 . . . 43431 7578 1 The the DT 43431 7578 2 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7578 3 region region NN 43431 7578 4 of of IN 43431 7578 5 the the DT 43431 7578 6 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7578 7 column column NN 43431 7578 8 is be VBZ 43431 7578 9 long long JJ 43431 7578 10 , , , 43431 7578 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7578 12 including include VBG 43431 7578 13 as as RB 43431 7578 14 many many JJ 43431 7578 15 as as IN 43431 7578 16 nine nine CD 43431 7578 17 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7578 18 . . . 43431 7579 1 Besides besides IN 43431 7579 2 the the DT 43431 7579 3 Lemurs Lemurs NNP 43431 7579 4 the the DT 43431 7579 5 group group NN 43431 7579 6 includes include VBZ 43431 7579 7 the the DT 43431 7579 8 aberrant aberrant NN 43431 7579 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7579 10 Tarsius Tarsius NNP 43431 7579 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7579 12 and and CC 43431 7579 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7579 14 Chiromys Chiromys NNP 43431 7579 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7579 16 . . . 43431 7580 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7580 2 Suborder Suborder NNP 43431 7580 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7580 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7580 5 2 2 CD 43431 7580 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7580 7 . . . 43431 7581 1 ANTHROPOIDEA ANTHROPOIDEA NNP 43431 7581 2 . . . 43431 7582 1 The the DT 43431 7582 2 skull skull NN 43431 7582 3 has have VBZ 43431 7582 4 the the DT 43431 7582 5 orbit orbit NN 43431 7582 6 almost almost RB 43431 7582 7 completely completely RB 43431 7582 8 shut shut VBD 43431 7582 9 off off RP 43431 7582 10 from from IN 43431 7582 11 the the DT 43431 7582 12 temporal temporal JJ 43431 7582 13 fossa fossa NN 43431 7582 14 , , , 43431 7582 15 and and CC 43431 7582 16 the the DT 43431 7582 17 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 7582 18 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7582 19 is be VBZ 43431 7582 20 situated situate VBN 43431 7582 21 within within IN 43431 7582 22 the the DT 43431 7582 23 orbit orbit NN 43431 7582 24 . . . 43431 7583 1 The the DT 43431 7583 2 pollex pollex NN 43431 7583 3 is be VBZ 43431 7583 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 7583 5 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7583 6 or or CC 43431 7583 7 absent absent JJ 43431 7583 8 . . . 43431 7584 1 The the DT 43431 7584 2 second second JJ 43431 7584 3 digit digit NN 43431 7584 4 of of IN 43431 7584 5 the the DT 43431 7584 6 pes pe NNS 43431 7584 7 has have VBZ 43431 7584 8 a a DT 43431 7584 9 flattened flattened JJ 43431 7584 10 nail nail NN 43431 7584 11 except except IN 43431 7584 12 in in IN 43431 7584 13 the the DT 43431 7584 14 Hapalidae Hapalidae NNP 43431 7584 15 , , , 43431 7584 16 in in IN 43431 7584 17 which which WDT 43431 7584 18 all all PDT 43431 7584 19 the the DT 43431 7584 20 digits digit NNS 43431 7584 21 of of IN 43431 7584 22 the the DT 43431 7584 23 pes pe NNS 43431 7584 24 except except IN 43431 7584 25 the the DT 43431 7584 26 hallux hallux NN 43431 7584 27 are be VBP 43431 7584 28 clawed claw VBN 43431 7584 29 . . . 43431 7585 1 The the DT 43431 7585 2 Anthropoidea Anthropoidea NNP 43431 7585 3 are be VBP 43431 7585 4 divided divide VBN 43431 7585 5 into into IN 43431 7585 6 five five CD 43431 7585 7 families family NNS 43431 7585 8 : : : 43431 7585 9 1 1 CD 43431 7585 10 . . . 43431 7586 1 Hapalidae Hapalidae NNP 43431 7586 2 or or CC 43431 7586 3 Marmosets Marmosets NNPS 43431 7586 4 . . . 43431 7587 1 2 2 LS 43431 7587 2 . . . 43431 7588 1 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 7588 2 or or CC 43431 7588 3 American American NNP 43431 7588 4 Monkeys Monkeys NNP 43431 7588 5 . . . 43431 7589 1 3 3 LS 43431 7589 2 . . . 43431 7590 1 Cercopithecidae Cercopithecidae NNP 43431 7590 2 or or CC 43431 7590 3 Old Old NNP 43431 7590 4 World World NNP 43431 7590 5 Monkeys Monkeys NNP 43431 7590 6 . . . 43431 7591 1 4 4 LS 43431 7591 2 . . . 43431 7592 1 Simiidae Simiidae NNP 43431 7592 2 or or CC 43431 7592 3 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 7592 4 Apes Apes NNP 43431 7592 5 . . . 43431 7593 1 5 5 CD 43431 7593 2 . . . 43431 7594 1 Hominidae hominidae NN 43431 7594 2 or or CC 43431 7594 3 Men men NN 43431 7594 4 . . . 43431 7595 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 7595 2 : : : 43431 7595 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7595 4 108 108 CD 43431 7595 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7595 6 This this DT 43431 7595 7 is be VBZ 43431 7595 8 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 7595 9 's 's POS 43431 7595 10 view view NN 43431 7595 11 ; ; : 43431 7595 12 according accord VBG 43431 7595 13 to to IN 43431 7595 14 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 7595 15 the the DT 43431 7595 16 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 7595 17 forms form VBZ 43431 7595 18 the the DT 43431 7595 19 malleus malleus NN 43431 7595 20 ; ; : 43431 7595 21 according accord VBG 43431 7595 22 to to IN 43431 7595 23 Baur Baur NNP 43431 7595 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7595 25 forms form VBZ 43431 7595 26 the the DT 43431 7595 27 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 7595 28 process process NN 43431 7595 29 of of IN 43431 7595 30 the the DT 43431 7595 31 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 7595 32 , , , 43431 7595 33 and and CC 43431 7595 34 according accord VBG 43431 7595 35 to to IN 43431 7595 36 Broom Broom NNP 43431 7595 37 the the DT 43431 7595 38 interarticular interarticular JJ 43431 7595 39 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 7595 40 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7595 41 . . . 43431 7596 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7596 2 109 109 CD 43431 7596 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7596 4 According accord VBG 43431 7596 5 to to IN 43431 7596 6 Leche Leche NNP 43431 7596 7 , , , 43431 7596 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7596 9 Morphol Morphol NNP 43431 7596 10 . . . 43431 7597 1 Jahrb Jahrb NNP 43431 7597 2 . . . 43431 7597 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7597 4 XIX XIX NNP 43431 7597 5 . . . 43431 7598 1 p. p. NN 43431 7598 2 502 502 CD 43431 7598 3 , , , 43431 7598 4 the the DT 43431 7598 5 molar molar JJ 43431 7598 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7598 7 belong belong VBP 43431 7598 8 morphologically morphologically RB 43431 7598 9 to to IN 43431 7598 10 the the DT 43431 7598 11 first first JJ 43431 7598 12 series series NN 43431 7598 13 , , , 43431 7598 14 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 7599 1 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7599 2 are be VBP 43431 7599 3 milk milk NN 43431 7599 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7599 5 without without IN 43431 7599 6 vertical vertical JJ 43431 7599 7 successors successor NNS 43431 7599 8 . . . 43431 7600 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7600 2 110 110 CD 43431 7600 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7600 4 The the DT 43431 7600 5 researches research NNS 43431 7600 6 of of IN 43431 7600 7 Bateson Bateson NNP 43431 7600 8 , , , 43431 7600 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7600 10 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 7600 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7600 12 1892 1892 CD 43431 7600 13 , , , 43431 7600 14 p. p. NN 43431 7600 15 102 102 CD 43431 7600 16 , , , 43431 7600 17 have have VBP 43431 7600 18 shown show VBN 43431 7600 19 that that IN 43431 7600 20 cases case NNS 43431 7600 21 of of IN 43431 7600 22 individual individual JJ 43431 7600 23 variation variation NN 43431 7600 24 in in IN 43431 7600 25 the the DT 43431 7600 26 number number NN 43431 7600 27 of of IN 43431 7600 28 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7600 29 are be VBP 43431 7600 30 common common JJ 43431 7600 31 . . . 43431 7601 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7601 2 111 111 CD 43431 7601 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7601 4 Baur baur JJ 43431 7601 5 , , , 43431 7601 6 however however RB 43431 7601 7 , , , 43431 7601 8 suggests suggest VBZ 43431 7601 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7601 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7601 11 Anat Anat NNP 43431 7601 12 . . . 43431 7602 1 Anz Anz NNP 43431 7602 2 . . . 43431 7602 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7602 4 vol vol NNP 43431 7602 5 . . . 43431 7603 1 IV IV NNP 43431 7603 2 . . . 43431 7604 1 1889 1889 CD 43431 7604 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7604 3 , , , 43431 7604 4 that that IN 43431 7604 5 a a DT 43431 7604 6 tibial tibial JJ 43431 7604 7 sesamoid sesamoid NN 43431 7604 8 found find VBN 43431 7604 9 in in IN 43431 7604 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7604 11 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 7604 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7604 13 , , , 43431 7604 14 many many JJ 43431 7604 15 rodents rodent NNS 43431 7604 16 , , , 43431 7604 17 edentates edentates NNPS 43431 7604 18 and and CC 43431 7604 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7604 20 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 7604 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7604 22 is be VBZ 43431 7604 23 a a DT 43431 7604 24 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 7604 25 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 7604 26 , , , 43431 7604 27 and and CC 43431 7604 28 that that IN 43431 7604 29 the the DT 43431 7604 30 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 7604 31 is be VBZ 43431 7604 32 the the DT 43431 7604 33 intermedium intermedium NN 43431 7604 34 . . . 43431 7605 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7605 2 112 112 CD 43431 7605 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7605 4 This this DT 43431 7605 5 perforation perforation NN 43431 7605 6 of of IN 43431 7605 7 the the DT 43431 7605 8 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 7605 9 in in IN 43431 7605 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7605 11 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 7605 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7605 13 is be VBZ 43431 7605 14 a a DT 43431 7605 15 secondary secondary JJ 43431 7605 16 character character NN 43431 7605 17 occurring occur VBG 43431 7605 18 late late RB 43431 7605 19 in in IN 43431 7605 20 development development NN 43431 7605 21 , , , 43431 7605 22 and and CC 43431 7605 23 consequently consequently RB 43431 7605 24 is be VBZ 43431 7605 25 not not RB 43431 7605 26 of of IN 43431 7605 27 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ 43431 7605 28 importance importance NN 43431 7605 29 . . . 43431 7606 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7606 2 113 113 CD 43431 7606 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7606 4 See see VB 43431 7606 5 R. R. NNP 43431 7606 6 Owen Owen NNP 43431 7606 7 , , , 43431 7606 8 " " '' 43431 7606 9 Monograph Monograph NNP 43431 7606 10 of of IN 43431 7606 11 the the DT 43431 7606 12 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 7606 13 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 7606 14 of of IN 43431 7606 15 the the DT 43431 7606 16 Mesozoic Mesozoic NNP 43431 7606 17 Formation Formation NNP 43431 7606 18 , , , 43431 7606 19 " " '' 43431 7606 20 _ _ NNP 43431 7606 21 Pal Pal NNP 43431 7606 22 . . . 43431 7607 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 7607 2 . . . 43431 7608 1 Mon Mon NNP 43431 7608 2 . . . 43431 7608 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7608 4 1871 1871 CD 43431 7608 5 . . . 43431 7609 1 H.F. H.F. NNP 43431 7609 2 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 7609 3 , , , 43431 7609 4 " " `` 43431 7609 5 Structure structure NN 43431 7609 6 and and CC 43431 7609 7 Affinities Affinities NNPS 43431 7609 8 of of IN 43431 7609 9 Mesozoic Mesozoic NNP 43431 7609 10 Mammals Mammals NNPS 43431 7609 11 , , , 43431 7609 12 " " '' 43431 7609 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7609 14 J. J. NNP 43431 7610 1 of of IN 43431 7610 2 Philad Philad NNP 43431 7610 3 . . . 43431 7611 1 Acad Acad NNP 43431 7611 2 . . . 43431 7611 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7611 4 1888 1888 CD 43431 7611 5 , , , 43431 7611 6 vol vol NNP 43431 7611 7 . . . 43431 7612 1 IX ix NN 43431 7612 2 . . . 43431 7613 1 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 7614 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 7614 2 , , , 43431 7614 3 " " `` 43431 7614 4 Jurassic Jurassic NNP 43431 7614 5 Mammals Mammals NNPS 43431 7614 6 , , , 43431 7614 7 " " '' 43431 7614 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7614 9 Amer Amer NNP 43431 7614 10 . . . 43431 7615 1 J. J. NNP 43431 7615 2 Sci Sci NNP 43431 7615 3 . . . 43431 7615 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7615 5 1878 1878 CD 43431 7615 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7615 7 et et NNP 43431 7615 8 seq seq NN 43431 7615 9 . . . 43431 7615 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7615 11 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7615 12 114 114 CD 43431 7615 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7615 14 See see VB 43431 7615 15 Oldfield Oldfield NNP 43431 7615 16 Thomas Thomas NNP 43431 7615 17 , , , 43431 7615 18 _ _ NNP 43431 7615 19 Brit Brit NNP 43431 7615 20 . . . 43431 7616 1 Mus mus NN 43431 7616 2 . . . 43431 7617 1 Cat Cat NNP 43431 7617 2 . . . 43431 7618 1 of of IN 43431 7618 2 Marsupialia Marsupialia NNP 43431 7618 3 and and CC 43431 7618 4 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 7618 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7618 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7618 7 1888 1888 CD 43431 7618 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7618 9 . . . 43431 7619 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7619 2 115 115 CD 43431 7619 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7619 4 W. W. NNP 43431 7619 5 Kükenthal Kükenthal NNP 43431 7619 6 , , , 43431 7619 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7619 8 Anat Anat NNP 43431 7619 9 . . . 43431 7620 1 Anz Anz NNP 43431 7620 2 . . . 43431 7620 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7620 4 VI VI NNP 43431 7620 5 . . . 43431 7621 1 p. p. NN 43431 7621 2 364 364 CD 43431 7621 3 , , , 43431 7621 4 1891 1891 CD 43431 7621 5 . . . 43431 7622 1 C. C. NNP 43431 7622 2 Röse Röse NNP 43431 7622 3 , , , 43431 7622 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7622 5 Anat Anat NNP 43431 7622 6 . . . 43431 7623 1 Anz Anz NNP 43431 7623 2 . . . 43431 7623 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7623 4 VII VII NNP 43431 7623 5 . . . 43431 7624 1 p. p. NN 43431 7624 2 639 639 CD 43431 7624 3 . . . 43431 7625 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7625 2 116 116 CD 43431 7625 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7625 4 These these DT 43431 7625 5 bones bone NNS 43431 7625 6 however however RB 43431 7625 7 have have VBP 43431 7625 8 no no DT 43431 7625 9 connection connection NN 43431 7625 10 with with IN 43431 7625 11 the the DT 43431 7625 12 marsupium marsupium NN 43431 7625 13 , , , 43431 7625 14 being be VBG 43431 7625 15 nearly nearly RB 43431 7625 16 equally equally RB 43431 7625 17 developed develop VBN 43431 7625 18 in in IN 43431 7625 19 both both CC 43431 7625 20 male male JJ 43431 7625 21 and and CC 43431 7625 22 female female JJ 43431 7625 23 . . . 43431 7626 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7626 2 are be VBP 43431 7626 3 simply simply RB 43431 7626 4 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 7626 5 bones bone NNS 43431 7626 6 forming form VBG 43431 7626 7 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 7626 8 in in IN 43431 7626 9 the the DT 43431 7626 10 inner inner JJ 43431 7626 11 tendon tendon NN 43431 7626 12 of of IN 43431 7626 13 the the DT 43431 7626 14 external external JJ 43431 7626 15 oblique oblique JJ 43431 7626 16 muscle muscle NN 43431 7626 17 , , , 43431 7626 18 and and CC 43431 7626 19 are be VBP 43431 7626 20 developed develop VBN 43431 7626 21 as as IN 43431 7626 22 supports support NNS 43431 7626 23 for for IN 43431 7626 24 the the DT 43431 7626 25 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 7626 26 wall wall NN 43431 7626 27 . . . 43431 7627 1 Very very RB 43431 7627 2 similar similar JJ 43431 7627 3 structures structure NNS 43431 7627 4 have have VBP 43431 7627 5 been be VBN 43431 7627 6 independently independently RB 43431 7627 7 developed develop VBN 43431 7627 8 in in IN 43431 7627 9 various various JJ 43431 7627 10 Amphibians Amphibians NNPS 43431 7627 11 , , , 43431 7627 12 Reptiles reptile NNS 43431 7627 13 and and CC 43431 7627 14 monodelphian monodelphian JJ 43431 7627 15 Mammals mammal NNS 43431 7627 16 . . . 43431 7628 1 See see VB 43431 7628 2 W. W. NNP 43431 7628 3 Leche Leche NNP 43431 7628 4 , , , 43431 7628 5 _ _ NNP 43431 7628 6 Biol Biol NNP 43431 7628 7 . . . 43431 7629 1 Fören fã¶ren XX 43431 7629 2 . . . 43431 7629 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7629 4 III III NNP 43431 7629 5 . . . 43431 7630 1 p. p. NN 43431 7630 2 120 120 CD 43431 7630 3 . . . 43431 7631 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7631 2 117 117 CD 43431 7631 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7631 4 See See NNP 43431 7631 5 H. H. NNP 43431 7631 6 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 7631 7 , , , 43431 7631 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7631 9 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 7631 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7631 11 1892 1892 CD 43431 7631 12 , , , 43431 7631 13 p. p. NN 43431 7631 14 361 361 CD 43431 7631 15 . . . 43431 7632 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7632 2 118 118 CD 43431 7632 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7632 4 See see VB 43431 7632 5 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 7633 1 Flower flower NN 43431 7633 2 , , , 43431 7633 3 " " `` 43431 7633 4 On on IN 43431 7633 5 the the DT 43431 7633 6 Mutual Mutual NNP 43431 7633 7 Affinities Affinities NNPS 43431 7633 8 of of IN 43431 7633 9 the the DT 43431 7633 10 Animals Animals NNPS 43431 7633 11 composing compose VBG 43431 7633 12 the the DT 43431 7633 13 order order NN 43431 7633 14 Edentata Edentata NNP 43431 7633 15 , , , 43431 7633 16 " " '' 43431 7633 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7633 18 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 7633 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7633 20 1882 1882 CD 43431 7633 21 , , , 43431 7633 22 p. p. NN 43431 7633 23 358 358 CD 43431 7633 24 . . . 43431 7634 1 For for IN 43431 7634 2 the the DT 43431 7634 3 fossil fossil NN 43431 7634 4 Edentates Edentates NNPS 43431 7634 5 of of IN 43431 7634 6 N. N. NNP 43431 7634 7 America America NNP 43431 7634 8 see see VBP 43431 7634 9 E. E. NNP 43431 7634 10 Cope Cope NNP 43431 7634 11 , , , 43431 7634 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7634 13 Amer Amer NNP 43431 7634 14 . . . 43431 7635 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 7635 2 . . . 43431 7635 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7635 4 1889 1889 CD 43431 7635 5 ; ; : 43431 7635 6 for for IN 43431 7635 7 those those DT 43431 7635 8 of of IN 43431 7635 9 S. S. NNP 43431 7635 10 America America NNP 43431 7635 11 see see VBP 43431 7635 12 various various JJ 43431 7635 13 papers paper NNS 43431 7635 14 by by IN 43431 7635 15 F. F. NNP 43431 7635 16 Ameghino Ameghino NNP 43431 7635 17 , , , 43431 7635 18 H. H. NNP 43431 7635 19 Burmeister Burmeister NNP 43431 7635 20 and and CC 43431 7635 21 R. R. NNP 43431 7635 22 Owen Owen NNP 43431 7635 23 . . . 43431 7636 1 Also also RB 43431 7636 2 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 7637 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 7637 2 , , , 43431 7637 3 " " `` 43431 7637 4 On on IN 43431 7637 5 the the DT 43431 7637 6 Osteology Osteology NNP 43431 7637 7 of of IN 43431 7637 8 Glyptodon Glyptodon NNP 43431 7637 9 , , , 43431 7637 10 " " '' 43431 7637 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7637 12 Phil Phil NNP 43431 7637 13 . . . 43431 7638 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 7638 2 . . . 43431 7638 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7638 4 1865 1865 CD 43431 7638 5 . . . 43431 7639 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7639 2 119 119 CD 43431 7639 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7639 4 See see VB 43431 7639 5 J.F. J.F. NNP 43431 7640 1 Brandt Brandt NNP 43431 7640 2 , , , 43431 7640 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7640 4 Symbolae Symbolae NNP 43431 7640 5 Sirenologicae Sirenologicae NNP 43431 7640 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7640 7 , , , 43431 7640 8 St St NNP 43431 7640 9 Petersburg Petersburg NNP 43431 7640 10 , , , 43431 7640 11 1846 1846 CD 43431 7640 12 , , , 43431 7640 13 1861 1861 CD 43431 7640 14 , , , 43431 7640 15 1868 1868 CD 43431 7640 16 . . . 43431 7641 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7641 2 120 120 CD 43431 7641 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7641 4 Epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 7641 5 are be VBP 43431 7641 6 fully fully RB 43431 7641 7 developed develop VBN 43431 7641 8 in in IN 43431 7641 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7641 10 Halitherium Halitherium NNP 43431 7641 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7641 12 , , , 43431 7641 13 and and CC 43431 7641 14 traces trace NNS 43431 7641 15 occur occur VBP 43431 7641 16 in in IN 43431 7641 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7641 18 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 7641 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7641 20 . . . 43431 7642 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7642 2 121 121 CD 43431 7642 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7642 4 See see VB 43431 7642 5 P.J. P.J. NNP 43431 7643 1 van van NNP 43431 7643 2 Beneden Beneden NNP 43431 7643 3 and and CC 43431 7643 4 P. P. NNP 43431 7643 5 Gervais Gervais NNP 43431 7643 6 , , , 43431 7643 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7643 8 Ostà Ostà NNP 43431 7643 9 © © NNP 43431 7643 10 ographie ographie NN 43431 7643 11 des des NNP 43431 7643 12 Cà Cà NNP 43431 7643 13 © © NNP 43431 7643 14 tacà tacà NNP 43431 7643 15 © © NNP 43431 7643 16 s s NNP 43431 7643 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7643 18 , , , 43431 7643 19 1869 1869 CD 43431 7643 20 - - SYM 43431 7643 21 80 80 CD 43431 7643 22 . . . 43431 7644 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7644 2 122 122 CD 43431 7644 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7644 4 H. H. NNP 43431 7644 5 Wincza Wincza NNP 43431 7644 6 , , , 43431 7644 7 _ _ NNP 43431 7644 8 Morphol Morphol NNP 43431 7644 9 . . . 43431 7645 1 Jahrb Jahrb NNP 43431 7645 2 . . . 43431 7645 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7645 4 XVI XVI NNP 43431 7645 5 . . NNP 43431 7645 6 , , , 43431 7645 7 p. p. NN 43431 7645 8 647 647 CD 43431 7645 9 . . . 43431 7646 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7646 2 123 123 CD 43431 7646 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7646 4 See see VB 43431 7646 5 M. M. NNP 43431 7646 6 Pavlow Pavlow NNP 43431 7646 7 , , , 43431 7646 8 " " `` 43431 7646 9 à ã VB 43431 7646 10 � � NNP 43431 7646 11 tudes tude NNS 43431 7646 12 sur sur FW 43431 7646 13 l'histoire l'histoire FW 43431 7646 14 palà palã CD 43431 7646 15 © © NNP 43431 7646 16 ontologique ontologique NN 43431 7646 17 des des NNP 43431 7646 18 Ongulà Ongulà NNP 43431 7646 19 © © NNP 43431 7646 20 s s NNP 43431 7646 21 . . . 43431 7646 22 " " '' 43431 7647 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7647 2 Bull Bull NNP 43431 7647 3 . . . 43431 7648 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 7648 2 . . . 43431 7649 1 Moscou Moscou NNP 43431 7649 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7649 3 , , , 43431 7649 4 1887 1887 CD 43431 7649 5 - - HYPH 43431 7649 6 -1890 -1890 NN 43431 7649 7 . . . 43431 7650 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7650 2 124 124 CD 43431 7650 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7650 4 In in IN 43431 7650 5 a a DT 43431 7650 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7650 7 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 7650 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7650 9 animal animal NN 43431 7650 10 the the DT 43431 7650 11 whole whole NN 43431 7650 12 of of IN 43431 7650 13 the the DT 43431 7650 14 foot foot NN 43431 7650 15 is be VBZ 43431 7650 16 placed place VBN 43431 7650 17 on on IN 43431 7650 18 the the DT 43431 7650 19 ground ground NN 43431 7650 20 in in IN 43431 7650 21 walking walk VBG 43431 7650 22 . . . 43431 7651 1 A a DT 43431 7651 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7651 3 digitigrade digitigrade NN 43431 7651 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7651 5 animal animal NN 43431 7651 6 places place VBZ 43431 7651 7 only only RB 43431 7651 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7651 9 toes toe NNS 43431 7651 10 on on IN 43431 7651 11 the the DT 43431 7651 12 ground ground NN 43431 7651 13 . . . 43431 7652 1 An an DT 43431 7652 2 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 7652 3 condition condition NN 43431 7652 4 is be VBZ 43431 7652 5 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 7652 6 by by IN 43431 7652 7 the the DT 43431 7652 8 term term NN 43431 7652 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7652 10 subplantigrade subplantigrade NN 43431 7652 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7652 12 . . . 43431 7653 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7653 2 125 125 CD 43431 7653 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7653 4 See see VB 43431 7653 5 p. p. NN 43431 7653 6 345 345 CD 43431 7653 7 . . . 43431 7654 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7654 2 126 126 CD 43431 7654 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7654 4 See see VB 43431 7654 5 p. p. NN 43431 7654 6 401 401 CD 43431 7654 7 . . . 43431 7655 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7655 2 127 127 CD 43431 7655 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7655 4 See see VB 43431 7655 5 E.D. E.D. NNP 43431 7656 1 Cope cope VB 43431 7656 2 , , , 43431 7656 3 " " `` 43431 7656 4 The the DT 43431 7656 5 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNPS 43431 7656 6 , , , 43431 7656 7 " " '' 43431 7656 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7656 9 Amer Amer NNP 43431 7656 10 . . . 43431 7657 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 7657 2 . . . 43431 7657 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7657 4 , , , 43431 7657 5 1887 1887 CD 43431 7657 6 . . . 43431 7658 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7658 2 128 128 CD 43431 7658 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7658 4 See see VB 43431 7658 5 E.D. E.D. NNP 43431 7659 1 Cope cope VB 43431 7659 2 , , , 43431 7659 3 " " `` 43431 7659 4 The the DT 43431 7659 5 Condylarthra Condylarthra NNP 43431 7659 6 , , , 43431 7659 7 " " '' 43431 7659 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7659 9 Amer Amer NNP 43431 7659 10 . . . 43431 7660 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 7660 2 . . . 43431 7660 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7660 4 , , , 43431 7660 5 1884 1884 CD 43431 7660 6 , , , 43431 7660 7 and and CC 43431 7660 8 " " `` 43431 7660 9 Synopsis synopsis NN 43431 7660 10 of of IN 43431 7660 11 the the DT 43431 7660 12 Vertebrates Vertebrates NNPS 43431 7660 13 of of IN 43431 7660 14 the the DT 43431 7660 15 Puerco Puerco NNP 43431 7660 16 series series NN 43431 7660 17 , , , 43431 7660 18 " " `` 43431 7660 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7660 20 Tr Tr NNP 43431 7660 21 . . . 43431 7661 1 Amer amer NN 43431 7661 2 . . . 43431 7662 1 Phil Phil NNP 43431 7662 2 . . . 43431 7663 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 7663 2 . . . 43431 7663 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7663 4 , , , 43431 7663 5 1888 1888 CD 43431 7663 6 . . . 43431 7664 1 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 7665 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 7665 2 , , , 43431 7665 3 " " `` 43431 7665 4 A a DT 43431 7665 5 new new JJ 43431 7665 6 order order NN 43431 7665 7 of of IN 43431 7665 8 extinct extinct JJ 43431 7665 9 Eocene Eocene NNP 43431 7665 10 Mammals Mammals NNPS 43431 7665 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7665 12 Mesodactyla Mesodactyla NNP 43431 7665 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7665 14 , , , 43431 7665 15 " " `` 43431 7665 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7665 17 Amer Amer NNP 43431 7665 18 . . . 43431 7666 1 J. J. NNP 43431 7666 2 Sci Sci NNP 43431 7666 3 . . . 43431 7666 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7666 5 , , , 43431 7666 6 1892 1892 CD 43431 7666 7 . . . 43431 7667 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7667 2 129 129 CD 43431 7667 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7667 4 See see VB 43431 7667 5 O. O. NNP 43431 7667 6 Thomas Thomas NNP 43431 7667 7 , , , 43431 7667 8 " " `` 43431 7667 9 On on IN 43431 7667 10 the the DT 43431 7667 11 species species NN 43431 7667 12 of of IN 43431 7667 13 Hyracoidea Hyracoidea NNP 43431 7667 14 , , , 43431 7667 15 " " '' 43431 7667 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7667 17 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 7667 18 _ _ NNP 43431 7667 19 , , , 43431 7667 20 1892 1892 CD 43431 7667 21 , , , 43431 7667 22 p. p. NN 43431 7667 23 50 50 CD 43431 7667 24 . . . 43431 7668 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7668 2 130 130 CD 43431 7668 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7668 4 See see VB 43431 7668 5 E.D. E.D. NNP 43431 7669 1 Cope cope VB 43431 7669 2 , , , 43431 7669 3 " " `` 43431 7669 4 The the DT 43431 7669 5 Amblypoda Amblypoda NNP 43431 7669 6 , , , 43431 7669 7 " " '' 43431 7669 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7669 9 Amer Amer NNP 43431 7669 10 . . . 43431 7670 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 7670 2 . . . 43431 7670 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7670 4 , , , 43431 7670 5 1884 1884 CD 43431 7670 6 and and CC 43431 7670 7 1885 1885 CD 43431 7670 8 . . . 43431 7671 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7671 2 131 131 CD 43431 7671 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7671 4 See See NNP 43431 7671 5 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 7672 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 7672 2 , , , 43431 7672 3 " " `` 43431 7672 4 The the DT 43431 7672 5 Dinocerata Dinocerata NNP 43431 7672 6 , , , 43431 7672 7 " " '' 43431 7672 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7672 9 U.S. U.S. NNP 43431 7673 1 Geol Geol NNP 43431 7673 2 . . . 43431 7674 1 Survey Survey NNP 43431 7674 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7674 3 , , , 43431 7674 4 1884 1884 CD 43431 7674 5 , , , 43431 7674 6 vol vol NNP 43431 7674 7 . . . 43431 7675 1 X. X. NNP 43431 7676 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7676 2 132 132 CD 43431 7676 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7676 4 See See NNP 43431 7676 5 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 7677 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 7677 2 , , , 43431 7677 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7677 4 Amer Amer NNP 43431 7677 5 . . . 43431 7678 1 J. J. NNP 43431 7678 2 Sci Sci NNP 43431 7678 3 . . . 43431 7678 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7678 5 , , , 43431 7678 6 1875 1875 CD 43431 7678 7 and and CC 43431 7678 8 1876 1876 CD 43431 7678 9 . . . 43431 7679 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7679 2 133 133 CD 43431 7679 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7679 4 E.D. E.D. NNP 43431 7680 1 Cope cope VB 43431 7680 2 , , , 43431 7680 3 " " `` 43431 7680 4 The the DT 43431 7680 5 Creodonta Creodonta NNP 43431 7680 6 , , , 43431 7680 7 " " '' 43431 7680 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7680 9 Amer Amer NNP 43431 7680 10 . . . 43431 7681 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 7681 2 . . . 43431 7681 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7681 4 , , , 43431 7681 5 1884 1884 CD 43431 7681 6 . . . 43431 7682 1 W.B. W.B. NNP 43431 7683 1 Scott Scott NNP 43431 7683 2 , , , 43431 7683 3 " " `` 43431 7683 4 Revision revision NN 43431 7683 5 of of IN 43431 7683 6 the the DT 43431 7683 7 N. N. NNP 43431 7683 8 American American NNP 43431 7683 9 Creodonta Creodonta NNP 43431 7683 10 , , , 43431 7683 11 " " '' 43431 7683 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7683 13 P. P. NNP 43431 7684 1 Ac ac RB 43431 7684 2 . . . 43431 7685 1 Philad Philad NNP 43431 7685 2 . . . 43431 7685 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7685 4 , , , 43431 7685 5 1892 1892 CD 43431 7685 6 . . . 43431 7686 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7686 2 134 134 CD 43431 7686 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7686 4 See see VB 43431 7686 5 next next JJ 43431 7686 6 paragraph paragraph NN 43431 7686 7 . . . 43431 7687 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7687 2 135 135 CD 43431 7687 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7687 4 St St NNP 43431 7687 5 G. G. NNP 43431 7687 6 Mivart Mivart NNP 43431 7687 7 , , , 43431 7687 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7687 9 The the DT 43431 7687 10 Cat Cat NNP 43431 7687 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7687 12 , , , 43431 7687 13 London London NNP 43431 7687 14 , , , 43431 7687 15 1881 1881 CD 43431 7687 16 . . . 43431 7688 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7688 2 136 136 CD 43431 7688 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7688 4 St St NNP 43431 7688 5 G. G. NNP 43431 7688 6 Mivart Mivart NNP 43431 7688 7 , , , 43431 7688 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7688 9 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 7688 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7688 11 , , , 43431 7688 12 1885 1885 CD 43431 7688 13 . . . 43431 7689 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7689 2 137 137 CD 43431 7689 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7689 4 St St NNP 43431 7689 5 G. G. NNP 43431 7689 6 Mivart Mivart NNP 43431 7689 7 , , , 43431 7689 8 " " `` 43431 7689 9 On on IN 43431 7689 10 the the DT 43431 7689 11 Osteology Osteology NNP 43431 7689 12 of of IN 43431 7689 13 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 7689 14 , , , 43431 7689 15 " " '' 43431 7689 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7689 17 J. J. NNP 43431 7690 1 Anat Anat NNP 43431 7690 2 . . . 43431 7691 1 Physiol Physiol NNP 43431 7691 2 . . . 43431 7692 1 norm norm NN 43431 7692 2 . . . 43431 7693 1 path path NN 43431 7693 2 . . . 43431 7693 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7693 4 , , , 43431 7693 5 1867 1867 CD 43431 7693 6 and and CC 43431 7693 7 1868 1868 CD 43431 7693 8 , , , 43431 7693 9 and and CC 43431 7693 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7693 11 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 7693 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7693 13 , , , 43431 7693 14 1871 1871 CD 43431 7693 15 . . . 43431 7694 1 G.E. G.E. NNP 43431 7695 1 Dobson Dobson NNP 43431 7695 2 , , , 43431 7695 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7695 4 Monograph Monograph NNP 43431 7695 5 of of IN 43431 7695 6 the the DT 43431 7695 7 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 7695 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7695 9 , , , 43431 7695 10 London London NNP 43431 7695 11 , , , 43431 7695 12 1882 1882 CD 43431 7695 13 - - HYPH 43431 7695 14 -90 -90 NN 43431 7695 15 . . . 43431 7696 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7696 2 138 138 CD 43431 7696 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7696 4 See see VB 43431 7696 5 G.E. G.E. NNP 43431 7697 1 Dobson Dobson NNP 43431 7697 2 , , , 43431 7697 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7697 4 Brit Brit NNP 43431 7697 5 . . . 43431 7698 1 Mus mus NN 43431 7698 2 . . . 43431 7699 1 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 43431 7699 2 of of IN 43431 7699 3 Chiroptera Chiroptera NNP 43431 7699 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7699 5 , , , 43431 7699 6 1878 1878 CD 43431 7699 7 . . . 43431 7700 1 See see VB 43431 7700 2 also also RB 43431 7700 3 other other JJ 43431 7700 4 papers paper NNS 43431 7700 5 by by IN 43431 7700 6 the the DT 43431 7700 7 same same JJ 43431 7700 8 author author NN 43431 7700 9 and and CC 43431 7700 10 by by IN 43431 7700 11 Oldfield Oldfield NNP 43431 7700 12 Thomas Thomas NNP 43431 7700 13 . . . 43431 7701 1 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 43431 7701 2 XXI XXI NNP 43431 7701 3 . . . 43431 7702 1 THE the DT 43431 7702 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 7702 3 OF of IN 43431 7702 4 THE the DT 43431 7702 5 DOG[139 DOG[139 NNP 43431 7702 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7702 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7702 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7702 9 Canis Canis NNP 43431 7702 10 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 7702 11 _ _ NNP 43431 7702 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7702 13 . . . 43431 7703 1 I. I. NNP 43431 7703 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 7703 3 . . . 43431 7704 1 The the DT 43431 7704 2 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 7704 3 of of IN 43431 7704 4 the the DT 43431 7704 5 dog dog NN 43431 7704 6 includes include VBZ 43431 7704 7 three three CD 43431 7704 8 sets set NNS 43431 7704 9 of of IN 43431 7704 10 structures structure NNS 43431 7704 11 : : : 43431 7704 12 1 1 LS 43431 7704 13 . . . 43431 7704 14 hairs hair NNS 43431 7704 15 , , , 43431 7704 16 2 2 CD 43431 7704 17 . . . 43431 7704 18 claws claws NN 43431 7704 19 , , , 43431 7704 20 3 3 CD 43431 7704 21 . . . 43431 7704 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7704 23 . . . 43431 7705 1 = = NFP 43431 7705 2 Hairs= hairs= ADD 43431 7705 3 and and CC 43431 7705 4 = = SYM 43431 7705 5 claws= claws= NNS 43431 7705 6 are be VBP 43431 7705 7 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 7705 8 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 7705 9 structures structure NNS 43431 7705 10 , , , 43431 7705 11 while while IN 43431 7705 12 = = SYM 43431 7705 13 teeth= teeth= NN 43431 7705 14 are be VBP 43431 7705 15 partly partly RB 43431 7705 16 of of IN 43431 7705 17 dermal dermal JJ 43431 7705 18 , , , 43431 7705 19 and and CC 43431 7705 20 partly partly RB 43431 7705 21 of of IN 43431 7705 22 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 7705 23 origin origin NN 43431 7705 24 . . . 43431 7706 1 1 1 LS 43431 7706 2 . . . 43431 7707 1 = = NFP 43431 7707 2 Hairs= Hairs= NNS 43431 7707 3 are be VBP 43431 7707 4 delicate delicate JJ 43431 7707 5 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 7707 6 structures structure NNS 43431 7707 7 which which WDT 43431 7707 8 grow grow VBP 43431 7707 9 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 7707 10 in in IN 43431 7707 11 little little JJ 43431 7707 12 pits pit NNS 43431 7707 13 or or CC 43431 7707 14 follicles follicle NNS 43431 7707 15 in in IN 43431 7707 16 the the DT 43431 7707 17 dermis dermis NN 43431 7707 18 . . . 43431 7708 1 Specially specially RB 43431 7708 2 large large JJ 43431 7708 3 hairs hair NNS 43431 7708 4 forming form VBG 43431 7708 5 the the DT 43431 7708 6 = = SYM 43431 7708 7 vibrissae= vibrissae= NN 43431 7708 8 or or CC 43431 7708 9 = = SYM 43431 7708 10 whiskers= whiskers= NNP 43431 7708 11 grow grow VBP 43431 7708 12 attached attach VBN 43431 7708 13 to to IN 43431 7708 14 the the DT 43431 7708 15 upper upper JJ 43431 7708 16 lip lip NN 43431 7708 17 . . . 43431 7709 1 2 2 LS 43431 7709 2 . . . 43431 7710 1 = = NFP 43431 7710 2 Claws= Claws= NNS 43431 7710 3 are be VBP 43431 7710 4 horny horny JJ 43431 7710 5 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 7710 6 sheaths sheath NNS 43431 7710 7 , , , 43431 7710 8 one one CD 43431 7710 9 of of IN 43431 7710 10 which which WDT 43431 7710 11 fits fit VBZ 43431 7710 12 on on IN 43431 7710 13 to to IN 43431 7710 14 the the DT 43431 7710 15 pointed point VBN 43431 7710 16 distal distal JJ 43431 7710 17 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 7710 18 of of IN 43431 7710 19 each each DT 43431 7710 20 digit digit NN 43431 7710 21 . . . 43431 7711 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7711 2 are be VBP 43431 7711 3 sharply sharply RB 43431 7711 4 curved curved JJ 43431 7711 5 structures structure NNS 43431 7711 6 , , , 43431 7711 7 and and CC 43431 7711 8 being be VBG 43431 7711 9 in in IN 43431 7711 10 the the DT 43431 7711 11 dog dog NN 43431 7711 12 non non JJ 43431 7711 13 - - JJ 43431 7711 14 retractile retractile NN 43431 7711 15 , , , 43431 7711 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7711 17 points point NNS 43431 7711 18 are be VBP 43431 7711 19 commonly commonly RB 43431 7711 20 much much RB 43431 7711 21 blunted blunt VBN 43431 7711 22 by by IN 43431 7711 23 friction friction NN 43431 7711 24 with with IN 43431 7711 25 the the DT 43431 7711 26 ground ground NN 43431 7711 27 . . . 43431 7712 1 The the DT 43431 7712 2 claws claws NN 43431 7712 3 of of IN 43431 7712 4 the the DT 43431 7712 5 pollex pollex NN 43431 7712 6 , , , 43431 7712 7 and and CC 43431 7712 8 of of IN 43431 7712 9 the the DT 43431 7712 10 hallux hallux NN 43431 7712 11 when when WRB 43431 7712 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7712 13 is be VBZ 43431 7712 14 present present JJ 43431 7712 15 , , , 43431 7712 16 however however RB 43431 7712 17 do do VBP 43431 7712 18 not not RB 43431 7712 19 meet meet VB 43431 7712 20 the the DT 43431 7712 21 ground ground NN 43431 7712 22 , , , 43431 7712 23 and and CC 43431 7712 24 therefore therefore RB 43431 7712 25 remain remain VBP 43431 7712 26 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 7712 27 sharp sharp JJ 43431 7712 28 . . . 43431 7713 1 3 3 LS 43431 7713 2 . . . 43431 7714 1 = = NFP 43431 7714 2 Teeth=[140 teeth=[140 LS 43431 7714 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7714 4 . . . 43431 7715 1 Although although IN 43431 7715 2 as as IN 43431 7715 3 regards regard VBZ 43431 7715 4 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7715 5 mode mode NN 43431 7715 6 of of IN 43431 7715 7 origin origin NN 43431 7715 8 , , , 43431 7715 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7715 10 are be VBP 43431 7715 11 purely purely RB 43431 7715 12 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 7715 13 or or CC 43431 7715 14 tegumentary tegumentary JJ 43431 7715 15 structures structure NNS 43431 7715 16 , , , 43431 7715 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7715 18 become become VBP 43431 7715 19 so so RB 43431 7715 20 intimately intimately RB 43431 7715 21 connected connect VBN 43431 7715 22 with with IN 43431 7715 23 the the DT 43431 7715 24 skull skull NN 43431 7715 25 that that IN 43431 7715 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7715 27 appear appear VBP 43431 7715 28 to to TO 43431 7715 29 belong belong VB 43431 7715 30 to to IN 43431 7715 31 the the DT 43431 7715 32 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 7715 33 . . . 43431 7716 1 Each each DT 43431 7716 2 tooth tooth NN 43431 7716 3 , , , 43431 7716 4 as as IN 43431 7716 5 has have VBZ 43431 7716 6 been be VBN 43431 7716 7 already already RB 43431 7716 8 described describe VBN 43431 7716 9 , , , 43431 7716 10 consists consist VBZ 43431 7716 11 of of IN 43431 7716 12 three three CD 43431 7716 13 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7716 14 tissues tissue NNS 43431 7716 15 , , , 43431 7716 16 dentine dentine NN 43431 7716 17 and and CC 43431 7716 18 cement cement NN 43431 7716 19 of of IN 43431 7716 20 dermal dermal JJ 43431 7716 21 origin origin NN 43431 7716 22 , , , 43431 7716 23 and and CC 43431 7716 24 enamel enamel NNP 43431 7716 25 of of IN 43431 7716 26 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 7716 27 origin origin NN 43431 7716 28 . . . 43431 7717 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7717 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7717 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7717 4 . . . 43431 7718 1 68 68 CD 43431 7718 2 . . . 43431 7719 1 DENTITION dentition NN 43431 7719 2 OF of IN 43431 7719 3 A a DT 43431 7719 4 DOG DOG NNP 43431 7719 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7719 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7719 7 Canis Canis NNP 43431 7719 8 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 7719 9 _ _ NNP 43431 7719 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7719 11 à à NNP 43431 7719 12 � � NNP 43431 7719 13 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 7719 14 . . . 43431 7720 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7720 2 Camb camb NN 43431 7720 3 . . . 43431 7721 1 Mus mus NN 43431 7721 2 . . . 43431 7721 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7722 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7722 2 i i PRP 43431 7722 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7722 4 2 2 CD 43431 7722 5 . . . 43431 7722 6 second second JJ 43431 7722 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 7722 8 . . . 43431 7723 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7723 2 c. c. NNP 43431 7723 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7723 4 canine canine NN 43431 7723 5 . . . 43431 7724 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7724 2 pm pm NNP 43431 7724 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7724 4 1 1 CD 43431 7724 5 , , , 43431 7724 6 _ _ NNP 43431 7724 7 pm pm NN 43431 7724 8 _ _ NNP 43431 7724 9 4 4 CD 43431 7724 10 . . . 43431 7724 11 first first JJ 43431 7724 12 and and CC 43431 7724 13 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7724 14 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7724 15 . . . 43431 7725 1 _ _ NNP 43431 7725 2 m m NNP 43431 7725 3 _ _ NNP 43431 7725 4 1 1 CD 43431 7725 5 . . . 43431 7725 6 first first NNP 43431 7725 7 molar molar NNP 43431 7725 8 . . . 43431 7725 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7726 1 The the DT 43431 7726 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7726 3 of of IN 43431 7726 4 the the DT 43431 7726 5 dog dog NN 43431 7726 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7726 7 fig fig NN 43431 7726 8 . . . 43431 7727 1 68 68 LS 43431 7727 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7727 3 form form VBP 43431 7727 4 a a DT 43431 7727 5 regular regular JJ 43431 7727 6 series series NN 43431 7727 7 arranged arrange VBN 43431 7727 8 along along IN 43431 7727 9 the the DT 43431 7727 10 margins margin NNS 43431 7727 11 of of IN 43431 7727 12 both both CC 43431 7727 13 upper upper JJ 43431 7727 14 and and CC 43431 7727 15 lower lower JJ 43431 7727 16 jaws jaw NNS 43431 7727 17 , , , 43431 7727 18 and and CC 43431 7727 19 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 7727 20 in in IN 43431 7727 21 pits pit NNS 43431 7727 22 or or CC 43431 7727 23 = = SYM 43431 7727 24 alveoli= alveoli= NN 43431 7727 25 of of IN 43431 7727 26 the the DT 43431 7727 27 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 7727 28 , , , 43431 7727 29 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 7727 30 , , , 43431 7727 31 and and CC 43431 7727 32 mandibles mandible NNS 43431 7727 33 . . . 43431 7728 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7728 2 are be VBP 43431 7728 3 all all RB 43431 7728 4 fixed fix VBN 43431 7728 5 in in IN 43431 7728 6 the the DT 43431 7728 7 bone bone NN 43431 7728 8 by by IN 43431 7728 9 tapering taper VBG 43431 7728 10 roots root NNS 43431 7728 11 , , , 43431 7728 12 and and CC 43431 7728 13 none none NN 43431 7728 14 of of IN 43431 7728 15 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7728 16 grow grow VBP 43431 7728 17 from from IN 43431 7728 18 persistent persistent JJ 43431 7728 19 pulps pulp NNS 43431 7728 20 . . . 43431 7729 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7729 2 are be VBP 43431 7729 3 divisible divisible JJ 43431 7729 4 into into IN 43431 7729 5 four four CD 43431 7729 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7729 7 groups group NNS 43431 7729 8 , , , 43431 7729 9 the the DT 43431 7729 10 = = SYM 43431 7729 11 incisors= incisors= NN 43431 7729 12 , , , 43431 7729 13 = = SYM 43431 7729 14 canines= canines= NNP 43431 7729 15 , , , 43431 7729 16 = = SYM 43431 7729 17 premolars= premolars= NN 43431 7729 18 and and CC 43431 7729 19 = = SYM 43431 7729 20 molars=. molars=. FW 43431 7730 1 There there EX 43431 7730 2 are be VBP 43431 7730 3 three three CD 43431 7730 4 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7730 5 , , , 43431 7730 6 one one CD 43431 7730 7 canine canine NN 43431 7730 8 and and CC 43431 7730 9 four four CD 43431 7730 10 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7730 11 on on IN 43431 7730 12 each each DT 43431 7730 13 side side NN 43431 7730 14 of of IN 43431 7730 15 each each DT 43431 7730 16 jaw jaw NN 43431 7730 17 . . . 43431 7731 1 But but CC 43431 7731 2 while while IN 43431 7731 3 there there EX 43431 7731 4 are be VBP 43431 7731 5 three three CD 43431 7731 6 molars molar NNS 43431 7731 7 on on IN 43431 7731 8 each each DT 43431 7731 9 side side NN 43431 7731 10 of of IN 43431 7731 11 the the DT 43431 7731 12 lower low JJR 43431 7731 13 jaw jaw NN 43431 7731 14 , , , 43431 7731 15 the the DT 43431 7731 16 last last JJ 43431 7731 17 is be VBZ 43431 7731 18 wanting want VBG 43431 7731 19 in in IN 43431 7731 20 the the DT 43431 7731 21 upper upper JJ 43431 7731 22 jaw jaw NN 43431 7731 23 . . . 43431 7732 1 The the DT 43431 7732 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 7732 3 of of IN 43431 7732 4 the the DT 43431 7732 5 dog dog NN 43431 7732 6 may may MD 43431 7732 7 then then RB 43431 7732 8 be be VB 43431 7732 9 represented represent VBN 43431 7732 10 by by IN 43431 7732 11 the the DT 43431 7732 12 formula formula NN 43431 7732 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7732 14 i i PRP 43431 7732 15 _ _ NNP 43431 7732 16 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 7732 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7732 18 c c NNP 43431 7732 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7732 20 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 7732 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7732 22 pm pm NN 43431 7732 23 _ _ NNP 43431 7732 24 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 7732 25 _ _ NNP 43431 7732 26 m m NNP 43431 7732 27 _ _ NNP 43431 7732 28 2/3 2/3 NNP 43431 7732 29 à à NNP 43431 7732 30 � � NNP 43431 7732 31 2 2 CD 43431 7732 32 = = SYM 43431 7732 33 42 42 CD 43431 7732 34 . . . 43431 7733 1 In in IN 43431 7733 2 each each DT 43431 7733 3 jaw jaw NN 43431 7733 4 there there EX 43431 7733 5 is be VBZ 43431 7733 6 one one CD 43431 7733 7 large large JJ 43431 7733 8 specially specially RB 43431 7733 9 modified modify VBN 43431 7733 10 tooth tooth NN 43431 7733 11 called call VBD 43431 7733 12 the the DT 43431 7733 13 = = SYM 43431 7733 14 carnassial= carnassial= NN 43431 7733 15 , , , 43431 7733 16 the the DT 43431 7733 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7733 18 in in IN 43431 7733 19 front front NN 43431 7733 20 of of IN 43431 7733 21 this this DT 43431 7733 22 are be VBP 43431 7733 23 more more RBR 43431 7733 24 or or CC 43431 7733 25 less less RBR 43431 7733 26 pointed pointed JJ 43431 7733 27 and and CC 43431 7733 28 compressed compress VBN 43431 7733 29 , , , 43431 7733 30 while while IN 43431 7733 31 those those DT 43431 7733 32 behind behind IN 43431 7733 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7733 34 are be VBP 43431 7733 35 more more RBR 43431 7733 36 or or CC 43431 7733 37 less less RBR 43431 7733 38 flattened flattened JJ 43431 7733 39 and and CC 43431 7733 40 tuberculated tuberculated JJ 43431 7733 41 . . . 43431 7734 1 = = NFP 43431 7734 2 Teeth Teeth NNP 43431 7734 3 of of IN 43431 7734 4 the the DT 43431 7734 5 upper upper JJ 43431 7734 6 jaw.= jaw.= . 43431 7734 7 The the DT 43431 7734 8 first first JJ 43431 7734 9 and and CC 43431 7734 10 second second JJ 43431 7734 11 = = SYM 43431 7734 12 incisors= incisors= NN 43431 7734 13 are be VBP 43431 7734 14 small small JJ 43431 7734 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7734 16 with with IN 43431 7734 17 long long JJ 43431 7734 18 conical conical JJ 43431 7734 19 roots root NNS 43431 7734 20 and and CC 43431 7734 21 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 7734 22 chisel chisel NN 43431 7734 23 - - HYPH 43431 7734 24 shaped shape VBN 43431 7734 25 crowns crown NNS 43431 7734 26 . . . 43431 7735 1 Surrounding surround VBG 43431 7735 2 the the DT 43431 7735 3 base base NN 43431 7735 4 of of IN 43431 7735 5 the the DT 43431 7735 6 crown crown NN 43431 7735 7 there there EX 43431 7735 8 is be VBZ 43431 7735 9 a a DT 43431 7735 10 rather rather RB 43431 7735 11 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7735 12 ridge ridge NN 43431 7735 13 , , , 43431 7735 14 terminated terminate VBN 43431 7735 15 laterally laterally RB 43431 7735 16 by by IN 43431 7735 17 a a DT 43431 7735 18 pair pair NN 43431 7735 19 of of IN 43431 7735 20 small small JJ 43431 7735 21 cusps cusp NNS 43431 7735 22 . . . 43431 7736 1 This this DT 43431 7736 2 ridge ridge NN 43431 7736 3 , , , 43431 7736 4 the the DT 43431 7736 5 = = SYM 43431 7736 6 cingulum= cingulum= NNS 43431 7736 7 , , , 43431 7736 8 serves serve VBZ 43431 7736 9 to to TO 43431 7736 10 protect protect VB 43431 7736 11 the the DT 43431 7736 12 edge edge NN 43431 7736 13 of of IN 43431 7736 14 the the DT 43431 7736 15 gums gum NNS 43431 7736 16 from from IN 43431 7736 17 injury injury NN 43431 7736 18 by by IN 43431 7736 19 the the DT 43431 7736 20 hard hard JJ 43431 7736 21 parts part NNS 43431 7736 22 of of IN 43431 7736 23 food food NN 43431 7736 24 . . . 43431 7737 1 The the DT 43431 7737 2 third third JJ 43431 7737 3 incisor incisor NN 43431 7737 4 is be VBZ 43431 7737 5 a a DT 43431 7737 6 good good JJ 43431 7737 7 deal deal NN 43431 7737 8 like like IN 43431 7737 9 the the DT 43431 7737 10 others other NNS 43431 7737 11 but but CC 43431 7737 12 larger large JJR 43431 7737 13 , , , 43431 7737 14 and and CC 43431 7737 15 has have VBZ 43431 7737 16 the the DT 43431 7737 17 cingulum cingulum NN 43431 7737 18 well well RB 43431 7737 19 developed develop VBD 43431 7737 20 though though IN 43431 7737 21 not not RB 43431 7737 22 terminated terminate VBN 43431 7737 23 by by IN 43431 7737 24 lateral lateral JJ 43431 7737 25 cusps cusp NNS 43431 7737 26 . . . 43431 7738 1 All all PDT 43431 7738 2 the the DT 43431 7738 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 7738 4 are be VBP 43431 7738 5 borne bear VBN 43431 7738 6 by by IN 43431 7738 7 the the DT 43431 7738 8 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 7738 9 , , , 43431 7738 10 the the DT 43431 7738 11 remaining remain VBG 43431 7738 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7738 13 by by IN 43431 7738 14 the the DT 43431 7738 15 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 7738 16 . . . 43431 7739 1 The the DT 43431 7739 2 = = SYM 43431 7739 3 canine= canine= NN 43431 7739 4 is be VBZ 43431 7739 5 a a DT 43431 7739 6 large large JJ 43431 7739 7 pointed pointed JJ 43431 7739 8 tooth tooth NN 43431 7739 9 , , , 43431 7739 10 slightly slightly RB 43431 7739 11 recurved recurve VBN 43431 7739 12 and and CC 43431 7739 13 with with IN 43431 7739 14 a a DT 43431 7739 15 long long JJ 43431 7739 16 tapering tapering NN 43431 7739 17 root root NN 43431 7739 18 . . . 43431 7740 1 The the DT 43431 7740 2 = = SYM 43431 7740 3 premolars= premolars= NN 43431 7740 4 are be VBP 43431 7740 5 four four CD 43431 7740 6 in in IN 43431 7740 7 number number NN 43431 7740 8 , , , 43431 7740 9 and and CC 43431 7740 10 in in IN 43431 7740 11 all all PDT 43431 7740 12 the the DT 43431 7740 13 cingulum cingulum NN 43431 7740 14 is be VBZ 43431 7740 15 fairly fairly RB 43431 7740 16 well well RB 43431 7740 17 seen see VBN 43431 7740 18 . . . 43431 7741 1 The the DT 43431 7741 2 first first JJ 43431 7741 3 is be VBZ 43431 7741 4 a a DT 43431 7741 5 very very RB 43431 7741 6 small small JJ 43431 7741 7 tooth tooth NN 43431 7741 8 with with IN 43431 7741 9 a a DT 43431 7741 10 single single JJ 43431 7741 11 tapering tapering NN 43431 7741 12 root root NN 43431 7741 13 , , , 43431 7741 14 the the DT 43431 7741 15 second second JJ 43431 7741 16 and and CC 43431 7741 17 third third JJ 43431 7741 18 are be VBP 43431 7741 19 larger large JJR 43431 7741 20 and and CC 43431 7741 21 have have VB 43431 7741 22 two two CD 43431 7741 23 roots root NNS 43431 7741 24 , , , 43431 7741 25 while while IN 43431 7741 26 the the DT 43431 7741 27 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7741 28 , , , 43431 7741 29 the the DT 43431 7741 30 = = SYM 43431 7741 31 carnassial= carnassial= NN 43431 7741 32 , , , 43431 7741 33 is be VBZ 43431 7741 34 much much RB 43431 7741 35 the the DT 43431 7741 36 largest large JJS 43431 7741 37 and and CC 43431 7741 38 has have VBZ 43431 7741 39 three three CD 43431 7741 40 roots root NNS 43431 7741 41 . . . 43431 7742 1 Each each DT 43431 7742 2 of of IN 43431 7742 3 the the DT 43431 7742 4 second second JJ 43431 7742 5 , , , 43431 7742 6 third third JJ 43431 7742 7 and and CC 43431 7742 8 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7742 9 premolars premolar NNS 43431 7742 10 has have VBZ 43431 7742 11 a a DT 43431 7742 12 stout stout JJ 43431 7742 13 blade blade NN 43431 7742 14 , , , 43431 7742 15 the the DT 43431 7742 16 middle middle JJ 43431 7742 17 portion portion NN 43431 7742 18 of of IN 43431 7742 19 which which WDT 43431 7742 20 is be VBZ 43431 7742 21 drawn draw VBN 43431 7742 22 out out RP 43431 7742 23 into into IN 43431 7742 24 a a DT 43431 7742 25 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7742 26 cone cone NN 43431 7742 27 ; ; : 43431 7742 28 the the DT 43431 7742 29 posterior posterior NN 43431 7742 30 part part NN 43431 7742 31 of of IN 43431 7742 32 the the DT 43431 7742 33 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7742 34 premolar premolar JJ 43431 7742 35 forms form NNS 43431 7742 36 a a DT 43431 7742 37 compressed compressed JJ 43431 7742 38 ridge ridge NN 43431 7742 39 , , , 43431 7742 40 and and CC 43431 7742 41 at at IN 43431 7742 42 the the DT 43431 7742 43 antero antero NNP 43431 7742 44 - - HYPH 43431 7742 45 internal internal JJ 43431 7742 46 edge edge NN 43431 7742 47 of of IN 43431 7742 48 the the DT 43431 7742 49 tooth tooth NN 43431 7742 50 there there EX 43431 7742 51 is be VBZ 43431 7742 52 a a DT 43431 7742 53 small small JJ 43431 7742 54 inner inner JJ 43431 7742 55 tubercle tubercle NN 43431 7742 56 . . . 43431 7743 1 The the DT 43431 7743 2 two two CD 43431 7743 3 = = SYM 43431 7743 4 molar= molar= NN 43431 7743 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7743 6 are be VBP 43431 7743 7 of of IN 43431 7743 8 very very RB 43431 7743 9 unequal unequal JJ 43431 7743 10 size size NN 43431 7743 11 . . . 43431 7744 1 The the DT 43431 7744 2 first first JJ 43431 7744 3 , , , 43431 7744 4 which which WDT 43431 7744 5 has have VBZ 43431 7744 6 two two CD 43431 7744 7 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7744 8 roots root NNS 43431 7744 9 and and CC 43431 7744 10 one one CD 43431 7744 11 posterior posterior NN 43431 7744 12 , , , 43431 7744 13 is be VBZ 43431 7744 14 wider wide JJR 43431 7744 15 than than IN 43431 7744 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7744 17 is be VBZ 43431 7744 18 long long JJ 43431 7744 19 , , , 43431 7744 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7744 21 outer outer JJ 43431 7744 22 portion portion NN 43431 7744 23 being be VBG 43431 7744 24 produced produce VBN 43431 7744 25 into into IN 43431 7744 26 two two CD 43431 7744 27 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7744 28 cusps cusp NNS 43431 7744 29 , , , 43431 7744 30 while while IN 43431 7744 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7744 32 inner inner JJ 43431 7744 33 portion portion NN 43431 7744 34 is be VBZ 43431 7744 35 depressed depressed JJ 43431 7744 36 . . . 43431 7745 1 The the DT 43431 7745 2 second second JJ 43431 7745 3 molar molar NN 43431 7745 4 is be VBZ 43431 7745 5 a a DT 43431 7745 6 small small JJ 43431 7745 7 tooth tooth NN 43431 7745 8 resembling resemble VBG 43431 7745 9 the the DT 43431 7745 10 first first JJ 43431 7745 11 in in IN 43431 7745 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7745 13 general general JJ 43431 7745 14 appearance appearance NN 43431 7745 15 , , , 43431 7745 16 but but CC 43431 7745 17 with with IN 43431 7745 18 much much RB 43431 7745 19 smaller small JJR 43431 7745 20 outer outer JJ 43431 7745 21 cusps cusp NNS 43431 7745 22 . . . 43431 7746 1 = = NFP 43431 7746 2 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 7746 3 of of IN 43431 7746 4 the the DT 43431 7746 5 lower low JJR 43431 7746 6 jaw.= jaw.= . 43431 7746 7 The the DT 43431 7746 8 three three CD 43431 7746 9 = = SYM 43431 7746 10 incisors= incisors= NN 43431 7746 11 of of IN 43431 7746 12 the the DT 43431 7746 13 lower low JJR 43431 7746 14 jaw jaw NN 43431 7746 15 have have VBP 43431 7746 16 much much RB 43431 7746 17 the the DT 43431 7746 18 same same JJ 43431 7746 19 character character NN 43431 7746 20 as as IN 43431 7746 21 the the DT 43431 7746 22 first first JJ 43431 7746 23 two two CD 43431 7746 24 of of IN 43431 7746 25 the the DT 43431 7746 26 upper upper JJ 43431 7746 27 jaw jaw NN 43431 7746 28 ; ; : 43431 7746 29 while while IN 43431 7746 30 the the DT 43431 7746 31 = = SYM 43431 7746 32 canine= canine= NN 43431 7746 33 is be VBZ 43431 7746 34 identical identical JJ 43431 7746 35 in in IN 43431 7746 36 character character NN 43431 7746 37 with with IN 43431 7746 38 that that DT 43431 7746 39 of of IN 43431 7746 40 the the DT 43431 7746 41 upper upper JJ 43431 7746 42 jaw jaw NN 43431 7746 43 . . . 43431 7747 1 The the DT 43431 7747 2 four four CD 43431 7747 3 = = SYM 43431 7747 4 premolars= premolars= NN 43431 7747 5 gradually gradually RB 43431 7747 6 increase increase VBP 43431 7747 7 in in IN 43431 7747 8 size size NN 43431 7747 9 from from IN 43431 7747 10 the the DT 43431 7747 11 first first JJ 43431 7747 12 to to IN 43431 7747 13 the the DT 43431 7747 14 last last JJ 43431 7747 15 , , , 43431 7747 16 but but CC 43431 7747 17 none none NN 43431 7747 18 are be VBP 43431 7747 19 very very RB 43431 7747 20 large large JJ 43431 7747 21 . . . 43431 7748 1 The the DT 43431 7748 2 first first JJ 43431 7748 3 premolar premolar NN 43431 7748 4 is be VBZ 43431 7748 5 a a DT 43431 7748 6 single single RB 43431 7748 7 - - HYPH 43431 7748 8 rooted rooted JJ 43431 7748 9 tooth tooth NN 43431 7748 10 resembling resembling NN 43431 7748 11 that that DT 43431 7748 12 of of IN 43431 7748 13 the the DT 43431 7748 14 upper upper JJ 43431 7748 15 jaw jaw NN 43431 7748 16 ; ; : 43431 7748 17 the the DT 43431 7748 18 second second JJ 43431 7748 19 , , , 43431 7748 20 third third JJ 43431 7748 21 and and CC 43431 7748 22 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7748 23 are be VBP 43431 7748 24 two two CD 43431 7748 25 - - HYPH 43431 7748 26 rooted rooted JJ 43431 7748 27 , , , 43431 7748 28 like like IN 43431 7748 29 the the DT 43431 7748 30 second second JJ 43431 7748 31 and and CC 43431 7748 32 third third JJ 43431 7748 33 of of IN 43431 7748 34 the the DT 43431 7748 35 upper upper JJ 43431 7748 36 jaw jaw NN 43431 7748 37 , , , 43431 7748 38 which which WDT 43431 7748 39 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7748 40 closely closely RB 43431 7748 41 resemble resemble VBP 43431 7748 42 in in IN 43431 7748 43 other other JJ 43431 7748 44 respects respect NNS 43431 7748 45 . . . 43431 7749 1 The the DT 43431 7749 2 first first JJ 43431 7749 3 = = SYM 43431 7749 4 molar= molar= NN 43431 7749 5 forms form NNS 43431 7749 6 the the DT 43431 7749 7 = = SYM 43431 7749 8 carnassial= carnassial= NN 43431 7749 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7749 10 fig fig NN 43431 7749 11 . . . 43431 7750 1 84 84 CD 43431 7750 2 , , , 43431 7750 3 V v NN 43431 7750 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7750 5 , , , 43431 7750 6 and and CC 43431 7750 7 with with IN 43431 7750 8 the the DT 43431 7750 9 exception exception NN 43431 7750 10 of of IN 43431 7750 11 the the DT 43431 7750 12 canine canine NN 43431 7750 13 , , , 43431 7750 14 is be VBZ 43431 7750 15 much much RB 43431 7750 16 the the DT 43431 7750 17 largest large JJS 43431 7750 18 tooth tooth NN 43431 7750 19 of of IN 43431 7750 20 the the DT 43431 7750 21 lower low JJR 43431 7750 22 jaw jaw NN 43431 7750 23 ; ; : 43431 7750 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7750 25 is be VBZ 43431 7750 26 a a DT 43431 7750 27 two two CD 43431 7750 28 - - HYPH 43431 7750 29 rooted root VBN 43431 7750 30 tooth tooth NN 43431 7750 31 , , , 43431 7750 32 with with IN 43431 7750 33 a a DT 43431 7750 34 long long JJ 43431 7750 35 compressed compress VBN 43431 7750 36 bilobed bilobe VBN 43431 7750 37 blade blade NN 43431 7750 38 , , , 43431 7750 39 and and CC 43431 7750 40 a a DT 43431 7750 41 posterior posterior NN 43431 7750 42 tuberculated tuberculate VBN 43431 7750 43 talon talon NN 43431 7750 44 or or CC 43431 7750 45 heel heel NN 43431 7750 46 . . . 43431 7751 1 The the DT 43431 7751 2 second second JJ 43431 7751 3 molar molar NN 43431 7751 4 is be VBZ 43431 7751 5 much much RB 43431 7751 6 smaller small JJR 43431 7751 7 , , , 43431 7751 8 though though IN 43431 7751 9 likewise likewise RB 43431 7751 10 two two CD 43431 7751 11 - - HYPH 43431 7751 12 rooted rooted JJ 43431 7751 13 , , , 43431 7751 14 while while IN 43431 7751 15 the the DT 43431 7751 16 third third JJ 43431 7751 17 molar molar NNP 43431 7751 18 is be VBZ 43431 7751 19 very very RB 43431 7751 20 small small JJ 43431 7751 21 and and CC 43431 7751 22 has have VBZ 43431 7751 23 only only RB 43431 7751 24 a a DT 43431 7751 25 single single JJ 43431 7751 26 root root NN 43431 7751 27 . . . 43431 7752 1 All all PDT 43431 7752 2 the the DT 43431 7752 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7752 4 except except IN 43431 7752 5 the the DT 43431 7752 6 molars molar NNS 43431 7752 7 are be VBP 43431 7752 8 preceded precede VBN 43431 7752 9 in in IN 43431 7752 10 the the DT 43431 7752 11 young young JJ 43431 7752 12 animal animal NN 43431 7752 13 by by IN 43431 7752 14 temporary temporary JJ 43431 7752 15 = = SYM 43431 7752 16 milk milk NN 43431 7752 17 teeth=. teeth=. XX 43431 7753 1 These these DT 43431 7753 2 milk milk NN 43431 7753 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7753 4 , , , 43431 7753 5 though though IN 43431 7753 6 smaller small JJR 43431 7753 7 , , , 43431 7753 8 are be VBP 43431 7753 9 very very RB 43431 7753 10 similar similar JJ 43431 7753 11 to to IN 43431 7753 12 the the DT 43431 7753 13 permanent permanent JJ 43431 7753 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 7753 15 by by IN 43431 7753 16 which which WDT 43431 7753 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7753 18 are be VBP 43431 7753 19 ultimately ultimately RB 43431 7753 20 replaced replace VBN 43431 7753 21 . . . 43431 7754 1 II ii CD 43431 7754 2 . . . 43431 7755 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 7755 2 . . . 43431 7756 1 1 1 LS 43431 7756 2 . . . 43431 7757 1 THE the DT 43431 7757 2 AXIAL AXIAL NNP 43431 7757 3 SKELETON skeleton NN 43431 7757 4 . . . 43431 7758 1 This this DT 43431 7758 2 includes include VBZ 43431 7758 3 the the DT 43431 7758 4 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7758 5 column column NN 43431 7758 6 , , , 43431 7758 7 the the DT 43431 7758 8 skull skull NN 43431 7758 9 , , , 43431 7758 10 and and CC 43431 7758 11 the the DT 43431 7758 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 7758 13 and and CC 43431 7758 14 sternum sternum NNP 43431 7758 15 . . . 43431 7759 1 A. A. NNP 43431 7760 1 THE the DT 43431 7760 2 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 7760 3 COLUMN column NN 43431 7760 4 . . . 43431 7761 1 This this DT 43431 7761 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 7761 3 of of IN 43431 7761 4 a a DT 43431 7761 5 series series NN 43431 7761 6 of of IN 43431 7761 7 about about RB 43431 7761 8 forty forty CD 43431 7761 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7761 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 7761 11 in in IN 43431 7761 12 succession succession NN 43431 7761 13 so so IN 43431 7761 14 that that IN 43431 7761 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7761 16 centra centrum NNS 43431 7761 17 form form VBP 43431 7761 18 a a DT 43431 7761 19 continuous continuous JJ 43431 7761 20 rod rod NN 43431 7761 21 , , , 43431 7761 22 and and CC 43431 7761 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7761 24 neural neural JJ 43431 7761 25 arches arch NNS 43431 7761 26 a a DT 43431 7761 27 continuous continuous JJ 43431 7761 28 tube tube NN 43431 7761 29 , , , 43431 7761 30 surrounding surround VBG 43431 7761 31 a a DT 43431 7761 32 cavity cavity NN 43431 7761 33 , , , 43431 7761 34 the the DT 43431 7761 35 = = SYM 43431 7761 36 neural neural JJ 43431 7761 37 canal=. canal=. . 43431 7762 1 The the DT 43431 7762 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7762 3 may may MD 43431 7762 4 be be VB 43431 7762 5 readily readily RB 43431 7762 6 divided divide VBN 43431 7762 7 into into IN 43431 7762 8 five five CD 43431 7762 9 groups:-- groups:-- NN 43431 7762 10 1 1 CD 43431 7762 11 . . . 43431 7763 1 The the DT 43431 7763 2 = = SYM 43431 7763 3 cervical= cervical= NN 43431 7763 4 or or CC 43431 7763 5 neck neck NN 43431 7763 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7763 7 . . . 43431 7764 1 2 2 LS 43431 7764 2 . . . 43431 7765 1 The the DT 43431 7765 2 = = SYM 43431 7765 3 thoracic= thoracic= NNS 43431 7765 4 or or CC 43431 7765 5 chest chest NN 43431 7765 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7765 7 which which WDT 43431 7765 8 bear bear VBP 43431 7765 9 ribs ribs NNP 43431 7765 10 . . . 43431 7766 1 3 3 LS 43431 7766 2 . . . 43431 7767 1 The the DT 43431 7767 2 = = SYM 43431 7767 3 lumbar= lumbar= NN 43431 7767 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7767 5 which which WDT 43431 7767 6 are be VBP 43431 7767 7 large large JJ 43431 7767 8 and and CC 43431 7767 9 ribless ribless JJ 43431 7767 10 . . . 43431 7768 1 4 4 LS 43431 7768 2 . . . 43431 7769 1 The the DT 43431 7769 2 = = SYM 43431 7769 3 sacral= sacral= JJ 43431 7769 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7769 5 which which WDT 43431 7769 6 are be VBP 43431 7769 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 7769 8 with with IN 43431 7769 9 one one CD 43431 7769 10 another another DT 43431 7769 11 and and CC 43431 7769 12 united unite VBN 43431 7769 13 with with IN 43431 7769 14 the the DT 43431 7769 15 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 7769 16 . . . 43431 7770 1 5 5 CD 43431 7770 2 . . . 43431 7771 1 The the DT 43431 7771 2 = = SYM 43431 7771 3 caudal= caudal= NN 43431 7771 4 or or CC 43431 7771 5 tail tail NN 43431 7771 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7771 7 which which WDT 43431 7771 8 are be VBP 43431 7771 9 small small JJ 43431 7771 10 . . . 43431 7772 1 Except except IN 43431 7772 2 in in IN 43431 7772 3 the the DT 43431 7772 4 sacral sacral JJ 43431 7772 5 region region NN 43431 7772 6 the the DT 43431 7772 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7772 8 are be VBP 43431 7772 9 movably movably RB 43431 7772 10 articulated articulate VBN 43431 7772 11 to to IN 43431 7772 12 one one CD 43431 7772 13 another another DT 43431 7772 14 , , , 43431 7772 15 while while IN 43431 7772 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7772 17 centra centrum NNS 43431 7772 18 are be VBP 43431 7772 19 separated separate VBN 43431 7772 20 from from IN 43431 7772 21 one one CD 43431 7772 22 another another DT 43431 7772 23 by by IN 43431 7772 24 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 7772 25 = = SYM 43431 7772 26 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 7772 27 discs=. discs=. NNP 43431 7773 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 7773 2 CHARACTERS character NNS 43431 7773 3 OF of IN 43431 7773 4 A a DT 43431 7773 5 VERTEBRA vertebra NN 43431 7773 6 . . . 43431 7774 1 Take take VB 43431 7774 2 as as IN 43431 7774 3 a a DT 43431 7774 4 type type NN 43431 7774 5 the the DT 43431 7774 6 = = SYM 43431 7774 7 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7774 8 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7774 9 vertebra=. vertebra=. NN 43431 7775 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 7775 2 may may MD 43431 7775 3 be be VB 43431 7775 4 compared compare VBN 43431 7775 5 to to IN 43431 7775 6 a a DT 43431 7775 7 short short JJ 43431 7775 8 tube tube NN 43431 7775 9 whose whose WP$ 43431 7775 10 inner inner JJ 43431 7775 11 surface surface NN 43431 7775 12 is be VBZ 43431 7775 13 smooth smooth JJ 43431 7775 14 and and CC 43431 7775 15 regular regular JJ 43431 7775 16 , , , 43431 7775 17 and and CC 43431 7775 18 whose whose WP$ 43431 7775 19 outer outer JJ 43431 7775 20 surface surface NN 43431 7775 21 is be VBZ 43431 7775 22 thickened thicken VBN 43431 7775 23 and and CC 43431 7775 24 drawn draw VBN 43431 7775 25 out out RP 43431 7775 26 in in IN 43431 7775 27 a a DT 43431 7775 28 variety variety NN 43431 7775 29 of of IN 43431 7775 30 ways way NNS 43431 7775 31 . . . 43431 7776 1 The the DT 43431 7776 2 basal basal NN 43431 7776 3 part part NN 43431 7776 4 of of IN 43431 7776 5 the the DT 43431 7776 6 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7776 7 is be VBZ 43431 7776 8 the the DT 43431 7776 9 = = SYM 43431 7776 10 centrum= centrum= NN 43431 7776 11 or or CC 43431 7776 12 body body NN 43431 7776 13 which which WDT 43431 7776 14 forms form VBZ 43431 7776 15 the the DT 43431 7776 16 thickened thicken VBN 43431 7776 17 floor floor NN 43431 7776 18 of of IN 43431 7776 19 the the DT 43431 7776 20 neural neural NNP 43431 7776 21 canal canal NNP 43431 7776 22 . . . 43431 7777 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7777 2 two two CD 43431 7777 3 ends end NNS 43431 7777 4 are be VBP 43431 7777 5 slightly slightly RB 43431 7777 6 convex convex JJ 43431 7777 7 and and CC 43431 7777 8 are be VBP 43431 7777 9 formed form VBN 43431 7777 10 by by IN 43431 7777 11 the the DT 43431 7777 12 = = SYM 43431 7777 13 epiphyses= epiphyses= JJ 43431 7777 14 , , , 43431 7777 15 two two CD 43431 7777 16 thin thin JJ 43431 7777 17 plates plate NNS 43431 7777 18 of of IN 43431 7777 19 bone bone NN 43431 7777 20 which which WDT 43431 7777 21 are be VBP 43431 7777 22 at at IN 43431 7777 23 first first RB 43431 7777 24 altogether altogether RB 43431 7777 25 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7777 26 from from IN 43431 7777 27 the the DT 43431 7777 28 main main JJ 43431 7777 29 part part NN 43431 7777 30 of of IN 43431 7777 31 the the DT 43431 7777 32 centrum centrum NN 43431 7777 33 , , , 43431 7777 34 but but CC 43431 7777 35 fuse fuse VB 43431 7777 36 with with IN 43431 7777 37 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7777 38 as as IN 43431 7777 39 the the DT 43431 7777 40 animal animal NN 43431 7777 41 grows grow VBZ 43431 7777 42 older old JJR 43431 7777 43 ; ; : 43431 7777 44 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7777 45 sides side NNS 43431 7777 46 are be VBP 43431 7777 47 drawn draw VBN 43431 7777 48 out out RP 43431 7777 49 into into IN 43431 7777 50 a a DT 43431 7777 51 pair pair NN 43431 7777 52 of of IN 43431 7777 53 strong strong JJ 43431 7777 54 = = SYM 43431 7777 55 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7777 56 processes= processes= NN 43431 7777 57 , , , 43431 7777 58 which which WDT 43431 7777 59 project project NN 43431 7777 60 forwards forward NNS 43431 7777 61 , , , 43431 7777 62 outwards outward NNS 43431 7777 63 , , , 43431 7777 64 and and CC 43431 7777 65 slightly slightly RB 43431 7777 66 downwards downwards RB 43431 7777 67 . . . 43431 7778 1 The the DT 43431 7778 2 = = SYM 43431 7778 3 neural neural JJ 43431 7778 4 arch= arch= JJ 43431 7778 5 forms form VBZ 43431 7778 6 the the DT 43431 7778 7 sides side NNS 43431 7778 8 and and CC 43431 7778 9 roof roof NN 43431 7778 10 of of IN 43431 7778 11 the the DT 43431 7778 12 neural neural NNP 43431 7778 13 canal canal NNP 43431 7778 14 , , , 43431 7778 15 and and CC 43431 7778 16 at at IN 43431 7778 17 each each DT 43431 7778 18 end end NN 43431 7778 19 just just RB 43431 7778 20 above above IN 43431 7778 21 the the DT 43431 7778 22 centrum centrum NN 43431 7778 23 bears bear VBZ 43431 7778 24 a a DT 43431 7778 25 pair pair NN 43431 7778 26 of of IN 43431 7778 27 = = NFP 43431 7778 28 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 7778 29 notches= notches= NNP 43431 7778 30 for for IN 43431 7778 31 the the DT 43431 7778 32 passage passage NN 43431 7778 33 of of IN 43431 7778 34 the the DT 43431 7778 35 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7778 36 nerves nerve NNS 43431 7778 37 , , , 43431 7778 38 the the DT 43431 7778 39 posterior posterior NNP 43431 7778 40 notches notch NNS 43431 7778 41 being be VBG 43431 7778 42 considerably considerably RB 43431 7778 43 deeper deep JJR 43431 7778 44 than than IN 43431 7778 45 the the DT 43431 7778 46 anterior anterior NN 43431 7778 47 . . . 43431 7779 1 The the DT 43431 7779 2 neural neural JJ 43431 7779 3 arch arch NN 43431 7779 4 is be VBZ 43431 7779 5 drawn draw VBN 43431 7779 6 out out RP 43431 7779 7 into into IN 43431 7779 8 a a DT 43431 7779 9 series series NN 43431 7779 10 of of IN 43431 7779 11 processes process NNS 43431 7779 12 . . . 43431 7780 1 Arising arise VBG 43431 7780 2 from from IN 43431 7780 3 the the DT 43431 7780 4 centre centre NN 43431 7780 5 of of IN 43431 7780 6 the the DT 43431 7780 7 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 7780 8 surface surface NN 43431 7780 9 is be VBZ 43431 7780 10 a a DT 43431 7780 11 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7780 12 median median NN 43431 7780 13 = = SYM 43431 7780 14 neural neural NN 43431 7780 15 spine= spine= NNP 43431 7780 16 or or CC 43431 7780 17 = = SYM 43431 7780 18 spinous spinous JJ 43431 7780 19 process= process= NN 43431 7780 20 , , , 43431 7780 21 which which WDT 43431 7780 22 projects project VBZ 43431 7780 23 upwards upwards RB 43431 7780 24 and and CC 43431 7780 25 slightly slightly RB 43431 7780 26 forwards forwards RB 43431 7780 27 ; ; : 43431 7780 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7780 29 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7780 30 edge edge NN 43431 7780 31 is be VBZ 43431 7780 32 vertical vertical JJ 43431 7780 33 , , , 43431 7780 34 while while IN 43431 7780 35 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7780 36 posterior posterior NN 43431 7780 37 edge edge NN 43431 7780 38 slopes slope NNS 43431 7780 39 gradually gradually RB 43431 7780 40 . . . 43431 7781 1 At at IN 43431 7781 2 the the DT 43431 7781 3 two two CD 43431 7781 4 ends end NNS 43431 7781 5 of of IN 43431 7781 6 the the DT 43431 7781 7 neural neural JJ 43431 7781 8 arch arch NN 43431 7781 9 arise arise VBP 43431 7781 10 the the DT 43431 7781 11 two two CD 43431 7781 12 pairs pair NNS 43431 7781 13 of of IN 43431 7781 14 = = SYM 43431 7781 15 zygapophyses= zygapophyses= JJ 43431 7781 16 or or CC 43431 7781 17 articulating articulating NN 43431 7781 18 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7781 19 , , , 43431 7781 20 which which WDT 43431 7781 21 interlock interlock NN 43431 7781 22 with with IN 43431 7781 23 those those DT 43431 7781 24 of of IN 43431 7781 25 the the DT 43431 7781 26 adjacent adjacent JJ 43431 7781 27 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7781 28 . . . 43431 7782 1 The the DT 43431 7782 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 7782 3 or or CC 43431 7782 4 = = SYM 43431 7782 5 prezygapophyses= prezygapophyses= JJ 43431 7782 6 look look VB 43431 7782 7 inwards inward NNS 43431 7782 8 , , , 43431 7782 9 and and CC 43431 7782 10 are be VBP 43431 7782 11 large large JJ 43431 7782 12 and and CC 43431 7782 13 concave concave NNP 43431 7782 14 ; ; : 43431 7782 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7782 16 are be VBP 43431 7782 17 borne bear VBN 43431 7782 18 upon upon IN 43431 7782 19 a a DT 43431 7782 20 pair pair NN 43431 7782 21 of of IN 43431 7782 22 large large JJ 43431 7782 23 blunt blunt JJ 43431 7782 24 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 7782 25 of of IN 43431 7782 26 the the DT 43431 7782 27 neural neural JJ 43431 7782 28 arch arch NN 43431 7782 29 , , , 43431 7782 30 the the DT 43431 7782 31 = = SYM 43431 7782 32 metapophyses=. metapophyses=. NN 43431 7783 1 The the DT 43431 7783 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 7783 3 or or CC 43431 7783 4 = = SYM 43431 7783 5 postzygapophyses= postzygapophyses= NN 43431 7783 6 are be VBP 43431 7783 7 slightly slightly RB 43431 7783 8 convex convex JJ 43431 7783 9 and and CC 43431 7783 10 look look VB 43431 7783 11 outwards outward NNS 43431 7783 12 and and CC 43431 7783 13 downwards downwards RB 43431 7783 14 ; ; : 43431 7783 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7783 16 are be VBP 43431 7783 17 borne bear VBN 43431 7783 18 upon upon IN 43431 7783 19 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 7783 20 projecting project VBG 43431 7783 21 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 7783 22 of of IN 43431 7783 23 the the DT 43431 7783 24 neural neural JJ 43431 7783 25 arch arch NN 43431 7783 26 . . . 43431 7784 1 Lastly lastly RB 43431 7784 2 there there EX 43431 7784 3 are be VBP 43431 7784 4 a a DT 43431 7784 5 pair pair NN 43431 7784 6 of of IN 43431 7784 7 minute minute NN 43431 7784 8 projections projection NNS 43431 7784 9 arising arise VBG 43431 7784 10 from from IN 43431 7784 11 the the DT 43431 7784 12 posterior posterior JJ 43431 7784 13 end end NN 43431 7784 14 of of IN 43431 7784 15 the the DT 43431 7784 16 neural neural JJ 43431 7784 17 arch arch NN 43431 7784 18 , , , 43431 7784 19 below below IN 43431 7784 20 the the DT 43431 7784 21 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 7784 22 . . . 43431 7785 1 These these DT 43431 7785 2 are be VBP 43431 7785 3 the the DT 43431 7785 4 = = SYM 43431 7785 5 anapophyses=. anapophyses=. NN 43431 7786 1 In in IN 43431 7786 2 young young JJ 43431 7786 3 individuals individual NNS 43431 7786 4 the the DT 43431 7786 5 development development NN 43431 7786 6 of of IN 43431 7786 7 all all PDT 43431 7786 8 the the DT 43431 7786 9 processes process NNS 43431 7786 10 of of IN 43431 7786 11 the the DT 43431 7786 12 various various JJ 43431 7786 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7786 14 is be VBZ 43431 7786 15 less less RBR 43431 7786 16 marked marked JJ 43431 7786 17 , , , 43431 7786 18 and and CC 43431 7786 19 the the DT 43431 7786 20 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 7786 21 are be VBP 43431 7786 22 obviously obviously RB 43431 7786 23 distinct distinct JJ 43431 7786 24 . . . 43431 7787 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7787 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7787 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7787 4 . . . 43431 7788 1 69 69 CD 43431 7788 2 . . . 43431 7789 1 A a DT 43431 7789 2 , , , 43431 7789 3 ATLAS atlas NN 43431 7789 4 AND and CC 43431 7789 5 B b NN 43431 7789 6 , , , 43431 7789 7 AXIS axi VBZ 43431 7789 8 VERTEBRA VERTEBRA NNS 43431 7789 9 OF of IN 43431 7789 10 A a DT 43431 7789 11 DOG DOG NNP 43431 7789 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7789 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7789 14 Canis Canis NNP 43431 7789 15 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 7789 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7789 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7789 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7789 19 after after IN 43431 7789 20 VON VON NNP 43431 7789 21 ZITTEL ZITTEL NNP 43431 7789 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7789 23 . . . 43431 7790 1 1 1 LS 43431 7790 2 . . . 43431 7790 3 transverse transverse NNP 43431 7790 4 process process NN 43431 7790 5 of of IN 43431 7790 6 atlas atlas NNP 43431 7790 7 . . . 43431 7791 1 2 2 LS 43431 7791 2 . . . 43431 7791 3 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 7791 4 canal canal NN 43431 7791 5 . . . 43431 7792 1 3 3 LS 43431 7792 2 . . . 43431 7792 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7792 4 for for IN 43431 7792 5 exit exit NN 43431 7792 6 of of IN 43431 7792 7 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7792 8 nerve nerve NN 43431 7792 9 . . . 43431 7793 1 4 4 LS 43431 7793 2 . . . 43431 7793 3 neural neural JJ 43431 7793 4 spine spine NNP 43431 7793 5 . . . 43431 7794 1 5 5 LS 43431 7794 2 . . . 43431 7794 3 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 7794 4 process process NN 43431 7794 5 . . . 43431 7795 1 6 6 LS 43431 7795 2 . . . 43431 7795 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 7795 4 articulating articulate VBG 43431 7795 5 surface surface NN 43431 7795 6 of of IN 43431 7795 7 centrum centrum NN 43431 7795 8 . . . 43431 7796 1 7 7 LS 43431 7796 2 . . . 43431 7796 3 centrum centrum NN 43431 7796 4 . . . 43431 7797 1 8 8 LS 43431 7797 2 . . . 43431 7797 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7797 4 process process NN 43431 7797 5 of of IN 43431 7797 6 axis axis NNP 43431 7797 7 . . . 43431 7798 1 9 9 CD 43431 7798 2 . . . 43431 7799 1 postzygapophysis postzygapophysis NNP 43431 7799 2 . . . 43431 7799 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7800 1 THE the DT 43431 7800 2 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 7800 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 7800 4 . . . 43431 7801 1 These these DT 43431 7801 2 are be VBP 43431 7801 3 seven seven CD 43431 7801 4 in in IN 43431 7801 5 number number NN 43431 7801 6 , , , 43431 7801 7 as as IN 43431 7801 8 in in IN 43431 7801 9 almost almost RB 43431 7801 10 all all DT 43431 7801 11 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7801 12 . . . 43431 7802 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7802 2 are be VBP 43431 7802 3 characterised characterise VBN 43431 7802 4 by by IN 43431 7802 5 the the DT 43431 7802 6 fact fact NN 43431 7802 7 that that IN 43431 7802 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7802 9 have have VBP 43431 7802 10 small small JJ 43431 7802 11 ribs rib NNS 43431 7802 12 fused fuse VBN 43431 7802 13 with with IN 43431 7802 14 them -PRON- PRP 43431 7802 15 , , , 43431 7802 16 forming form VBG 43431 7802 17 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7802 18 processes process NNS 43431 7802 19 perforated perforate VBN 43431 7802 20 by by IN 43431 7802 21 canals canal NNS 43431 7802 22 through through IN 43431 7802 23 which which WDT 43431 7802 24 the the DT 43431 7802 25 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7802 26 arteries artery NNS 43431 7802 27 run run VBP 43431 7802 28 . . . 43431 7803 1 The the DT 43431 7803 2 first first JJ 43431 7803 3 , , , 43431 7803 4 or or CC 43431 7803 5 = = SYM 43431 7803 6 atlas= atlas= NNP 43431 7803 7 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 7803 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7803 9 fig fig NN 43431 7803 10 . . . 43431 7804 1 69 69 CD 43431 7804 2 , , , 43431 7804 3 A a NN 43431 7804 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7804 5 , , , 43431 7804 6 differs differ VBZ 43431 7804 7 much much RB 43431 7804 8 from from IN 43431 7804 9 all all PDT 43431 7804 10 the the DT 43431 7804 11 others other NNS 43431 7804 12 ; ; : 43431 7804 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7804 14 is be VBZ 43431 7804 15 drawn draw VBN 43431 7804 16 out out RP 43431 7804 17 into into IN 43431 7804 18 a a DT 43431 7804 19 pair pair NN 43431 7804 20 of of IN 43431 7804 21 wide wide JJ 43431 7804 22 wing wing NN 43431 7804 23 - - HYPH 43431 7804 24 like like IN 43431 7804 25 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7804 26 processes process NNS 43431 7804 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7804 28 fig fig NN 43431 7804 29 . . . 43431 7805 1 69 69 CD 43431 7805 2 , , , 43431 7805 3 A a NN 43431 7805 4 , , , 43431 7805 5 1 1 CD 43431 7805 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7805 7 , , , 43431 7805 8 and and CC 43431 7805 9 forms form VBZ 43431 7805 10 a a DT 43431 7805 11 ring ring NN 43431 7805 12 surrounding surround VBG 43431 7805 13 a a DT 43431 7805 14 large large JJ 43431 7805 15 cavity cavity NN 43431 7805 16 . . . 43431 7806 1 This this DT 43431 7806 2 cavity cavity NN 43431 7806 3 is be VBZ 43431 7806 4 during during IN 43431 7806 5 life life NN 43431 7806 6 divided divide VBN 43431 7806 7 into into IN 43431 7806 8 two two CD 43431 7806 9 parts part NNS 43431 7806 10 by by IN 43431 7806 11 a a DT 43431 7806 12 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7806 13 ligament ligament NN 43431 7806 14 ; ; : 43431 7806 15 the the DT 43431 7806 16 upper upper JJ 43431 7806 17 cavity cavity NN 43431 7806 18 is be VBZ 43431 7806 19 the the DT 43431 7806 20 true true JJ 43431 7806 21 neural neural JJ 43431 7806 22 canal canal NN 43431 7806 23 , , , 43431 7806 24 while while IN 43431 7806 25 the the DT 43431 7806 26 lower low JJR 43431 7806 27 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 7806 28 the the DT 43431 7806 29 = = SYM 43431 7806 30 odontoid odontoid NN 43431 7806 31 process= process= NN 43431 7806 32 of of IN 43431 7806 33 the the DT 43431 7806 34 second second JJ 43431 7806 35 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7806 36 , , , 43431 7806 37 which which WDT 43431 7806 38 is be VBZ 43431 7806 39 the the DT 43431 7806 40 detached detached JJ 43431 7806 41 centrum centrum NN 43431 7806 42 of of IN 43431 7806 43 the the DT 43431 7806 44 atlas atlas NNP 43431 7806 45 . . . 43431 7807 1 The the DT 43431 7807 2 neural neural JJ 43431 7807 3 arch arch NN 43431 7807 4 is be VBZ 43431 7807 5 broad broad JJ 43431 7807 6 and and CC 43431 7807 7 regular regular JJ 43431 7807 8 ; ; : 43431 7807 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7807 10 has have VBZ 43431 7807 11 no no DT 43431 7807 12 spinous spinous JJ 43431 7807 13 process process NN 43431 7807 14 , , , 43431 7807 15 and and CC 43431 7807 16 is be VBZ 43431 7807 17 perforated perforate VBN 43431 7807 18 in in IN 43431 7807 19 front front NN 43431 7807 20 by by IN 43431 7807 21 a a DT 43431 7807 22 pair pair NN 43431 7807 23 of of IN 43431 7807 24 foramina foramina NNP 43431 7807 25 for for IN 43431 7807 26 the the DT 43431 7807 27 passage passage NN 43431 7807 28 of of IN 43431 7807 29 the the DT 43431 7807 30 first first JJ 43431 7807 31 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7807 32 nerves nerve NNS 43431 7807 33 . . . 43431 7808 1 The the DT 43431 7808 2 mid mid JJ 43431 7808 3 - - JJ 43431 7808 4 ventral ventral JJ 43431 7808 5 portion portion NN 43431 7808 6 of of IN 43431 7808 7 the the DT 43431 7808 8 atlas atlas NN 43431 7808 9 is be VBZ 43431 7808 10 rather rather RB 43431 7808 11 thick thick JJ 43431 7808 12 , , , 43431 7808 13 and and CC 43431 7808 14 bears bear VBZ 43431 7808 15 a a DT 43431 7808 16 minute minute NN 43431 7808 17 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 7808 18 - - HYPH 43431 7808 19 projecting project VBG 43431 7808 20 hypapophysis hypapophysis NN 43431 7808 21 . . . 43431 7809 1 The the DT 43431 7809 2 bases basis NNS 43431 7809 3 of of IN 43431 7809 4 the the DT 43431 7809 5 broad broad JJ 43431 7809 6 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7809 7 processes process NNS 43431 7809 8 are be VBP 43431 7809 9 perforated perforate VBN 43431 7809 10 by by IN 43431 7809 11 the the DT 43431 7809 12 = = SYM 43431 7809 13 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 7809 14 canals= canals= NNP 43431 7809 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7809 16 fig fig NN 43431 7809 17 . . . 43431 7810 1 69 69 CD 43431 7810 2 , , , 43431 7810 3 A a NN 43431 7810 4 , , , 43431 7810 5 2 2 CD 43431 7810 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7810 7 . . . 43431 7811 1 The the DT 43431 7811 2 atlas atlas NN 43431 7811 3 bears bear VBZ 43431 7811 4 at at IN 43431 7811 5 each each DT 43431 7811 6 end end NN 43431 7811 7 a a DT 43431 7811 8 pair pair NN 43431 7811 9 of of IN 43431 7811 10 large large JJ 43431 7811 11 articulating articulating NN 43431 7811 12 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7811 13 ; ; : 43431 7811 14 those those DT 43431 7811 15 at at IN 43431 7811 16 the the DT 43431 7811 17 anterior anterior NN 43431 7811 18 end end NN 43431 7811 19 articulate articulate NN 43431 7811 20 with with IN 43431 7811 21 the the DT 43431 7811 22 condyles condyle NNS 43431 7811 23 of of IN 43431 7811 24 the the DT 43431 7811 25 skull skull NN 43431 7811 26 , , , 43431 7811 27 and and CC 43431 7811 28 are be VBP 43431 7811 29 very very RB 43431 7811 30 deeply deeply RB 43431 7811 31 concave concave JJ 43431 7811 32 ; ; : 43431 7811 33 those those DT 43431 7811 34 at at IN 43431 7811 35 the the DT 43431 7811 36 posterior posterior NN 43431 7811 37 end end NN 43431 7811 38 for for IN 43431 7811 39 articulation articulation NN 43431 7811 40 with with IN 43431 7811 41 the the DT 43431 7811 42 axis axi NNS 43431 7811 43 , , , 43431 7811 44 are be VBP 43431 7811 45 nearly nearly RB 43431 7811 46 as as RB 43431 7811 47 large large JJ 43431 7811 48 , , , 43431 7811 49 but but CC 43431 7811 50 are be VBP 43431 7811 51 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7811 52 . . . 43431 7812 1 The the DT 43431 7812 2 atlas atlas NN 43431 7812 3 ossifies ossify VBZ 43431 7812 4 from from IN 43431 7812 5 three three CD 43431 7812 6 centres centre NNS 43431 7812 7 , , , 43431 7812 8 one one CD 43431 7812 9 forming form VBG 43431 7812 10 the the DT 43431 7812 11 mid mid JJ 43431 7812 12 - - JJ 43431 7812 13 ventral ventral JJ 43431 7812 14 portion portion NN 43431 7812 15 , , , 43431 7812 16 the the DT 43431 7812 17 others other NNS 43431 7812 18 the the DT 43431 7812 19 two two CD 43431 7812 20 halves half NNS 43431 7812 21 of of IN 43431 7812 22 the the DT 43431 7812 23 remainder remainder NN 43431 7812 24 . . . 43431 7813 1 The the DT 43431 7813 2 second second JJ 43431 7813 3 , , , 43431 7813 4 or or CC 43431 7813 5 = = SYM 43431 7813 6 axis= axis= NNP 43431 7813 7 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7813 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7813 9 fig fig NN 43431 7813 10 . . . 43431 7814 1 69 69 CD 43431 7814 2 , , , 43431 7814 3 B b NN 43431 7814 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7814 5 , , , 43431 7814 6 also also RB 43431 7814 7 differs differ VBZ 43431 7814 8 much much RB 43431 7814 9 from from IN 43431 7814 10 the the DT 43431 7814 11 other other JJ 43431 7814 12 cervicals cervical NNS 43431 7814 13 . . . 43431 7815 1 The the DT 43431 7815 2 long long JJ 43431 7815 3 and and CC 43431 7815 4 broad broad JJ 43431 7815 5 centrum centrum NN 43431 7815 6 has have VBZ 43431 7815 7 a a DT 43431 7815 8 very very RB 43431 7815 9 flat flat JJ 43431 7815 10 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 7815 11 surface surface NN 43431 7815 12 , , , 43431 7815 13 and and CC 43431 7815 14 is be VBZ 43431 7815 15 produced produce VBN 43431 7815 16 in in IN 43431 7815 17 front front NN 43431 7815 18 into into IN 43431 7815 19 the the DT 43431 7815 20 conical conical JJ 43431 7815 21 = = SYM 43431 7815 22 odontoid odontoid NNP 43431 7815 23 process= process= NNP 43431 7815 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7815 25 fig fig NN 43431 7815 26 . . . 43431 7816 1 69 69 CD 43431 7816 2 , , , 43431 7816 3 B b NN 43431 7816 4 , , , 43431 7816 5 5 5 CD 43431 7816 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7816 7 , , , 43431 7816 8 and and CC 43431 7816 9 bears bear VBZ 43431 7816 10 a a DT 43431 7816 11 pair pair NN 43431 7816 12 of of IN 43431 7816 13 very very RB 43431 7816 14 large large JJ 43431 7816 15 convex convex NNS 43431 7816 16 outwardly outwardly RB 43431 7816 17 directed direct VBD 43431 7816 18 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7816 19 for for IN 43431 7816 20 articulation articulation NN 43431 7816 21 with with IN 43431 7816 22 the the DT 43431 7816 23 atlas atlas NNP 43431 7816 24 . . . 43431 7817 1 At at IN 43431 7817 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7817 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 7817 4 end end NN 43431 7817 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7817 6 is be VBZ 43431 7817 7 drawn draw VBN 43431 7817 8 out out RP 43431 7817 9 into into IN 43431 7817 10 a a DT 43431 7817 11 pair pair NN 43431 7817 12 of of IN 43431 7817 13 small small JJ 43431 7817 14 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 7817 15 - - HYPH 43431 7817 16 directed direct VBN 43431 7817 17 spines spine NNS 43431 7817 18 , , , 43431 7817 19 the the DT 43431 7817 20 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7817 21 processes process NNS 43431 7817 22 ; ; : 43431 7817 23 these these DT 43431 7817 24 are be VBP 43431 7817 25 perforated perforate VBN 43431 7817 26 at at IN 43431 7817 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7817 28 bases basis NNS 43431 7817 29 by by IN 43431 7817 30 the the DT 43431 7817 31 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 7817 32 canals canal NNS 43431 7817 33 . . . 43431 7818 1 The the DT 43431 7818 2 neural neural JJ 43431 7818 3 arch arch NN 43431 7818 4 is be VBZ 43431 7818 5 deeply deeply RB 43431 7818 6 notched notch VBN 43431 7818 7 in in IN 43431 7818 8 front front NN 43431 7818 9 and and CC 43431 7818 10 behind behind RB 43431 7818 11 for for IN 43431 7818 12 the the DT 43431 7818 13 passage passage NN 43431 7818 14 of of IN 43431 7818 15 the the DT 43431 7818 16 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7818 17 nerves nerve NNS 43431 7818 18 , , , 43431 7818 19 and and CC 43431 7818 20 is be VBZ 43431 7818 21 drawn draw VBN 43431 7818 22 out out RP 43431 7818 23 above above RB 43431 7818 24 into into IN 43431 7818 25 a a DT 43431 7818 26 very very RB 43431 7818 27 long long RB 43431 7818 28 compressed compress VBN 43431 7818 29 neural neural JJ 43431 7818 30 spine spine NN 43431 7818 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7818 32 fig fig NN 43431 7818 33 . . . 43431 7819 1 69 69 CD 43431 7819 2 , , , 43431 7819 3 B b NN 43431 7819 4 , , , 43431 7819 5 4 4 CD 43431 7819 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7819 7 , , , 43431 7819 8 which which WDT 43431 7819 9 projects project VBZ 43431 7819 10 a a DT 43431 7819 11 long long JJ 43431 7819 12 way way NN 43431 7819 13 forwards forwards RB 43431 7819 14 , , , 43431 7819 15 and and CC 43431 7819 16 behind behind RB 43431 7819 17 becomes become VBZ 43431 7819 18 bifid bifid NN 43431 7819 19 and and CC 43431 7819 20 thickened thicken VBD 43431 7819 21 , , , 43431 7819 22 bearing bear VBG 43431 7819 23 a a DT 43431 7819 24 pair pair NN 43431 7819 25 of of IN 43431 7819 26 flat flat JJ 43431 7819 27 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 7819 28 directed direct VBN 43431 7819 29 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 7819 30 . . . 43431 7820 1 In in IN 43431 7820 2 the the DT 43431 7820 3 young young JJ 43431 7820 4 animal animal NN 43431 7820 5 the the DT 43431 7820 6 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 7820 7 process process NN 43431 7820 8 is be VBZ 43431 7820 9 readily readily RB 43431 7820 10 seen see VBN 43431 7820 11 to to TO 43431 7820 12 ossify ossify VB 43431 7820 13 from from IN 43431 7820 14 a a DT 43431 7820 15 centre centre NN 43431 7820 16 anterior anterior NN 43431 7820 17 to to IN 43431 7820 18 that that DT 43431 7820 19 forming form VBG 43431 7820 20 the the DT 43431 7820 21 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7820 22 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 7820 23 of of IN 43431 7820 24 the the DT 43431 7820 25 axis axi NNS 43431 7820 26 . . . 43431 7821 1 The the DT 43431 7821 2 remaining remain VBG 43431 7821 3 five five CD 43431 7821 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7821 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7821 6 , , , 43431 7821 7 the the DT 43431 7821 8 third third JJ 43431 7821 9 to to IN 43431 7821 10 the the DT 43431 7821 11 seventh seventh JJ 43431 7821 12 inclusive inclusive JJ 43431 7821 13 , , , 43431 7821 14 have have VBP 43431 7821 15 rather rather RB 43431 7821 16 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7821 17 wide wide JJ 43431 7821 18 centra centra NNP 43431 7821 19 , , , 43431 7821 20 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 7821 21 truncated truncate VBN 43431 7821 22 at at IN 43431 7821 23 either either DT 43431 7821 24 end end NN 43431 7821 25 . . . 43431 7822 1 The the DT 43431 7822 2 neural neural JJ 43431 7822 3 spine spine NN 43431 7822 4 progressively progressively RB 43431 7822 5 increases increase VBZ 43431 7822 6 in in IN 43431 7822 7 size size NN 43431 7822 8 as as IN 43431 7822 9 the the DT 43431 7822 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7822 11 are be VBP 43431 7822 12 followed follow VBN 43431 7822 13 back back RB 43431 7822 14 . . . 43431 7823 1 The the DT 43431 7823 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7823 3 processes process NNS 43431 7823 4 vary vary VBP 43431 7823 5 considerably considerably RB 43431 7823 6 ; ; : 43431 7823 7 those those DT 43431 7823 8 of of IN 43431 7823 9 the the DT 43431 7823 10 third third JJ 43431 7823 11 are be VBP 43431 7823 12 divided divide VBN 43431 7823 13 into into IN 43431 7823 14 a a DT 43431 7823 15 thicker thick JJR 43431 7823 16 backwardly- backwardly- NN 43431 7823 17 , , , 43431 7823 18 and and CC 43431 7823 19 a a DT 43431 7823 20 more more JJR 43431 7823 21 slender slender NN 43431 7823 22 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 7823 23 - - HYPH 43431 7823 24 projecting projecting NN 43431 7823 25 portion portion NN 43431 7823 26 ; ; : 43431 7823 27 those those DT 43431 7823 28 of of IN 43431 7823 29 the the DT 43431 7823 30 fourth fourth JJ 43431 7823 31 and and CC 43431 7823 32 fifth fifth JJ 43431 7823 33 mainly mainly RB 43431 7823 34 extend extend VBP 43431 7823 35 downwards downwards RB 43431 7823 36 , , , 43431 7823 37 and and CC 43431 7823 38 that that DT 43431 7823 39 of of IN 43431 7823 40 the the DT 43431 7823 41 sixth sixth JJ 43431 7823 42 is be VBZ 43431 7823 43 divided divide VBN 43431 7823 44 into into IN 43431 7823 45 a a DT 43431 7823 46 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 7823 47 portion portion NN 43431 7823 48 and and CC 43431 7823 49 a a DT 43431 7823 50 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 7823 51 - - HYPH 43431 7823 52 projecting projecting NN 43431 7823 53 = = SYM 43431 7823 54 inferior inferior JJ 43431 7823 55 lamella=. lamella=. -LRB- 43431 7824 1 All all PDT 43431 7824 2 the the DT 43431 7824 3 cervical cervical JJ 43431 7824 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7824 5 except except IN 43431 7824 6 the the DT 43431 7824 7 seventh seventh JJ 43431 7824 8 have have VBP 43431 7824 9 the the DT 43431 7824 10 bases basis NNS 43431 7824 11 of of IN 43431 7824 12 the the DT 43431 7824 13 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7824 14 processes process NNS 43431 7824 15 perforated perforate VBN 43431 7824 16 by by IN 43431 7824 17 the the DT 43431 7824 18 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 7824 19 canals canal NNS 43431 7824 20 . . . 43431 7825 1 The the DT 43431 7825 2 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 7825 3 in in IN 43431 7825 4 each each DT 43431 7825 5 case case NN 43431 7825 6 look look VBP 43431 7825 7 upwards upwards RB 43431 7825 8 and and CC 43431 7825 9 slightly slightly RB 43431 7825 10 inwards inward NNS 43431 7825 11 , , , 43431 7825 12 while while IN 43431 7825 13 the the DT 43431 7825 14 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 7825 15 look look VBP 43431 7825 16 downwards downwards RB 43431 7825 17 and and CC 43431 7825 18 slightly slightly RB 43431 7825 19 outwards outward NNS 43431 7825 20 . . . 43431 7826 1 THE the DT 43431 7826 2 THORACIC THORACIC NNP 43431 7826 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 7826 4 . . . 43431 7827 1 The the DT 43431 7827 2 = = SYM 43431 7827 3 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7827 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NNP 43431 7827 5 are be VBP 43431 7827 6 twelve twelve CD 43431 7827 7 or or CC 43431 7827 8 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 7827 9 in in IN 43431 7827 10 number number NN 43431 7827 11 , , , 43431 7827 12 and and CC 43431 7827 13 all all DT 43431 7827 14 bear bear VBP 43431 7827 15 movably movably RB 43431 7827 16 articulated articulate VBD 43431 7827 17 ribs rib NNS 43431 7827 18 . . . 43431 7828 1 As as IN 43431 7828 2 a a DT 43431 7828 3 group group NN 43431 7828 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7828 5 are be VBP 43431 7828 6 characterised characterise VBN 43431 7828 7 by by IN 43431 7828 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7828 9 comparative comparative JJ 43431 7828 10 shortness shortness NN 43431 7828 11 , , , 43431 7828 12 and and CC 43431 7828 13 in in IN 43431 7828 14 the the DT 43431 7828 15 case case NN 43431 7828 16 of of IN 43431 7828 17 the the DT 43431 7828 18 first first JJ 43431 7828 19 eight eight CD 43431 7828 20 or or CC 43431 7828 21 nine nine CD 43431 7828 22 by by IN 43431 7828 23 the the DT 43431 7828 24 great great JJ 43431 7828 25 length length NN 43431 7828 26 of of IN 43431 7828 27 the the DT 43431 7828 28 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 7828 29 - - HYPH 43431 7828 30 sloping slope VBG 43431 7828 31 neural neural JJ 43431 7828 32 spine spine NN 43431 7828 33 . . . 43431 7829 1 The the DT 43431 7829 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 7829 3 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7829 4 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 7829 5 approach approach NN 43431 7829 6 in in IN 43431 7829 7 character character NN 43431 7829 8 the the DT 43431 7829 9 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 7829 10 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7829 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7829 12 . . . 43431 7830 1 As as IN 43431 7830 2 type type NN 43431 7830 3 of of IN 43431 7830 4 the the DT 43431 7830 5 anterior anterior NNP 43431 7830 6 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7830 7 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 7830 8 , , , 43431 7830 9 take take VB 43431 7830 10 any any DT 43431 7830 11 one one CD 43431 7830 12 between between IN 43431 7830 13 the the DT 43431 7830 14 second second JJ 43431 7830 15 and and CC 43431 7830 16 sixth sixth JJ 43431 7830 17 inclusive inclusive NN 43431 7830 18 . . . 43431 7831 1 The the DT 43431 7831 2 centrum centrum NN 43431 7831 3 is be VBZ 43431 7831 4 short short JJ 43431 7831 5 , , , 43431 7831 6 and and CC 43431 7831 7 has have VBZ 43431 7831 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7831 9 terminations termination NNS 43431 7831 10 vertically vertically RB 43431 7831 11 truncated truncate VBN 43431 7831 12 . . . 43431 7832 1 At at IN 43431 7832 2 the the DT 43431 7832 3 top top NN 43431 7832 4 of of IN 43431 7832 5 the the DT 43431 7832 6 centrum centrum NN 43431 7832 7 , , , 43431 7832 8 at at IN 43431 7832 9 both both CC 43431 7832 10 anterior anterior NNP 43431 7832 11 and and CC 43431 7832 12 posterior posterior NNP 43431 7832 13 ends end VBZ 43431 7832 14 on on IN 43431 7832 15 each each DT 43431 7832 16 side side NN 43431 7832 17 , , , 43431 7832 18 is be VBZ 43431 7832 19 a a DT 43431 7832 20 demi demi NN 43431 7832 21 - - HYPH 43431 7832 22 facet facet NN 43431 7832 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7832 24 fig fig NN 43431 7832 25 . . . 43431 7833 1 70 70 CD 43431 7833 2 , , , 43431 7833 3 A a NN 43431 7833 4 , , , 43431 7833 5 4 4 CD 43431 7833 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7833 7 , , , 43431 7833 8 which which WDT 43431 7833 9 , , , 43431 7833 10 together together RB 43431 7833 11 with with IN 43431 7833 12 that that DT 43431 7833 13 on on IN 43431 7833 14 the the DT 43431 7833 15 adjacent adjacent JJ 43431 7833 16 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7833 17 , , , 43431 7833 18 forms form VBZ 43431 7833 19 an an DT 43431 7833 20 articulating articulate VBG 43431 7833 21 surface surface NN 43431 7833 22 for for IN 43431 7833 23 the the DT 43431 7833 24 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 7833 25 of of IN 43431 7833 26 the the DT 43431 7833 27 rib rib NN 43431 7833 28 . . . 43431 7834 1 The the DT 43431 7834 2 neural neural JJ 43431 7834 3 arch arch NN 43431 7834 4 is be VBZ 43431 7834 5 small small JJ 43431 7834 6 and and CC 43431 7834 7 deeply deeply RB 43431 7834 8 notched notch VBN 43431 7834 9 behind behind RB 43431 7834 10 for for IN 43431 7834 11 the the DT 43431 7834 12 passage passage NN 43431 7834 13 of of IN 43431 7834 14 the the DT 43431 7834 15 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7834 16 nerve nerve NN 43431 7834 17 . . . 43431 7835 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 7835 2 is be VBZ 43431 7835 3 drawn draw VBN 43431 7835 4 out out RP 43431 7835 5 above above RB 43431 7835 6 into into IN 43431 7835 7 a a DT 43431 7835 8 very very RB 43431 7835 9 long long JJ 43431 7835 10 neural neural JJ 43431 7835 11 spine spine NN 43431 7835 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7835 13 fig fig NN 43431 7835 14 . . . 43431 7836 1 70 70 CD 43431 7836 2 , , , 43431 7836 3 A a NN 43431 7836 4 , , , 43431 7836 5 1 1 CD 43431 7836 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7836 7 , , , 43431 7836 8 whose whose WP$ 43431 7836 9 base base NN 43431 7836 10 extends extend VBZ 43431 7836 11 back back RB 43431 7836 12 over over IN 43431 7836 13 the the DT 43431 7836 14 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 7836 15 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 7836 16 and and CC 43431 7836 17 bears bear VBZ 43431 7836 18 the the DT 43431 7836 19 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 7836 20 - - HYPH 43431 7836 21 directed direct VBN 43431 7836 22 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 7836 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7836 24 fig fig NN 43431 7836 25 . . . 43431 7837 1 70 70 CD 43431 7837 2 , , , 43431 7837 3 A a NN 43431 7837 4 , , , 43431 7837 5 6 6 CD 43431 7837 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7837 7 . . . 43431 7838 1 The the DT 43431 7838 2 summit summit NN 43431 7838 3 of of IN 43431 7838 4 the the DT 43431 7838 5 neural neural JJ 43431 7838 6 arch arch NNP 43431 7838 7 is be VBZ 43431 7838 8 deeply deeply RB 43431 7838 9 notched notch VBN 43431 7838 10 in in IN 43431 7838 11 front front NN 43431 7838 12 , , , 43431 7838 13 and and CC 43431 7838 14 on on IN 43431 7838 15 each each DT 43431 7838 16 side side NN 43431 7838 17 of of IN 43431 7838 18 the the DT 43431 7838 19 notch notch NN 43431 7838 20 are be VBP 43431 7838 21 the the DT 43431 7838 22 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 7838 23 , , , 43431 7838 24 which which WDT 43431 7838 25 look look VBP 43431 7838 26 almost almost RB 43431 7838 27 vertically vertically RB 43431 7838 28 upwards upwards JJ 43431 7838 29 . . . 43431 7839 1 The the DT 43431 7839 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7839 3 processes process NNS 43431 7839 4 are be VBP 43431 7839 5 short short JJ 43431 7839 6 and and CC 43431 7839 7 blunt blunt JJ 43431 7839 8 , , , 43431 7839 9 and and CC 43431 7839 10 are be VBP 43431 7839 11 flattened flatten VBN 43431 7839 12 below below IN 43431 7839 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7839 14 fig fig NN 43431 7839 15 . . . 43431 7840 1 70 70 CD 43431 7840 2 , , , 43431 7840 3 A a NN 43431 7840 4 , , , 43431 7840 5 3 3 CD 43431 7840 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7840 7 for for IN 43431 7840 8 the the DT 43431 7840 9 articulation articulation NN 43431 7840 10 of of IN 43431 7840 11 the the DT 43431 7840 12 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 7840 13 of of IN 43431 7840 14 the the DT 43431 7840 15 ribs rib NNS 43431 7840 16 . . . 43431 7841 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7841 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7841 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7841 4 . . . 43431 7842 1 70 70 CD 43431 7842 2 . . . 43431 7843 1 A a DT 43431 7843 2 , , , 43431 7843 3 SECOND second JJ 43431 7843 4 THORACIC THORACIC NNP 43431 7843 5 , , , 43431 7843 6 AND and CC 43431 7843 7 B b NN 43431 7843 8 , , , 43431 7843 9 SECOND second JJ 43431 7843 10 LUMBAR LUMBAR NNP 43431 7843 11 VERTEBRA VERTEBRA NNS 43431 7843 12 OF of IN 43431 7843 13 A a DT 43431 7843 14 DOG DOG NNP 43431 7843 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7843 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7843 17 Canis Canis NNP 43431 7843 18 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 7843 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7843 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7843 21 SEEN see VBD 43431 7843 22 FROM from IN 43431 7843 23 THE the DT 43431 7843 24 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 7843 25 SIDE SIDE NNP 43431 7843 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7843 27 after after IN 43431 7843 28 VON VON NNP 43431 7843 29 ZITTEL ZITTEL NNP 43431 7843 30 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7843 31 . . . 43431 7844 1 1 1 LS 43431 7844 2 . . . 43431 7844 3 neural neural JJ 43431 7844 4 spine spine NNP 43431 7844 5 . . . 43431 7845 1 2 2 LS 43431 7845 2 . . . 43431 7845 3 centrum centrum NNP 43431 7845 4 . . . 43431 7846 1 3 3 LS 43431 7846 2 . . . 43431 7846 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7846 4 process process NN 43431 7846 5 bearing bear VBG 43431 7846 6 in in IN 43431 7846 7 A a DT 43431 7846 8 the the DT 43431 7846 9 facet facet NN 43431 7846 10 for for IN 43431 7846 11 articulation articulation NN 43431 7846 12 with with IN 43431 7846 13 the the DT 43431 7846 14 tuberculum tuberculum NN 43431 7846 15 of of IN 43431 7846 16 the the DT 43431 7846 17 rib rib NN 43431 7846 18 . . . 43431 7847 1 4 4 LS 43431 7847 2 . . . 43431 7847 3 facet facet NNP 43431 7847 4 for for IN 43431 7847 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 7847 6 with with IN 43431 7847 7 the the DT 43431 7847 8 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 7847 9 of of IN 43431 7847 10 the the DT 43431 7847 11 rib rib NN 43431 7847 12 . . . 43431 7848 1 5 5 LS 43431 7848 2 . . . 43431 7848 3 metapophysis metapophysis NN 43431 7848 4 . . . 43431 7849 1 6 6 CD 43431 7849 2 . . . 43431 7850 1 postzygapophysis postzygapophysis NNP 43431 7850 2 . . . 43431 7850 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7851 1 The the DT 43431 7851 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 7851 3 three three CD 43431 7851 4 or or CC 43431 7851 5 four four CD 43431 7851 6 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7851 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7851 8 differ differ VBP 43431 7851 9 much much RB 43431 7851 10 from from IN 43431 7851 11 the the DT 43431 7851 12 others other NNS 43431 7851 13 . . . 43431 7852 1 The the DT 43431 7852 2 centra centrum NNS 43431 7852 3 are be VBP 43431 7852 4 longer long JJR 43431 7852 5 , , , 43431 7852 6 the the DT 43431 7852 7 neural neural JJ 43431 7852 8 spines spine NNS 43431 7852 9 short short JJ 43431 7852 10 and and CC 43431 7852 11 not not RB 43431 7852 12 directed direct VBN 43431 7852 13 backwards backwards RB 43431 7852 14 , , , 43431 7852 15 the the DT 43431 7852 16 articular articular JJ 43431 7852 17 facets facet VBZ 43431 7852 18 for for IN 43431 7852 19 the the DT 43431 7852 20 heads head NNS 43431 7852 21 of of IN 43431 7852 22 the the DT 43431 7852 23 ribs rib NNS 43431 7852 24 are be VBP 43431 7852 25 confined confine VBN 43431 7852 26 to to IN 43431 7852 27 the the DT 43431 7852 28 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7852 29 end end NN 43431 7852 30 of of IN 43431 7852 31 the the DT 43431 7852 32 centrum centrum NN 43431 7852 33 of of IN 43431 7852 34 each each DT 43431 7852 35 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7852 36 , , , 43431 7852 37 not not RB 43431 7852 38 overlapping overlap VBG 43431 7852 39 on on IN 43431 7852 40 to to IN 43431 7852 41 the the DT 43431 7852 42 preceding precede VBG 43431 7852 43 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7852 44 . . . 43431 7853 1 The the DT 43431 7853 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7853 3 processes process NNS 43431 7853 4 are be VBP 43431 7853 5 small small JJ 43431 7853 6 and and CC 43431 7853 7 irregular irregular JJ 43431 7853 8 , , , 43431 7853 9 and and CC 43431 7853 10 metapophyses metapophyse NNS 43431 7853 11 and and CC 43431 7853 12 anapophyses anapophyse NNS 43431 7853 13 are be VBP 43431 7853 14 developed develop VBN 43431 7853 15 . . . 43431 7854 1 The the DT 43431 7854 2 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 7854 3 also also RB 43431 7854 4 look look VBP 43431 7854 5 more more JJR 43431 7854 6 inwards inward NNS 43431 7854 7 , , , 43431 7854 8 and and CC 43431 7854 9 the the DT 43431 7854 10 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 7854 11 more more RBR 43431 7854 12 outwards outward NNS 43431 7854 13 than than IN 43431 7854 14 in in IN 43431 7854 15 the the DT 43431 7854 16 more more RBR 43431 7854 17 typical typical JJ 43431 7854 18 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 7854 19 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 7854 20 . . . 43431 7855 1 THE the DT 43431 7855 2 LUMBAR LUMBAR NNP 43431 7855 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 7855 4 . . . 43431 7856 1 The the DT 43431 7856 2 = = SYM 43431 7856 3 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 7856 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NN 43431 7856 5 are be VBP 43431 7856 6 seven seven CD 43431 7856 7 in in IN 43431 7856 8 number number NN 43431 7856 9 , , , 43431 7856 10 and and CC 43431 7856 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7856 12 general general JJ 43431 7856 13 characteristics characteristic NNS 43431 7856 14 have have VBP 43431 7856 15 been be VBN 43431 7856 16 already already RB 43431 7856 17 described describe VBN 43431 7856 18 . . . 43431 7857 1 As as IN 43431 7857 2 a a DT 43431 7857 3 group group NN 43431 7857 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7857 5 are be VBP 43431 7857 6 characterised characterise VBN 43431 7857 7 by by IN 43431 7857 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7857 9 large large JJ 43431 7857 10 size size NN 43431 7857 11 , , , 43431 7857 12 and and CC 43431 7857 13 the the DT 43431 7857 14 great great JJ 43431 7857 15 development development NN 43431 7857 16 of of IN 43431 7857 17 the the DT 43431 7857 18 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7857 19 processes process NNS 43431 7857 20 , , , 43431 7857 21 metapophyses metapophyse NNS 43431 7857 22 and and CC 43431 7857 23 neural neural JJ 43431 7857 24 spines spine NNS 43431 7857 25 . . . 43431 7858 1 THE the DT 43431 7858 2 SACRAL SACRAL NNP 43431 7858 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 7858 4 . . . 43431 7859 1 Three three CD 43431 7859 2 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7859 3 are be VBP 43431 7859 4 commonly commonly RB 43431 7859 5 found find VBN 43431 7859 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 7859 7 together together RB 43431 7859 8 , , , 43431 7859 9 forming form VBG 43431 7859 10 the the DT 43431 7859 11 = = SYM 43431 7859 12 sacrum= sacrum= NNS 43431 7859 13 ; ; : 43431 7859 14 the the DT 43431 7859 15 divisions division NNS 43431 7859 16 between between IN 43431 7859 17 the the DT 43431 7859 18 three three CD 43431 7859 19 being be VBG 43431 7859 20 indicated indicate VBN 43431 7859 21 by by IN 43431 7859 22 the the DT 43431 7859 23 foramina foramina NN 43431 7859 24 for for IN 43431 7859 25 the the DT 43431 7859 26 exit exit NN 43431 7859 27 of of IN 43431 7859 28 the the DT 43431 7859 29 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7859 30 nerves nerve NNS 43431 7859 31 . . . 43431 7860 1 Of of IN 43431 7860 2 these these DT 43431 7860 3 three three CD 43431 7860 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7860 5 , , , 43431 7860 6 the the DT 43431 7860 7 first first JJ 43431 7860 8 is be VBZ 43431 7860 9 much much RB 43431 7860 10 the the DT 43431 7860 11 largest large JJS 43431 7860 12 , , , 43431 7860 13 and and CC 43431 7860 14 is be VBZ 43431 7860 15 firmly firmly RB 43431 7860 16 united united JJ 43431 7860 17 to to IN 43431 7860 18 the the DT 43431 7860 19 ilium ilium NN 43431 7860 20 on on IN 43431 7860 21 each each DT 43431 7860 22 side side NN 43431 7860 23 by by IN 43431 7860 24 a a DT 43431 7860 25 structure structure NN 43431 7860 26 formed form VBN 43431 7860 27 by by IN 43431 7860 28 the the DT 43431 7860 29 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7860 30 processes process NNS 43431 7860 31 and and CC 43431 7860 32 expanded expand VBD 43431 7860 33 ribs rib NNS 43431 7860 34 . . . 43431 7861 1 In in IN 43431 7861 2 the the DT 43431 7861 3 adult adult NN 43431 7861 4 this this DT 43431 7861 5 structure structure NN 43431 7861 6 forms form VBZ 43431 7861 7 one one CD 43431 7861 8 continuous continuous JJ 43431 7861 9 mass mass NN 43431 7861 10 , , , 43431 7861 11 but but CC 43431 7861 12 in in IN 43431 7861 13 the the DT 43431 7861 14 young young JJ 43431 7861 15 animal animal NN 43431 7861 16 a a DT 43431 7861 17 ventral ventral JJ 43431 7861 18 portion portion NN 43431 7861 19 formed form VBN 43431 7861 20 by by IN 43431 7861 21 the the DT 43431 7861 22 rib rib NN 43431 7861 23 is be VBZ 43431 7861 24 clearly clearly RB 43431 7861 25 distinguishable distinguishable JJ 43431 7861 26 from from IN 43431 7861 27 a a DT 43431 7861 28 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 7861 29 portion portion NN 43431 7861 30 formed form VBN 43431 7861 31 by by IN 43431 7861 32 the the DT 43431 7861 33 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7861 34 process process NN 43431 7861 35 . . . 43431 7862 1 All all DT 43431 7862 2 three three CD 43431 7862 3 have have VBP 43431 7862 4 low low JJ 43431 7862 5 neural neural JJ 43431 7862 6 spines spine NNS 43431 7862 7 . . . 43431 7863 1 The the DT 43431 7863 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7863 3 sacral sacral JJ 43431 7863 4 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7863 5 bears bear VBZ 43431 7863 6 a a DT 43431 7863 7 large large JJ 43431 7863 8 pair pair NN 43431 7863 9 of of IN 43431 7863 10 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 7863 11 , , , 43431 7863 12 while while IN 43431 7863 13 the the DT 43431 7863 14 posterior posterior NNP 43431 7863 15 one one CD 43431 7863 16 bears bear VBZ 43431 7863 17 a a DT 43431 7863 18 small small JJ 43431 7863 19 pair pair NN 43431 7863 20 of of IN 43431 7863 21 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 7863 22 . . . 43431 7864 1 THE the DT 43431 7864 2 CAUDAL CAUDAL NNP 43431 7864 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 7864 4 . . . 43431 7865 1 The the DT 43431 7865 2 = = SYM 43431 7865 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 7865 4 vertebrae= vertebrae= NN 43431 7865 5 are be VBP 43431 7865 6 about about RB 43431 7865 7 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 7865 8 in in IN 43431 7865 9 number number NN 43431 7865 10 . . . 43431 7866 1 The the DT 43431 7866 2 earlier early JJR 43431 7866 3 ones one NNS 43431 7866 4 have have VBP 43431 7866 5 well well RB 43431 7866 6 - - HYPH 43431 7866 7 developed develop VBN 43431 7866 8 neural neural JJ 43431 7866 9 arches arch NNS 43431 7866 10 , , , 43431 7866 11 transverse transverse JJ 43431 7866 12 processes process NNS 43431 7866 13 , , , 43431 7866 14 and and CC 43431 7866 15 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 7866 16 , , , 43431 7866 17 but but CC 43431 7866 18 as as IN 43431 7866 19 the the DT 43431 7866 20 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 7866 21 are be VBP 43431 7866 22 followed follow VBN 43431 7866 23 back back RB 43431 7866 24 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7866 25 gradually gradually RB 43431 7866 26 lose lose VBP 43431 7866 27 all all PDT 43431 7866 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7866 29 processes process NNS 43431 7866 30 , , , 43431 7866 31 and and CC 43431 7866 32 the the DT 43431 7866 33 neural neural JJ 43431 7866 34 arch arch VBP 43431 7866 35 as as RB 43431 7866 36 well well RB 43431 7866 37 , , , 43431 7866 38 becoming become VBG 43431 7866 39 at at IN 43431 7866 40 about about IN 43431 7866 41 the the DT 43431 7866 42 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 43431 7866 43 from from IN 43431 7866 44 the the DT 43431 7866 45 end end NN 43431 7866 46 reduced reduce VBN 43431 7866 47 to to IN 43431 7866 48 simple simple JJ 43431 7866 49 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 7866 50 centra centrum NNS 43431 7866 51 . . . 43431 7867 1 B. B. NNP 43431 7868 1 THE the DT 43431 7868 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 7868 3 . . . 43431 7869 1 The the DT 43431 7869 2 = = SYM 43431 7869 3 skull= skull= NN 43431 7869 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 7869 5 of of IN 43431 7869 6 the the DT 43431 7869 7 following follow VBG 43431 7869 8 three three CD 43431 7869 9 parts part NNS 43431 7869 10 : : : 43431 7869 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7869 12 _ _ NNP 43431 7869 13 a a DT 43431 7869 14 _ _ NNP 43431 7869 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7869 16 the the DT 43431 7869 17 cranium cranium NN 43431 7869 18 , , , 43431 7869 19 with with IN 43431 7869 20 which which WDT 43431 7869 21 are be VBP 43431 7869 22 included include VBN 43431 7869 23 the the DT 43431 7869 24 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 7869 25 supports support NNS 43431 7869 26 of of IN 43431 7869 27 the the DT 43431 7869 28 various various JJ 43431 7869 29 special special JJ 43431 7869 30 sense sense NN 43431 7869 31 organs organ NNS 43431 7869 32 , , , 43431 7869 33 and and CC 43431 7869 34 the the DT 43431 7869 35 bones bone NNS 43431 7869 36 of of IN 43431 7869 37 the the DT 43431 7869 38 face face NN 43431 7869 39 and and CC 43431 7869 40 upper upper JJ 43431 7869 41 jaw jaw NN 43431 7869 42 ; ; : 43431 7869 43 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7869 44 _ _ NNP 43431 7869 45 b b NNP 43431 7869 46 _ _ NNP 43431 7869 47 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7869 48 the the DT 43431 7869 49 lower low JJR 43431 7869 50 jaw jaw NN 43431 7869 51 or or CC 43431 7869 52 mandible mandible JJ 43431 7869 53 , , , 43431 7869 54 which which WDT 43431 7869 55 is be VBZ 43431 7869 56 movably movably RB 43431 7869 57 articulated articulate VBN 43431 7869 58 to to IN 43431 7869 59 the the DT 43431 7869 60 cranium cranium NN 43431 7869 61 , , , 43431 7869 62 and and CC 43431 7869 63 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7869 64 _ _ NNP 43431 7869 65 c c NNP 43431 7869 66 _ _ NNP 43431 7869 67 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7869 68 the the DT 43431 7869 69 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 7869 70 . . . 43431 7870 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7870 2 _ _ NNP 43431 7870 3 a a DT 43431 7870 4 _ _ NNP 43431 7870 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7870 6 THE the DT 43431 7870 7 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 7870 8 . . . 43431 7871 1 The the DT 43431 7871 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 7871 3 is be VBZ 43431 7871 4 a a DT 43431 7871 5 compact compact JJ 43431 7871 6 bony bony NN 43431 7871 7 box box NN 43431 7871 8 , , , 43431 7871 9 forming form VBG 43431 7871 10 the the DT 43431 7871 11 anterior anterior NN 43431 7871 12 expanded expand VBN 43431 7871 13 portion portion NN 43431 7871 14 of of IN 43431 7871 15 the the DT 43431 7871 16 axial axial JJ 43431 7871 17 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7871 18 . . . 43431 7872 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 7872 2 has have VBZ 43431 7872 3 a a DT 43431 7872 4 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 7872 5 axis axis NN 43431 7872 6 , , , 43431 7872 7 the the DT 43431 7872 8 = = SYM 43431 7872 9 craniofacial= craniofacial= JJ 43431 7872 10 axis axi NNS 43431 7872 11 around around IN 43431 7872 12 which which WDT 43431 7872 13 the the DT 43431 7872 14 various various JJ 43431 7872 15 parts part NNS 43431 7872 16 are be VBP 43431 7872 17 arranged arrange VBN 43431 7872 18 , , , 43431 7872 19 and and CC 43431 7872 20 this this DT 43431 7872 21 axis axis NN 43431 7872 22 is be VBZ 43431 7872 23 a a DT 43431 7872 24 direct direct JJ 43431 7872 25 continuation continuation NN 43431 7872 26 of of IN 43431 7872 27 that that DT 43431 7872 28 of of IN 43431 7872 29 the the DT 43431 7872 30 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7872 31 column column NN 43431 7872 32 . . . 43431 7873 1 Similarly similarly RB 43431 7873 2 the the DT 43431 7873 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 7873 4 of of IN 43431 7873 5 the the DT 43431 7873 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 7873 7 is be VBZ 43431 7873 8 a a DT 43431 7873 9 direct direct JJ 43431 7873 10 continuation continuation NN 43431 7873 11 of of IN 43431 7873 12 the the DT 43431 7873 13 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7873 14 canal canal NN 43431 7873 15 . . . 43431 7874 1 The the DT 43431 7874 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 7874 3 part part NN 43431 7874 4 of of IN 43431 7874 5 the the DT 43431 7874 6 craniofacial craniofacial NN 43431 7874 7 axis axis NNP 43431 7874 8 , , , 43431 7874 9 which which WDT 43431 7874 10 has have VBZ 43431 7874 11 relations relation NNS 43431 7874 12 only only RB 43431 7874 13 with with IN 43431 7874 14 the the DT 43431 7874 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 7874 16 , , , 43431 7874 17 is be VBZ 43431 7874 18 called call VBN 43431 7874 19 the the DT 43431 7874 20 = = SYM 43431 7874 21 basicranial basicranial NNP 43431 7874 22 axis=. axis=. XX 43431 7875 1 In in IN 43431 7875 2 the the DT 43431 7875 3 dog dog NN 43431 7875 4 as as IN 43431 7875 5 in in IN 43431 7875 6 the the DT 43431 7875 7 other other JJ 43431 7875 8 types type NNS 43431 7875 9 previously previously RB 43431 7875 10 described describe VBN 43431 7875 11 , , , 43431 7875 12 the the DT 43431 7875 13 skull skull NN 43431 7875 14 in in IN 43431 7875 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7875 16 earliest early JJS 43431 7875 17 stages stage NNS 43431 7875 18 is be VBZ 43431 7875 19 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 7875 20 , , , 43431 7875 21 containing contain VBG 43431 7875 22 no no DT 43431 7875 23 bone bone NN 43431 7875 24 . . . 43431 7876 1 In in IN 43431 7876 2 the the DT 43431 7876 3 adult adult NN 43431 7876 4 , , , 43431 7876 5 however however RB 43431 7876 6 , , , 43431 7876 7 the the DT 43431 7876 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7876 9 is be VBZ 43431 7876 10 to to IN 43431 7876 11 a a DT 43431 7876 12 great great JJ 43431 7876 13 extent extent NN 43431 7876 14 replaced replace VBN 43431 7876 15 by by IN 43431 7876 16 bone bone NN 43431 7876 17 , , , 43431 7876 18 and and CC 43431 7876 19 in in IN 43431 7876 20 addition addition NN 43431 7876 21 to to IN 43431 7876 22 this this DT 43431 7876 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7876 24 bone bone NN 43431 7876 25 , , , 43431 7876 26 membrane membrane NN 43431 7876 27 bone bone NN 43431 7876 28 is be VBZ 43431 7876 29 largely largely RB 43431 7876 30 developed developed JJ 43431 7876 31 , , , 43431 7876 32 and and CC 43431 7876 33 intimately intimately RB 43431 7876 34 united unite VBN 43431 7876 35 with with IN 43431 7876 36 the the DT 43431 7876 37 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7876 38 bone bone NN 43431 7876 39 to to TO 43431 7876 40 form form VB 43431 7876 41 one one CD 43431 7876 42 complete complete JJ 43431 7876 43 whole whole NN 43431 7876 44 . . . 43431 7877 1 In in IN 43431 7877 2 the the DT 43431 7877 3 description description NN 43431 7877 4 of of IN 43431 7877 5 the the DT 43431 7877 6 dog dog NN 43431 7877 7 's 's POS 43431 7877 8 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 7877 9 , , , 43431 7877 10 as as IN 43431 7877 11 in in IN 43431 7877 12 those those DT 43431 7877 13 of of IN 43431 7877 14 the the DT 43431 7877 15 previous previous JJ 43431 7877 16 types type NNS 43431 7877 17 , , , 43431 7877 18 the the DT 43431 7877 19 names name NNS 43431 7877 20 of of IN 43431 7877 21 the the DT 43431 7877 22 membrane membrane NN 43431 7877 23 bones bone NNS 43431 7877 24 are be VBP 43431 7877 25 printed print VBN 43431 7877 26 in in IN 43431 7877 27 italics italic NNS 43431 7877 28 , , , 43431 7877 29 while while IN 43431 7877 30 those those DT 43431 7877 31 of of IN 43431 7877 32 the the DT 43431 7877 33 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7877 34 bones bone NNS 43431 7877 35 are be VBP 43431 7877 36 printed print VBN 43431 7877 37 in in IN 43431 7877 38 thick thick JJ 43431 7877 39 type type NN 43431 7877 40 . . . 43431 7878 1 Most Most JJS 43431 7878 2 of of IN 43431 7878 3 the the DT 43431 7878 4 numerous numerous JJ 43431 7878 5 foramina foramina NN 43431 7878 6 perforating perforate VBG 43431 7878 7 the the DT 43431 7878 8 skull skull NN 43431 7878 9 walls wall NNS 43431 7878 10 will will MD 43431 7878 11 be be VB 43431 7878 12 described describe VBN 43431 7878 13 after after IN 43431 7878 14 the the DT 43431 7878 15 bones bone NNS 43431 7878 16 have have VBP 43431 7878 17 been be VBN 43431 7878 18 dealt deal VBN 43431 7878 19 with with IN 43431 7878 20 . . . 43431 7879 1 For for IN 43431 7879 2 purposes purpose NNS 43431 7879 3 of of IN 43431 7879 4 description description NN 43431 7879 5 the the DT 43431 7879 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 7879 7 may may MD 43431 7879 8 be be VB 43431 7879 9 further further RB 43431 7879 10 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 7879 11 into:-- into:-- NNP 43431 7879 12 1 1 CD 43431 7879 13 . . . 43431 7880 1 The the DT 43431 7880 2 cranium cranium NN 43431 7880 3 proper proper JJ 43431 7880 4 or or CC 43431 7880 5 brain brain NN 43431 7880 6 case case NN 43431 7880 7 . . . 43431 7881 1 2 2 LS 43431 7881 2 . . . 43431 7882 1 The the DT 43431 7882 2 sense sense NN 43431 7882 3 capsules capsule VBZ 43431 7882 4 . . . 43431 7883 1 3 3 LS 43431 7883 2 . . . 43431 7884 1 The the DT 43431 7884 2 upper upper JJ 43431 7884 3 jaw jaw NN 43431 7884 4 . . . 43431 7885 1 1 1 LS 43431 7885 2 . . . 43431 7886 1 THE the DT 43431 7886 2 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 7886 3 PROPER proper NN 43431 7886 4 OR or CC 43431 7886 5 BRAIN BRAIN NNP 43431 7886 6 CASE case NN 43431 7886 7 . . . 43431 7887 1 Taking take VBG 43431 7887 2 the the DT 43431 7887 3 membrane membrane NN 43431 7887 4 and and CC 43431 7887 5 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7887 6 bones bone NNS 43431 7887 7 together together RB 43431 7887 8 , , , 43431 7887 9 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7887 10 are be VBP 43431 7887 11 seen see VBN 43431 7887 12 to to TO 43431 7887 13 be be VB 43431 7887 14 more more RBR 43431 7887 15 or or CC 43431 7887 16 less less RBR 43431 7887 17 arranged arrange VBN 43431 7887 18 in in IN 43431 7887 19 three three CD 43431 7887 20 segments segment NNS 43431 7887 21 , , , 43431 7887 22 which which WDT 43431 7887 23 however however RB 43431 7887 24 must must MD 43431 7887 25 not not RB 43431 7887 26 be be VB 43431 7887 27 regarded regard VBN 43431 7887 28 as as RB 43431 7887 29 homologous homologous JJ 43431 7887 30 with with IN 43431 7887 31 the the DT 43431 7887 32 segments segment NNS 43431 7887 33 forming form VBG 43431 7887 34 the the DT 43431 7887 35 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 7887 36 column column NN 43431 7887 37 . . . 43431 7888 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7888 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7888 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7888 4 . . . 43431 7889 1 71 71 CD 43431 7889 2 . . . 43431 7890 1 DIAGRAM DIAGRAM NNS 43431 7890 2 OF of IN 43431 7890 3 THE the DT 43431 7890 4 RELATIONS relations NN 43431 7890 5 OF of IN 43431 7890 6 THE the DT 43431 7890 7 PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL NNP 43431 7890 8 BONES bone NNS 43431 7890 9 IN in IN 43431 7890 10 THE the DT 43431 7890 11 MAMMALIAN MAMMALIAN NNP 43431 7890 12 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 7890 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7890 14 modified modify VBN 43431 7890 15 after after IN 43431 7890 16 FLOWER FLOWER NNP 43431 7890 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7890 18 . . . 43431 7891 1 Cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7891 2 is be VBZ 43431 7891 3 dotted dot VBN 43431 7891 4 . . . 43431 7892 1 Cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7892 2 bones bone NNS 43431 7892 3 are be VBP 43431 7892 4 marked mark VBN 43431 7892 5 by by IN 43431 7892 6 dots dot NNS 43431 7892 7 and and CC 43431 7892 8 dashes dash NNS 43431 7892 9 , , , 43431 7892 10 membrane membrane NN 43431 7892 11 bones bone NNS 43431 7892 12 are be VBP 43431 7892 13 left leave VBN 43431 7892 14 white white JJ 43431 7892 15 . . . 43431 7893 1 1 1 LS 43431 7893 2 . . . 43431 7893 3 basi basi NN 43431 7893 4 - - HYPH 43431 7893 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 7893 6 . . . 43431 7894 1 2 2 LS 43431 7894 2 . . . 43431 7894 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 7894 4 . . . 43431 7895 1 3 3 LS 43431 7895 2 . . . 43431 7895 3 supra supra NNP 43431 7895 4 - - HYPH 43431 7895 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 7895 6 . . . 43431 7896 1 4 4 LS 43431 7896 2 . . . 43431 7896 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 7896 4 . . . 43431 7897 1 5 5 LS 43431 7897 2 . . . 43431 7897 3 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 7897 4 . . . 43431 7898 1 6 6 LS 43431 7898 2 . . . 43431 7898 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 7898 4 . . . 43431 7899 1 7 7 LS 43431 7899 2 . . . 43431 7899 3 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 7899 4 . . . 43431 7900 1 8 8 LS 43431 7900 2 . . . 43431 7900 3 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 7900 4 . . . 43431 7901 1 9 9 LS 43431 7901 2 . . . 43431 7901 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 7901 4 . . . 43431 7902 1 10 10 LS 43431 7902 2 . . . 43431 7902 3 periotic periotic JJ 43431 7902 4 , , , 43431 7902 5 immediately immediately RB 43431 7902 6 below below IN 43431 7902 7 which which WDT 43431 7902 8 is be VBZ 43431 7902 9 the the DT 43431 7902 10 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 7902 11 . . . 43431 7903 1 11 11 CD 43431 7903 2 . . . 43431 7903 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 7903 4 . . . 43431 7904 1 12 12 CD 43431 7904 2 . . . 43431 7904 3 ethmo ethmo NNP 43431 7904 4 - - HYPH 43431 7904 5 turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 7904 6 . . . 43431 7905 1 13 13 CD 43431 7905 2 . . . 43431 7905 3 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 7905 4 - - HYPH 43431 7905 5 turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 7905 6 . . . 43431 7906 1 14 14 CD 43431 7906 2 . . . 43431 7906 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 7906 4 . . . 43431 7907 1 15 15 CD 43431 7907 2 . . . 43431 7907 3 mesethmoid mesethmoid NNP 43431 7907 4 . . . 43431 7908 1 16 16 CD 43431 7908 2 . . . 43431 7908 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 7908 4 . . . 43431 7909 1 17 17 CD 43431 7909 2 . . . 43431 7909 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 7909 4 . . . 43431 7910 1 18 18 CD 43431 7910 2 . . . 43431 7910 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 7910 4 . . . 43431 7911 1 19 19 CD 43431 7911 2 . . . 43431 7911 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 7911 4 . . . 43431 7912 1 20 20 CD 43431 7912 2 . . . 43431 7912 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 7912 4 . . . 43431 7913 1 21 21 LS 43431 7913 2 . . . 43431 7913 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 7913 4 . . . 43431 7914 1 22 22 CD 43431 7914 2 . . . 43431 7914 3 mandible mandible JJ 43431 7914 4 . . . 43431 7915 1 23 23 CD 43431 7915 2 . . . 43431 7915 3 tympano tympano NNP 43431 7915 4 - - HYPH 43431 7915 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7915 6 . . . 43431 7916 1 24 24 CD 43431 7916 2 . . . 43431 7916 3 stylo stylo NNP 43431 7916 4 - - HYPH 43431 7916 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7916 6 . . . 43431 7917 1 25 25 CD 43431 7917 2 . . . 43431 7917 3 epi epi NNP 43431 7917 4 - - HYPH 43431 7917 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7917 6 . . . 43431 7918 1 26 26 CD 43431 7918 2 . . . 43431 7918 3 basi basi NNP 43431 7918 4 - - HYPH 43431 7918 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7918 6 . . . 43431 7919 1 Between between IN 43431 7919 2 this this DT 43431 7919 3 and and CC 43431 7919 4 the the DT 43431 7919 5 epi epi NNP 43431 7919 6 - - HYPH 43431 7919 7 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7919 8 is be VBZ 43431 7919 9 the the DT 43431 7919 10 cerato cerato NNP 43431 7919 11 - - HYPH 43431 7919 12 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7919 13 . . . 43431 7920 1 27 27 CD 43431 7920 2 . . . 43431 7920 3 thyro thyro NNP 43431 7920 4 - - HYPH 43431 7920 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7920 6 . . . 43431 7921 1 28 28 CD 43431 7921 2 . . . 43431 7921 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 7921 4 . . . 43431 7922 1 Nerve nerve NN 43431 7922 2 exits exit NNS 43431 7922 3 are be VBP 43431 7922 4 indicated indicate VBN 43431 7922 5 by by IN 43431 7922 6 Roman roman JJ 43431 7922 7 numerals numeral NNS 43431 7922 8 . . . 43431 7922 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7923 1 The the DT 43431 7923 2 = = SYM 43431 7923 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7923 4 segment= segment= NN 43431 7923 5 is be VBZ 43431 7923 6 the the DT 43431 7923 7 most most JJS 43431 7923 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 7923 9 of of IN 43431 7923 10 the the DT 43431 7923 11 three three CD 43431 7923 12 , , , 43431 7923 13 and and CC 43431 7923 14 consists consist VBZ 43431 7923 15 of of IN 43431 7923 16 four four CD 43431 7923 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7923 18 bones bone NNS 43431 7923 19 , , , 43431 7923 20 which which WDT 43431 7923 21 in in IN 43431 7923 22 the the DT 43431 7923 23 adult adult NN 43431 7923 24 are be VBP 43431 7923 25 commonly commonly RB 43431 7923 26 completely completely RB 43431 7923 27 fused fuse VBN 43431 7923 28 together together RB 43431 7923 29 . . . 43431 7924 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 7924 2 surround surround VBP 43431 7924 3 the the DT 43431 7924 4 great great JJ 43431 7924 5 = = SYM 43431 7924 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7924 7 magnum= magnum= NNS 43431 7924 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7924 9 fig fig VB 43431 7924 10 . . . 43431 7925 1 75 75 CD 43431 7925 2 , , , 43431 7925 3 2 2 CD 43431 7925 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7925 5 through through IN 43431 7925 6 which which WDT 43431 7925 7 the the DT 43431 7925 8 brain brain NN 43431 7925 9 and and CC 43431 7925 10 spinal spinal JJ 43431 7925 11 cord cord NN 43431 7925 12 communicate communicate NN 43431 7925 13 . . . 43431 7926 1 Forming form VBG 43431 7926 2 the the DT 43431 7926 3 lower low JJR 43431 7926 4 margin margin NN 43431 7926 5 of of IN 43431 7926 6 the the DT 43431 7926 7 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7926 8 magnum magnum NN 43431 7926 9 is be VBZ 43431 7926 10 a a DT 43431 7926 11 large large JJ 43431 7926 12 flat flat JJ 43431 7926 13 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 7926 14 bone bone NN 43431 7926 15 , , , 43431 7926 16 the the DT 43431 7926 17 = = SYM 43431 7926 18 basi basi NNP 43431 7926 19 - - HYPH 43431 7926 20 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 7926 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7926 22 fig fig NN 43431 7926 23 . . . 43431 7927 1 75 75 CD 43431 7927 2 , , , 43431 7927 3 5 5 CD 43431 7927 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7927 5 . . . 43431 7928 1 Above above IN 43431 7928 2 this this DT 43431 7928 3 on on IN 43431 7928 4 each each DT 43431 7928 5 side side NN 43431 7928 6 are be VBP 43431 7928 7 the the DT 43431 7928 8 = = SYM 43431 7928 9 exoccipitals= exoccipitals= NN 43431 7928 10 , , , 43431 7928 11 whose whose WP$ 43431 7928 12 sides side NNS 43431 7928 13 are be VBP 43431 7928 14 drawn draw VBN 43431 7928 15 out out RP 43431 7928 16 into into IN 43431 7928 17 a a DT 43431 7928 18 pair pair NN 43431 7928 19 of of IN 43431 7928 20 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 7928 21 - - HYPH 43431 7928 22 directed direct VBN 43431 7928 23 = = SYM 43431 7928 24 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 7928 25 processes= processes= NN 43431 7928 26 , , , 43431 7928 27 which which WDT 43431 7928 28 are be VBP 43431 7928 29 applied apply VBN 43431 7928 30 to to IN 43431 7928 31 the the DT 43431 7928 32 tympanic tympanic NNP 43431 7928 33 bullae[141 bullae[141 NN 43431 7928 34 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7928 35 . . . 43431 7929 1 The the DT 43431 7929 2 inner inner JJ 43431 7929 3 side side NN 43431 7929 4 of of IN 43431 7929 5 each each DT 43431 7929 6 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 7929 7 is be VBZ 43431 7929 8 converted convert VBN 43431 7929 9 into into IN 43431 7929 10 the the DT 43431 7929 11 large large JJ 43431 7929 12 rounded rounded JJ 43431 7929 13 = = SYM 43431 7929 14 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7929 15 condyle= condyle= NN 43431 7929 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7929 17 fig fig NN 43431 7929 18 . . . 43431 7930 1 72 72 CD 43431 7930 2 , , , 43431 7930 3 13 13 CD 43431 7930 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7930 5 by by IN 43431 7930 6 which which WDT 43431 7930 7 the the DT 43431 7930 8 skull skull NN 43431 7930 9 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 7930 10 with with IN 43431 7930 11 the the DT 43431 7930 12 atlas atlas NNP 43431 7930 13 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 7930 14 . . . 43431 7931 1 The the DT 43431 7931 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 7931 3 boundary boundary NN 43431 7931 4 of of IN 43431 7931 5 the the DT 43431 7931 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7931 7 magnum magnum NN 43431 7931 8 is be VBZ 43431 7931 9 formed form VBN 43431 7931 10 by by IN 43431 7931 11 a a DT 43431 7931 12 large large JJ 43431 7931 13 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 7931 14 flat flat JJ 43431 7931 15 bone bone NN 43431 7931 16 , , , 43431 7931 17 the the DT 43431 7931 18 = = SYM 43431 7931 19 supra supra NNP 43431 7931 20 - - HYPH 43431 7931 21 occipital= occipital= NNP 43431 7931 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7931 23 figs fig NNS 43431 7931 24 . . . 43431 7932 1 72 72 CD 43431 7932 2 and and CC 43431 7932 3 75 75 CD 43431 7932 4 , , , 43431 7932 5 1 1 CD 43431 7932 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7932 7 , , , 43431 7932 8 which which WDT 43431 7932 9 is be VBZ 43431 7932 10 continuous continuous JJ 43431 7932 11 with with IN 43431 7932 12 a a DT 43431 7932 13 small small JJ 43431 7932 14 bone bone NN 43431 7932 15 , , , 43431 7932 16 the the DT 43431 7932 17 _ _ NNP 43431 7932 18 interparietal interparietal NN 43431 7932 19 _ _ NNP 43431 7932 20 , , , 43431 7932 21 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 7932 22 forwards forwards RB 43431 7932 23 between between IN 43431 7932 24 the the DT 43431 7932 25 parietal parietal JJ 43431 7932 26 bones bone NNS 43431 7932 27 of of IN 43431 7932 28 the the DT 43431 7932 29 next next JJ 43431 7932 30 segment segment NN 43431 7932 31 . . . 43431 7933 1 In in IN 43431 7933 2 old old JJ 43431 7933 3 animals animal NNS 43431 7933 4 the the DT 43431 7933 5 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 7933 6 forms form NNS 43431 7933 7 the the DT 43431 7933 8 hind hind JJ 43431 7933 9 part part NN 43431 7933 10 of of IN 43431 7933 11 a a DT 43431 7933 12 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7933 13 ridge ridge NN 43431 7933 14 running run VBG 43431 7933 15 along along IN 43431 7933 16 the the DT 43431 7933 17 mid mid JJ 43431 7933 18 - - JJ 43431 7933 19 dorsal dorsal JJ 43431 7933 20 surface surface NN 43431 7933 21 of of IN 43431 7933 22 the the DT 43431 7933 23 skull skull NN 43431 7933 24 and and CC 43431 7933 25 called call VBD 43431 7933 26 the the DT 43431 7933 27 = = SYM 43431 7933 28 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 7933 29 crest= crest= NN 43431 7933 30 , , , 43431 7933 31 while while IN 43431 7933 32 the the DT 43431 7933 33 junction junction NN 43431 7933 34 line line NN 43431 7933 35 of of IN 43431 7933 36 the the DT 43431 7933 37 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7933 38 and and CC 43431 7933 39 parietal parietal JJ 43431 7933 40 segments segment NNS 43431 7933 41 forms form VBZ 43431 7933 42 a a DT 43431 7933 43 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7933 44 = = SYM 43431 7933 45 occipital occipital NN 43431 7933 46 crest=. crest=. . 43431 7934 1 The the DT 43431 7934 2 plane plane NN 43431 7934 3 in in IN 43431 7934 4 which which WDT 43431 7934 5 the the DT 43431 7934 6 bones bone NNS 43431 7934 7 of of IN 43431 7934 8 the the DT 43431 7934 9 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7934 10 segment segment NN 43431 7934 11 lie lie NN 43431 7934 12 is be VBZ 43431 7934 13 called call VBN 43431 7934 14 the the DT 43431 7934 15 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7934 16 plane plane NN 43431 7934 17 ; ; : 43431 7934 18 the the DT 43431 7934 19 angle angle NN 43431 7934 20 that that WDT 43431 7934 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 7934 22 makes make VBZ 43431 7934 23 with with IN 43431 7934 24 the the DT 43431 7934 25 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 7934 26 axis axis NNP 43431 7934 27 varies vary VBZ 43431 7934 28 much much JJ 43431 7934 29 in in IN 43431 7934 30 different different JJ 43431 7934 31 mammals mammal NNS 43431 7934 32 . . . 43431 7935 1 The the DT 43431 7935 2 = = SYM 43431 7935 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 7935 4 segment= segment= NN 43431 7935 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 7935 6 of of IN 43431 7935 7 both both CC 43431 7935 8 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 7935 9 and and CC 43431 7935 10 membrane membrane NN 43431 7935 11 bones bone NNS 43431 7935 12 . . . 43431 7936 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 7936 2 is be VBZ 43431 7936 3 formed form VBN 43431 7936 4 of of IN 43431 7936 5 five five CD 43431 7936 6 bones bone NNS 43431 7936 7 , , , 43431 7936 8 which which WDT 43431 7936 9 are be VBP 43431 7936 10 in in IN 43431 7936 11 contact contact NN 43431 7936 12 with with IN 43431 7936 13 those those DT 43431 7936 14 of of IN 43431 7936 15 the the DT 43431 7936 16 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7936 17 segment segment NN 43431 7936 18 on on IN 43431 7936 19 the the DT 43431 7936 20 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 7936 21 and and CC 43431 7936 22 ventral ventral JJ 43431 7936 23 surfaces surface NNS 43431 7936 24 , , , 43431 7936 25 while while IN 43431 7936 26 laterally laterally RB 43431 7936 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 7936 28 are be VBP 43431 7936 29 separated separate VBN 43431 7936 30 by by IN 43431 7936 31 the the DT 43431 7936 32 interposition interposition NN 43431 7936 33 of of IN 43431 7936 34 the the DT 43431 7936 35 auditory auditory JJ 43431 7936 36 bones bone NNS 43431 7936 37 , , , 43431 7936 38 and and CC 43431 7936 39 to to IN 43431 7936 40 some some DT 43431 7936 41 extent extent NN 43431 7936 42 of of IN 43431 7936 43 the the DT 43431 7936 44 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 7936 45 . . . 43431 7937 1 The the DT 43431 7937 2 = = SYM 43431 7937 3 basisphenoid= basisphenoid= NN 43431 7937 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7937 5 fig fig NN 43431 7937 6 . . . 43431 7938 1 75 75 CD 43431 7938 2 , , , 43431 7938 3 6 6 CD 43431 7938 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7938 5 , , , 43431 7938 6 an an DT 43431 7938 7 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 7938 8 bone bone NN 43431 7938 9 forming form VBG 43431 7938 10 the the DT 43431 7938 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 7938 12 member member NN 43431 7938 13 of of IN 43431 7938 14 this this DT 43431 7938 15 segment segment NN 43431 7938 16 , , , 43431 7938 17 is be VBZ 43431 7938 18 the the DT 43431 7938 19 direct direct JJ 43431 7938 20 continuation continuation NN 43431 7938 21 of of IN 43431 7938 22 the the DT 43431 7938 23 basi basi NN 43431 7938 24 - - HYPH 43431 7938 25 occipital occipital NN 43431 7938 26 . . . 43431 7939 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 7939 2 tapers taper VBZ 43431 7939 3 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 7939 4 , , , 43431 7939 5 but but CC 43431 7939 6 is be VBZ 43431 7939 7 rather rather RB 43431 7939 8 deep deep RB 43431 7939 9 vertically vertically RB 43431 7939 10 , , , 43431 7939 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7939 12 upper upper JJ 43431 7939 13 or or CC 43431 7939 14 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 7939 15 surface surface NN 43431 7939 16 bearing bear VBG 43431 7939 17 a a DT 43431 7939 18 depression depression NN 43431 7939 19 , , , 43431 7939 20 the the DT 43431 7939 21 = = SYM 43431 7939 22 sella sella NNP 43431 7939 23 turcica= turcica= NNP 43431 7939 24 , , , 43431 7939 25 which which WDT 43431 7939 26 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 7939 27 the the DT 43431 7939 28 pituitary pituitary JJ 43431 7939 29 body body NN 43431 7939 30 of of IN 43431 7939 31 the the DT 43431 7939 32 brain brain NN 43431 7939 33 . . . 43431 7940 1 From from IN 43431 7940 2 the the DT 43431 7940 3 sides side NNS 43431 7940 4 of of IN 43431 7940 5 the the DT 43431 7940 6 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 7940 7 arise arise VB 43431 7940 8 the the DT 43431 7940 9 = = SYM 43431 7940 10 alisphenoids= alisphenoids= NN 43431 7940 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7940 12 fig fig NN 43431 7940 13 . . . 43431 7941 1 75 75 CD 43431 7941 2 , , , 43431 7941 3 11 11 CD 43431 7941 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7941 5 a a DT 43431 7941 6 pair pair NN 43431 7941 7 of of IN 43431 7941 8 bones bone NNS 43431 7941 9 of of IN 43431 7941 10 irregular irregular JJ 43431 7941 11 shape shape NN 43431 7941 12 generally generally RB 43431 7941 13 described describe VBN 43431 7941 14 as as IN 43431 7941 15 wing wing NN 43431 7941 16 - - HYPH 43431 7941 17 like like IN 43431 7941 18 ; ; : 43431 7941 19 each each DT 43431 7941 20 gives give VBZ 43431 7941 21 off off RP 43431 7941 22 from from IN 43431 7941 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7941 24 lower low JJR 43431 7941 25 surface surface NN 43431 7941 26 a a DT 43431 7941 27 = = SYM 43431 7941 28 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 7941 29 plate= plate= NN 43431 7941 30 , , , 43431 7941 31 which which WDT 43431 7941 32 is be VBZ 43431 7941 33 united unite VBN 43431 7941 34 in in IN 43431 7941 35 front front NN 43431 7941 36 with with IN 43431 7941 37 the the DT 43431 7941 38 palatine palatine NN 43431 7941 39 , , , 43431 7941 40 and and CC 43431 7941 41 below below RB 43431 7941 42 with with IN 43431 7941 43 the the DT 43431 7941 44 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 7941 45 . . . 43431 7942 1 The the DT 43431 7942 2 alisphenoids alisphenoid NNS 43431 7942 3 are be VBP 43431 7942 4 united united JJ 43431 7942 5 above above RB 43431 7942 6 with with IN 43431 7942 7 a a DT 43431 7942 8 pair pair NN 43431 7942 9 of of IN 43431 7942 10 large large JJ 43431 7942 11 nearly nearly RB 43431 7942 12 square square JJ 43431 7942 13 bones bone NNS 43431 7942 14 , , , 43431 7942 15 the the DT 43431 7942 16 _ _ NNP 43431 7942 17 parietals parietal NNS 43431 7942 18 _ _ NNP 43431 7942 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7942 20 fig fig NN 43431 7942 21 . . . 43431 7943 1 73 73 CD 43431 7943 2 , , , 43431 7943 3 2 2 CD 43431 7943 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7943 5 , , , 43431 7943 6 which which WDT 43431 7943 7 meet meet VBP 43431 7943 8 one one NN 43431 7943 9 another another DT 43431 7943 10 in in IN 43431 7943 11 the the DT 43431 7943 12 mid mid JJ 43431 7943 13 - - JJ 43431 7943 14 dorsal dorsal JJ 43431 7943 15 line line NN 43431 7943 16 . . . 43431 7944 1 The the DT 43431 7944 2 line line NN 43431 7944 3 of of IN 43431 7944 4 junction junction NN 43431 7944 5 is be VBZ 43431 7944 6 frequently frequently RB 43431 7944 7 drawn draw VBN 43431 7944 8 out out RP 43431 7944 9 into into IN 43431 7944 10 a a DT 43431 7944 11 strong strong JJ 43431 7944 12 ridge ridge NN 43431 7944 13 , , , 43431 7944 14 which which WDT 43431 7944 15 forms form VBZ 43431 7944 16 the the DT 43431 7944 17 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7944 18 part part NN 43431 7944 19 of of IN 43431 7944 20 the the DT 43431 7944 21 = = SYM 43431 7944 22 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 7944 23 crest=. crest=. . 43431 7945 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7945 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7945 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7945 4 . . . 43431 7946 1 72 72 CD 43431 7946 2 . . . 43431 7947 1 VERTICAL VERTICAL NNP 43431 7947 2 LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL NNP 43431 7947 3 SECTION section NN 43431 7947 4 TAKEN TAKEN NNP 43431 7947 5 A a NN 43431 7947 6 LITTLE little NN 43431 7947 7 TO to IN 43431 7947 8 THE the DT 43431 7947 9 LEFT left NN 43431 7947 10 OF of IN 43431 7947 11 THE the DT 43431 7947 12 MIDDLE MIDDLE NNP 43431 7947 13 LINE LINE NNP 43431 7947 14 THROUGH THROUGH VBD 43431 7947 15 THE the DT 43431 7947 16 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 7947 17 OF of IN 43431 7947 18 A a DT 43431 7947 19 DOG DOG NNP 43431 7947 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7947 21 _ _ NNP 43431 7947 22 Canis Canis NNP 43431 7947 23 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 7947 24 _ _ NNP 43431 7947 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7947 26 à à NNP 43431 7947 27 � � NNP 43431 7947 28 3/5 3/5 CD 43431 7947 29 . . . 43431 7948 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7948 2 Camb camb NN 43431 7948 3 . . . 43431 7949 1 Mus mus NN 43431 7949 2 . . . 43431 7949 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7950 1 1 1 LS 43431 7950 2 . . . 43431 7950 3 supra supra NNP 43431 7950 4 - - HYPH 43431 7950 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 7950 6 . . . 43431 7951 1 2 2 LS 43431 7951 2 . . . 43431 7951 3 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 7951 4 . . . 43431 7952 1 3 3 LS 43431 7952 2 . . . 43431 7952 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 7952 4 . . . 43431 7953 1 4 4 LS 43431 7953 2 . . . 43431 7953 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 7953 4 . . . 43431 7954 1 5 5 LS 43431 7954 2 . . . 43431 7954 3 cribriform cribriform NN 43431 7954 4 plate plate NN 43431 7954 5 . . . 43431 7955 1 6 6 LS 43431 7955 2 . . . 43431 7955 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 7955 4 . . . 43431 7956 1 7 7 LS 43431 7956 2 . . . 43431 7956 3 mesethmoid mesethmoid NNP 43431 7956 4 . . . 43431 7957 1 8 8 LS 43431 7957 2 . . . 43431 7957 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 7957 4 . . . 43431 7958 1 9 9 LS 43431 7958 2 . . . 43431 7958 3 vomer vomer NN 43431 7958 4 . . . 43431 7959 1 10 10 CD 43431 7959 2 . . . 43431 7959 3 ethmo ethmo NNP 43431 7959 4 - - HYPH 43431 7959 5 turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 7959 6 . . . 43431 7960 1 11 11 CD 43431 7960 2 . . . 43431 7960 3 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 7960 4 - - HYPH 43431 7960 5 turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 7960 6 . . . 43431 7961 1 12 12 CD 43431 7961 2 . . . 43431 7961 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 7961 4 . . . 43431 7962 1 13 13 CD 43431 7962 2 . . . 43431 7962 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7962 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 7962 5 . . . 43431 7963 1 14 14 CD 43431 7963 2 . . . 43431 7963 3 basi basi NN 43431 7963 4 - - HYPH 43431 7963 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 7963 6 . . . 43431 7964 1 15 15 CD 43431 7964 2 . . . 43431 7964 3 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 7964 4 bulla bulla NN 43431 7964 5 . . . 43431 7965 1 16 16 CD 43431 7965 2 . . . 43431 7965 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 7965 4 . . . 43431 7966 1 17 17 CD 43431 7966 2 . . . 43431 7966 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 7966 4 . . . 43431 7967 1 18 18 CD 43431 7967 2 . . . 43431 7967 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 7967 4 . . . 43431 7968 1 19 19 CD 43431 7968 2 . . . 43431 7968 3 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 7968 4 . . . 43431 7969 1 20 20 CD 43431 7969 2 . . . 43431 7969 3 internal internal JJ 43431 7969 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 7969 5 meatus meatus NNP 43431 7969 6 . . . 43431 7970 1 21 21 CD 43431 7970 2 . . . 43431 7970 3 tentorium tentorium NNP 43431 7970 4 . . . 43431 7971 1 22 22 CD 43431 7971 2 . . . 43431 7971 3 foramen foramen NNP 43431 7971 4 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 7971 5 posterius posterius NNP 43431 7971 6 . . . 43431 7972 1 23 23 CD 43431 7972 2 . . . 43431 7972 3 floccular floccular JJ 43431 7972 4 fossa fossa NN 43431 7972 5 . . . 43431 7973 1 24 24 CD 43431 7973 2 . . . 43431 7973 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 7973 4 process process NN 43431 7973 5 . . . 43431 7974 1 25 25 CD 43431 7974 2 . . . 43431 7974 3 condyle condyle NN 43431 7974 4 . . . 43431 7975 1 26 26 CD 43431 7975 2 . . . 43431 7975 3 angle angle NNP 43431 7975 4 . . . 43431 7976 1 27 27 CD 43431 7976 2 . . . 43431 7976 3 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 7976 4 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 7976 5 . . . 43431 7977 1 28 28 CD 43431 7977 2 . . . 43431 7977 3 inferior inferior JJ 43431 7977 4 dental dental JJ 43431 7977 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7977 6 . . . 43431 7978 1 29 29 CD 43431 7978 2 . . . 43431 7978 3 stylo stylo NNP 43431 7978 4 - - HYPH 43431 7978 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7978 6 . . . 43431 7979 1 30 30 CD 43431 7979 2 . . . 43431 7979 3 epi epi NNP 43431 7979 4 - - HYPH 43431 7979 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7979 6 . . . 43431 7980 1 31 31 CD 43431 7980 2 . . . 43431 7980 3 cerato cerato NNP 43431 7980 4 - - HYPH 43431 7980 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7980 6 . . . 43431 7981 1 32 32 CD 43431 7981 2 . . . 43431 7981 3 basi basi NNP 43431 7981 4 - - HYPH 43431 7981 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7981 6 . . . 43431 7982 1 33 33 CD 43431 7982 2 . . . 43431 7982 3 thyro thyro NNP 43431 7982 4 - - HYPH 43431 7982 5 hyal hyal NNP 43431 7982 6 . . . 43431 7983 1 XII XII NNP 43431 7983 2 . . . 43431 7984 1 condylar condylar JJ 43431 7984 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 7984 3 . . . 43431 7984 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 7985 1 The the DT 43431 7985 2 = = SYM 43431 7985 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 7985 4 segment= segment= NN 43431 7985 5 , , , 43431 7985 6 which which WDT 43431 7985 7 surrounds surround VBZ 43431 7985 8 the the DT 43431 7985 9 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7985 10 part part NN 43431 7985 11 of of IN 43431 7985 12 the the DT 43431 7985 13 brain brain NN 43431 7985 14 , , , 43431 7985 15 is be VBZ 43431 7985 16 closely closely RB 43431 7985 17 connected connected JJ 43431 7985 18 along along IN 43431 7985 19 almost almost RB 43431 7985 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7985 21 whole whole JJ 43431 7985 22 posterior posterior NN 43431 7985 23 border border NN 43431 7985 24 with with IN 43431 7985 25 the the DT 43431 7985 26 parietal parietal JJ 43431 7985 27 segment segment NN 43431 7985 28 . . . 43431 7986 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 7986 2 base base NN 43431 7986 3 is be VBZ 43431 7986 4 formed form VBN 43431 7986 5 by by IN 43431 7986 6 the the DT 43431 7986 7 = = SYM 43431 7986 8 presphenoid= presphenoid= NN 43431 7986 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7986 10 fig fig NN 43431 7986 11 . . . 43431 7987 1 75 75 CD 43431 7987 2 , , , 43431 7987 3 12 12 CD 43431 7987 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7987 5 , , , 43431 7987 6 a a DT 43431 7987 7 very very RB 43431 7987 8 deep deep JJ 43431 7987 9 unpaired unpaired JJ 43431 7987 10 bone bone NN 43431 7987 11 , , , 43431 7987 12 narrow narrow JJ 43431 7987 13 and and CC 43431 7987 14 compressed compress VBN 43431 7987 15 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 7987 16 , , , 43431 7987 17 and and CC 43431 7987 18 with with IN 43431 7987 19 an an DT 43431 7987 20 irregular irregular JJ 43431 7987 21 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 7987 22 surface surface NN 43431 7987 23 . . . 43431 7988 1 The the DT 43431 7988 2 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 7988 3 is be VBZ 43431 7988 4 continuous continuous JJ 43431 7988 5 with with IN 43431 7988 6 a a DT 43431 7988 7 second second JJ 43431 7988 8 pair pair NN 43431 7988 9 of of IN 43431 7988 10 wing wing NN 43431 7988 11 - - HYPH 43431 7988 12 like like JJ 43431 7988 13 bones bone NNS 43431 7988 14 , , , 43431 7988 15 the the DT 43431 7988 16 = = -RRB- 43431 7988 17 orbitosphenoids=. orbitosphenoids=. FW 43431 7989 1 Each each DT 43431 7989 2 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NN 43431 7989 3 meets meet VBZ 43431 7989 4 the the DT 43431 7989 5 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 7989 6 behind behind RB 43431 7989 7 , , , 43431 7989 8 but but CC 43431 7989 9 the the DT 43431 7989 10 relations relation NNS 43431 7989 11 of of IN 43431 7989 12 the the DT 43431 7989 13 parts part NNS 43431 7989 14 in in IN 43431 7989 15 this this DT 43431 7989 16 region region NN 43431 7989 17 are be VBP 43431 7989 18 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 7989 19 obscured obscure VBN 43431 7989 20 by by IN 43431 7989 21 a a DT 43431 7989 22 number number NN 43431 7989 23 of of IN 43431 7989 24 large large JJ 43431 7989 25 foramina foramina NN 43431 7989 26 piercing pierce VBG 43431 7989 27 the the DT 43431 7989 28 bones bone NNS 43431 7989 29 , , , 43431 7989 30 and and CC 43431 7989 31 also also RB 43431 7989 32 by by IN 43431 7989 33 an an DT 43431 7989 34 irregular irregular JJ 43431 7989 35 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 7989 36 , , , 43431 7989 37 the the DT 43431 7989 38 = = SYM 43431 7989 39 foramen foramen NNP 43431 7989 40 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 7989 41 anterius= anterius= NNP 43431 7989 42 or or CC 43431 7989 43 = = SYM 43431 7989 44 sphenoidal sphenoidal NN 43431 7989 45 fissure= fissure= NN 43431 7989 46 , , , 43431 7989 47 which which WDT 43431 7989 48 lies lie VBZ 43431 7989 49 between between IN 43431 7989 50 the the DT 43431 7989 51 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 7989 52 and and CC 43431 7989 53 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 7989 54 , , , 43431 7989 55 separating separate VBG 43431 7989 56 the the DT 43431 7989 57 lateral lateral JJ 43431 7989 58 parts part NNS 43431 7989 59 of of IN 43431 7989 60 the the DT 43431 7989 61 parietal parietal JJ 43431 7989 62 and and CC 43431 7989 63 frontal frontal JJ 43431 7989 64 segments segment NNS 43431 7989 65 , , , 43431 7989 66 in in IN 43431 7989 67 the the DT 43431 7989 68 same same JJ 43431 7989 69 way way NN 43431 7989 70 as as IN 43431 7989 71 the the DT 43431 7989 72 space space NN 43431 7989 73 occupied occupy VBN 43431 7989 74 by by IN 43431 7989 75 the the DT 43431 7989 76 auditory auditory JJ 43431 7989 77 bones bone NNS 43431 7989 78 separates separate VBZ 43431 7989 79 the the DT 43431 7989 80 lateral lateral JJ 43431 7989 81 parts part NNS 43431 7989 82 of of IN 43431 7989 83 the the DT 43431 7989 84 occipital occipital JJ 43431 7989 85 and and CC 43431 7989 86 parietal parietal JJ 43431 7989 87 segments segment NNS 43431 7989 88 . . . 43431 7990 1 The the DT 43431 7990 2 orbitosphenoids orbitosphenoid NNS 43431 7990 3 pass pass VBP 43431 7990 4 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 7990 5 forwards forwards RB 43431 7990 6 and and CC 43431 7990 7 upwards upwards RB 43431 7990 8 , , , 43431 7990 9 and and CC 43431 7990 10 are be VBP 43431 7990 11 united united JJ 43431 7990 12 above above RB 43431 7990 13 with with IN 43431 7990 14 a a DT 43431 7990 15 second second JJ 43431 7990 16 pair pair NN 43431 7990 17 of of IN 43431 7990 18 large large JJ 43431 7990 19 membrane membrane NN 43431 7990 20 bones bone NNS 43431 7990 21 , , , 43431 7990 22 the the DT 43431 7990 23 _ _ NNP 43431 7990 24 frontals frontal VBZ 43431 7990 25 _ _ NNP 43431 7990 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7990 27 fig fig NN 43431 7990 28 . . . 43431 7991 1 73 73 CD 43431 7991 2 , , , 43431 7991 3 3 3 CD 43431 7991 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7991 5 . . . 43431 7992 1 The the DT 43431 7992 2 outer outer JJ 43431 7992 3 side side NN 43431 7992 4 of of IN 43431 7992 5 each each DT 43431 7992 6 frontal frontal NN 43431 7992 7 is be VBZ 43431 7992 8 drawn draw VBN 43431 7992 9 out out RP 43431 7992 10 into into IN 43431 7992 11 a a DT 43431 7992 12 rather rather RB 43431 7992 13 prominent prominent JJ 43431 7992 14 rounded rounded JJ 43431 7992 15 = = SYM 43431 7992 16 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 7992 17 process= process= NN 43431 7992 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7992 19 fig fig NN 43431 7992 20 . . . 43431 7993 1 73 73 CD 43431 7993 2 , , , 43431 7993 3 10 10 CD 43431 7993 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7993 5 , , , 43431 7993 6 from from IN 43431 7993 7 which which WDT 43431 7993 8 a a DT 43431 7993 9 ridge ridge NN 43431 7993 10 converges converge VBZ 43431 7993 11 backwards backwards RB 43431 7993 12 to to TO 43431 7993 13 meet meet VB 43431 7993 14 the the DT 43431 7993 15 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 7993 16 crest crest NN 43431 7993 17 . . . 43431 7994 1 The the DT 43431 7994 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 7994 3 part part NN 43431 7994 4 of of IN 43431 7994 5 the the DT 43431 7994 6 frontal frontal NN 43431 7994 7 is be VBZ 43431 7994 8 produced produce VBN 43431 7994 9 to to TO 43431 7994 10 form form VB 43431 7994 11 the the DT 43431 7994 12 long long JJ 43431 7994 13 nasal nasal NN 43431 7994 14 process process NN 43431 7994 15 , , , 43431 7994 16 which which WDT 43431 7994 17 is be VBZ 43431 7994 18 wedged wedge VBN 43431 7994 19 in in RP 43431 7994 20 between between IN 43431 7994 21 the the DT 43431 7994 22 nasal nasal NN 43431 7994 23 and and CC 43431 7994 24 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 7994 25 . . . 43431 7995 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 7995 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 7995 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 7995 4 . . . 43431 7996 1 73 73 CD 43431 7996 2 . . . 43431 7997 1 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 7997 2 VIEW view NN 43431 7997 3 OF of IN 43431 7997 4 THE the DT 43431 7997 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 7997 6 OF of IN 43431 7997 7 A a DT 43431 7997 8 DOG DOG NNP 43431 7997 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 7997 10 _ _ NNP 43431 7997 11 Canis Canis NNP 43431 7997 12 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 7997 13 _ _ NNP 43431 7997 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 7997 15 à à NNP 43431 7997 16 � � NNP 43431 7997 17 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 7997 18 . . . 43431 7998 1 1 1 LS 43431 7998 2 . . . 43431 7998 3 supra supra NNP 43431 7998 4 - - HYPH 43431 7998 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 7998 6 . . . 43431 7999 1 2 2 LS 43431 7999 2 . . . 43431 7999 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 7999 4 . . . 43431 8000 1 3 3 LS 43431 8000 2 . . . 43431 8000 3 frontal frontal NN 43431 8000 4 . . . 43431 8001 1 4 4 LS 43431 8001 2 . . . 43431 8001 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 8001 4 . . . 43431 8002 1 5 5 LS 43431 8002 2 . . . 43431 8002 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8002 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8002 5 facial facial JJ 43431 8002 6 portion portion NN 43431 8002 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8002 8 . . . 43431 8003 1 6 6 LS 43431 8003 2 . . . 43431 8003 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 8003 4 . . . 43431 8004 1 7 7 LS 43431 8004 2 . . . 43431 8004 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 8004 4 . . . 43431 8005 1 8 8 LS 43431 8005 2 . . . 43431 8005 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 8005 4 . . . 43431 8006 1 10 10 CD 43431 8006 2 . . . 43431 8006 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 8006 4 process process NN 43431 8006 5 of of IN 43431 8006 6 frontal frontal NN 43431 8006 7 . . . 43431 8007 1 11 11 LS 43431 8007 2 . . . 43431 8007 3 infra infra NN 43431 8007 4 - - HYPH 43431 8007 5 orbital orbital JJ 43431 8007 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8007 7 . . . 43431 8008 1 12 12 CD 43431 8008 2 . . . 43431 8008 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8008 4 palatine palatine NNP 43431 8008 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8008 6 . . . 43431 8009 1 13 13 CD 43431 8009 2 . . . 43431 8009 3 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 8009 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8009 5 . . . 43431 8010 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8010 2 i i PRP 43431 8010 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8010 4 1 1 CD 43431 8010 5 . . . 43431 8010 6 first first JJ 43431 8010 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 8010 8 . . . 43431 8011 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8011 2 c. c. NNP 43431 8011 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8011 4 canine canine NN 43431 8011 5 . . . 43431 8012 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8012 2 pm pm NNP 43431 8012 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8012 4 4 4 CD 43431 8012 5 . . . 43431 8012 6 fourth fourth RB 43431 8012 7 premolar premolar NNP 43431 8012 8 . . . 43431 8012 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8013 1 The the DT 43431 8013 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8013 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 8013 4 is be VBZ 43431 8013 5 continuous continuous JJ 43431 8013 6 in in IN 43431 8013 7 front front NN 43431 8013 8 with with IN 43431 8013 9 the the DT 43431 8013 10 = = SYM 43431 8013 11 nasal= nasal= NN 43431 8013 12 or or CC 43431 8013 13 = = SYM 43431 8013 14 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8013 15 cavities= cavities= NN 43431 8013 16 , , , 43431 8013 17 but but CC 43431 8013 18 the the DT 43431 8013 19 passage passage NN 43431 8013 20 is be VBZ 43431 8013 21 partially partially RB 43431 8013 22 closed close VBN 43431 8013 23 by by IN 43431 8013 24 a a DT 43431 8013 25 screen screen NN 43431 8013 26 of of IN 43431 8013 27 bone bone NN 43431 8013 28 , , , 43431 8013 29 the the DT 43431 8013 30 = = SYM 43431 8013 31 cribriform cribriform NN 43431 8013 32 plate= plate= NN 43431 8013 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8013 34 fig fig NN 43431 8013 35 . . . 43431 8014 1 72 72 CD 43431 8014 2 , , , 43431 8014 3 5 5 CD 43431 8014 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8014 5 , , , 43431 8014 6 which which WDT 43431 8014 7 is be VBZ 43431 8014 8 placed place VBN 43431 8014 9 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 8014 10 across across IN 43431 8014 11 the the DT 43431 8014 12 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8014 13 end end NN 43431 8014 14 of of IN 43431 8014 15 the the DT 43431 8014 16 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8014 17 cavity cavity NN 43431 8014 18 , , , 43431 8014 19 and and CC 43431 8014 20 is be VBZ 43431 8014 21 perforated perforate VBN 43431 8014 22 by by IN 43431 8014 23 a a DT 43431 8014 24 number number NN 43431 8014 25 of of IN 43431 8014 26 holes hole NNS 43431 8014 27 through through IN 43431 8014 28 which which WDT 43431 8014 29 the the DT 43431 8014 30 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8014 31 nerves nerve NNS 43431 8014 32 pass pass VBP 43431 8014 33 . . . 43431 8015 1 The the DT 43431 8015 2 plane plane NN 43431 8015 3 of of IN 43431 8015 4 the the DT 43431 8015 5 cribriform cribriform NN 43431 8015 6 plate plate NN 43431 8015 7 is be VBZ 43431 8015 8 called call VBN 43431 8015 9 the the DT 43431 8015 10 = = SYM 43431 8015 11 ethmoidal ethmoidal NN 43431 8015 12 plane= plane= NN 43431 8015 13 , , , 43431 8015 14 and and CC 43431 8015 15 as as IN 43431 8015 16 was be VBD 43431 8015 17 the the DT 43431 8015 18 case case NN 43431 8015 19 also also RB 43431 8015 20 with with IN 43431 8015 21 the the DT 43431 8015 22 occipital occipital JJ 43431 8015 23 plane plane NN 43431 8015 24 , , , 43431 8015 25 the the DT 43431 8015 26 angle angle NN 43431 8015 27 that that WDT 43431 8015 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8015 29 makes make VBZ 43431 8015 30 with with IN 43431 8015 31 the the DT 43431 8015 32 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 8015 33 axis axis NNP 43431 8015 34 varies vary VBZ 43431 8015 35 much much JJ 43431 8015 36 in in IN 43431 8015 37 different different JJ 43431 8015 38 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8015 39 , , , 43431 8015 40 and and CC 43431 8015 41 is be VBZ 43431 8015 42 of of IN 43431 8015 43 importance importance NN 43431 8015 44 . . . 43431 8016 1 The the DT 43431 8016 2 = = SYM 43431 8016 3 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8016 4 fossa= fossa= NN 43431 8016 5 in in IN 43431 8016 6 which which WDT 43431 8016 7 lie lie VBP 43431 8016 8 the the DT 43431 8016 9 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8016 10 lobes lobe NNS 43431 8016 11 of of IN 43431 8016 12 the the DT 43431 8016 13 brain brain NN 43431 8016 14 , , , 43431 8016 15 is be VBZ 43431 8016 16 partially partially RB 43431 8016 17 separated separate VBN 43431 8016 18 from from IN 43431 8016 19 the the DT 43431 8016 20 = = SYM 43431 8016 21 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 8016 22 fossa= fossa= NN 43431 8016 23 , , , 43431 8016 24 or or CC 43431 8016 25 cavity cavity NN 43431 8016 26 occupied occupy VBN 43431 8016 27 by by IN 43431 8016 28 the the DT 43431 8016 29 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 8016 30 hemispheres hemisphere NNS 43431 8016 31 , , , 43431 8016 32 by by IN 43431 8016 33 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8016 34 on on IN 43431 8016 35 the the DT 43431 8016 36 orbitosphenoids orbitosphenoid NNS 43431 8016 37 and and CC 43431 8016 38 frontals frontal NNS 43431 8016 39 . . . 43431 8017 1 The the DT 43431 8017 2 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 8017 3 is be VBZ 43431 8017 4 connected connect VBN 43431 8017 5 in in IN 43431 8017 6 front front NN 43431 8017 7 with with IN 43431 8017 8 a a DT 43431 8017 9 vertical vertical JJ 43431 8017 10 plate plate NN 43431 8017 11 formed form VBN 43431 8017 12 partly partly RB 43431 8017 13 of of IN 43431 8017 14 bone bone NN 43431 8017 15 , , , 43431 8017 16 partly partly RB 43431 8017 17 of of IN 43431 8017 18 unossified unossified JJ 43431 8017 19 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8017 20 ; ; : 43431 8017 21 this this DT 43431 8017 22 plate plate NN 43431 8017 23 , , , 43431 8017 24 the the DT 43431 8017 25 = = SYM 43431 8017 26 mesethmoid= mesethmoid= NN 43431 8017 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8017 28 fig fig NN 43431 8017 29 . . . 43431 8018 1 72 72 CD 43431 8018 2 , , , 43431 8018 3 7 7 CD 43431 8018 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8018 5 , , , 43431 8018 6 separates separate VBZ 43431 8018 7 the the DT 43431 8018 8 two two CD 43431 8018 9 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8018 10 cavities cavity NNS 43431 8018 11 which which WDT 43431 8018 12 lodge lodge VBP 43431 8018 13 the the DT 43431 8018 14 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8018 15 organs organ NNS 43431 8018 16 . . . 43431 8019 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8019 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 8019 3 end end NN 43431 8019 4 always always RB 43431 8019 5 remains remain VBZ 43431 8019 6 unossified unossified JJ 43431 8019 7 , , , 43431 8019 8 and and CC 43431 8019 9 forms form VBZ 43431 8019 10 the the DT 43431 8019 11 septal septal JJ 43431 8019 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8019 13 of of IN 43431 8019 14 the the DT 43431 8019 15 nose nose NN 43431 8019 16 . . . 43431 8020 1 The the DT 43431 8020 2 brain brain NN 43431 8020 3 case case NN 43431 8020 4 may may MD 43431 8020 5 then then RB 43431 8020 6 , , , 43431 8020 7 to to TO 43431 8020 8 use use VB 43431 8020 9 the the DT 43431 8020 10 words word NNS 43431 8020 11 of of IN 43431 8020 12 Sir Sir NNP 43431 8020 13 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 8021 1 Flower flower NN 43431 8021 2 , , , 43431 8021 3 be be VB 43431 8021 4 described describe VBN 43431 8021 5 as as IN 43431 8021 6 a a DT 43431 8021 7 tube tube NN 43431 8021 8 dilated dilate VBN 43431 8021 9 in in IN 43431 8021 10 the the DT 43431 8021 11 middle middle NN 43431 8021 12 and and CC 43431 8021 13 composed composed JJ 43431 8021 14 of of IN 43431 8021 15 three three CD 43431 8021 16 bony bony NN 43431 8021 17 rings ring NNS 43431 8021 18 or or CC 43431 8021 19 segments segment NNS 43431 8021 20 , , , 43431 8021 21 with with IN 43431 8021 22 an an DT 43431 8021 23 aperture aperture NN 43431 8021 24 at at IN 43431 8021 25 each each DT 43431 8021 26 end end NN 43431 8021 27 , , , 43431 8021 28 and and CC 43431 8021 29 a a DT 43431 8021 30 fissure fissure NN 43431 8021 31 or or CC 43431 8021 32 space space NN 43431 8021 33 at at IN 43431 8021 34 the the DT 43431 8021 35 sides side NNS 43431 8021 36 between between IN 43431 8021 37 each each DT 43431 8021 38 of of IN 43431 8021 39 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8021 40 . . . 43431 8022 1 2 2 LS 43431 8022 2 . . . 43431 8023 1 THE the DT 43431 8023 2 SENSE SENSE NNS 43431 8023 3 CAPSULES capsule NNS 43431 8023 4 . . . 43431 8024 1 Each each DT 43431 8024 2 of of IN 43431 8024 3 the the DT 43431 8024 4 three three CD 43431 8024 5 special special JJ 43431 8024 6 sense sense NN 43431 8024 7 organs organ NNS 43431 8024 8 , , , 43431 8024 9 of of IN 43431 8024 10 hearing hearing NN 43431 8024 11 , , , 43431 8024 12 of of IN 43431 8024 13 sight sight NN 43431 8024 14 , , , 43431 8024 15 and and CC 43431 8024 16 of of IN 43431 8024 17 smell smell NN 43431 8024 18 , , , 43431 8024 19 is be VBZ 43431 8024 20 in in IN 43431 8024 21 the the DT 43431 8024 22 embryo embryo NN 43431 8024 23 provided provide VBN 43431 8024 24 with with IN 43431 8024 25 a a DT 43431 8024 26 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 8024 27 or or CC 43431 8024 28 membranous membranous JJ 43431 8024 29 protecting protecting NN 43431 8024 30 capsule capsule NN 43431 8024 31 ; ; : 43431 8024 32 and and CC 43431 8024 33 two two CD 43431 8024 34 of of IN 43431 8024 35 these these DT 43431 8024 36 , , , 43431 8024 37 the the DT 43431 8024 38 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8024 39 and and CC 43431 8024 40 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8024 41 capsules capsule NNS 43431 8024 42 , , , 43431 8024 43 become become VBN 43431 8024 44 afterwards afterwards RB 43431 8024 45 more more RBR 43431 8024 46 or or CC 43431 8024 47 less less RBR 43431 8024 48 ossified ossified JJ 43431 8024 49 , , , 43431 8024 50 and and CC 43431 8024 51 intimately intimately RB 43431 8024 52 related related JJ 43431 8024 53 to to IN 43431 8024 54 the the DT 43431 8024 55 cranium cranium NN 43431 8024 56 proper proper JJ 43431 8024 57 . . . 43431 8025 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8025 2 1 1 LS 43431 8025 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8025 4 = = NFP 43431 8025 5 Bones bone NNS 43431 8025 6 in in IN 43431 8025 7 relation relation NN 43431 8025 8 to to IN 43431 8025 9 the the DT 43431 8025 10 Auditory Auditory NNP 43431 8025 11 capsules.= capsules.= CD 43431 8025 12 These these DT 43431 8025 13 bones bone NNS 43431 8025 14 lie lie VBP 43431 8025 15 on on IN 43431 8025 16 each each DT 43431 8025 17 side side NN 43431 8025 18 wedged wedge VBN 43431 8025 19 into into IN 43431 8025 20 the the DT 43431 8025 21 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 8025 22 between between IN 43431 8025 23 the the DT 43431 8025 24 lateral lateral JJ 43431 8025 25 parts part NNS 43431 8025 26 of of IN 43431 8025 27 the the DT 43431 8025 28 occipital occipital JJ 43431 8025 29 and and CC 43431 8025 30 parietal parietal JJ 43431 8025 31 segments segment NNS 43431 8025 32 ; ; : 43431 8025 33 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8025 34 are be VBP 43431 8025 35 three three CD 43431 8025 36 in in IN 43431 8025 37 number number NN 43431 8025 38 , , , 43431 8025 39 the the DT 43431 8025 40 = = SYM 43431 8025 41 periotic= periotic= NNP 43431 8025 42 , , , 43431 8025 43 the the DT 43431 8025 44 _ _ NNP 43431 8025 45 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8025 46 _ _ NNP 43431 8025 47 and and CC 43431 8025 48 the the DT 43431 8025 49 _ _ NNP 43431 8025 50 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 8025 51 _ _ NNP 43431 8025 52 . . . 43431 8026 1 The the DT 43431 8026 2 = = SYM 43431 8026 3 periotic= periotic= NN 43431 8026 4 is be VBZ 43431 8026 5 the the DT 43431 8026 6 most most RBS 43431 8026 7 important important JJ 43431 8026 8 of of IN 43431 8026 9 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8026 10 , , , 43431 8026 11 as as IN 43431 8026 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8026 13 replaces replace VBZ 43431 8026 14 the the DT 43431 8026 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 8026 16 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8026 17 capsule capsule NN 43431 8026 18 of of IN 43431 8026 19 the the DT 43431 8026 20 embryo embryo NN 43431 8026 21 , , , 43431 8026 22 and and CC 43431 8026 23 encloses enclose VBZ 43431 8026 24 the the DT 43431 8026 25 essential essential JJ 43431 8026 26 organ organ NN 43431 8026 27 of of IN 43431 8026 28 hearing hearing NN 43431 8026 29 . . . 43431 8027 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8027 2 commences commence VBZ 43431 8027 3 to to TO 43431 8027 4 ossify ossify VB 43431 8027 5 from from IN 43431 8027 6 three three CD 43431 8027 7 centres centre NNS 43431 8027 8 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 8027 9 to to IN 43431 8027 10 the the DT 43431 8027 11 pro pro JJ 43431 8027 12 - - JJ 43431 8027 13 otic otic JJ 43431 8027 14 , , , 43431 8027 15 epi epi JJ 43431 8027 16 - - HYPH 43431 8027 17 otic otic JJ 43431 8027 18 and and CC 43431 8027 19 opisthotic opisthotic NN 43431 8027 20 of of IN 43431 8027 21 lower low JJR 43431 8027 22 skulls skull NNS 43431 8027 23 , , , 43431 8027 24 such such JJ 43431 8027 25 as as IN 43431 8027 26 those those DT 43431 8027 27 of of IN 43431 8027 28 the the DT 43431 8027 29 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 8027 30 and and CC 43431 8027 31 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 8027 32 . . . 43431 8028 1 These these DT 43431 8028 2 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 8028 3 however however RB 43431 8028 4 very very RB 43431 8028 5 early early RB 43431 8028 6 combine combine VBP 43431 8028 7 to to TO 43431 8028 8 form form VB 43431 8028 9 a a DT 43431 8028 10 single single JJ 43431 8028 11 bone bone NN 43431 8028 12 , , , 43431 8028 13 the the DT 43431 8028 14 = = SYM 43431 8028 15 periotic= periotic= NNP 43431 8028 16 , , , 43431 8028 17 which which WDT 43431 8028 18 nevertheless nevertheless RB 43431 8028 19 consists consist VBZ 43431 8028 20 of of IN 43431 8028 21 two two CD 43431 8028 22 portions portion NNS 43431 8028 23 , , , 43431 8028 24 the the DT 43431 8028 25 = = SYM 43431 8028 26 petrous= petrous= NN 43431 8028 27 and and CC 43431 8028 28 the the DT 43431 8028 29 = = SYM 43431 8028 30 mastoid= mastoid= NN 43431 8028 31 , , , 43431 8028 32 differing differ VBG 43431 8028 33 considerably considerably RB 43431 8028 34 from from IN 43431 8028 35 one one CD 43431 8028 36 another another DT 43431 8028 37 . . . 43431 8029 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8029 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8029 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8029 4 . . . 43431 8030 1 74 74 CD 43431 8030 2 . . . 43431 8031 1 DIAGRAM DIAGRAM NNS 43431 8031 2 OF of IN 43431 8031 3 THE the DT 43431 8031 4 MAMMALIAN mammalian JJ 43431 8031 5 TYMPANIC tympanic NN 43431 8031 6 CAVITY CAVITY NNS 43431 8031 7 AND and CC 43431 8031 8 ASSOCIATED associate VBN 43431 8031 9 PARTS PARTS NNP 43431 8031 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8031 11 modified modify VBN 43431 8031 12 from from IN 43431 8031 13 LLOYD LLOYD NNP 43431 8031 14 MORGAN MORGAN NNP 43431 8031 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8031 16 . . . 43431 8032 1 1 1 LS 43431 8032 2 . . . 43431 8032 3 external external JJ 43431 8032 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8032 5 meatus meatus NNP 43431 8032 6 . . . 43431 8033 1 2 2 LS 43431 8033 2 . . . 43431 8033 3 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8033 4 membrane membrane NN 43431 8033 5 . . . 43431 8034 1 3 3 LS 43431 8034 2 . . . 43431 8034 3 malleus malleus NNP 43431 8034 4 . . . 43431 8035 1 4 4 LS 43431 8035 2 . . . 43431 8035 3 incus incus NN 43431 8035 4 . . . 43431 8036 1 5 5 LS 43431 8036 2 . . . 43431 8036 3 lenticular lenticular NN 43431 8036 4 . . . 43431 8037 1 6 6 LS 43431 8037 2 . . . 43431 8037 3 stapes stape NNS 43431 8037 4 . . . 43431 8038 1 7 7 LS 43431 8038 2 . . . 43431 8038 3 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 8038 4 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 8038 5 . . . 43431 8039 1 8 8 CD 43431 8039 2 . . . 43431 8039 3 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 8039 4 rotunda rotunda NNP 43431 8039 5 . . . 43431 8040 1 9 9 CD 43431 8040 2 . . . 43431 8041 1 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 8041 2 tube tube NN 43431 8041 3 . . . 43431 8042 1 10 10 LS 43431 8042 2 . . . 43431 8042 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 8042 4 occupied occupy VBN 43431 8042 5 by by IN 43431 8042 6 the the DT 43431 8042 7 cochlea cochlea NN 43431 8042 8 . . . 43431 8043 1 11 11 CD 43431 8043 2 . . . 43431 8043 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 8043 4 occupied occupy VBN 43431 8043 5 by by IN 43431 8043 6 the the DT 43431 8043 7 membranous membranous JJ 43431 8043 8 labyrinth labyrinth NN 43431 8043 9 . . . 43431 8043 10 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8044 1 The the DT 43431 8044 2 = = SYM 43431 8044 3 petrous petrous JJ 43431 8044 4 portion= portion= NN 43431 8044 5 lies lie VBZ 43431 8044 6 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 8044 7 and and CC 43431 8044 8 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 8044 9 , , , 43431 8044 10 and and CC 43431 8044 11 is be VBZ 43431 8044 12 much much RB 43431 8044 13 the the DT 43431 8044 14 more more RBR 43431 8044 15 important important JJ 43431 8044 16 of of IN 43431 8044 17 the the DT 43431 8044 18 two two CD 43431 8044 19 , , , 43431 8044 20 as as IN 43431 8044 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8044 22 encloses enclose VBZ 43431 8044 23 the the DT 43431 8044 24 essential essential JJ 43431 8044 25 part part NN 43431 8044 26 of of IN 43431 8044 27 the the DT 43431 8044 28 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8044 29 organ organ NN 43431 8044 30 . . . 43431 8045 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8045 2 forms form VBZ 43431 8045 3 an an DT 43431 8045 4 irregular irregular JJ 43431 8045 5 mass mass NN 43431 8045 6 of of IN 43431 8045 7 hard hard JJ 43431 8045 8 dense dense JJ 43431 8045 9 bone bone NN 43431 8045 10 , , , 43431 8045 11 projecting project VBG 43431 8045 12 into into IN 43431 8045 13 the the DT 43431 8045 14 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8045 15 cavity cavity NN 43431 8045 16 , , , 43431 8045 17 and and CC 43431 8045 18 does do VBZ 43431 8045 19 not not RB 43431 8045 20 appear appear VB 43431 8045 21 on on IN 43431 8045 22 the the DT 43431 8045 23 external external JJ 43431 8045 24 surface surface NN 43431 8045 25 at at RB 43431 8045 26 all all RB 43431 8045 27 . . . 43431 8046 1 The the DT 43431 8046 2 = = SYM 43431 8046 3 mastoid mastoid NN 43431 8046 4 portion= portion= NN 43431 8046 5 lies lie VBZ 43431 8046 6 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 8046 7 and and CC 43431 8046 8 posteriorly posteriorly RB 43431 8046 9 , , , 43431 8046 10 is be VBZ 43431 8046 11 smaller small JJR 43431 8046 12 , , , 43431 8046 13 and and CC 43431 8046 14 formed form VBN 43431 8046 15 of of IN 43431 8046 16 less less RBR 43431 8046 17 dense dense JJ 43431 8046 18 bone bone NN 43431 8046 19 than than IN 43431 8046 20 is be VBZ 43431 8046 21 the the DT 43431 8046 22 petrous petrous JJ 43431 8046 23 portion portion NN 43431 8046 24 , , , 43431 8046 25 from from IN 43431 8046 26 which which WDT 43431 8046 27 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8046 28 differs differ VBZ 43431 8046 29 also also RB 43431 8046 30 in in IN 43431 8046 31 the the DT 43431 8046 32 fact fact NN 43431 8046 33 that that IN 43431 8046 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8046 35 appears appear VBZ 43431 8046 36 on on IN 43431 8046 37 the the DT 43431 8046 38 surface surface NN 43431 8046 39 of of IN 43431 8046 40 the the DT 43431 8046 41 skull skull NN 43431 8046 42 , , , 43431 8046 43 just just RB 43431 8046 44 external external JJ 43431 8046 45 to to IN 43431 8046 46 the the DT 43431 8046 47 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 8046 48 . . . 43431 8047 1 The the DT 43431 8047 2 petrous petrous JJ 43431 8047 3 portion portion NN 43431 8047 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 8047 5 a a DT 43431 8047 6 ridge ridge NN 43431 8047 7 , , , 43431 8047 8 which which WDT 43431 8047 9 together together RB 43431 8047 10 with with IN 43431 8047 11 a a DT 43431 8047 12 ridge ridge NN 43431 8047 13 on on IN 43431 8047 14 the the DT 43431 8047 15 supra supra NN 43431 8047 16 - - HYPH 43431 8047 17 occipital occipital NN 43431 8047 18 , , , 43431 8047 19 and and CC 43431 8047 20 the the DT 43431 8047 21 = = SYM 43431 8047 22 tentorium= tentorium= NNS 43431 8047 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8047 24 fig fig NN 43431 8047 25 . . . 43431 8048 1 72 72 CD 43431 8048 2 , , , 43431 8048 3 21 21 CD 43431 8048 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8048 5 , , , 43431 8048 6 a a DT 43431 8048 7 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8048 8 fold fold NN 43431 8048 9 of of IN 43431 8048 10 the the DT 43431 8048 11 dura dura NN 43431 8048 12 mater[142 mater[142 NNP 43431 8048 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8048 14 , , , 43431 8048 15 separates separate VBZ 43431 8048 16 the the DT 43431 8048 17 large large JJ 43431 8048 18 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 8048 19 fossa fossa NN 43431 8048 20 from from IN 43431 8048 21 the the DT 43431 8048 22 = = SYM 43431 8048 23 cerebellar cerebellar JJ 43431 8048 24 fossa= fossa= NN 43431 8048 25 , , , 43431 8048 26 which which WDT 43431 8048 27 is be VBZ 43431 8048 28 much much RB 43431 8048 29 smaller small JJR 43431 8048 30 than than IN 43431 8048 31 the the DT 43431 8048 32 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 8048 33 fossa fossa NN 43431 8048 34 and and CC 43431 8048 35 lies lie VBZ 43431 8048 36 behind behind RB 43431 8048 37 and and CC 43431 8048 38 partly partly RB 43431 8048 39 beneath beneath IN 43431 8048 40 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8048 41 . . . 43431 8049 1 The the DT 43431 8049 2 plane plane NN 43431 8049 3 of of IN 43431 8049 4 the the DT 43431 8049 5 tentorium tentorium NN 43431 8049 6 is be VBZ 43431 8049 7 called call VBN 43431 8049 8 the the DT 43431 8049 9 = = SYM 43431 8049 10 tentorial tentorial JJ 43431 8049 11 plane= plane= NN 43431 8049 12 , , , 43431 8049 13 and and CC 43431 8049 14 the the DT 43431 8049 15 angles angle NNS 43431 8049 16 that that WDT 43431 8049 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8049 18 makes make VBZ 43431 8049 19 with with IN 43431 8049 20 the the DT 43431 8049 21 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 8049 22 axis axi NNS 43431 8049 23 and and CC 43431 8049 24 with with IN 43431 8049 25 the the DT 43431 8049 26 occipital occipital NN 43431 8049 27 and and CC 43431 8049 28 ethmoidal ethmoidal NN 43431 8049 29 planes plane NNS 43431 8049 30 vary vary VBP 43431 8049 31 much much RB 43431 8049 32 in in IN 43431 8049 33 different different JJ 43431 8049 34 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8049 35 . . . 43431 8050 1 The the DT 43431 8050 2 periotic periotic NN 43431 8050 3 has have VBZ 43431 8050 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8050 5 inner inner JJ 43431 8050 6 surface surface NN 43431 8050 7 marked mark VBN 43431 8050 8 by by IN 43431 8050 9 important important JJ 43431 8050 10 depressions depression NNS 43431 8050 11 , , , 43431 8050 12 while while IN 43431 8050 13 both both CC 43431 8050 14 inner inner JJ 43431 8050 15 and and CC 43431 8050 16 outer outer JJ 43431 8050 17 surfaces surface NNS 43431 8050 18 are be VBP 43431 8050 19 pierced pierce VBN 43431 8050 20 by by IN 43431 8050 21 foramina foramina NNP 43431 8050 22 . . . 43431 8051 1 At at IN 43431 8051 2 about about IN 43431 8051 3 the the DT 43431 8051 4 middle middle NN 43431 8051 5 of of IN 43431 8051 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8051 7 inner inner JJ 43431 8051 8 surface surface NN 43431 8051 9 are be VBP 43431 8051 10 seen see VBN 43431 8051 11 two two CD 43431 8051 12 deep deep JJ 43431 8051 13 pits pit NNS 43431 8051 14 , , , 43431 8051 15 one one CD 43431 8051 16 lying lie VBG 43431 8051 17 immediately immediately RB 43431 8051 18 above above IN 43431 8051 19 the the DT 43431 8051 20 other other JJ 43431 8051 21 . . . 43431 8052 1 Of of IN 43431 8052 2 these these DT 43431 8052 3 the the DT 43431 8052 4 more more RBR 43431 8052 5 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8052 6 is be VBZ 43431 8052 7 a a DT 43431 8052 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8052 9 , , , 43431 8052 10 the the DT 43431 8052 11 = = SYM 43431 8052 12 internal internal JJ 43431 8052 13 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8052 14 meatus= meatus= NN 43431 8052 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8052 16 fig fig NN 43431 8052 17 . . . 43431 8053 1 72 72 CD 43431 8053 2 , , , 43431 8053 3 20 20 CD 43431 8053 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8053 5 , , , 43431 8053 6 through through IN 43431 8053 7 which which WDT 43431 8053 8 the the DT 43431 8053 9 VIIth VIIth NNP 43431 8053 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8053 11 facial facial NNP 43431 8053 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8053 13 and and CC 43431 8053 14 VIIIth VIIIth NNP 43431 8053 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8053 16 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8053 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8053 18 nerves nerve NNS 43431 8053 19 leave leave VBP 43431 8053 20 the the DT 43431 8053 21 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8053 22 cavity cavity NN 43431 8053 23 , , , 43431 8053 24 the the DT 43431 8053 25 facial facial JJ 43431 8053 26 nerve nerve NN 43431 8053 27 passing pass VBG 43431 8053 28 through through IN 43431 8053 29 the the DT 43431 8053 30 bone bone NN 43431 8053 31 and and CC 43431 8053 32 afterwards afterwards RB 43431 8053 33 leaving leave VBG 43431 8053 34 the the DT 43431 8053 35 skull skull NN 43431 8053 36 by by IN 43431 8053 37 the the DT 43431 8053 38 = = SYM 43431 8053 39 stylomastoid stylomastoid NN 43431 8053 40 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8053 41 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8053 42 fig fig NN 43431 8053 43 . . . 43431 8054 1 75 75 CD 43431 8054 2 , , , 43431 8054 3 VII VII NNP 43431 8054 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8054 5 , , , 43431 8054 6 while while IN 43431 8054 7 the the DT 43431 8054 8 auditory auditory NN 43431 8054 9 passes pass VBZ 43431 8054 10 to to IN 43431 8054 11 the the DT 43431 8054 12 inner inner JJ 43431 8054 13 ear ear NN 43431 8054 14 . . . 43431 8055 1 The the DT 43431 8055 2 more more JJR 43431 8055 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8055 4 of of IN 43431 8055 5 the the DT 43431 8055 6 two two CD 43431 8055 7 pits pit NNS 43431 8055 8 is be VBZ 43431 8055 9 not not RB 43431 8055 10 a a DT 43431 8055 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8055 12 but but CC 43431 8055 13 the the DT 43431 8055 14 = = SYM 43431 8055 15 floccular floccular JJ 43431 8055 16 fossa= fossa= NN 43431 8055 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8055 18 fig fig NN 43431 8055 19 . . . 43431 8056 1 72 72 CD 43431 8056 2 , , , 43431 8056 3 23 23 CD 43431 8056 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8056 5 which which WDT 43431 8056 6 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 8056 7 the the DT 43431 8056 8 floccular floccular JJ 43431 8056 9 lobe lobe NN 43431 8056 10 of of IN 43431 8056 11 the the DT 43431 8056 12 cerebellum cerebellum NN 43431 8056 13 . . . 43431 8057 1 In in IN 43431 8057 2 some some DT 43431 8057 3 skulls skull NNS 43431 8057 4 another another DT 43431 8057 5 wide wide JJ 43431 8057 6 and and CC 43431 8057 7 shallow shallow JJ 43431 8057 8 but but CC 43431 8057 9 fairly fairly RB 43431 8057 10 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8057 11 depression depression NN 43431 8057 12 is be VBZ 43431 8057 13 seen see VBN 43431 8057 14 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8057 15 to to IN 43431 8057 16 and and CC 43431 8057 17 slightly slightly RB 43431 8057 18 behind behind IN 43431 8057 19 the the DT 43431 8057 20 floccular floccular JJ 43431 8057 21 fossa fossa NN 43431 8057 22 , , , 43431 8057 23 this this DT 43431 8057 24 also also RB 43431 8057 25 lodges lodge VBZ 43431 8057 26 part part NN 43431 8057 27 of of IN 43431 8057 28 the the DT 43431 8057 29 cerebellum cerebellum NN 43431 8057 30 . . . 43431 8058 1 Behind behind IN 43431 8058 2 the the DT 43431 8058 3 internal internal JJ 43431 8058 4 auditory auditory NNP 43431 8058 5 meatus meatus NNP 43431 8058 6 , , , 43431 8058 7 between between IN 43431 8058 8 the the DT 43431 8058 9 periotic periotic JJ 43431 8058 10 and and CC 43431 8058 11 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 8058 12 is be VBZ 43431 8058 13 seen see VBN 43431 8058 14 the the DT 43431 8058 15 internal internal JJ 43431 8058 16 opening opening NN 43431 8058 17 of of IN 43431 8058 18 the the DT 43431 8058 19 = = SYM 43431 8058 20 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8058 21 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8058 22 posterius= posterius= NN 43431 8058 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8058 24 fig fig NN 43431 8058 25 . . . 43431 8059 1 72 72 CD 43431 8059 2 , , , 43431 8059 3 22 22 CD 43431 8059 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8059 5 . . . 43431 8060 1 The the DT 43431 8060 2 shape shape NN 43431 8060 3 of of IN 43431 8060 4 this this DT 43431 8060 5 opening open VBG 43431 8060 6 varies varie NNS 43431 8060 7 . . . 43431 8061 1 The the DT 43431 8061 2 ventro ventro NNP 43431 8061 3 - - HYPH 43431 8061 4 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8061 5 border border NN 43431 8061 6 of of IN 43431 8061 7 the the DT 43431 8061 8 periotic periotic NN 43431 8061 9 is be VBZ 43431 8061 10 marked mark VBN 43431 8061 11 by by IN 43431 8061 12 a a DT 43431 8061 13 deep deep JJ 43431 8061 14 notch notch NN 43431 8061 15 , , , 43431 8061 16 the the DT 43431 8061 17 sides side NNS 43431 8061 18 of of IN 43431 8061 19 which which WDT 43431 8061 20 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8061 21 unite unite VBP 43431 8061 22 , , , 43431 8061 23 converting convert VBG 43431 8061 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8061 25 into into IN 43431 8061 26 a a DT 43431 8061 27 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8061 28 . . . 43431 8062 1 On on IN 43431 8062 2 the the DT 43431 8062 3 outer outer JJ 43431 8062 4 side side NN 43431 8062 5 of of IN 43431 8062 6 the the DT 43431 8062 7 periotic periotic NN 43431 8062 8 , , , 43431 8062 9 and and CC 43431 8062 10 clearly clearly RB 43431 8062 11 seen see VBN 43431 8062 12 only only RB 43431 8062 13 after after IN 43431 8062 14 the the DT 43431 8062 15 removal removal NN 43431 8062 16 of of IN 43431 8062 17 the the DT 43431 8062 18 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8062 19 , , , 43431 8062 20 are be VBP 43431 8062 21 two two CD 43431 8062 22 holes hole NNS 43431 8062 23 , , , 43431 8062 24 the the DT 43431 8062 25 = = SYM 43431 8062 26 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 8062 27 ovalis= ovalis= NNP 43431 8062 28 and and CC 43431 8062 29 the the DT 43431 8062 30 = = SYM 43431 8062 31 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 8062 32 rotunda=. rotunda=. NNP 43431 8063 1 The the DT 43431 8063 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8063 3 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8063 4 _ _ NN 43431 8063 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8063 6 figs fig NNS 43431 8063 7 . . . 43431 8064 1 72 72 CD 43431 8064 2 , , , 43431 8064 3 15 15 CD 43431 8064 4 and and CC 43431 8064 5 75 75 CD 43431 8064 6 , , , 43431 8064 7 4 4 CD 43431 8064 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8064 9 is be VBZ 43431 8064 10 a a DT 43431 8064 11 greatly greatly RB 43431 8064 12 expanded expand VBN 43431 8064 13 boat boat NN 43431 8064 14 - - HYPH 43431 8064 15 shaped shape VBN 43431 8064 16 bone bone NN 43431 8064 17 , , , 43431 8064 18 which which WDT 43431 8064 19 forms form VBZ 43431 8064 20 the the DT 43431 8064 21 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8064 22 bulla bulla NN 43431 8064 23 and and CC 43431 8064 24 lies lie VBZ 43431 8064 25 immediately immediately RB 43431 8064 26 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8064 27 to to IN 43431 8064 28 the the DT 43431 8064 29 periotic periotic NN 43431 8064 30 ; ; : 43431 8064 31 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8064 32 is be VBZ 43431 8064 33 separated separate VBN 43431 8064 34 from from IN 43431 8064 35 the the DT 43431 8064 36 periotic periotic NN 43431 8064 37 by by IN 43431 8064 38 the the DT 43431 8064 39 = = SYM 43431 8064 40 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8064 41 cavity= cavity= NN 43431 8064 42 into into IN 43431 8064 43 which which WDT 43431 8064 44 the the DT 43431 8064 45 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 8064 46 rotunda rotunda NNP 43431 8064 47 and and CC 43431 8064 48 the the DT 43431 8064 49 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 8064 50 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 8064 51 open open NNP 43431 8064 52 . . . 43431 8065 1 There there EX 43431 8065 2 are be VBP 43431 8065 3 several several JJ 43431 8065 4 other other JJ 43431 8065 5 openings opening NNS 43431 8065 6 into into IN 43431 8065 7 the the DT 43431 8065 8 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8065 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 8065 10 . . . 43431 8066 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8066 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8066 3 a a DT 43431 8066 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8066 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8066 6 On on IN 43431 8066 7 the the DT 43431 8066 8 external external JJ 43431 8066 9 surface surface NN 43431 8066 10 is be VBZ 43431 8066 11 a a DT 43431 8066 12 large large JJ 43431 8066 13 oval oval NN 43431 8066 14 opening opening NN 43431 8066 15 , , , 43431 8066 16 the the DT 43431 8066 17 = = SYM 43431 8066 18 external external JJ 43431 8066 19 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8066 20 meatus= meatus= NNS 43431 8066 21 bounded bound VBN 43431 8066 22 by by IN 43431 8066 23 a a DT 43431 8066 24 thickened thicken VBN 43431 8066 25 rim rim NN 43431 8066 26 . . . 43431 8067 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8067 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8067 3 b b NNP 43431 8067 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8067 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8067 6 Into into IN 43431 8067 7 the the DT 43431 8067 8 outer outer JJ 43431 8067 9 and and CC 43431 8067 10 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8067 11 part part NN 43431 8067 12 of of IN 43431 8067 13 the the DT 43431 8067 14 cavity cavity NN 43431 8067 15 the the DT 43431 8067 16 outer outer JJ 43431 8067 17 end end NN 43431 8067 18 of of IN 43431 8067 19 the the DT 43431 8067 20 = = SYM 43431 8067 21 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 8067 22 tube= tube= JJ 43431 8067 23 opens open VBZ 43431 8067 24 ; ; : 43431 8067 25 while while IN 43431 8067 26 the the DT 43431 8067 27 inner inner JJ 43431 8067 28 end end NN 43431 8067 29 passes pass VBZ 43431 8067 30 through through IN 43431 8067 31 a a DT 43431 8067 32 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8067 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8067 34 fig fig NN 43431 8067 35 . . . 43431 8068 1 75 75 CD 43431 8068 2 , , , 43431 8068 3 22 22 CD 43431 8068 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8068 5 just just RB 43431 8068 6 external external JJ 43431 8068 7 to to IN 43431 8068 8 the the DT 43431 8068 9 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8068 10 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8068 11 medium medium NNP 43431 8068 12 , , , 43431 8068 13 on on IN 43431 8068 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8068 15 way way NN 43431 8068 16 to to TO 43431 8068 17 open open VB 43431 8068 18 into into IN 43431 8068 19 the the DT 43431 8068 20 pharynx pharynx NN 43431 8068 21 . . . 43431 8069 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8069 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8069 3 c c NNP 43431 8069 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8069 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8069 6 The the DT 43431 8069 7 internal internal JJ 43431 8069 8 carotid carotid NNS 43431 8069 9 artery artery NN 43431 8069 10 also also RB 43431 8069 11 enters enter VBZ 43431 8069 12 the the DT 43431 8069 13 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8069 14 cavity cavity NN 43431 8069 15 by by IN 43431 8069 16 a a DT 43431 8069 17 canal canal NN 43431 8069 18 which which WDT 43431 8069 19 commences commence VBZ 43431 8069 20 in in IN 43431 8069 21 the the DT 43431 8069 22 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8069 23 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8069 24 posterius posterius NN 43431 8069 25 , , , 43431 8069 26 and and CC 43431 8069 27 passes pass VBZ 43431 8069 28 forwards forwards RB 43431 8069 29 to to TO 43431 8069 30 open open VB 43431 8069 31 on on IN 43431 8069 32 the the DT 43431 8069 33 inner inner JJ 43431 8069 34 side side NN 43431 8069 35 of of IN 43431 8069 36 the the DT 43431 8069 37 bulla bulla NN 43431 8069 38 . . . 43431 8070 1 The the DT 43431 8070 2 artery artery NN 43431 8070 3 then then RB 43431 8070 4 passes pass VBZ 43431 8070 5 forwards forwards RB 43431 8070 6 , , , 43431 8070 7 and and CC 43431 8070 8 barely barely RB 43431 8070 9 appearing appear VBG 43431 8070 10 on on IN 43431 8070 11 the the DT 43431 8070 12 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8070 13 surface surface NN 43431 8070 14 of of IN 43431 8070 15 the the DT 43431 8070 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 8070 17 , , , 43431 8070 18 enters enter VBZ 43431 8070 19 the the DT 43431 8070 20 brain brain NN 43431 8070 21 cavity cavity NN 43431 8070 22 through through IN 43431 8070 23 the the DT 43431 8070 24 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8070 25 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8070 26 medium medium NNP 43431 8070 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8070 28 fig fig NN 43431 8070 29 . . . 43431 8071 1 75 75 CD 43431 8071 2 , , , 43431 8071 3 9 9 CD 43431 8071 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8071 5 . . . 43431 8072 1 Immediately immediately RB 43431 8072 2 behind behind IN 43431 8072 3 the the DT 43431 8072 4 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 8072 5 , , , 43431 8072 6 between between IN 43431 8072 7 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8072 8 and and CC 43431 8072 9 the the DT 43431 8072 10 mastoid mastoid JJ 43431 8072 11 process process NN 43431 8072 12 of of IN 43431 8072 13 the the DT 43431 8072 14 periotic periotic NN 43431 8072 15 and and CC 43431 8072 16 the the DT 43431 8072 17 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 8072 18 process process NN 43431 8072 19 of of IN 43431 8072 20 the the DT 43431 8072 21 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 8072 22 is be VBZ 43431 8072 23 the the DT 43431 8072 24 = = SYM 43431 8072 25 stylomastoid stylomastoid NN 43431 8072 26 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8072 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8072 28 fig fig NN 43431 8072 29 . . . 43431 8073 1 75 75 CD 43431 8073 2 , , , 43431 8073 3 VIII VIII NNP 43431 8073 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8073 5 . . . 43431 8074 1 Within within IN 43431 8074 2 the the DT 43431 8074 3 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8074 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 8074 5 are be VBP 43431 8074 6 four four CD 43431 8074 7 small small JJ 43431 8074 8 bones bone NNS 43431 8074 9 , , , 43431 8074 10 the the DT 43431 8074 11 = = SYM 43431 8074 12 auditory auditory NNP 43431 8074 13 ossicles= ossicles= NNP 43431 8074 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8074 15 cp cp NNP 43431 8074 16 . . . 43431 8075 1 fig fig NNP 43431 8075 2 . . . 43431 8076 1 74 74 CD 43431 8076 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8076 3 , , , 43431 8076 4 called call VBD 43431 8076 5 respectively respectively RB 43431 8076 6 the the DT 43431 8076 7 = = SYM 43431 8076 8 malleus= malleus= NN 43431 8076 9 , , , 43431 8076 10 = = SYM 43431 8076 11 incus= incus= NNP 43431 8076 12 , , , 43431 8076 13 = = NFP 43431 8076 14 lenticular= lenticular= NN 43431 8076 15 and and CC 43431 8076 16 = = SYM 43431 8076 17 stapes= stapes= JJ 43431 8076 18 ; ; : 43431 8076 19 these these DT 43431 8076 20 together together RB 43431 8076 21 form form VBP 43431 8076 22 a a DT 43431 8076 23 chain chain NN 43431 8076 24 extending extend VBG 43431 8076 25 from from IN 43431 8076 26 the the DT 43431 8076 27 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 8076 28 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 8076 29 to to IN 43431 8076 30 the the DT 43431 8076 31 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8076 32 membrane membrane NN 43431 8076 33 . . . 43431 8077 1 The the DT 43431 8077 2 = = SYM 43431 8077 3 malleus= malleus= NN 43431 8077 4 has have VBZ 43431 8077 5 a a DT 43431 8077 6 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8077 7 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8077 8 head head NN 43431 8077 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8077 10 fig fig NN 43431 8077 11 . . . 43431 8078 1 100 100 CD 43431 8078 2 , , , 43431 8078 3 B b NN 43431 8078 4 , , , 43431 8078 5 1 1 CD 43431 8078 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8078 7 which which WDT 43431 8078 8 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8078 9 with with IN 43431 8078 10 the the DT 43431 8078 11 incus incus NN 43431 8078 12 , , , 43431 8078 13 while while IN 43431 8078 14 the the DT 43431 8078 15 other other JJ 43431 8078 16 end end NN 43431 8078 17 of of IN 43431 8078 18 the the DT 43431 8078 19 bone bone NN 43431 8078 20 is be VBZ 43431 8078 21 drawn draw VBN 43431 8078 22 out out RP 43431 8078 23 into into IN 43431 8078 24 a a DT 43431 8078 25 long long JJ 43431 8078 26 process process NN 43431 8078 27 , , , 43431 8078 28 the the DT 43431 8078 29 = = SYM 43431 8078 30 manubrium= manubrium= NN 43431 8078 31 , , , 43431 8078 32 which which WDT 43431 8078 33 lies lie VBZ 43431 8078 34 in in IN 43431 8078 35 relation relation NN 43431 8078 36 to to IN 43431 8078 37 the the DT 43431 8078 38 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8078 39 membrane membrane NN 43431 8078 40 . . . 43431 8079 1 The the DT 43431 8079 2 head head NN 43431 8079 3 is be VBZ 43431 8079 4 also also RB 43431 8079 5 more more RBR 43431 8079 6 or or CC 43431 8079 7 less less RBR 43431 8079 8 connected connect VBN 43431 8079 9 by by IN 43431 8079 10 a a DT 43431 8079 11 thin thin JJ 43431 8079 12 plate plate NN 43431 8079 13 of of IN 43431 8079 14 bone bone NN 43431 8079 15 , , , 43431 8079 16 the the DT 43431 8079 17 = = SYM 43431 8079 18 lamella= lamella= NN 43431 8079 19 , , , 43431 8079 20 to to IN 43431 8079 21 another another DT 43431 8079 22 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 8079 23 , , , 43431 8079 24 the the DT 43431 8079 25 = = SYM 43431 8079 26 processus processus NNP 43431 8079 27 longus=. longus=. -LRB- 43431 8080 1 The the DT 43431 8080 2 = = SYM 43431 8080 3 incus= incus= NN 43431 8080 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8080 5 fig fig NN 43431 8080 6 . . . 43431 8081 1 100 100 CD 43431 8081 2 , , , 43431 8081 3 B b NN 43431 8081 4 , , , 43431 8081 5 3 3 CD 43431 8081 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8081 7 is be VBZ 43431 8081 8 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8081 9 anvil anvil JJ 43431 8081 10 - - HYPH 43431 8081 11 shaped shaped JJ 43431 8081 12 , , , 43431 8081 13 and and CC 43431 8081 14 is be VBZ 43431 8081 15 drawn draw VBN 43431 8081 16 out out RP 43431 8081 17 into into IN 43431 8081 18 a a DT 43431 8081 19 process process NN 43431 8081 20 which which WDT 43431 8081 21 is be VBZ 43431 8081 22 connected connect VBN 43431 8081 23 with with IN 43431 8081 24 the the DT 43431 8081 25 = = SYM 43431 8081 26 lenticular= lenticular= NN 43431 8081 27 , , , 43431 8081 28 a a DT 43431 8081 29 nodule nodule NN 43431 8081 30 of of IN 43431 8081 31 bone bone NN 43431 8081 32 interposed interpose VBN 43431 8081 33 between between IN 43431 8081 34 the the DT 43431 8081 35 incus incus NN 43431 8081 36 and and CC 43431 8081 37 the the DT 43431 8081 38 stapes stape NNS 43431 8081 39 , , , 43431 8081 40 with with IN 43431 8081 41 which which WDT 43431 8081 42 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8081 43 early early RB 43431 8081 44 becomes become VBZ 43431 8081 45 united united JJ 43431 8081 46 . . . 43431 8082 1 The the DT 43431 8082 2 = = SYM 43431 8082 3 stapes= stapes= NN 43431 8082 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8082 5 fig fig NN 43431 8082 6 . . . 43431 8083 1 100 100 CD 43431 8083 2 , , , 43431 8083 3 B b NN 43431 8083 4 , , , 43431 8083 5 2 2 CD 43431 8083 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8083 7 is be VBZ 43431 8083 8 stirrup stirrup NN 43431 8083 9 - - HYPH 43431 8083 10 shaped shaped JJ 43431 8083 11 , , , 43431 8083 12 consisting consist VBG 43431 8083 13 of of IN 43431 8083 14 a a DT 43431 8083 15 basal basal NN 43431 8083 16 portion portion NN 43431 8083 17 from from IN 43431 8083 18 which which WDT 43431 8083 19 arise arise VBP 43431 8083 20 two two CD 43431 8083 21 = = SYM 43431 8083 22 crura= crura= NN 43431 8083 23 , , , 43431 8083 24 which which WDT 43431 8083 25 meet meet VBP 43431 8083 26 and and CC 43431 8083 27 enclose enclose VBP 43431 8083 28 a a DT 43431 8083 29 space space NN 43431 8083 30 , , , 43431 8083 31 the the DT 43431 8083 32 = = SYM 43431 8083 33 canal=. canal=. XX 43431 8084 1 The the DT 43431 8084 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8084 3 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 8084 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8084 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8084 6 fig fig NN 43431 8084 7 . . . 43431 8085 1 73 73 CD 43431 8085 2 , , , 43431 8085 3 7 7 CD 43431 8085 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8085 5 is be VBZ 43431 8085 6 a a DT 43431 8085 7 large large JJ 43431 8085 8 bone bone NN 43431 8085 9 occupying occupy VBG 43431 8085 10 much much JJ 43431 8085 11 of of IN 43431 8085 12 the the DT 43431 8085 13 side side NN 43431 8085 14 wall wall NN 43431 8085 15 of of IN 43431 8085 16 the the DT 43431 8085 17 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8085 18 cavity cavity NN 43431 8085 19 , , , 43431 8085 20 and and CC 43431 8085 21 articulating articulate VBG 43431 8085 22 above above RB 43431 8085 23 with with IN 43431 8085 24 the the DT 43431 8085 25 parietal parietal NN 43431 8085 26 , , , 43431 8085 27 and and CC 43431 8085 28 behind behind RB 43431 8085 29 with with IN 43431 8085 30 the the DT 43431 8085 31 supra supra NN 43431 8085 32 - - HYPH 43431 8085 33 occipital occipital NN 43431 8085 34 , , , 43431 8085 35 while while IN 43431 8085 36 in in IN 43431 8085 37 front front NN 43431 8085 38 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8085 39 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 8085 40 the the DT 43431 8085 41 frontal frontal JJ 43431 8085 42 and and CC 43431 8085 43 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 8085 44 . . . 43431 8086 1 But but CC 43431 8086 2 though though IN 43431 8086 3 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8086 4 occupies occupy VBZ 43431 8086 5 so so RB 43431 8086 6 large large JJ 43431 8086 7 a a DT 43431 8086 8 space space NN 43431 8086 9 on on IN 43431 8086 10 the the DT 43431 8086 11 outer outer JJ 43431 8086 12 wall wall NN 43431 8086 13 , , , 43431 8086 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8086 15 forms form VBZ 43431 8086 16 very very RB 43431 8086 17 little little JJ 43431 8086 18 of of IN 43431 8086 19 the the DT 43431 8086 20 internal internal JJ 43431 8086 21 wall wall NN 43431 8086 22 of of IN 43431 8086 23 the the DT 43431 8086 24 skull skull NN 43431 8086 25 , , , 43431 8086 26 but but CC 43431 8086 27 is be VBZ 43431 8086 28 really really RB 43431 8086 29 like like IN 43431 8086 30 a a DT 43431 8086 31 bony bony NN 43431 8086 32 plate plate NN 43431 8086 33 attached attach VBN 43431 8086 34 to to IN 43431 8086 35 the the DT 43431 8086 36 outer outer JJ 43431 8086 37 surface surface NN 43431 8086 38 of of IN 43431 8086 39 the the DT 43431 8086 40 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8086 41 wall wall NN 43431 8086 42 . . . 43431 8087 1 The the DT 43431 8087 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 8087 3 is be VBZ 43431 8087 4 drawn draw VBN 43431 8087 5 out out RP 43431 8087 6 into into IN 43431 8087 7 a a DT 43431 8087 8 strong strong JJ 43431 8087 9 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 8087 10 - - HYPH 43431 8087 11 directed direct VBN 43431 8087 12 = = SYM 43431 8087 13 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 8087 14 process= process= NN 43431 8087 15 which which WDT 43431 8087 16 meets meet VBZ 43431 8087 17 the the DT 43431 8087 18 jugal jugal NNP 43431 8087 19 or or CC 43431 8087 20 malar malar NNP 43431 8087 21 . . . 43431 8088 1 The the DT 43431 8088 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8088 3 side side NN 43431 8088 4 of of IN 43431 8088 5 the the DT 43431 8088 6 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 8088 7 process process NN 43431 8088 8 is be VBZ 43431 8088 9 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 8088 10 out out RP 43431 8088 11 , , , 43431 8088 12 forming form VBG 43431 8088 13 the the DT 43431 8088 14 = = SYM 43431 8088 15 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 8088 16 fossa= fossa= NNP 43431 8088 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8088 18 fig fig NN 43431 8088 19 . . . 43431 8089 1 75 75 CD 43431 8089 2 , , , 43431 8089 3 8) 8) CD 43431 8089 4 , , , 43431 8089 5 a a DT 43431 8089 6 smooth smooth JJ 43431 8089 7 laterally laterally RB 43431 8089 8 elongated elongate VBN 43431 8089 9 surface surface NN 43431 8089 10 with with IN 43431 8089 11 which which WDT 43431 8089 12 the the DT 43431 8089 13 lower low JJR 43431 8089 14 jaw jaw NN 43431 8089 15 articulates articulate NNS 43431 8089 16 , , , 43431 8089 17 while while IN 43431 8089 18 the the DT 43431 8089 19 hinder hinder NN 43431 8089 20 edge edge NN 43431 8089 21 of of IN 43431 8089 22 the the DT 43431 8089 23 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 8089 24 fossa fossa NNP 43431 8089 25 is be VBZ 43431 8089 26 drawn draw VBN 43431 8089 27 out out RP 43431 8089 28 into into IN 43431 8089 29 a a DT 43431 8089 30 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8089 31 = = SYM 43431 8089 32 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 8089 33 process= process= NN 43431 8089 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8089 35 fig fig NN 43431 8089 36 . . . 43431 8090 1 75 75 CD 43431 8090 2 , , , 43431 8090 3 23 23 CD 43431 8090 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8090 5 . . . 43431 8091 1 The the DT 43431 8091 2 articulation articulation NN 43431 8091 3 is be VBZ 43431 8091 4 such such JJ 43431 8091 5 as as IN 43431 8091 6 to to TO 43431 8091 7 allow allow VB 43431 8091 8 but but CC 43431 8091 9 little little JJ 43431 8091 10 lateral lateral JJ 43431 8091 11 play play NN 43431 8091 12 of of IN 43431 8091 13 the the DT 43431 8091 14 lower low JJR 43431 8091 15 jaw jaw NN 43431 8091 16 . . . 43431 8092 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8092 2 2 2 LS 43431 8092 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8092 4 = = NFP 43431 8092 5 Bones bone NNS 43431 8092 6 in in IN 43431 8092 7 relation relation NN 43431 8092 8 to to IN 43431 8092 9 the the DT 43431 8092 10 Optic optic JJ 43431 8092 11 capsules.= capsules.= CD 43431 8092 12 The the DT 43431 8092 13 only only JJ 43431 8092 14 bone bone NN 43431 8092 15 developed develop VBN 43431 8092 16 in in IN 43431 8092 17 relation relation NN 43431 8092 18 to to IN 43431 8092 19 the the DT 43431 8092 20 optic optic JJ 43431 8092 21 capsule capsule NN 43431 8092 22 on on IN 43431 8092 23 each each DT 43431 8092 24 side side NN 43431 8092 25 is be VBZ 43431 8092 26 the the DT 43431 8092 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8092 28 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 8092 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8092 30 . . . 43431 8093 1 This this DT 43431 8093 2 is be VBZ 43431 8093 3 a a DT 43431 8093 4 small small JJ 43431 8093 5 membrane membrane NN 43431 8093 6 bone bone NN 43431 8093 7 lying lie VBG 43431 8093 8 between between IN 43431 8093 9 the the DT 43431 8093 10 frontal frontal JJ 43431 8093 11 and and CC 43431 8093 12 palatine palatine NN 43431 8093 13 behind behind RB 43431 8093 14 , , , 43431 8093 15 and and CC 43431 8093 16 the the DT 43431 8093 17 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8093 18 and and CC 43431 8093 19 jugal jugal NNP 43431 8093 20 in in IN 43431 8093 21 front front NN 43431 8093 22 . . . 43431 8094 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8094 2 is be VBZ 43431 8094 3 perforated perforate VBN 43431 8094 4 by by IN 43431 8094 5 a a DT 43431 8094 6 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8094 7 = = SYM 43431 8094 8 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 8094 9 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8094 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8094 11 fig fig NN 43431 8094 12 . . . 43431 8095 1 73 73 CD 43431 8095 2 , , , 43431 8095 3 13 13 CD 43431 8095 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8095 5 which which WDT 43431 8095 6 opens open VBZ 43431 8095 7 within within IN 43431 8095 8 the the DT 43431 8095 9 orbit orbit NN 43431 8095 10 . . . 43431 8096 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8096 2 3 3 LS 43431 8096 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8096 4 = = NFP 43431 8096 5 Bones bone NNS 43431 8096 6 in in IN 43431 8096 7 relation relation NN 43431 8096 8 to to IN 43431 8096 9 the the DT 43431 8096 10 Olfactory Olfactory NNP 43431 8096 11 capsules.= capsules.= CD 43431 8096 12 In in IN 43431 8096 13 connection connection NN 43431 8096 14 with with IN 43431 8096 15 the the DT 43431 8096 16 = = SYM 43431 8096 17 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8096 18 capsules= capsules= NN 43431 8096 19 , , , 43431 8096 20 five five CD 43431 8096 21 pairs pair NNS 43431 8096 22 of of IN 43431 8096 23 bones bone NNS 43431 8096 24 are be VBP 43431 8096 25 developed develop VBN 43431 8096 26 , , , 43431 8096 27 two two CD 43431 8096 28 pairs pair NNS 43431 8096 29 being be VBG 43431 8096 30 membrane membrane NN 43431 8096 31 bones bone NNS 43431 8096 32 , , , 43431 8096 33 and and CC 43431 8096 34 three three CD 43431 8096 35 pairs pair NNS 43431 8096 36 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8096 37 bones bone NNS 43431 8096 38 . . . 43431 8097 1 Of of IN 43431 8097 2 membrane membrane NN 43431 8097 3 bones bone NNS 43431 8097 4 , , , 43431 8097 5 the the DT 43431 8097 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8097 7 nasals nasal NNS 43431 8097 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8097 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8097 10 fig fig NN 43431 8097 11 . . . 43431 8098 1 73 73 CD 43431 8098 2 , , , 43431 8098 3 4 4 CD 43431 8098 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8098 5 are be VBP 43431 8098 6 a a DT 43431 8098 7 pair pair NN 43431 8098 8 of of IN 43431 8098 9 long long JJ 43431 8098 10 narrow narrow JJ 43431 8098 11 bones bone NNS 43431 8098 12 , , , 43431 8098 13 lying lie VBG 43431 8098 14 closely closely RB 43431 8098 15 side side NN 43431 8098 16 by by IN 43431 8098 17 side side NN 43431 8098 18 , , , 43431 8098 19 and and CC 43431 8098 20 forming form VBG 43431 8098 21 the the DT 43431 8098 22 main main JJ 43431 8098 23 part part NN 43431 8098 24 of of IN 43431 8098 25 the the DT 43431 8098 26 roof roof NN 43431 8098 27 of of IN 43431 8098 28 the the DT 43431 8098 29 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8098 30 chamber chamber NN 43431 8098 31 . . . 43431 8099 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8099 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 8099 3 ends end VBZ 43431 8099 4 overlap overlap VBP 43431 8099 5 the the DT 43431 8099 6 frontals frontal NNS 43431 8099 7 , , , 43431 8099 8 and and CC 43431 8099 9 the the DT 43431 8099 10 outer outer JJ 43431 8099 11 margin margin NN 43431 8099 12 of of IN 43431 8099 13 each each DT 43431 8099 14 is be VBZ 43431 8099 15 in in IN 43431 8099 16 contact contact NN 43431 8099 17 with with IN 43431 8099 18 the the DT 43431 8099 19 nasal nasal NN 43431 8099 20 process process NN 43431 8099 21 of of IN 43431 8099 22 the the DT 43431 8099 23 frontal frontal NN 43431 8099 24 , , , 43431 8099 25 and and CC 43431 8099 26 with with IN 43431 8099 27 the the DT 43431 8099 28 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8099 29 and and CC 43431 8099 30 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 8099 31 . . . 43431 8100 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 8100 2 immediately immediately RB 43431 8100 3 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8100 4 to to IN 43431 8100 5 the the DT 43431 8100 6 nasals nasal NNS 43431 8100 7 , , , 43431 8100 8 and and CC 43431 8100 9 on on IN 43431 8100 10 each each DT 43431 8100 11 side side NN 43431 8100 12 of of IN 43431 8100 13 the the DT 43431 8100 14 perpendicular perpendicular JJ 43431 8100 15 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 8100 16 , , , 43431 8100 17 are be VBP 43431 8100 18 the the DT 43431 8100 19 = = SYM 43431 8100 20 ethmoid= ethmoid= NN 43431 8100 21 or or CC 43431 8100 22 = = SYM 43431 8100 23 turbinal= turbinal= NN 43431 8100 24 bones bone NNS 43431 8100 25 , , , 43431 8100 26 which which WDT 43431 8100 27 have have VBP 43431 8100 28 a a DT 43431 8100 29 curious curious JJ 43431 8100 30 character character NN 43431 8100 31 , , , 43431 8100 32 being be VBG 43431 8100 33 formed form VBN 43431 8100 34 of of IN 43431 8100 35 a a DT 43431 8100 36 number number NN 43431 8100 37 of of IN 43431 8100 38 delicate delicate JJ 43431 8100 39 plates plate NNS 43431 8100 40 intimately intimately RB 43431 8100 41 folded fold VBN 43431 8100 42 on on IN 43431 8100 43 one one CD 43431 8100 44 another another DT 43431 8100 45 . . . 43431 8101 1 The the DT 43431 8101 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 8101 3 pair pair NN 43431 8101 4 of of IN 43431 8101 5 these these DT 43431 8101 6 bones bone NNS 43431 8101 7 , , , 43431 8101 8 the the DT 43431 8101 9 = = SYM 43431 8101 10 ethmo ethmo NNP 43431 8101 11 - - HYPH 43431 8101 12 turbinals= turbinals= NNP 43431 8101 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8101 14 fig fig NN 43431 8101 15 . . . 43431 8102 1 72 72 CD 43431 8102 2 , , , 43431 8102 3 10 10 CD 43431 8102 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8102 5 , , , 43431 8102 6 are be VBP 43431 8102 7 the the DT 43431 8102 8 larger large JJR 43431 8102 9 , , , 43431 8102 10 and and CC 43431 8102 11 form form VB 43431 8102 12 a a DT 43431 8102 13 mass mass NN 43431 8102 14 of of IN 43431 8102 15 intricately intricately RB 43431 8102 16 folded fold VBN 43431 8102 17 lamellae lamella NNS 43431 8102 18 attached attach VBN 43431 8102 19 behind behind RB 43431 8102 20 to to IN 43431 8102 21 the the DT 43431 8102 22 cribriform cribriform NN 43431 8102 23 plate plate NN 43431 8102 24 , , , 43431 8102 25 and and CC 43431 8102 26 passing pass VBG 43431 8102 27 laterally laterally RB 43431 8102 28 into into IN 43431 8102 29 two two CD 43431 8102 30 thin thin JJ 43431 8102 31 plates plate NNS 43431 8102 32 of of IN 43431 8102 33 bone bone NN 43431 8102 34 , , , 43431 8102 35 which which WDT 43431 8102 36 abut abut VBP 43431 8102 37 on on IN 43431 8102 38 the the DT 43431 8102 39 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8102 40 . . . 43431 8103 1 The the DT 43431 8103 2 uppermost uppermost JJ 43431 8103 3 lamella lamella NN 43431 8103 4 of of IN 43431 8103 5 each each DT 43431 8103 6 ethmo ethmo JJ 43431 8103 7 - - HYPH 43431 8103 8 turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 8103 9 is be VBZ 43431 8103 10 larger large JJR 43431 8103 11 than than IN 43431 8103 12 the the DT 43431 8103 13 others other NNS 43431 8103 14 and and CC 43431 8103 15 more more RBR 43431 8103 16 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8103 17 . . . 43431 8104 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8104 2 is be VBZ 43431 8104 3 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8104 4 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 8104 5 as as IN 43431 8104 6 the the DT 43431 8104 7 = = SYM 43431 8104 8 naso naso NNP 43431 8104 9 - - HYPH 43431 8104 10 turbinal= turbinal= NNP 43431 8104 11 , , , 43431 8104 12 and and CC 43431 8104 13 forms form VBZ 43431 8104 14 an an DT 43431 8104 15 imperfect imperfect NN 43431 8104 16 lower lower RBR 43431 8104 17 boundary boundary JJ 43431 8104 18 to to IN 43431 8104 19 a a DT 43431 8104 20 canal canal NN 43431 8104 21 , , , 43431 8104 22 which which WDT 43431 8104 23 is be VBZ 43431 8104 24 bounded bound VBN 43431 8104 25 above above IN 43431 8104 26 by by IN 43431 8104 27 the the DT 43431 8104 28 nasals nasal NNS 43431 8104 29 . . . 43431 8105 1 In in IN 43431 8105 2 front front NN 43431 8105 3 of of IN 43431 8105 4 and and CC 43431 8105 5 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8105 6 below below IN 43431 8105 7 the the DT 43431 8105 8 ethmo ethmo NN 43431 8105 9 - - HYPH 43431 8105 10 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 8105 11 , , , 43431 8105 12 lie lie VB 43431 8105 13 another another DT 43431 8105 14 pair pair NN 43431 8105 15 of of IN 43431 8105 16 bones bone NNS 43431 8105 17 of of IN 43431 8105 18 similar similar JJ 43431 8105 19 character character NN 43431 8105 20 , , , 43431 8105 21 the the DT 43431 8105 22 = = SYM 43431 8105 23 maxillo maxillo NNP 43431 8105 24 - - HYPH 43431 8105 25 turbinals= turbinals= NNP 43431 8105 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8105 27 fig fig NN 43431 8105 28 . . . 43431 8106 1 72 72 CD 43431 8106 2 , , , 43431 8106 3 11 11 CD 43431 8106 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8106 5 . . . 43431 8107 1 The the DT 43431 8107 2 last last JJ 43431 8107 3 bone bone NN 43431 8107 4 to to TO 43431 8107 5 be be VB 43431 8107 6 mentioned mention VBN 43431 8107 7 in in IN 43431 8107 8 connection connection NN 43431 8107 9 with with IN 43431 8107 10 the the DT 43431 8107 11 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8107 12 capsules capsule NNS 43431 8107 13 is be VBZ 43431 8107 14 a a DT 43431 8107 15 membrane membrane NN 43431 8107 16 bone bone NN 43431 8107 17 , , , 43431 8107 18 the the DT 43431 8107 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8107 20 vomer vomer NN 43431 8107 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8107 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8107 23 fig fig NN 43431 8107 24 . . . 43431 8108 1 72 72 CD 43431 8108 2 , , , 43431 8108 3 9 9 CD 43431 8108 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8108 5 . . . 43431 8109 1 This this DT 43431 8109 2 is be VBZ 43431 8109 3 a a DT 43431 8109 4 slender slender NN 43431 8109 5 vertically vertically RB 43431 8109 6 - - HYPH 43431 8109 7 placed place VBN 43431 8109 8 bone bone NN 43431 8109 9 , , , 43431 8109 10 whose whose WP$ 43431 8109 11 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8109 12 part part NN 43431 8109 13 lies lie VBZ 43431 8109 14 between between IN 43431 8109 15 the the DT 43431 8109 16 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 8109 17 - - HYPH 43431 8109 18 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 8109 19 , , , 43431 8109 20 while while IN 43431 8109 21 behind behind IN 43431 8109 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8109 23 extends extend VBZ 43431 8109 24 beyond beyond IN 43431 8109 25 the the DT 43431 8109 26 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 8109 27 , , , 43431 8109 28 so so IN 43431 8109 29 as as IN 43431 8109 30 to to TO 43431 8109 31 underlie underlie VB 43431 8109 32 the the DT 43431 8109 33 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8109 34 part part NN 43431 8109 35 of of IN 43431 8109 36 the the DT 43431 8109 37 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 8109 38 . . . 43431 8110 1 The the DT 43431 8110 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8110 3 part part NN 43431 8110 4 of of IN 43431 8110 5 the the DT 43431 8110 6 vomer vomer NN 43431 8110 7 forms form NNS 43431 8110 8 a a DT 43431 8110 9 kind kind NN 43431 8110 10 of of IN 43431 8110 11 trough trough NN 43431 8110 12 , , , 43431 8110 13 while while IN 43431 8110 14 further further RB 43431 8110 15 back back RB 43431 8110 16 in in IN 43431 8110 17 the the DT 43431 8110 18 region region NN 43431 8110 19 of of IN 43431 8110 20 the the DT 43431 8110 21 ethmo ethmo NN 43431 8110 22 - - HYPH 43431 8110 23 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 8110 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8110 25 sends send VBZ 43431 8110 26 out out RP 43431 8110 27 a a DT 43431 8110 28 pair pair NN 43431 8110 29 of of IN 43431 8110 30 strong strong JJ 43431 8110 31 lateral lateral JJ 43431 8110 32 plates plate NNS 43431 8110 33 , , , 43431 8110 34 each each DT 43431 8110 35 of of IN 43431 8110 36 which which WDT 43431 8110 37 , , , 43431 8110 38 passing pass VBG 43431 8110 39 below below IN 43431 8110 40 the the DT 43431 8110 41 ethmo ethmo NN 43431 8110 42 - - HYPH 43431 8110 43 turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 8110 44 , , , 43431 8110 45 joins join VBZ 43431 8110 46 the the DT 43431 8110 47 side side NN 43431 8110 48 wall wall NN 43431 8110 49 of of IN 43431 8110 50 the the DT 43431 8110 51 nasal nasal NN 43431 8110 52 cavity cavity NN 43431 8110 53 , , , 43431 8110 54 and and CC 43431 8110 55 forms form VBZ 43431 8110 56 a a DT 43431 8110 57 partition partition NN 43431 8110 58 dividing divide VBG 43431 8110 59 the the DT 43431 8110 60 nasal nasal NN 43431 8110 61 cavity cavity NN 43431 8110 62 into into IN 43431 8110 63 a a DT 43431 8110 64 lower low JJR 43431 8110 65 = = SYM 43431 8110 66 narial narial JJ 43431 8110 67 passage= passage= NN 43431 8110 68 and and CC 43431 8110 69 an an DT 43431 8110 70 upper upper JJ 43431 8110 71 = = SYM 43431 8110 72 olfactory olfactory NN 43431 8110 73 chamber=. chamber=. XX 43431 8111 1 THE the DT 43431 8111 2 JAWS JAWS NNP 43431 8111 3 . . . 43431 8112 1 In in IN 43431 8112 2 the the DT 43431 8112 3 embryo embryo NN 43431 8112 4 both both CC 43431 8112 5 upper upper JJ 43431 8112 6 and and CC 43431 8112 7 lower low JJR 43431 8112 8 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8112 9 are be VBP 43431 8112 10 formed form VBN 43431 8112 11 of of IN 43431 8112 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 8112 13 bars bar NNS 43431 8112 14 , , , 43431 8112 15 but but CC 43431 8112 16 in in IN 43431 8112 17 the the DT 43431 8112 18 adult adult NN 43431 8112 19 not not RB 43431 8112 20 only only RB 43431 8112 21 has have VBZ 43431 8112 22 the the DT 43431 8112 23 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8112 24 entirely entirely RB 43431 8112 25 disappeared disappear VBD 43431 8112 26 , , , 43431 8112 27 but but CC 43431 8112 28 even even RB 43431 8112 29 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8112 30 bone bone NN 43431 8112 31 is be VBZ 43431 8112 32 absent absent JJ 43431 8112 33 , , , 43431 8112 34 the the DT 43431 8112 35 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8112 36 being be VBG 43431 8112 37 formed form VBN 43431 8112 38 of of IN 43431 8112 39 membrane membrane NN 43431 8112 40 bone bone NN 43431 8112 41 . . . 43431 8113 1 3 3 LS 43431 8113 2 . . . 43431 8114 1 THE the DT 43431 8114 2 UPPER UPPER NNP 43431 8114 3 JAW jaw NN 43431 8114 4 . . . 43431 8115 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8115 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8115 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8115 4 . . . 43431 8116 1 75 75 CD 43431 8116 2 . . . 43431 8117 1 VENTRAL ventral JJ 43431 8117 2 VIEW view NN 43431 8117 3 OF of IN 43431 8117 4 THE the DT 43431 8117 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 8117 6 OF of IN 43431 8117 7 A a DT 43431 8117 8 DOG DOG NNP 43431 8117 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8117 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8117 11 Canis Canis NNP 43431 8117 12 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 8117 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8117 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8117 15 à à NNP 43431 8117 16 � � NNP 43431 8117 17 3/5 3/5 CD 43431 8117 18 . . . 43431 8118 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8118 2 Camb camb NN 43431 8118 3 . . . 43431 8119 1 Mus mus NN 43431 8119 2 . . . 43431 8119 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8120 1 1 1 LS 43431 8120 2 . . . 43431 8120 3 supra supra NNP 43431 8120 4 - - HYPH 43431 8120 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 8120 6 . . . 43431 8121 1 2 2 LS 43431 8121 2 . . . 43431 8121 3 foramen foramen NNP 43431 8121 4 magnum magnum NNP 43431 8121 5 . . . 43431 8122 1 3 3 LS 43431 8122 2 . . . 43431 8122 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 8122 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 8122 5 . . . 43431 8123 1 4 4 LS 43431 8123 2 . . . 43431 8123 3 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8123 4 bulla bulla NN 43431 8123 5 . . . 43431 8124 1 5 5 LS 43431 8124 2 . . . 43431 8124 3 basi basi NN 43431 8124 4 - - HYPH 43431 8124 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 8124 6 . . . 43431 8125 1 6 6 LS 43431 8125 2 . . . 43431 8125 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 8125 4 . . . 43431 8126 1 7 7 LS 43431 8126 2 . . . 43431 8126 3 external external JJ 43431 8126 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8126 5 meatus meatus NNP 43431 8126 6 . . . 43431 8127 1 8 8 LS 43431 8127 2 . . . 43431 8127 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 8127 4 fossa fossa NNP 43431 8127 5 . . . 43431 8128 1 9 9 CD 43431 8128 2 . . . 43431 8128 3 foramen foramen NNP 43431 8128 4 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8128 5 medium medium NNP 43431 8128 6 and and CC 43431 8128 7 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8128 8 opening opening NN 43431 8128 9 of of IN 43431 8128 10 carotid carotid JJ 43431 8128 11 canal canal NN 43431 8128 12 . . . 43431 8129 1 10 10 CD 43431 8129 2 . . . 43431 8129 3 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 8129 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8129 5 . . . 43431 8130 1 11 11 CD 43431 8130 2 . . . 43431 8130 3 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 8130 4 . . . 43431 8131 1 12 12 CD 43431 8131 2 . . . 43431 8131 3 presphenoid presphenoid NNP 43431 8131 4 . . . 43431 8132 1 13 13 CD 43431 8132 2 . . . 43431 8132 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 8132 4 . . . 43431 8133 1 14 14 CD 43431 8133 2 . . . 43431 8133 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 8133 4 . . . 43431 8134 1 15 15 CD 43431 8134 2 . . . 43431 8134 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 8134 4 . . . 43431 8135 1 16 16 CD 43431 8135 2 . . . 43431 8135 3 palatal palatal JJ 43431 8135 4 process process NN 43431 8135 5 of of IN 43431 8135 6 palatine palatine NN 43431 8135 7 . . . 43431 8136 1 17 17 CD 43431 8136 2 . . . 43431 8136 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8136 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8136 5 palatal palatal NNP 43431 8136 6 portion portion NN 43431 8136 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8136 8 . . . 43431 8137 1 18 18 CD 43431 8137 2 . . . 43431 8137 3 posterior posterior NNP 43431 8137 4 palatine palatine NNP 43431 8137 5 foramina foramina NNP 43431 8137 6 . . . 43431 8138 1 19 19 CD 43431 8138 2 . . . 43431 8138 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8138 4 palatine palatine NNP 43431 8138 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8138 6 . . . 43431 8139 1 20 20 CD 43431 8139 2 . . . 43431 8139 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 8139 4 . . . 43431 8140 1 21 21 LS 43431 8140 2 . . . 43431 8140 3 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 8140 4 canal canal NNP 43431 8140 5 . . . 43431 8141 1 22 22 CD 43431 8141 2 . . . 43431 8142 1 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 8142 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8142 3 . . . 43431 8143 1 23 23 CD 43431 8143 2 . . . 43431 8143 3 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 8143 4 process process NN 43431 8143 5 of of IN 43431 8143 6 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 8143 7 . . . 43431 8144 1 II ii CD 43431 8144 2 . . . 43431 8145 1 optic optic JJ 43431 8145 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8145 3 . . . 43431 8146 1 III III NNP 43431 8146 2 , , , 43431 8146 3 IV IV NNP 43431 8146 4 , , , 43431 8146 5 V{1 V{1 NNP 43431 8146 6 } } -RRB- 43431 8146 7 , , , 43431 8146 8 VI VI NNP 43431 8146 9 . . . 43431 8147 1 foramen foramen NNP 43431 8147 2 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8147 3 anterius anterius NN 43431 8147 4 . . . 43431 8148 1 V{2 V{2 NNP 43431 8148 2 } } -RRB- 43431 8148 3 . . . 43431 8149 1 foramen foramen NNP 43431 8149 2 rotundum rotundum NNP 43431 8149 3 . . . 43431 8150 1 V{3 V{3 NNP 43431 8150 2 } } -RRB- 43431 8150 3 . . . 43431 8151 1 foramen foramen NNP 43431 8151 2 ovale ovale NNP 43431 8151 3 . . . 43431 8152 1 VII VII NNP 43431 8152 2 . . . 43431 8153 1 stylomastoid stylomastoid NNP 43431 8153 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8153 3 . . . 43431 8154 1 IX ix NN 43431 8154 2 , , , 43431 8154 3 X X NNS 43431 8154 4 , , , 43431 8154 5 XI XI NNP 43431 8154 6 . . . 43431 8155 1 foramen foramen NNP 43431 8155 2 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8155 3 posterius posterius NNP 43431 8155 4 . . . 43431 8156 1 XII XII NNP 43431 8156 2 . . . 43431 8157 1 condylar condylar JJ 43431 8157 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8157 3 . . . 43431 8158 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8158 2 i i PRP 43431 8158 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8158 4 2 2 CD 43431 8158 5 . . . 43431 8158 6 second second JJ 43431 8158 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 8158 8 . . . 43431 8159 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8159 2 c. c. NNP 43431 8159 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8159 4 canine canine NN 43431 8159 5 . . . 43431 8160 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8160 2 pm pm NNP 43431 8160 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8160 4 1 1 CD 43431 8160 5 , , , 43431 8160 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8160 7 pm pm NN 43431 8160 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8160 9 4 4 CD 43431 8160 10 . . . 43431 8160 11 first first JJ 43431 8160 12 and and CC 43431 8160 13 fourth fourth JJ 43431 8160 14 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8160 15 . . . 43431 8161 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8161 2 m m NNP 43431 8161 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8161 4 1 1 CD 43431 8161 5 . . . 43431 8161 6 first first NNP 43431 8161 7 molar molar NNP 43431 8161 8 . . . 43431 8161 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8162 1 The the DT 43431 8162 2 bones bone NNS 43431 8162 3 of of IN 43431 8162 4 the the DT 43431 8162 5 upper upper JJ 43431 8162 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 8162 7 are be VBP 43431 8162 8 closely closely RB 43431 8162 9 connected connected JJ 43431 8162 10 with with IN 43431 8162 11 those those DT 43431 8162 12 of of IN 43431 8162 13 the the DT 43431 8162 14 cranium cranium NN 43431 8162 15 proper proper JJ 43431 8162 16 and and CC 43431 8162 17 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 8162 18 capsules capsule NNS 43431 8162 19 . . . 43431 8163 1 The the DT 43431 8163 2 most most JJS 43431 8163 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 8163 4 of of IN 43431 8163 5 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8163 6 is be VBZ 43431 8163 7 the the DT 43431 8163 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8163 9 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 8163 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8163 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8163 12 fig fig NN 43431 8163 13 . . . 43431 8164 1 75 75 CD 43431 8164 2 , , , 43431 8164 3 15 15 CD 43431 8164 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8164 5 , , , 43431 8164 6 a a DT 43431 8164 7 thin thin JJ 43431 8164 8 vertically vertically RB 43431 8164 9 placed place VBN 43431 8164 10 plate plate NN 43431 8164 11 of of IN 43431 8164 12 bone bone NN 43431 8164 13 , , , 43431 8164 14 which which WDT 43431 8164 15 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8164 16 above above RB 43431 8164 17 with with IN 43431 8164 18 the the DT 43431 8164 19 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 8164 20 , , , 43431 8164 21 the the DT 43431 8164 22 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 8164 23 , , , 43431 8164 24 and and CC 43431 8164 25 the the DT 43431 8164 26 strong strong JJ 43431 8164 27 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 8164 28 process process NN 43431 8164 29 of of IN 43431 8164 30 the the DT 43431 8164 31 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 8164 32 . . . 43431 8165 1 The the DT 43431 8165 2 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8165 3 end end NN 43431 8165 4 of of IN 43431 8165 5 the the DT 43431 8165 6 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 8165 7 is be VBZ 43431 8165 8 drawn draw VBN 43431 8165 9 out out RP 43431 8165 10 into into IN 43431 8165 11 a a DT 43431 8165 12 small small JJ 43431 8165 13 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 8165 14 - - : 43431 8165 15 projecting project VBG 43431 8165 16 = = SYM 43431 8165 17 hamular hamular NN 43431 8165 18 process=. process=. NN 43431 8166 1 In in IN 43431 8166 2 front front JJ 43431 8166 3 the the DT 43431 8166 4 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 8166 5 articulates articulate NNS 43431 8166 6 with with IN 43431 8166 7 the the DT 43431 8166 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8166 9 palatine palatine NN 43431 8166 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8166 11 , , , 43431 8166 12 a a DT 43431 8166 13 much much RB 43431 8166 14 larger large JJR 43431 8166 15 bone bone NN 43431 8166 16 , , , 43431 8166 17 consisting consist VBG 43431 8166 18 of of IN 43431 8166 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8166 20 1 1 LS 43431 8166 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8166 22 a a DT 43431 8166 23 vertical vertical JJ 43431 8166 24 portion portion NN 43431 8166 25 , , , 43431 8166 26 which which WDT 43431 8166 27 passes pass VBZ 43431 8166 28 up up RP 43431 8166 29 to to TO 43431 8166 30 meet meet VB 43431 8166 31 the the DT 43431 8166 32 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid JJ 43431 8166 33 and and CC 43431 8166 34 frontal frontal JJ 43431 8166 35 , , , 43431 8166 36 and and CC 43431 8166 37 sends send VBZ 43431 8166 38 inwards inward NNS 43431 8166 39 a a DT 43431 8166 40 plate plate NN 43431 8166 41 which which WDT 43431 8166 42 meets meet VBZ 43431 8166 43 the the DT 43431 8166 44 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 8166 45 and and CC 43431 8166 46 vomer vomer NN 43431 8166 47 , , , 43431 8166 48 forming form VBG 43431 8166 49 much much JJ 43431 8166 50 of of IN 43431 8166 51 the the DT 43431 8166 52 roof roof NN 43431 8166 53 of of IN 43431 8166 54 the the DT 43431 8166 55 posterior posterior JJ 43431 8166 56 part part NN 43431 8166 57 of of IN 43431 8166 58 the the DT 43431 8166 59 narial narial JJ 43431 8166 60 passage passage NN 43431 8166 61 ; ; , 43431 8166 62 and and CC 43431 8166 63 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8166 64 2 2 LS 43431 8166 65 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8166 66 a a DT 43431 8166 67 strong strong JJ 43431 8166 68 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 8166 69 portion portion NN 43431 8166 70 , , , 43431 8166 71 the the DT 43431 8166 72 = = SYM 43431 8166 73 palatal palatal FW 43431 8166 74 process= process= NN 43431 8166 75 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8166 76 fig fig NN 43431 8166 77 . . . 43431 8167 1 75 75 CD 43431 8167 2 , , , 43431 8167 3 16 16 CD 43431 8167 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8167 5 , , , 43431 8167 6 which which WDT 43431 8167 7 passes pass VBZ 43431 8167 8 inwards inward NNS 43431 8167 9 and and CC 43431 8167 10 meets meet VBZ 43431 8167 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8167 12 fellow fellow NN 43431 8167 13 in in IN 43431 8167 14 the the DT 43431 8167 15 middle middle JJ 43431 8167 16 line line NN 43431 8167 17 , , , 43431 8167 18 forming form VBG 43431 8167 19 the the DT 43431 8167 20 posterior posterior NN 43431 8167 21 part part NN 43431 8167 22 of of IN 43431 8167 23 the the DT 43431 8167 24 bridge bridge NN 43431 8167 25 of of IN 43431 8167 26 bone bone NN 43431 8167 27 supporting support VBG 43431 8167 28 the the DT 43431 8167 29 hard hard JJ 43431 8167 30 palate palate NN 43431 8167 31 . . . 43431 8168 1 The the DT 43431 8168 2 palatal palatal JJ 43431 8168 3 process process NN 43431 8168 4 is be VBZ 43431 8168 5 continuous continuous JJ 43431 8168 6 in in IN 43431 8168 7 front front NN 43431 8168 8 , , , 43431 8168 9 with with IN 43431 8168 10 a a DT 43431 8168 11 large large JJ 43431 8168 12 bone bone NN 43431 8168 13 , , , 43431 8168 14 the the DT 43431 8168 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8168 16 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8168 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8168 18 , , , 43431 8168 19 which which WDT 43431 8168 20 , , , 43431 8168 21 like like IN 43431 8168 22 the the DT 43431 8168 23 palatine palatine NN 43431 8168 24 , , , 43431 8168 25 consists consist VBZ 43431 8168 26 of of IN 43431 8168 27 vertical vertical JJ 43431 8168 28 and and CC 43431 8168 29 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 8168 30 portions portion NNS 43431 8168 31 . . . 43431 8169 1 The the DT 43431 8169 2 vertical vertical JJ 43431 8169 3 , , , 43431 8169 4 or or CC 43431 8169 5 = = SYM 43431 8169 6 facial facial JJ 43431 8169 7 portion= portion= NN 43431 8169 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8169 9 fig fig NN 43431 8169 10 . . . 43431 8170 1 73 73 CD 43431 8170 2 , , , 43431 8170 3 5 5 CD 43431 8170 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8170 5 , , , 43431 8170 6 is be VBZ 43431 8170 7 the the DT 43431 8170 8 largest large JJS 43431 8170 9 , , , 43431 8170 10 and and CC 43431 8170 11 constitutes constitute VBZ 43431 8170 12 the the DT 43431 8170 13 main main JJ 43431 8170 14 part part NN 43431 8170 15 of of IN 43431 8170 16 the the DT 43431 8170 17 side side NN 43431 8170 18 of of IN 43431 8170 19 the the DT 43431 8170 20 face face NN 43431 8170 21 in in IN 43431 8170 22 front front NN 43431 8170 23 of of IN 43431 8170 24 the the DT 43431 8170 25 orbit orbit NN 43431 8170 26 , , , 43431 8170 27 forming form VBG 43431 8170 28 also also RB 43431 8170 29 the the DT 43431 8170 30 chief chief JJ 43431 8170 31 part part NN 43431 8170 32 of of IN 43431 8170 33 the the DT 43431 8170 34 outer outer JJ 43431 8170 35 wall wall NN 43431 8170 36 of of IN 43431 8170 37 the the DT 43431 8170 38 nasal nasal NN 43431 8170 39 cavity cavity NN 43431 8170 40 . . . 43431 8171 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8171 2 is be VBZ 43431 8171 3 continuous continuous JJ 43431 8171 4 in in IN 43431 8171 5 front front NN 43431 8171 6 with with IN 43431 8171 7 the the DT 43431 8171 8 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 8171 9 , , , 43431 8171 10 above above IN 43431 8171 11 with with IN 43431 8171 12 the the DT 43431 8171 13 nasal nasal NN 43431 8171 14 and and CC 43431 8171 15 frontal frontal NN 43431 8171 16 , , , 43431 8171 17 and and CC 43431 8171 18 behind behind RB 43431 8171 19 with with IN 43431 8171 20 the the DT 43431 8171 21 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 8171 22 , , , 43431 8171 23 jugal jugal NNP 43431 8171 24 , , , 43431 8171 25 and and CC 43431 8171 26 palatine palatine NNP 43431 8171 27 . . . 43431 8172 1 The the DT 43431 8172 2 horizontal horizontal JJ 43431 8172 3 , , , 43431 8172 4 or or CC 43431 8172 5 = = SYM 43431 8172 6 palatal palatal FW 43431 8172 7 portion= portion= NN 43431 8172 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8172 9 fig fig NN 43431 8172 10 . . . 43431 8173 1 75 75 CD 43431 8173 2 , , , 43431 8173 3 17 17 CD 43431 8173 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8173 5 , , , 43431 8173 6 forms form VBZ 43431 8173 7 the the DT 43431 8173 8 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8173 9 part part NN 43431 8173 10 of of IN 43431 8173 11 the the DT 43431 8173 12 bony bony NN 43431 8173 13 plate plate NN 43431 8173 14 supporting support VBG 43431 8173 15 the the DT 43431 8173 16 hard hard JJ 43431 8173 17 palate palate NN 43431 8173 18 , , , 43431 8173 19 and and CC 43431 8173 20 meets meet VBZ 43431 8173 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8173 22 fellow fellow NN 43431 8173 23 in in IN 43431 8173 24 a a DT 43431 8173 25 long long JJ 43431 8173 26 straight straight JJ 43431 8173 27 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8173 28 . . . 43431 8174 1 The the DT 43431 8174 2 junction junction NN 43431 8174 3 line line NN 43431 8174 4 between between IN 43431 8174 5 the the DT 43431 8174 6 palatal palatal JJ 43431 8174 7 and and CC 43431 8174 8 facial facial JJ 43431 8174 9 portions portion NNS 43431 8174 10 is be VBZ 43431 8174 11 called call VBN 43431 8174 12 the the DT 43431 8174 13 = = SYM 43431 8174 14 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 8174 15 border= border= NNS 43431 8174 16 , , , 43431 8174 17 and and CC 43431 8174 18 along along IN 43431 8174 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8174 20 are be VBP 43431 8174 21 attached attach VBN 43431 8174 22 the the DT 43431 8174 23 canine canine NN 43431 8174 24 , , , 43431 8174 25 premolar premolar JJ 43431 8174 26 , , , 43431 8174 27 and and CC 43431 8174 28 molar molar JJ 43431 8174 29 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8174 30 . . . 43431 8175 1 The the DT 43431 8175 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8175 3 part part NN 43431 8175 4 of of IN 43431 8175 5 the the DT 43431 8175 6 upper upper JJ 43431 8175 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 8175 8 on on IN 43431 8175 9 each each DT 43431 8175 10 side side NN 43431 8175 11 is be VBZ 43431 8175 12 formed form VBN 43431 8175 13 by by IN 43431 8175 14 a a DT 43431 8175 15 small small JJ 43431 8175 16 bone bone NN 43431 8175 17 , , , 43431 8175 18 the the DT 43431 8175 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8175 20 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 8175 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8175 22 , , , 43431 8175 23 which which WDT 43431 8175 24 bears bear VBZ 43431 8175 25 the the DT 43431 8175 26 incisor incisor NN 43431 8175 27 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8175 28 . . . 43431 8176 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8176 2 , , , 43431 8176 3 like like IN 43431 8176 4 the the DT 43431 8176 5 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8176 6 , , , 43431 8176 7 has have VBZ 43431 8176 8 a a DT 43431 8176 9 palatal palatal JJ 43431 8176 10 portion portion NN 43431 8176 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8176 12 fig fig NN 43431 8176 13 . . . 43431 8177 1 75 75 CD 43431 8177 2 , , , 43431 8177 3 20 20 CD 43431 8177 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8177 5 , , , 43431 8177 6 which which WDT 43431 8177 7 meets meet VBZ 43431 8177 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8177 9 fellow fellow NN 43431 8177 10 in in IN 43431 8177 11 the the DT 43431 8177 12 middle middle JJ 43431 8177 13 line line NN 43431 8177 14 , , , 43431 8177 15 and and CC 43431 8177 16 an an DT 43431 8177 17 ascending ascend VBG 43431 8177 18 portion portion NN 43431 8177 19 , , , 43431 8177 20 which which WDT 43431 8177 21 passes pass VBZ 43431 8177 22 backwards backwards RB 43431 8177 23 as as IN 43431 8177 24 the the DT 43431 8177 25 = = SYM 43431 8177 26 nasal nasal NN 43431 8177 27 process= process= NNP 43431 8177 28 , , , 43431 8177 29 tapering taper VBG 43431 8177 30 regularly regularly RB 43431 8177 31 and and CC 43431 8177 32 lying lie VBG 43431 8177 33 between between IN 43431 8177 34 the the DT 43431 8177 35 nasal nasal NN 43431 8177 36 and and CC 43431 8177 37 the the DT 43431 8177 38 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8177 39 . . . 43431 8178 1 The the DT 43431 8178 2 two two CD 43431 8178 3 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 8178 4 form form VBP 43431 8178 5 the the DT 43431 8178 6 outer outer JJ 43431 8178 7 and and CC 43431 8178 8 lower low JJR 43431 8178 9 borders border NNS 43431 8178 10 of of IN 43431 8178 11 the the DT 43431 8178 12 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8178 13 nares naris NNS 43431 8178 14 . . . 43431 8179 1 The the DT 43431 8179 2 last last JJ 43431 8179 3 bone bone NN 43431 8179 4 to to TO 43431 8179 5 be be VB 43431 8179 6 mentioned mention VBN 43431 8179 7 in in IN 43431 8179 8 connection connection NN 43431 8179 9 with with IN 43431 8179 10 the the DT 43431 8179 11 upper upper JJ 43431 8179 12 jaw jaw NN 43431 8179 13 and and CC 43431 8179 14 face face NN 43431 8179 15 is be VBZ 43431 8179 16 the the DT 43431 8179 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8179 18 jugal jugal NN 43431 8179 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8179 20 or or CC 43431 8179 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8179 22 malar malar NNP 43431 8179 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8179 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8179 25 figs fig NNS 43431 8179 26 . . . 43431 8180 1 73 73 CD 43431 8180 2 , , , 43431 8180 3 8 8 CD 43431 8180 4 , , , 43431 8180 5 and and CC 43431 8180 6 75 75 CD 43431 8180 7 , , , 43431 8180 8 14 14 CD 43431 8180 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8180 10 , , , 43431 8180 11 a a DT 43431 8180 12 strong strong JJ 43431 8180 13 bone bone NN 43431 8180 14 which which WDT 43431 8180 15 forms form VBZ 43431 8180 16 the the DT 43431 8180 17 anterior anterior NN 43431 8180 18 half half NN 43431 8180 19 of of IN 43431 8180 20 the the DT 43431 8180 21 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 8180 22 arch arch NN 43431 8180 23 . . . 43431 8181 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8181 2 is be VBZ 43431 8181 3 firmly firmly RB 43431 8181 4 united united JJ 43431 8181 5 in in IN 43431 8181 6 front front NN 43431 8181 7 to to IN 43431 8181 8 the the DT 43431 8181 9 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8181 10 , , , 43431 8181 11 and and CC 43431 8181 12 behind behind RB 43431 8181 13 meets meet VBZ 43431 8181 14 the the DT 43431 8181 15 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 8181 16 process process NN 43431 8181 17 of of IN 43431 8181 18 the the DT 43431 8181 19 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 8181 20 , , , 43431 8181 21 being be VBG 43431 8181 22 drawn draw VBN 43431 8181 23 out out RP 43431 8181 24 dorsally dorsally RB 43431 8181 25 into into IN 43431 8181 26 a a DT 43431 8181 27 short short JJ 43431 8181 28 = = SYM 43431 8181 29 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 8181 30 process= process= NN 43431 8181 31 at at IN 43431 8181 32 the the DT 43431 8181 33 point point NN 43431 8181 34 of of IN 43431 8181 35 meeting meeting NN 43431 8181 36 . . . 43431 8182 1 This this DT 43431 8182 2 process process NN 43431 8182 3 lies lie VBZ 43431 8182 4 immediately immediately RB 43431 8182 5 below below IN 43431 8182 6 the the DT 43431 8182 7 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 8182 8 process process NN 43431 8182 9 of of IN 43431 8182 10 the the DT 43431 8182 11 frontal frontal NN 43431 8182 12 , , , 43431 8182 13 and and CC 43431 8182 14 if if IN 43431 8182 15 the the DT 43431 8182 16 two two CD 43431 8182 17 met meet VBD 43431 8182 18 , , , 43431 8182 19 as as IN 43431 8182 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8182 21 do do VBP 43431 8182 22 in in IN 43431 8182 23 some some DT 43431 8182 24 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8182 25 , , , 43431 8182 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8182 27 would would MD 43431 8182 28 partially partially RB 43431 8182 29 shut shut VB 43431 8182 30 off off RP 43431 8182 31 the the DT 43431 8182 32 orbit orbit NN 43431 8182 33 from from IN 43431 8182 34 a a DT 43431 8182 35 larger large JJR 43431 8182 36 posterior posterior NN 43431 8182 37 cavity cavity NN 43431 8182 38 , , , 43431 8182 39 the the DT 43431 8182 40 = = SYM 43431 8182 41 temporal temporal JJ 43431 8182 42 fossa=. fossa=. . 43431 8183 1 In in IN 43431 8183 2 the the DT 43431 8183 3 living living NN 43431 8183 4 animal animal NN 43431 8183 5 a a DT 43431 8183 6 ligament ligament NN 43431 8183 7 unites unite VBZ 43431 8183 8 the the DT 43431 8183 9 two two CD 43431 8183 10 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 8183 11 processes process NNS 43431 8183 12 . . . 43431 8184 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8184 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8184 3 b b NNP 43431 8184 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8184 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8184 6 THE the DT 43431 8184 7 LOWER LOWER NNP 43431 8184 8 JAW JAW NNP 43431 8184 9 OR or CC 43431 8184 10 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNP 43431 8184 11 . . . 43431 8185 1 This this DT 43431 8185 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 8185 3 of of IN 43431 8185 4 two two CD 43431 8185 5 elongated elongated JJ 43431 8185 6 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 8185 7 halves half NNS 43431 8185 8 , , , 43431 8185 9 the the DT 43431 8185 10 = = SYM 43431 8185 11 rami= rami= NN 43431 8185 12 , , , 43431 8185 13 which which WDT 43431 8185 14 are be VBP 43431 8185 15 united united JJ 43431 8185 16 to to IN 43431 8185 17 one one CD 43431 8185 18 another another DT 43431 8185 19 at at IN 43431 8185 20 the the DT 43431 8185 21 median median JJ 43431 8185 22 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8185 23 in in IN 43431 8185 24 front front NN 43431 8185 25 , , , 43431 8185 26 while while IN 43431 8185 27 behind behind IN 43431 8185 28 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8185 29 diverge diverge VBP 43431 8185 30 considerably considerably RB 43431 8185 31 , , , 43431 8185 32 and and CC 43431 8185 33 each each DT 43431 8185 34 articulates articulate NNS 43431 8185 35 with with IN 43431 8185 36 the the DT 43431 8185 37 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 8185 38 surface surface NN 43431 8185 39 of of IN 43431 8185 40 the the DT 43431 8185 41 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 8185 42 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 8185 43 . . . 43431 8186 1 In in IN 43431 8186 2 young young JJ 43431 8186 3 animals animal NNS 43431 8186 4 the the DT 43431 8186 5 rami rami NN 43431 8186 6 are be VBP 43431 8186 7 united unite VBN 43431 8186 8 at at IN 43431 8186 9 the the DT 43431 8186 10 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8186 11 by by IN 43431 8186 12 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 8186 13 tissue tissue NN 43431 8186 14 , , , 43431 8186 15 but but CC 43431 8186 16 in in IN 43431 8186 17 old old JJ 43431 8186 18 animals animal NNS 43431 8186 19 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8186 20 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8186 21 become become VBP 43431 8186 22 fused fuse VBN 43431 8186 23 together together RB 43431 8186 24 . . . 43431 8187 1 The the DT 43431 8187 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8187 3 or or CC 43431 8187 4 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 8187 5 border border NN 43431 8187 6 bears bear VBZ 43431 8187 7 the the DT 43431 8187 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8187 9 , , , 43431 8187 10 and and CC 43431 8187 11 behind behind IN 43431 8187 12 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8187 13 is be VBZ 43431 8187 14 drawn draw VBN 43431 8187 15 out out RP 43431 8187 16 into into IN 43431 8187 17 a a DT 43431 8187 18 high high JJ 43431 8187 19 laterally laterally RB 43431 8187 20 compressed compress VBN 43431 8187 21 = = SYM 43431 8187 22 coronoid coronoid NNP 43431 8187 23 process= process= NNP 43431 8187 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8187 25 fig fig NN 43431 8187 26 . . . 43431 8188 1 72 72 CD 43431 8188 2 , , , 43431 8188 3 24 24 CD 43431 8188 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8188 5 , , , 43431 8188 6 which which WDT 43431 8188 7 is be VBZ 43431 8188 8 hollowed hollow VBN 43431 8188 9 on on IN 43431 8188 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8188 11 outer outer JJ 43431 8188 12 surface surface NN 43431 8188 13 . . . 43431 8189 1 Immediately immediately RB 43431 8189 2 behind behind IN 43431 8189 3 the the DT 43431 8189 4 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 8189 5 process process NN 43431 8189 6 is be VBZ 43431 8189 7 the the DT 43431 8189 8 transversely transversely RB 43431 8189 9 elongated elongate VBN 43431 8189 10 = = SYM 43431 8189 11 condyle= condyle= NNP 43431 8189 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8189 13 fig fig NN 43431 8189 14 . . . 43431 8190 1 72 72 CD 43431 8190 2 , , , 43431 8190 3 25 25 CD 43431 8190 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8190 5 , , , 43431 8190 6 which which WDT 43431 8190 7 fits fit VBZ 43431 8190 8 into into IN 43431 8190 9 the the DT 43431 8190 10 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 8190 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 8190 12 in in IN 43431 8190 13 such such PDT 43431 8190 14 a a DT 43431 8190 15 way way NN 43431 8190 16 as as IN 43431 8190 17 to to TO 43431 8190 18 allow allow VB 43431 8190 19 free free JJ 43431 8190 20 up up RP 43431 8190 21 and and CC 43431 8190 22 down down IN 43431 8190 23 movement movement NN 43431 8190 24 of of IN 43431 8190 25 the the DT 43431 8190 26 jaw jaw NN 43431 8190 27 , , , 43431 8190 28 with with IN 43431 8190 29 but but CC 43431 8190 30 little little JJ 43431 8190 31 rolling rolling JJ 43431 8190 32 motion motion NN 43431 8190 33 . . . 43431 8191 1 The the DT 43431 8191 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 8191 3 end end NN 43431 8191 4 of of IN 43431 8191 5 the the DT 43431 8191 6 jaw jaw NN 43431 8191 7 below below IN 43431 8191 8 the the DT 43431 8191 9 condyle condyle NN 43431 8191 10 forms form VBZ 43431 8191 11 a a DT 43431 8191 12 short short JJ 43431 8191 13 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8191 14 process process NN 43431 8191 15 , , , 43431 8191 16 the the DT 43431 8191 17 = = SYM 43431 8191 18 angle= angle= NN 43431 8191 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8191 20 fig fig NN 43431 8191 21 . . . 43431 8192 1 72 72 CD 43431 8192 2 , , , 43431 8192 3 26 26 CD 43431 8192 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8192 5 . . . 43431 8193 1 Two two CD 43431 8193 2 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8193 3 foramina foramina NN 43431 8193 4 are be VBP 43431 8193 5 to to TO 43431 8193 6 be be VB 43431 8193 7 seen see VBN 43431 8193 8 in in IN 43431 8193 9 the the DT 43431 8193 10 lower low JJR 43431 8193 11 jaw jaw NN 43431 8193 12 . . . 43431 8194 1 These these DT 43431 8194 2 are be VBP 43431 8194 3 firstly firstly RB 43431 8194 4 the the DT 43431 8194 5 = = SYM 43431 8194 6 inferior inferior JJ 43431 8194 7 dental dental NNP 43431 8194 8 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8194 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8194 10 fig fig NN 43431 8194 11 . . . 43431 8195 1 72 72 CD 43431 8195 2 , , , 43431 8195 3 28 28 CD 43431 8195 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8195 5 , , , 43431 8195 6 which which WDT 43431 8195 7 lies lie VBZ 43431 8195 8 on on IN 43431 8195 9 the the DT 43431 8195 10 inner inner JJ 43431 8195 11 surface surface NN 43431 8195 12 below below IN 43431 8195 13 the the DT 43431 8195 14 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 8195 15 process process NN 43431 8195 16 ; ; : 43431 8195 17 through through IN 43431 8195 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8195 19 an an DT 43431 8195 20 artery artery NN 43431 8195 21 and and CC 43431 8195 22 a a DT 43431 8195 23 branch branch NN 43431 8195 24 of of IN 43431 8195 25 the the DT 43431 8195 26 fifth fifth JJ 43431 8195 27 nerve nerve NN 43431 8195 28 enter enter VBP 43431 8195 29 to to TO 43431 8195 30 supply supply VB 43431 8195 31 the the DT 43431 8195 32 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8195 33 , , , 43431 8195 34 and and CC 43431 8195 35 secondly secondly RB 43431 8195 36 the the DT 43431 8195 37 = = SYM 43431 8195 38 mental mental JJ 43431 8195 39 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8195 40 , , , 43431 8195 41 which which WDT 43431 8195 42 lies lie VBZ 43431 8195 43 on on IN 43431 8195 44 the the DT 43431 8195 45 outer outer JJ 43431 8195 46 side side NN 43431 8195 47 near near IN 43431 8195 48 the the DT 43431 8195 49 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8195 50 end end NN 43431 8195 51 , , , 43431 8195 52 and and CC 43431 8195 53 through through IN 43431 8195 54 which which WDT 43431 8195 55 a a DT 43431 8195 56 branch branch NN 43431 8195 57 of of IN 43431 8195 58 the the DT 43431 8195 59 same same JJ 43431 8195 60 nerve nerve NN 43431 8195 61 emerges emerge VBZ 43431 8195 62 . . . 43431 8196 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8196 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8196 3 c c NNP 43431 8196 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8196 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8196 6 THE the DT 43431 8196 7 HYOID HYOID NNP 43431 8196 8 . . . 43431 8197 1 The the DT 43431 8197 2 = = SYM 43431 8197 3 Hyoid= hyoid= NN 43431 8197 4 of of IN 43431 8197 5 the the DT 43431 8197 6 dog dog NN 43431 8197 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 8197 8 of of IN 43431 8197 9 a a DT 43431 8197 10 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8197 11 median median JJ 43431 8197 12 piece piece NN 43431 8197 13 , , , 43431 8197 14 the the DT 43431 8197 15 = = SYM 43431 8197 16 basi basi NNP 43431 8197 17 - - HYPH 43431 8197 18 hyal=[1 hyal=[1 NNP 43431 8197 19 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8197 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8197 21 fig fig NN 43431 8197 22 . . . 43431 8198 1 72 72 CD 43431 8198 2 , , , 43431 8198 3 32 32 CD 43431 8198 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8198 5 , , , 43431 8198 6 from from IN 43431 8198 7 which which WDT 43431 8198 8 arise arise VBP 43431 8198 9 two two CD 43431 8198 10 pairs pair NNS 43431 8198 11 of of IN 43431 8198 12 = = NNS 43431 8198 13 cornua=. cornua=. FW 43431 8199 1 The the DT 43431 8199 2 = = SYM 43431 8199 3 anterior anterior NN 43431 8199 4 cornu= cornu= NN 43431 8199 5 is be VBZ 43431 8199 6 much much RB 43431 8199 7 the the DT 43431 8199 8 longer long JJR 43431 8199 9 of of IN 43431 8199 10 the the DT 43431 8199 11 two two CD 43431 8199 12 , , , 43431 8199 13 and and CC 43431 8199 14 consists consist VBZ 43431 8199 15 principally principally RB 43431 8199 16 of of IN 43431 8199 17 three three CD 43431 8199 18 short short JJ 43431 8199 19 separate separate JJ 43431 8199 20 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 8199 21 , , , 43431 8199 22 placed place VBN 43431 8199 23 end end NN 43431 8199 24 to to IN 43431 8199 25 end end NN 43431 8199 26 and and CC 43431 8199 27 called call VBD 43431 8199 28 respectively respectively RB 43431 8199 29 the the DT 43431 8199 30 = = SYM 43431 8199 31 cerato cerato NN 43431 8199 32 - - HYPH 43431 8199 33 hyal=[143 hyal=[143 NNP 43431 8199 34 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8199 35 , , , 43431 8199 36 = = SYM 43431 8199 37 epi epi NNP 43431 8199 38 - - HYPH 43431 8199 39 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 8199 40 , , , 43431 8199 41 and and CC 43431 8199 42 = = SYM 43431 8199 43 stylo stylo NN 43431 8199 44 - - HYPH 43431 8199 45 hyal=. hyal=. NN 43431 8200 1 All all DT 43431 8200 2 of of IN 43431 8200 3 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8200 4 are be VBP 43431 8200 5 short short JJ 43431 8200 6 rods rod NNS 43431 8200 7 of of IN 43431 8200 8 bone bone NN 43431 8200 9 , , , 43431 8200 10 contracted contract VBN 43431 8200 11 in in IN 43431 8200 12 the the DT 43431 8200 13 middle middle NN 43431 8200 14 , , , 43431 8200 15 and and CC 43431 8200 16 expanded expand VBD 43431 8200 17 at at IN 43431 8200 18 the the DT 43431 8200 19 ends end NNS 43431 8200 20 , , , 43431 8200 21 where where WRB 43431 8200 22 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8200 23 are be VBP 43431 8200 24 tipped tip VBN 43431 8200 25 with with IN 43431 8200 26 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8200 27 . . . 43431 8201 1 The the DT 43431 8201 2 cerato cerato NN 43431 8201 3 - - HYPH 43431 8201 4 hyal hyal JJ 43431 8201 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8201 6 fig fig NN 43431 8201 7 . . . 43431 8202 1 72 72 CD 43431 8202 2 , , , 43431 8202 3 31 31 CD 43431 8202 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8202 5 lies lie VBZ 43431 8202 6 next next RB 43431 8202 7 to to IN 43431 8202 8 the the DT 43431 8202 9 basi basi NNP 43431 8202 10 hyal hyal NNP 43431 8202 11 . . . 43431 8203 1 The the DT 43431 8203 2 stylo stylo JJ 43431 8203 3 - - HYPH 43431 8203 4 hyal hyal NNP 43431 8203 5 is be VBZ 43431 8203 6 terminated terminate VBN 43431 8203 7 by by IN 43431 8203 8 a a DT 43431 8203 9 much much RB 43431 8203 10 smaller small JJR 43431 8203 11 bone bone NN 43431 8203 12 , , , 43431 8203 13 the the DT 43431 8203 14 = = SYM 43431 8203 15 tympano tympano NNP 43431 8203 16 - - HYPH 43431 8203 17 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 8203 18 , , , 43431 8203 19 which which WDT 43431 8203 20 lies lie VBZ 43431 8203 21 in in IN 43431 8203 22 a a DT 43431 8203 23 canal canal NN 43431 8203 24 between between IN 43431 8203 25 the the DT 43431 8203 26 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8203 27 and and CC 43431 8203 28 periotic periotic JJ 43431 8203 29 , , , 43431 8203 30 and and CC 43431 8203 31 is be VBZ 43431 8203 32 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 8203 33 to to IN 43431 8203 34 the the DT 43431 8203 35 periotic periotic NN 43431 8203 36 just just RB 43431 8203 37 to to IN 43431 8203 38 the the DT 43431 8203 39 anterior anterior NN 43431 8203 40 and and CC 43431 8203 41 inner inner JJ 43431 8203 42 side side NN 43431 8203 43 of of IN 43431 8203 44 the the DT 43431 8203 45 stylomastoid stylomastoid NN 43431 8203 46 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8203 47 . . . 43431 8204 1 The the DT 43431 8204 2 = = SYM 43431 8204 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 8204 4 cornu= cornu= NN 43431 8204 5 of of IN 43431 8204 6 the the DT 43431 8204 7 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 8204 8 is be VBZ 43431 8204 9 much much RB 43431 8204 10 smaller small JJR 43431 8204 11 than than IN 43431 8204 12 the the DT 43431 8204 13 anterior anterior NN 43431 8204 14 ; ; : 43431 8204 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8204 16 consists consist VBZ 43431 8204 17 of of IN 43431 8204 18 a a DT 43431 8204 19 short short JJ 43431 8204 20 bone bone NN 43431 8204 21 , , , 43431 8204 22 the the DT 43431 8204 23 = = SYM 43431 8204 24 thyro thyro NNP 43431 8204 25 - - HYPH 43431 8204 26 hyal= hyal= NNP 43431 8204 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8204 28 fig fig NN 43431 8204 29 . . . 43431 8205 1 72 72 CD 43431 8205 2 , , , 43431 8205 3 33 33 CD 43431 8205 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8205 5 , , , 43431 8205 6 which which WDT 43431 8205 7 connects connect VBZ 43431 8205 8 the the DT 43431 8205 9 basi basi NNP 43431 8205 10 - - HYPH 43431 8205 11 hyal hyal NNP 43431 8205 12 with with IN 43431 8205 13 the the DT 43431 8205 14 thyroid thyroid NN 43431 8205 15 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8205 16 of of IN 43431 8205 17 the the DT 43431 8205 18 larynx larynx NN 43431 8205 19 . . . 43431 8206 1 FORAMINA foramen NNS 43431 8206 2 OF of IN 43431 8206 3 THE the DT 43431 8206 4 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 8206 5 . . . 43431 8207 1 The the DT 43431 8207 2 foramina foramina NN 43431 8207 3 , , , 43431 8207 4 or or CC 43431 8207 5 apertures aperture VBZ 43431 8207 6 perforating perforate VBG 43431 8207 7 the the DT 43431 8207 8 walls wall NNS 43431 8207 9 of of IN 43431 8207 10 the the DT 43431 8207 11 skull skull NN 43431 8207 12 , , , 43431 8207 13 are be VBP 43431 8207 14 very very RB 43431 8207 15 numerous numerous JJ 43431 8207 16 , , , 43431 8207 17 and and CC 43431 8207 18 may may MD 43431 8207 19 either either CC 43431 8207 20 be be VB 43431 8207 21 due due IN 43431 8207 22 to to IN 43431 8207 23 holes hole NNS 43431 8207 24 actually actually RB 43431 8207 25 penetrating penetrate VBG 43431 8207 26 the the DT 43431 8207 27 bone bone NN 43431 8207 28 , , , 43431 8207 29 or or CC 43431 8207 30 may may MD 43431 8207 31 be be VB 43431 8207 32 small small JJ 43431 8207 33 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 8207 34 between between IN 43431 8207 35 the the DT 43431 8207 36 margins margin NNS 43431 8207 37 of of IN 43431 8207 38 two two CD 43431 8207 39 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 8207 40 contiguous contiguous JJ 43431 8207 41 bones bone NNS 43431 8207 42 . . . 43431 8208 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8208 2 may may MD 43431 8208 3 be be VB 43431 8208 4 divided divide VBN 43431 8208 5 into into IN 43431 8208 6 two two CD 43431 8208 7 groups group NNS 43431 8208 8 , , , 43431 8208 9 the the DT 43431 8208 10 first first JJ 43431 8208 11 including include VBG 43431 8208 12 I. i. NN 43431 8209 1 The the DT 43431 8209 2 holes hole NNS 43431 8209 3 through through IN 43431 8209 4 which which WDT 43431 8209 5 the the DT 43431 8209 6 = = SYM 43431 8209 7 twelve twelve CD 43431 8209 8 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8209 9 nerves= nerves= NN 43431 8209 10 leave leave NN 43431 8209 11 the the DT 43431 8209 12 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8209 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 8209 14 . . . 43431 8210 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8210 2 a. a. NN 43431 8210 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8210 4 The the DT 43431 8210 5 most most JJS 43431 8210 6 anterior anterior NN 43431 8210 7 of of IN 43431 8210 8 these these DT 43431 8210 9 nerves nerve NNS 43431 8210 10 , , , 43431 8210 11 the the DT 43431 8210 12 olfactory olfactory NN 43431 8210 13 , , , 43431 8210 14 leaves leave VBZ 43431 8210 15 the the DT 43431 8210 16 skull skull NN 43431 8210 17 by by IN 43431 8210 18 a a DT 43431 8210 19 number number NN 43431 8210 20 of of IN 43431 8210 21 small small JJ 43431 8210 22 holes hole NNS 43431 8210 23 piercing pierce VBG 43431 8210 24 the the DT 43431 8210 25 = = SYM 43431 8210 26 cribriform cribriform NN 43431 8210 27 plate= plate= NN 43431 8210 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8210 29 fig fig NN 43431 8210 30 . . . 43431 8211 1 72 72 CD 43431 8211 2 , , , 43431 8211 3 5 5 CD 43431 8211 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8211 5 . . . 43431 8212 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8212 2 b. b. NN 43431 8212 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8212 4 The the DT 43431 8212 5 second second JJ 43431 8212 6 , , , 43431 8212 7 or or CC 43431 8212 8 optic optic NN 43431 8212 9 , , , 43431 8212 10 passes pass VBZ 43431 8212 11 out out RP 43431 8212 12 by by IN 43431 8212 13 a a DT 43431 8212 14 large large JJ 43431 8212 15 hole hole NN 43431 8212 16 , , , 43431 8212 17 the the DT 43431 8212 18 = = SYM 43431 8212 19 optic optic JJ 43431 8212 20 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8212 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8212 22 fig fig NN 43431 8212 23 . . . 43431 8213 1 75 75 CD 43431 8213 2 , , , 43431 8213 3 II II NNP 43431 8213 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8213 5 piercing pierce VBG 43431 8213 6 the the DT 43431 8213 7 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NN 43431 8213 8 . . . 43431 8214 1 The the DT 43431 8214 2 optic optic JJ 43431 8214 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8214 4 is be VBZ 43431 8214 5 the the DT 43431 8214 6 most most JJS 43431 8214 7 anterior anterior NN 43431 8214 8 of of IN 43431 8214 9 the the DT 43431 8214 10 three three CD 43431 8214 11 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8214 12 holes hole NNS 43431 8214 13 seen see VBN 43431 8214 14 within within IN 43431 8214 15 and and CC 43431 8214 16 immediately immediately RB 43431 8214 17 behind behind IN 43431 8214 18 the the DT 43431 8214 19 orbit orbit NN 43431 8214 20 . . . 43431 8215 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8215 2 c. c. NNP 43431 8215 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8215 4 The the DT 43431 8215 5 third third JJ 43431 8215 6 , , , 43431 8215 7 fourth fourth JJ 43431 8215 8 , , , 43431 8215 9 and and CC 43431 8215 10 sixth sixth JJ 43431 8215 11 nerves nerve NNS 43431 8215 12 , , , 43431 8215 13 i.e. i.e. FW 43431 8216 1 those those DT 43431 8216 2 supplying supply VBG 43431 8216 3 the the DT 43431 8216 4 eye eye NN 43431 8216 5 muscles muscle NNS 43431 8216 6 , , , 43431 8216 7 and and CC 43431 8216 8 with with IN 43431 8216 9 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8216 10 the the DT 43431 8216 11 first first JJ 43431 8216 12 or or CC 43431 8216 13 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 8216 14 branch branch NN 43431 8216 15 of of IN 43431 8216 16 the the DT 43431 8216 17 large large JJ 43431 8216 18 fifth fifth JJ 43431 8216 19 or or CC 43431 8216 20 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 8216 21 nerve nerve NN 43431 8216 22 , , , 43431 8216 23 pass pass VB 43431 8216 24 out out RP 43431 8216 25 by by IN 43431 8216 26 a a DT 43431 8216 27 large large JJ 43431 8216 28 hole hole NN 43431 8216 29 , , , 43431 8216 30 the the DT 43431 8216 31 = = SYM 43431 8216 32 foramen foramen NNP 43431 8216 33 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8216 34 anterius= anterius= NNP 43431 8216 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8216 36 fig fig NN 43431 8216 37 . . . 43431 8217 1 75 75 CD 43431 8217 2 , , , 43431 8217 3 III III NNP 43431 8217 4 , , , 43431 8217 5 IV IV NNP 43431 8217 6 , , , 43431 8217 7 V{1 V{1 NNP 43431 8217 8 } } -RRB- 43431 8217 9 , , , 43431 8217 10 VI VI NNP 43431 8217 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8217 12 , , , 43431 8217 13 which which WDT 43431 8217 14 , , , 43431 8217 15 as as IN 43431 8217 16 has have VBZ 43431 8217 17 been be VBN 43431 8217 18 already already RB 43431 8217 19 mentioned mention VBN 43431 8217 20 , , , 43431 8217 21 lies lie VBZ 43431 8217 22 between between IN 43431 8217 23 the the DT 43431 8217 24 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 8217 25 and and CC 43431 8217 26 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 8217 27 . . . 43431 8218 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8218 2 d. d. NNP 43431 8218 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8218 4 Immediately immediately RB 43431 8218 5 behind behind IN 43431 8218 6 the the DT 43431 8218 7 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8218 8 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8218 9 anterius anterius NNP 43431 8218 10 , , , 43431 8218 11 the the DT 43431 8218 12 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 8218 13 is be VBZ 43431 8218 14 perforated perforate VBN 43431 8218 15 by by IN 43431 8218 16 a a DT 43431 8218 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8218 18 round round JJ 43431 8218 19 hole hole NN 43431 8218 20 , , , 43431 8218 21 the the DT 43431 8218 22 = = SYM 43431 8218 23 foramen foramen NNP 43431 8218 24 rotundum= rotundum= NNP 43431 8218 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8218 26 fig fig NN 43431 8218 27 . . . 43431 8219 1 75 75 CD 43431 8219 2 , , , 43431 8219 3 V{2 V{2 NNP 43431 8219 4 } } -RRB- 43431 8219 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8219 6 , , , 43431 8219 7 through through IN 43431 8219 8 which which WDT 43431 8219 9 the the DT 43431 8219 10 second second JJ 43431 8219 11 branch branch NN 43431 8219 12 of of IN 43431 8219 13 the the DT 43431 8219 14 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 8219 15 nerve nerve NN 43431 8219 16 passes pass VBZ 43431 8219 17 out out RP 43431 8219 18 . . . 43431 8220 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8220 2 e. e. NNP 43431 8220 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8220 4 A a DT 43431 8220 5 quarter quarter NN 43431 8220 6 of of IN 43431 8220 7 an an DT 43431 8220 8 inch inch NN 43431 8220 9 further further RB 43431 8220 10 back back RB 43431 8220 11 there there EX 43431 8220 12 is be VBZ 43431 8220 13 another another DT 43431 8220 14 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8220 15 hole hole NN 43431 8220 16 , , , 43431 8220 17 the the DT 43431 8220 18 = = SYM 43431 8220 19 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8220 20 ovale= ovale= NNP 43431 8220 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8220 22 fig fig NN 43431 8220 23 . . . 43431 8221 1 75 75 CD 43431 8221 2 , , , 43431 8221 3 V{3 V{3 NNP 43431 8221 4 } } -RRB- 43431 8221 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8221 6 , , , 43431 8221 7 through through IN 43431 8221 8 which which WDT 43431 8221 9 the the DT 43431 8221 10 third third JJ 43431 8221 11 branch branch NN 43431 8221 12 of of IN 43431 8221 13 the the DT 43431 8221 14 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 8221 15 nerve nerve NN 43431 8221 16 leaves leave VBZ 43431 8221 17 the the DT 43431 8221 18 cranium cranium NN 43431 8221 19 . . . 43431 8222 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8222 2 f. f. NNP 43431 8222 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8222 4 The the DT 43431 8222 5 seventh seventh JJ 43431 8222 6 or or CC 43431 8222 7 facial facial JJ 43431 8222 8 nerve nerve NN 43431 8222 9 , , , 43431 8222 10 as as IN 43431 8222 11 already already RB 43431 8222 12 mentioned mention VBN 43431 8222 13 , , , 43431 8222 14 leaves leave VBZ 43431 8222 15 the the DT 43431 8222 16 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8222 17 cavity cavity NN 43431 8222 18 and and CC 43431 8222 19 enters enter VBZ 43431 8222 20 the the DT 43431 8222 21 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8222 22 capsule capsule NN 43431 8222 23 , , , 43431 8222 24 through through IN 43431 8222 25 an an DT 43431 8222 26 opening opening NN 43431 8222 27 in in IN 43431 8222 28 the the DT 43431 8222 29 periotic periotic NN 43431 8222 30 called call VBN 43431 8222 31 the the DT 43431 8222 32 = = SYM 43431 8222 33 internal internal JJ 43431 8222 34 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8222 35 meatus= meatus= NN 43431 8222 36 , , , 43431 8222 37 while while IN 43431 8222 38 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8222 39 finally finally RB 43431 8222 40 leaves leave VBZ 43431 8222 41 the the DT 43431 8222 42 skull skull NN 43431 8222 43 by by IN 43431 8222 44 the the DT 43431 8222 45 = = SYM 43431 8222 46 stylomastoid stylomastoid NN 43431 8222 47 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8222 48 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8222 49 fig fig NN 43431 8222 50 . . . 43431 8223 1 75 75 CD 43431 8223 2 , , , 43431 8223 3 VII VII NNP 43431 8223 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8223 5 , , , 43431 8223 6 which which WDT 43431 8223 7 lies lie VBZ 43431 8223 8 between between IN 43431 8223 9 the the DT 43431 8223 10 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8223 11 bulla bulla NN 43431 8223 12 , , , 43431 8223 13 the the DT 43431 8223 14 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 8223 15 process process NN 43431 8223 16 , , , 43431 8223 17 and and CC 43431 8223 18 the the DT 43431 8223 19 mastoid mastoid NN 43431 8223 20 portion portion NN 43431 8223 21 of of IN 43431 8223 22 the the DT 43431 8223 23 periotic periotic NN 43431 8223 24 . . . 43431 8224 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8224 2 g. g. NNP 43431 8224 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8224 4 The the DT 43431 8224 5 eighth eighth JJ 43431 8224 6 or or CC 43431 8224 7 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8224 8 nerve nerve NN 43431 8224 9 on on IN 43431 8224 10 leaving leave VBG 43431 8224 11 the the DT 43431 8224 12 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8224 13 cavity cavity NN 43431 8224 14 , , , 43431 8224 15 passes pass VBZ 43431 8224 16 with with IN 43431 8224 17 the the DT 43431 8224 18 facial facial JJ 43431 8224 19 straight straight NN 43431 8224 20 into into IN 43431 8224 21 the the DT 43431 8224 22 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8224 23 capsule capsule NN 43431 8224 24 through through IN 43431 8224 25 the the DT 43431 8224 26 = = SYM 43431 8224 27 internal internal JJ 43431 8224 28 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8224 29 meatus= meatus= NN 43431 8224 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8224 31 fig fig NN 43431 8224 32 . . . 43431 8225 1 72 72 CD 43431 8225 2 , , , 43431 8225 3 20 20 CD 43431 8225 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8225 5 . . . 43431 8226 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8226 2 is be VBZ 43431 8226 3 then then RB 43431 8226 4 distributed distribute VBN 43431 8226 5 to to IN 43431 8226 6 the the DT 43431 8226 7 organ organ NN 43431 8226 8 of of IN 43431 8226 9 hearing hearing NN 43431 8226 10 . . . 43431 8227 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8227 2 h. h. NNP 43431 8227 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8227 4 The the DT 43431 8227 5 ninth ninth JJ 43431 8227 6 , , , 43431 8227 7 tenth tenth JJ 43431 8227 8 and and CC 43431 8227 9 eleventh eleventh JJ 43431 8227 10 nerves nerve NNS 43431 8227 11 leave leave VBP 43431 8227 12 the the DT 43431 8227 13 skull skull NN 43431 8227 14 through through IN 43431 8227 15 the the DT 43431 8227 16 = = SYM 43431 8227 17 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8227 18 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8227 19 posterius= posterius= NN 43431 8227 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8227 21 fig fig NN 43431 8227 22 . . . 43431 8228 1 75 75 CD 43431 8228 2 , , , 43431 8228 3 IX IX NNP 43431 8228 4 , , , 43431 8228 5 X X NNP 43431 8228 6 , , , 43431 8228 7 XI XI NNP 43431 8228 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8228 9 , , , 43431 8228 10 a a DT 43431 8228 11 large large JJ 43431 8228 12 space space NN 43431 8228 13 lying lie VBG 43431 8228 14 between between IN 43431 8228 15 the the DT 43431 8228 16 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8228 17 bones bone NNS 43431 8228 18 and and CC 43431 8228 19 the the DT 43431 8228 20 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 8228 21 . . . 43431 8229 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8229 2 i. i. NNP 43431 8229 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8229 4 Finally finally RB 43431 8229 5 , , , 43431 8229 6 the the DT 43431 8229 7 twelfth twelfth JJ 43431 8229 8 nerve nerve NN 43431 8229 9 , , , 43431 8229 10 the the DT 43431 8229 11 hypoglossal hypoglossal NN 43431 8229 12 , , , 43431 8229 13 passes pass VBZ 43431 8229 14 out out RP 43431 8229 15 through through IN 43431 8229 16 the the DT 43431 8229 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8229 18 = = SYM 43431 8229 19 condylar condylar JJ 43431 8229 20 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8229 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8229 22 fig fig NN 43431 8229 23 . . . 43431 8230 1 75 75 CD 43431 8230 2 , , , 43431 8230 3 XII XII NNP 43431 8230 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8230 5 , , , 43431 8230 6 which which WDT 43431 8230 7 perforates perforate VBZ 43431 8230 8 the the DT 43431 8230 9 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 8230 10 just just RB 43431 8230 11 behind behind IN 43431 8230 12 the the DT 43431 8230 13 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8230 14 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8230 15 posterius posterius NN 43431 8230 16 . . . 43431 8231 1 II ii CD 43431 8231 2 . . . 43431 8232 1 OTHER other JJ 43431 8232 2 OPENINGS OPENINGS NNP 43431 8232 3 IN in IN 43431 8232 4 THE the DT 43431 8232 5 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 8232 6 . . . 43431 8233 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8233 2 a. a. NN 43431 8233 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8233 4 The The NNP 43431 8233 5 = = SYM 43431 8233 6 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8233 7 narial narial NNP 43431 8233 8 opening= opening= NNP 43431 8233 9 lies lie VBZ 43431 8233 10 at at IN 43431 8233 11 the the DT 43431 8233 12 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8233 13 end end NN 43431 8233 14 of of IN 43431 8233 15 the the DT 43431 8233 16 skull skull NN 43431 8233 17 , , , 43431 8233 18 and and CC 43431 8233 19 is be VBZ 43431 8233 20 bounded bound VBN 43431 8233 21 by by IN 43431 8233 22 the the DT 43431 8233 23 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 8233 24 and and CC 43431 8233 25 nasals nasal NNS 43431 8233 26 . . . 43431 8234 1 In in IN 43431 8234 2 the the DT 43431 8234 3 natural natural JJ 43431 8234 4 condition condition NN 43431 8234 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8234 6 is be VBZ 43431 8234 7 divided divide VBN 43431 8234 8 into into IN 43431 8234 9 two two CD 43431 8234 10 by by IN 43431 8234 11 a a DT 43431 8234 12 vertical vertical JJ 43431 8234 13 partition partition NN 43431 8234 14 , , , 43431 8234 15 formed form VBN 43431 8234 16 by by IN 43431 8234 17 the the DT 43431 8234 18 = = SYM 43431 8234 19 narial narial JJ 43431 8234 20 septum= septum= NNS 43431 8234 21 , , , 43431 8234 22 the the DT 43431 8234 23 anterior anterior NN 43431 8234 24 unossified unossifie VBD 43431 8234 25 part part NN 43431 8234 26 of of IN 43431 8234 27 the the DT 43431 8234 28 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 8234 29 . . . 43431 8235 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8235 2 b. b. NN 43431 8235 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8235 4 Penetrating Penetrating NNP 43431 8235 5 the the DT 43431 8235 6 middle middle NN 43431 8235 7 of of IN 43431 8235 8 the the DT 43431 8235 9 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 8235 10 at at IN 43431 8235 11 the the DT 43431 8235 12 side side NN 43431 8235 13 of of IN 43431 8235 14 the the DT 43431 8235 15 face face NN 43431 8235 16 is be VBZ 43431 8235 17 the the DT 43431 8235 18 rather rather RB 43431 8235 19 large large JJ 43431 8235 20 = = NFP 43431 8235 21 infra infra NN 43431 8235 22 - - HYPH 43431 8235 23 orbital orbital JJ 43431 8235 24 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8235 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8235 26 fig fig NN 43431 8235 27 . . . 43431 8236 1 73 73 CD 43431 8236 2 , , , 43431 8236 3 11 11 CD 43431 8236 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8236 5 , , , 43431 8236 6 through through IN 43431 8236 7 which which WDT 43431 8236 8 part part NN 43431 8236 9 of of IN 43431 8236 10 the the DT 43431 8236 11 second second JJ 43431 8236 12 branch branch NN 43431 8236 13 of of IN 43431 8236 14 the the DT 43431 8236 15 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 8236 16 nerve nerve NN 43431 8236 17 passes pass VBZ 43431 8236 18 out out RP 43431 8236 19 from from IN 43431 8236 20 the the DT 43431 8236 21 orbit orbit NN 43431 8236 22 to to IN 43431 8236 23 the the DT 43431 8236 24 side side NN 43431 8236 25 of of IN 43431 8236 26 the the DT 43431 8236 27 face face NN 43431 8236 28 . . . 43431 8237 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8237 2 c. c. NNP 43431 8237 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8237 4 Several Several NNP 43431 8237 5 foramina foramina NN 43431 8237 6 are be VBP 43431 8237 7 seen see VBN 43431 8237 8 perforating perforate VBG 43431 8237 9 the the DT 43431 8237 10 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8237 11 part part NN 43431 8237 12 of of IN 43431 8237 13 the the DT 43431 8237 14 orbit orbit NN 43431 8237 15 . . . 43431 8238 1 The the DT 43431 8238 2 most most JJS 43431 8238 3 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8238 4 of of IN 43431 8238 5 these these DT 43431 8238 6 , , , 43431 8238 7 perforating perforate VBG 43431 8238 8 the the DT 43431 8238 9 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 8238 10 bone bone NN 43431 8238 11 , , , 43431 8238 12 is be VBZ 43431 8238 13 the the DT 43431 8238 14 = = SYM 43431 8238 15 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 8238 16 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8238 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8238 18 fig fig NN 43431 8238 19 . . . 43431 8239 1 73 73 CD 43431 8239 2 , , , 43431 8239 3 13 13 CD 43431 8239 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8239 5 . . . 43431 8240 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 8240 2 below below RB 43431 8240 3 and and CC 43431 8240 4 slightly slightly RB 43431 8240 5 external external JJ 43431 8240 6 to to IN 43431 8240 7 this this DT 43431 8240 8 is be VBZ 43431 8240 9 a a DT 43431 8240 10 large large JJ 43431 8240 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8240 12 , , , 43431 8240 13 through through IN 43431 8240 14 which which WDT 43431 8240 15 part part NN 43431 8240 16 of of IN 43431 8240 17 the the DT 43431 8240 18 second second JJ 43431 8240 19 branch branch NN 43431 8240 20 of of IN 43431 8240 21 the the DT 43431 8240 22 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 8240 23 enters enter NNS 43431 8240 24 on on IN 43431 8240 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8240 26 way way NN 43431 8240 27 to to IN 43431 8240 28 the the DT 43431 8240 29 infra infra NN 43431 8240 30 - - HYPH 43431 8240 31 orbital orbital JJ 43431 8240 32 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8240 33 and and CC 43431 8240 34 so so RB 43431 8240 35 to to IN 43431 8240 36 the the DT 43431 8240 37 side side NN 43431 8240 38 of of IN 43431 8240 39 the the DT 43431 8240 40 face face NN 43431 8240 41 . . . 43431 8241 1 Lastly lastly RB 43431 8241 2 , , , 43431 8241 3 lying lie VBG 43431 8241 4 below below IN 43431 8241 5 these these DT 43431 8241 6 , , , 43431 8241 7 and and CC 43431 8241 8 perforating perforate VBG 43431 8241 9 the the DT 43431 8241 10 palatine palatine NN 43431 8241 11 , , , 43431 8241 12 are be VBP 43431 8241 13 two two CD 43431 8241 14 closely closely RB 43431 8241 15 apposed appose VBN 43431 8241 16 foramina foramina NNP 43431 8241 17 , , , 43431 8241 18 the the DT 43431 8241 19 = = SYM 43431 8241 20 internal internal JJ 43431 8241 21 orbital orbital JJ 43431 8241 22 foramina= foramina= NN 43431 8241 23 , , , 43431 8241 24 through through IN 43431 8241 25 which which WDT 43431 8241 26 part part NN 43431 8241 27 of of IN 43431 8241 28 the the DT 43431 8241 29 first first JJ 43431 8241 30 or or CC 43431 8241 31 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 8241 32 branch branch NN 43431 8241 33 of of IN 43431 8241 34 the the DT 43431 8241 35 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 8241 36 nerve nerve NN 43431 8241 37 leaves leave VBZ 43431 8241 38 the the DT 43431 8241 39 orbit orbit NN 43431 8241 40 , , , 43431 8241 41 passing pass VBG 43431 8241 42 into into IN 43431 8241 43 the the DT 43431 8241 44 nasal nasal NN 43431 8241 45 cavity cavity NN 43431 8241 46 . . . 43431 8242 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8242 2 d. d. NNP 43431 8242 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8242 4 The the DT 43431 8242 5 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8242 6 part part NN 43431 8242 7 of of IN 43431 8242 8 the the DT 43431 8242 9 palate palate NN 43431 8242 10 between between IN 43431 8242 11 the the DT 43431 8242 12 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 8242 13 and and CC 43431 8242 14 the the DT 43431 8242 15 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8242 16 is be VBZ 43431 8242 17 perforated perforate VBN 43431 8242 18 by by IN 43431 8242 19 a a DT 43431 8242 20 pair pair NN 43431 8242 21 of of IN 43431 8242 22 long long JJ 43431 8242 23 closely closely RB 43431 8242 24 apposed appose VBN 43431 8242 25 apertures aperture NNS 43431 8242 26 , , , 43431 8242 27 the the DT 43431 8242 28 = = SYM 43431 8242 29 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8242 30 palatine palatine NNP 43431 8242 31 foramina= foramina= NNP 43431 8242 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8242 33 fig fig NN 43431 8242 34 . . . 43431 8243 1 75 75 CD 43431 8243 2 , , , 43431 8243 3 19 19 CD 43431 8243 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8243 5 . . . 43431 8244 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8244 2 transmit transmit VBP 43431 8244 3 part part NN 43431 8244 4 of of IN 43431 8244 5 the the DT 43431 8244 6 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 8244 7 nerve nerve NN 43431 8244 8 . . . 43431 8245 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8245 2 e. e. NNP 43431 8245 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8245 4 Towards towards IN 43431 8245 5 the the DT 43431 8245 6 posterior posterior JJ 43431 8245 7 part part NN 43431 8245 8 of of IN 43431 8245 9 the the DT 43431 8245 10 palate palate NN 43431 8245 11 are be VBP 43431 8245 12 two two CD 43431 8245 13 pairs pair NNS 43431 8245 14 of of IN 43431 8245 15 small small JJ 43431 8245 16 = = SYM 43431 8245 17 posterior posterior NNP 43431 8245 18 palatine palatine NNP 43431 8245 19 foramina= foramina= NNP 43431 8245 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8245 21 fig fig NN 43431 8245 22 . . . 43431 8246 1 75 75 CD 43431 8246 2 , , , 43431 8246 3 18 18 CD 43431 8246 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8246 5 . . . 43431 8247 1 These these DT 43431 8247 2 perforate perforate VBP 43431 8247 3 the the DT 43431 8247 4 palatine palatine NN 43431 8247 5 and and CC 43431 8247 6 transmit transmit VB 43431 8247 7 branches branch NNS 43431 8247 8 of of IN 43431 8247 9 the the DT 43431 8247 10 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 8247 11 nerve nerve NN 43431 8247 12 and and CC 43431 8247 13 certain certain JJ 43431 8247 14 blood blood NN 43431 8247 15 - - HYPH 43431 8247 16 vessels vessel NNS 43431 8247 17 . . . 43431 8248 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8248 2 f. f. NNP 43431 8248 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8248 4 The The NNP 43431 8248 5 = = SYM 43431 8248 6 posterior posterior NNP 43431 8248 7 narial narial NNP 43431 8248 8 opening= opening= NNP 43431 8248 9 is be VBZ 43431 8248 10 bounded bound VBN 43431 8248 11 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 8248 12 by by IN 43431 8248 13 the the DT 43431 8248 14 palatines palatine NNS 43431 8248 15 . . . 43431 8249 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8249 2 g. g. NNP 43431 8249 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8249 4 The The NNP 43431 8249 5 = = SYM 43431 8249 6 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 8249 7 canal= canal= NN 43431 8249 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8249 9 fig fig NNP 43431 8249 10 . . . 43431 8250 1 75 75 CD 43431 8250 2 , , , 43431 8250 3 21 21 CD 43431 8250 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8250 5 is be VBZ 43431 8250 6 a a DT 43431 8250 7 short short JJ 43431 8250 8 canal canal NN 43431 8250 9 penetrating penetrate VBG 43431 8250 10 the the DT 43431 8250 11 base base NN 43431 8250 12 of of IN 43431 8250 13 the the DT 43431 8250 14 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 8250 15 bone bone NN 43431 8250 16 , , , 43431 8250 17 and and CC 43431 8250 18 transmitting transmit VBG 43431 8250 19 the the DT 43431 8250 20 external external JJ 43431 8250 21 carotid carotid JJ 43431 8250 22 artery artery NN 43431 8250 23 . . . 43431 8251 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8251 2 lies lie VBZ 43431 8251 3 between between IN 43431 8251 4 the the DT 43431 8251 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8251 6 rotundum rotundum NN 43431 8251 7 and and CC 43431 8251 8 the the DT 43431 8251 9 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8251 10 ovale ovale NN 43431 8251 11 . . . 43431 8252 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8252 2 h. h. NNP 43431 8252 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8252 4 Between between IN 43431 8252 5 the the DT 43431 8252 6 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8252 7 bulla bulla NN 43431 8252 8 and and CC 43431 8252 9 the the DT 43431 8252 10 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8252 11 ovale ovale NN 43431 8252 12 are be VBP 43431 8252 13 seen see VBN 43431 8252 14 two two CD 43431 8252 15 openings opening NNS 43431 8252 16 . . . 43431 8253 1 The the DT 43431 8253 2 more more RBR 43431 8253 3 external external JJ 43431 8253 4 of of IN 43431 8253 5 these these DT 43431 8253 6 is be VBZ 43431 8253 7 the the DT 43431 8253 8 opening opening NN 43431 8253 9 of of IN 43431 8253 10 the the DT 43431 8253 11 = = SYM 43431 8253 12 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 8253 13 canal= canal= NN 43431 8253 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8253 15 fig fig NN 43431 8253 16 . . . 43431 8254 1 75 75 CD 43431 8254 2 , , , 43431 8254 3 22 22 CD 43431 8254 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8254 5 , , , 43431 8254 6 which which WDT 43431 8254 7 communicates communicate VBZ 43431 8254 8 with with IN 43431 8254 9 the the DT 43431 8254 10 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8254 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 8254 12 . . . 43431 8255 1 The the DT 43431 8255 2 more more RBR 43431 8255 3 internal internal JJ 43431 8255 4 is be VBZ 43431 8255 5 the the DT 43431 8255 6 = = SYM 43431 8255 7 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8255 8 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8255 9 medium= medium= NNS 43431 8255 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8255 11 fig fig NN 43431 8255 12 . . . 43431 8256 1 75 75 CD 43431 8256 2 , , , 43431 8256 3 9 9 CD 43431 8256 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8256 5 , , , 43431 8256 6 through through IN 43431 8256 7 which which WDT 43431 8256 8 the the DT 43431 8256 9 internal internal JJ 43431 8256 10 carotid carotid NN 43431 8256 11 enters enter VBZ 43431 8256 12 the the DT 43431 8256 13 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8256 14 cavity cavity NN 43431 8256 15 . . . 43431 8257 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8257 2 i. i. NNP 43431 8257 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8257 4 The The NNP 43431 8257 5 = = SYM 43431 8257 6 external external JJ 43431 8257 7 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8257 8 aperture= aperture= NN 43431 8257 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8257 10 fig fig NN 43431 8257 11 . . . 43431 8258 1 75 75 CD 43431 8258 2 , , , 43431 8258 3 7 7 CD 43431 8258 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8258 5 is be VBZ 43431 8258 6 a a DT 43431 8258 7 large large JJ 43431 8258 8 opening opening NN 43431 8258 9 with with IN 43431 8258 10 rough rough JJ 43431 8258 11 edges edge NNS 43431 8258 12 at at IN 43431 8258 13 the the DT 43431 8258 14 outer outer JJ 43431 8258 15 side side NN 43431 8258 16 of of IN 43431 8258 17 the the DT 43431 8258 18 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 8258 19 bulla bulla NN 43431 8258 20 . . . 43431 8259 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8259 2 j. j. NNP 43431 8259 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8259 4 Between between IN 43431 8259 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8259 6 and and CC 43431 8259 7 the the DT 43431 8259 8 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 8259 9 surface surface NN 43431 8259 10 of of IN 43431 8259 11 the the DT 43431 8259 12 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 8259 13 is be VBZ 43431 8259 14 the the DT 43431 8259 15 = = SYM 43431 8259 16 postglenoid= postglenoid= NN 43431 8259 17 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8259 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8259 19 fig fig NN 43431 8259 20 . . . 43431 8260 1 75 75 CD 43431 8260 2 , , , 43431 8260 3 10 10 CD 43431 8260 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8260 5 through through IN 43431 8260 6 which which WDT 43431 8260 7 a a DT 43431 8260 8 vein vein NN 43431 8260 9 passes pass VBZ 43431 8260 10 out out RP 43431 8260 11 . . . 43431 8261 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8261 2 k. k. NNP 43431 8261 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8261 4 Lastly Lastly NNP 43431 8261 5 , , , 43431 8261 6 there there EX 43431 8261 7 is be VBZ 43431 8261 8 the the DT 43431 8261 9 great great JJ 43431 8261 10 = = SYM 43431 8261 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8261 12 magnum= magnum= NNS 43431 8261 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8261 14 fig fig VB 43431 8261 15 . . . 43431 8262 1 75 75 CD 43431 8262 2 , , , 43431 8262 3 2 2 CD 43431 8262 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8262 5 , , , 43431 8262 6 between between IN 43431 8262 7 the the DT 43431 8262 8 occipital occipital JJ 43431 8262 9 condyles condyle NNS 43431 8262 10 . . . 43431 8263 1 Through through IN 43431 8263 2 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8263 3 the the DT 43431 8263 4 brain brain NN 43431 8263 5 and and CC 43431 8263 6 spinal spinal JJ 43431 8263 7 cord cord NN 43431 8263 8 communicate communicate NN 43431 8263 9 . . . 43431 8264 1 C. C. NNP 43431 8264 2 THE the DT 43431 8264 3 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 8264 4 AND and CC 43431 8264 5 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 8264 6 . . . 43431 8265 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8265 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8265 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8265 4 . . . 43431 8266 1 76 76 CD 43431 8266 2 . . . 43431 8267 1 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 8267 2 AND and CC 43431 8267 3 STERNAL sternal JJ 43431 8267 4 RIBS rib NNS 43431 8267 5 OF of IN 43431 8267 6 A a DT 43431 8267 7 DOG DOG NNP 43431 8267 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8267 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8267 10 Canis Canis NNP 43431 8267 11 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 8267 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8267 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8267 14 à à NNP 43431 8267 15 � � NNP 43431 8267 16 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 8267 17 . . . 43431 8268 1 1 1 LS 43431 8268 2 . . . 43431 8268 3 presternum presternum NN 43431 8268 4 . . . 43431 8269 1 2 2 LS 43431 8269 2 . . . 43431 8269 3 first first NNP 43431 8269 4 sternebra sternebra NNP 43431 8269 5 of of IN 43431 8269 6 mesosternum mesosternum NNP 43431 8269 7 . . . 43431 8270 1 3 3 LS 43431 8270 2 . . . 43431 8270 3 last last JJ 43431 8270 4 sternebra sternebra NN 43431 8270 5 of of IN 43431 8270 6 mesosternum mesosternum NNP 43431 8270 7 . . . 43431 8271 1 4 4 LS 43431 8271 2 . . . 43431 8271 3 xiphisternum xiphisternum NNP 43431 8271 4 . . . 43431 8272 1 The the DT 43431 8272 2 flattened flattened JJ 43431 8272 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 8272 4 plate plate NN 43431 8272 5 terminating terminate VBG 43431 8272 6 the the DT 43431 8272 7 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 8272 8 is be VBZ 43431 8272 9 not not RB 43431 8272 10 shown show VBN 43431 8272 11 . . . 43431 8273 1 5 5 CD 43431 8273 2 . . . 43431 8273 3 first first JJ 43431 8273 4 sternal sternal JJ 43431 8273 5 rib rib NN 43431 8273 6 . . . 43431 8273 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8274 1 These these DT 43431 8274 2 , , , 43431 8274 3 together together RB 43431 8274 4 with with IN 43431 8274 5 the the DT 43431 8274 6 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 8274 7 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 8274 8 , , , 43431 8274 9 form form VBP 43431 8274 10 the the DT 43431 8274 11 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 8274 12 framework framework NN 43431 8274 13 of of IN 43431 8274 14 the the DT 43431 8274 15 thorax thorax NN 43431 8274 16 . . . 43431 8275 1 Each each DT 43431 8275 2 rib rib NN 43431 8275 3 is be VBZ 43431 8275 4 a a DT 43431 8275 5 curved curved JJ 43431 8275 6 rod rod NN 43431 8275 7 , , , 43431 8275 8 which which WDT 43431 8275 9 at at IN 43431 8275 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8275 11 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8275 12 end end NN 43431 8275 13 is be VBZ 43431 8275 14 movably movably RB 43431 8275 15 articulated articulate VBN 43431 8275 16 to to IN 43431 8275 17 the the DT 43431 8275 18 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 8275 19 , , , 43431 8275 20 and and CC 43431 8275 21 at at IN 43431 8275 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8275 23 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8275 24 end end NN 43431 8275 25 is be VBZ 43431 8275 26 either either CC 43431 8275 27 connected connect VBN 43431 8275 28 with with IN 43431 8275 29 the the DT 43431 8275 30 sternum sternum NN 43431 8275 31 , , , 43431 8275 32 or or CC 43431 8275 33 ends end VBZ 43431 8275 34 freely freely RB 43431 8275 35 . . . 43431 8276 1 In in IN 43431 8276 2 the the DT 43431 8276 3 dog dog NN 43431 8276 4 there there EX 43431 8276 5 are be VBP 43431 8276 6 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 8276 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 8276 8 of of IN 43431 8276 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 8276 10 , , , 43431 8276 11 nine nine CD 43431 8276 12 pairs pair NNS 43431 8276 13 of of IN 43431 8276 14 which which WDT 43431 8276 15 are be VBP 43431 8276 16 directly directly RB 43431 8276 17 connected connect VBN 43431 8276 18 with with IN 43431 8276 19 the the DT 43431 8276 20 sternum sternum NN 43431 8276 21 , , , 43431 8276 22 while while IN 43431 8276 23 the the DT 43431 8276 24 remaining remain VBG 43431 8276 25 four four CD 43431 8276 26 end end NN 43431 8276 27 freely freely RB 43431 8276 28 and and CC 43431 8276 29 are be VBP 43431 8276 30 known know VBN 43431 8276 31 as as IN 43431 8276 32 = = `` 43431 8276 33 floating float VBG 43431 8276 34 ribs=. ribs=. NNP 43431 8277 1 Each each DT 43431 8277 2 rib rib NN 43431 8277 3 is be VBZ 43431 8277 4 obviously obviously RB 43431 8277 5 divided divide VBN 43431 8277 6 into into IN 43431 8277 7 two two CD 43431 8277 8 parts part NNS 43431 8277 9 , , , 43431 8277 10 a a DT 43431 8277 11 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8277 12 or or CC 43431 8277 13 = = SYM 43431 8277 14 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 8277 15 part= part= NN 43431 8277 16 , , , 43431 8277 17 and and CC 43431 8277 18 a a DT 43431 8277 19 ventral ventral NN 43431 8277 20 or or CC 43431 8277 21 = = SYM 43431 8277 22 sternal sternal JJ 43431 8277 23 part=. part=. . 43431 8278 1 The the DT 43431 8278 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 8278 3 portion portion NN 43431 8278 4 , , , 43431 8278 5 which which WDT 43431 8278 6 forms form VBZ 43431 8278 7 about about RB 43431 8278 8 two two CD 43431 8278 9 - - HYPH 43431 8278 10 thirds third NNS 43431 8278 11 of of IN 43431 8278 12 the the DT 43431 8278 13 whole whole JJ 43431 8278 14 rib rib NN 43431 8278 15 , , , 43431 8278 16 is be VBZ 43431 8278 17 a a DT 43431 8278 18 flattened flattened JJ 43431 8278 19 , , , 43431 8278 20 regularly regularly RB 43431 8278 21 curved curved JJ 43431 8278 22 rod rod NN 43431 8278 23 , , , 43431 8278 24 completely completely RB 43431 8278 25 ossified ossified JJ 43431 8278 26 . . . 43431 8279 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8279 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8279 3 end end NN 43431 8279 4 is be VBZ 43431 8279 5 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8279 6 , , , 43431 8279 7 forming form VBG 43431 8279 8 the the DT 43431 8279 9 = = SYM 43431 8279 10 head= head= NN 43431 8279 11 or or CC 43431 8279 12 = = SYM 43431 8279 13 capitulum= capitulum= NNS 43431 8279 14 , , , 43431 8279 15 which which WDT 43431 8279 16 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8279 17 with with IN 43431 8279 18 a a DT 43431 8279 19 concave concave NNP 43431 8279 20 surface surface NN 43431 8279 21 furnished furnish VBN 43431 8279 22 partly partly RB 43431 8279 23 by by IN 43431 8279 24 the the DT 43431 8279 25 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 8279 26 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 8279 27 and and CC 43431 8279 28 partly partly RB 43431 8279 29 by by IN 43431 8279 30 the the DT 43431 8279 31 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 8279 32 next next RB 43431 8279 33 in in IN 43431 8279 34 front front NN 43431 8279 35 . . . 43431 8280 1 The the DT 43431 8280 2 last last JJ 43431 8280 3 three three CD 43431 8280 4 or or CC 43431 8280 5 four four CD 43431 8280 6 however however RB 43431 8280 7 articulate articulate NN 43431 8280 8 with with IN 43431 8280 9 one one CD 43431 8280 10 vertebra vertebra RB 43431 8280 11 only only RB 43431 8280 12 . . . 43431 8281 1 A a DT 43431 8281 2 short short JJ 43431 8281 3 way way NN 43431 8281 4 behind behind IN 43431 8281 5 the the DT 43431 8281 6 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 8281 7 on on IN 43431 8281 8 the the DT 43431 8281 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8281 10 side side NN 43431 8281 11 of of IN 43431 8281 12 the the DT 43431 8281 13 rib rib NN 43431 8281 14 is be VBZ 43431 8281 15 a a DT 43431 8281 16 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8281 17 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 8281 18 , , , 43431 8281 19 the the DT 43431 8281 20 = = SYM 43431 8281 21 tubercle= tubercle= NN 43431 8281 22 or or CC 43431 8281 23 = = SYM 43431 8281 24 tuberculum= tuberculum= NNS 43431 8281 25 , , , 43431 8281 26 by by IN 43431 8281 27 means mean NNS 43431 8281 28 of of IN 43431 8281 29 which which WDT 43431 8281 30 the the DT 43431 8281 31 rib rib NN 43431 8281 32 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8281 33 with with IN 43431 8281 34 the the DT 43431 8281 35 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8281 36 process process NN 43431 8281 37 . . . 43431 8282 1 The the DT 43431 8282 2 portion portion NN 43431 8282 3 of of IN 43431 8282 4 the the DT 43431 8282 5 rib rib NN 43431 8282 6 between between IN 43431 8282 7 the the DT 43431 8282 8 head head NN 43431 8282 9 and and CC 43431 8282 10 the the DT 43431 8282 11 tubercle tubercle NN 43431 8282 12 is be VBZ 43431 8282 13 known know VBN 43431 8282 14 as as IN 43431 8282 15 the the DT 43431 8282 16 = = SYM 43431 8282 17 neck=. neck=. XX 43431 8283 1 The the DT 43431 8283 2 = = SYM 43431 8283 3 sternal sternal JJ 43431 8283 4 portion= portion= NN 43431 8283 5 of of IN 43431 8283 6 the the DT 43431 8283 7 rib rib NN 43431 8283 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8283 9 fig fig NN 43431 8283 10 . . . 43431 8284 1 76 76 CD 43431 8284 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8284 3 is be VBZ 43431 8284 4 a a DT 43431 8284 5 short short JJ 43431 8284 6 bar bar NN 43431 8284 7 of of IN 43431 8284 8 calcified calcified JJ 43431 8284 9 or or CC 43431 8284 10 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 8284 11 ossified ossify VBN 43431 8284 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8284 13 , , , 43431 8284 14 about about RB 43431 8284 15 one one CD 43431 8284 16 - - HYPH 43431 8284 17 third third NN 43431 8284 18 of of IN 43431 8284 19 the the DT 43431 8284 20 length length NN 43431 8284 21 of of IN 43431 8284 22 the the DT 43431 8284 23 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 8284 24 bony bony NN 43431 8284 25 portion portion NN 43431 8284 26 . . . 43431 8285 1 The the DT 43431 8285 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8285 3 sternal sternal JJ 43431 8285 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 8285 5 are be VBP 43431 8285 6 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8285 7 more more RBR 43431 8285 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 8285 9 than than IN 43431 8285 10 the the DT 43431 8285 11 posterior posterior JJ 43431 8285 12 ones one NNS 43431 8285 13 . . . 43431 8286 1 The the DT 43431 8286 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 8286 3 portions portion NNS 43431 8286 4 increase increase VBP 43431 8286 5 in in IN 43431 8286 6 length length NN 43431 8286 7 from from IN 43431 8286 8 the the DT 43431 8286 9 first first JJ 43431 8286 10 which which WDT 43431 8286 11 is be VBZ 43431 8286 12 very very RB 43431 8286 13 stout stout JJ 43431 8286 14 , , , 43431 8286 15 and and CC 43431 8286 16 has have VBZ 43431 8286 17 the the DT 43431 8286 18 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 8286 19 and and CC 43431 8286 20 tuberculum tuberculum NN 43431 8286 21 very very RB 43431 8286 22 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8286 23 , , , 43431 8286 24 to to IN 43431 8286 25 about about IN 43431 8286 26 the the DT 43431 8286 27 eighth eighth JJ 43431 8286 28 or or CC 43431 8286 29 ninth ninth JJ 43431 8286 30 ; ; : 43431 8286 31 afterwards afterwards RB 43431 8286 32 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8286 33 gradually gradually RB 43431 8286 34 diminish diminish VBP 43431 8286 35 in in IN 43431 8286 36 size size NN 43431 8286 37 . . . 43431 8287 1 The the DT 43431 8287 2 first first JJ 43431 8287 3 nine nine CD 43431 8287 4 to to TO 43431 8287 5 eleven eleven CD 43431 8287 6 have have VB 43431 8287 7 the the DT 43431 8287 8 capitula capitula NN 43431 8287 9 and and CC 43431 8287 10 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 8287 11 separate separate JJ 43431 8287 12 , , , 43431 8287 13 afterwards afterwards RB 43431 8287 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8287 15 gradually gradually RB 43431 8287 16 merge merge VBP 43431 8287 17 together together RB 43431 8287 18 . . . 43431 8288 1 THE the DT 43431 8288 2 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 8288 3 . . . 43431 8289 1 This this DT 43431 8289 2 is be VBZ 43431 8289 3 an an DT 43431 8289 4 elongated elongated JJ 43431 8289 5 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 8289 6 structure structure NN 43431 8289 7 lying lie VBG 43431 8289 8 in in IN 43431 8289 9 the the DT 43431 8289 10 mid mid JJ 43431 8289 11 - - JJ 43431 8289 12 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8289 13 wall wall NN 43431 8289 14 of of IN 43431 8289 15 the the DT 43431 8289 16 thorax thorax NN 43431 8289 17 , , , 43431 8289 18 and and CC 43431 8289 19 is be VBZ 43431 8289 20 divided divide VBN 43431 8289 21 into into IN 43431 8289 22 eight eight CD 43431 8289 23 segments segment NNS 43431 8289 24 or or CC 43431 8289 25 = = SYM 43431 8289 26 sternebrae=. sternebrae=. . 43431 8290 1 The the DT 43431 8290 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 8290 3 segment segment NN 43431 8290 4 , , , 43431 8290 5 the the DT 43431 8290 6 = = SYM 43431 8290 7 presternum= presternum= NNP 43431 8290 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8290 9 fig fig VB 43431 8290 10 . . . 43431 8291 1 76 76 CD 43431 8291 2 , , , 43431 8291 3 1 1 CD 43431 8291 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8291 5 or or CC 43431 8291 6 = = SYM 43431 8291 7 manubrium manubrium NN 43431 8291 8 sterni= sterni= NNP 43431 8291 9 is be VBZ 43431 8291 10 expanded expand VBN 43431 8291 11 in in IN 43431 8291 12 front front NN 43431 8291 13 ; ; : 43431 8291 14 the the DT 43431 8291 15 next next JJ 43431 8291 16 six six CD 43431 8291 17 segments segment NNS 43431 8291 18 , , , 43431 8291 19 which which WDT 43431 8291 20 , , , 43431 8291 21 together together RB 43431 8291 22 form form VBP 43431 8291 23 the the DT 43431 8291 24 = = SYM 43431 8291 25 mesosternum= mesosternum= NN 43431 8291 26 are be VBP 43431 8291 27 elongated elongate VBN 43431 8291 28 , , , 43431 8291 29 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8291 30 contracted contract VBN 43431 8291 31 in in IN 43431 8291 32 the the DT 43431 8291 33 middle middle NN 43431 8291 34 and and CC 43431 8291 35 expanded expand VBN 43431 8291 36 at at IN 43431 8291 37 the the DT 43431 8291 38 ends end NNS 43431 8291 39 . . . 43431 8292 1 The the DT 43431 8292 2 last last JJ 43431 8292 3 segment segment NN 43431 8292 4 or or CC 43431 8292 5 = = SYM 43431 8292 6 xiphisternum= xiphisternum= NNP 43431 8292 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8292 8 fig fig NN 43431 8292 9 . . . 43431 8293 1 76 76 CD 43431 8293 2 , , , 43431 8293 3 4 4 CD 43431 8293 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8293 5 is be VBZ 43431 8293 6 long long JJ 43431 8293 7 and and CC 43431 8293 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 8293 9 , , , 43431 8293 10 and and CC 43431 8293 11 terminates terminate NNS 43431 8293 12 in in IN 43431 8293 13 a a DT 43431 8293 14 flattened flattened JJ 43431 8293 15 expanded expand VBN 43431 8293 16 plate plate NN 43431 8293 17 of of IN 43431 8293 18 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 8293 19 . . . 43431 8294 1 The the DT 43431 8294 2 first first JJ 43431 8294 3 pair pair NN 43431 8294 4 of of IN 43431 8294 5 sternal sternal JJ 43431 8294 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 8294 7 articulate articulate NN 43431 8294 8 with with IN 43431 8294 9 the the DT 43431 8294 10 sides side NNS 43431 8294 11 of of IN 43431 8294 12 the the DT 43431 8294 13 presternum presternum NN 43431 8294 14 , , , 43431 8294 15 and and CC 43431 8294 16 the the DT 43431 8294 17 remaining remain VBG 43431 8294 18 pairs pair NNS 43431 8294 19 between between IN 43431 8294 20 the the DT 43431 8294 21 successive successive JJ 43431 8294 22 sternebrae sternebrae NNS 43431 8294 23 . . . 43431 8295 1 Between between IN 43431 8295 2 the the DT 43431 8295 3 last last JJ 43431 8295 4 sternebra sternebra NN 43431 8295 5 and and CC 43431 8295 6 the the DT 43431 8295 7 xiphisternum xiphisternum NNP 43431 8295 8 two two CD 43431 8295 9 pairs pair NNS 43431 8295 10 articulate articulate NN 43431 8295 11 . . . 43431 8296 1 Development development NN 43431 8296 2 shows show VBZ 43431 8296 3 that that IN 43431 8296 4 the the DT 43431 8296 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 8296 6 is be VBZ 43431 8296 7 formed form VBN 43431 8296 8 by by IN 43431 8296 9 the the DT 43431 8296 10 union union NN 43431 8296 11 in in IN 43431 8296 12 the the DT 43431 8296 13 middle middle JJ 43431 8296 14 line line NN 43431 8296 15 of of IN 43431 8296 16 two two CD 43431 8296 17 lateral lateral JJ 43431 8296 18 portions portion NNS 43431 8296 19 ; ; : 43431 8296 20 this this DT 43431 8296 21 can can MD 43431 8296 22 be be VB 43431 8296 23 well well RB 43431 8296 24 seen see VBN 43431 8296 25 in in IN 43431 8296 26 the the DT 43431 8296 27 presternum presternum NN 43431 8296 28 and and CC 43431 8296 29 xiphisternum xiphisternum NNP 43431 8296 30 of of IN 43431 8296 31 the the DT 43431 8296 32 puppy puppy NN 43431 8296 33 , , , 43431 8296 34 but but CC 43431 8296 35 no no DT 43431 8296 36 traces trace NNS 43431 8296 37 of of IN 43431 8296 38 this this DT 43431 8296 39 median median JJ 43431 8296 40 division division NN 43431 8296 41 remain remain VBP 43431 8296 42 in in IN 43431 8296 43 the the DT 43431 8296 44 adult adult NN 43431 8296 45 dog dog NN 43431 8296 46 . . . 43431 8297 1 2 2 LS 43431 8297 2 . . . 43431 8298 1 THE the DT 43431 8298 2 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 8298 3 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 8298 4 . . . 43431 8299 1 The the DT 43431 8299 2 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 8299 3 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 8299 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 8299 5 of of IN 43431 8299 6 the the DT 43431 8299 7 bones bone NNS 43431 8299 8 of of IN 43431 8299 9 the the DT 43431 8299 10 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8299 11 and and CC 43431 8299 12 posterior posterior NNP 43431 8299 13 limbs limb NNS 43431 8299 14 , , , 43431 8299 15 and and CC 43431 8299 16 of of IN 43431 8299 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8299 18 respective respective JJ 43431 8299 19 supports support NNS 43431 8299 20 , , , 43431 8299 21 the the DT 43431 8299 22 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 8299 23 and and CC 43431 8299 24 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 8299 25 girdles girdle NNS 43431 8299 26 . . . 43431 8300 1 THE the DT 43431 8300 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 8300 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 8300 4 . . . 43431 8301 1 The the DT 43431 8301 2 = = SYM 43431 8301 3 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 8301 4 girdle= girdle= NN 43431 8301 5 lies lie VBZ 43431 8301 6 external external JJ 43431 8301 7 to to IN 43431 8301 8 the the DT 43431 8301 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 8301 10 , , , 43431 8301 11 and and CC 43431 8301 12 has have VBZ 43431 8301 13 no no DT 43431 8301 14 bony bony NN 43431 8301 15 attachment attachment NN 43431 8301 16 to to IN 43431 8301 17 the the DT 43431 8301 18 axial axial JJ 43431 8301 19 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 8301 20 . . . 43431 8302 1 In in IN 43431 8302 2 almost almost RB 43431 8302 3 all all DT 43431 8302 4 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 8302 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8302 6 is be VBZ 43431 8302 7 , , , 43431 8302 8 as as IN 43431 8302 9 compared compare VBN 43431 8302 10 with with IN 43431 8302 11 that that DT 43431 8302 12 in in IN 43431 8302 13 Sauropsids Sauropsids NNP 43431 8302 14 , , , 43431 8302 15 very very RB 43431 8302 16 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 8302 17 ; ; : 43431 8302 18 and and CC 43431 8302 19 in in IN 43431 8302 20 the the DT 43431 8302 21 dog dog NN 43431 8302 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8302 23 is be VBZ 43431 8302 24 even even RB 43431 8302 25 more more RBR 43431 8302 26 reduced reduced JJ 43431 8302 27 than than IN 43431 8302 28 in in IN 43431 8302 29 the the DT 43431 8302 30 majority majority NN 43431 8302 31 of of IN 43431 8302 32 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 8302 33 . . . 43431 8303 1 The the DT 43431 8303 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8303 3 portion portion NN 43431 8303 4 or or CC 43431 8303 5 = = SYM 43431 8303 6 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 8303 7 is be VBZ 43431 8303 8 well well RB 43431 8303 9 developed developed JJ 43431 8303 10 , , , 43431 8303 11 but but CC 43431 8303 12 the the DT 43431 8303 13 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8303 14 portion portion NN 43431 8303 15 is be VBZ 43431 8303 16 almost almost RB 43431 8303 17 entirely entirely RB 43431 8303 18 absent absent JJ 43431 8303 19 . . . 43431 8304 1 The the DT 43431 8304 2 = = SYM 43431 8304 3 scapula= scapula= NN 43431 8304 4 is be VBZ 43431 8304 5 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8304 6 triangular triangular JJ 43431 8304 7 in in IN 43431 8304 8 shape shape NN 43431 8304 9 , , , 43431 8304 10 the the DT 43431 8304 11 apex apex NN 43431 8304 12 being be VBG 43431 8304 13 directed direct VBN 43431 8304 14 downwards downwards RB 43431 8304 15 and and CC 43431 8304 16 forwards forwards RB 43431 8304 17 , , , 43431 8304 18 and and CC 43431 8304 19 being be VBG 43431 8304 20 expanded expand VBN 43431 8304 21 to to TO 43431 8304 22 form form VB 43431 8304 23 the the DT 43431 8304 24 shallow shallow NN 43431 8304 25 = = SYM 43431 8304 26 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 8304 27 cavity= cavity= NN 43431 8304 28 with with IN 43431 8304 29 which which WDT 43431 8304 30 the the DT 43431 8304 31 head head NN 43431 8304 32 of of IN 43431 8304 33 the the DT 43431 8304 34 humerus humerus JJ 43431 8304 35 articulates articulate NNS 43431 8304 36 . . . 43431 8305 1 The the DT 43431 8305 2 inner inner JJ 43431 8305 3 surface surface NN 43431 8305 4 of of IN 43431 8305 5 the the DT 43431 8305 6 scapula scapula NN 43431 8305 7 is be VBZ 43431 8305 8 nearly nearly RB 43431 8305 9 flat flat JJ 43431 8305 10 , , , 43431 8305 11 while while IN 43431 8305 12 the the DT 43431 8305 13 outer outer NN 43431 8305 14 is be VBZ 43431 8305 15 drawn draw VBN 43431 8305 16 out out RP 43431 8305 17 into into IN 43431 8305 18 a a DT 43431 8305 19 very very RB 43431 8305 20 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8305 21 ridge ridge NN 43431 8305 22 , , , 43431 8305 23 the the DT 43431 8305 24 = = SYM 43431 8305 25 spine= spine= NN 43431 8305 26 , , , 43431 8305 27 which which WDT 43431 8305 28 , , , 43431 8305 29 arising arise VBG 43431 8305 30 gradually gradually RB 43431 8305 31 near near IN 43431 8305 32 the the DT 43431 8305 33 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8305 34 end end NN 43431 8305 35 , , , 43431 8305 36 runs run VBZ 43431 8305 37 downwards downwards RB 43431 8305 38 , , , 43431 8305 39 dividing divide VBG 43431 8305 40 the the DT 43431 8305 41 surface surface NN 43431 8305 42 into into IN 43431 8305 43 two two CD 43431 8305 44 nearly nearly RB 43431 8305 45 equal equal JJ 43431 8305 46 parts part NNS 43431 8305 47 , , , 43431 8305 48 the the DT 43431 8305 49 = = SYM 43431 8305 50 prescapular= prescapular= NN 43431 8305 51 and and CC 43431 8305 52 = = SYM 43431 8305 53 postscapular postscapular JJ 43431 8305 54 fossae= fossae= NN 43431 8305 55 , , , 43431 8305 56 and and CC 43431 8305 57 ends end VBZ 43431 8305 58 in in IN 43431 8305 59 a a DT 43431 8305 60 short short JJ 43431 8305 61 blunt blunt JJ 43431 8305 62 process process NN 43431 8305 63 , , , 43431 8305 64 the the DT 43431 8305 65 = = SYM 43431 8305 66 acromion=. acromion=. FW 43431 8306 1 The the DT 43431 8306 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8306 3 border border NN 43431 8306 4 of of IN 43431 8306 5 the the DT 43431 8306 6 scapula scapula NN 43431 8306 7 is be VBZ 43431 8306 8 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8306 9 curved curved JJ 43431 8306 10 , , , 43431 8306 11 and and CC 43431 8306 12 is be VBZ 43431 8306 13 called call VBN 43431 8306 14 the the DT 43431 8306 15 = = SYM 43431 8306 16 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 8306 17 border= border= NNS 43431 8306 18 ; ; : 43431 8306 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8306 20 is be VBZ 43431 8306 21 terminated terminate VBN 43431 8306 22 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 8306 23 by by IN 43431 8306 24 a a DT 43431 8306 25 slight slight JJ 43431 8306 26 blunt blunt JJ 43431 8306 27 swelling swelling NN 43431 8306 28 , , , 43431 8306 29 the the DT 43431 8306 30 = = SYM 43431 8306 31 coracoid coracoid NNP 43431 8306 32 process= process= NNP 43431 8306 33 , , , 43431 8306 34 which which WDT 43431 8306 35 ossifies ossify VBZ 43431 8306 36 from from IN 43431 8306 37 a a DT 43431 8306 38 different different JJ 43431 8306 39 centre centre NN 43431 8306 40 from from IN 43431 8306 41 the the DT 43431 8306 42 rest rest NN 43431 8306 43 of of IN 43431 8306 44 the the DT 43431 8306 45 scapula scapula NN 43431 8306 46 , , , 43431 8306 47 and and CC 43431 8306 48 is be VBZ 43431 8306 49 probably probably RB 43431 8306 50 the the DT 43431 8306 51 sole sole JJ 43431 8306 52 representative representative NN 43431 8306 53 of of IN 43431 8306 54 the the DT 43431 8306 55 = = NNS 43431 8306 56 coracoid=. coracoid=. . 43431 8307 1 The the DT 43431 8307 2 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8307 3 or or CC 43431 8307 4 = = SYM 43431 8307 5 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 8307 6 border= border= NNS 43431 8307 7 of of IN 43431 8307 8 the the DT 43431 8307 9 scapula scapula NN 43431 8307 10 is be VBZ 43431 8307 11 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8307 12 , , , 43431 8307 13 while while IN 43431 8307 14 the the DT 43431 8307 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 8307 16 or or CC 43431 8307 17 = = SYM 43431 8307 18 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 8307 19 border= border= NNS 43431 8307 20 is be VBZ 43431 8307 21 nearly nearly RB 43431 8307 22 straight straight JJ 43431 8307 23 . . . 43431 8308 1 The the DT 43431 8308 2 clavicle[144 clavicle[144 NNS 43431 8308 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8308 4 or or CC 43431 8308 5 collar collar NN 43431 8308 6 bone bone NN 43431 8308 7 , , , 43431 8308 8 which which WDT 43431 8308 9 in in IN 43431 8308 10 a a DT 43431 8308 11 large large JJ 43431 8308 12 proportion proportion NN 43431 8308 13 of of IN 43431 8308 14 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8308 15 is be VBZ 43431 8308 16 well well RB 43431 8308 17 seen see VBN 43431 8308 18 , , , 43431 8308 19 in in IN 43431 8308 20 the the DT 43431 8308 21 dog dog NN 43431 8308 22 is be VBZ 43431 8308 23 very very RB 43431 8308 24 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 8308 25 developed develop VBN 43431 8308 26 ; ; : 43431 8308 27 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8308 28 is be VBZ 43431 8308 29 short short JJ 43431 8308 30 and and CC 43431 8308 31 broad broad JJ 43431 8308 32 , , , 43431 8308 33 and and CC 43431 8308 34 is be VBZ 43431 8308 35 suspended suspend VBN 43431 8308 36 in in IN 43431 8308 37 the the DT 43431 8308 38 muscles muscle NNS 43431 8308 39 , , , 43431 8308 40 not not RB 43431 8308 41 reaching reach VBG 43431 8308 42 either either CC 43431 8308 43 the the DT 43431 8308 44 scapula scapula NN 43431 8308 45 or or CC 43431 8308 46 sternum sternum JJ 43431 8308 47 . . . 43431 8309 1 THE the DT 43431 8309 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 8309 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 8309 4 . . . 43431 8310 1 The the DT 43431 8310 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8310 3 limb limb NN 43431 8310 4 of of IN 43431 8310 5 the the DT 43431 8310 6 dog dog NN 43431 8310 7 is be VBZ 43431 8310 8 divisible divisible JJ 43431 8310 9 into into IN 43431 8310 10 the the DT 43431 8310 11 usual usual JJ 43431 8310 12 three three CD 43431 8310 13 portions portion NNS 43431 8310 14 , , , 43431 8310 15 the the DT 43431 8310 16 = = SYM 43431 8310 17 brachium= brachium= NN 43431 8310 18 or or CC 43431 8310 19 = = SYM 43431 8310 20 upper upper JJ 43431 8310 21 arm= arm= NNP 43431 8310 22 , , , 43431 8310 23 the the DT 43431 8310 24 = = SYM 43431 8310 25 antibrachium= antibrachium= NNS 43431 8310 26 or or CC 43431 8310 27 = = SYM 43431 8310 28 fore fore NN 43431 8310 29 - - : 43431 8310 30 arm= arm= NNP 43431 8310 31 , , , 43431 8310 32 and and CC 43431 8310 33 the the DT 43431 8310 34 = = SYM 43431 8310 35 manus= manus= NN 43431 8310 36 or or CC 43431 8310 37 = = SYM 43431 8310 38 wrist= wrist= NNP 43431 8310 39 and and CC 43431 8310 40 = = SYM 43431 8310 41 hand=. hand=. FW 43431 8311 1 The the DT 43431 8311 2 = = SYM 43431 8311 3 brachium= brachium= NN 43431 8311 4 or or CC 43431 8311 5 = = SYM 43431 8311 6 upper upper JJ 43431 8311 7 arm= arm= NNP 43431 8311 8 includes include VBZ 43431 8311 9 only only RB 43431 8311 10 a a DT 43431 8311 11 single single JJ 43431 8311 12 bone bone NN 43431 8311 13 , , , 43431 8311 14 the the DT 43431 8311 15 = = SYM 43431 8311 16 humerus=. humerus=. FW 43431 8312 1 The the DT 43431 8312 2 = = SYM 43431 8312 3 humerus= humerus= NN 43431 8312 4 is be VBZ 43431 8312 5 a a DT 43431 8312 6 stout stout RB 43431 8312 7 elongated elongated JJ 43431 8312 8 bone bone NN 43431 8312 9 , , , 43431 8312 10 articulating articulate VBG 43431 8312 11 by by IN 43431 8312 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8312 13 large large JJ 43431 8312 14 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8312 15 = = SYM 43431 8312 16 head= head= NN 43431 8312 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8312 18 fig fig VB 43431 8312 19 . . . 43431 8313 1 77 77 CD 43431 8313 2 , , , 43431 8313 3 1 1 CD 43431 8313 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8313 5 with with IN 43431 8313 6 the the DT 43431 8313 7 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 8313 8 cavity cavity NN 43431 8313 9 of of IN 43431 8313 10 the the DT 43431 8313 11 scapula scapula NN 43431 8313 12 , , , 43431 8313 13 and and CC 43431 8313 14 at at IN 43431 8313 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8313 16 distal distal JJ 43431 8313 17 end end NN 43431 8313 18 by by IN 43431 8313 19 the the DT 43431 8313 20 = = SYM 43431 8313 21 trochlea= trochlea= NN 43431 8313 22 with with IN 43431 8313 23 the the DT 43431 8313 24 bones bone NNS 43431 8313 25 of of IN 43431 8313 26 the the DT 43431 8313 27 fore fore NN 43431 8313 28 - - HYPH 43431 8313 29 arm arm NN 43431 8313 30 . . . 43431 8314 1 The the DT 43431 8314 2 head head NN 43431 8314 3 passes pass VBZ 43431 8314 4 on on IN 43431 8314 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8314 6 inner inner JJ 43431 8314 7 side side NN 43431 8314 8 into into IN 43431 8314 9 an an DT 43431 8314 10 area area NN 43431 8314 11 roughened roughen VBN 43431 8314 12 for for IN 43431 8314 13 the the DT 43431 8314 14 attachment attachment NN 43431 8314 15 of of IN 43431 8314 16 muscles muscle NNS 43431 8314 17 and and CC 43431 8314 18 called call VBD 43431 8314 19 the the DT 43431 8314 20 = = SYM 43431 8314 21 lesser less JJR 43431 8314 22 tuberosity= tuberosity= NN 43431 8314 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8314 24 fig fig NN 43431 8314 25 . . . 43431 8315 1 77 77 CD 43431 8315 2 , , , 43431 8315 3 2 2 CD 43431 8315 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8315 5 ; ; : 43431 8315 6 while while IN 43431 8315 7 in in IN 43431 8315 8 front front NN 43431 8315 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8315 10 is be VBZ 43431 8315 11 divided divide VBN 43431 8315 12 by by IN 43431 8315 13 the the DT 43431 8315 14 shallow shallow JJ 43431 8315 15 = = SYM 43431 8315 16 bicipital bicipital JJ 43431 8315 17 groove= groove= NN 43431 8315 18 from from IN 43431 8315 19 a a DT 43431 8315 20 large large JJ 43431 8315 21 roughened roughen VBN 43431 8315 22 area area NN 43431 8315 23 , , , 43431 8315 24 the the DT 43431 8315 25 = = SYM 43431 8315 26 greater great JJR 43431 8315 27 tuberosity= tuberosity= NN 43431 8315 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8315 29 fig fig NN 43431 8315 30 . . . 43431 8316 1 77 77 CD 43431 8316 2 , , , 43431 8316 3 3 3 CD 43431 8316 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8316 5 , , , 43431 8316 6 which which WDT 43431 8316 7 is be VBZ 43431 8316 8 continued continue VBN 43431 8316 9 as as IN 43431 8316 10 a a DT 43431 8316 11 slight slight JJ 43431 8316 12 roughened roughen VBN 43431 8316 13 ridge ridge NN 43431 8316 14 , , , 43431 8316 15 extending extend VBG 43431 8316 16 about about RB 43431 8316 17 one one CD 43431 8316 18 - - HYPH 43431 8316 19 third third NN 43431 8316 20 of of IN 43431 8316 21 the the DT 43431 8316 22 way way NN 43431 8316 23 down down IN 43431 8316 24 the the DT 43431 8316 25 outer outer JJ 43431 8316 26 side side NN 43431 8316 27 of of IN 43431 8316 28 the the DT 43431 8316 29 shaft shaft NN 43431 8316 30 . . . 43431 8317 1 This this DT 43431 8317 2 ridge ridge NN 43431 8317 3 , , , 43431 8317 4 which which WDT 43431 8317 5 in in IN 43431 8317 6 many many JJ 43431 8317 7 animals animal NNS 43431 8317 8 is be VBZ 43431 8317 9 much much RB 43431 8317 10 more more RBR 43431 8317 11 strongly strongly RB 43431 8317 12 developed developed JJ 43431 8317 13 than than IN 43431 8317 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8317 15 is be VBZ 43431 8317 16 in in IN 43431 8317 17 the the DT 43431 8317 18 dog dog NN 43431 8317 19 , , , 43431 8317 20 is be VBZ 43431 8317 21 called call VBN 43431 8317 22 the the DT 43431 8317 23 = = SYM 43431 8317 24 deltoid deltoid NN 43431 8317 25 ridge=. ridge=. . 43431 8318 1 The the DT 43431 8318 2 = = SYM 43431 8318 3 trochlea= trochlea= NN 43431 8318 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8318 5 fig fig NN 43431 8318 6 . . . 43431 8319 1 77 77 CD 43431 8319 2 , , , 43431 8319 3 5 5 CD 43431 8319 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8319 5 at at IN 43431 8319 6 the the DT 43431 8319 7 distal distal JJ 43431 8319 8 end end NN 43431 8319 9 of of IN 43431 8319 10 the the DT 43431 8319 11 bone bone NN 43431 8319 12 is be VBZ 43431 8319 13 a a DT 43431 8319 14 pulley pulley NN 43431 8319 15 - - HYPH 43431 8319 16 like like JJ 43431 8319 17 surface surface NN 43431 8319 18 , , , 43431 8319 19 elevated elevate VBN 43431 8319 20 at at IN 43431 8319 21 the the DT 43431 8319 22 sides side NNS 43431 8319 23 and and CC 43431 8319 24 grooved groove VBN 43431 8319 25 in in IN 43431 8319 26 the the DT 43431 8319 27 middle middle NN 43431 8319 28 . . . 43431 8320 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8320 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8320 3 with with IN 43431 8320 4 the the DT 43431 8320 5 radius radius NN 43431 8320 6 and and CC 43431 8320 7 ulna ulna NN 43431 8320 8 of of IN 43431 8320 9 the the DT 43431 8320 10 fore fore NN 43431 8320 11 - - HYPH 43431 8320 12 arm arm NN 43431 8320 13 . . . 43431 8321 1 On on IN 43431 8321 2 each each DT 43431 8321 3 side side NN 43431 8321 4 of of IN 43431 8321 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8321 6 are be VBP 43431 8321 7 slight slight JJ 43431 8321 8 roughened roughen VBN 43431 8321 9 projections projection NNS 43431 8321 10 , , , 43431 8321 11 the the DT 43431 8321 12 = = SYM 43431 8321 13 internal= internal= NNP 43431 8321 14 and and CC 43431 8321 15 = = SYM 43431 8321 16 external external JJ 43431 8321 17 condyles= condyles= NN 43431 8321 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8321 19 fig fig NN 43431 8321 20 . . . 43431 8322 1 77 77 CD 43431 8322 2 , , , 43431 8322 3 7 7 CD 43431 8322 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8322 5 . . . 43431 8323 1 In in IN 43431 8323 2 the the DT 43431 8323 3 cat cat NN 43431 8323 4 and and CC 43431 8323 5 many many JJ 43431 8323 6 other other JJ 43431 8323 7 animals animal NNS 43431 8323 8 there there EX 43431 8323 9 's be VBZ 43431 8323 10 a a DT 43431 8323 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8323 12 , , , 43431 8323 13 the the DT 43431 8323 14 = = SYM 43431 8323 15 ent ent NN 43431 8323 16 - - HYPH 43431 8323 17 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 8323 18 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8323 19 above above IN 43431 8323 20 the the DT 43431 8323 21 internal internal JJ 43431 8323 22 condyle condyle NN 43431 8323 23 , , , 43431 8323 24 but but CC 43431 8323 25 in in IN 43431 8323 26 the the DT 43431 8323 27 dog dog NN 43431 8323 28 this this DT 43431 8323 29 is be VBZ 43431 8323 30 not not RB 43431 8323 31 developed develop VBN 43431 8323 32 . . . 43431 8324 1 Passing pass VBG 43431 8324 2 up up RP 43431 8324 3 the the DT 43431 8324 4 shaft shaft NN 43431 8324 5 from from IN 43431 8324 6 the the DT 43431 8324 7 external external JJ 43431 8324 8 condyle condyle NN 43431 8324 9 is be VBZ 43431 8324 10 a a DT 43431 8324 11 slight slight JJ 43431 8324 12 ridge ridge NN 43431 8324 13 , , , 43431 8324 14 the the DT 43431 8324 15 = = SYM 43431 8324 16 supinator= supinator= NN 43431 8324 17 or or CC 43431 8324 18 = = SYM 43431 8324 19 ectocondylar ectocondylar JJ 43431 8324 20 ridge= ridge= NN 43431 8324 21 ; ; : 43431 8324 22 this this DT 43431 8324 23 is be VBZ 43431 8324 24 better well RBR 43431 8324 25 developed develop VBN 43431 8324 26 in in IN 43431 8324 27 many many JJ 43431 8324 28 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8324 29 . . . 43431 8325 1 Immediately immediately RB 43431 8325 2 above above IN 43431 8325 3 the the DT 43431 8325 4 trochlea trochlea NN 43431 8325 5 in in IN 43431 8325 6 front front NN 43431 8325 7 and and CC 43431 8325 8 behind behind RB 43431 8325 9 are be VBP 43431 8325 10 the the DT 43431 8325 11 deep deep JJ 43431 8325 12 = = SYM 43431 8325 13 supra supra NN 43431 8325 14 - - HYPH 43431 8325 15 trochlear trochlear NNP 43431 8325 16 fossae= fossae= NN 43431 8325 17 , , , 43431 8325 18 which which WDT 43431 8325 19 communicate communicate VBP 43431 8325 20 with with IN 43431 8325 21 one one NN 43431 8325 22 another another DT 43431 8325 23 through through IN 43431 8325 24 the the DT 43431 8325 25 = = SYM 43431 8325 26 supra supra NN 43431 8325 27 - - HYPH 43431 8325 28 trochlear trochlear RB 43431 8325 29 foramen= foramen= NNP 43431 8325 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8325 31 fig fig NN 43431 8325 32 . . . 43431 8326 1 77 77 CD 43431 8326 2 , , , 43431 8326 3 8) 8) CD 43431 8326 4 . . . 43431 8327 1 The the DT 43431 8327 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 8327 3 of of IN 43431 8327 4 these these DT 43431 8327 5 , , , 43431 8327 6 the the DT 43431 8327 7 = = SYM 43431 8327 8 olecranon olecranon NNP 43431 8327 9 fossa= fossa= NNP 43431 8327 10 , , , 43431 8327 11 is be VBZ 43431 8327 12 much much RB 43431 8327 13 the the DT 43431 8327 14 deeper deep JJR 43431 8327 15 , , , 43431 8327 16 and and CC 43431 8327 17 receives receive VBZ 43431 8327 18 the the DT 43431 8327 19 olecranon olecranon JJ 43431 8327 20 process process NN 43431 8327 21 of of IN 43431 8327 22 the the DT 43431 8327 23 ulna ulna NN 43431 8327 24 when when WRB 43431 8327 25 the the DT 43431 8327 26 arm arm NN 43431 8327 27 is be VBZ 43431 8327 28 extended extended JJ 43431 8327 29 . . . 43431 8328 1 The the DT 43431 8328 2 head head NN 43431 8328 3 and and CC 43431 8328 4 tuberosities tuberosity NNS 43431 8328 5 of of IN 43431 8328 6 the the DT 43431 8328 7 humerus humerus NNP 43431 8328 8 ossify ossify RB 43431 8328 9 from from IN 43431 8328 10 one one CD 43431 8328 11 centre centre NN 43431 8328 12 , , , 43431 8328 13 the the DT 43431 8328 14 shaft shaft NN 43431 8328 15 from from IN 43431 8328 16 a a DT 43431 8328 17 second second JJ 43431 8328 18 , , , 43431 8328 19 and and CC 43431 8328 20 the the DT 43431 8328 21 trochlea trochlea NNS 43431 8328 22 and and CC 43431 8328 23 condyles condyle NNS 43431 8328 24 from from IN 43431 8328 25 a a DT 43431 8328 26 third third NN 43431 8328 27 . . . 43431 8329 1 The the DT 43431 8329 2 = = SYM 43431 8329 3 fore fore NN 43431 8329 4 - - : 43431 8329 5 arm= arm= NNP 43431 8329 6 or or CC 43431 8329 7 = = SYM 43431 8329 8 antibrachium= antibrachium= NNS 43431 8329 9 contains contain VBZ 43431 8329 10 two two CD 43431 8329 11 bones bone NNS 43431 8329 12 , , , 43431 8329 13 the the DT 43431 8329 14 = = SYM 43431 8329 15 radius= radius= NNP 43431 8329 16 and and CC 43431 8329 17 = = SYM 43431 8329 18 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 8329 19 ; ; : 43431 8329 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8329 21 are be VBP 43431 8329 22 immovably immovably RB 43431 8329 23 articulated articulate VBN 43431 8329 24 with with IN 43431 8329 25 one one NN 43431 8329 26 another another DT 43431 8329 27 , , , 43431 8329 28 but but CC 43431 8329 29 not not RB 43431 8329 30 fused fuse VBN 43431 8329 31 . . . 43431 8330 1 The the DT 43431 8330 2 pre pre JJ 43431 8330 3 - - JJ 43431 8330 4 axial axial JJ 43431 8330 5 bone bone NN 43431 8330 6 , , , 43431 8330 7 the the DT 43431 8330 8 = = SYM 43431 8330 9 radius= radius= NNP 43431 8330 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8330 11 fig fig NN 43431 8330 12 . . . 43431 8331 1 77 77 CD 43431 8331 2 , , , 43431 8331 3 B b NN 43431 8331 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8331 5 , , , 43431 8331 6 which which WDT 43431 8331 7 lies lie VBZ 43431 8331 8 more more RBR 43431 8331 9 or or CC 43431 8331 10 less less RBR 43431 8331 11 in in IN 43431 8331 12 front front NN 43431 8331 13 of of IN 43431 8331 14 the the DT 43431 8331 15 ulna ulna NN 43431 8331 16 , , , 43431 8331 17 is be VBZ 43431 8331 18 external external JJ 43431 8331 19 to to IN 43431 8331 20 the the DT 43431 8331 21 ulna ulna NN 43431 8331 22 at at IN 43431 8331 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8331 24 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8331 25 end end NN 43431 8331 26 , , , 43431 8331 27 and and CC 43431 8331 28 at at IN 43431 8331 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8331 30 distal distal JJ 43431 8331 31 end end NN 43431 8331 32 is be VBZ 43431 8331 33 internal internal JJ 43431 8331 34 to to IN 43431 8331 35 that that DT 43431 8331 36 bone bone NN 43431 8331 37 . . . 43431 8332 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8332 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8332 3 with with IN 43431 8332 4 the the DT 43431 8332 5 external external JJ 43431 8332 6 portion portion NN 43431 8332 7 of of IN 43431 8332 8 the the DT 43431 8332 9 trochlea trochlea NN 43431 8332 10 , , , 43431 8332 11 while while IN 43431 8332 12 the the DT 43431 8332 13 ulna ulna NN 43431 8332 14 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8332 15 with with IN 43431 8332 16 the the DT 43431 8332 17 internal internal JJ 43431 8332 18 portion portion NN 43431 8332 19 . . . 43431 8333 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8333 2 is be VBZ 43431 8333 3 a a DT 43431 8333 4 straight straight JJ 43431 8333 5 bone bone NN 43431 8333 6 with with IN 43431 8333 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8333 8 distal distal JJ 43431 8333 9 end end NN 43431 8333 10 slightly slightly RB 43431 8333 11 larger large JJR 43431 8333 12 than than IN 43431 8333 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8333 14 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8333 15 end end NN 43431 8333 16 . . . 43431 8334 1 The the DT 43431 8334 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8334 3 end end NN 43431 8334 4 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8334 5 with with IN 43431 8334 6 the the DT 43431 8334 7 trochlea trochlea NN 43431 8334 8 , , , 43431 8334 9 the the DT 43431 8334 10 distal distal JJ 43431 8334 11 end end NN 43431 8334 12 with with IN 43431 8334 13 the the DT 43431 8334 14 bones bone NNS 43431 8334 15 of of IN 43431 8334 16 the the DT 43431 8334 17 carpus carpus NNP 43431 8334 18 . . . 43431 8335 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8335 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8335 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8335 4 . . . 43431 8336 1 77 77 CD 43431 8336 2 . . . 43431 8337 1 BONES bone NNS 43431 8337 2 OF of IN 43431 8337 3 THE the DT 43431 8337 4 LEFT left JJ 43431 8337 5 UPPER upper NN 43431 8337 6 ARM arm NN 43431 8337 7 AND and CC 43431 8337 8 FORE FORE NNP 43431 8337 9 - - HYPH 43431 8337 10 ARM ARM NNP 43431 8337 11 OF of IN 43431 8337 12 A A NNP 43431 8337 13 DOG DOG NNP 43431 8337 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8337 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8337 16 Canis Canis NNP 43431 8337 17 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 8337 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8337 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8337 20 à à NNP 43431 8337 21 � � NNP 43431 8337 22 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 8337 23 . . . 43431 8338 1 A a DT 43431 8338 2 , , , 43431 8338 3 humerus humerus NNP 43431 8338 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8338 5 seen see VBN 43431 8338 6 from from IN 43431 8338 7 the the DT 43431 8338 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 8338 9 side side NN 43431 8338 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8338 11 ; ; : 43431 8338 12 B b NN 43431 8338 13 , , , 43431 8338 14 radius radius NN 43431 8338 15 , , , 43431 8338 16 C C NNP 43431 8338 17 , , , 43431 8338 18 ulna ulna NNP 43431 8338 19 , , , 43431 8338 20 both both DT 43431 8338 21 seen see VBN 43431 8338 22 from from IN 43431 8338 23 the the DT 43431 8338 24 anterior anterior NN 43431 8338 25 side side NN 43431 8338 26 . . . 43431 8339 1 1 1 LS 43431 8339 2 . . . 43431 8339 3 head head NN 43431 8339 4 . . . 43431 8340 1 2 2 LS 43431 8340 2 . . . 43431 8340 3 lesser less JJR 43431 8340 4 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 8340 5 . . . 43431 8341 1 3 3 LS 43431 8341 2 . . . 43431 8341 3 greater great JJR 43431 8341 4 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 8341 5 . . . 43431 8342 1 4 4 LS 43431 8342 2 . . . 43431 8342 3 shaft shaft NN 43431 8342 4 of of IN 43431 8342 5 the the DT 43431 8342 6 humerus humerus NN 43431 8342 7 . . . 43431 8343 1 5 5 LS 43431 8343 2 . . . 43431 8343 3 trochlea trochlea NNP 43431 8343 4 . . . 43431 8344 1 6 6 LS 43431 8344 2 . . . 43431 8344 3 internal internal JJ 43431 8344 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 8344 5 . . . 43431 8345 1 7 7 LS 43431 8345 2 . . . 43431 8345 3 external external JJ 43431 8345 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 8345 5 . . . 43431 8346 1 8 8 LS 43431 8346 2 . . . 43431 8346 3 supra supra NNP 43431 8346 4 - - HYPH 43431 8346 5 trochlear trochlear JJ 43431 8346 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8346 7 . . . 43431 8347 1 9 9 LS 43431 8347 2 . . . 43431 8347 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8347 4 end end NN 43431 8347 5 of of IN 43431 8347 6 the the DT 43431 8347 7 radius radius NN 43431 8347 8 . . . 43431 8348 1 10 10 CD 43431 8348 2 . . . 43431 8348 3 shaft shaft NN 43431 8348 4 of of IN 43431 8348 5 the the DT 43431 8348 6 radius radius NN 43431 8348 7 . . . 43431 8349 1 11 11 LS 43431 8349 2 . . . 43431 8349 3 olecranon olecranon UH 43431 8349 4 . . . 43431 8350 1 12 12 CD 43431 8350 2 . . . 43431 8350 3 surface surface NN 43431 8350 4 for for IN 43431 8350 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 8350 6 with with IN 43431 8350 7 the the DT 43431 8350 8 trochlea trochlea NN 43431 8350 9 . . . 43431 8351 1 13 13 CD 43431 8351 2 . . . 43431 8351 3 surface surface NN 43431 8351 4 for for IN 43431 8351 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 8351 6 with with IN 43431 8351 7 the the DT 43431 8351 8 radius radius NN 43431 8351 9 . . . 43431 8352 1 14 14 CD 43431 8352 2 . . . 43431 8352 3 distal distal JJ 43431 8352 4 end end NN 43431 8352 5 of of IN 43431 8352 6 the the DT 43431 8352 7 ulna ulna NN 43431 8352 8 . . . 43431 8352 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8353 1 The the DT 43431 8353 2 postaxial postaxial JJ 43431 8353 3 bone bone NN 43431 8353 4 , , , 43431 8353 5 the the DT 43431 8353 6 = = SYM 43431 8353 7 ulna= ulna= JJ 43431 8353 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8353 9 fig fig NN 43431 8353 10 . . . 43431 8354 1 77 77 CD 43431 8354 2 , , , 43431 8354 3 C C NNP 43431 8354 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8354 5 , , , 43431 8354 6 has have VBZ 43431 8354 7 the the DT 43431 8354 8 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8354 9 end end NN 43431 8354 10 much much RB 43431 8354 11 enlarged enlarge VBD 43431 8354 12 , , , 43431 8354 13 forming form VBG 43431 8354 14 the the DT 43431 8354 15 = = SYM 43431 8354 16 olecranon= olecranon= NN 43431 8354 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8354 18 fig fig NN 43431 8354 19 . . . 43431 8355 1 77 77 CD 43431 8355 2 , , , 43431 8355 3 11 11 CD 43431 8355 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8355 5 , , , 43431 8355 6 and and CC 43431 8355 7 tapers taper NNS 43431 8355 8 gradually gradually RB 43431 8355 9 to to IN 43431 8355 10 the the DT 43431 8355 11 distal distal JJ 43431 8355 12 end end NN 43431 8355 13 . . . 43431 8356 1 Near near IN 43431 8356 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8356 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8356 4 end end NN 43431 8356 5 the the DT 43431 8356 6 ulna ulna NN 43431 8356 7 is be VBZ 43431 8356 8 marked mark VBN 43431 8356 9 by by IN 43431 8356 10 a a DT 43431 8356 11 deep deep JJ 43431 8356 12 = = SYM 43431 8356 13 sigmoid sigmoid JJ 43431 8356 14 notch= notch= NN 43431 8356 15 , , , 43431 8356 16 which which WDT 43431 8356 17 bears bear VBZ 43431 8356 18 on on IN 43431 8356 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8356 20 inner inner JJ 43431 8356 21 side side NN 43431 8356 22 a a DT 43431 8356 23 concave concave NNP 43431 8356 24 surface surface NN 43431 8356 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8356 26 fig fig NN 43431 8356 27 . . . 43431 8357 1 77 77 CD 43431 8357 2 , , , 43431 8357 3 12 12 CD 43431 8357 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8357 5 for for IN 43431 8357 6 articulation articulation NN 43431 8357 7 with with IN 43431 8357 8 the the DT 43431 8357 9 trochlea trochlea NN 43431 8357 10 . . . 43431 8358 1 The the DT 43431 8358 2 pointed pointed JJ 43431 8358 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8358 4 end end NN 43431 8358 5 of of IN 43431 8358 6 the the DT 43431 8358 7 sigmoid sigmoid JJ 43431 8358 8 notch notch NN 43431 8358 9 is be VBZ 43431 8358 10 called call VBN 43431 8358 11 the the DT 43431 8358 12 = = SYM 43431 8358 13 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 8358 14 process=. process=. NN 43431 8359 1 Somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8359 2 in in IN 43431 8359 3 front front NN 43431 8359 4 of of IN 43431 8359 5 and and CC 43431 8359 6 below below IN 43431 8359 7 the the DT 43431 8359 8 sigmoid sigmoid JJ 43431 8359 9 notch notch NN 43431 8359 10 is be VBZ 43431 8359 11 a a DT 43431 8359 12 smaller small JJR 43431 8359 13 hollow hollow JJ 43431 8359 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8359 15 fig fig NN 43431 8359 16 . . . 43431 8360 1 77 77 CD 43431 8360 2 , , , 43431 8360 3 13 13 CD 43431 8360 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8360 5 , , , 43431 8360 6 with with IN 43431 8360 7 which which WDT 43431 8360 8 the the DT 43431 8360 9 radius radius NN 43431 8360 10 articulates articulate NNS 43431 8360 11 . . . 43431 8361 1 In in IN 43431 8361 2 the the DT 43431 8361 3 young young JJ 43431 8361 4 animal animal NN 43431 8361 5 the the DT 43431 8361 6 ends end NNS 43431 8361 7 of of IN 43431 8361 8 both both CC 43431 8361 9 radius radius NN 43431 8361 10 and and CC 43431 8361 11 ulna ulna NNP 43431 8361 12 are be VBP 43431 8361 13 seen see VBN 43431 8361 14 to to TO 43431 8361 15 ossify ossify VB 43431 8361 16 from from IN 43431 8361 17 centres centre VBZ 43431 8361 18 different different JJ 43431 8361 19 from from IN 43431 8361 20 those those DT 43431 8361 21 forming form VBG 43431 8361 22 the the DT 43431 8361 23 shafts shaft NNS 43431 8361 24 . . . 43431 8362 1 The the DT 43431 8362 2 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 8362 3 forming form VBG 43431 8362 4 both both DT 43431 8362 5 ends end NNS 43431 8362 6 of of IN 43431 8362 7 the the DT 43431 8362 8 radius radius NN 43431 8362 9 , , , 43431 8362 10 and and CC 43431 8362 11 the the DT 43431 8362 12 distal distal JJ 43431 8362 13 end end NN 43431 8362 14 of of IN 43431 8362 15 the the DT 43431 8362 16 ulna ulna NN 43431 8362 17 are be VBP 43431 8362 18 large large JJ 43431 8362 19 , , , 43431 8362 20 while while IN 43431 8362 21 that that IN 43431 8362 22 at at IN 43431 8362 23 the the DT 43431 8362 24 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8362 25 end end NN 43431 8362 26 of of IN 43431 8362 27 the the DT 43431 8362 28 ulna ulna NN 43431 8362 29 is be VBZ 43431 8362 30 small small JJ 43431 8362 31 , , , 43431 8362 32 and and CC 43431 8362 33 forms form NNS 43431 8362 34 only only RB 43431 8362 35 the the DT 43431 8362 36 end end NN 43431 8362 37 of of IN 43431 8362 38 the the DT 43431 8362 39 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 8362 40 . . . 43431 8363 1 The the DT 43431 8363 2 = = SYM 43431 8363 3 Manus= manus= NN 43431 8363 4 is be VBZ 43431 8363 5 divided divide VBN 43431 8363 6 into into IN 43431 8363 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8363 8 a. a. NN 43431 8363 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8363 10 The The NNP 43431 8363 11 = = SYM 43431 8363 12 carpus= carpus= NN 43431 8363 13 or or CC 43431 8363 14 = = SYM 43431 8363 15 wrist= wrist= NNP 43431 8363 16 , , , 43431 8363 17 formed form VBN 43431 8363 18 of of IN 43431 8363 19 a a DT 43431 8363 20 group group NN 43431 8363 21 of of IN 43431 8363 22 small small JJ 43431 8363 23 bones bone NNS 43431 8363 24 . . . 43431 8364 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8364 2 b. b. NN 43431 8364 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8364 4 The The NNP 43431 8364 5 = = SYM 43431 8364 6 hand= hand= NN 43431 8364 7 , , , 43431 8364 8 which which WDT 43431 8364 9 includes include VBZ 43431 8364 10 firstly firstly RB 43431 8364 11 some some DT 43431 8364 12 elongated elongated JJ 43431 8364 13 bones bone NNS 43431 8364 14 , , , 43431 8364 15 the the DT 43431 8364 16 = = SYM 43431 8364 17 metacarpals= metacarpals= NN 43431 8364 18 , , , 43431 8364 19 forming form VBG 43431 8364 20 what what WP 43431 8364 21 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 8364 22 to to IN 43431 8364 23 the the DT 43431 8364 24 palm palm NN 43431 8364 25 of of IN 43431 8364 26 the the DT 43431 8364 27 hand hand NN 43431 8364 28 , , , 43431 8364 29 and and CC 43431 8364 30 secondly secondly RB 43431 8364 31 the the DT 43431 8364 32 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 8364 33 , , , 43431 8364 34 which which WDT 43431 8364 35 form form VBP 43431 8364 36 the the DT 43431 8364 37 = = SYM 43431 8364 38 fingers=. fingers=. XX 43431 8365 1 The the DT 43431 8365 2 = = SYM 43431 8365 3 Carpus= Carpus= NNS 43431 8365 4 or or CC 43431 8365 5 = = SYM 43431 8365 6 wrist=. wrist=. . 43431 8366 1 The the DT 43431 8366 2 carpus carpus NN 43431 8366 3 of of IN 43431 8366 4 the the DT 43431 8366 5 dog dog NN 43431 8366 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 8366 7 of of IN 43431 8366 8 seven seven CD 43431 8366 9 small small JJ 43431 8366 10 bones bone NNS 43431 8366 11 , , , 43431 8366 12 arranged arrange VBN 43431 8366 13 in in IN 43431 8366 14 a a DT 43431 8366 15 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8366 16 row row NN 43431 8366 17 of of IN 43431 8366 18 three three CD 43431 8366 19 , , , 43431 8366 20 and and CC 43431 8366 21 a a DT 43431 8366 22 distal distal JJ 43431 8366 23 row row NN 43431 8366 24 of of IN 43431 8366 25 four four CD 43431 8366 26 . . . 43431 8367 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8367 2 differs differ VBZ 43431 8367 3 much much RB 43431 8367 4 from from IN 43431 8367 5 the the DT 43431 8367 6 simpler simple JJR 43431 8367 7 type type NN 43431 8367 8 met meet VBN 43431 8367 9 with with IN 43431 8367 10 in in IN 43431 8367 11 the the DT 43431 8367 12 newt newt NN 43431 8367 13 . . . 43431 8368 1 The the DT 43431 8368 2 largest large JJS 43431 8368 3 bone bone NN 43431 8368 4 of of IN 43431 8368 5 the the DT 43431 8368 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8368 7 row row NN 43431 8368 8 is be VBZ 43431 8368 9 the the DT 43431 8368 10 = = SYM 43431 8368 11 scapho scapho NN 43431 8368 12 - - HYPH 43431 8368 13 lunar= lunar= NN 43431 8368 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8368 15 fig fig NN 43431 8368 16 . . . 43431 8369 1 80 80 CD 43431 8369 2 , , , 43431 8369 3 1 1 CD 43431 8369 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8369 5 , , , 43431 8369 6 formed form VBN 43431 8369 7 by by IN 43431 8369 8 the the DT 43431 8369 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 8369 10 = = SYM 43431 8369 11 scaphoid= scaphoid= NNP 43431 8369 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8369 13 radiale radiale NNP 43431 8369 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8369 15 , , , 43431 8369 16 = = SYM 43431 8369 17 lunar= lunar= NNP 43431 8369 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8369 19 intermedium intermedium NNP 43431 8369 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8369 21 , , , 43431 8369 22 and and CC 43431 8369 23 = = SYM 43431 8369 24 centrale= centrale= FW 43431 8369 25 ; ; : 43431 8369 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8369 27 has have VBZ 43431 8369 28 a a DT 43431 8369 29 large large JJ 43431 8369 30 convex convex NNS 43431 8369 31 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8369 32 surface surface NN 43431 8369 33 for for IN 43431 8369 34 articulation articulation NN 43431 8369 35 with with IN 43431 8369 36 the the DT 43431 8369 37 radius radius NN 43431 8369 38 , , , 43431 8369 39 and and CC 43431 8369 40 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8369 41 distally distally RB 43431 8369 42 with with IN 43431 8369 43 the the DT 43431 8369 44 trapezium trapezium NN 43431 8369 45 , , , 43431 8369 46 trapezoid trapezoid NN 43431 8369 47 , , , 43431 8369 48 and and CC 43431 8369 49 magnum magnum JJ 43431 8369 50 , , , 43431 8369 51 and and CC 43431 8369 52 internally internally RB 43431 8369 53 with with IN 43431 8369 54 the the DT 43431 8369 55 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 8369 56 . . . 43431 8370 1 The the DT 43431 8370 2 = = SYM 43431 8370 3 cuneiform= cuneiform= NN 43431 8370 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8370 5 ulnare ulnare NNP 43431 8370 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8370 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8370 8 fig fig NN 43431 8370 9 . . . 43431 8371 1 80 80 CD 43431 8371 2 , , , 43431 8371 3 2 2 CD 43431 8371 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8371 5 has have VBZ 43431 8371 6 a a DT 43431 8371 7 posterior posterior NN 43431 8371 8 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8371 9 surface surface NN 43431 8371 10 articulating articulate VBG 43431 8371 11 with with IN 43431 8371 12 the the DT 43431 8371 13 ulna ulna NN 43431 8371 14 ; ; : 43431 8371 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8371 16 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8371 17 in in IN 43431 8371 18 front front NN 43431 8371 19 with with IN 43431 8371 20 the the DT 43431 8371 21 unciform unciform NN 43431 8371 22 , , , 43431 8371 23 and and CC 43431 8371 24 internally internally RB 43431 8371 25 with with IN 43431 8371 26 the the DT 43431 8371 27 = = SYM 43431 8371 28 pisiform= pisiform= NN 43431 8371 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8371 30 fig fig VB 43431 8371 31 . . . 43431 8372 1 80 80 CD 43431 8372 2 , , , 43431 8372 3 7 7 CD 43431 8372 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8372 5 , , , 43431 8372 6 which which WDT 43431 8372 7 is be VBZ 43431 8372 8 a a DT 43431 8372 9 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 8372 10 large large JJ 43431 8372 11 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 8372 12 bone bone NN 43431 8372 13 on on IN 43431 8372 14 the the DT 43431 8372 15 ulnar ulnar NN 43431 8372 16 side side NN 43431 8372 17 of of IN 43431 8372 18 the the DT 43431 8372 19 carpus carpus NNP 43431 8372 20 . . . 43431 8373 1 Frequently frequently RB 43431 8373 2 also also RB 43431 8373 3 there there EX 43431 8373 4 is be VBZ 43431 8373 5 a a DT 43431 8373 6 small small JJ 43431 8373 7 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 8373 8 bone bone NN 43431 8373 9 on on IN 43431 8373 10 the the DT 43431 8373 11 radial radial JJ 43431 8373 12 side side NN 43431 8373 13 of of IN 43431 8373 14 the the DT 43431 8373 15 carpus carpus NN 43431 8373 16 . . . 43431 8374 1 The the DT 43431 8374 2 = = SYM 43431 8374 3 trapezium= trapezium= NNS 43431 8374 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8374 5 carpale carpale NN 43431 8374 6 1 1 CD 43431 8374 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8374 8 , , , 43431 8374 9 = = NFP 43431 8374 10 trapezoid= trapezoid= FW 43431 8374 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8374 12 carpale carpale NNP 43431 8374 13 2 2 CD 43431 8374 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8374 15 , , , 43431 8374 16 and and CC 43431 8374 17 = = SYM 43431 8374 18 magnum= magnum= NNS 43431 8374 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8374 20 carpale carpale NN 43431 8374 21 3 3 CD 43431 8374 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8374 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8374 24 fig fig NN 43431 8374 25 . . . 43431 8375 1 80 80 CD 43431 8375 2 , , , 43431 8375 3 5 5 CD 43431 8375 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8375 5 are be VBP 43431 8375 6 all all DT 43431 8375 7 small small JJ 43431 8375 8 bones bone NNS 43431 8375 9 , , , 43431 8375 10 and and CC 43431 8375 11 support support VBP 43431 8375 12 respectively respectively RB 43431 8375 13 the the DT 43431 8375 14 first first JJ 43431 8375 15 , , , 43431 8375 16 second second JJ 43431 8375 17 , , , 43431 8375 18 and and CC 43431 8375 19 third third JJ 43431 8375 20 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 8375 21 . . . 43431 8376 1 The the DT 43431 8376 2 = = SYM 43431 8376 3 unciform= unciform= NN 43431 8376 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8376 5 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 8376 6 4 4 CD 43431 8376 7 and and CC 43431 8376 8 5 5 CD 43431 8376 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8376 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8376 11 fig fig NN 43431 8376 12 . . . 43431 8377 1 80 80 CD 43431 8377 2 , , , 43431 8377 3 6 6 CD 43431 8377 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8377 5 is be VBZ 43431 8377 6 larger large JJR 43431 8377 7 , , , 43431 8377 8 and and CC 43431 8377 9 supports support VBZ 43431 8377 10 the the DT 43431 8377 11 fourth fourth JJ 43431 8377 12 and and CC 43431 8377 13 fifth fifth JJ 43431 8377 14 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 8377 15 . . . 43431 8378 1 The the DT 43431 8378 2 hand hand NN 43431 8378 3 has have VBZ 43431 8378 4 five five CD 43431 8378 5 = = SYM 43431 8378 6 digits= digits= NN 43431 8378 7 , , , 43431 8378 8 each each DT 43431 8378 9 consisting consist VBG 43431 8378 10 of of IN 43431 8378 11 an an DT 43431 8378 12 elongated elongated JJ 43431 8378 13 = = SYM 43431 8378 14 metacarpal= metacarpal= NNP 43431 8378 15 , , , 43431 8378 16 followed follow VBN 43431 8378 17 by by IN 43431 8378 18 = = SYM 43431 8378 19 phalanges= phalanges= NNP 43431 8378 20 , , , 43431 8378 21 the the DT 43431 8378 22 last last JJ 43431 8378 23 of of IN 43431 8378 24 which which WDT 43431 8378 25 , , , 43431 8378 26 the the DT 43431 8378 27 = = SYM 43431 8378 28 ungual ungual JJ 43431 8378 29 phalanx= phalanx= NN 43431 8378 30 , , , 43431 8378 31 is be VBZ 43431 8378 32 pointed point VBN 43431 8378 33 and and CC 43431 8378 34 curved curved JJ 43431 8378 35 , , , 43431 8378 36 and and CC 43431 8378 37 bears bear VBZ 43431 8378 38 the the DT 43431 8378 39 claw claw NN 43431 8378 40 . . . 43431 8379 1 Each each DT 43431 8379 2 of of IN 43431 8379 3 the the DT 43431 8379 4 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 8379 5 is be VBZ 43431 8379 6 seen see VBN 43431 8379 7 in in IN 43431 8379 8 the the DT 43431 8379 9 young young JJ 43431 8379 10 animal animal NN 43431 8379 11 to to TO 43431 8379 12 have have VB 43431 8379 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8379 14 distal distal JJ 43431 8379 15 end end NN 43431 8379 16 formed form VBN 43431 8379 17 by by IN 43431 8379 18 a a DT 43431 8379 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8379 20 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 8379 21 , , , 43431 8379 22 and and CC 43431 8379 23 each each DT 43431 8379 24 of of IN 43431 8379 25 the the DT 43431 8379 26 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 8379 27 , , , 43431 8379 28 except except IN 43431 8379 29 those those DT 43431 8379 30 bearing bear VBG 43431 8379 31 the the DT 43431 8379 32 claws claws NN 43431 8379 33 , , , 43431 8379 34 has have VBZ 43431 8379 35 a a DT 43431 8379 36 similar similar JJ 43431 8379 37 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 8379 38 at at IN 43431 8379 39 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8379 40 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8379 41 end end NN 43431 8379 42 . . . 43431 8380 1 The the DT 43431 8380 2 = = SYM 43431 8380 3 pollex= pollex= NN 43431 8380 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8380 5 fig fig NN 43431 8380 6 . . . 43431 8381 1 80 80 CD 43431 8381 2 , , , 43431 8381 3 A a NN 43431 8381 4 , , , 43431 8381 5 I -PRON- PRP 43431 8381 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8381 7 is be VBZ 43431 8381 8 far far RB 43431 8381 9 shorter short JJR 43431 8381 10 than than IN 43431 8381 11 the the DT 43431 8381 12 other other JJ 43431 8381 13 digits digit NNS 43431 8381 14 , , , 43431 8381 15 and and CC 43431 8381 16 normally normally RB 43431 8381 17 does do VBZ 43431 8381 18 not not RB 43431 8381 19 touch touch VB 43431 8381 20 the the DT 43431 8381 21 ground ground NN 43431 8381 22 in in IN 43431 8381 23 walking walk VBG 43431 8381 24 . . . 43431 8382 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8382 2 has have VBZ 43431 8382 3 only only RB 43431 8382 4 two two CD 43431 8382 5 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 8382 6 , , , 43431 8382 7 while while IN 43431 8382 8 each each DT 43431 8382 9 of of IN 43431 8382 10 the the DT 43431 8382 11 other other JJ 43431 8382 12 digits digit NNS 43431 8382 13 has have VBZ 43431 8382 14 three three CD 43431 8382 15 . . . 43431 8383 1 A a DT 43431 8383 2 pair pair NN 43431 8383 3 of of IN 43431 8383 4 small small JJ 43431 8383 5 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 8383 6 bones bone NNS 43431 8383 7 are be VBP 43431 8383 8 developed develop VBN 43431 8383 9 on on IN 43431 8383 10 the the DT 43431 8383 11 ventral ventral NN 43431 8383 12 or or CC 43431 8383 13 flexor flexor VB 43431 8383 14 side side NN 43431 8383 15 of of IN 43431 8383 16 the the DT 43431 8383 17 metacarpo metacarpo NN 43431 8383 18 - - HYPH 43431 8383 19 phalangeal phalangeal NN 43431 8383 20 articulations articulation NNS 43431 8383 21 of of IN 43431 8383 22 all all PDT 43431 8383 23 the the DT 43431 8383 24 digits digit NNS 43431 8383 25 except except IN 43431 8383 26 the the DT 43431 8383 27 pollex pollex NN 43431 8383 28 . . . 43431 8384 1 Frequently frequently RB 43431 8384 2 similar similar JJ 43431 8384 3 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 8384 4 bones bone NNS 43431 8384 5 occur occur VBP 43431 8384 6 also also RB 43431 8384 7 on on IN 43431 8384 8 the the DT 43431 8384 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8384 10 side side NN 43431 8384 11 of of IN 43431 8384 12 the the DT 43431 8384 13 phalangeal phalangeal JJ 43431 8384 14 articulations articulation NNS 43431 8384 15 . . . 43431 8385 1 THE the DT 43431 8385 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 8385 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 8385 4 . . . 43431 8386 1 The the DT 43431 8386 2 = = SYM 43431 8386 3 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 8386 4 girdle= girdle= NN 43431 8386 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 8386 6 of of IN 43431 8386 7 two two CD 43431 8386 8 halves half NNS 43431 8386 9 , , , 43431 8386 10 which which WDT 43431 8386 11 lie lie VBP 43431 8386 12 nearly nearly RB 43431 8386 13 parallel parallel JJ 43431 8386 14 to to IN 43431 8386 15 the the DT 43431 8386 16 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 8386 17 column column NN 43431 8386 18 . . . 43431 8387 1 Each each DT 43431 8387 2 half half NN 43431 8387 3 is be VBZ 43431 8387 4 firmly firmly RB 43431 8387 5 united united JJ 43431 8387 6 to to IN 43431 8387 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8387 8 fellow fellow NN 43431 8387 9 in in IN 43431 8387 10 a a DT 43431 8387 11 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8387 12 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8387 13 behind behind RB 43431 8387 14 , , , 43431 8387 15 and and CC 43431 8387 16 is be VBZ 43431 8387 17 in in IN 43431 8387 18 front front NN 43431 8387 19 expanded expand VBN 43431 8387 20 and and CC 43431 8387 21 united unite VBN 43431 8387 22 to to IN 43431 8387 23 the the DT 43431 8387 24 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 8387 25 . . . 43431 8388 1 Each each DT 43431 8388 2 half half NN 43431 8388 3 or or CC 43431 8388 4 = = SYM 43431 8388 5 innominate innominate JJ 43431 8388 6 bone= bone= NN 43431 8388 7 is be VBZ 43431 8388 8 seen see VBN 43431 8388 9 in in IN 43431 8388 10 the the DT 43431 8388 11 young young JJ 43431 8388 12 animal animal NN 43431 8388 13 to to TO 43431 8388 14 consist consist VB 43431 8388 15 of of IN 43431 8388 16 four four CD 43431 8388 17 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8388 18 parts part NNS 43431 8388 19 , , , 43431 8388 20 the the DT 43431 8388 21 = = SYM 43431 8388 22 ilium= ilium= NN 43431 8388 23 or or CC 43431 8388 24 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8388 25 element element NN 43431 8388 26 , , , 43431 8388 27 the the DT 43431 8388 28 = = SYM 43431 8388 29 pubis= pubis= JJ 43431 8388 30 or or CC 43431 8388 31 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8388 32 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8388 33 element element NN 43431 8388 34 , , , 43431 8388 35 the the DT 43431 8388 36 = = SYM 43431 8388 37 ischium= ischium= NNS 43431 8388 38 or or CC 43431 8388 39 posterior posterior NN 43431 8388 40 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8388 41 element element NN 43431 8388 42 , , , 43431 8388 43 and and CC 43431 8388 44 a a DT 43431 8388 45 small small JJ 43431 8388 46 fourth fourth JJ 43431 8388 47 part part NN 43431 8388 48 , , , 43431 8388 49 the the DT 43431 8388 50 = = SYM 43431 8388 51 acetabular= acetabular= NN 43431 8388 52 or or CC 43431 8388 53 = = SYM 43431 8388 54 cotyloid= cotyloid= NN 43431 8388 55 bone bone NN 43431 8388 56 , , , 43431 8388 57 wedged wedge VBN 43431 8388 58 in in RP 43431 8388 59 between between IN 43431 8388 60 the the DT 43431 8388 61 three three CD 43431 8388 62 others other NNS 43431 8388 63 . . . 43431 8389 1 These these DT 43431 8389 2 parts part NNS 43431 8389 3 , , , 43431 8389 4 though though IN 43431 8389 5 all all DT 43431 8389 6 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8389 7 in in IN 43431 8389 8 the the DT 43431 8389 9 young young JJ 43431 8389 10 animal animal NN 43431 8389 11 , , , 43431 8389 12 are be VBP 43431 8389 13 in in IN 43431 8389 14 the the DT 43431 8389 15 adult adult NN 43431 8389 16 so so RB 43431 8389 17 completely completely RB 43431 8389 18 fused fuse VBN 43431 8389 19 that that IN 43431 8389 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8389 21 respective respective JJ 43431 8389 22 boundaries boundary NNS 43431 8389 23 can can MD 43431 8389 24 not not RB 43431 8389 25 be be VB 43431 8389 26 distinguished distinguish VBN 43431 8389 27 . . . 43431 8390 1 At at IN 43431 8390 2 about about IN 43431 8390 3 the the DT 43431 8390 4 middle middle NN 43431 8390 5 of of IN 43431 8390 6 the the DT 43431 8390 7 outer outer JJ 43431 8390 8 surface surface NN 43431 8390 9 of of IN 43431 8390 10 the the DT 43431 8390 11 innominate innominate JJ 43431 8390 12 bone bone NN 43431 8390 13 is be VBZ 43431 8390 14 a a DT 43431 8390 15 very very RB 43431 8390 16 deep deep JJ 43431 8390 17 cavity cavity NN 43431 8390 18 , , , 43431 8390 19 the the DT 43431 8390 20 = = SYM 43431 8390 21 acetabulum= acetabulum= NN 43431 8390 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8390 23 fig fig NN 43431 8390 24 . . . 43431 8391 1 78 78 CD 43431 8391 2 , , , 43431 8391 3 A a NN 43431 8391 4 , , , 43431 8391 5 1 1 CD 43431 8391 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8391 7 with with IN 43431 8391 8 which which WDT 43431 8391 9 the the DT 43431 8391 10 head head NN 43431 8391 11 of of IN 43431 8391 12 the the DT 43431 8391 13 femur femur NN 43431 8391 14 articulates articulate NNS 43431 8391 15 ; ; , 43431 8391 16 all all PDT 43431 8391 17 the the DT 43431 8391 18 bones bone NNS 43431 8391 19 except except IN 43431 8391 20 the the DT 43431 8391 21 pubis pubis RB 43431 8391 22 take take VBP 43431 8391 23 part part NN 43431 8391 24 in in IN 43431 8391 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8391 26 formation formation NN 43431 8391 27 . . . 43431 8392 1 The the DT 43431 8392 2 = = SYM 43431 8392 3 ilium= ilium= NN 43431 8392 4 is be VBZ 43431 8392 5 a a DT 43431 8392 6 rather rather RB 43431 8392 7 long long JJ 43431 8392 8 bone bone NN 43431 8392 9 , , , 43431 8392 10 expanded expand VBN 43431 8392 11 in in IN 43431 8392 12 front front NN 43431 8392 13 and and CC 43431 8392 14 contracted contract VBN 43431 8392 15 behind behind RB 43431 8392 16 ; ; : 43431 8392 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8392 18 forms form VBZ 43431 8392 19 about about IN 43431 8392 20 half half PDT 43431 8392 21 the the DT 43431 8392 22 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 8392 23 . . . 43431 8393 1 On on IN 43431 8393 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8393 3 inner inner JJ 43431 8393 4 or or CC 43431 8393 5 = = SYM 43431 8393 6 sacral sacral JJ 43431 8393 7 surface= surface= JJ 43431 8393 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8393 9 fig fig NN 43431 8393 10 . . . 43431 8394 1 78 78 CD 43431 8394 2 , , , 43431 8394 3 4 4 CD 43431 8394 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8394 5 is be VBZ 43431 8394 6 a a DT 43431 8394 7 large large JJ 43431 8394 8 roughened roughen VBN 43431 8394 9 patch patch NN 43431 8394 10 for for IN 43431 8394 11 articulation articulation NN 43431 8394 12 with with IN 43431 8394 13 the the DT 43431 8394 14 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 8394 15 ; ; : 43431 8394 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8394 17 outer outer NN 43431 8394 18 or or CC 43431 8394 19 = = SYM 43431 8394 20 gluteal gluteal JJ 43431 8394 21 surface= surface= NN 43431 8394 22 is be VBZ 43431 8394 23 concave concave NNP 43431 8394 24 . . . 43431 8395 1 The the DT 43431 8395 2 posterior posterior JJ 43431 8395 3 part part NN 43431 8395 4 of of IN 43431 8395 5 the the DT 43431 8395 6 bone bone NN 43431 8395 7 is be VBZ 43431 8395 8 flattened flatten VBN 43431 8395 9 below below RB 43431 8395 10 , , , 43431 8395 11 forming form VBG 43431 8395 12 the the DT 43431 8395 13 narrow narrow JJ 43431 8395 14 = = SYM 43431 8395 15 iliac iliac NNP 43431 8395 16 surface= surface= NNP 43431 8395 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8395 18 fig fig NN 43431 8395 19 . . . 43431 8396 1 78 78 CD 43431 8396 2 , , , 43431 8396 3 A a NN 43431 8396 4 , , , 43431 8396 5 5 5 CD 43431 8396 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8396 7 . . . 43431 8397 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8397 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8397 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8397 4 . . . 43431 8398 1 78 78 CD 43431 8398 2 . . . 43431 8399 1 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 8399 2 INNOMINATE INNOMINATE NNP 43431 8399 3 BONE BONE NNP 43431 8399 4 , , , 43431 8399 5 A a NN 43431 8399 6 , , , 43431 8399 7 OF of IN 43431 8399 8 A a DT 43431 8399 9 FULL FULL NNP 43431 8399 10 - - HYPH 43431 8399 11 GROWN GROWN NNP 43431 8399 12 TERRIER TERRIER NNP 43431 8399 13 , , , 43431 8399 14 B b NN 43431 8399 15 , , , 43431 8399 16 OF of IN 43431 8399 17 A a DT 43431 8399 18 COLLIE COLLIE NNP 43431 8399 19 PUPPY puppy NN 43431 8399 20 . . . 43431 8400 1 à à NNP 43431 8400 2 � � NNP 43431 8400 3 1 1 CD 43431 8400 4 . . . 43431 8401 1 A a DT 43431 8401 2 is be VBZ 43431 8401 3 seen see VBN 43431 8401 4 from from IN 43431 8401 5 the the DT 43431 8401 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8401 7 side side NN 43431 8401 8 , , , 43431 8401 9 B b NN 43431 8401 10 from from IN 43431 8401 11 the the DT 43431 8401 12 inner inner JJ 43431 8401 13 or or CC 43431 8401 14 sacral sacral JJ 43431 8401 15 side side NN 43431 8401 16 . . . 43431 8402 1 1 1 LS 43431 8402 2 . . . 43431 8402 3 acetabulum acetabulum NNP 43431 8402 4 . . . 43431 8403 1 2 2 LS 43431 8403 2 . . . 43431 8403 3 thyroid thyroid NNP 43431 8403 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8403 5 . . . 43431 8404 1 3 3 LS 43431 8404 2 . . . 43431 8404 3 supra supra NNP 43431 8404 4 - - HYPH 43431 8404 5 iliac iliac NNP 43431 8404 6 border border NN 43431 8404 7 of of IN 43431 8404 8 ilium ilium NNP 43431 8404 9 . . . 43431 8405 1 4 4 LS 43431 8405 2 . . . 43431 8405 3 sacral sacral JJ 43431 8405 4 surface surface NN 43431 8405 5 . . . 43431 8406 1 5 5 LS 43431 8406 2 . . . 43431 8406 3 iliac iliac NNP 43431 8406 4 surface surface NN 43431 8406 5 . . . 43431 8407 1 6 6 LS 43431 8407 2 . . . 43431 8407 3 acetabular acetabular NNP 43431 8407 4 border border NN 43431 8407 5 . . . 43431 8408 1 7 7 LS 43431 8408 2 . . . 43431 8408 3 pubic pubic JJ 43431 8408 4 border border NN 43431 8408 5 . . . 43431 8409 1 8 8 LS 43431 8409 2 . . . 43431 8409 3 ischial ischial JJ 43431 8409 4 border border NN 43431 8409 5 . . . 43431 8410 1 9 9 LS 43431 8410 2 . . . 43431 8410 3 ischium ischium NN 43431 8410 4 . . . 43431 8411 1 10 10 LS 43431 8411 2 . . . 43431 8411 3 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 8411 4 of of IN 43431 8411 5 ischium ischium NN 43431 8411 6 . . . 43431 8412 1 11 11 CD 43431 8412 2 . . . 43431 8412 3 ischial ischial JJ 43431 8412 4 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8412 5 . . . 43431 8413 1 12 12 CD 43431 8413 2 . . . 43431 8413 3 pubis pubi VBN 43431 8413 4 . . . 43431 8414 1 13 13 CD 43431 8414 2 . . . 43431 8414 3 pubic pubic JJ 43431 8414 4 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8414 5 . . . 43431 8415 1 14 14 CD 43431 8415 2 . . . 43431 8415 3 cotyloid cotyloid JJ 43431 8415 4 or or CC 43431 8415 5 acetabular acetabular NN 43431 8415 6 bone bone NN 43431 8415 7 . . . 43431 8415 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8416 1 The the DT 43431 8416 2 = = SYM 43431 8416 3 ischium= ischium= NN 43431 8416 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8416 5 fig fig NN 43431 8416 6 . . . 43431 8417 1 78 78 CD 43431 8417 2 , , , 43431 8417 3 9 9 CD 43431 8417 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8417 5 is be VBZ 43431 8417 6 a a DT 43431 8417 7 wide wide JJ 43431 8417 8 flattened flatten VBN 43431 8417 9 bone bone NN 43431 8417 10 forming form VBG 43431 8417 11 the the DT 43431 8417 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 8417 13 part part NN 43431 8417 14 of of IN 43431 8417 15 the the DT 43431 8417 16 innominate innominate JJ 43431 8417 17 bone bone NN 43431 8417 18 . . . 43431 8418 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8418 2 meets meet VBZ 43431 8418 3 the the DT 43431 8418 4 pubis pubi VBN 43431 8418 5 ventrally ventrally RB 43431 8418 6 , , , 43431 8418 7 but but CC 43431 8418 8 is be VBZ 43431 8418 9 separated separate VBN 43431 8418 10 from from IN 43431 8418 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8418 12 for for IN 43431 8418 13 the the DT 43431 8418 14 greater great JJR 43431 8418 15 part part NN 43431 8418 16 of of IN 43431 8418 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8418 18 length length NN 43431 8418 19 by by IN 43431 8418 20 the the DT 43431 8418 21 large large JJ 43431 8418 22 = = SYM 43431 8418 23 obturator= obturator= NN 43431 8418 24 or or CC 43431 8418 25 = = SYM 43431 8418 26 thyroid thyroid NN 43431 8418 27 foramen= foramen= NN 43431 8418 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8418 29 fig fig NN 43431 8418 30 . . . 43431 8419 1 78 78 CD 43431 8419 2 , , , 43431 8419 3 2 2 CD 43431 8419 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8419 5 . . . 43431 8420 1 At at IN 43431 8420 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8420 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 8420 4 end end NN 43431 8420 5 externally externally RB 43431 8420 6 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8420 7 bears bear VBZ 43431 8420 8 a a DT 43431 8420 9 rather rather RB 43431 8420 10 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8420 11 roughened roughen VBN 43431 8420 12 = = SYM 43431 8420 13 ischial ischial JJ 43431 8420 14 tuberosity= tuberosity= NN 43431 8420 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8420 16 fig fig NN 43431 8420 17 . . . 43431 8421 1 78 78 CD 43431 8421 2 , , , 43431 8421 3 A A NNP 43431 8421 4 , , , 43431 8421 5 10 10 CD 43431 8421 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8421 7 . . . 43431 8422 1 The the DT 43431 8422 2 ischium ischium NN 43431 8422 3 meets meet VBZ 43431 8422 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8422 5 fellow fellow NN 43431 8422 6 in in IN 43431 8422 7 a a DT 43431 8422 8 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8422 9 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8422 10 , , , 43431 8422 11 and and CC 43431 8422 12 forms form NNS 43431 8422 13 about about RB 43431 8422 14 one one CD 43431 8422 15 - - HYPH 43431 8422 16 third third NN 43431 8422 17 of of IN 43431 8422 18 the the DT 43431 8422 19 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 8422 20 . . . 43431 8423 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8423 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8423 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8423 4 . . . 43431 8424 1 79 79 CD 43431 8424 2 . . . 43431 8425 1 FRONT front JJ 43431 8425 2 VIEW view NN 43431 8425 3 OF of IN 43431 8425 4 THE the DT 43431 8425 5 LEFT left JJ 43431 8425 6 LEG LEG NNP 43431 8425 7 BONES BONES NNPS 43431 8425 8 OF of IN 43431 8425 9 A a DT 43431 8425 10 DOG DOG NNP 43431 8425 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8425 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8425 13 Canis Canis NNP 43431 8425 14 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 8425 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8425 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8425 17 à à NNP 43431 8425 18 � � NNP 43431 8425 19 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 8425 20 . . . 43431 8426 1 A a DT 43431 8426 2 femur femur NN 43431 8426 3 , , , 43431 8426 4 B b NN 43431 8426 5 tibia tibia NNP 43431 8426 6 , , , 43431 8426 7 C c NN 43431 8426 8 fibula fibula NN 43431 8426 9 , , , 43431 8426 10 D d NN 43431 8426 11 patella patella NN 43431 8426 12 . . . 43431 8427 1 1 1 LS 43431 8427 2 . . . 43431 8427 3 head head NN 43431 8427 4 of of IN 43431 8427 5 femur femur NN 43431 8427 6 . . . 43431 8428 1 2 2 LS 43431 8428 2 . . . 43431 8428 3 neck neck NN 43431 8428 4 . . . 43431 8429 1 3 3 LS 43431 8429 2 . . . 43431 8429 3 great great JJ 43431 8429 4 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 8429 5 . . . 43431 8430 1 4 4 LS 43431 8430 2 . . . 43431 8430 3 shaft shaft NN 43431 8430 4 . . . 43431 8431 1 5 5 LS 43431 8431 2 . . . 43431 8431 3 external external JJ 43431 8431 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 8431 5 . . . 43431 8432 1 6 6 LS 43431 8432 2 . . . 43431 8432 3 internal internal JJ 43431 8432 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 8432 5 . . . 43431 8433 1 7 7 LS 43431 8433 2 . . . 43431 8433 3 fabella fabella NNP 43431 8433 4 . . . 43431 8434 1 8 8 LS 43431 8434 2 . . . 43431 8434 3 cnemial cnemial NNP 43431 8434 4 crest crest NNP 43431 8434 5 . . . 43431 8434 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8435 1 The the DT 43431 8435 2 = = SYM 43431 8435 3 pubis= pubis= NN 43431 8435 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8435 5 fig fig NN 43431 8435 6 . . . 43431 8436 1 78 78 CD 43431 8436 2 , , , 43431 8436 3 12 12 CD 43431 8436 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8436 5 is be VBZ 43431 8436 6 smaller small JJR 43431 8436 7 than than IN 43431 8436 8 either either CC 43431 8436 9 the the DT 43431 8436 10 ischium ischium NN 43431 8436 11 or or CC 43431 8436 12 ilium ilium NN 43431 8436 13 ; ; : 43431 8436 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8436 15 does do VBZ 43431 8436 16 not not RB 43431 8436 17 take take VB 43431 8436 18 part part NN 43431 8436 19 in in IN 43431 8436 20 the the DT 43431 8436 21 formation formation NN 43431 8436 22 of of IN 43431 8436 23 the the DT 43431 8436 24 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 8436 25 , , , 43431 8436 26 and and CC 43431 8436 27 like like IN 43431 8436 28 the the DT 43431 8436 29 ischium ischium NN 43431 8436 30 , , , 43431 8436 31 meets meet VBZ 43431 8436 32 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8436 33 fellow fellow NN 43431 8436 34 in in IN 43431 8436 35 a a DT 43431 8436 36 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8436 37 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8436 38 . . . 43431 8437 1 The the DT 43431 8437 2 = = SYM 43431 8437 3 acetabular acetabular JJ 43431 8437 4 bone= bone= NN 43431 8437 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8437 6 fig fig NN 43431 8437 7 , , , 43431 8437 8 78 78 CD 43431 8437 9 , , , 43431 8437 10 B B NNP 43431 8437 11 , , , 43431 8437 12 14 14 CD 43431 8437 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8437 14 is be VBZ 43431 8437 15 small small JJ 43431 8437 16 and and CC 43431 8437 17 triangular triangular JJ 43431 8437 18 , , , 43431 8437 19 and and CC 43431 8437 20 is be VBZ 43431 8437 21 wedged wedge VBN 43431 8437 22 in in RP 43431 8437 23 between between IN 43431 8437 24 the the DT 43431 8437 25 other other JJ 43431 8437 26 three three CD 43431 8437 27 . . . 43431 8438 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8438 2 forms form VBZ 43431 8438 3 about about RB 43431 8438 4 one one CD 43431 8438 5 - - HYPH 43431 8438 6 sixth sixth JJ 43431 8438 7 of of IN 43431 8438 8 the the DT 43431 8438 9 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 8438 10 . . . 43431 8439 1 THE the DT 43431 8439 2 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR NNP 43431 8439 3 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 8439 4 . . . 43431 8440 1 The the DT 43431 8440 2 = = SYM 43431 8440 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 8440 4 limb= limb= NN 43431 8440 5 , , , 43431 8440 6 like like IN 43431 8440 7 the the DT 43431 8440 8 anterior anterior NN 43431 8440 9 , , , 43431 8440 10 is be VBZ 43431 8440 11 divisible divisible JJ 43431 8440 12 into into IN 43431 8440 13 three three CD 43431 8440 14 parts part NNS 43431 8440 15 ; ; : 43431 8440 16 these these DT 43431 8440 17 are be VBP 43431 8440 18 the the DT 43431 8440 19 = = SYM 43431 8440 20 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 8440 21 , , , 43431 8440 22 the the DT 43431 8440 23 = = SYM 43431 8440 24 crus= crus= NN 43431 8440 25 or or CC 43431 8440 26 = = SYM 43431 8440 27 shin= shin= NNS 43431 8440 28 , , , 43431 8440 29 and and CC 43431 8440 30 the the DT 43431 8440 31 = = SYM 43431 8440 32 pes=. pes=. NN 43431 8441 1 The the DT 43431 8441 2 = = SYM 43431 8441 3 thigh= thigh= NN 43431 8441 4 contains contain VBZ 43431 8441 5 only only RB 43431 8441 6 a a DT 43431 8441 7 single single JJ 43431 8441 8 bone bone NN 43431 8441 9 , , , 43431 8441 10 the the DT 43431 8441 11 = = SYM 43431 8441 12 femur=. femur=. XX 43431 8442 1 The the DT 43431 8442 2 = = SYM 43431 8442 3 femur= femur= NNP 43431 8442 4 is be VBZ 43431 8442 5 a a DT 43431 8442 6 long long JJ 43431 8442 7 straight straight JJ 43431 8442 8 bone bone NN 43431 8442 9 with with IN 43431 8442 10 a a DT 43431 8442 11 nearly nearly RB 43431 8442 12 smooth smooth JJ 43431 8442 13 shaft shaft NN 43431 8442 14 and and CC 43431 8442 15 expanded expand VBN 43431 8442 16 ends end NNS 43431 8442 17 . . . 43431 8443 1 The the DT 43431 8443 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8443 3 end end NN 43431 8443 4 bears bear VBZ 43431 8443 5 on on IN 43431 8443 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8443 7 inner inner JJ 43431 8443 8 side side NN 43431 8443 9 the the DT 43431 8443 10 large large JJ 43431 8443 11 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8443 12 = = SYM 43431 8443 13 head= head= NN 43431 8443 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8443 15 fig fig VB 43431 8443 16 . . . 43431 8444 1 79 79 CD 43431 8444 2 , , , 43431 8444 3 A a NN 43431 8444 4 , , , 43431 8444 5 1 1 CD 43431 8444 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8444 7 which which WDT 43431 8444 8 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8444 9 with with IN 43431 8444 10 the the DT 43431 8444 11 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 8444 12 . . . 43431 8445 1 External external JJ 43431 8445 2 to to IN 43431 8445 3 the the DT 43431 8445 4 head head NN 43431 8445 5 and and CC 43431 8445 6 divided divide VBN 43431 8445 7 from from IN 43431 8445 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8445 9 by by IN 43431 8445 10 a a DT 43431 8445 11 deep deep JJ 43431 8445 12 pit pit NN 43431 8445 13 is be VBZ 43431 8445 14 a a DT 43431 8445 15 large large JJ 43431 8445 16 rough rough JJ 43431 8445 17 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 8445 18 , , , 43431 8445 19 the the DT 43431 8445 20 = = SYM 43431 8445 21 great great JJ 43431 8445 22 trochanter= trochanter= NNS 43431 8445 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8445 24 fig fig NN 43431 8445 25 . . . 43431 8446 1 79 79 CD 43431 8446 2 , , , 43431 8446 3 3 3 CD 43431 8446 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8446 5 . . . 43431 8447 1 The the DT 43431 8447 2 deep deep JJ 43431 8447 3 pit pit NN 43431 8447 4 is be VBZ 43431 8447 5 the the DT 43431 8447 6 = = SYM 43431 8447 7 trochanteric= trochanteric= NN 43431 8447 8 or or CC 43431 8447 9 = = SYM 43431 8447 10 digital digital NNP 43431 8447 11 fossa=. fossa=. . 43431 8448 1 On on IN 43431 8448 2 the the DT 43431 8448 3 inner inner JJ 43431 8448 4 side side NN 43431 8448 5 below below IN 43431 8448 6 the the DT 43431 8448 7 head head NN 43431 8448 8 is be VBZ 43431 8448 9 a a DT 43431 8448 10 smaller small JJR 43431 8448 11 roughened roughen VBN 43431 8448 12 surface surface NN 43431 8448 13 , , , 43431 8448 14 the the DT 43431 8448 15 = = LS 43431 8448 16 lesser less JJR 43431 8448 17 trochanter=. trochanter=. NNP 43431 8449 1 The the DT 43431 8449 2 lower low JJR 43431 8449 3 or or CC 43431 8449 4 distal distal JJ 43431 8449 5 end end NN 43431 8449 6 of of IN 43431 8449 7 the the DT 43431 8449 8 bone bone NN 43431 8449 9 bears bear VBZ 43431 8449 10 two two CD 43431 8449 11 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8449 12 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8449 13 surfaces surface NNS 43431 8449 14 , , , 43431 8449 15 the the DT 43431 8449 16 = = SYM 43431 8449 17 condyles= condyles= NN 43431 8449 18 , , , 43431 8449 19 which which WDT 43431 8449 20 articulate articulate VBP 43431 8449 21 with with IN 43431 8449 22 the the DT 43431 8449 23 tibia tibia NNP 43431 8449 24 . . . 43431 8450 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8450 2 are be VBP 43431 8450 3 separated separate VBN 43431 8450 4 from from IN 43431 8450 5 one one CD 43431 8450 6 another another DT 43431 8450 7 by by IN 43431 8450 8 the the DT 43431 8450 9 deep deep JJ 43431 8450 10 = = SYM 43431 8450 11 intercondylar intercondylar JJ 43431 8450 12 notch= notch= NN 43431 8450 13 , , , 43431 8450 14 which which WDT 43431 8450 15 is be VBZ 43431 8450 16 continued continue VBN 43431 8450 17 above above RB 43431 8450 18 and and CC 43431 8450 19 in in IN 43431 8450 20 front front NN 43431 8450 21 as as IN 43431 8450 22 a a DT 43431 8450 23 shallow shallow JJ 43431 8450 24 groove groove NN 43431 8450 25 , , , 43431 8450 26 lodging lodge VBG 43431 8450 27 a a DT 43431 8450 28 large large JJ 43431 8450 29 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 8450 30 bone bone NN 43431 8450 31 , , , 43431 8450 32 the the DT 43431 8450 33 = = SYM 43431 8450 34 patella= patella= NN 43431 8450 35 or or CC 43431 8450 36 = = SYM 43431 8450 37 knee knee NN 43431 8450 38 - - HYPH 43431 8450 39 cap=. cap=. NNP 43431 8451 1 At at IN 43431 8451 2 the the DT 43431 8451 3 back back NN 43431 8451 4 of of IN 43431 8451 5 the the DT 43431 8451 6 knee knee NN 43431 8451 7 - - HYPH 43431 8451 8 joint joint NN 43431 8451 9 are be VBP 43431 8451 10 a a DT 43431 8451 11 pair pair NN 43431 8451 12 of of IN 43431 8451 13 smaller small JJR 43431 8451 14 sesamoids sesamoid NNS 43431 8451 15 , , , 43431 8451 16 the the DT 43431 8451 17 = = SYM 43431 8451 18 fabellae= fabellae= NNP 43431 8451 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8451 20 fig fig NN 43431 8451 21 . . . 43431 8452 1 79 79 CD 43431 8452 2 , , , 43431 8452 3 7 7 CD 43431 8452 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8452 5 . . . 43431 8453 1 In in IN 43431 8453 2 the the DT 43431 8453 3 young young JJ 43431 8453 4 animal animal NN 43431 8453 5 there there EX 43431 8453 6 are be VBP 43431 8453 7 three three CD 43431 8453 8 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 8453 9 to to IN 43431 8453 10 the the DT 43431 8453 11 shaft shaft NN 43431 8453 12 of of IN 43431 8453 13 the the DT 43431 8453 14 femur femur NN 43431 8453 15 , , , 43431 8453 16 one one CD 43431 8453 17 forming form VBG 43431 8453 18 the the DT 43431 8453 19 head head NN 43431 8453 20 , , , 43431 8453 21 one one CD 43431 8453 22 the the DT 43431 8453 23 great great JJ 43431 8453 24 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 8453 25 , , , 43431 8453 26 and and CC 43431 8453 27 one one CD 43431 8453 28 the the DT 43431 8453 29 distal distal JJ 43431 8453 30 end end NN 43431 8453 31 . . . 43431 8454 1 The the DT 43431 8454 2 = = SYM 43431 8454 3 crus= crus= NN 43431 8454 4 or or CC 43431 8454 5 = = SYM 43431 8454 6 shin= shin= CD 43431 8454 7 contains contain VBZ 43431 8454 8 two two CD 43431 8454 9 bones bone NNS 43431 8454 10 , , , 43431 8454 11 the the DT 43431 8454 12 = = SYM 43431 8454 13 tibia= tibia= NNP 43431 8454 14 and and CC 43431 8454 15 = = SYM 43431 8454 16 fibula=. fibula=. . 43431 8455 1 The the DT 43431 8455 2 = = SYM 43431 8455 3 tibia= tibia= NN 43431 8455 4 is be VBZ 43431 8455 5 a a DT 43431 8455 6 fairly fairly RB 43431 8455 7 thick thick JJ 43431 8455 8 straight straight JJ 43431 8455 9 bone bone NN 43431 8455 10 , , , 43431 8455 11 expanded expand VBN 43431 8455 12 at at IN 43431 8455 13 both both DT 43431 8455 14 ends end NNS 43431 8455 15 , , , 43431 8455 16 especially especially RB 43431 8455 17 at at IN 43431 8455 18 the the DT 43431 8455 19 head head NN 43431 8455 20 or or CC 43431 8455 21 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8455 22 end end NN 43431 8455 23 . . . 43431 8456 1 The the DT 43431 8456 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8456 3 end end NN 43431 8456 4 is be VBZ 43431 8456 5 triangular triangular JJ 43431 8456 6 in in IN 43431 8456 7 cross cross NNP 43431 8456 8 section section NN 43431 8456 9 , , , 43431 8456 10 and and CC 43431 8456 11 bears bear VBZ 43431 8456 12 two two CD 43431 8456 13 facets facet NNS 43431 8456 14 for for IN 43431 8456 15 articulation articulation NN 43431 8456 16 with with IN 43431 8456 17 the the DT 43431 8456 18 condyles condyle NNS 43431 8456 19 of of IN 43431 8456 20 the the DT 43431 8456 21 femur femur NN 43431 8456 22 . . . 43431 8457 1 The the DT 43431 8457 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 8457 3 surface surface NN 43431 8457 4 of of IN 43431 8457 5 the the DT 43431 8457 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8457 7 end end NN 43431 8457 8 of of IN 43431 8457 9 the the DT 43431 8457 10 tibia tibia NN 43431 8457 11 is be VBZ 43431 8457 12 marked mark VBN 43431 8457 13 by by IN 43431 8457 14 the the DT 43431 8457 15 strong strong JJ 43431 8457 16 = = SYM 43431 8457 17 cnemial cnemial JJ 43431 8457 18 crest= crest= NN 43431 8457 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8457 20 fig fig NN 43431 8457 21 . . . 43431 8458 1 79 79 CD 43431 8458 2 , , , 43431 8458 3 8) 8) CD 43431 8458 4 , , , 43431 8458 5 which which WDT 43431 8458 6 runs run VBZ 43431 8458 7 some some DT 43431 8458 8 way way NN 43431 8458 9 down down IN 43431 8458 10 the the DT 43431 8458 11 shaft shaft NN 43431 8458 12 . . . 43431 8459 1 The the DT 43431 8459 2 distal distal JJ 43431 8459 3 end end NN 43431 8459 4 of of IN 43431 8459 5 the the DT 43431 8459 6 tibia tibia JJ 43431 8459 7 articulates articulate NNS 43431 8459 8 with with IN 43431 8459 9 the the DT 43431 8459 10 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 8459 11 by by IN 43431 8459 12 an an DT 43431 8459 13 irregular irregular NN 43431 8459 14 , , , 43431 8459 15 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8459 16 square square JJ 43431 8459 17 surface surface NN 43431 8459 18 . . . 43431 8460 1 The the DT 43431 8460 2 shaft shaft NN 43431 8460 3 of of IN 43431 8460 4 the the DT 43431 8460 5 tibia tibia NNP 43431 8460 6 ossifies ossifie NNS 43431 8460 7 from from IN 43431 8460 8 one one CD 43431 8460 9 centre centre NN 43431 8460 10 , , , 43431 8460 11 the the DT 43431 8460 12 distal distal JJ 43431 8460 13 end end NN 43431 8460 14 from from IN 43431 8460 15 a a DT 43431 8460 16 second second JJ 43431 8460 17 , , , 43431 8460 18 and and CC 43431 8460 19 the the DT 43431 8460 20 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8460 21 end end NN 43431 8460 22 from from IN 43431 8460 23 two two CD 43431 8460 24 more more JJR 43431 8460 25 . . . 43431 8461 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8461 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8461 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8461 4 . . . 43431 8462 1 80 80 CD 43431 8462 2 . . . 43431 8463 1 A a DT 43431 8463 2 , , , 43431 8463 3 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 8463 4 MANUS MANUS NNP 43431 8463 5 , , , 43431 8463 6 B B NNP 43431 8463 7 , , , 43431 8463 8 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 8463 9 PES PES NNP 43431 8463 10 OF of IN 43431 8463 11 A a DT 43431 8463 12 DOG DOG NNP 43431 8463 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8463 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8463 15 Canis Canis NNP 43431 8463 16 familiaris familiaris NNP 43431 8463 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8463 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8463 19 à à NNP 43431 8463 20 � � NNP 43431 8463 21 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 8463 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8463 23 after after IN 43431 8463 24 VON VON NNP 43431 8463 25 ZITTEL ZITTEL NNP 43431 8463 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8463 27 . . . 43431 8464 1 1 1 LS 43431 8464 2 . . . 43431 8464 3 bone bone NN 43431 8464 4 representing represent VBG 43431 8464 5 the the DT 43431 8464 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 8464 7 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 8464 8 , , , 43431 8464 9 lunar lunar JJ 43431 8464 10 and and CC 43431 8464 11 centrale centrale NNP 43431 8464 12 . . . 43431 8465 1 2 2 LS 43431 8465 2 . . . 43431 8465 3 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 8465 4 . . . 43431 8466 1 3 3 LS 43431 8466 2 . . . 43431 8466 3 trapezium trapezium NN 43431 8466 4 . . . 43431 8467 1 4 4 LS 43431 8467 2 . . . 43431 8467 3 trapezoid trapezoid NN 43431 8467 4 . . . 43431 8468 1 5 5 LS 43431 8468 2 . . . 43431 8468 3 magnum magnum JJ 43431 8468 4 . . . 43431 8469 1 6 6 LS 43431 8469 2 . . . 43431 8469 3 unciform unciform NN 43431 8469 4 . . . 43431 8470 1 7 7 LS 43431 8470 2 . . . 43431 8470 3 pisiform pisiform NNP 43431 8470 4 . . . 43431 8471 1 8 8 LS 43431 8471 2 . . . 43431 8471 3 first first NNP 43431 8471 4 metacarpal metacarpal NNP 43431 8471 5 . . . 43431 8472 1 9 9 LS 43431 8472 2 . . . 43431 8472 3 fifth fifth JJ 43431 8472 4 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 8472 5 . . . 43431 8473 1 10 10 LS 43431 8473 2 . . . 43431 8473 3 astragalus astragalus NNP 43431 8473 4 . . . 43431 8474 1 11 11 CD 43431 8474 2 . . . 43431 8474 3 calcaneum calcaneum NNP 43431 8474 4 . . . 43431 8475 1 12 12 CD 43431 8475 2 . . . 43431 8475 3 navicular navicular NNP 43431 8475 4 . . . 43431 8476 1 13 13 CD 43431 8476 2 . . . 43431 8476 3 middle middle JJ 43431 8476 4 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 8476 5 . . . 43431 8477 1 14 14 CD 43431 8477 2 . . . 43431 8477 3 external external JJ 43431 8477 4 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 8477 5 . . . 43431 8478 1 15 15 CD 43431 8478 2 . . . 43431 8478 3 cuboid cuboid NNP 43431 8478 4 . . . 43431 8479 1 16 16 CD 43431 8479 2 . . . 43431 8479 3 first first JJ 43431 8479 4 metatarsal metatarsal NNP 43431 8479 5 . . . 43431 8480 1 The the DT 43431 8480 2 digits digit NNS 43431 8480 3 are be VBP 43431 8480 4 numbered number VBN 43431 8480 5 with with IN 43431 8480 6 Roman roman JJ 43431 8480 7 numerals numeral NNS 43431 8480 8 . . . 43431 8480 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8481 1 The the DT 43431 8481 2 = = SYM 43431 8481 3 fibula= fibula= NN 43431 8481 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8481 5 fig fig NN 43431 8481 6 . . . 43431 8482 1 79 79 CD 43431 8482 2 , , , 43431 8482 3 C C NNP 43431 8482 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8482 5 is be VBZ 43431 8482 6 a a DT 43431 8482 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8482 8 but but CC 43431 8482 9 very very RB 43431 8482 10 slender slender NN 43431 8482 11 bone bone NN 43431 8482 12 , , , 43431 8482 13 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8482 14 expanded expand VBN 43431 8482 15 at at IN 43431 8482 16 both both DT 43431 8482 17 ends end NNS 43431 8482 18 . . . 43431 8483 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8483 2 lies lie VBZ 43431 8483 3 external external JJ 43431 8483 4 to to IN 43431 8483 5 the the DT 43431 8483 6 tibia tibia NNP 43431 8483 7 and and CC 43431 8483 8 articulates articulate NNS 43431 8483 9 by by IN 43431 8483 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8483 11 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8483 12 end end NN 43431 8483 13 with with IN 43431 8483 14 the the DT 43431 8483 15 head head NN 43431 8483 16 of of IN 43431 8483 17 the the DT 43431 8483 18 tibia tibia NNP 43431 8483 19 , , , 43431 8483 20 and and CC 43431 8483 21 by by IN 43431 8483 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8483 23 distal distal JJ 43431 8483 24 end end NN 43431 8483 25 with with IN 43431 8483 26 the the DT 43431 8483 27 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 8483 28 . . . 43431 8484 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8484 2 shaft shaft NN 43431 8484 3 and and CC 43431 8484 4 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8484 5 end end NN 43431 8484 6 ossify ossify RB 43431 8484 7 from from IN 43431 8484 8 one one CD 43431 8484 9 centre centre NN 43431 8484 10 , , , 43431 8484 11 and and CC 43431 8484 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8484 13 distal distal JJ 43431 8484 14 end end NN 43431 8484 15 from from IN 43431 8484 16 a a DT 43431 8484 17 second second NN 43431 8484 18 . . . 43431 8485 1 The the DT 43431 8485 2 = = SYM 43431 8485 3 Pes=. pes=. CD 43431 8486 1 The the DT 43431 8486 2 structure structure NN 43431 8486 3 of of IN 43431 8486 4 the the DT 43431 8486 5 = = SYM 43431 8486 6 pes= pes= JJ 43431 8486 7 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 8486 8 closely closely RB 43431 8486 9 with with IN 43431 8486 10 that that DT 43431 8486 11 of of IN 43431 8486 12 the the DT 43431 8486 13 manus manus NN 43431 8486 14 . . . 43431 8487 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8487 2 is be VBZ 43431 8487 3 divided divide VBN 43431 8487 4 into:-- into:-- `` 43431 8487 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8487 6 a. a. NN 43431 8487 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8487 8 The The NNP 43431 8487 9 = = SYM 43431 8487 10 tarsus= tarsus= CD 43431 8487 11 or or CC 43431 8487 12 = = SYM 43431 8487 13 ankle= ankle= NNS 43431 8487 14 formed form VBN 43431 8487 15 of of IN 43431 8487 16 a a DT 43431 8487 17 group group NN 43431 8487 18 of of IN 43431 8487 19 small small JJ 43431 8487 20 bones bone NNS 43431 8487 21 . . . 43431 8488 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8488 2 b. b. NN 43431 8488 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8488 4 The The NNP 43431 8488 5 = = SYM 43431 8488 6 foot= foot= NN 43431 8488 7 , , , 43431 8488 8 which which WDT 43431 8488 9 includes include VBZ 43431 8488 10 , , , 43431 8488 11 firstly firstly RB 43431 8488 12 , , , 43431 8488 13 some some DT 43431 8488 14 elongated elongated JJ 43431 8488 15 bones bone NNS 43431 8488 16 , , , 43431 8488 17 the the DT 43431 8488 18 = = SYM 43431 8488 19 metatarsals= metatarsals= NN 43431 8488 20 , , , 43431 8488 21 forming form VBG 43431 8488 22 what what WP 43431 8488 23 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 8488 24 to to IN 43431 8488 25 the the DT 43431 8488 26 sole sole NN 43431 8488 27 of of IN 43431 8488 28 the the DT 43431 8488 29 foot foot NN 43431 8488 30 , , , 43431 8488 31 and and CC 43431 8488 32 secondly secondly RB 43431 8488 33 the the DT 43431 8488 34 = = SYM 43431 8488 35 phalanges= phalanges= NN 43431 8488 36 , , , 43431 8488 37 which which WDT 43431 8488 38 form form VBP 43431 8488 39 the the DT 43431 8488 40 toes toe NNS 43431 8488 41 . . . 43431 8489 1 The the DT 43431 8489 2 = = SYM 43431 8489 3 Tarsus=. tarsus=. NN 43431 8490 1 The the DT 43431 8490 2 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 8490 3 of of IN 43431 8490 4 the the DT 43431 8490 5 dog dog NN 43431 8490 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 8490 7 of of IN 43431 8490 8 seven seven CD 43431 8490 9 bones bone NNS 43431 8490 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 8490 11 in in IN 43431 8490 12 two two CD 43431 8490 13 rows row NNS 43431 8490 14 , , , 43431 8490 15 of of IN 43431 8490 16 two two CD 43431 8490 17 and and CC 43431 8490 18 four four CD 43431 8490 19 respectively respectively RB 43431 8490 20 , , , 43431 8490 21 with with IN 43431 8490 22 a a DT 43431 8490 23 = = SYM 43431 8490 24 centrale= centrale= NN 43431 8490 25 between between IN 43431 8490 26 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8490 27 . . . 43431 8491 1 The the DT 43431 8491 2 two two CD 43431 8491 3 bones bone NNS 43431 8491 4 of of IN 43431 8491 5 the the DT 43431 8491 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8491 7 row row NN 43431 8491 8 are be VBP 43431 8491 9 the the DT 43431 8491 10 = = SYM 43431 8491 11 astragalus= astragalus= NNS 43431 8491 12 and and CC 43431 8491 13 = = SYM 43431 8491 14 calcaneum=. calcaneum=. FW 43431 8492 1 The the DT 43431 8492 2 = = SYM 43431 8492 3 astragalus= astragalus= NN 43431 8492 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8492 5 fig fig NN 43431 8492 6 . . . 43431 8493 1 80 80 CD 43431 8493 2 , , , 43431 8493 3 10 10 CD 43431 8493 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8493 5 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 8493 6 to to IN 43431 8493 7 the the DT 43431 8493 8 fused fuse VBN 43431 8493 9 = = SYM 43431 8493 10 tibiale= tibiale= NN 43431 8493 11 and and CC 43431 8493 12 = = SYM 43431 8493 13 intermedium= intermedium= NNS 43431 8493 14 of of IN 43431 8493 15 the the DT 43431 8493 16 typical typical JJ 43431 8493 17 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 8493 18 . . . 43431 8494 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8494 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8494 3 end end NN 43431 8494 4 is be VBZ 43431 8494 5 much much RB 43431 8494 6 wider wide JJR 43431 8494 7 than than IN 43431 8494 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8494 9 distal distal JJ 43431 8494 10 end end NN 43431 8494 11 , , , 43431 8494 12 and and CC 43431 8494 13 forms form VBZ 43431 8494 14 a a DT 43431 8494 15 large large JJ 43431 8494 16 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8494 17 = = SYM 43431 8494 18 condyle= condyle= JJ 43431 8494 19 articulating articulating NN 43431 8494 20 with with IN 43431 8494 21 the the DT 43431 8494 22 tibia tibia NNP 43431 8494 23 , , , 43431 8494 24 while while IN 43431 8494 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8494 26 posterior posterior NN 43431 8494 27 end end NN 43431 8494 28 meets meet VBZ 43431 8494 29 the the DT 43431 8494 30 navicular navicular NN 43431 8494 31 . . . 43431 8495 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8495 2 lies lie VBZ 43431 8495 3 to to IN 43431 8495 4 the the DT 43431 8495 5 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 8495 6 side side NN 43431 8495 7 of of IN 43431 8495 8 the the DT 43431 8495 9 foot foot NN 43431 8495 10 . . . 43431 8496 1 The the DT 43431 8496 2 = = SYM 43431 8496 3 calcaneum= calcaneum= NN 43431 8496 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8496 5 fibulare fibulare NN 43431 8496 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8496 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8496 8 fig fig NN 43431 8496 9 . . . 43431 8497 1 80 80 CD 43431 8497 2 , , , 43431 8497 3 11 11 CD 43431 8497 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8497 5 , , , 43431 8497 6 the the DT 43431 8497 7 thickest thick JJS 43431 8497 8 bone bone NN 43431 8497 9 in in IN 43431 8497 10 the the DT 43431 8497 11 pes pe NNS 43431 8497 12 , , , 43431 8497 13 lies lie VBZ 43431 8497 14 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8497 15 behind behind RB 43431 8497 16 , , , 43431 8497 17 and and CC 43431 8497 18 to to IN 43431 8497 19 the the DT 43431 8497 20 outer outer JJ 43431 8497 21 side side NN 43431 8497 22 of of IN 43431 8497 23 the the DT 43431 8497 24 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 8497 25 . . . 43431 8498 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8498 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8498 3 with with IN 43431 8498 4 the the DT 43431 8498 5 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 8498 6 and and CC 43431 8498 7 fibula fibula NN 43431 8498 8 , , , 43431 8498 9 and and CC 43431 8498 10 is be VBZ 43431 8498 11 drawn draw VBN 43431 8498 12 out out RP 43431 8498 13 behind behind RB 43431 8498 14 into into IN 43431 8498 15 a a DT 43431 8498 16 long long RB 43431 8498 17 rounded rounded JJ 43431 8498 18 process process NN 43431 8498 19 , , , 43431 8498 20 which which WDT 43431 8498 21 forms form VBZ 43431 8498 22 the the DT 43431 8498 23 heel heel NN 43431 8498 24 , , , 43431 8498 25 and and CC 43431 8498 26 is be VBZ 43431 8498 27 in in IN 43431 8498 28 the the DT 43431 8498 29 young young JJ 43431 8498 30 animal animal NN 43431 8498 31 terminated terminate VBN 43431 8498 32 by by IN 43431 8498 33 an an DT 43431 8498 34 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 8498 35 . . . 43431 8499 1 Between between IN 43431 8499 2 the the DT 43431 8499 3 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8499 4 and and CC 43431 8499 5 distal distal JJ 43431 8499 6 rows row NNS 43431 8499 7 of of IN 43431 8499 8 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 8499 9 is be VBZ 43431 8499 10 the the DT 43431 8499 11 = = SYM 43431 8499 12 navicular= navicular= NNP 43431 8499 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8499 14 centrale centrale NNP 43431 8499 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8499 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8499 17 fig fig NN 43431 8499 18 . . . 43431 8500 1 80 80 CD 43431 8500 2 , , , 43431 8500 3 12 12 CD 43431 8500 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8500 5 , , , 43431 8500 6 a a DT 43431 8500 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8500 8 flattened flattened JJ 43431 8500 9 and and CC 43431 8500 10 square square JJ 43431 8500 11 bone bone NN 43431 8500 12 articulating articulate VBG 43431 8500 13 with with IN 43431 8500 14 the the DT 43431 8500 15 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 8500 16 . . . 43431 8501 1 The the DT 43431 8501 2 distal distal JJ 43431 8501 3 row row NN 43431 8501 4 of of IN 43431 8501 5 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 8501 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 8501 7 of of IN 43431 8501 8 four four CD 43431 8501 9 bones bone NNS 43431 8501 10 . . . 43431 8502 1 The the DT 43431 8502 2 = = SYM 43431 8502 3 internal internal JJ 43431 8502 4 cuneiform= cuneiform= NN 43431 8502 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8502 6 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 8502 7 1 1 CD 43431 8502 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8502 9 is be VBZ 43431 8502 10 a a DT 43431 8502 11 smooth smooth JJ 43431 8502 12 flattened flatten VBN 43431 8502 13 bone bone NN 43431 8502 14 lying lie VBG 43431 8502 15 to to IN 43431 8502 16 the the DT 43431 8502 17 inner inner JJ 43431 8502 18 side side NN 43431 8502 19 of of IN 43431 8502 20 the the DT 43431 8502 21 foot foot NN 43431 8502 22 ; ; : 43431 8502 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8502 24 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8502 25 with with IN 43431 8502 26 the the DT 43431 8502 27 first first JJ 43431 8502 28 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 8502 29 and and CC 43431 8502 30 with with IN 43431 8502 31 the the DT 43431 8502 32 navicular navicular NN 43431 8502 33 . . . 43431 8503 1 The the DT 43431 8503 2 = = SYM 43431 8503 3 middle middle NNP 43431 8503 4 cuneiform= cuneiform= NNP 43431 8503 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8503 6 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 8503 7 2 2 CD 43431 8503 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8503 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8503 10 fig fig NN 43431 8503 11 . . . 43431 8504 1 80 80 CD 43431 8504 2 , , , 43431 8504 3 13 13 CD 43431 8504 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8504 5 is be VBZ 43431 8504 6 a a DT 43431 8504 7 still still RB 43431 8504 8 smaller small JJR 43431 8504 9 bone bone NN 43431 8504 10 , , , 43431 8504 11 lying lie VBG 43431 8504 12 external external JJ 43431 8504 13 to to IN 43431 8504 14 the the DT 43431 8504 15 internal internal JJ 43431 8504 16 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 8504 17 . . . 43431 8505 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8505 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8505 3 with with IN 43431 8505 4 the the DT 43431 8505 5 second second JJ 43431 8505 6 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 8505 7 and and CC 43431 8505 8 with with IN 43431 8505 9 the the DT 43431 8505 10 navicular navicular NN 43431 8505 11 . . . 43431 8506 1 The the DT 43431 8506 2 = = SYM 43431 8506 3 external external JJ 43431 8506 4 cuneiform= cuneiform= NN 43431 8506 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8506 6 tarsale tarsale NNP 43431 8506 7 3 3 CD 43431 8506 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8506 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8506 10 fig fig NN 43431 8506 11 . . . 43431 8507 1 80 80 CD 43431 8507 2 , , , 43431 8507 3 14 14 CD 43431 8507 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8507 5 is be VBZ 43431 8507 6 a a DT 43431 8507 7 larger large JJR 43431 8507 8 , , , 43431 8507 9 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8507 10 square square JJ 43431 8507 11 bone bone NN 43431 8507 12 lying lie VBG 43431 8507 13 external external JJ 43431 8507 14 to to IN 43431 8507 15 the the DT 43431 8507 16 middle middle JJ 43431 8507 17 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 8507 18 . . . 43431 8508 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8508 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8508 3 with with IN 43431 8508 4 the the DT 43431 8508 5 third third JJ 43431 8508 6 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 8508 7 and and CC 43431 8508 8 with with IN 43431 8508 9 the the DT 43431 8508 10 navicular navicular NN 43431 8508 11 . . . 43431 8509 1 The the DT 43431 8509 2 = = SYM 43431 8509 3 cuboid= cuboid= NN 43431 8509 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8509 5 tarsalia tarsalia NNP 43431 8509 6 4 4 CD 43431 8509 7 and and CC 43431 8509 8 5 5 CD 43431 8509 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8509 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8509 11 fig fig NN 43431 8509 12 . . . 43431 8510 1 80 80 CD 43431 8510 2 , , , 43431 8510 3 15 15 CD 43431 8510 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8510 5 is be VBZ 43431 8510 6 a a DT 43431 8510 7 considerably considerably RB 43431 8510 8 larger large JJR 43431 8510 9 bone bone NN 43431 8510 10 lying lie VBG 43431 8510 11 to to IN 43431 8510 12 the the DT 43431 8510 13 outer outer JJ 43431 8510 14 side side NN 43431 8510 15 of of IN 43431 8510 16 the the DT 43431 8510 17 foot foot NN 43431 8510 18 . . . 43431 8511 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8511 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 8511 3 with with IN 43431 8511 4 the the DT 43431 8511 5 fourth fourth JJ 43431 8511 6 and and CC 43431 8511 7 fifth fifth JJ 43431 8511 8 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 8511 9 and and CC 43431 8511 10 with with IN 43431 8511 11 the the DT 43431 8511 12 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 8511 13 . . . 43431 8512 1 The the DT 43431 8512 2 pes pe NNS 43431 8512 3 has have VBZ 43431 8512 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8512 5 five five CD 43431 8512 6 digits digit NNS 43431 8512 7 , , , 43431 8512 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8512 9 four four CD 43431 8512 10 , , , 43431 8512 11 the the DT 43431 8512 12 hallux hallux NN 43431 8512 13 being be VBG 43431 8512 14 absent absent JJ 43431 8512 15 . . . 43431 8513 1 Even even RB 43431 8513 2 when when WRB 43431 8513 3 present present JJ 43431 8513 4 the the DT 43431 8513 5 = = SYM 43431 8513 6 hallux= hallux= NN 43431 8513 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8513 8 fig fig NN 43431 8513 9 . . . 43431 8514 1 80 80 CD 43431 8514 2 , , , 43431 8514 3 = = SYM 43431 8514 4 B b NN 43431 8514 5 , , , 43431 8514 6 I= I= NNP 43431 8514 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8514 8 is be VBZ 43431 8514 9 commonly commonly RB 43431 8514 10 much much RB 43431 8514 11 reduced reduce VBN 43431 8514 12 , , , 43431 8514 13 and and CC 43431 8514 14 may may MD 43431 8514 15 be be VB 43431 8514 16 quite quite RB 43431 8514 17 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8514 18 , , , 43431 8514 19 and and CC 43431 8514 20 represented represent VBN 43431 8514 21 only only RB 43431 8514 22 by by IN 43431 8514 23 a a DT 43431 8514 24 small small JJ 43431 8514 25 nodular nodular JJ 43431 8514 26 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 8514 27 . . . 43431 8515 1 Each each DT 43431 8515 2 of of IN 43431 8515 3 the the DT 43431 8515 4 other other JJ 43431 8515 5 digits digit NNS 43431 8515 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 8515 7 of of IN 43431 8515 8 a a DT 43431 8515 9 long long JJ 43431 8515 10 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 8515 11 , , , 43431 8515 12 which which WDT 43431 8515 13 in in IN 43431 8515 14 the the DT 43431 8515 15 young young JJ 43431 8515 16 animal animal NN 43431 8515 17 has have VBZ 43431 8515 18 a a DT 43431 8515 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 8515 20 epiphysis epiphysis NN 43431 8515 21 at at IN 43431 8515 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8515 23 distal distal JJ 43431 8515 24 end end NN 43431 8515 25 , , , 43431 8515 26 and and CC 43431 8515 27 of of IN 43431 8515 28 three three CD 43431 8515 29 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 8515 30 . . . 43431 8516 1 The the DT 43431 8516 2 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8516 3 and and CC 43431 8516 4 middle middle JJ 43431 8516 5 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 8516 6 have have VBP 43431 8516 7 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 8516 8 at at IN 43431 8516 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8516 10 proximal proximal JJ 43431 8516 11 ends end NNS 43431 8516 12 , , , 43431 8516 13 while while IN 43431 8516 14 the the DT 43431 8516 15 distal distal JJ 43431 8516 16 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 8516 17 is be VBZ 43431 8516 18 without without IN 43431 8516 19 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 8516 20 and and CC 43431 8516 21 is be VBZ 43431 8516 22 claw claw NN 43431 8516 23 - - HYPH 43431 8516 24 shaped shaped JJ 43431 8516 25 . . . 43431 8517 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 8517 2 : : : 43431 8517 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8517 4 139 139 CD 43431 8517 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8517 6 W. W. NNP 43431 8517 7 Ellenberger Ellenberger NNP 43431 8517 8 and and CC 43431 8517 9 H. H. NNP 43431 8517 10 Baum Baum NNP 43431 8517 11 , , , 43431 8517 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8517 13 Anatomie Anatomie NNP 43431 8517 14 des des NNP 43431 8517 15 Hundes Hundes NNP 43431 8517 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8517 17 , , , 43431 8517 18 Berlin Berlin NNP 43431 8517 19 , , , 43431 8517 20 1891 1891 CD 43431 8517 21 . . . 43431 8518 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8518 2 140 140 CD 43431 8518 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8518 4 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 8519 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 8519 2 , , , 43431 8519 3 " " `` 43431 8519 4 Dental Dental NNP 43431 8519 5 and and CC 43431 8519 6 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8519 7 characters character NNS 43431 8519 8 of of IN 43431 8519 9 the the DT 43431 8519 10 Canidae Canidae NNP 43431 8519 11 , , , 43431 8519 12 " " '' 43431 8519 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8519 14 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 8519 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8519 16 1880 1880 CD 43431 8519 17 . . . 43431 8520 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8520 2 141 141 CD 43431 8520 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8520 4 See see VB 43431 8520 5 p. p. NN 43431 8520 6 392 392 CD 43431 8520 7 . . . 43431 8521 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8521 2 142 142 CD 43431 8521 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8521 4 The the DT 43431 8521 5 dura dura NN 43431 8521 6 mater mater NN 43431 8521 7 is be VBZ 43431 8521 8 a a DT 43431 8521 9 membrane membrane NN 43431 8521 10 which which WDT 43431 8521 11 lines line VBZ 43431 8521 12 the the DT 43431 8521 13 cranial cranial JJ 43431 8521 14 cavity cavity NN 43431 8521 15 and and CC 43431 8521 16 is be VBZ 43431 8521 17 formed form VBN 43431 8521 18 of of IN 43431 8521 19 tough tough JJ 43431 8521 20 connective connective JJ 43431 8521 21 tissue tissue NN 43431 8521 22 . . . 43431 8522 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8522 2 143 143 CD 43431 8522 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8522 4 These these DT 43431 8522 5 are be VBP 43431 8522 6 not not RB 43431 8522 7 strictly strictly RB 43431 8522 8 homologous homologous JJ 43431 8522 9 with with IN 43431 8522 10 the the DT 43431 8522 11 basi basi NNP 43431 8522 12 - - HYPH 43431 8522 13 hyal hyal NNP 43431 8522 14 and and CC 43431 8522 15 cerato cerato NNP 43431 8522 16 - - HYPH 43431 8522 17 hyal hyal NNP 43431 8522 18 of of IN 43431 8522 19 the the DT 43431 8522 20 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 8522 21 . . . 43431 8523 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8523 2 144 144 LS 43431 8523 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8523 4 See see VB 43431 8523 5 note note NN 43431 8523 6 to to IN 43431 8523 7 p. p. NN 43431 8523 8 25 25 CD 43431 8523 9 . . . 43431 8524 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 8524 2 XXII XXII NNP 43431 8524 3 . . . 43431 8525 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 8525 2 ACCOUNT account NN 43431 8525 3 OF of IN 43431 8525 4 THE the DT 43431 8525 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 8525 6 IN in IN 43431 8525 7 MAMMALIA mammalia NN 43431 8525 8 . . . 43431 8526 1 THE the DT 43431 8526 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 8526 3 AND and CC 43431 8526 4 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 8526 5 COLUMN COLUMN NNP 43431 8526 6 . . . 43431 8527 1 EPIDERMAL EPIDERMAL NNP 43431 8527 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 8527 3 . . . 43431 8528 1 = = NFP 43431 8528 2 Hair= Hair= NNP 43431 8528 3 , , , 43431 8528 4 which which WDT 43431 8528 5 forms form VBZ 43431 8528 6 the the DT 43431 8528 7 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 8528 8 Mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8528 9 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 8528 10 , , , 43431 8528 11 varies vary VBZ 43431 8528 12 much much JJ 43431 8528 13 in in IN 43431 8528 14 different different JJ 43431 8528 15 animals animal NNS 43431 8528 16 , , , 43431 8528 17 and and CC 43431 8528 18 in in IN 43431 8528 19 different different JJ 43431 8528 20 parts part NNS 43431 8528 21 of of IN 43431 8528 22 the the DT 43431 8528 23 same same JJ 43431 8528 24 animal animal NN 43431 8528 25 . . . 43431 8529 1 A a DT 43431 8529 2 large large JJ 43431 8529 3 proportion proportion NN 43431 8529 4 of of IN 43431 8529 5 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8529 6 have have VBP 43431 8529 7 the the DT 43431 8529 8 surface surface NN 43431 8529 9 fairly fairly RB 43431 8529 10 uniformly uniformly RB 43431 8529 11 covered cover VBN 43431 8529 12 with with IN 43431 8529 13 hair hair NN 43431 8529 14 of of IN 43431 8529 15 one one CD 43431 8529 16 kind kind NN 43431 8529 17 only only RB 43431 8529 18 . . . 43431 8530 1 In in IN 43431 8530 2 some some DT 43431 8530 3 forms form NNS 43431 8530 4 however however RB 43431 8530 5 there there EX 43431 8530 6 are be VBP 43431 8530 7 two two CD 43431 8530 8 kinds kind NNS 43431 8530 9 of of IN 43431 8530 10 hair hair NN 43431 8530 11 , , , 43431 8530 12 a a DT 43431 8530 13 longer long JJR 43431 8530 14 and and CC 43431 8530 15 stiffer stiff JJR 43431 8530 16 kind kind RB 43431 8530 17 alone alone RB 43431 8530 18 appearing appear VBG 43431 8530 19 on on IN 43431 8530 20 the the DT 43431 8530 21 surface surface NN 43431 8530 22 , , , 43431 8530 23 and and CC 43431 8530 24 a a DT 43431 8530 25 shorter short JJR 43431 8530 26 and and CC 43431 8530 27 softer soft JJR 43431 8530 28 kind kind NN 43431 8530 29 forming form VBG 43431 8530 30 the the DT 43431 8530 31 under under IN 43431 8530 32 fur fur NN 43431 8530 33 . . . 43431 8531 1 In in IN 43431 8531 2 most most JJS 43431 8531 3 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8531 4 hairs hair NNS 43431 8531 5 of of IN 43431 8531 6 a a DT 43431 8531 7 special special JJ 43431 8531 8 character character NN 43431 8531 9 occur occur VBP 43431 8531 10 in in IN 43431 8531 11 certain certain JJ 43431 8531 12 regions region NNS 43431 8531 13 , , , 43431 8531 14 such such JJ 43431 8531 15 as as IN 43431 8531 16 above above IN 43431 8531 17 the the DT 43431 8531 18 eyes eye NNS 43431 8531 19 , , , 43431 8531 20 on on IN 43431 8531 21 the the DT 43431 8531 22 margins margin NNS 43431 8531 23 of of IN 43431 8531 24 the the DT 43431 8531 25 eyelids eyelid NNS 43431 8531 26 , , , 43431 8531 27 and and CC 43431 8531 28 on on IN 43431 8531 29 the the DT 43431 8531 30 lips lip NNS 43431 8531 31 and and CC 43431 8531 32 cheeks cheek NNS 43431 8531 33 , , , 43431 8531 34 here here RB 43431 8531 35 forming form VBG 43431 8531 36 the the DT 43431 8531 37 vibrissae vibrissae NN 43431 8531 38 or or CC 43431 8531 39 whiskers whisker NNS 43431 8531 40 . . . 43431 8532 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8532 2 as as IN 43431 8532 3 in in IN 43431 8532 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8532 5 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 8532 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8532 7 , , , 43431 8532 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8532 9 Orycteropus Orycteropus NNP 43431 8532 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8532 11 and and CC 43431 8532 12 the the DT 43431 8532 13 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 8532 14 , , , 43431 8532 15 the the DT 43431 8532 16 hair hair NN 43431 8532 17 , , , 43431 8532 18 though though IN 43431 8532 19 scattered scatter VBN 43431 8532 20 over over IN 43431 8532 21 the the DT 43431 8532 22 whole whole JJ 43431 8532 23 surface surface NN 43431 8532 24 , , , 43431 8532 25 is be VBZ 43431 8532 26 extremely extremely RB 43431 8532 27 scanty scanty NN 43431 8532 28 , , , 43431 8532 29 while while IN 43431 8532 30 in in IN 43431 8532 31 the the DT 43431 8532 32 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 8532 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8532 34 is be VBZ 43431 8532 35 limited limit VBN 43431 8532 36 to to IN 43431 8532 37 a a DT 43431 8532 38 few few JJ 43431 8532 39 bristles bristle NNS 43431 8532 40 in in IN 43431 8532 41 the the DT 43431 8532 42 neighbourhood neighbourhood NN 43431 8532 43 of of IN 43431 8532 44 the the DT 43431 8532 45 mouth mouth NN 43431 8532 46 , , , 43431 8532 47 or or CC 43431 8532 48 may may MD 43431 8532 49 even even RB 43431 8532 50 be be VB 43431 8532 51 absent absent JJ 43431 8532 52 altogether altogether RB 43431 8532 53 in in IN 43431 8532 54 the the DT 43431 8532 55 adult adult NN 43431 8532 56 . . . 43431 8533 1 In in IN 43431 8533 2 most most JJS 43431 8533 3 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8533 4 the the DT 43431 8533 5 hairs hair NNS 43431 8533 6 are be VBP 43431 8533 7 shed shed VBN 43431 8533 8 and and CC 43431 8533 9 renewed renew VBN 43431 8533 10 at at IN 43431 8533 11 intervals interval NNS 43431 8533 12 , , , 43431 8533 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8533 14 twice twice PDT 43431 8533 15 a a DT 43431 8533 16 year year NN 43431 8533 17 , , , 43431 8533 18 before before IN 43431 8533 19 and and CC 43431 8533 20 after after IN 43431 8533 21 the the DT 43431 8533 22 winter winter NN 43431 8533 23 . . . 43431 8534 1 The the DT 43431 8534 2 vibrissae vibrissae JJ 43431 8534 3 or or CC 43431 8534 4 large large JJ 43431 8534 5 hairs hair NNS 43431 8534 6 which which WDT 43431 8534 7 occur occur VBP 43431 8534 8 in in IN 43431 8534 9 many many JJ 43431 8534 10 animals animal NNS 43431 8534 11 upon upon IN 43431 8534 12 the the DT 43431 8534 13 upper upper JJ 43431 8534 14 lip lip NN 43431 8534 15 , , , 43431 8534 16 and and CC 43431 8534 17 the the DT 43431 8534 18 mane mane NN 43431 8534 19 and and CC 43431 8534 20 tail tail NN 43431 8534 21 of of IN 43431 8534 22 Equidae equidae NN 43431 8534 23 are be VBP 43431 8534 24 probably probably RB 43431 8534 25 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8534 26 . . . 43431 8535 1 In in IN 43431 8535 2 the the DT 43431 8535 3 hedgehogs hedgehog NNS 43431 8535 4 , , , 43431 8535 5 porcupines porcupine NNS 43431 8535 6 and and CC 43431 8535 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8535 8 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 8535 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8535 10 certain certain JJ 43431 8535 11 of of IN 43431 8535 12 the the DT 43431 8535 13 hairs hair NNS 43431 8535 14 are be VBP 43431 8535 15 modified modify VBN 43431 8535 16 and and CC 43431 8535 17 greatly greatly RB 43431 8535 18 enlarged enlarged JJ 43431 8535 19 , , , 43431 8535 20 forming form VBG 43431 8535 21 stiff stiff JJ 43431 8535 22 spines spine NNS 43431 8535 23 . . . 43431 8536 1 Similar similar JJ 43431 8536 2 spines spine NNS 43431 8536 3 occur occur VBP 43431 8536 4 in in IN 43431 8536 5 the the DT 43431 8536 6 young young JJ 43431 8536 7 of of IN 43431 8536 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8536 9 Centetes Centetes NNP 43431 8536 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8536 11 , , , 43431 8536 12 and and CC 43431 8536 13 in in IN 43431 8536 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8536 15 Acanthomys Acanthomys NNP 43431 8536 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8536 17 among among IN 43431 8536 18 the the DT 43431 8536 19 Muridae Muridae NNP 43431 8536 20 . . . 43431 8537 1 Several several JJ 43431 8537 2 other other JJ 43431 8537 3 forms form NNS 43431 8537 4 of of IN 43431 8537 5 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 8537 6 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNS 43431 8537 7 are be VBP 43431 8537 8 met meet VBN 43431 8537 9 with with IN 43431 8537 10 in in IN 43431 8537 11 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8537 12 , , , 43431 8537 13 including:-- including:-- . 43431 8537 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8537 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8537 16 a a DT 43431 8537 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8537 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8537 19 = = NFP 43431 8537 20 Scales=. scales=. UH 43431 8538 1 These these DT 43431 8538 2 overlie overlie VBP 43431 8538 3 the the DT 43431 8538 4 bony bony NN 43431 8538 5 scutes scute VBZ 43431 8538 6 of of IN 43431 8538 7 armadillos armadillo NNS 43431 8538 8 and and CC 43431 8538 9 occur occur VBP 43431 8538 10 covering cover VBG 43431 8538 11 the the DT 43431 8538 12 tail tail NN 43431 8538 13 in in IN 43431 8538 14 several several JJ 43431 8538 15 groups group NNS 43431 8538 16 of of IN 43431 8538 17 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8538 18 , , , 43431 8538 19 such such JJ 43431 8538 20 as as IN 43431 8538 21 beavers beaver NNS 43431 8538 22 and and CC 43431 8538 23 rats rat NNS 43431 8538 24 . . . 43431 8539 1 In in IN 43431 8539 2 the the DT 43431 8539 3 Manidae Manidae NNP 43431 8539 4 the the DT 43431 8539 5 body body NN 43431 8539 6 is be VBZ 43431 8539 7 covered cover VBN 43431 8539 8 by by IN 43431 8539 9 flat flat JJ 43431 8539 10 scales scale NNS 43431 8539 11 which which WDT 43431 8539 12 overlap overlap VBP 43431 8539 13 . . . 43431 8540 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8540 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8540 3 b b NNP 43431 8540 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8540 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8540 6 The the DT 43431 8540 7 = = SYM 43431 8540 8 horns= horns= NN 43431 8540 9 of of IN 43431 8540 10 Bovine Bovine NNP 43431 8540 11 Ruminants Ruminants NNPS 43431 8540 12 . . . 43431 8541 1 These these DT 43431 8541 2 , , , 43431 8541 3 which which WDT 43431 8541 4 must must MD 43431 8541 5 on on IN 43431 8541 6 no no DT 43431 8541 7 account account NN 43431 8541 8 be be VB 43431 8541 9 confused confuse VBN 43431 8541 10 with with IN 43431 8541 11 antlers antler NNS 43431 8541 12 , , , 43431 8541 13 are be VBP 43431 8541 14 hollow hollow JJ 43431 8541 15 cases case NNS 43431 8541 16 of of IN 43431 8541 17 hardened harden VBN 43431 8541 18 epidermis epidermis NNP 43431 8541 19 fitting fit VBG 43431 8541 20 on on IN 43431 8541 21 to to TO 43431 8541 22 bony bony VB 43431 8541 23 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 8541 24 of of IN 43431 8541 25 the the DT 43431 8541 26 frontals frontal NNS 43431 8541 27 . . . 43431 8542 1 In in IN 43431 8542 2 almost almost RB 43431 8542 3 every every DT 43431 8542 4 case case NN 43431 8542 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8542 6 are be VBP 43431 8542 7 unbranched unbranched JJ 43431 8542 8 structures structure NNS 43431 8542 9 growing grow VBG 43431 8542 10 continuously continuously RB 43431 8542 11 throughout throughout IN 43431 8542 12 life life NN 43431 8542 13 , , , 43431 8542 14 and and CC 43431 8542 15 are be VBP 43431 8542 16 very very RB 43431 8542 17 rarely rarely RB 43431 8542 18 shed shed VBN 43431 8542 19 entire entire JJ 43431 8542 20 . . . 43431 8543 1 In in IN 43431 8543 2 the the DT 43431 8543 3 Prongbuck Prongbuck NNP 43431 8543 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8543 5 Antilocapra Antilocapra NNP 43431 8543 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8543 7 however however RB 43431 8543 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8543 9 are be VBP 43431 8543 10 bifurcated bifurcate VBN 43431 8543 11 and and CC 43431 8543 12 are be VBP 43431 8543 13 periodically periodically RB 43431 8543 14 shed shed VBN 43431 8543 15 . . . 43431 8544 1 Horns horn NNS 43431 8544 2 are be VBP 43431 8544 3 nearly nearly RB 43431 8544 4 always always RB 43431 8544 5 limited limited JJ 43431 8544 6 to to IN 43431 8544 7 a a DT 43431 8544 8 single single JJ 43431 8544 9 pair pair NN 43431 8544 10 , , , 43431 8544 11 but but CC 43431 8544 12 the the DT 43431 8544 13 four four CD 43431 8544 14 - - HYPH 43431 8544 15 horned horn VBN 43431 8544 16 antelope antelope NNS 43431 8544 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8544 18 Tetraceros Tetraceros NNP 43431 8544 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8544 20 has have VBZ 43431 8544 21 two two CD 43431 8544 22 pairs pair NNS 43431 8544 23 , , , 43431 8544 24 the the DT 43431 8544 25 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8544 26 pair pair NN 43431 8544 27 being be VBG 43431 8544 28 the the DT 43431 8544 29 smaller small JJR 43431 8544 30 . . . 43431 8545 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8545 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8545 3 c c NNP 43431 8545 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8545 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8545 6 The the DT 43431 8545 7 = = SYM 43431 8545 8 horns horn NNS 43431 8545 9 of of IN 43431 8545 10 Rhinoceroses=. Rhinoceroses=. NNP 43431 8546 1 These these DT 43431 8546 2 are be VBP 43431 8546 3 conical conical JJ 43431 8546 4 structures structure NNS 43431 8546 5 composed compose VBN 43431 8546 6 of of IN 43431 8546 7 a a DT 43431 8546 8 solid solid JJ 43431 8546 9 mass mass NN 43431 8546 10 of of IN 43431 8546 11 hardened harden VBN 43431 8546 12 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 8546 13 cells cell NNS 43431 8546 14 growing grow VBG 43431 8546 15 from from IN 43431 8546 16 a a DT 43431 8546 17 cluster cluster NN 43431 8546 18 of of IN 43431 8546 19 long long JJ 43431 8546 20 dermal dermal JJ 43431 8546 21 papillae papilla NNS 43431 8546 22 . . . 43431 8547 1 From from IN 43431 8547 2 each each DT 43431 8547 3 papilla papilla NN 43431 8547 4 there there EX 43431 8547 5 grows grow VBZ 43431 8547 6 a a DT 43431 8547 7 fibre fibre NN 43431 8547 8 which which WDT 43431 8547 9 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 8547 10 a a DT 43431 8547 11 thick thick JJ 43431 8547 12 hair hair NN 43431 8547 13 , , , 43431 8547 14 and and CC 43431 8547 15 cementing cement VBG 43431 8547 16 the the DT 43431 8547 17 whole whole NN 43431 8547 18 together together RB 43431 8547 19 are be VBP 43431 8547 20 cells cell NNS 43431 8547 21 which which WDT 43431 8547 22 grow grow VBP 43431 8547 23 from from IN 43431 8547 24 the the DT 43431 8547 25 interspaces interspace NNS 43431 8547 26 between between IN 43431 8547 27 the the DT 43431 8547 28 papillae papillae NNP 43431 8547 29 . . . 43431 8548 1 These these DT 43431 8548 2 fibres fibre NNS 43431 8548 3 differ differ VBP 43431 8548 4 from from IN 43431 8548 5 true true JJ 43431 8548 6 hairs hair NNS 43431 8548 7 in in IN 43431 8548 8 not not RB 43431 8548 9 being be VBG 43431 8548 10 developed develop VBN 43431 8548 11 in in IN 43431 8548 12 pits pit NNS 43431 8548 13 in in IN 43431 8548 14 the the DT 43431 8548 15 dermis dermis NN 43431 8548 16 . . . 43431 8549 1 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 8549 2 horns horn NNS 43431 8549 3 may may MD 43431 8549 4 be be VB 43431 8549 5 either either CC 43431 8549 6 one one CD 43431 8549 7 or or CC 43431 8549 8 two two CD 43431 8549 9 in in IN 43431 8549 10 number number NN 43431 8549 11 , , , 43431 8549 12 and and CC 43431 8549 13 are be VBP 43431 8549 14 borne bear VBN 43431 8549 15 on on IN 43431 8549 16 the the DT 43431 8549 17 fronto fronto JJ 43431 8549 18 - - HYPH 43431 8549 19 nasal nasal NN 43431 8549 20 region region NN 43431 8549 21 of of IN 43431 8549 22 the the DT 43431 8549 23 skull skull NN 43431 8549 24 . . . 43431 8550 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8550 2 vary vary VBP 43431 8550 3 much much RB 43431 8550 4 in in IN 43431 8550 5 length length NN 43431 8550 6 , , , 43431 8550 7 the the DT 43431 8550 8 longest long JJS 43431 8550 9 recorded record VBN 43431 8550 10 having have VBG 43431 8550 11 the the DT 43431 8550 12 enormous enormous JJ 43431 8550 13 length length NN 43431 8550 14 of of IN 43431 8550 15 fifty fifty CD 43431 8550 16 - - HYPH 43431 8550 17 seven seven CD 43431 8550 18 inches inch NNS 43431 8550 19 . . . 43431 8551 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8551 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8551 3 d d NNP 43431 8551 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8551 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8551 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8551 7 Nails Nails NNP 43431 8551 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8551 9 , , , 43431 8551 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8551 11 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 8551 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8551 13 and and CC 43431 8551 14 = = SYM 43431 8551 15 claws=. claws=. XX 43431 8552 1 In in IN 43431 8552 2 almost almost RB 43431 8552 3 all all DT 43431 8552 4 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8552 5 except except IN 43431 8552 6 the the DT 43431 8552 7 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 8552 8 , , , 43431 8552 9 these these DT 43431 8552 10 are be VBP 43431 8552 11 found find VBN 43431 8552 12 terminating terminate VBG 43431 8552 13 the the DT 43431 8552 14 digits digit NNS 43431 8552 15 of of IN 43431 8552 16 both both DT 43431 8552 17 limbs limb NNS 43431 8552 18 . . . 43431 8553 1 = = NFP 43431 8553 2 Nails= nails= CD 43431 8553 3 are be VBP 43431 8553 4 more more RBR 43431 8553 5 or or CC 43431 8553 6 less less RBR 43431 8553 7 flattened flattened JJ 43431 8553 8 structures structure NNS 43431 8553 9 , , , 43431 8553 10 = = SYM 43431 8553 11 claws= claws= NNS 43431 8553 12 are be VBP 43431 8553 13 pointed pointed JJ 43431 8553 14 and and CC 43431 8553 15 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8553 16 curved curved JJ 43431 8553 17 . . . 43431 8554 1 In in IN 43431 8554 2 most most JJS 43431 8554 3 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8554 4 the the DT 43431 8554 5 nails nail NNS 43431 8554 6 tend tend VBP 43431 8554 7 to to TO 43431 8554 8 surround surround VB 43431 8554 9 the the DT 43431 8554 10 ends end NNS 43431 8554 11 of of IN 43431 8554 12 the the DT 43431 8554 13 digits digit NNS 43431 8554 14 much much RB 43431 8554 15 more more JJR 43431 8554 16 than than IN 43431 8554 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8554 18 do do VBP 43431 8554 19 in in IN 43431 8554 20 man man NN 43431 8554 21 . . . 43431 8555 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8555 2 the the DT 43431 8555 3 nail nail NN 43431 8555 4 of of IN 43431 8555 5 one one CD 43431 8555 6 digit digit NN 43431 8555 7 differs differ VBZ 43431 8555 8 from from IN 43431 8555 9 that that DT 43431 8555 10 of of IN 43431 8555 11 all all PDT 43431 8555 12 the the DT 43431 8555 13 others other NNS 43431 8555 14 ; ; : 43431 8555 15 thus thus RB 43431 8555 16 the the DT 43431 8555 17 second second JJ 43431 8555 18 digit digit NN 43431 8555 19 of of IN 43431 8555 20 the the DT 43431 8555 21 pes pe NNS 43431 8555 22 in in IN 43431 8555 23 the the DT 43431 8555 24 Hyracoidea Hyracoidea NNP 43431 8555 25 and and CC 43431 8555 26 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 8555 27 is be VBZ 43431 8555 28 terminated terminate VBN 43431 8555 29 by by IN 43431 8555 30 a a DT 43431 8555 31 long long JJ 43431 8555 32 claw claw NN 43431 8555 33 , , , 43431 8555 34 the the DT 43431 8555 35 other other JJ 43431 8555 36 digits digit NNS 43431 8555 37 having have VBG 43431 8555 38 flat flat JJ 43431 8555 39 nails nail NNS 43431 8555 40 . . . 43431 8556 1 In in IN 43431 8556 2 the the DT 43431 8556 3 Felidae Felidae NNP 43431 8556 4 the the DT 43431 8556 5 claws claws NN 43431 8556 6 are be VBP 43431 8556 7 retractile retractile NN 43431 8556 8 , , , 43431 8556 9 the the DT 43431 8556 10 ungual ungual JJ 43431 8556 11 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 8556 12 with with IN 43431 8556 13 claw claw NN 43431 8556 14 attached attach VBN 43431 8556 15 folding fold VBG 43431 8556 16 back back RB 43431 8556 17 when when WRB 43431 8556 18 the the DT 43431 8556 19 animal animal NN 43431 8556 20 is be VBZ 43431 8556 21 at at IN 43431 8556 22 rest rest NN 43431 8556 23 into into IN 43431 8556 24 a a DT 43431 8556 25 sheath sheath NN 43431 8556 26 , , , 43431 8556 27 above above RB 43431 8556 28 , , , 43431 8556 29 or or CC 43431 8556 30 by by IN 43431 8556 31 the the DT 43431 8556 32 side side NN 43431 8556 33 of of IN 43431 8556 34 the the DT 43431 8556 35 middle middle JJ 43431 8556 36 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 8556 37 . . . 43431 8557 1 In in IN 43431 8557 2 the the DT 43431 8557 3 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 8557 4 and and CC 43431 8557 5 Bats Bats NNPS 43431 8557 6 enormously enormously RB 43431 8557 7 developed develop VBN 43431 8557 8 claws claw NNS 43431 8557 9 occur occur VBP 43431 8557 10 , , , 43431 8557 11 forming form VBG 43431 8557 12 hooks hook NNS 43431 8557 13 by by IN 43431 8557 14 which which WDT 43431 8557 15 the the DT 43431 8557 16 animals animal NNS 43431 8557 17 suspend suspend VBP 43431 8557 18 themselves -PRON- PRP 43431 8557 19 . . . 43431 8558 1 In in IN 43431 8558 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8558 3 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNPS 43431 8558 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8558 5 the the DT 43431 8558 6 third third JJ 43431 8558 7 and and CC 43431 8558 8 fourth fourth JJ 43431 8558 9 digits digit NNS 43431 8558 10 of of IN 43431 8558 11 the the DT 43431 8558 12 manus manus NNP 43431 8558 13 bear bear NNP 43431 8558 14 claws claws NNP 43431 8558 15 of of IN 43431 8558 16 great great JJ 43431 8558 17 size size NN 43431 8558 18 ; ; , 43431 8558 19 similar similar JJ 43431 8558 20 claws claws NN 43431 8558 21 occur occur VBP 43431 8558 22 in in IN 43431 8558 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8558 24 Chrysochloris Chrysochloris NNP 43431 8558 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8558 26 , , , 43431 8558 27 being be VBG 43431 8558 28 correlated correlate VBN 43431 8558 29 in in IN 43431 8558 30 each each DT 43431 8558 31 case case NN 43431 8558 32 with with IN 43431 8558 33 fossorial fossorial JJ 43431 8558 34 habits habit NNS 43431 8558 35 . . . 43431 8559 1 The the DT 43431 8559 2 nail nail NN 43431 8559 3 at at IN 43431 8559 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8559 5 maximum maximum JJ 43431 8559 6 development development NN 43431 8559 7 entirely entirely RB 43431 8559 8 surrounds surround VBZ 43431 8559 9 the the DT 43431 8559 10 terminal terminal JJ 43431 8559 11 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 8559 12 of of IN 43431 8559 13 the the DT 43431 8559 14 digit digit NN 43431 8559 15 to to TO 43431 8559 16 which which WDT 43431 8559 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8559 18 is be VBZ 43431 8559 19 attached attach VBN 43431 8559 20 , , , 43431 8559 21 and and CC 43431 8559 22 is be VBZ 43431 8559 23 then then RB 43431 8559 24 called call VBN 43431 8559 25 a a DT 43431 8559 26 = = NN 43431 8559 27 hoof=. hoof=. ADD 43431 8560 1 Hoofs Hoofs NNP 43431 8560 2 are be VBP 43431 8560 3 specially specially RB 43431 8560 4 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 8560 5 of of IN 43431 8560 6 the the DT 43431 8560 7 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 8560 8 . . . 43431 8561 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8561 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8561 3 e e NNP 43431 8561 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8561 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8561 6 = = NFP 43431 8561 7 Spurs= spurs= NN 43431 8561 8 and and CC 43431 8561 9 = = SYM 43431 8561 10 beaks= beaks= NNS 43431 8561 11 are be VBP 43431 8561 12 structures structure NNS 43431 8561 13 which which WDT 43431 8561 14 are be VBP 43431 8561 15 hardly hardly RB 43431 8561 16 represented represent VBN 43431 8561 17 among among IN 43431 8561 18 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8561 19 , , , 43431 8561 20 while while IN 43431 8561 21 so so RB 43431 8561 22 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 8561 23 of of IN 43431 8561 24 birds bird NNS 43431 8561 25 . . . 43431 8562 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8562 2 are be VBP 43431 8562 3 however however RB 43431 8562 4 both both DT 43431 8562 5 found find VBN 43431 8562 6 in in IN 43431 8562 7 the the DT 43431 8562 8 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 8562 9 . . . 43431 8563 1 In in IN 43431 8563 2 both both DT 43431 8563 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8563 4 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 8563 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8563 6 and and CC 43431 8563 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8563 8 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 8563 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8563 10 the the DT 43431 8563 11 male male NN 43431 8563 12 has have VBZ 43431 8563 13 a a DT 43431 8563 14 peculiar peculiar JJ 43431 8563 15 hollow hollow JJ 43431 8563 16 horny horny NN 43431 8563 17 spur spur NN 43431 8563 18 borne bear VBN 43431 8563 19 on on IN 43431 8563 20 a a DT 43431 8563 21 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 8563 22 bone bone NN 43431 8563 23 articulated articulate VBN 43431 8563 24 to to IN 43431 8563 25 the the DT 43431 8563 26 tibia tibia NNP 43431 8563 27 . . . 43431 8564 1 The the DT 43431 8564 2 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8564 3 in in IN 43431 8564 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8564 5 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 8564 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8564 7 are be VBP 43431 8564 8 cased case VBN 43431 8564 9 in in IN 43431 8564 10 horny horny NN 43431 8564 11 beaks beak NNS 43431 8564 12 similar similar JJ 43431 8564 13 to to IN 43431 8564 14 those those DT 43431 8564 15 of of IN 43431 8564 16 birds bird NNS 43431 8564 17 , , , 43431 8564 18 and and CC 43431 8564 19 are be VBP 43431 8564 20 provided provide VBN 43431 8564 21 with with IN 43431 8564 22 horny horny NN 43431 8564 23 pads pad NNS 43431 8564 24 which which WDT 43431 8564 25 act act VBP 43431 8564 26 as as IN 43431 8564 27 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8564 28 . . . 43431 8565 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8565 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8565 3 f f NNP 43431 8565 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8565 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8565 6 = = NFP 43431 8565 7 Horny Horny NNP 43431 8565 8 plates= plates= NN 43431 8565 9 of of IN 43431 8565 10 a a DT 43431 8565 11 ridged ridge VBN 43431 8565 12 or or CC 43431 8565 13 roughened roughen VBN 43431 8565 14 character character NN 43431 8565 15 occur occur VB 43431 8565 16 upon upon IN 43431 8565 17 the the DT 43431 8565 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8565 19 portion portion NN 43431 8565 20 of of IN 43431 8565 21 the the DT 43431 8565 22 palate palate NN 43431 8565 23 , , , 43431 8565 24 and and CC 43431 8565 25 of of IN 43431 8565 26 the the DT 43431 8565 27 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 8565 28 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8565 29 in in IN 43431 8565 30 all all DT 43431 8565 31 three three CD 43431 8565 32 genera genera NN 43431 8565 33 of of IN 43431 8565 34 recent recent JJ 43431 8565 35 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 8565 36 ; ; : 43431 8565 37 also also RB 43431 8565 38 upon upon IN 43431 8565 39 the the DT 43431 8565 40 toothless toothless JJ 43431 8565 41 anterior anterior NN 43431 8565 42 portion portion NN 43431 8565 43 of of IN 43431 8565 44 the the DT 43431 8565 45 palate palate NN 43431 8565 46 in in IN 43431 8565 47 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 8565 48 . . . 43431 8566 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8566 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8566 3 g g NNP 43431 8566 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8566 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8566 6 The the DT 43431 8566 7 = = SYM 43431 8566 8 baleen baleen NN 43431 8566 9 of of IN 43431 8566 10 whales= whales= NN 43431 8566 11 also also RB 43431 8566 12 belongs belong VBZ 43431 8566 13 to to IN 43431 8566 14 the the DT 43431 8566 15 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 8566 16 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 8566 17 . . . 43431 8567 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8567 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 8567 3 of of IN 43431 8567 4 a a DT 43431 8567 5 number number NN 43431 8567 6 of of IN 43431 8567 7 flattened flatten VBN 43431 8567 8 horny horny JJ 43431 8567 9 plates plate NNS 43431 8567 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 8567 11 in in IN 43431 8567 12 a a DT 43431 8567 13 double double JJ 43431 8567 14 series series NN 43431 8567 15 along along IN 43431 8567 16 the the DT 43431 8567 17 palate palate NN 43431 8567 18 . . . 43431 8568 1 The the DT 43431 8568 2 plates plate NNS 43431 8568 3 are be VBP 43431 8568 4 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8568 5 triangular triangular JJ 43431 8568 6 in in IN 43431 8568 7 form form NN 43431 8568 8 and and CC 43431 8568 9 have have VBP 43431 8568 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8568 11 bases basis NNS 43431 8568 12 attached attach VBN 43431 8568 13 to to IN 43431 8568 14 the the DT 43431 8568 15 palate palate NN 43431 8568 16 at at IN 43431 8568 17 right right JJ 43431 8568 18 angles angle NNS 43431 8568 19 to to IN 43431 8568 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8568 21 long long JJ 43431 8568 22 axis axis NN 43431 8568 23 , , , 43431 8568 24 while while IN 43431 8568 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8568 26 apices apex NNS 43431 8568 27 hang hang VBP 43431 8568 28 downwards downwards RB 43431 8568 29 into into IN 43431 8568 30 the the DT 43431 8568 31 mouth mouth NN 43431 8568 32 cavity cavity NN 43431 8568 33 . . . 43431 8569 1 The the DT 43431 8569 2 outer outer JJ 43431 8569 3 edge edge NN 43431 8569 4 of of IN 43431 8569 5 each each DT 43431 8569 6 plate plate NN 43431 8569 7 is be VBZ 43431 8569 8 hard hard JJ 43431 8569 9 and and CC 43431 8569 10 smooth smooth JJ 43431 8569 11 , , , 43431 8569 12 while while IN 43431 8569 13 the the DT 43431 8569 14 inner inner JJ 43431 8569 15 edge edge NN 43431 8569 16 and and CC 43431 8569 17 apex apex NN 43431 8569 18 fray fray VBP 43431 8569 19 out out RP 43431 8569 20 into into IN 43431 8569 21 long long JJ 43431 8569 22 fibres fibre NNS 43431 8569 23 which which WDT 43431 8569 24 look look VBP 43431 8569 25 like like IN 43431 8569 26 hair hair NN 43431 8569 27 . . . 43431 8570 1 At at IN 43431 8570 2 the the DT 43431 8570 3 inner inner JJ 43431 8570 4 edge edge NN 43431 8570 5 of of IN 43431 8570 6 each each DT 43431 8570 7 principal principal JJ 43431 8570 8 plate plate NN 43431 8570 9 are be VBP 43431 8570 10 subsidiary subsidiary JJ 43431 8570 11 smaller small JJR 43431 8570 12 plates plate NNS 43431 8570 13 . . . 43431 8571 1 The the DT 43431 8571 2 plates plate NNS 43431 8571 3 are be VBP 43431 8571 4 formed form VBN 43431 8571 5 of of IN 43431 8571 6 a a DT 43431 8571 7 number number NN 43431 8571 8 of of IN 43431 8571 9 fibres fibre NNS 43431 8571 10 each each DT 43431 8571 11 developed develop VBN 43431 8571 12 round round IN 43431 8571 13 a a DT 43431 8571 14 dermal dermal JJ 43431 8571 15 papilla papilla NN 43431 8571 16 in in IN 43431 8571 17 the the DT 43431 8571 18 same same JJ 43431 8571 19 way way NN 43431 8571 20 as as IN 43431 8571 21 are be VBP 43431 8571 22 the the DT 43431 8571 23 fibres fibre NNS 43431 8571 24 forming form VBG 43431 8571 25 the the DT 43431 8571 26 horns horn NNS 43431 8571 27 of of IN 43431 8571 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8571 29 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 8571 30 _ _ NNP 43431 8571 31 . . . 43431 8572 1 Baleen Baleen NNP 43431 8572 2 and and CC 43431 8572 3 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 8572 4 horn horn NNP 43431 8572 5 likewise likewise RB 43431 8572 6 agree agree VBP 43431 8572 7 in in IN 43431 8572 8 that that DT 43431 8572 9 the the DT 43431 8572 10 fibres fibre NNS 43431 8572 11 are be VBP 43431 8572 12 bound bind VBN 43431 8572 13 together together RB 43431 8572 14 by by IN 43431 8572 15 less less RBR 43431 8572 16 hardened hardened JJ 43431 8572 17 epithelial epithelial JJ 43431 8572 18 cells cell NNS 43431 8572 19 , , , 43431 8572 20 which which WDT 43431 8572 21 readily readily RB 43431 8572 22 wear wear VBP 43431 8572 23 away away RP 43431 8572 24 and and CC 43431 8572 25 allow allow VB 43431 8572 26 the the DT 43431 8572 27 harder hard JJR 43431 8572 28 fibres fibre NNS 43431 8572 29 to to TO 43431 8572 30 fray fray VB 43431 8572 31 out out RP 43431 8572 32 . . . 43431 8573 1 The the DT 43431 8573 2 greatest great JJS 43431 8573 3 development development NN 43431 8573 4 of of IN 43431 8573 5 baleen baleen NN 43431 8573 6 occurs occur VBZ 43431 8573 7 in in IN 43431 8573 8 the the DT 43431 8573 9 Northern Northern NNP 43431 8573 10 Right right JJ 43431 8573 11 whale whale NN 43431 8573 12 , , , 43431 8573 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8573 14 Balaena Balaena NNP 43431 8573 15 mysticetus mysticetus NN 43431 8573 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8573 17 , , , 43431 8573 18 in in IN 43431 8573 19 which which WDT 43431 8573 20 the the DT 43431 8573 21 plates plate NNS 43431 8573 22 number number NN 43431 8573 23 three three CD 43431 8573 24 hundred hundred CD 43431 8573 25 and and CC 43431 8573 26 eighty eighty CD 43431 8573 27 or or CC 43431 8573 28 more more JJR 43431 8573 29 on on IN 43431 8573 30 each each DT 43431 8573 31 side side NN 43431 8573 32 , , , 43431 8573 33 and and CC 43431 8573 34 reach reach VB 43431 8573 35 a a DT 43431 8573 36 length length NN 43431 8573 37 of of IN 43431 8573 38 ten ten CD 43431 8573 39 or or CC 43431 8573 40 twelve twelve CD 43431 8573 41 feet foot NNS 43431 8573 42 near near IN 43431 8573 43 the the DT 43431 8573 44 middle middle NN 43431 8573 45 of of IN 43431 8573 46 the the DT 43431 8573 47 series series NN 43431 8573 48 . . . 43431 8574 1 DERMAL DERMAL NNP 43431 8574 2 EXOSKELETON EXOSKELETON NNP 43431 8574 3 . . . 43431 8575 1 Mammals mammal NNS 43431 8575 2 show show VBP 43431 8575 3 two two CD 43431 8575 4 principal principal JJ 43431 8575 5 kinds kind NNS 43431 8575 6 of of IN 43431 8575 7 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 8575 8 structures structure NNS 43431 8575 9 which which WDT 43431 8575 10 are be VBP 43431 8575 11 entirely entirely RB 43431 8575 12 or or CC 43431 8575 13 partially partially RB 43431 8575 14 dermal dermal JJ 43431 8575 15 in in IN 43431 8575 16 origin origin NN 43431 8575 17 , , , 43431 8575 18 viz viz NN 43431 8575 19 . . . 43431 8576 1 the the DT 43431 8576 2 bony bony NNP 43431 8576 3 scutes scute VBZ 43431 8576 4 of of IN 43431 8576 5 armadillos armadillo NNS 43431 8576 6 , , , 43431 8576 7 and and CC 43431 8576 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8576 9 . . . 43431 8577 1 The the DT 43431 8577 2 = = SYM 43431 8577 3 bony bony NN 43431 8577 4 scutes scute NNS 43431 8577 5 of of IN 43431 8577 6 armadillos= armadillos= NNS 43431 8577 7 are be VBP 43431 8577 8 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 8577 9 or or CC 43431 8577 10 polygonal polygonal JJ 43431 8577 11 in in IN 43431 8577 12 shape shape NN 43431 8577 13 and and CC 43431 8577 14 are be VBP 43431 8577 15 in in IN 43431 8577 16 general general JJ 43431 8577 17 aggregated aggregate VBN 43431 8577 18 together together RB 43431 8577 19 , , , 43431 8577 20 forming form VBG 43431 8577 21 several several JJ 43431 8577 22 shields shield NNS 43431 8577 23 protecting protect VBG 43431 8577 24 various various JJ 43431 8577 25 regions region NNS 43431 8577 26 of of IN 43431 8577 27 the the DT 43431 8577 28 body body NN 43431 8577 29 . . . 43431 8578 1 The the DT 43431 8578 2 head head NN 43431 8578 3 is be VBZ 43431 8578 4 generally generally RB 43431 8578 5 protected protect VBN 43431 8578 6 by by IN 43431 8578 7 a a DT 43431 8578 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8578 9 cephalic cephalic NN 43431 8578 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8578 11 shield shield NN 43431 8578 12 , , , 43431 8578 13 the the DT 43431 8578 14 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8578 15 part part NN 43431 8578 16 of of IN 43431 8578 17 the the DT 43431 8578 18 body body NN 43431 8578 19 by by IN 43431 8578 20 a a DT 43431 8578 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8578 22 scapular scapular JJ 43431 8578 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8578 24 , , , 43431 8578 25 and and CC 43431 8578 26 the the DT 43431 8578 27 posterior posterior NN 43431 8578 28 by by IN 43431 8578 29 a a DT 43431 8578 30 _ _ NNP 43431 8578 31 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 8578 32 _ _ NNP 43431 8578 33 shield shield NN 43431 8578 34 . . . 43431 8579 1 The the DT 43431 8579 2 tail tail NN 43431 8579 3 is be VBZ 43431 8579 4 also also RB 43431 8579 5 generally generally RB 43431 8579 6 encased encase VBN 43431 8579 7 in in IN 43431 8579 8 bony bony NN 43431 8579 9 rings ring NNS 43431 8579 10 , , , 43431 8579 11 and and CC 43431 8579 12 scutes scute NNS 43431 8579 13 are be VBP 43431 8579 14 irregularly irregularly RB 43431 8579 15 scattered scatter VBN 43431 8579 16 over over IN 43431 8579 17 the the DT 43431 8579 18 surface surface NN 43431 8579 19 of of IN 43431 8579 20 the the DT 43431 8579 21 limbs limb NNS 43431 8579 22 . . . 43431 8580 1 The the DT 43431 8580 2 mid mid JJ 43431 8580 3 - - NN 43431 8580 4 body body NN 43431 8580 5 region region NN 43431 8580 6 is be VBZ 43431 8580 7 protected protect VBN 43431 8580 8 by by IN 43431 8580 9 a a DT 43431 8580 10 varying varying NN 43431 8580 11 number number NN 43431 8580 12 of of IN 43431 8580 13 bands band NNS 43431 8580 14 of of IN 43431 8580 15 scutes scute NNS 43431 8580 16 united unite VBN 43431 8580 17 by by IN 43431 8580 18 soft soft JJ 43431 8580 19 skin skin NN 43431 8580 20 , , , 43431 8580 21 so so IN 43431 8580 22 as as IN 43431 8580 23 to to TO 43431 8580 24 allow allow VB 43431 8580 25 of of IN 43431 8580 26 movement movement NN 43431 8580 27 . . . 43431 8581 1 Corresponding correspond VBG 43431 8581 2 to to IN 43431 8581 3 each each DT 43431 8581 4 dermal dermal JJ 43431 8581 5 scute scute NN 43431 8581 6 is be VBZ 43431 8581 7 an an DT 43431 8581 8 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 8581 9 plate plate NN 43431 8581 10 . . . 43431 8582 1 In in IN 43431 8582 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8582 3 Chlamydophorus Chlamydophorus NNP 43431 8582 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8582 5 the the DT 43431 8582 6 scutes scute NNS 43431 8582 7 are be VBP 43431 8582 8 mainly mainly RB 43431 8582 9 confined confine VBN 43431 8582 10 to to IN 43431 8582 11 the the DT 43431 8582 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 8582 13 region region NN 43431 8582 14 where where WRB 43431 8582 15 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8582 16 form form VBP 43431 8582 17 a a DT 43431 8582 18 strong strong JJ 43431 8582 19 vertically vertically RB 43431 8582 20 - - HYPH 43431 8582 21 placed place VBN 43431 8582 22 shield shield NN 43431 8582 23 which which WDT 43431 8582 24 coalesces coalesce VBZ 43431 8582 25 with with IN 43431 8582 26 the the DT 43431 8582 27 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 8582 28 . . . 43431 8583 1 The the DT 43431 8583 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8583 3 part part NN 43431 8583 4 of of IN 43431 8583 5 the the DT 43431 8583 6 body body NN 43431 8583 7 is be VBZ 43431 8583 8 mainly mainly RB 43431 8583 9 covered cover VBN 43431 8583 10 by by IN 43431 8583 11 horny horny JJ 43431 8583 12 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 8583 13 plates plate NNS 43431 8583 14 with with IN 43431 8583 15 very very RB 43431 8583 16 little little JJ 43431 8583 17 ossification ossification NN 43431 8583 18 beneath beneath RB 43431 8583 19 . . . 43431 8584 1 In in IN 43431 8584 2 the the DT 43431 8584 3 gigantic gigantic JJ 43431 8584 4 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8584 5 Glyptodonts glyptodont NNS 43431 8584 6 the the DT 43431 8584 7 body body NN 43431 8584 8 is be VBZ 43431 8584 9 covered cover VBN 43431 8584 10 with with IN 43431 8584 11 a a DT 43431 8584 12 solid solid JJ 43431 8584 13 carapace carapace NN 43431 8584 14 formed form VBN 43431 8584 15 by by IN 43431 8584 16 the the DT 43431 8584 17 union union NN 43431 8584 18 of of IN 43431 8584 19 an an DT 43431 8584 20 immense immense JJ 43431 8584 21 number number NN 43431 8584 22 of of IN 43431 8584 23 plates plate NNS 43431 8584 24 , , , 43431 8584 25 and and CC 43431 8584 26 there there EX 43431 8584 27 are be VBP 43431 8584 28 no no DT 43431 8584 29 movable movable JJ 43431 8584 30 rings ring NNS 43431 8584 31 . . . 43431 8585 1 The the DT 43431 8585 2 top top NN 43431 8585 3 of of IN 43431 8585 4 the the DT 43431 8585 5 head head NN 43431 8585 6 is be VBZ 43431 8585 7 defended defend VBN 43431 8585 8 by by IN 43431 8585 9 a a DT 43431 8585 10 similar similar JJ 43431 8585 11 plate plate NN 43431 8585 12 , , , 43431 8585 13 the the DT 43431 8585 14 tail tail NN 43431 8585 15 is be VBZ 43431 8585 16 generally generally RB 43431 8585 17 encased encase VBN 43431 8585 18 in in IN 43431 8585 19 an an DT 43431 8585 20 unjointed unjointed JJ 43431 8585 21 bony bony NN 43431 8585 22 tube tube NN 43431 8585 23 , , , 43431 8585 24 and and CC 43431 8585 25 there there EX 43431 8585 26 is be VBZ 43431 8585 27 commonly commonly RB 43431 8585 28 a a DT 43431 8585 29 ventral ventral JJ 43431 8585 30 plastron plastron NN 43431 8585 31 . . . 43431 8586 1 In in IN 43431 8586 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8586 3 Phocaena Phocaena NNP 43431 8586 4 phocaenoides phocaenoide VBZ 43431 8586 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8586 6 the the DT 43431 8586 7 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 8586 8 of of IN 43431 8586 9 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8586 10 dermal dermal JJ 43431 8586 11 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 8586 12 has have VBZ 43431 8586 13 been be VBN 43431 8586 14 described describe VBN 43431 8586 15 , , , 43431 8586 16 and and CC 43431 8586 17 in in IN 43431 8586 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8586 19 Zeuglodon Zeuglodon NNP 43431 8586 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8586 21 the the DT 43431 8586 22 back back NN 43431 8586 23 was be VBD 43431 8586 24 probably probably RB 43431 8586 25 protected protect VBN 43431 8586 26 by by IN 43431 8586 27 dermal dermal JJ 43431 8586 28 plates plate NNS 43431 8586 29 . . . 43431 8587 1 TEETH[145 teeth[145 LS 43431 8587 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8587 3 . . . 43431 8588 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 8588 2 are be VBP 43431 8588 3 well well RB 43431 8588 4 developed develop VBN 43431 8588 5 in in IN 43431 8588 6 the the DT 43431 8588 7 vast vast JJ 43431 8588 8 majority majority NN 43431 8588 9 of of IN 43431 8588 10 mammalia mammalia NN 43431 8588 11 , , , 43431 8588 12 and and CC 43431 8588 13 are be VBP 43431 8588 14 of of IN 43431 8588 15 the the DT 43431 8588 16 greatest great JJS 43431 8588 17 morphological morphological JJ 43431 8588 18 and and CC 43431 8588 19 systematic systematic JJ 43431 8588 20 importance importance NN 43431 8588 21 , , , 43431 8588 22 many many JJ 43431 8588 23 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8588 24 forms form NNS 43431 8588 25 being be VBG 43431 8588 26 known know VBN 43431 8588 27 only only RB 43431 8588 28 by by IN 43431 8588 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8588 30 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8588 31 . . . 43431 8589 1 Mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8589 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8589 3 differ differ VBP 43431 8589 4 from from IN 43431 8589 5 those those DT 43431 8589 6 of of IN 43431 8589 7 lower low JJR 43431 8589 8 animals animal NNS 43431 8589 9 in in IN 43431 8589 10 various various JJ 43431 8589 11 well well RB 43431 8589 12 - - HYPH 43431 8589 13 marked mark VBN 43431 8589 14 respects respect NNS 43431 8589 15 . . . 43431 8590 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8590 2 1 1 LS 43431 8590 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8590 4 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8590 5 are be VBP 43431 8590 6 attached attach VBN 43431 8590 7 only only RB 43431 8590 8 to to IN 43431 8590 9 the the DT 43431 8590 10 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8590 11 , , , 43431 8590 12 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 8590 13 and and CC 43431 8590 14 mandible mandible JJ 43431 8590 15 , , , 43431 8590 16 never never RB 43431 8590 17 to to IN 43431 8590 18 the the DT 43431 8590 19 palatines palatine NNS 43431 8590 20 , , , 43431 8590 21 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 8590 22 or or CC 43431 8590 23 other other JJ 43431 8590 24 bones bone NNS 43431 8590 25 . . . 43431 8591 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8591 2 2 2 LS 43431 8591 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8591 4 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8591 5 frequently frequently RB 43431 8591 6 have have VBP 43431 8591 7 more more JJR 43431 8591 8 than than IN 43431 8591 9 one one CD 43431 8591 10 root root NN 43431 8591 11 . . . 43431 8592 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8592 2 3 3 LS 43431 8592 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8592 4 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8592 5 are be VBP 43431 8592 6 always always RB 43431 8592 7 , , , 43431 8592 8 except except IN 43431 8592 9 in in IN 43431 8592 10 some some DT 43431 8592 11 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 8592 12 , , , 43431 8592 13 placed place VBN 43431 8592 14 in in IN 43431 8592 15 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8592 16 sockets socket NNS 43431 8592 17 . . . 43431 8593 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8593 2 4 4 LS 43431 8593 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8593 4 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8593 5 are be VBP 43431 8593 6 hardly hardly RB 43431 8593 7 ever ever RB 43431 8593 8 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 8593 9 to to IN 43431 8593 10 the the DT 43431 8593 11 bone bone NN 43431 8593 12 . . . 43431 8594 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8594 2 5 5 LS 43431 8594 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8594 4 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8594 5 are be VBP 43431 8594 6 in in IN 43431 8594 7 most most JJS 43431 8594 8 cases case NNS 43431 8594 9 markedly markedly RB 43431 8594 10 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 8594 11 . . . 43431 8595 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8595 2 6 6 LS 43431 8595 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8595 4 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8595 5 are be VBP 43431 8595 6 commonly commonly RB 43431 8595 7 developed develop VBN 43431 8595 8 in in IN 43431 8595 9 two two CD 43431 8595 10 sets set NNS 43431 8595 11 , , , 43431 8595 12 the the DT 43431 8595 13 milk milk NN 43431 8595 14 dentition dentition NN 43431 8595 15 and and CC 43431 8595 16 permanent permanent JJ 43431 8595 17 dentition dentition NN 43431 8595 18 . . . 43431 8596 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8596 2 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8596 3 happens happen VBZ 43431 8596 4 that that IN 43431 8596 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8596 6 after after IN 43431 8596 7 being be VBG 43431 8596 8 formed form VBN 43431 8596 9 are be VBP 43431 8596 10 reabsorbed reabsorb VBN 43431 8596 11 without without IN 43431 8596 12 ever ever RB 43431 8596 13 cutting cut VBG 43431 8596 14 the the DT 43431 8596 15 gum gum NN 43431 8596 16 . . . 43431 8597 1 This this DT 43431 8597 2 is be VBZ 43431 8597 3 the the DT 43431 8597 4 case case NN 43431 8597 5 , , , 43431 8597 6 for for IN 43431 8597 7 instance instance NN 43431 8597 8 , , , 43431 8597 9 with with IN 43431 8597 10 the the DT 43431 8597 11 upper upper JJ 43431 8597 12 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8597 13 of of IN 43431 8597 14 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 8597 15 . . . 43431 8598 1 The the DT 43431 8598 2 form form NN 43431 8598 3 of of IN 43431 8598 4 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8598 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8598 6 varies vary VBZ 43431 8598 7 much much JJ 43431 8598 8 , , , 43431 8598 9 some some DT 43431 8598 10 are be VBP 43431 8598 11 simple simple JJ 43431 8598 12 conical conical JJ 43431 8598 13 structures structure NNS 43431 8598 14 comparable comparable JJ 43431 8598 15 to to IN 43431 8598 16 those those DT 43431 8598 17 of of IN 43431 8598 18 most most JJS 43431 8598 19 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 8598 20 , , , 43431 8598 21 and and CC 43431 8598 22 these these DT 43431 8598 23 may may MD 43431 8598 24 either either CC 43431 8598 25 have have VB 43431 8598 26 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8598 27 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8598 28 , , , 43431 8598 29 as as IN 43431 8598 30 in in IN 43431 8598 31 the the DT 43431 8598 32 case case NN 43431 8598 33 of of IN 43431 8598 34 the the DT 43431 8598 35 upper upper JJ 43431 8598 36 canines canine NNS 43431 8598 37 of of IN 43431 8598 38 the the DT 43431 8598 39 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 8598 40 and and CC 43431 8598 41 the the DT 43431 8598 42 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8598 43 of of IN 43431 8598 44 Elephants Elephants NNPS 43431 8598 45 , , , 43431 8598 46 or or CC 43431 8598 47 may may MD 43431 8598 48 be be VB 43431 8598 49 rooted root VBN 43431 8598 50 as as IN 43431 8598 51 in in IN 43431 8598 52 most most JJS 43431 8598 53 canine canine NN 43431 8598 54 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8598 55 . . . 43431 8599 1 Some some DT 43431 8599 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8599 3 have have VBP 43431 8599 4 chisel chisel NN 43431 8599 5 - - HYPH 43431 8599 6 shaped shape VBN 43431 8599 7 edges edge NNS 43431 8599 8 , , , 43431 8599 9 and and CC 43431 8599 10 this this DT 43431 8599 11 may may MD 43431 8599 12 be be VB 43431 8599 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8599 14 original original JJ 43431 8599 15 form form NN 43431 8599 16 , , , 43431 8599 17 as as IN 43431 8599 18 in in IN 43431 8599 19 the the DT 43431 8599 20 human human JJ 43431 8599 21 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8599 22 , , , 43431 8599 23 or or CC 43431 8599 24 may may MD 43431 8599 25 , , , 43431 8599 26 as as IN 43431 8599 27 in in IN 43431 8599 28 those those DT 43431 8599 29 of of IN 43431 8599 30 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 8599 31 , , , 43431 8599 32 be be VB 43431 8599 33 brought bring VBN 43431 8599 34 about about RP 43431 8599 35 by by IN 43431 8599 36 the the DT 43431 8599 37 more more RBR 43431 8599 38 rapid rapid JJ 43431 8599 39 wearing wear VBG 43431 8599 40 away away RB 43431 8599 41 of of IN 43431 8599 42 the the DT 43431 8599 43 posterior posterior NN 43431 8599 44 edge edge NN 43431 8599 45 , , , 43431 8599 46 the the DT 43431 8599 47 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8599 48 edge edge NN 43431 8599 49 being be VBG 43431 8599 50 hardened harden VBN 43431 8599 51 by by IN 43431 8599 52 a a DT 43431 8599 53 layer layer NN 43431 8599 54 of of IN 43431 8599 55 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8599 56 . . . 43431 8600 1 Then then RB 43431 8600 2 , , , 43431 8600 3 again again RB 43431 8600 4 , , , 43431 8600 5 the the DT 43431 8600 6 crown crown NN 43431 8600 7 may may MD 43431 8600 8 , , , 43431 8600 9 as as IN 43431 8600 10 in in IN 43431 8600 11 the the DT 43431 8600 12 majority majority NN 43431 8600 13 of of IN 43431 8600 14 grinding grind VBG 43431 8600 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8600 16 , , , 43431 8600 17 be be VB 43431 8600 18 more more RBR 43431 8600 19 or or CC 43431 8600 20 less less RBR 43431 8600 21 flattened flattened JJ 43431 8600 22 . . . 43431 8601 1 The the DT 43431 8601 2 various various JJ 43431 8601 3 terms term NNS 43431 8601 4 used use VBN 43431 8601 5 in in IN 43431 8601 6 describing describe VBG 43431 8601 7 some some DT 43431 8601 8 of of IN 43431 8601 9 the the DT 43431 8601 10 forms form NNS 43431 8601 11 of of IN 43431 8601 12 the the DT 43431 8601 13 surface surface NN 43431 8601 14 of of IN 43431 8601 15 grinding grind VBG 43431 8601 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8601 17 are be VBP 43431 8601 18 defined define VBN 43431 8601 19 on on IN 43431 8601 20 page page NN 43431 8601 21 345 345 CD 43431 8601 22 . . . 43431 8602 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8602 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8602 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8602 4 . . . 43431 8603 1 81 81 CD 43431 8603 2 . . . 43431 8604 1 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 8604 2 OF of IN 43431 8604 3 A a DT 43431 8604 4 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 8604 5 INDIAN indian NN 43431 8604 6 RHINOCEROS RHINOCEROS NNP 43431 8604 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8604 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8604 9 R. R. NNP 43431 8605 1 unicornis unicornis NNP 43431 8605 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8605 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8605 4 , , , 43431 8605 5 SHOWING show VBG 43431 8605 6 THE the DT 43431 8605 7 CHANGE CHANGE NNS 43431 8605 8 OF of IN 43431 8605 9 THE the DT 43431 8605 10 DENTITION DENTITION NNP 43431 8605 11 à à NNP 43431 8605 12 � � NNP 43431 8605 13 1/7 1/7 CD 43431 8605 14 . . . 43431 8606 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8606 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 8606 3 . . . 43431 8607 1 Mus mus NN 43431 8607 2 . . . 43431 8607 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8608 1 1 1 LS 43431 8608 2 . . . 43431 8608 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 8608 4 . . . 43431 8609 1 2 2 LS 43431 8609 2 . . . 43431 8609 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 8609 4 . . . 43431 8610 1 3 3 LS 43431 8610 2 . . . 43431 8610 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 8610 4 . . . 43431 8611 1 4 4 LS 43431 8611 2 . . . 43431 8611 3 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 8611 4 process process NN 43431 8611 5 of of IN 43431 8611 6 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 8611 7 . . . 43431 8612 1 5 5 LS 43431 8612 2 . . . 43431 8612 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 8612 4 . . . 43431 8613 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8613 2 mI{1 mI{1 NNP 43431 8613 3 } } -RRB- 43431 8613 4 . . . 43431 8613 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8613 6 milk milk NN 43431 8613 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 8613 8 . . . 43431 8614 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8614 2 mc mc NNP 43431 8614 3 . . . 43431 8614 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8614 5 milk milk NN 43431 8614 6 canine canine NN 43431 8614 7 . . . 43431 8615 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8615 2 mpm{1 mpm{1 NNP 43431 8615 3 } } -RRB- 43431 8615 4 . . . 43431 8615 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8615 6 milk milk NN 43431 8615 7 premolar premolar JJ 43431 8615 8 . . . 43431 8616 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8616 2 I{1 I{1 NNP 43431 8616 3 } } -RRB- 43431 8616 4 . . . 43431 8616 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8616 6 first first JJ 43431 8616 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 8616 8 . . . 43431 8617 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8617 2 c. c. NNP 43431 8617 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8617 4 canine canine NN 43431 8617 5 . . . 43431 8618 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8618 2 pm{2 pm{2 NNP 43431 8618 3 } } -RRB- 43431 8618 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8618 5 , , , 43431 8618 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8618 7 pm{3 pm{3 NNP 43431 8618 8 } } -RRB- 43431 8618 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8618 10 , , , 43431 8618 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8618 12 pm{4 pm{4 NNP 43431 8618 13 } } -RRB- 43431 8618 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8618 15 . . . 43431 8619 1 2nd 2nd JJ 43431 8619 2 , , , 43431 8619 3 3rd 3rd JJ 43431 8619 4 and and CC 43431 8619 5 4th 4th JJ 43431 8619 6 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8619 7 . . . 43431 8620 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8620 2 m{1 m{1 NNP 43431 8620 3 } } -RRB- 43431 8620 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8620 5 , , , 43431 8620 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8620 7 m{2 m{2 NNP 43431 8620 8 } } -RRB- 43431 8620 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8620 10 . . . 43431 8620 11 first first JJ 43431 8620 12 and and CC 43431 8620 13 second second JJ 43431 8620 14 molars molar NNS 43431 8620 15 . . . 43431 8620 16 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8621 1 The the DT 43431 8621 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8621 3 of of IN 43431 8621 4 the the DT 43431 8621 5 Aard Aard NNP 43431 8621 6 Varks Varks NNPS 43431 8621 7 are be VBP 43431 8621 8 compound compound JJ 43431 8621 9 , , , 43431 8621 10 and and CC 43431 8621 11 differ differ VBP 43431 8621 12 completely completely RB 43431 8621 13 from from IN 43431 8621 14 those those DT 43431 8621 15 of of IN 43431 8621 16 all all DT 43431 8621 17 other other JJ 43431 8621 18 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8621 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8621 20 see see VB 43431 8621 21 p. p. NN 43431 8621 22 425 425 CD 43431 8621 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8621 24 . . . 43431 8622 1 As as IN 43431 8622 2 a a DT 43431 8622 3 rule rule NN 43431 8622 4 , , , 43431 8622 5 the the DT 43431 8622 6 higher high JJR 43431 8622 7 the the DT 43431 8622 8 general general JJ 43431 8622 9 organisation organisation NN 43431 8622 10 of of IN 43431 8622 11 an an DT 43431 8622 12 animal animal NN 43431 8622 13 the the DT 43431 8622 14 better well JJR 43431 8622 15 are be VBP 43431 8622 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8622 17 milk milk NN 43431 8622 18 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8622 19 developed develop VBN 43431 8622 20 , , , 43431 8622 21 and and CC 43431 8622 22 the the DT 43431 8622 23 more more JJR 43431 8622 24 do do VBP 43431 8622 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8622 26 form form VB 43431 8622 27 a a DT 43431 8622 28 reproduction reproduction NN 43431 8622 29 on on IN 43431 8622 30 a a DT 43431 8622 31 small small JJ 43431 8622 32 scale scale NN 43431 8622 33 of of IN 43431 8622 34 the the DT 43431 8622 35 permanent permanent JJ 43431 8622 36 set set NN 43431 8622 37 . . . 43431 8623 1 This this DT 43431 8623 2 fact fact NN 43431 8623 3 is be VBZ 43431 8623 4 well well RB 43431 8623 5 seen see VBN 43431 8623 6 in in IN 43431 8623 7 the the DT 43431 8623 8 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 8623 9 , , , 43431 8623 10 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 8623 11 and and CC 43431 8623 12 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 8623 13 . . . 43431 8624 1 The the DT 43431 8624 2 method method NN 43431 8624 3 of of IN 43431 8624 4 notation notation NN 43431 8624 5 by by IN 43431 8624 6 which which WDT 43431 8624 7 the the DT 43431 8624 8 dentition dentition NN 43431 8624 9 of of IN 43431 8624 10 any any DT 43431 8624 11 mammal mammal NN 43431 8624 12 can can MD 43431 8624 13 be be VB 43431 8624 14 briefly briefly RB 43431 8624 15 expressed express VBN 43431 8624 16 as as IN 43431 8624 17 a a DT 43431 8624 18 formula formula NN 43431 8624 19 has have VBZ 43431 8624 20 been be VBN 43431 8624 21 already already RB 43431 8624 22 described describe VBN 43431 8624 23 . . . 43431 8625 1 The the DT 43431 8625 2 regular regular JJ 43431 8625 3 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8625 4 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 8625 5 of of IN 43431 8625 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8625 7 for for IN 43431 8625 8 each each DT 43431 8625 9 side side NN 43431 8625 10 is be VBZ 43431 8625 11 expressed express VBN 43431 8625 12 by by IN 43431 8625 13 the the DT 43431 8625 14 formula formula NN 43431 8625 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8625 16 i i PRP 43431 8625 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8625 18 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8625 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8625 20 c c NNP 43431 8625 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8625 22 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8625 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8625 24 pm pm NN 43431 8625 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8625 26 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8625 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8625 28 m m NNP 43431 8625 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8625 30 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8625 31 à à NNP 43431 8625 32 � � NNP 43431 8625 33 2 2 CD 43431 8625 34 ; ; , 43431 8625 35 total total NN 43431 8625 36 , , , 43431 8625 37 44 44 CD 43431 8625 38 . . . 43431 8626 1 MONOTREMATA MONOTREMATA NNP 43431 8626 2 . . . 43431 8627 1 In in IN 43431 8627 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8627 3 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 8627 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8627 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8627 6 are be VBP 43431 8627 7 quite quite RB 43431 8627 8 absent absent JJ 43431 8627 9 . . . 43431 8628 1 In in IN 43431 8628 2 the the DT 43431 8628 3 young young JJ 43431 8628 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8628 5 Ornithorhynchus_[146 Ornithorhynchus_[146 NNP 43431 8628 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8628 7 functional functional JJ 43431 8628 8 molar molar JJ 43431 8628 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8628 10 of of IN 43431 8628 11 a a DT 43431 8628 12 multi multi JJ 43431 8628 13 - - JJ 43431 8628 14 tubercular tubercular JJ 43431 8628 15 type type NN 43431 8628 16 resembling resemble VBG 43431 8628 17 those those DT 43431 8628 18 of of IN 43431 8628 19 some some DT 43431 8628 20 Mesozoic mesozoic JJ 43431 8628 21 mammalia mammalia NN 43431 8628 22 are be VBP 43431 8628 23 present present JJ 43431 8628 24 , , , 43431 8628 25 but but CC 43431 8628 26 in in IN 43431 8628 27 the the DT 43431 8628 28 adult adult NN 43431 8628 29 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8628 30 disappear disappear VBP 43431 8628 31 , , , 43431 8628 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8628 33 office office NN 43431 8628 34 being be VBG 43431 8628 35 discharged discharge VBN 43431 8628 36 by by IN 43431 8628 37 horny horny NN 43431 8628 38 plates plate NNS 43431 8628 39 . . . 43431 8629 1 MARSUPIALIA[147 MARSUPIALIA[147 NNP 43431 8629 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8629 3 have have VB 43431 8629 4 a a DT 43431 8629 5 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 8629 6 dentition dentition NN 43431 8629 7 , , , 43431 8629 8 which which WDT 43431 8629 9 has have VBZ 43431 8629 10 generally generally RB 43431 8629 11 been be VBN 43431 8629 12 regarded regard VBN 43431 8629 13 as as IN 43431 8629 14 almost almost RB 43431 8629 15 monophyodont monophyodont JJ 43431 8629 16 , , , 43431 8629 17 the the DT 43431 8629 18 only only JJ 43431 8629 19 tooth tooth NN 43431 8629 20 which which WDT 43431 8629 21 has have VBZ 43431 8629 22 an an DT 43431 8629 23 obvious obvious JJ 43431 8629 24 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 8629 25 predecessor predecessor NN 43431 8629 26 being be VBG 43431 8629 27 the the DT 43431 8629 28 last last JJ 43431 8629 29 premolar premolar NN 43431 8629 30 . . . 43431 8630 1 The the DT 43431 8630 2 researches research NNS 43431 8630 3 of of IN 43431 8630 4 Röse[148 Röse[148 NNP 43431 8630 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8630 6 and and CC 43431 8630 7 Kükenthal[149 Kükenthal[149 NNP 43431 8630 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8630 9 tend tend VBP 43431 8630 10 to to TO 43431 8630 11 show show VB 43431 8630 12 that that IN 43431 8630 13 the the DT 43431 8630 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8630 15 of of IN 43431 8630 16 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 8630 17 are be VBP 43431 8630 18 developed develop VBN 43431 8630 19 in in IN 43431 8630 20 the the DT 43431 8630 21 same same JJ 43431 8630 22 way way NN 43431 8630 23 as as IN 43431 8630 24 in in IN 43431 8630 25 other other JJ 43431 8630 26 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8630 27 , , , 43431 8630 28 and and CC 43431 8630 29 are be VBP 43431 8630 30 diphyodont diphyodont JJ 43431 8630 31 . . . 43431 8631 1 In in IN 43431 8631 2 the the DT 43431 8631 3 case case NN 43431 8631 4 of of IN 43431 8631 5 the the DT 43431 8631 6 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8631 7 , , , 43431 8631 8 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8631 9 which which WDT 43431 8631 10 are be VBP 43431 8631 11 homologous homologous JJ 43431 8631 12 with with IN 43431 8631 13 the the DT 43431 8631 14 permanent permanent JJ 43431 8631 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8631 16 of of IN 43431 8631 17 other other JJ 43431 8631 18 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8631 19 begin begin VBP 43431 8631 20 to to TO 43431 8631 21 develop develop VB 43431 8631 22 as as IN 43431 8631 23 lateral lateral JJ 43431 8631 24 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 8631 25 from from IN 43431 8631 26 the the DT 43431 8631 27 milk milk NN 43431 8631 28 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8631 29 , , , 43431 8631 30 but but CC 43431 8631 31 afterwards afterwards RB 43431 8631 32 become become VBP 43431 8631 33 absorbed absorb VBN 43431 8631 34 , , , 43431 8631 35 so so IN 43431 8631 36 that that IN 43431 8631 37 the the DT 43431 8631 38 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8631 39 which which WDT 43431 8631 40 actually actually RB 43431 8631 41 persist persist VBP 43431 8631 42 belong belong VBP 43431 8631 43 to to IN 43431 8631 44 the the DT 43431 8631 45 milk milk NN 43431 8631 46 series series NN 43431 8631 47 . . . 43431 8632 1 The the DT 43431 8632 2 last last JJ 43431 8632 3 premolar premolar NN 43431 8632 4 , , , 43431 8632 5 however however RB 43431 8632 6 , , , 43431 8632 7 does do VBZ 43431 8632 8 as as IN 43431 8632 9 a a DT 43431 8632 10 rule rule NN 43431 8632 11 develop develop VB 43431 8632 12 and and CC 43431 8632 13 replace replace VB 43431 8632 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8632 15 milk milk NN 43431 8632 16 predecessor predecessor NN 43431 8632 17 ; ; : 43431 8632 18 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8632 19 , , , 43431 8632 20 however however RB 43431 8632 21 , , , 43431 8632 22 as as IN 43431 8632 23 in in IN 43431 8632 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8632 25 Didelphys Didelphys NNP 43431 8632 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8632 27 , , , 43431 8632 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8632 29 takes take VBZ 43431 8632 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8632 31 place place NN 43431 8632 32 among among IN 43431 8632 33 the the DT 43431 8632 34 milk milk NN 43431 8632 35 molars molar NNS 43431 8632 36 without without IN 43431 8632 37 replacing replace VBG 43431 8632 38 one one CD 43431 8632 39 of of IN 43431 8632 40 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8632 41 . . . 43431 8633 1 The the DT 43431 8633 2 types type NNS 43431 8633 3 of of IN 43431 8633 4 dentition dentition NN 43431 8633 5 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 8633 6 of of IN 43431 8633 7 the the DT 43431 8633 8 different different JJ 43431 8633 9 groups group NNS 43431 8633 10 of of IN 43431 8633 11 placental placental JJ 43431 8633 12 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8633 13 may may MD 43431 8633 14 mostly mostly RB 43431 8633 15 be be VB 43431 8633 16 paralleled parallel VBN 43431 8633 17 among among IN 43431 8633 18 the the DT 43431 8633 19 Marsupials Marsupials NNPS 43431 8633 20 . . . 43431 8634 1 Thus thus RB 43431 8634 2 among among IN 43431 8634 3 the the DT 43431 8634 4 polyprotodont polyprotodont JJ 43431 8634 5 forms form VBZ 43431 8634 6 the the DT 43431 8634 7 Didelphyidae Didelphyidae NNP 43431 8634 8 or or CC 43431 8634 9 opossums opossum NNS 43431 8634 10 , , , 43431 8634 11 and and CC 43431 8634 12 some some DT 43431 8634 13 of of IN 43431 8634 14 the the DT 43431 8634 15 Dasyuridae Dasyuridae NNP 43431 8634 16 , , , 43431 8634 17 such such JJ 43431 8634 18 as as IN 43431 8634 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8634 20 Sarcophilus Sarcophilus NNP 43431 8634 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8634 22 and and CC 43431 8634 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8634 24 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 8634 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8634 26 , , , 43431 8634 27 have have VB 43431 8634 28 a a DT 43431 8634 29 typical typical JJ 43431 8634 30 carnivorous carnivorous JJ 43431 8634 31 dentition dentition NN 43431 8634 32 with with IN 43431 8634 33 small small JJ 43431 8634 34 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8634 35 , , , 43431 8634 36 large large JJ 43431 8634 37 canines canine NNS 43431 8634 38 , , , 43431 8634 39 and and CC 43431 8634 40 molars molar NNS 43431 8634 41 with with IN 43431 8634 42 pointed pointed JJ 43431 8634 43 compressed compress VBN 43431 8634 44 crowns crown NNS 43431 8634 45 . . . 43431 8635 1 The the DT 43431 8635 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8635 3 formula formula NN 43431 8635 4 of of IN 43431 8635 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 6 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 8635 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 8 , , , 43431 8635 9 is be VBZ 43431 8635 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 11 i i PRP 43431 8635 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 13 4/3 4/3 CD 43431 8635 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 15 c c NNP 43431 8635 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 17 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8635 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 19 pm pm NN 43431 8635 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 21 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8635 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 23 m m NNP 43431 8635 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8635 25 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8635 26 , , , 43431 8635 27 total total JJ 43431 8635 28 46 46 CD 43431 8635 29 . . . 43431 8636 1 In in IN 43431 8636 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8636 3 Myrmecobius Myrmecobius NNP 43431 8636 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8636 5 five five CD 43431 8636 6 or or CC 43431 8636 7 six six CD 43431 8636 8 molar molar JJ 43431 8636 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8636 10 occur occur VBP 43431 8636 11 on on IN 43431 8636 12 each each DT 43431 8636 13 side side NN 43431 8636 14 , , , 43431 8636 15 and and CC 43431 8636 16 the the DT 43431 8636 17 total total JJ 43431 8636 18 number number NN 43431 8636 19 of of IN 43431 8636 20 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8636 21 reaches reach VBZ 43431 8636 22 fifty fifty CD 43431 8636 23 - - HYPH 43431 8636 24 two two CD 43431 8636 25 or or CC 43431 8636 26 fifty fifty CD 43431 8636 27 - - HYPH 43431 8636 28 six six CD 43431 8636 29 . . . 43431 8637 1 The the DT 43431 8637 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8637 3 bear bear VBP 43431 8637 4 rows row NNS 43431 8637 5 of of IN 43431 8637 6 tubercles tubercle NNS 43431 8637 7 , , , 43431 8637 8 and and CC 43431 8637 9 resemble resemble VB 43431 8637 10 those those DT 43431 8637 11 of of IN 43431 8637 12 the the DT 43431 8637 13 Multituberculate Multituberculate NNP 43431 8637 14 mesozoic mesozoic NN 43431 8637 15 Mammals[150 mammals[150 NN 43431 8637 16 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8637 17 , , , 43431 8637 18 more more JJR 43431 8637 19 than than IN 43431 8637 20 do do VB 43431 8637 21 those those DT 43431 8637 22 of of IN 43431 8637 23 any any DT 43431 8637 24 other other JJ 43431 8637 25 living living NN 43431 8637 26 form form NN 43431 8637 27 . . . 43431 8638 1 Calcified calcified JJ 43431 8638 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8638 3 have have VBP 43431 8638 4 recently recently RB 43431 8638 5 been be VBN 43431 8638 6 described[151 described[151 NN 43431 8638 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8638 8 in in IN 43431 8638 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8638 10 Myrmecobius Myrmecobius NNP 43431 8638 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8638 12 earlier early RBR 43431 8638 13 than than IN 43431 8638 14 the the DT 43431 8638 15 functional functional JJ 43431 8638 16 or or CC 43431 8638 17 milk milk NN 43431 8638 18 set set VBN 43431 8638 19 . . . 43431 8639 1 This this DT 43431 8639 2 would would MD 43431 8639 3 relegate relegate VB 43431 8639 4 the the DT 43431 8639 5 milk milk NN 43431 8639 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8639 7 of of IN 43431 8639 8 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8639 9 in in IN 43431 8639 10 general general JJ 43431 8639 11 to to IN 43431 8639 12 a a DT 43431 8639 13 second second JJ 43431 8639 14 series series NN 43431 8639 15 , , , 43431 8639 16 and and CC 43431 8639 17 the the DT 43431 8639 18 permanent permanent JJ 43431 8639 19 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8639 20 to to IN 43431 8639 21 a a DT 43431 8639 22 third third NN 43431 8639 23 . . . 43431 8640 1 In in IN 43431 8640 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 3 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNPS 43431 8640 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 5 the the DT 43431 8640 6 dental dental NN 43431 8640 7 formula[152 formula[152 NN 43431 8640 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8640 9 is be VBZ 43431 8640 10 given give VBN 43431 8640 11 as as IN 43431 8640 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 13 i i PRP 43431 8640 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 15 3/2 3/2 CD 43431 8640 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 17 c c NNP 43431 8640 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 19 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8640 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 21 pm pm NN 43431 8640 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 23 2/3 2/3 NNP 43431 8640 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 25 m m NNP 43431 8640 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8640 27 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8640 28 , , , 43431 8640 29 total total JJ 43431 8640 30 40 40 CD 43431 8640 31 . . . 43431 8641 1 The the DT 43431 8641 2 canines canine NNS 43431 8641 3 are be VBP 43431 8641 4 small small JJ 43431 8641 5 , , , 43431 8641 6 and and CC 43431 8641 7 the the DT 43431 8641 8 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8641 9 molars molar NNS 43431 8641 10 have have VBP 43431 8641 11 strongly strongly RB 43431 8641 12 developed develop VBN 43431 8641 13 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8641 14 , , , 43431 8641 15 and and CC 43431 8641 16 much much RB 43431 8641 17 resemble resemble VBP 43431 8641 18 those those DT 43431 8641 19 of of IN 43431 8641 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8641 21 Chrysochloris Chrysochloris NNP 43431 8641 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8641 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8641 24 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 8641 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8641 26 . . . 43431 8642 1 Among among IN 43431 8642 2 the the DT 43431 8642 3 diprotodont diprotodont NN 43431 8642 4 types type NNS 43431 8642 5 the the DT 43431 8642 6 Phascolomyidae Phascolomyidae NNP 43431 8642 7 , , , 43431 8642 8 or or CC 43431 8642 9 Wombats wombat NNS 43431 8642 10 , , , 43431 8642 11 have have VBP 43431 8642 12 a a DT 43431 8642 13 dentition dentition NN 43431 8642 14 recalling recall VBG 43431 8642 15 that that DT 43431 8642 16 of of IN 43431 8642 17 the the DT 43431 8642 18 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 8642 19 . . . 43431 8643 1 All all PDT 43431 8643 2 the the DT 43431 8643 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8643 4 grow grow VBP 43431 8643 5 from from IN 43431 8643 6 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8643 7 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8643 8 , , , 43431 8643 9 and and CC 43431 8643 10 the the DT 43431 8643 11 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8643 12 have have VBP 43431 8643 13 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8643 14 only only RB 43431 8643 15 on on IN 43431 8643 16 the the DT 43431 8643 17 anterior anterior NN 43431 8643 18 surface surface NN 43431 8643 19 as as IN 43431 8643 20 in in IN 43431 8643 21 Rodents Rodents NNP 43431 8643 22 . . . 43431 8644 1 The the DT 43431 8644 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8644 3 formula formula NN 43431 8644 4 is be VBZ 43431 8644 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8644 6 i i PRP 43431 8644 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8644 8 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8644 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8644 10 c c NNP 43431 8644 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8644 12 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8644 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8644 14 pm pm NN 43431 8644 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8644 16 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8644 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8644 18 m m NNP 43431 8644 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8644 20 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8644 21 , , , 43431 8644 22 total total JJ 43431 8644 23 24 24 CD 43431 8644 24 . . . 43431 8645 1 There there EX 43431 8645 2 are be VBP 43431 8645 3 indications indication NNS 43431 8645 4 of of IN 43431 8645 5 a a DT 43431 8645 6 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8645 7 second second JJ 43431 8645 8 pair pair NN 43431 8645 9 of of IN 43431 8645 10 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8645 11 . . . 43431 8646 1 The the DT 43431 8646 2 Macropodidae Macropodidae NNP 43431 8646 3 , , , 43431 8646 4 or or CC 43431 8646 5 Kangaroos Kangaroos NNP 43431 8646 6 , , , 43431 8646 7 have have VBP 43431 8646 8 a a DT 43431 8646 9 herbivorous herbivorous JJ 43431 8646 10 dentition dentition NN 43431 8646 11 with with IN 43431 8646 12 the the DT 43431 8646 13 formula formula NN 43431 8646 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8646 15 i i PRP 43431 8646 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8646 17 3/1 3/1 CD 43431 8646 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8646 19 c c NNP 43431 8646 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8646 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8646 22 0 0 CD 43431 8646 23 - - HYPH 43431 8646 24 -1)/0 -1)/0 NN 43431 8646 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8646 26 pm pm NN 43431 8646 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8646 28 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8646 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8646 30 m m NNP 43431 8646 31 _ _ NNP 43431 8646 32 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8646 33 . . . 43431 8647 1 The the DT 43431 8647 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8647 3 are be VBP 43431 8647 4 sharp sharp JJ 43431 8647 5 and and CC 43431 8647 6 cutting cutting JJ 43431 8647 7 , , , 43431 8647 8 and and CC 43431 8647 9 are be VBP 43431 8647 10 separated separate VBN 43431 8647 11 by by IN 43431 8647 12 a a DT 43431 8647 13 long long JJ 43431 8647 14 diastema diastema NN 43431 8647 15 or or CC 43431 8647 16 gap gap NN 43431 8647 17 from from IN 43431 8647 18 the the DT 43431 8647 19 molars molar NNS 43431 8647 20 , , , 43431 8647 21 which which WDT 43431 8647 22 have have VBP 43431 8647 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8647 24 crowns crown NNS 43431 8647 25 marked mark VBN 43431 8647 26 by by IN 43431 8647 27 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8647 28 or or CC 43431 8647 29 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8647 30 . . . 43431 8648 1 There there EX 43431 8648 2 are be VBP 43431 8648 3 indications indication NNS 43431 8648 4 of of IN 43431 8648 5 several several JJ 43431 8648 6 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8648 7 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8648 8 . . . 43431 8649 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8649 2 Coenolestes Coenolestes NNP 43431 8649 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8649 4 , , , 43431 8649 5 a a DT 43431 8649 6 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 8649 7 form form NN 43431 8649 8 recently recently RB 43431 8649 9 described describe VBD 43431 8649 10 from from IN 43431 8649 11 America America NNP 43431 8649 12 , , , 43431 8649 13 belongs belong VBZ 43431 8649 14 to to IN 43431 8649 15 the the DT 43431 8649 16 diprotodont diprotodont NN 43431 8649 17 section section NN 43431 8649 18 , , , 43431 8649 19 and and CC 43431 8649 20 is be VBZ 43431 8649 21 the the DT 43431 8649 22 only only JJ 43431 8649 23 living live VBG 43431 8649 24 member member NN 43431 8649 25 of of IN 43431 8649 26 the the DT 43431 8649 27 section section NN 43431 8649 28 known know VBN 43431 8649 29 outside outside IN 43431 8649 30 the the DT 43431 8649 31 Australian Australian NNP 43431 8649 32 region[153 region[153 NN 43431 8649 33 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8649 34 . . . 43431 8650 1 An an DT 43431 8650 2 exceptional exceptional JJ 43431 8650 3 dentition dentition NN 43431 8650 4 is be VBZ 43431 8650 5 seen see VBN 43431 8650 6 in in IN 43431 8650 7 the the DT 43431 8650 8 case case NN 43431 8650 9 of of IN 43431 8650 10 the the DT 43431 8650 11 extinct extinct NN 43431 8650 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8650 13 Thylacoleo Thylacoleo NNP 43431 8650 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8650 15 , , , 43431 8650 16 in in IN 43431 8650 17 which which WDT 43431 8650 18 the the DT 43431 8650 19 functional functional JJ 43431 8650 20 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8650 21 are be VBP 43431 8650 22 reduced reduce VBN 43431 8650 23 to to IN 43431 8650 24 two two CD 43431 8650 25 pairs pair NNS 43431 8650 26 ; ; : 43431 8650 27 one one CD 43431 8650 28 pair pair NN 43431 8650 29 of of IN 43431 8650 30 large large JJ 43431 8650 31 cutting cutting NN 43431 8650 32 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8650 33 and and CC 43431 8650 34 one one CD 43431 8650 35 of of IN 43431 8650 36 compressed compress VBN 43431 8650 37 sharp sharp RB 43431 8650 38 - - HYPH 43431 8650 39 edged edged JJ 43431 8650 40 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8650 41 . . . 43431 8651 1 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 8651 2 . . . 43431 8652 1 Some some DT 43431 8652 2 Edentata Edentata NNP 43431 8652 3 , , , 43431 8652 4 viz viz NN 43431 8652 5 . . . 43431 8653 1 the the DT 43431 8653 2 ant ant NN 43431 8653 3 - - HYPH 43431 8653 4 eaters eater NNS 43431 8653 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8653 6 Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophagidae NNP 43431 8653 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8653 8 are be VBP 43431 8653 9 , , , 43431 8653 10 as as RB 43431 8653 11 far far RB 43431 8653 12 as as IN 43431 8653 13 is be VBZ 43431 8653 14 known know VBN 43431 8653 15 , , , 43431 8653 16 absolutely absolutely RB 43431 8653 17 toothless toothless JJ 43431 8653 18 at at IN 43431 8653 19 all all DT 43431 8653 20 stages stage NNS 43431 8653 21 of of IN 43431 8653 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8653 23 existence existence NN 43431 8653 24 ; ; : 43431 8653 25 being be VBG 43431 8653 26 the the DT 43431 8653 27 only only JJ 43431 8653 28 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8653 29 except except IN 43431 8653 30 _ _ NNP 43431 8653 31 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 8653 32 _ _ NNP 43431 8653 33 in in IN 43431 8653 34 which which WDT 43431 8653 35 no no DT 43431 8653 36 tooth tooth JJ 43431 8653 37 germs germ NNS 43431 8653 38 have have VBP 43431 8653 39 been be VBN 43431 8653 40 discovered discover VBN 43431 8653 41 ; ; : 43431 8653 42 others other NNS 43431 8653 43 , , , 43431 8653 44 viz viz NN 43431 8653 45 . . . 43431 8654 1 the the DT 43431 8654 2 Manidae Manidae NNP 43431 8654 3 , , , 43431 8654 4 though though IN 43431 8654 5 showing show VBG 43431 8654 6 foetal foetal JJ 43431 8654 7 tooth tooth JJ 43431 8654 8 germs germ NNS 43431 8654 9 , , , 43431 8654 10 are be VBP 43431 8654 11 quite quite RB 43431 8654 12 toothless toothless JJ 43431 8654 13 in in IN 43431 8654 14 post post JJ 43431 8654 15 - - JJ 43431 8654 16 foetal foetal JJ 43431 8654 17 life life NN 43431 8654 18 ; ; : 43431 8654 19 others other NNS 43431 8654 20 , , , 43431 8654 21 viz viz NN 43431 8654 22 . . . 43431 8655 1 some some DT 43431 8655 2 of of IN 43431 8655 3 the the DT 43431 8655 4 armadillos armadillo NNS 43431 8655 5 , , , 43431 8655 6 have have VBP 43431 8655 7 the the DT 43431 8655 8 largest large JJS 43431 8655 9 number number NN 43431 8655 10 of of IN 43431 8655 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8655 12 met meet VBN 43431 8655 13 with with IN 43431 8655 14 in in IN 43431 8655 15 land land NN 43431 8655 16 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8655 17 . . . 43431 8656 1 The the DT 43431 8656 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8656 3 are be VBP 43431 8656 4 homodont homodont JJ 43431 8656 5 except except IN 43431 8656 6 in in IN 43431 8656 7 the the DT 43431 8656 8 Aard Aard NNP 43431 8656 9 Varks Varks NNPS 43431 8656 10 , , , 43431 8656 11 and and CC 43431 8656 12 grow grow VB 43431 8656 13 from from IN 43431 8656 14 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8656 15 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8656 16 . . . 43431 8657 1 In in IN 43431 8657 2 the the DT 43431 8657 3 sloths sloth NNS 43431 8657 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8657 5 Bradypodidae Bradypodidae NNP 43431 8657 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8657 7 and and CC 43431 8657 8 the the DT 43431 8657 9 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 8657 10 , , , 43431 8657 11 there there EX 43431 8657 12 are be VBP 43431 8657 13 five five CD 43431 8657 14 pairs pair NNS 43431 8657 15 of of IN 43431 8657 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8657 17 in in IN 43431 8657 18 the the DT 43431 8657 19 upper upper JJ 43431 8657 20 and and CC 43431 8657 21 four four CD 43431 8657 22 in in IN 43431 8657 23 the the DT 43431 8657 24 lower low JJR 43431 8657 25 jaw jaw NN 43431 8657 26 . . . 43431 8658 1 The the DT 43431 8658 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8658 3 of of IN 43431 8658 4 sloths sloth NNS 43431 8658 5 consist consist VBP 43431 8658 6 of of IN 43431 8658 7 a a DT 43431 8658 8 central central JJ 43431 8658 9 axis axis NN 43431 8658 10 of of IN 43431 8658 11 vasodentine vasodentine NN 43431 8658 12 , , , 43431 8658 13 surrounded surround VBN 43431 8658 14 firstly firstly RB 43431 8658 15 by by IN 43431 8658 16 a a DT 43431 8658 17 thin thin JJ 43431 8658 18 coating coating NN 43431 8658 19 of of IN 43431 8658 20 hard hard JJ 43431 8658 21 dentine dentine NN 43431 8658 22 , , , 43431 8658 23 and and CC 43431 8658 24 secondly secondly RB 43431 8658 25 by by IN 43431 8658 26 a a DT 43431 8658 27 thick thick JJ 43431 8658 28 coating coating NN 43431 8658 29 of of IN 43431 8658 30 cement cement NN 43431 8658 31 . . . 43431 8659 1 In in IN 43431 8659 2 no no DT 43431 8659 3 living live VBG 43431 8659 4 Edentate Edentate NNP 43431 8659 5 have have VB 43431 8659 6 the the DT 43431 8659 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8659 8 any any DT 43431 8659 9 enamel enamel NN 43431 8659 10 ; ; : 43431 8659 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8659 12 has have VBZ 43431 8659 13 , , , 43431 8659 14 however however RB 43431 8659 15 , , , 43431 8659 16 been be VBN 43431 8659 17 described describe VBN 43431 8659 18 as as IN 43431 8659 19 occurring occur VBG 43431 8659 20 in in IN 43431 8659 21 certain certain JJ 43431 8659 22 early early JJ 43431 8659 23 Megatheroid Megatheroid NNP 43431 8659 24 forms form NNS 43431 8659 25 from from IN 43431 8659 26 S. S. NNP 43431 8659 27 America[154 America[154 NNP 43431 8659 28 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8659 29 , , , 43431 8659 30 and and CC 43431 8659 31 an an DT 43431 8659 32 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8659 33 organ organ NN 43431 8659 34 has have VBZ 43431 8659 35 also also RB 43431 8659 36 been be VBN 43431 8659 37 discovered discover VBN 43431 8659 38 in in IN 43431 8659 39 an an DT 43431 8659 40 embryo embryo NN 43431 8659 41 _ _ NNP 43431 8659 42 Dasypus_[155 Dasypus_[155 NNP 43431 8659 43 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8659 44 . . . 43431 8660 1 In in IN 43431 8660 2 the the DT 43431 8660 3 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 8660 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8660 5 Dasypodidae Dasypodidae NNP 43431 8660 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8660 7 the the DT 43431 8660 8 number number NN 43431 8660 9 of of IN 43431 8660 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8660 11 varies vary VBZ 43431 8660 12 from from IN 43431 8660 13 8/8 8/8 CD 43431 8660 14 or or CC 43431 8660 15 7/7 7/7 CD 43431 8660 16 in in IN 43431 8660 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8660 18 Tatusia Tatusia NNP 43431 8660 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8660 20 , , , 43431 8660 21 to to IN 43431 8660 22 upwards upward NNS 43431 8660 23 of of IN 43431 8660 24 25/25 25/25 CD 43431 8660 25 in in IN 43431 8660 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8660 27 Priodon Priodon NNP 43431 8660 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8660 29 , , , 43431 8660 30 which which WDT 43431 8660 31 therefore therefore RB 43431 8660 32 may may MD 43431 8660 33 have have VB 43431 8660 34 upwards upward NNS 43431 8660 35 of of IN 43431 8660 36 a a DT 43431 8660 37 hundred hundred CD 43431 8660 38 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8660 39 , , , 43431 8660 40 the the DT 43431 8660 41 largest large JJS 43431 8660 42 number number NN 43431 8660 43 met meet VBD 43431 8660 44 with with IN 43431 8660 45 in in IN 43431 8660 46 any any DT 43431 8660 47 land land NN 43431 8660 48 mammal mammal JJ 43431 8660 49 . . . 43431 8661 1 In in IN 43431 8661 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8661 3 Tatusia Tatusia NNP 43431 8661 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8661 5 all all PDT 43431 8661 6 the the DT 43431 8661 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8661 8 except except IN 43431 8661 9 the the DT 43431 8661 10 last last JJ 43431 8661 11 are be VBP 43431 8661 12 preceded precede VBN 43431 8661 13 by by IN 43431 8661 14 two two CD 43431 8661 15 - - HYPH 43431 8661 16 rooted root VBN 43431 8661 17 milk milk NN 43431 8661 18 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8661 19 . . . 43431 8662 1 The the DT 43431 8662 2 Aard Aard NNP 43431 8662 3 Varks vark NNS 43431 8662 4 are be VBP 43431 8662 5 diphyodont diphyodont JJ 43431 8662 6 , , , 43431 8662 7 and and CC 43431 8662 8 milk milk NN 43431 8662 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8662 10 are be VBP 43431 8662 11 also also RB 43431 8662 12 known know VBN 43431 8662 13 in in IN 43431 8662 14 a a DT 43431 8662 15 species species NN 43431 8662 16 of of IN 43431 8662 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8662 18 Dasypus Dasypus NNP 43431 8662 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8662 20 , , , 43431 8662 21 but but CC 43431 8662 22 with with IN 43431 8662 23 these these DT 43431 8662 24 exceptions exception NNS 43431 8662 25 Edentates Edentates NNPS 43431 8662 26 are be VBP 43431 8662 27 , , , 43431 8662 28 as as RB 43431 8662 29 far far RB 43431 8662 30 as as IN 43431 8662 31 is be VBZ 43431 8662 32 known know VBN 43431 8662 33 , , , 43431 8662 34 monophyodont monophyodont NNP 43431 8662 35 . . . 43431 8663 1 In in IN 43431 8663 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8663 3 Glyptodon Glyptodon NNP 43431 8663 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8663 5 the the DT 43431 8663 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8663 7 are be VBP 43431 8663 8 almost almost RB 43431 8663 9 divided divide VBN 43431 8663 10 into into IN 43431 8663 11 three three CD 43431 8663 12 lobes lobe NNS 43431 8663 13 by by IN 43431 8663 14 two two CD 43431 8663 15 deep deep JJ 43431 8663 16 grooves groove NNS 43431 8663 17 on on IN 43431 8663 18 each each DT 43431 8663 19 side side NN 43431 8663 20 . . . 43431 8664 1 The the DT 43431 8664 2 Aard Aard NNP 43431 8664 3 Varks vark NNS 43431 8664 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8664 5 Orycteropodidae Orycteropodidae NNP 43431 8664 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8664 7 are be VBP 43431 8664 8 quite quite RB 43431 8664 9 exceptional exceptional JJ 43431 8664 10 as as IN 43431 8664 11 regards regard VBZ 43431 8664 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8664 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8664 14 , , , 43431 8664 15 which which WDT 43431 8664 16 are be VBP 43431 8664 17 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 8664 18 in in IN 43431 8664 19 shape shape NN 43431 8664 20 , , , 43431 8664 21 and and CC 43431 8664 22 are be VBP 43431 8664 23 made make VBN 43431 8664 24 up up RP 43431 8664 25 of of IN 43431 8664 26 a a DT 43431 8664 27 number number NN 43431 8664 28 of of IN 43431 8664 29 elongated elongated JJ 43431 8664 30 denticles denticle NNS 43431 8664 31 fused fuse VBN 43431 8664 32 together together RB 43431 8664 33 . . . 43431 8665 1 Each each DT 43431 8665 2 denticle denticle NN 43431 8665 3 contains contain VBZ 43431 8665 4 a a DT 43431 8665 5 pulp pulp NN 43431 8665 6 cavity cavity NN 43431 8665 7 from from IN 43431 8665 8 which which WDT 43431 8665 9 a a DT 43431 8665 10 number number NN 43431 8665 11 of of IN 43431 8665 12 minute minute NN 43431 8665 13 tubes tube NNS 43431 8665 14 radiate radiate VBP 43431 8665 15 outwards outward NNS 43431 8665 16 . . . 43431 8666 1 These these DT 43431 8666 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8666 3 are be VBP 43431 8666 4 diphyodont diphyodont JJ 43431 8666 5 and and CC 43431 8666 6 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 8666 7 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 8666 8 , , , 43431 8666 9 eight eight CD 43431 8666 10 to to TO 43431 8666 11 ten ten CD 43431 8666 12 pairs pair NNS 43431 8666 13 occur occur VB 43431 8666 14 in in IN 43431 8666 15 the the DT 43431 8666 16 upper upper JJ 43431 8666 17 jaw jaw NN 43431 8666 18 and and CC 43431 8666 19 eight eight CD 43431 8666 20 in in IN 43431 8666 21 the the DT 43431 8666 22 lower low JJR 43431 8666 23 , , , 43431 8666 24 but but CC 43431 8666 25 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8666 26 are be VBP 43431 8666 27 not not RB 43431 8666 28 all all DT 43431 8666 29 in in IN 43431 8666 30 place place NN 43431 8666 31 at at IN 43431 8666 32 one one CD 43431 8666 33 time time NN 43431 8666 34 . . . 43431 8667 1 The the DT 43431 8667 2 last last JJ 43431 8667 3 three three CD 43431 8667 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8667 5 in in IN 43431 8667 6 each each DT 43431 8667 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 8667 8 are be VBP 43431 8667 9 not not RB 43431 8667 10 preceded precede VBN 43431 8667 11 by by IN 43431 8667 12 milk milk NN 43431 8667 13 teeth[156 teeth[156 NNP 43431 8667 14 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8667 15 . . . 43431 8668 1 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 8668 2 . . . 43431 8669 1 The the DT 43431 8669 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8669 3 of of IN 43431 8669 4 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 8669 5 show show VB 43431 8669 6 several several JJ 43431 8669 7 very very RB 43431 8669 8 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8669 9 types type NNS 43431 8669 10 , , , 43431 8669 11 the the DT 43431 8669 12 least least RBS 43431 8669 13 modified modified JJ 43431 8669 14 being be VBG 43431 8669 15 that that DT 43431 8669 16 of of IN 43431 8669 17 the the DT 43431 8669 18 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8669 19 Halitheriidae Halitheriidae NNP 43431 8669 20 , , , 43431 8669 21 which which WDT 43431 8669 22 have have VBP 43431 8669 23 large large JJ 43431 8669 24 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8669 25 in in IN 43431 8669 26 the the DT 43431 8669 27 upper upper JJ 43431 8669 28 jaw jaw NN 43431 8669 29 , , , 43431 8669 30 and and CC 43431 8669 31 five five CD 43431 8669 32 or or CC 43431 8669 33 six six CD 43431 8669 34 pairs pair NNS 43431 8669 35 of of IN 43431 8669 36 tuberculated tuberculate VBN 43431 8669 37 grinding grind VBG 43431 8669 38 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8669 39 in in IN 43431 8669 40 each each DT 43431 8669 41 jaw jaw NN 43431 8669 42 , , , 43431 8669 43 the the DT 43431 8669 44 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8669 45 ones one NNS 43431 8669 46 being be VBG 43431 8669 47 preceded precede VBN 43431 8669 48 by by IN 43431 8669 49 milk milk NN 43431 8669 50 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8669 51 . . . 43431 8670 1 In in IN 43431 8670 2 both both CC 43431 8670 3 the the DT 43431 8670 4 living living NN 43431 8670 5 genera genera NN 43431 8670 6 the the DT 43431 8670 7 dentition dentition NN 43431 8670 8 is be VBZ 43431 8670 9 monophyodont monophyodont JJ 43431 8670 10 . . . 43431 8671 1 In in IN 43431 8671 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8671 3 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 8671 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8671 5 the the DT 43431 8671 6 dentition dentition NN 43431 8671 7 is be VBZ 43431 8671 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8671 9 i i PRP 43431 8671 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8671 11 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8671 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8671 13 pm pm NN 43431 8671 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8671 15 and and CC 43431 8671 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8671 17 m m NNP 43431 8671 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8671 19 11/11 11/11 CD 43431 8671 20 . . . 43431 8672 1 The the DT 43431 8672 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8672 3 are be VBP 43431 8672 4 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8672 5 , , , 43431 8672 6 and and CC 43431 8672 7 disappear disappear VB 43431 8672 8 before before IN 43431 8672 9 maturity maturity NN 43431 8672 10 . . . 43431 8673 1 The the DT 43431 8673 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 8673 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8673 4 have have VBP 43431 8673 5 square square RB 43431 8673 6 enamelled enamel VBN 43431 8673 7 crowns crown NNS 43431 8673 8 marked mark VBN 43431 8673 9 by by IN 43431 8673 10 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8673 11 tuberculated tuberculate VBN 43431 8673 12 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8673 13 . . . 43431 8674 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8674 2 are be VBP 43431 8674 3 not not RB 43431 8674 4 all all RB 43431 8674 5 present present JJ 43431 8674 6 in in IN 43431 8674 7 the the DT 43431 8674 8 jaw jaw NN 43431 8674 9 at at IN 43431 8674 10 the the DT 43431 8674 11 same same JJ 43431 8674 12 time time NN 43431 8674 13 . . . 43431 8675 1 In in IN 43431 8675 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8675 3 Halicore Halicore NNP 43431 8675 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8675 5 the the DT 43431 8675 6 upper upper JJ 43431 8675 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 8675 8 bears bear VBZ 43431 8675 9 a a DT 43431 8675 10 pair pair NN 43431 8675 11 of of IN 43431 8675 12 straight straight JJ 43431 8675 13 tusklike tusklike JJ 43431 8675 14 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8675 15 ; ; : 43431 8675 16 in in IN 43431 8675 17 the the DT 43431 8675 18 male male NN 43431 8675 19 these these DT 43431 8675 20 have have VBP 43431 8675 21 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8675 22 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8675 23 and and CC 43431 8675 24 project project NN 43431 8675 25 out out IN 43431 8675 26 of of IN 43431 8675 27 the the DT 43431 8675 28 mouth mouth NN 43431 8675 29 ; ; , 43431 8675 30 in in IN 43431 8675 31 the the DT 43431 8675 32 female female NN 43431 8675 33 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8675 34 soon soon RB 43431 8675 35 cease cease VBP 43431 8675 36 to to TO 43431 8675 37 grow grow VB 43431 8675 38 and and CC 43431 8675 39 are be VBP 43431 8675 40 never never RB 43431 8675 41 cut cut VBN 43431 8675 42 . . . 43431 8676 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8676 2 are be VBP 43431 8676 3 separated separate VBN 43431 8676 4 by by IN 43431 8676 5 a a DT 43431 8676 6 long long JJ 43431 8676 7 diastema diastema NN 43431 8676 8 from from IN 43431 8676 9 the the DT 43431 8676 10 grinding grind VBG 43431 8676 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8676 12 which which WDT 43431 8676 13 have have VBP 43431 8676 14 tuberculated tuberculate VBN 43431 8676 15 crowns crown NNS 43431 8676 16 and and CC 43431 8676 17 are be VBP 43431 8676 18 5/5 5/5 CD 43431 8676 19 or or CC 43431 8676 20 6/6 6/6 CD 43431 8676 21 in in IN 43431 8676 22 number number NN 43431 8676 23 , , , 43431 8676 24 but but CC 43431 8676 25 are be VBP 43431 8676 26 not not RB 43431 8676 27 all all DT 43431 8676 28 in in IN 43431 8676 29 place place NN 43431 8676 30 at at IN 43431 8676 31 once once RB 43431 8676 32 . . . 43431 8677 1 Several several JJ 43431 8677 2 other other JJ 43431 8677 3 pairs pair NNS 43431 8677 4 of of IN 43431 8677 5 slender slend JJR 43431 8677 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8677 7 occur occur VBP 43431 8677 8 in in IN 43431 8677 9 the the DT 43431 8677 10 young young JJ 43431 8677 11 animal animal NN 43431 8677 12 , , , 43431 8677 13 but but CC 43431 8677 14 are be VBP 43431 8677 15 absorbed absorb VBN 43431 8677 16 or or CC 43431 8677 17 fall fall VB 43431 8677 18 out out RP 43431 8677 19 before before IN 43431 8677 20 maturity maturity NN 43431 8677 21 . . . 43431 8678 1 In in IN 43431 8678 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8678 3 Rhytina Rhytina NNP 43431 8678 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8678 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8678 6 are be VBP 43431 8678 7 altogether altogether RB 43431 8678 8 absent absent JJ 43431 8678 9 . . . 43431 8679 1 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 8679 2 . . . 43431 8680 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 2 ARCHAEOCETI ARCHAEOCETI NNP 43431 8680 3 . . . 43431 8680 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 6 Zeuglodon Zeuglodon NNP 43431 8680 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 8 has have VBZ 43431 8680 9 the the DT 43431 8680 10 following follow VBG 43431 8680 11 dentition dentition NN 43431 8680 12 , , , 43431 8680 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 14 i i PRP 43431 8680 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 16 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8680 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 18 c c NNP 43431 8680 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 20 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8680 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 22 pm pm NN 43431 8680 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 24 and and CC 43431 8680 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 26 m m NNP 43431 8680 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8680 28 5/5 5/5 CD 43431 8680 29 , , , 43431 8680 30 total total JJ 43431 8680 31 36 36 CD 43431 8680 32 . . . 43431 8681 1 The the DT 43431 8681 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8681 3 and and CC 43431 8681 4 canines canine NNS 43431 8681 5 are be VBP 43431 8681 6 simple simple JJ 43431 8681 7 and and CC 43431 8681 8 conical conical JJ 43431 8681 9 ; ; : 43431 8681 10 the the DT 43431 8681 11 cheek cheek NN 43431 8681 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8681 13 are be VBP 43431 8681 14 compressed compress VBN 43431 8681 15 and and CC 43431 8681 16 have have VBP 43431 8681 17 serrated serrate VBN 43431 8681 18 cutting cut VBG 43431 8681 19 edges edge NNS 43431 8681 20 like like IN 43431 8681 21 those those DT 43431 8681 22 in in IN 43431 8681 23 some some DT 43431 8681 24 seals seal NNS 43431 8681 25 . . . 43431 8682 1 In in IN 43431 8682 2 the the DT 43431 8682 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8682 4 MYSTACOCETI MYSTACOCETI NNP 43431 8682 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8682 6 , , , 43431 8682 7 or or CC 43431 8682 8 whalebone whalebone NN 43431 8682 9 whales whale NNS 43431 8682 10 , , , 43431 8682 11 calcified calcify VBD 43431 8682 12 tooth tooth JJ 43431 8682 13 germs germ NNS 43431 8682 14 probably probably RB 43431 8682 15 belonging belong VBG 43431 8682 16 to to IN 43431 8682 17 the the DT 43431 8682 18 milk milk NN 43431 8682 19 dentition dentition NN 43431 8682 20 are be VBP 43431 8682 21 present present JJ 43431 8682 22 in in IN 43431 8682 23 the the DT 43431 8682 24 embryo embryo NN 43431 8682 25 , , , 43431 8682 26 but but CC 43431 8682 27 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8682 28 are be VBP 43431 8682 29 never never RB 43431 8682 30 functional functional JJ 43431 8682 31 , , , 43431 8682 32 and and CC 43431 8682 33 are be VBP 43431 8682 34 altogether altogether RB 43431 8682 35 absent absent JJ 43431 8682 36 in in IN 43431 8682 37 the the DT 43431 8682 38 adult adult NN 43431 8682 39 . . . 43431 8683 1 The the DT 43431 8683 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 8683 3 of of IN 43431 8683 4 these these DT 43431 8683 5 germs germ NNS 43431 8683 6 are be VBP 43431 8683 7 simple simple JJ 43431 8683 8 , , , 43431 8683 9 the the DT 43431 8683 10 posterior posterior NN 43431 8683 11 ones one NNS 43431 8683 12 are be VBP 43431 8683 13 originally originally RB 43431 8683 14 complex complex JJ 43431 8683 15 , , , 43431 8683 16 but but CC 43431 8683 17 subsequently subsequently RB 43431 8683 18 split split VBD 43431 8683 19 up up RP 43431 8683 20 into into IN 43431 8683 21 simple simple JJ 43431 8683 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8683 23 like like IN 43431 8683 24 those those DT 43431 8683 25 of of IN 43431 8683 26 the the DT 43431 8683 27 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8683 28 part part NN 43431 8683 29 of of IN 43431 8683 30 the the DT 43431 8683 31 jaw jaw NN 43431 8683 32 . . . 43431 8684 1 Hence hence RB 43431 8684 2 according accord VBG 43431 8684 3 to to IN 43431 8684 4 Kükenthal kã¼kenthal NN 43431 8684 5 , , , 43431 8684 6 who who WP 43431 8684 7 described describe VBD 43431 8684 8 these these DT 43431 8684 9 structures structure NNS 43431 8684 10 , , , 43431 8684 11 the the DT 43431 8684 12 Cetacean Cetacean NNP 43431 8684 13 dentition dentition NN 43431 8684 14 was be VBD 43431 8684 15 originally originally RB 43431 8684 16 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 8684 17 . . . 43431 8685 1 In in IN 43431 8685 2 the the DT 43431 8685 3 living live VBG 43431 8685 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8685 5 ODONTOCETI ODONTOCETI NNP 43431 8685 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8685 7 the the DT 43431 8685 8 dentition dentition NN 43431 8685 9 is be VBZ 43431 8685 10 homodont homodont JJ 43431 8685 11 and and CC 43431 8685 12 monophyodont monophyodont JJ 43431 8685 13 . . . 43431 8686 1 In in IN 43431 8686 2 some some DT 43431 8686 3 cases case NNS 43431 8686 4 traces trace NNS 43431 8686 5 occur occur VBP 43431 8686 6 of of IN 43431 8686 7 a a DT 43431 8686 8 replacing replace VBG 43431 8686 9 dentition dentition NN 43431 8686 10 which which WDT 43431 8686 11 never never RB 43431 8686 12 comes come VBZ 43431 8686 13 to to IN 43431 8686 14 maturity maturity NN 43431 8686 15 , , , 43431 8686 16 and and CC 43431 8686 17 renders render VBZ 43431 8686 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8686 19 probable probable JJ 43431 8686 20 that that IN 43431 8686 21 the the DT 43431 8686 22 functional functional JJ 43431 8686 23 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8686 24 of of IN 43431 8686 25 the the DT 43431 8686 26 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 8686 27 are be VBP 43431 8686 28 really really RB 43431 8686 29 homologous homologous JJ 43431 8686 30 with with IN 43431 8686 31 the the DT 43431 8686 32 milk milk NN 43431 8686 33 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8686 34 of of IN 43431 8686 35 other other JJ 43431 8686 36 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8686 37 . . . 43431 8687 1 Some some DT 43431 8687 2 of of IN 43431 8687 3 the the DT 43431 8687 4 dolphins dolphin NNS 43431 8687 5 afford afford VBP 43431 8687 6 the the DT 43431 8687 7 apparently apparently RB 43431 8687 8 simplest simple JJS 43431 8687 9 type type NN 43431 8687 10 of of IN 43431 8687 11 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8687 12 dentition dentition NN 43431 8687 13 known know VBN 43431 8687 14 . . . 43431 8688 1 The the DT 43431 8688 2 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8688 3 are be VBP 43431 8688 4 all all RB 43431 8688 5 simple simple JJ 43431 8688 6 , , , 43431 8688 7 conical conical JJ 43431 8688 8 , , , 43431 8688 9 slightly slightly RB 43431 8688 10 recurved recurved JJ 43431 8688 11 structures structure NNS 43431 8688 12 , , , 43431 8688 13 with with IN 43431 8688 14 simple simple JJ 43431 8688 15 tapering taper VBG 43431 8688 16 roots root NNS 43431 8688 17 and and CC 43431 8688 18 without without IN 43431 8688 19 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8688 20 . . . 43431 8689 1 The the DT 43431 8689 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 8689 3 is be VBZ 43431 8689 4 typically typically RB 43431 8689 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8689 6 piscivorous piscivorous JJ 43431 8689 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8689 8 , , , 43431 8689 9 being be VBG 43431 8689 10 adapted adapt VBN 43431 8689 11 for for IN 43431 8689 12 seizing seize VBG 43431 8689 13 active active JJ 43431 8689 14 slippery slippery JJ 43431 8689 15 animals animal NNS 43431 8689 16 such such JJ 43431 8689 17 as as IN 43431 8689 18 fish fish NN 43431 8689 19 . . . 43431 8690 1 The the DT 43431 8690 2 prey prey NN 43431 8690 3 is be VBZ 43431 8690 4 then then RB 43431 8690 5 swallowed swallow VBN 43431 8690 6 entire entire JJ 43431 8690 7 without without IN 43431 8690 8 mastication mastication NN 43431 8690 9 . . . 43431 8691 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8691 2 the the DT 43431 8691 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8691 4 are be VBP 43431 8691 5 excessively excessively RB 43431 8691 6 numerous numerous JJ 43431 8691 7 , , , 43431 8691 8 reaching reach VBG 43431 8691 9 two two CD 43431 8691 10 hundred hundred CD 43431 8691 11 or or CC 43431 8691 12 more more JJR 43431 8691 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8691 14 fifty fifty CD 43431 8691 15 to to TO 43431 8691 16 sixty sixty VB 43431 8691 17 on on IN 43431 8691 18 each each DT 43431 8691 19 side side NN 43431 8691 20 of of IN 43431 8691 21 each each DT 43431 8691 22 jaw jaw NN 43431 8691 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8691 24 in in IN 43431 8691 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8691 26 Pontoporia Pontoporia NNP 43431 8691 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8691 28 . . . 43431 8692 1 This this DT 43431 8692 2 multiplication multiplication NN 43431 8692 3 of of IN 43431 8692 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8692 5 is be VBZ 43431 8692 6 regarded regard VBN 43431 8692 7 by by IN 43431 8692 8 Kükenthal kã¼kenthal NN 43431 8692 9 as as IN 43431 8692 10 due due IN 43431 8692 11 to to IN 43431 8692 12 the the DT 43431 8692 13 division division NN 43431 8692 14 into into IN 43431 8692 15 three three CD 43431 8692 16 parts part NNS 43431 8692 17 of of IN 43431 8692 18 numbers number NNS 43431 8692 19 of of IN 43431 8692 20 trilobed trilobed JJ 43431 8692 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8692 22 similar similar JJ 43431 8692 23 to to IN 43431 8692 24 those those DT 43431 8692 25 of of IN 43431 8692 26 some some DT 43431 8692 27 seals seal NNS 43431 8692 28 . . . 43431 8693 1 In in IN 43431 8693 2 the the DT 43431 8693 3 Sperm Sperm NNP 43431 8693 4 whale whale NN 43431 8693 5 , , , 43431 8693 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8693 7 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 8693 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8693 9 , , , 43431 8693 10 the the DT 43431 8693 11 lower low JJR 43431 8693 12 jaw jaw NN 43431 8693 13 bears bear VBZ 43431 8693 14 a a DT 43431 8693 15 series series NN 43431 8693 16 of of IN 43431 8693 17 twenty twenty CD 43431 8693 18 to to TO 43431 8693 19 twenty twenty CD 43431 8693 20 - - HYPH 43431 8693 21 five five CD 43431 8693 22 stout stout JJ 43431 8693 23 conical conical JJ 43431 8693 24 recurved recurved JJ 43431 8693 25 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8693 26 , , , 43431 8693 27 while while IN 43431 8693 28 in in IN 43431 8693 29 the the DT 43431 8693 30 upper upper JJ 43431 8693 31 jaw jaw NN 43431 8693 32 the the DT 43431 8693 33 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8693 34 are be VBP 43431 8693 35 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8693 36 and and CC 43431 8693 37 remain remain VBP 43431 8693 38 imbedded imbedded JJ 43431 8693 39 in in IN 43431 8693 40 the the DT 43431 8693 41 gum gum NN 43431 8693 42 . . . 43431 8694 1 An an DT 43431 8694 2 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8694 3 form form NN 43431 8694 4 , , , 43431 8694 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8694 6 Physodon Physodon NNP 43431 8694 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8694 8 , , , 43431 8694 9 from from IN 43431 8694 10 the the DT 43431 8694 11 Pliocene Pliocene NNP 43431 8694 12 of of IN 43431 8694 13 Europe Europe NNP 43431 8694 14 and and CC 43431 8694 15 Patagonia Patagonia NNP 43431 8694 16 is be VBZ 43431 8694 17 allied ally VBN 43431 8694 18 to to IN 43431 8694 19 the the DT 43431 8694 20 Sperm Sperm NNP 43431 8694 21 whale whale NN 43431 8694 22 , , , 43431 8694 23 but but CC 43431 8694 24 has have VBZ 43431 8694 25 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8694 26 in in IN 43431 8694 27 both both DT 43431 8694 28 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8694 29 . . . 43431 8695 1 In in IN 43431 8695 2 the the DT 43431 8695 3 Grampus Grampus NNP 43431 8695 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8695 5 Orca Orca NNP 43431 8695 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8695 7 , , , 43431 8695 8 the the DT 43431 8695 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8695 10 number number NN 43431 8695 11 about about RB 43431 8695 12 12/12 12/12 CD 43431 8695 13 , , , 43431 8695 14 and and CC 43431 8695 15 are be VBP 43431 8695 16 very very RB 43431 8695 17 large large JJ 43431 8695 18 and and CC 43431 8695 19 strong strong JJ 43431 8695 20 . . . 43431 8696 1 In in IN 43431 8696 2 some some DT 43431 8696 3 forms form NNS 43431 8696 4 the the DT 43431 8696 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8696 6 are be VBP 43431 8696 7 very very RB 43431 8696 8 much much RB 43431 8696 9 reduced reduce VBN 43431 8696 10 in in IN 43431 8696 11 number number NN 43431 8696 12 ; ; : 43431 8696 13 thus thus RB 43431 8696 14 in in IN 43431 8696 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8696 16 Mesoplodon Mesoplodon NNP 43431 8696 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8696 18 the the DT 43431 8696 19 dentition dentition NN 43431 8696 20 consists consist VBZ 43431 8696 21 simply simply RB 43431 8696 22 of of IN 43431 8696 23 a a DT 43431 8696 24 pair pair NN 43431 8696 25 of of IN 43431 8696 26 conical conical JJ 43431 8696 27 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8696 28 borne bear VBN 43431 8696 29 in in IN 43431 8696 30 the the DT 43431 8696 31 mandible mandible NN 43431 8696 32 . . . 43431 8697 1 In in IN 43431 8697 2 the the DT 43431 8697 3 Narwhal Narwhal NNP 43431 8697 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8697 5 Monodon Monodon NNP 43431 8697 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8697 7 the the DT 43431 8697 8 dentition dentition NN 43431 8697 9 is be VBZ 43431 8697 10 practically practically RB 43431 8697 11 reduced reduce VBN 43431 8697 12 to to IN 43431 8697 13 a a DT 43431 8697 14 single single JJ 43431 8697 15 pair pair NN 43431 8697 16 of of IN 43431 8697 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8697 18 , , , 43431 8697 19 which which WDT 43431 8697 20 lie lie VBP 43431 8697 21 horizontally horizontally RB 43431 8697 22 in in IN 43431 8697 23 the the DT 43431 8697 24 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 8697 25 , , , 43431 8697 26 and and CC 43431 8697 27 in in IN 43431 8697 28 the the DT 43431 8697 29 female female NN 43431 8697 30 normally normally RB 43431 8697 31 remain remain VBP 43431 8697 32 permanently permanently RB 43431 8697 33 in in IN 43431 8697 34 the the DT 43431 8697 35 alveoli alveoli NN 43431 8697 36 . . . 43431 8698 1 In in IN 43431 8698 2 the the DT 43431 8698 3 male male NN 43431 8698 4 the the DT 43431 8698 5 right right JJ 43431 8698 6 tooth tooth NN 43431 8698 7 remains remain VBZ 43431 8698 8 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 8698 9 , , , 43431 8698 10 while while IN 43431 8698 11 the the DT 43431 8698 12 left left NN 43431 8698 13 is be VBZ 43431 8698 14 developed develop VBN 43431 8698 15 into into IN 43431 8698 16 an an DT 43431 8698 17 enormous enormous JJ 43431 8698 18 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 8698 19 tusk tusk NN 43431 8698 20 marked mark VBN 43431 8698 21 by by IN 43431 8698 22 a a DT 43431 8698 23 spiral spiral JJ 43431 8698 24 groove groove NN 43431 8698 25 . . . 43431 8699 1 Occasionally occasionally RB 43431 8699 2 both both DT 43431 8699 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8699 4 develop develop VBP 43431 8699 5 into into IN 43431 8699 6 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8699 7 , , , 43431 8699 8 and and CC 43431 8699 9 there there EX 43431 8699 10 is be VBZ 43431 8699 11 reason reason NN 43431 8699 12 for for IN 43431 8699 13 thinking think VBG 43431 8699 14 that that IN 43431 8699 15 two two CD 43431 8699 16 - - HYPH 43431 8699 17 tusked tusk VBN 43431 8699 18 individuals individual NNS 43431 8699 19 are be VBP 43431 8699 20 generally generally RB 43431 8699 21 or or CC 43431 8699 22 always always RB 43431 8699 23 female female JJ 43431 8699 24 . . . 43431 8700 1 In in IN 43431 8700 2 the the DT 43431 8700 3 extinct extinct NN 43431 8700 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8700 5 Squalodon Squalodon NNP 43431 8700 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8700 7 the the DT 43431 8700 8 dentition dentition NN 43431 8700 9 is be VBZ 43431 8700 10 decidedly decidedly RB 43431 8700 11 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 8700 12 , , , 43431 8700 13 and and CC 43431 8700 14 the the DT 43431 8700 15 molars molar NNS 43431 8700 16 have have VBP 43431 8700 17 two two CD 43431 8700 18 roots root NNS 43431 8700 19 . . . 43431 8701 1 The the DT 43431 8701 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8701 3 formula formula NN 43431 8701 4 is be VBZ 43431 8701 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8701 6 i i PRP 43431 8701 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8701 8 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8701 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8701 10 c c NNP 43431 8701 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8701 12 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8701 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8701 14 pm pm NN 43431 8701 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8701 16 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8701 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8701 18 m m NNP 43431 8701 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8701 20 7/7 7/7 CD 43431 8701 21 , , , 43431 8701 22 total total JJ 43431 8701 23 60 60 CD 43431 8701 24 . . . 43431 8702 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8702 2 is be VBZ 43431 8702 3 probable probable JJ 43431 8702 4 that that IN 43431 8702 5 the the DT 43431 8702 6 homodont homodont JJ 43431 8702 7 condition condition NN 43431 8702 8 of of IN 43431 8702 9 modern modern JJ 43431 8702 10 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 8702 11 is be VBZ 43431 8702 12 not not RB 43431 8702 13 primitive primitive JJ 43431 8702 14 , , , 43431 8702 15 but but CC 43431 8702 16 due due IN 43431 8702 17 to to IN 43431 8702 18 retrogressive retrogressive JJ 43431 8702 19 evolution evolution NN 43431 8702 20 . . . 43431 8703 1 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 8703 2 . . . 43431 8704 1 Just just RB 43431 8704 2 as as IN 43431 8704 3 in in IN 43431 8704 4 the the DT 43431 8704 5 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 8704 6 a a DT 43431 8704 7 piscivorous piscivorous JJ 43431 8704 8 dentition dentition NN 43431 8704 9 is be VBZ 43431 8704 10 most most RBS 43431 8704 11 typically typically RB 43431 8704 12 developed develop VBN 43431 8704 13 , , , 43431 8704 14 so so RB 43431 8704 15 the the DT 43431 8704 16 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 8704 17 are be VBP 43431 8704 18 , , , 43431 8704 19 as as IN 43431 8704 20 a a DT 43431 8704 21 group group NN 43431 8704 22 , , , 43431 8704 23 the the DT 43431 8704 24 most most RBS 43431 8704 25 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 8704 26 representatives representative NNS 43431 8704 27 of of IN 43431 8704 28 a a DT 43431 8704 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8704 30 herbivorous herbivorous JJ 43431 8704 31 _ _ NNP 43431 8704 32 dentition dentition NN 43431 8704 33 in in IN 43431 8704 34 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8704 35 various various JJ 43431 8704 36 forms form NNS 43431 8704 37 . . . 43431 8705 1 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 8705 2 VERA VERA NNP 43431 8705 3 . . . 43431 8706 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8706 2 ARTIODACTYLA ARTIODACTYLA NNP 43431 8706 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8706 4 . . . 43431 8707 1 As as IN 43431 8707 2 regards regard VBZ 43431 8707 3 the the DT 43431 8707 4 living live VBG 43431 8707 5 forms form NNS 43431 8707 6 , , , 43431 8707 7 the the DT 43431 8707 8 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 8707 9 can can MD 43431 8707 10 be be VB 43431 8707 11 readily readily RB 43431 8707 12 divided divide VBN 43431 8707 13 into into IN 43431 8707 14 two two CD 43431 8707 15 groups group NNS 43431 8707 16 , , , 43431 8707 17 namely namely RB 43431 8707 18 those those DT 43431 8707 19 with with IN 43431 8707 20 bunodont bunodont NN 43431 8707 21 and and CC 43431 8707 22 those those DT 43431 8707 23 with with IN 43431 8707 24 selenodont selenodont NN 43431 8707 25 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8707 26 . . . 43431 8708 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 8708 2 has have VBZ 43431 8708 3 , , , 43431 8708 4 however however RB 43431 8708 5 , , , 43431 8708 6 been be VBN 43431 8708 7 shown show VBN 43431 8708 8 that that IN 43431 8708 9 selenodont selenodont NN 43431 8708 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8708 11 always always RB 43431 8708 12 pass pass VBP 43431 8708 13 through through RP 43431 8708 14 an an DT 43431 8708 15 embryonic embryonic JJ 43431 8708 16 bunodont bunodont NN 43431 8708 17 stage[157 stage[157 NN 43431 8708 18 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8708 19 . . . 43431 8709 1 The the DT 43431 8709 2 bunodont bunodont NN 43431 8709 3 type type NN 43431 8709 4 is be VBZ 43431 8709 5 best well RBS 43431 8709 6 seen see VBN 43431 8709 7 in in IN 43431 8709 8 Pigs Pigs NNP 43431 8709 9 and and CC 43431 8709 10 Hippopotami Hippopotami NNP 43431 8709 11 and and CC 43431 8709 12 such such JJ 43431 8709 13 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8709 14 forms form NNS 43431 8709 15 as as IN 43431 8709 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8709 17 Hyotherium Hyotherium NNP 43431 8709 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8709 19 . . . 43431 8710 1 In in IN 43431 8710 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 3 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 8710 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 5 the the DT 43431 8710 6 dental dental JJ 43431 8710 7 formula formula NN 43431 8710 8 is be VBZ 43431 8710 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 10 i i PRP 43431 8710 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8710 13 2 2 CD 43431 8710 14 - - HYPH 43431 8710 15 3)/(1 3)/(1 NNP 43431 8710 16 - - HYPH 43431 8710 17 3 3 CD 43431 8710 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8710 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 20 c c NNP 43431 8710 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 22 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8710 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 24 pm pm NN 43431 8710 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 26 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8710 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 28 m m NNP 43431 8710 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8710 30 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8710 31 . . . 43431 8711 1 The the DT 43431 8711 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8711 3 and and CC 43431 8711 4 canines canine NNS 43431 8711 5 of of IN 43431 8711 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8711 7 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 8711 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8711 9 are be VBP 43431 8711 10 very very RB 43431 8711 11 large large JJ 43431 8711 12 and and CC 43431 8711 13 grow grow VB 43431 8711 14 continuously continuously RB 43431 8711 15 . . . 43431 8712 1 The the DT 43431 8712 2 genus genus JJ 43431 8712 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 4 Sus Sus NNP 43431 8712 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 6 , , , 43431 8712 7 which which WDT 43431 8712 8 affords afford VBZ 43431 8712 9 a a DT 43431 8712 10 good good JJ 43431 8712 11 instance instance NN 43431 8712 12 of of IN 43431 8712 13 an an DT 43431 8712 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 15 omnivorous omnivorous JJ 43431 8712 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 17 type type NN 43431 8712 18 of of IN 43431 8712 19 dentition dentition NN 43431 8712 20 , , , 43431 8712 21 has have VBZ 43431 8712 22 the the DT 43431 8712 23 regular regular JJ 43431 8712 24 unmodified unmodified JJ 43431 8712 25 Mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8712 26 dental dental JJ 43431 8712 27 formula formula NN 43431 8712 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 29 i i PRP 43431 8712 30 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 31 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8712 32 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 33 c c NNP 43431 8712 34 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 35 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8712 36 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 37 pm pm NN 43431 8712 38 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 39 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8712 40 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 41 m m NNP 43431 8712 42 _ _ NNP 43431 8712 43 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8712 44 , , , 43431 8712 45 total total JJ 43431 8712 46 44 44 CD 43431 8712 47 . . . 43431 8713 1 The the DT 43431 8713 2 canines canine NNS 43431 8713 3 , , , 43431 8713 4 specially specially RB 43431 8713 5 in in IN 43431 8713 6 the the DT 43431 8713 7 male male NN 43431 8713 8 , , , 43431 8713 9 are be VBP 43431 8713 10 large large JJ 43431 8713 11 and and CC 43431 8713 12 have have VBP 43431 8713 13 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8713 14 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8713 15 , , , 43431 8713 16 and and CC 43431 8713 17 the the DT 43431 8713 18 upper upper JJ 43431 8713 19 canines canine NNS 43431 8713 20 do do VBP 43431 8713 21 not not RB 43431 8713 22 have have VB 43431 8713 23 the the DT 43431 8713 24 usual usual JJ 43431 8713 25 downward downward JJ 43431 8713 26 direction direction NN 43431 8713 27 but but CC 43431 8713 28 pass pass NN 43431 8713 29 outwards outward NNS 43431 8713 30 and and CC 43431 8713 31 upwards upwards RB 43431 8713 32 . . . 43431 8714 1 In in IN 43431 8714 2 the the DT 43431 8714 3 Wart Wart NNP 43431 8714 4 Hog Hog NNP 43431 8714 5 , , , 43431 8714 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8714 7 Phacochaerus Phacochaerus NNP 43431 8714 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8714 9 , , , 43431 8714 10 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8714 11 are be VBP 43431 8714 12 enormously enormously RB 43431 8714 13 large large JJ 43431 8714 14 , , , 43431 8714 15 but but CC 43431 8714 16 a a DT 43431 8714 17 still still RB 43431 8714 18 more more RBR 43431 8714 19 extraordinary extraordinary JJ 43431 8714 20 development development NN 43431 8714 21 of of IN 43431 8714 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8714 23 is be VBZ 43431 8714 24 found find VBN 43431 8714 25 in in IN 43431 8714 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8714 27 Babirussa Babirussa NNP 43431 8714 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8714 29 . . . 43431 8715 1 In in IN 43431 8715 2 the the DT 43431 8715 3 male male NN 43431 8715 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8715 5 Babirussa Babirussa NNP 43431 8715 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8715 7 the the DT 43431 8715 8 canines canine NNS 43431 8715 9 , , , 43431 8715 10 which which WDT 43431 8715 11 are be VBP 43431 8715 12 without without IN 43431 8715 13 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8715 14 , , , 43431 8715 15 are be VBP 43431 8715 16 long long JJ 43431 8715 17 , , , 43431 8715 18 curved curved JJ 43431 8715 19 and and CC 43431 8715 20 grow grow VB 43431 8715 21 continuously continuously RB 43431 8715 22 . . . 43431 8716 1 Those those DT 43431 8716 2 of of IN 43431 8716 3 the the DT 43431 8716 4 upper upper JJ 43431 8716 5 jaw jaw NN 43431 8716 6 never never RB 43431 8716 7 enter enter VBP 43431 8716 8 the the DT 43431 8716 9 mouth mouth NN 43431 8716 10 , , , 43431 8716 11 but but CC 43431 8716 12 pierce pierce VB 43431 8716 13 the the DT 43431 8716 14 skin skin NN 43431 8716 15 of of IN 43431 8716 16 the the DT 43431 8716 17 face face NN 43431 8716 18 and and CC 43431 8716 19 curve curve NN 43431 8716 20 backwards backwards RB 43431 8716 21 over over IN 43431 8716 22 the the DT 43431 8716 23 forehead forehead NN 43431 8716 24 . . . 43431 8717 1 The the DT 43431 8717 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8717 3 formula formula NN 43431 8717 4 of of IN 43431 8717 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 6 Babirussa Babirussa NNP 43431 8717 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 8 is be VBZ 43431 8717 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 10 i i PRP 43431 8717 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 12 2/3 2/3 NNP 43431 8717 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 14 c c NNP 43431 8717 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 16 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8717 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 18 pm pm NN 43431 8717 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 20 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8717 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 22 m m NNP 43431 8717 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8717 24 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8717 25 , , , 43431 8717 26 total total JJ 43431 8717 27 34 34 CD 43431 8717 28 . . . 43431 8718 1 The the DT 43431 8718 2 Wart Wart NNP 43431 8718 3 Hog Hog NNP 43431 8718 4 has have VBZ 43431 8718 5 a a DT 43431 8718 6 very very RB 43431 8718 7 anomalous anomalous JJ 43431 8718 8 dentition dentition NN 43431 8718 9 , , , 43431 8718 10 for for IN 43431 8718 11 as as IN 43431 8718 12 age age NN 43431 8718 13 advances advance VBZ 43431 8718 14 all all PDT 43431 8718 15 the the DT 43431 8718 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8718 17 except except IN 43431 8718 18 the the DT 43431 8718 19 canines canine NNS 43431 8718 20 and and CC 43431 8718 21 last last JJ 43431 8718 22 molars molar NNS 43431 8718 23 show show VBP 43431 8718 24 signs sign NNS 43431 8718 25 of of IN 43431 8718 26 disappearing disappear VBG 43431 8718 27 ; ; : 43431 8718 28 both both DT 43431 8718 29 pairs pair NNS 43431 8718 30 of of IN 43431 8718 31 persisting persist VBG 43431 8718 32 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8718 33 are be VBP 43431 8718 34 however however RB 43431 8718 35 very very RB 43431 8718 36 large large JJ 43431 8718 37 . . . 43431 8719 1 Various various JJ 43431 8719 2 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8719 3 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 8719 4 such such JJ 43431 8719 5 as as IN 43431 8719 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8719 7 Anoplotherium Anoplotherium NNP 43431 8719 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8719 9 have have VBP 43431 8719 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8719 11 which which WDT 43431 8719 12 are be VBP 43431 8719 13 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 8719 14 in in IN 43431 8719 15 character character NN 43431 8719 16 between between IN 43431 8719 17 the the DT 43431 8719 18 bunodont bunodont NN 43431 8719 19 and and CC 43431 8719 20 selenodont selenodont NN 43431 8719 21 types type NNS 43431 8719 22 . . . 43431 8720 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8720 2 Anoplotherium Anoplotherium NNP 43431 8720 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8720 4 has have VBZ 43431 8720 5 the the DT 43431 8720 6 regular regular JJ 43431 8720 7 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8720 8 series series NN 43431 8720 9 of of IN 43431 8720 10 forty forty CD 43431 8720 11 - - HYPH 43431 8720 12 four four CD 43431 8720 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8720 14 . . . 43431 8721 1 The the DT 43431 8721 2 crowns crown NNS 43431 8721 3 of of IN 43431 8721 4 all all PDT 43431 8721 5 the the DT 43431 8721 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8721 7 are be VBP 43431 8721 8 equal equal JJ 43431 8721 9 in in IN 43431 8721 10 height height NN 43431 8721 11 , , , 43431 8721 12 and and CC 43431 8721 13 there there EX 43431 8721 14 is be VBZ 43431 8721 15 no no DT 43431 8721 16 diastema diastema NN 43431 8721 17 -- -- : 43431 8721 18 an an DT 43431 8721 19 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 8721 20 found find VBN 43431 8721 21 in in IN 43431 8721 22 no no DT 43431 8721 23 living live VBG 43431 8721 24 mammal mammal JJ 43431 8721 25 but but CC 43431 8721 26 man man NN 43431 8721 27 . . . 43431 8722 1 We -PRON- PRP 43431 8722 2 come come VBP 43431 8722 3 now now RB 43431 8722 4 to to IN 43431 8722 5 the the DT 43431 8722 6 selenodont selenodont NN 43431 8722 7 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 8722 8 . . . 43431 8723 1 The the DT 43431 8723 2 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 8723 3 -- -- : 43431 8723 4 camels camel NNS 43431 8723 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8723 6 Camelidae camelidae NN 43431 8723 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8723 8 and and CC 43431 8723 9 Llamas Llamas NNP 43431 8723 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8723 11 Aucheniidae Aucheniidae NNP 43431 8723 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8723 13 when when WRB 43431 8723 14 young young JJ 43431 8723 15 have have VBP 43431 8723 16 the the DT 43431 8723 17 full full JJ 43431 8723 18 number number NN 43431 8723 19 of of IN 43431 8723 20 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8723 21 , , , 43431 8723 22 but but CC 43431 8723 23 in in IN 43431 8723 24 the the DT 43431 8723 25 adult adult NN 43431 8723 26 the the DT 43431 8723 27 two two CD 43431 8723 28 upper upper JJ 43431 8723 29 middle middle JJ 43431 8723 30 ones one NNS 43431 8723 31 are be VBP 43431 8723 32 lost lose VBN 43431 8723 33 . . . 43431 8724 1 The the DT 43431 8724 2 molars molar NNS 43431 8724 3 are be VBP 43431 8724 4 typically typically RB 43431 8724 5 selenodont selenodont NN 43431 8724 6 and and CC 43431 8724 7 hypsodont[158 hypsodont[158 NN 43431 8724 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8724 9 . . . 43431 8725 1 In in IN 43431 8725 2 the the DT 43431 8725 3 Camel Camel NNP 43431 8725 4 the the DT 43431 8725 5 dental dental JJ 43431 8725 6 formula formula NN 43431 8725 7 is be VBZ 43431 8725 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8725 9 i i PRP 43431 8725 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8725 11 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 8725 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8725 13 c c NNP 43431 8725 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8725 15 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8725 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8725 17 pm pm NN 43431 8725 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8725 19 3/2 3/2 CD 43431 8725 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8725 21 m m NNP 43431 8725 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8725 23 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8725 24 , , , 43431 8725 25 total total JJ 43431 8725 26 34 34 CD 43431 8725 27 . . . 43431 8726 1 The the DT 43431 8726 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8726 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8726 4 , , , 43431 8726 5 canines canine NNS 43431 8726 6 and and CC 43431 8726 7 first first JJ 43431 8726 8 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8726 9 of of IN 43431 8726 10 the the DT 43431 8726 11 Camel Camel NNP 43431 8726 12 are be VBP 43431 8726 13 very very RB 43431 8726 14 small small JJ 43431 8726 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8726 16 , , , 43431 8726 17 and and CC 43431 8726 18 the the DT 43431 8726 19 first first JJ 43431 8726 20 premolar premolar NN 43431 8726 21 is be VBZ 43431 8726 22 separated separate VBN 43431 8726 23 by by IN 43431 8726 24 a a DT 43431 8726 25 long long JJ 43431 8726 26 diastema diastema NN 43431 8726 27 from from IN 43431 8726 28 the the DT 43431 8726 29 others other NNS 43431 8726 30 . . . 43431 8727 1 The the DT 43431 8727 2 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 8727 3 or or CC 43431 8727 4 Chevrotains Chevrotains NNP 43431 8727 5 have have VBP 43431 8727 6 no no DT 43431 8727 7 upper upper JJ 43431 8727 8 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8727 9 , , , 43431 8727 10 while while IN 43431 8727 11 the the DT 43431 8727 12 canines canine NNS 43431 8727 13 are be VBP 43431 8727 14 largely largely RB 43431 8727 15 developed develop VBN 43431 8727 16 , , , 43431 8727 17 especially especially RB 43431 8727 18 in in IN 43431 8727 19 the the DT 43431 8727 20 male male NN 43431 8727 21 . . . 43431 8728 1 The the DT 43431 8728 2 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 8728 3 or or CC 43431 8728 4 Pecora Pecora NNP 43431 8728 5 are be VBP 43431 8728 6 very very RB 43431 8728 7 uniform uniform JJ 43431 8728 8 as as IN 43431 8728 9 regards regard VBZ 43431 8728 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8728 11 dentition dentition NN 43431 8728 12 . . . 43431 8729 1 The the DT 43431 8729 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8729 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8729 4 are be VBP 43431 8729 5 always always RB 43431 8729 6 absent absent JJ 43431 8729 7 , , , 43431 8729 8 for for IN 43431 8729 9 though though IN 43431 8729 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8729 11 germs germ NNS 43431 8729 12 are be VBP 43431 8729 13 developed develop VBN 43431 8729 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8729 15 are be VBP 43431 8729 16 reabsorbed reabsorb VBN 43431 8729 17 without without IN 43431 8729 18 ever ever RB 43431 8729 19 becoming become VBG 43431 8729 20 visible visible JJ 43431 8729 21 , , , 43431 8729 22 and and CC 43431 8729 23 as as IN 43431 8729 24 a a DT 43431 8729 25 rule rule NN 43431 8729 26 the the DT 43431 8729 27 upper upper JJ 43431 8729 28 canines canine NNS 43431 8729 29 are be VBP 43431 8729 30 absent absent JJ 43431 8729 31 too too RB 43431 8729 32 , , , 43431 8729 33 while while IN 43431 8729 34 the the DT 43431 8729 35 lower low JJR 43431 8729 36 canines canine NNS 43431 8729 37 are be VBP 43431 8729 38 incisiform incisiform JJ 43431 8729 39 . . . 43431 8730 1 The the DT 43431 8730 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 8730 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8730 4 are be VBP 43431 8730 5 typically typically RB 43431 8730 6 selenodont selenodont NN 43431 8730 7 , , , 43431 8730 8 and and CC 43431 8730 9 in in IN 43431 8730 10 the the DT 43431 8730 11 lower low JJR 43431 8730 12 jaw jaw NN 43431 8730 13 form form VBP 43431 8730 14 a a DT 43431 8730 15 continuous continuous JJ 43431 8730 16 series series NN 43431 8730 17 separated separate VBN 43431 8730 18 by by IN 43431 8730 19 a a DT 43431 8730 20 wide wide JJ 43431 8730 21 diastema diastema NN 43431 8730 22 from from IN 43431 8730 23 the the DT 43431 8730 24 canines canine NNS 43431 8730 25 . . . 43431 8731 1 The the DT 43431 8731 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8731 3 formula formula NN 43431 8731 4 is be VBZ 43431 8731 5 usually usually RB 43431 8731 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8731 7 i i PRP 43431 8731 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8731 9 0/3 0/3 CD 43431 8731 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8731 11 c c NNP 43431 8731 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8731 13 0 0 CD 43431 8731 14 - - SYM 43431 8731 15 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8731 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8731 17 pm pm NN 43431 8731 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8731 19 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8731 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8731 21 m m NNP 43431 8731 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8731 23 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8731 24 . . . 43431 8732 1 The the DT 43431 8732 2 canines canine NNS 43431 8732 3 are be VBP 43431 8732 4 largely largely RB 43431 8732 5 developed develop VBN 43431 8732 6 in in IN 43431 8732 7 the the DT 43431 8732 8 male male NN 43431 8732 9 Muskdeer Muskdeer NNP 43431 8732 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8732 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8732 12 Moschus Moschus NNP 43431 8732 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8732 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8732 15 and and CC 43431 8732 16 in in IN 43431 8732 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8732 18 Hydropotes Hydropotes NNP 43431 8732 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8732 20 . . . 43431 8733 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8733 2 PERISSODACTYLA PERISSODACTYLA NNP 43431 8733 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8733 4 . . . 43431 8734 1 The the DT 43431 8734 2 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8734 3 and and CC 43431 8734 4 molars molar NNS 43431 8734 5 have have VBP 43431 8734 6 a a DT 43431 8734 7 very very RB 43431 8734 8 similar similar JJ 43431 8734 9 structure structure NN 43431 8734 10 and and CC 43431 8734 11 form form VB 43431 8734 12 a a DT 43431 8734 13 continuous continuous JJ 43431 8734 14 series series NN 43431 8734 15 of of IN 43431 8734 16 large large JJ 43431 8734 17 square square JJ 43431 8734 18 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8734 19 with with IN 43431 8734 20 complex complex JJ 43431 8734 21 crowns crown NNS 43431 8734 22 . . . 43431 8735 1 The the DT 43431 8735 2 crowns crown NNS 43431 8735 3 are be VBP 43431 8735 4 always always RB 43431 8735 5 constructed construct VBN 43431 8735 6 on on IN 43431 8735 7 some some DT 43431 8735 8 modification modification NN 43431 8735 9 of of IN 43431 8735 10 the the DT 43431 8735 11 bilophodont[159 bilophodont[159 NN 43431 8735 12 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8735 13 plan plan NN 43431 8735 14 , , , 43431 8735 15 as as IN 43431 8735 16 is be VBZ 43431 8735 17 easily easily RB 43431 8735 18 seen see VBN 43431 8735 19 in in IN 43431 8735 20 the the DT 43431 8735 21 case case NN 43431 8735 22 of of IN 43431 8735 23 the the DT 43431 8735 24 forms form NNS 43431 8735 25 with with IN 43431 8735 26 brachydont brachydont NN 43431 8735 27 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8735 28 , , , 43431 8735 29 but but CC 43431 8735 30 in in IN 43431 8735 31 animals animal NNS 43431 8735 32 like like IN 43431 8735 33 the the DT 43431 8735 34 Horse Horse NNP 43431 8735 35 , , , 43431 8735 36 in in IN 43431 8735 37 which which WDT 43431 8735 38 the the DT 43431 8735 39 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8735 40 are be VBP 43431 8735 41 very very RB 43431 8735 42 hypsodont hypsodont JJ 43431 8735 43 , , , 43431 8735 44 this this DT 43431 8735 45 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 8735 46 is be VBZ 43431 8735 47 hard hard JJ 43431 8735 48 to to TO 43431 8735 49 trace trace VB 43431 8735 50 . . . 43431 8736 1 All all DT 43431 8736 2 four four CD 43431 8736 3 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8736 4 in in IN 43431 8736 5 the the DT 43431 8736 6 upper upper JJ 43431 8736 7 jaw jaw NN 43431 8736 8 are be VBP 43431 8736 9 preceded precede VBN 43431 8736 10 by by IN 43431 8736 11 milk milk NN 43431 8736 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8736 13 , , , 43431 8736 14 while while IN 43431 8736 15 in in IN 43431 8736 16 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 8736 17 the the DT 43431 8736 18 first first JJ 43431 8736 19 has have VBZ 43431 8736 20 no no DT 43431 8736 21 milk milk NN 43431 8736 22 predecessors predecessor NNS 43431 8736 23 . . . 43431 8737 1 In in IN 43431 8737 2 the the DT 43431 8737 3 Tapiridae Tapiridae NNP 43431 8737 4 the the DT 43431 8737 5 grinding grind VBG 43431 8737 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8737 7 are be VBP 43431 8737 8 brachydont brachydont NNP 43431 8737 9 and and CC 43431 8737 10 the the DT 43431 8737 11 lower low JJR 43431 8737 12 ones one NNS 43431 8737 13 are be VBP 43431 8737 14 typically typically RB 43431 8737 15 bilophodont bilophodont JJ 43431 8737 16 . . . 43431 8738 1 The the DT 43431 8738 2 last last JJ 43431 8738 3 two two CD 43431 8738 4 upper upper JJ 43431 8738 5 molars molar NNS 43431 8738 6 have have VBP 43431 8738 7 the the DT 43431 8738 8 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8738 9 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8738 10 united unite VBN 43431 8738 11 by by IN 43431 8738 12 an an DT 43431 8738 13 outer outer JJ 43431 8738 14 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 8738 15 ridge ridge NN 43431 8738 16 . . . 43431 8739 1 The the DT 43431 8739 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 8739 3 is be VBZ 43431 8739 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8739 5 i i PRP 43431 8739 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8739 7 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8739 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8739 9 c c NNP 43431 8739 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8739 11 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8739 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8739 13 pm pm NN 43431 8739 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8739 15 4/3 4/3 CD 43431 8739 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8739 17 m m NNP 43431 8739 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8739 19 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8739 20 , , , 43431 8739 21 total total JJ 43431 8739 22 42 42 CD 43431 8739 23 . . . 43431 8740 1 In in IN 43431 8740 2 some some DT 43431 8740 3 of of IN 43431 8740 4 the the DT 43431 8740 5 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8740 6 Perissodactyles perissodactyle NNS 43431 8740 7 such such JJ 43431 8740 8 as as IN 43431 8740 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8740 10 Lophiodon_[160 Lophiodon_[160 NNP 43431 8740 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8740 12 , , , 43431 8740 13 the the DT 43431 8740 14 dentition dentition NN 43431 8740 15 is be VBZ 43431 8740 16 brachydont brachydont NNP 43431 8740 17 and and CC 43431 8740 18 bilophodont bilophodont NN 43431 8740 19 , , , 43431 8740 20 the the DT 43431 8740 21 grinding grind VBG 43431 8740 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8740 23 in in IN 43431 8740 24 general general JJ 43431 8740 25 resembling resemble VBG 43431 8740 26 the the DT 43431 8740 27 posterior posterior NN 43431 8740 28 upper upper JJ 43431 8740 29 molars molar NNS 43431 8740 30 of of IN 43431 8740 31 the the DT 43431 8740 32 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 8740 33 . . . 43431 8741 1 The the DT 43431 8741 2 same same JJ 43431 8741 3 type type NN 43431 8741 4 of of IN 43431 8741 5 brachydont brachydont NNP 43431 8741 6 tooth tooth NNP 43431 8741 7 is be VBZ 43431 8741 8 seen see VBN 43431 8741 9 in in IN 43431 8741 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8741 11 Palaeotherium Palaeotherium NNP 43431 8741 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8741 13 but but CC 43431 8741 14 the the DT 43431 8741 15 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8741 16 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8741 17 are be VBP 43431 8741 18 crescentic crescentic JJ 43431 8741 19 instead instead RB 43431 8741 20 of of IN 43431 8741 21 straight straight JJ 43431 8741 22 , , , 43431 8741 23 and and CC 43431 8741 24 are be VBP 43431 8741 25 separated separate VBN 43431 8741 26 from from IN 43431 8741 27 one one CD 43431 8741 28 another another DT 43431 8741 29 by by IN 43431 8741 30 shallow shallow JJ 43431 8741 31 valleys valley NNS 43431 8741 32 without without IN 43431 8741 33 cement cement NN 43431 8741 34 . . . 43431 8742 1 Some some DT 43431 8742 2 of of IN 43431 8742 3 the the DT 43431 8742 4 Palaeotheridae Palaeotheridae NNP 43431 8742 5 have have VBP 43431 8742 6 the the DT 43431 8742 7 regular regular JJ 43431 8742 8 series series NN 43431 8742 9 of of IN 43431 8742 10 forty forty CD 43431 8742 11 - - HYPH 43431 8742 12 four four CD 43431 8742 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8742 14 . . . 43431 8743 1 A a DT 43431 8743 2 complete complete JJ 43431 8743 3 series series NN 43431 8743 4 of of IN 43431 8743 5 forms form NNS 43431 8743 6 is be VBZ 43431 8743 7 known know VBN 43431 8743 8 showing show VBG 43431 8743 9 how how WRB 43431 8743 10 from from IN 43431 8743 11 the the DT 43431 8743 12 simple simple JJ 43431 8743 13 brachydont brachydont NN 43431 8743 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8743 15 of of IN 43431 8743 16 the the DT 43431 8743 17 Palaeotheridae Palaeotheridae NNP 43431 8743 18 , , , 43431 8743 19 were be VBD 43431 8743 20 derived derive VBN 43431 8743 21 the the DT 43431 8743 22 complicated complicated JJ 43431 8743 23 hypsodont hypsodont JJ 43431 8743 24 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8743 25 of of IN 43431 8743 26 the the DT 43431 8743 27 Equidae Equidae NNP 43431 8743 28 . . . 43431 8744 1 The the DT 43431 8744 2 increase increase NN 43431 8744 3 in in IN 43431 8744 4 depth depth NN 43431 8744 5 of of IN 43431 8744 6 the the DT 43431 8744 7 tooth tooth NN 43431 8744 8 was be VBD 43431 8744 9 accompanied accompany VBN 43431 8744 10 by by IN 43431 8744 11 increase increase NN 43431 8744 12 in in IN 43431 8744 13 the the DT 43431 8744 14 depth depth NN 43431 8744 15 and and CC 43431 8744 16 complexity complexity NN 43431 8744 17 of of IN 43431 8744 18 the the DT 43431 8744 19 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8744 20 infoldings infolding NNS 43431 8744 21 , , , 43431 8744 22 and and CC 43431 8744 23 of of IN 43431 8744 24 the the DT 43431 8744 25 cement cement NN 43431 8744 26 filling fill VBG 43431 8744 27 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8744 28 . . . 43431 8745 1 Both both DT 43431 8745 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8745 3 and and CC 43431 8745 4 lower low JJR 43431 8745 5 grinding grind VBG 43431 8745 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8745 7 of of IN 43431 8745 8 the the DT 43431 8745 9 Equidae Equidae NNP 43431 8745 10 are be VBP 43431 8745 11 much much RB 43431 8745 12 complicated complicate VBN 43431 8745 13 by by IN 43431 8745 14 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8745 15 infoldings infolding NNS 43431 8745 16 , , , 43431 8745 17 but but CC 43431 8745 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8745 19 derivation derivation NN 43431 8745 20 from from IN 43431 8745 21 the the DT 43431 8745 22 bilophodont bilophodont NN 43431 8745 23 type type NN 43431 8745 24 can can MD 43431 8745 25 still still RB 43431 8745 26 be be VB 43431 8745 27 recognised recognise VBN 43431 8745 28 . . . 43431 8746 1 The the DT 43431 8746 2 diastema diastema NN 43431 8746 3 in in IN 43431 8746 4 front front NN 43431 8746 5 of of IN 43431 8746 6 the the DT 43431 8746 7 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8746 8 is be VBZ 43431 8746 9 longer long JJR 43431 8746 10 in in IN 43431 8746 11 the the DT 43431 8746 12 living live VBG 43431 8746 13 Equidae equidae NN 43431 8746 14 than than IN 43431 8746 15 in in IN 43431 8746 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8746 17 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8746 18 allies ally NNS 43431 8746 19 . . . 43431 8747 1 In in IN 43431 8747 2 the the DT 43431 8747 3 adult adult NN 43431 8747 4 horse horse NN 43431 8747 5 the the DT 43431 8747 6 dental dental JJ 43431 8747 7 formula formula NN 43431 8747 8 is be VBZ 43431 8747 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8747 10 i i PRP 43431 8747 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8747 12 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8747 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8747 14 c c NNP 43431 8747 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8747 16 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8747 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8747 18 pm pm NN 43431 8747 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8747 20 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8747 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8747 22 m m NNP 43431 8747 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8747 24 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8747 25 , , , 43431 8747 26 total total JJ 43431 8747 27 40 40 CD 43431 8747 28 , , , 43431 8747 29 with with IN 43431 8747 30 often often RB 43431 8747 31 a a DT 43431 8747 32 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8747 33 first first JJ 43431 8747 34 upper upper JJ 43431 8747 35 premolar premolar NN 43431 8747 36 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8747 37 fig fig NN 43431 8747 38 . . . 43431 8748 1 82 82 CD 43431 8748 2 , , , 43431 8748 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8748 4 pm pm NN 43431 8748 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8748 6 1 1 CD 43431 8748 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8748 8 . . . 43431 8749 1 The the DT 43431 8749 2 last last JJ 43431 8749 3 molar molar NN 43431 8749 4 is be VBZ 43431 8749 5 not not RB 43431 8749 6 more more RBR 43431 8749 7 complex complex JJ 43431 8749 8 than than IN 43431 8749 9 the the DT 43431 8749 10 others other NNS 43431 8749 11 , , , 43431 8749 12 and and CC 43431 8749 13 in in IN 43431 8749 14 the the DT 43431 8749 15 female female NN 43431 8749 16 the the DT 43431 8749 17 canine canine NN 43431 8749 18 is be VBZ 43431 8749 19 quite quite RB 43431 8749 20 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8749 21 . . . 43431 8750 1 The the DT 43431 8750 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8750 3 are be VBP 43431 8750 4 large large JJ 43431 8750 5 and and CC 43431 8750 6 adapted adapt VBN 43431 8750 7 for for IN 43431 8750 8 cutting cutting NN 43431 8750 9 and and CC 43431 8750 10 have have VBP 43431 8750 11 the the DT 43431 8750 12 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8750 13 curiously curiously RB 43431 8750 14 folded fold VBN 43431 8750 15 in in IN 43431 8750 16 forming form VBG 43431 8750 17 a a DT 43431 8750 18 deep deep JJ 43431 8750 19 pit pit NN 43431 8750 20 . . . 43431 8751 1 The the DT 43431 8751 2 milk milk NN 43431 8751 3 dentition dentition NN 43431 8751 4 is be VBZ 43431 8751 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8751 6 di di FW 43431 8751 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8751 8 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8751 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8751 10 dc dc NNP 43431 8751 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8751 12 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8751 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8751 14 dpm dpm NNP 43431 8751 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8751 16 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8751 17 , , , 43431 8751 18 total total JJ 43431 8751 19 24 24 CD 43431 8751 20 . . . 43431 8752 1 The the DT 43431 8752 2 last last JJ 43431 8752 3 milk milk NN 43431 8752 4 premolar premolar JJ 43431 8752 5 is be VBZ 43431 8752 6 not not RB 43431 8752 7 more more RBR 43431 8752 8 complex complex JJ 43431 8752 9 than than IN 43431 8752 10 the the DT 43431 8752 11 premolar premolar NN 43431 8752 12 that that WDT 43431 8752 13 succeeds succeed VBZ 43431 8752 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 8752 15 . . . 43431 8753 1 The the DT 43431 8753 2 horse horse NN 43431 8753 3 affords afford VBZ 43431 8753 4 an an DT 43431 8753 5 excellent excellent JJ 43431 8753 6 instance instance NN 43431 8753 7 of of IN 43431 8753 8 a a DT 43431 8753 9 typically typically RB 43431 8753 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8753 11 herbivorous herbivorous JJ 43431 8753 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8753 13 type type NN 43431 8753 14 of of IN 43431 8753 15 dentition dentition NN 43431 8753 16 , , , 43431 8753 17 the the DT 43431 8753 18 cutting cut VBG 43431 8753 19 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8753 20 , , , 43431 8753 21 reduced reduced JJ 43431 8753 22 canines canine NNS 43431 8753 23 and and CC 43431 8753 24 series series NN 43431 8753 25 of of IN 43431 8753 26 large large JJ 43431 8753 27 square square JJ 43431 8753 28 flat flat RB 43431 8753 29 - - HYPH 43431 8753 30 crowned crowned JJ 43431 8753 31 grinding grinding NN 43431 8753 32 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8753 33 being be VBG 43431 8753 34 most most RBS 43431 8753 35 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 8753 36 . . . 43431 8754 1 In in IN 43431 8754 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8754 3 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 8754 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8754 5 the the DT 43431 8754 6 grinding grind VBG 43431 8754 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8754 8 are be VBP 43431 8754 9 much much RB 43431 8754 10 like like IN 43431 8754 11 those those DT 43431 8754 12 of of IN 43431 8754 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8754 14 Lophiodon Lophiodon NNP 43431 8754 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8754 16 , , , 43431 8754 17 having have VBG 43431 8754 18 an an DT 43431 8754 19 outer outer JJ 43431 8754 20 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 8754 21 ridge ridge NN 43431 8754 22 from from IN 43431 8754 23 which which WDT 43431 8754 24 two two CD 43431 8754 25 crescentic crescentic JJ 43431 8754 26 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8754 27 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8754 28 diverge diverge NN 43431 8754 29 . . . 43431 8755 1 The the DT 43431 8755 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8755 3 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8755 4 are be VBP 43431 8755 5 as as RB 43431 8755 6 complex complex JJ 43431 8755 7 as as IN 43431 8755 8 the the DT 43431 8755 9 molars molar NNS 43431 8755 10 , , , 43431 8755 11 and and CC 43431 8755 12 there there EX 43431 8755 13 are be VBP 43431 8755 14 no no DT 43431 8755 15 canines canine NNS 43431 8755 16 ; ; : 43431 8755 17 in in IN 43431 8755 18 some some DT 43431 8755 19 species specie NNS 43431 8755 20 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8755 21 also also RB 43431 8755 22 are be VBP 43431 8755 23 absent absent JJ 43431 8755 24 . . . 43431 8756 1 The the DT 43431 8756 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8756 3 formula formula NN 43431 8756 4 is be VBZ 43431 8756 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8756 6 i i PRP 43431 8756 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8756 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8756 9 0 0 CD 43431 8756 10 - - HYPH 43431 8756 11 -2)/(0 -2)/(0 NN 43431 8756 12 - - HYPH 43431 8756 13 -1 -1 '' 43431 8756 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8756 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8756 16 c c NNP 43431 8756 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8756 18 0/(0 0/(0 NNP 43431 8756 19 - - HYPH 43431 8756 20 -1 -1 '' 43431 8756 21 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8756 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8756 23 pm pm NN 43431 8756 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8756 25 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8756 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8756 27 m m NNP 43431 8756 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8756 29 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8756 30 . . . 43431 8757 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8757 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8757 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8757 4 . . . 43431 8758 1 82 82 CD 43431 8758 2 . . . 43431 8759 1 PALATAL PALATAL NNP 43431 8759 2 ASPECT ASPECT NNP 43431 8759 3 OF of IN 43431 8759 4 THE the DT 43431 8759 5 CRANIUM CRANIUM NNP 43431 8759 6 AND and CC 43431 8759 7 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNP 43431 8759 8 OF of IN 43431 8759 9 A a DT 43431 8759 10 DONKEY DONKEY NNP 43431 8759 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8759 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8759 13 Equus Equus NNP 43431 8759 14 asinus asinus NN 43431 8759 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8759 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8759 17 à à NNP 43431 8759 18 � � NNP 43431 8759 19 1/5 1/5 CD 43431 8759 20 . . . 43431 8760 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8760 2 Camb camb NN 43431 8760 3 . . . 43431 8761 1 Mus mus NN 43431 8761 2 . . . 43431 8761 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8762 1 1 1 LS 43431 8762 2 . . . 43431 8762 3 supra supra NNP 43431 8762 4 - - HYPH 43431 8762 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 8762 6 . . . 43431 8763 1 2 2 LS 43431 8763 2 . . . 43431 8763 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 8763 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 8763 5 . . . 43431 8764 1 3 3 LS 43431 8764 2 . . . 43431 8764 3 basi basi NN 43431 8764 4 - - HYPH 43431 8764 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 8764 6 . . . 43431 8765 1 4 4 LS 43431 8765 2 . . . 43431 8765 3 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 8765 4 representing represent VBG 43431 8765 5 the the DT 43431 8765 6 confluent confluent JJ 43431 8765 7 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8765 8 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8765 9 posterius posterius NN 43431 8765 10 and and CC 43431 8765 11 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8765 12 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 8765 13 medium medium NN 43431 8765 14 . . . 43431 8766 1 5 5 LS 43431 8766 2 . . . 43431 8766 3 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8766 4 bulla bulla NNP 43431 8766 5 . . . 43431 8767 1 6 6 LS 43431 8767 2 . . . 43431 8767 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 8767 4 surface surface NN 43431 8767 5 . . . 43431 8768 1 7 7 LS 43431 8768 2 . . . 43431 8768 3 vomer vomer NN 43431 8768 4 . . . 43431 8769 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8769 2 i i PRP 43431 8769 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8769 4 1 1 CD 43431 8769 5 , , , 43431 8769 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8769 7 i i PRP 43431 8769 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8769 9 3 3 CD 43431 8769 10 . . . 43431 8769 11 first first JJ 43431 8769 12 and and CC 43431 8769 13 third third JJ 43431 8769 14 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8769 15 . . . 43431 8770 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8770 2 c. c. NNP 43431 8770 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8770 4 canine canine NN 43431 8770 5 . . . 43431 8771 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8771 2 pm pm NNP 43431 8771 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8771 4 1 1 CD 43431 8771 5 , , , 43431 8771 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8771 7 pm pm NN 43431 8771 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8771 9 2 2 CD 43431 8771 10 . . . 43431 8771 11 first first JJ 43431 8771 12 and and CC 43431 8771 13 second second JJ 43431 8771 14 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8771 15 . . . 43431 8772 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8772 2 m m NNP 43431 8772 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8772 4 1 1 CD 43431 8772 5 . . . 43431 8772 6 first first NNP 43431 8772 7 molar molar NNP 43431 8772 8 . . . 43431 8772 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8773 1 Among among IN 43431 8773 2 the the DT 43431 8773 3 Titanotheriidae Titanotheriidae NNP 43431 8773 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8773 5 Palaeosyops_[161 Palaeosyops_[161 NNP 43431 8773 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8773 7 has have VBZ 43431 8773 8 very very RB 43431 8773 9 brachydont brachydont NN 43431 8773 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8773 11 whose whose WP$ 43431 8773 12 crowns crown NNS 43431 8773 13 have have VBP 43431 8773 14 been be VBN 43431 8773 15 described describe VBN 43431 8773 16 as as IN 43431 8773 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8773 18 buno buno NNP 43431 8773 19 - - HYPH 43431 8773 20 selenodont selenodont NNP 43431 8773 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8773 22 , , , 43431 8773 23 the the DT 43431 8773 24 inner inner JJ 43431 8773 25 pair pair NN 43431 8773 26 of of IN 43431 8773 27 columns column NNS 43431 8773 28 being be VBG 43431 8773 29 bunodont bunodont NN 43431 8773 30 , , , 43431 8773 31 the the DT 43431 8773 32 outer outer JJ 43431 8773 33 , , , 43431 8773 34 selenodont selenodont NN 43431 8773 35 . . . 43431 8774 1 Similar similar JJ 43431 8774 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 8774 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8774 4 occur occur VBP 43431 8774 5 in in IN 43431 8774 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8774 7 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 8774 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8774 9 . . . 43431 8775 1 Some some DT 43431 8775 2 of of IN 43431 8775 3 the the DT 43431 8775 4 Titanotheriidae Titanotheriidae NNP 43431 8775 5 have have VBP 43431 8775 6 the the DT 43431 8775 7 regular regular JJ 43431 8775 8 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8775 9 series series NN 43431 8775 10 of of IN 43431 8775 11 forty forty CD 43431 8775 12 - - HYPH 43431 8775 13 four four CD 43431 8775 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8775 15 . . . 43431 8776 1 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 8776 2 . . . 43431 8777 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8777 2 TOXODONTIA TOXODONTIA NNP 43431 8777 3 . . . 43431 8777 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8777 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8777 6 Nesodon Nesodon NNP 43431 8777 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8777 8 has have VBZ 43431 8777 9 the the DT 43431 8777 10 regular regular JJ 43431 8777 11 dental dental JJ 43431 8777 12 formula formula NN 43431 8777 13 ; ; : 43431 8777 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8777 15 grinding grind VBG 43431 8777 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8777 17 are be VBP 43431 8777 18 rooted root VBN 43431 8777 19 and and CC 43431 8777 20 the the DT 43431 8777 21 upper upper JJ 43431 8777 22 ones one NNS 43431 8777 23 resemble resemble VBP 43431 8777 24 those those DT 43431 8777 25 of of IN 43431 8777 26 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 8777 27 . . . 43431 8778 1 The the DT 43431 8778 2 second second JJ 43431 8778 3 upper upper JJ 43431 8778 4 and and CC 43431 8778 5 third third JJ 43431 8778 6 lower low JJR 43431 8778 7 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8778 8 form form VBP 43431 8778 9 ever ever RB 43431 8778 10 - - HYPH 43431 8778 11 growing grow VBG 43431 8778 12 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8778 13 . . . 43431 8779 1 There there EX 43431 8779 2 is be VBZ 43431 8779 3 a a DT 43431 8779 4 marked marked JJ 43431 8779 5 difference difference NN 43431 8779 6 between between IN 43431 8779 7 the the DT 43431 8779 8 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 8779 9 and and CC 43431 8779 10 permanent permanent JJ 43431 8779 11 dentition dentition NN 43431 8779 12 . . . 43431 8780 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8780 2 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 8780 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8780 4 likewise likewise RB 43431 8780 5 has have VBZ 43431 8780 6 large large JJ 43431 8780 7 rooted rooted JJ 43431 8780 8 cheek cheek NN 43431 8780 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8780 10 of of IN 43431 8780 11 a a DT 43431 8780 12 rhinocerotic rhinocerotic JJ 43431 8780 13 type type NN 43431 8780 14 , , , 43431 8780 15 and and CC 43431 8780 16 each each DT 43431 8780 17 jaw jaw NN 43431 8780 18 bears bear VBZ 43431 8780 19 a a DT 43431 8780 20 pair pair NN 43431 8780 21 of of IN 43431 8780 22 permanently permanently RB 43431 8780 23 growing grow VBG 43431 8780 24 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8780 25 , , , 43431 8780 26 those those DT 43431 8780 27 of of IN 43431 8780 28 the the DT 43431 8780 29 lower low JJR 43431 8780 30 jaw jaw NN 43431 8780 31 being be VBG 43431 8780 32 the the DT 43431 8780 33 canines canine NNS 43431 8780 34 . . . 43431 8781 1 The the DT 43431 8781 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8781 3 formula formula NN 43431 8781 4 is be VBZ 43431 8781 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8781 6 i i PRP 43431 8781 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8781 8 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 8781 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8781 10 c c NNP 43431 8781 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8781 12 0/1 0/1 CD 43431 8781 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8781 14 pm pm NN 43431 8781 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8781 16 2/1 2/1 CD 43431 8781 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8781 18 m m NNP 43431 8781 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8781 20 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8781 21 , , , 43431 8781 22 total total JJ 43431 8781 23 28 28 CD 43431 8781 24 . . . 43431 8782 1 In in IN 43431 8782 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8782 3 Toxodon Toxodon NNP 43431 8782 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8782 5 the the DT 43431 8782 6 upper upper JJ 43431 8782 7 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8782 8 and and CC 43431 8782 9 molars molar NNS 43431 8782 10 are be VBP 43431 8782 11 large large JJ 43431 8782 12 and and CC 43431 8782 13 curved curved JJ 43431 8782 14 and and CC 43431 8782 15 all all PDT 43431 8782 16 the the DT 43431 8782 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8782 18 have have VBP 43431 8782 19 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8782 20 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8782 21 . . . 43431 8783 1 In in IN 43431 8783 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8783 3 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 8783 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8783 5 there there EX 43431 8783 6 are be VBP 43431 8783 7 no no DT 43431 8783 8 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8783 9 , , , 43431 8783 10 but but CC 43431 8783 11 the the DT 43431 8783 12 upper upper JJ 43431 8783 13 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8783 14 are be VBP 43431 8783 15 chisel chisel NN 43431 8783 16 - - HYPH 43431 8783 17 like like JJ 43431 8783 18 , , , 43431 8783 19 recalling recall VBG 43431 8783 20 those those DT 43431 8783 21 of of IN 43431 8783 22 Rodents Rodents NNP 43431 8783 23 . . . 43431 8784 1 The the DT 43431 8784 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8784 3 CONDYLARTHRA CONDYLARTHRA NNP 43431 8784 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8784 5 have have VBP 43431 8784 6 brachydont brachydont NNP 43431 8784 7 , , , 43431 8784 8 generally generally RB 43431 8784 9 bunodont bunodont VBP 43431 8784 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8784 11 , , , 43431 8784 12 with with IN 43431 8784 13 the the DT 43431 8784 14 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8784 15 simpler simple JJR 43431 8784 16 than than IN 43431 8784 17 the the DT 43431 8784 18 molars molar NNS 43431 8784 19 . . . 43431 8785 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8785 2 generally generally RB 43431 8785 3 have have VBP 43431 8785 4 the the DT 43431 8785 5 regular regular JJ 43431 8785 6 dental dental JJ 43431 8785 7 formula formula NN 43431 8785 8 . . . 43431 8786 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 2 HYRACOIDEA HYRACOIDEA NNP 43431 8786 3 . . . 43431 8786 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 5 The the DT 43431 8786 6 dental dental JJ 43431 8786 7 formula formula NN 43431 8786 8 of of IN 43431 8786 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 10 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 8786 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 12 is be VBZ 43431 8786 13 usually usually RB 43431 8786 14 given give VBN 43431 8786 15 as as IN 43431 8786 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 17 i i PRP 43431 8786 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 19 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 8786 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 21 c c NNP 43431 8786 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 23 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8786 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 25 pm pm NN 43431 8786 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 27 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8786 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 29 m m NNP 43431 8786 30 _ _ NNP 43431 8786 31 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8786 32 , , , 43431 8786 33 total total JJ 43431 8786 34 34 34 CD 43431 8786 35 ; ; : 43431 8786 36 in in IN 43431 8786 37 young young JJ 43431 8786 38 individuals individual NNS 43431 8786 39 however however RB 43431 8786 40 there there EX 43431 8786 41 occur occur VBP 43431 8786 42 a a DT 43431 8786 43 second second JJ 43431 8786 44 pair pair NN 43431 8786 45 of of IN 43431 8786 46 upper upper JJ 43431 8786 47 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8786 48 which which WDT 43431 8786 49 early early RB 43431 8786 50 fall fall VBP 43431 8786 51 out out RP 43431 8786 52 . . . 43431 8787 1 The the DT 43431 8787 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8787 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8787 4 resemble resemble VBP 43431 8787 5 those those DT 43431 8787 6 of of IN 43431 8787 7 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 8787 8 in in IN 43431 8787 9 being be VBG 43431 8787 10 long long JJ 43431 8787 11 and and CC 43431 8787 12 curved curved JJ 43431 8787 13 and and CC 43431 8787 14 growing grow VBG 43431 8787 15 from from IN 43431 8787 16 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8787 17 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8787 18 . . . 43431 8788 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 8788 2 are be VBP 43431 8788 3 however however RB 43431 8788 4 triangular triangular JJ 43431 8788 5 in in IN 43431 8788 6 transverse transverse NNP 43431 8788 7 section section NN 43431 8788 8 , , , 43431 8788 9 not not RB 43431 8788 10 rectangular rectangular JJ 43431 8788 11 , , , 43431 8788 12 having have VBG 43431 8788 13 two two CD 43431 8788 14 antero antero NNS 43431 8788 15 - - HYPH 43431 8788 16 lateral lateral JJ 43431 8788 17 faces face NNS 43431 8788 18 covered cover VBN 43431 8788 19 with with IN 43431 8788 20 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8788 21 and and CC 43431 8788 22 a a DT 43431 8788 23 posterior posterior NN 43431 8788 24 face face NN 43431 8788 25 without without IN 43431 8788 26 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8788 27 . . . 43431 8789 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8789 2 terminations termination NNS 43431 8789 3 are be VBP 43431 8789 4 pointed pointed JJ 43431 8789 5 , , , 43431 8789 6 not not RB 43431 8789 7 chisel chisel NN 43431 8789 8 - - HYPH 43431 8789 9 shaped shape VBN 43431 8789 10 as as IN 43431 8789 11 in in IN 43431 8789 12 Rodents Rodents NNP 43431 8789 13 . . . 43431 8790 1 The the DT 43431 8790 2 lower low JJR 43431 8790 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8790 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8790 5 fig fig NN 43431 8790 6 . . . 43431 8791 1 83 83 CD 43431 8791 2 , , , 43431 8791 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8791 4 i i PRP 43431 8791 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8791 6 1 1 CD 43431 8791 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8791 8 are be VBP 43431 8791 9 pectinate pectinate JJ 43431 8791 10 or or CC 43431 8791 11 partially partially RB 43431 8791 12 divided divide VBN 43431 8791 13 by by IN 43431 8791 14 vertical vertical JJ 43431 8791 15 fissures fissure NNS 43431 8791 16 , , , 43431 8791 17 and and CC 43431 8791 18 the the DT 43431 8791 19 grinding grind VBG 43431 8791 20 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8791 21 are be VBP 43431 8791 22 of of IN 43431 8791 23 the the DT 43431 8791 24 rhinocerotic rhinocerotic JJ 43431 8791 25 type type NN 43431 8791 26 . . . 43431 8792 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8792 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8792 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8792 4 . . . 43431 8793 1 83 83 CD 43431 8793 2 . . . 43431 8794 1 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 8794 2 OF of IN 43431 8794 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8794 4 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 8794 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8794 6 Dendrohyrax Dendrohyrax NNP 43431 8794 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8794 8 dorsalis dorsalis NNP 43431 8794 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8794 10 à à NNP 43431 8794 11 � � NNP 43431 8794 12 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 8794 13 . . . 43431 8795 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8795 2 Camb camb NN 43431 8795 3 . . . 43431 8796 1 Mus mus NN 43431 8796 2 . . . 43431 8796 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8797 1 1 1 LS 43431 8797 2 . . . 43431 8797 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 8797 4 . . . 43431 8798 1 2 2 LS 43431 8798 2 . . . 43431 8798 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 8798 4 . . . 43431 8799 1 3 3 LS 43431 8799 2 . . . 43431 8799 3 external external JJ 43431 8799 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 8799 5 meatus meatus NNP 43431 8799 6 . . . 43431 8800 1 4 4 LS 43431 8800 2 . . . 43431 8800 3 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 8800 4 process process NN 43431 8800 5 of of IN 43431 8800 6 the the DT 43431 8800 7 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 8800 8 . . . 43431 8801 1 5 5 LS 43431 8801 2 . . . 43431 8801 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 8801 4 . . . 43431 8802 1 6 6 LS 43431 8802 2 . . . 43431 8802 3 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 8802 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 8802 5 . . . 43431 8803 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8803 2 i i PRP 43431 8803 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8803 4 1 1 CD 43431 8803 5 . . . 43431 8803 6 first first JJ 43431 8803 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 8803 8 . . . 43431 8803 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8804 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8804 2 AMBLYPODA AMBLYPODA NNP 43431 8804 3 . . . 43431 8804 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8804 5 Two two CD 43431 8804 6 of of IN 43431 8804 7 the the DT 43431 8804 8 best well RBS 43431 8804 9 known know VBN 43431 8804 10 forms form NNS 43431 8804 11 belonging belong VBG 43431 8804 12 to to IN 43431 8804 13 this this DT 43431 8804 14 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8804 15 group group NN 43431 8804 16 differ differ VBP 43431 8804 17 much much RB 43431 8804 18 as as IN 43431 8804 19 regards regard VBZ 43431 8804 20 dentition dentition NN 43431 8804 21 . . . 43431 8805 1 For for IN 43431 8805 2 while while IN 43431 8805 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8805 4 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 8805 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8805 6 has have VBZ 43431 8805 7 the the DT 43431 8805 8 regular regular JJ 43431 8805 9 dental dental JJ 43431 8805 10 formula formula NN 43431 8805 11 , , , 43431 8805 12 and and CC 43431 8805 13 the the DT 43431 8805 14 canines canine NNS 43431 8805 15 of of IN 43431 8805 16 both both DT 43431 8805 17 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8805 18 of of IN 43431 8805 19 moderate moderate JJ 43431 8805 20 size size NN 43431 8805 21 , , , 43431 8805 22 in in IN 43431 8805 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8805 24 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 8805 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8805 26 the the DT 43431 8805 27 dentition dentition NN 43431 8805 28 is be VBZ 43431 8805 29 very very RB 43431 8805 30 specialised specialised JJ 43431 8805 31 , , , 43431 8805 32 there there EX 43431 8805 33 are be VBP 43431 8805 34 no no DT 43431 8805 35 upper upper JJ 43431 8805 36 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8805 37 , , , 43431 8805 38 and and CC 43431 8805 39 the the DT 43431 8805 40 upper upper JJ 43431 8805 41 canines canine NNS 43431 8805 42 form form VBP 43431 8805 43 a a DT 43431 8805 44 pair pair NN 43431 8805 45 of of IN 43431 8805 46 enormous enormous JJ 43431 8805 47 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8805 48 . . . 43431 8806 1 The the DT 43431 8806 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 8806 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8806 4 form form VBP 43431 8806 5 a a DT 43431 8806 6 continuous continuous JJ 43431 8806 7 series series NN 43431 8806 8 marked mark VBN 43431 8806 9 by by IN 43431 8806 10 = = SYM 43431 8806 11 V=-shaped V=-shaped NNP 43431 8806 12 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8806 13 and and CC 43431 8806 14 the the DT 43431 8806 15 dental dental JJ 43431 8806 16 formula formula NN 43431 8806 17 is be VBZ 43431 8806 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8806 19 i i PRP 43431 8806 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8806 21 0/3 0/3 CD 43431 8806 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8806 23 c c NNP 43431 8806 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8806 25 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8806 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8806 27 pm pm NN 43431 8806 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8806 29 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8806 30 _ _ NNP 43431 8806 31 m m NNP 43431 8806 32 _ _ NNP 43431 8806 33 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8806 34 total total JJ 43431 8806 35 34 34 CD 43431 8806 36 . . . 43431 8807 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8807 2 PROBOSCIDEA PROBOSCIDEA NNP 43431 8807 3 . . . 43431 8807 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8807 5 The the DT 43431 8807 6 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8807 7 are be VBP 43431 8807 8 composed compose VBN 43431 8807 9 entirely entirely RB 43431 8807 10 of of IN 43431 8807 11 dentine dentine NN 43431 8807 12 and and CC 43431 8807 13 have have VB 43431 8807 14 the the DT 43431 8807 15 form form NN 43431 8807 16 of of IN 43431 8807 17 conical conical JJ 43431 8807 18 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8807 19 projecting project VBG 43431 8807 20 greatly greatly RB 43431 8807 21 from from IN 43431 8807 22 the the DT 43431 8807 23 mouth mouth NN 43431 8807 24 . . . 43431 8808 1 In in IN 43431 8808 2 living live VBG 43431 8808 3 forms form NNS 43431 8808 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8808 5 are be VBP 43431 8808 6 confined confine VBN 43431 8808 7 to to IN 43431 8808 8 the the DT 43431 8808 9 upper upper JJ 43431 8808 10 jaw jaw NN 43431 8808 11 , , , 43431 8808 12 in in IN 43431 8808 13 some some DT 43431 8808 14 species specie NNS 43431 8808 15 of of IN 43431 8808 16 the the DT 43431 8808 17 extinct extinct NN 43431 8808 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8808 19 Mastodon Mastodon NNP 43431 8808 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8808 21 however however RB 43431 8808 22 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8808 23 occur occur VBP 43431 8808 24 in in IN 43431 8808 25 the the DT 43431 8808 26 lower low JJR 43431 8808 27 jaw jaw NN 43431 8808 28 also also RB 43431 8808 29 . . . 43431 8809 1 In in IN 43431 8809 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8809 3 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 8809 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8809 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8809 6 are be VBP 43431 8809 7 probably probably RB 43431 8809 8 absent absent JJ 43431 8809 9 from from IN 43431 8809 10 the the DT 43431 8809 11 upper upper JJ 43431 8809 12 jaw jaw NN 43431 8809 13 , , , 43431 8809 14 but but CC 43431 8809 15 form form VB 43431 8809 16 a a DT 43431 8809 17 pair pair NN 43431 8809 18 of of IN 43431 8809 19 downwardly downwardly JJ 43431 8809 20 and and CC 43431 8809 21 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 8809 22 - - HYPH 43431 8809 23 directed direct VBN 43431 8809 24 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8809 25 growing grow VBG 43431 8809 26 from from IN 43431 8809 27 the the DT 43431 8809 28 elongated elongated JJ 43431 8809 29 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 8809 30 of of IN 43431 8809 31 the the DT 43431 8809 32 mandible mandible NN 43431 8809 33 . . . 43431 8810 1 The the DT 43431 8810 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 8810 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8810 4 in in IN 43431 8810 5 the the DT 43431 8810 6 various various JJ 43431 8810 7 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 8810 8 show show VBP 43431 8810 9 a a DT 43431 8810 10 very very RB 43431 8810 11 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 8810 12 series series NN 43431 8810 13 of of IN 43431 8810 14 modifications modification NNS 43431 8810 15 . . . 43431 8811 1 In in IN 43431 8811 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8811 3 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 8811 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8811 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8811 6 are be VBP 43431 8811 7 bilophodont bilophodont JJ 43431 8811 8 or or CC 43431 8811 9 else else RB 43431 8811 10 are be VBP 43431 8811 11 marked mark VBN 43431 8811 12 by by IN 43431 8811 13 three three CD 43431 8811 14 straight straight JJ 43431 8811 15 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8811 16 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8811 17 . . . 43431 8812 1 The the DT 43431 8812 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8812 3 formula formula NN 43431 8812 4 is be VBZ 43431 8812 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8812 6 i i PRP 43431 8812 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8812 8 0?/1 0?/1 NNP 43431 8812 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8812 10 c c NNP 43431 8812 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8812 12 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8812 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8812 14 pm pm NN 43431 8812 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8812 16 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8812 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8812 18 m m NNP 43431 8812 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8812 20 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8812 21 , , , 43431 8812 22 and and CC 43431 8812 23 the the DT 43431 8812 24 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8812 25 have have VBP 43431 8812 26 the the DT 43431 8812 27 normal normal JJ 43431 8812 28 method method NN 43431 8812 29 of of IN 43431 8812 30 succession succession NN 43431 8812 31 . . . 43431 8813 1 In in IN 43431 8813 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8813 3 Mastodon Mastodon NNP 43431 8813 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8813 5 as as IN 43431 8813 6 in in IN 43431 8813 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8813 8 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 8813 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8813 10 the the DT 43431 8813 11 grinding grind VBG 43431 8813 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8813 13 are be VBP 43431 8813 14 marked mark VBN 43431 8813 15 by by IN 43431 8813 16 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8813 17 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8813 18 , , , 43431 8813 19 but but CC 43431 8813 20 the the DT 43431 8813 21 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8813 22 are be VBP 43431 8813 23 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 8813 24 into into IN 43431 8813 25 conical conical JJ 43431 8813 26 or or CC 43431 8813 27 mammillary mammillary JJ 43431 8813 28 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8813 29 , , , 43431 8813 30 and and CC 43431 8813 31 similar similar JJ 43431 8813 32 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8813 33 often often RB 43431 8813 34 occur occur VBP 43431 8813 35 between between IN 43431 8813 36 the the DT 43431 8813 37 ridges ridge NNS 43431 8813 38 . . . 43431 8814 1 These these DT 43431 8814 2 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8814 3 are be VBP 43431 8814 4 covered cover VBN 43431 8814 5 with with IN 43431 8814 6 very very RB 43431 8814 7 thick thick JJ 43431 8814 8 enamel enamel NN 43431 8814 9 and and CC 43431 8814 10 the the DT 43431 8814 11 spaces space NNS 43431 8814 12 between between IN 43431 8814 13 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8814 14 are be VBP 43431 8814 15 not not RB 43431 8814 16 filled fill VBN 43431 8814 17 up up RP 43431 8814 18 with with IN 43431 8814 19 cement cement NN 43431 8814 20 . . . 43431 8815 1 There there EX 43431 8815 2 are be VBP 43431 8815 3 six six CD 43431 8815 4 of of IN 43431 8815 5 these these DT 43431 8815 6 grinding grind VBG 43431 8815 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8815 8 for for IN 43431 8815 9 each each DT 43431 8815 10 side side NN 43431 8815 11 of of IN 43431 8815 12 each each DT 43431 8815 13 jaw jaw NN 43431 8815 14 but but CC 43431 8815 15 only only RB 43431 8815 16 three three CD 43431 8815 17 are be VBP 43431 8815 18 in in IN 43431 8815 19 place place NN 43431 8815 20 at at IN 43431 8815 21 once once RB 43431 8815 22 . . . 43431 8816 1 The the DT 43431 8816 2 first first JJ 43431 8816 3 three three CD 43431 8816 4 are be VBP 43431 8816 5 milk milk NN 43431 8816 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8816 7 as as IN 43431 8816 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8816 9 may may MD 43431 8816 10 be be VB 43431 8816 11 succeeded succeed VBN 43431 8816 12 vertically vertically RB 43431 8816 13 by by IN 43431 8816 14 others other NNS 43431 8816 15 . . . 43431 8817 1 In in IN 43431 8817 2 the the DT 43431 8817 3 true true JJ 43431 8817 4 Elephants elephant NNS 43431 8817 5 the the DT 43431 8817 6 number number NN 43431 8817 7 and and CC 43431 8817 8 depth depth NN 43431 8817 9 of of IN 43431 8817 10 the the DT 43431 8817 11 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8817 12 folds folds NNP 43431 8817 13 is be VBZ 43431 8817 14 much much RB 43431 8817 15 increased increase VBN 43431 8817 16 , , , 43431 8817 17 and and CC 43431 8817 18 the the DT 43431 8817 19 spaces space NNS 43431 8817 20 between between IN 43431 8817 21 the the DT 43431 8817 22 folds fold NNS 43431 8817 23 are be VBP 43431 8817 24 filled fill VBN 43431 8817 25 up up RP 43431 8817 26 with with IN 43431 8817 27 cement cement NN 43431 8817 28 . . . 43431 8818 1 A a DT 43431 8818 2 very very RB 43431 8818 3 complete complete JJ 43431 8818 4 series series NN 43431 8818 5 of of IN 43431 8818 6 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8818 7 forms form NNS 43431 8818 8 is be VBZ 43431 8818 9 known know VBN 43431 8818 10 with with IN 43431 8818 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8818 12 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 8818 13 in in IN 43431 8818 14 character character NN 43431 8818 15 between between IN 43431 8818 16 those those DT 43431 8818 17 of of IN 43431 8818 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8818 19 Mastodon Mastodon NNP 43431 8818 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8818 21 and and CC 43431 8818 22 those those DT 43431 8818 23 of of IN 43431 8818 24 the the DT 43431 8818 25 Mammoth Mammoth NNP 43431 8818 26 and and CC 43431 8818 27 living live VBG 43431 8818 28 elephants elephant NNS 43431 8818 29 . . . 43431 8819 1 The the DT 43431 8819 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8819 3 formula formula NN 43431 8819 4 of of IN 43431 8819 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 6 Elephas Elephas NNP 43431 8819 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 8 is be VBZ 43431 8819 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 10 di di FW 43431 8819 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 12 1/0 1/0 CD 43431 8819 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 14 i i PRP 43431 8819 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 16 1/0 1/0 CD 43431 8819 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 18 c c NNP 43431 8819 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 20 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8819 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 22 dm dm NNP 43431 8819 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 24 3 3 CD 43431 8819 25 - - HYPH 43431 8819 26 -4/3 -4/3 NN 43431 8819 27 - - HYPH 43431 8819 28 -4 -4 NNP 43431 8819 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 30 m m NNP 43431 8819 31 _ _ NNP 43431 8819 32 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8819 33 . . . 43431 8820 1 Sir Sir NNP 43431 8820 2 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 8821 1 Flower flower NN 43431 8821 2 describes[162 describes[162 NN 43431 8821 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8821 4 the the DT 43431 8821 5 mode mode NN 43431 8821 6 of of IN 43431 8821 7 succession succession NN 43431 8821 8 of of IN 43431 8821 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8821 10 in in IN 43431 8821 11 Elephants elephant NNS 43431 8821 12 as as IN 43431 8821 13 follows follow VBZ 43431 8821 14 : : : 43431 8821 15 " " `` 43431 8821 16 As as IN 43431 8821 17 regards regard VBZ 43431 8821 18 the the DT 43431 8821 19 mode mode NN 43431 8821 20 of of IN 43431 8821 21 succession succession NN 43431 8821 22 that that DT 43431 8821 23 of of IN 43431 8821 24 modern modern JJ 43431 8821 25 Elephants Elephants NNPS 43431 8821 26 is be VBZ 43431 8821 27 as as IN 43431 8821 28 before before RB 43431 8821 29 mentioned mention VBN 43431 8821 30 very very RB 43431 8821 31 peculiar peculiar JJ 43431 8821 32 . . . 43431 8822 1 During during IN 43431 8822 2 the the DT 43431 8822 3 complete complete JJ 43431 8822 4 lifetime lifetime NN 43431 8822 5 of of IN 43431 8822 6 the the DT 43431 8822 7 animal animal NN 43431 8822 8 there there EX 43431 8822 9 are be VBP 43431 8822 10 but but CC 43431 8822 11 six six CD 43431 8822 12 molar molar JJ 43431 8822 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8822 14 on on IN 43431 8822 15 each each DT 43431 8822 16 side side NN 43431 8822 17 of of IN 43431 8822 18 each each DT 43431 8822 19 jaw jaw NN 43431 8822 20 with with IN 43431 8822 21 occasionally occasionally RB 43431 8822 22 a a DT 43431 8822 23 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 8822 24 one one NN 43431 8822 25 in in IN 43431 8822 26 front front NN 43431 8822 27 , , , 43431 8822 28 completing complete VBG 43431 8822 29 the the DT 43431 8822 30 typical typical JJ 43431 8822 31 number number NN 43431 8822 32 of of IN 43431 8822 33 seven seven CD 43431 8822 34 . . . 43431 8823 1 The the DT 43431 8823 2 last last JJ 43431 8823 3 three three CD 43431 8823 4 represent represent NN 43431 8823 5 the the DT 43431 8823 6 true true JJ 43431 8823 7 molars molar NNS 43431 8823 8 of of IN 43431 8823 9 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 8823 10 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8823 11 , , , 43431 8823 12 those those DT 43431 8823 13 in in IN 43431 8823 14 front front NN 43431 8823 15 appear appear VBP 43431 8823 16 to to TO 43431 8823 17 be be VB 43431 8823 18 milk milk NN 43431 8823 19 molars molar NNS 43431 8823 20 which which WDT 43431 8823 21 are be VBP 43431 8823 22 never never RB 43431 8823 23 replaced replace VBN 43431 8823 24 by by IN 43431 8823 25 permanent permanent JJ 43431 8823 26 successors successor NNS 43431 8823 27 , , , 43431 8823 28 but but CC 43431 8823 29 the the DT 43431 8823 30 whole whole JJ 43431 8823 31 series series NN 43431 8823 32 gradually gradually RB 43431 8823 33 moves move VBZ 43431 8823 34 forwards forwards RB 43431 8823 35 in in IN 43431 8823 36 the the DT 43431 8823 37 jaw jaw NN 43431 8823 38 , , , 43431 8823 39 and and CC 43431 8823 40 the the DT 43431 8823 41 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8823 42 become become VBP 43431 8823 43 worn wear VBN 43431 8823 44 away away RP 43431 8823 45 and and CC 43431 8823 46 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8823 47 remnants remnant NNS 43431 8823 48 cast cast VBD 43431 8823 49 out out RP 43431 8823 50 in in IN 43431 8823 51 front front NN 43431 8823 52 while while IN 43431 8823 53 development development NN 43431 8823 54 of of IN 43431 8823 55 others other NNS 43431 8823 56 proceeds proceed VBZ 43431 8823 57 behind behind RB 43431 8823 58 . . . 43431 8824 1 The the DT 43431 8824 2 individual individual JJ 43431 8824 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8824 4 are be VBP 43431 8824 5 so so RB 43431 8824 6 large large JJ 43431 8824 7 and and CC 43431 8824 8 the the DT 43431 8824 9 processes process NNS 43431 8824 10 of of IN 43431 8824 11 growth growth NN 43431 8824 12 and and CC 43431 8824 13 destruction destruction NN 43431 8824 14 by by IN 43431 8824 15 wear wear NN 43431 8824 16 take take VB 43431 8824 17 place place NN 43431 8824 18 so so RB 43431 8824 19 slowly slowly RB 43431 8824 20 , , , 43431 8824 21 that that IN 43431 8824 22 not not RB 43431 8824 23 more more JJR 43431 8824 24 than than IN 43431 8824 25 one one CD 43431 8824 26 or or CC 43431 8824 27 portions portion NNS 43431 8824 28 of of IN 43431 8824 29 two two CD 43431 8824 30 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8824 31 are be VBP 43431 8824 32 ever ever RB 43431 8824 33 in in IN 43431 8824 34 place place NN 43431 8824 35 and and CC 43431 8824 36 in in IN 43431 8824 37 use use NN 43431 8824 38 on on IN 43431 8824 39 each each DT 43431 8824 40 side side NN 43431 8824 41 of of IN 43431 8824 42 each each DT 43431 8824 43 jaw jaw NN 43431 8824 44 at at IN 43431 8824 45 one one CD 43431 8824 46 time time NN 43431 8824 47 , , , 43431 8824 48 and and CC 43431 8824 49 the the DT 43431 8824 50 whole whole JJ 43431 8824 51 series series NN 43431 8824 52 of of IN 43431 8824 53 changes change NNS 43431 8824 54 coincides coincide VBZ 43431 8824 55 with with IN 43431 8824 56 the the DT 43431 8824 57 usual usual JJ 43431 8824 58 duration duration NN 43431 8824 59 of of IN 43431 8824 60 the the DT 43431 8824 61 animal animal NN 43431 8824 62 's 's POS 43431 8824 63 life life NN 43431 8824 64 . . . 43431 8825 1 On on IN 43431 8825 2 the the DT 43431 8825 3 other other JJ 43431 8825 4 hand hand NN 43431 8825 5 the the DT 43431 8825 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8825 7 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 8825 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8825 9 , , , 43431 8825 10 the the DT 43431 8825 11 opposite opposite JJ 43431 8825 12 extreme extreme NN 43431 8825 13 of of IN 43431 8825 14 the the DT 43431 8825 15 Proboscidean proboscidean JJ 43431 8825 16 series series NN 43431 8825 17 , , , 43431 8825 18 has have VBZ 43431 8825 19 the the DT 43431 8825 20 whole whole NN 43431 8825 21 of of IN 43431 8825 22 the the DT 43431 8825 23 molar molar JJ 43431 8825 24 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8825 25 in in IN 43431 8825 26 place place NN 43431 8825 27 and and CC 43431 8825 28 use use NN 43431 8825 29 at at IN 43431 8825 30 one one CD 43431 8825 31 time time NN 43431 8825 32 , , , 43431 8825 33 and and CC 43431 8825 34 the the DT 43431 8825 35 milk milk NN 43431 8825 36 molars molar NNS 43431 8825 37 are be VBP 43431 8825 38 vertically vertically RB 43431 8825 39 displaced displace VBN 43431 8825 40 by by IN 43431 8825 41 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8825 42 in in IN 43431 8825 43 the the DT 43431 8825 44 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 8825 45 fashion fashion NN 43431 8825 46 . . . 43431 8826 1 Among among IN 43431 8826 2 Mastodons Mastodons NNPS 43431 8826 3 transitional transitional JJ 43431 8826 4 forms form NNS 43431 8826 5 occur occur VBP 43431 8826 6 in in IN 43431 8826 7 the the DT 43431 8826 8 mode mode NN 43431 8826 9 of of IN 43431 8826 10 succession succession NN 43431 8826 11 as as RB 43431 8826 12 well well RB 43431 8826 13 as as IN 43431 8826 14 in in IN 43431 8826 15 structure structure NN 43431 8826 16 , , , 43431 8826 17 many many JJ 43431 8826 18 species specie NNS 43431 8826 19 showing show VBG 43431 8826 20 a a DT 43431 8826 21 vertical vertical JJ 43431 8826 22 displacement displacement NN 43431 8826 23 of of IN 43431 8826 24 one one CD 43431 8826 25 or or CC 43431 8826 26 more more JJR 43431 8826 27 of of IN 43431 8826 28 the the DT 43431 8826 29 milk milk NN 43431 8826 30 molars molar NNS 43431 8826 31 , , , 43431 8826 32 and and CC 43431 8826 33 the the DT 43431 8826 34 same same JJ 43431 8826 35 has have VBZ 43431 8826 36 been be VBN 43431 8826 37 observed observe VBN 43431 8826 38 in in IN 43431 8826 39 one one CD 43431 8826 40 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8826 41 species specie NNS 43431 8826 42 of of IN 43431 8826 43 Elephant Elephant NNP 43431 8826 44 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8826 45 _ _ NNP 43431 8826 46 E. E. NNP 43431 8827 1 planifrons planifrons NNPS 43431 8827 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8827 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8827 4 as as IN 43431 8827 5 regards regard VBZ 43431 8827 6 the the DT 43431 8827 7 posterior posterior NN 43431 8827 8 of of IN 43431 8827 9 these these DT 43431 8827 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8827 11 . . . 43431 8827 12 " " '' 43431 8828 1 In in IN 43431 8828 2 the the DT 43431 8828 3 TILLODONTIA TILLODONTIA NNP 43431 8828 4 the the DT 43431 8828 5 grinding grind VBG 43431 8828 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8828 7 are be VBP 43431 8828 8 of of IN 43431 8828 9 Ungulate Ungulate NNP 43431 8828 10 type type NN 43431 8828 11 , , , 43431 8828 12 while while IN 43431 8828 13 the the DT 43431 8828 14 second second JJ 43431 8828 15 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8828 16 are be VBP 43431 8828 17 large large JJ 43431 8828 18 and and CC 43431 8828 19 grow grow VB 43431 8828 20 from from IN 43431 8828 21 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8828 22 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8828 23 , , , 43431 8828 24 so so IN 43431 8828 25 as as IN 43431 8828 26 to to TO 43431 8828 27 resemble resemble VB 43431 8828 28 those those DT 43431 8828 29 of of IN 43431 8828 30 Rodents Rodents NNP 43431 8828 31 . . . 43431 8829 1 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 8829 2 have have VBP 43431 8829 3 a a DT 43431 8829 4 most most RBS 43431 8829 5 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 8829 6 and and CC 43431 8829 7 very very RB 43431 8829 8 constant constant JJ 43431 8829 9 dentition dentition NN 43431 8829 10 , , , 43431 8829 11 the the DT 43431 8829 12 common common JJ 43431 8829 13 dental dental JJ 43431 8829 14 formula formula NN 43431 8829 15 being be VBG 43431 8829 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8829 17 i i PRP 43431 8829 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8829 19 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8829 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8829 21 c c NNP 43431 8829 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8829 23 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8829 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8829 25 pm pm NN 43431 8829 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8829 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8829 28 0 0 CD 43431 8829 29 - - HYPH 43431 8829 30 -1)/(0 -1)/(0 : 43431 8829 31 - - HYPH 43431 8829 32 -1 -1 '' 43431 8829 33 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8829 34 _ _ NNP 43431 8829 35 m m NNP 43431 8829 36 _ _ NNP 43431 8829 37 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8829 38 , , , 43431 8829 39 total total JJ 43431 8829 40 18 18 CD 43431 8829 41 or or CC 43431 8829 42 20 20 CD 43431 8829 43 . . . 43431 8830 1 The the DT 43431 8830 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8830 3 always always RB 43431 8830 4 have have VBP 43431 8830 5 chisel chisel NN 43431 8830 6 - - HYPH 43431 8830 7 like like JJ 43431 8830 8 edges edge NNS 43431 8830 9 and and CC 43431 8830 10 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8830 11 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8830 12 , , , 43431 8830 13 and and CC 43431 8830 14 are be VBP 43431 8830 15 separated separate VBN 43431 8830 16 by by IN 43431 8830 17 a a DT 43431 8830 18 wide wide JJ 43431 8830 19 diastema diastema NN 43431 8830 20 from from IN 43431 8830 21 the the DT 43431 8830 22 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8830 23 . . . 43431 8831 1 Canines canine NNS 43431 8831 2 are be VBP 43431 8831 3 always always RB 43431 8831 4 absent absent JJ 43431 8831 5 , , , 43431 8831 6 and and CC 43431 8831 7 there there EX 43431 8831 8 are be VBP 43431 8831 9 generally generally RB 43431 8831 10 three three CD 43431 8831 11 grinding grind VBG 43431 8831 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8831 13 not not RB 43431 8831 14 preceded precede VBN 43431 8831 15 by by IN 43431 8831 16 milk milk NN 43431 8831 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8831 18 ; ; : 43431 8831 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8831 20 surface surface NN 43431 8831 21 may may MD 43431 8831 22 be be VB 43431 8831 23 grooved groove VBN 43431 8831 24 , , , 43431 8831 25 or or CC 43431 8831 26 may may MD 43431 8831 27 be be VB 43431 8831 28 bunodont bunodont NNP 43431 8831 29 . . . 43431 8832 1 Teeth tooth NNS 43431 8832 2 are be VBP 43431 8832 3 most most RBS 43431 8832 4 numerous numerous JJ 43431 8832 5 in in IN 43431 8832 6 the the DT 43431 8832 7 Duplicidentata Duplicidentata NNP 43431 8832 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8832 9 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 8832 10 and and CC 43431 8832 11 Rabbits Rabbits NNPS 43431 8832 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8832 13 , , , 43431 8832 14 in in IN 43431 8832 15 which which WDT 43431 8832 16 the the DT 43431 8832 17 formula formula NN 43431 8832 18 is be VBZ 43431 8832 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 20 i i PRP 43431 8832 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 22 2/1 2/1 CD 43431 8832 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 24 c c NNP 43431 8832 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 26 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8832 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 28 pm pm NN 43431 8832 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 30 3/2 3/2 CD 43431 8832 31 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 32 m m NNP 43431 8832 33 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 34 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8832 35 , , , 43431 8832 36 total total JJ 43431 8832 37 28 28 CD 43431 8832 38 , , , 43431 8832 39 and and CC 43431 8832 40 fewest few JJS 43431 8832 41 in in IN 43431 8832 42 Hydromys Hydromys NNP 43431 8832 43 and and CC 43431 8832 44 certain certain JJ 43431 8832 45 other other JJ 43431 8832 46 forms form NNS 43431 8832 47 , , , 43431 8832 48 in in IN 43431 8832 49 which which WDT 43431 8832 50 the the DT 43431 8832 51 formula formula NN 43431 8832 52 is be VBZ 43431 8832 53 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 54 i i PRP 43431 8832 55 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 56 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8832 57 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 58 c c NNP 43431 8832 59 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 60 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8832 61 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 62 pm pm NN 43431 8832 63 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 64 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8832 65 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 66 m m NNP 43431 8832 67 _ _ NNP 43431 8832 68 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8832 69 , , , 43431 8832 70 total total JJ 43431 8832 71 12 12 CD 43431 8832 72 . . . 43431 8833 1 The the DT 43431 8833 2 hares hare NNS 43431 8833 3 and and CC 43431 8833 4 rabbits rabbit NNS 43431 8833 5 are be VBP 43431 8833 6 the the DT 43431 8833 7 only only JJ 43431 8833 8 rodents rodent NNS 43431 8833 9 which which WDT 43431 8833 10 have have VBP 43431 8833 11 well well RB 43431 8833 12 developed develop VBN 43431 8833 13 deciduous deciduous JJ 43431 8833 14 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8833 15 , , , 43431 8833 16 though though IN 43431 8833 17 a a DT 43431 8833 18 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8833 19 milk milk NN 43431 8833 20 incisor incisor NN 43431 8833 21 has have VBZ 43431 8833 22 been be VBN 43431 8833 23 described describe VBN 43431 8833 24 in in IN 43431 8833 25 the the DT 43431 8833 26 Mouse Mouse NNP 43431 8833 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8833 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8833 29 Mus Mus NNP 43431 8833 30 musculus musculus NNP 43431 8833 31 _ _ NNP 43431 8833 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8833 33 . . . 43431 8834 1 The the DT 43431 8834 2 last last JJ 43431 8834 3 upper upper JJ 43431 8834 4 molar molar NN 43431 8834 5 of of IN 43431 8834 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8834 7 Hydrochaerus Hydrochaerus NNP 43431 8834 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8834 9 is be VBZ 43431 8834 10 very very RB 43431 8834 11 complicated complicated JJ 43431 8834 12 , , , 43431 8834 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8834 14 structure structure NN 43431 8834 15 approaching approach VBG 43431 8834 16 that that DT 43431 8834 17 of of IN 43431 8834 18 the the DT 43431 8834 19 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8834 20 of of IN 43431 8834 21 Elephants Elephants NNPS 43431 8834 22 . . . 43431 8835 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8835 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8835 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8835 4 . . . 43431 8836 1 84 84 CD 43431 8836 2 . . . 43431 8837 1 CARNASSIAL carnassial NN 43431 8837 2 OR or CC 43431 8837 3 SECTORIAL sectorial NN 43431 8837 4 TEETH tooth NNS 43431 8837 5 OF of IN 43431 8837 6 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 8837 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8837 8 from from IN 43431 8837 9 FLOWER FLOWER NNP 43431 8837 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8837 11 . . . 43431 8838 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8838 2 Upper upper JJ 43431 8838 3 sectorial sectorial JJ 43431 8838 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8838 5 _ _ XX 43431 8838 6 of of IN 43431 8838 7 I. I. NNP 43431 8839 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8839 2 Felis Felis NNP 43431 8839 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8839 4 , , , 43431 8839 5 II II NNP 43431 8839 6 . . . 43431 8840 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8840 2 Canis Canis NNP 43431 8840 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8840 4 , , , 43431 8840 5 III III NNP 43431 8840 6 . . . 43431 8841 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8841 2 Ursus Ursus NNP 43431 8841 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8841 4 . . . 43431 8842 1 1 1 LS 43431 8842 2 . . . 43431 8842 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8842 4 , , , 43431 8842 5 2 2 CD 43431 8842 6 . . . 43431 8842 7 middle middle NNP 43431 8842 8 , , , 43431 8842 9 3 3 CD 43431 8842 10 . . . 43431 8842 11 posterior posterior NNP 43431 8842 12 cusp cusp NN 43431 8842 13 of of IN 43431 8842 14 blade blade NNP 43431 8842 15 , , , 43431 8842 16 4 4 CD 43431 8842 17 . . . 43431 8842 18 inner inner JJ 43431 8842 19 lobe lobe NN 43431 8842 20 supported support VBN 43431 8842 21 on on IN 43431 8842 22 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8842 23 root root NN 43431 8842 24 , , , 43431 8842 25 5 5 CD 43431 8842 26 . . . 43431 8842 27 inner inner JJ 43431 8842 28 lobe lobe NN 43431 8842 29 posterior posterior NN 43431 8842 30 in in IN 43431 8842 31 position position NN 43431 8842 32 and and CC 43431 8842 33 without without IN 43431 8842 34 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8842 35 root root NN 43431 8842 36 , , , 43431 8842 37 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 8842 38 of of IN 43431 8842 39 the the DT 43431 8842 40 Ursidae Ursidae NNP 43431 8842 41 . . . 43431 8843 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8843 2 Lower low JJR 43431 8843 3 sectorial sectorial JJ 43431 8843 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8843 5 . . . 43431 8843 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8843 7 1 1 CD 43431 8843 8 . . . 43431 8844 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8844 2 Felis Felis NNP 43431 8844 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8844 4 , , , 43431 8844 5 2 2 CD 43431 8844 6 . . . 43431 8845 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8845 2 Canis Canis NNP 43431 8845 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8845 4 , , , 43431 8845 5 3 3 CD 43431 8845 6 . . . 43431 8846 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8846 2 Herpestes Herpestes NNP 43431 8846 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8846 4 . . . 43431 8847 1 1 1 LS 43431 8847 2 . . . 43431 8847 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 8847 4 , , , 43431 8847 5 2 2 CD 43431 8847 6 . . . 43431 8847 7 posterior posterior NNP 43431 8847 8 lobe lobe NNP 43431 8847 9 of of IN 43431 8847 10 blade blade NNP 43431 8847 11 , , , 43431 8847 12 3 3 CD 43431 8847 13 . . . 43431 8847 14 inner inner JJ 43431 8847 15 tubercle tubercle NN 43431 8847 16 , , , 43431 8847 17 4 4 CD 43431 8847 18 . . . 43431 8848 1 heel heel NN 43431 8848 2 . . . 43431 8848 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8849 1 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 8849 2 have have VBP 43431 8849 3 the the DT 43431 8849 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8849 5 rooted root VBN 43431 8849 6 and and CC 43431 8849 7 markedly markedly RB 43431 8849 8 diphyodont diphyodont NN 43431 8849 9 and and CC 43431 8849 10 heterodont heterodont NN 43431 8849 11 . . . 43431 8850 1 The the DT 43431 8850 2 canines canine NNS 43431 8850 3 are be VBP 43431 8850 4 greatly greatly RB 43431 8850 5 developed develop VBN 43431 8850 6 , , , 43431 8850 7 and and CC 43431 8850 8 the the DT 43431 8850 9 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8850 10 are be VBP 43431 8850 11 small small JJ 43431 8850 12 . . . 43431 8851 1 In in IN 43431 8851 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8851 3 CARNIVORA CARNIVORA NNP 43431 8851 4 VERA VERA NNP 43431 8851 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8851 6 the the DT 43431 8851 7 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8851 8 are be VBP 43431 8851 9 almost almost RB 43431 8851 10 always always RB 43431 8851 11 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8851 12 . . . 43431 8852 1 The the DT 43431 8852 2 fourth fourth JJ 43431 8852 3 upper upper JJ 43431 8852 4 premolar premolar JJ 43431 8852 5 and and CC 43431 8852 6 first first JJ 43431 8852 7 lower low JJR 43431 8852 8 molar molar JJ 43431 8852 9 are be VBP 43431 8852 10 differentiated differentiate VBN 43431 8852 11 as as IN 43431 8852 12 carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 8852 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8852 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8852 15 see see VB 43431 8852 16 p. p. NNP 43431 8852 17 436 436 CD 43431 8852 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8852 19 , , , 43431 8852 20 and and CC 43431 8852 21 retain retain VB 43431 8852 22 fundamentally fundamentally RB 43431 8852 23 the the DT 43431 8852 24 same same JJ 43431 8852 25 characters character NNS 43431 8852 26 throughout throughout IN 43431 8852 27 the the DT 43431 8852 28 suborder suborder NN 43431 8852 29 . . . 43431 8853 1 The the DT 43431 8853 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8853 3 carnassial carnassial NN 43431 8853 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8853 5 fig fig NN 43431 8853 6 . . . 43431 8854 1 84 84 CD 43431 8854 2 , , , 43431 8854 3 I. I. NNP 43431 8854 4 II II NNP 43431 8854 5 . . . 43431 8855 1 III III NNP 43431 8855 2 . . . 43431 8855 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8856 1 consists consist VBZ 43431 8856 2 of of IN 43431 8856 3 a a DT 43431 8856 4 more more RBR 43431 8856 5 or or CC 43431 8856 6 less less RBR 43431 8856 7 compressed compressed JJ 43431 8856 8 , , , 43431 8856 9 commonly commonly RB 43431 8856 10 trilobed trilobe VBN 43431 8856 11 blade blade NN 43431 8856 12 borne bear VBN 43431 8856 13 on on IN 43431 8856 14 two two CD 43431 8856 15 roots root NNS 43431 8856 16 , , , 43431 8856 17 with with IN 43431 8856 18 an an DT 43431 8856 19 inner inner JJ 43431 8856 20 tubercle tubercle NN 43431 8856 21 borne bear VBN 43431 8856 22 on on IN 43431 8856 23 a a DT 43431 8856 24 third third JJ 43431 8856 25 root root NN 43431 8856 26 . . . 43431 8857 1 The the DT 43431 8857 2 lower low JJR 43431 8857 3 carnassial carnassial NN 43431 8857 4 has have VBZ 43431 8857 5 only only RB 43431 8857 6 two two CD 43431 8857 7 roots root NNS 43431 8857 8 ; ; : 43431 8857 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8857 10 crown crown NN 43431 8857 11 consists consist VBZ 43431 8857 12 of of IN 43431 8857 13 a a DT 43431 8857 14 bilobed bilobe VBN 43431 8857 15 blade blade NN 43431 8857 16 with with IN 43431 8857 17 generally generally RB 43431 8857 18 an an DT 43431 8857 19 inner inner JJ 43431 8857 20 cusp cusp NN 43431 8857 21 , , , 43431 8857 22 and and CC 43431 8857 23 a a DT 43431 8857 24 heel heel NN 43431 8857 25 or or CC 43431 8857 26 talon talon NN 43431 8857 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8857 28 fig fig NN 43431 8857 29 . . . 43431 8858 1 84 84 CD 43431 8858 2 , , , 43431 8858 3 4 4 CD 43431 8858 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8858 5 behind behind IN 43431 8858 6 the the DT 43431 8858 7 blade blade NN 43431 8858 8 . . . 43431 8859 1 The the DT 43431 8859 2 most most RBS 43431 8859 3 thoroughly thoroughly RB 43431 8859 4 carnivorous carnivorous JJ 43431 8859 5 type type NN 43431 8859 6 of of IN 43431 8859 7 dentition dentition NN 43431 8859 8 is be VBZ 43431 8859 9 seen see VBN 43431 8859 10 in in IN 43431 8859 11 the the DT 43431 8859 12 à à NNP 43431 8859 13 � � NNP 43431 8859 14 luroidea luroidea NN 43431 8859 15 , , , 43431 8859 16 and and CC 43431 8859 17 especially especially RB 43431 8859 18 in in IN 43431 8859 19 the the DT 43431 8859 20 cat cat NN 43431 8859 21 tribe tribe NN 43431 8859 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8859 23 Felidae Felidae NNP 43431 8859 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8859 25 . . . 43431 8860 1 In in IN 43431 8860 2 the the DT 43431 8860 3 genus genus NN 43431 8860 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 5 Felis Felis NNP 43431 8860 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 7 the the DT 43431 8860 8 dental dental JJ 43431 8860 9 formula formula NN 43431 8860 10 is be VBZ 43431 8860 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 12 i i PRP 43431 8860 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 14 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8860 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 16 c c NNP 43431 8860 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 18 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8860 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 20 pm pm NN 43431 8860 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 22 3/2 3/2 CD 43431 8860 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 24 m m NNP 43431 8860 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8860 26 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8860 27 , , , 43431 8860 28 total total JJ 43431 8860 29 30 30 CD 43431 8860 30 . . . 43431 8861 1 The the DT 43431 8861 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8861 3 are be VBP 43431 8861 4 very very RB 43431 8861 5 small small JJ 43431 8861 6 , , , 43431 8861 7 so so IN 43431 8861 8 as as IN 43431 8861 9 not not RB 43431 8861 10 to to TO 43431 8861 11 interfere interfere VB 43431 8861 12 with with IN 43431 8861 13 the the DT 43431 8861 14 action action NN 43431 8861 15 of of IN 43431 8861 16 the the DT 43431 8861 17 large large JJ 43431 8861 18 canines canine NNS 43431 8861 19 , , , 43431 8861 20 the the DT 43431 8861 21 lower low JJR 43431 8861 22 carnassial carnassial NN 43431 8861 23 is be VBZ 43431 8861 24 reduced reduce VBN 43431 8861 25 to to TO 43431 8861 26 simply simply RB 43431 8861 27 the the DT 43431 8861 28 bilobed bilobe VBN 43431 8861 29 blade blade NN 43431 8861 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8861 31 fig fig NN 43431 8861 32 . . . 43431 8862 1 84 84 CD 43431 8862 2 , , , 43431 8862 3 IV IV NNP 43431 8862 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8862 5 , , , 43431 8862 6 and and CC 43431 8862 7 the the DT 43431 8862 8 cheek cheek NN 43431 8862 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8862 10 are be VBP 43431 8862 11 greatly greatly RB 43431 8862 12 subordinated subordinate VBN 43431 8862 13 to to IN 43431 8862 14 the the DT 43431 8862 15 carnassial carnassial NN 43431 8862 16 . . . 43431 8863 1 The the DT 43431 8863 2 extinct extinct JJ 43431 8863 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8863 4 Machaerodus Machaerodus NNP 43431 8863 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8863 6 has have VBZ 43431 8863 7 the the DT 43431 8863 8 upper upper JJ 43431 8863 9 canines canine NNS 43431 8863 10 comparable comparable JJ 43431 8863 11 in in IN 43431 8863 12 size size NN 43431 8863 13 to to IN 43431 8863 14 those those DT 43431 8863 15 of of IN 43431 8863 16 the the DT 43431 8863 17 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 8863 18 . . . 43431 8864 1 The the DT 43431 8864 2 Civets Civets NNPS 43431 8864 3 and and CC 43431 8864 4 Hyaenas Hyaenas NNP 43431 8864 5 have have VBP 43431 8864 6 a a DT 43431 8864 7 dentition dentition NN 43431 8864 8 allying ally VBG 43431 8864 9 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8864 10 closely closely RB 43431 8864 11 to to IN 43431 8864 12 the the DT 43431 8864 13 cats cat NNS 43431 8864 14 . . . 43431 8865 1 The the DT 43431 8865 2 hyaena hyaena NN 43431 8865 3 - - HYPH 43431 8865 4 like like JJ 43431 8865 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8865 6 Proteles Proteles NNP 43431 8865 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8865 8 has have VBZ 43431 8865 9 , , , 43431 8865 10 however however RB 43431 8865 11 , , , 43431 8865 12 the the DT 43431 8865 13 grinding grind VBG 43431 8865 14 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8865 15 greatly greatly RB 43431 8865 16 reduced reduce VBN 43431 8865 17 . . . 43431 8866 1 In in IN 43431 8866 2 the the DT 43431 8866 3 Cynoidea[163 cynoidea[163 CD 43431 8866 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8866 5 the the DT 43431 8866 6 general general JJ 43431 8866 7 dentition dentition NN 43431 8866 8 is be VBZ 43431 8866 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8866 10 i i PRP 43431 8866 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8866 12 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8866 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8866 14 c c NNP 43431 8866 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8866 16 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8866 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8866 18 pm pm NN 43431 8866 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8866 20 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8866 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8866 22 m m NNP 43431 8866 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8866 24 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 8866 25 , , , 43431 8866 26 total total JJ 43431 8866 27 42 42 CD 43431 8866 28 . . . 43431 8867 1 This this DT 43431 8867 2 differs differ VBZ 43431 8867 3 from from IN 43431 8867 4 the the DT 43431 8867 5 regular regular JJ 43431 8867 6 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8867 7 dentition dentition NN 43431 8867 8 only only RB 43431 8867 9 in in IN 43431 8867 10 the the DT 43431 8867 11 absence absence NN 43431 8867 12 of of IN 43431 8867 13 the the DT 43431 8867 14 last last JJ 43431 8867 15 upper upper JJ 43431 8867 16 molar molar NN 43431 8867 17 . . . 43431 8868 1 The the DT 43431 8868 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8868 3 carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 8868 4 tooth tooth NN 43431 8868 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8868 6 fig fig NN 43431 8868 7 . . . 43431 8869 1 84 84 CD 43431 8869 2 , , , 43431 8869 3 II II NNP 43431 8869 4 . . . 43431 8869 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8870 1 consists consist VBZ 43431 8870 2 of of IN 43431 8870 3 a a DT 43431 8870 4 larger large JJR 43431 8870 5 middle middle NN 43431 8870 6 and and CC 43431 8870 7 smaller small JJR 43431 8870 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 8870 9 lobe lobe NNP 43431 8870 10 with with IN 43431 8870 11 hardly hardly RB 43431 8870 12 any any DT 43431 8870 13 trace trace NN 43431 8870 14 of of IN 43431 8870 15 an an DT 43431 8870 16 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8870 17 lobe lobe NN 43431 8870 18 . . . 43431 8871 1 The the DT 43431 8871 2 lower low JJR 43431 8871 3 carnassial carnassial NN 43431 8871 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8871 5 fig fig NN 43431 8871 6 . . . 43431 8872 1 84 84 CD 43431 8872 2 , , , 43431 8872 3 V. V. NNP 43431 8872 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8872 5 is be VBZ 43431 8872 6 typical typical JJ 43431 8872 7 , , , 43431 8872 8 consisting consist VBG 43431 8872 9 of of IN 43431 8872 10 a a DT 43431 8872 11 bilobed bilobe VBN 43431 8872 12 blade blade NN 43431 8872 13 with with IN 43431 8872 14 inner inner JJ 43431 8872 15 cusp cusp NN 43431 8872 16 and and CC 43431 8872 17 posterior posterior NN 43431 8872 18 talon talon NNP 43431 8872 19 . . . 43431 8873 1 The the DT 43431 8873 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 8873 3 of of IN 43431 8873 4 the the DT 43431 8873 5 Cynoidea Cynoidea NNP 43431 8873 6 is be VBZ 43431 8873 7 most most RBS 43431 8873 8 closely closely RB 43431 8873 9 linked link VBN 43431 8873 10 with with IN 43431 8873 11 that that DT 43431 8873 12 of of IN 43431 8873 13 the the DT 43431 8873 14 Arctoidea Arctoidea NNP 43431 8873 15 by by IN 43431 8873 16 means mean NNS 43431 8873 17 of of IN 43431 8873 18 fossil fossil JJ 43431 8873 19 forms form NNS 43431 8873 20 . . . 43431 8874 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8874 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8874 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8874 4 . . . 43431 8875 1 85 85 CD 43431 8875 2 . . . 43431 8876 1 MANDIBLE mandible NN 43431 8876 2 OF of IN 43431 8876 3 ISABELLINE ISABELLINE NNS 43431 8876 4 BEAR BEAR NNP 43431 8876 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8876 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8876 7 Ursus Ursus NNP 43431 8876 8 isabellinus isabellinu VBD 43431 8876 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8876 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8876 11 à à NNP 43431 8876 12 � � NNP 43431 8876 13 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 8876 14 . . . 43431 8877 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8877 2 Camb camb NN 43431 8877 3 . . . 43431 8878 1 Mus mus NN 43431 8878 2 . . . 43431 8878 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8879 1 1 1 LS 43431 8879 2 . . . 43431 8879 3 condyle condyle NNP 43431 8879 4 . . . 43431 8880 1 2 2 LS 43431 8880 2 . . . 43431 8880 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 8880 4 process process NN 43431 8880 5 . . . 43431 8881 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8881 2 i i PRP 43431 8881 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8881 4 1 1 CD 43431 8881 5 . . . 43431 8881 6 first first JJ 43431 8881 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 8881 8 . . . 43431 8882 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8882 2 c. c. NNP 43431 8882 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8882 4 canine canine NN 43431 8882 5 . . . 43431 8883 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8883 2 pm pm NNP 43431 8883 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8883 4 1 1 CD 43431 8883 5 , , , 43431 8883 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8883 7 pm pm NN 43431 8883 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8883 9 2 2 CD 43431 8883 10 . . . 43431 8883 11 first first JJ 43431 8883 12 and and CC 43431 8883 13 second second JJ 43431 8883 14 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8883 15 . . . 43431 8884 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8884 2 m m NNP 43431 8884 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8884 4 1 1 CD 43431 8884 5 . . . 43431 8884 6 first first NNP 43431 8884 7 molar molar NNP 43431 8884 8 . . . 43431 8885 1 The the DT 43431 8885 2 dotted dotted JJ 43431 8885 3 line line NN 43431 8885 4 is be VBZ 43431 8885 5 pointing point VBG 43431 8885 6 to to IN 43431 8885 7 the the DT 43431 8885 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 8885 9 half half NN 43431 8885 10 of of IN 43431 8885 11 the the DT 43431 8885 12 tooth tooth NN 43431 8885 13 . . . 43431 8886 1 This this DT 43431 8886 2 specimen speciman NNS 43431 8886 3 has have VBZ 43431 8886 4 only only RB 43431 8886 5 three three CD 43431 8886 6 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8886 7 , , , 43431 8886 8 there there EX 43431 8886 9 should should MD 43431 8886 10 be be VB 43431 8886 11 four four CD 43431 8886 12 . . . 43431 8886 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8887 1 In in IN 43431 8887 2 the the DT 43431 8887 3 Arctoidea Arctoidea NNP 43431 8887 4 the the DT 43431 8887 5 dentition dentition NN 43431 8887 6 is be VBZ 43431 8887 7 not not RB 43431 8887 8 so so RB 43431 8887 9 typically typically RB 43431 8887 10 carnivorous carnivorous JJ 43431 8887 11 as as IN 43431 8887 12 in in IN 43431 8887 13 the the DT 43431 8887 14 à à NNP 43431 8887 15 � � NNP 43431 8887 16 luroidea luroidea NN 43431 8887 17 and and CC 43431 8887 18 Cynoidea Cynoidea NNP 43431 8887 19 . . . 43431 8888 1 In in IN 43431 8888 2 the the DT 43431 8888 3 bears bear NNS 43431 8888 4 , , , 43431 8888 5 Ursidae Ursidae NNP 43431 8888 6 , , , 43431 8888 7 the the DT 43431 8888 8 molars molar NNS 43431 8888 9 have have VBP 43431 8888 10 broad broad JJ 43431 8888 11 flat flat JJ 43431 8888 12 tuberculated tuberculated JJ 43431 8888 13 crowns crown NNS 43431 8888 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8888 15 fig fig NN 43431 8888 16 . . . 43431 8889 1 85 85 CD 43431 8889 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8889 3 . . . 43431 8890 1 The the DT 43431 8890 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8890 3 formula formula NN 43431 8890 4 in in IN 43431 8890 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 6 Ursus Ursus NNP 43431 8890 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 8 is be VBZ 43431 8890 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 10 i i PRP 43431 8890 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 12 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8890 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 14 c c NNP 43431 8890 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 16 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8890 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 18 pm pm NN 43431 8890 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 20 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8890 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 22 m m NNP 43431 8890 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8890 24 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 8890 25 , , , 43431 8890 26 total total JJ 43431 8890 27 42 42 CD 43431 8890 28 . . . 43431 8891 1 The the DT 43431 8891 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8891 3 carnassial carnassial NN 43431 8891 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8891 5 fig fig NN 43431 8891 6 . . . 43431 8892 1 84 84 CD 43431 8892 2 , , , 43431 8892 3 III iii CD 43431 8892 4 . . . 43431 8892 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8893 1 differs differ NNS 43431 8893 2 from from IN 43431 8893 3 that that DT 43431 8893 4 of of IN 43431 8893 5 the the DT 43431 8893 6 à à NNP 43431 8893 7 � � NNP 43431 8893 8 luroidea luroidea NN 43431 8893 9 and and CC 43431 8893 10 Cynoidea Cynoidea NNP 43431 8893 11 in in IN 43431 8893 12 having have VBG 43431 8893 13 no no DT 43431 8893 14 inner inner JJ 43431 8893 15 lobe lobe NN 43431 8893 16 supported support VBN 43431 8893 17 on on IN 43431 8893 18 a a DT 43431 8893 19 third third JJ 43431 8893 20 root root NN 43431 8893 21 . . . 43431 8894 1 In in IN 43431 8894 2 the the DT 43431 8894 3 large large JJ 43431 8894 4 group group NN 43431 8894 5 of of IN 43431 8894 6 Mustelidae Mustelidae NNP 43431 8894 7 there there EX 43431 8894 8 are be VBP 43431 8894 9 generally generally RB 43431 8894 10 two two CD 43431 8894 11 molars molar NNS 43431 8894 12 in in IN 43431 8894 13 the the DT 43431 8894 14 lower low JJR 43431 8894 15 and and CC 43431 8894 16 one one CD 43431 8894 17 in in IN 43431 8894 18 the the DT 43431 8894 19 upper upper JJ 43431 8894 20 jaw jaw NN 43431 8894 21 . . . 43431 8895 1 The the DT 43431 8895 2 grinding grind VBG 43431 8895 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8895 4 commonly commonly RB 43431 8895 5 have have VBP 43431 8895 6 large large JJ 43431 8895 7 , , , 43431 8895 8 flattened flatten VBN 43431 8895 9 , , , 43431 8895 10 more more RBR 43431 8895 11 or or CC 43431 8895 12 less less RBR 43431 8895 13 tuberculated tuberculated JJ 43431 8895 14 crowns crown NNS 43431 8895 15 , , , 43431 8895 16 and and CC 43431 8895 17 the the DT 43431 8895 18 upper upper JJ 43431 8895 19 molar molar NN 43431 8895 20 may may MD 43431 8895 21 be be VB 43431 8895 22 as as RB 43431 8895 23 large large JJ 43431 8895 24 or or CC 43431 8895 25 much much RB 43431 8895 26 smaller small JJR 43431 8895 27 than than IN 43431 8895 28 the the DT 43431 8895 29 carnassial carnassial NN 43431 8895 30 . . . 43431 8896 1 In in IN 43431 8896 2 the the DT 43431 8896 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8896 4 CREODONTA CREODONTA NNP 43431 8896 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8896 6 there there EX 43431 8896 7 are be VBP 43431 8896 8 no no DT 43431 8896 9 specially specially RB 43431 8896 10 differentiated differentiate VBN 43431 8896 11 carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 8896 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8896 13 . . . 43431 8897 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8897 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8897 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8897 4 . . . 43431 8898 1 86 86 CD 43431 8898 2 . . . 43431 8899 1 LEFT LEFT NNP 43431 8899 2 MANDIBULAR MANDIBULAR NNP 43431 8899 3 RAMUS RAMUS NNP 43431 8899 4 OF of IN 43431 8899 5 THE the DT 43431 8899 6 SEA SEA NNP 43431 8899 7 LEOPARD LEOPARD NNP 43431 8899 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8899 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8899 10 Ogmorhinus Ogmorhinus NNP 43431 8899 11 leptonyx leptonyx NN 43431 8899 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8899 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8899 14 WITH with IN 43431 8899 15 THE the DT 43431 8899 16 ROOTS root NNS 43431 8899 17 OF of IN 43431 8899 18 THE the DT 43431 8899 19 TEETH TEETH NNP 43431 8899 20 EXPOSED EXPOSED NNP 43431 8899 21 à à NNP 43431 8899 22 � � NNP 43431 8899 23 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 8899 24 . . . 43431 8900 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8900 2 Camb camb NN 43431 8900 3 . . . 43431 8901 1 Mus mus NN 43431 8901 2 . . . 43431 8901 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8902 1 1 1 LS 43431 8902 2 . . . 43431 8902 3 condyle condyle NNP 43431 8902 4 . . . 43431 8903 1 2 2 LS 43431 8903 2 . . . 43431 8903 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 8903 4 process process NN 43431 8903 5 . . . 43431 8904 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8904 2 i i PRP 43431 8904 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8904 4 3 3 CD 43431 8904 5 . . . 43431 8904 6 third third JJ 43431 8904 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 8904 8 . . . 43431 8905 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8905 2 c. c. NNP 43431 8905 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8905 4 canine canine NN 43431 8905 5 . . . 43431 8906 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8906 2 pm pm NNP 43431 8906 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8906 4 1 1 CD 43431 8906 5 , , , 43431 8906 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8906 7 pm pm NN 43431 8906 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8906 9 4 4 CD 43431 8906 10 . . . 43431 8906 11 first first JJ 43431 8906 12 and and CC 43431 8906 13 fourth fourth JJ 43431 8906 14 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8906 15 . . . 43431 8907 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8907 2 m. m. NN 43431 8907 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8907 4 molar molar NN 43431 8907 5 . . . 43431 8907 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 8908 1 In in IN 43431 8908 2 the the DT 43431 8908 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8908 4 PINNIPEDIA PINNIPEDIA NNP 43431 8908 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8908 6 the the DT 43431 8908 7 dentition dentition NN 43431 8908 8 differs differ VBZ 43431 8908 9 considerably considerably RB 43431 8908 10 from from IN 43431 8908 11 that that DT 43431 8908 12 of of IN 43431 8908 13 the the DT 43431 8908 14 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 8908 15 vera vera NN 43431 8908 16 . . . 43431 8909 1 The the DT 43431 8909 2 milk milk NN 43431 8909 3 dentition dentition NN 43431 8909 4 is be VBZ 43431 8909 5 always always RB 43431 8909 6 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 8909 7 , , , 43431 8909 8 and and CC 43431 8909 9 the the DT 43431 8909 10 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8909 11 are be VBP 43431 8909 12 frequently frequently RB 43431 8909 13 absorbed absorb VBN 43431 8909 14 before before IN 43431 8909 15 birth birth NN 43431 8909 16 . . . 43431 8910 1 There there EX 43431 8910 2 are be VBP 43431 8910 3 four four CD 43431 8910 4 premolars premolar NNS 43431 8910 5 and and CC 43431 8910 6 one one CD 43431 8910 7 molar molar NN 43431 8910 8 , , , 43431 8910 9 forming form VBG 43431 8910 10 an an DT 43431 8910 11 uniform uniform JJ 43431 8910 12 series series NN 43431 8910 13 of of IN 43431 8910 14 cheek cheek NN 43431 8910 15 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8910 16 , , , 43431 8910 17 all all DT 43431 8910 18 of of IN 43431 8910 19 which which WDT 43431 8910 20 except except IN 43431 8910 21 in in IN 43431 8910 22 the the DT 43431 8910 23 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 8910 24 have have VBP 43431 8910 25 compressed compress VBN 43431 8910 26 and and CC 43431 8910 27 pointed point VBN 43431 8910 28 , , , 43431 8910 29 never never RB 43431 8910 30 flattened flatten VBD 43431 8910 31 , , , 43431 8910 32 crowns crown NNS 43431 8910 33 . . . 43431 8911 1 There there EX 43431 8911 2 is be VBZ 43431 8911 3 no no DT 43431 8911 4 special special JJ 43431 8911 5 carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 8911 6 tooth tooth NN 43431 8911 7 , , , 43431 8911 8 and and CC 43431 8911 9 the the DT 43431 8911 10 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8911 11 are be VBP 43431 8911 12 always always RB 43431 8911 13 fewer few JJR 43431 8911 14 than than IN 43431 8911 15 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8911 16 . . . 43431 8912 1 In in IN 43431 8912 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 3 Otaria Otaria NNP 43431 8912 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 5 the the DT 43431 8912 6 dentition dentition NN 43431 8912 7 is be VBZ 43431 8912 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 9 i i PRP 43431 8912 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 11 3/2 3/2 CD 43431 8912 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 13 c c NNP 43431 8912 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 15 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8912 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 17 pm pm NN 43431 8912 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 19 4/4 4/4 CD 43431 8912 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 21 m m NNP 43431 8912 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8912 23 1 1 CD 43431 8912 24 or or CC 43431 8912 25 2/1 2/1 CD 43431 8912 26 , , , 43431 8912 27 total total JJ 43431 8912 28 34 34 CD 43431 8912 29 or or CC 43431 8912 30 36 36 CD 43431 8912 31 . . . 43431 8913 1 In in IN 43431 8913 2 the the DT 43431 8913 3 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 8913 4 the the DT 43431 8913 5 upper upper JJ 43431 8913 6 canines canine NNS 43431 8913 7 form form VBP 43431 8913 8 immense immense JJ 43431 8913 9 tusks tusk NNS 43431 8913 10 . . . 43431 8914 1 The the DT 43431 8914 2 other other JJ 43431 8914 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8914 4 are be VBP 43431 8914 5 all all RB 43431 8914 6 small small JJ 43431 8914 7 and and CC 43431 8914 8 one one RB 43431 8914 9 - - HYPH 43431 8914 10 rooted root VBN 43431 8914 11 , , , 43431 8914 12 and and CC 43431 8914 13 the the DT 43431 8914 14 molars molar NNS 43431 8914 15 have have VBP 43431 8914 16 flat flat JJ 43431 8914 17 crowns crown NNS 43431 8914 18 . . . 43431 8915 1 In in IN 43431 8915 2 the the DT 43431 8915 3 true true JJ 43431 8915 4 seals seal NNS 43431 8915 5 the the DT 43431 8915 6 dentition dentition NN 43431 8915 7 is be VBZ 43431 8915 8 strikingly strikingly RB 43431 8915 9 piscivorous piscivorous JJ 43431 8915 10 , , , 43431 8915 11 the the DT 43431 8915 12 cheek cheek NN 43431 8915 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8915 14 often often RB 43431 8915 15 having have VBG 43431 8915 16 accessory accessory JJ 43431 8915 17 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8915 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8915 19 fig fig NN 43431 8915 20 . . . 43431 8916 1 86 86 CD 43431 8916 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8916 3 . . . 43431 8917 1 The the DT 43431 8917 2 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNS 43431 8917 3 are be VBP 43431 8917 4 diphyodont diphyodont JJ 43431 8917 5 and and CC 43431 8917 6 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 8917 7 , , , 43431 8917 8 having have VBG 43431 8917 9 well well RB 43431 8917 10 - - HYPH 43431 8917 11 developed develop VBN 43431 8917 12 rooted rooted JJ 43431 8917 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8917 14 . . . 43431 8918 1 The the DT 43431 8918 2 canines canine NNS 43431 8918 3 are be VBP 43431 8918 4 usually usually RB 43431 8918 5 weak weak JJ 43431 8918 6 , , , 43431 8918 7 the the DT 43431 8918 8 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8918 9 pointed point VBD 43431 8918 10 , , , 43431 8918 11 and and CC 43431 8918 12 those those DT 43431 8918 13 of of IN 43431 8918 14 the the DT 43431 8918 15 two two CD 43431 8918 16 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8918 17 often often RB 43431 8918 18 meet meet VBP 43431 8918 19 like like IN 43431 8918 20 a a DT 43431 8918 21 pair pair NN 43431 8918 22 of of IN 43431 8918 23 forceps forceps NNS 43431 8918 24 . . . 43431 8919 1 The the DT 43431 8919 2 crowns crown NNS 43431 8919 3 of of IN 43431 8919 4 the the DT 43431 8919 5 molars molar NNS 43431 8919 6 are be VBP 43431 8919 7 characteristically characteristically RB 43431 8919 8 studded stud VBN 43431 8919 9 with with IN 43431 8919 10 short short JJ 43431 8919 11 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8919 12 . . . 43431 8920 1 Some some DT 43431 8920 2 genera genera NN 43431 8920 3 , , , 43431 8920 4 such such JJ 43431 8920 5 as as IN 43431 8920 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8920 7 Gymnura Gymnura NNP 43431 8920 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8920 9 and and CC 43431 8920 10 the the DT 43431 8920 11 mole mole NN 43431 8920 12 , , , 43431 8920 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8920 14 Talpa Talpa NNP 43431 8920 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8920 16 , , , 43431 8920 17 have have VBP 43431 8920 18 the the DT 43431 8920 19 regular regular JJ 43431 8920 20 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 8920 21 dentition dentition NN 43431 8920 22 . . . 43431 8921 1 In in IN 43431 8921 2 the the DT 43431 8921 3 hedgehog hedgehog NN 43431 8921 4 , , , 43431 8921 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 6 Erinaceus Erinaceus NNP 43431 8921 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 8 , , , 43431 8921 9 the the DT 43431 8921 10 dentition dentition NN 43431 8921 11 is be VBZ 43431 8921 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 13 i i PRP 43431 8921 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 15 3/2 3/2 CD 43431 8921 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 17 c c NNP 43431 8921 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 19 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8921 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 21 pm pm NN 43431 8921 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 23 3/2 3/2 CD 43431 8921 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 25 m m NNP 43431 8921 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8921 27 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8921 28 , , , 43431 8921 29 total total JJ 43431 8921 30 36 36 CD 43431 8921 31 . . . 43431 8922 1 In in IN 43431 8922 2 the the DT 43431 8922 3 genus genus NN 43431 8922 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8922 5 Sorex Sorex NNP 43431 8922 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8922 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8922 8 Shrews Shrews NNP 43431 8922 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8922 10 the the DT 43431 8922 11 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8922 12 differ differ VBP 43431 8922 13 in in IN 43431 8922 14 the the DT 43431 8922 15 following follow VBG 43431 8922 16 two two CD 43431 8922 17 marked mark VBN 43431 8922 18 respects respect NNS 43431 8922 19 from from IN 43431 8922 20 those those DT 43431 8922 21 of of IN 43431 8922 22 most most JJS 43431 8922 23 other other JJ 43431 8922 24 Monodelphia Monodelphia NNP 43431 8922 25 , , , 43431 8922 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8922 27 1 1 LS 43431 8922 28 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8922 29 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8922 30 are be VBP 43431 8922 31 monophyodont monophyodont JJ 43431 8922 32 , , , 43431 8922 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8922 34 2 2 LS 43431 8922 35 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8922 36 the the DT 43431 8922 37 lower low JJR 43431 8922 38 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8922 39 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8922 40 become become VBP 43431 8922 41 fused fuse VBN 43431 8922 42 to to IN 43431 8922 43 the the DT 43431 8922 44 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8922 45 . . . 43431 8923 1 Most Most JJS 43431 8923 2 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 8923 3 have have VBP 43431 8923 4 square square JJ 43431 8923 5 molar molar JJ 43431 8923 6 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8923 7 , , , 43431 8923 8 but but CC 43431 8923 9 in in IN 43431 8923 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8923 11 Potamogale Potamogale NNP 43431 8923 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8923 13 , , , 43431 8923 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8923 15 Chrysochloris Chrysochloris NNP 43431 8923 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8923 17 , , , 43431 8923 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8923 19 Solenodon Solenodon NNP 43431 8923 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8923 21 and and CC 43431 8923 22 the the DT 43431 8923 23 Centetidae Centetidae NNP 43431 8923 24 the the DT 43431 8923 25 molar molar JJ 43431 8923 26 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8923 27 are be VBP 43431 8923 28 triangular triangular JJ 43431 8923 29 in in IN 43431 8923 30 section section NN 43431 8923 31 . . . 43431 8924 1 Four four CD 43431 8924 2 molars molar NNS 43431 8924 3 occur occur VBP 43431 8924 4 in in IN 43431 8924 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8924 6 Centetes Centetes NNP 43431 8924 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8924 8 . . . 43431 8925 1 In in IN 43431 8925 2 the the DT 43431 8925 3 aberrant aberrant JJ 43431 8925 4 genus genus NN 43431 8925 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 6 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 8925 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 8 the the DT 43431 8925 9 dentition dentition NN 43431 8925 10 is be VBZ 43431 8925 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 12 i i PRP 43431 8925 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 14 2/3 2/3 NNP 43431 8925 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 16 c c NNP 43431 8925 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 18 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8925 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 20 pm pm NN 43431 8925 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 22 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8925 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 24 m m NNP 43431 8925 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8925 26 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8925 27 , , , 43431 8925 28 total total JJ 43431 8925 29 34 34 CD 43431 8925 30 . . . 43431 8926 1 The the DT 43431 8926 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8926 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8926 4 are be VBP 43431 8926 5 placed place VBN 43431 8926 6 at at IN 43431 8926 7 some some DT 43431 8926 8 distance distance NN 43431 8926 9 from from IN 43431 8926 10 the the DT 43431 8926 11 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8926 12 end end NN 43431 8926 13 of of IN 43431 8926 14 the the DT 43431 8926 15 jaw jaw NN 43431 8926 16 , , , 43431 8926 17 and and CC 43431 8926 18 the the DT 43431 8926 19 outer outer JJ 43431 8926 20 upper upper JJ 43431 8926 21 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8926 22 and and CC 43431 8926 23 canines canine NNS 43431 8926 24 of of IN 43431 8926 25 both both DT 43431 8926 26 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8926 27 have have VBP 43431 8926 28 two two CD 43431 8926 29 roots,--a roots,--a NNP 43431 8926 30 very very RB 43431 8926 31 unusual unusual JJ 43431 8926 32 character character NN 43431 8926 33 . . . 43431 8927 1 The the DT 43431 8927 2 lower low JJR 43431 8927 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8927 4 are be VBP 43431 8927 5 deeply deeply RB 43431 8927 6 grooved groove VBN 43431 8927 7 or or CC 43431 8927 8 pectinated pectinate VBN 43431 8927 9 in in IN 43431 8927 10 the the DT 43431 8927 11 same same JJ 43431 8927 12 way way NN 43431 8927 13 as as IN 43431 8927 14 are be VBP 43431 8927 15 the the DT 43431 8927 16 lower low JJR 43431 8927 17 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8927 18 of of IN 43431 8927 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8927 20 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 8927 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8927 22 . . . 43431 8928 1 The the DT 43431 8928 2 upper upper JJ 43431 8928 3 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8928 4 and and CC 43431 8928 5 canines canine NNS 43431 8928 6 of of IN 43431 8928 7 both both DT 43431 8928 8 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8928 9 bear bear VBP 43431 8928 10 many many JJ 43431 8928 11 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8928 12 , , , 43431 8928 13 and and CC 43431 8928 14 are be VBP 43431 8928 15 very very RB 43431 8928 16 similar similar JJ 43431 8928 17 in in IN 43431 8928 18 appearance appearance NN 43431 8928 19 to to IN 43431 8928 20 the the DT 43431 8928 21 cheek cheek NN 43431 8928 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8928 23 of of IN 43431 8928 24 some some DT 43431 8928 25 Seals seal NNS 43431 8928 26 . . . 43431 8929 1 The the DT 43431 8929 2 dentition dentition NN 43431 8929 3 of of IN 43431 8929 4 the the DT 43431 8929 5 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 8929 6 is be VBZ 43431 8929 7 diphyodont diphyodont NN 43431 8929 8 and and CC 43431 8929 9 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 8929 10 , , , 43431 8929 11 and and CC 43431 8929 12 the the DT 43431 8929 13 dental dental JJ 43431 8929 14 formula formula NN 43431 8929 15 never never RB 43431 8929 16 exceeds exceed VBZ 43431 8929 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8929 18 i i PRP 43431 8929 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8929 20 2/3 2/3 NNP 43431 8929 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8929 22 c c NNP 43431 8929 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8929 24 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8929 25 pm pm NN 43431 8929 26 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8929 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8929 28 m m NNP 43431 8929 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8929 30 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8929 31 , , , 43431 8929 32 total total JJ 43431 8929 33 38 38 CD 43431 8929 34 . . . 43431 8930 1 The the DT 43431 8930 2 milk milk NN 43431 8930 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8930 4 are be VBP 43431 8930 5 very very RB 43431 8930 6 slender slend JJR 43431 8930 7 and and CC 43431 8930 8 have have VBP 43431 8930 9 sharp sharp JJ 43431 8930 10 recurved recurved JJ 43431 8930 11 cusps cusp NNS 43431 8930 12 ; ; : 43431 8930 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8930 14 are be VBP 43431 8930 15 quite quite RB 43431 8930 16 unlike unlike IN 43431 8930 17 the the DT 43431 8930 18 permanent permanent JJ 43431 8930 19 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8930 20 . . . 43431 8931 1 The the DT 43431 8931 2 permanent permanent JJ 43431 8931 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8931 4 are be VBP 43431 8931 5 of of IN 43431 8931 6 two two CD 43431 8931 7 types type NNS 43431 8931 8 . . . 43431 8932 1 In in IN 43431 8932 2 the the DT 43431 8932 3 Insectivorous insectivorous JJ 43431 8932 4 forms form NNS 43431 8932 5 the the DT 43431 8932 6 molar molar JJ 43431 8932 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8932 8 are be VBP 43431 8932 9 cusped cuspe VBN 43431 8932 10 , , , 43431 8932 11 and and CC 43431 8932 12 resemble resemble VB 43431 8932 13 those those DT 43431 8932 14 of of IN 43431 8932 15 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 8932 16 . . . 43431 8933 1 In in IN 43431 8933 2 the the DT 43431 8933 3 blood blood NN 43431 8933 4 - - HYPH 43431 8933 5 sucking suck VBG 43431 8933 6 Vampire Vampire NNP 43431 8933 7 bat bat NN 43431 8933 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8933 9 Desmodus Desmodus NNP 43431 8933 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8933 11 , , , 43431 8933 12 the the DT 43431 8933 13 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8933 14 are be VBP 43431 8933 15 peculiarly peculiarly RB 43431 8933 16 modified modify VBN 43431 8933 17 ; ; : 43431 8933 18 the the DT 43431 8933 19 canines canine NNS 43431 8933 20 and and CC 43431 8933 21 the the DT 43431 8933 22 single single JJ 43431 8933 23 pair pair NN 43431 8933 24 of of IN 43431 8933 25 upper upper JJ 43431 8933 26 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8933 27 are be VBP 43431 8933 28 much much RB 43431 8933 29 enlarged enlarged JJ 43431 8933 30 and and CC 43431 8933 31 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 8933 32 sharp sharp JJ 43431 8933 33 , , , 43431 8933 34 while while IN 43431 8933 35 all all PDT 43431 8933 36 the the DT 43431 8933 37 other other JJ 43431 8933 38 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8933 39 are be VBP 43431 8933 40 much much RB 43431 8933 41 reduced reduce VBN 43431 8933 42 in in IN 43431 8933 43 size size NN 43431 8933 44 . . . 43431 8934 1 In in IN 43431 8934 2 the the DT 43431 8934 3 Frugivorous frugivorous JJ 43431 8934 4 bats bat NNS 43431 8934 5 the the DT 43431 8934 6 molar molar JJ 43431 8934 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8934 8 have have VBP 43431 8934 9 nearly nearly RB 43431 8934 10 always always RB 43431 8934 11 smooth smooth JJ 43431 8934 12 crowns crown NNS 43431 8934 13 . . . 43431 8935 1 The the DT 43431 8935 2 dental dental JJ 43431 8935 3 formula formula NN 43431 8935 4 in in IN 43431 8935 5 the the DT 43431 8935 6 chief chief JJ 43431 8935 7 genus genus NN 43431 8935 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 9 Pteropus Pteropus NNP 43431 8935 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 11 is be VBZ 43431 8935 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 13 i i PRP 43431 8935 14 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 15 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8935 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 17 c c NNP 43431 8935 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 19 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8935 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 21 pm pm NN 43431 8935 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 23 3/3 3/3 NNP 43431 8935 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 25 m m NNP 43431 8935 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8935 27 2/3 2/3 CD 43431 8935 28 , , , 43431 8935 29 total total JJ 43431 8935 30 34 34 CD 43431 8935 31 . . . 43431 8936 1 The the DT 43431 8936 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 8936 3 have have VBP 43431 8936 4 a a DT 43431 8936 5 diphyodont diphyodont JJ 43431 8936 6 and and CC 43431 8936 7 heterodont heterodont JJ 43431 8936 8 dentition dentition NN 43431 8936 9 , , , 43431 8936 10 generally generally RB 43431 8936 11 of of IN 43431 8936 12 an an DT 43431 8936 13 omnivorous omnivorous JJ 43431 8936 14 type type NN 43431 8936 15 , , , 43431 8936 16 with with IN 43431 8936 17 cheek cheek NN 43431 8936 18 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8936 19 adapted adapt VBN 43431 8936 20 for for IN 43431 8936 21 grinding grind VBG 43431 8936 22 . . . 43431 8937 1 The the DT 43431 8937 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8937 3 are be VBP 43431 8937 4 generally generally RB 43431 8937 5 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8937 6 , , , 43431 8937 7 and and CC 43431 8937 8 the the DT 43431 8937 9 molars molar NNS 43431 8937 10 , , , 43431 8937 11 except except IN 43431 8937 12 in in IN 43431 8937 13 the the DT 43431 8937 14 Hapalidae Hapalidae NNP 43431 8937 15 , , , 43431 8937 16 are be VBP 43431 8937 17 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8937 18 . . . 43431 8938 1 In in IN 43431 8938 2 the the DT 43431 8938 3 Lemurs Lemurs NNP 43431 8938 4 the the DT 43431 8938 5 upper upper JJ 43431 8938 6 canines canine NNS 43431 8938 7 are be VBP 43431 8938 8 large large JJ 43431 8938 9 , , , 43431 8938 10 and and CC 43431 8938 11 the the DT 43431 8938 12 lower low JJR 43431 8938 13 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8938 14 slender slender NN 43431 8938 15 and and CC 43431 8938 16 directed direct VBD 43431 8938 17 almost almost RB 43431 8938 18 horizontally horizontally RB 43431 8938 19 forwards forwards JJ 43431 8938 20 . . . 43431 8939 1 The the DT 43431 8939 2 Aye Aye NNP 43431 8939 3 Aye Aye NNP 43431 8939 4 , , , 43431 8939 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 6 Chiromys Chiromys NNP 43431 8939 7 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 8 , , , 43431 8939 9 has have VBZ 43431 8939 10 the the DT 43431 8939 11 following follow VBG 43431 8939 12 singular singular JJ 43431 8939 13 dentition dentition NN 43431 8939 14 : : : 43431 8939 15 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 16 i i PRP 43431 8939 17 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 18 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8939 19 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 20 c c NNP 43431 8939 21 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 22 0/0 0/0 CD 43431 8939 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 24 pm pm NN 43431 8939 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 26 1/0 1/0 CD 43431 8939 27 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 28 m m NNP 43431 8939 29 _ _ NNP 43431 8939 30 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8939 31 , , , 43431 8939 32 total total JJ 43431 8939 33 18 18 CD 43431 8939 34 . . . 43431 8940 1 The the DT 43431 8940 2 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8940 3 much much RB 43431 8940 4 resemble resemble VBP 43431 8940 5 those those DT 43431 8940 6 of of IN 43431 8940 7 rodents rodent NNS 43431 8940 8 having have VBG 43431 8940 9 persistent persistent JJ 43431 8940 10 pulps pulp NNS 43431 8940 11 , , , 43431 8940 12 and and CC 43431 8940 13 enamel enamel NNP 43431 8940 14 only only RB 43431 8940 15 on on IN 43431 8940 16 the the DT 43431 8940 17 anterior anterior JJ 43431 8940 18 face face NN 43431 8940 19 . . . 43431 8941 1 In in IN 43431 8941 2 Man Man NNP 43431 8941 3 and and CC 43431 8941 4 in in IN 43431 8941 5 the the DT 43431 8941 6 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 8941 7 and and CC 43431 8941 8 Old Old NNP 43431 8941 9 World World NNP 43431 8941 10 Apes ape VBZ 43431 8941 11 the the DT 43431 8941 12 dental dental JJ 43431 8941 13 formula formula NN 43431 8941 14 is be VBZ 43431 8941 15 always always RB 43431 8941 16 _ _ NNP 43431 8941 17 i i PRP 43431 8941 18 _ _ NNP 43431 8941 19 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8941 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8941 21 c c NNP 43431 8941 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8941 23 1/1 1/1 CD 43431 8941 24 _ _ NNP 43431 8941 25 pm pm NN 43431 8941 26 _ _ NNP 43431 8941 27 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8941 28 _ _ NNP 43431 8941 29 m m NNP 43431 8941 30 _ _ NNP 43431 8941 31 3/3 3/3 CD 43431 8941 32 , , , 43431 8941 33 total total JJ 43431 8941 34 32 32 CD 43431 8941 35 . . . 43431 8942 1 In in IN 43431 8942 2 the the DT 43431 8942 3 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 8942 4 there there EX 43431 8942 5 is be VBZ 43431 8942 6 an an DT 43431 8942 7 extra extra JJ 43431 8942 8 premolar premolar JJ 43431 8942 9 in in IN 43431 8942 10 each each DT 43431 8942 11 jaw jaw NN 43431 8942 12 bringing bring VBG 43431 8942 13 the the DT 43431 8942 14 number number NN 43431 8942 15 up up IN 43431 8942 16 to to IN 43431 8942 17 36 36 CD 43431 8942 18 . . . 43431 8943 1 In in IN 43431 8943 2 the the DT 43431 8943 3 Hapalidae Hapalidae NNP 43431 8943 4 , , , 43431 8943 5 as as IN 43431 8943 6 in in IN 43431 8943 7 the the DT 43431 8943 8 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 8943 9 , , , 43431 8943 10 there there EX 43431 8943 11 is be VBZ 43431 8943 12 a a DT 43431 8943 13 third third JJ 43431 8943 14 premolar premolar NN 43431 8943 15 , , , 43431 8943 16 but but CC 43431 8943 17 the the DT 43431 8943 18 molars molar NNS 43431 8943 19 are be VBP 43431 8943 20 reduced reduce VBN 43431 8943 21 to to IN 43431 8943 22 2/2 2/2 CD 43431 8943 23 . . . 43431 8944 1 Man man NN 43431 8944 2 is be VBZ 43431 8944 3 the the DT 43431 8944 4 only only JJ 43431 8944 5 Primate primate NN 43431 8944 6 that that WDT 43431 8944 7 has have VBZ 43431 8944 8 the the DT 43431 8944 9 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8944 10 arranged arrange VBN 43431 8944 11 in in IN 43431 8944 12 a a DT 43431 8944 13 continuous continuous JJ 43431 8944 14 series series NN 43431 8944 15 . . . 43431 8945 1 In in IN 43431 8945 2 all all PDT 43431 8945 3 the the DT 43431 8945 4 others other NNS 43431 8945 5 there there RB 43431 8945 6 is be VBZ 43431 8945 7 a a DT 43431 8945 8 gap gap NN 43431 8945 9 or or CC 43431 8945 10 diastema diastema NN 43431 8945 11 of of IN 43431 8945 12 larger large JJR 43431 8945 13 or or CC 43431 8945 14 smaller small JJR 43431 8945 15 size size NN 43431 8945 16 between between IN 43431 8945 17 the the DT 43431 8945 18 incisors incisor NNS 43431 8945 19 and and CC 43431 8945 20 canines canine NNS 43431 8945 21 . . . 43431 8946 1 In in IN 43431 8946 2 all all DT 43431 8946 3 except except IN 43431 8946 4 man man NN 43431 8946 5 also also RB 43431 8946 6 the the DT 43431 8946 7 canines canine NNS 43431 8946 8 are be VBP 43431 8946 9 enlarged enlarge VBN 43431 8946 10 , , , 43431 8946 11 especially especially RB 43431 8946 12 in in IN 43431 8946 13 the the DT 43431 8946 14 males male NNS 43431 8946 15 . . . 43431 8947 1 The the DT 43431 8947 2 Exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 8947 3 structures structure NNS 43431 8947 4 of of IN 43431 8947 5 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8947 6 may may MD 43431 8947 7 be be VB 43431 8947 8 summarised summarise VBN 43431 8947 9 in in IN 43431 8947 10 the the DT 43431 8947 11 following follow VBG 43431 8947 12 table table NN 43431 8947 13 : : : 43431 8947 14 I. i. NN 43431 8948 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8948 2 Epidermal Epidermal NNP 43431 8948 3 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 8948 4 structures structure NNS 43431 8948 5 . . . 43431 8948 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8948 7 1 1 CD 43431 8948 8 . . . 43431 8949 1 Hairs Hairs NNP 43431 8949 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8949 3 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 4 a a DT 43431 8949 5 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8949 7 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 8949 8 hair hair NN 43431 8949 9 , , , 43431 8949 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8949 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 12 b b NNP 43431 8949 13 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8949 15 vibrissae vibrissae VB 43431 8949 16 and and CC 43431 8949 17 bristles bristle NNS 43431 8949 18 , , , 43431 8949 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8949 20 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 21 c c NNP 43431 8949 22 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 23 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8949 24 spines spine NNS 43431 8949 25 of of IN 43431 8949 26 hedgehog hedgehog NNP 43431 8949 27 , , , 43431 8949 28 porcupine porcupine NNP 43431 8949 29 , , , 43431 8949 30 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 31 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 8949 32 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 33 , , , 43431 8949 34 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 35 Centetes Centetes NNP 43431 8949 36 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 37 , , , 43431 8949 38 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 39 Acanthomys Acanthomys NNP 43431 8949 40 _ _ NNP 43431 8949 41 . . . 43431 8950 1 2 2 LS 43431 8950 2 . . . 43431 8951 1 Scales scale NNS 43431 8951 2 { { -LRB- 43431 8951 3 of of IN 43431 8951 4 Manidae Manidae NNP 43431 8951 5 , , , 43431 8951 6 { { -LRB- 43431 8951 7 on on IN 43431 8951 8 tails tail NNS 43431 8951 9 of of IN 43431 8951 10 rats rat NNS 43431 8951 11 , , , 43431 8951 12 beavers beaver NNS 43431 8951 13 , , , 43431 8951 14 & & CC 43431 8951 15 c. c. NNP 43431 8951 16 3 3 CD 43431 8951 17 . . . 43431 8952 1 Horns Horns NNP 43431 8952 2 of of IN 43431 8952 3 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 8952 4 . . . 43431 8953 1 4 4 LS 43431 8953 2 . . . 43431 8954 1 Horns horn NNS 43431 8954 2 of of IN 43431 8954 3 Bovine Bovine NNP 43431 8954 4 Ruminants Ruminants NNPS 43431 8954 5 . . . 43431 8955 1 5 5 CD 43431 8955 2 . . . 43431 8956 1 Nails Nails NNP 43431 8956 2 , , , 43431 8956 3 claws claws NN 43431 8956 4 , , , 43431 8956 5 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 8956 6 . . . 43431 8957 1 6 6 CD 43431 8957 2 . . . 43431 8958 1 Spurs spur NNS 43431 8958 2 of of IN 43431 8958 3 male male NN 43431 8958 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8958 5 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 8958 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8958 7 and and CC 43431 8958 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8958 9 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 8958 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8958 11 . . . 43431 8959 1 7 7 LS 43431 8959 2 . . . 43431 8960 1 Horny horny JJ 43431 8960 2 beak beak NN 43431 8960 3 and and CC 43431 8960 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8960 5 of of IN 43431 8960 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8960 7 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 8960 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8960 9 . . . 43431 8961 1 8 8 LS 43431 8961 2 . . . 43431 8962 1 Horny Horny NNP 43431 8962 2 pads pad NNS 43431 8962 3 on on IN 43431 8962 4 jaws jaw NNS 43431 8962 5 of of IN 43431 8962 6 Sirenians Sirenians NNPS 43431 8962 7 and and CC 43431 8962 8 Ruminants Ruminants NNPS 43431 8962 9 . . . 43431 8963 1 9 9 CD 43431 8963 2 . . . 43431 8964 1 Baleen baleen NN 43431 8964 2 of of IN 43431 8964 3 whales whale NNS 43431 8964 4 . . . 43431 8965 1 10 10 CD 43431 8965 2 . . . 43431 8966 1 Enamel Enamel NNP 43431 8966 2 of of IN 43431 8966 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8966 4 . . . 43431 8967 1 II ii CD 43431 8967 2 . . . 43431 8968 1 _ _ NNP 43431 8968 2 Dermal dermal JJ 43431 8968 3 exoskeletal exoskeletal JJ 43431 8968 4 structures structure NNS 43431 8968 5 . . . 43431 8968 6 _ _ NNP 43431 8968 7 1 1 CD 43431 8968 8 . . . 43431 8969 1 Dentine Dentine NNP 43431 8969 2 and and CC 43431 8969 3 cement cement NN 43431 8969 4 of of IN 43431 8969 5 teeth tooth NNS 43431 8969 6 . . . 43431 8970 1 2 2 LS 43431 8970 2 . . . 43431 8971 1 Bony Bony NNP 43431 8971 2 scutes scute NNS 43431 8971 3 of of IN 43431 8971 4 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 8971 5 . . . 43431 8972 1 ENDOSKELETON ENDOSKELETON VBN 43431 8972 2 . . . 43431 8973 1 VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL NNP 43431 8973 2 COLUMN COLUMN NNP 43431 8973 3 . . . 43431 8974 1 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 8974 2 VERTEBRAE vertebrae FW 43431 8974 3 . . . 43431 8975 1 The the DT 43431 8975 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8975 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8975 4 of of IN 43431 8975 5 all all DT 43431 8975 6 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8975 7 have have VBP 43431 8975 8 certain certain JJ 43431 8975 9 characters character NNS 43431 8975 10 in in IN 43431 8975 11 common common JJ 43431 8975 12 . . . 43431 8976 1 However however RB 43431 8976 2 long long RB 43431 8976 3 the the DT 43431 8976 4 neck neck NN 43431 8976 5 may may MD 43431 8976 6 be be VB 43431 8976 7 , , , 43431 8976 8 the the DT 43431 8976 9 number number NN 43431 8976 10 of of IN 43431 8976 11 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8976 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8976 13 , , , 43431 8976 14 with with IN 43431 8976 15 very very RB 43431 8976 16 few few JJ 43431 8976 17 exceptions exception NNS 43431 8976 18 , , , 43431 8976 19 is be VBZ 43431 8976 20 seven seven CD 43431 8976 21 . . . 43431 8977 1 Movable movable JJ 43431 8977 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 8977 3 are be VBP 43431 8977 4 generally generally RB 43431 8977 5 absent absent JJ 43431 8977 6 , , , 43431 8977 7 and and CC 43431 8977 8 if if IN 43431 8977 9 present present JJ 43431 8977 10 are be VBP 43431 8977 11 small small JJ 43431 8977 12 and and CC 43431 8977 13 do do VBP 43431 8977 14 not not RB 43431 8977 15 reach reach VB 43431 8977 16 the the DT 43431 8977 17 sternum sternum NN 43431 8977 18 . . . 43431 8978 1 The the DT 43431 8978 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8978 3 processes process NNS 43431 8978 4 are be VBP 43431 8978 5 generally generally RB 43431 8978 6 wide wide JJ 43431 8978 7 but but CC 43431 8978 8 not not RB 43431 8978 9 long long JJ 43431 8978 10 , , , 43431 8978 11 and and CC 43431 8978 12 are be VBP 43431 8978 13 perforated perforate VBN 43431 8978 14 near near IN 43431 8978 15 the the DT 43431 8978 16 base base NN 43431 8978 17 by by IN 43431 8978 18 the the DT 43431 8978 19 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 8978 20 canals canal NNS 43431 8978 21 , , , 43431 8978 22 through through IN 43431 8978 23 which which WDT 43431 8978 24 the the DT 43431 8978 25 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 8978 26 arteries artery NNS 43431 8978 27 pass pass VBP 43431 8978 28 ; ; : 43431 8978 29 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8978 30 generally generally RB 43431 8978 31 bear bear VBP 43431 8978 32 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 8978 33 directed direct VBD 43431 8978 34 inferior inferior JJ 43431 8978 35 lamellae lamella NNS 43431 8978 36 which which WDT 43431 8978 37 are be VBP 43431 8978 38 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 8978 39 as as IN 43431 8978 40 in in IN 43431 8978 41 the the DT 43431 8978 42 seventh seventh JJ 43431 8978 43 human human JJ 43431 8978 44 cervical cervical NN 43431 8978 45 seen see VBN 43431 8978 46 to to TO 43431 8978 47 ossify ossify VB 43431 8978 48 from from IN 43431 8978 49 centres centre NNS 43431 8978 50 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8978 51 from from IN 43431 8978 52 those those DT 43431 8978 53 forming form VBG 43431 8978 54 the the DT 43431 8978 55 rest rest NN 43431 8978 56 of of IN 43431 8978 57 the the DT 43431 8978 58 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8978 59 process process NN 43431 8978 60 , , , 43431 8978 61 and and CC 43431 8978 62 are be VBP 43431 8978 63 really really RB 43431 8978 64 of of IN 43431 8978 65 the the DT 43431 8978 66 nature nature NN 43431 8978 67 of of IN 43431 8978 68 ribs rib NNS 43431 8978 69 . . . 43431 8979 1 The the DT 43431 8979 2 atlas atla NNS 43431 8979 3 and and CC 43431 8979 4 axis axis RB 43431 8979 5 always always RB 43431 8979 6 differ differ VBP 43431 8979 7 much much RB 43431 8979 8 from from IN 43431 8979 9 the the DT 43431 8979 10 other other JJ 43431 8979 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8979 12 . . . 43431 8980 1 We -PRON- PRP 43431 8980 2 may may MD 43431 8980 3 pass pass VB 43431 8980 4 now now RB 43431 8980 5 to to IN 43431 8980 6 the the DT 43431 8980 7 special special JJ 43431 8980 8 characters character NNS 43431 8980 9 of of IN 43431 8980 10 the the DT 43431 8980 11 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8980 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8980 13 in in IN 43431 8980 14 the the DT 43431 8980 15 different different JJ 43431 8980 16 groups group NNS 43431 8980 17 . . . 43431 8981 1 In in IN 43431 8981 2 MONOTREMES monotremes NN 43431 8981 3 and and CC 43431 8981 4 MARSUPIALS marsupials NN 43431 8981 5 the the DT 43431 8981 6 number number NN 43431 8981 7 of of IN 43431 8981 8 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8981 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8981 10 is be VBZ 43431 8981 11 always always RB 43431 8981 12 seven seven CD 43431 8981 13 . . . 43431 8982 1 With with IN 43431 8982 2 the the DT 43431 8982 3 exception exception NN 43431 8982 4 of of IN 43431 8982 5 the the DT 43431 8982 6 atlas atla NNS 43431 8982 7 of of IN 43431 8982 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8982 9 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 8982 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8982 11 the the DT 43431 8982 12 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8982 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8982 14 of of IN 43431 8982 15 Monotremes Monotremes NNP 43431 8982 16 are be VBP 43431 8982 17 without without IN 43431 8982 18 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 8982 19 . . . 43431 8983 1 In in IN 43431 8983 2 Monotremes Monotremes NNP 43431 8983 3 the the DT 43431 8983 4 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8983 5 processes process NNS 43431 8983 6 ossify ossify RB 43431 8983 7 from from IN 43431 8983 8 centres centre NNS 43431 8983 9 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8983 10 from from IN 43431 8983 11 that that DT 43431 8983 12 forming form VBG 43431 8983 13 the the DT 43431 8983 14 body body NN 43431 8983 15 , , , 43431 8983 16 and and CC 43431 8983 17 remain remain VBP 43431 8983 18 suturally suturally RB 43431 8983 19 connected connected JJ 43431 8983 20 with with IN 43431 8983 21 the the DT 43431 8983 22 rest rest NN 43431 8983 23 of of IN 43431 8983 24 the the DT 43431 8983 25 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 8983 26 until until IN 43431 8983 27 the the DT 43431 8983 28 adult adult NN 43431 8983 29 condition condition NN 43431 8983 30 is be VBZ 43431 8983 31 reached reach VBN 43431 8983 32 . . . 43431 8984 1 The the DT 43431 8984 2 method method NN 43431 8984 3 of of IN 43431 8984 4 the the DT 43431 8984 5 ossification ossification NN 43431 8984 6 of of IN 43431 8984 7 the the DT 43431 8984 8 atlas atla NNS 43431 8984 9 in in IN 43431 8984 10 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 8984 11 varies vary VBZ 43431 8984 12 considerably considerably RB 43431 8984 13 , , , 43431 8984 14 thus thus RB 43431 8984 15 in in IN 43431 8984 16 some some DT 43431 8984 17 forms form NNS 43431 8984 18 such such JJ 43431 8984 19 as as IN 43431 8984 20 the the DT 43431 8984 21 Wombats wombat NNS 43431 8984 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8984 23 _ _ NNP 43431 8984 24 Phascolomys Phascolomys NNP 43431 8984 25 _ _ NNP 43431 8984 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8984 27 there there EX 43431 8984 28 is be VBZ 43431 8984 29 an an DT 43431 8984 30 unossified unossified JJ 43431 8984 31 gap gap NN 43431 8984 32 in in IN 43431 8984 33 the the DT 43431 8984 34 middle middle NN 43431 8984 35 of of IN 43431 8984 36 the the DT 43431 8984 37 inferior inferior JJ 43431 8984 38 arch arch NN 43431 8984 39 of of IN 43431 8984 40 the the DT 43431 8984 41 atlas atla NNS 43431 8984 42 , , , 43431 8984 43 which which WDT 43431 8984 44 may may MD 43431 8984 45 remain remain VB 43431 8984 46 permanently permanently RB 43431 8984 47 open open JJ 43431 8984 48 ; ; : 43431 8984 49 in in IN 43431 8984 50 _ _ NNP 43431 8984 51 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 8984 52 _ _ NNP 43431 8984 53 this this DT 43431 8984 54 gap gap NN 43431 8984 55 is be VBZ 43431 8984 56 filled fill VBN 43431 8984 57 up up RP 43431 8984 58 by by IN 43431 8984 59 a a DT 43431 8984 60 distinct distinct JJ 43431 8984 61 heart heart NN 43431 8984 62 - - HYPH 43431 8984 63 shaped shape VBN 43431 8984 64 piece piece NN 43431 8984 65 of of IN 43431 8984 66 bone bone NN 43431 8984 67 , , , 43431 8984 68 while while IN 43431 8984 69 in in IN 43431 8984 70 _ _ NNP 43431 8984 71 Didelphys Didelphys NNP 43431 8984 72 _ _ NNP 43431 8984 73 and and CC 43431 8984 74 _ _ NNP 43431 8984 75 Perameles Perameles NNP 43431 8984 76 _ _ NNP 43431 8984 77 the the DT 43431 8984 78 atlas atlas NN 43431 8984 79 is be VBZ 43431 8984 80 ossified ossify VBN 43431 8984 81 below below RB 43431 8984 82 in in IN 43431 8984 83 the the DT 43431 8984 84 same same JJ 43431 8984 85 way way NN 43431 8984 86 as as IN 43431 8984 87 in in IN 43431 8984 88 other other JJ 43431 8984 89 mammals mammal NNS 43431 8984 90 . . . 43431 8985 1 In in IN 43431 8985 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8985 3 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNPS 43431 8985 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8985 5 the the DT 43431 8985 6 second second JJ 43431 8985 7 to to IN 43431 8985 8 sixth sixth JJ 43431 8985 9 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8985 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8985 11 are be VBP 43431 8985 12 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 8985 13 together together RB 43431 8985 14 . . . 43431 8986 1 The the DT 43431 8986 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8986 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8986 4 of of IN 43431 8986 5 the the DT 43431 8986 6 EDENTATA EDENTATA NNP 43431 8986 7 have have VBP 43431 8986 8 some some DT 43431 8986 9 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 8986 10 peculiarities peculiarity NNS 43431 8986 11 . . . 43431 8987 1 In in IN 43431 8987 2 the the DT 43431 8987 3 three three CD 43431 8987 4 - - HYPH 43431 8987 5 fingered finger VBN 43431 8987 6 Sloth Sloth NNP 43431 8987 7 , , , 43431 8987 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8987 9 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 8987 10 _ _ NNP 43431 8987 11 , , , 43431 8987 12 there there EX 43431 8987 13 are be VBP 43431 8987 14 nine nine CD 43431 8987 15 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8987 16 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8987 17 , , , 43431 8987 18 all all RB 43431 8987 19 except except IN 43431 8987 20 the the DT 43431 8987 21 last last JJ 43431 8987 22 of of IN 43431 8987 23 which which WDT 43431 8987 24 have have VBP 43431 8987 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 8987 26 transverse transverse JJ 43431 8987 27 processes process NNS 43431 8987 28 perforated perforate VBN 43431 8987 29 by by IN 43431 8987 30 the the DT 43431 8987 31 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 8987 32 canals canal NNS 43431 8987 33 . . . 43431 8988 1 In in IN 43431 8988 2 a a DT 43431 8988 3 two two CD 43431 8988 4 - - HYPH 43431 8988 5 fingered finger VBN 43431 8988 6 sloth sloth NN 43431 8988 7 , , , 43431 8988 8 _ _ NNP 43431 8988 9 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 8988 10 hoffmanni hoffmanni NNP 43431 8988 11 _ _ NNP 43431 8988 12 , , , 43431 8988 13 there there EX 43431 8988 14 are be VBP 43431 8988 15 only only RB 43431 8988 16 six six CD 43431 8988 17 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8988 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8988 19 . . . 43431 8989 1 In in IN 43431 8989 2 the the DT 43431 8989 3 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 8989 4 , , , 43431 8989 5 Anteaters Anteaters NNPS 43431 8989 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8989 7 Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophagidae NNP 43431 8989 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8989 9 , , , 43431 8989 10 Pangolins Pangolins NNP 43431 8989 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8989 12 Manidae Manidae NNP 43431 8989 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8989 14 , , , 43431 8989 15 and and CC 43431 8989 16 Aard Aard NNP 43431 8989 17 Varks Varks NNP 43431 8989 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8989 19 Orycteropodidae Orycteropodidae NNP 43431 8989 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8989 21 , , , 43431 8989 22 the the DT 43431 8989 23 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8989 24 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8989 25 are be VBP 43431 8989 26 normal normal JJ 43431 8989 27 , , , 43431 8989 28 but but CC 43431 8989 29 in in IN 43431 8989 30 the the DT 43431 8989 31 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 8989 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8989 33 Dasypodidae Dasypodidae NNP 43431 8989 34 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8989 35 , , , 43431 8989 36 and and CC 43431 8989 37 still still RB 43431 8989 38 more more JJR 43431 8989 39 in in IN 43431 8989 40 the the DT 43431 8989 41 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNPS 43431 8989 42 , , , 43431 8989 43 several several JJ 43431 8989 44 of of IN 43431 8989 45 them -PRON- PRP 43431 8989 46 are be VBP 43431 8989 47 commonly commonly RB 43431 8989 48 fused fuse VBN 43431 8989 49 together together RB 43431 8989 50 . . . 43431 8990 1 The the DT 43431 8990 2 fusion fusion NN 43431 8990 3 affects affect VBZ 43431 8990 4 not not RB 43431 8990 5 only only RB 43431 8990 6 the the DT 43431 8990 7 centra centra NN 43431 8990 8 , , , 43431 8990 9 but but CC 43431 8990 10 also also RB 43431 8990 11 the the DT 43431 8990 12 neural neural JJ 43431 8990 13 arches arch NNS 43431 8990 14 , , , 43431 8990 15 so so IN 43431 8990 16 that that IN 43431 8990 17 the the DT 43431 8990 18 neural neural JJ 43431 8990 19 canals canal NNS 43431 8990 20 form form VBP 43431 8990 21 a a DT 43431 8990 22 continuous continuous JJ 43431 8990 23 tube tube NN 43431 8990 24 . . . 43431 8991 1 In in IN 43431 8991 2 the the DT 43431 8991 3 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNPS 43431 8991 4 there there EX 43431 8991 5 is be VBZ 43431 8991 6 a a DT 43431 8991 7 complex complex JJ 43431 8991 8 joint joint NN 43431 8991 9 at at IN 43431 8991 10 the the DT 43431 8991 11 base base NN 43431 8991 12 of of IN 43431 8991 13 the the DT 43431 8991 14 neck neck NN 43431 8991 15 to to TO 43431 8991 16 allow allow VB 43431 8991 17 the the DT 43431 8991 18 partial partial JJ 43431 8991 19 retraction retraction NN 43431 8991 20 of of IN 43431 8991 21 the the DT 43431 8991 22 head head NN 43431 8991 23 within within IN 43431 8991 24 the the DT 43431 8991 25 carapace carapace NN 43431 8991 26 . . . 43431 8992 1 This this DT 43431 8992 2 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 8992 3 recalls recall VBZ 43431 8992 4 that that IN 43431 8992 5 in in IN 43431 8992 6 Tortoises Tortoises NNP 43431 8992 7 . . . 43431 8993 1 As as IN 43431 8993 2 a a DT 43431 8993 3 rule rule NN 43431 8993 4 the the DT 43431 8993 5 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 8993 6 possess possess VBP 43431 8993 7 seven seven CD 43431 8993 8 short short JJ 43431 8993 9 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8993 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8993 11 , , , 43431 8993 12 not not RB 43431 8993 13 fused fuse VBN 43431 8993 14 together together RB 43431 8993 15 and and CC 43431 8993 16 not not RB 43431 8993 17 presenting present VBG 43431 8993 18 any any DT 43431 8993 19 marked marked JJ 43431 8993 20 peculiarities peculiarity NNS 43431 8993 21 . . . 43431 8994 1 In in IN 43431 8994 2 _ _ NNP 43431 8994 3 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 8994 4 _ _ NNP 43431 8994 5 however however RB 43431 8994 6 there there EX 43431 8994 7 are be VBP 43431 8994 8 only only RB 43431 8994 9 six six CD 43431 8994 10 cervical cervical JJ 43431 8994 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 8994 12 and and CC 43431 8994 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 8994 14 are be VBP 43431 8994 15 very very RB 43431 8994 16 variable variable JJ 43431 8994 17 . . . 43431 8995 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 8995 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 8995 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 8995 4 . . . 43431 8996 1 87 87 CD 43431 8996 2 . . . 43431 8997 1 CERVICAL CERVICAL NNS 43431 8997 2 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 8997 3 OF of IN 43431 8997 4 A a DT 43431 8997 5 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 8997 6 FIN FIN NNP 43431 8997 7 WHALE WHALE NNP 43431 8997 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8997 9 _ _ NNP 43431 8997 10 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 8997 11 musculus musculus NN 43431 8997 12 _ _ NNP 43431 8997 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 8997 14 à à NNP 43431 8997 15 � � NNP 43431 8997 16 1/10 1/10 CD 43431 8997 17 . . . 43431 8998 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 8998 2 Camb camb NN 43431 8998 3 . . . 43431 8999 1 Mus mus NN 43431 8999 2 . . . 43431 8999 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9000 1 1 1 LS 43431 9000 2 . . . 43431 9000 3 surface surface VB 43431 9000 4 on on IN 43431 9000 5 the the DT 43431 9000 6 atlas atlas NN 43431 9000 7 for for IN 43431 9000 8 articulation articulation NN 43431 9000 9 with with IN 43431 9000 10 the the DT 43431 9000 11 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9000 12 condyle condyle NN 43431 9000 13 of of IN 43431 9000 14 the the DT 43431 9000 15 skull skull NN 43431 9000 16 . . . 43431 9001 1 2 2 LS 43431 9001 2 . . . 43431 9001 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9001 4 for for IN 43431 9001 5 exit exit NN 43431 9001 6 of of IN 43431 9001 7 the the DT 43431 9001 8 first first JJ 43431 9001 9 spinal spinal JJ 43431 9001 10 nerve nerve NN 43431 9001 11 . . . 43431 9002 1 3 3 LS 43431 9002 2 . . . 43431 9002 3 upper upper JJ 43431 9002 4 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9002 5 process process NN 43431 9002 6 . . . 43431 9003 1 4 4 LS 43431 9003 2 . . . 43431 9003 3 lower low JJR 43431 9003 4 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9003 5 process process NN 43431 9003 6 . . . 43431 9004 1 In in IN 43431 9004 2 the the DT 43431 9004 3 fresh fresh JJ 43431 9004 4 specimen speciman NNS 43431 9004 5 these these DT 43431 9004 6 two two CD 43431 9004 7 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9004 8 processes process NNS 43431 9004 9 are be VBP 43431 9004 10 united unite VBN 43431 9004 11 by by IN 43431 9004 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 9004 13 , , , 43431 9004 14 in in IN 43431 9004 15 adult adult NN 43431 9004 16 individuals individual NNS 43431 9004 17 the the DT 43431 9004 18 whole whole JJ 43431 9004 19 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9004 20 process process NN 43431 9004 21 is be VBZ 43431 9004 22 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9004 23 . . . 43431 9005 1 5 5 LS 43431 9005 2 . . . 43431 9005 3 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 9005 4 of of IN 43431 9005 5 centrum centrum NN 43431 9005 6 . . . 43431 9006 1 6 6 LS 43431 9006 2 . . . 43431 9006 3 neural neural JJ 43431 9006 4 spine spine NNP 43431 9006 5 . . . 43431 9006 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9007 1 In in IN 43431 9007 2 the the DT 43431 9007 3 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 9007 4 there there EX 43431 9007 5 are be VBP 43431 9007 6 invariably invariably RB 43431 9007 7 seven seven CD 43431 9007 8 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9007 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9007 10 , , , 43431 9007 11 but but CC 43431 9007 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9007 13 are be VBP 43431 9007 14 always always RB 43431 9007 15 very very RB 43431 9007 16 short short JJ 43431 9007 17 and and CC 43431 9007 18 are be VBP 43431 9007 19 frequently frequently RB 43431 9007 20 even even RB 43431 9007 21 before before IN 43431 9007 22 birth birth NN 43431 9007 23 fused fuse VBN 43431 9007 24 together together RB 43431 9007 25 by by IN 43431 9007 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9007 27 centra centrum NNS 43431 9007 28 into into IN 43431 9007 29 one one CD 43431 9007 30 continuous continuous JJ 43431 9007 31 mass mass NN 43431 9007 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9007 33 see see UH 43431 9007 34 fig fig NN 43431 9007 35 . . . 43431 9008 1 67 67 CD 43431 9008 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9008 3 . . . 43431 9009 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9009 2 the the DT 43431 9009 3 last last JJ 43431 9009 4 one one CD 43431 9009 5 or or CC 43431 9009 6 two two CD 43431 9009 7 are be VBP 43431 9009 8 free free JJ 43431 9009 9 . . . 43431 9010 1 In in IN 43431 9010 2 the the DT 43431 9010 3 Rorquals rorqual NNS 43431 9010 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9010 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9010 6 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 9010 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9010 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9010 9 however however RB 43431 9010 10 , , , 43431 9010 11 the the DT 43431 9010 12 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9010 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9010 14 are be VBP 43431 9010 15 quite quite RB 43431 9010 16 separate separate JJ 43431 9010 17 and and CC 43431 9010 18 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9010 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9010 20 fig fig NN 43431 9010 21 . . . 43431 9011 1 87 87 CD 43431 9011 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9011 3 , , , 43431 9011 4 and and CC 43431 9011 5 in in IN 43431 9011 6 the the DT 43431 9011 7 fluviatile fluviatile JJ 43431 9011 8 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 9011 9 , , , 43431 9011 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 11 Platanista Platanista NNP 43431 9011 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 13 , , , 43431 9011 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 15 Inia Inia NNP 43431 9011 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 17 , , , 43431 9011 18 and and CC 43431 9011 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 20 Pontoporia Pontoporia NNP 43431 9011 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 22 , , , 43431 9011 23 and and CC 43431 9011 24 also also RB 43431 9011 25 in in IN 43431 9011 26 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 27 Beluga Beluga NNP 43431 9011 28 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 29 and and CC 43431 9011 30 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 31 Monodon Monodon NNP 43431 9011 32 _ _ NNP 43431 9011 33 , , , 43431 9011 34 though though IN 43431 9011 35 very very RB 43431 9011 36 short short JJ 43431 9011 37 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9011 38 are be VBP 43431 9011 39 free free JJ 43431 9011 40 . . . 43431 9012 1 In in IN 43431 9012 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9012 3 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 9012 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9012 5 the the DT 43431 9012 6 first first JJ 43431 9012 7 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 9012 8 is be VBZ 43431 9012 9 free free JJ 43431 9012 10 while while IN 43431 9012 11 the the DT 43431 9012 12 others other NNS 43431 9012 13 are be VBP 43431 9012 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 9012 15 . . . 43431 9013 1 An an DT 43431 9013 2 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 9013 3 process process NN 43431 9013 4 is be VBZ 43431 9013 5 not not RB 43431 9013 6 commonly commonly RB 43431 9013 7 present present JJ 43431 9013 8 even even RB 43431 9013 9 in in IN 43431 9013 10 Cetaceans Cetaceans NNPS 43431 9013 11 with with IN 43431 9013 12 free free JJ 43431 9013 13 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9013 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9013 15 , , , 43431 9013 16 but but CC 43431 9013 17 a a DT 43431 9013 18 very very RB 43431 9013 19 short short JJ 43431 9013 20 one one NN 43431 9013 21 occurs occur VBZ 43431 9013 22 in in IN 43431 9013 23 the the DT 43431 9013 24 Rorquals rorqual NNS 43431 9013 25 . . . 43431 9014 1 The the DT 43431 9014 2 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9014 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9014 4 of of IN 43431 9014 5 Rorquals rorqual NNS 43431 9014 6 give give VBP 43431 9014 7 off off RP 43431 9014 8 on on IN 43431 9014 9 each each DT 43431 9014 10 side side NN 43431 9014 11 two two CD 43431 9014 12 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9014 13 processes process NNS 43431 9014 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9014 15 fig fig NN 43431 9014 16 . . . 43431 9015 1 87 87 CD 43431 9015 2 , , , 43431 9015 3 3 3 CD 43431 9015 4 and and CC 43431 9015 5 4 4 CD 43431 9015 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9015 7 which which WDT 43431 9015 8 enclose enclose VBP 43431 9015 9 between between IN 43431 9015 10 them -PRON- PRP 43431 9015 11 a a DT 43431 9015 12 wide wide JJ 43431 9015 13 space space NN 43431 9015 14 . . . 43431 9016 1 These these DT 43431 9016 2 processes process NNS 43431 9016 3 are be VBP 43431 9016 4 not not RB 43431 9016 5 completely completely RB 43431 9016 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9016 7 till till IN 43431 9016 8 the the DT 43431 9016 9 animal animal NN 43431 9016 10 is be VBZ 43431 9016 11 adult adult NN 43431 9016 12 . . . 43431 9017 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9017 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9017 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9017 4 . . . 43431 9018 1 88 88 CD 43431 9018 2 . . . 43431 9019 1 ATLAS ATLAS NNP 43431 9019 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9019 3 B B NNP 43431 9019 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9019 5 AND and CC 43431 9019 6 AXIS axis VB 43431 9019 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9019 8 A a NN 43431 9019 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9019 10 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 9019 11 OF of IN 43431 9019 12 AN an DT 43431 9019 13 OX OX NNP 43431 9019 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9019 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9019 16 Bos Bos NNP 43431 9019 17 taurus taurus NNP 43431 9019 18 _ _ IN 43431 9019 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9019 20 à à NNP 43431 9019 21 � � NNP 43431 9019 22 1/4 1/4 CD 43431 9019 23 . . . 43431 9020 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9020 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9020 3 . . . 43431 9021 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9021 2 . . . 43431 9021 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9022 1 1 1 LS 43431 9022 2 . . . 43431 9022 3 neural neural NNP 43431 9022 4 canal canal NNP 43431 9022 5 . . . 43431 9023 1 2 2 LS 43431 9023 2 . . . 43431 9023 3 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9023 4 process process NN 43431 9023 5 . . . 43431 9024 1 3 3 LS 43431 9024 2 . . . 43431 9024 3 surfaces surface NNS 43431 9024 4 for for IN 43431 9024 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 9024 6 with with IN 43431 9024 7 the the DT 43431 9024 8 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9024 9 condyles condyle NNS 43431 9024 10 of of IN 43431 9024 11 the the DT 43431 9024 12 skull skull NN 43431 9024 13 . . . 43431 9025 1 4 4 LS 43431 9025 2 . . . 43431 9025 3 spout spout NN 43431 9025 4 - - HYPH 43431 9025 5 like like JJ 43431 9025 6 odontoid odontoid NN 43431 9025 7 process process NN 43431 9025 8 . . . 43431 9026 1 5 5 LS 43431 9026 2 . . . 43431 9026 3 hypapophysis hypapophysis NN 43431 9026 4 . . . 43431 9027 1 6 6 LS 43431 9027 2 . . . 43431 9027 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9027 4 opening opening NN 43431 9027 5 of of IN 43431 9027 6 the the DT 43431 9027 7 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 9027 8 canal canal NN 43431 9027 9 . . . 43431 9028 1 7 7 LS 43431 9028 2 . . . 43431 9028 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9028 4 for for IN 43431 9028 5 the the DT 43431 9028 6 exit exit NN 43431 9028 7 of of IN 43431 9028 8 the the DT 43431 9028 9 second second JJ 43431 9028 10 spinal spinal JJ 43431 9028 11 nerve nerve NN 43431 9028 12 . . . 43431 9029 1 8 8 LS 43431 9029 2 . . . 43431 9029 3 neural neural JJ 43431 9029 4 spine spine NNP 43431 9029 5 . . . 43431 9030 1 9 9 CD 43431 9030 2 . . . 43431 9031 1 postzygapophysis postzygapophysis NNP 43431 9031 2 . . . 43431 9031 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9032 1 In in IN 43431 9032 2 all all DT 43431 9032 3 UNGULATA ungulata VBP 43431 9032 4 the the DT 43431 9032 5 number number NN 43431 9032 6 of of IN 43431 9032 7 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9032 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9032 9 is be VBZ 43431 9032 10 seven seven CD 43431 9032 11 . . . 43431 9033 1 Among among IN 43431 9033 2 the the DT 43431 9033 3 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 9033 4 two two CD 43431 9033 5 forms form NNS 43431 9033 6 of of IN 43431 9033 7 the the DT 43431 9033 8 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 9033 9 process process NN 43431 9033 10 of of IN 43431 9033 11 the the DT 43431 9033 12 axis axis NN 43431 9033 13 occurs occur VBZ 43431 9033 14 ; ; : 43431 9033 15 in in IN 43431 9033 16 the the DT 43431 9033 17 Suina Suina NNP 43431 9033 18 and and CC 43431 9033 19 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 9033 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9033 21 is be VBZ 43431 9033 22 conical conical JJ 43431 9033 23 , , , 43431 9033 24 in in IN 43431 9033 25 the the DT 43431 9033 26 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 9033 27 and and CC 43431 9033 28 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 9033 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9033 30 is be VBZ 43431 9033 31 spout spout JJ 43431 9033 32 - - HYPH 43431 9033 33 like like JJ 43431 9033 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9033 35 fig fig NN 43431 9033 36 . . . 43431 9034 1 88 88 CD 43431 9034 2 , , , 43431 9034 3 4 4 CD 43431 9034 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9034 5 . . . 43431 9035 1 The the DT 43431 9035 2 atlas atla NNS 43431 9035 3 in in IN 43431 9035 4 the the DT 43431 9035 5 Suina Suina NNP 43431 9035 6 and and CC 43431 9035 7 to to IN 43431 9035 8 a a DT 43431 9035 9 less less JJR 43431 9035 10 extent extent NN 43431 9035 11 in in IN 43431 9035 12 the the DT 43431 9035 13 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 9035 14 has have VBZ 43431 9035 15 long long RB 43431 9035 16 flattened flatten VBN 43431 9035 17 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9035 18 processes process NNS 43431 9035 19 , , , 43431 9035 20 and and CC 43431 9035 21 the the DT 43431 9035 22 remaining remain VBG 43431 9035 23 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9035 24 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9035 25 are be VBP 43431 9035 26 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 9035 27 . . . 43431 9036 1 Those those DT 43431 9036 2 of of IN 43431 9036 3 the the DT 43431 9036 4 Giraffe Giraffe NNP 43431 9036 5 and and CC 43431 9036 6 Llama Llama NNP 43431 9036 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9036 8 fig fig NN 43431 9036 9 . . . 43431 9037 1 103 103 LS 43431 9037 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9037 3 are be VBP 43431 9037 4 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 9037 5 for for IN 43431 9037 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9037 7 great great JJ 43431 9037 8 length length NN 43431 9037 9 . . . 43431 9038 1 In in IN 43431 9038 2 the the DT 43431 9038 3 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 9038 4 the the DT 43431 9038 5 posterior posterior NN 43431 9038 6 half half NN 43431 9038 7 of of IN 43431 9038 8 the the DT 43431 9038 9 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 9038 10 canal canal NN 43431 9038 11 is be VBZ 43431 9038 12 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9038 13 with with IN 43431 9038 14 the the DT 43431 9038 15 neural neural NNP 43431 9038 16 canal canal NN 43431 9038 17 . . . 43431 9039 1 The the DT 43431 9039 2 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNPS 43431 9039 3 have have VBP 43431 9039 4 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 9039 5 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 9039 6 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9039 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9039 8 . . . 43431 9040 1 Those those DT 43431 9040 2 of of IN 43431 9040 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9040 4 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 9040 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9040 6 have have VBP 43431 9040 7 the the DT 43431 9040 8 posterior posterior NN 43431 9040 9 half half NN 43431 9040 10 of of IN 43431 9040 11 the the DT 43431 9040 12 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 9040 13 canal canal NN 43431 9040 14 confluent confluent NN 43431 9040 15 with with IN 43431 9040 16 the the DT 43431 9040 17 neural neural JJ 43431 9040 18 canal canal NN 43431 9040 19 as as IN 43431 9040 20 in in IN 43431 9040 21 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 9040 22 . . . 43431 9041 1 In in IN 43431 9041 2 the the DT 43431 9041 3 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 9041 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9041 5 are be VBP 43431 9041 6 short short JJ 43431 9041 7 flattened flattened JJ 43431 9041 8 discs disc NNS 43431 9041 9 slightly slightly RB 43431 9041 10 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 9041 11 ; ; : 43431 9041 12 the the DT 43431 9041 13 axis axis JJ 43431 9041 14 and and CC 43431 9041 15 seventh seventh JJ 43431 9041 16 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 9041 17 and and CC 43431 9041 18 to to IN 43431 9041 19 a a DT 43431 9041 20 less less JJR 43431 9041 21 extent extent NN 43431 9041 22 the the DT 43431 9041 23 sixth sixth JJ 43431 9041 24 have have VBP 43431 9041 25 high high JJ 43431 9041 26 neural neural JJ 43431 9041 27 spines spine NNS 43431 9041 28 . . . 43431 9042 1 In in IN 43431 9042 2 the the DT 43431 9042 3 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 9042 4 the the DT 43431 9042 5 atlas atlas NNP 43431 9042 6 generally generally RB 43431 9042 7 has have VBZ 43431 9042 8 broad broad JJ 43431 9042 9 wing wing NN 43431 9042 10 - - HYPH 43431 9042 11 like like JJ 43431 9042 12 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9042 13 processes process NNS 43431 9042 14 , , , 43431 9042 15 and and CC 43431 9042 16 the the DT 43431 9042 17 axis axis RB 43431 9042 18 a a DT 43431 9042 19 large large JJ 43431 9042 20 and and CC 43431 9042 21 long long JJ 43431 9042 22 neural neural JJ 43431 9042 23 spine spine NN 43431 9042 24 , , , 43431 9042 25 while while IN 43431 9042 26 the the DT 43431 9042 27 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 9042 28 process process NN 43431 9042 29 is be VBZ 43431 9042 30 much much RB 43431 9042 31 developed develop VBN 43431 9042 32 . . . 43431 9043 1 In in IN 43431 9043 2 the the DT 43431 9043 3 Jerboas Jerboas NNP 43431 9043 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9043 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9043 6 Dipus Dipus NNP 43431 9043 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9043 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9043 9 all all PDT 43431 9043 10 the the DT 43431 9043 11 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9043 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9043 13 except except IN 43431 9043 14 the the DT 43431 9043 15 atlas atla NNS 43431 9043 16 are be VBP 43431 9043 17 fused fuse VBN 43431 9043 18 together together RB 43431 9043 19 , , , 43431 9043 20 a a DT 43431 9043 21 condition condition NN 43431 9043 22 recalling recall VBG 43431 9043 23 that that IN 43431 9043 24 in in IN 43431 9043 25 armadillos armadillo NNS 43431 9043 26 . . . 43431 9044 1 In in IN 43431 9044 2 the the DT 43431 9044 3 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 9044 4 the the DT 43431 9044 5 wings wing NNS 43431 9044 6 of of IN 43431 9044 7 the the DT 43431 9044 8 atlas atla NNS 43431 9044 9 are be VBP 43431 9044 10 well well RB 43431 9044 11 developed developed JJ 43431 9044 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9044 13 fig fig VB 43431 9044 14 . . . 43431 9045 1 69 69 CD 43431 9045 2 , , , 43431 9045 3 A a NN 43431 9045 4 , , , 43431 9045 5 1 1 CD 43431 9045 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9045 7 , , , 43431 9045 8 and and CC 43431 9045 9 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9045 10 is be VBZ 43431 9045 11 deeply deeply RB 43431 9045 12 cupped cup VBN 43431 9045 13 for for IN 43431 9045 14 articulation articulation NN 43431 9045 15 with with IN 43431 9045 16 the the DT 43431 9045 17 condyles condyle NNS 43431 9045 18 of of IN 43431 9045 19 the the DT 43431 9045 20 skull skull NN 43431 9045 21 . . . 43431 9046 1 The the DT 43431 9046 2 axis axi NNS 43431 9046 3 has have VBZ 43431 9046 4 a a DT 43431 9046 5 long long JJ 43431 9046 6 odontoid odontoid NN 43431 9046 7 process process NN 43431 9046 8 and and CC 43431 9046 9 a a DT 43431 9046 10 high high JJ 43431 9046 11 compressed compress VBN 43431 9046 12 neural neural JJ 43431 9046 13 spine spine NN 43431 9046 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9046 15 fig fig NN 43431 9046 16 . . . 43431 9047 1 69 69 CD 43431 9047 2 , , , 43431 9047 3 B b NN 43431 9047 4 , , , 43431 9047 5 4 4 CD 43431 9047 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9047 7 . . . 43431 9048 1 The the DT 43431 9048 2 third third JJ 43431 9048 3 to to IN 43431 9048 4 sixth sixth JJ 43431 9048 5 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9048 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9048 7 have have VBP 43431 9048 8 large large JJ 43431 9048 9 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9048 10 processes process NNS 43431 9048 11 with with IN 43431 9048 12 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9048 13 perforated perforate VBN 43431 9048 14 inferior inferior JJ 43431 9048 15 lamellae lamellae NNP 43431 9048 16 , , , 43431 9048 17 whose whose WP$ 43431 9048 18 ventral ventral JJ 43431 9048 19 margins margin NNS 43431 9048 20 in in IN 43431 9048 21 the the DT 43431 9048 22 third third JJ 43431 9048 23 and and CC 43431 9048 24 fourth fourth JJ 43431 9048 25 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9048 26 diverge diverge NN 43431 9048 27 as as IN 43431 9048 28 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9048 29 pass pass VBP 43431 9048 30 backwards backwards RB 43431 9048 31 , , , 43431 9048 32 while while IN 43431 9048 33 in in IN 43431 9048 34 the the DT 43431 9048 35 fifth fifth JJ 43431 9048 36 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9048 37 are be VBP 43431 9048 38 parallel parallel JJ 43431 9048 39 and and CC 43431 9048 40 in in IN 43431 9048 41 the the DT 43431 9048 42 sixth sixth JJ 43431 9048 43 convergent convergent NN 43431 9048 44 . . . 43431 9049 1 The the DT 43431 9049 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9049 3 processes process NNS 43431 9049 4 of of IN 43431 9049 5 the the DT 43431 9049 6 seventh seventh JJ 43431 9049 7 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 9049 8 have have VBP 43431 9049 9 no no DT 43431 9049 10 inferior inferior JJ 43431 9049 11 lamellae lamella NNS 43431 9049 12 and and CC 43431 9049 13 are be VBP 43431 9049 14 not not RB 43431 9049 15 perforated perforated JJ 43431 9049 16 . . . 43431 9050 1 Metapophyses metapophyse NNS 43431 9050 2 are be VBP 43431 9050 3 often often RB 43431 9050 4 developed develop VBN 43431 9050 5 . . . 43431 9051 1 In in IN 43431 9051 2 the the DT 43431 9051 3 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 9051 4 the the DT 43431 9051 5 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9051 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9051 7 vary vary VBP 43431 9051 8 considerably considerably RB 43431 9051 9 . . . 43431 9052 1 The the DT 43431 9052 2 neural neural JJ 43431 9052 3 spines spine NNS 43431 9052 4 except except IN 43431 9052 5 in in IN 43431 9052 6 the the DT 43431 9052 7 case case NN 43431 9052 8 of of IN 43431 9052 9 the the DT 43431 9052 10 axis axi NNS 43431 9052 11 are be VBP 43431 9052 12 generally generally RB 43431 9052 13 very very RB 43431 9052 14 small small JJ 43431 9052 15 and and CC 43431 9052 16 in in IN 43431 9052 17 the the DT 43431 9052 18 Shrews Shrews NNPS 43431 9052 19 and and CC 43431 9052 20 Moles Moles NNPS 43431 9052 21 the the DT 43431 9052 22 neural neural JJ 43431 9052 23 arches arch NNS 43431 9052 24 are be VBP 43431 9052 25 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 9052 26 slender slend JJR 43431 9052 27 . . . 43431 9053 1 In in IN 43431 9053 2 the the DT 43431 9053 3 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 9053 4 all all PDT 43431 9053 5 the the DT 43431 9053 6 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9053 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9053 8 are be VBP 43431 9053 9 broad broad JJ 43431 9053 10 and and CC 43431 9053 11 short short JJ 43431 9053 12 with with IN 43431 9053 13 slender slender NN 43431 9053 14 neural neural JJ 43431 9053 15 arches arch NNS 43431 9053 16 . . . 43431 9054 1 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 9054 2 . . . 43431 9055 1 In in IN 43431 9055 2 Man Man NNP 43431 9055 3 the the DT 43431 9055 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9055 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9055 6 have have VBP 43431 9055 7 short short JJ 43431 9055 8 blunt blunt JJ 43431 9055 9 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9055 10 processes process NNS 43431 9055 11 and and CC 43431 9055 12 small small JJ 43431 9055 13 often often RB 43431 9055 14 bifid bifid VBP 43431 9055 15 neural neural JJ 43431 9055 16 spines spine NNS 43431 9055 17 . . . 43431 9056 1 The the DT 43431 9056 2 neural neural JJ 43431 9056 3 and and CC 43431 9056 4 vertebrarterial vertebrarterial JJ 43431 9056 5 canals canal NNS 43431 9056 6 are be VBP 43431 9056 7 large large JJ 43431 9056 8 . . . 43431 9057 1 The the DT 43431 9057 2 atlas atlas NN 43431 9057 3 forms form VBZ 43431 9057 4 a a DT 43431 9057 5 ring ring NN 43431 9057 6 surrounding surround VBG 43431 9057 7 a a DT 43431 9057 8 large large JJ 43431 9057 9 cavity cavity NN 43431 9057 10 , , , 43431 9057 11 and and CC 43431 9057 12 has have VBZ 43431 9057 13 a a DT 43431 9057 14 very very RB 43431 9057 15 slender slender NN 43431 9057 16 inferior inferior JJ 43431 9057 17 arch arch JJ 43431 9057 18 and and CC 43431 9057 19 small small JJ 43431 9057 20 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9057 21 processes process NNS 43431 9057 22 . . . 43431 9058 1 Traces trace NNS 43431 9058 2 of of IN 43431 9058 3 a a DT 43431 9058 4 pro pro JJ 43431 9058 5 - - JJ 43431 9058 6 atlas atlas JJ 43431 9058 7 have have VBP 43431 9058 8 been be VBN 43431 9058 9 described describe VBN 43431 9058 10 in in IN 43431 9058 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9058 12 Macacus Macacus NNP 43431 9058 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9058 14 and and CC 43431 9058 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9058 16 Cynocephalus Cynocephalus NNP 43431 9058 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9058 18 . . . 43431 9059 1 The the DT 43431 9059 2 axis axi NNS 43431 9059 3 has have VBZ 43431 9059 4 a a DT 43431 9059 5 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9059 6 spine spine NN 43431 9059 7 and and CC 43431 9059 8 odontoid odontoid NN 43431 9059 9 process process NN 43431 9059 10 and and CC 43431 9059 11 short short JJ 43431 9059 12 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9059 13 processes process NNS 43431 9059 14 . . . 43431 9060 1 In in IN 43431 9060 2 most most JJS 43431 9060 3 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 9060 4 the the DT 43431 9060 5 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9060 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9060 7 are be VBP 43431 9060 8 very very RB 43431 9060 9 similar similar JJ 43431 9060 10 to to IN 43431 9060 11 those those DT 43431 9060 12 of of IN 43431 9060 13 man man NN 43431 9060 14 , , , 43431 9060 15 but but CC 43431 9060 16 the the DT 43431 9060 17 inferior inferior JJ 43431 9060 18 lamellae lamellae NN 43431 9060 19 of of IN 43431 9060 20 the the DT 43431 9060 21 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9060 22 processes process NNS 43431 9060 23 are be VBP 43431 9060 24 better well RBR 43431 9060 25 developed develop VBN 43431 9060 26 . . . 43431 9061 1 In in IN 43431 9061 2 the the DT 43431 9061 3 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 9061 4 Apes ape NNS 43431 9061 5 the the DT 43431 9061 6 neural neural JJ 43431 9061 7 spines spine NNS 43431 9061 8 are be VBP 43431 9061 9 as as IN 43431 9061 10 a a DT 43431 9061 11 rule rule NN 43431 9061 12 much much RB 43431 9061 13 elongated elongate VBD 43431 9061 14 . . . 43431 9062 1 THORACO THORACO NNP 43431 9062 2 - - HYPH 43431 9062 3 LUMBAR LUMBAR NNP 43431 9062 4 , , , 43431 9062 5 OR or CC 43431 9062 6 TRUNK TRUNK NNP 43431 9062 7 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 9062 8 . . . 43431 9063 1 In in IN 43431 9063 2 the the DT 43431 9063 3 MONOTREMATA monotremata NN 43431 9063 4 there there EX 43431 9063 5 are be VBP 43431 9063 6 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9063 7 thoraco thoraco NNS 43431 9063 8 - - HYPH 43431 9063 9 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9063 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9063 11 , , , 43431 9063 12 sixteen sixteen CD 43431 9063 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9063 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9063 15 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 9063 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9063 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9063 18 or or CC 43431 9063 19 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 9063 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9063 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9063 22 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 9063 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9063 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9063 25 of of IN 43431 9063 26 which which WDT 43431 9063 27 bear bear VBP 43431 9063 28 ribs rib NNS 43431 9063 29 . . . 43431 9064 1 The the DT 43431 9064 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9064 3 processes process NNS 43431 9064 4 are be VBP 43431 9064 5 very very RB 43431 9064 6 short short JJ 43431 9064 7 and and CC 43431 9064 8 do do VBP 43431 9064 9 not not RB 43431 9064 10 articulate articulate VB 43431 9064 11 with with IN 43431 9064 12 the the DT 43431 9064 13 ribs rib NNS 43431 9064 14 , , , 43431 9064 15 which which WDT 43431 9064 16 are be VBP 43431 9064 17 united united JJ 43431 9064 18 to to IN 43431 9064 19 the the DT 43431 9064 20 centra centra NNP 43431 9064 21 only only RB 43431 9064 22 . . . 43431 9065 1 In in IN 43431 9065 2 the the DT 43431 9065 3 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 9065 4 there there EX 43431 9065 5 are be VBP 43431 9065 6 always always RB 43431 9065 7 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9065 8 thoraco thoraco NN 43431 9065 9 - - HYPH 43431 9065 10 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9065 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9065 12 , , , 43431 9065 13 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9065 14 of of IN 43431 9065 15 which which WDT 43431 9065 16 generally generally RB 43431 9065 17 bear bear VBP 43431 9065 18 ribs rib NNS 43431 9065 19 . . . 43431 9066 1 The the DT 43431 9066 2 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9066 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9066 4 frequently frequently RB 43431 9066 5 have have VBP 43431 9066 6 large large JJ 43431 9066 7 metapophyses metapophyse NNS 43431 9066 8 and and CC 43431 9066 9 anapophyses anapophyse NNS 43431 9066 10 , , , 43431 9066 11 these these DT 43431 9066 12 being be VBG 43431 9066 13 specially specially RB 43431 9066 14 well well RB 43431 9066 15 seen see VBN 43431 9066 16 in in IN 43431 9066 17 the the DT 43431 9066 18 Kangaroos Kangaroos NNP 43431 9066 19 and and CC 43431 9066 20 Koala Koala NNP 43431 9066 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9066 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9066 23 Phascolarctus Phascolarctus NNP 43431 9066 24 _ _ NNP 43431 9066 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9066 26 . . . 43431 9067 1 The the DT 43431 9067 2 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 9067 3 are be VBP 43431 9067 4 very very RB 43431 9067 5 variable variable JJ 43431 9067 6 as as IN 43431 9067 7 regards regard VBZ 43431 9067 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9067 9 trunk trunk NN 43431 9067 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9067 11 . . . 43431 9068 1 The the DT 43431 9068 2 two two CD 43431 9068 3 genera genera NN 43431 9068 4 of of IN 43431 9068 5 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 9068 6 differ differ VBP 43431 9068 7 much much RB 43431 9068 8 as as IN 43431 9068 9 regards regard VBZ 43431 9068 10 the the DT 43431 9068 11 number number NN 43431 9068 12 , , , 43431 9068 13 for for IN 43431 9068 14 while while IN 43431 9068 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9068 16 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 9068 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9068 18 has have VBZ 43431 9068 19 only only RB 43431 9068 20 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9068 21 , , , 43431 9068 22 fifteen fifteen CD 43431 9068 23 or or CC 43431 9068 24 sixteen sixteen CD 43431 9068 25 of of IN 43431 9068 26 which which WDT 43431 9068 27 bear bear VBP 43431 9068 28 ribs rib NNS 43431 9068 29 , , , 43431 9068 30 _ _ NNP 43431 9068 31 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 9068 32 _ _ NNP 43431 9068 33 has have VBZ 43431 9068 34 twenty twenty CD 43431 9068 35 - - HYPH 43431 9068 36 seven seven CD 43431 9068 37 , , , 43431 9068 38 twenty twenty CD 43431 9068 39 - - HYPH 43431 9068 40 four four CD 43431 9068 41 of of IN 43431 9068 42 which which WDT 43431 9068 43 are be VBP 43431 9068 44 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 9068 45 , , , 43431 9068 46 and and CC 43431 9068 47 bear bear VB 43431 9068 48 ribs rib NNS 43431 9068 49 . . . 43431 9069 1 In in IN 43431 9069 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9069 3 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 9069 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9069 5 a a DT 43431 9069 6 small small JJ 43431 9069 7 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 9069 8 from from IN 43431 9069 9 the the DT 43431 9069 10 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9069 11 process process NN 43431 9069 12 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 9069 13 with with IN 43431 9069 14 the the DT 43431 9069 15 neural neural JJ 43431 9069 16 arch arch NN 43431 9069 17 of of IN 43431 9069 18 the the DT 43431 9069 19 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 9069 20 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 9069 21 . . . 43431 9070 1 In in IN 43431 9070 2 both both DT 43431 9070 3 genera genera NN 43431 9070 4 the the DT 43431 9070 5 neural neural JJ 43431 9070 6 spines spine NNS 43431 9070 7 are be VBP 43431 9070 8 all all DT 43431 9070 9 directed direct VBN 43431 9070 10 backwards backwards RB 43431 9070 11 . . . 43431 9071 1 In in IN 43431 9071 2 the the DT 43431 9071 3 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 9071 4 as as IN 43431 9071 5 in in IN 43431 9071 6 the the DT 43431 9071 7 sloths sloth NNS 43431 9071 8 the the DT 43431 9071 9 neural neural JJ 43431 9071 10 spines spine NNS 43431 9071 11 are be VBP 43431 9071 12 all all DT 43431 9071 13 directed direct VBN 43431 9071 14 backwards backwards RB 43431 9071 15 , , , 43431 9071 16 and and CC 43431 9071 17 in in IN 43431 9071 18 the the DT 43431 9071 19 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9071 20 region region NN 43431 9071 21 additional additional JJ 43431 9071 22 articulating articulating NN 43431 9071 23 surfaces surface NNS 43431 9071 24 occur occur VBP 43431 9071 25 , , , 43431 9071 26 better well RBR 43431 9071 27 developed develop VBN 43431 9071 28 than than IN 43431 9071 29 are be VBP 43431 9071 30 those those DT 43431 9071 31 in in IN 43431 9071 32 _ _ NNP 43431 9071 33 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 9071 34 _ _ NNP 43431 9071 35 . . . 43431 9072 1 In in IN 43431 9072 2 the the DT 43431 9072 3 ant ant NN 43431 9072 4 - - HYPH 43431 9072 5 eaters eater NNS 43431 9072 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9072 7 Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophagidae NNP 43431 9072 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9072 9 there there EX 43431 9072 10 are be VBP 43431 9072 11 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 9072 12 or or CC 43431 9072 13 eighteen eighteen CD 43431 9072 14 thoraco thoraco NN 43431 9072 15 - - HYPH 43431 9072 16 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9072 17 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9072 18 , , , 43431 9072 19 all all DT 43431 9072 20 of of IN 43431 9072 21 which which WDT 43431 9072 22 except except IN 43431 9072 23 two two CD 43431 9072 24 or or CC 43431 9072 25 three three CD 43431 9072 26 bear bear NN 43431 9072 27 ribs rib NNS 43431 9072 28 . . . 43431 9073 1 The the DT 43431 9073 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 9073 3 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 9073 4 and and CC 43431 9073 5 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9073 6 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 9073 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9073 8 articulate articulate NN 43431 9073 9 in in IN 43431 9073 10 a a DT 43431 9073 11 very very RB 43431 9073 12 complex complex JJ 43431 9073 13 fashion fashion NN 43431 9073 14 , , , 43431 9073 15 second second JJ 43431 9073 16 , , , 43431 9073 17 third third JJ 43431 9073 18 , , , 43431 9073 19 and and CC 43431 9073 20 fourth fourth JJ 43431 9073 21 pairs pair NNS 43431 9073 22 of of IN 43431 9073 23 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 9073 24 being be VBG 43431 9073 25 progressively progressively RB 43431 9073 26 developed develop VBN 43431 9073 27 in in IN 43431 9073 28 addition addition NN 43431 9073 29 to to IN 43431 9073 30 the the DT 43431 9073 31 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 9073 32 ones one NNS 43431 9073 33 , , , 43431 9073 34 as as IN 43431 9073 35 the the DT 43431 9073 36 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9073 37 are be VBP 43431 9073 38 followed follow VBN 43431 9073 39 back back RB 43431 9073 40 . . . 43431 9074 1 In in IN 43431 9074 2 the the DT 43431 9074 3 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 9074 4 the the DT 43431 9074 5 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9074 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9074 7 have have VBP 43431 9074 8 long long JJ 43431 9074 9 metapophyses metapophyse NNS 43431 9074 10 which which WDT 43431 9074 11 project project VBP 43431 9074 12 upwards upward NNS 43431 9074 13 and and CC 43431 9074 14 forwards forward NNS 43431 9074 15 and and CC 43431 9074 16 help help VB 43431 9074 17 to to TO 43431 9074 18 support support VB 43431 9074 19 the the DT 43431 9074 20 carapace carapace NN 43431 9074 21 . . . 43431 9075 1 In in IN 43431 9075 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9075 3 Glyptodon Glyptodon NNP 43431 9075 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9075 5 almost almost RB 43431 9075 6 all all PDT 43431 9075 7 the the DT 43431 9075 8 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 9075 9 - - HYPH 43431 9075 10 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9075 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9075 12 are be VBP 43431 9075 13 completely completely RB 43431 9075 14 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 9075 15 together together RB 43431 9075 16 . . . 43431 9076 1 In in IN 43431 9076 2 the the DT 43431 9076 3 Manidae Manidae NNP 43431 9076 4 there there EX 43431 9076 5 are be VBP 43431 9076 6 no no DT 43431 9076 7 additional additional JJ 43431 9076 8 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 9076 9 but but CC 43431 9076 10 the the DT 43431 9076 11 normal normal JJ 43431 9076 12 ones one NNS 43431 9076 13 of of IN 43431 9076 14 the the DT 43431 9076 15 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9076 16 and and CC 43431 9076 17 posterior posterior NN 43431 9076 18 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 9076 19 regions region NNS 43431 9076 20 are be VBP 43431 9076 21 very very RB 43431 9076 22 much much RB 43431 9076 23 developed developed JJ 43431 9076 24 , , , 43431 9076 25 the the DT 43431 9076 26 postzygapophyses postzygapophyse NNS 43431 9076 27 being be VBG 43431 9076 28 semi semi JJ 43431 9076 29 - - JJ 43431 9076 30 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 9076 31 and and CC 43431 9076 32 fitting fitting JJ 43431 9076 33 into into IN 43431 9076 34 the the DT 43431 9076 35 deep deep JJ 43431 9076 36 prezygapophyses prezygapophyse NNS 43431 9076 37 of of IN 43431 9076 38 the the DT 43431 9076 39 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 9076 40 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 9076 41 . . . 43431 9077 1 In in IN 43431 9077 2 the the DT 43431 9077 3 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 9077 4 the the DT 43431 9077 5 number number NN 43431 9077 6 of of IN 43431 9077 7 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9077 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9077 9 is be VBZ 43431 9077 10 very very RB 43431 9077 11 small small JJ 43431 9077 12 ; ; : 43431 9077 13 in in IN 43431 9077 14 the the DT 43431 9077 15 dugong dugong NN 43431 9077 16 there there EX 43431 9077 17 are be VBP 43431 9077 18 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9077 19 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 9077 20 and and CC 43431 9077 21 four four CD 43431 9077 22 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9077 23 , , , 43431 9077 24 and and CC 43431 9077 25 in in IN 43431 9077 26 the the DT 43431 9077 27 manatee manatee NN 43431 9077 28 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 9077 29 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9077 30 and and CC 43431 9077 31 two two CD 43431 9077 32 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9077 33 . . . 43431 9078 1 In in IN 43431 9078 2 the the DT 43431 9078 3 CETACEA cetacea NN 43431 9078 4 the the DT 43431 9078 5 number number NN 43431 9078 6 of of IN 43431 9078 7 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9078 8 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 9078 9 varies vary VBZ 43431 9078 10 from from IN 43431 9078 11 nine nine CD 43431 9078 12 in in IN 43431 9078 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9078 14 Hyperoödon Hyperoödon NNP 43431 9078 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9078 16 to to IN 43431 9078 17 fifteen fifteen CD 43431 9078 18 or or CC 43431 9078 19 sixteen sixteen VBN 43431 9078 20 in in IN 43431 9078 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9078 22 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 9078 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9078 24 , , , 43431 9078 25 and and CC 43431 9078 26 the the DT 43431 9078 27 number number NN 43431 9078 28 of of IN 43431 9078 29 lumbar lumbar JJ 43431 9078 30 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9078 31 from from IN 43431 9078 32 three three CD 43431 9078 33 in in IN 43431 9078 34 _ _ NNP 43431 9078 35 Inia Inia NNP 43431 9078 36 _ _ NNP 43431 9078 37 to to IN 43431 9078 38 twenty twenty CD 43431 9078 39 - - HYPH 43431 9078 40 four four CD 43431 9078 41 or or CC 43431 9078 42 more more JJR 43431 9078 43 in in IN 43431 9078 44 _ _ NNP 43431 9078 45 Delphinus Delphinus NNP 43431 9078 46 _ _ NNP 43431 9078 47 . . . 43431 9079 1 The the DT 43431 9079 2 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9079 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9079 4 are be VBP 43431 9079 5 often often RB 43431 9079 6 very very RB 43431 9079 7 loosely loosely RB 43431 9079 8 articulated articulate VBN 43431 9079 9 together together RB 43431 9079 10 and and CC 43431 9079 11 the the DT 43431 9079 12 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 9079 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9079 14 as as IN 43431 9079 15 in in IN 43431 9079 16 the the DT 43431 9079 17 Dolphins dolphin NNS 43431 9079 18 are be VBP 43431 9079 19 placed place VBN 43431 9079 20 high high RB 43431 9079 21 up up RB 43431 9079 22 on on IN 43431 9079 23 the the DT 43431 9079 24 neural neural JJ 43431 9079 25 spines spine NNS 43431 9079 26 . . . 43431 9080 1 The the DT 43431 9080 2 centra centrum NNS 43431 9080 3 are be VBP 43431 9080 4 large large JJ 43431 9080 5 , , , 43431 9080 6 short short JJ 43431 9080 7 in in IN 43431 9080 8 the the DT 43431 9080 9 anterior anterior NN 43431 9080 10 region region NN 43431 9080 11 but but CC 43431 9080 12 becoming become VBG 43431 9080 13 longer long RBR 43431 9080 14 behind behind RB 43431 9080 15 . . . 43431 9081 1 The the DT 43431 9081 2 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 9081 3 are be VBP 43431 9081 4 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9081 5 , , , 43431 9081 6 and and CC 43431 9081 7 so so RB 43431 9081 8 are be VBP 43431 9081 9 the the DT 43431 9081 10 neural neural JJ 43431 9081 11 spines spine NNS 43431 9081 12 and and CC 43431 9081 13 to to IN 43431 9081 14 a a DT 43431 9081 15 less less JJR 43431 9081 16 extent extent NN 43431 9081 17 the the DT 43431 9081 18 metapophyses metapophyse NNS 43431 9081 19 . . . 43431 9082 1 The the DT 43431 9082 2 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9082 3 processes process NNS 43431 9082 4 are be VBP 43431 9082 5 well well RB 43431 9082 6 developed developed JJ 43431 9082 7 , , , 43431 9082 8 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 9082 9 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9082 10 arise arise VBP 43431 9082 11 high high RB 43431 9082 12 up up RB 43431 9082 13 on on IN 43431 9082 14 the the DT 43431 9082 15 neural neural JJ 43431 9082 16 arch arch NN 43431 9082 17 , , , 43431 9082 18 but but CC 43431 9082 19 when when WRB 43431 9082 20 the the DT 43431 9082 21 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 9082 22 column column NN 43431 9082 23 is be VBZ 43431 9082 24 followed follow VBN 43431 9082 25 back back RB 43431 9082 26 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9082 27 come come VBP 43431 9082 28 gradually gradually RB 43431 9082 29 to to TO 43431 9082 30 be be VB 43431 9082 31 placed place VBN 43431 9082 32 lower lower RBR 43431 9082 33 down down RP 43431 9082 34 , , , 43431 9082 35 till till IN 43431 9082 36 in in IN 43431 9082 37 the the DT 43431 9082 38 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9082 39 region region NN 43431 9082 40 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9082 41 project project VBP 43431 9082 42 from from IN 43431 9082 43 the the DT 43431 9082 44 middle middle NN 43431 9082 45 of of IN 43431 9082 46 the the DT 43431 9082 47 centra centra NNP 43431 9082 48 . . . 43431 9083 1 This this DT 43431 9083 2 can can MD 43431 9083 3 be be VB 43431 9083 4 well well RB 43431 9083 5 traced trace VBN 43431 9083 6 in in IN 43431 9083 7 the the DT 43431 9083 8 Porpoise Porpoise NNP 43431 9083 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9083 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9083 11 Phocaena Phocaena NNP 43431 9083 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9083 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9083 14 . . . 43431 9084 1 In in IN 43431 9084 2 the the DT 43431 9084 3 Physeteridae Physeteridae NNP 43431 9084 4 the the DT 43431 9084 5 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9084 6 processes process NNS 43431 9084 7 of of IN 43431 9084 8 the the DT 43431 9084 9 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9084 10 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9084 11 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 9084 12 are be VBP 43431 9084 13 similar similar JJ 43431 9084 14 to to IN 43431 9084 15 those those DT 43431 9084 16 of of IN 43431 9084 17 most most JJS 43431 9084 18 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 9084 19 , , , 43431 9084 20 but but CC 43431 9084 21 when when WRB 43431 9084 22 followed follow VBD 43431 9084 23 back back RB 43431 9084 24 , , , 43431 9084 25 instead instead RB 43431 9084 26 of of IN 43431 9084 27 shifting shift VBG 43431 9084 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9084 29 position position NN 43431 9084 30 on on IN 43431 9084 31 the the DT 43431 9084 32 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9084 33 , , , 43431 9084 34 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9084 35 gradually gradually RB 43431 9084 36 disappear disappear VBP 43431 9084 37 , , , 43431 9084 38 and and CC 43431 9084 39 other other JJ 43431 9084 40 processes process NNS 43431 9084 41 gradually gradually RB 43431 9084 42 arise arise VBP 43431 9084 43 from from IN 43431 9084 44 the the DT 43431 9084 45 point point NN 43431 9084 46 where where WRB 43431 9084 47 the the DT 43431 9084 48 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 9084 49 of of IN 43431 9084 50 the the DT 43431 9084 51 rib rib NN 43431 9084 52 articulates articulate NNS 43431 9084 53 . . . 43431 9085 1 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 9085 2 . . . 43431 9086 1 In in IN 43431 9086 2 the the DT 43431 9086 3 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 9086 4 vera vera NN 43431 9086 5 the the DT 43431 9086 6 thoraco thoraco NN 43431 9086 7 - - HYPH 43431 9086 8 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9086 9 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9086 10 are be VBP 43431 9086 11 slightly slightly RB 43431 9086 12 opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 9086 13 . . . 43431 9087 1 The the DT 43431 9087 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 9087 3 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 9087 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9087 5 commonly commonly RB 43431 9087 6 have have VBP 43431 9087 7 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 9087 8 high high JJ 43431 9087 9 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 9087 10 - - HYPH 43431 9087 11 projecting project VBG 43431 9087 12 neural neural JJ 43431 9087 13 spines spine NNS 43431 9087 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9087 15 fig fig NN 43431 9087 16 . . . 43431 9088 1 89 89 CD 43431 9088 2 , , , 43431 9088 3 1 1 CD 43431 9088 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9088 5 ; ; : 43431 9088 6 but but CC 43431 9088 7 those those DT 43431 9088 8 of of IN 43431 9088 9 the the DT 43431 9088 10 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9088 11 and and CC 43431 9088 12 posterior posterior NN 43431 9088 13 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9088 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9088 15 often often RB 43431 9088 16 point point VBP 43431 9088 17 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 9088 18 forwards forwards RB 43431 9088 19 so so IN 43431 9088 20 that that IN 43431 9088 21 the the DT 43431 9088 22 spines spine NNS 43431 9088 23 all all DT 43431 9088 24 converge converge VBP 43431 9088 25 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 9088 26 to to IN 43431 9088 27 a a DT 43431 9088 28 point point NN 43431 9088 29 called call VBN 43431 9088 30 the the DT 43431 9088 31 _ _ NNP 43431 9088 32 centre centre NN 43431 9088 33 of of IN 43431 9088 34 motion motion NN 43431 9088 35 _ _ NNP 43431 9088 36 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9088 37 cp cp NNP 43431 9088 38 . . . 43431 9089 1 fig fig NNP 43431 9089 2 . . . 43431 9090 1 101 101 CD 43431 9090 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9090 3 . . . 43431 9091 1 In in IN 43431 9091 2 the the DT 43431 9091 3 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 9091 4 there there EX 43431 9091 5 are be VBP 43431 9091 6 always always RB 43431 9091 7 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9091 8 thoraco thoraco NN 43431 9091 9 - - HYPH 43431 9091 10 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9091 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9091 12 , , , 43431 9091 13 and and CC 43431 9091 14 in in IN 43431 9091 15 the the DT 43431 9091 16 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNP 43431 9091 17 twenty twenty CD 43431 9091 18 - - HYPH 43431 9091 19 three three CD 43431 9091 20 . . . 43431 9092 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9092 2 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 9092 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9092 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9092 5 has have VBZ 43431 9092 6 thirty thirty CD 43431 9092 7 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 9092 8 - - HYPH 43431 9092 9 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9092 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9092 11 , , , 43431 9092 12 a a DT 43431 9092 13 greater great JJR 43431 9092 14 number number NN 43431 9092 15 than than IN 43431 9092 16 occurs occur VBZ 43431 9092 17 in in IN 43431 9092 18 any any DT 43431 9092 19 other other JJ 43431 9092 20 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 43431 9092 21 mammal mammal NN 43431 9092 22 ; ; : 43431 9092 23 twenty twenty CD 43431 9092 24 - - HYPH 43431 9092 25 two two CD 43431 9092 26 of of IN 43431 9092 27 these these DT 43431 9092 28 are be VBP 43431 9092 29 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9092 30 and and CC 43431 9092 31 eight eight CD 43431 9092 32 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9092 33 . . . 43431 9093 1 In in IN 43431 9093 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9093 3 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 9093 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9093 5 the the DT 43431 9093 6 convergence convergence NN 43431 9093 7 of of IN 43431 9093 8 the the DT 43431 9093 9 neural neural JJ 43431 9093 10 spines spine NNS 43431 9093 11 to to IN 43431 9093 12 a a DT 43431 9093 13 centre centre NN 43431 9093 14 of of IN 43431 9093 15 motion motion NN 43431 9093 16 is be VBZ 43431 9093 17 well well RB 43431 9093 18 seen see VBN 43431 9093 19 . . . 43431 9094 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9094 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9094 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9094 4 . . . 43431 9095 1 89 89 CD 43431 9095 2 . . . 43431 9096 1 FIRST first RB 43431 9096 2 AND and CC 43431 9096 3 SECOND second JJ 43431 9096 4 THORACIC THORACIC NNP 43431 9096 5 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 9096 6 OF of IN 43431 9096 7 AN an DT 43431 9096 8 OX OX NNP 43431 9096 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9096 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9096 11 Bos Bos NNP 43431 9096 12 taurus taurus NNP 43431 9096 13 _ _ IN 43431 9096 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9096 15 à à NNP 43431 9096 16 � � NNP 43431 9096 17 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 9096 18 . . . 43431 9097 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9097 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9097 3 . . . 43431 9098 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9098 2 . . . 43431 9098 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9099 1 1 1 LS 43431 9099 2 . . . 43431 9099 3 neural neural JJ 43431 9099 4 spine spine NNP 43431 9099 5 . . . 43431 9100 1 2 2 LS 43431 9100 2 . . . 43431 9100 3 neural neural NNP 43431 9100 4 canal canal NNP 43431 9100 5 . . . 43431 9101 1 3 3 LS 43431 9101 2 . . . 43431 9101 3 prezygapophysis prezygapophysis NN 43431 9101 4 . . . 43431 9102 1 4 4 LS 43431 9102 2 . . . 43431 9102 3 facet facet NNP 43431 9102 4 for for IN 43431 9102 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 9102 6 with with IN 43431 9102 7 the the DT 43431 9102 8 tuberculum tuberculum NN 43431 9102 9 of of IN 43431 9102 10 the the DT 43431 9102 11 rib rib NN 43431 9102 12 . . . 43431 9103 1 5 5 LS 43431 9103 2 . . . 43431 9103 3 facet facet NNP 43431 9103 4 for for IN 43431 9103 5 articulation articulation NN 43431 9103 6 with with IN 43431 9103 7 the the DT 43431 9103 8 capitulum capitulum NN 43431 9103 9 of of IN 43431 9103 10 the the DT 43431 9103 11 rib rib NN 43431 9103 12 . . . 43431 9104 1 6 6 LS 43431 9104 2 . . . 43431 9104 3 postzygapophysis postzygapophysis NN 43431 9104 4 . . . 43431 9105 1 7 7 LS 43431 9105 2 . . . 43431 9105 3 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9105 4 for for IN 43431 9105 5 exit exit NN 43431 9105 6 of of IN 43431 9105 7 spinal spinal JJ 43431 9105 8 nerve nerve NN 43431 9105 9 . . . 43431 9105 10 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9106 1 In in IN 43431 9106 2 the the DT 43431 9106 3 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 9106 4 there there EX 43431 9106 5 are be VBP 43431 9106 6 twenty twenty CD 43431 9106 7 - - HYPH 43431 9106 8 three three CD 43431 9106 9 thoraco thoraco NN 43431 9106 10 - - HYPH 43431 9106 11 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9106 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9106 13 , , , 43431 9106 14 of of IN 43431 9106 15 which which WDT 43431 9106 16 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9106 17 or or CC 43431 9106 18 twenty twenty CD 43431 9106 19 bear bear NN 43431 9106 20 ribs rib NNS 43431 9106 21 . . . 43431 9107 1 In in IN 43431 9107 2 the the DT 43431 9107 3 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 9107 4 there there EX 43431 9107 5 are be VBP 43431 9107 6 generally generally RB 43431 9107 7 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9107 8 thoraco thoraco NN 43431 9107 9 - - HYPH 43431 9107 10 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9107 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9107 12 but but CC 43431 9107 13 occasionally occasionally RB 43431 9107 14 the the DT 43431 9107 15 number number NN 43431 9107 16 rises rise VBZ 43431 9107 17 as as RB 43431 9107 18 high high JJ 43431 9107 19 as as IN 43431 9107 20 twenty twenty CD 43431 9107 21 - - HYPH 43431 9107 22 five five CD 43431 9107 23 . . . 43431 9108 1 In in IN 43431 9108 2 the the DT 43431 9108 3 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 9108 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9108 5 Leporidae Leporidae NNP 43431 9108 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9108 7 the the DT 43431 9108 8 number number NN 43431 9108 9 is be VBZ 43431 9108 10 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9108 11 , , , 43431 9108 12 twelve twelve CD 43431 9108 13 or or CC 43431 9108 14 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9108 15 of of IN 43431 9108 16 which which WDT 43431 9108 17 are be VBP 43431 9108 18 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 9108 19 . . . 43431 9109 1 The the DT 43431 9109 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 9109 3 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9109 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9109 5 have have VBP 43431 9109 6 short short JJ 43431 9109 7 centra centrum NNS 43431 9109 8 and and CC 43431 9109 9 high high JJ 43431 9109 10 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 9109 11 - - HYPH 43431 9109 12 directed direct VBN 43431 9109 13 neural neural JJ 43431 9109 14 spines spine NNS 43431 9109 15 , , , 43431 9109 16 the the DT 43431 9109 17 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 9109 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9109 19 have have VBP 43431 9109 20 large large JJ 43431 9109 21 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 9109 22 - - : 43431 9109 23 and and CC 43431 9109 24 downwardly downwardly RB 43431 9109 25 - - HYPH 43431 9109 26 directed direct VBN 43431 9109 27 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9109 28 processes process NNS 43431 9109 29 with with IN 43431 9109 30 expanded expand VBN 43431 9109 31 ends end NNS 43431 9109 32 . . . 43431 9110 1 Metapophyses metapophyse NNS 43431 9110 2 , , , 43431 9110 3 anapophyses anapophyse NNS 43431 9110 4 and and CC 43431 9110 5 hypapophyses hypapophyse NNS 43431 9110 6 are be VBP 43431 9110 7 all all RB 43431 9110 8 present present JJ 43431 9110 9 . . . 43431 9111 1 In in IN 43431 9111 2 the the DT 43431 9111 3 Agouti Agouti NNP 43431 9111 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9111 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9111 6 Dasyprocta Dasyprocta NNP 43431 9111 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9111 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9111 9 the the DT 43431 9111 10 convergence convergence NN 43431 9111 11 of of IN 43431 9111 12 the the DT 43431 9111 13 neural neural JJ 43431 9111 14 spines spine NNS 43431 9111 15 to to IN 43431 9111 16 a a DT 43431 9111 17 centre centre NN 43431 9111 18 of of IN 43431 9111 19 motion motion NN 43431 9111 20 is be VBZ 43431 9111 21 very very RB 43431 9111 22 strongly strongly RB 43431 9111 23 marked mark VBN 43431 9111 24 . . . 43431 9112 1 In in IN 43431 9112 2 the the DT 43431 9112 3 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 9112 4 the the DT 43431 9112 5 trunk trunk NN 43431 9112 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9112 7 are be VBP 43431 9112 8 nearly nearly RB 43431 9112 9 always always RB 43431 9112 10 twenty twenty CD 43431 9112 11 or or CC 43431 9112 12 twenty twenty CD 43431 9112 13 - - HYPH 43431 9112 14 one one CD 43431 9112 15 in in IN 43431 9112 16 number number NN 43431 9112 17 ; ; : 43431 9112 18 in in IN 43431 9112 19 the the DT 43431 9112 20 genera genera NN 43431 9112 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9112 22 Felis Felis NNP 43431 9112 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9112 24 and and CC 43431 9112 25 _ _ NNP 43431 9112 26 Canis Canis NNP 43431 9112 27 _ _ NNP 43431 9112 28 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9112 29 of of IN 43431 9112 30 these these DT 43431 9112 31 are be VBP 43431 9112 32 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9112 33 and and CC 43431 9112 34 seven seven CD 43431 9112 35 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9112 36 . . . 43431 9113 1 The the DT 43431 9113 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 9113 3 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9113 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9113 5 have have VBP 43431 9113 6 long long RB 43431 9113 7 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 9113 8 - - HYPH 43431 9113 9 projecting project VBG 43431 9113 10 neural neural JJ 43431 9113 11 spines spine NNS 43431 9113 12 , , , 43431 9113 13 while while IN 43431 9113 14 the the DT 43431 9113 15 posterior posterior NNP 43431 9113 16 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9113 17 and and CC 43431 9113 18 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 9113 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9113 20 have have VBP 43431 9113 21 shorter short JJR 43431 9113 22 and and CC 43431 9113 23 thicker thick JJR 43431 9113 24 neural neural JJ 43431 9113 25 spines spine NNS 43431 9113 26 which which WDT 43431 9113 27 project project VBP 43431 9113 28 slightly slightly RB 43431 9113 29 forwards forward VBZ 43431 9113 30 . . . 43431 9114 1 In in IN 43431 9114 2 the the DT 43431 9114 3 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 9114 4 there there EX 43431 9114 5 is be VBZ 43431 9114 6 no no DT 43431 9114 7 change change NN 43431 9114 8 in in IN 43431 9114 9 the the DT 43431 9114 10 direction direction NN 43431 9114 11 of of IN 43431 9114 12 the the DT 43431 9114 13 neural neural JJ 43431 9114 14 spines spine NNS 43431 9114 15 , , , 43431 9114 16 and and CC 43431 9114 17 anapophyses anapophyse NNS 43431 9114 18 are be VBP 43431 9114 19 but but CC 43431 9114 20 little little JJ 43431 9114 21 developed developed JJ 43431 9114 22 . . . 43431 9115 1 In in IN 43431 9115 2 the the DT 43431 9115 3 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 9115 4 the the DT 43431 9115 5 number number NN 43431 9115 6 of of IN 43431 9115 7 trunk trunk NN 43431 9115 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9115 9 varies vary VBZ 43431 9115 10 much much JJ 43431 9115 11 from from IN 43431 9115 12 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9115 13 -- -- : 43431 9115 14 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9115 15 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9115 16 and and CC 43431 9115 17 six six CD 43431 9115 18 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9115 19 -- -- : 43431 9115 20 in in IN 43431 9115 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9115 22 Tupaia Tupaia NNP 43431 9115 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9115 24 , , , 43431 9115 25 to to IN 43431 9115 26 twenty twenty CD 43431 9115 27 - - HYPH 43431 9115 28 four four CD 43431 9115 29 -- -- : 43431 9115 30 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9115 31 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 9115 32 and and CC 43431 9115 33 five five CD 43431 9115 34 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9115 35 -- -- : 43431 9115 36 in in IN 43431 9115 37 _ _ NNP 43431 9115 38 Centetes Centetes NNP 43431 9115 39 _ _ NNP 43431 9115 40 . . . 43431 9116 1 The the DT 43431 9116 2 development development NN 43431 9116 3 of of IN 43431 9116 4 the the DT 43431 9116 5 various various JJ 43431 9116 6 processes process NNS 43431 9116 7 varies varie NNS 43431 9116 8 in in IN 43431 9116 9 accordance accordance NN 43431 9116 10 with with IN 43431 9116 11 the the DT 43431 9116 12 habits habit NNS 43431 9116 13 of of IN 43431 9116 14 the the DT 43431 9116 15 animals animal NNS 43431 9116 16 , , , 43431 9116 17 being be VBG 43431 9116 18 great great JJ 43431 9116 19 in in IN 43431 9116 20 the the DT 43431 9116 21 active active JJ 43431 9116 22 forms form NNS 43431 9116 23 , , , 43431 9116 24 slight slight JJ 43431 9116 25 in in IN 43431 9116 26 the the DT 43431 9116 27 slowly slowly RB 43431 9116 28 moving move VBG 43431 9116 29 or or CC 43431 9116 30 burrowing burrow VBG 43431 9116 31 forms form NNS 43431 9116 32 . . . 43431 9117 1 In in IN 43431 9117 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9117 3 Talpa Talpa NNP 43431 9117 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9117 5 and and CC 43431 9117 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9117 7 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 9117 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9117 9 the the DT 43431 9117 10 intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 9117 11 discs disc NNS 43431 9117 12 of of IN 43431 9117 13 the the DT 43431 9117 14 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 9117 15 - - HYPH 43431 9117 16 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9117 17 region region NN 43431 9117 18 instead instead RB 43431 9117 19 of of IN 43431 9117 20 being be VBG 43431 9117 21 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 9117 22 have have VBP 43431 9117 23 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9117 24 forming form VBG 43431 9117 25 inter inter NNP 43431 9117 26 centra centra NNP 43431 9117 27 , , , 43431 9117 28 a a DT 43431 9117 29 condition condition NN 43431 9117 30 met meet VBD 43431 9117 31 with with IN 43431 9117 32 in in IN 43431 9117 33 very very RB 43431 9117 34 few few JJ 43431 9117 35 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9117 36 . . . 43431 9118 1 In in IN 43431 9118 2 the the DT 43431 9118 3 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 9118 4 there there EX 43431 9118 5 are be VBP 43431 9118 6 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 9118 7 or or CC 43431 9118 8 eighteen eighteen CD 43431 9118 9 thoraco thoraco NN 43431 9118 10 - - HYPH 43431 9118 11 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 9118 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9118 13 , , , 43431 9118 14 eleven eleven CD 43431 9118 15 to to IN 43431 9118 16 fourteen fourteen CD 43431 9118 17 of of IN 43431 9118 18 which which WDT 43431 9118 19 may may MD 43431 9118 20 bear bear VB 43431 9118 21 ribs ribs NNP 43431 9118 22 . . . 43431 9119 1 The the DT 43431 9119 2 development development NN 43431 9119 3 of of IN 43431 9119 4 processes process NNS 43431 9119 5 is be VBZ 43431 9119 6 slight slight JJ 43431 9119 7 . . . 43431 9120 1 Among among IN 43431 9120 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 9120 3 the the DT 43431 9120 4 number number NN 43431 9120 5 of of IN 43431 9120 6 trunk trunk NN 43431 9120 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9120 8 is be VBZ 43431 9120 9 generally generally RB 43431 9120 10 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9120 11 , , , 43431 9120 12 of of IN 43431 9120 13 which which WDT 43431 9120 14 twelve twelve CD 43431 9120 15 to to TO 43431 9120 16 fourteen fourteen CD 43431 9120 17 bear bear NN 43431 9120 18 ribs rib NNS 43431 9120 19 ; ; , 43431 9120 20 in in IN 43431 9120 21 man man NN 43431 9120 22 and and CC 43431 9120 23 the the DT 43431 9120 24 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 9120 25 and and CC 43431 9120 26 Chimpanzee Chimpanzee NNP 43431 9120 27 the the DT 43431 9120 28 number number NN 43431 9120 29 is be VBZ 43431 9120 30 , , , 43431 9120 31 however however RB 43431 9120 32 , , , 43431 9120 33 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 9120 34 , , , 43431 9120 35 and and CC 43431 9120 36 in in IN 43431 9120 37 the the DT 43431 9120 38 Orang Orang NNP 43431 9120 39 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9120 40 _ _ NNP 43431 9120 41 Simia Simia NNP 43431 9120 42 _ _ NNP 43431 9120 43 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9120 44 sixteen sixteen CD 43431 9120 45 . . . 43431 9121 1 In in IN 43431 9121 2 some some DT 43431 9121 3 of of IN 43431 9121 4 the the DT 43431 9121 5 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 9121 6 there there EX 43431 9121 7 are be VBP 43431 9121 8 as as RB 43431 9121 9 many many JJ 43431 9121 10 as as IN 43431 9121 11 twenty twenty CD 43431 9121 12 - - HYPH 43431 9121 13 three three CD 43431 9121 14 or or CC 43431 9121 15 twenty twenty CD 43431 9121 16 - - HYPH 43431 9121 17 four four CD 43431 9121 18 . . . 43431 9122 1 In in IN 43431 9122 2 most most JJS 43431 9122 3 cases case NNS 43431 9122 4 the the DT 43431 9122 5 neural neural NNP 43431 9122 6 spines spine NNS 43431 9122 7 converge converge VBP 43431 9122 8 more more RBR 43431 9122 9 or or CC 43431 9122 10 less less RBR 43431 9122 11 to to IN 43431 9122 12 a a DT 43431 9122 13 centre centre NN 43431 9122 14 of of IN 43431 9122 15 motion motion NN 43431 9122 16 , , , 43431 9122 17 and and CC 43431 9122 18 this this DT 43431 9122 19 is be VBZ 43431 9122 20 especially especially RB 43431 9122 21 marked mark VBN 43431 9122 22 in in IN 43431 9122 23 some some DT 43431 9122 24 of of IN 43431 9122 25 the the DT 43431 9122 26 Lemurs Lemurs NNPS 43431 9122 27 ; ; : 43431 9122 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9122 29 does do VBZ 43431 9122 30 not not RB 43431 9122 31 occur occur VB 43431 9122 32 in in IN 43431 9122 33 man man NN 43431 9122 34 and and CC 43431 9122 35 the the DT 43431 9122 36 anthropoid anthropoid NN 43431 9122 37 apes ape NNS 43431 9122 38 . . . 43431 9123 1 SACRAL sacral JJ 43431 9123 2 AND and CC 43431 9123 3 CAUDAL caudal NN 43431 9123 4 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 9123 5 . . . 43431 9124 1 At at IN 43431 9124 2 the the DT 43431 9124 3 posterior posterior NN 43431 9124 4 end end NN 43431 9124 5 of of IN 43431 9124 6 the the DT 43431 9124 7 trunk trunk NN 43431 9124 8 in in IN 43431 9124 9 all all DT 43431 9124 10 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9124 11 a a DT 43431 9124 12 certain certain JJ 43431 9124 13 number number NN 43431 9124 14 of of IN 43431 9124 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9124 16 are be VBP 43431 9124 17 found find VBN 43431 9124 18 fused fuse VBN 43431 9124 19 together together RB 43431 9124 20 forming form VBG 43431 9124 21 the the DT 43431 9124 22 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 9124 23 . . . 43431 9125 1 But but CC 43431 9125 2 of of IN 43431 9125 3 these these DT 43431 9125 4 only only JJ 43431 9125 5 two two CD 43431 9125 6 or or CC 43431 9125 7 three three CD 43431 9125 8 answer answer NN 43431 9125 9 to to IN 43431 9125 10 the the DT 43431 9125 11 definition definition NN 43431 9125 12 of of IN 43431 9125 13 true true JJ 43431 9125 14 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9125 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9125 16 in in IN 43431 9125 17 being be VBG 43431 9125 18 united united JJ 43431 9125 19 to to IN 43431 9125 20 the the DT 43431 9125 21 ilia ilia NNP 43431 9125 22 by by IN 43431 9125 23 small small JJ 43431 9125 24 ribs rib NNS 43431 9125 25 . . . 43431 9126 1 The the DT 43431 9126 2 others other NNS 43431 9126 3 which which WDT 43431 9126 4 belong belong VBP 43431 9126 5 to to IN 43431 9126 6 the the DT 43431 9126 7 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9126 8 series series NN 43431 9126 9 may may MD 43431 9126 10 be be VB 43431 9126 11 called call VBN 43431 9126 12 pseudosacral pseudosacral JJ 43431 9126 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9126 14 . . . 43431 9127 1 In in IN 43431 9127 2 different different JJ 43431 9127 3 individuals individual NNS 43431 9127 4 of of IN 43431 9127 5 the the DT 43431 9127 6 same same JJ 43431 9127 7 species specie NNS 43431 9127 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9127 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9127 10 happens happen VBZ 43431 9127 11 that that IN 43431 9127 12 different different JJ 43431 9127 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9127 14 are be VBP 43431 9127 15 attached attach VBN 43431 9127 16 to to IN 43431 9127 17 the the DT 43431 9127 18 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 9127 19 and and CC 43431 9127 20 form form VB 43431 9127 21 the the DT 43431 9127 22 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 9127 23 . . . 43431 9128 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9128 2 even even RB 43431 9128 3 different different JJ 43431 9128 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9128 5 are be VBP 43431 9128 6 attached attach VBN 43431 9128 7 to to IN 43431 9128 8 the the DT 43431 9128 9 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 9128 10 at at IN 43431 9128 11 successive successive JJ 43431 9128 12 periods period NNS 43431 9128 13 in in IN 43431 9128 14 the the DT 43431 9128 15 life life NN 43431 9128 16 history history NN 43431 9128 17 of of IN 43431 9128 18 the the DT 43431 9128 19 individual individual NN 43431 9128 20 . . . 43431 9129 1 This this DT 43431 9129 2 is be VBZ 43431 9129 3 owing owe VBG 43431 9129 4 to to IN 43431 9129 5 a a DT 43431 9129 6 shifting shifting NN 43431 9129 7 of of IN 43431 9129 8 the the DT 43431 9129 9 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 9129 10 and and CC 43431 9129 11 has have VBZ 43431 9129 12 been be VBN 43431 9129 13 especially especially RB 43431 9129 14 well well RB 43431 9129 15 seen see VBN 43431 9129 16 in in IN 43431 9129 17 man man NN 43431 9129 18 . . . 43431 9130 1 In in IN 43431 9130 2 young young JJ 43431 9130 3 human human JJ 43431 9130 4 embryos embryo NNS 43431 9130 5 the the DT 43431 9130 6 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 9130 7 is be VBZ 43431 9130 8 at at IN 43431 9130 9 a a DT 43431 9130 10 certain certain JJ 43431 9130 11 stage stage NN 43431 9130 12 attached attach VBN 43431 9130 13 to to IN 43431 9130 14 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 9130 15 30 30 CD 43431 9130 16 , , , 43431 9130 17 but but CC 43431 9130 18 as as IN 43431 9130 19 development development NN 43431 9130 20 goes go VBZ 43431 9130 21 on on IN 43431 9130 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9130 23 becomes become VBZ 43431 9130 24 progressively progressively RB 43431 9130 25 attached attach VBN 43431 9130 26 to to IN 43431 9130 27 the the DT 43431 9130 28 twenty twenty CD 43431 9130 29 - - HYPH 43431 9130 30 ninth ninth JJ 43431 9130 31 , , , 43431 9130 32 twenty twenty CD 43431 9130 33 - - HYPH 43431 9130 34 eighth eighth JJ 43431 9130 35 , , , 43431 9130 36 twenty twenty CD 43431 9130 37 - - HYPH 43431 9130 38 seventh seventh JJ 43431 9130 39 , , , 43431 9130 40 twenty twenty CD 43431 9130 41 - - HYPH 43431 9130 42 sixth sixth JJ 43431 9130 43 and and CC 43431 9130 44 twenty twenty CD 43431 9130 45 - - HYPH 43431 9130 46 fifth fifth JJ 43431 9130 47 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9130 48 . . . 43431 9131 1 As as IN 43431 9131 2 the the DT 43431 9131 3 attachment attachment NN 43431 9131 4 to to IN 43431 9131 5 these these DT 43431 9131 6 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9131 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9131 8 is be VBZ 43431 9131 9 gained gain VBN 43431 9131 10 , , , 43431 9131 11 the the DT 43431 9131 12 attachment attachment NN 43431 9131 13 to to IN 43431 9131 14 the the DT 43431 9131 15 posterior posterior NN 43431 9131 16 ones one NNS 43431 9131 17 becomes become VBZ 43431 9131 18 lost lose VBN 43431 9131 19 , , , 43431 9131 20 so so IN 43431 9131 21 that that IN 43431 9131 22 in in IN 43431 9131 23 the the DT 43431 9131 24 adult adult NN 43431 9131 25 the the DT 43431 9131 26 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 9131 27 is be VBZ 43431 9131 28 generally generally RB 43431 9131 29 attached attach VBN 43431 9131 30 to to IN 43431 9131 31 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 9131 32 25 25 CD 43431 9131 33 and and CC 43431 9131 34 26 26 CD 43431 9131 35 . . . 43431 9132 1 But but CC 43431 9132 2 there there EX 43431 9132 3 are be VBP 43431 9132 4 no no RB 43431 9132 5 absolutely absolutely RB 43431 9132 6 pre pre JJ 43431 9132 7 - - JJ 43431 9132 8 determined determined JJ 43431 9132 9 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9132 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9132 11 , , , 43431 9132 12 as as IN 43431 9132 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9132 14 the the DT 43431 9132 15 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 9132 16 does do VBZ 43431 9132 17 not not RB 43431 9132 18 reach reach VB 43431 9132 19 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 9132 20 25 25 CD 43431 9132 21 , , , 43431 9132 22 remaining remain VBG 43431 9132 23 attached attach VBN 43431 9132 24 to to IN 43431 9132 25 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 9132 26 26 26 CD 43431 9132 27 and and CC 43431 9132 28 27 27 CD 43431 9132 29 ; ; : 43431 9132 30 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9132 31 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9132 32 becomes become VBZ 43431 9132 33 attached attach VBN 43431 9132 34 even even RB 43431 9132 35 to to IN 43431 9132 36 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 9132 37 24 24 CD 43431 9132 38 . . . 43431 9133 1 This this DT 43431 9133 2 shifting shifting NN 43431 9133 3 of of IN 43431 9133 4 the the DT 43431 9133 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 9133 6 is be VBZ 43431 9133 7 seen see VBN 43431 9133 8 in in IN 43431 9133 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9133 10 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 9133 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9133 12 in in IN 43431 9133 13 a a DT 43431 9133 14 more more RBR 43431 9133 15 marked marked JJ 43431 9133 16 degree degree NN 43431 9133 17 even even RB 43431 9133 18 than than IN 43431 9133 19 in in IN 43431 9133 20 man man NN 43431 9133 21 . . . 43431 9134 1 Of of IN 43431 9134 2 the the DT 43431 9134 3 MONOTREMATA MONOTREMATA NNP 43431 9134 4 , , , 43431 9134 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9134 6 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 9134 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9134 8 has have VBZ 43431 9134 9 two two CD 43431 9134 10 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9134 11 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9134 12 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 9134 13 together together RB 43431 9134 14 , , , 43431 9134 15 while while IN 43431 9134 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9134 17 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 9134 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9134 19 has have VBZ 43431 9134 20 three three CD 43431 9134 21 or or CC 43431 9134 22 four[164 four[164 NN 43431 9134 23 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9134 24 . . . 43431 9135 1 In in IN 43431 9135 2 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 9135 3 as as IN 43431 9135 4 a a DT 43431 9135 5 rule rule NN 43431 9135 6 only only RB 43431 9135 7 one one CD 43431 9135 8 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 9135 9 is be VBZ 43431 9135 10 directly directly RB 43431 9135 11 united united JJ 43431 9135 12 to to IN 43431 9135 13 the the DT 43431 9135 14 ilia ilia NNP 43431 9135 15 , , , 43431 9135 16 but but CC 43431 9135 17 one one CD 43431 9135 18 or or CC 43431 9135 19 two two CD 43431 9135 20 more more JJR 43431 9135 21 are be VBP 43431 9135 22 commonly commonly RB 43431 9135 23 fused fuse VBN 43431 9135 24 to to IN 43431 9135 25 the the DT 43431 9135 26 first first JJ 43431 9135 27 . . . 43431 9136 1 In in IN 43431 9136 2 the the DT 43431 9136 3 Wombats wombat NNS 43431 9136 4 there there RB 43431 9136 5 may may MD 43431 9136 6 be be VB 43431 9136 7 as as RB 43431 9136 8 many many JJ 43431 9136 9 as as IN 43431 9136 10 four four CD 43431 9136 11 or or CC 43431 9136 12 five five CD 43431 9136 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9136 14 fused fuse VBN 43431 9136 15 together together RB 43431 9136 16 in in IN 43431 9136 17 the the DT 43431 9136 18 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9136 19 region region NN 43431 9136 20 . . . 43431 9137 1 In in IN 43431 9137 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9137 3 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 9137 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9137 5 there there EX 43431 9137 6 is be VBZ 43431 9137 7 extensive extensive JJ 43431 9137 8 fusion fusion NN 43431 9137 9 in in IN 43431 9137 10 the the DT 43431 9137 11 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9137 12 region region NN 43431 9137 13 , , , 43431 9137 14 six six CD 43431 9137 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9137 16 , , , 43431 9137 17 owing owe VBG 43431 9137 18 mainly mainly RB 43431 9137 19 to to IN 43431 9137 20 the the DT 43431 9137 21 great great JJ 43431 9137 22 development development NN 43431 9137 23 of of IN 43431 9137 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9137 25 metapophyses metapophyse NNS 43431 9137 26 , , , 43431 9137 27 being be VBG 43431 9137 28 united unite VBN 43431 9137 29 with with IN 43431 9137 30 one one CD 43431 9137 31 another another DT 43431 9137 32 , , , 43431 9137 33 and and CC 43431 9137 34 with with IN 43431 9137 35 the the DT 43431 9137 36 ilia ilia NNP 43431 9137 37 , , , 43431 9137 38 and and CC 43431 9137 39 the the DT 43431 9137 40 greater great JJR 43431 9137 41 part part NN 43431 9137 42 of of IN 43431 9137 43 the the DT 43431 9137 44 ischia ischia NN 43431 9137 45 . . . 43431 9138 1 In in IN 43431 9138 2 most most JJS 43431 9138 3 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 9138 4 there there EX 43431 9138 5 is be VBZ 43431 9138 6 an an DT 43431 9138 7 extensive extensive JJ 43431 9138 8 fusion fusion NN 43431 9138 9 of of IN 43431 9138 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9138 11 in in IN 43431 9138 12 the the DT 43431 9138 13 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9138 14 region region NN 43431 9138 15 . . . 43431 9139 1 This this DT 43431 9139 2 is be VBZ 43431 9139 3 especially especially RB 43431 9139 4 marked mark VBN 43431 9139 5 in in IN 43431 9139 6 the the DT 43431 9139 7 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 9139 8 and and CC 43431 9139 9 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 9139 10 , , , 43431 9139 11 and and CC 43431 9139 12 to to IN 43431 9139 13 a a DT 43431 9139 14 less less JJR 43431 9139 15 extent extent NN 43431 9139 16 in in IN 43431 9139 17 the the DT 43431 9139 18 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 9139 19 and and CC 43431 9139 20 Aard Aard NNP 43431 9139 21 Varks Varks NNPS 43431 9139 22 . . . 43431 9140 1 In in IN 43431 9140 2 the the DT 43431 9140 3 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 9140 4 the the DT 43431 9140 5 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 9140 6 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 9140 7 is be VBZ 43431 9140 8 attached attach VBN 43431 9140 9 by by IN 43431 9140 10 ligament ligament NN 43431 9140 11 to to IN 43431 9140 12 the the DT 43431 9140 13 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9140 14 processes process NNS 43431 9140 15 of of IN 43431 9140 16 a a DT 43431 9140 17 single single JJ 43431 9140 18 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 9140 19 , , , 43431 9140 20 which which WDT 43431 9140 21 hence hence RB 43431 9140 22 may may MD 43431 9140 23 be be VB 43431 9140 24 regarded regard VBN 43431 9140 25 as as IN 43431 9140 26 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9140 27 . . . 43431 9141 1 In in IN 43431 9141 2 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 9141 3 there there EX 43431 9141 4 is be VBZ 43431 9141 5 no no DT 43431 9141 6 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 9141 7 , , , 43431 9141 8 the the DT 43431 9141 9 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 9141 10 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 9141 11 not not RB 43431 9141 12 being be VBG 43431 9141 13 connected connect VBN 43431 9141 14 with with IN 43431 9141 15 the the DT 43431 9141 16 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 9141 17 column column NN 43431 9141 18 . . . 43431 9142 1 In in IN 43431 9142 2 most most JJS 43431 9142 3 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 9142 4 the the DT 43431 9142 5 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 9142 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 9142 7 of of IN 43431 9142 8 one one CD 43431 9142 9 large large JJ 43431 9142 10 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 9142 11 united unite VBN 43431 9142 12 to to IN 43431 9142 13 the the DT 43431 9142 14 ilia ilia NNP 43431 9142 15 , , , 43431 9142 16 and and CC 43431 9142 17 having have VBG 43431 9142 18 a a DT 43431 9142 19 varying vary VBG 43431 9142 20 number number NN 43431 9142 21 of of IN 43431 9142 22 smaller small JJR 43431 9142 23 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9142 24 fused fuse VBN 43431 9142 25 with with IN 43431 9142 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9142 27 behind behind RB 43431 9142 28 . . . 43431 9143 1 The the DT 43431 9143 2 same same JJ 43431 9143 3 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 9143 4 obtains obtain NNS 43431 9143 5 in in IN 43431 9143 6 most most JJS 43431 9143 7 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 9143 8 , , , 43431 9143 9 but but CC 43431 9143 10 in in IN 43431 9143 11 the the DT 43431 9143 12 Beavers Beavers NNPS 43431 9143 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9143 14 Castoridae Castoridae NNP 43431 9143 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9143 16 all all PDT 43431 9143 17 the the DT 43431 9143 18 fused fuse VBN 43431 9143 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9143 20 are be VBP 43431 9143 21 of of IN 43431 9143 22 much much RB 43431 9143 23 the the DT 43431 9143 24 same same JJ 43431 9143 25 size size NN 43431 9143 26 , , , 43431 9143 27 the the DT 43431 9143 28 posterior posterior NN 43431 9143 29 ones one NNS 43431 9143 30 having have VBG 43431 9143 31 long long RB 43431 9143 32 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9143 33 processes process NNS 43431 9143 34 which which WDT 43431 9143 35 nearly nearly RB 43431 9143 36 meet meet VBP 43431 9143 37 the the DT 43431 9143 38 ilia ilia NNP 43431 9143 39 . . . 43431 9144 1 In in IN 43431 9144 2 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 9144 3 there there EX 43431 9144 4 may may MD 43431 9144 5 be be VB 43431 9144 6 two two CD 43431 9144 7 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9144 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9144 9 as as IN 43431 9144 10 in in IN 43431 9144 11 the the DT 43431 9144 12 Hyaena Hyaena NNP 43431 9144 13 , , , 43431 9144 14 three three CD 43431 9144 15 as as IN 43431 9144 16 in in IN 43431 9144 17 the the DT 43431 9144 18 Dog Dog NNP 43431 9144 19 , , , 43431 9144 20 four four CD 43431 9144 21 or or CC 43431 9144 22 five five CD 43431 9144 23 as as IN 43431 9144 24 in in IN 43431 9144 25 Bears Bears NNPS 43431 9144 26 and and CC 43431 9144 27 Seals Seals NNPS 43431 9144 28 . . . 43431 9145 1 In in IN 43431 9145 2 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 9145 3 from from IN 43431 9145 4 three three CD 43431 9145 5 to to TO 43431 9145 6 five five CD 43431 9145 7 are be VBP 43431 9145 8 united united JJ 43431 9145 9 , , , 43431 9145 10 while while IN 43431 9145 11 in in IN 43431 9145 12 many many JJ 43431 9145 13 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 9145 14 all all PDT 43431 9145 15 the the DT 43431 9145 16 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9145 17 and and CC 43431 9145 18 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9145 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9145 20 have have VBP 43431 9145 21 coalesced coalesce VBN 43431 9145 22 . . . 43431 9146 1 Among among IN 43431 9146 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 9146 3 , , , 43431 9146 4 in in IN 43431 9146 5 Man Man NNP 43431 9146 6 and and CC 43431 9146 7 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 9146 8 Apes Apes NNP 43431 9146 9 there there EX 43431 9146 10 are be VBP 43431 9146 11 usually usually RB 43431 9146 12 five five CD 43431 9146 13 fused fuse VBN 43431 9146 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9146 15 forming form VBG 43431 9146 16 the the DT 43431 9146 17 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 9146 18 , , , 43431 9146 19 but but CC 43431 9146 20 of of IN 43431 9146 21 these these DT 43431 9146 22 only only JJ 43431 9146 23 two two CD 43431 9146 24 or or CC 43431 9146 25 three three CD 43431 9146 26 are be VBP 43431 9146 27 connected connect VBN 43431 9146 28 to to IN 43431 9146 29 the the DT 43431 9146 30 ilia ilia NNP 43431 9146 31 by by IN 43431 9146 32 ribs ribs NNP 43431 9146 33 . . . 43431 9147 1 In in IN 43431 9147 2 most most JJS 43431 9147 3 of of IN 43431 9147 4 the the DT 43431 9147 5 other other JJ 43431 9147 6 Anthropoidea Anthropoidea NNP 43431 9147 7 there there EX 43431 9147 8 are be VBP 43431 9147 9 two two CD 43431 9147 10 or or CC 43431 9147 11 three three CD 43431 9147 12 fused fuse VBN 43431 9147 13 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9147 14 , , , 43431 9147 15 and and CC 43431 9147 16 in in IN 43431 9147 17 the the DT 43431 9147 18 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 9147 19 two two CD 43431 9147 20 to to TO 43431 9147 21 five five CD 43431 9147 22 . . . 43431 9148 1 FREE free JJ 43431 9148 2 CAUDAL caudal JJ 43431 9148 3 VERTEBRAE vertebrae NN 43431 9148 4 . . . 43431 9149 1 The the DT 43431 9149 2 free free JJ 43431 9149 3 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9149 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9149 5 vary vary VBP 43431 9149 6 greatly greatly RB 43431 9149 7 in in IN 43431 9149 8 number number NN 43431 9149 9 and and CC 43431 9149 10 character character NN 43431 9149 11 . . . 43431 9150 1 When when WRB 43431 9150 2 the the DT 43431 9150 3 tail tail NN 43431 9150 4 is be VBZ 43431 9150 5 well well RB 43431 9150 6 developed developed JJ 43431 9150 7 , , , 43431 9150 8 the the DT 43431 9150 9 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9150 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9150 11 are be VBP 43431 9150 12 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 9150 13 short short JJ 43431 9150 14 and and CC 43431 9150 15 broad broad JJ 43431 9150 16 , , , 43431 9150 17 with with IN 43431 9150 18 well well RB 43431 9150 19 - - HYPH 43431 9150 20 developed develop VBN 43431 9150 21 neural neural JJ 43431 9150 22 arches arch NNS 43431 9150 23 and and CC 43431 9150 24 zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 9150 25 ; ; , 43431 9150 26 but but CC 43431 9150 27 as as IN 43431 9150 28 the the DT 43431 9150 29 tail tail NN 43431 9150 30 is be VBZ 43431 9150 31 followed follow VBN 43431 9150 32 back back RB 43431 9150 33 , , , 43431 9150 34 the the DT 43431 9150 35 centra centra NNP 43431 9150 36 gradually gradually RB 43431 9150 37 lengthen lengthen NNP 43431 9150 38 and and CC 43431 9150 39 become become VB 43431 9150 40 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 9150 41 , , , 43431 9150 42 and and CC 43431 9150 43 at at IN 43431 9150 44 the the DT 43431 9150 45 same same JJ 43431 9150 46 time time NN 43431 9150 47 the the DT 43431 9150 48 neural neural JJ 43431 9150 49 arches arch NNS 43431 9150 50 and and CC 43431 9150 51 all all PDT 43431 9150 52 the the DT 43431 9150 53 processes process NNS 43431 9150 54 gradually gradually RB 43431 9150 55 become become VBP 43431 9150 56 reduced reduced JJ 43431 9150 57 and and CC 43431 9150 58 disappear disappear VBP 43431 9150 59 , , , 43431 9150 60 so so IN 43431 9150 61 that that IN 43431 9150 62 the the DT 43431 9150 63 last last JJ 43431 9150 64 few few JJ 43431 9150 65 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9150 66 consist consist VBP 43431 9150 67 of of IN 43431 9150 68 simple simple JJ 43431 9150 69 rod rod NN 43431 9150 70 - - HYPH 43431 9150 71 like like JJ 43431 9150 72 centra centra NNP 43431 9150 73 . . . 43431 9151 1 Chevron Chevron NNP 43431 9151 2 bones bone NNS 43431 9151 3 are be VBP 43431 9151 4 frequently frequently RB 43431 9151 5 well well RB 43431 9151 6 - - HYPH 43431 9151 7 developed develop VBN 43431 9151 8 . . . 43431 9152 1 Of of IN 43431 9152 2 the the DT 43431 9152 3 MONOTREMES MONOTREMES NNP 43431 9152 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9152 5 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 9152 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9152 7 has have VBZ 43431 9152 8 twelve twelve CD 43431 9152 9 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9152 10 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9152 11 , , , 43431 9152 12 two two CD 43431 9152 13 of of IN 43431 9152 14 which which WDT 43431 9152 15 bear bear VBP 43431 9152 16 irregular irregular JJ 43431 9152 17 chevron chevron NN 43431 9152 18 bones bone NNS 43431 9152 19 . . . 43431 9153 1 In in IN 43431 9153 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9153 3 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 9153 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9153 5 there there EX 43431 9153 6 are be VBP 43431 9153 7 twenty twenty CD 43431 9153 8 or or CC 43431 9153 9 twenty twenty CD 43431 9153 10 - - HYPH 43431 9153 11 one one CD 43431 9153 12 caudal caudal NN 43431 9153 13 vertebrae vertebrae VBZ 43431 9153 14 with with IN 43431 9153 15 well well RB 43431 9153 16 - - HYPH 43431 9153 17 developed develop VBN 43431 9153 18 hypapophyses hypapophyse NNS 43431 9153 19 , , , 43431 9153 20 but but CC 43431 9153 21 no no DT 43431 9153 22 chevron chevron NN 43431 9153 23 bones bone NNS 43431 9153 24 . . . 43431 9154 1 In in IN 43431 9154 2 MARSUPIALS marsupial NNS 43431 9154 3 there there EX 43431 9154 4 is be VBZ 43431 9154 5 great great JJ 43431 9154 6 diversity diversity NN 43431 9154 7 as as IN 43431 9154 8 regards regard VBZ 43431 9154 9 the the DT 43431 9154 10 tail tail NN 43431 9154 11 . . . 43431 9155 1 In in IN 43431 9155 2 the the DT 43431 9155 3 Wombat Wombat NNP 43431 9155 4 and and CC 43431 9155 5 Koala Koala NNP 43431 9155 6 the the DT 43431 9155 7 tail tail NN 43431 9155 8 is be VBZ 43431 9155 9 small small JJ 43431 9155 10 and and CC 43431 9155 11 without without IN 43431 9155 12 chevron chevron NNP 43431 9155 13 bones bone NNS 43431 9155 14 . . . 43431 9156 1 In in IN 43431 9156 2 most most JJS 43431 9156 3 other other JJ 43431 9156 4 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 9156 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9156 6 is be VBZ 43431 9156 7 very very RB 43431 9156 8 long long JJ 43431 9156 9 , , , 43431 9156 10 having have VBG 43431 9156 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9156 12 as as RB 43431 9156 13 many many JJ 43431 9156 14 as as IN 43431 9156 15 thirty thirty CD 43431 9156 16 - - HYPH 43431 9156 17 five five CD 43431 9156 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9156 19 in in IN 43431 9156 20 the the DT 43431 9156 21 prehensile prehensile NN 43431 9156 22 - - HYPH 43431 9156 23 tailed tail VBN 43431 9156 24 opossums opossum NNS 43431 9156 25 . . . 43431 9157 1 In in IN 43431 9157 2 the the DT 43431 9157 3 Kangaroos Kangaroos NNP 43431 9157 4 the the DT 43431 9157 5 tail tail NN 43431 9157 6 is be VBZ 43431 9157 7 very very RB 43431 9157 8 large large JJ 43431 9157 9 and and CC 43431 9157 10 stout stout JJ 43431 9157 11 . . . 43431 9158 1 Chevron Chevron NNP 43431 9158 2 bones bone NNS 43431 9158 3 are be VBP 43431 9158 4 almost almost RB 43431 9158 5 always always RB 43431 9158 6 present present JJ 43431 9158 7 , , , 43431 9158 8 and and CC 43431 9158 9 in in IN 43431 9158 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9158 11 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNPS 43431 9158 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9158 13 are be VBP 43431 9158 14 large large JJ 43431 9158 15 and and CC 43431 9158 16 expanded expand VBN 43431 9158 17 . . . 43431 9159 1 Most Most JJS 43431 9159 2 EDENTATES edentate NNS 43431 9159 3 have have VBP 43431 9159 4 large large JJ 43431 9159 5 tails tail NNS 43431 9159 6 with with IN 43431 9159 7 well well RB 43431 9159 8 - - HYPH 43431 9159 9 developed develop VBN 43431 9159 10 chevron chevron NN 43431 9159 11 bones bone NNS 43431 9159 12 . . . 43431 9160 1 The the DT 43431 9160 2 length length NN 43431 9160 3 of of IN 43431 9160 4 the the DT 43431 9160 5 tail tail NN 43431 9160 6 varies vary VBZ 43431 9160 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 9160 8 from from IN 43431 9160 9 the the DT 43431 9160 10 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 9160 11 condition condition NN 43431 9160 12 in in IN 43431 9160 13 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 9160 14 to to IN 43431 9160 15 that that DT 43431 9160 16 in in IN 43431 9160 17 the the DT 43431 9160 18 Pangolins Pangolins NNPS 43431 9160 19 , , , 43431 9160 20 one one CD 43431 9160 21 of of IN 43431 9160 22 which which WDT 43431 9160 23 has have VBZ 43431 9160 24 forty forty CD 43431 9160 25 - - HYPH 43431 9160 26 six six CD 43431 9160 27 to to TO 43431 9160 28 forty forty CD 43431 9160 29 - - HYPH 43431 9160 30 nine nine CD 43431 9160 31 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9160 32 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9160 33 -- -- : 43431 9160 34 the the DT 43431 9160 35 largest large JJS 43431 9160 36 number number NN 43431 9160 37 in in IN 43431 9160 38 any any DT 43431 9160 39 known know VBN 43431 9160 40 mammal mammal NN 43431 9160 41 . . . 43431 9161 1 Chevron Chevron NNP 43431 9161 2 bones bone NNS 43431 9161 3 are be VBP 43431 9161 4 much much RB 43431 9161 5 developed develop VBN 43431 9161 6 , , , 43431 9161 7 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9161 8 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9161 9 are be VBP 43431 9161 10 Y Y NNP 43431 9161 11 - - HYPH 43431 9161 12 shaped shaped JJ 43431 9161 13 , , , 43431 9161 14 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9161 15 as as IN 43431 9161 16 in in IN 43431 9161 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9161 18 Priodon Priodon NNP 43431 9161 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9161 20 , , , 43431 9161 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9161 22 have have VBP 43431 9161 23 strong strong JJ 43431 9161 24 diverging diverging NN 43431 9161 25 processes process NNS 43431 9161 26 . . . 43431 9162 1 The the DT 43431 9162 2 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9162 3 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9162 4 of of IN 43431 9162 5 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNPS 43431 9162 6 , , , 43431 9162 7 though though IN 43431 9162 8 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 9162 9 in in IN 43431 9162 10 a a DT 43431 9162 11 continuous continuous JJ 43431 9162 12 bony bony NN 43431 9162 13 sheath sheath NN 43431 9162 14 , , , 43431 9162 15 have have VBP 43431 9162 16 not not RB 43431 9162 17 become become VBN 43431 9162 18 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 9162 19 together together RB 43431 9162 20 . . . 43431 9163 1 The the DT 43431 9163 2 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 9163 3 have have VBP 43431 9163 4 numerous numerous JJ 43431 9163 5 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9163 6 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9163 7 with with IN 43431 9163 8 wide wide JJ 43431 9163 9 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9163 10 processes process NNS 43431 9163 11 . . . 43431 9164 1 In in IN 43431 9164 2 the the DT 43431 9164 3 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 9164 4 also also RB 43431 9164 5 the the DT 43431 9164 6 tail tail NN 43431 9164 7 is be VBZ 43431 9164 8 much much RB 43431 9164 9 developed develop VBN 43431 9164 10 , , , 43431 9164 11 and and CC 43431 9164 12 the the DT 43431 9164 13 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9164 14 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9164 15 have have VBP 43431 9164 16 large large JJ 43431 9164 17 chevron chevron NN 43431 9164 18 bones bone NNS 43431 9164 19 and and CC 43431 9164 20 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9164 21 straight straight JJ 43431 9164 22 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9164 23 processes process NNS 43431 9164 24 ; ; : 43431 9164 25 the the DT 43431 9164 26 posterior posterior NN 43431 9164 27 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9164 28 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9164 29 , , , 43431 9164 30 which which WDT 43431 9164 31 in in IN 43431 9164 32 life life NN 43431 9164 33 are be VBP 43431 9164 34 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 9164 35 in in IN 43431 9164 36 the the DT 43431 9164 37 horizontally horizontally RB 43431 9164 38 expanded expand VBN 43431 9164 39 tail tail NN 43431 9164 40 fin fin NN 43431 9164 41 , , , 43431 9164 42 are be VBP 43431 9164 43 without without IN 43431 9164 44 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9164 45 processes process NNS 43431 9164 46 . . . 43431 9165 1 In in IN 43431 9165 2 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 9165 3 the the DT 43431 9165 4 tail tail NN 43431 9165 5 is be VBZ 43431 9165 6 simple simple JJ 43431 9165 7 , , , 43431 9165 8 formed form VBN 43431 9165 9 of of IN 43431 9165 10 short short JJ 43431 9165 11 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 9165 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9165 13 , , , 43431 9165 14 which which WDT 43431 9165 15 in in IN 43431 9165 16 living live VBG 43431 9165 17 forms form NNS 43431 9165 18 are be VBP 43431 9165 19 never never RB 43431 9165 20 provided provide VBN 43431 9165 21 with with IN 43431 9165 22 chevron chevron NNP 43431 9165 23 bones bone NNS 43431 9165 24 . . . 43431 9166 1 The the DT 43431 9166 2 number number NN 43431 9166 3 of of IN 43431 9166 4 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9166 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9166 6 varies vary VBZ 43431 9166 7 from from IN 43431 9166 8 four four CD 43431 9166 9 , , , 43431 9166 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9166 11 met meet VBD 43431 9166 12 with with IN 43431 9166 13 in in IN 43431 9166 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9166 15 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 9166 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9166 17 , , , 43431 9166 18 to to IN 43431 9166 19 thirty thirty CD 43431 9166 20 - - HYPH 43431 9166 21 one one CD 43431 9166 22 in in IN 43431 9166 23 the the DT 43431 9166 24 Elephant Elephant NNP 43431 9166 25 . . . 43431 9167 1 The the DT 43431 9167 2 tail tail NN 43431 9167 3 is be VBZ 43431 9167 4 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 9167 5 long long JJ 43431 9167 6 in in IN 43431 9167 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9167 8 Anoplotherium Anoplotherium NNP 43431 9167 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9167 10 and and CC 43431 9167 11 in in IN 43431 9167 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9167 13 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 9167 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9167 15 , , , 43431 9167 16 in in IN 43431 9167 17 which which WDT 43431 9167 18 there there EX 43431 9167 19 are be VBP 43431 9167 20 thirty thirty CD 43431 9167 21 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9167 22 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9167 23 . . . 43431 9168 1 In in IN 43431 9168 2 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 9168 3 the the DT 43431 9168 4 tail tail NN 43431 9168 5 is be VBZ 43431 9168 6 variable variable JJ 43431 9168 7 . . . 43431 9169 1 In in IN 43431 9169 2 the the DT 43431 9169 3 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 9169 4 , , , 43431 9169 5 Guinea Guinea NNP 43431 9169 6 pig pig NN 43431 9169 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9169 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9169 9 Cavia Cavia NNP 43431 9169 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9169 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9169 12 and and CC 43431 9169 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9169 14 Capybara Capybara NNP 43431 9169 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9169 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9169 17 is be VBZ 43431 9169 18 very very RB 43431 9169 19 small small JJ 43431 9169 20 , , , 43431 9169 21 in in IN 43431 9169 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9169 23 Pedetes Pedetes NNP 43431 9169 24 _ _ NNP 43431 9169 25 and and CC 43431 9169 26 the the DT 43431 9169 27 Beaver Beaver NNP 43431 9169 28 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9169 29 is be VBZ 43431 9169 30 very very RB 43431 9169 31 long long JJ 43431 9169 32 and and CC 43431 9169 33 has have VBZ 43431 9169 34 well well RB 43431 9169 35 - - HYPH 43431 9169 36 developed develop VBN 43431 9169 37 chevron chevron NN 43431 9169 38 bones bone NNS 43431 9169 39 . . . 43431 9170 1 Most Most JJS 43431 9170 2 of of IN 43431 9170 3 the the DT 43431 9170 4 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 9170 5 except except IN 43431 9170 6 the the DT 43431 9170 7 Bears Bears NNPS 43431 9170 8 and and CC 43431 9170 9 Seals Seals NNPS 43431 9170 10 have have VBP 43431 9170 11 very very RB 43431 9170 12 long long JJ 43431 9170 13 tails tail NNS 43431 9170 14 , , , 43431 9170 15 the the DT 43431 9170 16 greatest great JJS 43431 9170 17 number number NN 43431 9170 18 of of IN 43431 9170 19 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9170 20 , , , 43431 9170 21 thirty thirty CD 43431 9170 22 - - HYPH 43431 9170 23 six six CD 43431 9170 24 , , , 43431 9170 25 being be VBG 43431 9170 26 met meet VBN 43431 9170 27 with with IN 43431 9170 28 in in IN 43431 9170 29 _ _ NNP 43431 9170 30 Paradoxurus Paradoxurus NNP 43431 9170 31 _ _ NNP 43431 9170 32 . . . 43431 9171 1 Bears bear NNS 43431 9171 2 have have VBP 43431 9171 3 only only RB 43431 9171 4 eight eight CD 43431 9171 5 to to TO 43431 9171 6 ten ten CD 43431 9171 7 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9171 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9171 9 . . . 43431 9172 1 Chevron Chevron NNP 43431 9172 2 bones bone NNS 43431 9172 3 are be VBP 43431 9172 4 not not RB 43431 9172 5 often often RB 43431 9172 6 much much RB 43431 9172 7 developed develop VBN 43431 9172 8 . . . 43431 9173 1 In in IN 43431 9173 2 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 9173 3 the the DT 43431 9173 4 tail tail NN 43431 9173 5 is be VBZ 43431 9173 6 very very RB 43431 9173 7 variable variable JJ 43431 9173 8 as as IN 43431 9173 9 regards regard VBZ 43431 9173 10 length length NN 43431 9173 11 , , , 43431 9173 12 the the DT 43431 9173 13 number number NN 43431 9173 14 of of IN 43431 9173 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9173 16 varying varying NN 43431 9173 17 from from IN 43431 9173 18 eight eight CD 43431 9173 19 in in IN 43431 9173 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9173 21 Centetes Centetes NNP 43431 9173 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9173 23 to to IN 43431 9173 24 forty forty CD 43431 9173 25 - - HYPH 43431 9173 26 three three CD 43431 9173 27 in in IN 43431 9173 28 _ _ NNP 43431 9173 29 Microgale Microgale NNP 43431 9173 30 _ _ NNP 43431 9173 31 . . . 43431 9174 1 In in IN 43431 9174 2 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 9174 3 the the DT 43431 9174 4 tail tail NN 43431 9174 5 is be VBZ 43431 9174 6 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9174 7 quite quite RB 43431 9174 8 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 9174 9 , , , 43431 9174 10 and and CC 43431 9174 11 as as IN 43431 9174 12 in in IN 43431 9174 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9174 14 Pteropus Pteropus NNP 43431 9174 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9174 16 , , , 43431 9174 17 composed compose VBN 43431 9174 18 of of IN 43431 9174 19 a a DT 43431 9174 20 few few JJ 43431 9174 21 coalesced coalesce VBN 43431 9174 22 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9174 23 , , , 43431 9174 24 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9174 25 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9174 26 is be VBZ 43431 9174 27 formed form VBN 43431 9174 28 of of IN 43431 9174 29 a a DT 43431 9174 30 large large JJ 43431 9174 31 number number NN 43431 9174 32 of of IN 43431 9174 33 slender slender NN 43431 9174 34 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9174 35 . . . 43431 9175 1 In in IN 43431 9175 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 9175 3 also also RB 43431 9175 4 the the DT 43431 9175 5 tail tail NN 43431 9175 6 is be VBZ 43431 9175 7 very very RB 43431 9175 8 variable variable JJ 43431 9175 9 . . . 43431 9176 1 In in IN 43431 9176 2 Man Man NNP 43431 9176 3 all all PDT 43431 9176 4 the the DT 43431 9176 5 four four CD 43431 9176 6 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9176 7 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9176 8 are be VBP 43431 9176 9 rudimentary rudimentary JJ 43431 9176 10 and and CC 43431 9176 11 are be VBP 43431 9176 12 fused fuse VBN 43431 9176 13 together together RB 43431 9176 14 , , , 43431 9176 15 forming form VBG 43431 9176 16 the the DT 43431 9176 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9176 18 coccyx coccyx NN 43431 9176 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9176 20 . . . 43431 9177 1 In in IN 43431 9177 2 the the DT 43431 9177 3 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 9177 4 apes ape NNS 43431 9177 5 , , , 43431 9177 6 too too RB 43431 9177 7 , , , 43431 9177 8 there there EX 43431 9177 9 are be VBP 43431 9177 10 only only RB 43431 9177 11 four four CD 43431 9177 12 or or CC 43431 9177 13 five five CD 43431 9177 14 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9177 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9177 16 . . . 43431 9178 1 In in IN 43431 9178 2 many many JJ 43431 9178 3 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9178 4 of of IN 43431 9178 5 both both CC 43431 9178 6 the the DT 43431 9178 7 eastern eastern JJ 43431 9178 8 and and CC 43431 9178 9 western western JJ 43431 9178 10 hemispheres hemisphere VBZ 43431 9178 11 the the DT 43431 9178 12 tail tail NN 43431 9178 13 is be VBZ 43431 9178 14 very very RB 43431 9178 15 long long JJ 43431 9178 16 , , , 43431 9178 17 having have VBG 43431 9178 18 thirty thirty CD 43431 9178 19 - - HYPH 43431 9178 20 three three CD 43431 9178 21 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9178 22 in in IN 43431 9178 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9178 24 Ateles Ateles NNP 43431 9178 25 _ _ NNP 43431 9178 26 , , , 43431 9178 27 in in IN 43431 9178 28 which which WDT 43431 9178 29 genus genus JJ 43431 9178 30 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9178 31 is be VBZ 43431 9178 32 also also RB 43431 9178 33 prehensile prehensile JJ 43431 9178 34 . . . 43431 9179 1 Chevron Chevron NNP 43431 9179 2 bones bone NNS 43431 9179 3 are be VBP 43431 9179 4 present present JJ 43431 9179 5 in in IN 43431 9179 6 all all DT 43431 9179 7 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 9179 8 with with IN 43431 9179 9 well well RB 43431 9179 10 - - HYPH 43431 9179 11 developed develop VBN 43431 9179 12 tails tail NNS 43431 9179 13 . . . 43431 9180 1 In in IN 43431 9180 2 the the DT 43431 9180 3 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 9180 4 the the DT 43431 9180 5 number number NN 43431 9180 6 of of IN 43431 9180 7 caudal caudal JJ 43431 9180 8 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9180 9 varies vary VBZ 43431 9180 10 from from IN 43431 9180 11 seven seven CD 43431 9180 12 to to TO 43431 9180 13 twenty twenty CD 43431 9180 14 - - HYPH 43431 9180 15 nine nine CD 43431 9180 16 . . . 43431 9181 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 9181 2 : : : 43431 9181 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9181 4 145 145 CD 43431 9181 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9181 6 See see VB 43431 9181 7 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 9182 1 Flower flower NN 43431 9182 2 , , , 43431 9182 3 " " `` 43431 9182 4 Remarks remark NNS 43431 9182 5 on on IN 43431 9182 6 the the DT 43431 9182 7 homologies homology NNS 43431 9182 8 and and CC 43431 9182 9 notation notation NN 43431 9182 10 of of IN 43431 9182 11 the the DT 43431 9182 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 9182 13 in in IN 43431 9182 14 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 9182 15 , , , 43431 9182 16 " " '' 43431 9182 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9182 18 J. J. NNP 43431 9183 1 Anat Anat NNP 43431 9183 2 . . . 43431 9184 1 and and CC 43431 9184 2 Physiol Physiol NNP 43431 9184 3 . . . 43431 9185 1 norm norm NN 43431 9185 2 . . . 43431 9186 1 path path NN 43431 9186 2 . . . 43431 9186 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9186 4 , , , 43431 9186 5 Vol Vol NNP 43431 9186 6 . . . 43431 9187 1 III III NNP 43431 9187 2 . . NNP 43431 9187 3 , , , 43431 9187 4 p. p. NN 43431 9187 5 262 262 CD 43431 9187 6 ; ; : 43431 9187 7 R. R. NNP 43431 9187 8 Owen Owen NNP 43431 9187 9 , , , 43431 9187 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9187 11 Odontography Odontography NNP 43431 9187 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9187 13 , , , 43431 9187 14 London London NNP 43431 9187 15 , , , 43431 9187 16 1840 1840 CD 43431 9187 17 - - HYPH 43431 9187 18 -45 -45 JJ 43431 9187 19 ; ; : 43431 9187 20 C.S. C.S. NNP 43431 9188 1 Tomes tome NNS 43431 9188 2 , , , 43431 9188 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9188 4 Manual Manual NNP 43431 9188 5 of of IN 43431 9188 6 Dental Dental NNP 43431 9188 7 Anatomy Anatomy NNP 43431 9188 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9188 9 , , , 43431 9188 10 London London NNP 43431 9188 11 , , , 43431 9188 12 1876 1876 CD 43431 9188 13 . . . 43431 9189 1 See see VB 43431 9189 2 also also RB 43431 9189 3 H.F. H.F. NNP 43431 9189 4 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 9189 5 , , , 43431 9189 6 " " `` 43431 9189 7 Recent recent JJ 43431 9189 8 researches research NNS 43431 9189 9 on on IN 43431 9189 10 succession succession NN 43431 9189 11 of of IN 43431 9189 12 teeth tooth NNS 43431 9189 13 in in IN 43431 9189 14 Mammals mammal NNS 43431 9189 15 , , , 43431 9189 16 " " '' 43431 9189 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9189 18 Amer Amer NNP 43431 9189 19 . . . 43431 9190 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 9190 2 . . . 43431 9190 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9190 4 , , , 43431 9190 5 XXVII XXVII NNP 43431 9190 6 . . NNP 43431 9190 7 , , , 43431 9190 8 p. p. NN 43431 9190 9 493 493 CD 43431 9190 10 , , , 43431 9190 11 and and CC 43431 9190 12 " " `` 43431 9190 13 Rise rise NN 43431 9190 14 of of IN 43431 9190 15 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 9190 16 in in IN 43431 9190 17 N. N. NNP 43431 9190 18 America America NNP 43431 9190 19 , , , 43431 9190 20 " " `` 43431 9190 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9190 22 Stud Stud NNP 43431 9190 23 . . . 43431 9191 1 Biol Biol NNP 43431 9191 2 . . . 43431 9192 1 Lab lab NN 43431 9192 2 . . . 43431 9193 1 Columb Columb NNP 43431 9193 2 . . . 43431 9194 1 Coll Coll NNP 43431 9194 2 . . . 43431 9194 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9194 4 , , , 43431 9194 5 Zool Zool NNP 43431 9194 6 . . . 43431 9195 1 I. I. NNP 43431 9195 2 , , , 43431 9195 3 no no UH 43431 9195 4 . . . 43431 9196 1 2 2 LS 43431 9196 2 . . . 43431 9197 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9197 2 146 146 CD 43431 9197 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9197 4 See See NNP 43431 9197 5 E.B. E.B. NNP 43431 9198 1 Poulton Poulton NNP 43431 9198 2 , , , 43431 9198 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9198 4 P.R.S. P.R.S. NNP 43431 9198 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9198 6 , , , 43431 9198 7 Feb. February NNP 43431 9198 8 1888 1888 CD 43431 9198 9 , , , 43431 9198 10 and and CC 43431 9198 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9198 12 Quart Quart NNP 43431 9198 13 . . . 43431 9199 1 J. J. NNP 43431 9199 2 Micr Micr NNP 43431 9199 3 . . . 43431 9200 1 Sci Sci NNP 43431 9200 2 . . NNP 43431 9200 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9200 4 , , , 43431 9200 5 Vol Vol NNP 43431 9200 6 . . . 43431 9201 1 XXIX XXIX NNP 43431 9201 2 . . . 43431 9202 1 1889 1889 CD 43431 9202 2 ; ; : 43431 9202 3 also also RB 43431 9202 4 Oldfield Oldfield NNP 43431 9202 5 Thomas Thomas NNP 43431 9202 6 , , , 43431 9202 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9202 8 P.R.S. P.R.S. NNP 43431 9202 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9202 10 , , , 43431 9202 11 XLVI XLVI NNP 43431 9202 12 . . . 43431 9203 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9203 2 1889 1889 CD 43431 9203 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9203 4 . . . 43431 9204 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9204 2 147 147 CD 43431 9204 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9204 4 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 9205 1 Flower Flower NNP 43431 9205 2 , , , 43431 9205 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9205 4 Phil Phil NNP 43431 9205 5 . . . 43431 9206 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 9206 2 . . . 43431 9206 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9206 4 , , , 43431 9206 5 vol vol NNP 43431 9206 6 . . . 43431 9207 1 156 156 CD 43431 9207 2 , , , 43431 9207 3 pp pp NNP 43431 9207 4 . . . 43431 9208 1 631 631 CD 43431 9208 2 - - HYPH 43431 9208 3 -641 -641 NNS 43431 9208 4 , , , 43431 9208 5 1867 1867 CD 43431 9208 6 ; ; : 43431 9208 7 also also RB 43431 9208 8 Oldfield Oldfield NNP 43431 9208 9 Thomas Thomas NNP 43431 9208 10 , , , 43431 9208 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9208 12 Phil Phil NNP 43431 9208 13 . . . 43431 9209 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 9209 2 . . . 43431 9209 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9209 4 , , , 43431 9209 5 pp pp NNP 43431 9209 6 . . . 43431 9210 1 443 443 CD 43431 9210 2 - - HYPH 43431 9210 3 -462 -462 NN 43431 9210 4 , , , 43431 9210 5 1887 1887 CD 43431 9210 6 . . . 43431 9211 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9211 2 148 148 CD 43431 9211 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9211 4 C. C. NNP 43431 9211 5 Röse Röse NNP 43431 9211 6 , , , 43431 9211 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9211 8 Anat Anat NNP 43431 9211 9 . . . 43431 9212 1 Anz Anz NNP 43431 9212 2 . . . 43431 9212 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9212 4 VII VII NNP 43431 9212 5 . . NNP 43431 9212 6 , , , 43431 9212 7 p. p. NN 43431 9212 8 639 639 CD 43431 9212 9 . . . 43431 9213 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9213 2 149 149 CD 43431 9213 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9213 4 W. W. NNP 43431 9213 5 Kükenthal kã¼kenthal NN 43431 9213 6 , , , 43431 9213 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9213 8 Anat Anat NNP 43431 9213 9 . . . 43431 9214 1 Anz Anz NNP 43431 9214 2 . . . 43431 9214 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9214 4 VI VI NNP 43431 9214 5 . . NNP 43431 9214 6 , , , 43431 9214 7 p. p. NN 43431 9214 8 364 364 CD 43431 9214 9 . . . 43431 9215 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9215 2 150 150 CD 43431 9215 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9215 4 See see VB 43431 9215 5 p. p. NN 43431 9215 6 348 348 CD 43431 9215 7 . . . 43431 9216 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9216 2 151 151 CD 43431 9216 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9216 4 W. W. NNP 43431 9216 5 Leche Leche NNP 43431 9216 6 , , , 43431 9216 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9216 8 Morph Morph NNP 43431 9216 9 . . . 43431 9217 1 Jahrb Jahrb NNP 43431 9217 2 . . . 43431 9217 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9217 4 XX XX NNP 43431 9217 5 . . . 43431 9217 6 , , , 43431 9217 7 pp pp NNP 43431 9217 8 . . . 43431 9218 1 113 113 CD 43431 9218 2 - - HYPH 43431 9218 3 -142 -142 NN 43431 9218 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9218 5 1893 1893 CD 43431 9218 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9218 7 . . . 43431 9219 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9219 2 152 152 CD 43431 9219 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9219 4 E.C. E.C. NNP 43431 9220 1 Stirling Stirling NNP 43431 9220 2 , , , 43431 9220 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9220 4 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 9220 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9220 6 1891 1891 CD 43431 9220 7 , , , 43431 9220 8 p. p. NN 43431 9220 9 327 327 CD 43431 9220 10 . . . 43431 9221 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9221 2 153 153 CD 43431 9221 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9221 4 O. O. NNP 43431 9221 5 Thomas Thomas NNP 43431 9221 6 , , , 43431 9221 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9221 8 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 9221 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9221 10 , , , 43431 9221 11 1895 1895 CD 43431 9221 12 , , , 43431 9221 13 p. p. NN 43431 9221 14 870 870 CD 43431 9221 15 . . . 43431 9222 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9222 2 154 154 CD 43431 9222 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9222 4 F. F. NNP 43431 9222 5 Ameghino Ameghino NNP 43431 9222 6 , , , 43431 9222 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9222 8 Bull Bull NNP 43431 9222 9 . . . 43431 9223 1 Ac ac RB 43431 9223 2 . . . 43431 9224 1 Argen Argen NNP 43431 9224 2 . . . 43431 9224 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9224 4 XII XII NNP 43431 9224 5 . . . 43431 9225 1 p. p. NN 43431 9225 2 437 437 CD 43431 9225 3 . . . 43431 9226 1 According accord VBG 43431 9226 2 to to IN 43431 9226 3 H. H. NNP 43431 9226 4 Burmeister Burmeister NNP 43431 9226 5 , , , 43431 9226 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9226 7 Annal Annal NNP 43431 9226 8 . . . 43431 9227 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9227 2 . . . 43431 9228 1 Buenos Buenos NNP 43431 9228 2 Aires Aires NNP 43431 9228 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9228 4 , , , 43431 9228 5 III III NNP 43431 9228 6 . . . 43431 9229 1 401 401 CD 43431 9229 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9229 3 1891 1891 CD 43431 9229 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9229 5 , , , 43431 9229 6 enamel enamel NNP 43431 9229 7 does do VBZ 43431 9229 8 not not RB 43431 9229 9 occur occur VB 43431 9229 10 , , , 43431 9229 11 osteodentine osteodentine NN 43431 9229 12 having have VBG 43431 9229 13 been be VBN 43431 9229 14 mistaken mistaken JJ 43431 9229 15 for for IN 43431 9229 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9229 17 . . . 43431 9230 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9230 2 155 155 CD 43431 9230 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9230 4 E. E. NNP 43431 9230 5 Ballowitz Ballowitz NNP 43431 9230 6 , , , 43431 9230 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9230 8 Arch Arch NNP 43431 9230 9 . . . 43431 9231 1 Mikr Mikr NNP 43431 9231 2 . . . 43431 9232 1 Anat Anat NNP 43431 9232 2 . . . 43431 9232 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9232 4 XL XL NNP 43431 9232 5 . . . 43431 9233 1 p. p. NN 43431 9233 2 133 133 CD 43431 9233 3 . . . 43431 9234 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9234 2 156 156 CD 43431 9234 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9234 4 See see VB 43431 9234 5 Oldfield Oldfield NNP 43431 9234 6 Thomas Thomas NNP 43431 9234 7 , , , 43431 9234 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9234 9 P.R.S. P.R.S. NNP 43431 9234 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9234 11 , , , 43431 9234 12 vol vol NNP 43431 9234 13 . . . 43431 9235 1 XLVII XLVII NNP 43431 9235 2 . . . 43431 9235 3 , , , 43431 9235 4 p. p. NN 43431 9235 5 246 246 CD 43431 9235 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9235 7 1890 1890 CD 43431 9235 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9235 9 . . . 43431 9236 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9236 2 157 157 CD 43431 9236 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9236 4 J. J. NNP 43431 9236 5 Taeker Taeker NNP 43431 9236 6 , , , 43431 9236 7 " " `` 43431 9236 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9236 9 Fur Fur NNP 43431 9236 10 Kenntniss Kenntniss NNP 43431 9236 11 der der VBP 43431 9236 12 Odontogenese odontogenese JJ 43431 9236 13 bei bei VBP 43431 9236 14 Ungulaten Ungulaten NNP 43431 9236 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9236 16 . . . 43431 9236 17 " " '' 43431 9237 1 Dorpat Dorpat NNP 43431 9237 2 , , , 43431 9237 3 1892 1892 CD 43431 9237 4 . . . 43431 9238 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9238 2 158 158 CD 43431 9238 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9238 4 See see VB 43431 9238 5 p. p. NN 43431 9238 6 345 345 CD 43431 9238 7 . . . 43431 9239 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9239 2 159 159 CD 43431 9239 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9239 4 See see VB 43431 9239 5 p. p. NN 43431 9239 6 345 345 CD 43431 9239 7 . . . 43431 9240 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9240 2 160 160 CD 43431 9240 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9240 4 According accord VBG 43431 9240 5 to to IN 43431 9240 6 H.F. H.F. NNP 43431 9240 7 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 9240 8 , , , 43431 9240 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9240 10 Amer Amer NNP 43431 9240 11 . . . 43431 9241 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 9241 2 . . . 43431 9241 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9241 4 , , , 43431 9241 5 XXVI XXVI NNP 43431 9241 6 . . . 43431 9242 1 p. p. NN 43431 9242 2 763 763 CD 43431 9242 3 , , , 43431 9242 4 a a DT 43431 9242 5 number number NN 43431 9242 6 of of IN 43431 9242 7 not not RB 43431 9242 8 very very RB 43431 9242 9 closely closely RB 43431 9242 10 allied ally VBN 43431 9242 11 forms form NNS 43431 9242 12 have have VBP 43431 9242 13 been be VBN 43431 9242 14 included include VBN 43431 9242 15 under under IN 43431 9242 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9242 17 Lophiodon Lophiodon NNP 43431 9242 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9242 19 . . . 43431 9243 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9243 2 161 161 CD 43431 9243 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9243 4 C. C. NNP 43431 9243 5 Earle Earle NNP 43431 9243 6 , , , 43431 9243 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9243 8 J. J. NNP 43431 9244 1 Ac ac RB 43431 9244 2 . . . 43431 9245 1 Philad Philad NNP 43431 9245 2 . . . 43431 9245 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9245 4 , , , 43431 9245 5 vol vol NNP 43431 9245 6 . . . 43431 9246 1 IX IX NNP 43431 9246 2 . . . 43431 9246 3 , , , 43431 9246 4 1892 1892 CD 43431 9246 5 , , , 43431 9246 6 p. p. NN 43431 9246 7 267 267 CD 43431 9246 8 . . . 43431 9247 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9247 2 162 162 CD 43431 9247 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9247 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9247 5 Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia NNP 43431 9247 6 Britannica Britannica NNP 43431 9247 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9247 8 , , , 43431 9247 9 article article NN 43431 9247 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9247 11 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 9247 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9247 13 , , , 43431 9247 14 p. p. NN 43431 9247 15 424 424 CD 43431 9247 16 . . . 43431 9248 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9248 2 163 163 CD 43431 9248 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9248 4 See see VB 43431 9248 5 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 9249 1 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 9249 2 , , , 43431 9249 3 " " `` 43431 9249 4 The the DT 43431 9249 5 dental dental JJ 43431 9249 6 and and CC 43431 9249 7 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9249 8 characters character NNS 43431 9249 9 of of IN 43431 9249 10 the the DT 43431 9249 11 Canidae Canidae NNP 43431 9249 12 , , , 43431 9249 13 " " '' 43431 9249 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9249 15 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 9249 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9249 17 , , , 43431 9249 18 1880 1880 CD 43431 9249 19 , , , 43431 9249 20 p. p. NN 43431 9249 21 238 238 CD 43431 9249 22 . . . 43431 9250 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9250 2 164 164 NNP 43431 9250 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9250 4 G.B. G.B. NNP 43431 9251 1 Howes Howes NNP 43431 9251 2 , , , 43431 9251 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9251 4 Journ Journ NNP 43431 9251 5 . . . 43431 9252 1 of of IN 43431 9252 2 Anat Anat NNP 43431 9252 3 . . . 43431 9253 1 and and CC 43431 9253 2 Phys Phys NNP 43431 9253 3 . . . 43431 9253 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9253 5 XXVII XXVII NNP 43431 9253 6 . . NNP 43431 9253 7 , , , 43431 9253 8 p. p. NN 43431 9253 9 544 544 CD 43431 9253 10 . . . 43431 9254 1 CHAPTER chapter NN 43431 9254 2 XXIII XXIII NNP 43431 9254 3 . . . 43431 9255 1 GENERAL GENERAL NNP 43431 9255 2 ACCOUNT account NN 43431 9255 3 OF of IN 43431 9255 4 THE the DT 43431 9255 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 9255 6 IN in IN 43431 9255 7 MAMMALIA mammalia NN 43431 9255 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9255 9 CONTINUED CONTINUED NNP 43431 9255 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9255 11 . . . 43431 9256 1 THE the DT 43431 9256 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 9256 3 AND and CC 43431 9256 4 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 9256 5 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 9256 6 . . . 43431 9257 1 THE the DT 43431 9257 2 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 9257 3 . . . 43431 9258 1 MONOTREMATA MONOTREMATA NNP 43431 9258 2 . . . 43431 9259 1 In in IN 43431 9259 2 both both DT 43431 9259 3 genera genera NN 43431 9259 4 the the DT 43431 9259 5 cranium cranium NN 43431 9259 6 is be VBZ 43431 9259 7 thin thin JJ 43431 9259 8 - - HYPH 43431 9259 9 walled walled JJ 43431 9259 10 , , , 43431 9259 11 has have VBZ 43431 9259 12 a a DT 43431 9259 13 fairly fairly RB 43431 9259 14 large large JJ 43431 9259 15 cavity cavity NN 43431 9259 16 , , , 43431 9259 17 and and CC 43431 9259 18 is be VBZ 43431 9259 19 very very RB 43431 9259 20 smooth smooth JJ 43431 9259 21 and and CC 43431 9259 22 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9259 23 externally externally RB 43431 9259 24 . . . 43431 9260 1 The the DT 43431 9260 2 sutures suture NNS 43431 9260 3 between between IN 43431 9260 4 many many JJ 43431 9260 5 of of IN 43431 9260 6 the the DT 43431 9260 7 bones bone NNS 43431 9260 8 early early RB 43431 9260 9 become become VBP 43431 9260 10 obliterated obliterated JJ 43431 9260 11 in in IN 43431 9260 12 a a DT 43431 9260 13 manner manner NN 43431 9260 14 comparable comparable JJ 43431 9260 15 to to IN 43431 9260 16 that that DT 43431 9260 17 in in IN 43431 9260 18 birds bird NNS 43431 9260 19 , , , 43431 9260 20 and and CC 43431 9260 21 the the DT 43431 9260 22 facial facial JJ 43431 9260 23 portion portion NN 43431 9260 24 of of IN 43431 9260 25 the the DT 43431 9260 26 skull skull NN 43431 9260 27 is be VBZ 43431 9260 28 much much RB 43431 9260 29 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 9260 30 . . . 43431 9261 1 In in IN 43431 9261 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9261 3 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 9261 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9261 5 the the DT 43431 9261 6 face face NN 43431 9261 7 is be VBZ 43431 9261 8 drawn draw VBN 43431 9261 9 out out RP 43431 9261 10 into into IN 43431 9261 11 a a DT 43431 9261 12 gradually gradually RB 43431 9261 13 tapering taper VBG 43431 9261 14 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 9261 15 , , , 43431 9261 16 formed form VBN 43431 9261 17 mainly mainly RB 43431 9261 18 by by IN 43431 9261 19 the the DT 43431 9261 20 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9261 21 , , , 43431 9261 22 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9261 23 and and CC 43431 9261 24 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9261 25 . . . 43431 9262 1 The the DT 43431 9262 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9262 3 arch arch NN 43431 9262 4 is be VBZ 43431 9262 5 very very RB 43431 9262 6 weak weak JJ 43431 9262 7 , , , 43431 9262 8 and and CC 43431 9262 9 the the DT 43431 9262 10 palate palate NN 43431 9262 11 extends extend VBZ 43431 9262 12 very very RB 43431 9262 13 far far RB 43431 9262 14 back back RB 43431 9262 15 . . . 43431 9263 1 The the DT 43431 9263 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9263 3 forms form NNS 43431 9263 4 a a DT 43431 9263 5 slender slender NN 43431 9263 6 ring ring NN 43431 9263 7 . . . 43431 9264 1 The the DT 43431 9264 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9264 3 is be VBZ 43431 9264 4 extremely extremely RB 43431 9264 5 slight slight JJ 43431 9264 6 , , , 43431 9264 7 with with IN 43431 9264 8 no no DT 43431 9264 9 ascending ascend VBG 43431 9264 10 portion portion NN 43431 9264 11 , , , 43431 9264 12 and and CC 43431 9264 13 but but CC 43431 9264 14 slight slight JJ 43431 9264 15 traces trace NNS 43431 9264 16 of of IN 43431 9264 17 the the DT 43431 9264 18 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9264 19 process process NN 43431 9264 20 and and CC 43431 9264 21 angle angle NN 43431 9264 22 . . . 43431 9265 1 The the DT 43431 9265 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9265 3 has have VBZ 43431 9265 4 a a DT 43431 9265 5 wide wide JJ 43431 9265 6 basi basi NN 43431 9265 7 - - HYPH 43431 9265 8 hyal hyal JJ 43431 9265 9 and and CC 43431 9265 10 stout stout JJ 43431 9265 11 thyro thyro NN 43431 9265 12 - - HYPH 43431 9265 13 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9265 14 , , , 43431 9265 15 while while IN 43431 9265 16 the the DT 43431 9265 17 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9265 18 cornua cornua NN 43431 9265 19 are be VBP 43431 9265 20 slender slend JJR 43431 9265 21 , , , 43431 9265 22 and and CC 43431 9265 23 include include VBP 43431 9265 24 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9265 25 epi epi NN 43431 9265 26 - - HYPH 43431 9265 27 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9265 28 and and CC 43431 9265 29 cerato cerato NN 43431 9265 30 - - HYPH 43431 9265 31 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9265 32 . . . 43431 9266 1 In in IN 43431 9266 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9266 3 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 9266 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9266 5 the the DT 43431 9266 6 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9266 7 arch arch NN 43431 9266 8 is be VBZ 43431 9266 9 much much RB 43431 9266 10 stouter stouter NN 43431 9266 11 than than IN 43431 9266 12 in in IN 43431 9266 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9266 14 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 9266 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9266 16 . . . 43431 9267 1 The the DT 43431 9267 2 face face NN 43431 9267 3 is be VBZ 43431 9267 4 produced produce VBN 43431 9267 5 into into IN 43431 9267 6 a a DT 43431 9267 7 wide wide JJ 43431 9267 8 beak beak NN 43431 9267 9 , , , 43431 9267 10 mainly mainly RB 43431 9267 11 supported support VBN 43431 9267 12 by by IN 43431 9267 13 the the DT 43431 9267 14 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9267 15 , , , 43431 9267 16 between between IN 43431 9267 17 whose whose WP$ 43431 9267 18 diverging diverge VBG 43431 9267 19 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9267 20 ends end VBZ 43431 9267 21 there there EX 43431 9267 22 is be VBZ 43431 9267 23 a a DT 43431 9267 24 dumb dumb JJ 43431 9267 25 - - HYPH 43431 9267 26 bell bell NN 43431 9267 27 - - HYPH 43431 9267 28 shaped shape VBN 43431 9267 29 bone bone NN 43431 9267 30 . . . 43431 9268 1 The the DT 43431 9268 2 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9268 3 are be VBP 43431 9268 4 flattened flatten VBN 43431 9268 5 below below RB 43431 9268 6 , , , 43431 9268 7 and and CC 43431 9268 8 each each DT 43431 9268 9 bears bear VBZ 43431 9268 10 a a DT 43431 9268 11 large large JJ 43431 9268 12 horny horny NN 43431 9268 13 tooth tooth NN 43431 9268 14 , , , 43431 9268 15 which which WDT 43431 9268 16 meets meet VBZ 43431 9268 17 a a DT 43431 9268 18 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 9268 19 structure structure NN 43431 9268 20 borne bear VBN 43431 9268 21 on on IN 43431 9268 22 a a DT 43431 9268 23 surface surface NN 43431 9268 24 near near IN 43431 9268 25 the the DT 43431 9268 26 middle middle NN 43431 9268 27 of of IN 43431 9268 28 the the DT 43431 9268 29 mandible mandible NN 43431 9268 30 . . . 43431 9269 1 The the DT 43431 9269 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9269 3 is be VBZ 43431 9269 4 considerably considerably RB 43431 9269 5 stouter stouter NN 43431 9269 6 than than IN 43431 9269 7 in in IN 43431 9269 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9269 9 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 9269 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9269 11 , , , 43431 9269 12 but but CC 43431 9269 13 the the DT 43431 9269 14 angle angle NN 43431 9269 15 and and CC 43431 9269 16 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9269 17 process process NN 43431 9269 18 are be VBP 43431 9269 19 but but CC 43431 9269 20 little little JJ 43431 9269 21 developed developed JJ 43431 9269 22 . . . 43431 9270 1 The the DT 43431 9270 2 infra infra NN 43431 9270 3 - - HYPH 43431 9270 4 orbital orbital JJ 43431 9270 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9270 6 and and CC 43431 9270 7 the the DT 43431 9270 8 inferior inferior JJ 43431 9270 9 dental dental NNP 43431 9270 10 and and CC 43431 9270 11 mental mental JJ 43431 9270 12 foramina foramina NN 43431 9270 13 of of IN 43431 9270 14 the the DT 43431 9270 15 mandible mandible JJ 43431 9270 16 are be VBP 43431 9270 17 all all DT 43431 9270 18 very very RB 43431 9270 19 large large JJ 43431 9270 20 . . . 43431 9271 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9271 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9271 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9271 4 . . . 43431 9272 1 90 90 CD 43431 9272 2 . . . 43431 9273 1 HALF half JJ 43431 9273 2 FRONT front NN 43431 9273 3 VIEW[165 VIEW[165 NNP 43431 9273 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9273 5 OF of IN 43431 9273 6 THE the DT 43431 9273 7 SKULLS SKULLS NNP 43431 9273 8 OF of IN 43431 9273 9 A a DT 43431 9273 10 TASMANIAN TASMANIAN NNP 43431 9273 11 WOLF wolf NN 43431 9273 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9273 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9273 14 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 9273 15 cynocephalus cynocephalus NN 43431 9273 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9273 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9273 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9273 19 to to IN 43431 9273 20 the the DT 43431 9273 21 left left JJ 43431 9273 22 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9273 23 à à NNP 43431 9273 24 � � NNP 43431 9273 25 3/8 3/8 CD 43431 9273 26 ; ; : 43431 9273 27 AND and CC 43431 9273 28 OF of IN 43431 9273 29 A a DT 43431 9273 30 HAIRY HAIRY NNP 43431 9273 31 - - HYPH 43431 9273 32 NOSED NOSED NNP 43431 9273 33 WOMBAT WOMBAT NNP 43431 9273 34 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9273 35 _ _ NNP 43431 9273 36 Phascolomys Phascolomys NNP 43431 9273 37 latifrons latifron NNS 43431 9273 38 _ _ NNP 43431 9273 39 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9273 40 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9273 41 to to IN 43431 9273 42 the the DT 43431 9273 43 right right NN 43431 9273 44 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9273 45 à à NNP 43431 9273 46 � � NNP 43431 9273 47 3/8 3/8 CD 43431 9273 48 . . . 43431 9274 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9274 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9274 3 . . . 43431 9275 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9275 2 . . . 43431 9275 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9276 1 1 1 LS 43431 9276 2 . . . 43431 9276 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9276 4 . . . 43431 9277 1 2 2 LS 43431 9277 2 . . . 43431 9277 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 9277 4 . . . 43431 9278 1 3 3 LS 43431 9278 2 . . . 43431 9278 3 frontal frontal NN 43431 9278 4 . . . 43431 9279 1 4 4 LS 43431 9279 2 . . . 43431 9279 3 infra infra NN 43431 9279 4 - - HYPH 43431 9279 5 orbital orbital JJ 43431 9279 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9279 7 . . . 43431 9280 1 5 5 LS 43431 9280 2 . . . 43431 9280 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 9280 4 . . . 43431 9281 1 6 6 LS 43431 9281 2 . . . 43431 9281 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9281 4 . . . 43431 9282 1 7 7 LS 43431 9282 2 . . . 43431 9282 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9282 4 process process NN 43431 9282 5 of of IN 43431 9282 6 the the DT 43431 9282 7 mandible mandible NN 43431 9282 8 . . . 43431 9283 1 8 8 LS 43431 9283 2 . . . 43431 9283 3 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9283 4 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9283 5 . . . 43431 9284 1 i. i. NNP 43431 9285 1 1 1 LS 43431 9285 2 . . . 43431 9285 3 first first JJ 43431 9285 4 upper upper JJ 43431 9285 5 incisor incisor NN 43431 9285 6 . . . 43431 9286 1 C. C. NNP 43431 9287 1 canine canine NNP 43431 9287 2 . . . 43431 9287 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9288 1 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 9288 2 . . . 43431 9289 1 The the DT 43431 9289 2 skulls skull NNS 43431 9289 3 of of IN 43431 9289 4 the the DT 43431 9289 5 various various JJ 43431 9289 6 types type NNS 43431 9289 7 of of IN 43431 9289 8 the the DT 43431 9289 9 Marsupials Marsupials NNPS 43431 9289 10 frequently frequently RB 43431 9289 11 bear bear VBP 43431 9289 12 a a DT 43431 9289 13 strong strong JJ 43431 9289 14 superficial superficial JJ 43431 9289 15 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 9289 16 to to IN 43431 9289 17 those those DT 43431 9289 18 of of IN 43431 9289 19 some some DT 43431 9289 20 of of IN 43431 9289 21 the the DT 43431 9289 22 different different JJ 43431 9289 23 groups group NNS 43431 9289 24 of of IN 43431 9289 25 placental placental JJ 43431 9289 26 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9289 27 . . . 43431 9290 1 Thus thus RB 43431 9290 2 the the DT 43431 9290 3 skull skull NN 43431 9290 4 of of IN 43431 9290 5 the the DT 43431 9290 6 Dasyuridae Dasyuridae NNP 43431 9290 7 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 9290 8 that that IN 43431 9290 9 of of IN 43431 9290 10 the the DT 43431 9290 11 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 9290 12 , , , 43431 9290 13 the the DT 43431 9290 14 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 9290 15 being be VBG 43431 9290 16 most most RBS 43431 9290 17 marked mark VBN 43431 9290 18 between between IN 43431 9290 19 the the DT 43431 9290 20 skulls skull NNS 43431 9290 21 of of IN 43431 9290 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9290 23 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 9290 24 _ _ NNP 43431 9290 25 and and CC 43431 9290 26 the the DT 43431 9290 27 dog dog NN 43431 9290 28 . . . 43431 9291 1 The the DT 43431 9291 2 skull skull NN 43431 9291 3 of of IN 43431 9291 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9291 5 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 9291 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9291 7 is be VBZ 43431 9291 8 strongly strongly RB 43431 9291 9 suggestive suggestive JJ 43431 9291 10 of of IN 43431 9291 11 that that DT 43431 9291 12 of of IN 43431 9291 13 an an DT 43431 9291 14 Insectivore Insectivore NNP 43431 9291 15 , , , 43431 9291 16 and and CC 43431 9291 17 that that DT 43431 9291 18 of of IN 43431 9291 19 other other JJ 43431 9291 20 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 9291 21 such such JJ 43431 9291 22 as as IN 43431 9291 23 the the DT 43431 9291 24 wombat wombat NN 43431 9291 25 , , , 43431 9291 26 recalls recall VBZ 43431 9291 27 equally equally RB 43431 9291 28 the the DT 43431 9291 29 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 9291 30 features feature NNS 43431 9291 31 of of IN 43431 9291 32 a a DT 43431 9291 33 Rodent Rodent NNP 43431 9291 34 's 's POS 43431 9291 35 skull skull NN 43431 9291 36 . . . 43431 9292 1 But but CC 43431 9292 2 , , , 43431 9292 3 however however RB 43431 9292 4 much much RB 43431 9292 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9292 6 may may MD 43431 9292 7 differ differ VB 43431 9292 8 from from IN 43431 9292 9 one one CD 43431 9292 10 another another DT 43431 9292 11 , , , 43431 9292 12 the the DT 43431 9292 13 skulls skull NNS 43431 9292 14 of of IN 43431 9292 15 all all DT 43431 9292 16 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 9292 17 agree agree VBP 43431 9292 18 in in IN 43431 9292 19 the the DT 43431 9292 20 following following JJ 43431 9292 21 respects respect NNS 43431 9292 22 . . . 43431 9293 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9293 2 1 1 LS 43431 9293 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9293 4 The the DT 43431 9293 5 brain brain NN 43431 9293 6 cavity cavity NN 43431 9293 7 , , , 43431 9293 8 and and CC 43431 9293 9 especially especially RB 43431 9293 10 the the DT 43431 9293 11 cerebral cerebral NNP 43431 9293 12 fossa fossa NN 43431 9293 13 , , , 43431 9293 14 has have VBZ 43431 9293 15 a a DT 43431 9293 16 very very RB 43431 9293 17 small small JJ 43431 9293 18 comparative comparative JJ 43431 9293 19 size size NN 43431 9293 20 . . . 43431 9294 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9294 2 2 2 LS 43431 9294 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9294 4 The the DT 43431 9294 5 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9294 6 are be VBP 43431 9294 7 always always RB 43431 9294 8 large large JJ 43431 9294 9 , , , 43431 9294 10 and and CC 43431 9294 11 the the DT 43431 9294 12 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 9294 13 is be VBZ 43431 9294 14 extensively extensively RB 43431 9294 15 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9294 16 , , , 43431 9294 17 and and CC 43431 9294 18 terminated terminate VBN 43431 9294 19 by by IN 43431 9294 20 a a DT 43431 9294 21 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9294 22 vertical vertical JJ 43431 9294 23 edge edge NN 43431 9294 24 . . . 43431 9295 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9295 2 3 3 LS 43431 9295 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9295 4 Processes process NNS 43431 9295 5 from from IN 43431 9295 6 the the DT 43431 9295 7 jugal jugal NN 43431 9295 8 and and CC 43431 9295 9 frontal frontal JJ 43431 9295 10 in in IN 43431 9295 11 living live VBG 43431 9295 12 forms form NNS 43431 9295 13 never never RB 43431 9295 14 meet meet VBP 43431 9295 15 and and CC 43431 9295 16 enclose enclose VB 43431 9295 17 the the DT 43431 9295 18 orbit orbit NN 43431 9295 19 , , , 43431 9295 20 but but CC 43431 9295 21 the the DT 43431 9295 22 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9295 23 arch arch NN 43431 9295 24 is be VBZ 43431 9295 25 always always RB 43431 9295 26 complete complete JJ 43431 9295 27 . . . 43431 9296 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9296 2 4 4 LS 43431 9296 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9296 4 The the DT 43431 9296 5 jugal jugal NN 43431 9296 6 always always RB 43431 9296 7 extends extend VBZ 43431 9296 8 back back RB 43431 9296 9 to to TO 43431 9296 10 form form VB 43431 9296 11 part part NN 43431 9296 12 of of IN 43431 9296 13 the the DT 43431 9296 14 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 9296 15 fossa fossa NNP 43431 9296 16 . . . 43431 9297 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9297 2 5 5 LS 43431 9297 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9297 4 The the DT 43431 9297 5 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9297 6 canal canal NN 43431 9297 7 opens open VBZ 43431 9297 8 either either CC 43431 9297 9 external external JJ 43431 9297 10 to to IN 43431 9297 11 or or CC 43431 9297 12 upon upon IN 43431 9297 13 the the DT 43431 9297 14 margin margin NN 43431 9297 15 of of IN 43431 9297 16 the the DT 43431 9297 17 orbit orbit NN 43431 9297 18 , , , 43431 9297 19 and and CC 43431 9297 20 the the DT 43431 9297 21 nasal nasal NN 43431 9297 22 processes process NNS 43431 9297 23 of of IN 43431 9297 24 the the DT 43431 9297 25 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9297 26 never never RB 43431 9297 27 quite quite RB 43431 9297 28 reach reach VBP 43431 9297 29 the the DT 43431 9297 30 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9297 31 . . . 43431 9298 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9298 2 6 6 LS 43431 9298 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9298 4 The the DT 43431 9298 5 posterior posterior NN 43431 9298 6 part part NN 43431 9298 7 of of IN 43431 9298 8 the the DT 43431 9298 9 palate palate NN 43431 9298 10 is be VBZ 43431 9298 11 commonly commonly RB 43431 9298 12 pierced pierce VBN 43431 9298 13 by by IN 43431 9298 14 large large JJ 43431 9298 15 oval oval NN 43431 9298 16 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 9298 17 . . . 43431 9299 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9299 2 7 7 LS 43431 9299 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9299 4 The the DT 43431 9299 5 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9299 6 is be VBZ 43431 9299 7 small small JJ 43431 9299 8 and and CC 43431 9299 9 never never RB 43431 9299 10 fused fuse VBN 43431 9299 11 to to IN 43431 9299 12 the the DT 43431 9299 13 bones bone NNS 43431 9299 14 of of IN 43431 9299 15 the the DT 43431 9299 16 cranium cranium NN 43431 9299 17 . . . 43431 9300 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9300 2 8) 8) CD 43431 9300 3 The the DT 43431 9300 4 carotid carotid JJ 43431 9300 5 canal canal NN 43431 9300 6 perforates perforate VBZ 43431 9300 7 the the DT 43431 9300 8 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 9300 9 and and CC 43431 9300 10 not not RB 43431 9300 11 the the DT 43431 9300 12 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9300 13 bulla bulla NN 43431 9300 14 . . . 43431 9301 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9301 2 9 9 LS 43431 9301 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9301 4 The the DT 43431 9301 5 optic optic JJ 43431 9301 6 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9301 7 and and CC 43431 9301 8 sphenoidal sphenoidal NN 43431 9301 9 fissure fissure NN 43431 9301 10 are be VBP 43431 9301 11 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9301 12 . . . 43431 9302 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9302 2 10 10 CD 43431 9302 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9302 4 In in IN 43431 9302 5 every every DT 43431 9302 6 case case NN 43431 9302 7 except except IN 43431 9302 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9302 9 Tarsipes Tarsipes NNPS 43431 9302 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9302 11 the the DT 43431 9302 12 angle angle NN 43431 9302 13 of of IN 43431 9302 14 the the DT 43431 9302 15 mandible mandible NN 43431 9302 16 is be VBZ 43431 9302 17 more more RBR 43431 9302 18 or or CC 43431 9302 19 less less RBR 43431 9302 20 inflected inflected JJ 43431 9302 21 . . . 43431 9303 1 The the DT 43431 9303 2 skull skull NN 43431 9303 3 of of IN 43431 9303 4 the the DT 43431 9303 5 extinct extinct NN 43431 9303 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9303 7 Thylacoleo Thylacoleo NNP 43431 9303 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9303 9 differs differ VBZ 43431 9303 10 from from IN 43431 9303 11 that that DT 43431 9303 12 of of IN 43431 9303 13 all all DT 43431 9303 14 other other JJ 43431 9303 15 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 9303 16 in in IN 43431 9303 17 the the DT 43431 9303 18 fact fact NN 43431 9303 19 that that IN 43431 9303 20 the the DT 43431 9303 21 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9303 22 bar bar NN 43431 9303 23 is be VBZ 43431 9303 24 complete complete JJ 43431 9303 25 . . . 43431 9304 1 The the DT 43431 9304 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9304 3 is be VBZ 43431 9304 4 constructed construct VBN 43431 9304 5 on on IN 43431 9304 6 much much RB 43431 9304 7 the the DT 43431 9304 8 same same JJ 43431 9304 9 plan plan NN 43431 9304 10 in in IN 43431 9304 11 all all DT 43431 9304 12 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 9304 13 . . . 43431 9305 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 9305 2 consists consist VBZ 43431 9305 3 of of IN 43431 9305 4 a a DT 43431 9305 5 small small JJ 43431 9305 6 basi basi NNP 43431 9305 7 - - HYPH 43431 9305 8 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9305 9 , , , 43431 9305 10 a a DT 43431 9305 11 pair pair NN 43431 9305 12 of of IN 43431 9305 13 broad broad JJ 43431 9305 14 cerato cerato NN 43431 9305 15 - - HYPH 43431 9305 16 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9305 17 , , , 43431 9305 18 and and CC 43431 9305 19 a a DT 43431 9305 20 pair pair NN 43431 9305 21 of of IN 43431 9305 22 strong strong JJ 43431 9305 23 thyro thyro NN 43431 9305 24 - - HYPH 43431 9305 25 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9305 26 . . . 43431 9306 1 The the DT 43431 9306 2 epi epi JJ 43431 9306 3 - - HYPH 43431 9306 4 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9306 5 and and CC 43431 9306 6 stylo stylo NN 43431 9306 7 - - HYPH 43431 9306 8 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9306 9 are be VBP 43431 9306 10 generally generally RB 43431 9306 11 unossified unossified JJ 43431 9306 12 . . . 43431 9307 1 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 9307 2 . . . 43431 9308 1 In in IN 43431 9308 2 Sloths Sloths NNP 43431 9308 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9308 4 Bradypodidae Bradypodidae NNP 43431 9308 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9308 6 the the DT 43431 9308 7 sutures suture NNS 43431 9308 8 become become VBP 43431 9308 9 early early RB 43431 9308 10 obliterated obliterate VBN 43431 9308 11 , , , 43431 9308 12 the the DT 43431 9308 13 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9308 14 portion portion NN 43431 9308 15 of of IN 43431 9308 16 the the DT 43431 9308 17 skull skull NN 43431 9308 18 is be VBZ 43431 9308 19 rather rather RB 43431 9308 20 high high JJ 43431 9308 21 , , , 43431 9308 22 and and CC 43431 9308 23 the the DT 43431 9308 24 facial facial JJ 43431 9308 25 portion portion NN 43431 9308 26 very very RB 43431 9308 27 short short JJ 43431 9308 28 . . . 43431 9309 1 The the DT 43431 9309 2 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 9309 3 is be VBZ 43431 9309 4 very very RB 43431 9309 5 small small JJ 43431 9309 6 , , , 43431 9309 7 and and CC 43431 9309 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9309 9 canal canal NN 43431 9309 10 opens open VBZ 43431 9309 11 outside outside IN 43431 9309 12 the the DT 43431 9309 13 orbit orbit NN 43431 9309 14 . . . 43431 9310 1 The the DT 43431 9310 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9310 3 arch arch NN 43431 9310 4 is be VBZ 43431 9310 5 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 9310 6 , , , 43431 9310 7 and and CC 43431 9310 8 the the DT 43431 9310 9 jugal jugal NN 43431 9310 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9310 11 fig fig NN 43431 9310 12 . . . 43431 9311 1 91 91 CD 43431 9311 2 , , , 43431 9311 3 5 5 CD 43431 9311 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9311 5 is be VBZ 43431 9311 6 curiously curiously RB 43431 9311 7 forked fork VBN 43431 9311 8 , , , 43431 9311 9 but but CC 43431 9311 10 in in IN 43431 9311 11 a a DT 43431 9311 12 manner manner NN 43431 9311 13 differing differ VBG 43431 9311 14 in in IN 43431 9311 15 the the DT 43431 9311 16 two two CD 43431 9311 17 genera genera NN 43431 9311 18 . . . 43431 9312 1 The the DT 43431 9312 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 9312 3 are be VBP 43431 9312 4 very very RB 43431 9312 5 small,--in small,--in JJ 43431 9312 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9312 7 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 9312 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9312 9 quite quite RB 43431 9312 10 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 9312 11 . . . 43431 9313 1 The the DT 43431 9313 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9313 3 is be VBZ 43431 9313 4 well well RB 43431 9313 5 developed developed JJ 43431 9313 6 , , , 43431 9313 7 the the DT 43431 9313 8 angle angle NN 43431 9313 9 being be VBG 43431 9313 10 specially specially RB 43431 9313 11 marked mark VBN 43431 9313 12 in in IN 43431 9313 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9313 14 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 9313 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9313 16 . . . 43431 9314 1 In in IN 43431 9314 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9314 3 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 9314 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9314 5 the the DT 43431 9314 6 symphysial symphysial JJ 43431 9314 7 part part NN 43431 9314 8 is be VBZ 43431 9314 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 9314 10 out out RP 43431 9314 11 in in IN 43431 9314 12 a a DT 43431 9314 13 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 9314 14 spout spout NN 43431 9314 15 - - HYPH 43431 9314 16 like like JJ 43431 9314 17 manner manner NN 43431 9314 18 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9314 19 fig fig NN 43431 9314 20 . . . 43431 9315 1 91 91 CD 43431 9315 2 , , , 43431 9315 3 6 6 CD 43431 9315 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9315 5 . . . 43431 9316 1 In in IN 43431 9316 2 both both DT 43431 9316 3 genera genera NN 43431 9316 4 the the DT 43431 9316 5 thyro thyro NN 43431 9316 6 - - HYPH 43431 9316 7 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9316 8 are be VBP 43431 9316 9 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 9316 10 with with IN 43431 9316 11 the the DT 43431 9316 12 basi basi NNP 43431 9316 13 - - HYPH 43431 9316 14 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9316 15 . . . 43431 9317 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9317 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9317 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9317 4 . . . 43431 9318 1 91 91 CD 43431 9318 2 . . . 43431 9319 1 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 9319 2 OF of IN 43431 9319 3 A a DT 43431 9319 4 TWO TWO NNP 43431 9319 5 - - HYPH 43431 9319 6 FINGERED FINGERED NNP 43431 9319 7 SLOTH SLOTH NNP 43431 9319 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9319 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9319 10 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 9319 11 didactylus didactylus NN 43431 9319 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9319 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9319 14 à à NNP 43431 9319 15 � � NNP 43431 9319 16 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 9319 17 . . . 43431 9320 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9320 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9320 3 . . . 43431 9321 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9321 2 . . . 43431 9321 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9322 1 1 1 LS 43431 9322 2 . . . 43431 9322 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9322 4 nares naris NNS 43431 9322 5 . . . 43431 9323 1 2 2 LS 43431 9323 2 . . . 43431 9323 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9323 4 process process NN 43431 9323 5 of of IN 43431 9323 6 the the DT 43431 9323 7 frontal frontal NN 43431 9323 8 . . . 43431 9324 1 3 3 LS 43431 9324 2 . . . 43431 9324 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9324 4 process process NN 43431 9324 5 . . . 43431 9325 1 4 4 LS 43431 9325 2 . . . 43431 9325 3 angle angle NN 43431 9325 4 of of IN 43431 9325 5 the the DT 43431 9325 6 mandible mandible NN 43431 9325 7 . . . 43431 9326 1 5 5 LS 43431 9326 2 . . . 43431 9326 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9326 4 . . . 43431 9327 1 6 6 LS 43431 9327 2 . . . 43431 9327 3 spout spout NN 43431 9327 4 - - HYPH 43431 9327 5 like like JJ 43431 9327 6 prolongation prolongation NN 43431 9327 7 of of IN 43431 9327 8 the the DT 43431 9327 9 mandible mandible NN 43431 9327 10 . . . 43431 9327 11 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9328 1 In in IN 43431 9328 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9328 3 Megatherium Megatherium NNP 43431 9328 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9328 5 the the DT 43431 9328 6 general general JJ 43431 9328 7 appearance appearance NN 43431 9328 8 of of IN 43431 9328 9 the the DT 43431 9328 10 skull skull NN 43431 9328 11 is be VBZ 43431 9328 12 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 9328 13 sloth sloth JJ 43431 9328 14 - - HYPH 43431 9328 15 like like JJ 43431 9328 16 , , , 43431 9328 17 but but CC 43431 9328 18 the the DT 43431 9328 19 facial facial JJ 43431 9328 20 portion portion NN 43431 9328 21 is be VBZ 43431 9328 22 more more RBR 43431 9328 23 elongated elongated JJ 43431 9328 24 , , , 43431 9328 25 partly partly RB 43431 9328 26 owing owe VBG 43431 9328 27 to to IN 43431 9328 28 the the DT 43431 9328 29 development development NN 43431 9328 30 of of IN 43431 9328 31 a a DT 43431 9328 32 prenasal prenasal NN 43431 9328 33 bone bone NN 43431 9328 34 , , , 43431 9328 35 and and CC 43431 9328 36 the the DT 43431 9328 37 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9328 38 arch arch NN 43431 9328 39 is be VBZ 43431 9328 40 complete complete JJ 43431 9328 41 . . . 43431 9329 1 The the DT 43431 9329 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9329 3 is be VBZ 43431 9329 4 very very RB 43431 9329 5 deep deep JJ 43431 9329 6 in in IN 43431 9329 7 the the DT 43431 9329 8 middle middle NN 43431 9329 9 , , , 43431 9329 10 and and CC 43431 9329 11 is be VBZ 43431 9329 12 drawn draw VBN 43431 9329 13 out out RP 43431 9329 14 into into IN 43431 9329 15 a a DT 43431 9329 16 long long JJ 43431 9329 17 spout spout NN 43431 9329 18 - - HYPH 43431 9329 19 like like JJ 43431 9329 20 process process NN 43431 9329 21 in in IN 43431 9329 22 front front NN 43431 9329 23 . . . 43431 9330 1 Anteaters Anteaters NNP 43431 9330 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9330 3 Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophagidae NNP 43431 9330 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9330 5 have have VBP 43431 9330 6 a a DT 43431 9330 7 much much RB 43431 9330 8 modified modify VBN 43431 9330 9 skull skull NN 43431 9330 10 , , , 43431 9330 11 and and CC 43431 9330 12 this this DT 43431 9330 13 is be VBZ 43431 9330 14 especially especially RB 43431 9330 15 the the DT 43431 9330 16 case case NN 43431 9330 17 in in IN 43431 9330 18 the the DT 43431 9330 19 Great Great NNP 43431 9330 20 Anteater Anteater NNP 43431 9330 21 , , , 43431 9330 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9330 23 Myrmecophaga Myrmecophaga NNP 43431 9330 24 _ _ NNP 43431 9330 25 . . . 43431 9331 1 The the DT 43431 9331 2 skull skull NN 43431 9331 3 is be VBZ 43431 9331 4 smooth smooth JJ 43431 9331 5 and and CC 43431 9331 6 evenly evenly RB 43431 9331 7 - - HYPH 43431 9331 8 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9331 9 , , , 43431 9331 10 in in IN 43431 9331 11 these these DT 43431 9331 12 respects respect NNS 43431 9331 13 recalling recall VBG 43431 9331 14 that that DT 43431 9331 15 of of IN 43431 9331 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9331 17 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 9331 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9331 19 , , , 43431 9331 20 but but CC 43431 9331 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9331 22 is be VBZ 43431 9331 23 longer long JJR 43431 9331 24 and and CC 43431 9331 25 tapers taper NNS 43431 9331 26 much much RB 43431 9331 27 more more RBR 43431 9331 28 gradually gradually RB 43431 9331 29 than than IN 43431 9331 30 in in IN 43431 9331 31 _ _ NNP 43431 9331 32 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 9331 33 _ _ NNP 43431 9331 34 . . . 43431 9332 1 The the DT 43431 9332 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9332 3 condyles condyle NNS 43431 9332 4 are be VBP 43431 9332 5 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 9332 6 large large JJ 43431 9332 7 . . . 43431 9333 1 The the DT 43431 9333 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 9333 3 are be VBP 43431 9333 4 small small JJ 43431 9333 5 , , , 43431 9333 6 and and CC 43431 9333 7 the the DT 43431 9333 8 long long JJ 43431 9333 9 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 9333 10 is be VBZ 43431 9333 11 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 9333 12 composed compose VBN 43431 9333 13 of of IN 43431 9333 14 the the DT 43431 9333 15 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9333 16 and and CC 43431 9333 17 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9333 18 with with IN 43431 9333 19 the the DT 43431 9333 20 mesethmoid mesethmoid NNP 43431 9333 21 and and CC 43431 9333 22 vomer vomer NN 43431 9333 23 . . . 43431 9334 1 The the DT 43431 9334 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9334 3 arch arch NN 43431 9334 4 is be VBZ 43431 9334 5 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 9334 6 , , , 43431 9334 7 and and CC 43431 9334 8 there there EX 43431 9334 9 is be VBZ 43431 9334 10 no no DT 43431 9334 11 trace trace NN 43431 9334 12 of of IN 43431 9334 13 a a DT 43431 9334 14 separation separation NN 43431 9334 15 between between IN 43431 9334 16 the the DT 43431 9334 17 orbit orbit NN 43431 9334 18 and and CC 43431 9334 19 the the DT 43431 9334 20 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9334 21 fossa fossa NN 43431 9334 22 . . . 43431 9335 1 The the DT 43431 9335 2 palate palate NN 43431 9335 3 is be VBZ 43431 9335 4 much much RB 43431 9335 5 elongated elongate VBN 43431 9335 6 , , , 43431 9335 7 the the DT 43431 9335 8 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 9335 9 meeting meeting NN 43431 9335 10 in in IN 43431 9335 11 the the DT 43431 9335 12 middle middle JJ 43431 9335 13 line line NN 43431 9335 14 just just RB 43431 9335 15 like like IN 43431 9335 16 the the DT 43431 9335 17 palatines palatine NNS 43431 9335 18 . . . 43431 9336 1 The the DT 43431 9336 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9336 3 is be VBZ 43431 9336 4 very very RB 43431 9336 5 long long JJ 43431 9336 6 and and CC 43431 9336 7 slender slend JJR 43431 9336 8 , , , 43431 9336 9 there there EX 43431 9336 10 being be VBG 43431 9336 11 no no DT 43431 9336 12 definite definite JJ 43431 9336 13 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9336 14 process process NN 43431 9336 15 , , , 43431 9336 16 and and CC 43431 9336 17 a a DT 43431 9336 18 short short JJ 43431 9336 19 and and CC 43431 9336 20 slight slight JJ 43431 9336 21 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 9336 22 . . . 43431 9337 1 The the DT 43431 9337 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9337 3 arch arch NN 43431 9337 4 is be VBZ 43431 9337 5 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 9337 6 for for IN 43431 9337 7 the the DT 43431 9337 8 length length NN 43431 9337 9 of of IN 43431 9337 10 the the DT 43431 9337 11 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9337 12 cornu cornu NN 43431 9337 13 . . . 43431 9338 1 In in IN 43431 9338 2 the the DT 43431 9338 3 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 9338 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9338 5 Dasypodidae Dasypodidae NNP 43431 9338 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9338 7 the the DT 43431 9338 8 skull skull NN 43431 9338 9 varies vary VBZ 43431 9338 10 a a DT 43431 9338 11 good good JJ 43431 9338 12 deal deal NN 43431 9338 13 in in IN 43431 9338 14 shape shape NN 43431 9338 15 , , , 43431 9338 16 but but CC 43431 9338 17 the the DT 43431 9338 18 facial facial JJ 43431 9338 19 portion portion NN 43431 9338 20 is be VBZ 43431 9338 21 always always RB 43431 9338 22 tapering taper VBG 43431 9338 23 and and CC 43431 9338 24 depressed depressed JJ 43431 9338 25 . . . 43431 9339 1 The the DT 43431 9339 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9339 3 arch arch NN 43431 9339 4 is be VBZ 43431 9339 5 complete complete JJ 43431 9339 6 . . . 43431 9340 1 In in IN 43431 9340 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9340 3 Dasypus Dasypus NNP 43431 9340 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9340 5 and and CC 43431 9340 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9340 7 Chlamydophorus Chlamydophorus NNP 43431 9340 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9340 9 the the DT 43431 9340 10 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9340 11 bulla bulla NN 43431 9340 12 is be VBZ 43431 9340 13 well well RB 43431 9340 14 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9340 15 . . . 43431 9341 1 In in IN 43431 9341 2 the the DT 43431 9341 3 Glyptodontidae Glyptodontidae NNP 43431 9341 4 the the DT 43431 9341 5 skull skull NN 43431 9341 6 is be VBZ 43431 9341 7 very very RB 43431 9341 8 short short JJ 43431 9341 9 and and CC 43431 9341 10 deep deep JJ 43431 9341 11 ; ; : 43431 9341 12 the the DT 43431 9341 13 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9341 14 arch arch NN 43431 9341 15 is be VBZ 43431 9341 16 complete complete JJ 43431 9341 17 , , , 43431 9341 18 and and CC 43431 9341 19 has have VBZ 43431 9341 20 a a DT 43431 9341 21 long long JJ 43431 9341 22 downwardly downwardly JJ 43431 9341 23 projecting project VBG 43431 9341 24 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 9341 25 process process NN 43431 9341 26 . . . 43431 9342 1 The the DT 43431 9342 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9342 3 is be VBZ 43431 9342 4 massive massive JJ 43431 9342 5 , , , 43431 9342 6 and and CC 43431 9342 7 has have VBZ 43431 9342 8 a a DT 43431 9342 9 very very RB 43431 9342 10 high high JJ 43431 9342 11 ascending ascending NN 43431 9342 12 portion portion NN 43431 9342 13 . . . 43431 9343 1 In in IN 43431 9343 2 the the DT 43431 9343 3 Manidae Manidae NNP 43431 9343 4 the the DT 43431 9343 5 skull skull NN 43431 9343 6 is be VBZ 43431 9343 7 smooth smooth JJ 43431 9343 8 and and CC 43431 9343 9 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9343 10 , , , 43431 9343 11 the the DT 43431 9343 12 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9343 13 arch arch NN 43431 9343 14 is be VBZ 43431 9343 15 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 9343 16 , , , 43431 9343 17 and and CC 43431 9343 18 the the DT 43431 9343 19 orbit orbit NN 43431 9343 20 is be VBZ 43431 9343 21 inconspicuous inconspicuous JJ 43431 9343 22 . . . 43431 9344 1 The the DT 43431 9344 2 palate palate NN 43431 9344 3 is be VBZ 43431 9344 4 long long JJ 43431 9344 5 and and CC 43431 9344 6 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9344 7 , , , 43431 9344 8 but but CC 43431 9344 9 the the DT 43431 9344 10 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 9344 11 do do VBP 43431 9344 12 not not RB 43431 9344 13 take take VB 43431 9344 14 part part NN 43431 9344 15 in in IN 43431 9344 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9344 17 formation formation NN 43431 9344 18 . . . 43431 9345 1 The the DT 43431 9345 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9345 3 is be VBZ 43431 9345 4 slightly slightly RB 43431 9345 5 developed develop VBN 43431 9345 6 and and CC 43431 9345 7 has have VBZ 43431 9345 8 no no DT 43431 9345 9 angle angle NN 43431 9345 10 or or CC 43431 9345 11 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9345 12 process process NN 43431 9345 13 . . . 43431 9346 1 In in IN 43431 9346 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9346 3 Orycteropus Orycteropus NNP 43431 9346 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9346 5 the the DT 43431 9346 6 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9346 7 arch arch NN 43431 9346 8 is be VBZ 43431 9346 9 complete complete JJ 43431 9346 10 , , , 43431 9346 11 and and CC 43431 9346 12 there there EX 43431 9346 13 is be VBZ 43431 9346 14 a a DT 43431 9346 15 small small JJ 43431 9346 16 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9346 17 process process NN 43431 9346 18 to to IN 43431 9346 19 the the DT 43431 9346 20 frontal frontal NN 43431 9346 21 . . . 43431 9347 1 The the DT 43431 9347 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9347 3 is be VBZ 43431 9347 4 well well RB 43431 9347 5 - - HYPH 43431 9347 6 developed develop VBN 43431 9347 7 , , , 43431 9347 8 having have VBG 43431 9347 9 a a DT 43431 9347 10 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9347 11 process process NN 43431 9347 12 and and CC 43431 9347 13 definite definite JJ 43431 9347 14 ascending ascending NN 43431 9347 15 portion portion NN 43431 9347 16 , , , 43431 9347 17 and and CC 43431 9347 18 the the DT 43431 9347 19 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9347 20 is be VBZ 43431 9347 21 well well RB 43431 9347 22 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9347 23 . . . 43431 9348 1 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 9348 2 . . . 43431 9349 1 The the DT 43431 9349 2 skull skull NN 43431 9349 3 , , , 43431 9349 4 and and CC 43431 9349 5 especially especially RB 43431 9349 6 the the DT 43431 9349 7 brain brain NN 43431 9349 8 case case NN 43431 9349 9 of of IN 43431 9349 10 all all DT 43431 9349 11 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 9349 12 , , , 43431 9349 13 is be VBZ 43431 9349 14 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 9349 15 for for IN 43431 9349 16 the the DT 43431 9349 17 general general JJ 43431 9349 18 density density NN 43431 9349 19 of of IN 43431 9349 20 the the DT 43431 9349 21 component component NN 43431 9349 22 bones bone NNS 43431 9349 23 , , , 43431 9349 24 which which WDT 43431 9349 25 , , , 43431 9349 26 though though IN 43431 9349 27 often often RB 43431 9349 28 very very RB 43431 9349 29 thick thick JJ 43431 9349 30 , , , 43431 9349 31 are be VBP 43431 9349 32 without without IN 43431 9349 33 air air NN 43431 9349 34 sinuses sinus NNS 43431 9349 35 . . . 43431 9350 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 9350 2 is be VBZ 43431 9350 3 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 9350 4 also also RB 43431 9350 5 for for IN 43431 9350 6 the the DT 43431 9350 7 roughness roughness NN 43431 9350 8 of of IN 43431 9350 9 the the DT 43431 9350 10 bones bone NNS 43431 9350 11 , , , 43431 9350 12 and and CC 43431 9350 13 the the DT 43431 9350 14 irregular irregular JJ 43431 9350 15 manner manner NN 43431 9350 16 in in IN 43431 9350 17 which which WDT 43431 9350 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9350 19 are be VBP 43431 9350 20 united united JJ 43431 9350 21 together together RB 43431 9350 22 . . . 43431 9351 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9351 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9351 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9351 4 . . . 43431 9352 1 92 92 CD 43431 9352 2 . . . 43431 9353 1 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 9353 2 VIEW view NN 43431 9353 3 OF of IN 43431 9353 4 THE the DT 43431 9353 5 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 9353 6 OF of IN 43431 9353 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9353 8 Rhytina Rhytina NNP 43431 9353 9 stelleri stelleri NNP 43431 9353 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9353 11 à à NNP 43431 9353 12 � � NNP 43431 9353 13 1/8 1/8 CD 43431 9353 14 . . . 43431 9354 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9354 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 9354 3 . . . 43431 9355 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9355 2 . . . 43431 9355 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9356 1 1 1 LS 43431 9356 2 . . . 43431 9356 3 frontal frontal NNP 43431 9356 4 . . . 43431 9357 1 2 2 LS 43431 9357 2 . . . 43431 9357 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 9357 4 . . . 43431 9358 1 3 3 LS 43431 9358 2 . . . 43431 9358 3 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9358 4 process process NN 43431 9358 5 of of IN 43431 9358 6 the the DT 43431 9358 7 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9358 8 . . . 43431 9359 1 4 4 LS 43431 9359 2 . . . 43431 9359 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9359 4 . . . 43431 9360 1 5 5 LS 43431 9360 2 . . . 43431 9360 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 9360 4 . . . 43431 9361 1 6 6 LS 43431 9361 2 . . . 43431 9361 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9361 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 9361 5 . . . 43431 9362 1 7 7 LS 43431 9362 2 . . . 43431 9362 3 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 9362 4 process process NN 43431 9362 5 of of IN 43431 9362 6 the the DT 43431 9362 7 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 9362 8 . . . 43431 9363 1 8 8 LS 43431 9363 2 . . . 43431 9363 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9363 4 . . . 43431 9364 1 9 9 LS 43431 9364 2 . . . 43431 9364 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9364 4 . . . 43431 9365 1 10 10 CD 43431 9365 2 . . . 43431 9365 3 angle angle NN 43431 9365 4 of of IN 43431 9365 5 the the DT 43431 9365 6 mandible mandible NN 43431 9365 7 . . . 43431 9366 1 11 11 CD 43431 9366 2 . . . 43431 9367 1 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9367 2 . . . 43431 9367 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9368 1 The the DT 43431 9368 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9368 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9368 4 is be VBZ 43431 9368 5 decidedly decidedly RB 43431 9368 6 small small JJ 43431 9368 7 , , , 43431 9368 8 the the DT 43431 9368 9 reduction reduction NN 43431 9368 10 being be VBG 43431 9368 11 specially specially RB 43431 9368 12 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 9368 13 in in IN 43431 9368 14 the the DT 43431 9368 15 cerebral cerebral NNP 43431 9368 16 fossa fossa NN 43431 9368 17 , , , 43431 9368 18 which which WDT 43431 9368 19 is be VBZ 43431 9368 20 not not RB 43431 9368 21 much much RB 43431 9368 22 larger large JJR 43431 9368 23 than than IN 43431 9368 24 the the DT 43431 9368 25 cerebellar cerebellar JJ 43431 9368 26 fossa fossa NN 43431 9368 27 . . . 43431 9369 1 The the DT 43431 9369 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9369 3 magnum magnum NN 43431 9369 4 is be VBZ 43431 9369 5 large large JJ 43431 9369 6 , , , 43431 9369 7 and and CC 43431 9369 8 the the DT 43431 9369 9 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 9369 10 surface surface NN 43431 9369 11 of of IN 43431 9369 12 the the DT 43431 9369 13 cranium cranium NN 43431 9369 14 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9369 15 . . . 43431 9370 1 The the DT 43431 9370 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9370 3 arch arch NN 43431 9370 4 is be VBZ 43431 9370 5 very very RB 43431 9370 6 strongly strongly RB 43431 9370 7 developed develop VBN 43431 9370 8 , , , 43431 9370 9 the the DT 43431 9370 10 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9370 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9370 12 fig fig NN 43431 9370 13 . . . 43431 9371 1 92 92 CD 43431 9371 2 , , , 43431 9371 3 4 4 CD 43431 9371 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9371 5 being be VBG 43431 9371 6 especially especially RB 43431 9371 7 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9371 8 , , , 43431 9371 9 and and CC 43431 9371 10 being be VBG 43431 9371 11 drawn draw VBN 43431 9371 12 out out RP 43431 9371 13 not not RB 43431 9371 14 only only RB 43431 9371 15 into into IN 43431 9371 16 the the DT 43431 9371 17 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9371 18 process process NN 43431 9371 19 , , , 43431 9371 20 but but CC 43431 9371 21 also also RB 43431 9371 22 into into IN 43431 9371 23 a a DT 43431 9371 24 large large JJ 43431 9371 25 post post JJ 43431 9371 26 - - JJ 43431 9371 27 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9371 28 process process NN 43431 9371 29 which which WDT 43431 9371 30 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 9371 31 with with IN 43431 9371 32 the the DT 43431 9371 33 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 9371 34 . . . 43431 9372 1 At at IN 43431 9372 2 the the DT 43431 9372 3 side side NN 43431 9372 4 of of IN 43431 9372 5 the the DT 43431 9372 6 skull skull NN 43431 9372 7 between between IN 43431 9372 8 the the DT 43431 9372 9 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9372 10 , , , 43431 9372 11 supra supra NN 43431 9372 12 - - HYPH 43431 9372 13 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9372 14 and and CC 43431 9372 15 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 9372 16 , , , 43431 9372 17 there there EX 43431 9372 18 is be VBZ 43431 9372 19 a a DT 43431 9372 20 wide wide JJ 43431 9372 21 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 9372 22 in in IN 43431 9372 23 the the DT 43431 9372 24 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9372 25 wall wall NN 43431 9372 26 , , , 43431 9372 27 partially partially RB 43431 9372 28 filled fill VBN 43431 9372 29 up up RP 43431 9372 30 by by IN 43431 9372 31 the the DT 43431 9372 32 very very RB 43431 9372 33 large large JJ 43431 9372 34 periotic periotic NN 43431 9372 35 , , , 43431 9372 36 which which WDT 43431 9372 37 is be VBZ 43431 9372 38 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 9372 39 to to IN 43431 9372 40 the the DT 43431 9372 41 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9372 42 , , , 43431 9372 43 but but CC 43431 9372 44 is be VBZ 43431 9372 45 not not RB 43431 9372 46 united united JJ 43431 9372 47 to to IN 43431 9372 48 any any DT 43431 9372 49 other other JJ 43431 9372 50 bones bone NNS 43431 9372 51 of of IN 43431 9372 52 the the DT 43431 9372 53 skull skull NN 43431 9372 54 . . . 43431 9373 1 The the DT 43431 9373 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9373 3 lacerum lacerum NN 43431 9373 4 medium medium NN 43431 9373 5 is be VBZ 43431 9373 6 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9373 7 with with IN 43431 9373 8 the the DT 43431 9373 9 foramen foramen NNP 43431 9373 10 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 9373 11 anterius anterius NN 43431 9373 12 , , , 43431 9373 13 and and CC 43431 9373 14 the the DT 43431 9373 15 two two CD 43431 9373 16 together together RB 43431 9373 17 form form VBP 43431 9373 18 an an DT 43431 9373 19 enormous enormous JJ 43431 9373 20 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 9373 21 on on IN 43431 9373 22 the the DT 43431 9373 23 floor floor NN 43431 9373 24 of of IN 43431 9373 25 the the DT 43431 9373 26 skull skull NN 43431 9373 27 , , , 43431 9373 28 bounded bound VBN 43431 9373 29 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 9373 30 by by IN 43431 9373 31 the the DT 43431 9373 32 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 9373 33 , , , 43431 9373 34 basi basi NN 43431 9373 35 - - HYPH 43431 9373 36 occipital occipital NN 43431 9373 37 , , , 43431 9373 38 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9373 39 and and CC 43431 9373 40 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9373 41 . . . 43431 9374 1 The the DT 43431 9374 2 jugal jugal NN 43431 9374 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9374 4 fig fig NN 43431 9374 5 . . . 43431 9375 1 92 92 CD 43431 9375 2 , , , 43431 9375 3 8) 8) CD 43431 9375 4 is be VBZ 43431 9375 5 large large JJ 43431 9375 6 and and CC 43431 9375 7 in in IN 43431 9375 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9375 9 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 9375 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9375 11 sends send VBZ 43431 9375 12 up up RB 43431 9375 13 a a DT 43431 9375 14 strong strong JJ 43431 9375 15 process process NN 43431 9375 16 , , , 43431 9375 17 which which WDT 43431 9375 18 nearly nearly RB 43431 9375 19 or or CC 43431 9375 20 quite quite RB 43431 9375 21 meets meet VBZ 43431 9375 22 the the DT 43431 9375 23 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9375 24 process process NN 43431 9375 25 of of IN 43431 9375 26 the the DT 43431 9375 27 frontal frontal NN 43431 9375 28 , , , 43431 9375 29 completing complete VBG 43431 9375 30 the the DT 43431 9375 31 orbit orbit NN 43431 9375 32 . . . 43431 9376 1 In in IN 43431 9376 2 the the DT 43431 9376 3 other other JJ 43431 9376 4 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 9376 5 the the DT 43431 9376 6 orbit orbit NN 43431 9376 7 is be VBZ 43431 9376 8 completely completely RB 43431 9376 9 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9376 10 with with IN 43431 9376 11 the the DT 43431 9376 12 very very RB 43431 9376 13 large large JJ 43431 9376 14 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9376 15 fossa fossa NN 43431 9376 16 . . . 43431 9377 1 The the DT 43431 9377 2 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 9377 3 in in IN 43431 9377 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9377 5 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 9377 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9377 7 is be VBZ 43431 9377 8 very very RB 43431 9377 9 small small JJ 43431 9377 10 , , , 43431 9377 11 but but CC 43431 9377 12 is be VBZ 43431 9377 13 larger large JJR 43431 9377 14 in in IN 43431 9377 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9377 16 Halicore Halicore NNP 43431 9377 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9377 18 . . . 43431 9378 1 The the DT 43431 9378 2 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9378 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9378 4 fig fig NN 43431 9378 5 . . . 43431 9379 1 92 92 CD 43431 9379 2 , , , 43431 9379 3 9 9 CD 43431 9379 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9379 5 are be VBP 43431 9379 6 large large JJ 43431 9379 7 , , , 43431 9379 8 but but CC 43431 9379 9 smaller small JJR 43431 9379 10 in in IN 43431 9379 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9379 12 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 9379 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9379 14 than than IN 43431 9379 15 in in IN 43431 9379 16 the the DT 43431 9379 17 other other JJ 43431 9379 18 genera genera NN 43431 9379 19 , , , 43431 9379 20 in in IN 43431 9379 21 all all DT 43431 9379 22 of of IN 43431 9379 23 which which WDT 43431 9379 24 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9379 25 are be VBP 43431 9379 26 curiously curiously RB 43431 9379 27 bent bent JJ 43431 9379 28 down down RP 43431 9379 29 in in IN 43431 9379 30 front front NN 43431 9379 31 . . . 43431 9380 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9380 2 upper upper JJ 43431 9380 3 margin margin NN 43431 9380 4 forms form VBZ 43431 9380 5 the the DT 43431 9380 6 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9380 7 border border NN 43431 9380 8 of of IN 43431 9380 9 a a DT 43431 9380 10 very very RB 43431 9380 11 large large JJ 43431 9380 12 aperture aperture NN 43431 9380 13 lying lie VBG 43431 9380 14 high high JJ 43431 9380 15 on on IN 43431 9380 16 the the DT 43431 9380 17 roof roof NN 43431 9380 18 of of IN 43431 9380 19 the the DT 43431 9380 20 skull skull NN 43431 9380 21 and and CC 43431 9380 22 extending extend VBG 43431 9380 23 back back RB 43431 9380 24 for for IN 43431 9380 25 a a DT 43431 9380 26 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9380 27 distance distance NN 43431 9380 28 . . . 43431 9381 1 This this DT 43431 9381 2 aperture aperture NN 43431 9381 3 is be VBZ 43431 9381 4 formed form VBN 43431 9381 5 by by IN 43431 9381 6 the the DT 43431 9381 7 union union NN 43431 9381 8 of of IN 43431 9381 9 the the DT 43431 9381 10 two two CD 43431 9381 11 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9381 12 nares naris NNS 43431 9381 13 . . . 43431 9382 1 The the DT 43431 9382 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9382 3 are be VBP 43431 9382 4 quite quite RB 43431 9382 5 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 9382 6 or or CC 43431 9382 7 absent absent JJ 43431 9382 8 , , , 43431 9382 9 and and CC 43431 9382 10 the the DT 43431 9382 11 narial narial JJ 43431 9382 12 aperture aperture NN 43431 9382 13 is be VBZ 43431 9382 14 bounded bound VBN 43431 9382 15 above above IN 43431 9382 16 by by IN 43431 9382 17 the the DT 43431 9382 18 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9382 19 ; ; : 43431 9382 20 in in IN 43431 9382 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9382 22 floor floor NN 43431 9382 23 are be VBP 43431 9382 24 seen see VBN 43431 9382 25 the the DT 43431 9382 26 slender slender NN 43431 9382 27 vomer vomer NN 43431 9382 28 and and CC 43431 9382 29 large large JJ 43431 9382 30 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 9382 31 . . . 43431 9383 1 The the DT 43431 9383 2 palate palate NN 43431 9383 3 is be VBZ 43431 9383 4 long long JJ 43431 9383 5 and and CC 43431 9383 6 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9383 7 , , , 43431 9383 8 and and CC 43431 9383 9 formed form VBN 43431 9383 10 mainly mainly RB 43431 9383 11 by by IN 43431 9383 12 the the DT 43431 9383 13 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9383 14 ; ; : 43431 9383 15 behind behind IN 43431 9383 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9383 17 there there EX 43431 9383 18 is be VBZ 43431 9383 19 a a DT 43431 9383 20 large large JJ 43431 9383 21 irregular irregular JJ 43431 9383 22 process process NN 43431 9383 23 formed form VBN 43431 9383 24 by by IN 43431 9383 25 the the DT 43431 9383 26 union union NN 43431 9383 27 of of IN 43431 9383 28 the the DT 43431 9383 29 palatine palatine NN 43431 9383 30 , , , 43431 9383 31 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 9383 32 , , , 43431 9383 33 and and CC 43431 9383 34 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 9383 35 plate plate NN 43431 9383 36 of of IN 43431 9383 37 the the DT 43431 9383 38 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 9383 39 . . . 43431 9384 1 The the DT 43431 9384 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9384 3 is be VBZ 43431 9384 4 very very RB 43431 9384 5 massive massive JJ 43431 9384 6 and and CC 43431 9384 7 has have VBZ 43431 9384 8 a a DT 43431 9384 9 very very RB 43431 9384 10 high high JJ 43431 9384 11 ascending ascending NN 43431 9384 12 portion portion NN 43431 9384 13 , , , 43431 9384 14 a a DT 43431 9384 15 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9384 16 angle angle NN 43431 9384 17 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9384 18 fig fig NN 43431 9384 19 . . . 43431 9385 1 92 92 CD 43431 9385 2 , , , 43431 9385 3 10 10 CD 43431 9385 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9385 5 , , , 43431 9385 6 and and CC 43431 9385 7 a a DT 43431 9385 8 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9385 9 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9385 10 process process NN 43431 9385 11 ; ; : 43431 9385 12 the the DT 43431 9385 13 two two CD 43431 9385 14 rami rami NN 43431 9385 15 are be VBP 43431 9385 16 firmly firmly RB 43431 9385 17 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 9385 18 together together RB 43431 9385 19 . . . 43431 9386 1 The the DT 43431 9386 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9386 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 9386 4 principally principally RB 43431 9386 5 of of IN 43431 9386 6 the the DT 43431 9386 7 broad broad JJ 43431 9386 8 flat flat JJ 43431 9386 9 basi basi NN 43431 9386 10 - - HYPH 43431 9386 11 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9386 12 ; ; : 43431 9386 13 the the DT 43431 9386 14 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9386 15 cornua cornua NN 43431 9386 16 are be VBP 43431 9386 17 but but CC 43431 9386 18 slightly slightly RB 43431 9386 19 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9386 20 , , , 43431 9386 21 while while IN 43431 9386 22 the the DT 43431 9386 23 thyro thyro NN 43431 9386 24 - - HYPH 43431 9386 25 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9386 26 are be VBP 43431 9386 27 not not RB 43431 9386 28 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9386 29 at at RB 43431 9386 30 all all RB 43431 9386 31 . . . 43431 9387 1 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 9387 2 . . . 43431 9388 1 The the DT 43431 9388 2 skull skull NN 43431 9388 3 in in IN 43431 9388 4 all all DT 43431 9388 5 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 9388 6 , , , 43431 9388 7 especially especially RB 43431 9388 8 in in IN 43431 9388 9 the the DT 43431 9388 10 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 9388 11 , , , 43431 9388 12 is be VBZ 43431 9388 13 a a DT 43431 9388 14 good good JJ 43431 9388 15 deal deal NN 43431 9388 16 modified modify VBN 43431 9388 17 from from IN 43431 9388 18 the the DT 43431 9388 19 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 9388 20 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 9388 21 type type NN 43431 9388 22 . . . 43431 9389 1 In in IN 43431 9389 2 the the DT 43431 9389 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9389 4 ARCHAEOCETI ARCHAEOCETI NNP 43431 9389 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9389 6 this this DT 43431 9389 7 modification modification NN 43431 9389 8 is be VBZ 43431 9389 9 less less RBR 43431 9389 10 marked marked JJ 43431 9389 11 than than IN 43431 9389 12 in in IN 43431 9389 13 either either DT 43431 9389 14 of of IN 43431 9389 15 the the DT 43431 9389 16 other other JJ 43431 9389 17 suborders suborder NNS 43431 9389 18 . . . 43431 9390 1 The the DT 43431 9390 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9390 3 and and CC 43431 9390 4 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9390 5 are be VBP 43431 9390 6 a a DT 43431 9390 7 good good JJ 43431 9390 8 deal deal NN 43431 9390 9 larger large JJR 43431 9390 10 than than IN 43431 9390 11 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9390 12 are be VBP 43431 9390 13 in in IN 43431 9390 14 living live VBG 43431 9390 15 forms form NNS 43431 9390 16 , , , 43431 9390 17 and and CC 43431 9390 18 the the DT 43431 9390 19 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9390 20 nares naris NNS 43431 9390 21 are be VBP 43431 9390 22 placed place VBN 43431 9390 23 further further RB 43431 9390 24 forward forward RB 43431 9390 25 . . . 43431 9391 1 The the DT 43431 9391 2 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9391 3 do do VBP 43431 9391 4 not not RB 43431 9391 5 extend extend VB 43431 9391 6 back back RB 43431 9391 7 over over IN 43431 9391 8 the the DT 43431 9391 9 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9391 10 , , , 43431 9391 11 and and CC 43431 9391 12 there there EX 43431 9391 13 is be VBZ 43431 9391 14 a a DT 43431 9391 15 well well RB 43431 9391 16 - - HYPH 43431 9391 17 marked mark VBN 43431 9391 18 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 9391 19 crest crest NN 43431 9391 20 . . . 43431 9392 1 In in IN 43431 9392 2 the the DT 43431 9392 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9392 4 MYSTACOCETI MYSTACOCETI NNP 43431 9392 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9392 6 the the DT 43431 9392 7 skull skull NN 43431 9392 8 is be VBZ 43431 9392 9 always always RB 43431 9392 10 quite quite RB 43431 9392 11 bilaterally bilaterally RB 43431 9392 12 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 9392 13 , , , 43431 9392 14 and and CC 43431 9392 15 is be VBZ 43431 9392 16 not not RB 43431 9392 17 so so RB 43431 9392 18 much much RB 43431 9392 19 modified modify VBN 43431 9392 20 from from IN 43431 9392 21 the the DT 43431 9392 22 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 9392 23 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 9392 24 type type NN 43431 9392 25 as as IN 43431 9392 26 in in IN 43431 9392 27 the the DT 43431 9392 28 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 9392 29 . . . 43431 9393 1 The the DT 43431 9393 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9393 3 are be VBP 43431 9393 4 not not RB 43431 9393 5 , , , 43431 9393 6 as as IN 43431 9393 7 in in IN 43431 9393 8 the the DT 43431 9393 9 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 9393 10 , , , 43431 9393 11 separated separate VBN 43431 9393 12 by by IN 43431 9393 13 a a DT 43431 9393 14 wide wide JJ 43431 9393 15 interparietal interparietal NN 43431 9393 16 , , , 43431 9393 17 but but CC 43431 9393 18 meet meet VB 43431 9393 19 ; ; : 43431 9393 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9393 21 are be VBP 43431 9393 22 , , , 43431 9393 23 however however RB 43431 9393 24 , , , 43431 9393 25 hidden hide VBN 43431 9393 26 under under IN 43431 9393 27 the the DT 43431 9393 28 very very RB 43431 9393 29 large large JJ 43431 9393 30 supra supra NN 43431 9393 31 - - HYPH 43431 9393 32 occipital occipital NN 43431 9393 33 . . . 43431 9394 1 The the DT 43431 9394 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9394 3 are be VBP 43431 9394 4 developed develop VBN 43431 9394 5 to to IN 43431 9394 6 a a DT 43431 9394 7 certain certain JJ 43431 9394 8 extent extent NN 43431 9394 9 , , , 43431 9394 10 and and CC 43431 9394 11 the the DT 43431 9394 12 nares naris NNS 43431 9394 13 , , , 43431 9394 14 though though RB 43431 9394 15 placed place VBN 43431 9394 16 very very RB 43431 9394 17 far far RB 43431 9394 18 back back RB 43431 9394 19 and and CC 43431 9394 20 near near IN 43431 9394 21 the the DT 43431 9394 22 top top NN 43431 9394 23 of of IN 43431 9394 24 the the DT 43431 9394 25 head head NN 43431 9394 26 , , , 43431 9394 27 terminate terminate VBP 43431 9394 28 forwardly forwardly RB 43431 9394 29 - - HYPH 43431 9394 30 directed direct VBN 43431 9394 31 narial narial JJ 43431 9394 32 passages passage NNS 43431 9394 33 . . . 43431 9395 1 Turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 9395 2 bones bone NNS 43431 9395 3 are be VBP 43431 9395 4 also also RB 43431 9395 5 developed develop VBN 43431 9395 6 to to IN 43431 9395 7 some some DT 43431 9395 8 extent extent NN 43431 9395 9 ; ; : 43431 9395 10 this this DT 43431 9395 11 fact fact NN 43431 9395 12 , , , 43431 9395 13 and and CC 43431 9395 14 the the DT 43431 9395 15 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 9395 16 of of IN 43431 9395 17 a a DT 43431 9395 18 definite definite NN 43431 9395 19 though though IN 43431 9395 20 small small JJ 43431 9395 21 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 9395 22 fossa fossa NN 43431 9395 23 constituting constitute VBG 43431 9395 24 important important JJ 43431 9395 25 distinctions distinction NNS 43431 9395 26 from from IN 43431 9395 27 the the DT 43431 9395 28 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 9395 29 . . . 43431 9396 1 The the DT 43431 9396 2 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9396 3 are be VBP 43431 9396 4 large large JJ 43431 9396 5 , , , 43431 9396 6 but but CC 43431 9396 7 do do VBP 43431 9396 8 not not RB 43431 9396 9 extend extend VB 43431 9396 10 back back RB 43431 9396 11 to to TO 43431 9396 12 cover cover VB 43431 9396 13 the the DT 43431 9396 14 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9396 15 as as IN 43431 9396 16 in in IN 43431 9396 17 the the DT 43431 9396 18 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 9396 19 . . . 43431 9397 1 The the DT 43431 9397 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9397 3 process process NN 43431 9397 4 of of IN 43431 9397 5 the the DT 43431 9397 6 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9397 7 is be VBZ 43431 9397 8 very very RB 43431 9397 9 large large JJ 43431 9397 10 . . . 43431 9398 1 The the DT 43431 9398 2 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 9398 3 rami rami NN 43431 9398 4 are be VBP 43431 9398 5 not not RB 43431 9398 6 compressed compress VBN 43431 9398 7 , , , 43431 9398 8 but but CC 43431 9398 9 are be VBP 43431 9398 10 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9398 11 and and CC 43431 9398 12 arched arch VBN 43431 9398 13 outwards outward NNS 43431 9398 14 , , , 43431 9398 15 and and CC 43431 9398 16 never never RB 43431 9398 17 meet meet VB 43431 9398 18 in in IN 43431 9398 19 a a DT 43431 9398 20 long long JJ 43431 9398 21 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 9398 22 . . . 43431 9399 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9399 2 ODONTOCETI ODONTOCETI NNP 43431 9399 3 . . . 43431 9399 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9399 5 The the DT 43431 9399 6 skull skull NN 43431 9399 7 departs depart VBZ 43431 9399 8 widely widely RB 43431 9399 9 from from IN 43431 9399 10 the the DT 43431 9399 11 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 9399 12 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 9399 13 type type NN 43431 9399 14 . . . 43431 9400 1 The the DT 43431 9400 2 following follow VBG 43431 9400 3 description description NN 43431 9400 4 will will MD 43431 9400 5 apply apply VB 43431 9400 6 to to IN 43431 9400 7 any any DT 43431 9400 8 of of IN 43431 9400 9 the the DT 43431 9400 10 following follow VBG 43431 9400 11 genera genera NN 43431 9400 12 of of IN 43431 9400 13 the the DT 43431 9400 14 Delphinidae Delphinidae NNP 43431 9400 15 , , , 43431 9400 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 17 Phocaena Phocaena NNP 43431 9400 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 19 , , , 43431 9400 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 21 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 9400 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 23 , , , 43431 9400 24 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 25 Lagenorhynchus Lagenorhynchus NNP 43431 9400 26 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 27 , , , 43431 9400 28 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 29 Delphinus Delphinus NNP 43431 9400 30 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 31 , , , 43431 9400 32 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 33 Tursiops Tursiops NNP 43431 9400 34 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 35 , , , 43431 9400 36 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 37 Prodelphinus Prodelphinus NNP 43431 9400 38 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 39 , , , 43431 9400 40 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 41 Sotalia Sotalia NNP 43431 9400 42 _ _ NNP 43431 9400 43 . . . 43431 9401 1 The the DT 43431 9401 2 upper upper JJ 43431 9401 3 surface surface NN 43431 9401 4 of of IN 43431 9401 5 the the DT 43431 9401 6 skull skull NN 43431 9401 7 is be VBZ 43431 9401 8 more more RBR 43431 9401 9 or or CC 43431 9401 10 less less RBR 43431 9401 11 asymmetrical asymmetrical JJ 43431 9401 12 . . . 43431 9402 1 The the DT 43431 9402 2 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 9402 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9402 4 is be VBZ 43431 9402 5 high high JJ 43431 9402 6 , , , 43431 9402 7 short short JJ 43431 9402 8 and and CC 43431 9402 9 broad broad JJ 43431 9402 10 ; ; : 43431 9402 11 and and CC 43431 9402 12 formed form VBN 43431 9402 13 mainly mainly RB 43431 9402 14 by by IN 43431 9402 15 the the DT 43431 9402 16 cerebral cerebral NNP 43431 9402 17 fossa fossa NNP 43431 9402 18 , , , 43431 9402 19 the the DT 43431 9402 20 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 9402 21 fossa fossa NN 43431 9402 22 being be VBG 43431 9402 23 entirely entirely RB 43431 9402 24 absent absent JJ 43431 9402 25 . . . 43431 9403 1 The the DT 43431 9403 2 supra supra NN 43431 9403 3 - - HYPH 43431 9403 4 occipital occipital NN 43431 9403 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9403 6 fig fig NN 43431 9403 7 . . . 43431 9404 1 93 93 CD 43431 9404 2 , , , 43431 9404 3 3 3 CD 43431 9404 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9404 5 is be VBZ 43431 9404 6 very very RB 43431 9404 7 large large JJ 43431 9404 8 , , , 43431 9404 9 and and CC 43431 9404 10 forms form NNS 43431 9404 11 much much JJ 43431 9404 12 of of IN 43431 9404 13 the the DT 43431 9404 14 posterior posterior JJ 43431 9404 15 part part NN 43431 9404 16 of of IN 43431 9404 17 the the DT 43431 9404 18 roof roof NN 43431 9404 19 of of IN 43431 9404 20 the the DT 43431 9404 21 skull skull NN 43431 9404 22 . . . 43431 9405 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 9405 2 has have VBZ 43431 9405 3 the the DT 43431 9405 4 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 9405 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9405 6 fig fig NN 43431 9405 7 . . . 43431 9406 1 93 93 CD 43431 9406 2 , , , 43431 9406 3 7 7 CD 43431 9406 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9406 5 fused fuse VBD 43431 9406 6 with with IN 43431 9406 7 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9406 8 , , , 43431 9406 9 and and CC 43431 9406 10 completely completely RB 43431 9406 11 separates separate VBZ 43431 9406 12 the the DT 43431 9406 13 two two CD 43431 9406 14 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9406 15 . . . 43431 9407 1 The the DT 43431 9407 2 frontal frontal JJ 43431 9407 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9407 4 fig fig NN 43431 9407 5 . . . 43431 9408 1 93 93 CD 43431 9408 2 , , , 43431 9408 3 10 10 CD 43431 9408 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9408 5 is be VBZ 43431 9408 6 large large JJ 43431 9408 7 and and CC 43431 9408 8 laterally laterally RB 43431 9408 9 expanded expand VBN 43431 9408 10 , , , 43431 9408 11 forming form VBG 43431 9408 12 the the DT 43431 9408 13 roof roof NN 43431 9408 14 of of IN 43431 9408 15 the the DT 43431 9408 16 orbit orbit NN 43431 9408 17 , , , 43431 9408 18 but but CC 43431 9408 19 is be VBZ 43431 9408 20 almost almost RB 43431 9408 21 completely completely RB 43431 9408 22 covered cover VBN 43431 9408 23 by by IN 43431 9408 24 an an DT 43431 9408 25 extension extension NN 43431 9408 26 of of IN 43431 9408 27 the the DT 43431 9408 28 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9408 29 . . . 43431 9409 1 The the DT 43431 9409 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9409 3 arch arch NN 43431 9409 4 is be VBZ 43431 9409 5 very very RB 43431 9409 6 slender slend JJR 43431 9409 7 , , , 43431 9409 8 and and CC 43431 9409 9 is be VBZ 43431 9409 10 mainly mainly RB 43431 9409 11 formed form VBN 43431 9409 12 by by IN 43431 9409 13 a a DT 43431 9409 14 rod rod NN 43431 9409 15 - - HYPH 43431 9409 16 like like JJ 43431 9409 17 process process NN 43431 9409 18 from from IN 43431 9409 19 the the DT 43431 9409 20 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9409 21 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9409 22 fig fig NN 43431 9409 23 . . . 43431 9410 1 93 93 CD 43431 9410 2 , , , 43431 9410 3 15 15 CD 43431 9410 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9410 5 , , , 43431 9410 6 the the DT 43431 9410 7 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9410 8 process process NN 43431 9410 9 of of IN 43431 9410 10 the the DT 43431 9410 11 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9410 12 being be VBG 43431 9410 13 short short JJ 43431 9410 14 and and CC 43431 9410 15 stout stout JJ 43431 9410 16 . . . 43431 9411 1 The the DT 43431 9411 2 nasal nasal NN 43431 9411 3 passages passage NNS 43431 9411 4 are be VBP 43431 9411 5 peculiarly peculiarly RB 43431 9411 6 modified modify VBN 43431 9411 7 , , , 43431 9411 8 instead instead RB 43431 9411 9 of of IN 43431 9411 10 passing pass VBG 43431 9411 11 horizontally horizontally RB 43431 9411 12 forwards forwards RB 43431 9411 13 above above IN 43431 9411 14 the the DT 43431 9411 15 roof roof NN 43431 9411 16 of of IN 43431 9411 17 the the DT 43431 9411 18 mouth mouth NN 43431 9411 19 , , , 43431 9411 20 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9411 21 pass pass VBP 43431 9411 22 upwards upwards RB 43431 9411 23 and and CC 43431 9411 24 even even RB 43431 9411 25 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 9411 26 backwards backwards RB 43431 9411 27 towards towards IN 43431 9411 28 the the DT 43431 9411 29 top top NN 43431 9411 30 of of IN 43431 9411 31 the the DT 43431 9411 32 skull skull NN 43431 9411 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9411 34 fig fig NN 43431 9411 35 . . . 43431 9412 1 93 93 CD 43431 9412 2 , , , 43431 9412 3 23 23 CD 43431 9412 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9412 5 . . . 43431 9413 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 9413 2 are be VBP 43431 9413 3 bounded bound VBN 43431 9413 4 laterally laterally RB 43431 9413 5 by by IN 43431 9413 6 two two CD 43431 9413 7 processes process NNS 43431 9413 8 from from IN 43431 9413 9 the the DT 43431 9413 10 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9413 11 , , , 43431 9413 12 the the DT 43431 9413 13 left left NN 43431 9413 14 of of IN 43431 9413 15 which which WDT 43431 9413 16 is be VBZ 43431 9413 17 shorter short JJR 43431 9413 18 than than IN 43431 9413 19 the the DT 43431 9413 20 right right NN 43431 9413 21 . . . 43431 9414 1 The the DT 43431 9414 2 nasal nasal NN 43431 9414 3 cavities cavity NNS 43431 9414 4 are be VBP 43431 9414 5 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9414 6 and and CC 43431 9414 7 without without IN 43431 9414 8 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 9414 9 and and CC 43431 9414 10 the the DT 43431 9414 11 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9414 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9414 13 fig fig NN 43431 9414 14 . . . 43431 9415 1 93 93 CD 43431 9415 2 , , , 43431 9415 3 19 19 CD 43431 9415 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9415 5 are be VBP 43431 9415 6 almost almost RB 43431 9415 7 as as RB 43431 9415 8 much much RB 43431 9415 9 reduced reduce VBN 43431 9415 10 as as IN 43431 9415 11 in in IN 43431 9415 12 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 9415 13 . . . 43431 9416 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9416 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9416 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9416 4 . . . 43431 9417 1 93 93 CD 43431 9417 2 . . . 43431 9418 1 A a DT 43431 9418 2 , , , 43431 9418 3 LATERAL lateral JJ 43431 9418 4 VIEW view NN 43431 9418 5 , , , 43431 9418 6 AND and CC 43431 9418 7 B b NN 43431 9418 8 , , , 43431 9418 9 LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL NNP 43431 9418 10 SECTION section NN 43431 9418 11 OF of IN 43431 9418 12 THE the DT 43431 9418 13 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 9418 14 OF of IN 43431 9418 15 A a DT 43431 9418 16 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 9418 17 CA'ING ca'ing NN 43431 9418 18 WHALE WHALE NNP 43431 9418 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9418 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9418 21 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 9418 22 melas mela NNS 43431 9418 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9418 24 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9418 25 à à NNP 43431 9418 26 � � NNP 43431 9418 27 1/6 1/6 CD 43431 9418 28 . . . 43431 9419 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9419 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 9419 3 . . . 43431 9420 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9420 2 . . . 43431 9420 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9421 1 1 1 LS 43431 9421 2 . . . 43431 9421 3 basi basi NN 43431 9421 4 - - HYPH 43431 9421 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 9421 6 . . . 43431 9422 1 2 2 LS 43431 9422 2 . . . 43431 9422 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 9422 4 . . . 43431 9423 1 3 3 LS 43431 9423 2 . . . 43431 9423 3 supra supra NNP 43431 9423 4 - - HYPH 43431 9423 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 9423 6 . . . 43431 9424 1 4 4 LS 43431 9424 2 . . . 43431 9424 3 basisphenoid basisphenoid NNP 43431 9424 4 . . . 43431 9425 1 5 5 LS 43431 9425 2 . . . 43431 9425 3 alisphenoid alisphenoid NNP 43431 9425 4 . . . 43431 9426 1 6 6 LS 43431 9426 2 . . . 43431 9426 3 parietal parietal JJ 43431 9426 4 . . . 43431 9427 1 7 7 LS 43431 9427 2 . . . 43431 9427 3 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 9427 4 . . . 43431 9428 1 8 8 LS 43431 9428 2 . . . 43431 9428 3 presphenoid presphenoid NNP 43431 9428 4 . . . 43431 9429 1 9 9 LS 43431 9429 2 . . . 43431 9429 3 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 9429 4 . . . 43431 9430 1 10 10 CD 43431 9430 2 . . . 43431 9430 3 frontal frontal JJ 43431 9430 4 . . . 43431 9431 1 11 11 CD 43431 9431 2 . . . 43431 9431 3 mesethmoid mesethmoid NNP 43431 9431 4 . . . 43431 9432 1 12 12 CD 43431 9432 2 . . . 43431 9432 3 tympanic tympanic NNP 43431 9432 4 . . . 43431 9433 1 13 13 CD 43431 9433 2 . . . 43431 9433 3 periotic periotic JJ 43431 9433 4 . . . 43431 9434 1 14 14 CD 43431 9434 2 . . . 43431 9434 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9434 4 . . . 43431 9435 1 15 15 CD 43431 9435 2 . . . 43431 9435 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9435 4 . . . 43431 9436 1 16 16 CD 43431 9436 2 . . . 43431 9436 3 vomer vomer NNP 43431 9436 4 . . . 43431 9437 1 17 17 CD 43431 9437 2 . . . 43431 9437 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 9437 4 . . . 43431 9438 1 18 18 CD 43431 9438 2 . . . 43431 9438 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 9438 4 . . . 43431 9439 1 19 19 CD 43431 9439 2 . . . 43431 9439 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 9439 4 . . . 43431 9440 1 20 20 CD 43431 9440 2 . . . 43431 9440 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9440 4 . . . 43431 9441 1 21 21 LS 43431 9441 2 . . . 43431 9441 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9441 4 . . . 43431 9442 1 22 22 CD 43431 9442 2 . . . 43431 9442 3 mandible mandible JJ 43431 9442 4 . . . 43431 9443 1 23 23 CD 43431 9443 2 . . . 43431 9443 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9443 4 nares naris NNS 43431 9443 5 . . . 43431 9443 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9444 1 In in IN 43431 9444 2 front front NN 43431 9444 3 of of IN 43431 9444 4 the the DT 43431 9444 5 nasal nasal NN 43431 9444 6 openings opening NNS 43431 9444 7 the the DT 43431 9444 8 face face NN 43431 9444 9 is be VBZ 43431 9444 10 prolonged prolong VBN 43431 9444 11 as as IN 43431 9444 12 a a DT 43431 9444 13 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9444 14 beak beak NN 43431 9444 15 or or CC 43431 9444 16 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 9444 17 of of IN 43431 9444 18 varying varying NN 43431 9444 19 length length NN 43431 9444 20 , , , 43431 9444 21 formed form VBN 43431 9444 22 by by IN 43431 9444 23 the the DT 43431 9444 24 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9444 25 and and CC 43431 9444 26 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9444 27 surrounding surround VBG 43431 9444 28 the the DT 43431 9444 29 vomer vomer NN 43431 9444 30 and and CC 43431 9444 31 large large JJ 43431 9444 32 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 9444 33 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9444 34 fig fig NN 43431 9444 35 . . . 43431 9445 1 93 93 CD 43431 9445 2 , , , 43431 9445 3 11 11 CD 43431 9445 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9445 5 , , , 43431 9445 6 which which WDT 43431 9445 7 sends send VBZ 43431 9445 8 forwards forwards RB 43431 9445 9 a a DT 43431 9445 10 long long JJ 43431 9445 11 partially partially RB 43431 9445 12 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 9445 13 process process NN 43431 9445 14 , , , 43431 9445 15 and and CC 43431 9445 16 is be VBZ 43431 9445 17 fused fuse VBN 43431 9445 18 behind behind RB 43431 9445 19 with with IN 43431 9445 20 the the DT 43431 9445 21 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 9445 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9445 23 fig fig NN 43431 9445 24 . . . 43431 9446 1 93 93 CD 43431 9446 2 , , , 43431 9446 3 8) 8) CD 43431 9446 4 . . . 43431 9447 1 The the DT 43431 9447 2 basi basi NN 43431 9447 3 - - HYPH 43431 9447 4 occipital occipital NN 43431 9447 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9447 6 fig fig NN 43431 9447 7 . . . 43431 9448 1 93 93 CD 43431 9448 2 , , , 43431 9448 3 1 1 LS 43431 9448 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9448 5 too too RB 43431 9448 6 is be VBZ 43431 9448 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 9448 8 with with IN 43431 9448 9 the the DT 43431 9448 10 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 9448 11 . . . 43431 9449 1 The the DT 43431 9449 2 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9449 3 rotundum rotundum NN 43431 9449 4 is be VBZ 43431 9449 5 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9449 6 with with IN 43431 9449 7 the the DT 43431 9449 8 sphenoidal sphenoidal NN 43431 9449 9 fissure fissure NN 43431 9449 10 , , , 43431 9449 11 and and CC 43431 9449 12 the the DT 43431 9449 13 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9449 14 ovale ovale NN 43431 9449 15 with with IN 43431 9449 16 the the DT 43431 9449 17 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9449 18 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 9449 19 medium medium NNP 43431 9449 20 and and CC 43431 9449 21 the the DT 43431 9449 22 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9449 23 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 9449 24 posterius posterius NN 43431 9449 25 . . . 43431 9450 1 The the DT 43431 9450 2 palate palate NN 43431 9450 3 is be VBZ 43431 9450 4 mainly mainly RB 43431 9450 5 formed form VBN 43431 9450 6 by by IN 43431 9450 7 the the DT 43431 9450 8 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9450 9 ; ; : 43431 9450 10 the the DT 43431 9450 11 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9450 12 and and CC 43431 9450 13 palatines palatine NNS 43431 9450 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9450 15 fig fig VB 43431 9450 16 . . . 43431 9451 1 93 93 CD 43431 9451 2 , , , 43431 9451 3 17 17 CD 43431 9451 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9451 5 , , , 43431 9451 6 though though IN 43431 9451 7 both both DT 43431 9451 8 meet meet VBP 43431 9451 9 in in IN 43431 9451 10 symphyses symphysis NNS 43431 9451 11 , , , 43431 9451 12 forming form VBG 43431 9451 13 very very RB 43431 9451 14 little little JJ 43431 9451 15 of of IN 43431 9451 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9451 17 . . . 43431 9452 1 The the DT 43431 9452 2 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 9452 3 vary vary VBP 43431 9452 4 in in IN 43431 9452 5 size size NN 43431 9452 6 in in IN 43431 9452 7 the the DT 43431 9452 8 different different JJ 43431 9452 9 genera genera NN 43431 9452 10 , , , 43431 9452 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9452 12 as as IN 43431 9452 13 in in IN 43431 9452 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9452 15 Lagenorhynchus Lagenorhynchus NNP 43431 9452 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9452 17 and and CC 43431 9452 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9452 19 Delphinus Delphinus NNP 43431 9452 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9452 21 meeting meeting NN 43431 9452 22 in in IN 43431 9452 23 the the DT 43431 9452 24 middle middle JJ 43431 9452 25 line line NN 43431 9452 26 , , , 43431 9452 27 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9452 28 as as IN 43431 9452 29 in in IN 43431 9452 30 _ _ NNP 43431 9452 31 Phocaena Phocaena NNP 43431 9452 32 _ _ NNP 43431 9452 33 and and CC 43431 9452 34 _ _ NNP 43431 9452 35 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 9452 36 _ _ NNP 43431 9452 37 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9452 38 fig fig NN 43431 9452 39 . . . 43431 9453 1 93 93 CD 43431 9453 2 , , , 43431 9453 3 18 18 CD 43431 9453 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9453 5 being be VBG 43431 9453 6 widely widely RB 43431 9453 7 separated separate VBN 43431 9453 8 . . . 43431 9454 1 The the DT 43431 9454 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9454 3 and and CC 43431 9454 4 periotic periotic NN 43431 9454 5 are be VBP 43431 9454 6 not not RB 43431 9454 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 9454 8 together together RB 43431 9454 9 , , , 43431 9454 10 and and CC 43431 9454 11 the the DT 43431 9454 12 periotic periotic NN 43431 9454 13 has have VBZ 43431 9454 14 generally generally RB 43431 9454 15 no no DT 43431 9454 16 bony bony NN 43431 9454 17 union union NN 43431 9454 18 with with IN 43431 9454 19 the the DT 43431 9454 20 rest rest NN 43431 9454 21 of of IN 43431 9454 22 the the DT 43431 9454 23 skull skull NN 43431 9454 24 . . . 43431 9455 1 The the DT 43431 9455 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9455 3 is be VBZ 43431 9455 4 rather rather RB 43431 9455 5 slightly slightly RB 43431 9455 6 developed develop VBN 43431 9455 7 , , , 43431 9455 8 with with IN 43431 9455 9 the the DT 43431 9455 10 rami rami NN 43431 9455 11 straight straight RB 43431 9455 12 , , , 43431 9455 13 compressed compress VBN 43431 9455 14 and and CC 43431 9455 15 tapering taper VBG 43431 9455 16 to to IN 43431 9455 17 the the DT 43431 9455 18 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9455 19 end end NN 43431 9455 20 . . . 43431 9456 1 The the DT 43431 9456 2 condyle condyle NN 43431 9456 3 is be VBZ 43431 9456 4 not not RB 43431 9456 5 raised raise VBN 43431 9456 6 at at RB 43431 9456 7 all all RB 43431 9456 8 above above IN 43431 9456 9 the the DT 43431 9456 10 edge edge NN 43431 9456 11 of of IN 43431 9456 12 the the DT 43431 9456 13 ramus ramus NN 43431 9456 14 ; ; : 43431 9456 15 the the DT 43431 9456 16 angle angle NN 43431 9456 17 is be VBZ 43431 9456 18 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9456 19 and and CC 43431 9456 20 the the DT 43431 9456 21 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9456 22 process process NN 43431 9456 23 is be VBZ 43431 9456 24 very very RB 43431 9456 25 small small JJ 43431 9456 26 . . . 43431 9457 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9457 2 Platanista Platanista NNP 43431 9457 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9457 4 has have VBZ 43431 9457 5 a a DT 43431 9457 6 curiously curiously RB 43431 9457 7 modified modify VBN 43431 9457 8 skull skull NN 43431 9457 9 ; ; : 43431 9457 10 the the DT 43431 9457 11 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 9457 12 and and CC 43431 9457 13 mandible mandible JJ 43431 9457 14 are be VBP 43431 9457 15 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 9457 16 long long JJ 43431 9457 17 and and CC 43431 9457 18 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9457 19 , , , 43431 9457 20 and and CC 43431 9457 21 arising arise VBG 43431 9457 22 from from IN 43431 9457 23 the the DT 43431 9457 24 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9457 25 are be VBP 43431 9457 26 two two CD 43431 9457 27 great great JJ 43431 9457 28 plates plate NNS 43431 9457 29 of of IN 43431 9457 30 bone bone NN 43431 9457 31 which which WDT 43431 9457 32 nearly nearly RB 43431 9457 33 meet meet VBP 43431 9457 34 above above RB 43431 9457 35 . . . 43431 9458 1 In in IN 43431 9458 2 the the DT 43431 9458 3 Physeteridae Physeteridae NNP 43431 9458 4 the the DT 43431 9458 5 skull skull NN 43431 9458 6 is be VBZ 43431 9458 7 raised raise VBN 43431 9458 8 into into IN 43431 9458 9 a a DT 43431 9458 10 very very RB 43431 9458 11 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9458 12 crest crest NN 43431 9458 13 at at IN 43431 9458 14 the the DT 43431 9458 15 vertex vertex NN 43431 9458 16 behind behind IN 43431 9458 17 the the DT 43431 9458 18 nares naris NNS 43431 9458 19 . . . 43431 9459 1 In in IN 43431 9459 2 front front NN 43431 9459 3 of of IN 43431 9459 4 this this DT 43431 9459 5 in in IN 43431 9459 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9459 7 Hyperoödon Hyperoödon NNP 43431 9459 8 _ _ IN 43431 9459 9 a a DT 43431 9459 10 pair pair NN 43431 9459 11 of of IN 43431 9459 12 ridges ridge NNS 43431 9459 13 occur occur VBP 43431 9459 14 , , , 43431 9459 15 formed form VBN 43431 9459 16 by by IN 43431 9459 17 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 9459 18 from from IN 43431 9459 19 the the DT 43431 9459 20 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9459 21 . . . 43431 9460 1 In in IN 43431 9460 2 the the DT 43431 9460 3 old old JJ 43431 9460 4 male male NN 43431 9460 5 these these DT 43431 9460 6 ridges ridge NNS 43431 9460 7 reach reach VBP 43431 9460 8 an an DT 43431 9460 9 enormous enormous JJ 43431 9460 10 size size NN 43431 9460 11 and and CC 43431 9460 12 almost almost RB 43431 9460 13 meet meet VB 43431 9460 14 in in IN 43431 9460 15 the the DT 43431 9460 16 middle middle JJ 43431 9460 17 line line NN 43431 9460 18 . . . 43431 9461 1 In in IN 43431 9461 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9461 3 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 9461 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9461 5 , , , 43431 9461 6 the the DT 43431 9461 7 Sperm Sperm NNP 43431 9461 8 whale whale NN 43431 9461 9 , , , 43431 9461 10 these these DT 43431 9461 11 ridges ridge NNS 43431 9461 12 are be VBP 43431 9461 13 not not RB 43431 9461 14 developed develop VBN 43431 9461 15 ; ; : 43431 9461 16 the the DT 43431 9461 17 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9461 18 and and CC 43431 9461 19 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9461 20 unite unite VBP 43431 9461 21 with with IN 43431 9461 22 the the DT 43431 9461 23 other other JJ 43431 9461 24 bones bone NNS 43431 9461 25 of of IN 43431 9461 26 the the DT 43431 9461 27 crest crest NN 43431 9461 28 enclosing enclose VBG 43431 9461 29 an an DT 43431 9461 30 enormous enormous JJ 43431 9461 31 half half NN 43431 9461 32 basin basin NN 43431 9461 33 - - HYPH 43431 9461 34 shaped shape VBN 43431 9461 35 cavity cavity NN 43431 9461 36 , , , 43431 9461 37 at at IN 43431 9461 38 the the DT 43431 9461 39 base base NN 43431 9461 40 of of IN 43431 9461 41 which which WDT 43431 9461 42 are be VBP 43431 9461 43 the the DT 43431 9461 44 very very RB 43431 9461 45 asymmetrical asymmetrical JJ 43431 9461 46 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9461 47 narial narial JJ 43431 9461 48 apertures aperture NNS 43431 9461 49 . . . 43431 9462 1 In in IN 43431 9462 2 all all DT 43431 9462 3 living live VBG 43431 9462 4 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 9462 5 the the DT 43431 9462 6 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9462 7 has have VBZ 43431 9462 8 the the DT 43431 9462 9 same same JJ 43431 9462 10 general general JJ 43431 9462 11 shape shape NN 43431 9462 12 , , , 43431 9462 13 consisting consist VBG 43431 9462 14 firstly firstly RB 43431 9462 15 of of IN 43431 9462 16 a a DT 43431 9462 17 crescentic crescentic JJ 43431 9462 18 bone bone NN 43431 9462 19 formed form VBN 43431 9462 20 by by IN 43431 9462 21 the the DT 43431 9462 22 fusion fusion NN 43431 9462 23 of of IN 43431 9462 24 the the DT 43431 9462 25 thyro thyro NN 43431 9462 26 - - HYPH 43431 9462 27 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9462 28 with with IN 43431 9462 29 the the DT 43431 9462 30 basi basi NNP 43431 9462 31 - - HYPH 43431 9462 32 hyal hyal JJ 43431 9462 33 , , , 43431 9462 34 and and CC 43431 9462 35 secondly secondly RB 43431 9462 36 of of IN 43431 9462 37 the the DT 43431 9462 38 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9462 39 cornu cornu NN 43431 9462 40 formed form VBD 43431 9462 41 principally principally RB 43431 9462 42 by by IN 43431 9462 43 the the DT 43431 9462 44 strong strong JJ 43431 9462 45 stylo stylo JJ 43431 9462 46 - - HYPH 43431 9462 47 hyal hyal JJ 43431 9462 48 . . . 43431 9463 1 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 9463 2 . . . 43431 9464 1 None none NN 43431 9464 2 of of IN 43431 9464 3 the the DT 43431 9464 4 distinctive distinctive JJ 43431 9464 5 characters character NNS 43431 9464 6 separating separate VBG 43431 9464 7 the the DT 43431 9464 8 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 9464 9 from from IN 43431 9464 10 the the DT 43431 9464 11 other other JJ 43431 9464 12 groups group NNS 43431 9464 13 of of IN 43431 9464 14 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9464 15 are be VBP 43431 9464 16 drawn draw VBN 43431 9464 17 from from IN 43431 9464 18 the the DT 43431 9464 19 skull skull NN 43431 9464 20 . . . 43431 9465 1 But but CC 43431 9465 2 in in IN 43431 9465 3 the the DT 43431 9465 4 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 9465 5 vera vera NN 43431 9465 6 as as IN 43431 9465 7 opposed oppose VBN 43431 9465 8 to to IN 43431 9465 9 the the DT 43431 9465 10 Subungulata Subungulata NNP 43431 9465 11 a a DT 43431 9465 12 distinguishing distinguish VBG 43431 9465 13 feature feature NN 43431 9465 14 is be VBZ 43431 9465 15 found find VBN 43431 9465 16 in in IN 43431 9465 17 the the DT 43431 9465 18 fact fact NN 43431 9465 19 that that IN 43431 9465 20 the the DT 43431 9465 21 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9465 22 and and CC 43431 9465 23 jugal jugal NN 43431 9465 24 form form NN 43431 9465 25 a a DT 43431 9465 26 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9465 27 part part NN 43431 9465 28 of of IN 43431 9465 29 the the DT 43431 9465 30 side side NN 43431 9465 31 of of IN 43431 9465 32 the the DT 43431 9465 33 face face NN 43431 9465 34 , , , 43431 9465 35 and and CC 43431 9465 36 that that IN 43431 9465 37 the the DT 43431 9465 38 jugal jugal NN 43431 9465 39 always always RB 43431 9465 40 forms form VBZ 43431 9465 41 the the DT 43431 9465 42 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9465 43 part part NN 43431 9465 44 of of IN 43431 9465 45 the the DT 43431 9465 46 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9465 47 arch arch NN 43431 9465 48 , , , 43431 9465 49 the the DT 43431 9465 50 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9465 51 taking take VBG 43431 9465 52 no no DT 43431 9465 53 part part NN 43431 9465 54 in in IN 43431 9465 55 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9465 56 . . . 43431 9466 1 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 9466 2 VERA VERA NNP 43431 9466 3 . . . 43431 9467 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9467 2 ARTIODACTYLA ARTIODACTYLA NNP 43431 9467 3 . . . 43431 9467 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9467 5 The the DT 43431 9467 6 skull skull NN 43431 9467 7 in in IN 43431 9467 8 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 9467 9 differs differ VBZ 43431 9467 10 from from IN 43431 9467 11 that that DT 43431 9467 12 in in IN 43431 9467 13 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNP 43431 9467 14 in in IN 43431 9467 15 the the DT 43431 9467 16 fact fact NN 43431 9467 17 that that IN 43431 9467 18 the the DT 43431 9467 19 posterior posterior NN 43431 9467 20 end end NN 43431 9467 21 of of IN 43431 9467 22 the the DT 43431 9467 23 nasal nasal NN 43431 9467 24 is be VBZ 43431 9467 25 not not RB 43431 9467 26 expanded expand VBN 43431 9467 27 and and CC 43431 9467 28 there there EX 43431 9467 29 is be VBZ 43431 9467 30 no no DT 43431 9467 31 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9467 32 canal canal NN 43431 9467 33 . . . 43431 9468 1 The the DT 43431 9468 2 skulls skull NNS 43431 9468 3 in in IN 43431 9468 4 the the DT 43431 9468 5 different different JJ 43431 9468 6 groups group NNS 43431 9468 7 of of IN 43431 9468 8 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 9468 9 differ differ VBP 43431 9468 10 considerably considerably RB 43431 9468 11 from from IN 43431 9468 12 one one CD 43431 9468 13 another another DT 43431 9468 14 . . . 43431 9469 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9469 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9469 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9469 4 . . . 43431 9470 1 94 94 CD 43431 9470 2 . . . 43431 9471 1 A a DT 43431 9471 2 , , , 43431 9471 3 CRANIUM cranium NN 43431 9471 4 AND and CC 43431 9471 5 B B NNP 43431 9471 6 , , , 43431 9471 7 MANDIBLE MANDIBLE NNP 43431 9471 8 OF of IN 43431 9471 9 A a DT 43431 9471 10 PIG PIG NNP 43431 9471 11 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9471 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9471 13 Sus Sus NNP 43431 9471 14 scrofa scrofa NNP 43431 9471 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9471 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9471 17 à à NNP 43431 9471 18 � � NNP 43431 9471 19 1/5 1/5 CD 43431 9471 20 . . . 43431 9472 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9472 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9472 3 . . . 43431 9473 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9473 2 . . . 43431 9473 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9474 1 1 1 LS 43431 9474 2 . . . 43431 9474 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9474 4 . . . 43431 9475 1 2 2 LS 43431 9475 2 . . . 43431 9475 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9475 4 process process NN 43431 9475 5 of of IN 43431 9475 6 the the DT 43431 9475 7 frontal frontal NN 43431 9475 8 . . . 43431 9476 1 3 3 LS 43431 9476 2 . . . 43431 9476 3 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9476 4 process process NN 43431 9476 5 of of IN 43431 9476 6 the the DT 43431 9476 7 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9476 8 . . . 43431 9477 1 4 4 LS 43431 9477 2 . . . 43431 9477 3 supra supra NNP 43431 9477 4 - - HYPH 43431 9477 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 9477 6 . . . 43431 9478 1 5 5 LS 43431 9478 2 . . . 43431 9478 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 9478 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 9478 5 . . . 43431 9479 1 6 6 LS 43431 9479 2 . . . 43431 9479 3 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9479 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 9479 5 . . . 43431 9480 1 7 7 LS 43431 9480 2 . . . 43431 9480 3 foramen foramen NNP 43431 9480 4 magnum magnum NNP 43431 9480 5 . . . 43431 9481 1 8 8 LS 43431 9481 2 . . . 43431 9481 3 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9481 4 process process NN 43431 9481 5 of of IN 43431 9481 6 the the DT 43431 9481 7 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 9481 8 . . . 43431 9482 1 9 9 LS 43431 9482 2 . . . 43431 9482 3 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9482 4 bulla bulla NN 43431 9482 5 . . . 43431 9483 1 10 10 LS 43431 9483 2 . . . 43431 9483 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 9483 4 . . . 43431 9484 1 11 11 CD 43431 9484 2 . . . 43431 9484 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9484 4 palatine palatine NNP 43431 9484 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9484 6 . . . 43431 9485 1 12 12 CD 43431 9485 2 . . . 43431 9485 3 palatal palatal NNP 43431 9485 4 plate plate NN 43431 9485 5 of of IN 43431 9485 6 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9485 7 . . . 43431 9486 1 13 13 CD 43431 9486 2 . . . 43431 9486 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9486 4 process process NN 43431 9486 5 . . . 43431 9487 1 14 14 CD 43431 9487 2 . . . 43431 9487 3 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 9487 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 9487 5 . . . 43431 9488 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9488 2 i i PRP 43431 9488 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9488 4 1 1 CD 43431 9488 5 , , , 43431 9488 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9488 7 i i PRP 43431 9488 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9488 9 2 2 CD 43431 9488 10 , , , 43431 9488 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9488 12 i i PRP 43431 9488 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9488 14 3 3 CD 43431 9488 15 . . . 43431 9488 16 first first RB 43431 9488 17 , , , 43431 9488 18 second second JJ 43431 9488 19 , , , 43431 9488 20 and and CC 43431 9488 21 third third JJ 43431 9488 22 incisors incisor NNS 43431 9488 23 . . . 43431 9489 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9489 2 c. c. NNP 43431 9489 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9489 4 canine canine NN 43431 9489 5 . . . 43431 9490 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9490 2 pm pm NNP 43431 9490 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9490 4 1 1 CD 43431 9490 5 , , , 43431 9490 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9490 7 pm pm NN 43431 9490 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9490 9 2 2 CD 43431 9490 10 , , , 43431 9490 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9490 12 pm pm NN 43431 9490 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9490 14 3 3 CD 43431 9490 15 , , , 43431 9490 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9490 17 pm pm NN 43431 9490 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9490 19 4 4 CD 43431 9490 20 . . . 43431 9490 21 first first RB 43431 9490 22 , , , 43431 9490 23 second second JJ 43431 9490 24 , , , 43431 9490 25 third third JJ 43431 9490 26 , , , 43431 9490 27 and and CC 43431 9490 28 fourth fourth JJ 43431 9490 29 premolars premolar NNS 43431 9490 30 . . . 43431 9491 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9491 2 m m NNP 43431 9491 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9491 4 1 1 CD 43431 9491 5 , , , 43431 9491 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9491 7 m m NNP 43431 9491 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9491 9 2 2 CD 43431 9491 10 , , , 43431 9491 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9491 12 m m NNP 43431 9491 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9491 14 3 3 CD 43431 9491 15 . . . 43431 9491 16 first first RB 43431 9491 17 , , , 43431 9491 18 second second JJ 43431 9491 19 , , , 43431 9491 20 and and CC 43431 9491 21 third third JJ 43431 9491 22 molars molar NNS 43431 9491 23 . . . 43431 9491 24 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9492 1 The the DT 43431 9492 2 skull skull NN 43431 9492 3 of of IN 43431 9492 4 the the DT 43431 9492 5 Pig[166 Pig[166 NNP 43431 9492 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9492 7 will will MD 43431 9492 8 be be VB 43431 9492 9 described describe VBN 43431 9492 10 as as IN 43431 9492 11 illustrative illustrative JJ 43431 9492 12 of of IN 43431 9492 13 the the DT 43431 9492 14 skull skull NN 43431 9492 15 in in IN 43431 9492 16 the the DT 43431 9492 17 Suina Suina NNP 43431 9492 18 . . . 43431 9493 1 In in IN 43431 9493 2 the the DT 43431 9493 3 Pig Pig NNP 43431 9493 4 as as IN 43431 9493 5 in in IN 43431 9493 6 most most JJS 43431 9493 7 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 9493 8 the the DT 43431 9493 9 face face NN 43431 9493 10 is be VBZ 43431 9493 11 bent bent JJ 43431 9493 12 sharply sharply RB 43431 9493 13 down down RB 43431 9493 14 on on IN 43431 9493 15 the the DT 43431 9493 16 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 9493 17 axis axis NNP 43431 9493 18 , , , 43431 9493 19 the the DT 43431 9493 20 commencement commencement NN 43431 9493 21 of of IN 43431 9493 22 the the DT 43431 9493 23 vomer vomer NN 43431 9493 24 being be VBG 43431 9493 25 situated situate VBN 43431 9493 26 below below IN 43431 9493 27 the the DT 43431 9493 28 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 9493 29 instead instead RB 43431 9493 30 of of IN 43431 9493 31 in in IN 43431 9493 32 front front NN 43431 9493 33 of of IN 43431 9493 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9493 35 as as IN 43431 9493 36 in in IN 43431 9493 37 most most JJS 43431 9493 38 skulls skull NNS 43431 9493 39 . . . 43431 9494 1 The the DT 43431 9494 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9494 3 region region NN 43431 9494 4 of of IN 43431 9494 5 the the DT 43431 9494 6 skull skull NN 43431 9494 7 is be VBZ 43431 9494 8 small small JJ 43431 9494 9 , , , 43431 9494 10 and and CC 43431 9494 11 the the DT 43431 9494 12 line line NN 43431 9494 13 of of IN 43431 9494 14 junction junction NN 43431 9494 15 of of IN 43431 9494 16 the the DT 43431 9494 17 supra supra NNP 43431 9494 18 - - HYPH 43431 9494 19 occipital occipital NN 43431 9494 20 and and CC 43431 9494 21 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9494 22 is be VBZ 43431 9494 23 raised raise VBN 43431 9494 24 into into IN 43431 9494 25 a a DT 43431 9494 26 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9494 27 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9494 28 crest crest NN 43431 9494 29 . . . 43431 9495 1 The the DT 43431 9495 2 parietal parietal NN 43431 9495 3 completely completely RB 43431 9495 4 fuses fuse VBZ 43431 9495 5 at at IN 43431 9495 6 an an DT 43431 9495 7 early early JJ 43431 9495 8 stage stage NN 43431 9495 9 with with IN 43431 9495 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9495 11 fellow fellow NN 43431 9495 12 , , , 43431 9495 13 and and CC 43431 9495 14 the the DT 43431 9495 15 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 9495 16 is be VBZ 43431 9495 17 drawn draw VBN 43431 9495 18 out out RP 43431 9495 19 into into IN 43431 9495 20 a a DT 43431 9495 21 long long JJ 43431 9495 22 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9495 23 process process NN 43431 9495 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9495 25 fig fig NN 43431 9495 26 . . . 43431 9496 1 94 94 CD 43431 9496 2 , , , 43431 9496 3 A a NN 43431 9496 4 , , , 43431 9496 5 8) 8) CD 43431 9496 6 . . . 43431 9497 1 The the DT 43431 9497 2 frontal frontal NN 43431 9497 3 is be VBZ 43431 9497 4 large large JJ 43431 9497 5 and and CC 43431 9497 6 broad broad JJ 43431 9497 7 and and CC 43431 9497 8 drawn draw VBN 43431 9497 9 out out RP 43431 9497 10 into into IN 43431 9497 11 a a DT 43431 9497 12 small small JJ 43431 9497 13 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9497 14 process process NN 43431 9497 15 . . . 43431 9498 1 The the DT 43431 9498 2 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 9498 3 too too RB 43431 9498 4 is be VBZ 43431 9498 5 large large JJ 43431 9498 6 and and CC 43431 9498 7 takes take VBZ 43431 9498 8 a a DT 43431 9498 9 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9498 10 part part NN 43431 9498 11 in in IN 43431 9498 12 forming form VBG 43431 9498 13 the the DT 43431 9498 14 side side NN 43431 9498 15 of of IN 43431 9498 16 the the DT 43431 9498 17 face face NN 43431 9498 18 in in IN 43431 9498 19 front front NN 43431 9498 20 of of IN 43431 9498 21 the the DT 43431 9498 22 orbit orbit NN 43431 9498 23 , , , 43431 9498 24 as as IN 43431 9498 25 does do VBZ 43431 9498 26 also also RB 43431 9498 27 the the DT 43431 9498 28 jugal jugal NN 43431 9498 29 , , , 43431 9498 30 though though IN 43431 9498 31 to to IN 43431 9498 32 a a DT 43431 9498 33 less less JJR 43431 9498 34 extent extent NN 43431 9498 35 . . . 43431 9499 1 The the DT 43431 9499 2 face face NN 43431 9499 3 is be VBZ 43431 9499 4 long long JJ 43431 9499 5 and and CC 43431 9499 6 tapers taper NNS 43431 9499 7 much much RB 43431 9499 8 anteriorly anteriorly RB 43431 9499 9 . . . 43431 9500 1 The the DT 43431 9500 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9500 3 are be VBP 43431 9500 4 long long JJ 43431 9500 5 and and CC 43431 9500 6 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9500 7 , , , 43431 9500 8 as as IN 43431 9500 9 are be VBP 43431 9500 10 the the DT 43431 9500 11 nasal nasal NN 43431 9500 12 processes process NNS 43431 9500 13 of of IN 43431 9500 14 the the DT 43431 9500 15 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9500 16 , , , 43431 9500 17 which which WDT 43431 9500 18 do do VBP 43431 9500 19 not not RB 43431 9500 20 however however RB 43431 9500 21 reach reach VB 43431 9500 22 the the DT 43431 9500 23 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9500 24 . . . 43431 9501 1 A a DT 43431 9501 2 prenasal prenasal NN 43431 9501 3 ossicle ossicle NN 43431 9501 4 is be VBZ 43431 9501 5 developed develop VBN 43431 9501 6 in in IN 43431 9501 7 front front NN 43431 9501 8 of of IN 43431 9501 9 the the DT 43431 9501 10 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 9501 11 . . . 43431 9502 1 The the DT 43431 9502 2 palate palate NN 43431 9502 3 is be VBZ 43431 9502 4 long long JJ 43431 9502 5 and and CC 43431 9502 6 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9502 7 , , , 43431 9502 8 the the DT 43431 9502 9 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 9502 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9502 11 fig fig NN 43431 9502 12 . . . 43431 9503 1 94 94 CD 43431 9503 2 , , , 43431 9503 3 A a NN 43431 9503 4 , , , 43431 9503 5 10 10 CD 43431 9503 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9503 7 is be VBZ 43431 9503 8 small small JJ 43431 9503 9 , , , 43431 9503 10 but but CC 43431 9503 11 the the DT 43431 9503 12 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 9503 13 process process NN 43431 9503 14 of of IN 43431 9503 15 the the DT 43431 9503 16 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 9503 17 is be VBZ 43431 9503 18 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9503 19 . . . 43431 9504 1 The the DT 43431 9504 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9504 3 is be VBZ 43431 9504 4 small small JJ 43431 9504 5 and and CC 43431 9504 6 has have VBZ 43431 9504 7 the the DT 43431 9504 8 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9504 9 fused fuse VBN 43431 9504 10 with with IN 43431 9504 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9504 12 ; ; : 43431 9504 13 the the DT 43431 9504 14 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9504 15 is be VBZ 43431 9504 16 dilated dilate VBN 43431 9504 17 below below RB 43431 9504 18 , , , 43431 9504 19 forming form VBG 43431 9504 20 a a DT 43431 9504 21 bulla bulla NN 43431 9504 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9504 23 fig fig NN 43431 9504 24 . . . 43431 9505 1 94 94 CD 43431 9505 2 , , , 43431 9505 3 A a NN 43431 9505 4 , , , 43431 9505 5 9 9 CD 43431 9505 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9505 7 filled fill VBN 43431 9505 8 with with IN 43431 9505 9 cancellous cancellous JJ 43431 9505 10 bone bone NN 43431 9505 11 , , , 43431 9505 12 and and CC 43431 9505 13 above above RB 43431 9505 14 forms form NNS 43431 9505 15 the the DT 43431 9505 16 floor floor NN 43431 9505 17 of of IN 43431 9505 18 a a DT 43431 9505 19 long long JJ 43431 9505 20 upwardly upwardly RB 43431 9505 21 - - HYPH 43431 9505 22 directed direct VBN 43431 9505 23 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9505 24 meatus meatus NN 43431 9505 25 . . . 43431 9506 1 The the DT 43431 9506 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9506 3 has have VBZ 43431 9506 4 a a DT 43431 9506 5 high high JJ 43431 9506 6 ascending ascending NN 43431 9506 7 portion portion NN 43431 9506 8 and and CC 43431 9506 9 a a DT 43431 9506 10 small small JJ 43431 9506 11 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9506 12 process process NN 43431 9506 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9506 14 fig fig NN 43431 9506 15 . . . 43431 9507 1 94 94 CD 43431 9507 2 , , , 43431 9507 3 B b NN 43431 9507 4 , , , 43431 9507 5 13 13 CD 43431 9507 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9507 7 . . . 43431 9508 1 The the DT 43431 9508 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9508 3 differs differ VBZ 43431 9508 4 from from IN 43431 9508 5 that that DT 43431 9508 6 of of IN 43431 9508 7 most most JJS 43431 9508 8 Ungulates Ungulates NNPS 43431 9508 9 , , , 43431 9508 10 the the DT 43431 9508 11 stylo stylo NNP 43431 9508 12 - - HYPH 43431 9508 13 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9508 14 being be VBG 43431 9508 15 very very RB 43431 9508 16 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 9508 17 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9508 18 . . . 43431 9509 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9509 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9509 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9509 4 . . . 43431 9510 1 95 95 CD 43431 9510 2 . . . 43431 9511 1 MANDIBLE mandible NN 43431 9511 2 OF of IN 43431 9511 3 A a DT 43431 9511 4 HIPPOPOTAMUS HIPPOPOTAMUS NNP 43431 9511 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9511 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9511 7 H. H. NNP 43431 9512 1 amphibius amphibius NNP 43431 9512 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9512 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9512 4 à à NNP 43431 9512 5 � � NNP 43431 9512 6 1/7 1/7 CD 43431 9512 7 . . . 43431 9513 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9513 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9513 3 . . . 43431 9514 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9514 2 . . . 43431 9514 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9515 1 The the DT 43431 9515 2 second second JJ 43431 9515 3 incisor incisor NN 43431 9515 4 of of IN 43431 9515 5 the the DT 43431 9515 6 left left JJ 43431 9515 7 side side NN 43431 9515 8 is be VBZ 43431 9515 9 missing missing JJ 43431 9515 10 and and CC 43431 9515 11 the the DT 43431 9515 12 crowns crown NNS 43431 9515 13 of of IN 43431 9515 14 the the DT 43431 9515 15 grinding grind VBG 43431 9515 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 9515 17 are be VBP 43431 9515 18 much much RB 43431 9515 19 worn wear VBN 43431 9515 20 . . . 43431 9516 1 1 1 LS 43431 9516 2 . . . 43431 9516 3 condyle condyle NNP 43431 9516 4 . . . 43431 9517 1 2 2 LS 43431 9517 2 . . . 43431 9517 3 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9517 4 process process NN 43431 9517 5 . . . 43431 9518 1 3 3 LS 43431 9518 2 . . . 43431 9518 3 mental mental JJ 43431 9518 4 foramina foramina NNP 43431 9518 5 . . . 43431 9519 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9519 2 i i PRP 43431 9519 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9519 4 1 1 CD 43431 9519 5 , , , 43431 9519 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9519 7 i i PRP 43431 9519 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9519 9 2 2 CD 43431 9519 10 . . . 43431 9519 11 first first JJ 43431 9519 12 and and CC 43431 9519 13 second second JJ 43431 9519 14 incisors incisor NNS 43431 9519 15 . . . 43431 9520 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9520 2 c. c. NNP 43431 9520 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9520 4 canine canine NN 43431 9520 5 . . . 43431 9521 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9521 2 pm pm NNP 43431 9521 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9521 4 3 3 CD 43431 9521 5 . . . 43431 9521 6 third third RB 43431 9521 7 premolar premolar NNP 43431 9521 8 . . . 43431 9522 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9522 2 m m NNP 43431 9522 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9522 4 1 1 CD 43431 9522 5 , , , 43431 9522 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9522 7 m m NNP 43431 9522 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9522 9 3 3 CD 43431 9522 10 . . . 43431 9522 11 first first JJ 43431 9522 12 and and CC 43431 9522 13 third third JJ 43431 9522 14 molar molar NN 43431 9522 15 . . . 43431 9522 16 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9523 1 In in IN 43431 9523 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9523 3 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 9523 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9523 5 the the DT 43431 9523 6 skull skull NN 43431 9523 7 though though RB 43431 9523 8 essentially essentially RB 43431 9523 9 like like IN 43431 9523 10 that that DT 43431 9523 11 of of IN 43431 9523 12 the the DT 43431 9523 13 pig pig NN 43431 9523 14 is be VBZ 43431 9523 15 much much RB 43431 9523 16 modified modify VBN 43431 9523 17 in in IN 43431 9523 18 detail detail NN 43431 9523 19 . . . 43431 9524 1 The the DT 43431 9524 2 brain brain NN 43431 9524 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9524 4 is be VBZ 43431 9524 5 very very RB 43431 9524 6 small small JJ 43431 9524 7 , , , 43431 9524 8 while while IN 43431 9524 9 the the DT 43431 9524 10 jaws jaw NNS 43431 9524 11 are be VBP 43431 9524 12 immensely immensely RB 43431 9524 13 developed develop VBN 43431 9524 14 . . . 43431 9525 1 The the DT 43431 9525 2 face face NN 43431 9525 3 contracts contract NNS 43431 9525 4 in in IN 43431 9525 5 front front NN 43431 9525 6 of of IN 43431 9525 7 the the DT 43431 9525 8 orbits orbit NNS 43431 9525 9 and and CC 43431 9525 10 then then RB 43431 9525 11 expands expand VBZ 43431 9525 12 again again RB 43431 9525 13 greatly greatly RB 43431 9525 14 , , , 43431 9525 15 to to TO 43431 9525 16 lodge lodge VB 43431 9525 17 the the DT 43431 9525 18 enormous enormous JJ 43431 9525 19 incisor incisor NN 43431 9525 20 and and CC 43431 9525 21 canine canine NN 43431 9525 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 9525 23 . . . 43431 9526 1 The the DT 43431 9526 2 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9526 3 bar bar NN 43431 9526 4 is be VBZ 43431 9526 5 complete complete JJ 43431 9526 6 or or CC 43431 9526 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 9526 8 so so RB 43431 9526 9 , , , 43431 9526 10 and and CC 43431 9526 11 the the DT 43431 9526 12 orbits orbit NNS 43431 9526 13 project project NN 43431 9526 14 curiously curiously RB 43431 9526 15 outwards outward NNS 43431 9526 16 and and CC 43431 9526 17 slightly slightly RB 43431 9526 18 upwards upwards RB 43431 9526 19 ; ; : 43431 9526 20 the the DT 43431 9526 21 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 9526 22 is be VBZ 43431 9526 23 thin thin JJ 43431 9526 24 and and CC 43431 9526 25 much much JJ 43431 9526 26 dilated dilate VBN 43431 9526 27 . . . 43431 9527 1 The the DT 43431 9527 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9527 3 is be VBZ 43431 9527 4 drawn draw VBN 43431 9527 5 out out RP 43431 9527 6 into into IN 43431 9527 7 a a DT 43431 9527 8 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9527 9 process process NN 43431 9527 10 , , , 43431 9527 11 and and CC 43431 9527 12 the the DT 43431 9527 13 hamular hamular JJ 43431 9527 14 process process NN 43431 9527 15 of of IN 43431 9527 16 the the DT 43431 9527 17 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 9527 18 is be VBZ 43431 9527 19 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9527 20 . . . 43431 9528 1 The the DT 43431 9528 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9528 3 bulla bulla NN 43431 9528 4 is be VBZ 43431 9528 5 filled fill VBN 43431 9528 6 with with IN 43431 9528 7 cancellous cancellous JJ 43431 9528 8 bone bone NN 43431 9528 9 . . . 43431 9529 1 The the DT 43431 9529 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9529 3 is be VBZ 43431 9529 4 enormously enormously RB 43431 9529 5 large large JJ 43431 9529 6 , , , 43431 9529 7 the the DT 43431 9529 8 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 9529 9 is be VBZ 43431 9529 10 long long JJ 43431 9529 11 , , , 43431 9529 12 the the DT 43431 9529 13 angle angle NN 43431 9529 14 much much RB 43431 9529 15 expanded expand VBN 43431 9529 16 and and CC 43431 9529 17 drawn draw VBN 43431 9529 18 out out RP 43431 9529 19 into into IN 43431 9529 20 a a DT 43431 9529 21 process process NN 43431 9529 22 which which WDT 43431 9529 23 projects project VBZ 43431 9529 24 outwards outward NNS 43431 9529 25 and and CC 43431 9529 26 forwards forward NNS 43431 9529 27 . . . 43431 9530 1 Among among IN 43431 9530 2 extinct extinct JJ 43431 9530 3 forms form NNS 43431 9530 4 related relate VBN 43431 9530 5 to to IN 43431 9530 6 the the DT 43431 9530 7 Suina Suina NNP 43431 9530 8 , , , 43431 9530 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9530 10 Cyclopidius Cyclopidius NNP 43431 9530 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9530 12 is be VBZ 43431 9530 13 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 9530 14 for for IN 43431 9530 15 having have VBG 43431 9530 16 large large JJ 43431 9530 17 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 9530 18 in in IN 43431 9530 19 the the DT 43431 9530 20 lachrymo lachrymo NN 43431 9530 21 - - HYPH 43431 9530 22 nasal nasal NN 43431 9530 23 region region NN 43431 9530 24 , , , 43431 9530 25 while while IN 43431 9530 26 _ _ NNP 43431 9530 27 Cotylops Cotylops NNP 43431 9530 28 _ _ NNP 43431 9530 29 has have VBZ 43431 9530 30 the the DT 43431 9530 31 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9530 32 bar bar NN 43431 9530 33 complete complete JJ 43431 9530 34 ; ; : 43431 9530 35 both both CC 43431 9530 36 these these DT 43431 9530 37 forms form NNS 43431 9530 38 are be VBP 43431 9530 39 from from IN 43431 9530 40 the the DT 43431 9530 41 North North NNP 43431 9530 42 American American NNP 43431 9530 43 Miocene Miocene NNP 43431 9530 44 . . . 43431 9531 1 In in IN 43431 9531 2 the the DT 43431 9531 3 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 9531 4 and and CC 43431 9531 5 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 9531 6 the the DT 43431 9531 7 skull skull NN 43431 9531 8 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 9531 9 in in IN 43431 9531 10 most most JJS 43431 9531 11 respects respect NNS 43431 9531 12 that that DT 43431 9531 13 of of IN 43431 9531 14 the the DT 43431 9531 15 Ruminants Ruminants NNPS 43431 9531 16 , , , 43431 9531 17 shortly shortly RB 43431 9531 18 to to TO 43431 9531 19 be be VB 43431 9531 20 described describe VBN 43431 9531 21 ; ; : 43431 9531 22 but but CC 43431 9531 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9531 24 is be VBZ 43431 9531 25 allied ally VBN 43431 9531 26 to to IN 43431 9531 27 that that DT 43431 9531 28 of of IN 43431 9531 29 the the DT 43431 9531 30 Suina Suina NNP 43431 9531 31 in in IN 43431 9531 32 having have VBG 43431 9531 33 the the DT 43431 9531 34 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9531 35 bulla bulla NN 43431 9531 36 filled fill VBN 43431 9531 37 with with IN 43431 9531 38 cancellous cancellous JJ 43431 9531 39 bone bone NN 43431 9531 40 . . . 43431 9532 1 The the DT 43431 9532 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9532 3 bulla bulla NN 43431 9532 4 is be VBZ 43431 9532 5 better well RBR 43431 9532 6 developed develop VBN 43431 9532 7 in in IN 43431 9532 8 the the DT 43431 9532 9 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 9532 10 than than IN 43431 9532 11 in in IN 43431 9532 12 most most JJS 43431 9532 13 Ungulates Ungulates NNPS 43431 9532 14 . . . 43431 9533 1 Among among IN 43431 9533 2 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 9533 3 , , , 43431 9533 4 the the DT 43431 9533 5 Bovidae Bovidae NNP 43431 9533 6 , , , 43431 9533 7 that that IN 43431 9533 8 large large JJ 43431 9533 9 group group NN 43431 9533 10 including include VBG 43431 9533 11 the the DT 43431 9533 12 Oxen Oxen NNP 43431 9533 13 , , , 43431 9533 14 Sheep Sheep NNP 43431 9533 15 , , , 43431 9533 16 and and CC 43431 9533 17 Antelopes antelope NNS 43431 9533 18 , , , 43431 9533 19 as as IN 43431 9533 20 a a DT 43431 9533 21 rule rule NN 43431 9533 22 have have VBP 43431 9533 23 the the DT 43431 9533 24 face face NN 43431 9533 25 bent bent JJ 43431 9533 26 on on IN 43431 9533 27 the the DT 43431 9533 28 basicranial basicranial NN 43431 9533 29 axis axi NNS 43431 9533 30 much much JJ 43431 9533 31 as as IN 43431 9533 32 in in IN 43431 9533 33 the the DT 43431 9533 34 Suina Suina NNP 43431 9533 35 . . . 43431 9534 1 The the DT 43431 9534 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9534 3 are be VBP 43431 9534 4 generally generally RB 43431 9534 5 small small JJ 43431 9534 6 and and CC 43431 9534 7 early early JJ 43431 9534 8 coalesce coalesce NN 43431 9534 9 , , , 43431 9534 10 the the DT 43431 9534 11 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9534 12 are be VBP 43431 9534 13 large large JJ 43431 9534 14 and and CC 43431 9534 15 are be VBP 43431 9534 16 usually usually RB 43431 9534 17 drawn draw VBN 43431 9534 18 out out RP 43431 9534 19 into into IN 43431 9534 20 horn horn NN 43431 9534 21 cores core NNS 43431 9534 22 , , , 43431 9534 23 which which WDT 43431 9534 24 are be VBP 43431 9534 25 however however RB 43431 9534 26 absent absent JJ 43431 9534 27 in in IN 43431 9534 28 the the DT 43431 9534 29 skulls skull NNS 43431 9534 30 of of IN 43431 9534 31 some some DT 43431 9534 32 domestic domestic JJ 43431 9534 33 varieties variety NNS 43431 9534 34 of of IN 43431 9534 35 sheep sheep NN 43431 9534 36 and and CC 43431 9534 37 oxen oxen NN 43431 9534 38 , , , 43431 9534 39 and and CC 43431 9534 40 also also RB 43431 9534 41 in in IN 43431 9534 42 some some DT 43431 9534 43 of of IN 43431 9534 44 the the DT 43431 9534 45 earlier early RBR 43431 9534 46 extinct extinct JJ 43431 9534 47 forms form NNS 43431 9534 48 of of IN 43431 9534 49 Bovidae Bovidae NNP 43431 9534 50 . . . 43431 9535 1 These these DT 43431 9535 2 horn horn NN 43431 9535 3 cores core NNS 43431 9535 4 are be VBP 43431 9535 5 formed form VBN 43431 9535 6 internally internally RB 43431 9535 7 of of IN 43431 9535 8 cancellous cancellous JJ 43431 9535 9 bone bone NN 43431 9535 10 , , , 43431 9535 11 and and CC 43431 9535 12 on on IN 43431 9535 13 them -PRON- PRP 43431 9535 14 the the DT 43431 9535 15 true true JJ 43431 9535 16 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 9535 17 horns horn NNS 43431 9535 18 are be VBP 43431 9535 19 borne bear VBN 43431 9535 20 . . . 43431 9536 1 In in IN 43431 9536 2 young young JJ 43431 9536 3 animals animal NNS 43431 9536 4 there there EX 43431 9536 5 is be VBZ 43431 9536 6 a a DT 43431 9536 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9536 8 interparietal interparietal NN 43431 9536 9 , , , 43431 9536 10 but but CC 43431 9536 11 this this DT 43431 9536 12 early early JJ 43431 9536 13 fuses fuse NNS 43431 9536 14 with with IN 43431 9536 15 the the DT 43431 9536 16 supra supra NN 43431 9536 17 - - HYPH 43431 9536 18 occipital occipital NN 43431 9536 19 , , , 43431 9536 20 and and CC 43431 9536 21 in in IN 43431 9536 22 the the DT 43431 9536 23 oxen oxen NN 43431 9536 24 also also RB 43431 9536 25 with with IN 43431 9536 26 the the DT 43431 9536 27 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9536 28 . . . 43431 9537 1 The the DT 43431 9537 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9537 3 crest crest NN 43431 9537 4 is be VBZ 43431 9537 5 generally generally RB 43431 9537 6 well well RB 43431 9537 7 marked marked JJ 43431 9537 8 , , , 43431 9537 9 but but CC 43431 9537 10 in in IN 43431 9537 11 the the DT 43431 9537 12 genus genus NNP 43431 9537 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9537 14 Bos Bos NNP 43431 9537 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9537 16 becomes become VBZ 43431 9537 17 merged merge VBN 43431 9537 18 in in IN 43431 9537 19 a a DT 43431 9537 20 very very RB 43431 9537 21 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9537 22 straight straight JJ 43431 9537 23 ridge ridge NN 43431 9537 24 running run VBG 43431 9537 25 between between IN 43431 9537 26 the the DT 43431 9537 27 two two CD 43431 9537 28 horn horn NN 43431 9537 29 cores core VBZ 43431 9537 30 ; ; : 43431 9537 31 this this DT 43431 9537 32 ridge ridge NN 43431 9537 33 , , , 43431 9537 34 which which WDT 43431 9537 35 contains contain VBZ 43431 9537 36 air air NN 43431 9537 37 cells cell NNS 43431 9537 38 communicating communicate VBG 43431 9537 39 with with IN 43431 9537 40 those those DT 43431 9537 41 in in IN 43431 9537 42 the the DT 43431 9537 43 horn horn NN 43431 9537 44 cores core NNS 43431 9537 45 , , , 43431 9537 46 is be VBZ 43431 9537 47 not not RB 43431 9537 48 nearly nearly RB 43431 9537 49 so so RB 43431 9537 50 well well RB 43431 9537 51 marked mark VBN 43431 9537 52 in in IN 43431 9537 53 _ _ NNP 43431 9537 54 Bison Bison NNP 43431 9537 55 _ _ NNP 43431 9537 56 . . . 43431 9538 1 There there EX 43431 9538 2 is be VBZ 43431 9538 3 often often RB 43431 9538 4 , , , 43431 9538 5 as as IN 43431 9538 6 in in IN 43431 9538 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9538 8 Gazella Gazella NNP 43431 9538 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9538 10 , , , 43431 9538 11 a a DT 43431 9538 12 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 9538 13 on on IN 43431 9538 14 the the DT 43431 9538 15 side side NN 43431 9538 16 of of IN 43431 9538 17 the the DT 43431 9538 18 face face NN 43431 9538 19 between between IN 43431 9538 20 the the DT 43431 9538 21 nasal nasal NN 43431 9538 22 , , , 43431 9538 23 frontal frontal JJ 43431 9538 24 , , , 43431 9538 25 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9538 26 , , , 43431 9538 27 and and CC 43431 9538 28 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9538 29 , , , 43431 9538 30 but but CC 43431 9538 31 this this DT 43431 9538 32 is be VBZ 43431 9538 33 not not RB 43431 9538 34 found find VBN 43431 9538 35 in in IN 43431 9538 36 oxen oxen NN 43431 9538 37 or or CC 43431 9538 38 sheep sheep NNS 43431 9538 39 . . . 43431 9539 1 The the DT 43431 9539 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 9539 3 are be VBP 43431 9539 4 small small JJ 43431 9539 5 , , , 43431 9539 6 the the DT 43431 9539 7 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9539 8 are be VBP 43431 9539 9 long long JJ 43431 9539 10 and and CC 43431 9539 11 pointed pointed JJ 43431 9539 12 , , , 43431 9539 13 and and CC 43431 9539 14 the the DT 43431 9539 15 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 9539 16 are be VBP 43431 9539 17 much much RB 43431 9539 18 developed develop VBN 43431 9539 19 . . . 43431 9540 1 The the DT 43431 9540 2 Saiga Saiga NNP 43431 9540 3 antelope antelope NNS 43431 9540 4 has have VBZ 43431 9540 5 a a DT 43431 9540 6 curiously curiously RB 43431 9540 7 specialised specialise VBN 43431 9540 8 skull skull NN 43431 9540 9 ; ; : 43431 9540 10 the the DT 43431 9540 11 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9540 12 are be VBP 43431 9540 13 absent absent JJ 43431 9540 14 or or CC 43431 9540 15 have have VBP 43431 9540 16 coalesced coalesce VBN 43431 9540 17 with with IN 43431 9540 18 the the DT 43431 9540 19 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9540 20 and and CC 43431 9540 21 the the DT 43431 9540 22 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9540 23 nares naris NNS 43431 9540 24 are be VBP 43431 9540 25 enormously enormously RB 43431 9540 26 large large JJ 43431 9540 27 . . . 43431 9541 1 In in IN 43431 9541 2 all all DT 43431 9541 3 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 9541 4 the the DT 43431 9541 5 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 9541 6 is be VBZ 43431 9541 7 large large JJ 43431 9541 8 and and CC 43431 9541 9 forms form NNS 43431 9541 10 a a DT 43431 9541 11 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9541 12 part part NN 43431 9541 13 of of IN 43431 9541 14 the the DT 43431 9541 15 side side NN 43431 9541 16 of of IN 43431 9541 17 the the DT 43431 9541 18 face face NN 43431 9541 19 ; ; : 43431 9541 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9541 21 often often RB 43431 9541 22 bears bear VBZ 43431 9541 23 a a DT 43431 9541 24 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9541 25 depression depression NN 43431 9541 26 , , , 43431 9541 27 the the DT 43431 9541 28 _ _ NNP 43431 9541 29 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 9541 30 _ _ NNP 43431 9541 31 or or CC 43431 9541 32 _ _ NNP 43431 9541 33 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 9541 34 fossa fossa JJ 43431 9541 35 _ _ NNP 43431 9541 36 , , , 43431 9541 37 well well RB 43431 9541 38 seen see VBN 43431 9541 39 in in IN 43431 9541 40 most most JJS 43431 9541 41 of of IN 43431 9541 42 the the DT 43431 9541 43 smaller small JJR 43431 9541 44 antelopes antelope NNS 43431 9541 45 . . . 43431 9542 1 The the DT 43431 9542 2 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9542 3 bar bar NN 43431 9542 4 is be VBZ 43431 9542 5 complete complete JJ 43431 9542 6 , , , 43431 9542 7 and and CC 43431 9542 8 the the DT 43431 9542 9 orbit orbit NN 43431 9542 10 is be VBZ 43431 9542 11 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9542 12 and and CC 43431 9542 13 nearly nearly RB 43431 9542 14 circular circular JJ 43431 9542 15 . . . 43431 9543 1 The the DT 43431 9543 2 palatines palatine NNS 43431 9543 3 and and CC 43431 9543 4 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 9543 5 are be VBP 43431 9543 6 moderately moderately RB 43431 9543 7 large large JJ 43431 9543 8 , , , 43431 9543 9 and and CC 43431 9543 10 the the DT 43431 9543 11 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 9543 12 have have VBP 43431 9543 13 a a DT 43431 9543 14 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 9543 15 - - HYPH 43431 9543 16 projecting project VBG 43431 9543 17 hamular hamular JJ 43431 9543 18 process process NN 43431 9543 19 . . . 43431 9544 1 The the DT 43431 9544 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9544 3 is be VBZ 43431 9544 4 small small JJ 43431 9544 5 , , , 43431 9544 6 but but CC 43431 9544 7 has have VBZ 43431 9544 8 a a DT 43431 9544 9 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9544 10 process process NN 43431 9544 11 . . . 43431 9545 1 The the DT 43431 9545 2 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9545 3 is be VBZ 43431 9545 4 not not RB 43431 9545 5 fused fuse VBN 43431 9545 6 to to IN 43431 9545 7 the the DT 43431 9545 8 periotic periotic NN 43431 9545 9 and and CC 43431 9545 10 has have VBZ 43431 9545 11 a a DT 43431 9545 12 small small JJ 43431 9545 13 bulla bulla NN 43431 9545 14 not not RB 43431 9545 15 filled fill VBN 43431 9545 16 with with IN 43431 9545 17 cancellous cancellous JJ 43431 9545 18 bone bone NN 43431 9545 19 . . . 43431 9546 1 There there EX 43431 9546 2 is be VBZ 43431 9546 3 a a DT 43431 9546 4 large large JJ 43431 9546 5 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9546 6 process process NN 43431 9546 7 to to IN 43431 9546 8 the the DT 43431 9546 9 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 9546 10 and and CC 43431 9546 11 the the DT 43431 9546 12 mandible mandible NN 43431 9546 13 has have VBZ 43431 9546 14 a a DT 43431 9546 15 long long JJ 43431 9546 16 slender slender NN 43431 9546 17 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9546 18 process process NN 43431 9546 19 . . . 43431 9547 1 In in IN 43431 9547 2 the the DT 43431 9547 3 Cervidae Cervidae NNP 43431 9547 4 and and CC 43431 9547 5 Giraffidae giraffidae VB 43431 9547 6 the the DT 43431 9547 7 face face NN 43431 9547 8 is be VBZ 43431 9547 9 not not RB 43431 9547 10 bent bent JJ 43431 9547 11 down down RP 43431 9547 12 on on IN 43431 9547 13 the the DT 43431 9547 14 basicranial basicranial NN 43431 9547 15 axis axis NN 43431 9547 16 as as IN 43431 9547 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9547 18 is be VBZ 43431 9547 19 in in IN 43431 9547 20 the the DT 43431 9547 21 Bovidae Bovidae NNP 43431 9547 22 . . . 43431 9548 1 The the DT 43431 9548 2 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9548 3 are be VBP 43431 9548 4 drawn draw VBN 43431 9548 5 out out RP 43431 9548 6 , , , 43431 9548 7 not not RB 43431 9548 8 into into IN 43431 9548 9 permanent permanent JJ 43431 9548 10 horn horn NN 43431 9548 11 cores core NNS 43431 9548 12 as as IN 43431 9548 13 in in IN 43431 9548 14 the the DT 43431 9548 15 Bovidae Bovidae NNP 43431 9548 16 , , , 43431 9548 17 but but CC 43431 9548 18 into into IN 43431 9548 19 short short JJ 43431 9548 20 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 9548 21 , , , 43431 9548 22 the the DT 43431 9548 23 pedicels pedicel NNS 43431 9548 24 , , , 43431 9548 25 upon upon IN 43431 9548 26 which which WDT 43431 9548 27 in in IN 43431 9548 28 the the DT 43431 9548 29 Cervidae Cervidae NNP 43431 9548 30 long long JJ 43431 9548 31 antlers antler NNS 43431 9548 32 are be VBP 43431 9548 33 annually annually RB 43431 9548 34 developed develop VBN 43431 9548 35 . . . 43431 9549 1 These these DT 43431 9549 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9549 3 antlers antler NNS 43431 9549 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9549 5 are be VBP 43431 9549 6 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 9549 7 of of IN 43431 9549 8 bone bone NN 43431 9549 9 , , , 43431 9549 10 and and CC 43431 9549 11 are be VBP 43431 9549 12 covered cover VBN 43431 9549 13 during during IN 43431 9549 14 development development NN 43431 9549 15 by by IN 43431 9549 16 vascular vascular JJ 43431 9549 17 integument integument NN 43431 9549 18 , , , 43431 9549 19 which which WDT 43431 9549 20 dries dry VBZ 43431 9549 21 up up RP 43431 9549 22 and and CC 43431 9549 23 peels peel VBZ 43431 9549 24 off off RP 43431 9549 25 when when WRB 43431 9549 26 growth growth NN 43431 9549 27 is be VBZ 43431 9549 28 complete complete JJ 43431 9549 29 . . . 43431 9550 1 Every every DT 43431 9550 2 year year NN 43431 9550 3 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9550 4 are be VBP 43431 9550 5 detached detach VBN 43431 9550 6 , , , 43431 9550 7 by by IN 43431 9550 8 a a DT 43431 9550 9 process process NN 43431 9550 10 of of IN 43431 9550 11 absorption absorption NN 43431 9550 12 at at IN 43431 9550 13 the the DT 43431 9550 14 base base NN 43431 9550 15 , , , 43431 9550 16 and and CC 43431 9550 17 shed shed VBD 43431 9550 18 . . . 43431 9551 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 9551 2 may may MD 43431 9551 3 occur occur VB 43431 9551 4 in in IN 43431 9551 5 both both DT 43431 9551 6 sexes sex NNS 43431 9551 7 , , , 43431 9551 8 as as IN 43431 9551 9 in in IN 43431 9551 10 the the DT 43431 9551 11 Reindeer Reindeer NNP 43431 9551 12 , , , 43431 9551 13 but but CC 43431 9551 14 as as IN 43431 9551 15 a a DT 43431 9551 16 rule rule NN 43431 9551 17 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9551 18 are be VBP 43431 9551 19 found find VBN 43431 9551 20 only only RB 43431 9551 21 in in IN 43431 9551 22 the the DT 43431 9551 23 male male NN 43431 9551 24 . . . 43431 9552 1 They -PRON- PRP 43431 9552 2 are be VBP 43431 9552 3 generally generally RB 43431 9552 4 more more RBR 43431 9552 5 or or CC 43431 9552 6 less less RBR 43431 9552 7 branched branch VBN 43431 9552 8 , , , 43431 9552 9 and and CC 43431 9552 10 are be VBP 43431 9552 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9552 12 of of IN 43431 9552 13 enormous enormous JJ 43431 9552 14 size size NN 43431 9552 15 and and CC 43431 9552 16 weight weight NN 43431 9552 17 , , , 43431 9552 18 as as IN 43431 9552 19 in in IN 43431 9552 20 the the DT 43431 9552 21 extinct extinct NN 43431 9552 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9552 23 Cervus Cervus NNP 43431 9552 24 megaceros megaceros NNP 43431 9552 25 _ _ NNP 43431 9552 26 . . . 43431 9553 1 In in IN 43431 9553 2 young young JJ 43431 9553 3 animals animal NNS 43431 9553 4 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9553 5 are be VBP 43431 9553 6 always always RB 43431 9553 7 simple simple JJ 43431 9553 8 , , , 43431 9553 9 but but CC 43431 9553 10 become become VB 43431 9553 11 annually annually RB 43431 9553 12 more more RBR 43431 9553 13 and and CC 43431 9553 14 more more RBR 43431 9553 15 complicated complicated JJ 43431 9553 16 as as IN 43431 9553 17 the the DT 43431 9553 18 animal animal NN 43431 9553 19 grows grow VBZ 43431 9553 20 older old JJR 43431 9553 21 . . . 43431 9554 1 In in IN 43431 9554 2 the the DT 43431 9554 3 Giraffe Giraffe NNP 43431 9554 4 the the DT 43431 9554 5 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9554 6 bear bear VBP 43431 9554 7 a a DT 43431 9554 8 small small JJ 43431 9554 9 pair pair NN 43431 9554 10 of of IN 43431 9554 11 bony bony NN 43431 9554 12 cores core NNS 43431 9554 13 , , , 43431 9554 14 which which WDT 43431 9554 15 are be VBP 43431 9554 16 at at IN 43431 9554 17 first first RB 43431 9554 18 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9554 19 , , , 43431 9554 20 but but CC 43431 9554 21 subsequently subsequently RB 43431 9554 22 become become VB 43431 9554 23 fused fuse VBN 43431 9554 24 to to IN 43431 9554 25 the the DT 43431 9554 26 skull skull NN 43431 9554 27 . . . 43431 9555 1 In in IN 43431 9555 2 the the DT 43431 9555 3 allied ally VBN 43431 9555 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9555 5 Sivatherium Sivatherium NNP 43431 9555 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9555 7 , , , 43431 9555 8 a a DT 43431 9555 9 very very RB 43431 9555 10 large large JJ 43431 9555 11 form form NN 43431 9555 12 from from IN 43431 9555 13 the the DT 43431 9555 14 Indian Indian NNP 43431 9555 15 Pliocene Pliocene NNP 43431 9555 16 , , , 43431 9555 17 the the DT 43431 9555 18 skull skull NN 43431 9555 19 bears bear VBZ 43431 9555 20 two two CD 43431 9555 21 pairs pair NNS 43431 9555 22 of of IN 43431 9555 23 bony bony NN 43431 9555 24 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 9555 25 , , , 43431 9555 26 a a DT 43431 9555 27 pair pair NN 43431 9555 28 of of IN 43431 9555 29 short short JJ 43431 9555 30 conical conical JJ 43431 9555 31 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 9555 32 above above IN 43431 9555 33 the the DT 43431 9555 34 orbits orbit NNS 43431 9555 35 , , , 43431 9555 36 and and CC 43431 9555 37 a a DT 43431 9555 38 pair pair NN 43431 9555 39 of of IN 43431 9555 40 large large JJ 43431 9555 41 expanded expand VBN 43431 9555 42 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 9555 43 on on IN 43431 9555 44 the the DT 43431 9555 45 occiput occiput NN 43431 9555 46 . . . 43431 9556 1 The the DT 43431 9556 2 opening opening NN 43431 9556 3 of of IN 43431 9556 4 the the DT 43431 9556 5 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9556 6 canal canal NN 43431 9556 7 is be VBZ 43431 9556 8 commonly commonly RB 43431 9556 9 double double JJ 43431 9556 10 and and CC 43431 9556 11 the the DT 43431 9556 12 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9556 13 fossa fossa NNP 43431 9556 14 is be VBZ 43431 9556 15 large large JJ 43431 9556 16 in in IN 43431 9556 17 the the DT 43431 9556 18 Cervidae Cervidae NNP 43431 9556 19 and and CC 43431 9556 20 the the DT 43431 9556 21 Giraffidae Giraffidae NNP 43431 9556 22 except except IN 43431 9556 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9556 24 Sivatherium Sivatherium NNP 43431 9556 25 _ _ NNP 43431 9556 26 . . . 43431 9557 1 The the DT 43431 9557 2 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 9557 3 between between IN 43431 9557 4 the the DT 43431 9557 5 frontal frontal JJ 43431 9557 6 , , , 43431 9557 7 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 9557 8 , , , 43431 9557 9 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9557 10 , , , 43431 9557 11 and and CC 43431 9557 12 nasal nasal NN 43431 9557 13 is be VBZ 43431 9557 14 specially specially RB 43431 9557 15 large large JJ 43431 9557 16 . . . 43431 9558 1 The the DT 43431 9558 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9558 3 of of IN 43431 9558 4 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 9558 5 is be VBZ 43431 9558 6 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 9558 7 for for IN 43431 9558 8 the the DT 43431 9558 9 development development NN 43431 9558 10 of of IN 43431 9558 11 the the DT 43431 9558 12 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9558 13 cornua cornua NN 43431 9558 14 , , , 43431 9558 15 which which WDT 43431 9558 16 include include VBP 43431 9558 17 stout stout JJ 43431 9558 18 and and CC 43431 9558 19 short short JJ 43431 9558 20 cerato cerato NN 43431 9558 21 - - HYPH 43431 9558 22 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9558 23 and and CC 43431 9558 24 epi epi NN 43431 9558 25 - - HYPH 43431 9558 26 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9558 27 , , , 43431 9558 28 long long JJ 43431 9558 29 and and CC 43431 9558 30 strong strong JJ 43431 9558 31 stylo stylo NN 43431 9558 32 - - HYPH 43431 9558 33 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9558 34 and and CC 43431 9558 35 large large JJ 43431 9558 36 tympano tympano NN 43431 9558 37 - - HYPH 43431 9558 38 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9558 39 which which WDT 43431 9558 40 are be VBP 43431 9558 41 more more RBR 43431 9558 42 or or CC 43431 9558 43 less less RBR 43431 9558 44 imbedded imbed VBN 43431 9558 45 in in IN 43431 9558 46 the the DT 43431 9558 47 tympanics tympanic NNS 43431 9558 48 . . . 43431 9559 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9559 2 PERISSODACTYLA PERISSODACTYLA NNP 43431 9559 3 . . . 43431 9559 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9559 5 In in IN 43431 9559 6 the the DT 43431 9559 7 skull skull NN 43431 9559 8 of of IN 43431 9559 9 Perissodactyles Perissodactyles NNP 43431 9559 10 an an DT 43431 9559 11 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9559 12 canal canal NN 43431 9559 13 is be VBZ 43431 9559 14 found find VBN 43431 9559 15 and and CC 43431 9559 16 the the DT 43431 9559 17 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9559 18 are be VBP 43431 9559 19 expanded expand VBN 43431 9559 20 behind behind RB 43431 9559 21 . . . 43431 9560 1 Among among IN 43431 9560 2 the the DT 43431 9560 3 living live VBG 43431 9560 4 animals animal NNS 43431 9560 5 belonging belong VBG 43431 9560 6 to to IN 43431 9560 7 this this DT 43431 9560 8 group group NN 43431 9560 9 the the DT 43431 9560 10 skull skull NN 43431 9560 11 least least RBS 43431 9560 12 modified modify VBN 43431 9560 13 from from IN 43431 9560 14 the the DT 43431 9560 15 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 9560 16 type type NN 43431 9560 17 is be VBZ 43431 9560 18 that that IN 43431 9560 19 in in IN 43431 9560 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9560 21 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 9560 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9560 23 . . . 43431 9561 1 In in IN 43431 9561 2 this this DT 43431 9561 3 form form NN 43431 9561 4 the the DT 43431 9561 5 skull skull NN 43431 9561 6 is be VBZ 43431 9561 7 considerably considerably RB 43431 9561 8 elongated elongate VBN 43431 9561 9 , , , 43431 9561 10 the the DT 43431 9561 11 facial facial JJ 43431 9561 12 portion portion NN 43431 9561 13 being be VBG 43431 9561 14 very very RB 43431 9561 15 large large JJ 43431 9561 16 . . . 43431 9562 1 The the DT 43431 9562 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9562 3 region region NN 43431 9562 4 is be VBZ 43431 9562 5 elevated elevate VBN 43431 9562 6 , , , 43431 9562 7 but but CC 43431 9562 8 the the DT 43431 9562 9 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9562 10 cavity cavity NN 43431 9562 11 is be VBZ 43431 9562 12 small small JJ 43431 9562 13 , , , 43431 9562 14 the the DT 43431 9562 15 boundary boundary JJ 43431 9562 16 line line NN 43431 9562 17 between between IN 43431 9562 18 the the DT 43431 9562 19 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9562 20 and and CC 43431 9562 21 parietal parietal JJ 43431 9562 22 regions region NNS 43431 9562 23 being be VBG 43431 9562 24 drawn draw VBN 43431 9562 25 out out RP 43431 9562 26 into into IN 43431 9562 27 a a DT 43431 9562 28 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9562 29 crest crest NN 43431 9562 30 , , , 43431 9562 31 which which WDT 43431 9562 32 is be VBZ 43431 9562 33 occupied occupy VBN 43431 9562 34 by by IN 43431 9562 35 air air NN 43431 9562 36 cells cell NNS 43431 9562 37 . . . 43431 9563 1 There there EX 43431 9563 2 is be VBZ 43431 9563 3 no no DT 43431 9563 4 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9563 5 process process NN 43431 9563 6 to to IN 43431 9563 7 the the DT 43431 9563 8 frontal frontal NN 43431 9563 9 , , , 43431 9563 10 and and CC 43431 9563 11 the the DT 43431 9563 12 orbit orbit NN 43431 9563 13 is be VBZ 43431 9563 14 completely completely RB 43431 9563 15 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9563 16 with with IN 43431 9563 17 the the DT 43431 9563 18 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9563 19 fossa fossa NN 43431 9563 20 . . . 43431 9564 1 The the DT 43431 9564 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9564 3 are be VBP 43431 9564 4 fused fuse VBN 43431 9564 5 together together RB 43431 9564 6 and and CC 43431 9564 7 are be VBP 43431 9564 8 very very RB 43431 9564 9 strongly strongly RB 43431 9564 10 developed developed JJ 43431 9564 11 , , , 43431 9564 12 extending extend VBG 43431 9564 13 far far RB 43431 9564 14 forwards forwards RB 43431 9564 15 , , , 43431 9564 16 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9564 17 considerably considerably RB 43431 9564 18 beyond beyond IN 43431 9564 19 the the DT 43431 9564 20 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9564 21 . . . 43431 9565 1 In in IN 43431 9565 2 some some DT 43431 9565 3 extinct extinct JJ 43431 9565 4 species specie NNS 43431 9565 5 , , , 43431 9565 6 such such JJ 43431 9565 7 as as IN 43431 9565 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9565 9 Elasmotherium Elasmotherium NNP 43431 9565 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9565 11 and and CC 43431 9565 12 the the DT 43431 9565 13 Tichorhine Tichorhine NNP 43431 9565 14 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 9565 15 , , , 43431 9565 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9565 17 R. R. NNP 43431 9566 1 antiquitatis antiquitatis NNP 43431 9566 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9566 3 , , , 43431 9566 4 the the DT 43431 9566 5 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 9566 6 is be VBZ 43431 9566 7 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9566 8 as as IN 43431 9566 9 far far RB 43431 9566 10 forwards forwards RB 43431 9566 11 as as IN 43431 9566 12 the the DT 43431 9566 13 end end NN 43431 9566 14 of of IN 43431 9566 15 the the DT 43431 9566 16 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9566 17 . . . 43431 9567 1 The the DT 43431 9567 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9567 3 are be VBP 43431 9567 4 arched arch VBN 43431 9567 5 and and CC 43431 9567 6 bear bear VB 43431 9567 7 one one CD 43431 9567 8 or or CC 43431 9567 9 two two CD 43431 9567 10 roughened roughen VBN 43431 9567 11 surfaces surface NNS 43431 9567 12 to to IN 43431 9567 13 which which WDT 43431 9567 14 the the DT 43431 9567 15 great great JJ 43431 9567 16 nasal nasal NN 43431 9567 17 horns horn NNS 43431 9567 18 are be VBP 43431 9567 19 attached attach VBN 43431 9567 20 . . . 43431 9568 1 The the DT 43431 9568 2 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 9568 3 are be VBP 43431 9568 4 very very RB 43431 9568 5 small small JJ 43431 9568 6 and and CC 43431 9568 7 the the DT 43431 9568 8 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 9568 9 are be VBP 43431 9568 10 slender slend JJR 43431 9568 11 . . . 43431 9569 1 The the DT 43431 9569 2 palate palate NN 43431 9569 3 is be VBZ 43431 9569 4 long long JJ 43431 9569 5 , , , 43431 9569 6 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9569 7 , , , 43431 9569 8 and and CC 43431 9569 9 deeply deeply RB 43431 9569 10 excavated excavate VBD 43431 9569 11 behind behind RB 43431 9569 12 . . . 43431 9570 1 The the DT 43431 9570 2 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9570 3 process process NN 43431 9570 4 of of IN 43431 9570 5 the the DT 43431 9570 6 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9570 7 is be VBZ 43431 9570 8 well well RB 43431 9570 9 developed developed JJ 43431 9570 10 , , , 43431 9570 11 and and CC 43431 9570 12 generally generally RB 43431 9570 13 longer long JJR 43431 9570 14 than than IN 43431 9570 15 the the DT 43431 9570 16 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9570 17 process process NN 43431 9570 18 of of IN 43431 9570 19 the the DT 43431 9570 20 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 9570 21 . . . 43431 9571 1 The the DT 43431 9571 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9571 3 and and CC 43431 9571 4 periotic periotic JJ 43431 9571 5 are be VBP 43431 9571 6 both both RB 43431 9571 7 small small JJ 43431 9571 8 and and CC 43431 9571 9 are be VBP 43431 9571 10 fused fuse VBN 43431 9571 11 together together RB 43431 9571 12 . . . 43431 9572 1 The the DT 43431 9572 2 condyle condyle NN 43431 9572 3 of of IN 43431 9572 4 the the DT 43431 9572 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 9572 6 is be VBZ 43431 9572 7 very very RB 43431 9572 8 wide wide JJ 43431 9572 9 , , , 43431 9572 10 the the DT 43431 9572 11 angle angle NN 43431 9572 12 rounded round VBD 43431 9572 13 , , , 43431 9572 14 and and CC 43431 9572 15 the the DT 43431 9572 16 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9572 17 process process NN 43431 9572 18 moderately moderately RB 43431 9572 19 developed develop VBD 43431 9572 20 . . . 43431 9573 1 In in IN 43431 9573 2 the the DT 43431 9573 3 Titanotheriidae Titanotheriidae NNP 43431 9573 4 , , , 43431 9573 5 a a DT 43431 9573 6 family family NN 43431 9573 7 of of IN 43431 9573 8 extinct extinct JJ 43431 9573 9 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNP 43431 9573 10 from from IN 43431 9573 11 the the DT 43431 9573 12 Miocene Miocene NNP 43431 9573 13 of of IN 43431 9573 14 North North NNP 43431 9573 15 America America NNP 43431 9573 16 , , , 43431 9573 17 the the DT 43431 9573 18 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9573 19 region region NN 43431 9573 20 is be VBZ 43431 9573 21 much much RB 43431 9573 22 elevated elevate VBN 43431 9573 23 , , , 43431 9573 24 as as IN 43431 9573 25 is be VBZ 43431 9573 26 also also RB 43431 9573 27 the the DT 43431 9573 28 fronto fronto NNS 43431 9573 29 - - HYPH 43431 9573 30 nasal nasal NN 43431 9573 31 region region NN 43431 9573 32 , , , 43431 9573 33 the the DT 43431 9573 34 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9573 35 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9573 36 perhaps perhaps RB 43431 9573 37 only only RB 43431 9573 38 in in IN 43431 9573 39 the the DT 43431 9573 40 male male NN 43431 9573 41 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9573 42 bearing bear VBG 43431 9573 43 a a DT 43431 9573 44 pair pair NN 43431 9573 45 of of IN 43431 9573 46 blunt blunt JJ 43431 9573 47 bony bony NN 43431 9573 48 outgrowths outgrowth NNS 43431 9573 49 . . . 43431 9574 1 Between between IN 43431 9574 2 these these DT 43431 9574 3 two two CD 43431 9574 4 elevated elevated JJ 43431 9574 5 regions region NNS 43431 9574 6 the the DT 43431 9574 7 skull skull NN 43431 9574 8 is be VBZ 43431 9574 9 much much RB 43431 9574 10 depressed depressed JJ 43431 9574 11 . . . 43431 9575 1 The the DT 43431 9575 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9575 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9575 4 is be VBZ 43431 9575 5 very very RB 43431 9575 6 small small JJ 43431 9575 7 , , , 43431 9575 8 the the DT 43431 9575 9 orbit orbit NN 43431 9575 10 confluent confluent NN 43431 9575 11 with with IN 43431 9575 12 the the DT 43431 9575 13 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9575 14 fossa fossa NN 43431 9575 15 , , , 43431 9575 16 and and CC 43431 9575 17 the the DT 43431 9575 18 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9575 19 arch arch NN 43431 9575 20 massive massive NN 43431 9575 21 . . . 43431 9576 1 In in IN 43431 9576 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9576 3 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 9576 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9576 5 the the DT 43431 9576 6 orbit orbit NN 43431 9576 7 and and CC 43431 9576 8 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9576 9 fossa fossa NN 43431 9576 10 are be VBP 43431 9576 11 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9576 12 . . . 43431 9577 1 The the DT 43431 9577 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9577 3 are be VBP 43431 9577 4 small small JJ 43431 9577 5 , , , 43431 9577 6 wide wide JJ 43431 9577 7 behind behind RB 43431 9577 8 and and CC 43431 9577 9 pointed point VBN 43431 9577 10 in in IN 43431 9577 11 front front NN 43431 9577 12 , , , 43431 9577 13 and and CC 43431 9577 14 are be VBP 43431 9577 15 supported support VBN 43431 9577 16 by by IN 43431 9577 17 the the DT 43431 9577 18 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 9577 19 ; ; : 43431 9577 20 the the DT 43431 9577 21 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9577 22 nares naris NNS 43431 9577 23 are be VBP 43431 9577 24 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 9577 25 large large JJ 43431 9577 26 and and CC 43431 9577 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9577 28 lateral lateral JJ 43431 9577 29 boundaries boundary NNS 43431 9577 30 are be VBP 43431 9577 31 entirely entirely RB 43431 9577 32 formed form VBN 43431 9577 33 by by IN 43431 9577 34 the the DT 43431 9577 35 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9577 36 . . . 43431 9578 1 The the DT 43431 9578 2 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9578 3 and and CC 43431 9578 4 post post JJ 43431 9578 5 - - JJ 43431 9578 6 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9578 7 processes process NNS 43431 9578 8 of of IN 43431 9578 9 the the DT 43431 9578 10 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9578 11 are be VBP 43431 9578 12 large large JJ 43431 9578 13 . . . 43431 9579 1 The the DT 43431 9579 2 periotic periotic NN 43431 9579 3 is be VBZ 43431 9579 4 not not RB 43431 9579 5 fused fuse VBN 43431 9579 6 to to IN 43431 9579 7 the the DT 43431 9579 8 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9579 9 or or CC 43431 9579 10 to to IN 43431 9579 11 the the DT 43431 9579 12 small small JJ 43431 9579 13 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9579 14 . . . 43431 9580 1 The the DT 43431 9580 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9580 3 is be VBZ 43431 9580 4 large large JJ 43431 9580 5 and and CC 43431 9580 6 has have VBZ 43431 9580 7 the the DT 43431 9580 8 angle angle NN 43431 9580 9 much much RB 43431 9580 10 developed developed JJ 43431 9580 11 and and CC 43431 9580 12 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 9580 13 inflected inflected JJ 43431 9580 14 . . . 43431 9581 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9581 2 Palaeotherium Palaeotherium NNP 43431 9581 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9581 4 , , , 43431 9581 5 which which WDT 43431 9581 6 lived live VBD 43431 9581 7 in in IN 43431 9581 8 early early JJ 43431 9581 9 Tertiary Tertiary NNP 43431 9581 10 times time NNS 43431 9581 11 , , , 43431 9581 12 has have VBZ 43431 9581 13 a a DT 43431 9581 14 skull skull NN 43431 9581 15 much much RB 43431 9581 16 like like IN 43431 9581 17 that that DT 43431 9581 18 of of IN 43431 9581 19 the the DT 43431 9581 20 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 9581 21 , , , 43431 9581 22 especially especially RB 43431 9581 23 as as IN 43431 9581 24 regards regard VBZ 43431 9581 25 the the DT 43431 9581 26 nasal nasal NN 43431 9581 27 bones bone NNS 43431 9581 28 . . . 43431 9582 1 In in IN 43431 9582 2 the the DT 43431 9582 3 Horse Horse NNP 43431 9582 4 and and CC 43431 9582 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9582 6 allies ally NNS 43431 9582 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9582 8 Equidae equidae NN 43431 9582 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9582 10 the the DT 43431 9582 11 facial facial JJ 43431 9582 12 portion portion NN 43431 9582 13 of of IN 43431 9582 14 the the DT 43431 9582 15 skull skull NN 43431 9582 16 is be VBZ 43431 9582 17 very very RB 43431 9582 18 large large JJ 43431 9582 19 as as IN 43431 9582 20 compared compare VBN 43431 9582 21 with with IN 43431 9582 22 the the DT 43431 9582 23 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9582 24 portion portion NN 43431 9582 25 , , , 43431 9582 26 the the DT 43431 9582 27 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9582 28 and and CC 43431 9582 29 nasal nasal NN 43431 9582 30 cavities cavity NNS 43431 9582 31 being be VBG 43431 9582 32 specially specially RB 43431 9582 33 large large JJ 43431 9582 34 . . . 43431 9583 1 In in IN 43431 9583 2 the the DT 43431 9583 3 living live VBG 43431 9583 4 species specie NNS 43431 9583 5 of of IN 43431 9583 6 the the DT 43431 9583 7 genus genus NNP 43431 9583 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9583 9 Equus Equus NNP 43431 9583 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9583 11 there there EX 43431 9583 12 is be VBZ 43431 9583 13 no no DT 43431 9583 14 fossa fossa NN 43431 9583 15 between between IN 43431 9583 16 the the DT 43431 9583 17 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9583 18 and and CC 43431 9583 19 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 9583 20 , , , 43431 9583 21 but but CC 43431 9583 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9583 23 occurs occur VBZ 43431 9583 24 in in IN 43431 9583 25 some some DT 43431 9583 26 extinct extinct JJ 43431 9583 27 species specie NNS 43431 9583 28 . . . 43431 9584 1 The the DT 43431 9584 2 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9584 3 and and CC 43431 9584 4 jugal jugal NN 43431 9584 5 form form NN 43431 9584 6 a a DT 43431 9584 7 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9584 8 part part NN 43431 9584 9 of of IN 43431 9584 10 the the DT 43431 9584 11 side side NN 43431 9584 12 of of IN 43431 9584 13 the the DT 43431 9584 14 face face NN 43431 9584 15 ; ; : 43431 9584 16 and and CC 43431 9584 17 the the DT 43431 9584 18 orbit orbit NN 43431 9584 19 though though IN 43431 9584 20 small small JJ 43431 9584 21 is be VBZ 43431 9584 22 complete complete JJ 43431 9584 23 and and CC 43431 9584 24 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9584 25 . . . 43431 9585 1 The the DT 43431 9585 2 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9585 3 bar bar NN 43431 9585 4 is be VBZ 43431 9585 5 formed form VBN 43431 9585 6 by by IN 43431 9585 7 a a DT 43431 9585 8 strong strong JJ 43431 9585 9 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 9585 10 from from IN 43431 9585 11 the the DT 43431 9585 12 frontal frontal NN 43431 9585 13 , , , 43431 9585 14 which which WDT 43431 9585 15 unites unite VBZ 43431 9585 16 with with IN 43431 9585 17 a a DT 43431 9585 18 forward forward JJ 43431 9585 19 extension extension NN 43431 9585 20 of of IN 43431 9585 21 the the DT 43431 9585 22 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9585 23 . . . 43431 9586 1 The the DT 43431 9586 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9586 3 may may MD 43431 9586 4 extend extend VB 43431 9586 5 forwards forward NNS 43431 9586 6 and and CC 43431 9586 7 form form VBP 43431 9586 8 part part NN 43431 9586 9 of of IN 43431 9586 10 the the DT 43431 9586 11 wall wall NN 43431 9586 12 of of IN 43431 9586 13 the the DT 43431 9586 14 orbit orbit NN 43431 9586 15 , , , 43431 9586 16 a a DT 43431 9586 17 very very RB 43431 9586 18 unusual unusual JJ 43431 9586 19 feature feature NN 43431 9586 20 , , , 43431 9586 21 as as IN 43431 9586 22 in in IN 43431 9586 23 most most JJS 43431 9586 24 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9586 25 the the DT 43431 9586 26 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9586 27 stops stop VBZ 43431 9586 28 before before IN 43431 9586 29 the the DT 43431 9586 30 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9586 31 bar bar NN 43431 9586 32 . . . 43431 9587 1 The the DT 43431 9587 2 palate palate NN 43431 9587 3 is be VBZ 43431 9587 4 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9587 5 and and CC 43431 9587 6 excavated excavate VBN 43431 9587 7 behind behind RB 43431 9587 8 as as IN 43431 9587 9 in in IN 43431 9587 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9587 11 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 9587 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9587 13 ; ; : 43431 9587 14 the the DT 43431 9587 15 palatines palatine NNS 43431 9587 16 take take VBP 43431 9587 17 very very RB 43431 9587 18 little little JJ 43431 9587 19 part part NN 43431 9587 20 in in IN 43431 9587 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9587 22 formation formation NN 43431 9587 23 . . . 43431 9588 1 The the DT 43431 9588 2 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 9588 3 surface surface NN 43431 9588 4 for for IN 43431 9588 5 the the DT 43431 9588 6 articulation articulation NN 43431 9588 7 of of IN 43431 9588 8 the the DT 43431 9588 9 mandible mandible NN 43431 9588 10 is be VBZ 43431 9588 11 very very RB 43431 9588 12 wide wide JJ 43431 9588 13 . . . 43431 9589 1 The the DT 43431 9589 2 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9589 3 gives give VBZ 43431 9589 4 rise rise NN 43431 9589 5 to to IN 43431 9589 6 small small JJ 43431 9589 7 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9589 8 and and CC 43431 9589 9 post post JJ 43431 9589 10 - - JJ 43431 9589 11 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9589 12 processes process NNS 43431 9589 13 , , , 43431 9589 14 and and CC 43431 9589 15 the the DT 43431 9589 16 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 9589 17 to to IN 43431 9589 18 a a DT 43431 9589 19 large large JJ 43431 9589 20 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9589 21 process process NN 43431 9589 22 . . . 43431 9590 1 The the DT 43431 9590 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9590 3 and and CC 43431 9590 4 periotic periotic NN 43431 9590 5 are be VBP 43431 9590 6 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 9590 7 together together RB 43431 9590 8 , , , 43431 9590 9 but but CC 43431 9590 10 not not RB 43431 9590 11 to to IN 43431 9590 12 any any DT 43431 9590 13 other other JJ 43431 9590 14 bones bone NNS 43431 9590 15 . . . 43431 9591 1 In in IN 43431 9591 2 the the DT 43431 9591 3 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 9591 4 , , , 43431 9591 5 the the DT 43431 9591 6 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9591 7 and and CC 43431 9591 8 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9591 9 do do VBP 43431 9591 10 not not RB 43431 9591 11 form form VB 43431 9591 12 any any DT 43431 9591 13 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9591 14 part part NN 43431 9591 15 of of IN 43431 9591 16 the the DT 43431 9591 17 side side NN 43431 9591 18 of of IN 43431 9591 19 the the DT 43431 9591 20 face face NN 43431 9591 21 , , , 43431 9591 22 and and CC 43431 9591 23 the the DT 43431 9591 24 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9591 25 commonly commonly RB 43431 9591 26 takes take VBZ 43431 9591 27 part part NN 43431 9591 28 in in IN 43431 9591 29 the the DT 43431 9591 30 formation formation NN 43431 9591 31 of of IN 43431 9591 32 the the DT 43431 9591 33 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9591 34 arch arch NN 43431 9591 35 . . . 43431 9592 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9592 2 TOXODONTIA TOXODONTIA NNP 43431 9592 3 . . . 43431 9592 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9592 5 The the DT 43431 9592 6 skull skull NN 43431 9592 7 in in IN 43431 9592 8 the the DT 43431 9592 9 Toxodontia Toxodontia NNP 43431 9592 10 shows show VBZ 43431 9592 11 several several JJ 43431 9592 12 Artiodactyloid Artiodactyloid NNP 43431 9592 13 features feature NNS 43431 9592 14 , , , 43431 9592 15 while while IN 43431 9592 16 the the DT 43431 9592 17 manus manus NN 43431 9592 18 and and CC 43431 9592 19 pes pes NN 43431 9592 20 are be VBP 43431 9592 21 of of IN 43431 9592 22 a a DT 43431 9592 23 more more RBR 43431 9592 24 Perissodactyloid Perissodactyloid NNP 43431 9592 25 type type NN 43431 9592 26 . . . 43431 9593 1 The the DT 43431 9593 2 Artiodactyloid Artiodactyloid NNP 43431 9593 3 features feature NNS 43431 9593 4 are be VBP 43431 9593 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9593 6 1 1 LS 43431 9593 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9593 8 the the DT 43431 9593 9 absence absence NN 43431 9593 10 of of IN 43431 9593 11 an an DT 43431 9593 12 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9593 13 canal canal NN 43431 9593 14 , , , 43431 9593 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9593 16 2 2 LS 43431 9593 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9593 18 the the DT 43431 9593 19 fact fact NN 43431 9593 20 that that IN 43431 9593 21 the the DT 43431 9593 22 palate palate NN 43431 9593 23 is be VBZ 43431 9593 24 not not RB 43431 9593 25 excavated excavate VBN 43431 9593 26 behind behind RB 43431 9593 27 , , , 43431 9593 28 and and CC 43431 9593 29 that that IN 43431 9593 30 the the DT 43431 9593 31 palatines palatine NNS 43431 9593 32 form form VBP 43431 9593 33 a a DT 43431 9593 34 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9593 35 part part NN 43431 9593 36 of of IN 43431 9593 37 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9593 38 , , , 43431 9593 39 and and CC 43431 9593 40 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9593 41 3 3 LS 43431 9593 42 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9593 43 the the DT 43431 9593 44 fusion fusion NN 43431 9593 45 of of IN 43431 9593 46 the the DT 43431 9593 47 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9593 48 to to IN 43431 9593 49 the the DT 43431 9593 50 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9593 51 and and CC 43431 9593 52 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 9593 53 , , , 43431 9593 54 forming form VBG 43431 9593 55 the the DT 43431 9593 56 floor floor NN 43431 9593 57 of of IN 43431 9593 58 an an DT 43431 9593 59 upwardly upwardly RB 43431 9593 60 directed direct VBN 43431 9593 61 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9593 62 meatus meatus NNP 43431 9593 63 . . . 43431 9594 1 The the DT 43431 9594 2 frontal frontal NN 43431 9594 3 has have VBZ 43431 9594 4 a a DT 43431 9594 5 fairly fairly RB 43431 9594 6 well well RB 43431 9594 7 developed develop VBN 43431 9594 8 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9594 9 process process NN 43431 9594 10 , , , 43431 9594 11 but but CC 43431 9594 12 the the DT 43431 9594 13 orbit orbit NN 43431 9594 14 is be VBZ 43431 9594 15 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9594 16 with with IN 43431 9594 17 the the DT 43431 9594 18 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9594 19 fossa fossa NN 43431 9594 20 . . . 43431 9595 1 The the DT 43431 9595 2 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9595 3 is be VBZ 43431 9595 4 well well RB 43431 9595 5 developed developed JJ 43431 9595 6 , , , 43431 9595 7 as as IN 43431 9595 8 is be VBZ 43431 9595 9 the the DT 43431 9595 10 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9595 11 process process NN 43431 9595 12 of of IN 43431 9595 13 the the DT 43431 9595 14 exoccipital exoccipital JJ 43431 9595 15 , , , 43431 9595 16 especially especially RB 43431 9595 17 in in IN 43431 9595 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9595 19 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 9595 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9595 21 . . . 43431 9596 1 The the DT 43431 9596 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9596 3 has have VBZ 43431 9596 4 a a DT 43431 9596 5 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9596 6 angle angle NN 43431 9596 7 and and CC 43431 9596 8 a a DT 43431 9596 9 coronoid coronoid JJ 43431 9596 10 process process NN 43431 9596 11 of of IN 43431 9596 12 moderate moderate JJ 43431 9596 13 size size NN 43431 9596 14 . . . 43431 9597 1 In in IN 43431 9597 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9597 3 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 9597 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9597 5 the the DT 43431 9597 6 ascending ascend VBG 43431 9597 7 portion portion NN 43431 9597 8 is be VBZ 43431 9597 9 very very RB 43431 9597 10 massive massive JJ 43431 9597 11 . . . 43431 9598 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9598 2 CONDYLARTHRA CONDYLARTHRA NNP 43431 9598 3 . . . 43431 9598 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9598 5 As as RB 43431 9598 6 far far RB 43431 9598 7 as as IN 43431 9598 8 is be VBZ 43431 9598 9 known know VBN 43431 9598 10 the the DT 43431 9598 11 skull skull NN 43431 9598 12 of of IN 43431 9598 13 these these DT 43431 9598 14 generalised generalise VBN 43431 9598 15 Ungulates Ungulates NNP 43431 9598 16 is be VBZ 43431 9598 17 depressed depressed JJ 43431 9598 18 , , , 43431 9598 19 and and CC 43431 9598 20 is be VBZ 43431 9598 21 frequently frequently RB 43431 9598 22 marked mark VBN 43431 9598 23 by by IN 43431 9598 24 a a DT 43431 9598 25 strong strong JJ 43431 9598 26 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 9598 27 crest crest NN 43431 9598 28 . . . 43431 9599 1 The the DT 43431 9599 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9599 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9599 4 is be VBZ 43431 9599 5 small small JJ 43431 9599 6 , , , 43431 9599 7 the the DT 43431 9599 8 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 9599 9 fossa fossa NN 43431 9599 10 in in IN 43431 9599 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9599 12 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 9599 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9599 14 being be VBG 43431 9599 15 exceptionally exceptionally RB 43431 9599 16 small small JJ 43431 9599 17 . . . 43431 9600 1 The the DT 43431 9600 2 orbit orbit NN 43431 9600 3 is be VBZ 43431 9600 4 completely completely RB 43431 9600 5 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9600 6 with with IN 43431 9600 7 the the DT 43431 9600 8 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9600 9 fossa fossa NN 43431 9600 10 . . . 43431 9601 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9601 2 HYRACOIDEA HYRACOIDEA NNP 43431 9601 3 . . . 43431 9601 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9601 5 The the DT 43431 9601 6 skull skull NN 43431 9601 7 of of IN 43431 9601 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9601 9 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 9601 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9601 11 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 9601 12 that that IN 43431 9601 13 of of IN 43431 9601 14 Perissodactyles perissodactyle NNS 43431 9601 15 more more JJR 43431 9601 16 than than IN 43431 9601 17 that that DT 43431 9601 18 of of IN 43431 9601 19 any any DT 43431 9601 20 other other JJ 43431 9601 21 Ungulates Ungulates NNPS 43431 9601 22 , , , 43431 9601 23 but but CC 43431 9601 24 differs differ VBZ 43431 9601 25 strongly strongly RB 43431 9601 26 in in IN 43431 9601 27 the the DT 43431 9601 28 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 9601 29 small small JJ 43431 9601 30 size size NN 43431 9601 31 of of IN 43431 9601 32 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9601 33 facial facial JJ 43431 9601 34 portion portion NN 43431 9601 35 . . . 43431 9602 1 The the DT 43431 9602 2 posterior posterior NN 43431 9602 3 portion portion NN 43431 9602 4 of of IN 43431 9602 5 the the DT 43431 9602 6 cranium cranium NN 43431 9602 7 is be VBZ 43431 9602 8 rather rather RB 43431 9602 9 high high JJ 43431 9602 10 , , , 43431 9602 11 the the DT 43431 9602 12 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9602 13 plane plane NN 43431 9602 14 being be VBG 43431 9602 15 nearly nearly RB 43431 9602 16 vertical vertical JJ 43431 9602 17 . . . 43431 9603 1 There there EX 43431 9603 2 is be VBZ 43431 9603 3 a a DT 43431 9603 4 small small JJ 43431 9603 5 interparietal interparietal NN 43431 9603 6 . . . 43431 9604 1 The the DT 43431 9604 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9604 3 are be VBP 43431 9604 4 wide wide JJ 43431 9604 5 behind behind RB 43431 9604 6 , , , 43431 9604 7 and and CC 43431 9604 8 the the DT 43431 9604 9 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9604 10 arch arch NN 43431 9604 11 is be VBZ 43431 9604 12 strongly strongly RB 43431 9604 13 developed develop VBN 43431 9604 14 , , , 43431 9604 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9604 16 most most JJS 43431 9604 17 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9604 18 part part NN 43431 9604 19 being be VBG 43431 9604 20 formed form VBN 43431 9604 21 by by IN 43431 9604 22 the the DT 43431 9604 23 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9604 24 . . . 43431 9605 1 The the DT 43431 9605 2 jugal jugal JJ 43431 9605 3 and and CC 43431 9605 4 parietal parietal JJ 43431 9605 5 give give VBP 43431 9605 6 rise rise NN 43431 9605 7 to to IN 43431 9605 8 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9605 9 processes process NNS 43431 9605 10 which which WDT 43431 9605 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9605 12 meet meet VBP 43431 9605 13 , , , 43431 9605 14 but but CC 43431 9605 15 as as IN 43431 9605 16 a a DT 43431 9605 17 rule rule NN 43431 9605 18 the the DT 43431 9605 19 orbit orbit NN 43431 9605 20 is be VBZ 43431 9605 21 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9605 22 with with IN 43431 9605 23 the the DT 43431 9605 24 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9605 25 fossa fossa NN 43431 9605 26 ; ; : 43431 9605 27 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9605 28 is be VBZ 43431 9605 29 very very RB 43431 9605 30 uncommon uncommon JJ 43431 9605 31 for for IN 43431 9605 32 the the DT 43431 9605 33 parietal parietal NN 43431 9605 34 to to TO 43431 9605 35 give give VB 43431 9605 36 rise rise NN 43431 9605 37 to to IN 43431 9605 38 a a DT 43431 9605 39 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9605 40 process process NN 43431 9605 41 , , , 43431 9605 42 and and CC 43431 9605 43 even even RB 43431 9605 44 in in IN 43431 9605 45 _ _ NNP 43431 9605 46 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 9605 47 _ _ NNP 43431 9605 48 the the DT 43431 9605 49 frontal frontal NN 43431 9605 50 often often RB 43431 9605 51 forms form VBZ 43431 9605 52 part part NN 43431 9605 53 of of IN 43431 9605 54 the the DT 43431 9605 55 process process NN 43431 9605 56 . . . 43431 9606 1 The the DT 43431 9606 2 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9606 3 canal canal NN 43431 9606 4 , , , 43431 9606 5 and and CC 43431 9606 6 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9606 7 and and CC 43431 9606 8 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9606 9 processes process NNS 43431 9606 10 are be VBP 43431 9606 11 well well RB 43431 9606 12 developed developed JJ 43431 9606 13 . . . 43431 9607 1 The the DT 43431 9607 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9607 3 bulla bulla NN 43431 9607 4 is be VBZ 43431 9607 5 large large JJ 43431 9607 6 and and CC 43431 9607 7 the the DT 43431 9607 8 periotic periotic JJ 43431 9607 9 and and CC 43431 9607 10 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9607 11 are be VBP 43431 9607 12 fused fuse VBN 43431 9607 13 together together RB 43431 9607 14 , , , 43431 9607 15 but but CC 43431 9607 16 not not RB 43431 9607 17 as as IN 43431 9607 18 a a DT 43431 9607 19 rule rule NN 43431 9607 20 to to IN 43431 9607 21 the the DT 43431 9607 22 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9607 23 . . . 43431 9608 1 The the DT 43431 9608 2 ascending ascend VBG 43431 9608 3 portion portion NN 43431 9608 4 of of IN 43431 9608 5 the the DT 43431 9608 6 mandible mandible NN 43431 9608 7 is be VBZ 43431 9608 8 very very RB 43431 9608 9 high high JJ 43431 9608 10 and and CC 43431 9608 11 broad broad JJ 43431 9608 12 , , , 43431 9608 13 the the DT 43431 9608 14 angle angle NN 43431 9608 15 rounded round VBD 43431 9608 16 and and CC 43431 9608 17 the the DT 43431 9608 18 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9608 19 process process NN 43431 9608 20 moderate moderate JJ 43431 9608 21 in in IN 43431 9608 22 size size NN 43431 9608 23 . . . 43431 9609 1 The the DT 43431 9609 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9609 3 is be VBZ 43431 9609 4 singular singular JJ 43431 9609 5 , , , 43431 9609 6 there there EX 43431 9609 7 is be VBZ 43431 9609 8 a a DT 43431 9609 9 large large JJ 43431 9609 10 flat flat JJ 43431 9609 11 basi basi NN 43431 9609 12 - - HYPH 43431 9609 13 hyal hyal JJ 43431 9609 14 prolonged prolonged NN 43431 9609 15 laterally laterally RB 43431 9609 16 into into IN 43431 9609 17 two two CD 43431 9609 18 broad broad JJ 43431 9609 19 flattened flatten VBN 43431 9609 20 thyro thyro NN 43431 9609 21 - - HYPH 43431 9609 22 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9609 23 . . . 43431 9610 1 Articulating articulate VBG 43431 9610 2 with with IN 43431 9610 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9610 4 anterior anterior NN 43431 9610 5 end end NN 43431 9610 6 are be VBP 43431 9610 7 two two CD 43431 9610 8 large large JJ 43431 9610 9 triangular triangular JJ 43431 9610 10 cerato cerato NN 43431 9610 11 - - HYPH 43431 9610 12 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9610 13 , , , 43431 9610 14 which which WDT 43431 9610 15 are be VBP 43431 9610 16 drawn draw VBN 43431 9610 17 out out RP 43431 9610 18 into into IN 43431 9610 19 two two CD 43431 9610 20 processes process NNS 43431 9610 21 meeting meeting NN 43431 9610 22 in in IN 43431 9610 23 the the DT 43431 9610 24 middle middle JJ 43431 9610 25 line line NN 43431 9610 26 . . . 43431 9611 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9611 2 AMBLYPODA AMBLYPODA NNP 43431 9611 3 . . . 43431 9611 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9611 5 In in IN 43431 9611 6 the the DT 43431 9611 7 Uintatheriidae Uintatheriidae NNP 43431 9611 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9611 9 Dinocerata Dinocerata NNP 43431 9611 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9611 11 the the DT 43431 9611 12 skull skull NN 43431 9611 13 has have VBZ 43431 9611 14 a a DT 43431 9611 15 very very RB 43431 9611 16 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 9611 17 character character NN 43431 9611 18 , , , 43431 9611 19 being be VBG 43431 9611 20 long long JJ 43431 9611 21 and and CC 43431 9611 22 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9611 23 and and CC 43431 9611 24 drawn draw VBN 43431 9611 25 out out RP 43431 9611 26 into into IN 43431 9611 27 three three CD 43431 9611 28 pairs pair NNS 43431 9611 29 of of IN 43431 9611 30 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9611 31 protuberances protuberance NNS 43431 9611 32 , , , 43431 9611 33 a a DT 43431 9611 34 small small JJ 43431 9611 35 pair pair NN 43431 9611 36 on on IN 43431 9611 37 the the DT 43431 9611 38 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9611 39 , , , 43431 9611 40 a a DT 43431 9611 41 larger large JJR 43431 9611 42 pair pair NN 43431 9611 43 on on IN 43431 9611 44 the the DT 43431 9611 45 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9611 46 in in IN 43431 9611 47 front front NN 43431 9611 48 of of IN 43431 9611 49 the the DT 43431 9611 50 orbits orbit NNS 43431 9611 51 , , , 43431 9611 52 and and CC 43431 9611 53 the the DT 43431 9611 54 largest large JJS 43431 9611 55 pair pair NN 43431 9611 56 on on IN 43431 9611 57 the the DT 43431 9611 58 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9611 59 . . . 43431 9612 1 The the DT 43431 9612 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9612 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9612 4 , , , 43431 9612 5 and and CC 43431 9612 6 especially especially RB 43431 9612 7 the the DT 43431 9612 8 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 9612 9 fossa fossa NN 43431 9612 10 , , , 43431 9612 11 is be VBZ 43431 9612 12 extraordinarily extraordinarily RB 43431 9612 13 small small JJ 43431 9612 14 . . . 43431 9613 1 The the DT 43431 9613 2 orbit orbit NN 43431 9613 3 is be VBZ 43431 9613 4 not not RB 43431 9613 5 divided divide VBN 43431 9613 6 behind behind RB 43431 9613 7 from from IN 43431 9613 8 the the DT 43431 9613 9 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9613 10 fossa fossa NN 43431 9613 11 . . . 43431 9614 1 The the DT 43431 9614 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9614 3 has have VBZ 43431 9614 4 a a DT 43431 9614 5 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9614 6 angle angle NN 43431 9614 7 , , , 43431 9614 8 and and CC 43431 9614 9 a a DT 43431 9614 10 long long JJ 43431 9614 11 curved curved JJ 43431 9614 12 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9614 13 process process NN 43431 9614 14 ; ; : 43431 9614 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9614 16 symphysial symphysial JJ 43431 9614 17 portion portion NN 43431 9614 18 bears bear VBZ 43431 9614 19 a a DT 43431 9614 20 curious curious JJ 43431 9614 21 flattened flattened JJ 43431 9614 22 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 9614 23 to to TO 43431 9614 24 protect protect VB 43431 9614 25 the the DT 43431 9614 26 great great JJ 43431 9614 27 upper upper JJ 43431 9614 28 canines canine NNS 43431 9614 29 . . . 43431 9615 1 In in IN 43431 9615 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9615 3 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 9615 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9615 5 the the DT 43431 9615 6 skull skull NN 43431 9615 7 is be VBZ 43431 9615 8 of of IN 43431 9615 9 a a DT 43431 9615 10 more more RBR 43431 9615 11 normal normal JJ 43431 9615 12 character character NN 43431 9615 13 , , , 43431 9615 14 being be VBG 43431 9615 15 without without IN 43431 9615 16 the the DT 43431 9615 17 conspicuous conspicuous JJ 43431 9615 18 protuberances protuberance NNS 43431 9615 19 . . . 43431 9616 1 The the DT 43431 9616 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9616 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9616 4 though though IN 43431 9616 5 very very RB 43431 9616 6 small small JJ 43431 9616 7 is be VBZ 43431 9616 8 not not RB 43431 9616 9 so so RB 43431 9616 10 small small JJ 43431 9616 11 as as IN 43431 9616 12 in in IN 43431 9616 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9616 14 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 9616 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9616 16 . . . 43431 9617 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9617 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9617 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9617 4 . . . 43431 9618 1 96 96 CD 43431 9618 2 . . . 43431 9619 1 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 9619 2 OF of IN 43431 9619 3 A a DT 43431 9619 4 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 9619 5 INDIAN indian NN 43431 9619 6 ELEPHANT elephant NN 43431 9619 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9619 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9619 9 Elephas Elephas NNP 43431 9619 10 indicus indicus NNP 43431 9619 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9619 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9619 13 , , , 43431 9619 14 SEEN see VBN 43431 9619 15 FROM from IN 43431 9619 16 THE the DT 43431 9619 17 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 9619 18 SIDE SIDE NNP 43431 9619 19 , , , 43431 9619 20 THE the DT 43431 9619 21 ROOTS root NNS 43431 9619 22 OF of IN 43431 9619 23 THE the DT 43431 9619 24 TEETH tooth NNS 43431 9619 25 HAVE have VBP 43431 9619 26 BEEN be VBN 43431 9619 27 EXPOSED expose VBN 43431 9619 28 . . . 43431 9620 1 à à NNP 43431 9620 2 � � NNP 43431 9620 3 1/8 1/8 CD 43431 9620 4 . . . 43431 9621 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9621 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9621 3 . . . 43431 9622 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9622 2 . . . 43431 9622 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9623 1 1 1 LS 43431 9623 2 . . . 43431 9623 3 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 9623 4 . . . 43431 9624 1 2 2 LS 43431 9624 2 . . . 43431 9624 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 9624 4 . . . 43431 9625 1 3 3 LS 43431 9625 2 . . . 43431 9625 3 frontal frontal NN 43431 9625 4 . . . 43431 9626 1 4 4 LS 43431 9626 2 . . . 43431 9626 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9626 4 . . . 43431 9627 1 5 5 LS 43431 9627 2 . . . 43431 9627 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9627 4 . . . 43431 9628 1 6 6 LS 43431 9628 2 . . . 43431 9628 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9628 4 . . . 43431 9629 1 7 7 LS 43431 9629 2 . . . 43431 9629 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9629 4 . . . 43431 9630 1 9 9 LS 43431 9630 2 . . . 43431 9630 3 supra supra NNP 43431 9630 4 - - HYPH 43431 9630 5 occipital occipital NNP 43431 9630 6 . . . 43431 9631 1 13 13 CD 43431 9631 2 . . . 43431 9631 3 basi basi NN 43431 9631 4 - - HYPH 43431 9631 5 occipital occipital NN 43431 9631 6 . . . 43431 9632 1 14 14 CD 43431 9632 2 . . . 43431 9632 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9632 4 process process NN 43431 9632 5 of of IN 43431 9632 6 the the DT 43431 9632 7 frontal frontal NN 43431 9632 8 . . . 43431 9633 1 15 15 CD 43431 9633 2 . . . 43431 9633 3 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 9633 4 . . . 43431 9634 1 16 16 CD 43431 9634 2 . . . 43431 9634 3 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 9634 4 process process NN 43431 9634 5 of of IN 43431 9634 6 the the DT 43431 9634 7 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 9634 8 . . . 43431 9635 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9635 2 i i PRP 43431 9635 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9635 4 1 1 CD 43431 9635 5 . . . 43431 9635 6 incisor incisor NN 43431 9635 7 . . . 43431 9636 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9636 2 mm mm NNP 43431 9636 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9636 4 3 3 CD 43431 9636 5 . . . 43431 9636 6 , , , 43431 9636 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9636 8 mm mm NNP 43431 9636 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9636 10 4 4 CD 43431 9636 11 . . . 43431 9636 12 third third JJ 43431 9636 13 and and CC 43431 9636 14 fourth fourth JJ 43431 9636 15 milk milk NN 43431 9636 16 molars molar NNS 43431 9636 17 . . . 43431 9637 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9637 2 m m NNP 43431 9637 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9637 4 1 1 CD 43431 9637 5 . . . 43431 9637 6 first first NNP 43431 9637 7 molar molar NNP 43431 9637 8 . . . 43431 9637 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9638 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9638 2 PROBOSCIDEA PROBOSCIDEA NNP 43431 9638 3 . . . 43431 9638 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9638 5 The the DT 43431 9638 6 character character NN 43431 9638 7 of of IN 43431 9638 8 the the DT 43431 9638 9 skull skull NN 43431 9638 10 in in IN 43431 9638 11 the the DT 43431 9638 12 young young JJ 43431 9638 13 elephant elephant NN 43431 9638 14 differs differ VBZ 43431 9638 15 much much RB 43431 9638 16 from from IN 43431 9638 17 that that DT 43431 9638 18 in in IN 43431 9638 19 the the DT 43431 9638 20 old old JJ 43431 9638 21 animal animal NN 43431 9638 22 . . . 43431 9639 1 In in IN 43431 9639 2 very very RB 43431 9639 3 young young JJ 43431 9639 4 individuals individual NNS 43431 9639 5 the the DT 43431 9639 6 skull skull NN 43431 9639 7 is be VBZ 43431 9639 8 of of IN 43431 9639 9 a a DT 43431 9639 10 normal normal JJ 43431 9639 11 character character NN 43431 9639 12 , , , 43431 9639 13 and and CC 43431 9639 14 the the DT 43431 9639 15 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9639 16 cavity cavity NN 43431 9639 17 is be VBZ 43431 9639 18 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 9639 19 large large JJ 43431 9639 20 in in IN 43431 9639 21 proportion proportion NN 43431 9639 22 to to IN 43431 9639 23 the the DT 43431 9639 24 bulk bulk NN 43431 9639 25 of of IN 43431 9639 26 the the DT 43431 9639 27 skull skull NN 43431 9639 28 . . . 43431 9640 1 But but CC 43431 9640 2 as as IN 43431 9640 3 the the DT 43431 9640 4 animal animal NN 43431 9640 5 gets get VBZ 43431 9640 6 older old JJR 43431 9640 7 , , , 43431 9640 8 while while IN 43431 9640 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9640 10 brain brain NN 43431 9640 11 does do VBZ 43431 9640 12 not not RB 43431 9640 13 grow grow VB 43431 9640 14 much much JJ 43431 9640 15 , , , 43431 9640 16 the the DT 43431 9640 17 size size NN 43431 9640 18 of of IN 43431 9640 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9640 20 trunk trunk NN 43431 9640 21 and and CC 43431 9640 22 especially especially RB 43431 9640 23 of of IN 43431 9640 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9640 25 tusks tusks NN 43431 9640 26 increases increase VBZ 43431 9640 27 greatly greatly RB 43431 9640 28 ; ; : 43431 9640 29 and and CC 43431 9640 30 consequently consequently RB 43431 9640 31 the the DT 43431 9640 32 skull skull NN 43431 9640 33 wall wall NN 43431 9640 34 is be VBZ 43431 9640 35 required require VBN 43431 9640 36 to to TO 43431 9640 37 be be VB 43431 9640 38 of of IN 43431 9640 39 very very RB 43431 9640 40 great great JJ 43431 9640 41 superficial superficial JJ 43431 9640 42 extent extent NN 43431 9640 43 in in IN 43431 9640 44 order order NN 43431 9640 45 to to TO 43431 9640 46 afford afford VB 43431 9640 47 space space NN 43431 9640 48 for for IN 43431 9640 49 the the DT 43431 9640 50 attachment attachment NN 43431 9640 51 of of IN 43431 9640 52 the the DT 43431 9640 53 muscles muscle NNS 43431 9640 54 necessary necessary JJ 43431 9640 55 for for IN 43431 9640 56 the the DT 43431 9640 57 support support NN 43431 9640 58 of of IN 43431 9640 59 these these DT 43431 9640 60 heavy heavy JJ 43431 9640 61 weights weight NNS 43431 9640 62 . . . 43431 9641 1 This this DT 43431 9641 2 increase increase NN 43431 9641 3 in in IN 43431 9641 4 superficial superficial JJ 43431 9641 5 extent extent NN 43431 9641 6 is be VBZ 43431 9641 7 brought bring VBN 43431 9641 8 about about RP 43431 9641 9 without without IN 43431 9641 10 much much JJ 43431 9641 11 increase increase NN 43431 9641 12 in in IN 43431 9641 13 weight weight NN 43431 9641 14 of of IN 43431 9641 15 bone bone NN 43431 9641 16 by by IN 43431 9641 17 the the DT 43431 9641 18 development development NN 43431 9641 19 of of IN 43431 9641 20 an an DT 43431 9641 21 enormous enormous JJ 43431 9641 22 number number NN 43431 9641 23 of of IN 43431 9641 24 air air NN 43431 9641 25 cells cell NNS 43431 9641 26 in in IN 43431 9641 27 nearly nearly RB 43431 9641 28 all all PDT 43431 9641 29 the the DT 43431 9641 30 bones bone NNS 43431 9641 31 of of IN 43431 9641 32 the the DT 43431 9641 33 skull skull NN 43431 9641 34 ; ; : 43431 9641 35 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9641 36 , , , 43431 9641 37 as as IN 43431 9641 38 in in IN 43431 9641 39 the the DT 43431 9641 40 case case NN 43431 9641 41 of of IN 43431 9641 42 the the DT 43431 9641 43 frontal frontal NN 43431 9641 44 , , , 43431 9641 45 separating separate VBG 43431 9641 46 the the DT 43431 9641 47 inner inner JJ 43431 9641 48 wall wall NN 43431 9641 49 of of IN 43431 9641 50 the the DT 43431 9641 51 bone bone NN 43431 9641 52 from from IN 43431 9641 53 the the DT 43431 9641 54 outer outer JJ 43431 9641 55 , , , 43431 9641 56 by by IN 43431 9641 57 as as RB 43431 9641 58 much much JJ 43431 9641 59 as as IN 43431 9641 60 a a DT 43431 9641 61 foot foot NN 43431 9641 62 . . . 43431 9642 1 This this DT 43431 9642 2 development development NN 43431 9642 3 of of IN 43431 9642 4 air air NN 43431 9642 5 cells cell NNS 43431 9642 6 is be VBZ 43431 9642 7 accompanied accompany VBN 43431 9642 8 by by IN 43431 9642 9 the the DT 43431 9642 10 obliteration obliteration NN 43431 9642 11 of of IN 43431 9642 12 the the DT 43431 9642 13 sutures suture NNS 43431 9642 14 between between IN 43431 9642 15 the the DT 43431 9642 16 various various JJ 43431 9642 17 bones bone NNS 43431 9642 18 . . . 43431 9643 1 The the DT 43431 9643 2 most most RBS 43431 9643 3 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 9643 4 point point NN 43431 9643 5 with with IN 43431 9643 6 regard regard NN 43431 9643 7 to to IN 43431 9643 8 the the DT 43431 9643 9 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9643 10 cavity cavity NN 43431 9643 11 is be VBZ 43431 9643 12 the the DT 43431 9643 13 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 9643 14 large large JJ 43431 9643 15 size size NN 43431 9643 16 of of IN 43431 9643 17 the the DT 43431 9643 18 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 9643 19 fossa fossa NN 43431 9643 20 . . . 43431 9644 1 The the DT 43431 9644 2 supra supra NN 43431 9644 3 - - HYPH 43431 9644 4 occipital occipital NN 43431 9644 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9644 6 figs fig NNS 43431 9644 7 . . . 43431 9645 1 96 96 CD 43431 9645 2 and and CC 43431 9645 3 97 97 CD 43431 9645 4 , , , 43431 9645 5 9 9 CD 43431 9645 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9645 7 is be VBZ 43431 9645 8 large large JJ 43431 9645 9 -- -- : 43431 9645 10 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 9645 11 large large JJ 43431 9645 12 in in IN 43431 9645 13 the the DT 43431 9645 14 adult adult NN 43431 9645 15 skull skull NN 43431 9645 16 ; ; : 43431 9645 17 the the DT 43431 9645 18 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9645 19 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9645 20 figs fig NNS 43431 9645 21 . . . 43431 9646 1 96 96 CD 43431 9646 2 and and CC 43431 9646 3 97 97 CD 43431 9646 4 , , , 43431 9646 5 2 2 CD 43431 9646 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9646 7 are be VBP 43431 9646 8 also also RB 43431 9646 9 very very RB 43431 9646 10 large large JJ 43431 9646 11 . . . 43431 9647 1 The the DT 43431 9647 2 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9647 3 send send VBP 43431 9647 4 out out RP 43431 9647 5 small small JJ 43431 9647 6 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9647 7 processes process NNS 43431 9647 8 , , , 43431 9647 9 but but CC 43431 9647 10 these these DT 43431 9647 11 do do VBP 43431 9647 12 not not RB 43431 9647 13 meet meet VB 43431 9647 14 processes process NNS 43431 9647 15 from from IN 43431 9647 16 the the DT 43431 9647 17 small small JJ 43431 9647 18 jugal jugal NN 43431 9647 19 , , , 43431 9647 20 which which WDT 43431 9647 21 forms form VBZ 43431 9647 22 only only RB 43431 9647 23 the the DT 43431 9647 24 middle middle JJ 43431 9647 25 part part NN 43431 9647 26 of of IN 43431 9647 27 the the DT 43431 9647 28 slender slender NN 43431 9647 29 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9647 30 arch arch NNP 43431 9647 31 , , , 43431 9647 32 the the DT 43431 9647 33 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9647 34 part part NN 43431 9647 35 being be VBG 43431 9647 36 formed form VBN 43431 9647 37 by by IN 43431 9647 38 the the DT 43431 9647 39 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9647 40 . . . 43431 9648 1 The the DT 43431 9648 2 lachrymal lachrymal NN 43431 9648 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9648 4 fig fig NN 43431 9648 5 . . . 43431 9649 1 96 96 CD 43431 9649 2 , , , 43431 9649 3 15 15 CD 43431 9649 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9649 5 is be VBZ 43431 9649 6 small small JJ 43431 9649 7 and and CC 43431 9649 8 lies lie VBZ 43431 9649 9 almost almost RB 43431 9649 10 entirely entirely RB 43431 9649 11 inside inside IN 43431 9649 12 the the DT 43431 9649 13 orbit orbit NN 43431 9649 14 . . . 43431 9650 1 The the DT 43431 9650 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9650 3 narial narial NN 43431 9650 4 aperture aperture NN 43431 9650 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9650 6 fig fig NN 43431 9650 7 . . . 43431 9651 1 97 97 CD 43431 9651 2 , , , 43431 9651 3 8) 8) CD 43431 9651 4 is be VBZ 43431 9651 5 wide wide JJ 43431 9651 6 and and CC 43431 9651 7 directed direct VBN 43431 9651 8 upwards upwards RB 43431 9651 9 , , , 43431 9651 10 opening open VBG 43431 9651 11 high high NN 43431 9651 12 on on IN 43431 9651 13 the the DT 43431 9651 14 anterior anterior NN 43431 9651 15 surface surface NN 43431 9651 16 of of IN 43431 9651 17 the the DT 43431 9651 18 skull skull NN 43431 9651 19 . . . 43431 9652 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 9652 2 is be VBZ 43431 9652 3 bounded bound VBN 43431 9652 4 above above IN 43431 9652 5 by by IN 43431 9652 6 the the DT 43431 9652 7 short short JJ 43431 9652 8 thick thick JJ 43431 9652 9 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9652 10 and and CC 43431 9652 11 below below RB 43431 9652 12 by by IN 43431 9652 13 the the DT 43431 9652 14 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9652 15 . . . 43431 9653 1 The the DT 43431 9653 2 narial narial JJ 43431 9653 3 passage passage NN 43431 9653 4 is be VBZ 43431 9653 5 freely freely RB 43431 9653 6 open open JJ 43431 9653 7 , , , 43431 9653 8 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 9653 9 - - HYPH 43431 9653 10 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 9653 11 not not RB 43431 9653 12 being be VBG 43431 9653 13 developed develop VBN 43431 9653 14 . . . 43431 9654 1 The the DT 43431 9654 2 palatine palatine NN 43431 9654 3 is be VBZ 43431 9654 4 well well RB 43431 9654 5 developed developed JJ 43431 9654 6 , , , 43431 9654 7 the the DT 43431 9654 8 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 9654 9 is be VBZ 43431 9654 10 small small JJ 43431 9654 11 and and CC 43431 9654 12 early early JJ 43431 9654 13 fuses fuse NNS 43431 9654 14 with with IN 43431 9654 15 the the DT 43431 9654 16 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 9654 17 process process NN 43431 9654 18 of of IN 43431 9654 19 the the DT 43431 9654 20 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 9654 21 . . . 43431 9655 1 The the DT 43431 9655 2 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9655 3 is be VBZ 43431 9655 4 united united JJ 43431 9655 5 with with IN 43431 9655 6 the the DT 43431 9655 7 periotic periotic JJ 43431 9655 8 but but CC 43431 9655 9 not not RB 43431 9655 10 with with IN 43431 9655 11 the the DT 43431 9655 12 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9655 13 , , , 43431 9655 14 and and CC 43431 9655 15 forms form VBZ 43431 9655 16 a a DT 43431 9655 17 large large JJ 43431 9655 18 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9655 19 bulla bulla NN 43431 9655 20 . . . 43431 9656 1 There there EX 43431 9656 2 are be VBP 43431 9656 3 no no DT 43431 9656 4 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9656 5 or or CC 43431 9656 6 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9656 7 processes process NNS 43431 9656 8 . . . 43431 9657 1 The the DT 43431 9657 2 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 9657 3 is be VBZ 43431 9657 4 not not RB 43431 9657 5 perforated perforate VBN 43431 9657 6 by by IN 43431 9657 7 the the DT 43431 9657 8 condylar condylar JJ 43431 9657 9 foramen,--a foramen,--a NNP 43431 9657 10 very very RB 43431 9657 11 exceptional exceptional JJ 43431 9657 12 condition condition NN 43431 9657 13 . . . 43431 9658 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9658 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9658 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9658 4 . . . 43431 9659 1 97 97 CD 43431 9659 2 . . . 43431 9660 1 LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL NNP 43431 9660 2 SECTION section NN 43431 9660 3 TAKEN TAKEN NNS 43431 9660 4 RATHER RATHER NNS 43431 9660 5 TO to IN 43431 9660 6 THE the DT 43431 9660 7 RIGHT right NN 43431 9660 8 OF of IN 43431 9660 9 THE the DT 43431 9660 10 MIDDLE MIDDLE NNP 43431 9660 11 LINE LINE NNP 43431 9660 12 OF of IN 43431 9660 13 THE the DT 43431 9660 14 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 9660 15 OF of IN 43431 9660 16 A a DT 43431 9660 17 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 9660 18 INDIAN indian NN 43431 9660 19 ELEPHANT elephant NN 43431 9660 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9660 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9660 22 E. E. NNP 43431 9661 1 Indicus Indicus NNP 43431 9661 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9661 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9661 4 à à NNP 43431 9661 5 � � NNP 43431 9661 6 1/8 1/8 CD 43431 9661 7 . . . 43431 9662 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9662 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9662 3 . . . 43431 9663 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9663 2 . . . 43431 9663 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9664 1 8 8 LS 43431 9664 2 . . . 43431 9664 3 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9664 4 nares naris NNS 43431 9664 5 . . . 43431 9665 1 10 10 LS 43431 9665 2 . . . 43431 9665 3 periotic periotic JJ 43431 9665 4 . . . 43431 9666 1 11 11 CD 43431 9666 2 . . . 43431 9666 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 9666 4 . . . 43431 9667 1 12 12 CD 43431 9667 2 . . . 43431 9667 3 pterygoid pterygoid NNP 43431 9667 4 . . . 43431 9668 1 17 17 CD 43431 9668 2 . . . 43431 9668 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 9668 4 . . . 43431 9669 1 Other other JJ 43431 9669 2 numbers number NNS 43431 9669 3 as as IN 43431 9669 4 in in IN 43431 9669 5 Fig Fig NNP 43431 9669 6 . . . 43431 9670 1 96 96 CD 43431 9670 2 . . . 43431 9670 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9671 1 The the DT 43431 9671 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9671 3 has have VBZ 43431 9671 4 a a DT 43431 9671 5 high high JJ 43431 9671 6 ascending ascending NN 43431 9671 7 portion portion NN 43431 9671 8 , , , 43431 9671 9 is be VBZ 43431 9671 10 rounded round VBN 43431 9671 11 off off RP 43431 9671 12 below below RB 43431 9671 13 and and CC 43431 9671 14 has have VBZ 43431 9671 15 no no DT 43431 9671 16 angle angle NN 43431 9671 17 . . . 43431 9672 1 The the DT 43431 9672 2 symphysial symphysial JJ 43431 9672 3 portion portion NN 43431 9672 4 is be VBZ 43431 9672 5 long long JJ 43431 9672 6 , , , 43431 9672 7 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9672 8 , , , 43431 9672 9 and and CC 43431 9672 10 spout spout NN 43431 9672 11 - - HYPH 43431 9672 12 like like JJ 43431 9672 13 , , , 43431 9672 14 and and CC 43431 9672 15 the the DT 43431 9672 16 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9672 17 process process NN 43431 9672 18 is be VBZ 43431 9672 19 small small JJ 43431 9672 20 . . . 43431 9673 1 The the DT 43431 9673 2 thyro thyro NN 43431 9673 3 - - HYPH 43431 9673 4 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9673 5 are be VBP 43431 9673 6 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 9673 7 with with IN 43431 9673 8 the the DT 43431 9673 9 basi basi NNP 43431 9673 10 - - HYPH 43431 9673 11 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9673 12 , , , 43431 9673 13 which which WDT 43431 9673 14 is be VBZ 43431 9673 15 connected connect VBN 43431 9673 16 with with IN 43431 9673 17 the the DT 43431 9673 18 large large JJ 43431 9673 19 forked forked JJ 43431 9673 20 stylo stylo NN 43431 9673 21 - - HYPH 43431 9673 22 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9673 23 by by IN 43431 9673 24 ligament ligament NN 43431 9673 25 only only RB 43431 9673 26 . . . 43431 9674 1 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 9674 2 . . . 43431 9675 1 The the DT 43431 9675 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9675 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9675 4 is be VBZ 43431 9675 5 depressed depressed JJ 43431 9675 6 , , , 43431 9675 7 elongated elongate VBN 43431 9675 8 , , , 43431 9675 9 and and CC 43431 9675 10 rather rather RB 43431 9675 11 small small JJ 43431 9675 12 , , , 43431 9675 13 and and CC 43431 9675 14 the the DT 43431 9675 15 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 9675 16 fossa fossa NN 43431 9675 17 lies lie VBZ 43431 9675 18 entirely entirely RB 43431 9675 19 in in IN 43431 9675 20 front front NN 43431 9675 21 of of IN 43431 9675 22 the the DT 43431 9675 23 cerebellar cerebellar JJ 43431 9675 24 fossa fossa NN 43431 9675 25 . . . 43431 9676 1 The the DT 43431 9676 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9676 3 plane plane NN 43431 9676 4 is be VBZ 43431 9676 5 vertical vertical JJ 43431 9676 6 or or CC 43431 9676 7 directed direct VBN 43431 9676 8 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 9676 9 backwards backwards RB 43431 9676 10 , , , 43431 9676 11 and and CC 43431 9676 12 the the DT 43431 9676 13 supra supra NN 43431 9676 14 - - HYPH 43431 9676 15 occipital occipital NN 43431 9676 16 does do VBZ 43431 9676 17 not not RB 43431 9676 18 form form VB 43431 9676 19 much much JJ 43431 9676 20 of of IN 43431 9676 21 the the DT 43431 9676 22 roof roof NN 43431 9676 23 of of IN 43431 9676 24 the the DT 43431 9676 25 cranium cranium NN 43431 9676 26 . . . 43431 9677 1 The the DT 43431 9677 2 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9677 3 processes process NNS 43431 9677 4 of of IN 43431 9677 5 the the DT 43431 9677 6 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 9677 7 are be VBP 43431 9677 8 generally generally RB 43431 9677 9 of of IN 43431 9677 10 moderate moderate JJ 43431 9677 11 size size NN 43431 9677 12 ; ; : 43431 9677 13 in in IN 43431 9677 14 the the DT 43431 9677 15 Capybara Capybara NNP 43431 9677 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9677 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9677 18 Hydrochaerus Hydrochaerus NNP 43431 9677 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9677 20 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9677 21 , , , 43431 9677 22 however however RB 43431 9677 23 , , , 43431 9677 24 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9677 25 are be VBP 43431 9677 26 very very RB 43431 9677 27 long long JJ 43431 9677 28 , , , 43431 9677 29 and and CC 43431 9677 30 are be VBP 43431 9677 31 laterally laterally RB 43431 9677 32 compressed compress VBN 43431 9677 33 and and CC 43431 9677 34 directed direct VBN 43431 9677 35 forwards forward NNS 43431 9677 36 . . . 43431 9678 1 The the DT 43431 9678 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9678 3 are be VBP 43431 9678 4 small small JJ 43431 9678 5 , , , 43431 9678 6 and and CC 43431 9678 7 often often RB 43431 9678 8 become become VBP 43431 9678 9 completely completely RB 43431 9678 10 fused fused JJ 43431 9678 11 together together RB 43431 9678 12 ; ; : 43431 9678 13 there there EX 43431 9678 14 is be VBZ 43431 9678 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9678 16 a a DT 43431 9678 17 small small JJ 43431 9678 18 interparietal interparietal NN 43431 9678 19 . . . 43431 9679 1 The the DT 43431 9679 2 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9679 3 in in IN 43431 9679 4 most most JJS 43431 9679 5 genera genera NN 43431 9679 6 have have VBP 43431 9679 7 no no DT 43431 9679 8 trace trace NN 43431 9679 9 of of IN 43431 9679 10 a a DT 43431 9679 11 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9679 12 process process NN 43431 9679 13 ; ; : 43431 9679 14 in in IN 43431 9679 15 Squirrels Squirrels NNP 43431 9679 16 , , , 43431 9679 17 Marmots Marmots NNP 43431 9679 18 and and CC 43431 9679 19 Hares Hares NNP 43431 9679 20 , , , 43431 9679 21 however however RB 43431 9679 22 , , , 43431 9679 23 one one PRP 43431 9679 24 occurs occur VBZ 43431 9679 25 , , , 43431 9679 26 but but CC 43431 9679 27 in in IN 43431 9679 28 no no DT 43431 9679 29 case case NN 43431 9679 30 does do VBZ 43431 9679 31 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9679 32 meet meet VB 43431 9679 33 a a DT 43431 9679 34 corresponding corresponding JJ 43431 9679 35 process process NN 43431 9679 36 from from IN 43431 9679 37 the the DT 43431 9679 38 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9679 39 arch arch NN 43431 9679 40 , , , 43431 9679 41 so so IN 43431 9679 42 the the DT 43431 9679 43 orbit orbit NN 43431 9679 44 and and CC 43431 9679 45 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9679 46 fossa fossa NN 43431 9679 47 are be VBP 43431 9679 48 completely completely RB 43431 9679 49 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9679 50 . . . 43431 9680 1 In in IN 43431 9680 2 Hares hare NNS 43431 9680 3 the the DT 43431 9680 4 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9680 5 process process NN 43431 9680 6 of of IN 43431 9680 7 the the DT 43431 9680 8 frontal frontal NN 43431 9680 9 is be VBZ 43431 9680 10 much much RB 43431 9680 11 flattened flatten VBN 43431 9680 12 , , , 43431 9680 13 and and CC 43431 9680 14 has have VBZ 43431 9680 15 an an DT 43431 9680 16 irregular irregular JJ 43431 9680 17 margin margin NN 43431 9680 18 . . . 43431 9681 1 The the DT 43431 9681 2 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9681 3 fossa fossa NN 43431 9681 4 is be VBZ 43431 9681 5 always always RB 43431 9681 6 small small JJ 43431 9681 7 , , , 43431 9681 8 and and CC 43431 9681 9 in in IN 43431 9681 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9681 11 Lophiomys Lophiomys NNP 43431 9681 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9681 13 is be VBZ 43431 9681 14 arched arch VBN 43431 9681 15 over over RP 43431 9681 16 by by IN 43431 9681 17 plates plate NNS 43431 9681 18 arising arise VBG 43431 9681 19 respectively respectively RB 43431 9681 20 from from IN 43431 9681 21 the the DT 43431 9681 22 parietal parietal JJ 43431 9681 23 and and CC 43431 9681 24 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9681 25 ; ; : 43431 9681 26 a a DT 43431 9681 27 secondary secondary JJ 43431 9681 28 roof roof NN 43431 9681 29 is be VBZ 43431 9681 30 thus thus RB 43431 9681 31 partially partially RB 43431 9681 32 developed develop VBN 43431 9681 33 in in IN 43431 9681 34 a a DT 43431 9681 35 manner manner NN 43431 9681 36 unique unique JJ 43431 9681 37 among among IN 43431 9681 38 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9681 39 , , , 43431 9681 40 but but CC 43431 9681 41 carried carry VBD 43431 9681 42 to to IN 43431 9681 43 a a DT 43431 9681 44 great great JJ 43431 9681 45 extent extent NN 43431 9681 46 in in IN 43431 9681 47 many many JJ 43431 9681 48 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 9681 49 . . . 43431 9682 1 The the DT 43431 9682 2 nasal nasal NN 43431 9682 3 bones bone NNS 43431 9682 4 and and CC 43431 9682 5 cavities cavity NNS 43431 9682 6 are be VBP 43431 9682 7 large large JJ 43431 9682 8 , , , 43431 9682 9 attaining attain VBG 43431 9682 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9682 11 maximum maximum JJ 43431 9682 12 development development NN 43431 9682 13 in in IN 43431 9682 14 the the DT 43431 9682 15 Porcupines Porcupines NNPS 43431 9682 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9682 17 fig fig NN 43431 9682 18 . . . 43431 9683 1 98 98 CD 43431 9683 2 , , , 43431 9683 3 1 1 CD 43431 9683 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9683 5 . . . 43431 9684 1 The the DT 43431 9684 2 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9684 3 is be VBZ 43431 9684 4 always always RB 43431 9684 5 very very RB 43431 9684 6 large large JJ 43431 9684 7 , , , 43431 9684 8 and and CC 43431 9684 9 sends send VBZ 43431 9684 10 back back RB 43431 9684 11 a a DT 43431 9684 12 long long JJ 43431 9684 13 process process NN 43431 9684 14 which which WDT 43431 9684 15 meets meet VBZ 43431 9684 16 the the DT 43431 9684 17 frontal frontal NN 43431 9684 18 . . . 43431 9685 1 The the DT 43431 9685 2 vomer vomer NN 43431 9685 3 is be VBZ 43431 9685 4 occasionally occasionally RB 43431 9685 5 found find VBN 43431 9685 6 persisting persist VBG 43431 9685 7 in in IN 43431 9685 8 two two CD 43431 9685 9 separate separate JJ 43431 9685 10 halves half NNS 43431 9685 11 , , , 43431 9685 12 a a DT 43431 9685 13 feature feature NN 43431 9685 14 recalling recall VBG 43431 9685 15 the the DT 43431 9685 16 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 9685 17 in in IN 43431 9685 18 Sauropsids Sauropsids NNP 43431 9685 19 . . . 43431 9686 1 In in IN 43431 9686 2 many many JJ 43431 9686 3 Rodents rodent NNS 43431 9686 4 there there EX 43431 9686 5 is be VBZ 43431 9686 6 an an DT 43431 9686 7 enormous enormous JJ 43431 9686 8 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 9686 9 at at IN 43431 9686 10 the the DT 43431 9686 11 base base NN 43431 9686 12 of of IN 43431 9686 13 the the DT 43431 9686 14 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 9686 15 portion portion NN 43431 9686 16 of of IN 43431 9686 17 the the DT 43431 9686 18 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9686 19 arch arch NN 43431 9686 20 . . . 43431 9687 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 9687 2 is be VBZ 43431 9687 3 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9687 4 as as RB 43431 9687 5 large large JJ 43431 9687 6 as as IN 43431 9687 7 the the DT 43431 9687 8 orbit orbit NN 43431 9687 9 , , , 43431 9687 10 and and CC 43431 9687 11 attains attain VBZ 43431 9687 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9687 13 maximum maximum JJ 43431 9687 14 development development NN 43431 9687 15 in in IN 43431 9687 16 the the DT 43431 9687 17 Capybara Capybara NNP 43431 9687 18 and and CC 43431 9687 19 other other JJ 43431 9687 20 Hystricomorpha Hystricomorpha NNS 43431 9687 21 ; ; : 43431 9687 22 in in IN 43431 9687 23 the the DT 43431 9687 24 Marmots Marmots NNPS 43431 9687 25 , , , 43431 9687 26 Beavers Beavers NNPS 43431 9687 27 , , , 43431 9687 28 and and CC 43431 9687 29 Squirrels Squirrels NNP 43431 9687 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9687 31 Sciuromorpha Sciuromorpha NNP 43431 9687 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9687 33 , , , 43431 9687 34 and and CC 43431 9687 35 in in IN 43431 9687 36 the the DT 43431 9687 37 Hares hare NNS 43431 9687 38 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9687 39 is be VBZ 43431 9687 40 undeveloped undeveloped JJ 43431 9687 41 . . . 43431 9688 1 In in IN 43431 9688 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9688 3 Lagostomus Lagostomus NNP 43431 9688 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9688 5 the the DT 43431 9688 6 maxillae maxillae NN 43431 9688 7 bears bear VBZ 43431 9688 8 an an DT 43431 9688 9 upwardly upwardly RB 43431 9688 10 directed direct VBN 43431 9688 11 plate plate NN 43431 9688 12 of of IN 43431 9688 13 bone bone NN 43431 9688 14 , , , 43431 9688 15 shutting shut VBG 43431 9688 16 off off RP 43431 9688 17 from from IN 43431 9688 18 this this DT 43431 9688 19 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 9688 20 a a DT 43431 9688 21 space space NN 43431 9688 22 which which WDT 43431 9688 23 is be VBZ 43431 9688 24 the the DT 43431 9688 25 true true JJ 43431 9688 26 infra infra NN 43431 9688 27 - - HYPH 43431 9688 28 orbital orbital JJ 43431 9688 29 foramen foraman NNS 43431 9688 30 . . . 43431 9689 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9689 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9689 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9689 4 . . . 43431 9690 1 98 98 CD 43431 9690 2 . . . 43431 9691 1 HALF half JJ 43431 9691 2 FRONT front NN 43431 9691 3 VIEW view NN 43431 9691 4 OF of IN 43431 9691 5 THE the DT 43431 9691 6 SKULL SKULL NNP 43431 9691 7 OF of IN 43431 9691 8 A A NNP 43431 9691 9 PORCUPINE PORCUPINE NNP 43431 9691 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9691 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9691 12 Hystrix Hystrix NNP 43431 9691 13 cristata cristata NN 43431 9691 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9691 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9691 16 à à NNP 43431 9691 17 � � NNP 43431 9691 18 1/2 1/2 CD 43431 9691 19 . . . 43431 9692 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9692 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9692 3 . . . 43431 9693 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9693 2 . . . 43431 9693 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9694 1 1 1 LS 43431 9694 2 . . . 43431 9694 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 9694 4 . . . 43431 9695 1 2 2 LS 43431 9695 2 . . . 43431 9695 3 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 9695 4 - - HYPH 43431 9695 5 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 9695 6 . . . 43431 9696 1 3 3 LS 43431 9696 2 . . . 43431 9696 3 infra infra NN 43431 9696 4 - - HYPH 43431 9696 5 orbital orbital JJ 43431 9696 6 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 9696 7 . . . 43431 9697 1 4 4 LS 43431 9697 2 . . . 43431 9697 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9697 4 . . . 43431 9698 1 5 5 LS 43431 9698 2 . . . 43431 9698 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9698 4 . . . 43431 9699 1 6 6 LS 43431 9699 2 . . . 43431 9699 3 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9699 4 . . . 43431 9700 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9700 2 i i PRP 43431 9700 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9700 4 1 1 CD 43431 9700 5 . . . 43431 9700 6 upper upper NNP 43431 9700 7 incisor incisor NN 43431 9700 8 . . . 43431 9700 9 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9701 1 The the DT 43431 9701 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9701 3 arch arch NN 43431 9701 4 is be VBZ 43431 9701 5 always always RB 43431 9701 6 complete complete JJ 43431 9701 7 , , , 43431 9701 8 and and CC 43431 9701 9 in in IN 43431 9701 10 many many JJ 43431 9701 11 cases case NNS 43431 9701 12 the the DT 43431 9701 13 jugal jugal NN 43431 9701 14 extends extend VBZ 43431 9701 15 back back RB 43431 9701 16 to to TO 43431 9701 17 form form VB 43431 9701 18 part part NN 43431 9701 19 at at IN 43431 9701 20 least least JJS 43431 9701 21 of of IN 43431 9701 22 the the DT 43431 9701 23 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 9701 24 surface surface NN 43431 9701 25 for for IN 43431 9701 26 articulation articulation NN 43431 9701 27 with with IN 43431 9701 28 the the DT 43431 9701 29 mandible mandible NN 43431 9701 30 . . . 43431 9702 1 In in IN 43431 9702 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9702 3 Coelogenys Coelogenys NNP 43431 9702 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9702 5 the the DT 43431 9702 6 jugal jugal NN 43431 9702 7 and and CC 43431 9702 8 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 9702 9 portion portion NN 43431 9702 10 of of IN 43431 9702 11 the the DT 43431 9702 12 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9702 13 arch arch NN 43431 9702 14 is be VBZ 43431 9702 15 greatly greatly RB 43431 9702 16 expanded expand VBN 43431 9702 17 and and CC 43431 9702 18 roughened roughen VBN 43431 9702 19 , , , 43431 9702 20 and and CC 43431 9702 21 the the DT 43431 9702 22 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 9702 23 portion portion NN 43431 9702 24 encloses enclose VBZ 43431 9702 25 a a DT 43431 9702 26 large large JJ 43431 9702 27 cavity cavity NN 43431 9702 28 . . . 43431 9703 1 The the DT 43431 9703 2 palate palate NN 43431 9703 3 in in IN 43431 9703 4 Rodents Rodents NNP 43431 9703 5 is be VBZ 43431 9703 6 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9703 7 , , , 43431 9703 8 and and CC 43431 9703 9 the the DT 43431 9703 10 space space NN 43431 9703 11 between between IN 43431 9703 12 the the DT 43431 9703 13 incisor incisor NN 43431 9703 14 and and CC 43431 9703 15 molar molar JJ 43431 9703 16 teeth tooth NNS 43431 9703 17 passes pass VBZ 43431 9703 18 imperceptibly imperceptibly RB 43431 9703 19 into into IN 43431 9703 20 the the DT 43431 9703 21 sides side NNS 43431 9703 22 of of IN 43431 9703 23 the the DT 43431 9703 24 face face NN 43431 9703 25 . . . 43431 9704 1 The the DT 43431 9704 2 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9704 3 palatine palatine NNP 43431 9704 4 foramina foramina NNP 43431 9704 5 form form NN 43431 9704 6 long long RB 43431 9704 7 , , , 43431 9704 8 rather rather RB 43431 9704 9 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9704 10 slits slit NNS 43431 9704 11 in in IN 43431 9704 12 this this DT 43431 9704 13 region region NN 43431 9704 14 . . . 43431 9705 1 The the DT 43431 9705 2 bony bony NN 43431 9705 3 palate palate NN 43431 9705 4 between between IN 43431 9705 5 the the DT 43431 9705 6 grinding grind VBG 43431 9705 7 teeth tooth NNS 43431 9705 8 is be VBZ 43431 9705 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9705 10 as as IN 43431 9705 11 in in IN 43431 9705 12 the the DT 43431 9705 13 Hares Hares NNP 43431 9705 14 very very RB 43431 9705 15 short short JJ 43431 9705 16 , , , 43431 9705 17 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9705 18 as as IN 43431 9705 19 in in IN 43431 9705 20 the the DT 43431 9705 21 Capybara Capybara NNP 43431 9705 22 very very RB 43431 9705 23 long long RB 43431 9705 24 . . . 43431 9706 1 The the DT 43431 9706 2 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9706 3 extends extend VBZ 43431 9706 4 back back RB 43431 9706 5 beneath beneath IN 43431 9706 6 the the DT 43431 9706 7 orbit orbit NN 43431 9706 8 to to TO 43431 9706 9 unite unite VB 43431 9706 10 with with IN 43431 9706 11 the the DT 43431 9706 12 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9706 13 . . . 43431 9707 1 The the DT 43431 9707 2 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 9707 3 is be VBZ 43431 9707 4 always always RB 43431 9707 5 small small JJ 43431 9707 6 , , , 43431 9707 7 but but CC 43431 9707 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9707 9 has have VBZ 43431 9707 10 a a DT 43431 9707 11 well well RB 43431 9707 12 - - HYPH 43431 9707 13 marked mark VBN 43431 9707 14 hamular hamular JJ 43431 9707 15 process process NN 43431 9707 16 which which WDT 43431 9707 17 in in IN 43431 9707 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9707 19 Hystrix Hystrix NNP 43431 9707 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9707 21 , , , 43431 9707 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9707 23 Lagostomus Lagostomus NNP 43431 9707 24 _ _ NNP 43431 9707 25 , , , 43431 9707 26 and and CC 43431 9707 27 some some DT 43431 9707 28 other other JJ 43431 9707 29 genera genera NN 43431 9707 30 unites unite VBZ 43431 9707 31 with with IN 43431 9707 32 the the DT 43431 9707 33 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9707 34 bulla bulla NN 43431 9707 35 . . . 43431 9708 1 The the DT 43431 9708 2 periotic periotic NN 43431 9708 3 is be VBZ 43431 9708 4 large large JJ 43431 9708 5 , , , 43431 9708 6 and and CC 43431 9708 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 9708 8 with with IN 43431 9708 9 the the DT 43431 9708 10 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9708 11 , , , 43431 9708 12 which which WDT 43431 9708 13 forms form VBZ 43431 9708 14 a a DT 43431 9708 15 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9708 16 bulla bulla NN 43431 9708 17 , , , 43431 9708 18 and and CC 43431 9708 19 is be VBZ 43431 9708 20 generally generally RB 43431 9708 21 drawn draw VBN 43431 9708 22 out out RP 43431 9708 23 into into IN 43431 9708 24 a a DT 43431 9708 25 tubular tubular JJ 43431 9708 26 meatus meatus NN 43431 9708 27 . . . 43431 9709 1 The the DT 43431 9709 2 bulla bulla NN 43431 9709 3 attains attain VBZ 43431 9709 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9709 5 maximum maximum JJ 43431 9709 6 development development NN 43431 9709 7 in in IN 43431 9709 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9709 9 Chinchilla Chinchilla NNP 43431 9709 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9709 11 and and CC 43431 9709 12 _ _ NNP 43431 9709 13 Dipus Dipus NNP 43431 9709 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9709 15 . . . 43431 9710 1 The the DT 43431 9710 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9710 3 is be VBZ 43431 9710 4 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9710 5 and and CC 43431 9710 6 rounded round VBN 43431 9710 7 in in IN 43431 9710 8 front front NN 43431 9710 9 , , , 43431 9710 10 the the DT 43431 9710 11 two two CD 43431 9710 12 halves half NNS 43431 9710 13 meeting meet VBG 43431 9710 14 in in IN 43431 9710 15 a a DT 43431 9710 16 long long JJ 43431 9710 17 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 9710 18 . . . 43431 9711 1 The the DT 43431 9711 2 angle angle NN 43431 9711 3 is be VBZ 43431 9711 4 generally generally RB 43431 9711 5 drawn draw VBN 43431 9711 6 out out RP 43431 9711 7 into into IN 43431 9711 8 a a DT 43431 9711 9 long long JJ 43431 9711 10 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 9711 11 - - HYPH 43431 9711 12 projecting project VBG 43431 9711 13 process process NN 43431 9711 14 , , , 43431 9711 15 which which WDT 43431 9711 16 is be VBZ 43431 9711 17 often often RB 43431 9711 18 pointed point VBN 43431 9711 19 and and CC 43431 9711 20 directed direct VBN 43431 9711 21 upwards upwards RB 43431 9711 22 . . . 43431 9712 1 In in IN 43431 9712 2 the the DT 43431 9712 3 Hares Hares NNP 43431 9712 4 the the DT 43431 9712 5 angle angle NN 43431 9712 6 is be VBZ 43431 9712 7 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9712 8 . . . 43431 9713 1 The the DT 43431 9713 2 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9713 3 process process NN 43431 9713 4 is be VBZ 43431 9713 5 never never RB 43431 9713 6 large large JJ 43431 9713 7 . . . 43431 9714 1 There there EX 43431 9714 2 are be VBP 43431 9714 3 a a DT 43431 9714 4 number number NN 43431 9714 5 of of IN 43431 9714 6 points point NNS 43431 9714 7 in in IN 43431 9714 8 which which WDT 43431 9714 9 the the DT 43431 9714 10 skull skull NN 43431 9714 11 of of IN 43431 9714 12 the the DT 43431 9714 13 Duplicidentata Duplicidentata NNP 43431 9714 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9714 15 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 9714 16 and and CC 43431 9714 17 Rabbits Rabbits NNPS 43431 9714 18 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9714 19 differs differ VBZ 43431 9714 20 from from IN 43431 9714 21 that that DT 43431 9714 22 of of IN 43431 9714 23 other other JJ 43431 9714 24 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 9714 25 . . . 43431 9715 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9715 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9715 3 a a DT 43431 9715 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9715 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9715 6 The the DT 43431 9715 7 sutures suture NNS 43431 9715 8 between between IN 43431 9715 9 the the DT 43431 9715 10 basi basi NN 43431 9715 11 - - HYPH 43431 9715 12 occipital occipital NN 43431 9715 13 and and CC 43431 9715 14 basisphenoid basisphenoid JJ 43431 9715 15 , , , 43431 9715 16 and and CC 43431 9715 17 between between IN 43431 9715 18 the the DT 43431 9715 19 basisphenoid basisphenoid JJ 43431 9715 20 and and CC 43431 9715 21 presphenoid presphenoid NNP 43431 9715 22 remain remain VBP 43431 9715 23 open open JJ 43431 9715 24 throughout throughout IN 43431 9715 25 life life NN 43431 9715 26 . . . 43431 9716 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9716 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9716 3 b b NNP 43431 9716 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9716 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9716 6 Much much JJ 43431 9716 7 of of IN 43431 9716 8 the the DT 43431 9716 9 maxillae maxilla NNS 43431 9716 10 forming form VBG 43431 9716 11 the the DT 43431 9716 12 side side NN 43431 9716 13 of of IN 43431 9716 14 the the DT 43431 9716 15 face face NN 43431 9716 16 in in IN 43431 9716 17 front front NN 43431 9716 18 of of IN 43431 9716 19 the the DT 43431 9716 20 orbit orbit NN 43431 9716 21 is be VBZ 43431 9716 22 fenestrated fenestrate VBN 43431 9716 23 . . . 43431 9717 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9717 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9717 3 c c NNP 43431 9717 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9717 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9717 6 The the DT 43431 9717 7 optic optic JJ 43431 9717 8 foramina foramina NN 43431 9717 9 are be VBP 43431 9717 10 united united JJ 43431 9717 11 to to TO 43431 9717 12 form form VB 43431 9717 13 a a DT 43431 9717 14 single single JJ 43431 9717 15 hole hole NN 43431 9717 16 , , , 43431 9717 17 much much RB 43431 9717 18 as as IN 43431 9717 19 in in IN 43431 9717 20 birds bird NNS 43431 9717 21 . . . 43431 9718 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9718 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9718 3 d d NNP 43431 9718 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9718 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9718 6 The the DT 43431 9718 7 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9718 8 process process NN 43431 9718 9 is be VBZ 43431 9718 10 slightly slightly RB 43431 9718 11 differentiated differentiate VBN 43431 9718 12 from from IN 43431 9718 13 the the DT 43431 9718 14 ascending ascend VBG 43431 9718 15 portion portion NN 43431 9718 16 of of IN 43431 9718 17 the the DT 43431 9718 18 mandible mandible NN 43431 9718 19 . . . 43431 9719 1 The the DT 43431 9719 2 first first JJ 43431 9719 3 two two CD 43431 9719 4 of of IN 43431 9719 5 these these DT 43431 9719 6 points point NNS 43431 9719 7 have have VBP 43431 9719 8 been be VBN 43431 9719 9 thought think VBN 43431 9719 10 to to TO 43431 9719 11 indicate indicate VB 43431 9719 12 degradation degradation NN 43431 9719 13 of of IN 43431 9719 14 the the DT 43431 9719 15 hares hare NNS 43431 9719 16 and and CC 43431 9719 17 rabbits rabbit NNS 43431 9719 18 as as IN 43431 9719 19 compared compare VBN 43431 9719 20 with with IN 43431 9719 21 higher high JJR 43431 9719 22 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9719 23 . . . 43431 9720 1 CARNIVORA[167 CARNIVORA[167 NFP 43431 9720 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9720 3 . . . 43431 9721 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 9721 2 is be VBZ 43431 9721 3 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 9721 4 of of IN 43431 9721 5 the the DT 43431 9721 6 skull skull NN 43431 9721 7 in in IN 43431 9721 8 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 9721 9 that that IN 43431 9721 10 the the DT 43431 9721 11 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 9721 12 fossa fossa NNP 43431 9721 13 is be VBZ 43431 9721 14 deep deep JJ 43431 9721 15 , , , 43431 9721 16 and and CC 43431 9721 17 the the DT 43431 9721 18 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9721 19 process process NN 43431 9721 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9721 21 fig fig NN 43431 9721 22 . . . 43431 9722 1 75 75 CD 43431 9722 2 , , , 43431 9722 3 23 23 CD 43431 9722 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9722 5 well well RB 43431 9722 6 developed develop VBN 43431 9722 7 . . . 43431 9723 1 The the DT 43431 9723 2 condyle condyle NN 43431 9723 3 of of IN 43431 9723 4 the the DT 43431 9723 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 9723 6 is be VBZ 43431 9723 7 much much RB 43431 9723 8 elongated elongate VBN 43431 9723 9 transversely transversely RB 43431 9723 10 . . . 43431 9724 1 The the DT 43431 9724 2 orbit orbit NN 43431 9724 3 and and CC 43431 9724 4 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9724 5 fossa fossa NN 43431 9724 6 in in IN 43431 9724 7 the the DT 43431 9724 8 great great JJ 43431 9724 9 majority majority NN 43431 9724 10 of of IN 43431 9724 11 forms form NNS 43431 9724 12 communicate communicate VBP 43431 9724 13 freely freely RB 43431 9724 14 , , , 43431 9724 15 the the DT 43431 9724 16 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9724 17 bar bar NN 43431 9724 18 being be VBG 43431 9724 19 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 9724 20 . . . 43431 9725 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9725 2 CARNIVORA CARNIVORA NNP 43431 9725 3 VERA VERA NNP 43431 9725 4 . . . 43431 9725 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9725 6 The the DT 43431 9725 7 axis axi NNS 43431 9725 8 of of IN 43431 9725 9 the the DT 43431 9725 10 facial facial JJ 43431 9725 11 portion portion NN 43431 9725 12 of of IN 43431 9725 13 the the DT 43431 9725 14 skull skull NN 43431 9725 15 is be VBZ 43431 9725 16 a a DT 43431 9725 17 direct direct JJ 43431 9725 18 continuation continuation NN 43431 9725 19 of of IN 43431 9725 20 that that DT 43431 9725 21 of of IN 43431 9725 22 the the DT 43431 9725 23 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9725 24 portion portion NN 43431 9725 25 . . . 43431 9726 1 The the DT 43431 9726 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9726 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9726 4 though though IN 43431 9726 5 rather rather RB 43431 9726 6 depressed depressed JJ 43431 9726 7 is be VBZ 43431 9726 8 large large JJ 43431 9726 9 , , , 43431 9726 10 and and CC 43431 9726 11 generally generally RB 43431 9726 12 long long RB 43431 9726 13 , , , 43431 9726 14 though though IN 43431 9726 15 in in IN 43431 9726 16 Cats cat NNS 43431 9726 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9726 18 is be VBZ 43431 9726 19 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 9726 20 short short JJ 43431 9726 21 and and CC 43431 9726 22 wide wide JJ 43431 9726 23 . . . 43431 9727 1 The the DT 43431 9727 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9727 3 plane plane NN 43431 9727 4 is be VBZ 43431 9727 5 nearly nearly RB 43431 9727 6 vertical vertical JJ 43431 9727 7 , , , 43431 9727 8 and and CC 43431 9727 9 the the DT 43431 9727 10 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 9727 11 are be VBP 43431 9727 12 developed develop VBN 43431 9727 13 into into IN 43431 9727 14 fairly fairly RB 43431 9727 15 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9727 16 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9727 17 processes process NNS 43431 9727 18 . . . 43431 9728 1 The the DT 43431 9728 2 interparietal interparietal NN 43431 9728 3 is be VBZ 43431 9728 4 commonly commonly RB 43431 9728 5 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9728 6 , , , 43431 9728 7 and and CC 43431 9728 8 the the DT 43431 9728 9 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9728 10 unite unite VBP 43431 9728 11 in in IN 43431 9728 12 a a DT 43431 9728 13 long long JJ 43431 9728 14 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 9728 15 suture suture NN 43431 9728 16 , , , 43431 9728 17 which which WDT 43431 9728 18 is be VBZ 43431 9728 19 often often RB 43431 9728 20 developed develop VBN 43431 9728 21 into into IN 43431 9728 22 a a DT 43431 9728 23 crest crest NN 43431 9728 24 . . . 43431 9729 1 The the DT 43431 9729 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9729 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9729 4 fig fig NN 43431 9729 5 . . . 43431 9730 1 73 73 CD 43431 9730 2 , , , 43431 9730 3 4 4 CD 43431 9730 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9730 5 are be VBP 43431 9730 6 well well RB 43431 9730 7 developed developed JJ 43431 9730 8 , , , 43431 9730 9 especially especially RB 43431 9730 10 in in IN 43431 9730 11 Cats cat NNS 43431 9730 12 , , , 43431 9730 13 and and CC 43431 9730 14 the the DT 43431 9730 15 nasal nasal NN 43431 9730 16 processes process NNS 43431 9730 17 of of IN 43431 9730 18 the the DT 43431 9730 19 premaxillae premaxilla NNS 43431 9730 20 do do VBP 43431 9730 21 not not RB 43431 9730 22 nearly nearly RB 43431 9730 23 reach reach VB 43431 9730 24 the the DT 43431 9730 25 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9730 26 . . . 43431 9731 1 A a DT 43431 9731 2 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9731 3 part part NN 43431 9731 4 of of IN 43431 9731 5 the the DT 43431 9731 6 palate palate NN 43431 9731 7 is be VBZ 43431 9731 8 formed form VBN 43431 9731 9 by by IN 43431 9731 10 the the DT 43431 9731 11 palatine palatine NN 43431 9731 12 , , , 43431 9731 13 and and CC 43431 9731 14 the the DT 43431 9731 15 maxillary maxillary JJ 43431 9731 16 portion portion NN 43431 9731 17 is be VBZ 43431 9731 18 pierced pierce VBN 43431 9731 19 by by IN 43431 9731 20 rather rather RB 43431 9731 21 long long RB 43431 9731 22 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9731 23 palatine palatine NNP 43431 9731 24 foramina foramina NNP 43431 9731 25 . . . 43431 9732 1 The the DT 43431 9732 2 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 9732 3 has have VBZ 43431 9732 4 a a DT 43431 9732 5 hamular hamular JJ 43431 9732 6 process process NN 43431 9732 7 . . . 43431 9733 1 The the DT 43431 9733 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9733 3 arch arch NN 43431 9733 4 is be VBZ 43431 9733 5 strong strong JJ 43431 9733 6 , , , 43431 9733 7 especially especially RB 43431 9733 8 in in IN 43431 9733 9 Cats cat NNS 43431 9733 10 . . . 43431 9734 1 Postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9734 2 processes process NNS 43431 9734 3 are be VBP 43431 9734 4 developed develop VBN 43431 9734 5 on on IN 43431 9734 6 the the DT 43431 9734 7 frontal frontal NN 43431 9734 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9734 9 fig fig NN 43431 9734 10 . . . 43431 9735 1 73 73 CD 43431 9735 2 , , , 43431 9735 3 10 10 CD 43431 9735 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9735 5 and and CC 43431 9735 6 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9735 7 , , , 43431 9735 8 but but CC 43431 9735 9 never never RB 43431 9735 10 form form VB 43431 9735 11 a a DT 43431 9735 12 complete complete JJ 43431 9735 13 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9735 14 bar bar NN 43431 9735 15 . . . 43431 9736 1 A a DT 43431 9736 2 carotid carotid JJ 43431 9736 3 canal canal NN 43431 9736 4 is be VBZ 43431 9736 5 well well RB 43431 9736 6 seen see VBN 43431 9736 7 in in IN 43431 9736 8 the the DT 43431 9736 9 Ursidae Ursidae NNP 43431 9736 10 , , , 43431 9736 11 and and CC 43431 9736 12 to to IN 43431 9736 13 a a DT 43431 9736 14 less less JJR 43431 9736 15 extent extent NN 43431 9736 16 in in IN 43431 9736 17 the the DT 43431 9736 18 Felidae Felidae NNP 43431 9736 19 ; ; : 43431 9736 20 in in IN 43431 9736 21 the the DT 43431 9736 22 Canidae Canidae NNP 43431 9736 23 there there EX 43431 9736 24 is be VBZ 43431 9736 25 an an DT 43431 9736 26 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9736 27 canal canal NN 43431 9736 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9736 29 fig fig NN 43431 9736 30 . . . 43431 9737 1 75 75 CD 43431 9737 2 , , , 43431 9737 3 21 21 CD 43431 9737 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9737 5 . . . 43431 9738 1 The the DT 43431 9738 2 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9738 3 bulla bulla NN 43431 9738 4 differs differ VBZ 43431 9738 5 a a DT 43431 9738 6 good good JJ 43431 9738 7 deal deal NN 43431 9738 8 in in IN 43431 9738 9 the the DT 43431 9738 10 different different JJ 43431 9738 11 groups group NNS 43431 9738 12 . . . 43431 9739 1 In in IN 43431 9739 2 the the DT 43431 9739 3 Bears Bears NNPS 43431 9739 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9739 5 Ursidae Ursidae NNP 43431 9739 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9739 7 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9739 8 is be VBZ 43431 9739 9 not not RB 43431 9739 10 much much RB 43431 9739 11 inflated inflate VBN 43431 9739 12 , , , 43431 9739 13 and and CC 43431 9739 14 is be VBZ 43431 9739 15 most most RBS 43431 9739 16 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9739 17 along along IN 43431 9739 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9739 19 inner inner JJ 43431 9739 20 border border NN 43431 9739 21 ; ; : 43431 9739 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9739 23 is be VBZ 43431 9739 24 not not RB 43431 9739 25 closely closely RB 43431 9739 26 connected connect VBN 43431 9739 27 with with IN 43431 9739 28 the the DT 43431 9739 29 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9739 30 process process NN 43431 9739 31 . . . 43431 9740 1 In in IN 43431 9740 2 the the DT 43431 9740 3 Cats cat NNS 43431 9740 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9740 5 is be VBZ 43431 9740 6 very very RB 43431 9740 7 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9740 8 , , , 43431 9740 9 and and CC 43431 9740 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9740 11 cavity cavity NN 43431 9740 12 is be VBZ 43431 9740 13 almost almost RB 43431 9740 14 divided divide VBN 43431 9740 15 by by IN 43431 9740 16 a a DT 43431 9740 17 septum septum NN 43431 9740 18 into into IN 43431 9740 19 two two CD 43431 9740 20 parts part NNS 43431 9740 21 , , , 43431 9740 22 the the DT 43431 9740 23 inner inner JJ 43431 9740 24 of of IN 43431 9740 25 which which WDT 43431 9740 26 contains contain VBZ 43431 9740 27 the the DT 43431 9740 28 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9740 29 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9740 30 . . . 43431 9741 1 The the DT 43431 9741 2 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9741 3 process process NN 43431 9741 4 is be VBZ 43431 9741 5 closely closely RB 43431 9741 6 applied apply VBN 43431 9741 7 to to IN 43431 9741 8 the the DT 43431 9741 9 bulla bulla NN 43431 9741 10 . . . 43431 9742 1 In in IN 43431 9742 2 the the DT 43431 9742 3 Dogs Dogs NNP 43431 9742 4 the the DT 43431 9742 5 bulla bulla NN 43431 9742 6 is be VBZ 43431 9742 7 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 9742 8 in in IN 43431 9742 9 character character NN 43431 9742 10 between between IN 43431 9742 11 that that DT 43431 9742 12 of of IN 43431 9742 13 the the DT 43431 9742 14 Cats cat NNS 43431 9742 15 and and CC 43431 9742 16 that that DT 43431 9742 17 of of IN 43431 9742 18 the the DT 43431 9742 19 Bears Bears NNPS 43431 9742 20 ; ; : 43431 9742 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9742 22 is be VBZ 43431 9742 23 partially partially RB 43431 9742 24 divided divide VBN 43431 9742 25 by by IN 43431 9742 26 a a DT 43431 9742 27 septum septum NN 43431 9742 28 , , , 43431 9742 29 and and CC 43431 9742 30 is be VBZ 43431 9742 31 moderately moderately RB 43431 9742 32 expanded expand VBN 43431 9742 33 . . . 43431 9743 1 The the DT 43431 9743 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9743 3 is be VBZ 43431 9743 4 well well RB 43431 9743 5 developed develop VBN 43431 9743 6 with with IN 43431 9743 7 a a DT 43431 9743 8 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9743 9 angle angle NN 43431 9743 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9743 11 fig fig NN 43431 9743 12 . . . 43431 9744 1 72 72 CD 43431 9744 2 , , , 43431 9744 3 26 26 CD 43431 9744 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9744 5 , , , 43431 9744 6 and and CC 43431 9744 7 a a DT 43431 9744 8 large large JJ 43431 9744 9 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9744 10 process process NN 43431 9744 11 . . . 43431 9745 1 The the DT 43431 9745 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9745 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 9745 4 of of IN 43431 9745 5 a a DT 43431 9745 6 broad broad JJ 43431 9745 7 basi basi NNP 43431 9745 8 - - HYPH 43431 9745 9 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9745 10 , , , 43431 9745 11 a a DT 43431 9745 12 long long RB 43431 9745 13 many many JJ 43431 9745 14 - - HYPH 43431 9745 15 jointed joint VBN 43431 9745 16 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9745 17 cornu cornu NNP 43431 9745 18 and and CC 43431 9745 19 short short JJ 43431 9745 20 thyro thyro NN 43431 9745 21 - - HYPH 43431 9745 22 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9745 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9745 24 fig fig NN 43431 9745 25 . . . 43431 9746 1 72 72 CD 43431 9746 2 , , , 43431 9746 3 33 33 CD 43431 9746 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9746 5 . . . 43431 9747 1 The the DT 43431 9747 2 skull skull NN 43431 9747 3 in in IN 43431 9747 4 the the DT 43431 9747 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9747 6 CREODONTA CREODONTA NNP 43431 9747 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9747 8 is be VBZ 43431 9747 9 in in IN 43431 9747 10 most most JJS 43431 9747 11 respects respect NNS 43431 9747 12 allied ally VBN 43431 9747 13 to to IN 43431 9747 14 that that DT 43431 9747 15 of of IN 43431 9747 16 the the DT 43431 9747 17 Canidae Canidae NNP 43431 9747 18 , , , 43431 9747 19 but but CC 43431 9747 20 presents present VBZ 43431 9747 21 some some DT 43431 9747 22 ursine ursine JJ 43431 9747 23 affinities affinity NNS 43431 9747 24 . . . 43431 9748 1 The the DT 43431 9748 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9748 3 bulla bulla NN 43431 9748 4 is be VBZ 43431 9748 5 fairly fairly RB 43431 9748 6 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9748 7 , , , 43431 9748 8 but but CC 43431 9748 9 has have VBZ 43431 9748 10 no no DT 43431 9748 11 well well RB 43431 9748 12 - - HYPH 43431 9748 13 developed develop VBN 43431 9748 14 septum septum NN 43431 9748 15 . . . 43431 9749 1 The the DT 43431 9749 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9749 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9749 4 is be VBZ 43431 9749 5 very very RB 43431 9749 6 small small JJ 43431 9749 7 and and CC 43431 9749 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9749 9 , , , 43431 9749 10 the the DT 43431 9749 11 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9749 12 arch arch NN 43431 9749 13 standing stand VBG 43431 9749 14 away away RB 43431 9749 15 from from IN 43431 9749 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9749 17 . . . 43431 9750 1 The the DT 43431 9750 2 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9750 3 fossa fossa NN 43431 9750 4 is be VBZ 43431 9750 5 of of IN 43431 9750 6 great great JJ 43431 9750 7 size size NN 43431 9750 8 . . . 43431 9751 1 In in IN 43431 9751 2 the the DT 43431 9751 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9751 4 PINNIPEDIA PINNIPEDIA NNP 43431 9751 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9751 6 the the DT 43431 9751 7 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9751 8 cavity cavity NN 43431 9751 9 is be VBZ 43431 9751 10 large large JJ 43431 9751 11 and and CC 43431 9751 12 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9751 13 . . . 43431 9752 1 The the DT 43431 9752 2 skull skull NN 43431 9752 3 is be VBZ 43431 9752 4 much much RB 43431 9752 5 compressed compress VBN 43431 9752 6 in in IN 43431 9752 7 the the DT 43431 9752 8 interorbital interorbital JJ 43431 9752 9 region region NN 43431 9752 10 , , , 43431 9752 11 and and CC 43431 9752 12 in in IN 43431 9752 13 correlation correlation NN 43431 9752 14 with with IN 43431 9752 15 this this DT 43431 9752 16 compression compression NN 43431 9752 17 the the DT 43431 9752 18 ethmo ethmo NN 43431 9752 19 - - HYPH 43431 9752 20 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 9752 21 are be VBP 43431 9752 22 little little RB 43431 9752 23 developed developed JJ 43431 9752 24 , , , 43431 9752 25 while while IN 43431 9752 26 the the DT 43431 9752 27 maxillo maxillo NN 43431 9752 28 - - HYPH 43431 9752 29 turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 9752 30 are be VBP 43431 9752 31 large large JJ 43431 9752 32 . . . 43431 9753 1 The the DT 43431 9753 2 orbit orbit NN 43431 9753 3 is be VBZ 43431 9753 4 large large JJ 43431 9753 5 , , , 43431 9753 6 and and CC 43431 9753 7 the the DT 43431 9753 8 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9753 9 fossa fossa NN 43431 9753 10 smaller small JJR 43431 9753 11 than than IN 43431 9753 12 in in IN 43431 9753 13 the the DT 43431 9753 14 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 9753 15 vera vera NN 43431 9753 16 . . . 43431 9754 1 In in IN 43431 9754 2 the the DT 43431 9754 3 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 9754 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9754 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9754 6 Trichechus Trichechus NNP 43431 9754 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9754 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9754 9 the the DT 43431 9754 10 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9754 11 part part NN 43431 9754 12 of of IN 43431 9754 13 the the DT 43431 9754 14 face face NN 43431 9754 15 is be VBZ 43431 9754 16 distorted distort VBN 43431 9754 17 by by IN 43431 9754 18 the the DT 43431 9754 19 development development NN 43431 9754 20 of of IN 43431 9754 21 the the DT 43431 9754 22 huge huge JJ 43431 9754 23 canines canine NNS 43431 9754 24 . . . 43431 9755 1 The the DT 43431 9755 2 Otariidae Otariidae NNP 43431 9755 3 have have VBP 43431 9755 4 an an DT 43431 9755 5 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9755 6 canal canal NN 43431 9755 7 . . . 43431 9756 1 The the DT 43431 9756 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9756 3 bulla bulla NN 43431 9756 4 is be VBZ 43431 9756 5 small small JJ 43431 9756 6 in in IN 43431 9756 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9756 8 Otaria Otaria NNP 43431 9756 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9756 10 , , , 43431 9756 11 large large JJ 43431 9756 12 in in IN 43431 9756 13 the the DT 43431 9756 14 Phocidae Phocidae NNP 43431 9756 15 , , , 43431 9756 16 and and CC 43431 9756 17 flattened flatten VBD 43431 9756 18 in in IN 43431 9756 19 the the DT 43431 9756 20 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 9756 21 . . . 43431 9757 1 The the DT 43431 9757 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9757 3 is be VBZ 43431 9757 4 similar similar JJ 43431 9757 5 to to IN 43431 9757 6 that that DT 43431 9757 7 in in IN 43431 9757 8 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 9757 9 vera vera NN 43431 9757 10 . . . 43431 9758 1 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 9758 2 . . . 43431 9759 1 The the DT 43431 9759 2 skull skull NN 43431 9759 3 varies vary VBZ 43431 9759 4 much much JJ 43431 9759 5 in in IN 43431 9759 6 the the DT 43431 9759 7 different different JJ 43431 9759 8 members member NNS 43431 9759 9 of of IN 43431 9759 10 the the DT 43431 9759 11 order order NN 43431 9759 12 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 9759 13 , , , 43431 9759 14 but but CC 43431 9759 15 the the DT 43431 9759 16 following follow VBG 43431 9759 17 points point NNS 43431 9759 18 of of IN 43431 9759 19 agreement agreement NN 43431 9759 20 are be VBP 43431 9759 21 found find VBN 43431 9759 22 . . . 43431 9760 1 The the DT 43431 9760 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9760 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9760 4 is be VBZ 43431 9760 5 of of IN 43431 9760 6 small small JJ 43431 9760 7 size size NN 43431 9760 8 , , , 43431 9760 9 and and CC 43431 9760 10 is be VBZ 43431 9760 11 never never RB 43431 9760 12 much much RB 43431 9760 13 elevated elevated JJ 43431 9760 14 . . . 43431 9761 1 The the DT 43431 9761 2 facial facial JJ 43431 9761 3 part part NN 43431 9761 4 of of IN 43431 9761 5 the the DT 43431 9761 6 skull skull NN 43431 9761 7 is be VBZ 43431 9761 8 generally generally RB 43431 9761 9 considerably considerably RB 43431 9761 10 elongated elongate VBN 43431 9761 11 , , , 43431 9761 12 and and CC 43431 9761 13 the the DT 43431 9761 14 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9761 15 and and CC 43431 9761 16 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9761 17 are be VBP 43431 9761 18 well well RB 43431 9761 19 developed developed JJ 43431 9761 20 . . . 43431 9762 1 The the DT 43431 9762 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9762 3 arch arch NN 43431 9762 4 is be VBZ 43431 9762 5 usually usually RB 43431 9762 6 slender slend JJR 43431 9762 7 or or CC 43431 9762 8 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 9762 9 , , , 43431 9762 10 and and CC 43431 9762 11 the the DT 43431 9762 12 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9762 13 process process NN 43431 9762 14 and and CC 43431 9762 15 angle angle NN 43431 9762 16 of of IN 43431 9762 17 the the DT 43431 9762 18 mandible mandible JJ 43431 9762 19 are be VBP 43431 9762 20 commonly commonly RB 43431 9762 21 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9762 22 . . . 43431 9763 1 In in IN 43431 9763 2 some some DT 43431 9763 3 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 9763 4 , , , 43431 9763 5 such such JJ 43431 9763 6 as as IN 43431 9763 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9763 8 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 9763 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9763 10 , , , 43431 9763 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9763 12 Tupaia Tupaia NNP 43431 9763 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9763 14 , , , 43431 9763 15 and and CC 43431 9763 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9763 17 Macroscelides Macroscelides NNP 43431 9763 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9763 19 , , , 43431 9763 20 the the DT 43431 9763 21 skull skull NN 43431 9763 22 shows show VBZ 43431 9763 23 a a DT 43431 9763 24 higher high JJR 43431 9763 25 type type NN 43431 9763 26 of of IN 43431 9763 27 structure structure NN 43431 9763 28 than than IN 43431 9763 29 is be VBZ 43431 9763 30 met meet VBN 43431 9763 31 with with IN 43431 9763 32 in in IN 43431 9763 33 most most JJS 43431 9763 34 members member NNS 43431 9763 35 of of IN 43431 9763 36 the the DT 43431 9763 37 order order NN 43431 9763 38 . . . 43431 9764 1 In in IN 43431 9764 2 these these DT 43431 9764 3 genera genera NN 43431 9764 4 the the DT 43431 9764 5 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9764 6 cavity cavity NN 43431 9764 7 is be VBZ 43431 9764 8 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 9764 9 large large JJ 43431 9764 10 , , , 43431 9764 11 and and CC 43431 9764 12 the the DT 43431 9764 13 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9764 14 plane plane NN 43431 9764 15 is be VBZ 43431 9764 16 nearly nearly RB 43431 9764 17 vertical vertical JJ 43431 9764 18 . . . 43431 9765 1 The the DT 43431 9765 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9765 3 arch arch NN 43431 9765 4 is be VBZ 43431 9765 5 fairly fairly RB 43431 9765 6 strong strong JJ 43431 9765 7 , , , 43431 9765 8 and and CC 43431 9765 9 the the DT 43431 9765 10 frontal frontal JJ 43431 9765 11 and and CC 43431 9765 12 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9765 13 give give VBP 43431 9765 14 rise rise NN 43431 9765 15 to to IN 43431 9765 16 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9765 17 processes process NNS 43431 9765 18 which which WDT 43431 9765 19 nearly nearly RB 43431 9765 20 or or CC 43431 9765 21 quite quite RB 43431 9765 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9765 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9765 24 Tupaia Tupaia NNP 43431 9765 25 _ _ NNP 43431 9765 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9765 27 meet meet VBP 43431 9765 28 . . . 43431 9766 1 The the DT 43431 9766 2 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9766 3 bulla bulla NN 43431 9766 4 is be VBZ 43431 9766 5 well well RB 43431 9766 6 developed developed JJ 43431 9766 7 , , , 43431 9766 8 and and CC 43431 9766 9 produced produce VBN 43431 9766 10 into into IN 43431 9766 11 a a DT 43431 9766 12 tubular tubular JJ 43431 9766 13 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9766 14 meatus meatus NN 43431 9766 15 , , , 43431 9766 16 this this DT 43431 9766 17 being be VBG 43431 9766 18 specially specially RB 43431 9766 19 well well RB 43431 9766 20 marked mark VBN 43431 9766 21 in in IN 43431 9766 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9766 23 Macroscelides Macroscelides NNP 43431 9766 24 _ _ NNP 43431 9766 25 . . . 43431 9767 1 In in IN 43431 9767 2 the the DT 43431 9767 3 other other JJ 43431 9767 4 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 9767 5 the the DT 43431 9767 6 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9767 7 cavity cavity NN 43431 9767 8 is be VBZ 43431 9767 9 of of IN 43431 9767 10 smaller small JJR 43431 9767 11 comparative comparative JJ 43431 9767 12 size size NN 43431 9767 13 , , , 43431 9767 14 and and CC 43431 9767 15 the the DT 43431 9767 16 orbit orbit NN 43431 9767 17 and and CC 43431 9767 18 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9767 19 fossa fossa NN 43431 9767 20 are be VBP 43431 9767 21 completely completely RB 43431 9767 22 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9767 23 , , , 43431 9767 24 often often RB 43431 9767 25 without without IN 43431 9767 26 any any DT 43431 9767 27 trace trace NN 43431 9767 28 of of IN 43431 9767 29 a a DT 43431 9767 30 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9767 31 bar bar NN 43431 9767 32 . . . 43431 9768 1 The the DT 43431 9768 2 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9768 3 plane plane NN 43431 9768 4 commonly commonly RB 43431 9768 5 slopes slope VBZ 43431 9768 6 forwards forwards RB 43431 9768 7 . . . 43431 9769 1 In in IN 43431 9769 2 the the DT 43431 9769 3 Hedgehogs Hedgehogs NNPS 43431 9769 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9769 5 Erinaceidae Erinaceidae NNP 43431 9769 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9769 7 and and CC 43431 9769 8 Centetidae centetidae VB 43431 9769 9 the the DT 43431 9769 10 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9769 11 is be VBZ 43431 9769 12 very very RB 43431 9769 13 slightly slightly RB 43431 9769 14 developed develop VBN 43431 9769 15 , , , 43431 9769 16 forming form VBG 43431 9769 17 a a DT 43431 9769 18 small small JJ 43431 9769 19 ring ring NN 43431 9769 20 . . . 43431 9770 1 The the DT 43431 9770 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9770 3 arch arch NN 43431 9770 4 of of IN 43431 9770 5 Hedgehogs Hedgehogs NNP 43431 9770 6 and and CC 43431 9770 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9770 8 Gymnura Gymnura NNP 43431 9770 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9770 10 is be VBZ 43431 9770 11 very very RB 43431 9770 12 slender slend JJR 43431 9770 13 , , , 43431 9770 14 the the DT 43431 9770 15 jugal jugal NN 43431 9770 16 being being NN 43431 9770 17 but but CC 43431 9770 18 little little JJ 43431 9770 19 developed developed JJ 43431 9770 20 and and CC 43431 9770 21 the the DT 43431 9770 22 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9770 23 and and CC 43431 9770 24 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9770 25 meeting meet VBG 43431 9770 26 one one CD 43431 9770 27 another another DT 43431 9770 28 ; ; : 43431 9770 29 in in IN 43431 9770 30 the the DT 43431 9770 31 Centetidae Centetidae NNP 43431 9770 32 the the DT 43431 9770 33 jugal jugal NN 43431 9770 34 is be VBZ 43431 9770 35 absent absent JJ 43431 9770 36 and and CC 43431 9770 37 the the DT 43431 9770 38 arch arch NN 43431 9770 39 is be VBZ 43431 9770 40 incomplete incomplete JJ 43431 9770 41 . . . 43431 9771 1 The the DT 43431 9771 2 Moles mole NNS 43431 9771 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9771 4 Talpidae Talpidae NNP 43431 9771 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9771 6 have have VBP 43431 9771 7 an an DT 43431 9771 8 elongated elongated JJ 43431 9771 9 , , , 43431 9771 10 depressed depressed JJ 43431 9771 11 and and CC 43431 9771 12 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9771 13 skull skull NN 43431 9771 14 with with IN 43431 9771 15 a a DT 43431 9771 16 very very RB 43431 9771 17 slender slender NN 43431 9771 18 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9771 19 arch arch NN 43431 9771 20 formed form VBN 43431 9771 21 by by IN 43431 9771 22 the the DT 43431 9771 23 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9771 24 and and CC 43431 9771 25 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9771 26 . . . 43431 9772 1 The the DT 43431 9772 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9772 3 are be VBP 43431 9772 4 fused fuse VBN 43431 9772 5 together together RB 43431 9772 6 , , , 43431 9772 7 and and CC 43431 9772 8 the the DT 43431 9772 9 mesethmoid mesethmoid NN 43431 9772 10 is be VBZ 43431 9772 11 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9772 12 very very RB 43431 9772 13 far far RB 43431 9772 14 forwards forwards RB 43431 9772 15 . . . 43431 9773 1 In in IN 43431 9773 2 the the DT 43431 9773 3 Shrews Shrews NNPS 43431 9773 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9773 5 Soricidae Soricidae NNP 43431 9773 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9773 7 there there EX 43431 9773 8 is be VBZ 43431 9773 9 no no DT 43431 9773 10 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9773 11 arch arch NN 43431 9773 12 ; ; : 43431 9773 13 the the DT 43431 9773 14 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9773 15 is be VBZ 43431 9773 16 ring ring NN 43431 9773 17 - - HYPH 43431 9773 18 like like JJ 43431 9773 19 , , , 43431 9773 20 and and CC 43431 9773 21 the the DT 43431 9773 22 angle angle NN 43431 9773 23 of of IN 43431 9773 24 the the DT 43431 9773 25 mandible mandible NN 43431 9773 26 is be VBZ 43431 9773 27 very very RB 43431 9773 28 prominent prominent JJ 43431 9773 29 . . . 43431 9774 1 The the DT 43431 9774 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9774 3 has have VBZ 43431 9774 4 a a DT 43431 9774 5 transversely transversely RB 43431 9774 6 extended extend VBN 43431 9774 7 basi basi NN 43431 9774 8 - - HYPH 43431 9774 9 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9774 10 , , , 43431 9774 11 a a DT 43431 9774 12 long long JJ 43431 9774 13 anterior anterior NN 43431 9774 14 cornu cornu NN 43431 9774 15 with with IN 43431 9774 16 three three CD 43431 9774 17 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 9774 18 , , , 43431 9774 19 and and CC 43431 9774 20 thyro thyro NN 43431 9774 21 - - HYPH 43431 9774 22 hyals hyal NNS 43431 9774 23 which which WDT 43431 9774 24 are be VBP 43431 9774 25 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9774 26 fused fuse VBN 43431 9774 27 to to IN 43431 9774 28 the the DT 43431 9774 29 basi basi NNP 43431 9774 30 - - HYPH 43431 9774 31 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9774 32 . . . 43431 9775 1 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 9775 2 . . . 43431 9776 1 In in IN 43431 9776 2 the the DT 43431 9776 3 frugivorous frugivorous JJ 43431 9776 4 Flying Flying NNP 43431 9776 5 Foxes Foxes NNPS 43431 9776 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9776 7 Pteropidae Pteropidae NNP 43431 9776 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9776 9 the the DT 43431 9776 10 skull skull NN 43431 9776 11 is be VBZ 43431 9776 12 elongated elongate VBN 43431 9776 13 , , , 43431 9776 14 and and CC 43431 9776 15 the the DT 43431 9776 16 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9776 17 cavity cavity NN 43431 9776 18 is be VBZ 43431 9776 19 large large JJ 43431 9776 20 and and CC 43431 9776 21 arched arched JJ 43431 9776 22 , , , 43431 9776 23 though though IN 43431 9776 24 considerably considerably RB 43431 9776 25 contracted contract VBN 43431 9776 26 in in IN 43431 9776 27 front front NN 43431 9776 28 . . . 43431 9777 1 There there EX 43431 9777 2 are be VBP 43431 9777 3 commonly commonly RB 43431 9777 4 strong strong JJ 43431 9777 5 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 9777 6 and and CC 43431 9777 7 supra supra NN 43431 9777 8 - - HYPH 43431 9777 9 orbital orbital JJ 43431 9777 10 crests crest NNS 43431 9777 11 . . . 43431 9778 1 The the DT 43431 9778 2 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9778 3 take take VBP 43431 9778 4 a a DT 43431 9778 5 great great JJ 43431 9778 6 part part NN 43431 9778 7 in in IN 43431 9778 8 the the DT 43431 9778 9 formation formation NN 43431 9778 10 of of IN 43431 9778 11 the the DT 43431 9778 12 walls wall NNS 43431 9778 13 of of IN 43431 9778 14 the the DT 43431 9778 15 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9778 16 cavity cavity NN 43431 9778 17 , , , 43431 9778 18 the the DT 43431 9778 19 supra supra NN 43431 9778 20 - - HYPH 43431 9778 21 occipital occipital NN 43431 9778 22 and and CC 43431 9778 23 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9778 24 being be VBG 43431 9778 25 small small JJ 43431 9778 26 . . . 43431 9779 1 The the DT 43431 9779 2 frontal frontal NN 43431 9779 3 is be VBZ 43431 9779 4 drawn draw VBN 43431 9779 5 out out RP 43431 9779 6 into into IN 43431 9779 7 a a DT 43431 9779 8 long long JJ 43431 9779 9 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9779 10 process process NN 43431 9779 11 , , , 43431 9779 12 but but CC 43431 9779 13 the the DT 43431 9779 14 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9779 15 arch arch NN 43431 9779 16 , , , 43431 9779 17 which which WDT 43431 9779 18 is be VBZ 43431 9779 19 slender slend JJR 43431 9779 20 , , , 43431 9779 21 and and CC 43431 9779 22 formed form VBN 43431 9779 23 mainly mainly RB 43431 9779 24 by by IN 43431 9779 25 the the DT 43431 9779 26 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9779 27 and and CC 43431 9779 28 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9779 29 , , , 43431 9779 30 gives give VBZ 43431 9779 31 rise rise NN 43431 9779 32 to to IN 43431 9779 33 only only RB 43431 9779 34 a a DT 43431 9779 35 small small JJ 43431 9779 36 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9779 37 process process NN 43431 9779 38 , , , 43431 9779 39 so so IN 43431 9779 40 that that IN 43431 9779 41 the the DT 43431 9779 42 orbit orbit NN 43431 9779 43 and and CC 43431 9779 44 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9779 45 fossa fossa NN 43431 9779 46 are be VBP 43431 9779 47 confluent confluent JJ 43431 9779 48 . . . 43431 9780 1 There there EX 43431 9780 2 is be VBZ 43431 9780 3 no no DT 43431 9780 4 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9780 5 canal canal NN 43431 9780 6 , , , 43431 9780 7 and and CC 43431 9780 8 the the DT 43431 9780 9 tympanics tympanic NNS 43431 9780 10 are be VBP 43431 9780 11 very very RB 43431 9780 12 slightly slightly RB 43431 9780 13 connected connect VBN 43431 9780 14 with with IN 43431 9780 15 the the DT 43431 9780 16 rest rest NN 43431 9780 17 of of IN 43431 9780 18 the the DT 43431 9780 19 skull skull NN 43431 9780 20 . . . 43431 9781 1 The the DT 43431 9781 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9781 3 has have VBZ 43431 9781 4 a a DT 43431 9781 5 large large JJ 43431 9781 6 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9781 7 process process NN 43431 9781 8 , , , 43431 9781 9 a a DT 43431 9781 10 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9781 11 angle angle NN 43431 9781 12 , , , 43431 9781 13 and and CC 43431 9781 14 a a DT 43431 9781 15 transversely transversely RB 43431 9781 16 expanded expand VBN 43431 9781 17 condyle condyle NN 43431 9781 18 . . . 43431 9782 1 In in IN 43431 9782 2 Insectivorous insectivorous JJ 43431 9782 3 Bats Bats NNPS 43431 9782 4 the the DT 43431 9782 5 skull skull NN 43431 9782 6 is be VBZ 43431 9782 7 generally generally RB 43431 9782 8 shorter short JJR 43431 9782 9 and and CC 43431 9782 10 broader broad JJR 43431 9782 11 than than IN 43431 9782 12 in in IN 43431 9782 13 the the DT 43431 9782 14 Pteropidae Pteropidae NNP 43431 9782 15 . . . 43431 9783 1 The the DT 43431 9783 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9783 3 cavity cavity NN 43431 9783 4 is be VBZ 43431 9783 5 large large JJ 43431 9783 6 and and CC 43431 9783 7 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9783 8 , , , 43431 9783 9 and and CC 43431 9783 10 has have VBZ 43431 9783 11 thin thin JJ 43431 9783 12 smooth smooth JJ 43431 9783 13 walls wall NNS 43431 9783 14 . . . 43431 9784 1 The the DT 43431 9784 2 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 9784 3 arch arch NN 43431 9784 4 is be VBZ 43431 9784 5 slender slend JJR 43431 9784 6 , , , 43431 9784 7 and and CC 43431 9784 8 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9784 9 processes process NNS 43431 9784 10 are be VBP 43431 9784 11 not not RB 43431 9784 12 generally generally RB 43431 9784 13 well well RB 43431 9784 14 developed developed JJ 43431 9784 15 . . . 43431 9785 1 The the DT 43431 9785 2 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9785 3 is be VBZ 43431 9785 4 generally generally RB 43431 9785 5 small small JJ 43431 9785 6 , , , 43431 9785 7 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9785 8 absent absent JJ 43431 9785 9 . . . 43431 9786 1 The the DT 43431 9786 2 tympanics tympanic NNS 43431 9786 3 are be VBP 43431 9786 4 ring re VBG 43431 9786 5 - - HYPH 43431 9786 6 like like JJ 43431 9786 7 and and CC 43431 9786 8 are be VBP 43431 9786 9 not not RB 43431 9786 10 connected connect VBN 43431 9786 11 with with IN 43431 9786 12 the the DT 43431 9786 13 surrounding surround VBG 43431 9786 14 bones bone NNS 43431 9786 15 . . . 43431 9787 1 The the DT 43431 9787 2 angle angle NN 43431 9787 3 of of IN 43431 9787 4 the the DT 43431 9787 5 mandible mandible NN 43431 9787 6 is be VBZ 43431 9787 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9787 8 . . . 43431 9788 1 The the DT 43431 9788 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9788 3 in in IN 43431 9788 4 most most JJS 43431 9788 5 respects respect NNS 43431 9788 6 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 9788 7 that that DT 43431 9788 8 of of IN 43431 9788 9 the the DT 43431 9788 10 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 9788 11 . . . 43431 9789 1 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 9789 2 . . . 43431 9790 1 The the DT 43431 9790 2 characters character NNS 43431 9790 3 of of IN 43431 9790 4 the the DT 43431 9790 5 skull skull NN 43431 9790 6 differ differ VBP 43431 9790 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 9790 8 in in IN 43431 9790 9 the the DT 43431 9790 10 two two CD 43431 9790 11 suborders suborder NNS 43431 9790 12 of of IN 43431 9790 13 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 9790 14 , , , 43431 9790 15 the the DT 43431 9790 16 Anthropoidea Anthropoidea NNP 43431 9790 17 and and CC 43431 9790 18 the the DT 43431 9790 19 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 9790 20 . . . 43431 9791 1 In in IN 43431 9791 2 the the DT 43431 9791 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9791 4 LEMUROIDEA LEMUROIDEA NNP 43431 9791 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9791 6 the the DT 43431 9791 7 general general JJ 43431 9791 8 relative relative JJ 43431 9791 9 proportions proportion NNS 43431 9791 10 of of IN 43431 9791 11 the the DT 43431 9791 12 cranium cranium NN 43431 9791 13 and and CC 43431 9791 14 face face NN 43431 9791 15 are be VBP 43431 9791 16 much much JJ 43431 9791 17 as as IN 43431 9791 18 in in IN 43431 9791 19 most most RBS 43431 9791 20 lower low JJR 43431 9791 21 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9791 22 , , , 43431 9791 23 and and CC 43431 9791 24 the the DT 43431 9791 25 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9791 26 plane plane NN 43431 9791 27 forms form VBZ 43431 9791 28 nearly nearly RB 43431 9791 29 a a DT 43431 9791 30 right right JJ 43431 9791 31 angle angle NN 43431 9791 32 with with IN 43431 9791 33 the the DT 43431 9791 34 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 9791 35 axis axis NNP 43431 9791 36 . . . 43431 9792 1 The the DT 43431 9792 2 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9792 3 processes process NNS 43431 9792 4 of of IN 43431 9792 5 the the DT 43431 9792 6 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9792 7 are be VBP 43431 9792 8 commonly commonly RB 43431 9792 9 continued continue VBN 43431 9792 10 as as IN 43431 9792 11 a a DT 43431 9792 12 pair pair NN 43431 9792 13 of of IN 43431 9792 14 ridges ridge NNS 43431 9792 15 crossing cross VBG 43431 9792 16 the the DT 43431 9792 17 roof roof NN 43431 9792 18 of of IN 43431 9792 19 the the DT 43431 9792 20 cranium cranium NN 43431 9792 21 and and CC 43431 9792 22 meeting meet VBG 43431 9792 23 the the DT 43431 9792 24 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9792 25 crest crest NN 43431 9792 26 . . . 43431 9793 1 Though though IN 43431 9793 2 the the DT 43431 9793 3 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9793 4 bar bar NN 43431 9793 5 is be VBZ 43431 9793 6 complete complete JJ 43431 9793 7 , , , 43431 9793 8 the the DT 43431 9793 9 orbit orbit NN 43431 9793 10 and and CC 43431 9793 11 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9793 12 fossa fossa JJ 43431 9793 13 communicate communicate VBP 43431 9793 14 freely freely RB 43431 9793 15 below below IN 43431 9793 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9793 17 . . . 43431 9794 1 The the DT 43431 9794 2 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9794 3 canal canal NN 43431 9794 4 opens open VBZ 43431 9794 5 outside outside IN 43431 9794 6 the the DT 43431 9794 7 orbit orbit NN 43431 9794 8 , , , 43431 9794 9 and and CC 43431 9794 10 the the DT 43431 9794 11 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 9794 12 forms form VBZ 43431 9794 13 a a DT 43431 9794 14 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9794 15 part part NN 43431 9794 16 of of IN 43431 9794 17 the the DT 43431 9794 18 side side NN 43431 9794 19 of of IN 43431 9794 20 the the DT 43431 9794 21 face face NN 43431 9794 22 . . . 43431 9795 1 The the DT 43431 9795 2 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9795 3 is be VBZ 43431 9795 4 developed develop VBN 43431 9795 5 into into IN 43431 9795 6 a a DT 43431 9795 7 large large JJ 43431 9795 8 bulla bulla NN 43431 9795 9 . . . 43431 9796 1 The the DT 43431 9796 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9796 3 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 9796 4 much much JJ 43431 9796 5 resembles resemble NNS 43431 9796 6 that that DT 43431 9796 7 of of IN 43431 9796 8 the the DT 43431 9796 9 Dog Dog NNP 43431 9796 10 . . . 43431 9797 1 In in IN 43431 9797 2 the the DT 43431 9797 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9797 4 ANTHROPOIDEA ANTHROPOIDEA NNP 43431 9797 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9797 6 the the DT 43431 9797 7 skull skull NN 43431 9797 8 differs differ VBZ 43431 9797 9 greatly greatly RB 43431 9797 10 from from IN 43431 9797 11 that that DT 43431 9797 12 in in IN 43431 9797 13 the the DT 43431 9797 14 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 9797 15 . . . 43431 9798 1 The the DT 43431 9798 2 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9798 3 portion portion NN 43431 9798 4 of of IN 43431 9798 5 the the DT 43431 9798 6 skull skull NN 43431 9798 7 is be VBZ 43431 9798 8 very very RB 43431 9798 9 large large JJ 43431 9798 10 as as IN 43431 9798 11 compared compare VBN 43431 9798 12 with with IN 43431 9798 13 the the DT 43431 9798 14 facial facial JJ 43431 9798 15 portion portion NN 43431 9798 16 , , , 43431 9798 17 though though IN 43431 9798 18 the the DT 43431 9798 19 comparative comparative JJ 43431 9798 20 development development NN 43431 9798 21 varies vary VBZ 43431 9798 22 , , , 43431 9798 23 some some DT 43431 9798 24 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9798 25 , , , 43431 9798 26 such such JJ 43431 9798 27 as as IN 43431 9798 28 the the DT 43431 9798 29 baboons baboon NNS 43431 9798 30 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9798 31 Cynocephali Cynocephali NNP 43431 9798 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9798 33 having have VBG 43431 9798 34 the the DT 43431 9798 35 facial facial JJ 43431 9798 36 portion portion NN 43431 9798 37 relatively relatively RB 43431 9798 38 large large JJ 43431 9798 39 . . . 43431 9799 1 The the DT 43431 9799 2 comparative comparative JJ 43431 9799 3 size size NN 43431 9799 4 of of IN 43431 9799 5 the the DT 43431 9799 6 jaws jaw NNS 43431 9799 7 does do VBZ 43431 9799 8 not not RB 43431 9799 9 vary vary VB 43431 9799 10 inversely inversely RB 43431 9799 11 with with IN 43431 9799 12 the the DT 43431 9799 13 general general JJ 43431 9799 14 development development NN 43431 9799 15 of of IN 43431 9799 16 the the DT 43431 9799 17 animal animal NN 43431 9799 18 , , , 43431 9799 19 some some DT 43431 9799 20 of of IN 43431 9799 21 the the DT 43431 9799 22 Cercopithecidae Cercopithecidae NNP 43431 9799 23 having have VBG 43431 9799 24 comparatively comparatively RB 43431 9799 25 larger large JJR 43431 9799 26 jaws jaw NNS 43431 9799 27 than than IN 43431 9799 28 some some DT 43431 9799 29 of of IN 43431 9799 30 the the DT 43431 9799 31 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 9799 32 . . . 43431 9800 1 The the DT 43431 9800 2 great great JJ 43431 9800 3 size size NN 43431 9800 4 of of IN 43431 9800 5 the the DT 43431 9800 6 cranial cranial JJ 43431 9800 7 part part NN 43431 9800 8 of of IN 43431 9800 9 the the DT 43431 9800 10 skull skull NN 43431 9800 11 is be VBZ 43431 9800 12 mainly mainly RB 43431 9800 13 due due JJ 43431 9800 14 to to IN 43431 9800 15 the the DT 43431 9800 16 immense immense JJ 43431 9800 17 development development NN 43431 9800 18 of of IN 43431 9800 19 the the DT 43431 9800 20 cerebral cerebral NNP 43431 9800 21 fossa fossa NNP 43431 9800 22 , , , 43431 9800 23 which which WDT 43431 9800 24 commonly commonly RB 43431 9800 25 completely completely RB 43431 9800 26 overlaps overlap VBZ 43431 9800 27 the the DT 43431 9800 28 olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 9800 29 fossa fossa NN 43431 9800 30 in in IN 43431 9800 31 front front NN 43431 9800 32 , , , 43431 9800 33 and and CC 43431 9800 34 the the DT 43431 9800 35 cerebellar cerebellar JJ 43431 9800 36 fossa fossa NN 43431 9800 37 behind behind RB 43431 9800 38 . . . 43431 9801 1 This this DT 43431 9801 2 development development NN 43431 9801 3 also also RB 43431 9801 4 has have VBZ 43431 9801 5 the the DT 43431 9801 6 effect effect NN 43431 9801 7 of of IN 43431 9801 8 making make VBG 43431 9801 9 the the DT 43431 9801 10 ethmoidal ethmoidal NN 43431 9801 11 and and CC 43431 9801 12 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9801 13 planes plane NNS 43431 9801 14 lie lie VBP 43431 9801 15 , , , 43431 9801 16 not not RB 43431 9801 17 at at IN 43431 9801 18 right right JJ 43431 9801 19 angles angle NNS 43431 9801 20 to to IN 43431 9801 21 the the DT 43431 9801 22 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 9801 23 axis axis NNP 43431 9801 24 , , , 43431 9801 25 but but CC 43431 9801 26 almost almost RB 43431 9801 27 in in IN 43431 9801 28 the the DT 43431 9801 29 same same JJ 43431 9801 30 straight straight JJ 43431 9801 31 line line NN 43431 9801 32 with with IN 43431 9801 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9801 34 . . . 43431 9802 1 This this DT 43431 9802 2 is be VBZ 43431 9802 3 , , , 43431 9802 4 however however RB 43431 9802 5 , , , 43431 9802 6 not not RB 43431 9802 7 always always RB 43431 9802 8 the the DT 43431 9802 9 case case NN 43431 9802 10 , , , 43431 9802 11 as as IN 43431 9802 12 the the DT 43431 9802 13 Howling Howling NNP 43431 9802 14 Monkey Monkey NNP 43431 9802 15 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9802 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9802 17 Mycetes Mycetes NNP 43431 9802 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9802 19 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9802 20 and and CC 43431 9802 21 also also RB 43431 9802 22 some some DT 43431 9802 23 of of IN 43431 9802 24 the the DT 43431 9802 25 very very RB 43431 9802 26 highest high JJS 43431 9802 27 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9802 28 , , , 43431 9802 29 the the DT 43431 9802 30 Gibbons Gibbons NNPS 43431 9802 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9802 32 _ _ NNP 43431 9802 33 Hylobates Hylobates NNP 43431 9802 34 _ _ NNP 43431 9802 35 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9802 36 , , , 43431 9802 37 have have VBP 43431 9802 38 the the DT 43431 9802 39 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9802 40 plane plane NN 43431 9802 41 nearly nearly RB 43431 9802 42 vertical vertical JJ 43431 9802 43 to to IN 43431 9802 44 the the DT 43431 9802 45 basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 9802 46 axis axis NNP 43431 9802 47 . . . 43431 9803 1 In in IN 43431 9803 2 adult adult NN 43431 9803 3 Man Man NNP 43431 9803 4 the the DT 43431 9803 5 basi basi NN 43431 9803 6 - - HYPH 43431 9803 7 occipital occipital NN 43431 9803 8 , , , 43431 9803 9 exoccipitals exoccipital NNS 43431 9803 10 and and CC 43431 9803 11 supra supra NN 43431 9803 12 - - HYPH 43431 9803 13 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9803 14 coalesce coalesce NN 43431 9803 15 , , , 43431 9803 16 forming form VBG 43431 9803 17 the the DT 43431 9803 18 so so RB 43431 9803 19 - - HYPH 43431 9803 20 called call VBN 43431 9803 21 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9803 22 bone bone NN 43431 9803 23 ; ; : 43431 9803 24 while while IN 43431 9803 25 the the DT 43431 9803 26 basisphenoid basisphenoid NN 43431 9803 27 , , , 43431 9803 28 presphenoid presphenoid NN 43431 9803 29 , , , 43431 9803 30 alisphenoids alisphenoid NNS 43431 9803 31 , , , 43431 9803 32 orbitosphenoids orbitosphenoid NNS 43431 9803 33 and and CC 43431 9803 34 pterygoids pterygoid NNS 43431 9803 35 form form VBP 43431 9803 36 the the DT 43431 9803 37 sphenoid sphenoid NN 43431 9803 38 bone bone NN 43431 9803 39 . . . 43431 9804 1 The the DT 43431 9804 2 roof roof NN 43431 9804 3 of of IN 43431 9804 4 the the DT 43431 9804 5 skull skull NN 43431 9804 6 is be VBZ 43431 9804 7 partly partly RB 43431 9804 8 formed form VBN 43431 9804 9 by by IN 43431 9804 10 the the DT 43431 9804 11 large large JJ 43431 9804 12 supra supra NN 43431 9804 13 - - HYPH 43431 9804 14 occipital occipital NN 43431 9804 15 and and CC 43431 9804 16 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9804 17 , , , 43431 9804 18 but but CC 43431 9804 19 mainly mainly RB 43431 9804 20 by by IN 43431 9804 21 the the DT 43431 9804 22 parietals parietal NNS 43431 9804 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9804 24 fig fig NN 43431 9804 25 . . . 43431 9805 1 99 99 CD 43431 9805 2 , , , 43431 9805 3 1 1 CD 43431 9805 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9805 5 , , , 43431 9805 6 which which WDT 43431 9805 7 in in IN 43431 9805 8 Man Man NNP 43431 9805 9 are be VBP 43431 9805 10 of of IN 43431 9805 11 enormous enormous JJ 43431 9805 12 extent extent NN 43431 9805 13 . . . 43431 9806 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9806 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9806 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9806 4 . . . 43431 9807 1 99 99 CD 43431 9807 2 . . . 43431 9808 1 HALF half JJ 43431 9808 2 FRONT front NN 43431 9808 3 VIEW view NN 43431 9808 4 OF of IN 43431 9808 5 THE the DT 43431 9808 6 SKULLS SKULLS NNP 43431 9808 7 , , , 43431 9808 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9808 9 A A NNP 43431 9808 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9808 11 OF of IN 43431 9808 12 AN an DT 43431 9808 13 OLD OLD NNP 43431 9808 14 , , , 43431 9808 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9808 16 B B NNP 43431 9808 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9808 18 OF of IN 43431 9808 19 A a DT 43431 9808 20 YOUNG YOUNG NNP 43431 9808 21 GORILLA gorilla NN 43431 9808 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9808 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9808 24 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 9808 25 savagei savagei NN 43431 9808 26 _ _ NNP 43431 9808 27 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9808 28 à à NNP 43431 9808 29 � � NNP 43431 9808 30 1/4 1/4 CD 43431 9808 31 . . . 43431 9809 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9809 2 Camb camb NN 43431 9809 3 . . . 43431 9810 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9810 2 . . . 43431 9810 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9811 1 1 1 LS 43431 9811 2 . . . 43431 9811 3 parietal parietal NNP 43431 9811 4 . . . 43431 9812 1 2 2 LS 43431 9812 2 . . . 43431 9812 3 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 9812 4 crest crest NNP 43431 9812 5 . . . 43431 9813 1 3 3 LS 43431 9813 2 . . . 43431 9813 3 frontal frontal NN 43431 9813 4 . . . 43431 9814 1 4 4 LS 43431 9814 2 . . . 43431 9814 3 supra supra NNP 43431 9814 4 - - HYPH 43431 9814 5 orbital orbital JJ 43431 9814 6 ridge ridge NN 43431 9814 7 . . . 43431 9815 1 5 5 LS 43431 9815 2 . . . 43431 9815 3 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9815 4 . . . 43431 9816 1 6 6 LS 43431 9816 2 . . . 43431 9816 3 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 9816 4 . . . 43431 9817 1 7 7 LS 43431 9817 2 . . . 43431 9817 3 external external JJ 43431 9817 4 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9817 5 meatus meatus NNP 43431 9817 6 . . . 43431 9817 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9818 1 In in IN 43431 9818 2 Man Man NNP 43431 9818 3 and and CC 43431 9818 4 in in IN 43431 9818 5 most most JJS 43431 9818 6 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9818 7 , , , 43431 9818 8 at at IN 43431 9818 9 any any DT 43431 9818 10 rate rate NN 43431 9818 11 when when WRB 43431 9818 12 young young JJ 43431 9818 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9818 14 fig fig NN 43431 9818 15 . . . 43431 9819 1 99 99 CD 43431 9819 2 , , , 43431 9819 3 B b NN 43431 9819 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9819 5 , , , 43431 9819 6 the the DT 43431 9819 7 roof roof NN 43431 9819 8 of of IN 43431 9819 9 the the DT 43431 9819 10 skull skull NN 43431 9819 11 is be VBZ 43431 9819 12 smooth smooth JJ 43431 9819 13 and and CC 43431 9819 14 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9819 15 , , , 43431 9819 16 but but CC 43431 9819 17 in in IN 43431 9819 18 many many JJ 43431 9819 19 forms form NNS 43431 9819 20 , , , 43431 9819 21 such such JJ 43431 9819 22 as as IN 43431 9819 23 the the DT 43431 9819 24 Baboons Baboons NNPS 43431 9819 25 , , , 43431 9819 26 in in IN 43431 9819 27 the the DT 43431 9819 28 adult adult NN 43431 9819 29 the the DT 43431 9819 30 supra supra NNP 43431 9819 31 - - HYPH 43431 9819 32 orbital orbital JJ 43431 9819 33 and and CC 43431 9819 34 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9819 35 ridges ridge NNS 43431 9819 36 are be VBP 43431 9819 37 much much RB 43431 9819 38 developed develop VBN 43431 9819 39 . . . 43431 9820 1 In in IN 43431 9820 2 the the DT 43431 9820 3 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 9820 4 this this DT 43431 9820 5 is be VBZ 43431 9820 6 also also RB 43431 9820 7 the the DT 43431 9820 8 case case NN 43431 9820 9 with with IN 43431 9820 10 the the DT 43431 9820 11 sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 9820 12 crest crest NN 43431 9820 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9820 14 fig fig NN 43431 9820 15 . . . 43431 9821 1 99 99 CD 43431 9821 2 , , , 43431 9821 3 A a NN 43431 9821 4 , , , 43431 9821 5 2 2 CD 43431 9821 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9821 7 . . . 43431 9822 1 The the DT 43431 9822 2 bones bone NNS 43431 9822 3 of of IN 43431 9822 4 the the DT 43431 9822 5 upper upper JJ 43431 9822 6 surface surface NN 43431 9822 7 of of IN 43431 9822 8 the the DT 43431 9822 9 cranium cranium NN 43431 9822 10 interlock interlock NN 43431 9822 11 with with IN 43431 9822 12 wavy wavy NNP 43431 9822 13 outlines outlines NNP 43431 9822 14 . . . 43431 9823 1 The the DT 43431 9823 2 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9823 3 vary vary VBP 43431 9823 4 much much RB 43431 9823 5 in in IN 43431 9823 6 length length NN 43431 9823 7 , , , 43431 9823 8 being be VBG 43431 9823 9 much much RB 43431 9823 10 shorter short JJR 43431 9823 11 in in IN 43431 9823 12 man man NN 43431 9823 13 than than IN 43431 9823 14 in in IN 43431 9823 15 most most JJS 43431 9823 16 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9823 17 ; ; : 43431 9823 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9823 19 commonly commonly RB 43431 9823 20 become become VBP 43431 9823 21 early early RB 43431 9823 22 fused fuse VBN 43431 9823 23 together together RB 43431 9823 24 , , , 43431 9823 25 as as IN 43431 9823 26 do do VBP 43431 9823 27 also also RB 43431 9823 28 the the DT 43431 9823 29 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9823 30 . . . 43431 9824 1 The the DT 43431 9824 2 vomer vomer NN 43431 9824 3 is be VBZ 43431 9824 4 well well RB 43431 9824 5 developed developed JJ 43431 9824 6 , , , 43431 9824 7 and and CC 43431 9824 8 the the DT 43431 9824 9 ethmo ethmo JJ 43431 9824 10 - - HYPH 43431 9824 11 turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 9824 12 always always RB 43431 9824 13 forms form VBZ 43431 9824 14 part part NN 43431 9824 15 of of IN 43431 9824 16 the the DT 43431 9824 17 boundary boundary NN 43431 9824 18 of of IN 43431 9824 19 the the DT 43431 9824 20 orbit orbit NN 43431 9824 21 . . . 43431 9825 1 There there EX 43431 9825 2 are be VBP 43431 9825 3 frequently frequently RB 43431 9825 4 , , , 43431 9825 5 as as IN 43431 9825 6 in in IN 43431 9825 7 many many JJ 43431 9825 8 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 9825 9 , , , 43431 9825 10 a a DT 43431 9825 11 pair pair NN 43431 9825 12 of of IN 43431 9825 13 more more JJR 43431 9825 14 or or CC 43431 9825 15 less less RBR 43431 9825 16 well well RB 43431 9825 17 - - HYPH 43431 9825 18 marked mark VBN 43431 9825 19 ridges ridge NNS 43431 9825 20 , , , 43431 9825 21 crossing cross VBG 43431 9825 22 the the DT 43431 9825 23 roof roof NN 43431 9825 24 of of IN 43431 9825 25 the the DT 43431 9825 26 skull skull NN 43431 9825 27 from from IN 43431 9825 28 the the DT 43431 9825 29 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 9825 30 processes process NNS 43431 9825 31 of of IN 43431 9825 32 the the DT 43431 9825 33 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9825 34 to to IN 43431 9825 35 the the DT 43431 9825 36 occipital occipital JJ 43431 9825 37 crest crest NN 43431 9825 38 . . . 43431 9826 1 The the DT 43431 9826 2 orbit orbit NN 43431 9826 3 is be VBZ 43431 9826 4 completely completely RB 43431 9826 5 encircled encircle VBN 43431 9826 6 by by IN 43431 9826 7 bone bone NN 43431 9826 8 , , , 43431 9826 9 and and CC 43431 9826 10 the the DT 43431 9826 11 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 9826 12 assists assist VBZ 43431 9826 13 the the DT 43431 9826 14 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9826 15 and and CC 43431 9826 16 frontal frontal JJ 43431 9826 17 in in IN 43431 9826 18 shutting shut VBG 43431 9826 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9826 20 off off RP 43431 9826 21 from from IN 43431 9826 22 the the DT 43431 9826 23 temporal temporal JJ 43431 9826 24 fossa fossa NN 43431 9826 25 , , , 43431 9826 26 leaving leave VBG 43431 9826 27 however however RB 43431 9826 28 a a DT 43431 9826 29 communication communication NN 43431 9826 30 between between IN 43431 9826 31 the the DT 43431 9826 32 two two CD 43431 9826 33 as as IN 43431 9826 34 the the DT 43431 9826 35 sphenomaxillary sphenomaxillary JJ 43431 9826 36 fissure fissure NN 43431 9826 37 . . . 43431 9827 1 In in IN 43431 9827 2 most most JJS 43431 9827 3 cases case NNS 43431 9827 4 the the DT 43431 9827 5 frontals frontal NNS 43431 9827 6 meet meet VBP 43431 9827 7 one one CD 43431 9827 8 another another DT 43431 9827 9 in in IN 43431 9827 10 the the DT 43431 9827 11 middle middle JJ 43431 9827 12 line line NN 43431 9827 13 between between IN 43431 9827 14 the the DT 43431 9827 15 mesethmoid mesethmoid NNP 43431 9827 16 and and CC 43431 9827 17 orbitosphenoid orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 9827 18 , , , 43431 9827 19 but but CC 43431 9827 20 in in IN 43431 9827 21 Man Man NNP 43431 9827 22 , , , 43431 9827 23 Simia Simia NNP 43431 9827 24 , , , 43431 9827 25 and and CC 43431 9827 26 some some DT 43431 9827 27 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 9827 28 this this DT 43431 9827 29 does do VBZ 43431 9827 30 not not RB 43431 9827 31 take take VB 43431 9827 32 place place NN 43431 9827 33 . . . 43431 9828 1 In in IN 43431 9828 2 nearly nearly RB 43431 9828 3 all all DT 43431 9828 4 Cebidae Cebidae VBN 43431 9828 5 the the DT 43431 9828 6 parietal parietal JJ 43431 9828 7 and and CC 43431 9828 8 jugal jugal NNP 43431 9828 9 meet meet NNP 43431 9828 10 one one NNP 43431 9828 11 another another DT 43431 9828 12 , , , 43431 9828 13 separating separate VBG 43431 9828 14 the the DT 43431 9828 15 frontal frontal NN 43431 9828 16 and and CC 43431 9828 17 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 9828 18 on on IN 43431 9828 19 the the DT 43431 9828 20 skull skull NN 43431 9828 21 wall wall NN 43431 9828 22 ; ; : 43431 9828 23 in in IN 43431 9828 24 Man Man NNP 43431 9828 25 and and CC 43431 9828 26 all all DT 43431 9828 27 Old Old NNP 43431 9828 28 World World NNP 43431 9828 29 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9828 30 , , , 43431 9828 31 on on IN 43431 9828 32 the the DT 43431 9828 33 other other JJ 43431 9828 34 hand hand NN 43431 9828 35 , , , 43431 9828 36 the the DT 43431 9828 37 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9828 38 and and CC 43431 9828 39 frontal frontal JJ 43431 9828 40 meet meet NN 43431 9828 41 and and CC 43431 9828 42 separate separate VB 43431 9828 43 the the DT 43431 9828 44 jugal jugal JJ 43431 9828 45 and and CC 43431 9828 46 parietal parietal JJ 43431 9828 47 . . . 43431 9829 1 The the DT 43431 9829 2 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9829 3 nearly nearly RB 43431 9829 4 always always RB 43431 9829 5 send send VBP 43431 9829 6 back back RB 43431 9829 7 processes process NNS 43431 9829 8 which which WDT 43431 9829 9 meet meet VBP 43431 9829 10 the the DT 43431 9829 11 nasals nasal NNS 43431 9829 12 . . . 43431 9830 1 The the DT 43431 9830 2 palate palate NN 43431 9830 3 is be VBZ 43431 9830 4 rather rather RB 43431 9830 5 short short JJ 43431 9830 6 and and CC 43431 9830 7 both both CC 43431 9830 8 the the DT 43431 9830 9 palatine palatine NN 43431 9830 10 and and CC 43431 9830 11 the the DT 43431 9830 12 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 9830 13 take take VBP 43431 9830 14 a a DT 43431 9830 15 considerable considerable JJ 43431 9830 16 part part NN 43431 9830 17 in in IN 43431 9830 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9830 19 formation formation NN 43431 9830 20 . . . 43431 9831 1 The the DT 43431 9831 2 pterygoid pterygoid JJ 43431 9831 3 plate plate NN 43431 9831 4 of of IN 43431 9831 5 the the DT 43431 9831 6 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 9831 7 is be VBZ 43431 9831 8 decidedly decidedly RB 43431 9831 9 large large JJ 43431 9831 10 , , , 43431 9831 11 and and CC 43431 9831 12 there there EX 43431 9831 13 is be VBZ 43431 9831 14 no no DT 43431 9831 15 alisphenoid alisphenoid JJ 43431 9831 16 canal canal NN 43431 9831 17 . . . 43431 9832 1 There there EX 43431 9832 2 is be VBZ 43431 9832 3 never never RB 43431 9832 4 any any DT 43431 9832 5 great great JJ 43431 9832 6 development development NN 43431 9832 7 either either CC 43431 9832 8 of of IN 43431 9832 9 the the DT 43431 9832 10 paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 9832 11 process process NN 43431 9832 12 of of IN 43431 9832 13 the the DT 43431 9832 14 exoccipital exoccipital NN 43431 9832 15 , , , 43431 9832 16 or or CC 43431 9832 17 of of IN 43431 9832 18 the the DT 43431 9832 19 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 9832 20 process process NN 43431 9832 21 of of IN 43431 9832 22 the the DT 43431 9832 23 squamosal squamosal NN 43431 9832 24 . . . 43431 9833 1 The the DT 43431 9833 2 periotic periotic JJ 43431 9833 3 and and CC 43431 9833 4 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9833 5 are be VBP 43431 9833 6 always always RB 43431 9833 7 fused fuse VBN 43431 9833 8 together together RB 43431 9833 9 ; ; : 43431 9833 10 in in IN 43431 9833 11 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 9833 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9833 13 form form VBP 43431 9833 14 a a DT 43431 9833 15 small small JJ 43431 9833 16 bulla bulla NN 43431 9833 17 , , , 43431 9833 18 but but CC 43431 9833 19 a a DT 43431 9833 20 bulla bulla NN 43431 9833 21 is be VBZ 43431 9833 22 not not RB 43431 9833 23 developed develop VBN 43431 9833 24 in in IN 43431 9833 25 any any DT 43431 9833 26 Old Old NNP 43431 9833 27 World World NNP 43431 9833 28 forms form NNS 43431 9833 29 . . . 43431 9834 1 The the DT 43431 9834 2 periotic periotic NN 43431 9834 3 is be VBZ 43431 9834 4 large large JJ 43431 9834 5 , , , 43431 9834 6 especially especially RB 43431 9834 7 the the DT 43431 9834 8 mastoid mastoid NN 43431 9834 9 portion portion NN 43431 9834 10 , , , 43431 9834 11 which which WDT 43431 9834 12 forms form VBZ 43431 9834 13 a a DT 43431 9834 14 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9834 15 portion portion NN 43431 9834 16 of of IN 43431 9834 17 the the DT 43431 9834 18 skull skull NN 43431 9834 19 wall wall NN 43431 9834 20 between between IN 43431 9834 21 the the DT 43431 9834 22 squamosal squamosal NNP 43431 9834 23 and and CC 43431 9834 24 exoccipital exoccipital NNP 43431 9834 25 . . . 43431 9835 1 In in IN 43431 9835 2 Man Man NNP 43431 9835 3 and and CC 43431 9835 4 still still RB 43431 9835 5 more more JJR 43431 9835 6 in in IN 43431 9835 7 Old Old NNP 43431 9835 8 World World NNP 43431 9835 9 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9835 10 , , , 43431 9835 11 the the DT 43431 9835 12 external external JJ 43431 9835 13 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9835 14 meatus meatus NNP 43431 9835 15 is be VBZ 43431 9835 16 drawn draw VBN 43431 9835 17 out out RP 43431 9835 18 into into IN 43431 9835 19 a a DT 43431 9835 20 definite definite JJ 43431 9835 21 tube tube NN 43431 9835 22 , , , 43431 9835 23 whose whose WP$ 43431 9835 24 lower low JJR 43431 9835 25 wall wall NN 43431 9835 26 is be VBZ 43431 9835 27 formed form VBN 43431 9835 28 by by IN 43431 9835 29 the the DT 43431 9835 30 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9835 31 ; ; : 43431 9835 32 in in IN 43431 9835 33 the the DT 43431 9835 34 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 9835 35 the the DT 43431 9835 36 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9835 37 is be VBZ 43431 9835 38 ring ring NN 43431 9835 39 - - HYPH 43431 9835 40 like like JJ 43431 9835 41 . . . 43431 9836 1 The the DT 43431 9836 2 perforation perforation NN 43431 9836 3 of of IN 43431 9836 4 the the DT 43431 9836 5 periotic periotic NN 43431 9836 6 by by IN 43431 9836 7 the the DT 43431 9836 8 carotid carotid NNP 43431 9836 9 canal canal NN 43431 9836 10 is be VBZ 43431 9836 11 always always RB 43431 9836 12 conspicuous conspicuous JJ 43431 9836 13 . . . 43431 9837 1 The the DT 43431 9837 2 mandible mandible NN 43431 9837 3 is be VBZ 43431 9837 4 rather rather RB 43431 9837 5 short short JJ 43431 9837 6 and and CC 43431 9837 7 broad broad JJ 43431 9837 8 , , , 43431 9837 9 and and CC 43431 9837 10 the the DT 43431 9837 11 angle angle NN 43431 9837 12 formed form VBN 43431 9837 13 by by IN 43431 9837 14 the the DT 43431 9837 15 meeting meeting NN 43431 9837 16 of of IN 43431 9837 17 the the DT 43431 9837 18 two two CD 43431 9837 19 rami rami NN 43431 9837 20 is be VBZ 43431 9837 21 more more JJR 43431 9837 22 obtuse obtuse JJ 43431 9837 23 than than IN 43431 9837 24 in in IN 43431 9837 25 most most JJS 43431 9837 26 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9837 27 . . . 43431 9838 1 The the DT 43431 9838 2 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 9838 3 process process NN 43431 9838 4 is be VBZ 43431 9838 5 fairly fairly RB 43431 9838 6 well well RB 43431 9838 7 developed developed JJ 43431 9838 8 , , , 43431 9838 9 and and CC 43431 9838 10 the the DT 43431 9838 11 angle angle NN 43431 9838 12 is be VBZ 43431 9838 13 more more RBR 43431 9838 14 or or CC 43431 9838 15 less less RBR 43431 9838 16 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9838 17 . . . 43431 9839 1 In in IN 43431 9839 2 most most JJS 43431 9839 3 Primates primate NNS 43431 9839 4 the the DT 43431 9839 5 condyle condyle NN 43431 9839 6 is be VBZ 43431 9839 7 considerably considerably RB 43431 9839 8 widened widen VBN 43431 9839 9 , , , 43431 9839 10 but but CC 43431 9839 11 this this DT 43431 9839 12 is be VBZ 43431 9839 13 not not RB 43431 9839 14 the the DT 43431 9839 15 case case NN 43431 9839 16 in in IN 43431 9839 17 Man Man NNP 43431 9839 18 . . . 43431 9840 1 In in IN 43431 9840 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9840 3 Mycetes Mycetes NNP 43431 9840 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9840 5 the the DT 43431 9840 6 mandible mandible NN 43431 9840 7 is be VBZ 43431 9840 8 very very RB 43431 9840 9 large large JJ 43431 9840 10 , , , 43431 9840 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9840 12 ascending ascend VBG 43431 9840 13 portions portion NNS 43431 9840 14 being be VBG 43431 9840 15 specially specially RB 43431 9840 16 developed develop VBN 43431 9840 17 . . . 43431 9841 1 The the DT 43431 9841 2 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 9841 3 of of IN 43431 9841 4 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 9841 5 is be VBZ 43431 9841 6 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 9841 7 for for IN 43431 9841 8 the the DT 43431 9841 9 large large JJ 43431 9841 10 expanded expand VBN 43431 9841 11 basi basi NN 43431 9841 12 - - HYPH 43431 9841 13 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9841 14 , , , 43431 9841 15 which which WDT 43431 9841 16 is be VBZ 43431 9841 17 generally generally RB 43431 9841 18 concave concave JJ 43431 9841 19 above above IN 43431 9841 20 and and CC 43431 9841 21 convex convex NNS 43431 9841 22 below below RB 43431 9841 23 . . . 43431 9842 1 The the DT 43431 9842 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 9842 3 cornu cornu NN 43431 9842 4 is be VBZ 43431 9842 5 never never RB 43431 9842 6 well well RB 43431 9842 7 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9842 8 , , , 43431 9842 9 but but CC 43431 9842 10 the the DT 43431 9842 11 thyro thyro NNP 43431 9842 12 - - HYPH 43431 9842 13 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9842 14 is be VBZ 43431 9842 15 always always RB 43431 9842 16 strong strong JJ 43431 9842 17 . . . 43431 9843 1 In in IN 43431 9843 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9843 3 Mycetes Mycetes NNP 43431 9843 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9843 5 the the DT 43431 9843 6 basi basi NNP 43431 9843 7 - - HYPH 43431 9843 8 hyal hyal NNP 43431 9843 9 is be VBZ 43431 9843 10 enormously enormously RB 43431 9843 11 large large JJ 43431 9843 12 , , , 43431 9843 13 forming form VBG 43431 9843 14 a a DT 43431 9843 15 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 9843 16 globular globular JJ 43431 9843 17 thin thin JJ 43431 9843 18 - - HYPH 43431 9843 19 walled walled JJ 43431 9843 20 capsule capsule NN 43431 9843 21 . . . 43431 9844 1 AUDITORY AUDITORY NNP 43431 9844 2 OSSICLES OSSICLES NNP 43431 9844 3 . . . 43431 9845 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9845 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9845 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9845 4 . . . 43431 9846 1 100 100 CD 43431 9846 2 . . . 43431 9847 1 MALLEUS MALLEUS NNP 43431 9847 2 , , , 43431 9847 3 STAPES STAPES NNP 43431 9847 4 AND and CC 43431 9847 5 INCUS INCUS NNP 43431 9847 6 OF of IN 43431 9847 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9847 8 A. A. NNP 43431 9847 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9847 10 MAN MAN NNP 43431 9847 11 . . . 43431 9848 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9848 2 B. B. NNP 43431 9848 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9848 4 DOG DOG NNP 43431 9848 5 . . . 43431 9849 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9849 2 C. C. NNP 43431 9849 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9849 4 RABBIT RABBIT NNP 43431 9849 5 . . . 43431 9850 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9850 2 After after IN 43431 9850 3 DORAN DORAN NNP 43431 9850 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9850 5 x x SYM 43431 9850 6 1 1 CD 43431 9850 7 . . . 43431 9851 1 1 1 LS 43431 9851 2 . . . 43431 9851 3 head head NN 43431 9851 4 of of IN 43431 9851 5 malleus malleus NNP 43431 9851 6 . . . 43431 9852 1 2 2 LS 43431 9852 2 . . . 43431 9852 3 canal canal NN 43431 9852 4 of of IN 43431 9852 5 stapes stapes NNPS 43431 9852 6 . . . 43431 9853 1 3 3 LS 43431 9853 2 . . . 43431 9853 3 incus incus NN 43431 9853 4 . . . 43431 9854 1 4 4 LS 43431 9854 2 . . . 43431 9854 3 processus processus NNP 43431 9854 4 longus longus NNP 43431 9854 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9854 6 or or CC 43431 9854 7 gracilis gracilis NNP 43431 9854 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9854 9 . . . 43431 9855 1 5 5 LS 43431 9855 2 . . . 43431 9855 3 manubrium manubrium NNP 43431 9855 4 of of IN 43431 9855 5 malleus malleus NNP 43431 9855 6 . . . 43431 9856 1 6 6 LS 43431 9856 2 . . . 43431 9856 3 processus processus NNP 43431 9856 4 brevis brevis NNP 43431 9856 5 . . . 43431 9857 1 7 7 LS 43431 9857 2 . . . 43431 9858 1 lamella lamella NNP 43431 9858 2 . . . 43431 9858 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9859 1 There there EX 43431 9859 2 are be VBP 43431 9859 3 in in IN 43431 9859 4 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9859 5 four four CD 43431 9859 6 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9859 7 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9859 8 forming form VBG 43431 9859 9 a a DT 43431 9859 10 chain chain NN 43431 9859 11 extending extend VBG 43431 9859 12 from from IN 43431 9859 13 the the DT 43431 9859 14 fenestra fenestra NNP 43431 9859 15 ovalis ovalis NNP 43431 9859 16 to to IN 43431 9859 17 the the DT 43431 9859 18 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9859 19 membrane membrane NN 43431 9859 20 . . . 43431 9860 1 Three three CD 43431 9860 2 of of IN 43431 9860 3 these these DT 43431 9860 4 , , , 43431 9860 5 the the DT 43431 9860 6 = = SYM 43431 9860 7 malleus= malleus= NN 43431 9860 8 , , , 43431 9860 9 = = SYM 43431 9860 10 incus= incus= NNP 43431 9860 11 and and CC 43431 9860 12 = = SYM 43431 9860 13 stapes= stapes= NNP 43431 9860 14 , , , 43431 9860 15 are be VBP 43431 9860 16 always always RB 43431 9860 17 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9860 18 , , , 43431 9860 19 while while IN 43431 9860 20 the the DT 43431 9860 21 fourth fourth JJ 43431 9860 22 , , , 43431 9860 23 the the DT 43431 9860 24 = = SYM 43431 9860 25 lenticular= lenticular= NN 43431 9860 26 , , , 43431 9860 27 is be VBZ 43431 9860 28 smaller small JJR 43431 9860 29 than than IN 43431 9860 30 the the DT 43431 9860 31 others other NNS 43431 9860 32 and and CC 43431 9860 33 is be VBZ 43431 9860 34 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9860 35 not not RB 43431 9860 36 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9860 37 . . . 43431 9861 1 The the DT 43431 9861 2 names name NNS 43431 9861 3 are be VBP 43431 9861 4 derived derive VBN 43431 9861 5 from from IN 43431 9861 6 human human JJ 43431 9861 7 anatomy anatomy NN 43431 9861 8 and and CC 43431 9861 9 indicate indicate VB 43431 9861 10 in in IN 43431 9861 11 the the DT 43431 9861 12 case case NN 43431 9861 13 of of IN 43431 9861 14 the the DT 43431 9861 15 first first JJ 43431 9861 16 three three CD 43431 9861 17 a a DT 43431 9861 18 more more RBR 43431 9861 19 or or CC 43431 9861 20 less less RBR 43431 9861 21 fanciful fanciful JJ 43431 9861 22 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 9861 23 respectively respectively RB 43431 9861 24 to to IN 43431 9861 25 a a DT 43431 9861 26 hammer hammer NN 43431 9861 27 , , , 43431 9861 28 an an DT 43431 9861 29 anvil anvil NN 43431 9861 30 and and CC 43431 9861 31 a a DT 43431 9861 32 stirrup stirrup NN 43431 9861 33 . . . 43431 9862 1 The the DT 43431 9862 2 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9862 3 are be VBP 43431 9862 4 homologous homologous JJ 43431 9862 5 as as IN 43431 9862 6 a a DT 43431 9862 7 whole whole NN 43431 9862 8 to to IN 43431 9862 9 the the DT 43431 9862 10 hyomandibular hyomandibular JJ 43431 9862 11 of of IN 43431 9862 12 fishes fish NNS 43431 9862 13 and and CC 43431 9862 14 to to IN 43431 9862 15 the the DT 43431 9862 16 columellar columellar JJ 43431 9862 17 chain chain NN 43431 9862 18 of of IN 43431 9862 19 Sauropsids Sauropsids NNPS 43431 9862 20 and and CC 43431 9862 21 Amphibians Amphibians NNPS 43431 9862 22 . . . 43431 9863 1 The the DT 43431 9863 2 malleus malleus NN 43431 9863 3 is be VBZ 43431 9863 4 homologous homologous JJ 43431 9863 5 to to IN 43431 9863 6 the the DT 43431 9863 7 extra extra JJ 43431 9863 8 - - HYPH 43431 9863 9 columella columella NN 43431 9863 10 of of IN 43431 9863 11 Crocodiles Crocodiles NNPS 43431 9863 12 and and CC 43431 9863 13 the the DT 43431 9863 14 stapes stape NNS 43431 9863 15 to to IN 43431 9863 16 the the DT 43431 9863 17 columella columella NN 43431 9863 18 . . . 43431 9864 1 The the DT 43431 9864 2 = = SYM 43431 9864 3 malleus= malleus= NN 43431 9864 4 when when WRB 43431 9864 5 typically typically RB 43431 9864 6 developed develop VBD 43431 9864 7 consists consist VBZ 43431 9864 8 of of IN 43431 9864 9 a a DT 43431 9864 10 rounded round VBN 43431 9864 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9864 12 head head NN 43431 9864 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9864 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9864 15 fig fig NN 43431 9864 16 . . . 43431 9865 1 100 100 CD 43431 9865 2 , , , 43431 9865 3 1 1 CD 43431 9865 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9865 5 which which WDT 43431 9865 6 bears bear VBZ 43431 9865 7 a a DT 43431 9865 8 surface surface NN 43431 9865 9 articulating articulate VBG 43431 9865 10 with with IN 43431 9865 11 the the DT 43431 9865 12 incus incus NN 43431 9865 13 , , , 43431 9865 14 and and CC 43431 9865 15 a a DT 43431 9865 16 short short JJ 43431 9865 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9865 18 neck neck NN 43431 9865 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9865 20 continued continue VBD 43431 9865 21 into into IN 43431 9865 22 a a DT 43431 9865 23 process process NN 43431 9865 24 , , , 43431 9865 25 the the DT 43431 9865 26 _ _ NNP 43431 9865 27 manubrium manubrium NN 43431 9865 28 _ _ NNP 43431 9865 29 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9865 30 fig fig NN 43431 9865 31 . . . 43431 9866 1 100 100 CD 43431 9866 2 , , , 43431 9866 3 5 5 CD 43431 9866 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9866 5 , , , 43431 9866 6 which which WDT 43431 9866 7 comes come VBZ 43431 9866 8 into into IN 43431 9866 9 relation relation NN 43431 9866 10 with with IN 43431 9866 11 the the DT 43431 9866 12 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 9866 13 membrane membrane NN 43431 9866 14 . . . 43431 9867 1 From from IN 43431 9867 2 the the DT 43431 9867 3 junction junction NN 43431 9867 4 of of IN 43431 9867 5 the the DT 43431 9867 6 neck neck NN 43431 9867 7 and and CC 43431 9867 8 manubrium manubrium NN 43431 9867 9 two two CD 43431 9867 10 processes process NNS 43431 9867 11 are be VBP 43431 9867 12 given give VBN 43431 9867 13 off off RP 43431 9867 14 , , , 43431 9867 15 a a DT 43431 9867 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9867 17 processus processus NNP 43431 9867 18 longus longus NNP 43431 9867 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9867 20 or or CC 43431 9867 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9867 22 gracilis gracilis NNP 43431 9867 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9867 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9867 25 fig fig NN 43431 9867 26 . . . 43431 9868 1 100 100 CD 43431 9868 2 , , , 43431 9868 3 4 4 CD 43431 9868 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9868 5 , , , 43431 9868 6 which which WDT 43431 9868 7 in in IN 43431 9868 8 the the DT 43431 9868 9 embryo embryo NN 43431 9868 10 is be VBZ 43431 9868 11 continuous continuous JJ 43431 9868 12 with with IN 43431 9868 13 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 9868 14 's 's POS 43431 9868 15 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 9868 16 , , , 43431 9868 17 and and CC 43431 9868 18 a a DT 43431 9868 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9868 20 processus processus NNP 43431 9868 21 brevis brevis NNP 43431 9868 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9868 23 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9868 24 fig fig NN 43431 9868 25 . . . 43431 9869 1 100 100 CD 43431 9869 2 , , , 43431 9869 3 6 6 CD 43431 9869 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9869 5 . . . 43431 9870 1 The the DT 43431 9870 2 = = SYM 43431 9870 3 incus= incus= NN 43431 9870 4 generally generally RB 43431 9870 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 9870 6 of of IN 43431 9870 7 a a DT 43431 9870 8 more more RBR 43431 9870 9 or or CC 43431 9870 10 less less JJR 43431 9870 11 anvil anvil JJ 43431 9870 12 - - HYPH 43431 9870 13 shaped shape VBN 43431 9870 14 portion portion NN 43431 9870 15 which which WDT 43431 9870 16 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 9870 17 with with IN 43431 9870 18 the the DT 43431 9870 19 malleus malleus NN 43431 9870 20 , , , 43431 9870 21 and and CC 43431 9870 22 of of IN 43431 9870 23 a a DT 43431 9870 24 process process NN 43431 9870 25 which which WDT 43431 9870 26 is be VBZ 43431 9870 27 connected connect VBN 43431 9870 28 with with IN 43431 9870 29 the the DT 43431 9870 30 stapes stape NNS 43431 9870 31 by by IN 43431 9870 32 the the DT 43431 9870 33 small small JJ 43431 9870 34 = = SYM 43431 9870 35 lenticular=. lenticular=. . 43431 9871 1 The the DT 43431 9871 2 = = SYM 43431 9871 3 stapes= stapes= NN 43431 9871 4 is be VBZ 43431 9871 5 generally generally RB 43431 9871 6 stirrup stirrup NN 43431 9871 7 shaped shape VBN 43431 9871 8 , , , 43431 9871 9 consisting consist VBG 43431 9871 10 of of IN 43431 9871 11 a a DT 43431 9871 12 basal basal NN 43431 9871 13 portion portion NN 43431 9871 14 from from IN 43431 9871 15 which which WDT 43431 9871 16 arise arise VBP 43431 9871 17 two two CD 43431 9871 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9871 19 crura crura NNP 43431 9871 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9871 21 separated separate VBD 43431 9871 22 by by IN 43431 9871 23 a a DT 43431 9871 24 space space NN 43431 9871 25 the the DT 43431 9871 26 canal canal NN 43431 9871 27 through through IN 43431 9871 28 which which WDT 43431 9871 29 a a DT 43431 9871 30 branch branch NN 43431 9871 31 of of IN 43431 9871 32 the the DT 43431 9871 33 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 9871 34 artery artery NN 43431 9871 35 runs run VBZ 43431 9871 36 The the DT 43431 9871 37 lenticular lenticular NN 43431 9871 38 is be VBZ 43431 9871 39 frequently frequently RB 43431 9871 40 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 9871 41 and and CC 43431 9871 42 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9871 43 is be VBZ 43431 9871 44 not not RB 43431 9871 45 developed develop VBN 43431 9871 46 at at RB 43431 9871 47 all all RB 43431 9871 48 . . . 43431 9872 1 The the DT 43431 9872 2 above above JJ 43431 9872 3 is be VBZ 43431 9872 4 the the DT 43431 9872 5 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 9872 6 of of IN 43431 9872 7 the the DT 43431 9872 8 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9872 9 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9872 10 met meet VBD 43431 9872 11 with with IN 43431 9872 12 in in IN 43431 9872 13 the the DT 43431 9872 14 higher high JJR 43431 9872 15 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 9872 16 , , , 43431 9872 17 but but CC 43431 9872 18 in in IN 43431 9872 19 the the DT 43431 9872 20 lower low JJR 43431 9872 21 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 9872 22 the the DT 43431 9872 23 characters character NNS 43431 9872 24 approach approach VBP 43431 9872 25 more more RBR 43431 9872 26 nearly nearly RB 43431 9872 27 to to IN 43431 9872 28 those those DT 43431 9872 29 met meet VBN 43431 9872 30 with with IN 43431 9872 31 in in IN 43431 9872 32 Sauropsids Sauropsids NNP 43431 9872 33 . . . 43431 9873 1 In in IN 43431 9873 2 MONOTREMES monotremes NN 43431 9873 3 the the DT 43431 9873 4 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9873 5 , , , 43431 9873 6 though though IN 43431 9873 7 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 9873 8 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 9873 9 in in IN 43431 9873 10 character character NN 43431 9873 11 , , , 43431 9873 12 show show VB 43431 9873 13 a a DT 43431 9873 14 very very RB 43431 9873 15 low low JJ 43431 9873 16 type type NN 43431 9873 17 of of IN 43431 9873 18 development development NN 43431 9873 19 . . . 43431 9874 1 The the DT 43431 9874 2 incus incus NN 43431 9874 3 is be VBZ 43431 9874 4 articulated articulate VBN 43431 9874 5 , , , 43431 9874 6 or or CC 43431 9874 7 often often RB 43431 9874 8 fused fuse VBN 43431 9874 9 , , , 43431 9874 10 with with IN 43431 9874 11 an an DT 43431 9874 12 outgrowth outgrowth NN 43431 9874 13 from from IN 43431 9874 14 the the DT 43431 9874 15 head head NN 43431 9874 16 of of IN 43431 9874 17 the the DT 43431 9874 18 malleus malleus NN 43431 9874 19 . . . 43431 9875 1 The the DT 43431 9875 2 stapes stape NNS 43431 9875 3 is be VBZ 43431 9875 4 very very RB 43431 9875 5 much much RB 43431 9875 6 like like IN 43431 9875 7 a a DT 43431 9875 8 reptilian reptilian JJ 43431 9875 9 columella columella NN 43431 9875 10 , , , 43431 9875 11 having have VBG 43431 9875 12 a a DT 43431 9875 13 single single JJ 43431 9875 14 crus crus NN 43431 9875 15 with with IN 43431 9875 16 no no DT 43431 9875 17 perforation perforation NN 43431 9875 18 . . . 43431 9876 1 In in IN 43431 9876 2 MARSUPIALS marsupial NNS 43431 9876 3 the the DT 43431 9876 4 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9876 5 are be VBP 43431 9876 6 of of IN 43431 9876 7 a a DT 43431 9876 8 low low JJ 43431 9876 9 type type NN 43431 9876 10 , , , 43431 9876 11 but but CC 43431 9876 12 not not RB 43431 9876 13 so so RB 43431 9876 14 low low JJ 43431 9876 15 as as IN 43431 9876 16 the the DT 43431 9876 17 rest rest NN 43431 9876 18 of of IN 43431 9876 19 the the DT 43431 9876 20 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 9876 21 might may MD 43431 9876 22 have have VB 43431 9876 23 led lead VBN 43431 9876 24 one one CD 43431 9876 25 to to TO 43431 9876 26 expect expect VB 43431 9876 27 , , , 43431 9876 28 and and CC 43431 9876 29 all all DT 43431 9876 30 or or CC 43431 9876 31 almost almost RB 43431 9876 32 all all PDT 43431 9876 33 the the DT 43431 9876 34 points point NNS 43431 9876 35 showing show VBG 43431 9876 36 a a DT 43431 9876 37 low low JJ 43431 9876 38 grade grade NN 43431 9876 39 of of IN 43431 9876 40 development development NN 43431 9876 41 may may MD 43431 9876 42 be be VB 43431 9876 43 paralleled parallel VBN 43431 9876 44 among among IN 43431 9876 45 the the DT 43431 9876 46 Monodelphia Monodelphia NNP 43431 9876 47 . . . 43431 9877 1 The the DT 43431 9877 2 lowest low JJS 43431 9877 3 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 9877 4 as as IN 43431 9877 5 regards regard VBZ 43431 9877 6 the the DT 43431 9877 7 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9877 8 are be VBP 43431 9877 9 the the DT 43431 9877 10 Peramelidae Peramelidae NNP 43431 9877 11 , , , 43431 9877 12 whose whose WP$ 43431 9877 13 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9877 14 are be VBP 43431 9877 15 of of IN 43431 9877 16 a a DT 43431 9877 17 frail frail NN 43431 9877 18 papery papery NN 43431 9877 19 consistence consistence NN 43431 9877 20 . . . 43431 9878 1 The the DT 43431 9878 2 Didelphyidae Didelphyidae NNP 43431 9878 3 on on IN 43431 9878 4 the the DT 43431 9878 5 other other JJ 43431 9878 6 hand hand NN 43431 9878 7 have have VBP 43431 9878 8 the the DT 43431 9878 9 most most RBS 43431 9878 10 highly highly RB 43431 9878 11 developed develop VBN 43431 9878 12 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9878 13 , , , 43431 9878 14 the the DT 43431 9878 15 malleus malleus NN 43431 9878 16 much much JJ 43431 9878 17 resembling resembling NN 43431 9878 18 that that IN 43431 9878 19 of of IN 43431 9878 20 many many JJ 43431 9878 21 Insectivores insectivore NNS 43431 9878 22 , , , 43431 9878 23 and and CC 43431 9878 24 the the DT 43431 9878 25 stapes stape NNS 43431 9878 26 having have VBG 43431 9878 27 two two CD 43431 9878 28 definite definite JJ 43431 9878 29 crura crura NNP 43431 9878 30 separated separate VBN 43431 9878 31 by by IN 43431 9878 32 a a DT 43431 9878 33 canal canal NN 43431 9878 34 . . . 43431 9879 1 In in IN 43431 9879 2 EDENTATES edentate NNS 43431 9879 3 the the DT 43431 9879 4 character character NN 43431 9879 5 of of IN 43431 9879 6 the the DT 43431 9879 7 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9879 8 varies vary VBZ 43431 9879 9 much much JJ 43431 9879 10 . . . 43431 9880 1 In in IN 43431 9880 2 Sloths sloth NNS 43431 9880 3 the the DT 43431 9880 4 stapes stape NNS 43431 9880 5 approaches approach VBZ 43431 9880 6 that that DT 43431 9880 7 of of IN 43431 9880 8 Sauropsids Sauropsids NNPS 43431 9880 9 in in IN 43431 9880 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9880 11 narrowness narrowness NN 43431 9880 12 and and CC 43431 9880 13 the the DT 43431 9880 14 slight slight JJ 43431 9880 15 trace trace NN 43431 9880 16 of of IN 43431 9880 17 a a DT 43431 9880 18 canal canal NN 43431 9880 19 ; ; : 43431 9880 20 this this DT 43431 9880 21 character character NN 43431 9880 22 is be VBZ 43431 9880 23 however however RB 43431 9880 24 still still RB 43431 9880 25 more more RBR 43431 9880 26 marked marked JJ 43431 9880 27 in in IN 43431 9880 28 _ _ NNP 43431 9880 29 Manis Manis NNP 43431 9880 30 _ _ NNP 43431 9880 31 , , , 43431 9880 32 whose whose WP$ 43431 9880 33 stapes stape NNS 43431 9880 34 is be VBZ 43431 9880 35 as as RB 43431 9880 36 Sauropsidan Sauropsidan NNP 43431 9880 37 as as IN 43431 9880 38 that that DT 43431 9880 39 of of IN 43431 9880 40 Monotremes Monotremes NNP 43431 9880 41 , , , 43431 9880 42 and and CC 43431 9880 43 consists consist VBZ 43431 9880 44 of of IN 43431 9880 45 a a DT 43431 9880 46 nearly nearly RB 43431 9880 47 circular circular JJ 43431 9880 48 basal basal NN 43431 9880 49 plate plate NN 43431 9880 50 bearing bear VBG 43431 9880 51 a a DT 43431 9880 52 column column NN 43431 9880 53 which which WDT 43431 9880 54 does do VBZ 43431 9880 55 not not RB 43431 9880 56 show show VB 43431 9880 57 any any DT 43431 9880 58 sign sign NN 43431 9880 59 of of IN 43431 9880 60 division division NN 43431 9880 61 into into IN 43431 9880 62 crura crura NNP 43431 9880 63 . . . 43431 9881 1 The the DT 43431 9881 2 stapes stape NNS 43431 9881 3 of of IN 43431 9881 4 other other JJ 43431 9881 5 Edentates Edentates NNPS 43431 9881 6 , , , 43431 9881 7 such such JJ 43431 9881 8 as as IN 43431 9881 9 ant ant NN 43431 9881 10 - - HYPH 43431 9881 11 eaters eater NNS 43431 9881 12 , , , 43431 9881 13 aard aard NN 43431 9881 14 varks vark NNS 43431 9881 15 , , , 43431 9881 16 and and CC 43431 9881 17 most most JJS 43431 9881 18 armadillos armadillo NNS 43431 9881 19 , , , 43431 9881 20 is be VBZ 43431 9881 21 of of IN 43431 9881 22 a a DT 43431 9881 23 high high JJ 43431 9881 24 type type NN 43431 9881 25 and and CC 43431 9881 26 has have VBZ 43431 9881 27 well well RB 43431 9881 28 - - HYPH 43431 9881 29 developed develop VBN 43431 9881 30 crura crura NN 43431 9881 31 . . . 43431 9882 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9882 2 Priodon Priodon NNP 43431 9882 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9882 4 has have VBZ 43431 9882 5 a a DT 43431 9882 6 lower low JJR 43431 9882 7 type type NN 43431 9882 8 of of IN 43431 9882 9 stapes stape NNS 43431 9882 10 than than IN 43431 9882 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9882 12 Dasypus Dasypus NNP 43431 9882 13 _ _ NNP 43431 9882 14 and and CC 43431 9882 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9882 16 Tatusia Tatusia NNP 43431 9882 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9882 18 . . . 43431 9883 1 The the DT 43431 9883 2 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9883 3 of of IN 43431 9883 4 the the DT 43431 9883 5 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 9883 6 differ differ VBP 43431 9883 7 widely widely RB 43431 9883 8 from from IN 43431 9883 9 those those DT 43431 9883 10 of of IN 43431 9883 11 all all DT 43431 9883 12 other other JJ 43431 9883 13 mammals mammal NNS 43431 9883 14 in in IN 43431 9883 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9883 16 great great JJ 43431 9883 17 density density NN 43431 9883 18 and and CC 43431 9883 19 clumsy clumsy JJ 43431 9883 20 form form NN 43431 9883 21 . . . 43431 9884 1 In in IN 43431 9884 2 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 9884 3 the the DT 43431 9884 4 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9884 5 are be VBP 43431 9884 6 solid solid JJ 43431 9884 7 , , , 43431 9884 8 though though IN 43431 9884 9 not not RB 43431 9884 10 so so RB 43431 9884 11 solid solid JJ 43431 9884 12 as as IN 43431 9884 13 in in IN 43431 9884 14 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 9884 15 , , , 43431 9884 16 and and CC 43431 9884 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9884 18 details detail NNS 43431 9884 19 vary vary VBP 43431 9884 20 much much RB 43431 9884 21 . . . 43431 9885 1 The the DT 43431 9885 2 malleus malleus NN 43431 9885 3 is be VBZ 43431 9885 4 always always RB 43431 9885 5 firmly firmly RB 43431 9885 6 fused fuse VBN 43431 9885 7 to to IN 43431 9885 8 the the DT 43431 9885 9 tympanic tympanic NN 43431 9885 10 by by IN 43431 9885 11 means mean NNS 43431 9885 12 of of IN 43431 9885 13 the the DT 43431 9885 14 processus processus NNP 43431 9885 15 longus longus NNP 43431 9885 16 , , , 43431 9885 17 and and CC 43431 9885 18 the the DT 43431 9885 19 manubrium manubrium NN 43431 9885 20 is be VBZ 43431 9885 21 very very RB 43431 9885 22 little little JJ 43431 9885 23 if if IN 43431 9885 24 at at RB 43431 9885 25 all all RB 43431 9885 26 developed develop VBN 43431 9885 27 . . . 43431 9886 1 The the DT 43431 9886 2 incus incus NN 43431 9886 3 has have VBZ 43431 9886 4 the the DT 43431 9886 5 stapedial stapedial JJ 43431 9886 6 end end NN 43431 9886 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 9886 8 developed develop VBD 43431 9886 9 , , , 43431 9886 10 and and CC 43431 9886 11 the the DT 43431 9886 12 stapes stape NNS 43431 9886 13 has have VBZ 43431 9886 14 very very RB 43431 9886 15 thick thick JJ 43431 9886 16 crura crura NNP 43431 9886 17 with with IN 43431 9886 18 hardly hardly RB 43431 9886 19 any any DT 43431 9886 20 canal canal NN 43431 9886 21 . . . 43431 9887 1 The the DT 43431 9887 2 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9887 3 of of IN 43431 9887 4 the the DT 43431 9887 5 Mystacoceti Mystacoceti NNP 43431 9887 6 are be VBP 43431 9887 7 apparently apparently RB 43431 9887 8 less less RBR 43431 9887 9 specialised specialised JJ 43431 9887 10 than than IN 43431 9887 11 are be VBP 43431 9887 12 those those DT 43431 9887 13 of of IN 43431 9887 14 the the DT 43431 9887 15 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 9887 16 . . . 43431 9888 1 The the DT 43431 9888 2 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9888 3 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9888 4 of of IN 43431 9888 5 the the DT 43431 9888 6 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 9888 7 do do VBP 43431 9888 8 not not RB 43431 9888 9 present present VB 43431 9888 10 any any DT 43431 9888 11 characters character NNS 43431 9888 12 common common JJ 43431 9888 13 to to IN 43431 9888 14 all all PDT 43431 9888 15 the the DT 43431 9888 16 members member NNS 43431 9888 17 of of IN 43431 9888 18 the the DT 43431 9888 19 group group NN 43431 9888 20 . . . 43431 9889 1 Among among IN 43431 9889 2 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 9889 3 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9889 4 are be VBP 43431 9889 5 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 9889 6 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 9889 7 for for IN 43431 9889 8 the the DT 43431 9889 9 development development NN 43431 9889 10 of of IN 43431 9889 11 a a DT 43431 9889 12 broad broad JJ 43431 9889 13 lamellar lamellar JJ 43431 9889 14 expansion expansion NN 43431 9889 15 between between IN 43431 9889 16 the the DT 43431 9889 17 head head NN 43431 9889 18 and and CC 43431 9889 19 the the DT 43431 9889 20 processus processus NNP 43431 9889 21 longus longus NNP 43431 9889 22 of of IN 43431 9889 23 the the DT 43431 9889 24 malleus malleus NNP 43431 9889 25 . . . 43431 9890 1 In in IN 43431 9890 2 some some DT 43431 9890 3 cases case NNS 43431 9890 4 the the DT 43431 9890 5 malleus malleus NNP 43431 9890 6 of of IN 43431 9890 7 the the DT 43431 9890 8 foetus foetus NN 43431 9890 9 differs differ VBZ 43431 9890 10 strikingly strikingly RB 43431 9890 11 from from IN 43431 9890 12 that that DT 43431 9890 13 of of IN 43431 9890 14 the the DT 43431 9890 15 adult adult NN 43431 9890 16 . . . 43431 9891 1 Among among IN 43431 9891 2 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNP 43431 9891 3 the the DT 43431 9891 4 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 9891 5 and and CC 43431 9891 6 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 9891 7 have have VBP 43431 9891 8 the the DT 43431 9891 9 malleus malleus NN 43431 9891 10 of of IN 43431 9891 11 a a DT 43431 9891 12 low low JJ 43431 9891 13 type type NN 43431 9891 14 , , , 43431 9891 15 recalling recall VBG 43431 9891 16 those those DT 43431 9891 17 of of IN 43431 9891 18 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 9891 19 ; ; : 43431 9891 20 while while IN 43431 9891 21 in in IN 43431 9891 22 the the DT 43431 9891 23 Horse Horse NNP 43431 9891 24 the the DT 43431 9891 25 head head NN 43431 9891 26 is be VBZ 43431 9891 27 well well RB 43431 9891 28 developed developed JJ 43431 9891 29 , , , 43431 9891 30 and and CC 43431 9891 31 the the DT 43431 9891 32 malleus malleus NN 43431 9891 33 is be VBZ 43431 9891 34 of of IN 43431 9891 35 a a DT 43431 9891 36 higher high JJR 43431 9891 37 type type NN 43431 9891 38 . . . 43431 9892 1 The the DT 43431 9892 2 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9892 3 of of IN 43431 9892 4 _ _ NNP 43431 9892 5 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 9892 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9892 7 , , , 43431 9892 8 which which WDT 43431 9892 9 recall recall VBP 43431 9892 10 those those DT 43431 9892 11 of of IN 43431 9892 12 the the DT 43431 9892 13 Equidae Equidae NNP 43431 9892 14 , , , 43431 9892 15 are be VBP 43431 9892 16 chiefly chiefly RB 43431 9892 17 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 9892 18 for for IN 43431 9892 19 the the DT 43431 9892 20 small small JJ 43431 9892 21 size size NN 43431 9892 22 of of IN 43431 9892 23 the the DT 43431 9892 24 body body NN 43431 9892 25 of of IN 43431 9892 26 the the DT 43431 9892 27 incus incus NN 43431 9892 28 . . . 43431 9893 1 In in IN 43431 9893 2 Elephants elephant NNS 43431 9893 3 the the DT 43431 9893 4 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9893 5 are be VBP 43431 9893 6 large large JJ 43431 9893 7 and and CC 43431 9893 8 massive massive JJ 43431 9893 9 . . . 43431 9894 1 In in IN 43431 9894 2 the the DT 43431 9894 3 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 9894 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9894 5 fig fig NN 43431 9894 6 . . . 43431 9895 1 100 100 CD 43431 9895 2 , , , 43431 9895 3 C C NNP 43431 9895 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9895 5 the the DT 43431 9895 6 malleus malleus NN 43431 9895 7 is be VBZ 43431 9895 8 generally generally RB 43431 9895 9 characterised characterise VBN 43431 9895 10 by by IN 43431 9895 11 a a DT 43431 9895 12 very very RB 43431 9895 13 broad broad JJ 43431 9895 14 manubrium manubrium NN 43431 9895 15 . . . 43431 9896 1 In in IN 43431 9896 2 many many JJ 43431 9896 3 genera genera NN 43431 9896 4 such such JJ 43431 9896 5 as as IN 43431 9896 6 _ _ NNP 43431 9896 7 Bathyergus Bathyergus NNP 43431 9896 8 _ _ NNP 43431 9896 9 , , , 43431 9896 10 and and CC 43431 9896 11 most most JJS 43431 9896 12 of of IN 43431 9896 13 the the DT 43431 9896 14 Hystricomorpha Hystricomorpha NNS 43431 9896 15 such such JJ 43431 9896 16 as as IN 43431 9896 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9896 18 Hystrix Hystrix NNP 43431 9896 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9896 20 , , , 43431 9896 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9896 22 Chinchilla Chinchilla NNP 43431 9896 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9896 24 and and CC 43431 9896 25 _ _ NNP 43431 9896 26 Dasyprocta Dasyprocta NNP 43431 9896 27 _ _ NNP 43431 9896 28 , , , 43431 9896 29 the the DT 43431 9896 30 malleus malleus NNP 43431 9896 31 and and CC 43431 9896 32 incus incus NN 43431 9896 33 are be VBP 43431 9896 34 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 9896 35 together together RB 43431 9896 36 . . . 43431 9897 1 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 9897 2 . . . 43431 9898 1 In in IN 43431 9898 2 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 9898 3 vera vera NN 43431 9898 4 the the DT 43431 9898 5 most most RBS 43431 9898 6 striking striking JJ 43431 9898 7 feature feature NN 43431 9898 8 of of IN 43431 9898 9 the the DT 43431 9898 10 malleus malleus NN 43431 9898 11 is be VBZ 43431 9898 12 the the DT 43431 9898 13 occurrence occurrence NN 43431 9898 14 of of IN 43431 9898 15 a a DT 43431 9898 16 broad broad JJ 43431 9898 17 lamellar lamellar JJ 43431 9898 18 expansion expansion NN 43431 9898 19 between between IN 43431 9898 20 the the DT 43431 9898 21 head head NN 43431 9898 22 and and CC 43431 9898 23 neck neck NN 43431 9898 24 and and CC 43431 9898 25 the the DT 43431 9898 26 processus processus NNP 43431 9898 27 longus longus NNP 43431 9898 28 . . . 43431 9899 1 This this DT 43431 9899 2 however however RB 43431 9899 3 does do VBZ 43431 9899 4 not not RB 43431 9899 5 occur occur VB 43431 9899 6 in in IN 43431 9899 7 some some DT 43431 9899 8 Viverridae Viverridae NNP 43431 9899 9 . . . 43431 9900 1 In in IN 43431 9900 2 the the DT 43431 9900 3 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 9900 4 vera vera NN 43431 9900 5 the the DT 43431 9900 6 incus incus NN 43431 9900 7 and and CC 43431 9900 8 stapes stape NNS 43431 9900 9 are be VBP 43431 9900 10 small small JJ 43431 9900 11 as as IN 43431 9900 12 compared compare VBN 43431 9900 13 with with IN 43431 9900 14 the the DT 43431 9900 15 malleus malleus NN 43431 9900 16 , , , 43431 9900 17 but but CC 43431 9900 18 in in IN 43431 9900 19 the the DT 43431 9900 20 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 9900 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9900 22 are be VBP 43431 9900 23 large large JJ 43431 9900 24 . . . 43431 9901 1 In in IN 43431 9901 2 the the DT 43431 9901 3 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 9901 4 the the DT 43431 9901 5 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9901 6 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9901 7 have have VBP 43431 9901 8 a a DT 43431 9901 9 very very RB 43431 9901 10 dense dense JJ 43431 9901 11 consistence consistence NN 43431 9901 12 , , , 43431 9901 13 and and CC 43431 9901 14 except except IN 43431 9901 15 in in IN 43431 9901 16 the the DT 43431 9901 17 Otariidae Otariidae NNP 43431 9901 18 are be VBP 43431 9901 19 very very RB 43431 9901 20 large large JJ 43431 9901 21 . . . 43431 9902 1 The the DT 43431 9902 2 stapes stape NNS 43431 9902 3 frequently frequently RB 43431 9902 4 has have VBZ 43431 9902 5 no no DT 43431 9902 6 canal canal NN 43431 9902 7 , , , 43431 9902 8 or or CC 43431 9902 9 only only RB 43431 9902 10 a a DT 43431 9902 11 very very RB 43431 9902 12 small small JJ 43431 9902 13 one one CD 43431 9902 14 . . . 43431 9903 1 In in IN 43431 9903 2 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA VBG 43431 9903 3 the the DT 43431 9903 4 characters character NNS 43431 9903 5 of of IN 43431 9903 6 the the DT 43431 9903 7 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9903 8 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9903 9 are be VBP 43431 9903 10 very very RB 43431 9903 11 diverse diverse JJ 43431 9903 12 . . . 43431 9904 1 Many many JJ 43431 9904 2 forms form NNS 43431 9904 3 such such JJ 43431 9904 4 as as IN 43431 9904 5 shrews shrew NNS 43431 9904 6 , , , 43431 9904 7 moles mole NNS 43431 9904 8 , , , 43431 9904 9 hedgehogs hedgehog NNS 43431 9904 10 , , , 43431 9904 11 and and CC 43431 9904 12 the the DT 43431 9904 13 Centetidae Centetidae NNP 43431 9904 14 have have VBP 43431 9904 15 a a DT 43431 9904 16 low low JJ 43431 9904 17 type type NN 43431 9904 18 of of IN 43431 9904 19 malleus malleus NN 43431 9904 20 resembling resemble VBG 43431 9904 21 that that IN 43431 9904 22 of of IN 43431 9904 23 Edentates Edentates NNPS 43431 9904 24 . . . 43431 9905 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9905 2 Chrysochloris Chrysochloris NNP 43431 9905 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9905 4 has have VBZ 43431 9905 5 very very RB 43431 9905 6 extraordinary extraordinary JJ 43431 9905 7 auditory auditory JJ 43431 9905 8 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9905 9 . . . 43431 9906 1 The the DT 43431 9906 2 head head NN 43431 9906 3 of of IN 43431 9906 4 the the DT 43431 9906 5 malleus malleus NN 43431 9906 6 is be VBZ 43431 9906 7 drawn draw VBN 43431 9906 8 out out RP 43431 9906 9 into into IN 43431 9906 10 a a DT 43431 9906 11 great great JJ 43431 9906 12 club club NN 43431 9906 13 - - HYPH 43431 9906 14 shaped shaped JJ 43431 9906 15 process process NN 43431 9906 16 , , , 43431 9906 17 the the DT 43431 9906 18 incus incus NN 43431 9906 19 is be VBZ 43431 9906 20 long long JJ 43431 9906 21 and and CC 43431 9906 22 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9906 23 , , , 43431 9906 24 and and CC 43431 9906 25 differs differ VBZ 43431 9906 26 much much RB 43431 9906 27 from from IN 43431 9906 28 the the DT 43431 9906 29 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 9906 30 type type NN 43431 9906 31 . . . 43431 9907 1 In in IN 43431 9907 2 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 9907 3 the the DT 43431 9907 4 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 9907 5 and and CC 43431 9907 6 especially especially RB 43431 9907 7 the the DT 43431 9907 8 malleus malleus NN 43431 9907 9 much much RB 43431 9907 10 resemble resemble VBP 43431 9907 11 those those DT 43431 9907 12 of of IN 43431 9907 13 shrews shrew NNS 43431 9907 14 . . . 43431 9908 1 The the DT 43431 9908 2 stapes stape NNS 43431 9908 3 is be VBZ 43431 9908 4 always always RB 43431 9908 5 normal normal JJ 43431 9908 6 in in IN 43431 9908 7 character character NN 43431 9908 8 , , , 43431 9908 9 never never RB 43431 9908 10 becoming become VBG 43431 9908 11 at at IN 43431 9908 12 all all DT 43431 9908 13 columelliform columelliform NN 43431 9908 14 . . . 43431 9909 1 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 9909 2 . . . 43431 9910 1 In in IN 43431 9910 2 Man Man NNP 43431 9910 3 and and CC 43431 9910 4 the the DT 43431 9910 5 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 9910 6 Apes Apes NNP 43431 9910 7 the the DT 43431 9910 8 malleus malleus NN 43431 9910 9 has have VBZ 43431 9910 10 a a DT 43431 9910 11 rounded rounded JJ 43431 9910 12 head head NN 43431 9910 13 , , , 43431 9910 14 a a DT 43431 9910 15 short short JJ 43431 9910 16 neck neck NN 43431 9910 17 , , , 43431 9910 18 and and CC 43431 9910 19 the the DT 43431 9910 20 manubrium manubrium NN 43431 9910 21 , , , 43431 9910 22 a a DT 43431 9910 23 processus processus NNP 43431 9910 24 longus longus NNP 43431 9910 25 and and CC 43431 9910 26 a a DT 43431 9910 27 processus processus NNP 43431 9910 28 brevis brevis NNP 43431 9910 29 . . . 43431 9911 1 The the DT 43431 9911 2 incus incus NN 43431 9911 3 consists consist VBZ 43431 9911 4 of of IN 43431 9911 5 an an DT 43431 9911 6 anvil anvil JJ 43431 9911 7 - - HYPH 43431 9911 8 shaped shaped JJ 43431 9911 9 portion portion NN 43431 9911 10 from from IN 43431 9911 11 which which WDT 43431 9911 12 arises arise VBZ 43431 9911 13 a a DT 43431 9911 14 long long JJ 43431 9911 15 tapering tapering NN 43431 9911 16 process process NN 43431 9911 17 . . . 43431 9912 1 The the DT 43431 9912 2 stapes stape NNS 43431 9912 3 has have VBZ 43431 9912 4 diverging diverge VBG 43431 9912 5 crura crura NNP 43431 9912 6 and and CC 43431 9912 7 consequently consequently RB 43431 9912 8 a a DT 43431 9912 9 wide wide JJ 43431 9912 10 canal canal NN 43431 9912 11 . . . 43431 9913 1 The the DT 43431 9913 2 crura crura NN 43431 9913 3 in in IN 43431 9913 4 other other JJ 43431 9913 5 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9913 6 do do VBP 43431 9913 7 not not RB 43431 9913 8 diverge diverge VB 43431 9913 9 so so RB 43431 9913 10 much much RB 43431 9913 11 as as IN 43431 9913 12 in in IN 43431 9913 13 man man NN 43431 9913 14 and and CC 43431 9913 15 anthropoid anthropoid NN 43431 9913 16 apes ape NNS 43431 9913 17 . . . 43431 9914 1 The the DT 43431 9914 2 New New NNP 43431 9914 3 World World NNP 43431 9914 4 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 9914 5 have have VBP 43431 9914 6 no no DT 43431 9914 7 neck neck NN 43431 9914 8 to to IN 43431 9914 9 the the DT 43431 9914 10 malleus malleus NN 43431 9914 11 . . . 43431 9915 1 THE the DT 43431 9915 2 STERNUM[168 sternum[168 NN 43431 9915 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9915 4 . . . 43431 9916 1 In in IN 43431 9916 2 MONOTREMES MONOTREMES NNP 43431 9916 3 and and CC 43431 9916 4 most most JJS 43431 9916 5 MARSUPIALS marsupial NNS 43431 9916 6 the the DT 43431 9916 7 sternum sternum NN 43431 9916 8 does do VBZ 43431 9916 9 not not RB 43431 9916 10 present present VB 43431 9916 11 any any DT 43431 9916 12 characters character NNS 43431 9916 13 of of IN 43431 9916 14 special special JJ 43431 9916 15 importance importance NN 43431 9916 16 . . . 43431 9917 1 The the DT 43431 9917 2 presternum presternum NN 43431 9917 3 is be VBZ 43431 9917 4 strongly strongly RB 43431 9917 5 keeled keel VBN 43431 9917 6 in in IN 43431 9917 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9917 8 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 9917 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9917 10 . . . 43431 9918 1 The the DT 43431 9918 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 9918 3 in in IN 43431 9918 4 EDENTATES EDENTATES NNP 43431 9918 5 is be VBZ 43431 9918 6 very very RB 43431 9918 7 variable variable JJ 43431 9918 8 : : : 43431 9918 9 in in IN 43431 9918 10 the the DT 43431 9918 11 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 9918 12 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9918 13 is be VBZ 43431 9918 14 very very RB 43431 9918 15 long long JJ 43431 9918 16 , , , 43431 9918 17 the the DT 43431 9918 18 mesosternum mesosternum NN 43431 9918 19 of of IN 43431 9918 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9918 21 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 9918 22 _ _ NNP 43431 9918 23 having have VBG 43431 9918 24 twelve twelve CD 43431 9918 25 segments segment NNS 43431 9918 26 . . . 43431 9919 1 In in IN 43431 9919 2 the the DT 43431 9919 3 ant ant NN 43431 9919 4 - - HYPH 43431 9919 5 eaters eater NNS 43431 9919 6 and and CC 43431 9919 7 armadillos armadillo VBZ 43431 9919 8 the the DT 43431 9919 9 presternum presternum NN 43431 9919 10 is be VBZ 43431 9919 11 broad broad JJ 43431 9919 12 and and CC 43431 9919 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9919 14 as as IN 43431 9919 15 in in IN 43431 9919 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9919 17 Priodon Priodon NNP 43431 9919 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9919 19 strongly strongly RB 43431 9919 20 keeled keel VBD 43431 9919 21 . . . 43431 9920 1 In in IN 43431 9920 2 _ _ NNP 43431 9920 3 Manis Manis NNP 43431 9920 4 macrura macrura NN 43431 9920 5 _ _ NNP 43431 9920 6 the the DT 43431 9920 7 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 9920 8 is be VBZ 43431 9920 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 9920 10 out out RP 43431 9920 11 into into IN 43431 9920 12 a a DT 43431 9920 13 pair pair NN 43431 9920 14 of of IN 43431 9920 15 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 9920 16 processes process NNS 43431 9920 17 about about IN 43431 9920 18 nine nine CD 43431 9920 19 inches inch NNS 43431 9920 20 long long JJ 43431 9920 21 . . . 43431 9921 1 In in IN 43431 9921 2 the the DT 43431 9921 3 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 9921 4 the the DT 43431 9921 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 9921 6 is be VBZ 43431 9921 7 simple simple JJ 43431 9921 8 and and CC 43431 9921 9 elongated elongated JJ 43431 9921 10 , , , 43431 9921 11 and and CC 43431 9921 12 of of IN 43431 9921 13 fairly fairly RB 43431 9921 14 equal equal JJ 43431 9921 15 width width NN 43431 9921 16 throughout throughout IN 43431 9921 17 , , , 43431 9921 18 in in IN 43431 9921 19 the the DT 43431 9921 20 adult adult NN 43431 9921 21 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9921 22 shows show VBZ 43431 9921 23 no no DT 43431 9921 24 sign sign NN 43431 9921 25 of of IN 43431 9921 26 segmentation segmentation NN 43431 9921 27 . . . 43431 9922 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9922 2 origin origin NN 43431 9922 3 from from IN 43431 9922 4 the the DT 43431 9922 5 union union NN 43431 9922 6 of of IN 43431 9922 7 two two CD 43431 9922 8 lateral lateral JJ 43431 9922 9 portions portion NNS 43431 9922 10 can can MD 43431 9922 11 be be VB 43431 9922 12 well well RB 43431 9922 13 seen see VBN 43431 9922 14 in in IN 43431 9922 15 _ _ NNP 43431 9922 16 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 9922 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9922 18 . . . 43431 9923 1 Two two CD 43431 9923 2 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9923 3 types type NNS 43431 9923 4 of of IN 43431 9923 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 9923 6 are be VBP 43431 9923 7 met meet VBN 43431 9923 8 with with IN 43431 9923 9 in in IN 43431 9923 10 the the DT 43431 9923 11 CETACEA CETACEA NNP 43431 9923 12 . . . 43431 9924 1 In in IN 43431 9924 2 the the DT 43431 9924 3 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 9924 4 the the DT 43431 9924 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 9924 6 consists consist VBZ 43431 9924 7 of of IN 43431 9924 8 a a DT 43431 9924 9 broad broad JJ 43431 9924 10 presternum presternum NN 43431 9924 11 followed follow VBN 43431 9924 12 by by IN 43431 9924 13 three three CD 43431 9924 14 or or CC 43431 9924 15 four four CD 43431 9924 16 mesosternal mesosternal JJ 43431 9924 17 segments segment NNS 43431 9924 18 , , , 43431 9924 19 but but CC 43431 9924 20 with with IN 43431 9924 21 no no DT 43431 9924 22 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 9924 23 . . . 43431 9925 1 Indications indication NNS 43431 9925 2 of of IN 43431 9925 3 the the DT 43431 9925 4 original original JJ 43431 9925 5 median median JJ 43431 9925 6 fissure fissure NN 43431 9925 7 can can MD 43431 9925 8 be be VB 43431 9925 9 traced trace VBN 43431 9925 10 , , , 43431 9925 11 and and CC 43431 9925 12 are be VBP 43431 9925 13 very very RB 43431 9925 14 evident evident JJ 43431 9925 15 in in IN 43431 9925 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9925 17 Hyperoödon Hyperoödon NNP 43431 9925 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9925 19 . . . 43431 9926 1 In in IN 43431 9926 2 the the DT 43431 9926 3 Mystacoceti Mystacoceti NNP 43431 9926 4 , , , 43431 9926 5 on on IN 43431 9926 6 the the DT 43431 9926 7 other other JJ 43431 9926 8 hand hand NN 43431 9926 9 , , , 43431 9926 10 the the DT 43431 9926 11 sternum sternum NN 43431 9926 12 consists consist VBZ 43431 9926 13 simply simply RB 43431 9926 14 of of IN 43431 9926 15 a a DT 43431 9926 16 broad broad JJ 43431 9926 17 flattened flattened JJ 43431 9926 18 presternum presternum NN 43431 9926 19 which which WDT 43431 9926 20 is be VBZ 43431 9926 21 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9926 22 more more RBR 43431 9926 23 or or CC 43431 9926 24 less less JJR 43431 9926 25 heart heart NN 43431 9926 26 - - HYPH 43431 9926 27 shaped shape VBN 43431 9926 28 , , , 43431 9926 29 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9926 30 cross cross VB 43431 9926 31 - - JJ 43431 9926 32 shaped shaped JJ 43431 9926 33 . . . 43431 9927 1 Only only RB 43431 9927 2 a a DT 43431 9927 3 single single JJ 43431 9927 4 pair pair NN 43431 9927 5 of of IN 43431 9927 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 9927 7 are be VBP 43431 9927 8 united united JJ 43431 9927 9 to to IN 43431 9927 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 9927 11 . . . 43431 9928 1 The the DT 43431 9928 2 sternum sternum NN 43431 9928 3 in in IN 43431 9928 4 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 9928 5 is be VBZ 43431 9928 6 generally generally RB 43431 9928 7 long long JJ 43431 9928 8 and and CC 43431 9928 9 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9928 10 and and CC 43431 9928 11 formed form VBN 43431 9928 12 of of IN 43431 9928 13 six six CD 43431 9928 14 or or CC 43431 9928 15 generally generally RB 43431 9928 16 seven seven CD 43431 9928 17 segments segment NNS 43431 9928 18 . . . 43431 9929 1 The the DT 43431 9929 2 presternum presternum NN 43431 9929 3 is be VBZ 43431 9929 4 as as IN 43431 9929 5 a a DT 43431 9929 6 rule rule NN 43431 9929 7 small small JJ 43431 9929 8 and and CC 43431 9929 9 compressed compressed JJ 43431 9929 10 , , , 43431 9929 11 often often RB 43431 9929 12 much much RB 43431 9929 13 keeled keel VBN 43431 9929 14 , , , 43431 9929 15 especially especially RB 43431 9929 16 in in IN 43431 9929 17 the the DT 43431 9929 18 horse horse NN 43431 9929 19 and and CC 43431 9929 20 tapir tapir NN 43431 9929 21 . . . 43431 9930 1 The the DT 43431 9930 2 segments segment NNS 43431 9930 3 of of IN 43431 9930 4 the the DT 43431 9930 5 mesosternum mesosternum NN 43431 9930 6 gradually gradually RB 43431 9930 7 widen widen VBP 43431 9930 8 as as IN 43431 9930 9 followed follow VBN 43431 9930 10 back back RB 43431 9930 11 and and CC 43431 9930 12 the the DT 43431 9930 13 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 9930 14 is be VBZ 43431 9930 15 often often RB 43431 9930 16 terminated terminate VBN 43431 9930 17 by by IN 43431 9930 18 a a DT 43431 9930 19 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 9930 20 plate plate NN 43431 9930 21 . . . 43431 9931 1 In in IN 43431 9931 2 the the DT 43431 9931 3 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 9931 4 the the DT 43431 9931 5 sternum sternum NN 43431 9931 6 is be VBZ 43431 9931 7 long long JJ 43431 9931 8 and and CC 43431 9931 9 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9931 10 and and CC 43431 9931 11 generally generally RB 43431 9931 12 has have VBZ 43431 9931 13 a a DT 43431 9931 14 large large JJ 43431 9931 15 presternum presternum NN 43431 9931 16 , , , 43431 9931 17 and and CC 43431 9931 18 a a DT 43431 9931 19 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 9931 20 terminated terminate VBN 43431 9931 21 by by IN 43431 9931 22 a a DT 43431 9931 23 broad broad JJ 43431 9931 24 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 9931 25 plate plate NN 43431 9931 26 . . . 43431 9932 1 In in IN 43431 9932 2 the the DT 43431 9932 3 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 9932 4 , , , 43431 9932 5 too too RB 43431 9932 6 , , , 43431 9932 7 the the DT 43431 9932 8 sternum sternum NN 43431 9932 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9932 10 fig fig NN 43431 9932 11 . . . 43431 9933 1 76 76 CD 43431 9933 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9933 3 is be VBZ 43431 9933 4 long long JJ 43431 9933 5 and and CC 43431 9933 6 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9933 7 and and CC 43431 9933 8 formed form VBN 43431 9933 9 of of IN 43431 9933 10 eight eight CD 43431 9933 11 or or CC 43431 9933 12 nine nine CD 43431 9933 13 pieces piece NNS 43431 9933 14 , , , 43431 9933 15 all all DT 43431 9933 16 of of IN 43431 9933 17 nearly nearly RB 43431 9933 18 the the DT 43431 9933 19 same same JJ 43431 9933 20 size size NN 43431 9933 21 . . . 43431 9934 1 The the DT 43431 9934 2 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 9934 3 generally generally RB 43431 9934 4 ends end VBZ 43431 9934 5 in in IN 43431 9934 6 an an DT 43431 9934 7 expanded expand VBN 43431 9934 8 plate plate NN 43431 9934 9 of of IN 43431 9934 10 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 9934 11 . . . 43431 9935 1 In in IN 43431 9935 2 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA VBG 43431 9935 3 the the DT 43431 9935 4 sternum sternum NN 43431 9935 5 is be VBZ 43431 9935 6 well well RB 43431 9935 7 developed developed JJ 43431 9935 8 but but CC 43431 9935 9 variable variable JJ 43431 9935 10 . . . 43431 9936 1 The the DT 43431 9936 2 presternum presternum NN 43431 9936 3 is be VBZ 43431 9936 4 commonly commonly RB 43431 9936 5 large large JJ 43431 9936 6 and and CC 43431 9936 7 is be VBZ 43431 9936 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9936 9 as as IN 43431 9936 10 in in IN 43431 9936 11 the the DT 43431 9936 12 Hedgehog Hedgehog NNP 43431 9936 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9936 14 _ _ NNP 43431 9936 15 Erinaceus Erinaceus NNP 43431 9936 16 _ _ NNP 43431 9936 17 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9936 18 bilobed bilobe VBD 43431 9936 19 in in IN 43431 9936 20 front front NN 43431 9936 21 , , , 43431 9936 22 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9936 23 as as IN 43431 9936 24 in in IN 43431 9936 25 the the DT 43431 9936 26 Shrew Shrew NNP 43431 9936 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9936 28 _ _ NNP 43431 9936 29 Sorex Sorex NNP 43431 9936 30 _ _ NNP 43431 9936 31 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9936 32 trilobed trilobe VBD 43431 9936 33 . . . 43431 9937 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 9937 2 is be VBZ 43431 9937 3 especially especially RB 43431 9937 4 large large JJ 43431 9937 5 in in IN 43431 9937 6 the the DT 43431 9937 7 Mole Mole NNP 43431 9937 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9937 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9937 10 Talpa Talpa NNP 43431 9937 11 _ _ NNP 43431 9937 12 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9937 13 and and CC 43431 9937 14 is be VBZ 43431 9937 15 expanded expand VBN 43431 9937 16 laterally laterally RB 43431 9937 17 and and CC 43431 9937 18 keeled keel VBN 43431 9937 19 below below RB 43431 9937 20 . . . 43431 9938 1 In in IN 43431 9938 2 the the DT 43431 9938 3 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 9938 4 the the DT 43431 9938 5 presternum presternum NN 43431 9938 6 is be VBZ 43431 9938 7 strongly strongly RB 43431 9938 8 keeled keel VBN 43431 9938 9 and and CC 43431 9938 10 so so RB 43431 9938 11 is be VBZ 43431 9938 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 9938 13 the the DT 43431 9938 14 mesosternum mesosternum NN 43431 9938 15 . . . 43431 9939 1 Among among IN 43431 9939 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 9939 3 , , , 43431 9939 4 in in IN 43431 9939 5 Man Man NNP 43431 9939 6 and and CC 43431 9939 7 the the DT 43431 9939 8 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 9939 9 Apes ape VBZ 43431 9939 10 the the DT 43431 9939 11 sternum sternum NN 43431 9939 12 is be VBZ 43431 9939 13 rather rather RB 43431 9939 14 broad broad JJ 43431 9939 15 and and CC 43431 9939 16 flattened flatten VBD 43431 9939 17 ; ; : 43431 9939 18 the the DT 43431 9939 19 mesosternum mesosternum NNP 43431 9939 20 consists consist VBZ 43431 9939 21 of of IN 43431 9939 22 four four CD 43431 9939 23 segments segment NNS 43431 9939 24 which which WDT 43431 9939 25 are be VBP 43431 9939 26 commonly commonly RB 43431 9939 27 fused fuse VBN 43431 9939 28 together together RB 43431 9939 29 and and CC 43431 9939 30 the the DT 43431 9939 31 xiphisternum xiphisternum NN 43431 9939 32 is be VBZ 43431 9939 33 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 9939 34 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9939 35 . . . 43431 9940 1 THE the DT 43431 9940 2 RIBS RIBS NNP 43431 9940 3 . . . 43431 9941 1 Free free JJ 43431 9941 2 ribs rib NNS 43431 9941 3 are be VBP 43431 9941 4 borne bear VBN 43431 9941 5 as as IN 43431 9941 6 a a DT 43431 9941 7 rule rule NN 43431 9941 8 only only RB 43431 9941 9 by by IN 43431 9941 10 the the DT 43431 9941 11 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9941 12 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 9941 13 ; ; : 43431 9941 14 ribs ribs NNP 43431 9941 15 may may MD 43431 9941 16 be be VB 43431 9941 17 found find VBN 43431 9941 18 in in IN 43431 9941 19 other other JJ 43431 9941 20 regions region NNS 43431 9941 21 , , , 43431 9941 22 especially especially RB 43431 9941 23 the the DT 43431 9941 24 cervical cervical JJ 43431 9941 25 and and CC 43431 9941 26 sacral sacral JJ 43431 9941 27 , , , 43431 9941 28 but but CC 43431 9941 29 these these DT 43431 9941 30 are be VBP 43431 9941 31 almost almost RB 43431 9941 32 always always RB 43431 9941 33 ankylosed ankylosed JJ 43431 9941 34 to to IN 43431 9941 35 the the DT 43431 9941 36 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9941 37 . . . 43431 9942 1 As as IN 43431 9942 2 a a DT 43431 9942 3 general general JJ 43431 9942 4 rule rule NN 43431 9942 5 the the DT 43431 9942 6 first first JJ 43431 9942 7 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9942 8 rib rib NNP 43431 9942 9 joins join VBZ 43431 9942 10 the the DT 43431 9942 11 presternum presternum NN 43431 9942 12 , , , 43431 9942 13 while while IN 43431 9942 14 the the DT 43431 9942 15 succeeding succeed VBG 43431 9942 16 ones one NNS 43431 9942 17 are be VBP 43431 9942 18 attached attach VBN 43431 9942 19 between between IN 43431 9942 20 the the DT 43431 9942 21 several several JJ 43431 9942 22 segments segment NNS 43431 9942 23 of of IN 43431 9942 24 the the DT 43431 9942 25 mesosternum mesosternum NN 43431 9942 26 . . . 43431 9943 1 Some some DT 43431 9943 2 of of IN 43431 9943 3 the the DT 43431 9943 4 posterior posterior NNP 43431 9943 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 9943 6 frequently frequently RB 43431 9943 7 do do VBP 43431 9943 8 not not RB 43431 9943 9 reach reach VB 43431 9943 10 the the DT 43431 9943 11 sternum sternum NN 43431 9943 12 ; ; : 43431 9943 13 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9943 14 may may MD 43431 9943 15 then then RB 43431 9943 16 be be VB 43431 9943 17 attached attach VBN 43431 9943 18 by by IN 43431 9943 19 fibrous fibrous JJ 43431 9943 20 tissue tissue NN 43431 9943 21 to to IN 43431 9943 22 the the DT 43431 9943 23 ribs rib NNS 43431 9943 24 in in IN 43431 9943 25 front front NN 43431 9943 26 , , , 43431 9943 27 or or CC 43431 9943 28 may may MD 43431 9943 29 end end VB 43431 9943 30 freely freely RB 43431 9943 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9943 32 _ _ NNP 43431 9943 33 floating float VBG 43431 9943 34 ribs rib NNS 43431 9943 35 _ _ NNP 43431 9943 36 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9943 37 . . . 43431 9944 1 There there EX 43431 9944 2 are be VBP 43431 9944 3 generally generally RB 43431 9944 4 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9944 5 pairs pair NNS 43431 9944 6 of of IN 43431 9944 7 ribs rib NNS 43431 9944 8 , , , 43431 9944 9 and and CC 43431 9944 10 in in IN 43431 9944 11 no no DT 43431 9944 12 case case NN 43431 9944 13 do do VBP 43431 9944 14 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9944 15 have have VB 43431 9944 16 uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 9944 17 processes process NNS 43431 9944 18 . . . 43431 9945 1 In in IN 43431 9945 2 MONOTREMES MONOTREMES NNP 43431 9945 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9945 4 fig fig NN 43431 9945 5 . . . 43431 9946 1 102 102 CD 43431 9946 2 , , , 43431 9946 3 B b NN 43431 9946 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9946 5 each each DT 43431 9946 6 rib rib NN 43431 9946 7 is be VBZ 43431 9946 8 divided divide VBN 43431 9946 9 not not RB 43431 9946 10 into into IN 43431 9946 11 two two CD 43431 9946 12 but but CC 43431 9946 13 into into IN 43431 9946 14 three three CD 43431 9946 15 parts part NNS 43431 9946 16 , , , 43431 9946 17 an an DT 43431 9946 18 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 9946 19 portion portion NN 43431 9946 20 being be VBG 43431 9946 21 interposed interpose VBN 43431 9946 22 between between IN 43431 9946 23 the the DT 43431 9946 24 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 9946 25 and and CC 43431 9946 26 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9946 27 parts part NNS 43431 9946 28 . . . 43431 9947 1 The the DT 43431 9947 2 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9947 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 9947 4 are be VBP 43431 9947 5 well well RB 43431 9947 6 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9947 7 , , , 43431 9947 8 and and CC 43431 9947 9 some some DT 43431 9947 10 are be VBP 43431 9947 11 very very RB 43431 9947 12 broad broad JJ 43431 9947 13 and and CC 43431 9947 14 flat flat JJ 43431 9947 15 . . . 43431 9948 1 The the DT 43431 9948 2 intermediate intermediate JJ 43431 9948 3 portions portion NNS 43431 9948 4 are be VBP 43431 9948 5 unossified unossified JJ 43431 9948 6 , , , 43431 9948 7 those those DT 43431 9948 8 of of IN 43431 9948 9 the the DT 43431 9948 10 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9948 11 ribs rib NNS 43431 9948 12 are be VBP 43431 9948 13 short short JJ 43431 9948 14 and and CC 43431 9948 15 narrow narrow JJ 43431 9948 16 , , , 43431 9948 17 but but CC 43431 9948 18 they -PRON- PRP 43431 9948 19 become become VBP 43431 9948 20 longer long JJR 43431 9948 21 and and CC 43431 9948 22 wider wide JJR 43431 9948 23 further far RBR 43431 9948 24 back back RB 43431 9948 25 . . . 43431 9949 1 In in IN 43431 9949 2 MARSUPIALS marsupial NNS 43431 9949 3 there there EX 43431 9949 4 are be VBP 43431 9949 5 almost almost RB 43431 9949 6 always always RB 43431 9949 7 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9949 8 pairs pair NNS 43431 9949 9 of of IN 43431 9949 10 ribs rib NNS 43431 9949 11 , , , 43431 9949 12 whose whose WP$ 43431 9949 13 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9949 14 portions portion NNS 43431 9949 15 are be VBP 43431 9949 16 very very RB 43431 9949 17 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 9949 18 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9949 19 . . . 43431 9950 1 _ _ NNP 43431 9950 2 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 9950 3 _ _ NNP 43431 9950 4 has have VBZ 43431 9950 5 fourteen fourteen CD 43431 9950 6 pairs pair NNS 43431 9950 7 of of IN 43431 9950 8 ribs rib NNS 43431 9950 9 , , , 43431 9950 10 eight eight CD 43431 9950 11 of of IN 43431 9950 12 which which WDT 43431 9950 13 are be VBP 43431 9950 14 floating float VBG 43431 9950 15 : : : 43431 9950 16 the the DT 43431 9950 17 first first JJ 43431 9950 18 rib rib NN 43431 9950 19 is be VBZ 43431 9950 20 very very RB 43431 9950 21 stout stout JJ 43431 9950 22 , , , 43431 9950 23 and and CC 43431 9950 24 is be VBZ 43431 9950 25 abruptly abruptly RB 43431 9950 26 bent bent JJ 43431 9950 27 on on IN 43431 9950 28 itself -PRON- PRP 43431 9950 29 to to TO 43431 9950 30 join join VB 43431 9950 31 the the DT 43431 9950 32 sternum sternum NN 43431 9950 33 . . . 43431 9951 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 9951 2 has have VBZ 43431 9951 3 no no DT 43431 9951 4 distinct distinct JJ 43431 9951 5 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9951 6 portion portion NN 43431 9951 7 . . . 43431 9952 1 All all PDT 43431 9952 2 the the DT 43431 9952 3 other other JJ 43431 9952 4 ribs rib NNS 43431 9952 5 are be VBP 43431 9952 6 slender slender NN 43431 9952 7 . . . 43431 9953 1 Of of IN 43431 9953 2 the the DT 43431 9953 3 EDENTATES edentate NNS 43431 9953 4 the the DT 43431 9953 5 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 9953 6 have have VBP 43431 9953 7 very very RB 43431 9953 8 numerous numerous JJ 43431 9953 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 9953 10 ; ; : 43431 9953 11 twenty twenty CD 43431 9953 12 - - HYPH 43431 9953 13 four four CD 43431 9953 14 pairs pair NNS 43431 9953 15 occur occur VBP 43431 9953 16 in in IN 43431 9953 17 _ _ NNP 43431 9953 18 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 9953 19 _ _ NNP 43431 9953 20 , , , 43431 9953 21 and and CC 43431 9953 22 half half NN 43431 9953 23 of of IN 43431 9953 24 these these DT 43431 9953 25 reach reach VBP 43431 9953 26 the the DT 43431 9953 27 sternum sternum NN 43431 9953 28 . . . 43431 9954 1 In in IN 43431 9954 2 the the DT 43431 9954 3 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 9954 4 there there EX 43431 9954 5 are be VBP 43431 9954 6 only only RB 43431 9954 7 ten ten CD 43431 9954 8 or or CC 43431 9954 9 twelve twelve CD 43431 9954 10 pairs pair NNS 43431 9954 11 of of IN 43431 9954 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 9954 13 , , , 43431 9954 14 but but CC 43431 9954 15 the the DT 43431 9954 16 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9954 17 portions portion NNS 43431 9954 18 are be VBP 43431 9954 19 very very RB 43431 9954 20 strongly strongly RB 43431 9954 21 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9954 22 . . . 43431 9955 1 The the DT 43431 9955 2 first first JJ 43431 9955 3 rib rib NN 43431 9955 4 is be VBZ 43431 9955 5 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 9955 6 broad broad JJ 43431 9955 7 and and CC 43431 9955 8 flat flat JJ 43431 9955 9 , , , 43431 9955 10 and and CC 43431 9955 11 is be VBZ 43431 9955 12 not not RB 43431 9955 13 divisible divisible JJ 43431 9955 14 into into IN 43431 9955 15 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 9955 16 and and CC 43431 9955 17 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9955 18 portions portion NNS 43431 9955 19 . . . 43431 9956 1 In in IN 43431 9956 2 the the DT 43431 9956 3 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 9956 4 there there EX 43431 9956 5 are be VBP 43431 9956 6 a a DT 43431 9956 7 very very RB 43431 9956 8 large large JJ 43431 9956 9 number number NN 43431 9956 10 of of IN 43431 9956 11 ribs rib NNS 43431 9956 12 noticeable noticeable NN 43431 9956 13 for for IN 43431 9956 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9956 15 great great JJ 43431 9956 16 thickness thickness NN 43431 9956 17 and and CC 43431 9956 18 solidity solidity NN 43431 9956 19 , , , 43431 9956 20 but but CC 43431 9956 21 not not RB 43431 9956 22 more more JJR 43431 9956 23 than than IN 43431 9956 24 three three CD 43431 9956 25 are be VBP 43431 9956 26 attached attach VBN 43431 9956 27 to to IN 43431 9956 28 the the DT 43431 9956 29 sternum sternum NN 43431 9956 30 . . . 43431 9957 1 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 9957 2 . . . 43431 9958 1 In in IN 43431 9958 2 the the DT 43431 9958 3 Whalebone Whalebone NNP 43431 9958 4 whales whale VBZ 43431 9958 5 the the DT 43431 9958 6 ribs rib NNS 43431 9958 7 are be VBP 43431 9958 8 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 9958 9 for for IN 43431 9958 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9958 11 very very RB 43431 9958 12 loose loose JJ 43431 9958 13 connection connection NN 43431 9958 14 both both CC 43431 9958 15 with with IN 43431 9958 16 the the DT 43431 9958 17 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 9958 18 column column NN 43431 9958 19 and and CC 43431 9958 20 with with IN 43431 9958 21 the the DT 43431 9958 22 sternum sternum NN 43431 9958 23 . . . 43431 9959 1 The the DT 43431 9959 2 capitula capitula NN 43431 9959 3 are be VBP 43431 9959 4 scarcely scarcely RB 43431 9959 5 developed develop VBN 43431 9959 6 , , , 43431 9959 7 and and CC 43431 9959 8 the the DT 43431 9959 9 attachment attachment NN 43431 9959 10 of of IN 43431 9959 11 the the DT 43431 9959 12 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 9959 13 to to IN 43431 9959 14 the the DT 43431 9959 15 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9959 16 processes process NNS 43431 9959 17 is be VBZ 43431 9959 18 loose loose JJ 43431 9959 19 . . . 43431 9960 1 The the DT 43431 9960 2 first first JJ 43431 9960 3 rib rib NN 43431 9960 4 is be VBZ 43431 9960 5 the the DT 43431 9960 6 only only JJ 43431 9960 7 one one CD 43431 9960 8 connected connect VBN 43431 9960 9 with with IN 43431 9960 10 the the DT 43431 9960 11 sternum sternum NN 43431 9960 12 . . . 43431 9961 1 In in IN 43431 9961 2 the the DT 43431 9961 3 Toothed toothed JJ 43431 9961 4 whales whale NNS 43431 9961 5 the the DT 43431 9961 6 anterior anterior NNP 43431 9961 7 ribs rib NNS 43431 9961 8 have have VBP 43431 9961 9 capitula capitula NN 43431 9961 10 articulating articulating NN 43431 9961 11 with with IN 43431 9961 12 the the DT 43431 9961 13 centra centra NNP 43431 9961 14 , , , 43431 9961 15 as as RB 43431 9961 16 well well RB 43431 9961 17 as as IN 43431 9961 18 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 9961 19 articulating articulating NN 43431 9961 20 with with IN 43431 9961 21 the the DT 43431 9961 22 transverse transverse JJ 43431 9961 23 processes process NNS 43431 9961 24 ; ; : 43431 9961 25 in in IN 43431 9961 26 the the DT 43431 9961 27 posterior posterior NN 43431 9961 28 ones one NNS 43431 9961 29 , , , 43431 9961 30 however however RB 43431 9961 31 , , , 43431 9961 32 only only RB 43431 9961 33 the the DT 43431 9961 34 tubercula tubercula NNP 43431 9961 35 remain remain VBP 43431 9961 36 . . . 43431 9962 1 Seven seven CD 43431 9962 2 pairs pair NNS 43431 9962 3 of of IN 43431 9962 4 well well RB 43431 9962 5 - - HYPH 43431 9962 6 ossified ossify VBN 43431 9962 7 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9962 8 ribs rib NNS 43431 9962 9 generally generally RB 43431 9962 10 meet meet VBP 43431 9962 11 the the DT 43431 9962 12 sternum sternum NN 43431 9962 13 . . . 43431 9963 1 In in IN 43431 9963 2 the the DT 43431 9963 3 Physeteridae Physeteridae NNP 43431 9963 4 most most JJS 43431 9963 5 of of IN 43431 9963 6 the the DT 43431 9963 7 ribs rib NNS 43431 9963 8 are be VBP 43431 9963 9 connected connect VBN 43431 9963 10 to to IN 43431 9963 11 the the DT 43431 9963 12 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 9963 13 by by IN 43431 9963 14 both both DT 43431 9963 15 capitula capitula NN 43431 9963 16 and and CC 43431 9963 17 tubercula tubercula NN 43431 9963 18 . . . 43431 9964 1 In in IN 43431 9964 2 the the DT 43431 9964 3 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 9964 4 the the DT 43431 9964 5 ribs rib NNS 43431 9964 6 are be VBP 43431 9964 7 generally generally RB 43431 9964 8 broad broad JJ 43431 9964 9 and and CC 43431 9964 10 flattened flattened JJ 43431 9964 11 , , , 43431 9964 12 and and CC 43431 9964 13 this this DT 43431 9964 14 is be VBZ 43431 9964 15 especially especially RB 43431 9964 16 the the DT 43431 9964 17 case case NN 43431 9964 18 in in IN 43431 9964 19 the the DT 43431 9964 20 genera genera NN 43431 9964 21 _ _ NNP 43431 9964 22 Bos Bos NNP 43431 9964 23 _ _ NNP 43431 9964 24 and and CC 43431 9964 25 _ _ NNP 43431 9964 26 Bubalus Bubalus NNP 43431 9964 27 _ _ NNP 43431 9964 28 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9964 29 fig fig NN 43431 9964 30 . . . 43431 9965 1 101 101 CD 43431 9965 2 , , , 43431 9965 3 6 6 CD 43431 9965 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9965 5 . . . 43431 9966 1 The the DT 43431 9966 2 anterior anterior JJ 43431 9966 3 ribs rib NNS 43431 9966 4 are be VBP 43431 9966 5 short short JJ 43431 9966 6 and and CC 43431 9966 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 9966 8 straight straight RB 43431 9966 9 , , , 43431 9966 10 and and CC 43431 9966 11 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9966 12 ribs rib NNS 43431 9966 13 are be VBP 43431 9966 14 well well RB 43431 9966 15 developed developed JJ 43431 9966 16 . . . 43431 9967 1 The the DT 43431 9967 2 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 9967 3 have have VBP 43431 9967 4 twelve twelve CD 43431 9967 5 to to TO 43431 9967 6 fifteen fifteen CD 43431 9967 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 9967 8 of of IN 43431 9967 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 9967 10 , , , 43431 9967 11 the the DT 43431 9967 12 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNP 43431 9967 13 eighteen eighteen CD 43431 9967 14 or or CC 43431 9967 15 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9967 16 , , , 43431 9967 17 and and CC 43431 9967 18 _ _ NNP 43431 9967 19 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 9967 20 _ _ NNP 43431 9967 21 twenty twenty CD 43431 9967 22 to to TO 43431 9967 23 twenty twenty CD 43431 9967 24 - - HYPH 43431 9967 25 two two CD 43431 9967 26 . . . 43431 9968 1 The the DT 43431 9968 2 Elephant Elephant NNP 43431 9968 3 has have VBZ 43431 9968 4 nineteen nineteen CD 43431 9968 5 to to TO 43431 9968 6 twenty twenty CD 43431 9968 7 - - HYPH 43431 9968 8 one one CD 43431 9968 9 pairs pair NNS 43431 9968 10 , , , 43431 9968 11 seven seven CD 43431 9968 12 of of IN 43431 9968 13 which which WDT 43431 9968 14 may may MD 43431 9968 15 be be VB 43431 9968 16 floating float VBG 43431 9968 17 ribs rib NNS 43431 9968 18 . . . 43431 9969 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 9969 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 9969 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 9969 4 . . . 43431 9970 1 101 101 CD 43431 9970 2 . . . 43431 9971 1 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 9971 2 OF of IN 43431 9971 3 A a DT 43431 9971 4 CAPE CAPE NNP 43431 9971 5 BUFFALO buffalo NN 43431 9971 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9971 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9971 8 Bubalus Bubalus NNP 43431 9971 9 caffer caffer NN 43431 9971 10 _ _ NNP 43431 9971 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9971 12 . . . 43431 9972 1 The the DT 43431 9972 2 left left JJ 43431 9972 3 scapula scapula NN 43431 9972 4 is be VBZ 43431 9972 5 omitted omit VBN 43431 9972 6 for for IN 43431 9972 7 the the DT 43431 9972 8 sake sake NN 43431 9972 9 of of IN 43431 9972 10 clearness clearness NNP 43431 9972 11 à à NNP 43431 9972 12 � � NNP 43431 9972 13 1/17 1/17 CD 43431 9972 14 . . . 43431 9973 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9973 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 9973 3 . . . 43431 9974 1 Mus mus NN 43431 9974 2 . . . 43431 9974 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9975 1 1 1 LS 43431 9975 2 . . . 43431 9975 3 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 9975 4 . . . 43431 9976 1 2 2 LS 43431 9976 2 . . . 43431 9976 3 nasal nasal NN 43431 9976 4 . . . 43431 9977 1 3 3 LS 43431 9977 2 . . . 43431 9977 3 orbit orbit NN 43431 9977 4 . . . 43431 9978 1 4 4 LS 43431 9978 2 . . . 43431 9978 3 neural neural JJ 43431 9978 4 spine spine NNP 43431 9978 5 of of IN 43431 9978 6 first first NNP 43431 9978 7 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 9978 8 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 9978 9 . . . 43431 9979 1 5 5 LS 43431 9979 2 . . . 43431 9979 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 9979 4 . . . 43431 9980 1 6 6 LS 43431 9980 2 . . . 43431 9980 3 rib rib NN 43431 9980 4 . . . 43431 9981 1 7 7 LS 43431 9981 2 . . . 43431 9981 3 femur femur NN 43431 9981 4 . . . 43431 9982 1 8 8 LS 43431 9982 2 . . . 43431 9982 3 patella patella NNP 43431 9982 4 . . . 43431 9983 1 9 9 LS 43431 9983 2 . . . 43431 9983 3 tibia tibia NNP 43431 9983 4 . . . 43431 9984 1 10 10 CD 43431 9984 2 . . . 43431 9984 3 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 9984 4 . . . 43431 9985 1 11 11 CD 43431 9985 2 . . . 43431 9985 3 radius radius NN 43431 9985 4 . . . 43431 9986 1 12 12 CD 43431 9986 2 . . . 43431 9987 1 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 9987 2 . . . 43431 9987 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9988 1 In in IN 43431 9988 2 the the DT 43431 9988 3 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 9988 4 there there EX 43431 9988 5 are be VBP 43431 9988 6 generally generally RB 43431 9988 7 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9988 8 pairs pair NNS 43431 9988 9 of of IN 43431 9988 10 ribs rib NNS 43431 9988 11 , , , 43431 9988 12 which which WDT 43431 9988 13 do do VBP 43431 9988 14 not not RB 43431 9988 15 present present VB 43431 9988 16 any any DT 43431 9988 17 marked marked JJ 43431 9988 18 peculiarities peculiarity NNS 43431 9988 19 . . . 43431 9989 1 The the DT 43431 9989 2 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 9989 3 have have VBP 43431 9989 4 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9989 5 to to IN 43431 9989 6 fifteen fifteen CD 43431 9989 7 pairs pair NNS 43431 9989 8 of of IN 43431 9989 9 ribs rib NNS 43431 9989 10 , , , 43431 9989 11 whose whose WP$ 43431 9989 12 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 9989 13 portions portion NNS 43431 9989 14 are be VBP 43431 9989 15 slender slend JJR 43431 9989 16 , , , 43431 9989 17 nearly nearly RB 43431 9989 18 straight straight JJ 43431 9989 19 and and CC 43431 9989 20 subcylindrical subcylindrical JJ 43431 9989 21 , , , 43431 9989 22 while while IN 43431 9989 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 9989 24 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9989 25 portions portion NNS 43431 9989 26 are be VBP 43431 9989 27 long long JJ 43431 9989 28 and and CC 43431 9989 29 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 9989 30 ossified ossified JJ 43431 9989 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9989 32 fig fig NN 43431 9989 33 . . . 43431 9990 1 76 76 CD 43431 9990 2 , , , 43431 9990 3 5 5 CD 43431 9990 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9990 5 . . . 43431 9991 1 There there EX 43431 9991 2 is be VBZ 43431 9991 3 nothing nothing NN 43431 9991 4 that that WDT 43431 9991 5 calls call VBZ 43431 9991 6 for for IN 43431 9991 7 special special JJ 43431 9991 8 remark remark NN 43431 9991 9 about about IN 43431 9991 10 the the DT 43431 9991 11 ribs rib NNS 43431 9991 12 , , , 43431 9991 13 in in IN 43431 9991 14 either either CC 43431 9991 15 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 9991 16 or or CC 43431 9991 17 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 9991 18 . . . 43431 9992 1 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 9992 2 . . . 43431 9993 1 In in IN 43431 9993 2 Man Man NNP 43431 9993 3 and and CC 43431 9993 4 the the DT 43431 9993 5 Orang Orang NNP 43431 9993 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9993 7 _ _ NNP 43431 9993 8 Simia Simia NNP 43431 9993 9 _ _ NNP 43431 9993 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9993 11 there there EX 43431 9993 12 are be VBP 43431 9993 13 generally generally RB 43431 9993 14 twelve twelve CD 43431 9993 15 pairs pair NNS 43431 9993 16 of of IN 43431 9993 17 ribs rib NNS 43431 9993 18 ; ; : 43431 9993 19 in in IN 43431 9993 20 the the DT 43431 9993 21 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 9993 22 and and CC 43431 9993 23 Chimpanzee Chimpanzee NNP 43431 9993 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9993 25 _ _ NNP 43431 9993 26 Anthropopithecus Anthropopithecus NNP 43431 9993 27 _ _ NNP 43431 9993 28 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9993 29 , , , 43431 9993 30 and and CC 43431 9993 31 Gibbons Gibbons NNP 43431 9993 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9993 33 _ _ NNP 43431 9993 34 Hylobates Hylobates NNP 43431 9993 35 _ _ NNP 43431 9993 36 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9993 37 , , , 43431 9993 38 there there EX 43431 9993 39 are be VBP 43431 9993 40 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 9993 41 , , , 43431 9993 42 in in IN 43431 9993 43 the the DT 43431 9993 44 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 9993 45 twelve twelve CD 43431 9993 46 to to IN 43431 9993 47 fifteen fifteen CD 43431 9993 48 , , , 43431 9993 49 and and CC 43431 9993 50 in in IN 43431 9993 51 the the DT 43431 9993 52 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 9993 53 twelve twelve CD 43431 9993 54 to to TO 43431 9993 55 seventeen seventeen CD 43431 9993 56 pairs pair NNS 43431 9993 57 . . . 43431 9994 1 The the DT 43431 9994 2 first first JJ 43431 9994 3 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 9994 4 rib rib NN 43431 9994 5 is be VBZ 43431 9994 6 shorter short JJR 43431 9994 7 than than IN 43431 9994 8 the the DT 43431 9994 9 others other NNS 43431 9994 10 , , , 43431 9994 11 and and CC 43431 9994 12 the the DT 43431 9994 13 sternal sternal JJ 43431 9994 14 ribs rib NNS 43431 9994 15 generally generally RB 43431 9994 16 remain remain VBP 43431 9994 17 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 9994 18 throughout throughout IN 43431 9994 19 life life NN 43431 9994 20 , , , 43431 9994 21 though though IN 43431 9994 22 in in IN 43431 9994 23 man man NN 43431 9994 24 the the DT 43431 9994 25 first first JJ 43431 9994 26 may may MD 43431 9994 27 ossify ossify VB 43431 9994 28 . . . 43431 9995 1 APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR NNP 43431 9995 2 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 9995 3 . . . 43431 9996 1 THE the DT 43431 9996 2 PECTORAL PECTORAL NNS 43431 9996 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 9996 4 . . . 43431 9997 1 By by IN 43431 9997 2 far far RB 43431 9997 3 the the DT 43431 9997 4 most most RBS 43431 9997 5 primitive primitive JJ 43431 9997 6 type type NN 43431 9997 7 of of IN 43431 9997 8 the the DT 43431 9997 9 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 9997 10 or or CC 43431 9997 11 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 9997 12 girdle girdle NN 43431 9997 13 is be VBZ 43431 9997 14 found find VBN 43431 9997 15 in in IN 43431 9997 16 the the DT 43431 9997 17 MONOTREMATA monotremata NN 43431 9997 18 . . . 43431 9998 1 The the DT 43431 9998 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 9998 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 9998 4 fig fig NN 43431 9998 5 . . . 43431 9999 1 102 102 CD 43431 9999 2 , , , 43431 9999 3 A a NN 43431 9999 4 , , , 43431 9999 5 1 1 CD 43431 9999 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 9999 7 is be VBZ 43431 9999 8 long long JJ 43431 9999 9 and and CC 43431 9999 10 recurved recurved JJ 43431 9999 11 , , , 43431 9999 12 and and CC 43431 9999 13 has have VBZ 43431 9999 14 only only RB 43431 9999 15 two two CD 43431 9999 16 surfaces surface NNS 43431 9999 17 , , , 43431 9999 18 one one CD 43431 9999 19 corresponding correspond VBG 43431 9999 20 to to IN 43431 9999 21 the the DT 43431 9999 22 prescapular[1 prescapular[1 NNP 43431 9999 23 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9999 24 fossa fossa NNP 43431 9999 25 , , , 43431 9999 26 the the DT 43431 9999 27 other other JJ 43431 9999 28 to to IN 43431 9999 29 the the DT 43431 9999 30 postscapular[1 postscapular[1 NNP 43431 9999 31 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9999 32 and and CC 43431 9999 33 subscapular[169 subscapular[169 `` 43431 9999 34 ] ] -RRB- 43431 9999 35 fossae fossae NN 43431 9999 36 . . . 43431 10000 1 The the DT 43431 10000 2 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10000 3 is be VBZ 43431 10000 4 a a DT 43431 10000 5 short short JJ 43431 10000 6 bone bone NN 43431 10000 7 attached attach VBN 43431 10000 8 above above RB 43431 10000 9 to to IN 43431 10000 10 the the DT 43431 10000 11 scapula scapula NN 43431 10000 12 and and CC 43431 10000 13 below below RB 43431 10000 14 to to IN 43431 10000 15 the the DT 43431 10000 16 presternum presternum NN 43431 10000 17 ; ; : 43431 10000 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10000 19 forms form VBZ 43431 10000 20 a a DT 43431 10000 21 large large JJ 43431 10000 22 part part NN 43431 10000 23 of of IN 43431 10000 24 the the DT 43431 10000 25 glenoid glenoid JJ 43431 10000 26 cavity cavity NN 43431 10000 27 . . . 43431 10001 1 In in IN 43431 10001 2 front front NN 43431 10001 3 of of IN 43431 10001 4 the the DT 43431 10001 5 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10001 6 there there EX 43431 10001 7 is be VBZ 43431 10001 8 a a DT 43431 10001 9 fairly fairly RB 43431 10001 10 large large JJ 43431 10001 11 flattened flattened JJ 43431 10001 12 epicoracoid epicoracoid NN 43431 10001 13 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10001 14 fig fig NN 43431 10001 15 . . . 43431 10002 1 102 102 CD 43431 10002 2 , , , 43431 10002 3 6 6 CD 43431 10002 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10002 5 ; ; : 43431 10002 6 there there EX 43431 10002 7 is be VBZ 43431 10002 8 also also RB 43431 10002 9 a a DT 43431 10002 10 large large JJ 43431 10002 11 = = NFP 43431 10002 12 T=-shaped t=-shaped CD 43431 10002 13 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 10002 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10002 15 fig fig NN 43431 10002 16 . . . 43431 10003 1 102 102 CD 43431 10003 2 , , , 43431 10003 3 4 4 CD 43431 10003 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10003 5 , , , 43431 10003 6 which which WDT 43431 10003 7 is be VBZ 43431 10003 8 expanded expand VBN 43431 10003 9 behind behind RB 43431 10003 10 and and CC 43431 10003 11 rests rest NNS 43431 10003 12 on on IN 43431 10003 13 the the DT 43431 10003 14 presternum presternum NN 43431 10003 15 . . . 43431 10004 1 The the DT 43431 10004 2 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10004 3 rest rest VB 43431 10004 4 on on RB 43431 10004 5 and and CC 43431 10004 6 are be VBP 43431 10004 7 firmly firmly RB 43431 10004 8 united united JJ 43431 10004 9 to to IN 43431 10004 10 the the DT 43431 10004 11 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10004 12 border border NN 43431 10004 13 of of IN 43431 10004 14 the the DT 43431 10004 15 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 10004 16 . . . 43431 10005 1 This this DT 43431 10005 2 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10005 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 10005 4 differs differ VBZ 43431 10005 5 greatly greatly RB 43431 10005 6 from from IN 43431 10005 7 that that DT 43431 10005 8 of of IN 43431 10005 9 any any DT 43431 10005 10 other other JJ 43431 10005 11 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10005 12 , , , 43431 10005 13 and and CC 43431 10005 14 recalls recall VBZ 43431 10005 15 that that DT 43431 10005 16 of of IN 43431 10005 17 some some DT 43431 10005 18 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 10005 19 . . . 43431 10006 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10006 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10006 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10006 4 . . . 43431 10007 1 102 102 CD 43431 10007 2 . . . 43431 10008 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10008 2 A A NNP 43431 10008 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10008 4 , , , 43431 10008 5 SIDE SIDE NNP 43431 10008 6 VIEW VIEW NNP 43431 10008 7 , , , 43431 10008 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10008 9 B B NNP 43431 10008 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10008 11 , , , 43431 10008 12 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 10008 13 VIEW view NN 43431 10008 14 OF of IN 43431 10008 15 THE the DT 43431 10008 16 SHOULDER SHOULDER NNP 43431 10008 17 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 10008 18 AND and CC 43431 10008 19 PART PART NNP 43431 10008 20 OR or CC 43431 10008 21 THE the DT 43431 10008 22 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 10008 23 OF of IN 43431 10008 24 THE the DT 43431 10008 25 SPINY SPINY NNP 43431 10008 26 ANTEATER ANTEATER NNP 43431 10008 27 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10008 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10008 29 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 10008 30 aculeata aculeata NN 43431 10008 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10008 32 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10008 33 à à NNP 43431 10008 34 � � NNP 43431 10008 35 1 1 CD 43431 10008 36 . . . 43431 10009 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10009 2 After after IN 43431 10009 3 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 10009 4 . . . 43431 10009 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10010 1 1 1 LS 43431 10010 2 . . . 43431 10010 3 scapula scapula NNP 43431 10010 4 . . . 43431 10011 1 2 2 LS 43431 10011 2 . . . 43431 10011 3 suprascapula suprascapula NNP 43431 10011 4 . . . 43431 10012 1 3 3 LS 43431 10012 2 . . . 43431 10012 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 10012 4 . . . 43431 10013 1 4 4 LS 43431 10013 2 . . . 43431 10013 3 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 10013 4 . . . 43431 10014 1 5 5 LS 43431 10014 2 . . . 43431 10014 3 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10014 4 . . . 43431 10015 1 6 6 LS 43431 10015 2 . . . 43431 10015 3 epicoracoid epicoracoid NNP 43431 10015 4 . . . 43431 10016 1 7 7 LS 43431 10016 2 . . . 43431 10016 3 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 10016 4 cavity cavity NN 43431 10016 5 . . . 43431 10017 1 8 8 LS 43431 10017 2 . . . 43431 10017 3 presternum presternum NN 43431 10017 4 . . . 43431 10018 1 9 9 LS 43431 10018 2 . . . 43431 10018 3 second second JJ 43431 10018 4 sternal sternal JJ 43431 10018 5 rib rib NN 43431 10018 6 . . . 43431 10019 1 10 10 LS 43431 10019 2 . . . 43431 10019 3 second second JJ 43431 10019 4 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10019 5 rib rib NN 43431 10019 6 . . . 43431 10019 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10020 1 In in IN 43431 10020 2 MARSUPIALS MARSUPIALS NNP 43431 10020 3 , , , 43431 10020 4 as as IN 43431 10020 5 in in IN 43431 10020 6 all all DT 43431 10020 7 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10020 8 except except IN 43431 10020 9 the the DT 43431 10020 10 Monotremes Monotremes NNP 43431 10020 11 , , , 43431 10020 12 the the DT 43431 10020 13 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10020 14 girdle girdle NN 43431 10020 15 is be VBZ 43431 10020 16 much much RB 43431 10020 17 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10020 18 ; ; : 43431 10020 19 there there EX 43431 10020 20 are be VBP 43431 10020 21 no no DT 43431 10020 22 epicoracoids epicoracoid NNS 43431 10020 23 and and CC 43431 10020 24 interclavicle interclavicle NN 43431 10020 25 , , , 43431 10020 26 and and CC 43431 10020 27 the the DT 43431 10020 28 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10020 29 forms form NNS 43431 10020 30 simply simply RB 43431 10020 31 a a DT 43431 10020 32 small small JJ 43431 10020 33 process process NN 43431 10020 34 on on IN 43431 10020 35 the the DT 43431 10020 36 scapula scapula NN 43431 10020 37 , , , 43431 10020 38 ossifying ossify VBG 43431 10020 39 from from IN 43431 10020 40 a a DT 43431 10020 41 centre centre NN 43431 10020 42 separate separate JJ 43431 10020 43 from from IN 43431 10020 44 that that DT 43431 10020 45 giving give VBG 43431 10020 46 rise rise NN 43431 10020 47 to to IN 43431 10020 48 the the DT 43431 10020 49 rest rest NN 43431 10020 50 of of IN 43431 10020 51 the the DT 43431 10020 52 bone bone NN 43431 10020 53 . . . 43431 10021 1 The the DT 43431 10021 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 10021 3 has have VBZ 43431 10021 4 a a DT 43431 10021 5 long long JJ 43431 10021 6 acromion acromion NN 43431 10021 7 , , , 43431 10021 8 and and CC 43431 10021 9 a a DT 43431 10021 10 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10021 11 is be VBZ 43431 10021 12 always always RB 43431 10021 13 present present JJ 43431 10021 14 except except IN 43431 10021 15 in in IN 43431 10021 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10021 17 Perameles Perameles NNP 43431 10021 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10021 19 . . . 43431 10022 1 Unossified unossified JJ 43431 10022 2 remains remain NNS 43431 10022 3 of of IN 43431 10022 4 the the DT 43431 10022 5 precoracoids precoracoid NNS 43431 10022 6 are be VBP 43431 10022 7 found find VBN 43431 10022 8 at at IN 43431 10022 9 either either DT 43431 10022 10 end end NN 43431 10022 11 of of IN 43431 10022 12 the the DT 43431 10022 13 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10022 14 . . . 43431 10023 1 The the DT 43431 10023 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 10023 3 of of IN 43431 10023 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10023 5 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10023 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10023 7 has have VBZ 43431 10023 8 a a DT 43431 10023 9 very very RB 43431 10023 10 high high JJ 43431 10023 11 overhanging overhang VBG 43431 10023 12 spine spine NN 43431 10023 13 , , , 43431 10023 14 and and CC 43431 10023 15 there there EX 43431 10023 16 is be VBZ 43431 10023 17 a a DT 43431 10023 18 second second JJ 43431 10023 19 strong strong JJ 43431 10023 20 ridge ridge NN 43431 10023 21 running run VBG 43431 10023 22 along along IN 43431 10023 23 the the DT 43431 10023 24 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10023 25 part part NN 43431 10023 26 of of IN 43431 10023 27 the the DT 43431 10023 28 glenoid glenoid NNP 43431 10023 29 border border NN 43431 10023 30 . . . 43431 10024 1 The the DT 43431 10024 2 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10024 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 10024 4 of of IN 43431 10024 5 the the DT 43431 10024 6 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 10024 7 shows show VBZ 43431 10024 8 some some DT 43431 10024 9 very very RB 43431 10024 10 curious curious JJ 43431 10024 11 variations variation NNS 43431 10024 12 . . . 43431 10025 1 In in IN 43431 10025 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10025 3 Orycteropus Orycteropus NNP 43431 10025 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10025 5 the the DT 43431 10025 6 scapula scapula NN 43431 10025 7 is be VBZ 43431 10025 8 of of IN 43431 10025 9 very very RB 43431 10025 10 normal normal JJ 43431 10025 11 form form NN 43431 10025 12 and and CC 43431 10025 13 the the DT 43431 10025 14 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10025 15 is be VBZ 43431 10025 16 well well RB 43431 10025 17 developed developed JJ 43431 10025 18 . . . 43431 10026 1 In in IN 43431 10026 2 the the DT 43431 10026 3 Pangolins Pangolins NNPS 43431 10026 4 and and CC 43431 10026 5 Anteaters anteater NNS 43431 10026 6 the the DT 43431 10026 7 scapula scapula NN 43431 10026 8 is be VBZ 43431 10026 9 very very RB 43431 10026 10 broad broad JJ 43431 10026 11 and and CC 43431 10026 12 rounded rounded JJ 43431 10026 13 ; ; : 43431 10026 14 there there EX 43431 10026 15 is be VBZ 43431 10026 16 no no DT 43431 10026 17 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10026 18 in in IN 43431 10026 19 the the DT 43431 10026 20 Pangolins Pangolins NNPS 43431 10026 21 , , , 43431 10026 22 and and CC 43431 10026 23 generally generally RB 43431 10026 24 only only RB 43431 10026 25 a a DT 43431 10026 26 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10026 27 one one NN 43431 10026 28 in in IN 43431 10026 29 Anteaters anteater NNS 43431 10026 30 . . . 43431 10027 1 In in IN 43431 10027 2 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 10027 3 , , , 43431 10027 4 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 10027 5 , , , 43431 10027 6 and and CC 43431 10027 7 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 10027 8 , , , 43431 10027 9 the the DT 43431 10027 10 acromion acromion NN 43431 10027 11 is be VBZ 43431 10027 12 very very RB 43431 10027 13 long long JJ 43431 10027 14 and and CC 43431 10027 15 the the DT 43431 10027 16 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10027 17 is be VBZ 43431 10027 18 well well RB 43431 10027 19 developed developed JJ 43431 10027 20 . . . 43431 10028 1 In in IN 43431 10028 2 the the DT 43431 10028 3 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 10028 4 , , , 43431 10028 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10028 6 Megatherium Megatherium NNP 43431 10028 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10028 8 , , , 43431 10028 9 and and CC 43431 10028 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10028 11 Myrmecophaga Myrmecophaga NNP 43431 10028 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10028 13 , , , 43431 10028 14 a a DT 43431 10028 15 connection connection NN 43431 10028 16 is be VBZ 43431 10028 17 formed form VBN 43431 10028 18 between between IN 43431 10028 19 the the DT 43431 10028 20 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10028 21 , , , 43431 10028 22 which which WDT 43431 10028 23 is be VBZ 43431 10028 24 unusually unusually RB 43431 10028 25 large large JJ 43431 10028 26 , , , 43431 10028 27 and and CC 43431 10028 28 the the DT 43431 10028 29 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 10028 30 border border NN 43431 10028 31 of of IN 43431 10028 32 the the DT 43431 10028 33 scapula scapula NN 43431 10028 34 , , , 43431 10028 35 converting convert VBG 43431 10028 36 the the DT 43431 10028 37 coraco coraco NN 43431 10028 38 - - HYPH 43431 10028 39 scapula scapula NNP 43431 10028 40 notch notch NN 43431 10028 41 into into IN 43431 10028 42 a a DT 43431 10028 43 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10028 44 . . . 43431 10029 1 In in IN 43431 10029 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10029 3 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 10029 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10029 5 the the DT 43431 10029 6 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10029 7 is be VBZ 43431 10029 8 very very RB 43431 10029 9 small small JJ 43431 10029 10 , , , 43431 10029 11 and and CC 43431 10029 12 is be VBZ 43431 10029 13 attached attach VBN 43431 10029 14 to to IN 43431 10029 15 the the DT 43431 10029 16 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10029 17 , , , 43431 10029 18 which which WDT 43431 10029 19 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10029 20 forms form VBZ 43431 10029 21 a a DT 43431 10029 22 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10029 23 bone[170 bone[170 NN 43431 10029 24 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10029 25 . . . 43431 10030 1 In in IN 43431 10030 2 the the DT 43431 10030 3 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 10030 4 the the DT 43431 10030 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 10030 6 is be VBZ 43431 10030 7 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 10030 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10030 9 and and CC 43431 10030 10 curved curved JJ 43431 10030 11 backwards backwards RB 43431 10030 12 : : : 43431 10030 13 the the DT 43431 10030 14 spine spine NN 43431 10030 15 , , , 43431 10030 16 acromion acromion NN 43431 10030 17 , , , 43431 10030 18 and and CC 43431 10030 19 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 10030 20 process process NN 43431 10030 21 are be VBP 43431 10030 22 moderately moderately RB 43431 10030 23 developed develop VBN 43431 10030 24 , , , 43431 10030 25 and and CC 43431 10030 26 there there EX 43431 10030 27 is be VBZ 43431 10030 28 no no DT 43431 10030 29 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10030 30 . . . 43431 10031 1 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 10031 2 . . . 43431 10032 1 In in IN 43431 10032 2 nearly nearly RB 43431 10032 3 all all PDT 43431 10032 4 the the DT 43431 10032 5 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 10032 6 the the DT 43431 10032 7 scapula scapula NN 43431 10032 8 is be VBZ 43431 10032 9 broad broad JJ 43431 10032 10 and and CC 43431 10032 11 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 10032 12 fan fan NN 43431 10032 13 - - HYPH 43431 10032 14 shaped shape VBN 43431 10032 15 ; ; : 43431 10032 16 the the DT 43431 10032 17 prescapular prescapular JJ 43431 10032 18 fossa fossa NN 43431 10032 19 is be VBZ 43431 10032 20 much much RB 43431 10032 21 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10032 22 , , , 43431 10032 23 and and CC 43431 10032 24 the the DT 43431 10032 25 acromion acromion NN 43431 10032 26 and and CC 43431 10032 27 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10032 28 process process NN 43431 10032 29 form form NN 43431 10032 30 flattened flatten VBD 43431 10032 31 processes process NNS 43431 10032 32 , , , 43431 10032 33 extending extend VBG 43431 10032 34 forwards forward VBZ 43431 10032 35 nearly nearly RB 43431 10032 36 parallel parallel JJ 43431 10032 37 to to IN 43431 10032 38 one one CD 43431 10032 39 another another DT 43431 10032 40 . . . 43431 10033 1 Some some DT 43431 10033 2 of of IN 43431 10033 3 the the DT 43431 10033 4 Mystacoceti Mystacoceti NNP 43431 10033 5 , , , 43431 10033 6 such such JJ 43431 10033 7 as as IN 43431 10033 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10033 9 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 10033 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10033 11 , , , 43431 10033 12 have have VB 43431 10033 13 a a DT 43431 10033 14 broad broad JJ 43431 10033 15 , , , 43431 10033 16 fan fan NN 43431 10033 17 - - HYPH 43431 10033 18 shaped shape VBN 43431 10033 19 scapula scapula NN 43431 10033 20 , , , 43431 10033 21 with with IN 43431 10033 22 a a DT 43431 10033 23 long long JJ 43431 10033 24 acromion acromion NN 43431 10033 25 and and CC 43431 10033 26 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10033 27 process process NN 43431 10033 28 , , , 43431 10033 29 extending extend VBG 43431 10033 30 parallel parallel NN 43431 10033 31 to to IN 43431 10033 32 one one CD 43431 10033 33 another another DT 43431 10033 34 . . . 43431 10034 1 Others other NNS 43431 10034 2 , , , 43431 10034 3 such such JJ 43431 10034 4 as as IN 43431 10034 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10034 6 Balaena Balaena NNP 43431 10034 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10034 8 , , , 43431 10034 9 have have VBP 43431 10034 10 a a DT 43431 10034 11 higher high JJR 43431 10034 12 and and CC 43431 10034 13 narrower narrow JJR 43431 10034 14 scapula scapula NN 43431 10034 15 , , , 43431 10034 16 with with IN 43431 10034 17 a a DT 43431 10034 18 smaller small JJR 43431 10034 19 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 10034 20 process process NN 43431 10034 21 . . . 43431 10035 1 In in IN 43431 10035 2 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 10035 3 the the DT 43431 10035 4 scapula scapula NN 43431 10035 5 is be VBZ 43431 10035 6 always always RB 43431 10035 7 high high JJ 43431 10035 8 and and CC 43431 10035 9 rather rather RB 43431 10035 10 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10035 11 , , , 43431 10035 12 and and CC 43431 10035 13 neither neither CC 43431 10035 14 acromion acromion NN 43431 10035 15 nor nor CC 43431 10035 16 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 10035 17 process process NN 43431 10035 18 is be VBZ 43431 10035 19 ever ever RB 43431 10035 20 much much RB 43431 10035 21 developed develop VBN 43431 10035 22 . . . 43431 10036 1 In in IN 43431 10036 2 no no DT 43431 10036 3 adult adult NN 43431 10036 4 Ungulate Ungulate NNP 43431 10036 5 except except IN 43431 10036 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10036 7 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 10036 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10036 9 is be VBZ 43431 10036 10 there there EX 43431 10036 11 any any DT 43431 10036 12 trace trace NN 43431 10036 13 of of IN 43431 10036 14 a a DT 43431 10036 15 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10036 16 , , , 43431 10036 17 but but CC 43431 10036 18 a a DT 43431 10036 19 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10036 20 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10036 21 has have VBZ 43431 10036 22 been be VBN 43431 10036 23 described describe VBN 43431 10036 24 in in IN 43431 10036 25 early early JJ 43431 10036 26 embryos embryo NNS 43431 10036 27 of of IN 43431 10036 28 sheep[171 sheep[171 NNP 43431 10036 29 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10036 30 . . . 43431 10037 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10037 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10037 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10037 4 . . . 43431 10038 1 103 103 CD 43431 10038 2 . . . 43431 10039 1 SKELETON SKELETON NNP 43431 10039 2 OF of IN 43431 10039 3 A a DT 43431 10039 4 LLAMA LLAMA NNP 43431 10039 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10039 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10039 7 Auchenia Auchenia NNP 43431 10039 8 glama glama NN 43431 10039 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10039 10 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10039 11 à à NNP 43431 10039 12 � � NNP 43431 10039 13 1/18 1/18 CD 43431 10039 14 . . . 43431 10040 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10040 2 Brit Brit NNP 43431 10040 3 . . . 43431 10041 1 Mus mus NN 43431 10041 2 . . . 43431 10041 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10042 1 1 1 LS 43431 10042 2 . . . 43431 10042 3 hyoid hyoid NNP 43431 10042 4 . . . 43431 10043 1 2 2 LS 43431 10043 2 . . . 43431 10043 3 atlas atlas NNP 43431 10043 4 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 10043 5 . . . 43431 10044 1 3 3 LS 43431 10044 2 . . . 43431 10044 3 seventh seventh JJ 43431 10044 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10044 5 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 10044 6 . . . 43431 10045 1 4 4 LS 43431 10045 2 . . . 43431 10045 3 scapula scapula NN 43431 10045 4 . . . 43431 10046 1 5 5 LS 43431 10046 2 . . . 43431 10046 3 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 10046 4 ossified ossified JJ 43431 10046 5 suprascapula suprascapula NN 43431 10046 6 . . . 43431 10047 1 6 6 LS 43431 10047 2 . . . 43431 10047 3 olecranon olecranon UH 43431 10047 4 process process NN 43431 10047 5 of of IN 43431 10047 6 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10047 7 . . . 43431 10048 1 7 7 LS 43431 10048 2 . . . 43431 10048 3 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10048 4 . . . 43431 10049 1 8 8 LS 43431 10049 2 . . . 43431 10049 3 ilium ilium NNP 43431 10049 4 . . . 43431 10050 1 9 9 LS 43431 10050 2 . . . 43431 10050 3 patella patella NNP 43431 10050 4 . . . 43431 10051 1 10 10 CD 43431 10051 2 . . . 43431 10052 1 calcaneum calcaneum NNP 43431 10052 2 . . . 43431 10052 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10053 1 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 10053 2 VERA VERA NNP 43431 10053 3 . . . 43431 10054 1 In in IN 43431 10054 2 the the DT 43431 10054 3 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 10054 4 the the DT 43431 10054 5 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 10054 6 region region NN 43431 10054 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10054 8 fig fig NN 43431 10054 9 . . . 43431 10055 1 103 103 CD 43431 10055 2 , , , 43431 10055 3 5 5 CD 43431 10055 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10055 5 is be VBZ 43431 10055 6 very very RB 43431 10055 7 imperfectly imperfectly RB 43431 10055 8 ossified ossified JJ 43431 10055 9 , , , 43431 10055 10 and and CC 43431 10055 11 when when WRB 43431 10055 12 this this DT 43431 10055 13 is be VBZ 43431 10055 14 removed remove VBN 43431 10055 15 the the DT 43431 10055 16 upper upper JJ 43431 10055 17 border border NN 43431 10055 18 of of IN 43431 10055 19 the the DT 43431 10055 20 scapula scapula NN 43431 10055 21 is be VBZ 43431 10055 22 very very RB 43431 10055 23 straight straight JJ 43431 10055 24 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10055 25 fig fig NN 43431 10055 26 . . . 43431 10056 1 101 101 CD 43431 10056 2 , , , 43431 10056 3 5 5 CD 43431 10056 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10056 5 . . . 43431 10057 1 The the DT 43431 10057 2 spine spine NN 43431 10057 3 is be VBZ 43431 10057 4 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10057 5 , , , 43431 10057 6 and and CC 43431 10057 7 generally generally RB 43431 10057 8 has have VBZ 43431 10057 9 a a DT 43431 10057 10 fairly fairly RB 43431 10057 11 well well RB 43431 10057 12 - - HYPH 43431 10057 13 marked mark VBN 43431 10057 14 acromion acromion NN 43431 10057 15 . . . 43431 10058 1 In in IN 43431 10058 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10058 3 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 10058 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10058 5 the the DT 43431 10058 6 acromion acromion NN 43431 10058 7 is be VBZ 43431 10058 8 fairly fairly RB 43431 10058 9 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10058 10 , , , 43431 10058 11 but but CC 43431 10058 12 in in IN 43431 10058 13 the the DT 43431 10058 14 other other JJ 43431 10058 15 Suina Suina NNP 43431 10058 16 , , , 43431 10058 17 though though IN 43431 10058 18 the the DT 43431 10058 19 spine spine NN 43431 10058 20 is be VBZ 43431 10058 21 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10058 22 , , , 43431 10058 23 the the DT 43431 10058 24 acromion acromion NN 43431 10058 25 is be VBZ 43431 10058 26 not not RB 43431 10058 27 developed develop VBN 43431 10058 28 . . . 43431 10059 1 The the DT 43431 10059 2 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNPS 43431 10059 3 have have VBP 43431 10059 4 no no DT 43431 10059 5 acromion acromion NN 43431 10059 6 , , , 43431 10059 7 but but CC 43431 10059 8 while while IN 43431 10059 9 the the DT 43431 10059 10 Equidae Equidae NNP 43431 10059 11 and and CC 43431 10059 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10059 13 Hyracotherium Hyracotherium NNP 43431 10059 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10059 15 have have VBP 43431 10059 16 the the DT 43431 10059 17 scapula scapula NN 43431 10059 18 long long JJ 43431 10059 19 and and CC 43431 10059 20 slender slend JJR 43431 10059 21 , , , 43431 10059 22 with with IN 43431 10059 23 the the DT 43431 10059 24 spine spine NN 43431 10059 25 very very RB 43431 10059 26 slightly slightly RB 43431 10059 27 developed develop VBN 43431 10059 28 , , , 43431 10059 29 the the DT 43431 10059 30 other other JJ 43431 10059 31 living live VBG 43431 10059 32 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNPS 43431 10059 33 have have VB 43431 10059 34 the the DT 43431 10059 35 spine spine NN 43431 10059 36 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10059 37 and and CC 43431 10059 38 strongly strongly RB 43431 10059 39 bent bent JJ 43431 10059 40 back back RB 43431 10059 41 at at IN 43431 10059 42 about about IN 43431 10059 43 the the DT 43431 10059 44 middle middle NN 43431 10059 45 of of IN 43431 10059 46 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10059 47 length length NN 43431 10059 48 . . . 43431 10060 1 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 10060 2 . . . 43431 10061 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10061 2 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 10061 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10061 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10061 5 Toxodontia Toxodontia NNP 43431 10061 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10061 7 differs differ VBZ 43431 10061 8 from from IN 43431 10061 9 all all DT 43431 10061 10 other other JJ 43431 10061 11 known know VBN 43431 10061 12 Ungulates Ungulates NNPS 43431 10061 13 in in IN 43431 10061 14 having have VBG 43431 10061 15 well well RB 43431 10061 16 - - HYPH 43431 10061 17 developed develop VBN 43431 10061 18 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10061 19 ; ; : 43431 10061 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10061 21 scapula scapula NN 43431 10061 22 has have VBZ 43431 10061 23 a a DT 43431 10061 24 strong strong JJ 43431 10061 25 backwardly backwardly RB 43431 10061 26 - - HYPH 43431 10061 27 projecting project VBG 43431 10061 28 process process NN 43431 10061 29 , , , 43431 10061 30 much much RB 43431 10061 31 like like IN 43431 10061 32 that that DT 43431 10061 33 in in IN 43431 10061 34 _ _ NNP 43431 10061 35 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10061 36 _ _ NNP 43431 10061 37 . . . 43431 10062 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10062 2 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 10062 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10062 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10062 5 Condylarthra Condylarthra NNP 43431 10062 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10062 7 , , , 43431 10062 8 has have VBZ 43431 10062 9 a a DT 43431 10062 10 curiously curiously RB 43431 10062 11 rounded round VBN 43431 10062 12 scapula scapula NN 43431 10062 13 , , , 43431 10062 14 with with IN 43431 10062 15 the the DT 43431 10062 16 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10062 17 and and CC 43431 10062 18 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 10062 19 borders border NNS 43431 10062 20 passing pass VBG 43431 10062 21 imperceptibly imperceptibly RB 43431 10062 22 into into IN 43431 10062 23 one one CD 43431 10062 24 another another DT 43431 10062 25 . . . 43431 10063 1 The the DT 43431 10063 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 10063 3 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 10063 4 that that IN 43431 10063 5 of of IN 43431 10063 6 a a DT 43431 10063 7 carnivore carnivore NN 43431 10063 8 more more RBR 43431 10063 9 than than IN 43431 10063 10 does do VBZ 43431 10063 11 that that DT 43431 10063 12 of of IN 43431 10063 13 any any DT 43431 10063 14 existing exist VBG 43431 10063 15 Ungulate ungulate NN 43431 10063 16 . . . 43431 10064 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10064 2 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10064 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10064 4 has have VBZ 43431 10064 5 a a DT 43431 10064 6 triangular triangular JJ 43431 10064 7 scapula scapula NN 43431 10064 8 with with IN 43431 10064 9 a a DT 43431 10064 10 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10064 11 spine spine NN 43431 10064 12 and and CC 43431 10064 13 no no DT 43431 10064 14 acromion acromion NN 43431 10064 15 ; ; : 43431 10064 16 there there EX 43431 10064 17 is be VBZ 43431 10064 18 a a DT 43431 10064 19 large large JJ 43431 10064 20 unossified unossified JJ 43431 10064 21 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 10064 22 region region NN 43431 10064 23 . . . 43431 10065 1 The the DT 43431 10065 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 10065 3 in in IN 43431 10065 4 the the DT 43431 10065 5 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10065 6 has have VBZ 43431 10065 7 a a DT 43431 10065 8 large large JJ 43431 10065 9 rounded rounded JJ 43431 10065 10 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 10065 11 border border NN 43431 10065 12 and and CC 43431 10065 13 a a DT 43431 10065 14 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10065 15 , , , 43431 10065 16 slightly slightly RB 43431 10065 17 concave concave NNP 43431 10065 18 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 10065 19 border border NN 43431 10065 20 . . . 43431 10066 1 The the DT 43431 10066 2 spine spine NN 43431 10066 3 is be VBZ 43431 10066 4 large large JJ 43431 10066 5 , , , 43431 10066 6 and and CC 43431 10066 7 has have VBZ 43431 10066 8 a a DT 43431 10066 9 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10066 10 process process NN 43431 10066 11 projecting project VBG 43431 10066 12 backwards backwards RB 43431 10066 13 from from IN 43431 10066 14 about about IN 43431 10066 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10066 16 middle middle NN 43431 10066 17 . . . 43431 10067 1 The the DT 43431 10067 2 spine spine NN 43431 10067 3 lies lie VBZ 43431 10067 4 towards towards IN 43431 10067 5 the the DT 43431 10067 6 front front JJ 43431 10067 7 end end NN 43431 10067 8 of of IN 43431 10067 9 the the DT 43431 10067 10 scapula scapula NN 43431 10067 11 , , , 43431 10067 12 so so IN 43431 10067 13 that that IN 43431 10067 14 the the DT 43431 10067 15 postscapular postscapular JJ 43431 10067 16 fossa fossa NN 43431 10067 17 is be VBZ 43431 10067 18 much much RB 43431 10067 19 larger large JJR 43431 10067 20 than than IN 43431 10067 21 the the DT 43431 10067 22 prescapular prescapular JJ 43431 10067 23 fossa fossa NN 43431 10067 24 . . . 43431 10068 1 In in IN 43431 10068 2 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 10068 3 the the DT 43431 10068 4 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10068 5 girdle girdle NN 43431 10068 6 is be VBZ 43431 10068 7 of of IN 43431 10068 8 a a DT 43431 10068 9 rather rather RB 43431 10068 10 primitive primitive JJ 43431 10068 11 type type NN 43431 10068 12 . . . 43431 10069 1 The the DT 43431 10069 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 10069 3 is be VBZ 43431 10069 4 generally generally RB 43431 10069 5 high high JJ 43431 10069 6 and and CC 43431 10069 7 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10069 8 , , , 43431 10069 9 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 10069 10 as as IN 43431 10069 11 in in IN 43431 10069 12 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 10069 13 ; ; : 43431 10069 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10069 15 differs differ VBZ 43431 10069 16 , , , 43431 10069 17 however however RB 43431 10069 18 , , , 43431 10069 19 from from IN 43431 10069 20 the the DT 43431 10069 21 Ruminant Ruminant NNP 43431 10069 22 scapula scapula NN 43431 10069 23 in in IN 43431 10069 24 having have VBG 43431 10069 25 a a DT 43431 10069 26 high high JJ 43431 10069 27 acromion acromion NN 43431 10069 28 , , , 43431 10069 29 which which WDT 43431 10069 30 is be VBZ 43431 10069 31 often often RB 43431 10069 32 , , , 43431 10069 33 as as IN 43431 10069 34 in in IN 43431 10069 35 the the DT 43431 10069 36 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 10069 37 and and CC 43431 10069 38 Rabbits Rabbits NNPS 43431 10069 39 , , , 43431 10069 40 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10069 41 by by IN 43431 10069 42 a a DT 43431 10069 43 long long JJ 43431 10069 44 metacromion metacromion NN 43431 10069 45 . . . 43431 10070 1 The the DT 43431 10070 2 development development NN 43431 10070 3 of of IN 43431 10070 4 the the DT 43431 10070 5 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 10070 6 varies vary VBZ 43431 10070 7 , , , 43431 10070 8 and and CC 43431 10070 9 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10070 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10070 11 is be VBZ 43431 10070 12 altogether altogether RB 43431 10070 13 absent absent JJ 43431 10070 14 . . . 43431 10071 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10071 2 is be VBZ 43431 10071 3 frequently frequently RB 43431 10071 4 connected connect VBN 43431 10071 5 by by IN 43431 10071 6 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 10071 7 bands band NNS 43431 10071 8 or or CC 43431 10071 9 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 10071 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10071 11 fig fig NN 43431 10071 12 . . . 43431 10072 1 104 104 CD 43431 10072 2 , , , 43431 10072 3 7 7 CD 43431 10072 4 and and CC 43431 10072 5 9 9 CD 43431 10072 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10072 7 , , , 43431 10072 8 on on IN 43431 10072 9 the the DT 43431 10072 10 one one CD 43431 10072 11 hand hand NN 43431 10072 12 with with IN 43431 10072 13 the the DT 43431 10072 14 scapula scapula NN 43431 10072 15 , , , 43431 10072 16 and and CC 43431 10072 17 on on IN 43431 10072 18 the the DT 43431 10072 19 other other JJ 43431 10072 20 with with IN 43431 10072 21 the the DT 43431 10072 22 sternum sternum NN 43431 10072 23 . . . 43431 10073 1 These these DT 43431 10073 2 unossified unossified JJ 43431 10073 3 bands band NNS 43431 10073 4 are be VBP 43431 10073 5 remains remain NNS 43431 10073 6 of of IN 43431 10073 7 the the DT 43431 10073 8 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 10073 9 . . . 43431 10074 1 Epicoracoidal epicoracoidal JJ 43431 10074 2 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10074 3 of of IN 43431 10074 4 the the DT 43431 10074 5 sternal sternal JJ 43431 10074 6 ends end NNS 43431 10074 7 of of IN 43431 10074 8 the the DT 43431 10074 9 coracoids coracoid NNS 43431 10074 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10074 11 fig fig NN 43431 10074 12 . . . 43431 10075 1 104 104 CD 43431 10075 2 , , , 43431 10075 3 11 11 CD 43431 10075 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10075 5 are be VBP 43431 10075 6 also also RB 43431 10075 7 often often RB 43431 10075 8 present present JJ 43431 10075 9 . . . 43431 10076 1 In in IN 43431 10076 2 the the DT 43431 10076 3 CARNIVORA CARNIVORA NNP 43431 10076 4 VERA vera PDT 43431 10076 5 the the DT 43431 10076 6 scapula scapula NN 43431 10076 7 is be VBZ 43431 10076 8 large large JJ 43431 10076 9 , , , 43431 10076 10 and and CC 43431 10076 11 generally generally RB 43431 10076 12 has have VBZ 43431 10076 13 rather rather RB 43431 10076 14 rounded round VBN 43431 10076 15 borders border NNS 43431 10076 16 . . . 43431 10077 1 The the DT 43431 10077 2 spine spine NN 43431 10077 3 and and CC 43431 10077 4 acromion acromion NN 43431 10077 5 are be VBP 43431 10077 6 well well RB 43431 10077 7 developed developed JJ 43431 10077 8 , , , 43431 10077 9 and and CC 43431 10077 10 the the DT 43431 10077 11 prescapular prescapular JJ 43431 10077 12 and and CC 43431 10077 13 postscapular postscapular JJ 43431 10077 14 fossae fossae NN 43431 10077 15 are be VBP 43431 10077 16 nearly nearly RB 43431 10077 17 equal equal JJ 43431 10077 18 in in IN 43431 10077 19 size size NN 43431 10077 20 . . . 43431 10078 1 The the DT 43431 10078 2 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10078 3 is be VBZ 43431 10078 4 very very RB 43431 10078 5 small small JJ 43431 10078 6 , , , 43431 10078 7 and and CC 43431 10078 8 the the DT 43431 10078 9 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10078 10 is be VBZ 43431 10078 11 never never RB 43431 10078 12 completely completely RB 43431 10078 13 developed develop VBN 43431 10078 14 , , , 43431 10078 15 being be VBG 43431 10078 16 often often RB 43431 10078 17 absent absent JJ 43431 10078 18 , , , 43431 10078 19 as as IN 43431 10078 20 in in IN 43431 10078 21 the the DT 43431 10078 22 Bears Bears NNPS 43431 10078 23 and and CC 43431 10078 24 most most JJS 43431 10078 25 of of IN 43431 10078 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10078 27 allies ally NNS 43431 10078 28 . . . 43431 10079 1 In in IN 43431 10079 2 the the DT 43431 10079 3 Seals Seals NNPS 43431 10079 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10079 5 Phocidae Phocidae NNP 43431 10079 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10079 7 the the DT 43431 10079 8 scapula scapula NN 43431 10079 9 is be VBZ 43431 10079 10 elongated elongate VBN 43431 10079 11 and and CC 43431 10079 12 curved curve VBN 43431 10079 13 backwards backwards RB 43431 10079 14 , , , 43431 10079 15 and and CC 43431 10079 16 has have VBZ 43431 10079 17 a a DT 43431 10079 18 very very RB 43431 10079 19 concave concave JJ 43431 10079 20 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 10079 21 border border NN 43431 10079 22 . . . 43431 10080 1 In in IN 43431 10080 2 the the DT 43431 10080 3 Eared Eared NNP 43431 10080 4 Seals Seals NNPS 43431 10080 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10080 6 Otariidae Otariidae NNP 43431 10080 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10080 8 the the DT 43431 10080 9 scapula scapula NN 43431 10080 10 is be VBZ 43431 10080 11 proportionally proportionally RB 43431 10080 12 much much RB 43431 10080 13 larger large JJR 43431 10080 14 and and CC 43431 10080 15 wider wide JJR 43431 10080 16 , , , 43431 10080 17 the the DT 43431 10080 18 prescapular prescapular JJ 43431 10080 19 fossa fossa NN 43431 10080 20 being be VBG 43431 10080 21 specially specially RB 43431 10080 22 large large JJ 43431 10080 23 , , , 43431 10080 24 and and CC 43431 10080 25 being be VBG 43431 10080 26 traversed traverse VBN 43431 10080 27 by by IN 43431 10080 28 a a DT 43431 10080 29 ridge ridge NN 43431 10080 30 , , , 43431 10080 31 which which WDT 43431 10080 32 converges converge VBZ 43431 10080 33 to to TO 43431 10080 34 meet meet VB 43431 10080 35 the the DT 43431 10080 36 spine spine NN 43431 10080 37 . . . 43431 10081 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10081 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10081 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10081 4 . . . 43431 10082 1 104 104 CD 43431 10082 2 . . . 43431 10083 1 DORSAL DORSAL NNP 43431 10083 2 VIEW view NN 43431 10083 3 OF of IN 43431 10083 4 THE the DT 43431 10083 5 STERNUM STERNUM NNP 43431 10083 6 AND and CC 43431 10083 7 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 10083 8 HALF half NN 43431 10083 9 OF of IN 43431 10083 10 THE the DT 43431 10083 11 SHOULDER SHOULDER NNP 43431 10083 12 - - HYPH 43431 10083 13 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 10083 14 OF of IN 43431 10083 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10083 16 Mus Mus NNP 43431 10083 17 sylvaticus sylvaticus NN 43431 10083 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10083 19 à à NNP 43431 10083 20 � � NNP 43431 10083 21 4 4 CD 43431 10083 22 . . . 43431 10084 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10084 2 After after IN 43431 10084 3 PARKER PARKER NNP 43431 10084 4 . . . 43431 10084 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10085 1 1 1 LS 43431 10085 2 . . . 43431 10085 3 postscapular postscapular NNP 43431 10085 4 fossa fossa NNP 43431 10085 5 . . . 43431 10086 1 2 2 LS 43431 10086 2 . . . 43431 10086 3 prescapular prescapular JJ 43431 10086 4 fossa fossa NN 43431 10086 5 . . . 43431 10087 1 3 3 LS 43431 10087 2 . . . 43431 10087 3 spine spine NN 43431 10087 4 . . . 43431 10088 1 4 4 LS 43431 10088 2 . . . 43431 10088 3 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 10088 4 border border NN 43431 10088 5 unossified unossifie VBD 43431 10088 6 . . . 43431 10089 1 5 5 LS 43431 10089 2 . . . 43431 10089 3 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 10089 4 process process NN 43431 10089 5 . . . 43431 10090 1 6 6 LS 43431 10090 2 . . . 43431 10090 3 acromion acromion NN 43431 10090 4 . . . 43431 10091 1 7 7 LS 43431 10091 2 . . . 43431 10091 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 10091 4 vestige vestige NN 43431 10091 5 of of IN 43431 10091 6 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 10091 7 at at IN 43431 10091 8 scapular scapular JJ 43431 10091 9 end end NN 43431 10091 10 of of IN 43431 10091 11 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 10091 12 . . . 43431 10092 1 8 8 LS 43431 10092 2 . . . 43431 10092 3 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 10092 4 . . . 43431 10093 1 9 9 LS 43431 10093 2 . . . 43431 10093 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 10093 4 vestige vestige NN 43431 10093 5 of of IN 43431 10093 6 precoracoid precoracoid NNP 43431 10093 7 at at IN 43431 10093 8 sternal sternal JJ 43431 10093 9 end end NN 43431 10093 10 of of IN 43431 10093 11 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 10093 12 . . . 43431 10094 1 10 10 CD 43431 10094 2 . . . 43431 10094 3 omosternum omosternum JJ 43431 10094 4 . . . 43431 10095 1 11 11 CD 43431 10095 2 . . . 43431 10095 3 epicoracoid epicoracoid NNP 43431 10095 4 . . . 43431 10096 1 12 12 CD 43431 10096 2 . . . 43431 10096 3 presternum presternum NN 43431 10096 4 . . . 43431 10097 1 13 13 CD 43431 10097 2 . . . 43431 10097 3 first first JJ 43431 10097 4 segment segment NN 43431 10097 5 of of IN 43431 10097 6 mesosternum mesosternum NNP 43431 10097 7 . . . 43431 10098 1 14 14 CD 43431 10098 2 . . . 43431 10098 3 xiphisternum xiphisternum NNP 43431 10098 4 . . . 43431 10099 1 15 15 CD 43431 10099 2 . . . 43431 10099 3 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 10099 4 termination termination NN 43431 10099 5 of of IN 43431 10099 6 xiphisternum xiphisternum NNP 43431 10099 7 . . . 43431 10100 1 16 16 CD 43431 10100 2 . . . 43431 10101 1 2nd 2nd JJ 43431 10101 2 sternal sternal JJ 43431 10101 3 rib rib NN 43431 10101 4 . . . 43431 10102 1 17 17 CD 43431 10102 2 . . . 43431 10103 1 1st 1st JJ 43431 10103 2 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10103 3 rib rib NNP 43431 10103 4 . . . 43431 10103 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10104 1 In in IN 43431 10104 2 the the DT 43431 10104 3 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 10104 4 the the DT 43431 10104 5 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10104 6 girdle girdle NN 43431 10104 7 is be VBZ 43431 10104 8 well well RB 43431 10104 9 developed developed JJ 43431 10104 10 and and CC 43431 10104 11 , , , 43431 10104 12 as as IN 43431 10104 13 in in IN 43431 10104 14 Rodents Rodents NNP 43431 10104 15 , , , 43431 10104 16 remains remain VBZ 43431 10104 17 are be VBP 43431 10104 18 met meet VBN 43431 10104 19 with with IN 43431 10104 20 of of IN 43431 10104 21 various various JJ 43431 10104 22 parts part NNS 43431 10104 23 not not RB 43431 10104 24 generally generally RB 43431 10104 25 seen see VBN 43431 10104 26 in in IN 43431 10104 27 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10104 28 . . . 43431 10105 1 In in IN 43431 10105 2 the the DT 43431 10105 3 Shrews Shrews NNPS 43431 10105 4 the the DT 43431 10105 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 10105 6 is be VBZ 43431 10105 7 long long JJ 43431 10105 8 and and CC 43431 10105 9 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10105 10 , , , 43431 10105 11 and and CC 43431 10105 12 has have VBZ 43431 10105 13 a a DT 43431 10105 14 well well RB 43431 10105 15 - - HYPH 43431 10105 16 marked mark VBN 43431 10105 17 spine spine NN 43431 10105 18 , , , 43431 10105 19 whose whose WP$ 43431 10105 20 end end NN 43431 10105 21 bifurcates bifurcate NNS 43431 10105 22 , , , 43431 10105 23 forming form VBG 43431 10105 24 the the DT 43431 10105 25 acromion acromion NN 43431 10105 26 and and CC 43431 10105 27 metacromion metacromion NN 43431 10105 28 . . . 43431 10106 1 The the DT 43431 10106 2 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10106 3 is be VBZ 43431 10106 4 long long JJ 43431 10106 5 and and CC 43431 10106 6 slender slend JJR 43431 10106 7 , , , 43431 10106 8 and and CC 43431 10106 9 is be VBZ 43431 10106 10 connected connect VBN 43431 10106 11 with with IN 43431 10106 12 the the DT 43431 10106 13 sternum sternum NN 43431 10106 14 and and CC 43431 10106 15 acromion acromion NN 43431 10106 16 by by IN 43431 10106 17 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10106 18 of of IN 43431 10106 19 the the DT 43431 10106 20 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 10106 21 . . . 43431 10107 1 Considerable considerable JJ 43431 10107 2 remains remain NNS 43431 10107 3 of of IN 43431 10107 4 the the DT 43431 10107 5 sternal sternal JJ 43431 10107 6 end end NN 43431 10107 7 of of IN 43431 10107 8 the the DT 43431 10107 9 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10107 10 are be VBP 43431 10107 11 also also RB 43431 10107 12 found find VBN 43431 10107 13 . . . 43431 10108 1 In in IN 43431 10108 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10108 3 Potamogale Potamogale NNP 43431 10108 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10108 5 , , , 43431 10108 6 however however RB 43431 10108 7 , , , 43431 10108 8 there there EX 43431 10108 9 are be VBP 43431 10108 10 no no DT 43431 10108 11 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10108 12 . . . 43431 10109 1 In in IN 43431 10109 2 the the DT 43431 10109 3 Mole Mole NNP 43431 10109 4 the the DT 43431 10109 5 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10109 6 girdle girdle NN 43431 10109 7 is be VBZ 43431 10109 8 greatly greatly RB 43431 10109 9 developed develop VBN 43431 10109 10 , , , 43431 10109 11 and and CC 43431 10109 12 of of IN 43431 10109 13 very very RB 43431 10109 14 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 10109 15 form form NN 43431 10109 16 . . . 43431 10110 1 The the DT 43431 10110 2 scapula scapula NN 43431 10110 3 is be VBZ 43431 10110 4 high high JJ 43431 10110 5 and and CC 43431 10110 6 very very RB 43431 10110 7 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10110 8 , , , 43431 10110 9 with with IN 43431 10110 10 the the DT 43431 10110 11 spine spine NN 43431 10110 12 and and CC 43431 10110 13 acromion acromion NN 43431 10110 14 very very RB 43431 10110 15 little little RB 43431 10110 16 developed developed JJ 43431 10110 17 . . . 43431 10111 1 The the DT 43431 10111 2 other other JJ 43431 10111 3 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10111 4 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10111 5 element element NN 43431 10111 6 is be VBZ 43431 10111 7 an an DT 43431 10111 8 irregular irregular JJ 43431 10111 9 bone bone NN 43431 10111 10 , , , 43431 10111 11 which which WDT 43431 10111 12 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10111 13 with with IN 43431 10111 14 the the DT 43431 10111 15 humerus humerus NN 43431 10111 16 and and CC 43431 10111 17 presternum presternum NN 43431 10111 18 , , , 43431 10111 19 and and CC 43431 10111 20 is be VBZ 43431 10111 21 connected connect VBN 43431 10111 22 by by IN 43431 10111 23 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 10111 24 with with IN 43431 10111 25 the the DT 43431 10111 26 scapula scapula NN 43431 10111 27 . . . 43431 10112 1 This this DT 43431 10112 2 bone bone NN 43431 10112 3 appears appear VBZ 43431 10112 4 to to TO 43431 10112 5 represent represent VB 43431 10112 6 both both CC 43431 10112 7 the the DT 43431 10112 8 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10112 9 and and CC 43431 10112 10 the the DT 43431 10112 11 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10112 12 , , , 43431 10112 13 being be VBG 43431 10112 14 formed form VBN 43431 10112 15 partly partly RB 43431 10112 16 of of IN 43431 10112 17 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 10112 18 bone bone NN 43431 10112 19 , , , 43431 10112 20 partly partly RB 43431 10112 21 of of IN 43431 10112 22 membrane membrane NN 43431 10112 23 bone bone NN 43431 10112 24 . . . 43431 10113 1 In in IN 43431 10113 2 the the DT 43431 10113 3 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 10113 4 the the DT 43431 10113 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 10113 6 is be VBZ 43431 10113 7 large large JJ 43431 10113 8 and and CC 43431 10113 9 oval oval JJ 43431 10113 10 , , , 43431 10113 11 and and CC 43431 10113 12 has have VBZ 43431 10113 13 a a DT 43431 10113 14 moderately moderately RB 43431 10113 15 high high JJ 43431 10113 16 spine spine NN 43431 10113 17 and and CC 43431 10113 18 a a DT 43431 10113 19 large large JJ 43431 10113 20 acromion acromion NN 43431 10113 21 . . . 43431 10114 1 The the DT 43431 10114 2 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 10114 3 process process NN 43431 10114 4 is be VBZ 43431 10114 5 well well RB 43431 10114 6 developed developed JJ 43431 10114 7 and and CC 43431 10114 8 is be VBZ 43431 10114 9 often often RB 43431 10114 10 forked fork VBN 43431 10114 11 . . . 43431 10115 1 The the DT 43431 10115 2 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10115 3 are be VBP 43431 10115 4 also also RB 43431 10115 5 well well RB 43431 10115 6 developed developed JJ 43431 10115 7 , , , 43431 10115 8 and and CC 43431 10115 9 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10115 10 of of IN 43431 10115 11 the the DT 43431 10115 12 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 10115 13 and and CC 43431 10115 14 of of IN 43431 10115 15 the the DT 43431 10115 16 sternal sternal JJ 43431 10115 17 end end NN 43431 10115 18 of of IN 43431 10115 19 the the DT 43431 10115 20 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10115 21 are be VBP 43431 10115 22 often often RB 43431 10115 23 found find VBN 43431 10115 24 . . . 43431 10116 1 In in IN 43431 10116 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 10116 3 the the DT 43431 10116 4 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10116 5 and and CC 43431 10116 6 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 10116 7 process process NN 43431 10116 8 are be VBP 43431 10116 9 always always RB 43431 10116 10 well well RB 43431 10116 11 developed developed JJ 43431 10116 12 . . . 43431 10117 1 In in IN 43431 10117 2 Man Man NNP 43431 10117 3 and and CC 43431 10117 4 the the DT 43431 10117 5 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 10117 6 the the DT 43431 10117 7 scapula scapula NN 43431 10117 8 has have VBZ 43431 10117 9 a a DT 43431 10117 10 long long JJ 43431 10117 11 straight straight JJ 43431 10117 12 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 10117 13 border border NN 43431 10117 14 , , , 43431 10117 15 a a DT 43431 10117 16 well well RB 43431 10117 17 - - HYPH 43431 10117 18 developed develop VBN 43431 10117 19 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10117 20 process process NN 43431 10117 21 and and CC 43431 10117 22 spine spine NN 43431 10117 23 , , , 43431 10117 24 and and CC 43431 10117 25 a a DT 43431 10117 26 large large JJ 43431 10117 27 curved curved JJ 43431 10117 28 acromion acromion NN 43431 10117 29 . . . 43431 10118 1 Vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10118 2 of of IN 43431 10118 3 the the DT 43431 10118 4 precoracoid precoracoid NN 43431 10118 5 occur occur VBP 43431 10118 6 at at IN 43431 10118 7 each each DT 43431 10118 8 end end NN 43431 10118 9 of of IN 43431 10118 10 the the DT 43431 10118 11 clavicle clavicle NN 43431 10118 12 . . . 43431 10119 1 The the DT 43431 10119 2 shape shape NN 43431 10119 3 of of IN 43431 10119 4 the the DT 43431 10119 5 scapula scapula NN 43431 10119 6 varies vary VBZ 43431 10119 7 much much JJ 43431 10119 8 in in IN 43431 10119 9 the the DT 43431 10119 10 lower low JJR 43431 10119 11 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 10119 12 . . . 43431 10120 1 THE the DT 43431 10120 2 UPPER UPPER NNP 43431 10120 3 ARM ARM NNP 43431 10120 4 AND and CC 43431 10120 5 FORE FORE NNP 43431 10120 6 - - HYPH 43431 10120 7 ARM ARM NNP 43431 10120 8 . . . 43431 10121 1 In in IN 43431 10121 2 the the DT 43431 10121 3 MONOTREMATA monotremata NN 43431 10121 4 the the DT 43431 10121 5 humerus humerus NN 43431 10121 6 is be VBZ 43431 10121 7 short short JJ 43431 10121 8 , , , 43431 10121 9 very very RB 43431 10121 10 broad broad JJ 43431 10121 11 at at IN 43431 10121 12 each each DT 43431 10121 13 end end NN 43431 10121 14 and and CC 43431 10121 15 contracted contract VBD 43431 10121 16 in in IN 43431 10121 17 the the DT 43431 10121 18 middle middle NN 43431 10121 19 . . . 43431 10122 1 The the DT 43431 10122 2 radius radius NN 43431 10122 3 and and CC 43431 10122 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 10122 5 are be VBP 43431 10122 6 stout stout JJ 43431 10122 7 and and CC 43431 10122 8 of of IN 43431 10122 9 nearly nearly RB 43431 10122 10 equal equal JJ 43431 10122 11 size size NN 43431 10122 12 , , , 43431 10122 13 while while IN 43431 10122 14 the the DT 43431 10122 15 ulna ulna NN 43431 10122 16 has have VBZ 43431 10122 17 a a DT 43431 10122 18 greatly greatly RB 43431 10122 19 expanded expand VBN 43431 10122 20 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10122 21 . . . 43431 10123 1 In in IN 43431 10123 2 the the DT 43431 10123 3 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 10123 4 the the DT 43431 10123 5 humerus humerus NN 43431 10123 6 is be VBZ 43431 10123 7 generally generally RB 43431 10123 8 a a DT 43431 10123 9 strong strong JJ 43431 10123 10 bone bone NN 43431 10123 11 , , , 43431 10123 12 broad broad JJ 43431 10123 13 at at IN 43431 10123 14 the the DT 43431 10123 15 distal distal JJ 43431 10123 16 end end NN 43431 10123 17 and and CC 43431 10123 18 having have VBG 43431 10123 19 well well RB 43431 10123 20 marked mark VBN 43431 10123 21 deltoid deltoid NN 43431 10123 22 and and CC 43431 10123 23 supinator supinator NN 43431 10123 24 ridges ridge NNS 43431 10123 25 , , , 43431 10123 26 which which WDT 43431 10123 27 are be VBP 43431 10123 28 specially specially RB 43431 10123 29 large large JJ 43431 10123 30 in in IN 43431 10123 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10123 32 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10123 33 _ _ NNP 43431 10123 34 . . . 43431 10124 1 An an DT 43431 10124 2 ent ent NN 43431 10124 3 - - HYPH 43431 10124 4 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10124 5 or or CC 43431 10124 6 supracondylar supracondylar JJ 43431 10124 7 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10124 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10124 9 fig fig NN 43431 10124 10 . . . 43431 10125 1 105 105 CD 43431 10125 2 , , , 43431 10125 3 5 5 CD 43431 10125 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10125 5 is be VBZ 43431 10125 6 almost almost RB 43431 10125 7 always always RB 43431 10125 8 present present JJ 43431 10125 9 except except IN 43431 10125 10 in in IN 43431 10125 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10125 12 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10125 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10125 14 . . . 43431 10126 1 The the DT 43431 10126 2 radius radius NN 43431 10126 3 and and CC 43431 10126 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 10126 5 are be VBP 43431 10126 6 always always RB 43431 10126 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10126 8 and and CC 43431 10126 9 well well RB 43431 10126 10 developed developed JJ 43431 10126 11 , , , 43431 10126 12 and and CC 43431 10126 13 a a DT 43431 10126 14 certain certain JJ 43431 10126 15 amount amount NN 43431 10126 16 of of IN 43431 10126 17 rotation rotation NN 43431 10126 18 can can MD 43431 10126 19 take take VB 43431 10126 20 place place NN 43431 10126 21 between between IN 43431 10126 22 them -PRON- PRP 43431 10126 23 . . . 43431 10127 1 The the DT 43431 10127 2 ulna ulna NN 43431 10127 3 of of IN 43431 10127 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10127 5 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10127 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10127 7 has have VBZ 43431 10127 8 an an DT 43431 10127 9 enormous enormous JJ 43431 10127 10 hooked hook VBN 43431 10127 11 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10127 12 which which WDT 43431 10127 13 causes cause VBZ 43431 10127 14 the the DT 43431 10127 15 bone bone NN 43431 10127 16 to to TO 43431 10127 17 be be VB 43431 10127 18 nearly nearly RB 43431 10127 19 twice twice RB 43431 10127 20 as as RB 43431 10127 21 long long RB 43431 10127 22 as as IN 43431 10127 23 the the DT 43431 10127 24 radius radius NN 43431 10127 25 . . . 43431 10128 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10128 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10128 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10128 4 . . . 43431 10129 1 105 105 CD 43431 10129 2 . . . 43431 10130 1 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 10130 2 SURFACE SURFACE NNP 43431 10130 3 OF of IN 43431 10130 4 THE the DT 43431 10130 5 RIGHT right JJ 43431 10130 6 HUMERUS humerus NN 43431 10130 7 OF of IN 43431 10130 8 A a DT 43431 10130 9 WOMBAT WOMBAT NNP 43431 10130 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10130 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10130 12 Phascolomys Phascolomys NNP 43431 10130 13 latifrons latifron NNS 43431 10130 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10130 15 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10130 16 . . . 43431 10131 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10131 2 After after IN 43431 10131 3 OWEN OWEN NNP 43431 10131 4 . . . 43431 10131 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10132 1 1 1 LS 43431 10132 2 . . . 43431 10132 3 head head NN 43431 10132 4 . . . 43431 10133 1 2 2 LS 43431 10133 2 . . . 43431 10133 3 greater great JJR 43431 10133 4 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10133 5 . . . 43431 10134 1 3 3 LS 43431 10134 2 . . . 43431 10134 3 lesser less JJR 43431 10134 4 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10134 5 . . . 43431 10135 1 4 4 LS 43431 10135 2 . . . 43431 10135 3 deltoid deltoid NNP 43431 10135 4 ridge ridge NNP 43431 10135 5 . . . 43431 10136 1 5 5 LS 43431 10136 2 . . . 43431 10136 3 ent ent NN 43431 10136 4 - - HYPH 43431 10136 5 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10136 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10136 7 supracondylar supracondylar JJ 43431 10136 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10136 9 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10136 10 . . . 43431 10137 1 6 6 CD 43431 10137 2 . . . 43431 10137 3 supinator supinator NN 43431 10137 4 ridge ridge NN 43431 10137 5 . . . 43431 10138 1 7 7 LS 43431 10138 2 . . . 43431 10138 3 external external JJ 43431 10138 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 10138 5 . . . 43431 10139 1 8 8 LS 43431 10139 2 . . . 43431 10139 3 internal internal JJ 43431 10139 4 condyle condyle NN 43431 10139 5 . . . 43431 10140 1 9 9 LS 43431 10140 2 . . . 43431 10140 3 articular articular JJ 43431 10140 4 surface surface NN 43431 10140 5 for for IN 43431 10140 6 radius radius NN 43431 10140 7 . . . 43431 10141 1 10 10 LS 43431 10141 2 . . . 43431 10141 3 articular articular JJ 43431 10141 4 surface surface NN 43431 10141 5 for for IN 43431 10141 6 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10141 7 . . . 43431 10141 8 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10142 1 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 10142 2 . . . 43431 10143 1 The the DT 43431 10143 2 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 10143 3 have have VBP 43431 10143 4 long long JJ 43431 10143 5 slender slender NN 43431 10143 6 arm arm NN 43431 10143 7 bones bone NNS 43431 10143 8 ; ; : 43431 10143 9 the the DT 43431 10143 10 humerus humerus NN 43431 10143 11 is be VBZ 43431 10143 12 nearly nearly RB 43431 10143 13 smooth smooth JJ 43431 10143 14 and and CC 43431 10143 15 has have VBZ 43431 10143 16 a a DT 43431 10143 17 very very RB 43431 10143 18 large large JJ 43431 10143 19 ent ent NN 43431 10143 20 - - HYPH 43431 10143 21 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10143 22 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10143 23 in in IN 43431 10143 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10143 25 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 10143 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10143 27 , , , 43431 10143 28 but but CC 43431 10143 29 not not RB 43431 10143 30 in in IN 43431 10143 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10143 32 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 10143 33 _ _ NNP 43431 10143 34 . . . 43431 10144 1 The the DT 43431 10144 2 radius radius NN 43431 10144 3 and and CC 43431 10144 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 10144 5 can can MD 43431 10144 6 be be VB 43431 10144 7 rotated rotate VBN 43431 10144 8 on on IN 43431 10144 9 one one CD 43431 10144 10 another another DT 43431 10144 11 to to IN 43431 10144 12 a a DT 43431 10144 13 considerable considerable JJ 43431 10144 14 extent extent NN 43431 10144 15 . . . 43431 10145 1 The the DT 43431 10145 2 humerus humeru NNS 43431 10145 3 in in IN 43431 10145 4 all all DT 43431 10145 5 other other JJ 43431 10145 6 Edentates Edentates NNPS 43431 10145 7 is be VBZ 43431 10145 8 very very RB 43431 10145 9 strong strong JJ 43431 10145 10 and and CC 43431 10145 11 has have VBZ 43431 10145 12 the the DT 43431 10145 13 points point NNS 43431 10145 14 for for IN 43431 10145 15 the the DT 43431 10145 16 attachment attachment NN 43431 10145 17 of of IN 43431 10145 18 muscles muscle NNS 43431 10145 19 much much RB 43431 10145 20 developed develop VBN 43431 10145 21 , , , 43431 10145 22 especially especially RB 43431 10145 23 in in IN 43431 10145 24 the the DT 43431 10145 25 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 10145 26 and and CC 43431 10145 27 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 10145 28 . . . 43431 10146 1 An an DT 43431 10146 2 ent ent JJ 43431 10146 3 - - HYPH 43431 10146 4 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10146 5 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10146 6 is be VBZ 43431 10146 7 found find VBN 43431 10146 8 in in IN 43431 10146 9 all all DT 43431 10146 10 living live VBG 43431 10146 11 forms form NNS 43431 10146 12 . . . 43431 10147 1 The the DT 43431 10147 2 radius radius NN 43431 10147 3 and and CC 43431 10147 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 10147 5 are be VBP 43431 10147 6 well well RB 43431 10147 7 developed developed JJ 43431 10147 8 , , , 43431 10147 9 but but CC 43431 10147 10 are be VBP 43431 10147 11 not not RB 43431 10147 12 capable capable JJ 43431 10147 13 of of IN 43431 10147 14 much much JJ 43431 10147 15 rotation rotation NN 43431 10147 16 . . . 43431 10148 1 In in IN 43431 10148 2 the the DT 43431 10148 3 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 10148 4 the the DT 43431 10148 5 humerus humerus NN 43431 10148 6 is be VBZ 43431 10148 7 well well RB 43431 10148 8 developed developed JJ 43431 10148 9 and and CC 43431 10148 10 of of IN 43431 10148 11 a a DT 43431 10148 12 normal normal JJ 43431 10148 13 character character NN 43431 10148 14 . . . 43431 10149 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10149 2 is be VBZ 43431 10149 3 expanded expand VBN 43431 10149 4 at at IN 43431 10149 5 each each DT 43431 10149 6 end end NN 43431 10149 7 and and CC 43431 10149 8 has have VBZ 43431 10149 9 a a DT 43431 10149 10 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10149 11 internal internal JJ 43431 10149 12 condyle condyle NN 43431 10149 13 , , , 43431 10149 14 a a DT 43431 10149 15 small small JJ 43431 10149 16 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10149 17 fossa fossa JJ 43431 10149 18 , , , 43431 10149 19 and and CC 43431 10149 20 no no DT 43431 10149 21 ent ent NN 43431 10149 22 - - HYPH 43431 10149 23 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10149 24 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10149 25 . . . 43431 10150 1 In in IN 43431 10150 2 the the DT 43431 10150 3 Dugong Dugong NNP 43431 10150 4 and and CC 43431 10150 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10150 6 Rhytina Rhytina NNP 43431 10150 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10150 8 there there EX 43431 10150 9 is be VBZ 43431 10150 10 a a DT 43431 10150 11 bicipital bicipital JJ 43431 10150 12 groove groove NN 43431 10150 13 and and CC 43431 10150 14 the the DT 43431 10150 15 tuberosities tuberosity NNS 43431 10150 16 are be VBP 43431 10150 17 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10150 18 , , , 43431 10150 19 but but CC 43431 10150 20 in in IN 43431 10150 21 the the DT 43431 10150 22 Manatee Manatee NNP 43431 10150 23 there there EX 43431 10150 24 is be VBZ 43431 10150 25 no no DT 43431 10150 26 bicipital bicipital JJ 43431 10150 27 groove groove NN 43431 10150 28 , , , 43431 10150 29 and and CC 43431 10150 30 the the DT 43431 10150 31 tuberosities tuberosity NNS 43431 10150 32 coalesce coalesce NN 43431 10150 33 . . . 43431 10151 1 The the DT 43431 10151 2 radius radius NN 43431 10151 3 and and CC 43431 10151 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 10151 5 are be VBP 43431 10151 6 about about IN 43431 10151 7 equally equally RB 43431 10151 8 developed develop VBN 43431 10151 9 and and CC 43431 10151 10 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 10151 11 together together RB 43431 10151 12 at at IN 43431 10151 13 both both DT 43431 10151 14 ends end NNS 43431 10151 15 . . . 43431 10152 1 In in IN 43431 10152 2 the the DT 43431 10152 3 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 10152 4 the the DT 43431 10152 5 arm arm NN 43431 10152 6 bones bone NNS 43431 10152 7 are be VBP 43431 10152 8 very very RB 43431 10152 9 short short JJ 43431 10152 10 and and CC 43431 10152 11 thick thick JJ 43431 10152 12 . . . 43431 10153 1 The the DT 43431 10153 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 10153 3 has have VBZ 43431 10153 4 a a DT 43431 10153 5 globular globular JJ 43431 10153 6 head head NN 43431 10153 7 , , , 43431 10153 8 and and CC 43431 10153 9 a a DT 43431 10153 10 distal distal JJ 43431 10153 11 end end NN 43431 10153 12 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10153 13 by by IN 43431 10153 14 two two CD 43431 10153 15 equal equal JJ 43431 10153 16 flattened flatten VBD 43431 10153 17 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10153 18 to to IN 43431 10153 19 which which WDT 43431 10153 20 the the DT 43431 10153 21 radius radius NN 43431 10153 22 and and CC 43431 10153 23 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10153 24 are be VBP 43431 10153 25 united united JJ 43431 10153 26 . . . 43431 10154 1 There there EX 43431 10154 2 is be VBZ 43431 10154 3 no no DT 43431 10154 4 bicipital bicipital JJ 43431 10154 5 groove groove NN 43431 10154 6 , , , 43431 10154 7 and and CC 43431 10154 8 the the DT 43431 10154 9 tuberosities tuberosity NNS 43431 10154 10 coalesce coalesce NN 43431 10154 11 . . . 43431 10155 1 The the DT 43431 10155 2 radius radius NN 43431 10155 3 and and CC 43431 10155 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 10155 5 are be VBP 43431 10155 6 flat flat JJ 43431 10155 7 expanded expand VBN 43431 10155 8 bones bone NNS 43431 10155 9 fixed fix VBN 43431 10155 10 parallel parallel NN 43431 10155 11 to to IN 43431 10155 12 one one CD 43431 10155 13 another another DT 43431 10155 14 , , , 43431 10155 15 but but CC 43431 10155 16 the the DT 43431 10155 17 ulna ulna NN 43431 10155 18 has have VBZ 43431 10155 19 a a DT 43431 10155 20 definite definite JJ 43431 10155 21 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10155 22 . . . 43431 10156 1 Scarcely scarcely RB 43431 10156 2 any any DT 43431 10156 3 movement movement NN 43431 10156 4 can can MD 43431 10156 5 take take VB 43431 10156 6 place place NN 43431 10156 7 between between IN 43431 10156 8 them -PRON- PRP 43431 10156 9 and and CC 43431 10156 10 the the DT 43431 10156 11 humerus humerus NN 43431 10156 12 , , , 43431 10156 13 and and CC 43431 10156 14 in in IN 43431 10156 15 old old JJ 43431 10156 16 animals animal NNS 43431 10156 17 the the DT 43431 10156 18 three three CD 43431 10156 19 bones bone NNS 43431 10156 20 are be VBP 43431 10156 21 often often RB 43431 10156 22 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 10156 23 together together RB 43431 10156 24 . . . 43431 10157 1 In in IN 43431 10157 2 the the DT 43431 10157 3 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 10157 4 VERA VERA NNP 43431 10157 5 the the DT 43431 10157 6 humerus humerus NN 43431 10157 7 is be VBZ 43431 10157 8 stout stout JJ 43431 10157 9 and and CC 43431 10157 10 rather rather RB 43431 10157 11 short short JJ 43431 10157 12 . . . 43431 10158 1 The the DT 43431 10158 2 great great JJ 43431 10158 3 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10158 4 is be VBZ 43431 10158 5 always always RB 43431 10158 6 large large JJ 43431 10158 7 and and CC 43431 10158 8 often often RB 43431 10158 9 overhangs overhang VBZ 43431 10158 10 the the DT 43431 10158 11 bicipital bicipital JJ 43431 10158 12 groove groove NN 43431 10158 13 , , , 43431 10158 14 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10158 15 is be VBZ 43431 10158 16 especially especially RB 43431 10158 17 large large JJ 43431 10158 18 in in IN 43431 10158 19 _ _ NNP 43431 10158 20 Titanotherium Titanotherium NNP 43431 10158 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10158 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10158 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10158 24 Brontops Brontops NNP 43431 10158 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10158 26 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10158 27 . . . 43431 10159 1 There there EX 43431 10159 2 is be VBZ 43431 10159 3 never never RB 43431 10159 4 an an DT 43431 10159 5 ent ent JJ 43431 10159 6 - - HYPH 43431 10159 7 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10159 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10159 9 . . . 43431 10160 1 The the DT 43431 10160 2 radius radius NN 43431 10160 3 is be VBZ 43431 10160 4 always always RB 43431 10160 5 large large JJ 43431 10160 6 at at IN 43431 10160 7 both both DT 43431 10160 8 ends end NNS 43431 10160 9 , , , 43431 10160 10 but but CC 43431 10160 11 the the DT 43431 10160 12 condition condition NN 43431 10160 13 of of IN 43431 10160 14 the the DT 43431 10160 15 ulna ulna NN 43431 10160 16 is be VBZ 43431 10160 17 very very RB 43431 10160 18 variable variable JJ 43431 10160 19 . . . 43431 10161 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10161 2 , , , 43431 10161 3 as as IN 43431 10161 4 in in IN 43431 10161 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10161 6 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 10161 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10161 8 , , , 43431 10161 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10161 10 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10161 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10161 12 , , , 43431 10161 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10161 14 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 10161 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10161 16 , , , 43431 10161 17 Suina Suina NNP 43431 10161 18 and and CC 43431 10161 19 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 10161 20 , , , 43431 10161 21 the the DT 43431 10161 22 ulna ulna NN 43431 10161 23 is be VBZ 43431 10161 24 well well RB 43431 10161 25 developed developed JJ 43431 10161 26 , , , 43431 10161 27 and and CC 43431 10161 28 quite quite RB 43431 10161 29 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10161 30 from from IN 43431 10161 31 the the DT 43431 10161 32 radius radius NN 43431 10161 33 ; ; : 43431 10161 34 but but CC 43431 10161 35 in in IN 43431 10161 36 most most JJS 43431 10161 37 forms form NNS 43431 10161 38 , , , 43431 10161 39 although although IN 43431 10161 40 complete complete JJ 43431 10161 41 , , , 43431 10161 42 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10161 43 is be VBZ 43431 10161 44 much much RB 43431 10161 45 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10161 46 distally distally RB 43431 10161 47 , , , 43431 10161 48 and and CC 43431 10161 49 is be VBZ 43431 10161 50 fused fuse VBN 43431 10161 51 to to IN 43431 10161 52 the the DT 43431 10161 53 radius radius NN 43431 10161 54 . . . 43431 10162 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10162 2 , , , 43431 10162 3 as as IN 43431 10162 4 in in IN 43431 10162 5 the the DT 43431 10162 6 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10162 7 and and CC 43431 10162 8 Giraffe Giraffe NNP 43431 10162 9 , , , 43431 10162 10 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10162 11 is be VBZ 43431 10162 12 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10162 13 to to IN 43431 10162 14 the the DT 43431 10162 15 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10162 16 and and CC 43431 10162 17 to to IN 43431 10162 18 a a DT 43431 10162 19 very very RB 43431 10162 20 slender slender NN 43431 10162 21 descending descend VBG 43431 10162 22 process process NN 43431 10162 23 which which WDT 43431 10162 24 does do VBZ 43431 10162 25 not not RB 43431 10162 26 nearly nearly RB 43431 10162 27 reach reach VB 43431 10162 28 the the DT 43431 10162 29 carpus carpus NN 43431 10162 30 . . . 43431 10163 1 In in IN 43431 10163 2 the the DT 43431 10163 3 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 10163 4 , , , 43431 10163 5 though though IN 43431 10163 6 the the DT 43431 10163 7 ulna ulna NN 43431 10163 8 is be VBZ 43431 10163 9 complete complete JJ 43431 10163 10 and and CC 43431 10163 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10163 12 distal distal JJ 43431 10163 13 end end NN 43431 10163 14 is be VBZ 43431 10163 15 often often RB 43431 10163 16 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10163 17 , , , 43431 10163 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10163 19 has have VBZ 43431 10163 20 coalesced coalesce VBN 43431 10163 21 with with IN 43431 10163 22 the the DT 43431 10163 23 radius radius NN 43431 10163 24 throughout throughout IN 43431 10163 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10163 26 whole whole JJ 43431 10163 27 length length NN 43431 10163 28 ; ; : 43431 10163 29 the the DT 43431 10163 30 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10163 31 is be VBZ 43431 10163 32 generally generally RB 43431 10163 33 very very RB 43431 10163 34 large large JJ 43431 10163 35 . . . 43431 10164 1 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 10164 2 . . . 43431 10165 1 In in IN 43431 10165 2 the the DT 43431 10165 3 large large JJ 43431 10165 4 Condylarthra Condylarthra NNP 43431 10165 5 the the DT 43431 10165 6 humerus humerus NN 43431 10165 7 has have VBZ 43431 10165 8 an an DT 43431 10165 9 ent ent JJ 43431 10165 10 - - HYPH 43431 10165 11 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10165 12 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10165 13 , , , 43431 10165 14 and and CC 43431 10165 15 the the DT 43431 10165 16 radius radius NN 43431 10165 17 and and CC 43431 10165 18 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10165 19 are be VBP 43431 10165 20 stout stout IN 43431 10165 21 bones bone NNS 43431 10165 22 nearly nearly RB 43431 10165 23 equal equal JJ 43431 10165 24 in in IN 43431 10165 25 size size NN 43431 10165 26 . . . 43431 10166 1 In in IN 43431 10166 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10166 3 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10166 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10166 5 the the DT 43431 10166 6 humerus humerus NN 43431 10166 7 is be VBZ 43431 10166 8 rather rather RB 43431 10166 9 long long JJ 43431 10166 10 , , , 43431 10166 11 and and CC 43431 10166 12 has have VBZ 43431 10166 13 a a DT 43431 10166 14 very very RB 43431 10166 15 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10166 16 greater great JJR 43431 10166 17 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10166 18 , , , 43431 10166 19 and and CC 43431 10166 20 a a DT 43431 10166 21 large large JJ 43431 10166 22 supra supra NN 43431 10166 23 - - HYPH 43431 10166 24 trochlear trochlear NN 43431 10166 25 fossa fossa NN 43431 10166 26 , , , 43431 10166 27 but but CC 43431 10166 28 no no DT 43431 10166 29 ent ent NN 43431 10166 30 - - HYPH 43431 10166 31 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10166 32 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10166 33 . . . 43431 10167 1 In in IN 43431 10167 2 the the DT 43431 10167 3 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10167 4 the the DT 43431 10167 5 humerus humerus NN 43431 10167 6 is be VBZ 43431 10167 7 marked mark VBN 43431 10167 8 by by IN 43431 10167 9 a a DT 43431 10167 10 greatly greatly RB 43431 10167 11 developed developed JJ 43431 10167 12 supinator supinator NN 43431 10167 13 ridge ridge NN 43431 10167 14 , , , 43431 10167 15 and and CC 43431 10167 16 is be VBZ 43431 10167 17 very very RB 43431 10167 18 long long JJ 43431 10167 19 , , , 43431 10167 20 longer long JJR 43431 10167 21 than than IN 43431 10167 22 the the DT 43431 10167 23 radius radius NN 43431 10167 24 and and CC 43431 10167 25 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10167 26 . . . 43431 10168 1 The the DT 43431 10168 2 ulna ulna NN 43431 10168 3 has have VBZ 43431 10168 4 a a DT 43431 10168 5 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 10168 6 development development NN 43431 10168 7 , , , 43431 10168 8 having have VBG 43431 10168 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10168 10 distal distal JJ 43431 10168 11 end end NN 43431 10168 12 larger large JJR 43431 10168 13 than than IN 43431 10168 14 that that DT 43431 10168 15 of of IN 43431 10168 16 the the DT 43431 10168 17 radius radius NN 43431 10168 18 , , , 43431 10168 19 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10168 20 has have VBZ 43431 10168 21 also also RB 43431 10168 22 a a DT 43431 10168 23 larger large JJR 43431 10168 24 articular articular JJ 43431 10168 25 surface surface NN 43431 10168 26 for for IN 43431 10168 27 the the DT 43431 10168 28 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10168 29 than than IN 43431 10168 30 has have VBZ 43431 10168 31 the the DT 43431 10168 32 radius radius NN 43431 10168 33 . . . 43431 10169 1 In in IN 43431 10169 2 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 10169 3 the the DT 43431 10169 4 humerus humerus NN 43431 10169 5 varies vary VBZ 43431 10169 6 much much JJ 43431 10169 7 in in IN 43431 10169 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10169 9 development development NN 43431 10169 10 according accord VBG 43431 10169 11 to to IN 43431 10169 12 the the DT 43431 10169 13 animal animal NN 43431 10169 14 's 's POS 43431 10169 15 mode mode NN 43431 10169 16 of of IN 43431 10169 17 life life NN 43431 10169 18 . . . 43431 10170 1 In in IN 43431 10170 2 the the DT 43431 10170 3 Hares hare NNS 43431 10170 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10170 5 is be VBZ 43431 10170 6 long long JJ 43431 10170 7 and and CC 43431 10170 8 straight straight JJ 43431 10170 9 , , , 43431 10170 10 with with IN 43431 10170 11 a a DT 43431 10170 12 small small JJ 43431 10170 13 distal distal JJ 43431 10170 14 end end NN 43431 10170 15 , , , 43431 10170 16 and and CC 43431 10170 17 a a DT 43431 10170 18 slight slight JJ 43431 10170 19 deltoid deltoid JJ 43431 10170 20 ridge ridge NN 43431 10170 21 . . . 43431 10171 1 In in IN 43431 10171 2 the the DT 43431 10171 3 Beaver Beaver NNP 43431 10171 4 on on IN 43431 10171 5 the the DT 43431 10171 6 other other JJ 43431 10171 7 hand hand NN 43431 10171 8 the the DT 43431 10171 9 deltoid deltoid NN 43431 10171 10 and and CC 43431 10171 11 supinator supinator NN 43431 10171 12 ridges ridge NNS 43431 10171 13 are be VBP 43431 10171 14 considerably considerably RB 43431 10171 15 developed develop VBN 43431 10171 16 . . . 43431 10172 1 There there EX 43431 10172 2 is be VBZ 43431 10172 3 generally generally RB 43431 10172 4 a a DT 43431 10172 5 large large JJ 43431 10172 6 supra supra NN 43431 10172 7 - - HYPH 43431 10172 8 trochlear trochlear NN 43431 10172 9 fossa fossa NN 43431 10172 10 , , , 43431 10172 11 but but CC 43431 10172 12 no no DT 43431 10172 13 ent ent NN 43431 10172 14 - - HYPH 43431 10172 15 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10172 16 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10172 17 . . . 43431 10173 1 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 10173 2 . . . 43431 10174 1 In in IN 43431 10174 2 the the DT 43431 10174 3 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10174 4 vera vera NN 43431 10174 5 the the DT 43431 10174 6 humerus humerus NN 43431 10174 7 has have VBZ 43431 10174 8 large large JJ 43431 10174 9 tuberosities tuberosity NNS 43431 10174 10 , , , 43431 10174 11 a a DT 43431 10174 12 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10174 13 deltoid deltoid JJ 43431 10174 14 ridge ridge NN 43431 10174 15 and and CC 43431 10174 16 a a DT 43431 10174 17 deep deep JJ 43431 10174 18 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10174 19 fossa fossa JJ 43431 10174 20 . . . 43431 10175 1 The the DT 43431 10175 2 shaft shaft NN 43431 10175 3 is be VBZ 43431 10175 4 generally generally RB 43431 10175 5 curved curve VBN 43431 10175 6 , , , 43431 10175 7 and and CC 43431 10175 8 an an DT 43431 10175 9 ent ent JJ 43431 10175 10 - - HYPH 43431 10175 11 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10175 12 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10175 13 is be VBZ 43431 10175 14 often often RB 43431 10175 15 found find VBN 43431 10175 16 , , , 43431 10175 17 though though IN 43431 10175 18 not not RB 43431 10175 19 in in IN 43431 10175 20 the the DT 43431 10175 21 Canidae Canidae NNP 43431 10175 22 , , , 43431 10175 23 Hyaenidae Hyaenidae NNP 43431 10175 24 , , , 43431 10175 25 and and CC 43431 10175 26 Ursidae ursidae JJ 43431 10175 27 . . . 43431 10176 1 The the DT 43431 10176 2 radius radius NN 43431 10176 3 and and CC 43431 10176 4 ulna ulna NN 43431 10176 5 are be VBP 43431 10176 6 never never RB 43431 10176 7 united united JJ 43431 10176 8 . . . 43431 10177 1 The the DT 43431 10177 2 radius radius NN 43431 10177 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10177 4 fig fig NN 43431 10177 5 . . . 43431 10178 1 77 77 CD 43431 10178 2 , , , 43431 10178 3 B b NN 43431 10178 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10178 5 has have VBZ 43431 10178 6 a a DT 43431 10178 7 very very RB 43431 10178 8 similar similar JJ 43431 10178 9 development development NN 43431 10178 10 throughout throughout IN 43431 10178 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10178 12 whole whole JJ 43431 10178 13 length length NN 43431 10178 14 , , , 43431 10178 15 while while IN 43431 10178 16 the the DT 43431 10178 17 ulna ulna NN 43431 10178 18 has have VBZ 43431 10178 19 a a DT 43431 10178 20 large large JJ 43431 10178 21 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10178 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10178 23 fig fig NN 43431 10178 24 . . . 43431 10179 1 77 77 CD 43431 10179 2 , , , 43431 10179 3 C C NNP 43431 10179 4 , , , 43431 10179 5 11 11 CD 43431 10179 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10179 7 and and CC 43431 10179 8 a a DT 43431 10179 9 shaft shaft NN 43431 10179 10 tapering taper VBG 43431 10179 11 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 10179 12 towards towards IN 43431 10179 13 the the DT 43431 10179 14 distal distal JJ 43431 10179 15 end end NN 43431 10179 16 . . . 43431 10180 1 In in IN 43431 10180 2 the the DT 43431 10180 3 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 10180 4 the the DT 43431 10180 5 arm arm NN 43431 10180 6 bones bone NNS 43431 10180 7 are be VBP 43431 10180 8 very very RB 43431 10180 9 strongly strongly RB 43431 10180 10 developed develop VBN 43431 10180 11 . . . 43431 10181 1 The the DT 43431 10181 2 humerus humerus NN 43431 10181 3 has have VBZ 43431 10181 4 a a DT 43431 10181 5 very very RB 43431 10181 6 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10181 7 deltoid deltoid JJ 43431 10181 8 ridge ridge NN 43431 10181 9 , , , 43431 10181 10 and and CC 43431 10181 11 the the DT 43431 10181 12 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10181 13 end end NN 43431 10181 14 of of IN 43431 10181 15 the the DT 43431 10181 16 ulna ulna NN 43431 10181 17 and and CC 43431 10181 18 distal distal JJ 43431 10181 19 end end NN 43431 10181 20 of of IN 43431 10181 21 the the DT 43431 10181 22 radius radius NN 43431 10181 23 are be VBP 43431 10181 24 much much RB 43431 10181 25 expanded expand VBN 43431 10181 26 . . . 43431 10182 1 In in IN 43431 10182 2 the the DT 43431 10182 3 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 10182 4 the the DT 43431 10182 5 arm arm NN 43431 10182 6 bones bone NNS 43431 10182 7 are be VBP 43431 10182 8 well well RB 43431 10182 9 developed developed JJ 43431 10182 10 , , , 43431 10182 11 and and CC 43431 10182 12 the the DT 43431 10182 13 radius radius NN 43431 10182 14 and and CC 43431 10182 15 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10182 16 , , , 43431 10182 17 though though IN 43431 10182 18 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10182 19 united united JJ 43431 10182 20 , , , 43431 10182 21 are be VBP 43431 10182 22 generally generally RB 43431 10182 23 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10182 24 ; ; : 43431 10182 25 as as IN 43431 10182 26 a a DT 43431 10182 27 rule rule NN 43431 10182 28 there there EX 43431 10182 29 is be VBZ 43431 10182 30 an an DT 43431 10182 31 ent ent JJ 43431 10182 32 - - HYPH 43431 10182 33 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10182 34 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10182 35 , , , 43431 10182 36 but but CC 43431 10182 37 this this DT 43431 10182 38 is be VBZ 43431 10182 39 absent absent JJ 43431 10182 40 in in IN 43431 10182 41 the the DT 43431 10182 42 Hedgehog Hedgehog NNP 43431 10182 43 . . . 43431 10183 1 The the DT 43431 10183 2 Mole Mole NNP 43431 10183 3 has have VBZ 43431 10183 4 an an DT 43431 10183 5 extraordinary extraordinary JJ 43431 10183 6 humerus humerus NN 43431 10183 7 , , , 43431 10183 8 very very RB 43431 10183 9 short short JJ 43431 10183 10 and and CC 43431 10183 11 curved curved JJ 43431 10183 12 , , , 43431 10183 13 and and CC 43431 10183 14 much much RB 43431 10183 15 flattened flatten VBD 43431 10183 16 and and CC 43431 10183 17 expanded expand VBD 43431 10183 18 at at IN 43431 10183 19 both both DT 43431 10183 20 ends end NNS 43431 10183 21 . . . 43431 10184 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10184 2 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10184 3 both both DT 43431 10184 4 with with IN 43431 10184 5 the the DT 43431 10184 6 scapula scapula NN 43431 10184 7 and and CC 43431 10184 8 coraco coraco NN 43431 10184 9 - - HYPH 43431 10184 10 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 10184 11 . . . 43431 10185 1 The the DT 43431 10185 2 ulna ulna NN 43431 10185 3 has have VBZ 43431 10185 4 a a DT 43431 10185 5 greatly greatly RB 43431 10185 6 developed develop VBN 43431 10185 7 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10185 8 . . . 43431 10186 1 In in IN 43431 10186 2 the the DT 43431 10186 3 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 10186 4 both both DT 43431 10186 5 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10186 6 and and CC 43431 10186 7 radius radius NN 43431 10186 8 are be VBP 43431 10186 9 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 10186 10 long long JJ 43431 10186 11 and and CC 43431 10186 12 slender slend JJR 43431 10186 13 ; ; : 43431 10186 14 the the DT 43431 10186 15 ulna ulna NN 43431 10186 16 is be VBZ 43431 10186 17 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10186 18 to to IN 43431 10186 19 little little JJ 43431 10186 20 more more JJR 43431 10186 21 than than IN 43431 10186 22 the the DT 43431 10186 23 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10186 24 end end NN 43431 10186 25 and and CC 43431 10186 26 is be VBZ 43431 10186 27 fused fuse VBN 43431 10186 28 to to IN 43431 10186 29 the the DT 43431 10186 30 radius radius NN 43431 10186 31 . . . 43431 10187 1 There there EX 43431 10187 2 is be VBZ 43431 10187 3 no no DT 43431 10187 4 ent ent NN 43431 10187 5 - - HYPH 43431 10187 6 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10187 7 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10187 8 . . . 43431 10188 1 All all DT 43431 10188 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 10188 3 have have VBP 43431 10188 4 the the DT 43431 10188 5 power power NN 43431 10188 6 of of IN 43431 10188 7 pronation pronation NN 43431 10188 8 and and CC 43431 10188 9 supination supination NN 43431 10188 10 of of IN 43431 10188 11 the the DT 43431 10188 12 fore fore NN 43431 10188 13 - - HYPH 43431 10188 14 arm arm NN 43431 10188 15 , , , 43431 10188 16 by by IN 43431 10188 17 the the DT 43431 10188 18 rotation rotation NN 43431 10188 19 of of IN 43431 10188 20 the the DT 43431 10188 21 distal distal JJ 43431 10188 22 end end NN 43431 10188 23 of of IN 43431 10188 24 the the DT 43431 10188 25 radius radius NN 43431 10188 26 round round NN 43431 10188 27 that that DT 43431 10188 28 of of IN 43431 10188 29 the the DT 43431 10188 30 ulna ulna NN 43431 10188 31 . . . 43431 10189 1 In in IN 43431 10189 2 Man Man NNP 43431 10189 3 and and CC 43431 10189 4 the the DT 43431 10189 5 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 10189 6 Apes Apes NNP 43431 10189 7 the the DT 43431 10189 8 humerus humerus NN 43431 10189 9 is be VBZ 43431 10189 10 long long JJ 43431 10189 11 and and CC 43431 10189 12 straight straight JJ 43431 10189 13 , , , 43431 10189 14 and and CC 43431 10189 15 has have VBZ 43431 10189 16 a a DT 43431 10189 17 globular globular JJ 43431 10189 18 head head NN 43431 10189 19 ; ; : 43431 10189 20 neither neither DT 43431 10189 21 of of IN 43431 10189 22 the the DT 43431 10189 23 tuberosities tuberosity NNS 43431 10189 24 , , , 43431 10189 25 nor nor CC 43431 10189 26 the the DT 43431 10189 27 deltoid deltoid NN 43431 10189 28 nor nor CC 43431 10189 29 supinator supinator NN 43431 10189 30 ridges ridge NNS 43431 10189 31 are be VBP 43431 10189 32 much much RB 43431 10189 33 developed develop VBN 43431 10189 34 . . . 43431 10190 1 The the DT 43431 10190 2 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10190 3 fossa fossa NNP 43431 10190 4 is be VBZ 43431 10190 5 deep deep JJ 43431 10190 6 and and CC 43431 10190 7 there there EX 43431 10190 8 is be VBZ 43431 10190 9 no no DT 43431 10190 10 ent ent JJ 43431 10190 11 - - HYPH 43431 10190 12 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10190 13 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10190 14 . . . 43431 10191 1 The the DT 43431 10191 2 radius radius NN 43431 10191 3 is be VBZ 43431 10191 4 curved curve VBN 43431 10191 5 and and CC 43431 10191 6 has have VBZ 43431 10191 7 a a DT 43431 10191 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10191 9 proximal proximal NN 43431 10191 10 , , , 43431 10191 11 and and CC 43431 10191 12 expanded expand VBN 43431 10191 13 distal distal JJ 43431 10191 14 end end NN 43431 10191 15 , , , 43431 10191 16 the the DT 43431 10191 17 ulna ulna NN 43431 10191 18 is be VBZ 43431 10191 19 straighter straight JJR 43431 10191 20 than than IN 43431 10191 21 the the DT 43431 10191 22 radius radius NN 43431 10191 23 and and CC 43431 10191 24 has have VBZ 43431 10191 25 the the DT 43431 10191 26 distal distal JJ 43431 10191 27 end end NN 43431 10191 28 much much RB 43431 10191 29 smaller small JJR 43431 10191 30 than than IN 43431 10191 31 the the DT 43431 10191 32 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10191 33 ; ; : 43431 10191 34 the the DT 43431 10191 35 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10191 36 is be VBZ 43431 10191 37 not not RB 43431 10191 38 much much RB 43431 10191 39 developed develop VBN 43431 10191 40 . . . 43431 10192 1 In in IN 43431 10192 2 the the DT 43431 10192 3 lower low JJR 43431 10192 4 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 10192 5 , , , 43431 10192 6 although although IN 43431 10192 7 the the DT 43431 10192 8 radius radius NN 43431 10192 9 and and CC 43431 10192 10 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10192 11 are be VBP 43431 10192 12 always always RB 43431 10192 13 quite quite RB 43431 10192 14 separate separate JJ 43431 10192 15 , , , 43431 10192 16 the the DT 43431 10192 17 power power NN 43431 10192 18 of of IN 43431 10192 19 pronation pronation NN 43431 10192 20 and and CC 43431 10192 21 supination supination NN 43431 10192 22 is be VBZ 43431 10192 23 not not RB 43431 10192 24 nearly nearly RB 43431 10192 25 so so RB 43431 10192 26 great great JJ 43431 10192 27 as as IN 43431 10192 28 in in IN 43431 10192 29 the the DT 43431 10192 30 higher high JJR 43431 10192 31 forms form NNS 43431 10192 32 . . . 43431 10193 1 In in IN 43431 10193 2 most most JJS 43431 10193 3 of of IN 43431 10193 4 the the DT 43431 10193 5 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 10193 6 and and CC 43431 10193 7 Lemurs Lemurs NNP 43431 10193 8 an an DT 43431 10193 9 ent ent NN 43431 10193 10 - - HYPH 43431 10193 11 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10193 12 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10193 13 occurs occur VBZ 43431 10193 14 . . . 43431 10194 1 THE the DT 43431 10194 2 MANUS MANUS NNP 43431 10194 3 . . . 43431 10195 1 The the DT 43431 10195 2 Manus Manus NNP 43431 10195 3 is be VBZ 43431 10195 4 divisible divisible JJ 43431 10195 5 into into IN 43431 10195 6 two two CD 43431 10195 7 parts part NNS 43431 10195 8 , , , 43431 10195 9 viz viz NN 43431 10195 10 . . . 43431 10196 1 the the DT 43431 10196 2 carpus carpus NN 43431 10196 3 or or CC 43431 10196 4 wrist wrist NN 43431 10196 5 , , , 43431 10196 6 and and CC 43431 10196 7 the the DT 43431 10196 8 hand hand NN 43431 10196 9 which which WDT 43431 10196 10 is be VBZ 43431 10196 11 composed compose VBN 43431 10196 12 of of IN 43431 10196 13 the the DT 43431 10196 14 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10196 15 and and CC 43431 10196 16 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10196 17 . . . 43431 10197 1 The the DT 43431 10197 2 carpal carpal NN 43431 10197 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10197 4 are be VBP 43431 10197 5 always always RB 43431 10197 6 modified modify VBN 43431 10197 7 from from IN 43431 10197 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10197 9 primitive primitive JJ 43431 10197 10 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 10197 11 , , , 43431 10197 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10197 13 more more JJR 43431 10197 14 , , , 43431 10197 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10197 16 less less JJR 43431 10197 17 . . . 43431 10198 1 One one CD 43431 10198 2 modification modification NN 43431 10198 3 however however RB 43431 10198 4 is be VBZ 43431 10198 5 always always RB 43431 10198 6 found find VBN 43431 10198 7 in in IN 43431 10198 8 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10198 9 , , , 43431 10198 10 viz viz NN 43431 10198 11 . . . 43431 10199 1 the the DT 43431 10199 2 union union NNP 43431 10199 3 of of IN 43431 10199 4 carpalia carpalia NNP 43431 10199 5 , , , 43431 10199 6 4 4 CD 43431 10199 7 and and CC 43431 10199 8 5 5 CD 43431 10199 9 to to TO 43431 10199 10 form form VB 43431 10199 11 the the DT 43431 10199 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10199 13 unciform unciform NN 43431 10199 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10199 15 bone bone NN 43431 10199 16 . . . 43431 10200 1 Two two CD 43431 10200 2 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10200 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10200 4 are be VBP 43431 10200 5 commonly commonly RB 43431 10200 6 developed develop VBN 43431 10200 7 , , , 43431 10200 8 one one CD 43431 10200 9 on on IN 43431 10200 10 each each DT 43431 10200 11 side side NN 43431 10200 12 of of IN 43431 10200 13 the the DT 43431 10200 14 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10200 15 , , , 43431 10200 16 the the DT 43431 10200 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10200 18 pisiform pisiform NN 43431 10200 19 _ _ NNP 43431 10200 20 or or CC 43431 10200 21 one one CD 43431 10200 22 on on IN 43431 10200 23 the the DT 43431 10200 24 ulnar ulnar NN 43431 10200 25 side side NN 43431 10200 26 being be VBG 43431 10200 27 much much RB 43431 10200 28 the the DT 43431 10200 29 larger large JJR 43431 10200 30 and and CC 43431 10200 31 more more RBR 43431 10200 32 constant constant JJ 43431 10200 33 : : : 43431 10200 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10200 35 has have VBZ 43431 10200 36 been be VBN 43431 10200 37 suggested suggest VBN 43431 10200 38 that that IN 43431 10200 39 these these DT 43431 10200 40 represent represent VBP 43431 10200 41 respectively respectively RB 43431 10200 42 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10200 43 of of IN 43431 10200 44 a a DT 43431 10200 45 prepollex prepollex NN 43431 10200 46 and and CC 43431 10200 47 a a DT 43431 10200 48 post post JJ 43431 10200 49 - - JJ 43431 10200 50 minimus minimus JJ 43431 10200 51 digit[172 digit[172 NN 43431 10200 52 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10200 53 . . . 43431 10201 1 One one CD 43431 10201 2 or or CC 43431 10201 3 more more JJR 43431 10201 4 of of IN 43431 10201 5 the the DT 43431 10201 6 five five CD 43431 10201 7 digits digit NNS 43431 10201 8 commonly commonly RB 43431 10201 9 present present JJ 43431 10201 10 may may MD 43431 10201 11 be be VB 43431 10201 12 lost lose VBN 43431 10201 13 , , , 43431 10201 14 and and CC 43431 10201 15 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10201 16 all all DT 43431 10201 17 are be VBP 43431 10201 18 lost lose VBN 43431 10201 19 except except IN 43431 10201 20 the the DT 43431 10201 21 third third JJ 43431 10201 22 . . . 43431 10202 1 The the DT 43431 10202 2 terminal terminal JJ 43431 10202 3 or or CC 43431 10202 4 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10202 5 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10202 6 of of IN 43431 10202 7 the the DT 43431 10202 8 digits digit NNS 43431 10202 9 are be VBP 43431 10202 10 commonly commonly RB 43431 10202 11 specially specially RB 43431 10202 12 modified modify VBN 43431 10202 13 to to TO 43431 10202 14 support support VB 43431 10202 15 nails nail NNS 43431 10202 16 , , , 43431 10202 17 claws claw NNS 43431 10202 18 , , , 43431 10202 19 or or CC 43431 10202 20 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 10202 21 . . . 43431 10203 1 There there EX 43431 10203 2 are be VBP 43431 10203 3 as as IN 43431 10203 4 a a DT 43431 10203 5 rule rule NN 43431 10203 6 two two CD 43431 10203 7 small small JJ 43431 10203 8 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10203 9 bones bone NNS 43431 10203 10 developed develop VBN 43431 10203 11 on on IN 43431 10203 12 the the DT 43431 10203 13 ventral ventral NN 43431 10203 14 or or CC 43431 10203 15 flexor flexor VB 43431 10203 16 side side NN 43431 10203 17 of of IN 43431 10203 18 the the DT 43431 10203 19 metacarpo metacarpo NN 43431 10203 20 - - HYPH 43431 10203 21 phalangeal phalangeal NN 43431 10203 22 articulations articulation NNS 43431 10203 23 , , , 43431 10203 24 and and CC 43431 10203 25 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10203 26 similar similar JJ 43431 10203 27 bones bone NNS 43431 10203 28 occur occur VBP 43431 10203 29 on on IN 43431 10203 30 the the DT 43431 10203 31 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 10203 32 or or CC 43431 10203 33 extensor extensor NN 43431 10203 34 side side NN 43431 10203 35 . . . 43431 10204 1 MONOTREMATA MONOTREMATA NNP 43431 10204 2 . . . 43431 10205 1 In in IN 43431 10205 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10205 3 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 10205 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10205 5 the the DT 43431 10205 6 carpus carpus NN 43431 10205 7 is be VBZ 43431 10205 8 broad broad JJ 43431 10205 9 , , , 43431 10205 10 the the DT 43431 10205 11 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10205 12 and and CC 43431 10205 13 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10205 14 are be VBP 43431 10205 15 united united JJ 43431 10205 16 and and CC 43431 10205 17 there there EX 43431 10205 18 is be VBZ 43431 10205 19 no no DT 43431 10205 20 centrale centrale NN 43431 10205 21 . . . 43431 10206 1 The the DT 43431 10206 2 pisiform pisiform NN 43431 10206 3 is be VBZ 43431 10206 4 large large JJ 43431 10206 5 and and CC 43431 10206 6 several several JJ 43431 10206 7 other other JJ 43431 10206 8 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10206 9 bones bone NNS 43431 10206 10 occur occur VBP 43431 10206 11 . . . 43431 10207 1 Each each DT 43431 10207 2 of of IN 43431 10207 3 the the DT 43431 10207 4 five five CD 43431 10207 5 digits digit NNS 43431 10207 6 is be VBZ 43431 10207 7 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10207 8 by by IN 43431 10207 9 a a DT 43431 10207 10 large large JJ 43431 10207 11 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10207 12 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10207 13 . . . 43431 10208 1 In in IN 43431 10208 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10208 3 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 10208 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10208 5 the the DT 43431 10208 6 manus manus NN 43431 10208 7 is be VBZ 43431 10208 8 more more RBR 43431 10208 9 slender slend JJR 43431 10208 10 , , , 43431 10208 11 but but CC 43431 10208 12 the the DT 43431 10208 13 general general JJ 43431 10208 14 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 10208 15 is be VBZ 43431 10208 16 the the DT 43431 10208 17 same same JJ 43431 10208 18 as as IN 43431 10208 19 in in IN 43431 10208 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10208 21 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 10208 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10208 23 . . . 43431 10209 1 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 10209 2 . . . 43431 10210 1 The the DT 43431 10210 2 carpus carpus NN 43431 10210 3 has have VBZ 43431 10210 4 no no DT 43431 10210 5 centrale centrale NN 43431 10210 6 and and CC 43431 10210 7 the the DT 43431 10210 8 lunar lunar NN 43431 10210 9 is be VBZ 43431 10210 10 generally generally RB 43431 10210 11 small small JJ 43431 10210 12 or or CC 43431 10210 13 absent absent JJ 43431 10210 14 . . . 43431 10211 1 Five five CD 43431 10211 2 digits digit NNS 43431 10211 3 are be VBP 43431 10211 4 almost almost RB 43431 10211 5 always always RB 43431 10211 6 present present JJ 43431 10211 7 . . . 43431 10212 1 In in IN 43431 10212 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10212 3 Choeropus Choeropus NNP 43431 10212 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10212 5 however however RB 43431 10212 6 the the DT 43431 10212 7 only only JJ 43431 10212 8 two two CD 43431 10212 9 functional functional JJ 43431 10212 10 digits digit NNS 43431 10212 11 are be VBP 43431 10212 12 the the DT 43431 10212 13 second second JJ 43431 10212 14 and and CC 43431 10212 15 third third JJ 43431 10212 16 , , , 43431 10212 17 which which WDT 43431 10212 18 have have VBP 43431 10212 19 very very RB 43431 10212 20 long long RB 43431 10212 21 closely closely RB 43431 10212 22 apposed appose VBN 43431 10212 23 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10212 24 ; ; : 43431 10212 25 the the DT 43431 10212 26 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10212 27 digit digit NN 43431 10212 28 is be VBZ 43431 10212 29 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10212 30 , , , 43431 10212 31 but but CC 43431 10212 32 has have VBZ 43431 10212 33 the the DT 43431 10212 34 normal normal JJ 43431 10212 35 number number NN 43431 10212 36 of of IN 43431 10212 37 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10212 38 , , , 43431 10212 39 while while IN 43431 10212 40 the the DT 43431 10212 41 first first JJ 43431 10212 42 and and CC 43431 10212 43 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10212 44 are be VBP 43431 10212 45 absent absent JJ 43431 10212 46 . . . 43431 10213 1 The the DT 43431 10213 2 manus manus NN 43431 10213 3 in in IN 43431 10213 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10213 5 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10213 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10213 7 is be VBZ 43431 10213 8 extraordinarily extraordinarily RB 43431 10213 9 modified modify VBN 43431 10213 10 , , , 43431 10213 11 the the DT 43431 10213 12 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10213 13 and and CC 43431 10213 14 all all PDT 43431 10213 15 the the DT 43431 10213 16 distal distal JJ 43431 10213 17 carpalia carpalia NNS 43431 10213 18 are be VBP 43431 10213 19 apparently apparently RB 43431 10213 20 fused fuse VBN 43431 10213 21 , , , 43431 10213 22 the the DT 43431 10213 23 first first JJ 43431 10213 24 , , , 43431 10213 25 second second JJ 43431 10213 26 , , , 43431 10213 27 and and CC 43431 10213 28 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10213 29 digits digit NNS 43431 10213 30 are be VBP 43431 10213 31 very very RB 43431 10213 32 small small JJ 43431 10213 33 , , , 43431 10213 34 the the DT 43431 10213 35 third third JJ 43431 10213 36 and and CC 43431 10213 37 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10213 38 , , , 43431 10213 39 though though IN 43431 10213 40 having have VBG 43431 10213 41 only only RB 43431 10213 42 one one CD 43431 10213 43 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10213 44 apiece apiece RB 43431 10213 45 , , , 43431 10213 46 bear bear VB 43431 10213 47 each each DT 43431 10213 48 an an DT 43431 10213 49 enormous enormous JJ 43431 10213 50 claw claw NN 43431 10213 51 . . . 43431 10214 1 Lying lie VBG 43431 10214 2 on on RP 43431 10214 3 and and CC 43431 10214 4 obscuring obscure VBG 43431 10214 5 the the DT 43431 10214 6 ventral ventral JJ 43431 10214 7 surface surface NN 43431 10214 8 of of IN 43431 10214 9 the the DT 43431 10214 10 manus manus NN 43431 10214 11 is be VBZ 43431 10214 12 a a DT 43431 10214 13 large large JJ 43431 10214 14 bone bone NN 43431 10214 15 , , , 43431 10214 16 probably probably RB 43431 10214 17 a a DT 43431 10214 18 sesamoid sesamoid NN 43431 10214 19 . . . 43431 10215 1 Among among IN 43431 10215 2 the the DT 43431 10215 3 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 10215 4 there there EX 43431 10215 5 is be VBZ 43431 10215 6 a a DT 43431 10215 7 great great JJ 43431 10215 8 diversity diversity NN 43431 10215 9 in in IN 43431 10215 10 the the DT 43431 10215 11 structure structure NN 43431 10215 12 of of IN 43431 10215 13 the the DT 43431 10215 14 manus manus NN 43431 10215 15 , , , 43431 10215 16 the the DT 43431 10215 17 centrale centrale NN 43431 10215 18 is be VBZ 43431 10215 19 however however RB 43431 10215 20 always always RB 43431 10215 21 wanting want VBG 43431 10215 22 , , , 43431 10215 23 and and CC 43431 10215 24 except except IN 43431 10215 25 in in IN 43431 10215 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10215 27 Manis Manis NNP 43431 10215 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10215 29 the the DT 43431 10215 30 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10215 31 and and CC 43431 10215 32 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10215 33 are be VBP 43431 10215 34 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10215 35 . . . 43431 10216 1 In in IN 43431 10216 2 the the DT 43431 10216 3 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 10216 4 the the DT 43431 10216 5 manus manus NN 43431 10216 6 is be VBZ 43431 10216 7 very very RB 43431 10216 8 long long JJ 43431 10216 9 , , , 43431 10216 10 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10216 11 , , , 43431 10216 12 and and CC 43431 10216 13 curved curved JJ 43431 10216 14 , , , 43431 10216 15 and and CC 43431 10216 16 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10216 17 by by IN 43431 10216 18 two two CD 43431 10216 19 or or CC 43431 10216 20 three three CD 43431 10216 21 long long JJ 43431 10216 22 hooked hook VBN 43431 10216 23 claws claw NNS 43431 10216 24 , , , 43431 10216 25 borne bear VBN 43431 10216 26 by by IN 43431 10216 27 the the DT 43431 10216 28 second second JJ 43431 10216 29 and and CC 43431 10216 30 third third JJ 43431 10216 31 , , , 43431 10216 32 or or CC 43431 10216 33 the the DT 43431 10216 34 second second JJ 43431 10216 35 , , , 43431 10216 36 third third JJ 43431 10216 37 and and CC 43431 10216 38 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10216 39 digits digit NNS 43431 10216 40 . . . 43431 10217 1 The the DT 43431 10217 2 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10217 3 digit digit NN 43431 10217 4 is be VBZ 43431 10217 5 absent absent JJ 43431 10217 6 , , , 43431 10217 7 and and CC 43431 10217 8 the the DT 43431 10217 9 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10217 10 is be VBZ 43431 10217 11 represented represent VBN 43431 10217 12 only only RB 43431 10217 13 by by IN 43431 10217 14 a a DT 43431 10217 15 small small JJ 43431 10217 16 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 10217 17 . . . 43431 10218 1 In in IN 43431 10218 2 the the DT 43431 10218 3 Anteaters anteater NNS 43431 10218 4 the the DT 43431 10218 5 third third JJ 43431 10218 6 digit digit NN 43431 10218 7 is be VBZ 43431 10218 8 greatly greatly RB 43431 10218 9 developed develop VBN 43431 10218 10 and and CC 43431 10218 11 bears bear VBZ 43431 10218 12 a a DT 43431 10218 13 long long RB 43431 10218 14 hooked hook VBN 43431 10218 15 claw claw NN 43431 10218 16 . . . 43431 10219 1 In in IN 43431 10219 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10219 3 Myrmecophaga Myrmecophaga NNP 43431 10219 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10219 5 all all DT 43431 10219 6 five five CD 43431 10219 7 digits digit NNS 43431 10219 8 are be VBP 43431 10219 9 fairly fairly RB 43431 10219 10 well well RB 43431 10219 11 though though IN 43431 10219 12 irregularly irregularly RB 43431 10219 13 developed develop VBN 43431 10219 14 , , , 43431 10219 15 in in IN 43431 10219 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10219 17 Cycloturus Cycloturus NNP 43431 10219 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10219 19 the the DT 43431 10219 20 first first JJ 43431 10219 21 , , , 43431 10219 22 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10219 23 , , , 43431 10219 24 and and CC 43431 10219 25 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10219 26 , , , 43431 10219 27 are be VBP 43431 10219 28 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10219 29 . . . 43431 10220 1 In in IN 43431 10220 2 the the DT 43431 10220 3 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 10220 4 the the DT 43431 10220 5 manus manus NN 43431 10220 6 is be VBZ 43431 10220 7 broad broad JJ 43431 10220 8 , , , 43431 10220 9 and and CC 43431 10220 10 has have VBZ 43431 10220 11 strongly strongly RB 43431 10220 12 developed develop VBN 43431 10220 13 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10220 14 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10220 15 . . . 43431 10221 1 The the DT 43431 10221 2 digits digit NNS 43431 10221 3 , , , 43431 10221 4 though though IN 43431 10221 5 almost almost RB 43431 10221 6 always always RB 43431 10221 7 five five CD 43431 10221 8 in in IN 43431 10221 9 number number NN 43431 10221 10 , , , 43431 10221 11 vary vary VBP 43431 10221 12 much much RB 43431 10221 13 in in IN 43431 10221 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10221 15 relative relative JJ 43431 10221 16 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 10221 17 . . . 43431 10222 1 In in IN 43431 10222 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10222 3 Dasypus Dasypus NNP 43431 10222 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10222 5 they -PRON- PRP 43431 10222 6 are be VBP 43431 10222 7 regular regular JJ 43431 10222 8 , , , 43431 10222 9 but but CC 43431 10222 10 are be VBP 43431 10222 11 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 10222 12 irregular irregular JJ 43431 10222 13 in in IN 43431 10222 14 Priodon Priodon NNP 43431 10222 15 . . . 43431 10223 1 The the DT 43431 10223 2 pollex pollex NN 43431 10223 3 is be VBZ 43431 10223 4 absent absent JJ 43431 10223 5 in in IN 43431 10223 6 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNPS 43431 10223 7 and and CC 43431 10223 8 in in IN 43431 10223 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10223 10 Megatherium Megatherium NNP 43431 10223 11 . . . 43431 10223 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10223 13 In in IN 43431 10223 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10223 15 Megatherium Megatherium NNP 43431 10223 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10223 17 the the DT 43431 10223 18 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10223 19 digit digit NN 43431 10223 20 is be VBZ 43431 10223 21 clawless clawless JJ 43431 10223 22 while while IN 43431 10223 23 the the DT 43431 10223 24 second second JJ 43431 10223 25 , , , 43431 10223 26 third third JJ 43431 10223 27 , , , 43431 10223 28 and and CC 43431 10223 29 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10223 30 bear bear NN 43431 10223 31 enormous enormous JJ 43431 10223 32 claws claws NN 43431 10223 33 . . . 43431 10224 1 In in IN 43431 10224 2 the the DT 43431 10224 3 Manidae Manidae NNP 43431 10224 4 the the DT 43431 10224 5 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10224 6 and and CC 43431 10224 7 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10224 8 are be VBP 43431 10224 9 united united JJ 43431 10224 10 ; ; : 43431 10224 11 five five CD 43431 10224 12 digits digit NNS 43431 10224 13 are be VBP 43431 10224 14 present present JJ 43431 10224 15 , , , 43431 10224 16 the the DT 43431 10224 17 third third JJ 43431 10224 18 and and CC 43431 10224 19 fourth fourth RB 43431 10224 20 being be VBG 43431 10224 21 very very RB 43431 10224 22 large large JJ 43431 10224 23 , , , 43431 10224 24 and and CC 43431 10224 25 all all DT 43431 10224 26 being be VBG 43431 10224 27 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10224 28 by by IN 43431 10224 29 deeply deeply RB 43431 10224 30 cleft cleave VBD 43431 10224 31 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10224 32 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10224 33 . . . 43431 10225 1 In in IN 43431 10225 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10225 3 Orycteropus Orycteropus NNP 43431 10225 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10225 5 the the DT 43431 10225 6 pollex pollex NN 43431 10225 7 is be VBZ 43431 10225 8 absent absent JJ 43431 10225 9 , , , 43431 10225 10 while while IN 43431 10225 11 the the DT 43431 10225 12 other other JJ 43431 10225 13 digits digit NNS 43431 10225 14 are be VBP 43431 10225 15 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10225 16 by by IN 43431 10225 17 pointed pointed JJ 43431 10225 18 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10225 19 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10225 20 . . . 43431 10226 1 In in IN 43431 10226 2 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 10226 3 the the DT 43431 10226 4 general general JJ 43431 10226 5 structure structure NN 43431 10226 6 of of IN 43431 10226 7 the the DT 43431 10226 8 manus manus NN 43431 10226 9 is be VBZ 43431 10226 10 quite quite RB 43431 10226 11 of of IN 43431 10226 12 the the DT 43431 10226 13 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 10226 14 mammalian mammalian JJ 43431 10226 15 type type NN 43431 10226 16 . . . 43431 10227 1 In in IN 43431 10227 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10227 3 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 10227 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10227 5 most most JJS 43431 10227 6 of of IN 43431 10227 7 the the DT 43431 10227 8 bones bone NNS 43431 10227 9 of of IN 43431 10227 10 the the DT 43431 10227 11 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10227 12 are be VBP 43431 10227 13 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10227 14 , , , 43431 10227 15 but but CC 43431 10227 16 in in IN 43431 10227 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10227 18 Halicore Halicore NNP 43431 10227 19 _ _ NNP 43431 10227 20 many many JJ 43431 10227 21 , , , 43431 10227 22 especially especially RB 43431 10227 23 those those DT 43431 10227 24 of of IN 43431 10227 25 the the DT 43431 10227 26 distal distal JJ 43431 10227 27 row row NN 43431 10227 28 , , , 43431 10227 29 have have VBP 43431 10227 30 coalesced coalesce VBN 43431 10227 31 . . . 43431 10228 1 The the DT 43431 10228 2 digits digit NNS 43431 10228 3 are be VBP 43431 10228 4 always always RB 43431 10228 5 five five CD 43431 10228 6 in in IN 43431 10228 7 number number NN 43431 10228 8 and and CC 43431 10228 9 have have VB 43431 10228 10 the the DT 43431 10228 11 normal normal JJ 43431 10228 12 number number NN 43431 10228 13 of of IN 43431 10228 14 flattened flatten VBN 43431 10228 15 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10228 16 . . . 43431 10229 1 In in IN 43431 10229 2 the the DT 43431 10229 3 CETACEA CETACEA NNP 43431 10229 4 , , , 43431 10229 5 on on IN 43431 10229 6 the the DT 43431 10229 7 other other JJ 43431 10229 8 hand hand NN 43431 10229 9 , , , 43431 10229 10 the the DT 43431 10229 11 manus manus NN 43431 10229 12 is be VBZ 43431 10229 13 much much RB 43431 10229 14 modified modify VBN 43431 10229 15 by by IN 43431 10229 16 the the DT 43431 10229 17 fact fact NN 43431 10229 18 that that IN 43431 10229 19 the the DT 43431 10229 20 number number NN 43431 10229 21 of of IN 43431 10229 22 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10229 23 may may MD 43431 10229 24 be be VB 43431 10229 25 greatly greatly RB 43431 10229 26 increased increase VBN 43431 10229 27 above above IN 43431 10229 28 the the DT 43431 10229 29 normal normal JJ 43431 10229 30 number number NN 43431 10229 31 of of IN 43431 10229 32 three three CD 43431 10229 33 , , , 43431 10229 34 thirteen thirteen CD 43431 10229 35 or or CC 43431 10229 36 fourteen fourteen CD 43431 10229 37 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10229 38 occurring occur VBG 43431 10229 39 in in IN 43431 10229 40 each each DT 43431 10229 41 digit digit NN 43431 10229 42 . . . 43431 10230 1 These these DT 43431 10230 2 are be VBP 43431 10230 3 believed believe VBN 43431 10230 4 to to TO 43431 10230 5 be be VB 43431 10230 6 duplicated duplicate VBN 43431 10230 7 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 10230 8 . . . 43431 10231 1 In in IN 43431 10231 2 the the DT 43431 10231 3 Mystacoceti Mystacoceti NNP 43431 10231 4 the the DT 43431 10231 5 manus manus NN 43431 10231 6 remains remain VBZ 43431 10231 7 largely largely RB 43431 10231 8 cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 10231 9 , , , 43431 10231 10 in in IN 43431 10231 11 the the DT 43431 10231 12 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 10231 13 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10231 14 is be VBZ 43431 10231 15 better well RBR 43431 10231 16 ossified ossify VBN 43431 10231 17 , , , 43431 10231 18 and and CC 43431 10231 19 the the DT 43431 10231 20 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10231 21 commonly commonly RB 43431 10231 22 have have VBP 43431 10231 23 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 10231 24 at at IN 43431 10231 25 both both DT 43431 10231 26 ends end NNS 43431 10231 27 . . . 43431 10232 1 In in IN 43431 10232 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10232 3 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 10232 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10232 5 the the DT 43431 10232 6 carpal carpal NN 43431 10232 7 bones bone NNS 43431 10232 8 also also RB 43431 10232 9 have have VBP 43431 10232 10 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 10232 11 . . . 43431 10233 1 The the DT 43431 10233 2 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10233 3 generally generally RB 43431 10233 4 consists consist VBZ 43431 10233 5 of of IN 43431 10233 6 six six CD 43431 10233 7 bones bone NNS 43431 10233 8 arranged arrange VBN 43431 10233 9 in in IN 43431 10233 10 two two CD 43431 10233 11 rows row NNS 43431 10233 12 of of IN 43431 10233 13 three three CD 43431 10233 14 each each DT 43431 10233 15 . . . 43431 10234 1 Five five CD 43431 10234 2 digits digit NNS 43431 10234 3 are be VBP 43431 10234 4 generally generally RB 43431 10234 5 present present JJ 43431 10234 6 , , , 43431 10234 7 but but CC 43431 10234 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10234 9 as as IN 43431 10234 10 in in IN 43431 10234 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10234 12 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 10234 13 musculus musculus NN 43431 10234 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10234 15 , , , 43431 10234 16 there there EX 43431 10234 17 are be VBP 43431 10234 18 four four CD 43431 10234 19 , , , 43431 10234 20 the the DT 43431 10234 21 third third JJ 43431 10234 22 being be VBG 43431 10234 23 suppressed suppress VBN 43431 10234 24 . . . 43431 10235 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10235 2 relative relative JJ 43431 10235 3 development development NN 43431 10235 4 varies vary VBZ 43431 10235 5 much much JJ 43431 10235 6 . . . 43431 10236 1 The the DT 43431 10236 2 Sperm Sperm NNP 43431 10236 3 Whale Whale NNP 43431 10236 4 which which WDT 43431 10236 5 till till IN 43431 10236 6 recently recently RB 43431 10236 7 was be VBD 43431 10236 8 placed place VBN 43431 10236 9 in in IN 43431 10236 10 the the DT 43431 10236 11 entrance entrance NN 43431 10236 12 hall hall NN 43431 10236 13 of of IN 43431 10236 14 the the DT 43431 10236 15 Natural Natural NNP 43431 10236 16 History History NNP 43431 10236 17 Museum Museum NNP 43431 10236 18 at at IN 43431 10236 19 South South NNP 43431 10236 20 Kensington Kensington NNP 43431 10236 21 has have VBZ 43431 10236 22 one one CD 43431 10236 23 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10236 24 to to IN 43431 10236 25 the the DT 43431 10236 26 first first JJ 43431 10236 27 digit digit NN 43431 10236 28 , , , 43431 10236 29 four four CD 43431 10236 30 to to IN 43431 10236 31 the the DT 43431 10236 32 second second JJ 43431 10236 33 , , , 43431 10236 34 five five CD 43431 10236 35 to to IN 43431 10236 36 the the DT 43431 10236 37 third third JJ 43431 10236 38 , , , 43431 10236 39 four four CD 43431 10236 40 to to IN 43431 10236 41 the the DT 43431 10236 42 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10236 43 , , , 43431 10236 44 and and CC 43431 10236 45 three three CD 43431 10236 46 to to IN 43431 10236 47 the the DT 43431 10236 48 fifth fifth NN 43431 10236 49 . . . 43431 10237 1 Generally generally RB 43431 10237 2 the the DT 43431 10237 3 manus manus NN 43431 10237 4 is be VBZ 43431 10237 5 short short JJ 43431 10237 6 and and CC 43431 10237 7 broad broad JJ 43431 10237 8 , , , 43431 10237 9 but but CC 43431 10237 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10237 11 , , , 43431 10237 12 as as IN 43431 10237 13 in in IN 43431 10237 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10237 15 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 10237 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10237 17 , , , 43431 10237 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10237 19 is be VBZ 43431 10237 20 much much RB 43431 10237 21 elongated elongate VBN 43431 10237 22 owing owing NN 43431 10237 23 to to IN 43431 10237 24 the the DT 43431 10237 25 great great JJ 43431 10237 26 development development NN 43431 10237 27 of of IN 43431 10237 28 the the DT 43431 10237 29 second second JJ 43431 10237 30 and and CC 43431 10237 31 third third JJ 43431 10237 32 digits digit NNS 43431 10237 33 . . . 43431 10238 1 UNGULATA[173 ungulata[173 LS 43431 10238 2 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10238 3 . . . 43431 10239 1 The the DT 43431 10239 2 manus manus NN 43431 10239 3 of of IN 43431 10239 4 the the DT 43431 10239 5 members member NNS 43431 10239 6 of of IN 43431 10239 7 this this DT 43431 10239 8 great great JJ 43431 10239 9 order order NN 43431 10239 10 is be VBZ 43431 10239 11 of of IN 43431 10239 12 very very RB 43431 10239 13 great great JJ 43431 10239 14 classificatory classificatory NN 43431 10239 15 and and CC 43431 10239 16 morphological morphological JJ 43431 10239 17 importance importance NN 43431 10239 18 . . . 43431 10240 1 All all PDT 43431 10240 2 the the DT 43431 10240 3 members member NNS 43431 10240 4 agree agree VBP 43431 10240 5 in in IN 43431 10240 6 having have VBG 43431 10240 7 the the DT 43431 10240 8 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10240 9 and and CC 43431 10240 10 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10240 11 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10240 12 , , , 43431 10240 13 and and CC 43431 10240 14 in in IN 43431 10240 15 almost almost RB 43431 10240 16 every every DT 43431 10240 17 case case NN 43431 10240 18 the the DT 43431 10240 19 ends end NNS 43431 10240 20 of of IN 43431 10240 21 the the DT 43431 10240 22 digits digit NNS 43431 10240 23 are be VBP 43431 10240 24 either either RB 43431 10240 25 encased encase VBN 43431 10240 26 in in IN 43431 10240 27 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 10240 28 or or CC 43431 10240 29 provided provide VBN 43431 10240 30 with with IN 43431 10240 31 broad broad JJ 43431 10240 32 flat flat JJ 43431 10240 33 nails nail NNS 43431 10240 34 . . . 43431 10241 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10241 2 is be VBZ 43431 10241 3 by by IN 43431 10241 4 means mean NNS 43431 10241 5 of of IN 43431 10241 6 characters character NNS 43431 10241 7 derived derive VBN 43431 10241 8 from from IN 43431 10241 9 the the DT 43431 10241 10 manus manus NN 43431 10241 11 and and CC 43431 10241 12 pes pe NNS 43431 10241 13 that that WDT 43431 10241 14 the the DT 43431 10241 15 group group NN 43431 10241 16 is be VBZ 43431 10241 17 subdivided subdivide VBN 43431 10241 18 into into IN 43431 10241 19 the the DT 43431 10241 20 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 10241 21 vera vera NN 43431 10241 22 and and CC 43431 10241 23 the the DT 43431 10241 24 Subungulata Subungulata NNP 43431 10241 25 . . . 43431 10242 1 In in IN 43431 10242 2 the the DT 43431 10242 3 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 10242 4 VERA VERA NNP 43431 10242 5 the the DT 43431 10242 6 manus manus NN 43431 10242 7 is be VBZ 43431 10242 8 never never RB 43431 10242 9 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 10242 10 , , , 43431 10242 11 and and CC 43431 10242 12 there there EX 43431 10242 13 are be VBP 43431 10242 14 not not RB 43431 10242 15 more more JJR 43431 10242 16 than than IN 43431 10242 17 four four CD 43431 10242 18 digits digit NNS 43431 10242 19 , , , 43431 10242 20 the the DT 43431 10242 21 pollex pollex NN 43431 10242 22 being be VBG 43431 10242 23 almost almost RB 43431 10242 24 always always RB 43431 10242 25 completely completely RB 43431 10242 26 suppressed suppress VBN 43431 10242 27 : : : 43431 10242 28 in in IN 43431 10242 29 _ _ NNP 43431 10242 30 Cotylops Cotylops NNP 43431 10242 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10242 32 among among IN 43431 10242 33 extinct extinct JJ 43431 10242 34 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 10242 35 however however RB 43431 10242 36 a a DT 43431 10242 37 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10242 38 pollex pollex NN 43431 10242 39 is be VBZ 43431 10242 40 found find VBN 43431 10242 41 . . . 43431 10243 1 The the DT 43431 10243 2 centrale centrale NN 43431 10243 3 is be VBZ 43431 10243 4 absent absent JJ 43431 10243 5 , , , 43431 10243 6 and and CC 43431 10243 7 the the DT 43431 10243 8 magnum magnum NN 43431 10243 9 articulates articulate NNS 43431 10243 10 freely freely RB 43431 10243 11 with with IN 43431 10243 12 the the DT 43431 10243 13 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10243 14 , , , 43431 10243 15 and and CC 43431 10243 16 is be VBZ 43431 10243 17 separated separate VBN 43431 10243 18 from from IN 43431 10243 19 the the DT 43431 10243 20 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10243 21 by by IN 43431 10243 22 the the DT 43431 10243 23 unciform unciform NN 43431 10243 24 and and CC 43431 10243 25 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10243 26 . . . 43431 10244 1 All all PDT 43431 10244 2 the the DT 43431 10244 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10244 4 of of IN 43431 10244 5 the the DT 43431 10244 6 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10244 7 interlock interlock NN 43431 10244 8 strongly strongly RB 43431 10244 9 , , , 43431 10244 10 and and CC 43431 10244 11 the the DT 43431 10244 12 axis axi NNS 43431 10244 13 of of IN 43431 10244 14 the the DT 43431 10244 15 third third JJ 43431 10244 16 digit digit NN 43431 10244 17 passes pass VBZ 43431 10244 18 through through IN 43431 10244 19 the the DT 43431 10244 20 magnum magnum NN 43431 10244 21 and and CC 43431 10244 22 between between IN 43431 10244 23 the the DT 43431 10244 24 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10244 25 and and CC 43431 10244 26 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10244 27 . . . 43431 10245 1 There there EX 43431 10245 2 is be VBZ 43431 10245 3 a a DT 43431 10245 4 very very RB 43431 10245 5 strong strong JJ 43431 10245 6 distinction distinction NN 43431 10245 7 between between IN 43431 10245 8 the the DT 43431 10245 9 manus manus NN 43431 10245 10 of of IN 43431 10245 11 the the DT 43431 10245 12 suborders suborder NNS 43431 10245 13 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 10245 14 and and CC 43431 10245 15 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNP 43431 10245 16 . . . 43431 10246 1 In in IN 43431 10246 2 the the DT 43431 10246 3 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 10246 4 the the DT 43431 10246 5 axis axi NNS 43431 10246 6 of of IN 43431 10246 7 the the DT 43431 10246 8 manus manus NN 43431 10246 9 passes pass NNS 43431 10246 10 between between IN 43431 10246 11 the the DT 43431 10246 12 third third JJ 43431 10246 13 and and CC 43431 10246 14 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10246 15 digits digit NNS 43431 10246 16 , , , 43431 10246 17 which which WDT 43431 10246 18 are be VBP 43431 10246 19 almost almost RB 43431 10246 20 equally equally RB 43431 10246 21 developed develop VBN 43431 10246 22 and and CC 43431 10246 23 , , , 43431 10246 24 except except IN 43431 10246 25 in in IN 43431 10246 26 the the DT 43431 10246 27 Hippopotami Hippopotami NNP 43431 10246 28 and and CC 43431 10246 29 some some DT 43431 10246 30 extinct extinct JJ 43431 10246 31 forms form NNS 43431 10246 32 such such JJ 43431 10246 33 as as IN 43431 10246 34 _ _ NNP 43431 10246 35 Anoplotherium Anoplotherium NNP 43431 10246 36 _ _ NNP 43431 10246 37 , , , 43431 10246 38 have have VBP 43431 10246 39 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10246 40 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10246 41 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10246 42 flattened flatten VBD 43431 10246 43 on on IN 43431 10246 44 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10246 45 contiguous contiguous JJ 43431 10246 46 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10246 47 . . . 43431 10247 1 In in IN 43431 10247 2 all all DT 43431 10247 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10247 4 ARTIODACTYLA ARTIODACTYLA NNP 43431 10247 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10247 6 the the DT 43431 10247 7 third third JJ 43431 10247 8 and and CC 43431 10247 9 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10247 10 digits digit NNS 43431 10247 11 are be VBP 43431 10247 12 large large JJ 43431 10247 13 , , , 43431 10247 14 but but CC 43431 10247 15 a a DT 43431 10247 16 gradual gradual JJ 43431 10247 17 reduction reduction NN 43431 10247 18 in in IN 43431 10247 19 the the DT 43431 10247 20 second second JJ 43431 10247 21 and and CC 43431 10247 22 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10247 23 can can MD 43431 10247 24 be be VB 43431 10247 25 well well RB 43431 10247 26 traced trace VBN 43431 10247 27 . . . 43431 10248 1 Thus thus RB 43431 10248 2 in in IN 43431 10248 3 the the DT 43431 10248 4 Suina Suina NNP 43431 10248 5 the the DT 43431 10248 6 second second JJ 43431 10248 7 and and CC 43431 10248 8 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10248 9 digits digit NNS 43431 10248 10 , , , 43431 10248 11 though though IN 43431 10248 12 smaller small JJR 43431 10248 13 than than IN 43431 10248 14 the the DT 43431 10248 15 third third JJ 43431 10248 16 and and CC 43431 10248 17 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10248 18 , , , 43431 10248 19 are be VBP 43431 10248 20 well well RB 43431 10248 21 developed developed JJ 43431 10248 22 and and CC 43431 10248 23 all all DT 43431 10248 24 four four CD 43431 10248 25 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10248 26 are be VBP 43431 10248 27 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10248 28 . . . 43431 10249 1 In in IN 43431 10249 2 the the DT 43431 10249 3 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 10249 4 too too RB 43431 10249 5 all all DT 43431 10249 6 four four CD 43431 10249 7 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10249 8 are be VBP 43431 10249 9 developed develop VBN 43431 10249 10 , , , 43431 10249 11 and and CC 43431 10249 12 in in IN 43431 10249 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10249 14 Dorcatherium Dorcatherium NNP 43431 10249 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10249 16 the the DT 43431 10249 17 third third JJ 43431 10249 18 and and CC 43431 10249 19 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10249 20 commonly commonly RB 43431 10249 21 remain remain VBP 43431 10249 22 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10249 23 as as IN 43431 10249 24 in in IN 43431 10249 25 the the DT 43431 10249 26 Suina Suina NNP 43431 10249 27 . . . 43431 10250 1 In in IN 43431 10250 2 the the DT 43431 10250 3 other other JJ 43431 10250 4 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 10250 5 however however RB 43431 10250 6 the the DT 43431 10250 7 third third JJ 43431 10250 8 and and CC 43431 10250 9 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10250 10 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10250 11 are be VBP 43431 10250 12 almost almost RB 43431 10250 13 always always RB 43431 10250 14 united united JJ 43431 10250 15 , , , 43431 10250 16 though though IN 43431 10250 17 indications indication NNS 43431 10250 18 of of IN 43431 10250 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10250 20 separate separate JJ 43431 10250 21 origin origin NN 43431 10250 22 remain remain VBP 43431 10250 23 . . . 43431 10251 1 In in IN 43431 10251 2 some some DT 43431 10251 3 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 10251 4 , , , 43431 10251 5 such such JJ 43431 10251 6 as as IN 43431 10251 7 many many JJ 43431 10251 8 Deer Deer NNS 43431 10251 9 , , , 43431 10251 10 the the DT 43431 10251 11 second second JJ 43431 10251 12 and and CC 43431 10251 13 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10251 14 digits digit NNS 43431 10251 15 are be VBP 43431 10251 16 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10251 17 to to TO 43431 10251 18 minute minute VB 43431 10251 19 splint splint NN 43431 10251 20 bones bone NNS 43431 10251 21 attached attach VBN 43431 10251 22 to to IN 43431 10251 23 the the DT 43431 10251 24 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10251 25 end end NN 43431 10251 26 of of IN 43431 10251 27 the the DT 43431 10251 28 fused fuse VBN 43431 10251 29 third third JJ 43431 10251 30 and and CC 43431 10251 31 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10251 32 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10251 33 , , , 43431 10251 34 and and CC 43431 10251 35 to to IN 43431 10251 36 small small JJ 43431 10251 37 hoof hoof NN 43431 10251 38 - - HYPH 43431 10251 39 bearing bear VBG 43431 10251 40 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10251 41 , , , 43431 10251 42 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10251 43 attached attach VBN 43431 10251 44 to to IN 43431 10251 45 splint splint NN 43431 10251 46 - - HYPH 43431 10251 47 like like JJ 43431 10251 48 distal distal JJ 43431 10251 49 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10251 50 of of IN 43431 10251 51 the the DT 43431 10251 52 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10251 53 , , , 43431 10251 54 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10251 55 altogether altogether RB 43431 10251 56 unconnected unconnected JJ 43431 10251 57 with with IN 43431 10251 58 any any DT 43431 10251 59 other other JJ 43431 10251 60 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 10251 61 structures structure NNS 43431 10251 62 . . . 43431 10252 1 In in IN 43431 10252 2 some some DT 43431 10252 3 other other JJ 43431 10252 4 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 10252 5 , , , 43431 10252 6 such such JJ 43431 10252 7 as as IN 43431 10252 8 the the DT 43431 10252 9 Sheep Sheep NNP 43431 10252 10 and and CC 43431 10252 11 Oxen Oxen NNP 43431 10252 12 , , , 43431 10252 13 the the DT 43431 10252 14 only only JJ 43431 10252 15 remnants remnant NNS 43431 10252 16 of of IN 43431 10252 17 the the DT 43431 10252 18 second second JJ 43431 10252 19 and and CC 43431 10252 20 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10252 21 digits digit NNS 43431 10252 22 are be VBP 43431 10252 23 nodules nodule NNS 43431 10252 24 of of IN 43431 10252 25 bone bone NN 43431 10252 26 supporting support VBG 43431 10252 27 the the DT 43431 10252 28 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 10252 29 , , , 43431 10252 30 and and CC 43431 10252 31 in in IN 43431 10252 32 others other NNS 43431 10252 33 , , , 43431 10252 34 such such JJ 43431 10252 35 as as IN 43431 10252 36 the the DT 43431 10252 37 Giraffe Giraffe NNP 43431 10252 38 , , , 43431 10252 39 _ _ NNP 43431 10252 40 Anoplotherium Anoplotherium NNP 43431 10252 41 commune commune NNP 43431 10252 42 _ _ NNP 43431 10252 43 , , , 43431 10252 44 some some DT 43431 10252 45 Antelopes antelope NNS 43431 10252 46 and and CC 43431 10252 47 the the DT 43431 10252 48 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 10252 49 , , , 43431 10252 50 all all DT 43431 10252 51 traces trace NNS 43431 10252 52 of of IN 43431 10252 53 these these DT 43431 10252 54 digits digit NNS 43431 10252 55 have have VBP 43431 10252 56 disappeared disappear VBN 43431 10252 57 . . . 43431 10253 1 The the DT 43431 10253 2 Camels Camels NNPS 43431 10253 3 differ differ VBP 43431 10253 4 from from IN 43431 10253 5 all all DT 43431 10253 6 living live VBG 43431 10253 7 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 10253 8 vera vera NNP 43431 10253 9 in in IN 43431 10253 10 not not RB 43431 10253 11 having have VBG 43431 10253 12 the the DT 43431 10253 13 distal distal JJ 43431 10253 14 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10253 15 completely completely RB 43431 10253 16 encased encase VBN 43431 10253 17 in in IN 43431 10253 18 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 10253 19 , , , 43431 10253 20 and and CC 43431 10253 21 from from IN 43431 10253 22 all all DT 43431 10253 23 except except IN 43431 10253 24 the the DT 43431 10253 25 Hippopotami Hippopotami NNP 43431 10253 26 in in IN 43431 10253 27 placing place VBG 43431 10253 28 a a DT 43431 10253 29 considerable considerable JJ 43431 10253 30 amount amount NN 43431 10253 31 of of IN 43431 10253 32 the the DT 43431 10253 33 manus manus NN 43431 10253 34 on on IN 43431 10253 35 the the DT 43431 10253 36 ground ground NN 43431 10253 37 in in IN 43431 10253 38 walking walk VBG 43431 10253 39 . . . 43431 10254 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10254 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10254 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10254 4 . . . 43431 10255 1 106 106 CD 43431 10255 2 . . . 43431 10256 1 MANUS manus NN 43431 10256 2 OF of IN 43431 10256 3 PERISSODACTYLES perissodactyle NNS 43431 10256 4 . . . 43431 10257 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10257 2 A. A. NNP 43431 10257 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10257 4 LEFT LEFT NNP 43431 10257 5 MANUS MANUS NNP 43431 10257 6 OF of IN 43431 10257 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10257 8 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 10257 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10257 10 . . . 43431 10258 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10258 2 After after IN 43431 10258 3 VON VON NNP 43431 10258 4 ZITTEL ZITTEL NNP 43431 10258 5 . . . 43431 10258 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10259 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10259 2 B. B. NNP 43431 10259 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10259 4 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 10259 5 MANUS MANUS NNP 43431 10259 6 OF of IN 43431 10259 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10259 8 Titanotherium Titanotherium NNP 43431 10259 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10259 10 . . . 43431 10260 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10260 2 After after IN 43431 10260 3 MARSH MARSH NNP 43431 10260 4 . . . 43431 10260 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10261 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10261 2 C. C. NNP 43431 10261 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10261 4 LEFT LEFT NNP 43431 10261 5 MANUS MANUS NNP 43431 10261 6 OF of IN 43431 10261 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10261 8 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 10261 9 gigantium gigantium NN 43431 10261 10 _ _ XX 43431 10261 11 . . . 43431 10262 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10262 2 After after IN 43431 10262 3 GERVAIS GERVAIS NNP 43431 10262 4 . . . 43431 10262 5 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10263 1 1 1 LS 43431 10263 2 . . . 43431 10263 3 scaphoid scaphoid NNP 43431 10263 4 . . . 43431 10264 1 2 2 LS 43431 10264 2 . . . 43431 10264 3 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10264 4 . . . 43431 10265 1 3 3 LS 43431 10265 2 . . . 43431 10265 3 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10265 4 . . . 43431 10266 1 4 4 LS 43431 10266 2 . . . 43431 10266 3 trapezoid trapezoid NN 43431 10266 4 . . . 43431 10267 1 5 5 LS 43431 10267 2 . . . 43431 10267 3 magnum magnum JJ 43431 10267 4 . . . 43431 10268 1 6 6 LS 43431 10268 2 . . . 43431 10268 3 unciform unciform NN 43431 10268 4 . . . 43431 10269 1 7 7 LS 43431 10269 2 . . . 43431 10269 3 trapezium trapezium NN 43431 10269 4 . . . 43431 10270 1 II II NNP 43431 10270 2 , , , 43431 10270 3 III III NNP 43431 10270 4 , , , 43431 10270 5 IV IV NNP 43431 10270 6 , , , 43431 10270 7 V. V. NNP 43431 10270 8 second second JJ 43431 10270 9 , , , 43431 10270 10 third third JJ 43431 10270 11 , , , 43431 10270 12 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10270 13 and and CC 43431 10270 14 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10270 15 digits digit NNS 43431 10270 16 . . . 43431 10270 17 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10271 1 While while IN 43431 10271 2 the the DT 43431 10271 3 manus manus NN 43431 10271 4 of of IN 43431 10271 5 the the DT 43431 10271 6 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 10271 7 is be VBZ 43431 10271 8 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 10271 9 about about IN 43431 10271 10 a a DT 43431 10271 11 line line NN 43431 10271 12 drawn draw VBN 43431 10271 13 between between IN 43431 10271 14 the the DT 43431 10271 15 third third JJ 43431 10271 16 and and CC 43431 10271 17 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10271 18 digits digit NNS 43431 10271 19 , , , 43431 10271 20 that that DT 43431 10271 21 of of IN 43431 10271 22 the the DT 43431 10271 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10271 24 PERISSODACTYLA PERISSODACTYLA NNP 43431 10271 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10271 26 is be VBZ 43431 10271 27 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 10271 28 about about IN 43431 10271 29 a a DT 43431 10271 30 line line NN 43431 10271 31 drawn draw VBN 43431 10271 32 through through IN 43431 10271 33 the the DT 43431 10271 34 middle middle NN 43431 10271 35 of of IN 43431 10271 36 the the DT 43431 10271 37 third third JJ 43431 10271 38 digit digit NN 43431 10271 39 , , , 43431 10271 40 which which WDT 43431 10271 41 is be VBZ 43431 10271 42 larger large JJR 43431 10271 43 than than IN 43431 10271 44 the the DT 43431 10271 45 others other NNS 43431 10271 46 and and CC 43431 10271 47 has have VBZ 43431 10271 48 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10271 49 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10271 50 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10271 51 evenly evenly RB 43431 10271 52 rounded rounded JJ 43431 10271 53 and and CC 43431 10271 54 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 10271 55 in in IN 43431 10271 56 itself -PRON- PRP 43431 10271 57 . . . 43431 10272 1 The the DT 43431 10272 2 most most RBS 43431 10272 3 reduced reduced JJ 43431 10272 4 manus manus NN 43431 10272 5 in in IN 43431 10272 6 the the DT 43431 10272 7 whole whole NN 43431 10272 8 of of IN 43431 10272 9 the the DT 43431 10272 10 mammalia mammalia NN 43431 10272 11 is be VBZ 43431 10272 12 found find VBN 43431 10272 13 in in IN 43431 10272 14 the the DT 43431 10272 15 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10272 16 and and CC 43431 10272 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10272 18 allies ally NNS 43431 10272 19 , , , 43431 10272 20 in in IN 43431 10272 21 which which WDT 43431 10272 22 the the DT 43431 10272 23 third third JJ 43431 10272 24 digit digit NN 43431 10272 25 , , , 43431 10272 26 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10272 27 by by IN 43431 10272 28 a a DT 43431 10272 29 very very RB 43431 10272 30 wide wide JJ 43431 10272 31 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10272 32 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10272 33 , , , 43431 10272 34 is be VBZ 43431 10272 35 the the DT 43431 10272 36 only only JJ 43431 10272 37 one one CD 43431 10272 38 functional functional NN 43431 10272 39 . . . 43431 10273 1 Small small JJ 43431 10273 2 splint splint NN 43431 10273 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10273 4 representing represent VBG 43431 10273 5 the the DT 43431 10273 6 second second JJ 43431 10273 7 and and CC 43431 10273 8 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10273 9 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10273 10 are be VBP 43431 10273 11 attached attach VBN 43431 10273 12 to to IN 43431 10273 13 the the DT 43431 10273 14 upper upper JJ 43431 10273 15 part part NN 43431 10273 16 of of IN 43431 10273 17 the the DT 43431 10273 18 third third JJ 43431 10273 19 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 10273 20 . . . 43431 10274 1 In in IN 43431 10274 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10274 3 Hipparion_[174 Hipparion_[174 NNP 43431 10274 4 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10274 5 and and CC 43431 10274 6 other other JJ 43431 10274 7 early early JJ 43431 10274 8 horse horse NN 43431 10274 9 - - HYPH 43431 10274 10 like like JJ 43431 10274 11 animals animal NNS 43431 10274 12 the the DT 43431 10274 13 second second JJ 43431 10274 14 and and CC 43431 10274 15 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10274 16 digits digit NNS 43431 10274 17 , , , 43431 10274 18 though though IN 43431 10274 19 very very RB 43431 10274 20 small small JJ 43431 10274 21 and and CC 43431 10274 22 functionless functionless JJ 43431 10274 23 , , , 43431 10274 24 are be VBP 43431 10274 25 complete complete JJ 43431 10274 26 and and CC 43431 10274 27 are be VBP 43431 10274 28 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10274 29 by by IN 43431 10274 30 small small JJ 43431 10274 31 hoofs hoofs NN 43431 10274 32 . . . 43431 10275 1 In in IN 43431 10275 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10275 3 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10275 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10275 5 the the DT 43431 10275 6 second second JJ 43431 10275 7 and and CC 43431 10275 8 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10275 9 digits digit NNS 43431 10275 10 are be VBP 43431 10275 11 equally equally RB 43431 10275 12 developed developed JJ 43431 10275 13 and and CC 43431 10275 14 nearly nearly RB 43431 10275 15 as as RB 43431 10275 16 large large JJ 43431 10275 17 as as IN 43431 10275 18 the the DT 43431 10275 19 third third JJ 43431 10275 20 , , , 43431 10275 21 and and CC 43431 10275 22 reach reach VB 43431 10275 23 the the DT 43431 10275 24 ground ground NN 43431 10275 25 in in IN 43431 10275 26 walking walking NN 43431 10275 27 , , , 43431 10275 28 a a DT 43431 10275 29 vestige vestige NN 43431 10275 30 of of IN 43431 10275 31 the the DT 43431 10275 32 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10275 33 is be VBZ 43431 10275 34 also also RB 43431 10275 35 present present JJ 43431 10275 36 . . . 43431 10276 1 In in IN 43431 10276 2 the the DT 43431 10276 3 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 10276 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10276 5 fig fig NN 43431 10276 6 . . . 43431 10277 1 106 106 CD 43431 10277 2 , , , 43431 10277 3 A a NN 43431 10277 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10277 5 and and CC 43431 10277 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10277 7 Hyracotherium Hyracotherium NNP 43431 10277 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10277 9 the the DT 43431 10277 10 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10277 11 digit digit NN 43431 10277 12 is be VBZ 43431 10277 13 fully fully RB 43431 10277 14 developed develop VBN 43431 10277 15 but but CC 43431 10277 16 is be VBZ 43431 10277 17 scarcely scarcely RB 43431 10277 18 functional functional JJ 43431 10277 19 . . . 43431 10278 1 In in IN 43431 10278 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10278 3 Titanotherium Titanotherium NNP 43431 10278 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10278 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10278 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10278 7 Brontops Brontops NNP 43431 10278 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10278 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10278 10 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10278 11 fig fig NN 43431 10278 12 . . . 43431 10279 1 106 106 CD 43431 10279 2 , , , 43431 10279 3 B b NN 43431 10279 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10279 5 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10279 6 is be VBZ 43431 10279 7 nearly nearly RB 43431 10279 8 as as RB 43431 10279 9 well well RB 43431 10279 10 developed develop VBN 43431 10279 11 as as IN 43431 10279 12 any any DT 43431 10279 13 of of IN 43431 10279 14 the the DT 43431 10279 15 others other NNS 43431 10279 16 , , , 43431 10279 17 and and CC 43431 10279 18 there there EX 43431 10279 19 is be VBZ 43431 10279 20 little little JJ 43431 10279 21 or or CC 43431 10279 22 no no DT 43431 10279 23 difference difference NN 43431 10279 24 between between IN 43431 10279 25 the the DT 43431 10279 26 relative relative JJ 43431 10279 27 development development NN 43431 10279 28 of of IN 43431 10279 29 the the DT 43431 10279 30 third third JJ 43431 10279 31 and and CC 43431 10279 32 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10279 33 digits digit NNS 43431 10279 34 . . . 43431 10280 1 The the DT 43431 10280 2 Chalicotheriidae[175 chalicotheriidae[175 CD 43431 10280 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10280 4 , , , 43431 10280 5 though though IN 43431 10280 6 distinctly distinctly RB 43431 10280 7 Perissodactyles Perissodactyles NNPS 43431 10280 8 in in IN 43431 10280 9 various various JJ 43431 10280 10 respects respect NNS 43431 10280 11 such such JJ 43431 10280 12 as as IN 43431 10280 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10280 14 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10280 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10280 16 and and CC 43431 10280 17 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10280 18 , , , 43431 10280 19 differ differ VBP 43431 10280 20 not not RB 43431 10280 21 only only RB 43431 10280 22 from from IN 43431 10280 23 all all DT 43431 10280 24 other other JJ 43431 10280 25 Perissodactyles Perissodactyles NNPS 43431 10280 26 , , , 43431 10280 27 but but CC 43431 10280 28 from from IN 43431 10280 29 almost almost RB 43431 10280 30 all all DT 43431 10280 31 other other JJ 43431 10280 32 Ungulates Ungulates NNPS 43431 10280 33 , , , 43431 10280 34 in in IN 43431 10280 35 the the DT 43431 10280 36 very very RB 43431 10280 37 abnormal abnormal JJ 43431 10280 38 character character NN 43431 10280 39 of of IN 43431 10280 40 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10280 41 manus manus NN 43431 10280 42 . . . 43431 10281 1 For for CC 43431 10281 2 while while IN 43431 10281 3 the the DT 43431 10281 4 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10281 5 and and CC 43431 10281 6 metacarpus metacarpus NNP 43431 10281 7 are be VBP 43431 10281 8 like like IN 43431 10281 9 those those DT 43431 10281 10 of of IN 43431 10281 11 ordinary ordinary JJ 43431 10281 12 Perissodactyles perissodactyle NNS 43431 10281 13 , , , 43431 10281 14 the the DT 43431 10281 15 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10281 16 resemble resemble VBP 43431 10281 17 those those DT 43431 10281 18 of of IN 43431 10281 19 Edentates Edentates NNPS 43431 10281 20 , , , 43431 10281 21 each each DT 43431 10281 22 second second JJ 43431 10281 23 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10281 24 having have VBG 43431 10281 25 a a DT 43431 10281 26 strongly strongly RB 43431 10281 27 developed developed JJ 43431 10281 28 trochlea trochlea NN 43431 10281 29 , , , 43431 10281 30 and and CC 43431 10281 31 each each DT 43431 10281 32 distal distal JJ 43431 10281 33 one one CD 43431 10281 34 being be VBG 43431 10281 35 curved curve VBN 43431 10281 36 , , , 43431 10281 37 pointed pointed JJ 43431 10281 38 and and CC 43431 10281 39 deeply deeply RB 43431 10281 40 cleft cleave VBN 43431 10281 41 at at IN 43431 10281 42 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10281 43 termination termination NN 43431 10281 44 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10281 45 fig fig NN 43431 10281 46 . . . 43431 10282 1 106 106 CD 43431 10282 2 , , , 43431 10282 3 C C NNP 43431 10282 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10282 5 . . . 43431 10283 1 The the DT 43431 10283 2 Macraucheniidae Macraucheniidae NNP 43431 10283 3 , , , 43431 10283 4 while while IN 43431 10283 5 agreeing agree VBG 43431 10283 6 with with IN 43431 10283 7 Perissodactyles Perissodactyles NNPS 43431 10283 8 in in IN 43431 10283 9 having have VBG 43431 10283 10 only only RB 43431 10283 11 three three CD 43431 10283 12 digits digit NNS 43431 10283 13 , , , 43431 10283 14 with with IN 43431 10283 15 the the DT 43431 10283 16 limb limb NN 43431 10283 17 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 10283 18 about about IN 43431 10283 19 a a DT 43431 10283 20 line line NN 43431 10283 21 drawn draw VBN 43431 10283 22 through through IN 43431 10283 23 the the DT 43431 10283 24 middle middle NN 43431 10283 25 of of IN 43431 10283 26 the the DT 43431 10283 27 third third JJ 43431 10283 28 , , , 43431 10283 29 have have VBP 43431 10283 30 a a DT 43431 10283 31 carpus carpus NN 43431 10283 32 which which WDT 43431 10283 33 approaches approach VBZ 43431 10283 34 closely closely RB 43431 10283 35 to to IN 43431 10283 36 the the DT 43431 10283 37 subungulate subungulate NN 43431 10283 38 condition condition NN 43431 10283 39 , , , 43431 10283 40 the the DT 43431 10283 41 magnum magnum JJ 43431 10283 42 articulating articulating NN 43431 10283 43 regularly regularly RB 43431 10283 44 with with IN 43431 10283 45 the the DT 43431 10283 46 lunar lunar NN 43431 10283 47 , , , 43431 10283 48 and and CC 43431 10283 49 only only RB 43431 10283 50 to to IN 43431 10283 51 a a DT 43431 10283 52 slight slight JJ 43431 10283 53 extent extent NN 43431 10283 54 with with IN 43431 10283 55 the the DT 43431 10283 56 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10283 57 . . . 43431 10284 1 In in IN 43431 10284 2 the the DT 43431 10284 3 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 10284 4 the the DT 43431 10284 5 manus manus NN 43431 10284 6 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10284 7 has have VBZ 43431 10284 8 five five CD 43431 10284 9 functional functional JJ 43431 10284 10 digits digit NNS 43431 10284 11 , , , 43431 10284 12 and and CC 43431 10284 13 a a DT 43431 10284 14 considerable considerable JJ 43431 10284 15 part part NN 43431 10284 16 of of IN 43431 10284 17 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10284 18 rests rest VBZ 43431 10284 19 on on IN 43431 10284 20 the the DT 43431 10284 21 ground ground NN 43431 10284 22 in in IN 43431 10284 23 walking walk VBG 43431 10284 24 . . . 43431 10285 1 The the DT 43431 10285 2 bones bone NNS 43431 10285 3 of of IN 43431 10285 4 the the DT 43431 10285 5 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10285 6 retain retain VBP 43431 10285 7 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10285 8 primitive primitive JJ 43431 10285 9 relation relation NN 43431 10285 10 to to IN 43431 10285 11 one one CD 43431 10285 12 another another DT 43431 10285 13 , , , 43431 10285 14 the the DT 43431 10285 15 magnum magnum JJ 43431 10285 16 articulating articulating NN 43431 10285 17 with with IN 43431 10285 18 the the DT 43431 10285 19 lunar lunar NN 43431 10285 20 , , , 43431 10285 21 but but CC 43431 10285 22 not not RB 43431 10285 23 with with IN 43431 10285 24 the the DT 43431 10285 25 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10285 26 . . . 43431 10286 1 This this DT 43431 10286 2 character character NN 43431 10286 3 does do VBZ 43431 10286 4 not not RB 43431 10286 5 however however RB 43431 10286 6 hold hold VB 43431 10286 7 in in IN 43431 10286 8 the the DT 43431 10286 9 Toxodontia Toxodontia NNP 43431 10286 10 , , , 43431 10286 11 for for IN 43431 10286 12 in in IN 43431 10286 13 most most JJS 43431 10286 14 of of IN 43431 10286 15 the the DT 43431 10286 16 animals animal NNS 43431 10286 17 belonging belong VBG 43431 10286 18 to to IN 43431 10286 19 this this DT 43431 10286 20 group group NN 43431 10286 21 the the DT 43431 10286 22 magnum magnum NN 43431 10286 23 does do VBZ 43431 10286 24 articulate articulate VB 43431 10286 25 with with IN 43431 10286 26 the the DT 43431 10286 27 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10286 28 . . . 43431 10287 1 The the DT 43431 10287 2 corner corner NN 43431 10287 3 of of IN 43431 10287 4 the the DT 43431 10287 5 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10287 6 just just RB 43431 10287 7 reaches reach VBZ 43431 10287 8 the the DT 43431 10287 9 magnum magnum NN 43431 10287 10 also also RB 43431 10287 11 in in IN 43431 10287 12 Amblypoda Amblypoda NNP 43431 10287 13 . . . 43431 10288 1 As as RB 43431 10288 2 far far RB 43431 10288 3 as as IN 43431 10288 4 is be VBZ 43431 10288 5 known know VBN 43431 10288 6 the the DT 43431 10288 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10288 8 TOXODONTIA TOXODONTIA NNP 43431 10288 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10288 10 generally generally RB 43431 10288 11 have have VBP 43431 10288 12 three three CD 43431 10288 13 , , , 43431 10288 14 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10288 15 five five CD 43431 10288 16 digits digit NNS 43431 10288 17 to to IN 43431 10288 18 the the DT 43431 10288 19 manus manus NN 43431 10288 20 , , , 43431 10288 21 and and CC 43431 10288 22 the the DT 43431 10288 23 third third JJ 43431 10288 24 is be VBZ 43431 10288 25 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 10288 26 in in IN 43431 10288 27 itself -PRON- PRP 43431 10288 28 -- -- : 43431 10288 29 a a DT 43431 10288 30 Perissodactyloid perissodactyloid JJ 43431 10288 31 feature feature NN 43431 10288 32 . . . 43431 10289 1 In in IN 43431 10289 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10289 3 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 10289 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10289 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10289 6 fig fig NN 43431 10289 7 . . . 43431 10290 1 107 107 CD 43431 10290 2 , , , 43431 10290 3 B b NN 43431 10290 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10290 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10290 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10290 7 CONDYLARTHRA CONDYLARTHRA NNP 43431 10290 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10290 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10290 10 all all DT 43431 10290 11 five five CD 43431 10290 12 digits digit NNS 43431 10290 13 are be VBP 43431 10290 14 well well RB 43431 10290 15 developed developed JJ 43431 10290 16 , , , 43431 10290 17 the the DT 43431 10290 18 pollex pollex NN 43431 10290 19 being be VBG 43431 10290 20 the the DT 43431 10290 21 smallest small JJS 43431 10290 22 . . . 43431 10291 1 The the DT 43431 10291 2 carpal carpal NN 43431 10291 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10291 4 retain retain VBP 43431 10291 5 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10291 6 primitive primitive JJ 43431 10291 7 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 10291 8 , , , 43431 10291 9 the the DT 43431 10291 10 magnum magnum JJ 43431 10291 11 articulating articulating NN 43431 10291 12 with with IN 43431 10291 13 the the DT 43431 10291 14 lunar lunar NN 43431 10291 15 and and CC 43431 10291 16 not not RB 43431 10291 17 with with IN 43431 10291 18 the the DT 43431 10291 19 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10291 20 . . . 43431 10292 1 There there EX 43431 10292 2 is be VBZ 43431 10292 3 no no DT 43431 10292 4 separate separate JJ 43431 10292 5 centrale centrale NN 43431 10292 6 . . . 43431 10293 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10293 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10293 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10293 4 . . . 43431 10294 1 107 107 CD 43431 10294 2 . . . 43431 10295 1 LEFT LEFT NNP 43431 10295 2 MANUS MANUS NNP 43431 10295 3 OF of IN 43431 10295 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10295 5 A. a. NN 43431 10296 1 Coryphodon coryphodon JJ 43431 10296 2 hamatus hamatus NN 43431 10296 3 . . . 43431 10296 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10296 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10296 6 After after IN 43431 10296 7 MARSH MARSH NNP 43431 10296 8 . . . 43431 10296 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10297 1 à à NNP 43431 10297 2 � � NNP 43431 10297 3 1/5 1/5 CD 43431 10297 4 . . . 43431 10298 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10298 2 B. B. NNP 43431 10299 1 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 10299 2 primaevus primaevu VBD 43431 10299 3 . . . 43431 10299 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10299 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10299 6 After after IN 43431 10299 7 COPE COPE NNP 43431 10299 8 . . . 43431 10299 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10300 1 à à NNP 43431 10300 2 � � NNP 43431 10300 3 1/3 1/3 CD 43431 10300 4 . . . 43431 10301 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10301 2 C. C. NNP 43431 10302 1 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10302 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10302 3 Dendrohyrax Dendrohyrax NNP 43431 10302 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10302 5 arboreus arboreus '' 43431 10302 6 . . . 43431 10302 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10302 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10302 9 After after IN 43431 10302 10 VON VON NNP 43431 10302 11 ZITTEL ZITTEL NNP 43431 10302 12 . . . 43431 10302 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10303 1 à à NNP 43431 10303 2 � � NNP 43431 10303 3 6/7 6/7 CD 43431 10303 4 . . . 43431 10304 1 1 1 LS 43431 10304 2 . . . 43431 10304 3 scaphoid scaphoid NNP 43431 10304 4 . . . 43431 10305 1 2 2 LS 43431 10305 2 . . . 43431 10305 3 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10305 4 . . . 43431 10306 1 3 3 LS 43431 10306 2 . . . 43431 10306 3 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10306 4 . . . 43431 10307 1 4 4 LS 43431 10307 2 . . . 43431 10307 3 trapezium trapezium NN 43431 10307 4 . . . 43431 10308 1 5 5 LS 43431 10308 2 . . . 43431 10308 3 trapezoid trapezoid NN 43431 10308 4 . . . 43431 10309 1 6 6 LS 43431 10309 2 . . . 43431 10309 3 magnum magnum JJ 43431 10309 4 . . . 43431 10310 1 7 7 LS 43431 10310 2 . . . 43431 10310 3 unciform unciform NN 43431 10310 4 . . . 43431 10311 1 8 8 LS 43431 10311 2 . . . 43431 10311 3 centrale centrale NNP 43431 10311 4 . . . 43431 10312 1 9 9 LS 43431 10312 2 . . . 43431 10312 3 pisiform pisiform NNP 43431 10312 4 . . . 43431 10313 1 I -PRON- PRP 43431 10313 2 , , , 43431 10313 3 II II NNP 43431 10313 4 , , , 43431 10313 5 III III NNP 43431 10313 6 , , , 43431 10313 7 IV IV NNP 43431 10313 8 , , , 43431 10313 9 V. V. NNP 43431 10313 10 first first RB 43431 10313 11 , , , 43431 10313 12 second second JJ 43431 10313 13 , , , 43431 10313 14 third third JJ 43431 10313 15 , , , 43431 10313 16 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10313 17 and and CC 43431 10313 18 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10313 19 digits digit NNS 43431 10313 20 respectively respectively RB 43431 10313 21 . . . 43431 10313 22 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10314 1 In in IN 43431 10314 2 the the DT 43431 10314 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10314 4 HYRACOIDEA HYRACOIDEA NNP 43431 10314 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10314 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10314 7 fig fig NN 43431 10314 8 . . . 43431 10315 1 107 107 CD 43431 10315 2 , , , 43431 10315 3 C C NNP 43431 10315 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10315 5 the the DT 43431 10315 6 manus manus NN 43431 10315 7 is be VBZ 43431 10315 8 very very RB 43431 10315 9 similar similar JJ 43431 10315 10 to to IN 43431 10315 11 that that DT 43431 10315 12 in in IN 43431 10315 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10315 14 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 10315 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10315 16 , , , 43431 10315 17 but but CC 43431 10315 18 a a DT 43431 10315 19 centrale centrale NN 43431 10315 20 is be VBZ 43431 10315 21 present present JJ 43431 10315 22 and and CC 43431 10315 23 the the DT 43431 10315 24 pollex pollex NN 43431 10315 25 is be VBZ 43431 10315 26 much much RB 43431 10315 27 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10315 28 . . . 43431 10316 1 The the DT 43431 10316 2 manus manus NN 43431 10316 3 of of IN 43431 10316 4 the the DT 43431 10316 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10316 6 AMBLYPODA AMBLYPODA NNP 43431 10316 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10316 8 , , , 43431 10316 9 such such JJ 43431 10316 10 as as IN 43431 10316 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10316 12 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 10316 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10316 14 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10316 15 fig fig NN 43431 10316 16 . . . 43431 10317 1 107 107 LS 43431 10317 2 , , , 43431 10317 3 A a NN 43431 10317 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10317 5 and and CC 43431 10317 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10317 7 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 10317 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10317 9 , , , 43431 10317 10 is be VBZ 43431 10317 11 short short JJ 43431 10317 12 and and CC 43431 10317 13 broad broad JJ 43431 10317 14 , , , 43431 10317 15 with with IN 43431 10317 16 five five CD 43431 10317 17 well well RB 43431 10317 18 developed developed JJ 43431 10317 19 digits digit NNS 43431 10317 20 and and CC 43431 10317 21 large large JJ 43431 10317 22 carpal carpal NN 43431 10317 23 bones bone NNS 43431 10317 24 . . . 43431 10318 1 The the DT 43431 10318 2 carpals carpal NNS 43431 10318 3 however however RB 43431 10318 4 interlock interlock NN 43431 10318 5 to to IN 43431 10318 6 a a DT 43431 10318 7 slight slight JJ 43431 10318 8 extent extent NN 43431 10318 9 , , , 43431 10318 10 and and CC 43431 10318 11 the the DT 43431 10318 12 corner corner NN 43431 10318 13 of of IN 43431 10318 14 the the DT 43431 10318 15 magnum magnum NN 43431 10318 16 reaches reach VBZ 43431 10318 17 the the DT 43431 10318 18 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10318 19 . . . 43431 10319 1 In in IN 43431 10319 2 the the DT 43431 10319 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10319 4 PROBOSCIDEA PROBOSCIDEA NNP 43431 10319 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10319 6 the the DT 43431 10319 7 manus manus NN 43431 10319 8 is be VBZ 43431 10319 9 very very RB 43431 10319 10 short short JJ 43431 10319 11 and and CC 43431 10319 12 broad broad JJ 43431 10319 13 , , , 43431 10319 14 with with IN 43431 10319 15 large large JJ 43431 10319 16 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 10319 17 cubical cubical JJ 43431 10319 18 carpals carpal NNS 43431 10319 19 which which WDT 43431 10319 20 articulate articulate VBP 43431 10319 21 by by IN 43431 10319 22 very very RB 43431 10319 23 flat flat JJ 43431 10319 24 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10319 25 and and CC 43431 10319 26 do do VBP 43431 10319 27 not not RB 43431 10319 28 interlock interlock VB 43431 10319 29 at at RB 43431 10319 30 all all RB 43431 10319 31 . . . 43431 10320 1 All all DT 43431 10320 2 five five CD 43431 10320 3 digits digit NNS 43431 10320 4 are be VBP 43431 10320 5 present present JJ 43431 10320 6 , , , 43431 10320 7 and and CC 43431 10320 8 none none NN 43431 10320 9 of of IN 43431 10320 10 them -PRON- PRP 43431 10320 11 are be VBP 43431 10320 12 much much RB 43431 10320 13 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10320 14 in in IN 43431 10320 15 size size NN 43431 10320 16 . . . 43431 10321 1 The the DT 43431 10321 2 manus manus NN 43431 10321 3 in in IN 43431 10321 4 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10321 5 and and CC 43431 10321 6 in in IN 43431 10321 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10321 8 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 10321 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10321 10 is be VBZ 43431 10321 11 subplantigrade subplantigrade NN 43431 10321 12 . . . 43431 10322 1 In in IN 43431 10322 2 the the DT 43431 10322 3 Tillodontia Tillodontia NNP 43431 10322 4 the the DT 43431 10322 5 manus manus NN 43431 10322 6 is be VBZ 43431 10322 7 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 10322 8 and and CC 43431 10322 9 has have VBZ 43431 10322 10 pointed point VBN 43431 10322 11 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10322 12 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10322 13 , , , 43431 10322 14 in in IN 43431 10322 15 this this DT 43431 10322 16 respect respect NN 43431 10322 17 approaching approach VBG 43431 10322 18 the the DT 43431 10322 19 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10322 20 . . . 43431 10323 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10323 2 differs differ VBZ 43431 10323 3 however however RB 43431 10323 4 from from IN 43431 10323 5 that that DT 43431 10323 6 of of IN 43431 10323 7 all all DT 43431 10323 8 living live VBG 43431 10323 9 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10323 10 in in IN 43431 10323 11 having have VBG 43431 10323 12 the the DT 43431 10323 13 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10323 14 and and CC 43431 10323 15 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10323 16 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10323 17 . . . 43431 10324 1 In in IN 43431 10324 2 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 10324 3 the the DT 43431 10324 4 manus manus NN 43431 10324 5 nearly nearly RB 43431 10324 6 always always RB 43431 10324 7 has have VBZ 43431 10324 8 five five CD 43431 10324 9 digits digit NNS 43431 10324 10 with with IN 43431 10324 11 the the DT 43431 10324 12 normal normal JJ 43431 10324 13 number number NN 43431 10324 14 of of IN 43431 10324 15 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10324 16 : : : 43431 10324 17 the the DT 43431 10324 18 pollex pollex NN 43431 10324 19 may may MD 43431 10324 20 however however RB 43431 10324 21 be be VB 43431 10324 22 very very RB 43431 10324 23 small small JJ 43431 10324 24 as as IN 43431 10324 25 in in IN 43431 10324 26 the the DT 43431 10324 27 Rabbit Rabbit NNP 43431 10324 28 , , , 43431 10324 29 or or CC 43431 10324 30 absent absent JJ 43431 10324 31 as as IN 43431 10324 32 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10324 33 in in IN 43431 10324 34 the the DT 43431 10324 35 Capybara Capybara NNP 43431 10324 36 . . . 43431 10325 1 The the DT 43431 10325 2 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10325 3 and and CC 43431 10325 4 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10325 5 are be VBP 43431 10325 6 generally generally RB 43431 10325 7 united united JJ 43431 10325 8 , , , 43431 10325 9 and and CC 43431 10325 10 a a DT 43431 10325 11 centrale centrale NN 43431 10325 12 may may MD 43431 10325 13 be be VB 43431 10325 14 present present JJ 43431 10325 15 or or CC 43431 10325 16 absent absent JJ 43431 10325 17 . . . 43431 10326 1 In in IN 43431 10326 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10326 3 Pedetes Pedetes NNPS 43431 10326 4 caffer caffer NN 43431 10326 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10326 6 the the DT 43431 10326 7 radial radial JJ 43431 10326 8 sesamoid sesamoid NN 43431 10326 9 is be VBZ 43431 10326 10 double double JJ 43431 10326 11 and and CC 43431 10326 12 the the DT 43431 10326 13 distal distal JJ 43431 10326 14 bone bone NN 43431 10326 15 bears bear VBZ 43431 10326 16 a a DT 43431 10326 17 nail nail NN 43431 10326 18 - - HYPH 43431 10326 19 like like JJ 43431 10326 20 horny horny NN 43431 10326 21 covering covering NN 43431 10326 22 . . . 43431 10327 1 In in IN 43431 10327 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10327 3 Bathyergus Bathyergus NNP 43431 10327 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10327 5 the the DT 43431 10327 6 pisiform pisiform NN 43431 10327 7 is be VBZ 43431 10327 8 double double JJ 43431 10327 9 . . . 43431 10328 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10328 2 is be VBZ 43431 10328 3 upon upon IN 43431 10328 4 these these DT 43431 10328 5 facts fact NNS 43431 10328 6 that that IN 43431 10328 7 the the DT 43431 10328 8 contention contention NN 43431 10328 9 for for IN 43431 10328 10 the the DT 43431 10328 11 former former JJ 43431 10328 12 existence existence NN 43431 10328 13 of of IN 43431 10328 14 prehallux prehallux JJ 43431 10328 15 and and CC 43431 10328 16 post post JJ 43431 10328 17 - - JJ 43431 10328 18 minimus minimus JJ 43431 10328 19 digits digit NNS 43431 10328 20 has have VBZ 43431 10328 21 partly partly RB 43431 10328 22 been be VBN 43431 10328 23 based base VBN 43431 10328 24 . . . 43431 10329 1 In in IN 43431 10329 2 living live VBG 43431 10329 3 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 10329 4 the the DT 43431 10329 5 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10329 6 , , , 43431 10329 7 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10329 8 and and CC 43431 10329 9 centrale centrale NNP 43431 10329 10 are be VBP 43431 10329 11 always always RB 43431 10329 12 united united JJ 43431 10329 13 , , , 43431 10329 14 forming form VBG 43431 10329 15 a a DT 43431 10329 16 single single JJ 43431 10329 17 bone bone NN 43431 10329 18 . . . 43431 10330 1 All all DT 43431 10330 2 five five CD 43431 10330 3 digits digit NNS 43431 10330 4 are be VBP 43431 10330 5 present present JJ 43431 10330 6 , , , 43431 10330 7 but but CC 43431 10330 8 as as IN 43431 10330 9 a a DT 43431 10330 10 rule rule NN 43431 10330 11 in in IN 43431 10330 12 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10330 13 vera vera NN 43431 10330 14 the the DT 43431 10330 15 pollex pollex NN 43431 10330 16 is be VBZ 43431 10330 17 small small JJ 43431 10330 18 , , , 43431 10330 19 and and CC 43431 10330 20 in in IN 43431 10330 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10330 22 Hyaena Hyaena NNP 43431 10330 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10330 24 is be VBZ 43431 10330 25 represented represent VBN 43431 10330 26 only only RB 43431 10330 27 by by IN 43431 10330 28 a a DT 43431 10330 29 small small JJ 43431 10330 30 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 10330 31 . . . 43431 10331 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10331 2 , , , 43431 10331 3 as as IN 43431 10331 4 in in IN 43431 10331 5 Cats Cats NNP 43431 10331 6 and and CC 43431 10331 7 Dogs Dogs NNP 43431 10331 8 , , , 43431 10331 9 the the DT 43431 10331 10 manus manus NN 43431 10331 11 is be VBZ 43431 10331 12 digitigrade digitigrade NN 43431 10331 13 , , , 43431 10331 14 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10331 15 , , , 43431 10331 16 as as IN 43431 10331 17 in in IN 43431 10331 18 Bears Bears NNP 43431 10331 19 , , , 43431 10331 20 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 10331 21 . . . 43431 10332 1 The the DT 43431 10332 2 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10332 3 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10332 4 are be VBP 43431 10332 5 large large JJ 43431 10332 6 and and CC 43431 10332 7 pointed pointed JJ 43431 10332 8 , , , 43431 10332 9 and and CC 43431 10332 10 in in IN 43431 10332 11 forms form NNS 43431 10332 12 like like IN 43431 10332 13 the the DT 43431 10332 14 Cats Cats NNPS 43431 10332 15 , , , 43431 10332 16 whose whose WP$ 43431 10332 17 claws claw NNS 43431 10332 18 are be VBP 43431 10332 19 retractile retractile JJ 43431 10332 20 , , , 43431 10332 21 they -PRON- PRP 43431 10332 22 can can MD 43431 10332 23 be be VB 43431 10332 24 folded fold VBN 43431 10332 25 back back RB 43431 10332 26 into into IN 43431 10332 27 a a DT 43431 10332 28 deep deep JJ 43431 10332 29 hollow hollow NN 43431 10332 30 on on IN 43431 10332 31 the the DT 43431 10332 32 ulnar ulnar NN 43431 10332 33 side side NN 43431 10332 34 of of IN 43431 10332 35 the the DT 43431 10332 36 middle middle JJ 43431 10332 37 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10332 38 ; ; : 43431 10332 39 a a DT 43431 10332 40 small small JJ 43431 10332 41 radial radial JJ 43431 10332 42 sesamoid sesamoid NN 43431 10332 43 is be VBZ 43431 10332 44 often often RB 43431 10332 45 present present JJ 43431 10332 46 . . . 43431 10333 1 In in IN 43431 10333 2 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 10333 3 the the DT 43431 10333 4 manus manus NN 43431 10333 5 is be VBZ 43431 10333 6 large large JJ 43431 10333 7 and and CC 43431 10333 8 flat flat JJ 43431 10333 9 and and CC 43431 10333 10 the the DT 43431 10333 11 digits digit NNS 43431 10333 12 are be VBP 43431 10333 13 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10333 14 by by IN 43431 10333 15 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10333 16 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10333 17 which which WDT 43431 10333 18 are be VBP 43431 10333 19 blunt blunt JJ 43431 10333 20 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10333 21 sea sea NN 43431 10333 22 lions lion NNS 43431 10333 23 and and CC 43431 10333 24 walrus walrus NNP 43431 10333 25 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10333 26 , , , 43431 10333 27 or or CC 43431 10333 28 slightly slightly RB 43431 10333 29 curved curve VBN 43431 10333 30 and and CC 43431 10333 31 pointed pointed JJ 43431 10333 32 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10333 33 seals seal NNS 43431 10333 34 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10333 35 . . . 43431 10334 1 The the DT 43431 10334 2 pollex pollex NN 43431 10334 3 is be VBZ 43431 10334 4 nearly nearly RB 43431 10334 5 or or CC 43431 10334 6 quite quite RB 43431 10334 7 as as RB 43431 10334 8 long long RB 43431 10334 9 as as IN 43431 10334 10 the the DT 43431 10334 11 second second JJ 43431 10334 12 digit digit NN 43431 10334 13 , , , 43431 10334 14 and and CC 43431 10334 15 as as IN 43431 10334 16 a a DT 43431 10334 17 rule rule NN 43431 10334 18 the the DT 43431 10334 19 digits digit NNS 43431 10334 20 then then RB 43431 10334 21 successively successively RB 43431 10334 22 diminish diminish VBP 43431 10334 23 in in IN 43431 10334 24 size size NN 43431 10334 25 . . . 43431 10335 1 The the DT 43431 10335 2 Creodonta Creodonta NNP 43431 10335 3 differ differ VBP 43431 10335 4 from from IN 43431 10335 5 living live VBG 43431 10335 6 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10335 7 in in IN 43431 10335 8 the the DT 43431 10335 9 fact fact NN 43431 10335 10 that that IN 43431 10335 11 the the DT 43431 10335 12 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10335 13 and and CC 43431 10335 14 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10335 15 are be VBP 43431 10335 16 usually usually RB 43431 10335 17 separate separate JJ 43431 10335 18 . . . 43431 10336 1 In in IN 43431 10336 2 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 10336 3 the the DT 43431 10336 4 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10336 5 and and CC 43431 10336 6 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10336 7 are be VBP 43431 10336 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10336 9 united united JJ 43431 10336 10 , , , 43431 10336 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10336 12 separate separate JJ 43431 10336 13 , , , 43431 10336 14 and and CC 43431 10336 15 a a DT 43431 10336 16 separate separate JJ 43431 10336 17 centrale centrale NN 43431 10336 18 is be VBZ 43431 10336 19 usually usually RB 43431 10336 20 present present JJ 43431 10336 21 . . . 43431 10337 1 There there EX 43431 10337 2 are be VBP 43431 10337 3 generally generally RB 43431 10337 4 five five CD 43431 10337 5 digits digit NNS 43431 10337 6 , , , 43431 10337 7 but but CC 43431 10337 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10337 9 the the DT 43431 10337 10 pollex pollex NN 43431 10337 11 is be VBZ 43431 10337 12 absent absent JJ 43431 10337 13 . . . 43431 10338 1 In in IN 43431 10338 2 the the DT 43431 10338 3 Mole Mole NNP 43431 10338 4 the the DT 43431 10338 5 manus manus NN 43431 10338 6 is be VBZ 43431 10338 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 10338 8 developed developed JJ 43431 10338 9 and and CC 43431 10338 10 considerably considerably RB 43431 10338 11 modified modify VBN 43431 10338 12 . . . 43431 10339 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10339 2 is be VBZ 43431 10339 3 very very RB 43431 10339 4 wide wide JJ 43431 10339 5 , , , 43431 10339 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10339 7 breadth breadth NN 43431 10339 8 being be VBG 43431 10339 9 increased increase VBN 43431 10339 10 by by IN 43431 10339 11 the the DT 43431 10339 12 great great JJ 43431 10339 13 development development NN 43431 10339 14 of of IN 43431 10339 15 the the DT 43431 10339 16 radial radial JJ 43431 10339 17 sesamoid sesamoid NN 43431 10339 18 which which WDT 43431 10339 19 is be VBZ 43431 10339 20 very very RB 43431 10339 21 large large JJ 43431 10339 22 and and CC 43431 10339 23 sickle sickle NN 43431 10339 24 - - HYPH 43431 10339 25 shaped shaped JJ 43431 10339 26 . . . 43431 10340 1 The the DT 43431 10340 2 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10340 3 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10340 4 are be VBP 43431 10340 5 also also RB 43431 10340 6 large large JJ 43431 10340 7 and and CC 43431 10340 8 are be VBP 43431 10340 9 cleft cleave VBN 43431 10340 10 at at IN 43431 10340 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10340 12 extremities extremity NNS 43431 10340 13 . . . 43431 10341 1 In in IN 43431 10341 2 the the DT 43431 10341 3 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 10341 4 the the DT 43431 10341 5 manus manus NN 43431 10341 6 is be VBZ 43431 10341 7 greatly greatly RB 43431 10341 8 modified modify VBN 43431 10341 9 for for IN 43431 10341 10 the the DT 43431 10341 11 purpose purpose NN 43431 10341 12 of of IN 43431 10341 13 flight flight NN 43431 10341 14 . . . 43431 10342 1 The the DT 43431 10342 2 pollex pollex NN 43431 10342 3 is be VBZ 43431 10342 4 short short JJ 43431 10342 5 and and CC 43431 10342 6 is be VBZ 43431 10342 7 armed arm VBN 43431 10342 8 with with IN 43431 10342 9 a a DT 43431 10342 10 rather rather RB 43431 10342 11 large large JJ 43431 10342 12 curved curved JJ 43431 10342 13 claw claw NN 43431 10342 14 , , , 43431 10342 15 the the DT 43431 10342 16 other other JJ 43431 10342 17 digits digit NNS 43431 10342 18 are be VBP 43431 10342 19 enormously enormously RB 43431 10342 20 elongated elongate VBN 43431 10342 21 , , , 43431 10342 22 the the DT 43431 10342 23 elongation elongation NN 43431 10342 24 in in IN 43431 10342 25 the the DT 43431 10342 26 case case NN 43431 10342 27 of of IN 43431 10342 28 the the DT 43431 10342 29 Insectivorous insectivorous JJ 43431 10342 30 bats bat NNS 43431 10342 31 being be VBG 43431 10342 32 mainly mainly RB 43431 10342 33 due due IN 43431 10342 34 to to IN 43431 10342 35 the the DT 43431 10342 36 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10342 37 , , , 43431 10342 38 and and CC 43431 10342 39 in in IN 43431 10342 40 the the DT 43431 10342 41 Frugivorous frugivorous JJ 43431 10342 42 bats bat NNS 43431 10342 43 to to IN 43431 10342 44 the the DT 43431 10342 45 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10342 46 . . . 43431 10343 1 In in IN 43431 10343 2 the the DT 43431 10343 3 Frugivorous frugivorous JJ 43431 10343 4 bats bat NNS 43431 10343 5 the the DT 43431 10343 6 second second JJ 43431 10343 7 digit digit NN 43431 10343 8 is be VBZ 43431 10343 9 clawed claw VBN 43431 10343 10 as as RB 43431 10343 11 well well RB 43431 10343 12 as as IN 43431 10343 13 the the DT 43431 10343 14 pollex pollex NN 43431 10343 15 , , , 43431 10343 16 in in IN 43431 10343 17 other other JJ 43431 10343 18 bats bat NNS 43431 10343 19 this this DT 43431 10343 20 claw claw NN 43431 10343 21 is be VBZ 43431 10343 22 always always RB 43431 10343 23 absent absent JJ 43431 10343 24 , , , 43431 10343 25 and and CC 43431 10343 26 so so RB 43431 10343 27 is be VBZ 43431 10343 28 often often RB 43431 10343 29 the the DT 43431 10343 30 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10343 31 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10343 32 , , , 43431 10343 33 the the DT 43431 10343 34 middle middle JJ 43431 10343 35 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10343 36 then then RB 43431 10343 37 tapering taper VBG 43431 10343 38 gradually gradually RB 43431 10343 39 to to IN 43431 10343 40 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10343 41 termination termination NN 43431 10343 42 . . . 43431 10344 1 In in IN 43431 10344 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 10344 3 as as IN 43431 10344 4 a a DT 43431 10344 5 rule rule NN 43431 10344 6 the the DT 43431 10344 7 manus manus NN 43431 10344 8 is be VBZ 43431 10344 9 moderately moderately RB 43431 10344 10 short short JJ 43431 10344 11 and and CC 43431 10344 12 wide wide JJ 43431 10344 13 . . . 43431 10345 1 The the DT 43431 10345 2 carpus carpus NN 43431 10345 3 has have VBZ 43431 10345 4 the the DT 43431 10345 5 scaphoid scaphoid JJ 43431 10345 6 and and CC 43431 10345 7 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10345 8 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10345 9 , , , 43431 10345 10 and and CC 43431 10345 11 generally generally RB 43431 10345 12 also also RB 43431 10345 13 the the DT 43431 10345 14 centrale centrale NN 43431 10345 15 ; ; : 43431 10345 16 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10345 17 however however RB 43431 10345 18 , , , 43431 10345 19 as as IN 43431 10345 20 in in IN 43431 10345 21 Man Man NNP 43431 10345 22 , , , 43431 10345 23 the the DT 43431 10345 24 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 10345 25 , , , 43431 10345 26 Chimpanzee Chimpanzee NNP 43431 10345 27 , , , 43431 10345 28 and and CC 43431 10345 29 some some DT 43431 10345 30 Lemurs Lemurs NNP 43431 10345 31 , , , 43431 10345 32 the the DT 43431 10345 33 centrale centrale NN 43431 10345 34 has have VBZ 43431 10345 35 apparently apparently RB 43431 10345 36 fused fuse VBN 43431 10345 37 with with IN 43431 10345 38 the the DT 43431 10345 39 scaphoid scaphoid NN 43431 10345 40 . . . 43431 10346 1 There there EX 43431 10346 2 are be VBP 43431 10346 3 almost almost RB 43431 10346 4 always always RB 43431 10346 5 five five CD 43431 10346 6 well well RB 43431 10346 7 - - HYPH 43431 10346 8 developed develop VBN 43431 10346 9 digits digit NNS 43431 10346 10 , , , 43431 10346 11 but but CC 43431 10346 12 in in IN 43431 10346 13 the the DT 43431 10346 14 genera genera NN 43431 10346 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10346 16 Colobus Colobus NNP 43431 10346 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10346 18 and and CC 43431 10346 19 _ _ NNP 43431 10346 20 Ateles Ateles NNP 43431 10346 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10346 22 the the DT 43431 10346 23 pollex pollex NN 43431 10346 24 is be VBZ 43431 10346 25 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10346 26 . . . 43431 10347 1 The the DT 43431 10347 2 magnum magnum NN 43431 10347 3 in in IN 43431 10347 4 man man NN 43431 10347 5 is be VBZ 43431 10347 6 the the DT 43431 10347 7 largest large JJS 43431 10347 8 bone bone NN 43431 10347 9 of of IN 43431 10347 10 the the DT 43431 10347 11 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10347 12 . . . 43431 10348 1 The the DT 43431 10348 2 pisiform pisiform NN 43431 10348 3 also also RB 43431 10348 4 is be VBZ 43431 10348 5 well well RB 43431 10348 6 developed developed JJ 43431 10348 7 , , , 43431 10348 8 but but CC 43431 10348 9 there there EX 43431 10348 10 is be VBZ 43431 10348 11 no no DT 43431 10348 12 radial radial JJ 43431 10348 13 sesamoid sesamoid NN 43431 10348 14 . . . 43431 10349 1 In in IN 43431 10349 2 Man Man NNP 43431 10349 3 , , , 43431 10349 4 the the DT 43431 10349 5 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 10349 6 , , , 43431 10349 7 Chimpanzee Chimpanzee NNP 43431 10349 8 , , , 43431 10349 9 and and CC 43431 10349 10 Orang Orang NNP 43431 10349 11 , , , 43431 10349 12 the the DT 43431 10349 13 carpus carpus NN 43431 10349 14 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10349 15 only only RB 43431 10349 16 with with IN 43431 10349 17 the the DT 43431 10349 18 radius radius NN 43431 10349 19 , , , 43431 10349 20 in in IN 43431 10349 21 most most JJS 43431 10349 22 Primates primate NNS 43431 10349 23 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10349 24 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10349 25 also also RB 43431 10349 26 with with IN 43431 10349 27 the the DT 43431 10349 28 ulna ulna NN 43431 10349 29 . . . 43431 10350 1 The the DT 43431 10350 2 third third JJ 43431 10350 3 digit digit NN 43431 10350 4 of of IN 43431 10350 5 the the DT 43431 10350 6 Aye Aye NNP 43431 10350 7 - - HYPH 43431 10350 8 Aye Aye NNP 43431 10350 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10350 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10350 11 Chiromys Chiromys NNP 43431 10350 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10350 13 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10350 14 is be VBZ 43431 10350 15 remarkable remarkable JJ 43431 10350 16 for for IN 43431 10350 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10350 18 extreme extreme JJ 43431 10350 19 slenderness slenderness NN 43431 10350 20 . . . 43431 10351 1 THE the DT 43431 10351 2 PELVIC PELVIC NNP 43431 10351 3 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 10351 4 . . . 43431 10352 1 The the DT 43431 10352 2 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10352 3 girdle girdle NN 43431 10352 4 in in IN 43431 10352 5 all all DT 43431 10352 6 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10352 7 except except IN 43431 10352 8 the the DT 43431 10352 9 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 10352 10 and and CC 43431 10352 11 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 10352 12 consists consist VBZ 43431 10352 13 of of IN 43431 10352 14 two two CD 43431 10352 15 halves half NNS 43431 10352 16 , , , 43431 10352 17 usually usually RB 43431 10352 18 united unite VBN 43431 10352 19 with with IN 43431 10352 20 one one CD 43431 10352 21 another another DT 43431 10352 22 at at IN 43431 10352 23 the the DT 43431 10352 24 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10352 25 in in IN 43431 10352 26 the the DT 43431 10352 27 mid mid JJ 43431 10352 28 - - JJ 43431 10352 29 ventral ventral JJ 43431 10352 30 line line NN 43431 10352 31 , , , 43431 10352 32 and and CC 43431 10352 33 connected connect VBN 43431 10352 34 near near IN 43431 10352 35 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10352 36 upper upper JJ 43431 10352 37 ends end NNS 43431 10352 38 , , , 43431 10352 39 with with IN 43431 10352 40 the the DT 43431 10352 41 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10352 42 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10352 43 . . . 43431 10353 1 Each each DT 43431 10353 2 half half NN 43431 10353 3 forms form VBZ 43431 10353 4 one one CD 43431 10353 5 of of IN 43431 10353 6 the the DT 43431 10353 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10353 8 innominate innominate JJ 43431 10353 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10353 10 bones bone NNS 43431 10353 11 , , , 43431 10353 12 and and CC 43431 10353 13 includes include VBZ 43431 10353 14 at at IN 43431 10353 15 least least RBS 43431 10353 16 three three CD 43431 10353 17 separate separate JJ 43431 10353 18 elements element NNS 43431 10353 19 , , , 43431 10353 20 a a DT 43431 10353 21 dorsal dorsal NN 43431 10353 22 bone bone NN 43431 10353 23 , , , 43431 10353 24 the the DT 43431 10353 25 ilium ilium NN 43431 10353 26 , , , 43431 10353 27 and and CC 43431 10353 28 two two CD 43431 10353 29 ventral ventral JJ 43431 10353 30 bones bone NNS 43431 10353 31 , , , 43431 10353 32 the the DT 43431 10353 33 ischium ischium NN 43431 10353 34 and and CC 43431 10353 35 pubis pubi VBD 43431 10353 36 . . . 43431 10354 1 Very very RB 43431 10354 2 often often RB 43431 10354 3 a a DT 43431 10354 4 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10354 5 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10354 6 element element NN 43431 10354 7 , , , 43431 10354 8 the the DT 43431 10354 9 acetabular acetabular JJ 43431 10354 10 or or CC 43431 10354 11 cotyloid cotyloid NN 43431 10354 12 bone bone NN 43431 10354 13 , , , 43431 10354 14 occurs occur VBZ 43431 10354 15 . . . 43431 10355 1 In in IN 43431 10355 2 the the DT 43431 10355 3 MONOTREMATA monotremata NN 43431 10355 4 the the DT 43431 10355 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10355 6 is be VBZ 43431 10355 7 short short JJ 43431 10355 8 and and CC 43431 10355 9 broad broad JJ 43431 10355 10 , , , 43431 10355 11 and and CC 43431 10355 12 the the DT 43431 10355 13 pubes pubes NNPS 43431 10355 14 and and CC 43431 10355 15 ischia ischia NNP 43431 10355 16 meet meet VBP 43431 10355 17 in in IN 43431 10355 18 a a DT 43431 10355 19 long long JJ 43431 10355 20 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10355 21 . . . 43431 10356 1 The the DT 43431 10356 2 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 10356 3 is be VBZ 43431 10356 4 perforated perforate VBN 43431 10356 5 in in IN 43431 10356 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10356 7 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 10356 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10356 9 as as IN 43431 10356 10 in in IN 43431 10356 11 birds bird NNS 43431 10356 12 , , , 43431 10356 13 but but CC 43431 10356 14 not not RB 43431 10356 15 in in IN 43431 10356 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10356 17 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 10356 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10356 19 . . . 43431 10357 1 A a DT 43431 10357 2 pair pair NN 43431 10357 3 of of IN 43431 10357 4 elongated elongated JJ 43431 10357 5 slender slender NN 43431 10357 6 bones bone NNS 43431 10357 7 project project NN 43431 10357 8 forwards forwards RB 43431 10357 9 from from IN 43431 10357 10 the the DT 43431 10357 11 edge edge NN 43431 10357 12 of of IN 43431 10357 13 the the DT 43431 10357 14 pubes pubis NNS 43431 10357 15 near near IN 43431 10357 16 the the DT 43431 10357 17 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10357 18 ; ; : 43431 10357 19 these these DT 43431 10357 20 are be VBP 43431 10357 21 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10357 22 bones bone NNS 43431 10357 23 formed form VBN 43431 10357 24 by by IN 43431 10357 25 ossifications ossification NNS 43431 10357 26 in in IN 43431 10357 27 the the DT 43431 10357 28 tendons tendon NNS 43431 10357 29 of of IN 43431 10357 30 the the DT 43431 10357 31 external external JJ 43431 10357 32 oblique oblique JJ 43431 10357 33 abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 10357 34 muscles muscle NNS 43431 10357 35 , , , 43431 10357 36 and and CC 43431 10357 37 are be VBP 43431 10357 38 generally generally RB 43431 10357 39 called call VBN 43431 10357 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10357 41 marsupial marsupial NN 43431 10357 42 bones bone NNS 43431 10357 43 _ _ NNP 43431 10357 44 . . . 43431 10358 1 In in IN 43431 10358 2 the the DT 43431 10358 3 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 10358 4 the the DT 43431 10358 5 ilia ilium NNS 43431 10358 6 are be VBP 43431 10358 7 generally generally RB 43431 10358 8 very very RB 43431 10358 9 simple simple JJ 43431 10358 10 , , , 43431 10358 11 straight straight JJ 43431 10358 12 , , , 43431 10358 13 and and CC 43431 10358 14 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10358 15 , , , 43431 10358 16 while while IN 43431 10358 17 the the DT 43431 10358 18 pubes pubes NNPS 43431 10358 19 and and CC 43431 10358 20 ischia ischia NN 43431 10358 21 are be VBP 43431 10358 22 well well RB 43431 10358 23 developed developed JJ 43431 10358 24 and and CC 43431 10358 25 meet meet VB 43431 10358 26 in in IN 43431 10358 27 a a DT 43431 10358 28 long long JJ 43431 10358 29 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10358 30 . . . 43431 10359 1 Marsupial marsupial JJ 43431 10359 2 bones bone NNS 43431 10359 3 are be VBP 43431 10359 4 nearly nearly RB 43431 10359 5 always always RB 43431 10359 6 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10359 7 , , , 43431 10359 8 but but CC 43431 10359 9 are be VBP 43431 10359 10 not not RB 43431 10359 11 developed develop VBN 43431 10359 12 in in IN 43431 10359 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10359 14 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 10359 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10359 16 or or CC 43431 10359 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10359 18 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10359 19 _ _ NNP 43431 10359 20 . . . 43431 10360 1 The the DT 43431 10360 2 ischium ischium NN 43431 10360 3 often often RB 43431 10360 4 has have VBZ 43431 10360 5 a a DT 43431 10360 6 well well RB 43431 10360 7 - - HYPH 43431 10360 8 marked mark VBN 43431 10360 9 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10360 10 and and CC 43431 10360 11 in in IN 43431 10360 12 Kangaroos Kangaroos NNP 43431 10360 13 the the DT 43431 10360 14 pubis pubis RB 43431 10360 15 bears bear VBZ 43431 10360 16 a a DT 43431 10360 17 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10360 18 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 10360 19 process process NN 43431 10360 20 on on IN 43431 10360 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10360 22 anterior anterior JJ 43431 10360 23 border border NN 43431 10360 24 close close RB 43431 10360 25 to to IN 43431 10360 26 the the DT 43431 10360 27 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 10360 28 . . . 43431 10361 1 The the DT 43431 10361 2 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10361 3 in in IN 43431 10361 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10361 5 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10361 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10361 7 differs differ VBZ 43431 10361 8 much much RB 43431 10361 9 from from IN 43431 10361 10 that that DT 43431 10361 11 in in IN 43431 10361 12 all all DT 43431 10361 13 other other JJ 43431 10361 14 Marsupials Marsupials NNPS 43431 10361 15 , , , 43431 10361 16 the the DT 43431 10361 17 ilium ilium NN 43431 10361 18 and and CC 43431 10361 19 ischium ischium NN 43431 10361 20 being be VBG 43431 10361 21 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 10361 22 with with IN 43431 10361 23 six six CD 43431 10361 24 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10361 25 in in IN 43431 10361 26 a a DT 43431 10361 27 manner manner NN 43431 10361 28 comparable comparable JJ 43431 10361 29 to to IN 43431 10361 30 that that DT 43431 10361 31 of of IN 43431 10361 32 many many JJ 43431 10361 33 Edentates Edentates NNPS 43431 10361 34 . . . 43431 10362 1 In in IN 43431 10362 2 the the DT 43431 10362 3 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 10362 4 the the DT 43431 10362 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10362 6 is be VBZ 43431 10362 7 generally generally RB 43431 10362 8 well well RB 43431 10362 9 developed developed JJ 43431 10362 10 , , , 43431 10362 11 but but CC 43431 10362 12 the the DT 43431 10362 13 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10362 14 is be VBZ 43431 10362 15 very very RB 43431 10362 16 short short JJ 43431 10362 17 . . . 43431 10363 1 In in IN 43431 10363 2 the the DT 43431 10363 3 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 10363 4 the the DT 43431 10363 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10363 6 is be VBZ 43431 10363 7 rather rather RB 43431 10363 8 weak weak JJ 43431 10363 9 and and CC 43431 10363 10 slender slend JJR 43431 10363 11 , , , 43431 10363 12 the the DT 43431 10363 13 obturator obturator NN 43431 10363 14 foramina foramina NNP 43431 10363 15 are be VBP 43431 10363 16 very very RB 43431 10363 17 large large JJ 43431 10363 18 and and CC 43431 10363 19 the the DT 43431 10363 20 ischia ischia NN 43431 10363 21 do do VBP 43431 10363 22 not not RB 43431 10363 23 meet meet VB 43431 10363 24 in in IN 43431 10363 25 a a DT 43431 10363 26 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10363 27 . . . 43431 10364 1 In in IN 43431 10364 2 the the DT 43431 10364 3 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 10364 4 the the DT 43431 10364 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10364 6 is be VBZ 43431 10364 7 exceedingly exceedingly RB 43431 10364 8 wide wide JJ 43431 10364 9 and and CC 43431 10364 10 massive massive JJ 43431 10364 11 , , , 43431 10364 12 and and CC 43431 10364 13 is be VBZ 43431 10364 14 firmly firmly RB 43431 10364 15 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 10364 16 with with IN 43431 10364 17 a a DT 43431 10364 18 number number NN 43431 10364 19 of of IN 43431 10364 20 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10364 21 . . . 43431 10365 1 In in IN 43431 10365 2 the the DT 43431 10365 3 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 10365 4 , , , 43431 10365 5 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNPS 43431 10365 6 , , , 43431 10365 7 Anteaters anteater NNS 43431 10365 8 , , , 43431 10365 9 and and CC 43431 10365 10 Pangolins pangolin NNS 43431 10365 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10365 12 is be VBZ 43431 10365 13 much much RB 43431 10365 14 developed developed JJ 43431 10365 15 and and CC 43431 10365 16 firmly firmly RB 43431 10365 17 united united JJ 43431 10365 18 to to IN 43431 10365 19 the the DT 43431 10365 20 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10365 21 column column NN 43431 10365 22 by by IN 43431 10365 23 both both DT 43431 10365 24 the the DT 43431 10365 25 ilia ilia NNP 43431 10365 26 and and CC 43431 10365 27 the the DT 43431 10365 28 ischia ischia NN 43431 10365 29 . . . 43431 10366 1 In in IN 43431 10366 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10366 3 Orycteropus Orycteropus NNP 43431 10366 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10366 5 however however RB 43431 10366 6 the the DT 43431 10366 7 ischium ischium NN 43431 10366 8 does do VBZ 43431 10366 9 not not RB 43431 10366 10 become become VB 43431 10366 11 united united JJ 43431 10366 12 to to IN 43431 10366 13 the the DT 43431 10366 14 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10366 15 column column NN 43431 10366 16 , , , 43431 10366 17 and and CC 43431 10366 18 the the DT 43431 10366 19 pubis pubi NNS 43431 10366 20 generally generally RB 43431 10366 21 has have VBZ 43431 10366 22 a a DT 43431 10366 23 strongly strongly RB 43431 10366 24 developed develop VBN 43431 10366 25 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 10366 26 process process NN 43431 10366 27 . . . 43431 10367 1 In in IN 43431 10367 2 the the DT 43431 10367 3 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 10367 4 the the DT 43431 10367 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10367 6 is be VBZ 43431 10367 7 quite quite RB 43431 10367 8 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10367 9 . . . 43431 10368 1 In in IN 43431 10368 2 the the DT 43431 10368 3 Dugong Dugong NNP 43431 10368 4 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10368 5 consists consist VBZ 43431 10368 6 on on IN 43431 10368 7 each each DT 43431 10368 8 side side NN 43431 10368 9 of of IN 43431 10368 10 two two CD 43431 10368 11 slender slender NN 43431 10368 12 bones bone NNS 43431 10368 13 , , , 43431 10368 14 one one CD 43431 10368 15 of of IN 43431 10368 16 which which WDT 43431 10368 17 represents represent VBZ 43431 10368 18 the the DT 43431 10368 19 ilium ilium NN 43431 10368 20 and and CC 43431 10368 21 the the DT 43431 10368 22 other other JJ 43431 10368 23 the the DT 43431 10368 24 ischium ischium NN 43431 10368 25 and and CC 43431 10368 26 pubis pubi VBD 43431 10368 27 ; ; : 43431 10368 28 the the DT 43431 10368 29 two two CD 43431 10368 30 bones bone NNS 43431 10368 31 are be VBP 43431 10368 32 placed place VBN 43431 10368 33 end end NN 43431 10368 34 to to TO 43431 10368 35 end end NN 43431 10368 36 and and CC 43431 10368 37 are be VBP 43431 10368 38 commonly commonly RB 43431 10368 39 fused fuse VBN 43431 10368 40 together together RB 43431 10368 41 . . . 43431 10369 1 The the DT 43431 10369 2 ilium ilium NN 43431 10369 3 is be VBZ 43431 10369 4 attached attach VBN 43431 10369 5 by by IN 43431 10369 6 ligament ligament NN 43431 10369 7 to to IN 43431 10369 8 the the DT 43431 10369 9 transverse transverse JJ 43431 10369 10 process process NN 43431 10369 11 of of IN 43431 10369 12 one one CD 43431 10369 13 of of IN 43431 10369 14 the the DT 43431 10369 15 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10369 16 . . . 43431 10370 1 In in IN 43431 10370 2 the the DT 43431 10370 3 Manatee Manatee NNP 43431 10370 4 each each DT 43431 10370 5 half half NN 43431 10370 6 of of IN 43431 10370 7 the the DT 43431 10370 8 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10370 9 is be VBZ 43431 10370 10 represented represent VBN 43431 10370 11 by by IN 43431 10370 12 a a DT 43431 10370 13 triangular triangular JJ 43431 10370 14 bone bone NN 43431 10370 15 connected connect VBN 43431 10370 16 by by IN 43431 10370 17 ligaments ligament NNS 43431 10370 18 with with IN 43431 10370 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10370 20 fellow fellow NN 43431 10370 21 and and CC 43431 10370 22 with with IN 43431 10370 23 the the DT 43431 10370 24 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10370 25 column column NN 43431 10370 26 . . . 43431 10371 1 In in IN 43431 10371 2 neither neither CC 43431 10371 3 Manatee Manatee NNP 43431 10371 4 nor nor CC 43431 10371 5 Dugong Dugong NNP 43431 10371 6 is be VBZ 43431 10371 7 there there EX 43431 10371 8 any any DT 43431 10371 9 trace trace NN 43431 10371 10 of of IN 43431 10371 11 an an DT 43431 10371 12 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 10371 13 but but CC 43431 10371 14 one one PRP 43431 10371 15 can can MD 43431 10371 16 be be VB 43431 10371 17 made make VBN 43431 10371 18 out out RP 43431 10371 19 in in IN 43431 10371 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10371 21 Halitherium Halitherium NNP 43431 10371 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10371 23 . . . 43431 10372 1 In in IN 43431 10372 2 the the DT 43431 10372 3 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 10372 4 the the DT 43431 10372 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10372 6 is be VBZ 43431 10372 7 even even RB 43431 10372 8 more more RBR 43431 10372 9 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10372 10 than than IN 43431 10372 11 in in IN 43431 10372 12 the the DT 43431 10372 13 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 10372 14 , , , 43431 10372 15 consisting consist VBG 43431 10372 16 simply simply RB 43431 10372 17 of of IN 43431 10372 18 a a DT 43431 10372 19 pair pair NN 43431 10372 20 of of IN 43431 10372 21 small small JJ 43431 10372 22 straight straight JJ 43431 10372 23 bones bone NNS 43431 10372 24 which which WDT 43431 10372 25 probably probably RB 43431 10372 26 represent represent VBP 43431 10372 27 the the DT 43431 10372 28 ischia ischia NN 43431 10372 29 , , , 43431 10372 30 and and CC 43431 10372 31 lie lie VB 43431 10372 32 parallel parallel JJ 43431 10372 33 to to IN 43431 10372 34 and and CC 43431 10372 35 below below IN 43431 10372 36 the the DT 43431 10372 37 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10372 38 column column NN 43431 10372 39 at at IN 43431 10372 40 the the DT 43431 10372 41 point point NN 43431 10372 42 where where WRB 43431 10372 43 the the DT 43431 10372 44 development development NN 43431 10372 45 of of IN 43431 10372 46 chevron chevron NNP 43431 10372 47 bones bone NNS 43431 10372 48 commences commence NNS 43431 10372 49 . . . 43431 10373 1 In in IN 43431 10373 2 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 10373 3 VERA VERA NNP 43431 10373 4 the the DT 43431 10373 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10373 6 is be VBZ 43431 10373 7 generally generally RB 43431 10373 8 rather rather RB 43431 10373 9 long long JJ 43431 10373 10 and and CC 43431 10373 11 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10373 12 . . . 43431 10374 1 The the DT 43431 10374 2 ilium ilium NN 43431 10374 3 is be VBZ 43431 10374 4 flattened flatten VBN 43431 10374 5 and and CC 43431 10374 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 10374 7 in in IN 43431 10374 8 front front NN 43431 10374 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10374 10 fig fig NN 43431 10374 11 . . . 43431 10375 1 103 103 CD 43431 10375 2 , , , 43431 10375 3 8) 8) CD 43431 10375 4 , , , 43431 10375 5 but but CC 43431 10375 6 becomes become VBZ 43431 10375 7 much much RB 43431 10375 8 narrower narrow JJR 43431 10375 9 and and CC 43431 10375 10 more more RBR 43431 10375 11 cylindrical cylindrical JJ 43431 10375 12 before before IN 43431 10375 13 reaching reach VBG 43431 10375 14 the the DT 43431 10375 15 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 10375 16 . . . 43431 10376 1 Both both DT 43431 10376 2 pubis pubis JJ 43431 10376 3 and and CC 43431 10376 4 ischium ischium NN 43431 10376 5 contribute contribute VB 43431 10376 6 to to IN 43431 10376 7 the the DT 43431 10376 8 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10376 9 which which WDT 43431 10376 10 is be VBZ 43431 10376 11 often often RB 43431 10376 12 very very RB 43431 10376 13 long long JJ 43431 10376 14 . . . 43431 10377 1 The the DT 43431 10377 2 ischia ischia NN 43431 10377 3 are be VBP 43431 10377 4 large large JJ 43431 10377 5 and and CC 43431 10377 6 have have VBP 43431 10377 7 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10377 8 tuberosities tuberosity NNS 43431 10377 9 , , , 43431 10377 10 especially especially RB 43431 10377 11 in in IN 43431 10377 12 Artiodactyles artiodactyle NNS 43431 10377 13 . . . 43431 10378 1 In in IN 43431 10378 2 most most JJS 43431 10378 3 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 10378 4 there there EX 43431 10378 5 is be VBZ 43431 10378 6 a a DT 43431 10378 7 deep deep JJ 43431 10378 8 depression depression NN 43431 10378 9 , , , 43431 10378 10 the the DT 43431 10378 11 supra supra NNP 43431 10378 12 - - HYPH 43431 10378 13 acetabular acetabular NNP 43431 10378 14 fossa fossa NN 43431 10378 15 above above IN 43431 10378 16 the the DT 43431 10378 17 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 10378 18 , , , 43431 10378 19 but but CC 43431 10378 20 this this DT 43431 10378 21 is be VBZ 43431 10378 22 not not RB 43431 10378 23 found find VBN 43431 10378 24 in in IN 43431 10378 25 the the DT 43431 10378 26 Suina Suina NNP 43431 10378 27 or or CC 43431 10378 28 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 10378 29 . . . 43431 10379 1 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 10379 2 . . . 43431 10380 1 In in IN 43431 10380 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10380 3 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10380 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10380 5 the the DT 43431 10380 6 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10380 7 is be VBZ 43431 10380 8 long long JJ 43431 10380 9 and and CC 43431 10380 10 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10380 11 , , , 43431 10380 12 and and CC 43431 10380 13 bears bear VBZ 43431 10380 14 resemblance resemblance NN 43431 10380 15 to to IN 43431 10380 16 that that DT 43431 10380 17 in in IN 43431 10380 18 Artiodactyles artiodactyle NNS 43431 10380 19 . . . 43431 10381 1 The the DT 43431 10381 2 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10381 3 have have VBP 43431 10381 4 a a DT 43431 10381 5 very very RB 43431 10381 6 large large JJ 43431 10381 7 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10381 8 set set VBD 43431 10381 9 nearly nearly RB 43431 10381 10 at at IN 43431 10381 11 right right JJ 43431 10381 12 angles angle NNS 43431 10381 13 to to IN 43431 10381 14 the the DT 43431 10381 15 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10381 16 column column NN 43431 10381 17 ; ; : 43431 10381 18 the the DT 43431 10381 19 ilium ilium NN 43431 10381 20 is be VBZ 43431 10381 21 very very RB 43431 10381 22 wide wide JJ 43431 10381 23 , , , 43431 10381 24 having have VBG 43431 10381 25 expanded expand VBN 43431 10381 26 iliac[1 iliac[1 NNPS 43431 10381 27 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10381 28 and and CC 43431 10381 29 gluteal[1 gluteal[1 NNPS 43431 10381 30 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10381 31 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10381 32 , , , 43431 10381 33 and and CC 43431 10381 34 a a DT 43431 10381 35 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10381 36 sacral[176 sacral[176 NN 43431 10381 37 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10381 38 surface surface NN 43431 10381 39 . . . 43431 10382 1 The the DT 43431 10382 2 pubes pubis NNS 43431 10382 3 and and CC 43431 10382 4 ischia ischia NN 43431 10382 5 are be VBP 43431 10382 6 rather rather RB 43431 10382 7 small small JJ 43431 10382 8 , , , 43431 10382 9 but but CC 43431 10382 10 both both DT 43431 10382 11 meet meet VBP 43431 10382 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10382 13 fellows fellow NNS 43431 10382 14 in in IN 43431 10382 15 the the DT 43431 10382 16 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10382 17 . . . 43431 10383 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10383 2 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 10383 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10383 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10383 5 suborder suborder NN 43431 10383 6 Amblypoda Amblypoda NNP 43431 10383 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10383 8 also also RB 43431 10383 9 has have VBZ 43431 10383 10 a a DT 43431 10383 11 large large JJ 43431 10383 12 and and CC 43431 10383 13 vertically vertically RB 43431 10383 14 placed place VBN 43431 10383 15 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10383 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10383 17 fig fig NN 43431 10383 18 . . . 43431 10384 1 108 108 CD 43431 10384 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10384 3 with with IN 43431 10384 4 a a DT 43431 10384 5 much much RB 43431 10384 6 expanded expand VBN 43431 10384 7 ilium ilium NN 43431 10384 8 . . . 43431 10385 1 The the DT 43431 10385 2 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10385 3 however however RB 43431 10385 4 differs differ VBZ 43431 10385 5 from from IN 43431 10385 6 that that DT 43431 10385 7 of of IN 43431 10385 8 the the DT 43431 10385 9 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10385 10 in in IN 43431 10385 11 the the DT 43431 10385 12 fact fact NN 43431 10385 13 that that IN 43431 10385 14 the the DT 43431 10385 15 ischia ischia NN 43431 10385 16 do do VBP 43431 10385 17 not not RB 43431 10385 18 meet meet VB 43431 10385 19 in in IN 43431 10385 20 a a DT 43431 10385 21 ventral ventral JJ 43431 10385 22 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10385 23 . . . 43431 10386 1 In in IN 43431 10386 2 many many JJ 43431 10386 3 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 10386 4 the the DT 43431 10386 5 ilia ilium NNS 43431 10386 6 have have VBP 43431 10386 7 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10386 8 gluteal gluteal JJ 43431 10386 9 , , , 43431 10386 10 iliac iliac NNS 43431 10386 11 , , , 43431 10386 12 and and CC 43431 10386 13 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10386 14 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10386 15 of of IN 43431 10386 16 nearly nearly RB 43431 10386 17 equal equal JJ 43431 10386 18 extent extent NN 43431 10386 19 ; ; : 43431 10386 20 in in IN 43431 10386 21 the the DT 43431 10386 22 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 10386 23 , , , 43431 10386 24 however however RB 43431 10386 25 , , , 43431 10386 26 the the DT 43431 10386 27 gluteal gluteal JJ 43431 10386 28 and and CC 43431 10386 29 iliac iliac NN 43431 10386 30 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10386 31 are be VBP 43431 10386 32 confluent confluent JJ 43431 10386 33 . . . 43431 10387 1 The the DT 43431 10387 2 pubes pubis NNS 43431 10387 3 and and CC 43431 10387 4 ischia ischia NN 43431 10387 5 are be VBP 43431 10387 6 always always RB 43431 10387 7 well well RB 43431 10387 8 developed developed JJ 43431 10387 9 and and CC 43431 10387 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10387 11 , , , 43431 10387 12 as as IN 43431 10387 13 in in IN 43431 10387 14 the the DT 43431 10387 15 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 10387 16 , , , 43431 10387 17 the the DT 43431 10387 18 acetabular acetabular NN 43431 10387 19 bone bone NN 43431 10387 20 also also RB 43431 10387 21 . . . 43431 10388 1 In in IN 43431 10388 2 these these DT 43431 10388 3 animals animal NNS 43431 10388 4 the the DT 43431 10388 5 pubis pubis RB 43431 10388 6 does do VBZ 43431 10388 7 not not RB 43431 10388 8 take take VB 43431 10388 9 part part NN 43431 10388 10 in in IN 43431 10388 11 the the DT 43431 10388 12 formation formation NN 43431 10388 13 of of IN 43431 10388 14 the the DT 43431 10388 15 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 10388 16 , , , 43431 10388 17 and and CC 43431 10388 18 the the DT 43431 10388 19 ischium ischium NN 43431 10388 20 bears bear VBZ 43431 10388 21 on on IN 43431 10388 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10388 23 outer outer JJ 43431 10388 24 side side NN 43431 10388 25 a a DT 43431 10388 26 well well RB 43431 10388 27 - - HYPH 43431 10388 28 marked mark VBN 43431 10388 29 ischial ischial JJ 43431 10388 30 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10388 31 . . . 43431 10389 1 In in IN 43431 10389 2 the the DT 43431 10389 3 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 10389 4 the the DT 43431 10389 5 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10389 6 is be VBZ 43431 10389 7 long long JJ 43431 10389 8 and and CC 43431 10389 9 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10389 10 . . . 43431 10390 1 The the DT 43431 10390 2 iliac iliac NN 43431 10390 3 surfaces surface VBZ 43431 10390 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10390 5 fig fig NN 43431 10390 6 . . . 43431 10391 1 78 78 CD 43431 10391 2 , , , 43431 10391 3 A a NN 43431 10391 4 , , , 43431 10391 5 5 5 CD 43431 10391 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10391 7 are be VBP 43431 10391 8 very very RB 43431 10391 9 small small JJ 43431 10391 10 and and CC 43431 10391 11 the the DT 43431 10391 12 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10391 13 large large JJ 43431 10391 14 ; ; : 43431 10391 15 the the DT 43431 10391 16 crest crest NN 43431 10391 17 or or CC 43431 10391 18 supra supra NNP 43431 10391 19 - - HYPH 43431 10391 20 iliac iliac NNP 43431 10391 21 border border NN 43431 10391 22 is be VBZ 43431 10391 23 formed form VBN 43431 10391 24 by by IN 43431 10391 25 the the DT 43431 10391 26 union union NN 43431 10391 27 of of IN 43431 10391 28 the the DT 43431 10391 29 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10391 30 and and CC 43431 10391 31 gluteal gluteal JJ 43431 10391 32 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10391 33 . . . 43431 10392 1 The the DT 43431 10392 2 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10392 3 is be VBZ 43431 10392 4 long long JJ 43431 10392 5 and and CC 43431 10392 6 includes include VBZ 43431 10392 7 part part NN 43431 10392 8 of of IN 43431 10392 9 both both DT 43431 10392 10 pubis pubis JJ 43431 10392 11 and and CC 43431 10392 12 ischium ischium NN 43431 10392 13 . . . 43431 10393 1 The the DT 43431 10393 2 ischial ischial JJ 43431 10393 3 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10393 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10393 5 fig fig NN 43431 10393 6 . . . 43431 10394 1 78 78 CD 43431 10394 2 , , , 43431 10394 3 A a NN 43431 10394 4 , , , 43431 10394 5 10 10 CD 43431 10394 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10394 7 is be VBZ 43431 10394 8 often often RB 43431 10394 9 well well RB 43431 10394 10 marked marked JJ 43431 10394 11 , , , 43431 10394 12 and and CC 43431 10394 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10394 14 as as IN 43431 10394 15 in in IN 43431 10394 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10394 17 Viverra Viverra NNP 43431 10394 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10394 19 the the DT 43431 10394 20 acetabular acetabular NN 43431 10394 21 bone bone NN 43431 10394 22 is be VBZ 43431 10394 23 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10394 24 . . . 43431 10395 1 In in IN 43431 10395 2 the the DT 43431 10395 3 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 10395 4 the the DT 43431 10395 5 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10395 6 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10395 7 is be VBZ 43431 10395 8 little little RB 43431 10395 9 developed developed JJ 43431 10395 10 , , , 43431 10395 11 or or CC 43431 10395 12 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10395 13 not not RB 43431 10395 14 developed develop VBN 43431 10395 15 at at RB 43431 10395 16 all all RB 43431 10395 17 , , , 43431 10395 18 and and CC 43431 10395 19 the the DT 43431 10395 20 obturator obturator NN 43431 10395 21 foramina foramina NNP 43431 10395 22 are be VBP 43431 10395 23 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 10395 24 large large JJ 43431 10395 25 . . . 43431 10396 1 In in IN 43431 10396 2 some some DT 43431 10396 3 INSECTIVORA insectivora NN 43431 10396 4 such such JJ 43431 10396 5 as as IN 43431 10396 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 7 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 10396 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 9 , , , 43431 10396 10 there there EX 43431 10396 11 is be VBZ 43431 10396 12 a a DT 43431 10396 13 long long JJ 43431 10396 14 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10396 15 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10396 16 , , , 43431 10396 17 in in IN 43431 10396 18 others other NNS 43431 10396 19 such such JJ 43431 10396 20 as as IN 43431 10396 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 22 Erinaceus Erinaceus NNP 43431 10396 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 24 and and CC 43431 10396 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 26 Centetes Centetes NNP 43431 10396 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 28 , , , 43431 10396 29 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10396 30 is be VBZ 43431 10396 31 very very RB 43431 10396 32 short short JJ 43431 10396 33 , , , 43431 10396 34 in in IN 43431 10396 35 others other NNS 43431 10396 36 again again RB 43431 10396 37 such such JJ 43431 10396 38 as as IN 43431 10396 39 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 40 Talpa Talpa NNP 43431 10396 41 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 42 and and CC 43431 10396 43 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 44 Sorex Sorex NNP 43431 10396 45 _ _ NNP 43431 10396 46 , , , 43431 10396 47 there there EX 43431 10396 48 is be VBZ 43431 10396 49 no no DT 43431 10396 50 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10396 51 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10396 52 . . . 43431 10397 1 The the DT 43431 10397 2 acetabular acetabular NN 43431 10397 3 bone bone NN 43431 10397 4 is be VBZ 43431 10397 5 exceptionally exceptionally RB 43431 10397 6 large large JJ 43431 10397 7 in in IN 43431 10397 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10397 9 Talpa Talpa NNP 43431 10397 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10397 11 and and CC 43431 10397 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10397 13 Sorex Sorex NNP 43431 10397 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10397 15 . . . 43431 10398 1 In in IN 43431 10398 2 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 10398 3 the the DT 43431 10398 4 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10398 5 is be VBZ 43431 10398 6 small small JJ 43431 10398 7 and and CC 43431 10398 8 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10398 9 , , , 43431 10398 10 and and CC 43431 10398 11 in in IN 43431 10398 12 the the DT 43431 10398 13 great great JJ 43431 10398 14 majority majority NN 43431 10398 15 of of IN 43431 10398 16 cases case NNS 43431 10398 17 the the DT 43431 10398 18 two two CD 43431 10398 19 halves half NNS 43431 10398 20 do do VBP 43431 10398 21 not not RB 43431 10398 22 meet meet VB 43431 10398 23 in in IN 43431 10398 24 a a DT 43431 10398 25 ventral ventral JJ 43431 10398 26 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10398 27 . . . 43431 10399 1 The the DT 43431 10399 2 pubis pubis RB 43431 10399 3 has have VBZ 43431 10399 4 a a DT 43431 10399 5 strongly strongly RB 43431 10399 6 developed develop VBN 43431 10399 7 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 10399 8 process process NN 43431 10399 9 , , , 43431 10399 10 which which WDT 43431 10399 11 occasionally occasionally RB 43431 10399 12 unites unite VBZ 43431 10399 13 with with IN 43431 10399 14 a a DT 43431 10399 15 process process NN 43431 10399 16 from from IN 43431 10399 17 the the DT 43431 10399 18 ilium ilium NN 43431 10399 19 enclosing enclose VBG 43431 10399 20 a a DT 43431 10399 21 large large JJ 43431 10399 22 pre pre JJ 43431 10399 23 - - JJ 43431 10399 24 acetabular acetabular JJ 43431 10399 25 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10399 26 . . . 43431 10400 1 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 10400 2 . . . 43431 10401 1 In in IN 43431 10401 2 Man Man NNP 43431 10401 3 and and CC 43431 10401 4 the the DT 43431 10401 5 Anthropoid Anthropoid NNP 43431 10401 6 Apes Apes NNP 43431 10401 7 the the DT 43431 10401 8 pelvis pelvis NN 43431 10401 9 is be VBZ 43431 10401 10 very very RB 43431 10401 11 large large JJ 43431 10401 12 and and CC 43431 10401 13 wide wide JJ 43431 10401 14 , , , 43431 10401 15 and and CC 43431 10401 16 the the DT 43431 10401 17 ilium ilium NN 43431 10401 18 has have VBZ 43431 10401 19 much much RB 43431 10401 20 expanded expand VBN 43431 10401 21 iliac iliac NNS 43431 10401 22 and and CC 43431 10401 23 gluteal gluteal JJ 43431 10401 24 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10401 25 . . . 43431 10402 1 The the DT 43431 10402 2 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10402 3 is be VBZ 43431 10402 4 rather rather RB 43431 10402 5 short short JJ 43431 10402 6 and and CC 43431 10402 7 formed form VBN 43431 10402 8 by by IN 43431 10402 9 the the DT 43431 10402 10 pubis pubi VBN 43431 10402 11 alone alone JJ 43431 10402 12 . . . 43431 10403 1 The the DT 43431 10403 2 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 10403 3 is be VBZ 43431 10403 4 deep deep JJ 43431 10403 5 and and CC 43431 10403 6 the the DT 43431 10403 7 obturator obturator NN 43431 10403 8 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10403 9 large large JJ 43431 10403 10 , , , 43431 10403 11 and and CC 43431 10403 12 there there EX 43431 10403 13 is be VBZ 43431 10403 14 frequently frequently RB 43431 10403 15 a a DT 43431 10403 16 well well RB 43431 10403 17 - - HYPH 43431 10403 18 marked mark VBN 43431 10403 19 ischial ischial JJ 43431 10403 20 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10403 21 . . . 43431 10404 1 In in IN 43431 10404 2 the the DT 43431 10404 3 lower low JJR 43431 10404 4 Anthropoidea Anthropoidea NNP 43431 10404 5 the the DT 43431 10404 6 ilium ilium NN 43431 10404 7 is be VBZ 43431 10404 8 long long JJ 43431 10404 9 and and CC 43431 10404 10 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10404 11 and and CC 43431 10404 12 has have VBZ 43431 10404 13 a a DT 43431 10404 14 small small JJ 43431 10404 15 iliac iliac NN 43431 10404 16 surface surface NN 43431 10404 17 . . . 43431 10405 1 The the DT 43431 10405 2 ischial ischial JJ 43431 10405 3 tuberosities tuberosity NNS 43431 10405 4 are be VBP 43431 10405 5 large large JJ 43431 10405 6 in in IN 43431 10405 7 the the DT 43431 10405 8 old old JJ 43431 10405 9 world world NN 43431 10405 10 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 10405 11 . . . 43431 10406 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10406 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10406 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10406 4 . . . 43431 10407 1 108 108 CD 43431 10407 2 . . . 43431 10408 1 LEFT left JJ 43431 10408 2 ANTERIOR ANTERIOR NNP 43431 10408 3 AND and CC 43431 10408 4 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR VBD 43431 10408 5 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 10408 6 AND and CC 43431 10408 7 LIMB LIMB NNP 43431 10408 8 GIRDLE GIRDLE NNP 43431 10408 9 OF of IN 43431 10408 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10408 11 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 10408 12 mirabile mirabile NN 43431 10408 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10408 14 . . . 43431 10409 1 The the DT 43431 10409 2 anterior anterior NN 43431 10409 3 limb limb NN 43431 10409 4 is be VBZ 43431 10409 5 to to IN 43431 10409 6 the the DT 43431 10409 7 left left NN 43431 10409 8 , , , 43431 10409 9 the the DT 43431 10409 10 posterior posterior NN 43431 10409 11 to to IN 43431 10409 12 the the DT 43431 10409 13 right right JJ 43431 10409 14 à à NNP 43431 10409 15 � � NNP 43431 10409 16 1/10 1/10 CD 43431 10409 17 . . . 43431 10410 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10410 2 From from IN 43431 10410 3 casts cast NNS 43431 10410 4 , , , 43431 10410 5 Brit Brit NNP 43431 10410 6 . . . 43431 10411 1 Mus mus NN 43431 10411 2 . . . 43431 10411 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10412 1 1 1 LS 43431 10412 2 . . . 43431 10412 3 ilium ilium NNP 43431 10412 4 . . . 43431 10413 1 2 2 LS 43431 10413 2 . . . 43431 10413 3 head head NN 43431 10413 4 of of IN 43431 10413 5 femur femur NN 43431 10413 6 . . . 43431 10414 1 3 3 LS 43431 10414 2 . . . 43431 10414 3 great great JJ 43431 10414 4 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10414 5 . . . 43431 10415 1 4 4 LS 43431 10415 2 . . . 43431 10415 3 patella patella NNP 43431 10415 4 . . . 43431 10416 1 5 5 LS 43431 10416 2 . . . 43431 10416 3 fibula fibula NNP 43431 10416 4 . . . 43431 10417 1 6 6 LS 43431 10417 2 . . . 43431 10417 3 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10417 4 . . . 43431 10418 1 7 7 LS 43431 10418 2 . . . 43431 10418 3 second second JJ 43431 10418 4 digit digit NN 43431 10418 5 of of IN 43431 10418 6 pes pe NNS 43431 10418 7 . . . 43431 10419 1 8 8 LS 43431 10419 2 . . . 43431 10419 3 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10419 4 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10419 5 of of IN 43431 10419 6 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10419 7 digit digit NN 43431 10419 8 of of IN 43431 10419 9 pes pe NNS 43431 10419 10 . . . 43431 10420 1 9 9 LS 43431 10420 2 . . . 43431 10420 3 calcaneum calcaneum NNP 43431 10420 4 . . . 43431 10421 1 10 10 LS 43431 10421 2 . . . 43431 10421 3 postscapular postscapular NN 43431 10421 4 fossa fossa NN 43431 10421 5 . . . 43431 10422 1 11 11 CD 43431 10422 2 . . . 43431 10422 3 prescapular prescapular JJ 43431 10422 4 fossa fossa NN 43431 10422 5 . . . 43431 10423 1 12 12 CD 43431 10423 2 . . . 43431 10423 3 coracoid coracoid JJ 43431 10423 4 process process NN 43431 10423 5 . . . 43431 10424 1 13 13 CD 43431 10424 2 . . . 43431 10424 3 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10424 4 . . . 43431 10425 1 14 14 CD 43431 10425 2 . . . 43431 10425 3 radius radius NN 43431 10425 4 . . . 43431 10426 1 15 15 CD 43431 10426 2 . . . 43431 10426 3 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10426 4 . . . 43431 10427 1 17 17 CD 43431 10427 2 . . . 43431 10427 3 unciform unciform NN 43431 10427 4 . . . 43431 10428 1 18 18 CD 43431 10428 2 . . . 43431 10428 3 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10428 4 . . . 43431 10429 1 20 20 CD 43431 10429 2 . . . 43431 10429 3 lunar lunar JJ 43431 10429 4 . . . 43431 10430 1 21 21 CD 43431 10430 2 . . . 43431 10430 3 first first JJ 43431 10430 4 metacarpal metacarpal NNP 43431 10430 5 . . . 43431 10431 1 22 22 CD 43431 10431 2 . . . 43431 10431 3 fifth fifth NNP 43431 10431 4 metacarpal metacarpal NNP 43431 10431 5 . . . 43431 10431 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10432 1 THE the DT 43431 10432 2 THIGH THIGH NNP 43431 10432 3 AND and CC 43431 10432 4 SHIN SHIN NNP 43431 10432 5 . . . 43431 10433 1 In in IN 43431 10433 2 the the DT 43431 10433 3 MONOTREMATA monotremata NN 43431 10433 4 the the DT 43431 10433 5 femur femur NN 43431 10433 6 is be VBZ 43431 10433 7 short short JJ 43431 10433 8 , , , 43431 10433 9 rather rather RB 43431 10433 10 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10433 11 in in IN 43431 10433 12 the the DT 43431 10433 13 middle middle NN 43431 10433 14 , , , 43431 10433 15 and and CC 43431 10433 16 expanded expand VBD 43431 10433 17 at at IN 43431 10433 18 each each DT 43431 10433 19 end end NN 43431 10433 20 . . . 43431 10434 1 The the DT 43431 10434 2 great great JJ 43431 10434 3 and and CC 43431 10434 4 lesser less JJR 43431 10434 5 trochanters trochanter NNS 43431 10434 6 are be VBP 43431 10434 7 large large JJ 43431 10434 8 and and CC 43431 10434 9 about about RB 43431 10434 10 equally equally RB 43431 10434 11 developed develop VBN 43431 10434 12 , , , 43431 10434 13 but but CC 43431 10434 14 there there EX 43431 10434 15 is be VBZ 43431 10434 16 no no DT 43431 10434 17 third third JJ 43431 10434 18 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10434 19 . . . 43431 10435 1 The the DT 43431 10435 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 10435 3 is be VBZ 43431 10435 4 very very RB 43431 10435 5 large large JJ 43431 10435 6 and and CC 43431 10435 7 is be VBZ 43431 10435 8 expanded expand VBN 43431 10435 9 at at IN 43431 10435 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10435 11 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10435 12 end end NN 43431 10435 13 , , , 43431 10435 14 forming form VBG 43431 10435 15 a a DT 43431 10435 16 flattened flattened JJ 43431 10435 17 plate plate NN 43431 10435 18 much much RB 43431 10435 19 resembling resemble VBG 43431 10435 20 an an DT 43431 10435 21 olecranon olecranon NN 43431 10435 22 . . . 43431 10436 1 The the DT 43431 10436 2 patella patella NN 43431 10436 3 is be VBZ 43431 10436 4 well well RB 43431 10436 5 developed developed JJ 43431 10436 6 . . . 43431 10437 1 In in IN 43431 10437 2 the the DT 43431 10437 3 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 10437 4 there there EX 43431 10437 5 is be VBZ 43431 10437 6 no no DT 43431 10437 7 third third JJ 43431 10437 8 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10437 9 to to IN 43431 10437 10 the the DT 43431 10437 11 femur femur NN 43431 10437 12 , , , 43431 10437 13 the the DT 43431 10437 14 fibula fibula NN 43431 10437 15 is be VBZ 43431 10437 16 well well RB 43431 10437 17 developed developed JJ 43431 10437 18 but but CC 43431 10437 19 not not RB 43431 10437 20 the the DT 43431 10437 21 patella patella NN 43431 10437 22 as as IN 43431 10437 23 a a DT 43431 10437 24 general general JJ 43431 10437 25 rule rule NN 43431 10437 26 . . . 43431 10438 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10438 2 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10438 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10438 4 has have VBZ 43431 10438 5 a a DT 43431 10438 6 femur femur NN 43431 10438 7 with with IN 43431 10438 8 a a DT 43431 10438 9 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10438 10 ridge ridge NN 43431 10438 11 extending extend VBG 43431 10438 12 some some DT 43431 10438 13 little little JJ 43431 10438 14 way way NN 43431 10438 15 down down IN 43431 10438 16 the the DT 43431 10438 17 shaft shaft NN 43431 10438 18 from from IN 43431 10438 19 the the DT 43431 10438 20 great great JJ 43431 10438 21 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10438 22 ; ; : 43431 10438 23 the the DT 43431 10438 24 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10438 25 has have VBZ 43431 10438 26 a a DT 43431 10438 27 remarkably remarkably RB 43431 10438 28 developed develop VBN 43431 10438 29 crest crest NN 43431 10438 30 , , , 43431 10438 31 and and CC 43431 10438 32 the the DT 43431 10438 33 fibula fibula NN 43431 10438 34 has have VBZ 43431 10438 35 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10438 36 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10438 37 end end NN 43431 10438 38 much much RB 43431 10438 39 expanded expand VBN 43431 10438 40 and and CC 43431 10438 41 perforated perforate VBN 43431 10438 42 ; ; : 43431 10438 43 there there EX 43431 10438 44 is be VBZ 43431 10438 45 an an DT 43431 10438 46 irregularly irregularly RB 43431 10438 47 shaped shape VBN 43431 10438 48 patella patella NN 43431 10438 49 closely closely RB 43431 10438 50 connected connect VBN 43431 10438 51 with with IN 43431 10438 52 the the DT 43431 10438 53 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10438 54 end end NN 43431 10438 55 of of IN 43431 10438 56 the the DT 43431 10438 57 tibia tibia NNS 43431 10438 58 . . . 43431 10439 1 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 10439 2 . . . 43431 10440 1 In in IN 43431 10440 2 the the DT 43431 10440 3 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 10440 4 the the DT 43431 10440 5 leg leg NN 43431 10440 6 bones bone NNS 43431 10440 7 are be VBP 43431 10440 8 all all DT 43431 10440 9 long long JJ 43431 10440 10 and and CC 43431 10440 11 slender slend JJR 43431 10440 12 . . . 43431 10441 1 The the DT 43431 10441 2 femur femur NN 43431 10441 3 has have VBZ 43431 10441 4 no no DT 43431 10441 5 third third JJ 43431 10441 6 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10441 7 , , , 43431 10441 8 and and CC 43431 10441 9 the the DT 43431 10441 10 fibula fibula NN 43431 10441 11 is be VBZ 43431 10441 12 complete complete JJ 43431 10441 13 and and CC 43431 10441 14 nearly nearly RB 43431 10441 15 equal equal JJ 43431 10441 16 in in IN 43431 10441 17 size size NN 43431 10441 18 to to IN 43431 10441 19 the the DT 43431 10441 20 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10441 21 . . . 43431 10442 1 In in IN 43431 10442 2 the the DT 43431 10442 3 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 10442 4 the the DT 43431 10442 5 leg leg NN 43431 10442 6 bones bone NNS 43431 10442 7 are be VBP 43431 10442 8 extraordinarily extraordinarily RB 43431 10442 9 massive massive JJ 43431 10442 10 , , , 43431 10442 11 the the DT 43431 10442 12 circumference circumference NN 43431 10442 13 of of IN 43431 10442 14 the the DT 43431 10442 15 shaft shaft NN 43431 10442 16 of of IN 43431 10442 17 the the DT 43431 10442 18 femur femur NN 43431 10442 19 in in IN 43431 10442 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10442 21 Megatherium Megatherium NNP 43431 10442 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10442 23 equalling equal VBG 43431 10442 24 or or CC 43431 10442 25 exceeding exceed VBG 43431 10442 26 the the DT 43431 10442 27 length length NN 43431 10442 28 of of IN 43431 10442 29 the the DT 43431 10442 30 bone bone NN 43431 10442 31 . . . 43431 10443 1 There there EX 43431 10443 2 is be VBZ 43431 10443 3 no no DT 43431 10443 4 third third JJ 43431 10443 5 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10443 6 in in IN 43431 10443 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10443 8 Megatherium Megatherium NNP 43431 10443 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10443 10 . . . 43431 10444 1 In in IN 43431 10444 2 most most JJS 43431 10444 3 of of IN 43431 10444 4 the the DT 43431 10444 5 remaining remain VBG 43431 10444 6 Edentata Edentata NNP 43431 10444 7 the the DT 43431 10444 8 leg leg NN 43431 10444 9 bones bone NNS 43431 10444 10 are be VBP 43431 10444 11 strongly strongly RB 43431 10444 12 developed develop VBN 43431 10444 13 . . . 43431 10445 1 The the DT 43431 10445 2 femur femur NN 43431 10445 3 in in IN 43431 10445 4 the the DT 43431 10445 5 Armadillos Armadillos NNP 43431 10445 6 and and CC 43431 10445 7 Aard Aard NNP 43431 10445 8 Varks Varks NNP 43431 10445 9 has have VBZ 43431 10445 10 a a DT 43431 10445 11 strong strong JJ 43431 10445 12 third third JJ 43431 10445 13 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10445 14 , , , 43431 10445 15 and and CC 43431 10445 16 the the DT 43431 10445 17 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10445 18 and and CC 43431 10445 19 fibula fibula NN 43431 10445 20 are be VBP 43431 10445 21 both both CC 43431 10445 22 large large JJ 43431 10445 23 and and CC 43431 10445 24 are be VBP 43431 10445 25 commonly commonly RB 43431 10445 26 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 10445 27 together together RB 43431 10445 28 at at IN 43431 10445 29 either either DT 43431 10445 30 end end NN 43431 10445 31 . . . 43431 10446 1 The the DT 43431 10446 2 limb limb NN 43431 10446 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10446 4 are be VBP 43431 10446 5 very very RB 43431 10446 6 massive massive JJ 43431 10446 7 also also RB 43431 10446 8 in in IN 43431 10446 9 the the DT 43431 10446 10 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNPS 43431 10446 11 . . . 43431 10447 1 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 10447 2 . . . 43431 10448 1 In in IN 43431 10448 2 no no DT 43431 10448 3 living live VBG 43431 10448 4 Sirenian Sirenian NNP 43431 10448 5 is be VBZ 43431 10448 6 there there EX 43431 10448 7 any any DT 43431 10448 8 trace trace NN 43431 10448 9 of of IN 43431 10448 10 a a DT 43431 10448 11 hind hind NN 43431 10448 12 limb limb NN 43431 10448 13 , , , 43431 10448 14 but but CC 43431 10448 15 in in IN 43431 10448 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10448 17 Halitherium Halitherium NNP 43431 10448 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10448 19 a a DT 43431 10448 20 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10448 21 femur femur NN 43431 10448 22 is be VBZ 43431 10448 23 found find VBN 43431 10448 24 , , , 43431 10448 25 which which WDT 43431 10448 26 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10448 27 with with IN 43431 10448 28 the the DT 43431 10448 29 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10448 30 by by IN 43431 10448 31 a a DT 43431 10448 32 definite definite JJ 43431 10448 33 acetabulum acetabulum NN 43431 10448 34 . . . 43431 10449 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10449 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10449 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10449 4 . . . 43431 10450 1 109 109 CD 43431 10450 2 . . . 43431 10451 1 LEFT left JJ 43431 10451 2 FEMUR FEMUR NNP 43431 10451 3 OF of IN 43431 10451 4 AN an DT 43431 10451 5 OX ox NN 43431 10451 6 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10451 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10451 8 Bos Bos NNP 43431 10451 9 taurus taurus NNP 43431 10451 10 _ _ XX 43431 10451 11 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10451 12 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10451 13 to to IN 43431 10451 14 the the DT 43431 10451 15 left left NN 43431 10451 16 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10451 17 AND and CC 43431 10451 18 OF of IN 43431 10451 19 A a DT 43431 10451 20 SUMATRAN sumatran NN 43431 10451 21 RHINOCEROS rhinoceros NN 43431 10451 22 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10451 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10451 24 R. R. NNP 43431 10452 1 sumatrensis sumatrensis NNP 43431 10452 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10452 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10452 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10452 5 to to IN 43431 10452 6 the the DT 43431 10452 7 right right NN 43431 10452 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10452 9 . . . 43431 10453 1 à à NNP 43431 10453 2 � � NNP 43431 10453 3 1/6 1/6 CD 43431 10453 4 . . . 43431 10454 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10454 2 Camb camb NN 43431 10454 3 . . . 43431 10455 1 Mus mus NN 43431 10455 2 . . . 43431 10455 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10456 1 1 1 LS 43431 10456 2 . . . 43431 10456 3 head head NN 43431 10456 4 . . . 43431 10457 1 2 2 LS 43431 10457 2 . . . 43431 10457 3 great great JJ 43431 10457 4 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10457 5 . . . 43431 10458 1 3 3 LS 43431 10458 2 . . . 43431 10458 3 lesser less JJR 43431 10458 4 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10458 5 . . . 43431 10459 1 4 4 LS 43431 10459 2 . . . 43431 10459 3 third third JJ 43431 10459 4 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10459 5 . . . 43431 10460 1 5 5 LS 43431 10460 2 . . . 43431 10460 3 shaft shaft NN 43431 10460 4 . . . 43431 10461 1 6 6 CD 43431 10461 2 . . . 43431 10462 1 condyles condyle NNS 43431 10462 2 . . . 43431 10462 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10463 1 In in IN 43431 10463 2 the the DT 43431 10463 3 Mystacoceti Mystacoceti NNP 43431 10463 4 among among IN 43431 10463 5 the the DT 43431 10463 6 CETACEA cetacea JJ 43431 10463 7 small small JJ 43431 10463 8 nodules nodule NNS 43431 10463 9 of of IN 43431 10463 10 bone bone NN 43431 10463 11 or or CC 43431 10463 12 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 10463 13 occur occur VBP 43431 10463 14 connected connect VBN 43431 10463 15 with with IN 43431 10463 16 the the DT 43431 10463 17 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10463 18 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10463 19 , , , 43431 10463 20 and and CC 43431 10463 21 may may MD 43431 10463 22 represent represent VB 43431 10463 23 the the DT 43431 10463 24 femur femur NN 43431 10463 25 and and CC 43431 10463 26 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10463 27 . . . 43431 10464 1 No no DT 43431 10464 2 trace trace NN 43431 10464 3 of of IN 43431 10464 4 the the DT 43431 10464 5 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10464 6 of of IN 43431 10464 7 the the DT 43431 10464 8 hind hind NN 43431 10464 9 limb limb NN 43431 10464 10 is be VBZ 43431 10464 11 known know VBN 43431 10464 12 in in IN 43431 10464 13 the the DT 43431 10464 14 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 10464 15 . . . 43431 10465 1 In in IN 43431 10465 2 the the DT 43431 10465 3 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 10465 4 VERA VERA NNP 43431 10465 5 the the DT 43431 10465 6 femur femur NN 43431 10465 7 is be VBZ 43431 10465 8 noticeable noticeable JJ 43431 10465 9 for for IN 43431 10465 10 the the DT 43431 10465 11 size size NN 43431 10465 12 of of IN 43431 10465 13 the the DT 43431 10465 14 great great JJ 43431 10465 15 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10465 16 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10465 17 fig fig NN 43431 10465 18 . . . 43431 10466 1 109 109 CD 43431 10466 2 , , , 43431 10466 3 2 2 CD 43431 10466 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10466 5 ; ; : 43431 10466 6 there there EX 43431 10466 7 is be VBZ 43431 10466 8 no no DT 43431 10466 9 definitely definitely RB 43431 10466 10 constricted constrict VBN 43431 10466 11 neck neck NN 43431 10466 12 separating separate VBG 43431 10466 13 the the DT 43431 10466 14 head head NN 43431 10466 15 from from IN 43431 10466 16 the the DT 43431 10466 17 rest rest NN 43431 10466 18 of of IN 43431 10466 19 the the DT 43431 10466 20 bone bone NN 43431 10466 21 , , , 43431 10466 22 and and CC 43431 10466 23 the the DT 43431 10466 24 lesser less JJR 43431 10466 25 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10466 26 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10466 27 fig fig NN 43431 10466 28 . . . 43431 10467 1 109 109 CD 43431 10467 2 , , , 43431 10467 3 3 3 CD 43431 10467 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10467 5 is be VBZ 43431 10467 6 not not RB 43431 10467 7 very very RB 43431 10467 8 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10467 9 . . . 43431 10468 1 All all DT 43431 10468 2 Perissodactyles perissodactyle NNS 43431 10468 3 except except IN 43431 10468 4 the the DT 43431 10468 5 Chalicotheriidae Chalicotheriidae NNP 43431 10468 6 show show VBP 43431 10468 7 a a DT 43431 10468 8 strongly strongly RB 43431 10468 9 marked mark VBN 43431 10468 10 third third JJ 43431 10468 11 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10468 12 , , , 43431 10468 13 but but CC 43431 10468 14 this this DT 43431 10468 15 is be VBZ 43431 10468 16 absent absent JJ 43431 10468 17 in in IN 43431 10468 18 all all DT 43431 10468 19 known know VBN 43431 10468 20 Artiodactyles artiodactyle NNS 43431 10468 21 . . . 43431 10469 1 The the DT 43431 10469 2 development development NN 43431 10469 3 of of IN 43431 10469 4 the the DT 43431 10469 5 fibula fibula NN 43431 10469 6 in in IN 43431 10469 7 general general JJ 43431 10469 8 corresponds correspond NNS 43431 10469 9 to to IN 43431 10469 10 that that DT 43431 10469 11 of of IN 43431 10469 12 the the DT 43431 10469 13 ulna ulna NN 43431 10469 14 . . . 43431 10470 1 In in IN 43431 10470 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10470 3 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10470 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10470 5 , , , 43431 10470 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10470 7 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 10470 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10470 9 , , , 43431 10470 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10470 11 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 10470 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10470 13 and and CC 43431 10470 14 the the DT 43431 10470 15 Suina Suina NNP 43431 10470 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10470 17 is be VBZ 43431 10470 18 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10470 19 and and CC 43431 10470 20 fairly fairly RB 43431 10470 21 well well RB 43431 10470 22 developed developed JJ 43431 10470 23 ; ; : 43431 10470 24 in in IN 43431 10470 25 the the DT 43431 10470 26 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 10470 27 on on IN 43431 10470 28 the the DT 43431 10470 29 other other JJ 43431 10470 30 hand hand NN 43431 10470 31 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10470 32 is be VBZ 43431 10470 33 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10470 34 , , , 43431 10470 35 being be VBG 43431 10470 36 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10470 37 to to IN 43431 10470 38 the the DT 43431 10470 39 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10470 40 end end NN 43431 10470 41 only only RB 43431 10470 42 . . . 43431 10471 1 In in IN 43431 10471 2 the the DT 43431 10471 3 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 10471 4 and and CC 43431 10471 5 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 10471 6 also also RB 43431 10471 7 , , , 43431 10471 8 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10471 9 is be VBZ 43431 10471 10 much much RB 43431 10471 11 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10471 12 forming form VBG 43431 10471 13 merely merely RB 43431 10471 14 a a DT 43431 10471 15 small small JJ 43431 10471 16 bone bone NN 43431 10471 17 attached attach VBN 43431 10471 18 to to IN 43431 10471 19 the the DT 43431 10471 20 distal distal JJ 43431 10471 21 end end NN 43431 10471 22 of of IN 43431 10471 23 the the DT 43431 10471 24 tibia tibia NN 43431 10471 25 , , , 43431 10471 26 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10471 27 , , , 43431 10471 28 as as IN 43431 10471 29 in in IN 43431 10471 30 the the DT 43431 10471 31 Red Red NNP 43431 10471 32 deer deer NN 43431 10471 33 a a DT 43431 10471 34 slender slend JJR 43431 10471 35 vestige vestige NN 43431 10471 36 of of IN 43431 10471 37 the the DT 43431 10471 38 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10471 39 end end NN 43431 10471 40 also also RB 43431 10471 41 is be VBZ 43431 10471 42 preserved preserve VBN 43431 10471 43 quite quite RB 43431 10471 44 detached detach VBN 43431 10471 45 from from IN 43431 10471 46 the the DT 43431 10471 47 distal distal JJ 43431 10471 48 portion portion NN 43431 10471 49 ; ; : 43431 10471 50 in in IN 43431 10471 51 the the DT 43431 10471 52 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10471 53 this this DT 43431 10471 54 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10471 55 portion portion NN 43431 10471 56 is be VBZ 43431 10471 57 all all DT 43431 10471 58 that that WDT 43431 10471 59 there there EX 43431 10471 60 is be VBZ 43431 10471 61 found find VBN 43431 10471 62 of of IN 43431 10471 63 the the DT 43431 10471 64 fibula fibula NN 43431 10471 65 . . . 43431 10472 1 The the DT 43431 10472 2 progressive progressive JJ 43431 10472 3 diminution diminution NN 43431 10472 4 of of IN 43431 10472 5 the the DT 43431 10472 6 fibula fibula NN 43431 10472 7 can can MD 43431 10472 8 be be VB 43431 10472 9 well well RB 43431 10472 10 seen see VBN 43431 10472 11 in in IN 43431 10472 12 the the DT 43431 10472 13 series series NN 43431 10472 14 of of IN 43431 10472 15 forms form NNS 43431 10472 16 that that WDT 43431 10472 17 are be VBP 43431 10472 18 regarded regard VBN 43431 10472 19 as as IN 43431 10472 20 the the DT 43431 10472 21 ancestors ancestor NNS 43431 10472 22 of of IN 43431 10472 23 the the DT 43431 10472 24 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10472 25 . . . 43431 10473 1 The the DT 43431 10473 2 patella patella NN 43431 10473 3 of of IN 43431 10473 4 the the DT 43431 10473 5 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 10473 6 vera vera NNP 43431 10473 7 is be VBZ 43431 10473 8 well well RB 43431 10473 9 ossified ossified JJ 43431 10473 10 , , , 43431 10473 11 but but CC 43431 10473 12 fabellae[177 fabellae[177 NNP 43431 10473 13 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10473 14 are be VBP 43431 10473 15 not not RB 43431 10473 16 usually usually RB 43431 10473 17 found find VBN 43431 10473 18 . . . 43431 10474 1 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 10474 2 . . . 43431 10475 1 Of of IN 43431 10475 2 the the DT 43431 10475 3 Toxodontia Toxodontia NNP 43431 10475 4 , , , 43431 10475 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10475 6 Toxodon Toxodon NNP 43431 10475 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10475 8 has have VBZ 43431 10475 9 no no DT 43431 10475 10 third third JJ 43431 10475 11 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10475 12 while while IN 43431 10475 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10475 14 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 10475 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10475 16 and and CC 43431 10475 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10475 18 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 10475 19 _ _ NNP 43431 10475 20 have have VBP 43431 10475 21 one one CD 43431 10475 22 . . . 43431 10476 1 In in IN 43431 10476 2 the the DT 43431 10476 3 Condylarthra Condylarthra NNP 43431 10476 4 the the DT 43431 10476 5 femur femur NN 43431 10476 6 has have VBZ 43431 10476 7 well well RB 43431 10476 8 - - HYPH 43431 10476 9 marked mark VBN 43431 10476 10 lesser less JJR 43431 10476 11 and and CC 43431 10476 12 third third JJ 43431 10476 13 trochanters trochanter NNS 43431 10476 14 , , , 43431 10476 15 and and CC 43431 10476 16 the the DT 43431 10476 17 fibula fibula NN 43431 10476 18 and and CC 43431 10476 19 patella patella NN 43431 10476 20 are be VBP 43431 10476 21 well well RB 43431 10476 22 developed developed JJ 43431 10476 23 . . . 43431 10477 1 In in IN 43431 10477 2 the the DT 43431 10477 3 Hyracoidea Hyracoidea NNP 43431 10477 4 there there EX 43431 10477 5 is be VBZ 43431 10477 6 a a DT 43431 10477 7 slight slight JJ 43431 10477 8 ridge ridge NN 43431 10477 9 on on IN 43431 10477 10 the the DT 43431 10477 11 femur femur NN 43431 10477 12 in in IN 43431 10477 13 the the DT 43431 10477 14 place place NN 43431 10477 15 of of IN 43431 10477 16 the the DT 43431 10477 17 third third JJ 43431 10477 18 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10477 19 , , , 43431 10477 20 the the DT 43431 10477 21 fibula fibula NN 43431 10477 22 is be VBZ 43431 10477 23 complete complete JJ 43431 10477 24 , , , 43431 10477 25 but but CC 43431 10477 26 is be VBZ 43431 10477 27 generally generally RB 43431 10477 28 fused fuse VBN 43431 10477 29 to to IN 43431 10477 30 the the DT 43431 10477 31 tibia tibia NNS 43431 10477 32 at at IN 43431 10477 33 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10477 34 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10477 35 end end NN 43431 10477 36 . . . 43431 10478 1 Of of IN 43431 10478 2 the the DT 43431 10478 3 Amblypoda Amblypoda NNP 43431 10478 4 , , , 43431 10478 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10478 6 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 10478 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10478 8 has have VBZ 43431 10478 9 a a DT 43431 10478 10 third third JJ 43431 10478 11 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10478 12 , , , 43431 10478 13 but but CC 43431 10478 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10478 15 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 10478 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10478 17 has have VBZ 43431 10478 18 none none NN 43431 10478 19 ; ; : 43431 10478 20 in in IN 43431 10478 21 this this DT 43431 10478 22 respect respect NN 43431 10478 23 , , , 43431 10478 24 in in IN 43431 10478 25 the the DT 43431 10478 26 vertical vertical JJ 43431 10478 27 position position NN 43431 10478 28 and and CC 43431 10478 29 general general JJ 43431 10478 30 appearance appearance NN 43431 10478 31 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10478 32 fig fig NN 43431 10478 33 . . . 43431 10479 1 108 108 CD 43431 10479 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10479 3 of of IN 43431 10479 4 the the DT 43431 10479 5 limb limb NN 43431 10479 6 , , , 43431 10479 7 and and CC 43431 10479 8 in in IN 43431 10479 9 the the DT 43431 10479 10 articulation articulation NN 43431 10479 11 of of IN 43431 10479 12 the the DT 43431 10479 13 fibula fibula NN 43431 10479 14 with with IN 43431 10479 15 the the DT 43431 10479 16 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10479 17 , , , 43431 10479 18 the the DT 43431 10479 19 leg leg NN 43431 10479 20 of of IN 43431 10479 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10479 22 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 10479 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10479 24 closely closely RB 43431 10479 25 approaches approach VBZ 43431 10479 26 that that DT 43431 10479 27 of of IN 43431 10479 28 the the DT 43431 10479 29 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10479 30 . . . 43431 10480 1 In in IN 43431 10480 2 the the DT 43431 10480 3 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10480 4 the the DT 43431 10480 5 femur femur NN 43431 10480 6 is be VBZ 43431 10480 7 very very RB 43431 10480 8 long long JJ 43431 10480 9 and and CC 43431 10480 10 straight straight JJ 43431 10480 11 , , , 43431 10480 12 the the DT 43431 10480 13 development development NN 43431 10480 14 of of IN 43431 10480 15 trochanters trochanter NNS 43431 10480 16 is be VBZ 43431 10480 17 slight slight JJ 43431 10480 18 , , , 43431 10480 19 and and CC 43431 10480 20 the the DT 43431 10480 21 fibula fibula NN 43431 10480 22 though though IN 43431 10480 23 slender slender NN 43431 10480 24 is be VBZ 43431 10480 25 complete complete JJ 43431 10480 26 and and CC 43431 10480 27 articulates articulate NNS 43431 10480 28 with with IN 43431 10480 29 the the DT 43431 10480 30 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10480 31 . . . 43431 10481 1 A a DT 43431 10481 2 third third JJ 43431 10481 3 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10481 4 is be VBZ 43431 10481 5 found find VBN 43431 10481 6 in in IN 43431 10481 7 the the DT 43431 10481 8 Tillodontia Tillodontia NNP 43431 10481 9 . . . 43431 10482 1 In in IN 43431 10482 2 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 10482 3 the the DT 43431 10482 4 femur femur NN 43431 10482 5 is be VBZ 43431 10482 6 variable variable JJ 43431 10482 7 , , , 43431 10482 8 the the DT 43431 10482 9 great great JJ 43431 10482 10 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10482 11 is be VBZ 43431 10482 12 generally generally RB 43431 10482 13 large large JJ 43431 10482 14 and and CC 43431 10482 15 so so RB 43431 10482 16 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10482 17 is be VBZ 43431 10482 18 the the DT 43431 10482 19 third third JJ 43431 10482 20 as as IN 43431 10482 21 in in IN 43431 10482 22 the the DT 43431 10482 23 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 10482 24 . . . 43431 10483 1 In in IN 43431 10483 2 most most JJS 43431 10483 3 Rodents rodent NNS 43431 10483 4 as as IN 43431 10483 5 in in IN 43431 10483 6 the the DT 43431 10483 7 Beaver Beaver NNP 43431 10483 8 the the DT 43431 10483 9 fibula fibula NN 43431 10483 10 is be VBZ 43431 10483 11 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10483 12 , , , 43431 10483 13 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10483 14 as as IN 43431 10483 15 in in IN 43431 10483 16 the the DT 43431 10483 17 Hares hare NNS 43431 10483 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10483 19 is be VBZ 43431 10483 20 united united JJ 43431 10483 21 distally distally RB 43431 10483 22 with with IN 43431 10483 23 the the DT 43431 10483 24 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10483 25 . . . 43431 10484 1 The the DT 43431 10484 2 patella patella NN 43431 10484 3 is be VBZ 43431 10484 4 well well RB 43431 10484 5 developed developed JJ 43431 10484 6 , , , 43431 10484 7 and and CC 43431 10484 8 so so RB 43431 10484 9 too too RB 43431 10484 10 are be VBP 43431 10484 11 the the DT 43431 10484 12 fabellae fabellae NNS 43431 10484 13 as as IN 43431 10484 14 a a DT 43431 10484 15 general general JJ 43431 10484 16 rule rule NN 43431 10484 17 . . . 43431 10485 1 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 10485 2 . . . 43431 10486 1 In in IN 43431 10486 2 the the DT 43431 10486 3 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10486 4 vera vera NN 43431 10486 5 the the DT 43431 10486 6 femur femur NN 43431 10486 7 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10486 8 fig fig NN 43431 10486 9 . . . 43431 10487 1 79 79 CD 43431 10487 2 , , , 43431 10487 3 A a DT 43431 10487 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10487 5 is be VBZ 43431 10487 6 generally generally RB 43431 10487 7 rather rather RB 43431 10487 8 straight straight JJ 43431 10487 9 and and CC 43431 10487 10 slender slend JJR 43431 10487 11 , , , 43431 10487 12 and and CC 43431 10487 13 has have VBZ 43431 10487 14 a a DT 43431 10487 15 very very RB 43431 10487 16 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10487 17 head head NN 43431 10487 18 . . . 43431 10488 1 The the DT 43431 10488 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 10488 3 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10488 4 fig fig NN 43431 10488 5 . . . 43431 10489 1 79 79 CD 43431 10489 2 , , , 43431 10489 3 C C NNP 43431 10489 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10489 5 is be VBZ 43431 10489 6 always always RB 43431 10489 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10489 8 and and CC 43431 10489 9 there there EX 43431 10489 10 is be VBZ 43431 10489 11 generally generally RB 43431 10489 12 a a DT 43431 10489 13 considerable considerable JJ 43431 10489 14 interval interval NN 43431 10489 15 between between IN 43431 10489 16 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10489 17 and and CC 43431 10489 18 the the DT 43431 10489 19 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10489 20 . . . 43431 10490 1 Fabellae Fabellae NNP 43431 10490 2 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10490 3 fig fig NN 43431 10490 4 . . . 43431 10491 1 79 79 CD 43431 10491 2 , , , 43431 10491 3 7 7 CD 43431 10491 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10491 5 are be VBP 43431 10491 6 commonly commonly RB 43431 10491 7 present present JJ 43431 10491 8 . . . 43431 10492 1 In in IN 43431 10492 2 the the DT 43431 10492 3 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 10492 4 the the DT 43431 10492 5 femur femur NN 43431 10492 6 is be VBZ 43431 10492 7 short short JJ 43431 10492 8 , , , 43431 10492 9 broad broad JJ 43431 10492 10 and and CC 43431 10492 11 flattened flatten VBD 43431 10492 12 , , , 43431 10492 13 having have VBG 43431 10492 14 a a DT 43431 10492 15 prominent prominent JJ 43431 10492 16 great great JJ 43431 10492 17 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10492 18 . . . 43431 10493 1 The the DT 43431 10493 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 10493 3 is be VBZ 43431 10493 4 nearly nearly RB 43431 10493 5 as as RB 43431 10493 6 large large JJ 43431 10493 7 as as IN 43431 10493 8 the the DT 43431 10493 9 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10493 10 , , , 43431 10493 11 and and CC 43431 10493 12 the the DT 43431 10493 13 two two CD 43431 10493 14 bones bone NNS 43431 10493 15 are be VBP 43431 10493 16 generally generally RB 43431 10493 17 ankylosed ankylose VBN 43431 10493 18 together together RB 43431 10493 19 at at IN 43431 10493 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10493 21 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10493 22 ends end NNS 43431 10493 23 . . . 43431 10494 1 The the DT 43431 10494 2 Creodonta Creodonta NNP 43431 10494 3 differ differ VBP 43431 10494 4 from from IN 43431 10494 5 all all DT 43431 10494 6 living live VBG 43431 10494 7 Carnivores carnivore NNS 43431 10494 8 in in IN 43431 10494 9 having have VBG 43431 10494 10 a a DT 43431 10494 11 femur femur NN 43431 10494 12 with with IN 43431 10494 13 a a DT 43431 10494 14 third third JJ 43431 10494 15 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10494 16 . . . 43431 10495 1 In in IN 43431 10495 2 the the DT 43431 10495 3 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 10495 4 a a DT 43431 10495 5 third third JJ 43431 10495 6 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10495 7 is be VBZ 43431 10495 8 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10495 9 developed develop VBN 43431 10495 10 . . . 43431 10496 1 The the DT 43431 10496 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 10496 3 is be VBZ 43431 10496 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10496 5 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10496 6 , , , 43431 10496 7 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10496 8 fused fuse VBN 43431 10496 9 distally distally RB 43431 10496 10 with with IN 43431 10496 11 the the DT 43431 10496 12 tibia tibia NNS 43431 10496 13 , , , 43431 10496 14 thus thus RB 43431 10496 15 differing differ VBG 43431 10496 16 from from IN 43431 10496 17 that that DT 43431 10496 18 of of IN 43431 10496 19 a a DT 43431 10496 20 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 43431 10496 21 . . . 43431 10497 1 In in IN 43431 10497 2 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 10497 3 the the DT 43431 10497 4 femur femur NN 43431 10497 5 is be VBZ 43431 10497 6 straight straight JJ 43431 10497 7 , , , 43431 10497 8 slender slender NN 43431 10497 9 and and CC 43431 10497 10 rather rather RB 43431 10497 11 short short JJ 43431 10497 12 , , , 43431 10497 13 with with IN 43431 10497 14 a a DT 43431 10497 15 small small JJ 43431 10497 16 but but CC 43431 10497 17 well well RB 43431 10497 18 - - HYPH 43431 10497 19 developed develop VBN 43431 10497 20 head head NN 43431 10497 21 . . . 43431 10498 1 The the DT 43431 10498 2 fibula fibula NN 43431 10498 3 may may MD 43431 10498 4 be be VB 43431 10498 5 well well RB 43431 10498 6 developed developed JJ 43431 10498 7 or or CC 43431 10498 8 quite quite RB 43431 10498 9 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10498 10 or or CC 43431 10498 11 absent absent JJ 43431 10498 12 . . . 43431 10499 1 Owing owe VBG 43431 10499 2 to to IN 43431 10499 3 the the DT 43431 10499 4 connection connection NN 43431 10499 5 of of IN 43431 10499 6 the the DT 43431 10499 7 hind hind JJ 43431 10499 8 limb limb NN 43431 10499 9 with with IN 43431 10499 10 the the DT 43431 10499 11 wing wing NN 43431 10499 12 membrane membrane NN 43431 10499 13 the the DT 43431 10499 14 knee knee NN 43431 10499 15 joint joint NN 43431 10499 16 is be VBZ 43431 10499 17 directed direct VBN 43431 10499 18 backwards backwards RB 43431 10499 19 . . . 43431 10500 1 In in IN 43431 10500 2 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 10500 3 the the DT 43431 10500 4 femur femur NN 43431 10500 5 is be VBZ 43431 10500 6 rather rather RB 43431 10500 7 long long JJ 43431 10500 8 and and CC 43431 10500 9 slender slend JJR 43431 10500 10 , , , 43431 10500 11 having have VBG 43431 10500 12 a a DT 43431 10500 13 nearly nearly RB 43431 10500 14 spherical spherical JJ 43431 10500 15 head head NN 43431 10500 16 and and CC 43431 10500 17 large large JJ 43431 10500 18 great great JJ 43431 10500 19 trochanter trochanter NN 43431 10500 20 . . . 43431 10501 1 The the DT 43431 10501 2 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10501 3 and and CC 43431 10501 4 fibula fibula NN 43431 10501 5 are be VBP 43431 10501 6 always always RB 43431 10501 7 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10501 8 and and CC 43431 10501 9 well well RB 43431 10501 10 developed developed JJ 43431 10501 11 . . . 43431 10502 1 Fabellae Fabellae NNP 43431 10502 2 are be VBP 43431 10502 3 not not RB 43431 10502 4 found find VBN 43431 10502 5 in in IN 43431 10502 6 the the DT 43431 10502 7 highest high JJS 43431 10502 8 forms form NNS 43431 10502 9 but but CC 43431 10502 10 are be VBP 43431 10502 11 generally generally RB 43431 10502 12 present present JJ 43431 10502 13 in in IN 43431 10502 14 the the DT 43431 10502 15 others other NNS 43431 10502 16 . . . 43431 10503 1 THE the DT 43431 10503 2 PES PES NNP 43431 10503 3 . . . 43431 10504 1 The the DT 43431 10504 2 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10504 3 of of IN 43431 10504 4 the the DT 43431 10504 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10504 6 is be VBZ 43431 10504 7 in in IN 43431 10504 8 most most JJS 43431 10504 9 respects respect NNS 43431 10504 10 a a DT 43431 10504 11 counterpart counterpart NN 43431 10504 12 of of IN 43431 10504 13 that that DT 43431 10504 14 of of IN 43431 10504 15 the the DT 43431 10504 16 manus manus NN 43431 10504 17 . . . 43431 10505 1 Just just RB 43431 10505 2 as as IN 43431 10505 3 in in IN 43431 10505 4 the the DT 43431 10505 5 manus manus NN 43431 10505 6 if if IN 43431 10505 7 one one CD 43431 10505 8 digit digit NN 43431 10505 9 is be VBZ 43431 10505 10 absent absent JJ 43431 10505 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10505 12 is be VBZ 43431 10505 13 the the DT 43431 10505 14 pollex pollex NN 43431 10505 15 , , , 43431 10505 16 so so IN 43431 10505 17 in in IN 43431 10505 18 the the DT 43431 10505 19 pes pe NNS 43431 10505 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10505 21 is be VBZ 43431 10505 22 the the DT 43431 10505 23 hallux hallux NN 43431 10505 24 . . . 43431 10506 1 But but CC 43431 10506 2 while while IN 43431 10506 3 in in IN 43431 10506 4 the the DT 43431 10506 5 manus manus NN 43431 10506 6 the the DT 43431 10506 7 third third JJ 43431 10506 8 digit digit NN 43431 10506 9 is be VBZ 43431 10506 10 always always RB 43431 10506 11 well well RB 43431 10506 12 developed developed JJ 43431 10506 13 , , , 43431 10506 14 however however RB 43431 10506 15 much much RB 43431 10506 16 the the DT 43431 10506 17 limb limb NN 43431 10506 18 may may MD 43431 10506 19 be be VB 43431 10506 20 modified modify VBN 43431 10506 21 , , , 43431 10506 22 in in IN 43431 10506 23 the the DT 43431 10506 24 pes pe NNS 43431 10506 25 any any DT 43431 10506 26 of of IN 43431 10506 27 the the DT 43431 10506 28 digits digit NNS 43431 10506 29 may may MD 43431 10506 30 be be VB 43431 10506 31 lost lose VBN 43431 10506 32 . . . 43431 10507 1 In in IN 43431 10507 2 all all DT 43431 10507 3 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10507 4 the the DT 43431 10507 5 tibiale tibiale NN 43431 10507 6 and and CC 43431 10507 7 intermedium intermedium JJ 43431 10507 8 fuse fuse NN 43431 10507 9 to to TO 43431 10507 10 form form VB 43431 10507 11 the the DT 43431 10507 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10507 13 astragalus astragalus NNP 43431 10507 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10507 15 , , , 43431 10507 16 and and CC 43431 10507 17 the the DT 43431 10507 18 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10507 19 and and CC 43431 10507 20 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10507 21 tarsalia tarsalia NN 43431 10507 22 to to TO 43431 10507 23 form form VB 43431 10507 24 the the DT 43431 10507 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10507 26 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10507 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10507 28 . . . 43431 10508 1 Sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10508 2 bones bone NNS 43431 10508 3 are be VBP 43431 10508 4 considerably considerably RB 43431 10508 5 developed develop VBN 43431 10508 6 . . . 43431 10509 1 In in IN 43431 10509 2 almost almost RB 43431 10509 3 every every DT 43431 10509 4 case case NN 43431 10509 5 the the DT 43431 10509 6 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10509 7 and and CC 43431 10509 8 first first JJ 43431 10509 9 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 10509 10 have have VBP 43431 10509 11 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 10509 12 only only RB 43431 10509 13 on on IN 43431 10509 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10509 15 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10509 16 ends end NNS 43431 10509 17 , , , 43431 10509 18 while while IN 43431 10509 19 the the DT 43431 10509 20 remaining remain VBG 43431 10509 21 four four CD 43431 10509 22 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10509 23 have have VBP 43431 10509 24 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 10509 25 only only RB 43431 10509 26 on on IN 43431 10509 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10509 28 distal distal JJ 43431 10509 29 ends end NNS 43431 10509 30 . . . 43431 10510 1 In in IN 43431 10510 2 the the DT 43431 10510 3 MONOTREMATA monotremata NN 43431 10510 4 all all PDT 43431 10510 5 the the DT 43431 10510 6 usual usual JJ 43431 10510 7 tarsal tarsal NN 43431 10510 8 bones bone NNS 43431 10510 9 are be VBP 43431 10510 10 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10510 11 , , , 43431 10510 12 and and CC 43431 10510 13 the the DT 43431 10510 14 five five CD 43431 10510 15 digits digit NNS 43431 10510 16 have have VBP 43431 10510 17 the the DT 43431 10510 18 normal normal JJ 43431 10510 19 number number NN 43431 10510 20 of of IN 43431 10510 21 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10510 22 . . . 43431 10511 1 Several several JJ 43431 10511 2 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10511 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10511 4 are be VBP 43431 10511 5 developed develop VBN 43431 10511 6 , , , 43431 10511 7 the the DT 43431 10511 8 most most RBS 43431 10511 9 important important JJ 43431 10511 10 one one NN 43431 10511 11 , , , 43431 10511 12 found find VBN 43431 10511 13 only only RB 43431 10511 14 in in IN 43431 10511 15 the the DT 43431 10511 16 male male NN 43431 10511 17 , , , 43431 10511 18 being be VBG 43431 10511 19 articulated articulate VBN 43431 10511 20 to to IN 43431 10511 21 the the DT 43431 10511 22 tibia tibia NNP 43431 10511 23 and and CC 43431 10511 24 bearing bear VBG 43431 10511 25 the the DT 43431 10511 26 curious curious JJ 43431 10511 27 horny horny NN 43431 10511 28 spur spur NN 43431 10511 29 . . . 43431 10512 1 The the DT 43431 10512 2 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10512 3 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10512 4 of of IN 43431 10512 5 the the DT 43431 10512 6 pes pe NNS 43431 10512 7 like like IN 43431 10512 8 those those DT 43431 10512 9 of of IN 43431 10512 10 the the DT 43431 10512 11 manus manus NN 43431 10512 12 , , , 43431 10512 13 are be VBP 43431 10512 14 deeply deeply RB 43431 10512 15 cleft cleave VBN 43431 10512 16 at at IN 43431 10512 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10512 18 extremities extremity NNS 43431 10512 19 . . . 43431 10513 1 In in IN 43431 10513 2 the the DT 43431 10513 3 Echidnidae Echidnidae NNP 43431 10513 4 the the DT 43431 10513 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10513 6 is be VBZ 43431 10513 7 turned turn VBN 43431 10513 8 outwards outward NNS 43431 10513 9 and and CC 43431 10513 10 backwards backwards RB 43431 10513 11 in in IN 43431 10513 12 walking walk VBG 43431 10513 13 . . . 43431 10514 1 In in IN 43431 10514 2 the the DT 43431 10514 3 MARSUPIALIA MARSUPIALIA NNP 43431 10514 4 the the DT 43431 10514 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10514 6 is be VBZ 43431 10514 7 subject subject JJ 43431 10514 8 to to IN 43431 10514 9 great great JJ 43431 10514 10 modifications modification NNS 43431 10514 11 , , , 43431 10514 12 but but CC 43431 10514 13 in in IN 43431 10514 14 every every DT 43431 10514 15 case case NN 43431 10514 16 the the DT 43431 10514 17 seven seven CD 43431 10514 18 usual usual JJ 43431 10514 19 tarsal tarsal NN 43431 10514 20 bones bone NNS 43431 10514 21 are be VBP 43431 10514 22 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10514 23 . . . 43431 10515 1 In in IN 43431 10515 2 the the DT 43431 10515 3 Didelphyidae Didelphyidae NNP 43431 10515 4 the the DT 43431 10515 5 foot foot NN 43431 10515 6 is be VBZ 43431 10515 7 broad broad JJ 43431 10515 8 , , , 43431 10515 9 all all DT 43431 10515 10 five five CD 43431 10515 11 digits digit NNS 43431 10515 12 are be VBP 43431 10515 13 well well RB 43431 10515 14 developed developed JJ 43431 10515 15 , , , 43431 10515 16 and and CC 43431 10515 17 the the DT 43431 10515 18 hallux hallux NN 43431 10515 19 is be VBZ 43431 10515 20 opposable opposable JJ 43431 10515 21 to to IN 43431 10515 22 the the DT 43431 10515 23 others other NNS 43431 10515 24 . . . 43431 10516 1 In in IN 43431 10516 2 the the DT 43431 10516 3 Dasyuridae Dasyuridae NNP 43431 10516 4 the the DT 43431 10516 5 foot foot NN 43431 10516 6 is be VBZ 43431 10516 7 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10516 8 , , , 43431 10516 9 and and CC 43431 10516 10 the the DT 43431 10516 11 hallux hallux NN 43431 10516 12 may may MD 43431 10516 13 be be VB 43431 10516 14 very very RB 43431 10516 15 small small JJ 43431 10516 16 , , , 43431 10516 17 or or CC 43431 10516 18 as as IN 43431 10516 19 in in IN 43431 10516 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10516 21 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 10516 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10516 23 completely completely RB 43431 10516 24 absent absent JJ 43431 10516 25 . . . 43431 10517 1 In in IN 43431 10517 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10517 3 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNPS 43431 10517 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10517 5 the the DT 43431 10517 6 pes pe NNS 43431 10517 7 is be VBZ 43431 10517 8 much much RB 43431 10517 9 less less RBR 43431 10517 10 abnormal abnormal JJ 43431 10517 11 than than IN 43431 10517 12 the the DT 43431 10517 13 manus manus NN 43431 10517 14 , , , 43431 10517 15 and and CC 43431 10517 16 all all DT 43431 10517 17 five five CD 43431 10517 18 digits digit NNS 43431 10517 19 have have VBP 43431 10517 20 the the DT 43431 10517 21 usual usual JJ 43431 10517 22 number number NN 43431 10517 23 of of IN 43431 10517 24 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10517 25 . . . 43431 10518 1 The the DT 43431 10518 2 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10518 3 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 10518 4 has have VBZ 43431 10518 5 a a DT 43431 10518 6 curious curious JJ 43431 10518 7 projecting projecting NN 43431 10518 8 process process NN 43431 10518 9 , , , 43431 10518 10 and and CC 43431 10518 11 there there EX 43431 10518 12 is be VBZ 43431 10518 13 a a DT 43431 10518 14 large large JJ 43431 10518 15 sesamoid sesamoid NN 43431 10518 16 above above IN 43431 10518 17 the the DT 43431 10518 18 hallux hallux NN 43431 10518 19 . . . 43431 10519 1 In in IN 43431 10519 2 the the DT 43431 10519 3 Wombats wombat NNS 43431 10519 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10519 5 Phascolomyidae Phascolomyidae NNP 43431 10519 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10519 7 the the DT 43431 10519 8 foot foot NN 43431 10519 9 is be VBZ 43431 10519 10 short short JJ 43431 10519 11 and and CC 43431 10519 12 broad broad JJ 43431 10519 13 , , , 43431 10519 14 the the DT 43431 10519 15 digits digit NNS 43431 10519 16 are be VBP 43431 10519 17 all all RB 43431 10519 18 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10519 19 , , , 43431 10519 20 and and CC 43431 10519 21 the the DT 43431 10519 22 hallux hallux NN 43431 10519 23 is be VBZ 43431 10519 24 divaricated divaricate VBN 43431 10519 25 from from IN 43431 10519 26 the the DT 43431 10519 27 others other NNS 43431 10519 28 . . . 43431 10520 1 In in IN 43431 10520 2 the the DT 43431 10520 3 remaining remain VBG 43431 10520 4 marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 10520 5 the the DT 43431 10520 6 second second JJ 43431 10520 7 and and CC 43431 10520 8 third third JJ 43431 10520 9 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10520 10 and and CC 43431 10520 11 digits digit NNS 43431 10520 12 are be VBP 43431 10520 13 very very RB 43431 10520 14 slender slend JJR 43431 10520 15 , , , 43431 10520 16 and and CC 43431 10520 17 are be VBP 43431 10520 18 enclosed enclose VBN 43431 10520 19 within within IN 43431 10520 20 a a DT 43431 10520 21 common common JJ 43431 10520 22 integument integument NN 43431 10520 23 . . . 43431 10521 1 This this DT 43431 10521 2 condition condition NN 43431 10521 3 is be VBZ 43431 10521 4 known know VBN 43431 10521 5 as as IN 43431 10521 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10521 7 syndactylism syndactylism NN 43431 10521 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10521 9 , , , 43431 10521 10 and and CC 43431 10521 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10521 12 effect effect NN 43431 10521 13 is be VBZ 43431 10521 14 to to TO 43431 10521 15 produce produce VB 43431 10521 16 the the DT 43431 10521 17 appearance appearance NN 43431 10521 18 of of IN 43431 10521 19 one one CD 43431 10521 20 toe toe NN 43431 10521 21 with with IN 43431 10521 22 two two CD 43431 10521 23 claws claw NNS 43431 10521 24 . . . 43431 10522 1 In in IN 43431 10522 2 the the DT 43431 10522 3 Kangaroos Kangaroos NNP 43431 10522 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10522 5 Macropodidae Macropodidae NNP 43431 10522 6 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10522 7 the the DT 43431 10522 8 pes pes NN 43431 10522 9 is be VBZ 43431 10522 10 very very RB 43431 10522 11 long long JJ 43431 10522 12 and and CC 43431 10522 13 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10522 14 , , , 43431 10522 15 owing owe VBG 43431 10522 16 to to IN 43431 10522 17 the the DT 43431 10522 18 elongation elongation NN 43431 10522 19 of of IN 43431 10522 20 the the DT 43431 10522 21 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10522 22 . . . 43431 10523 1 The the DT 43431 10523 2 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10523 3 digit digit NN 43431 10523 4 is be VBZ 43431 10523 5 greatly greatly RB 43431 10523 6 developed develop VBN 43431 10523 7 , , , 43431 10523 8 the the DT 43431 10523 9 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10523 10 moderately moderately RB 43431 10523 11 so so RB 43431 10523 12 , , , 43431 10523 13 while while IN 43431 10523 14 the the DT 43431 10523 15 hallux hallux NN 43431 10523 16 is be VBZ 43431 10523 17 absent absent JJ 43431 10523 18 , , , 43431 10523 19 and and CC 43431 10523 20 the the DT 43431 10523 21 second second JJ 43431 10523 22 and and CC 43431 10523 23 third third JJ 43431 10523 24 digits digit NNS 43431 10523 25 are be VBP 43431 10523 26 very very RB 43431 10523 27 small small JJ 43431 10523 28 . . . 43431 10524 1 The the DT 43431 10524 2 Peramelidae Peramelidae NNP 43431 10524 3 have have VBP 43431 10524 4 the the DT 43431 10524 5 foot foot NN 43431 10524 6 constructed construct VBN 43431 10524 7 on on IN 43431 10524 8 the the DT 43431 10524 9 same same JJ 43431 10524 10 plan plan NN 43431 10524 11 as as IN 43431 10524 12 in in IN 43431 10524 13 the the DT 43431 10524 14 Kangaroos Kangaroos NNP 43431 10524 15 , , , 43431 10524 16 and and CC 43431 10524 17 in in IN 43431 10524 18 one one CD 43431 10524 19 genus genus JJ 43431 10524 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10524 21 Choeropus Choeropus NNP 43431 10524 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10524 23 the the DT 43431 10524 24 same same JJ 43431 10524 25 type type NN 43431 10524 26 of of IN 43431 10524 27 foot foot NN 43431 10524 28 is be VBZ 43431 10524 29 carried carry VBN 43431 10524 30 to to IN 43431 10524 31 a a DT 43431 10524 32 greater great JJR 43431 10524 33 extreme extreme JJ 43431 10524 34 than than IN 43431 10524 35 even even RB 43431 10524 36 in in IN 43431 10524 37 the the DT 43431 10524 38 Kangaroos Kangaroos NNP 43431 10524 39 . . . 43431 10525 1 Thus thus RB 43431 10525 2 the the DT 43431 10525 3 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10525 4 digit digit NN 43431 10525 5 is be VBZ 43431 10525 6 enormously enormously RB 43431 10525 7 developed develop VBN 43431 10525 8 , , , 43431 10525 9 the the DT 43431 10525 10 second second JJ 43431 10525 11 and and CC 43431 10525 12 third third JJ 43431 10525 13 are be VBP 43431 10525 14 small small JJ 43431 10525 15 , , , 43431 10525 16 and and CC 43431 10525 17 the the DT 43431 10525 18 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10525 19 smaller small JJR 43431 10525 20 still still RB 43431 10525 21 , , , 43431 10525 22 while while IN 43431 10525 23 the the DT 43431 10525 24 hallux hallux NN 43431 10525 25 is be VBZ 43431 10525 26 absent absent JJ 43431 10525 27 . . . 43431 10526 1 In in IN 43431 10526 2 the the DT 43431 10526 3 Phalangers Phalangers NNP 43431 10526 4 and and CC 43431 10526 5 Koalas Koalas NNP 43431 10526 6 though though IN 43431 10526 7 the the DT 43431 10526 8 second second JJ 43431 10526 9 and and CC 43431 10526 10 third third JJ 43431 10526 11 toes toe NNS 43431 10526 12 are be VBP 43431 10526 13 very very RB 43431 10526 14 slender slend JJR 43431 10526 15 , , , 43431 10526 16 the the DT 43431 10526 17 hallux hallux NN 43431 10526 18 is be VBZ 43431 10526 19 well well RB 43431 10526 20 developed developed JJ 43431 10526 21 and and CC 43431 10526 22 opposable opposable JJ 43431 10526 23 . . . 43431 10527 1 EDENTATA edentata NN 43431 10527 2 . . . 43431 10528 1 In in IN 43431 10528 2 the the DT 43431 10528 3 Sloths Sloths NNPS 43431 10528 4 the the DT 43431 10528 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10528 6 much much RB 43431 10528 7 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 10528 8 the the DT 43431 10528 9 manus manus NN 43431 10528 10 , , , 43431 10528 11 being be VBG 43431 10528 12 long long JJ 43431 10528 13 and and CC 43431 10528 14 narrow narrow JJ 43431 10528 15 , , , 43431 10528 16 but but CC 43431 10528 17 in in IN 43431 10528 18 both both DT 43431 10528 19 genera genera NN 43431 10528 20 the the DT 43431 10528 21 second second JJ 43431 10528 22 , , , 43431 10528 23 third third JJ 43431 10528 24 and and CC 43431 10528 25 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10528 26 digits digit NNS 43431 10528 27 are be VBP 43431 10528 28 well well RB 43431 10528 29 developed developed JJ 43431 10528 30 . . . 43431 10529 1 Most Most JJS 43431 10529 2 of of IN 43431 10529 3 the the DT 43431 10529 4 other other JJ 43431 10529 5 Edentates Edentates NNPS 43431 10529 6 have have VBP 43431 10529 7 a a DT 43431 10529 8 but but CC 43431 10529 9 little little JJ 43431 10529 10 modified modified JJ 43431 10529 11 pes pe NNS 43431 10529 12 with with IN 43431 10529 13 the the DT 43431 10529 14 normal normal JJ 43431 10529 15 number number NN 43431 10529 16 of of IN 43431 10529 17 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 10529 18 bones bone NNS 43431 10529 19 and and CC 43431 10529 20 the the DT 43431 10529 21 complete complete JJ 43431 10529 22 series series NN 43431 10529 23 of of IN 43431 10529 24 digits digits NNP 43431 10529 25 . . . 43431 10530 1 In in IN 43431 10530 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10530 3 Cycloturus Cycloturus NNP 43431 10530 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10530 5 however however RB 43431 10530 6 the the DT 43431 10530 7 hallux hallux NN 43431 10530 8 is be VBZ 43431 10530 9 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10530 10 and and CC 43431 10530 11 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10530 12 is be VBZ 43431 10530 13 absent absent JJ 43431 10530 14 in in IN 43431 10530 15 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNPS 43431 10530 16 . . . 43431 10531 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10531 2 Megatherium Megatherium NNP 43431 10531 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10531 4 has have VBZ 43431 10531 5 a a DT 43431 10531 6 greatly greatly RB 43431 10531 7 modified modify VBN 43431 10531 8 pes pe NNS 43431 10531 9 , , , 43431 10531 10 the the DT 43431 10531 11 hallux hallux NN 43431 10531 12 is be VBZ 43431 10531 13 absent absent JJ 43431 10531 14 , , , 43431 10531 15 and and CC 43431 10531 16 the the DT 43431 10531 17 second second JJ 43431 10531 18 digit digit NN 43431 10531 19 vestigial vestigial NN 43431 10531 20 , , , 43431 10531 21 while while IN 43431 10531 22 the the DT 43431 10531 23 third third JJ 43431 10531 24 is be VBZ 43431 10531 25 very very RB 43431 10531 26 large large JJ 43431 10531 27 , , , 43431 10531 28 having have VBG 43431 10531 29 an an DT 43431 10531 30 enormous enormous JJ 43431 10531 31 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10531 32 phalanx phalanx NN 43431 10531 33 . . . 43431 10532 1 The the DT 43431 10532 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10532 3 too too RB 43431 10532 4 is be VBZ 43431 10532 5 abnormally abnormally RB 43431 10532 6 large large JJ 43431 10532 7 . . . 43431 10533 1 No no DT 43431 10533 2 trace trace NN 43431 10533 3 of of IN 43431 10533 4 the the DT 43431 10533 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10533 6 occurs occur VBZ 43431 10533 7 in in IN 43431 10533 8 either either DT 43431 10533 9 SIRENIA SIRENIA NNP 43431 10533 10 or or CC 43431 10533 11 CETACEA CETACEA NNS 43431 10533 12 . . . 43431 10534 1 In in IN 43431 10534 2 the the DT 43431 10534 3 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 10534 4 the the DT 43431 10534 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10534 6 like like IN 43431 10534 7 the the DT 43431 10534 8 manus manus NN 43431 10534 9 is be VBZ 43431 10534 10 subject subject JJ 43431 10534 11 to to IN 43431 10534 12 much much JJ 43431 10534 13 variation variation NN 43431 10534 14 and and CC 43431 10534 15 is be VBZ 43431 10534 16 of of IN 43431 10534 17 great great JJ 43431 10534 18 morphological morphological JJ 43431 10534 19 importance importance NN 43431 10534 20 . . . 43431 10535 1 In in IN 43431 10535 2 the the DT 43431 10535 3 UNGULATA UNGULATA NNP 43431 10535 4 VERA VERA NNP 43431 10535 5 the the DT 43431 10535 6 pes pes NN 43431 10535 7 is be VBZ 43431 10535 8 never never RB 43431 10535 9 plantigrade plantigrade JJ 43431 10535 10 and and CC 43431 10535 11 never never RB 43431 10535 12 has have VBZ 43431 10535 13 more more JJR 43431 10535 14 than than IN 43431 10535 15 four four CD 43431 10535 16 digits digit NNS 43431 10535 17 , , , 43431 10535 18 the the DT 43431 10535 19 hallux hallux NN 43431 10535 20 being be VBG 43431 10535 21 absent absent JJ 43431 10535 22 . . . 43431 10536 1 The the DT 43431 10536 2 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10536 3 always always RB 43431 10536 4 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10536 5 with with IN 43431 10536 6 the the DT 43431 10536 7 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 10536 8 , , , 43431 10536 9 and and CC 43431 10536 10 the the DT 43431 10536 11 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 10536 12 bones bone NNS 43431 10536 13 strongly strongly RB 43431 10536 14 interlock interlock NN 43431 10536 15 . . . 43431 10537 1 As as IN 43431 10537 2 was be VBD 43431 10537 3 the the DT 43431 10537 4 case case NN 43431 10537 5 also also RB 43431 10537 6 with with IN 43431 10537 7 the the DT 43431 10537 8 manus manus NN 43431 10537 9 , , , 43431 10537 10 the the DT 43431 10537 11 pes pe NNS 43431 10537 12 is be VBZ 43431 10537 13 formed form VBN 43431 10537 14 on on IN 43431 10537 15 two two CD 43431 10537 16 well well RB 43431 10537 17 - - HYPH 43431 10537 18 marked mark VBN 43431 10537 19 types type NNS 43431 10537 20 characteristic characteristic JJ 43431 10537 21 respectively respectively RB 43431 10537 22 of of IN 43431 10537 23 the the DT 43431 10537 24 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 10537 25 and and CC 43431 10537 26 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNP 43431 10537 27 . . . 43431 10538 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10538 2 ARTIODACTYLA ARTIODACTYLA NNP 43431 10538 3 . . . 43431 10538 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10538 5 Just just RB 43431 10538 6 as as IN 43431 10538 7 in in IN 43431 10538 8 the the DT 43431 10538 9 manus manus NN 43431 10538 10 , , , 43431 10538 11 the the DT 43431 10538 12 third third JJ 43431 10538 13 and and CC 43431 10538 14 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10538 15 digits digit NNS 43431 10538 16 are be VBP 43431 10538 17 well well JJ 43431 10538 18 and and CC 43431 10538 19 subequally subequally RB 43431 10538 20 developed developed JJ 43431 10538 21 ; ; : 43431 10538 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10538 23 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10538 24 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10538 25 have have VBP 43431 10538 26 the the DT 43431 10538 27 contiguous contiguous JJ 43431 10538 28 sides side NNS 43431 10538 29 flat flat JJ 43431 10538 30 , , , 43431 10538 31 and and CC 43431 10538 32 the the DT 43431 10538 33 axis axi NNS 43431 10538 34 of of IN 43431 10538 35 the the DT 43431 10538 36 limb limb NN 43431 10538 37 passes pass VBZ 43431 10538 38 between between IN 43431 10538 39 them -PRON- PRP 43431 10538 40 , , , 43431 10538 41 and and CC 43431 10538 42 between between IN 43431 10538 43 the the DT 43431 10538 44 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10538 45 and and CC 43431 10538 46 navicular navicular JJ 43431 10538 47 . . . 43431 10539 1 The the DT 43431 10539 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 10539 3 has have VBZ 43431 10539 4 both both CC 43431 10539 5 the the DT 43431 10539 6 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10539 7 and and CC 43431 10539 8 distal distal JJ 43431 10539 9 surfaces surface NNS 43431 10539 10 pulley pulley NN 43431 10539 11 - - HYPH 43431 10539 12 like like JJ 43431 10539 13 , , , 43431 10539 14 and and CC 43431 10539 15 articulates articulate NNS 43431 10539 16 with with IN 43431 10539 17 the the DT 43431 10539 18 navicular navicular JJ 43431 10539 19 and and CC 43431 10539 20 cuboid cuboid VB 43431 10539 21 by by IN 43431 10539 22 two two CD 43431 10539 23 facets facet NNS 43431 10539 24 of of IN 43431 10539 25 nearly nearly RB 43431 10539 26 equal equal JJ 43431 10539 27 size size NN 43431 10539 28 . . . 43431 10540 1 The the DT 43431 10540 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10540 3 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10540 4 with with IN 43431 10540 5 the the DT 43431 10540 6 lower low JJR 43431 10540 7 end end NN 43431 10540 8 of of IN 43431 10540 9 the the DT 43431 10540 10 fibula fibula NN 43431 10540 11 if if IN 43431 10540 12 that that DT 43431 10540 13 bone bone NN 43431 10540 14 is be VBZ 43431 10540 15 fully fully RB 43431 10540 16 developed develop VBN 43431 10540 17 . . . 43431 10541 1 In in IN 43431 10541 2 the the DT 43431 10541 3 Suina Suina NNP 43431 10541 4 four four CD 43431 10541 5 toes toe NNS 43431 10541 6 are be VBP 43431 10541 7 developed develop VBN 43431 10541 8 , , , 43431 10541 9 and and CC 43431 10541 10 though though RB 43431 10541 11 in in IN 43431 10541 12 the the DT 43431 10541 13 Peccaries peccary NNS 43431 10541 14 the the DT 43431 10541 15 third third JJ 43431 10541 16 and and CC 43431 10541 17 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10541 18 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10541 19 are be VBP 43431 10541 20 united united JJ 43431 10541 21 , , , 43431 10541 22 they -PRON- PRP 43431 10541 23 are be VBP 43431 10541 24 all all RB 43431 10541 25 distinct distinct JJ 43431 10541 26 in in IN 43431 10541 27 most most JJS 43431 10541 28 members member NNS 43431 10541 29 of of IN 43431 10541 30 the the DT 43431 10541 31 group group NN 43431 10541 32 , , , 43431 10541 33 as as IN 43431 10541 34 are be VBP 43431 10541 35 all all PDT 43431 10541 36 the the DT 43431 10541 37 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 10541 38 bones bone NNS 43431 10541 39 . . . 43431 10542 1 In in IN 43431 10542 2 the the DT 43431 10542 3 Hippopotami Hippopotami NNP 43431 10542 4 the the DT 43431 10542 5 four four CD 43431 10542 6 digits digit NNS 43431 10542 7 are be VBP 43431 10542 8 of of IN 43431 10542 9 approximately approximately RB 43431 10542 10 equal equal JJ 43431 10542 11 size size NN 43431 10542 12 , , , 43431 10542 13 and and CC 43431 10542 14 the the DT 43431 10542 15 middle middle JJ 43431 10542 16 ones one NNS 43431 10542 17 do do VBP 43431 10542 18 not not RB 43431 10542 19 have have VB 43431 10542 20 the the DT 43431 10542 21 contiguous contiguous JJ 43431 10542 22 faces face NNS 43431 10542 23 of of IN 43431 10542 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10542 25 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10542 26 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10542 27 flattened flatten VBD 43431 10542 28 . . . 43431 10543 1 In in IN 43431 10543 2 the the DT 43431 10543 3 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 10543 4 the the DT 43431 10543 5 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10543 6 , , , 43431 10543 7 navicular navicular JJ 43431 10543 8 , , , 43431 10543 9 and and CC 43431 10543 10 two two CD 43431 10543 11 outer outer JJ 43431 10543 12 cuneiforms cuneiform NNS 43431 10543 13 are be VBP 43431 10543 14 united united JJ 43431 10543 15 forming form VBG 43431 10543 16 a a DT 43431 10543 17 single single JJ 43431 10543 18 bone bone NN 43431 10543 19 ; ; : 43431 10543 20 all all DT 43431 10543 21 four four CD 43431 10543 22 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10543 23 are be VBP 43431 10543 24 complete complete JJ 43431 10543 25 and and CC 43431 10543 26 the the DT 43431 10543 27 two two CD 43431 10543 28 middle middle JJ 43431 10543 29 ones one NNS 43431 10543 30 are be VBP 43431 10543 31 united united JJ 43431 10543 32 . . . 43431 10544 1 In in IN 43431 10544 2 the the DT 43431 10544 3 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 10544 4 and and CC 43431 10544 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10544 6 Anoplotherium Anoplotherium NNP 43431 10544 7 commune commune NN 43431 10544 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10544 9 only only RB 43431 10544 10 the the DT 43431 10544 11 third third JJ 43431 10544 12 and and CC 43431 10544 13 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10544 14 digits digit NNS 43431 10544 15 are be VBP 43431 10544 16 developed develop VBN 43431 10544 17 , , , 43431 10544 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10544 19 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10544 20 are be VBP 43431 10544 21 free free JJ 43431 10544 22 distally distally RB 43431 10544 23 , , , 43431 10544 24 but but CC 43431 10544 25 are be VBP 43431 10544 26 elsewhere elsewhere RB 43431 10544 27 united united JJ 43431 10544 28 . . . 43431 10545 1 In in IN 43431 10545 2 the the DT 43431 10545 3 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 10545 4 the the DT 43431 10545 5 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10545 6 and and CC 43431 10545 7 navicular navicular JJ 43431 10545 8 are be VBP 43431 10545 9 always always RB 43431 10545 10 united united JJ 43431 10545 11 and and CC 43431 10545 12 so so RB 43431 10545 13 are be VBP 43431 10545 14 the the DT 43431 10545 15 second second JJ 43431 10545 16 and and CC 43431 10545 17 third third JJ 43431 10545 18 cuneiforms cuneiform NNS 43431 10545 19 , , , 43431 10545 20 while while IN 43431 10545 21 in in IN 43431 10545 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10545 23 Cervulus Cervulus NNP 43431 10545 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10545 25 all all DT 43431 10545 26 four four CD 43431 10545 27 bones bone NNS 43431 10545 28 are be VBP 43431 10545 29 united united JJ 43431 10545 30 together together RB 43431 10545 31 . . . 43431 10546 1 The the DT 43431 10546 2 third third JJ 43431 10546 3 and and CC 43431 10546 4 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10546 5 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10546 6 in in IN 43431 10546 7 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 10546 8 are be VBP 43431 10546 9 always always RB 43431 10546 10 united united JJ 43431 10546 11 in in IN 43431 10546 12 the the DT 43431 10546 13 same same JJ 43431 10546 14 way way NN 43431 10546 15 as as IN 43431 10546 16 are be VBP 43431 10546 17 the the DT 43431 10546 18 third third JJ 43431 10546 19 and and CC 43431 10546 20 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10546 21 metacarpals metacarpal NNS 43431 10546 22 , , , 43431 10546 23 while while IN 43431 10546 24 the the DT 43431 10546 25 second second JJ 43431 10546 26 and and CC 43431 10546 27 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10546 28 are be VBP 43431 10546 29 always always RB 43431 10546 30 wanting want VBG 43431 10546 31 . . . 43431 10547 1 In in IN 43431 10547 2 Deer deer NN 43431 10547 3 the the DT 43431 10547 4 second second JJ 43431 10547 5 and and CC 43431 10547 6 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10547 7 digits digit NNS 43431 10547 8 are be VBP 43431 10547 9 usually usually RB 43431 10547 10 each each DT 43431 10547 11 represented represent VBN 43431 10547 12 by by IN 43431 10547 13 three three CD 43431 10547 14 small small JJ 43431 10547 15 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10547 16 , , , 43431 10547 17 but but CC 43431 10547 18 in in IN 43431 10547 19 the the DT 43431 10547 20 Giraffe Giraffe NNP 43431 10547 21 and and CC 43431 10547 22 most most JJS 43431 10547 23 Bovidae bovidae VBP 43431 10547 24 the the DT 43431 10547 25 bones bone NNS 43431 10547 26 of of IN 43431 10547 27 these these DT 43431 10547 28 digits digit NNS 43431 10547 29 are be VBP 43431 10547 30 wanting want VBG 43431 10547 31 . . . 43431 10548 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10548 2 Illustration illustration NN 43431 10548 3 FIG FIG NNP 43431 10548 4 . . . 43431 10549 1 110 110 CD 43431 10549 2 . . . 43431 10550 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10550 2 A. A. NNP 43431 10550 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10550 4 LEFT LEFT NNP 43431 10550 5 PES PES NNP 43431 10550 6 OF of IN 43431 10550 7 A a DT 43431 10550 8 TAPIR tapir NN 43431 10550 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10550 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10550 11 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 10550 12 americanus americanus IN 43431 10550 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10550 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10550 15 . . . 43431 10551 1 à à NNP 43431 10551 2 � � NNP 43431 10551 3 1/6 1/6 CD 43431 10551 4 . . . 43431 10552 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10552 2 B. B. NNP 43431 10552 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10552 4 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 10552 5 PES PES NNP 43431 10552 6 OF of IN 43431 10552 7 A a DT 43431 10552 8 RHINOCEROS RHINOCEROS NNP 43431 10552 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10552 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10552 11 R. R. NNP 43431 10553 1 sumatrensis sumatrensis NNP 43431 10553 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10553 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10553 4 . . . 43431 10554 1 à à NNP 43431 10554 2 � � NNP 43431 10554 3 1/8 1/8 CD 43431 10554 4 . . . 43431 10555 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10555 2 C. C. NNP 43431 10555 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10555 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10555 5 CAST CAST NNP 43431 10555 6 OF of IN 43431 10555 7 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10555 8 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 10555 9 PES PES NNP 43431 10555 10 OF of IN 43431 10555 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10555 12 Hipparion Hipparion NNP 43431 10555 13 gracile gracile NNP 43431 10555 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10555 15 . . . 43431 10556 1 à à NNP 43431 10556 2 � � NNP 43431 10556 3 1/7 1/7 CD 43431 10556 4 . . . 43431 10557 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10557 2 D. D. NNP 43431 10557 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10557 4 RIGHT RIGHT NNP 43431 10557 5 PES PES NNP 43431 10557 6 OF of IN 43431 10557 7 A a DT 43431 10557 8 HORSE horse NN 43431 10557 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10557 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10557 11 Equus Equus NNP 43431 10557 12 caballus caballus NNP 43431 10557 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10557 14 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10557 15 . . . 43431 10558 1 à à NNP 43431 10558 2 � � NNP 43431 10558 3 1/10 1/10 CD 43431 10558 4 . . . 43431 10559 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10559 2 All all DT 43431 10559 3 Camb Camb NNP 43431 10559 4 . . . 43431 10560 1 Mus mus NN 43431 10560 2 . . . 43431 10560 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10561 1 1 1 LS 43431 10561 2 . . . 43431 10561 3 calcaneum calcaneum NNP 43431 10561 4 . . . 43431 10562 1 2 2 LS 43431 10562 2 . . . 43431 10562 3 astragalus astragalus NNP 43431 10562 4 . . . 43431 10563 1 3 3 LS 43431 10563 2 . . . 43431 10563 3 navicular navicular NNP 43431 10563 4 . . . 43431 10564 1 4 4 LS 43431 10564 2 . . . 43431 10564 3 cuboid cuboid NNP 43431 10564 4 . . . 43431 10565 1 5 5 LS 43431 10565 2 . . . 43431 10565 3 external external JJ 43431 10565 4 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10565 5 . . . 43431 10566 1 6 6 LS 43431 10566 2 . . . 43431 10566 3 middle middle JJ 43431 10566 4 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10566 5 . . . 43431 10567 1 7 7 LS 43431 10567 2 . . . 43431 10567 3 internal internal JJ 43431 10567 4 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10567 5 . . . 43431 10567 6 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10568 1 In in IN 43431 10568 2 the the DT 43431 10568 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10568 4 PERISSODACTYLA PERISSODACTYLA NNP 43431 10568 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10568 6 the the DT 43431 10568 7 pes pe NNS 43431 10568 8 like like IN 43431 10568 9 the the DT 43431 10568 10 manus manus NN 43431 10568 11 is be VBZ 43431 10568 12 symmetrical symmetrical JJ 43431 10568 13 about about IN 43431 10568 14 a a DT 43431 10568 15 line line NN 43431 10568 16 drawn draw VBN 43431 10568 17 through through IN 43431 10568 18 the the DT 43431 10568 19 third third JJ 43431 10568 20 digit digit NN 43431 10568 21 ; ; : 43431 10568 22 this this DT 43431 10568 23 line line NN 43431 10568 24 when when WRB 43431 10568 25 continued continue VBN 43431 10568 26 passes pass VBZ 43431 10568 27 through through IN 43431 10568 28 the the DT 43431 10568 29 external external JJ 43431 10568 30 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10568 31 , , , 43431 10568 32 navicular navicular NNP 43431 10568 33 and and CC 43431 10568 34 astragalus astragalus NNP 43431 10568 35 . . . 43431 10569 1 The the DT 43431 10569 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 10569 3 has have VBZ 43431 10569 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10569 5 distal distal JJ 43431 10569 6 portion portion NN 43431 10569 7 abruptly abruptly RB 43431 10569 8 truncated truncate VBD 43431 10569 9 , , , 43431 10569 10 and and CC 43431 10569 11 the the DT 43431 10569 12 facet facet NN 43431 10569 13 by by IN 43431 10569 14 which which WDT 43431 10569 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10569 16 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10569 17 with with IN 43431 10569 18 the the DT 43431 10569 19 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10569 20 is be VBZ 43431 10569 21 much much RB 43431 10569 22 smaller small JJR 43431 10569 23 than than IN 43431 10569 24 that that DT 43431 10569 25 by by IN 43431 10569 26 which which WDT 43431 10569 27 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10569 28 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10569 29 with with IN 43431 10569 30 the the DT 43431 10569 31 navicular navicular NN 43431 10569 32 . . . 43431 10570 1 The the DT 43431 10570 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10570 3 does do VBZ 43431 10570 4 not not RB 43431 10570 5 articulate articulate VB 43431 10570 6 with with IN 43431 10570 7 the the DT 43431 10570 8 fibula fibula NN 43431 10570 9 . . . 43431 10571 1 The the DT 43431 10571 2 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 10571 3 in in IN 43431 10571 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10571 5 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 10571 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10571 7 like like IN 43431 10571 8 the the DT 43431 10571 9 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10571 10 differs differ VBZ 43431 10571 11 from from IN 43431 10571 12 that that DT 43431 10571 13 of of IN 43431 10571 14 other other JJ 43431 10571 15 Perissodactyles Perissodactyles NNPS 43431 10571 16 and and CC 43431 10571 17 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 10571 18 that that DT 43431 10571 19 of of IN 43431 10571 20 Subungulates Subungulates NNPS 43431 10571 21 in in IN 43431 10571 22 having have VBG 43431 10571 23 the the DT 43431 10571 24 bones bone NNS 43431 10571 25 arranged arrange VBN 43431 10571 26 in in IN 43431 10571 27 lines line NNS 43431 10571 28 with with IN 43431 10571 29 little little JJ 43431 10571 30 or or CC 43431 10571 31 no no DT 43431 10571 32 interlocking interlocking NN 43431 10571 33 . . . 43431 10572 1 The the DT 43431 10572 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10572 3 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 10572 4 that that IN 43431 10572 5 of of IN 43431 10572 6 Artiodactyles Artiodactyles NNPS 43431 10572 7 in in IN 43431 10572 8 having have VBG 43431 10572 9 a a DT 43431 10572 10 small small JJ 43431 10572 11 facet facet NN 43431 10572 12 for for IN 43431 10572 13 articulation articulation NN 43431 10572 14 with with IN 43431 10572 15 the the DT 43431 10572 16 fibula fibula NN 43431 10572 17 . . . 43431 10573 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10573 2 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 10573 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10573 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10573 5 fig fig NN 43431 10573 6 . . . 43431 10574 1 110 110 CD 43431 10574 2 , , , 43431 10574 3 A a NN 43431 10574 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10574 5 , , , 43431 10574 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10574 7 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10574 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10574 9 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10574 10 fig fig NN 43431 10574 11 . . . 43431 10575 1 110 110 CD 43431 10575 2 , , , 43431 10575 3 B b NN 43431 10575 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10575 5 and and CC 43431 10575 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10575 7 Titanotherium Titanotherium NNP 43431 10575 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10575 9 have have VBP 43431 10575 10 a a DT 43431 10575 11 short short JJ 43431 10575 12 and and CC 43431 10575 13 broad broad JJ 43431 10575 14 foot foot NN 43431 10575 15 with with IN 43431 10575 16 the the DT 43431 10575 17 usual usual JJ 43431 10575 18 tarsal tarsal NN 43431 10575 19 bones bone NNS 43431 10575 20 and and CC 43431 10575 21 three three CD 43431 10575 22 well well RB 43431 10575 23 - - HYPH 43431 10575 24 developed develop VBN 43431 10575 25 digits,--a digits,--a NNP 43431 10575 26 number number NN 43431 10575 27 never never RB 43431 10575 28 exceeded exceed VBN 43431 10575 29 by by IN 43431 10575 30 any any DT 43431 10575 31 Perissodactyle Perissodactyle NNP 43431 10575 32 . . . 43431 10576 1 From from IN 43431 10576 2 this this DT 43431 10576 3 tridactylate tridactylate NN 43431 10576 4 limb limb NN 43431 10576 5 a a DT 43431 10576 6 series series NN 43431 10576 7 of of IN 43431 10576 8 stages stage NNS 43431 10576 9 is be VBZ 43431 10576 10 exhibited exhibit VBN 43431 10576 11 by by IN 43431 10576 12 various various JJ 43431 10576 13 extinct extinct JJ 43431 10576 14 forms form NNS 43431 10576 15 leading lead VBG 43431 10576 16 gradually gradually RB 43431 10576 17 to to IN 43431 10576 18 the the DT 43431 10576 19 condition condition NN 43431 10576 20 met meet VBD 43431 10576 21 with with IN 43431 10576 22 in in IN 43431 10576 23 the the DT 43431 10576 24 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10576 25 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10576 26 fig fig NN 43431 10576 27 . . . 43431 10577 1 110 110 CD 43431 10577 2 , , , 43431 10577 3 D d NN 43431 10577 4 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10577 5 in in IN 43431 10577 6 which which WDT 43431 10577 7 the the DT 43431 10577 8 third third JJ 43431 10577 9 toe toe NN 43431 10577 10 is be VBZ 43431 10577 11 greatly greatly RB 43431 10577 12 developed develop VBN 43431 10577 13 , , , 43431 10577 14 while while IN 43431 10577 15 the the DT 43431 10577 16 second second JJ 43431 10577 17 and and CC 43431 10577 18 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10577 19 are be VBP 43431 10577 20 reduced reduce VBN 43431 10577 21 to to IN 43431 10577 22 slender slender NN 43431 10577 23 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10577 24 attached attach VBN 43431 10577 25 to to IN 43431 10577 26 the the DT 43431 10577 27 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10577 28 half half NN 43431 10577 29 of of IN 43431 10577 30 the the DT 43431 10577 31 third third JJ 43431 10577 32 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 10577 33 . . . 43431 10578 1 In in IN 43431 10578 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10578 3 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 10578 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10578 5 and and CC 43431 10578 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10578 7 Agriochoerus Agriochoerus NNP 43431 10578 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10578 9 the the DT 43431 10578 10 pes pe NNS 43431 10578 11 has have VBZ 43431 10578 12 the the DT 43431 10578 13 same same JJ 43431 10578 14 abnormal abnormal JJ 43431 10578 15 characters character NNS 43431 10578 16 as as IN 43431 10578 17 the the DT 43431 10578 18 manus manus NN 43431 10578 19 , , , 43431 10578 20 the the DT 43431 10578 21 digits digit NNS 43431 10578 22 being be VBG 43431 10578 23 clawed claw VBN 43431 10578 24 and and CC 43431 10578 25 the the DT 43431 10578 26 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10578 27 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10578 28 in in IN 43431 10578 29 _ _ NNP 43431 10578 30 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 10578 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10578 32 deeply deeply RB 43431 10578 33 cleft cleave VBD 43431 10578 34 . . . 43431 10579 1 In in IN 43431 10579 2 the the DT 43431 10579 3 SUBUNGULATA SUBUNGULATA NNP 43431 10579 4 the the DT 43431 10579 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10579 6 is be VBZ 43431 10579 7 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10579 8 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 10579 9 and and CC 43431 10579 10 pentedactylate pentedactylate VB 43431 10579 11 , , , 43431 10579 12 the the DT 43431 10579 13 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10579 14 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10579 15 does do VBZ 43431 10579 16 not not RB 43431 10579 17 articulate articulate VB 43431 10579 18 with with IN 43431 10579 19 the the DT 43431 10579 20 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 10579 21 , , , 43431 10579 22 and and CC 43431 10579 23 the the DT 43431 10579 24 tarsal tarsal JJ 43431 10579 25 bones bone NNS 43431 10579 26 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10579 27 do do VBP 43431 10579 28 not not RB 43431 10579 29 interlock interlock VB 43431 10579 30 . . . 43431 10580 1 In in IN 43431 10580 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10580 3 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 10580 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10580 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10580 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10580 7 TOXODONTIA TOXODONTIA NNP 43431 10580 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10580 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10580 10 the the DT 43431 10580 11 hallux hallux NN 43431 10580 12 is be VBZ 43431 10580 13 absent absent JJ 43431 10580 14 and and CC 43431 10580 15 the the DT 43431 10580 16 other other JJ 43431 10580 17 four four CD 43431 10580 18 digits digit NNS 43431 10580 19 are be VBP 43431 10580 20 well well RB 43431 10580 21 developed developed JJ 43431 10580 22 ; ; : 43431 10580 23 in in IN 43431 10580 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10580 25 Toxodon Toxodon NNP 43431 10580 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10580 27 and and CC 43431 10580 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10580 29 Nesodon Nesodon NNP 43431 10580 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10580 31 the the DT 43431 10580 32 pes pes NN 43431 10580 33 is be VBZ 43431 10580 34 tridactylate tridactylate NN 43431 10580 35 . . . 43431 10581 1 The the DT 43431 10581 2 tarsal tarsal NN 43431 10581 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10581 4 have have VBP 43431 10581 5 the the DT 43431 10581 6 regular regular JJ 43431 10581 7 Subungulate Subungulate NNP 43431 10581 8 arrangement arrangement NN 43431 10581 9 , , , 43431 10581 10 the the DT 43431 10581 11 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10581 12 not not RB 43431 10581 13 articulating articulate VBG 43431 10581 14 with with IN 43431 10581 15 the the DT 43431 10581 16 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 10581 17 . . . 43431 10582 1 The the DT 43431 10582 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10582 3 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10582 4 with with IN 43431 10582 5 the the DT 43431 10582 6 fibula fibula NN 43431 10582 7 as as IN 43431 10582 8 in in IN 43431 10582 9 Artiodactyles artiodactyle NNS 43431 10582 10 . . . 43431 10583 1 The the DT 43431 10583 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 10583 3 in in IN 43431 10583 4 most most JJS 43431 10583 5 forms form NNS 43431 10583 6 , , , 43431 10583 7 but but CC 43431 10583 8 not not RB 43431 10583 9 in in IN 43431 10583 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10583 11 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 10583 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10583 13 , , , 43431 10583 14 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 10583 15 that that DT 43431 10583 16 of of IN 43431 10583 17 the the DT 43431 10583 18 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 10583 19 vera vera NNP 43431 10583 20 in in IN 43431 10583 21 having have VBG 43431 10583 22 a a DT 43431 10583 23 grooved groove VBN 43431 10583 24 proximal proximal JJ 43431 10583 25 surface surface NN 43431 10583 26 . . . 43431 10584 1 In in IN 43431 10584 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10584 3 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 10584 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10584 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10584 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10584 7 CONDYLARTHRA CONDYLARTHRA NNP 43431 10584 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10584 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10584 10 the the DT 43431 10584 11 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 10584 12 is be VBZ 43431 10584 13 very very RB 43431 10584 14 little little RB 43431 10584 15 modified modified JJ 43431 10584 16 , , , 43431 10584 17 five five CD 43431 10584 18 digits digit NNS 43431 10584 19 are be VBP 43431 10584 20 present present JJ 43431 10584 21 , , , 43431 10584 22 the the DT 43431 10584 23 first first JJ 43431 10584 24 and and CC 43431 10584 25 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10584 26 being be VBG 43431 10584 27 small small JJ 43431 10584 28 and and CC 43431 10584 29 not not RB 43431 10584 30 reaching reach VBG 43431 10584 31 the the DT 43431 10584 32 ground ground NN 43431 10584 33 . . . 43431 10585 1 In in IN 43431 10585 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10585 3 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10585 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10585 5 only only RB 43431 10585 6 the the DT 43431 10585 7 three three CD 43431 10585 8 middle middle JJ 43431 10585 9 digits digit NNS 43431 10585 10 are be VBP 43431 10585 11 present present JJ 43431 10585 12 with with IN 43431 10585 13 a a DT 43431 10585 14 vestige vestige NN 43431 10585 15 of of IN 43431 10585 16 the the DT 43431 10585 17 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10585 18 metacarpal metacarpal NN 43431 10585 19 . . . 43431 10586 1 In in IN 43431 10586 2 the the DT 43431 10586 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10586 4 AMBLYPODA AMBLYPODA NNP 43431 10586 5 _ _ IN 43431 10586 6 the the DT 43431 10586 7 pes pe NNS 43431 10586 8 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10586 9 fig fig NN 43431 10586 10 . . . 43431 10587 1 108 108 CD 43431 10587 2 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10587 3 is be VBZ 43431 10587 4 very very RB 43431 10587 5 short short JJ 43431 10587 6 and and CC 43431 10587 7 broad broad JJ 43431 10587 8 , , , 43431 10587 9 all all DT 43431 10587 10 five five CD 43431 10587 11 digits digit NNS 43431 10587 12 are be VBP 43431 10587 13 functional functional JJ 43431 10587 14 , , , 43431 10587 15 and and CC 43431 10587 16 at at IN 43431 10587 17 any any DT 43431 10587 18 rate rate NN 43431 10587 19 in in IN 43431 10587 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10587 21 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 10587 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10587 23 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 10587 24 , , , 43431 10587 25 the the DT 43431 10587 26 hallux hallux NN 43431 10587 27 being be VBG 43431 10587 28 the the DT 43431 10587 29 smallest small JJS 43431 10587 30 . . . 43431 10588 1 The the DT 43431 10588 2 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 10588 3 is be VBZ 43431 10588 4 very very RB 43431 10588 5 flat flat JJ 43431 10588 6 , , , 43431 10588 7 and and CC 43431 10588 8 the the DT 43431 10588 9 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 10588 10 interlock interlock NN 43431 10588 11 to to IN 43431 10588 12 a a DT 43431 10588 13 slight slight JJ 43431 10588 14 extent extent NN 43431 10588 15 , , , 43431 10588 16 the the DT 43431 10588 17 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10588 18 articulating articulate VBG 43431 10588 19 with with IN 43431 10588 20 both both CC 43431 10588 21 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10588 22 and and CC 43431 10588 23 astragalus astragalus JJ 43431 10588 24 . . . 43431 10589 1 The the DT 43431 10589 2 pes pe NNS 43431 10589 3 in in IN 43431 10589 4 the the DT 43431 10589 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10589 6 PROBOSCIDEA PROBOSCIDEA NNP 43431 10589 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10589 8 much much JJ 43431 10589 9 resembles resemble VBZ 43431 10589 10 that that IN 43431 10589 11 in in IN 43431 10589 12 the the DT 43431 10589 13 Amblypoda Amblypoda NNP 43431 10589 14 , , , 43431 10589 15 but but CC 43431 10589 16 differs differ VBZ 43431 10589 17 in in IN 43431 10589 18 that that IN 43431 10589 19 the the DT 43431 10589 20 astragalus astragalus NN 43431 10589 21 does do VBZ 43431 10589 22 not not RB 43431 10589 23 articulate articulate VB 43431 10589 24 with with IN 43431 10589 25 the the DT 43431 10589 26 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10589 27 , , , 43431 10589 28 the the DT 43431 10589 29 tarsals tarsal NNS 43431 10589 30 not not RB 43431 10589 31 interlocking interlock VBG 43431 10589 32 at at RB 43431 10589 33 all all RB 43431 10589 34 . . . 43431 10590 1 In in IN 43431 10590 2 the the DT 43431 10590 3 RODENTIA RODENTIA NNP 43431 10590 4 the the DT 43431 10590 5 structure structure NN 43431 10590 6 of of IN 43431 10590 7 the the DT 43431 10590 8 foot foot NN 43431 10590 9 is be VBZ 43431 10590 10 very very RB 43431 10590 11 variable variable JJ 43431 10590 12 . . . 43431 10591 1 In in IN 43431 10591 2 Beavers beaver NNS 43431 10591 3 the the DT 43431 10591 4 foot foot NN 43431 10591 5 is be VBZ 43431 10591 6 very very RB 43431 10591 7 large large JJ 43431 10591 8 , , , 43431 10591 9 all all DT 43431 10591 10 five five CD 43431 10591 11 digits digit NNS 43431 10591 12 being be VBG 43431 10591 13 well well RB 43431 10591 14 developed developed JJ 43431 10591 15 ; ; : 43431 10591 16 the the DT 43431 10591 17 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10591 18 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 10591 19 articulates articulate VBZ 43431 10591 20 with with IN 43431 10591 21 the the DT 43431 10591 22 outer outer JJ 43431 10591 23 side side NN 43431 10591 24 of of IN 43431 10591 25 the the DT 43431 10591 26 fourth fourth JJ 43431 10591 27 metatarsal metatarsal NN 43431 10591 28 , , , 43431 10591 29 and and CC 43431 10591 30 not not RB 43431 10591 31 with with IN 43431 10591 32 the the DT 43431 10591 33 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10591 34 , , , 43431 10591 35 and and CC 43431 10591 36 there there EX 43431 10591 37 is be VBZ 43431 10591 38 a a DT 43431 10591 39 large large JJ 43431 10591 40 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10591 41 bone bone NN 43431 10591 42 on on IN 43431 10591 43 the the DT 43431 10591 44 tibial tibial JJ 43431 10591 45 side side NN 43431 10591 46 of of IN 43431 10591 47 the the DT 43431 10591 48 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 10591 49 . . . 43431 10592 1 In in IN 43431 10592 2 the the DT 43431 10592 3 Rats Rats NNPS 43431 10592 4 , , , 43431 10592 5 Porcupines Porcupines NNPS 43431 10592 6 and and CC 43431 10592 7 Squirrels Squirrels NNPS 43431 10592 8 , , , 43431 10592 9 there there EX 43431 10592 10 are be VBP 43431 10592 11 five five CD 43431 10592 12 digits digit NNS 43431 10592 13 , , , 43431 10592 14 in in IN 43431 10592 15 the the DT 43431 10592 16 Hares Hares NNPS 43431 10592 17 only only RB 43431 10592 18 four four CD 43431 10592 19 , , , 43431 10592 20 and and CC 43431 10592 21 in in IN 43431 10592 22 the the DT 43431 10592 23 Capybara Capybara NNP 43431 10592 24 and and CC 43431 10592 25 some some DT 43431 10592 26 of of IN 43431 10592 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10592 28 allies ally NNS 43431 10592 29 only only RB 43431 10592 30 three three CD 43431 10592 31 . . . 43431 10593 1 In in IN 43431 10593 2 the the DT 43431 10593 3 Jerboa Jerboa NNP 43431 10593 4 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10593 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10593 6 Dipus Dipus NNP 43431 10593 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10593 8 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10593 9 a a DT 43431 10593 10 curious curious JJ 43431 10593 11 condition condition NN 43431 10593 12 of of IN 43431 10593 13 the the DT 43431 10593 14 pes pe NNS 43431 10593 15 is be VBZ 43431 10593 16 met meet VBN 43431 10593 17 with with IN 43431 10593 18 , , , 43431 10593 19 as as IN 43431 10593 20 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10593 21 consists consist VBZ 43431 10593 22 of of IN 43431 10593 23 three three CD 43431 10593 24 very very RB 43431 10593 25 long long JJ 43431 10593 26 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10593 27 fused fuse VBN 43431 10593 28 together together RB 43431 10593 29 and and CC 43431 10593 30 bearing bear VBG 43431 10593 31 three three CD 43431 10593 32 short short JJ 43431 10593 33 toes toe NNS 43431 10593 34 , , , 43431 10593 35 each each DT 43431 10593 36 formed form VBN 43431 10593 37 of of IN 43431 10593 38 three three CD 43431 10593 39 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10593 40 . . . 43431 10594 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10594 2 Lophiomys Lophiomys NNP 43431 10594 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10594 4 differs differ VBZ 43431 10594 5 from from IN 43431 10594 6 all all DT 43431 10594 7 other other JJ 43431 10594 8 Rodents Rodents NNPS 43431 10594 9 in in IN 43431 10594 10 having have VBG 43431 10594 11 the the DT 43431 10594 12 hallux hallux NN 43431 10594 13 opposable opposable JJ 43431 10594 14 . . . 43431 10595 1 CARNIVORA carnivora NN 43431 10595 2 . . . 43431 10596 1 In in IN 43431 10596 2 the the DT 43431 10596 3 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10596 4 vera vera NN 43431 10596 5 the the DT 43431 10596 6 pes pes NN 43431 10596 7 is be VBZ 43431 10596 8 regular regular JJ 43431 10596 9 and and CC 43431 10596 10 shows show VBZ 43431 10596 11 little little JJ 43431 10596 12 deviation deviation NN 43431 10596 13 from from IN 43431 10596 14 the the DT 43431 10596 15 normal normal JJ 43431 10596 16 condition condition NN 43431 10596 17 . . . 43431 10597 1 All all PDT 43431 10597 2 the the DT 43431 10597 3 usual usual JJ 43431 10597 4 tarsal tarsal NN 43431 10597 5 bones bone NNS 43431 10597 6 are be VBP 43431 10597 7 present present JJ 43431 10597 8 , , , 43431 10597 9 but but CC 43431 10597 10 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10597 11 as as IN 43431 10597 12 in in IN 43431 10597 13 the the DT 43431 10597 14 Dogs dog NNS 43431 10597 15 , , , 43431 10597 16 Cats Cats NNPS 43431 10597 17 , , , 43431 10597 18 and and CC 43431 10597 19 Hyaenas Hyaenas NNP 43431 10597 20 , , , 43431 10597 21 the the DT 43431 10597 22 hallux hallux NN 43431 10597 23 is be VBZ 43431 10597 24 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10597 25 . . . 43431 10598 1 Sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10598 2 as as IN 43431 10598 3 in in IN 43431 10598 4 the the DT 43431 10598 5 Bears Bears NNPS 43431 10598 6 the the DT 43431 10598 7 pes pe NNS 43431 10598 8 is be VBZ 43431 10598 9 plantigrade plantigrade NN 43431 10598 10 , , , 43431 10598 11 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10598 12 as as IN 43431 10598 13 in in IN 43431 10598 14 the the DT 43431 10598 15 Cats Cats NNPS 43431 10598 16 and and CC 43431 10598 17 Dogs dog NNS 43431 10598 18 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10598 19 is be VBZ 43431 10598 20 digitigrade digitigrade NN 43431 10598 21 . . . 43431 10599 1 In in IN 43431 10599 2 this this DT 43431 10599 3 respect respect NN 43431 10599 4 and and CC 43431 10599 5 in in IN 43431 10599 6 the the DT 43431 10599 7 character character NN 43431 10599 8 of of IN 43431 10599 9 the the DT 43431 10599 10 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10599 11 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10599 12 , , , 43431 10599 13 the the DT 43431 10599 14 pes pe NNS 43431 10599 15 closely closely RB 43431 10599 16 corresponds correspond VBZ 43431 10599 17 with with IN 43431 10599 18 the the DT 43431 10599 19 manus manus NN 43431 10599 20 . . . 43431 10600 1 In in IN 43431 10600 2 the the DT 43431 10600 3 Sea Sea NNP 43431 10600 4 Otter Otter NNP 43431 10600 5 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10600 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10600 7 Latax Latax NNP 43431 10600 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10600 9 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10600 10 the the DT 43431 10600 11 foot foot NN 43431 10600 12 is be VBZ 43431 10600 13 large large JJ 43431 10600 14 and and CC 43431 10600 15 flattened flattened JJ 43431 10600 16 and and CC 43431 10600 17 approaches approach VBZ 43431 10600 18 in in IN 43431 10600 19 character character NN 43431 10600 20 that that DT 43431 10600 21 of of IN 43431 10600 22 the the DT 43431 10600 23 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 10600 24 . . . 43431 10601 1 In in IN 43431 10601 2 the the DT 43431 10601 3 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 10601 4 the the DT 43431 10601 5 pes pes NN 43431 10601 6 differs differ VBZ 43431 10601 7 much much RB 43431 10601 8 from from IN 43431 10601 9 that that DT 43431 10601 10 in in IN 43431 10601 11 the the DT 43431 10601 12 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10601 13 vera vera NN 43431 10601 14 . . . 43431 10602 1 In in IN 43431 10602 2 the the DT 43431 10602 3 Seals Seals NNPS 43431 10602 4 in in IN 43431 10602 5 which which WDT 43431 10602 6 the the DT 43431 10602 7 foot foot NN 43431 10602 8 can can MD 43431 10602 9 not not RB 43431 10602 10 be be VB 43431 10602 11 used use VBN 43431 10602 12 for for IN 43431 10602 13 walking walking NN 43431 10602 14 , , , 43431 10602 15 and and CC 43431 10602 16 is be VBZ 43431 10602 17 habitually habitually RB 43431 10602 18 directed direct VBN 43431 10602 19 backwards backwards RB 43431 10602 20 , , , 43431 10602 21 the the DT 43431 10602 22 first first JJ 43431 10602 23 and and CC 43431 10602 24 fifth fifth JJ 43431 10602 25 digits digit NNS 43431 10602 26 are be VBP 43431 10602 27 much much RB 43431 10602 28 longer long JJR 43431 10602 29 and and CC 43431 10602 30 stouter stout JJR 43431 10602 31 than than IN 43431 10602 32 any any DT 43431 10602 33 of of IN 43431 10602 34 the the DT 43431 10602 35 others other NNS 43431 10602 36 . . . 43431 10603 1 In in IN 43431 10603 2 the the DT 43431 10603 3 Sea Sea NNP 43431 10603 4 Lions Lions NNPS 43431 10603 5 which which WDT 43431 10603 6 can can MD 43431 10603 7 use use VB 43431 10603 8 the the DT 43431 10603 9 pes pe NNS 43431 10603 10 for for IN 43431 10603 11 walking walking NN 43431 10603 12 , , , 43431 10603 13 the the DT 43431 10603 14 digits digit NNS 43431 10603 15 are be VBP 43431 10603 16 all all DT 43431 10603 17 of of IN 43431 10603 18 nearly nearly RB 43431 10603 19 the the DT 43431 10603 20 same same JJ 43431 10603 21 length length NN 43431 10603 22 , , , 43431 10603 23 and and CC 43431 10603 24 in in IN 43431 10603 25 the the DT 43431 10603 26 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 10603 27 the the DT 43431 10603 28 fifth fifth NN 43431 10603 29 is be VBZ 43431 10603 30 somewhat somewhat RB 43431 10603 31 the the DT 43431 10603 32 longest long JJS 43431 10603 33 . . . 43431 10604 1 In in IN 43431 10604 2 the the DT 43431 10604 3 INSECTIVORA INSECTIVORA NNP 43431 10604 4 the the DT 43431 10604 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10604 6 is be VBZ 43431 10604 7 almost almost RB 43431 10604 8 always always RB 43431 10604 9 normal normal JJ 43431 10604 10 , , , 43431 10604 11 and and CC 43431 10604 12 provided provide VBN 43431 10604 13 with with IN 43431 10604 14 five five CD 43431 10604 15 digits digit NNS 43431 10604 16 . . . 43431 10605 1 In in IN 43431 10605 2 the the DT 43431 10605 3 CHIROPTERA CHIROPTERA NNP 43431 10605 4 the the DT 43431 10605 5 pes pe NNS 43431 10605 6 is be VBZ 43431 10605 7 pentedactylate pentedactylate NN 43431 10605 8 , , , 43431 10605 9 and and CC 43431 10605 10 the the DT 43431 10605 11 digits digit NNS 43431 10605 12 are be VBP 43431 10605 13 terminated terminate VBN 43431 10605 14 by by IN 43431 10605 15 long long JJ 43431 10605 16 curved curved JJ 43431 10605 17 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10605 18 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10605 19 . . . 43431 10606 1 In in IN 43431 10606 2 some some DT 43431 10606 3 genera genera NN 43431 10606 4 the the DT 43431 10606 5 toes toe NNS 43431 10606 6 have have VBP 43431 10606 7 only only RB 43431 10606 8 two two CD 43431 10606 9 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10606 10 . . . 43431 10607 1 The the DT 43431 10607 2 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10607 3 is be VBZ 43431 10607 4 sometimes sometimes RB 43431 10607 5 produced produce VBN 43431 10607 6 into into IN 43431 10607 7 a a DT 43431 10607 8 long long JJ 43431 10607 9 slender slender NN 43431 10607 10 process process NN 43431 10607 11 which which WDT 43431 10607 12 helps help VBZ 43431 10607 13 to to TO 43431 10607 14 support support VB 43431 10607 15 the the DT 43431 10607 16 membrane membrane NN 43431 10607 17 between between IN 43431 10607 18 the the DT 43431 10607 19 leg leg NN 43431 10607 20 and and CC 43431 10607 21 the the DT 43431 10607 22 tail tail NN 43431 10607 23 . . . 43431 10608 1 Among among IN 43431 10608 2 the the DT 43431 10608 3 PRIMATES primate NNS 43431 10608 4 Man Man NNP 43431 10608 5 has have VBZ 43431 10608 6 the the DT 43431 10608 7 simplest simple JJS 43431 10608 8 form form NN 43431 10608 9 of of IN 43431 10608 10 pes pe NNS 43431 10608 11 . . . 43431 10609 1 In in IN 43431 10609 2 Man Man NNP 43431 10609 3 all all DT 43431 10609 4 five five CD 43431 10609 5 digits digit NNS 43431 10609 6 are be VBP 43431 10609 7 well well RB 43431 10609 8 developed developed JJ 43431 10609 9 , , , 43431 10609 10 the the DT 43431 10609 11 hallux hallux NN 43431 10609 12 being be VBG 43431 10609 13 considerably considerably RB 43431 10609 14 the the DT 43431 10609 15 largest large JJS 43431 10609 16 . . . 43431 10610 1 Sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10610 2 bones bone NNS 43431 10610 3 occur occur VBP 43431 10610 4 only only RB 43431 10610 5 under under IN 43431 10610 6 the the DT 43431 10610 7 metatarso metatarso NN 43431 10610 8 - - HYPH 43431 10610 9 phalangeal phalangeal NN 43431 10610 10 joint joint NN 43431 10610 11 of of IN 43431 10610 12 the the DT 43431 10610 13 hallux hallux NN 43431 10610 14 . . . 43431 10611 1 In in IN 43431 10611 2 the the DT 43431 10611 3 other other JJ 43431 10611 4 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 10611 5 the the DT 43431 10611 6 internal internal JJ 43431 10611 7 cuneiform cuneiform NN 43431 10611 8 has have VBZ 43431 10611 9 a a DT 43431 10611 10 saddle saddle NN 43431 10611 11 - - HYPH 43431 10611 12 shaped shape VBN 43431 10611 13 articulating articulating NN 43431 10611 14 surface surface NN 43431 10611 15 for for IN 43431 10611 16 the the DT 43431 10611 17 hallux hallux NN 43431 10611 18 , , , 43431 10611 19 which which WDT 43431 10611 20 is be VBZ 43431 10611 21 obliquely obliquely RB 43431 10611 22 directed direct VBN 43431 10611 23 to to IN 43431 10611 24 the the DT 43431 10611 25 side side NN 43431 10611 26 of of IN 43431 10611 27 the the DT 43431 10611 28 foot foot NN 43431 10611 29 and and CC 43431 10611 30 opposable opposable JJ 43431 10611 31 to to IN 43431 10611 32 the the DT 43431 10611 33 other other JJ 43431 10611 34 digits digit NNS 43431 10611 35 . . . 43431 10612 1 Two two CD 43431 10612 2 sesamoid sesamoid JJ 43431 10612 3 bones bone NNS 43431 10612 4 are be VBP 43431 10612 5 usually usually RB 43431 10612 6 developed develop VBN 43431 10612 7 below below IN 43431 10612 8 each each DT 43431 10612 9 metatarso metatarso NN 43431 10612 10 - - HYPH 43431 10612 11 phalangeal phalangeal NN 43431 10612 12 joint joint NN 43431 10612 13 , , , 43431 10612 14 and and CC 43431 10612 15 one one CD 43431 10612 16 below below IN 43431 10612 17 the the DT 43431 10612 18 cuboid cuboid NN 43431 10612 19 . . . 43431 10613 1 The the DT 43431 10613 2 second second JJ 43431 10613 3 digit digit NN 43431 10613 4 in in IN 43431 10613 5 Lemurs Lemurs NNP 43431 10613 6 , , , 43431 10613 7 and and CC 43431 10613 8 all all DT 43431 10613 9 except except IN 43431 10613 10 the the DT 43431 10613 11 hallux hallux NN 43431 10613 12 in in IN 43431 10613 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10613 14 Chiromys Chiromys NNP 43431 10613 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10613 16 have have VBP 43431 10613 17 pointed point VBN 43431 10613 18 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10613 19 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10613 20 ; ; : 43431 10613 21 in in IN 43431 10613 22 all all DT 43431 10613 23 other other JJ 43431 10613 24 cases case NNS 43431 10613 25 the the DT 43431 10613 26 ungual ungual JJ 43431 10613 27 phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10613 28 are be VBP 43431 10613 29 flat flat JJ 43431 10613 30 . . . 43431 10614 1 In in IN 43431 10614 2 some some DT 43431 10614 3 of of IN 43431 10614 4 the the DT 43431 10614 5 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 10614 6 , , , 43431 10614 7 especially especially RB 43431 10614 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10614 9 Tarsius Tarsius NNP 43431 10614 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10614 11 , , , 43431 10614 12 the the DT 43431 10614 13 tarsus tarsus NN 43431 10614 14 is be VBZ 43431 10614 15 curiously curiously RB 43431 10614 16 modified modify VBN 43431 10614 17 by by IN 43431 10614 18 the the DT 43431 10614 19 elongation elongation NN 43431 10614 20 of of IN 43431 10614 21 the the DT 43431 10614 22 calcaneum calcaneum JJ 43431 10614 23 and and CC 43431 10614 24 navicular navicular JJ 43431 10614 25 . . . 43431 10615 1 FOOTNOTES footnote NNS 43431 10615 2 : : : 43431 10615 3 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10615 4 165 165 CD 43431 10615 5 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10615 6 The the DT 43431 10615 7 figure figure NN 43431 10615 8 was be VBD 43431 10615 9 drawn draw VBN 43431 10615 10 from from IN 43431 10615 11 a a DT 43431 10615 12 photograph photograph NN 43431 10615 13 and and CC 43431 10615 14 the the DT 43431 10615 15 size size NN 43431 10615 16 of of IN 43431 10615 17 the the DT 43431 10615 18 jaws jaw NNS 43431 10615 19 relatively relatively RB 43431 10615 20 to to IN 43431 10615 21 the the DT 43431 10615 22 cranium cranium NN 43431 10615 23 is be VBZ 43431 10615 24 exaggerated exaggerated JJ 43431 10615 25 . . . 43431 10616 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10616 2 166 166 CD 43431 10616 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10616 4 See see VB 43431 10616 5 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 10617 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 10617 2 , , , 43431 10617 3 " " `` 43431 10617 4 On on IN 43431 10617 5 the the DT 43431 10617 6 Structure Structure NNP 43431 10617 7 and and CC 43431 10617 8 Development Development NNP 43431 10617 9 of of IN 43431 10617 10 the the DT 43431 10617 11 Skull Skull NNP 43431 10617 12 in in IN 43431 10617 13 the the DT 43431 10617 14 Pig Pig NNP 43431 10617 15 . . . 43431 10617 16 " " '' 43431 10618 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10618 2 Phil Phil NNP 43431 10618 3 . . . 43431 10619 1 Trans Trans NNPS 43431 10619 2 . . NNP 43431 10619 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10619 4 pp pp NNP 43431 10619 5 . . . 43431 10620 1 289 289 CD 43431 10620 2 - - SYM 43431 10620 3 336 336 CD 43431 10620 4 , , , 43431 10620 5 1874 1874 CD 43431 10620 6 . . . 43431 10621 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10621 2 167 167 CD 43431 10621 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10621 4 See see VB 43431 10621 5 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 10622 1 Flower flower NN 43431 10622 2 , , , 43431 10622 3 " " `` 43431 10622 4 On on IN 43431 10622 5 the the DT 43431 10622 6 value value NN 43431 10622 7 of of IN 43431 10622 8 the the DT 43431 10622 9 characters character NNS 43431 10622 10 of of IN 43431 10622 11 the the DT 43431 10622 12 base base NN 43431 10622 13 of of IN 43431 10622 14 the the DT 43431 10622 15 cranium cranium NN 43431 10622 16 in in IN 43431 10622 17 the the DT 43431 10622 18 classification classification NN 43431 10622 19 of of IN 43431 10622 20 the the DT 43431 10622 21 order order NN 43431 10622 22 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10622 23 . . . 43431 10622 24 " " '' 43431 10623 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10623 2 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 10623 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10623 4 1869 1869 CD 43431 10623 5 , , , 43431 10623 6 p. p. NN 43431 10623 7 5 5 CD 43431 10623 8 . . . 43431 10624 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10624 2 168 168 CD 43431 10624 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10624 4 See see VB 43431 10624 5 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 10625 1 Parker Parker NNP 43431 10625 2 , , , 43431 10625 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10625 4 Monograph Monograph NNP 43431 10625 5 of of IN 43431 10625 6 the the DT 43431 10625 7 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10625 8 - - HYPH 43431 10625 9 girdle girdle NN 43431 10625 10 and and CC 43431 10625 11 sternum sternum NN 43431 10625 12 of of IN 43431 10625 13 the the DT 43431 10625 14 Vertebrata Vertebrata NNP 43431 10625 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10625 16 , , , 43431 10625 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10625 18 Ray Ray NNP 43431 10625 19 Soc Soc NNP 43431 10625 20 . . . 43431 10625 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10625 22 1868 1868 CD 43431 10625 23 . . . 43431 10626 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10626 2 169 169 CD 43431 10626 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10626 4 See see VB 43431 10626 5 p. p. NN 43431 10626 6 405 405 CD 43431 10626 7 . . . 43431 10627 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10627 2 170 170 CD 43431 10627 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10627 4 See see VB 43431 10627 5 E. E. NNP 43431 10627 6 Lydekker Lydekker NNP 43431 10627 7 , , , 43431 10627 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10627 9 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 10627 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10627 11 1895 1895 CD 43431 10627 12 , , , 43431 10627 13 p. p. NN 43431 10627 14 172 172 CD 43431 10627 15 . . . 43431 10628 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10628 2 171 171 CD 43431 10628 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10628 4 See see VB 43431 10628 5 H. H. NNP 43431 10628 6 Wincza Wincza NNP 43431 10628 7 , , , 43431 10628 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10628 9 Morph Morph NNP 43431 10628 10 . . . 43431 10629 1 Jahr Jahr NNS 43431 10629 2 . . . 43431 10629 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10629 4 XVI XVI NNP 43431 10629 5 . . . 43431 10630 1 p. p. NN 43431 10630 2 647 647 CD 43431 10630 3 , , , 43431 10630 4 1890 1890 CD 43431 10630 5 . . . 43431 10631 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10631 2 172 172 CD 43431 10631 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10631 4 See see VB 43431 10631 5 K. K. NNP 43431 10631 6 Bardeleben Bardeleben NNP 43431 10631 7 , , , 43431 10631 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10631 9 P.Z.S. P.Z.S. NNP 43431 10631 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10631 11 , , , 43431 10631 12 1889 1889 CD 43431 10631 13 , , , 43431 10631 14 p. p. NN 43431 10631 15 259 259 CD 43431 10631 16 . . . 43431 10632 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10632 2 173 173 CD 43431 10632 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10632 4 See see VB 43431 10632 5 E. E. NNP 43431 10632 6 Cope Cope NNP 43431 10632 7 , , , 43431 10632 8 " " `` 43431 10632 9 The the DT 43431 10632 10 origin origin NN 43431 10632 11 of of IN 43431 10632 12 the the DT 43431 10632 13 foot foot NN 43431 10632 14 structures structure NNS 43431 10632 15 of of IN 43431 10632 16 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 10632 17 , , , 43431 10632 18 " " '' 43431 10632 19 _ _ NNP 43431 10632 20 Journ Journ NNP 43431 10632 21 . . . 43431 10633 1 of of IN 43431 10633 2 Philad Philad NNP 43431 10633 3 . . . 43431 10634 1 Acad Acad NNP 43431 10634 2 . . . 43431 10634 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10634 4 1874 1874 CD 43431 10634 5 . . . 43431 10635 1 H.F. H.F. NNP 43431 10635 2 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 10635 3 , , , 43431 10635 4 " " `` 43431 10635 5 The the DT 43431 10635 6 evolution evolution NN 43431 10635 7 of of IN 43431 10635 8 the the DT 43431 10635 9 Ungulate Ungulate NNP 43431 10635 10 foot foot NN 43431 10635 11 , , , 43431 10635 12 " " `` 43431 10635 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10635 14 T. T. NNP 43431 10636 1 Amer amer NN 43431 10636 2 . . . 43431 10637 1 Phil Phil NNP 43431 10637 2 . . . 43431 10638 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 10638 2 . . . 43431 10638 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10638 4 1889 1889 CD 43431 10638 5 . . . 43431 10639 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10639 2 174 174 CD 43431 10639 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10639 4 See See NNP 43431 10639 5 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 10640 1 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 10640 2 , , , 43431 10640 3 various various JJ 43431 10640 4 papers paper NNS 43431 10640 5 including include VBG 43431 10640 6 " " `` 43431 10640 7 Fossil fossil JJ 43431 10640 8 horses horse NNS 43431 10640 9 in in IN 43431 10640 10 America America NNP 43431 10640 11 , , , 43431 10640 12 " " '' 43431 10640 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10640 14 Amer Amer NNP 43431 10640 15 . . . 43431 10641 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 10641 2 . . . 43431 10641 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10641 4 1874 1874 CD 43431 10641 5 ; ; : 43431 10641 6 " " `` 43431 10641 7 Polydactyl polydactyl NN 43431 10641 8 horses horse NNS 43431 10641 9 , , , 43431 10641 10 " " '' 43431 10641 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10641 12 Amer Amer NNP 43431 10641 13 . . . 43431 10642 1 J. J. NNP 43431 10642 2 Sci Sci NNP 43431 10642 3 . . . 43431 10642 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10642 5 1879 1879 CD 43431 10642 6 and and CC 43431 10642 7 1892 1892 CD 43431 10642 8 . . . 43431 10643 1 M. M. NNP 43431 10643 2 Pavlow Pavlow NNP 43431 10643 3 , , , 43431 10643 4 " " `` 43431 10643 5 Le Le NNP 43431 10643 6 dà dà NNP 43431 10643 7 © © NNP 43431 10643 8 veloppement veloppement NN 43431 10643 9 des des NNP 43431 10643 10 Equidà Equidà NNP 43431 10643 11 © © NNP 43431 10643 12 s s NN 43431 10643 13 , , , 43431 10643 14 " " '' 43431 10643 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10643 16 Bul Bul NNP 43431 10643 17 . . . 43431 10644 1 Soc Soc NNP 43431 10644 2 . . . 43431 10645 1 Moscou Moscou NNP 43431 10645 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10645 3 , , , 43431 10645 4 1887 1887 CD 43431 10645 5 , , , 43431 10645 6 and and CC 43431 10645 7 subsequent subsequent JJ 43431 10645 8 papers paper NNS 43431 10645 9 in in IN 43431 10645 10 the the DT 43431 10645 11 same same JJ 43431 10645 12 . . . 43431 10646 1 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 10646 2 and and CC 43431 10646 3 Wortman Wortman NNP 43431 10646 4 , , , 43431 10646 5 " " '' 43431 10646 6 On on IN 43431 10646 7 the the DT 43431 10646 8 Perissodactyls Perissodactyls NNP 43431 10646 9 of of IN 43431 10646 10 the the DT 43431 10646 11 White White NNP 43431 10646 12 River River NNP 43431 10646 13 beds bed NNS 43431 10646 14 , , , 43431 10646 15 " " '' 43431 10646 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10646 17 Bull Bull NNP 43431 10646 18 . . . 43431 10647 1 Amer amer NN 43431 10647 2 . . . 43431 10648 1 Mus mus NN 43431 10648 2 . . . 43431 10648 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10648 4 Dec. December NNP 43431 10648 5 23rd 23rd NN 43431 10648 6 , , , 43431 10648 7 1895 1895 CD 43431 10648 8 . . . 43431 10649 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10649 2 175 175 CD 43431 10649 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10649 4 See see VB 43431 10649 5 H.F. H.F. NNP 43431 10649 6 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 10649 7 , , , 43431 10649 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10649 9 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 10649 10 and and CC 43431 10649 11 Macrotherium Macrotherium NNP 43431 10649 12 , , , 43431 10649 13 Amer Amer NNP 43431 10649 14 . . . 43431 10650 1 Natural natural JJ 43431 10650 2 . . . 43431 10650 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10650 4 1889 1889 CD 43431 10650 5 - - HYPH 43431 10650 6 -91 -91 NNP 43431 10650 7 - - HYPH 43431 10650 8 -92 -92 NNP 43431 10650 9 . . . 43431 10651 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10651 2 176 176 CD 43431 10651 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10651 4 See see VB 43431 10651 5 p. p. NN 43431 10651 6 409 409 CD 43431 10651 7 . . . 43431 10652 1 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10652 2 177 177 CD 43431 10652 3 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10652 4 See see VB 43431 10652 5 p. p. NN 43431 10652 6 412 412 CD 43431 10652 7 . . . 43431 10653 1 LIST LIST NNP 43431 10653 2 OF of IN 43431 10653 3 AUTHORS author NNS 43431 10653 4 REFERRED refer VBN 43431 10653 5 TO to IN 43431 10653 6 . . . 43431 10654 1 Abbott Abbott NNP 43431 10654 2 , , , 43431 10654 3 E.C. E.C. NNP 43431 10654 4 , , , 43431 10654 5 112 112 CD 43431 10654 6 Ameghino Ameghino NNP 43431 10654 7 , , , 43431 10654 8 F. F. NNP 43431 10654 9 , , , 43431 10654 10 351 351 CD 43431 10654 11 , , , 43431 10654 12 424 424 CD 43431 10654 13 Andrews Andrews NNP 43431 10654 14 , , , 43431 10654 15 C.W. C.W. NNP 43431 10654 16 , , , 43431 10654 17 299 299 CD 43431 10654 18 Balfour Balfour NNP 43431 10654 19 , , , 43431 10654 20 F.M. F.M. NNP 43431 10654 21 , , , 43431 10654 22 16 16 CD 43431 10654 23 Ballowitz Ballowitz NNP 43431 10654 24 , , , 43431 10654 25 E. E. NNP 43431 10654 26 , , , 43431 10654 27 424 424 CD 43431 10654 28 Bardeleben Bardeleben NNP 43431 10654 29 , , , 43431 10654 30 K. K. NNP 43431 10654 31 , , , 43431 10654 32 504 504 CD 43431 10654 33 Bateson Bateson NNP 43431 10654 34 , , , 43431 10654 35 W. W. NNP 43431 10654 36 , , , 43431 10654 37 50 50 CD 43431 10654 38 , , , 43431 10654 39 344 344 CD 43431 10654 40 Baum Baum NNP 43431 10654 41 , , , 43431 10654 42 H. H. NNP 43431 10654 43 , , , 43431 10654 44 374 374 CD 43431 10654 45 Baur Baur NNP 43431 10654 46 , , , 43431 10654 47 G. G. NNP 43431 10654 48 , , , 43431 10654 49 27 27 CD 43431 10654 50 , , , 43431 10654 51 189 189 CD 43431 10654 52 , , , 43431 10654 53 190 190 CD 43431 10654 54 , , , 43431 10654 55 344 344 CD 43431 10654 56 , , , 43431 10654 57 346 346 CD 43431 10654 58 Beneden Beneden NNP 43431 10654 59 , , , 43431 10654 60 P.J. P.J. NNP 43431 10655 1 van van NNP 43431 10655 2 , , , 43431 10655 3 353 353 CD 43431 10655 4 Benham Benham NNP 43431 10655 5 , , , 43431 10655 6 W.B. W.B. NNP 43431 10655 7 , , , 43431 10655 8 51 51 CD 43431 10655 9 Bettany Bettany NNP 43431 10655 10 , , , 43431 10655 11 G.T. G.T. NNP 43431 10655 12 , , , 43431 10655 13 16 16 CD 43431 10655 14 , , , 43431 10655 15 87 87 CD 43431 10655 16 , , , 43431 10655 17 154 154 CD 43431 10655 18 Boulenger Boulenger NNP 43431 10655 19 , , , 43431 10655 20 G.A. G.A. NNP 43431 10655 21 , , , 43431 10655 22 169 169 CD 43431 10655 23 Brandt Brandt NNP 43431 10655 24 , , , 43431 10655 25 J.F. J.F. NNP 43431 10655 26 , , , 43431 10655 27 352 352 CD 43431 10655 28 Bridge Bridge NNP 43431 10655 29 , , , 43431 10655 30 T.W. T.W. NNP 43431 10655 31 , , , 43431 10655 32 123 123 CD 43431 10655 33 Brühl Brühl NNS 43431 10655 34 , , , 43431 10655 35 C.B. C.B. NNP 43431 10655 36 , , , 43431 10655 37 210 210 CD 43431 10655 38 Burmeister Burmeister NNP 43431 10655 39 , , , 43431 10655 40 H. H. NNP 43431 10655 41 , , , 43431 10655 42 351 351 CD 43431 10655 43 , , , 43431 10655 44 424 424 CD 43431 10655 45 Cope Cope NNP 43431 10655 46 , , , 43431 10655 47 E.D. E.D. NNP 43431 10655 48 , , , 43431 10655 49 135 135 CD 43431 10655 50 , , , 43431 10655 51 199 199 CD 43431 10655 52 , , , 43431 10655 53 204 204 CD 43431 10655 54 , , , 43431 10655 55 351 351 CD 43431 10655 56 , , , 43431 10655 57 359 359 CD 43431 10655 58 , , , 43431 10655 59 361 361 CD 43431 10655 60 , , , 43431 10655 61 363 363 CD 43431 10655 62 , , , 43431 10655 63 368 368 CD 43431 10655 64 Credner Credner NNP 43431 10655 65 , , , 43431 10655 66 H. H. NNP 43431 10655 67 , , , 43431 10655 68 135 135 CD 43431 10655 69 Dean Dean NNP 43431 10655 70 , , , 43431 10655 71 B. B. NNP 43431 10655 72 , , , 43431 10655 73 63 63 CD 43431 10655 74 , , , 43431 10655 75 104 104 CD 43431 10655 76 Dobson Dobson NNP 43431 10655 77 , , , 43431 10655 78 G.E. G.E. NNP 43431 10655 79 , , , 43431 10655 80 369 369 CD 43431 10655 81 , , , 43431 10655 82 370 370 CD 43431 10655 83 Earle Earle NNP 43431 10655 84 , , , 43431 10655 85 C. C. NNP 43431 10655 86 , , , 43431 10655 87 432 432 CD 43431 10655 88 Ecker Ecker NNP 43431 10655 89 , , , 43431 10655 90 A. a. NN 43431 10655 91 , , , 43431 10655 92 151 151 CD 43431 10655 93 Ellenberger Ellenberger NNP 43431 10655 94 , , , 43431 10655 95 W. W. NNP 43431 10655 96 , , , 43431 10655 97 374 374 CD 43431 10655 98 Flower Flower NNP 43431 10655 99 , , , 43431 10655 100 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 10655 101 , , , 43431 10655 102 28 28 CD 43431 10655 103 , , , 43431 10655 104 42 42 CD 43431 10655 105 , , , 43431 10655 106 351 351 CD 43431 10655 107 , , , 43431 10655 108 420 420 CD 43431 10655 109 , , , 43431 10655 110 422 422 CD 43431 10655 111 , , , 43431 10655 112 434 434 CD 43431 10655 113 Fritsch Fritsch NNP 43431 10655 114 , , , 43431 10655 115 A. a. NN 43431 10655 116 , , , 43431 10655 117 135 135 CD 43431 10655 118 Fürbringer fã¼rbringer NN 43431 10655 119 , , , 43431 10655 120 M. M. NNP 43431 10655 121 , , , 43431 10655 122 295 295 CD 43431 10655 123 Gadow Gadow NNP 43431 10655 124 , , , 43431 10655 125 H. H. NNP 43431 10655 126 , , , 43431 10655 127 40 40 CD 43431 10655 128 , , , 43431 10655 129 112 112 CD 43431 10655 130 , , , 43431 10655 131 190 190 CD 43431 10655 132 , , , 43431 10655 133 295 295 CD 43431 10655 134 , , , 43431 10655 135 343 343 CD 43431 10655 136 , , , 43431 10655 137 350 350 CD 43431 10655 138 Gegenbaur Gegenbaur NNP 43431 10655 139 , , , 43431 10655 140 C. C. NNP 43431 10655 141 , , , 43431 10655 142 127 127 CD 43431 10655 143 Gervais Gervais NNP 43431 10655 144 , , , 43431 10655 145 P. P. NNP 43431 10655 146 , , , 43431 10655 147 353 353 CD 43431 10655 148 Günther gã¼nther NN 43431 10655 149 , , , 43431 10655 150 A.C.L.G. A.C.L.G. NNP 43431 10655 151 , , , 43431 10655 152 70 70 CD 43431 10655 153 , , , 43431 10655 154 104 104 CD 43431 10655 155 Haslam Haslam NNP 43431 10655 156 , , , 43431 10655 157 G. G. NNP 43431 10655 158 , , , 43431 10655 159 151 151 CD 43431 10655 160 Hasse Hasse NNP 43431 10655 161 , , , 43431 10655 162 C. C. NNP 43431 10655 163 , , , 43431 10655 164 112 112 CD 43431 10655 165 , , , 43431 10655 166 113 113 CD 43431 10655 167 Haswell Haswell NNP 43431 10655 168 , , , 43431 10655 169 W.A. W.A. NNP 43431 10655 170 , , , 43431 10655 171 127 127 CD 43431 10655 172 Hertwig Hertwig NNP 43431 10655 173 , , , 43431 10655 174 O. O. NNP 43431 10655 175 , , , 43431 10655 176 169 169 CD 43431 10655 177 Hoffmann Hoffmann NNP 43431 10655 178 , , , 43431 10655 179 C.K. C.K. NNP 43431 10655 180 , , , 43431 10655 181 190 190 CD 43431 10655 182 , , , 43431 10655 183 202 202 CD 43431 10655 184 , , , 43431 10655 185 210 210 CD 43431 10655 186 Howes Howes NNP 43431 10655 187 , , , 43431 10655 188 G.B. G.B. NNP 43431 10655 189 , , , 43431 10655 190 164 164 CD 43431 10655 191 , , , 43431 10655 192 451 451 CD 43431 10655 193 Hubrecht Hubrecht NNP 43431 10655 194 , , , 43431 10655 195 A.A.W. A.A.W. NNP 43431 10655 196 , , , 43431 10655 197 104 104 CD 43431 10655 198 Hulke Hulke NNP 43431 10655 199 , , , 43431 10655 200 J.W. J.W. NNP 43431 10655 201 , , , 43431 10655 202 192 192 CD 43431 10655 203 , , , 43431 10655 204 204 204 CD 43431 10655 205 Hurst Hurst NNP 43431 10655 206 , , , 43431 10655 207 C.H. C.H. NNP 43431 10655 208 , , , 43431 10655 209 71 71 CD 43431 10655 210 , , , 43431 10655 211 297 297 CD 43431 10655 212 Hutton Hutton NNP 43431 10655 213 , , , 43431 10655 214 F.W. F.W. NNP 43431 10655 215 , , , 43431 10655 216 299 299 CD 43431 10655 217 Huxley Huxley NNP 43431 10655 218 , , , 43431 10655 219 T.H. T.H. NNP 43431 10655 220 , , , 43431 10655 221 11 11 CD 43431 10655 222 , , , 43431 10655 223 13 13 CD 43431 10655 224 , , , 43431 10655 225 133 133 CD 43431 10655 226 , , , 43431 10655 227 135 135 CD 43431 10655 228 , , , 43431 10655 229 191 191 CD 43431 10655 230 , , , 43431 10655 231 210 210 CD 43431 10655 232 , , , 43431 10655 233 295 295 CD 43431 10655 234 , , , 43431 10655 235 297 297 CD 43431 10655 236 , , , 43431 10655 237 334 334 CD 43431 10655 238 , , , 43431 10655 239 343 343 CD 43431 10655 240 , , , 43431 10655 241 351 351 CD 43431 10655 242 , , , 43431 10655 243 374 374 CD 43431 10655 244 , , , 43431 10655 245 437 437 CD 43431 10655 246 Kirkaldy Kirkaldy NNP 43431 10655 247 , , , 43431 10655 248 J.W. J.W. NNP 43431 10655 249 , , , 43431 10655 250 51 51 CD 43431 10655 251 Klein Klein NNP 43431 10655 252 , , , 43431 10655 253 E. E. NNP 43431 10655 254 , , , 43431 10655 255 11 11 CD 43431 10655 256 Kölliker Kölliker NNP 43431 10655 257 , , , 43431 10655 258 A. a. NN 43431 10655 259 , , , 43431 10655 260 9 9 CD 43431 10655 261 Kükenthal kã¼kenthal NN 43431 10655 262 , , , 43431 10655 263 W. W. NNP 43431 10655 264 , , , 43431 10655 265 349 349 CD 43431 10655 266 , , , 43431 10655 267 422 422 CD 43431 10655 268 Lankester Lankester NNP 43431 10655 269 , , , 43431 10655 270 E. E. NNP 43431 10655 271 Ray Ray NNP 43431 10655 272 , , , 43431 10655 273 51 51 CD 43431 10655 274 Leche Leche NNP 43431 10655 275 , , , 43431 10655 276 W. W. NNP 43431 10655 277 , , , 43431 10655 278 344 344 CD 43431 10655 279 , , , 43431 10655 280 423 423 CD 43431 10655 281 Lindsay Lindsay NNP 43431 10655 282 , , , 43431 10655 283 B. B. NNP 43431 10655 284 , , , 43431 10655 285 336 336 CD 43431 10655 286 Lydekker Lydekker NNP 43431 10655 287 , , , 43431 10655 288 R. R. NNP 43431 10655 289 , , , 43431 10655 290 36 36 CD 43431 10655 291 , , , 43431 10655 292 42 42 CD 43431 10655 293 , , , 43431 10655 294 190 190 CD 43431 10655 295 , , , 43431 10655 296 195 195 CD 43431 10655 297 , , , 43431 10655 298 495 495 CD 43431 10655 299 Macbride Macbride NNP 43431 10655 300 , , , 43431 10655 301 E.W. E.W. NNP 43431 10655 302 , , , 43431 10655 303 50 50 CD 43431 10655 304 Marsh Marsh NNP 43431 10655 305 , , , 43431 10655 306 O.C. O.C. NNP 43431 10655 307 , , , 43431 10655 308 204 204 CD 43431 10655 309 , , , 43431 10655 310 209 209 CD 43431 10655 311 , , , 43431 10655 312 299 299 CD 43431 10655 313 , , , 43431 10655 314 348 348 CD 43431 10655 315 , , , 43431 10655 316 361 361 CD 43431 10655 317 , , , 43431 10655 318 364 364 CD 43431 10655 319 , , , 43431 10655 320 365 365 CD 43431 10655 321 , , , 43431 10655 322 508 508 CD 43431 10655 323 Marshall Marshall NNP 43431 10655 324 , , , 43431 10655 325 A.M. A.M. NNP 43431 10655 326 , , , 43431 10655 327 71 71 CD 43431 10655 328 , , , 43431 10655 329 151 151 CD 43431 10655 330 Masterman Masterman NNP 43431 10655 331 , , , 43431 10655 332 A.T. A.T. NNP 43431 10655 333 , , , 43431 10655 334 51 51 CD 43431 10655 335 Meyer Meyer NNP 43431 10655 336 , , , 43431 10655 337 H. H. NNP 43431 10655 338 v. v. NNP 43431 10655 339 , , , 43431 10655 340 135 135 CD 43431 10655 341 Miall Miall NNP 43431 10655 342 , , , 43431 10655 343 L.C. L.C. NNP 43431 10655 344 , , , 43431 10655 345 135 135 CD 43431 10655 346 , , , 43431 10655 347 243 243 CD 43431 10655 348 Mivart Mivart NNP 43431 10655 349 , , , 43431 10655 350 St St NNP 43431 10655 351 G. G. NNP 43431 10655 352 , , , 43431 10655 353 369 369 CD 43431 10655 354 Morgan Morgan NNP 43431 10655 355 , , , 43431 10655 356 C. C. NNP 43431 10655 357 Lloyd Lloyd NNP 43431 10655 358 , , , 43431 10655 359 11 11 CD 43431 10655 360 Newton Newton NNP 43431 10655 361 , , , 43431 10655 362 E.T. E.T. NNP 43431 10655 363 , , , 43431 10655 364 283 283 CD 43431 10655 365 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 10655 366 , , , 43431 10655 367 H.F. H.F. NNP 43431 10655 368 , , , 43431 10655 369 348 348 CD 43431 10655 370 , , , 43431 10655 371 420 420 CD 43431 10655 372 , , , 43431 10655 373 429 429 CD 43431 10655 374 , , , 43431 10655 375 508 508 CD 43431 10655 376 Owen Owen NNP 43431 10655 377 , , , 43431 10655 378 R. R. NNP 43431 10655 379 , , , 43431 10655 380 191 191 CD 43431 10655 381 , , , 43431 10655 382 204 204 CD 43431 10655 383 , , , 43431 10655 384 210 210 CD 43431 10655 385 , , , 43431 10655 386 297 297 CD 43431 10655 387 , , , 43431 10655 388 348 348 CD 43431 10655 389 , , , 43431 10655 390 351 351 CD 43431 10655 391 , , , 43431 10655 392 420 420 CD 43431 10655 393 Parker Parker NNP 43431 10655 394 , , , 43431 10655 395 T.J. T.J. NNP 43431 10655 396 , , , 43431 10655 397 83 83 CD 43431 10655 398 , , , 43431 10655 399 96 96 CD 43431 10655 400 , , , 43431 10655 401 299 299 CD 43431 10655 402 Parker Parker NNP 43431 10655 403 , , , 43431 10655 404 W.K. W.K. NNP 43431 10655 405 , , , 43431 10655 406 16 16 CD 43431 10655 407 , , , 43431 10655 408 24 24 CD 43431 10655 409 , , , 43431 10655 410 53 53 CD 43431 10655 411 , , , 43431 10655 412 87 87 CD 43431 10655 413 , , , 43431 10655 414 154 154 CD 43431 10655 415 , , , 43431 10655 416 173 173 CD 43431 10655 417 , , , 43431 10655 418 200 200 CD 43431 10655 419 , , , 43431 10655 420 243 243 CD 43431 10655 421 , , , 43431 10655 422 465 465 CD 43431 10655 423 , , , 43431 10655 424 489 489 CD 43431 10655 425 Pavlow Pavlow NNP 43431 10655 426 , , , 43431 10655 427 M. M. NNP 43431 10655 428 , , , 43431 10655 429 358 358 CD 43431 10655 430 , , , 43431 10655 431 508 508 CD 43431 10655 432 Pollard Pollard NNP 43431 10655 433 , , , 43431 10655 434 H.B. H.B. NNP 43431 10655 435 , , , 43431 10655 436 119 119 CD 43431 10655 437 Poulton Poulton NNP 43431 10655 438 , , , 43431 10655 439 E.B. E.B. NNP 43431 10655 440 , , , 43431 10655 441 422 422 CD 43431 10655 442 Pycraft Pycraft NNP 43431 10655 443 , , , 43431 10655 444 W.P. W.P. NNP 43431 10655 445 , , , 43431 10655 446 297 297 CD 43431 10655 447 Ridewood Ridewood NNP 43431 10655 448 , , , 43431 10655 449 W.G. W.G. NNP 43431 10655 450 , , , 43431 10655 451 106 106 CD 43431 10655 452 , , , 43431 10655 453 164 164 CD 43431 10655 454 Röse rã¶se NN 43431 10655 455 , , , 43431 10655 456 C. C. NNP 43431 10655 457 , , , 43431 10655 458 422 422 CD 43431 10655 459 Sagemehl Sagemehl NNP 43431 10655 460 , , , 43431 10655 461 M. M. NNP 43431 10655 462 , , , 43431 10655 463 104 104 CD 43431 10655 464 Schäfer schã¤fer NN 43431 10655 465 , , , 43431 10655 466 E. E. NNP 43431 10655 467 , , , 43431 10655 468 11 11 CD 43431 10655 469 Scott Scott NNP 43431 10655 470 , , , 43431 10655 471 W.B. W.B. NNP 43431 10655 472 , , , 43431 10655 473 368 368 CD 43431 10655 474 Seeley Seeley NNP 43431 10655 475 , , , 43431 10655 476 H.G. H.G. NNP 43431 10655 477 , , , 43431 10655 478 191 191 CD 43431 10655 479 , , , 43431 10655 480 212 212 CD 43431 10655 481 Selenka Selenka NNP 43431 10655 482 , , , 43431 10655 483 E. E. NNP 43431 10655 484 , , , 43431 10655 485 40 40 CD 43431 10655 486 , , , 43431 10655 487 295 295 CD 43431 10655 488 Shufeldt Shufeldt NNP 43431 10655 489 , , , 43431 10655 490 R. R. NNP 43431 10655 491 , , , 43431 10655 492 123 123 CD 43431 10655 493 Smith Smith NNP 43431 10655 494 , , , 43431 10655 495 E. E. NNP 43431 10655 496 Noble Noble NNP 43431 10655 497 , , , 43431 10655 498 11 11 CD 43431 10655 499 Stirling Stirling NNP 43431 10655 500 , , , 43431 10655 501 E.C. E.C. NNP 43431 10655 502 , , , 43431 10655 503 423 423 CD 43431 10655 504 Swirski Swirski NNP 43431 10655 505 , , , 43431 10655 506 G. G. NNP 43431 10655 507 , , , 43431 10655 508 103 103 CD 43431 10655 509 Taeker Taeker NNP 43431 10655 510 , , , 43431 10655 511 J. J. NNP 43431 10655 512 , , , 43431 10655 513 427 427 CD 43431 10655 514 Thomas Thomas NNP 43431 10655 515 , , , 43431 10655 516 O. O. NNP 43431 10655 517 , , , 43431 10655 518 349 349 CD 43431 10655 519 , , , 43431 10655 520 362 362 CD 43431 10655 521 , , , 43431 10655 522 370 370 CD 43431 10655 523 , , , 43431 10655 524 422 422 CD 43431 10655 525 , , , 43431 10655 526 424 424 CD 43431 10655 527 , , , 43431 10655 528 425 425 CD 43431 10655 529 Tomes Tomes NNPS 43431 10655 530 , , , 43431 10655 531 C.S. C.S. NNP 43431 10655 532 , , , 43431 10655 533 420 420 CD 43431 10655 534 Traquair Traquair NNP 43431 10655 535 , , , 43431 10655 536 R.H. R.H. NNP 43431 10655 537 , , , 43431 10655 538 55 55 CD 43431 10655 539 , , , 43431 10655 540 58 58 CD 43431 10655 541 Vogt Vogt NNP 43431 10655 542 , , , 43431 10655 543 C. C. NNP 43431 10655 544 , , , 43431 10655 545 297 297 CD 43431 10655 546 Wiedersheim Wiedersheim NNP 43431 10655 547 , , , 43431 10655 548 R. R. NNP 43431 10655 549 , , , 43431 10655 550 25 25 CD 43431 10655 551 , , , 43431 10655 552 134 134 CD 43431 10655 553 , , , 43431 10655 554 136 136 CD 43431 10655 555 Wincza Wincza NNP 43431 10655 556 , , , 43431 10655 557 H. H. NNP 43431 10655 558 , , , 43431 10655 559 358 358 CD 43431 10655 560 , , , 43431 10655 561 495 495 CD 43431 10655 562 Woodward Woodward NNP 43431 10655 563 , , , 43431 10655 564 A. a. NN 43431 10655 565 Smith Smith NNP 43431 10655 566 , , , 43431 10655 567 34 34 CD 43431 10655 568 , , , 43431 10655 569 54 54 CD 43431 10655 570 , , , 43431 10655 571 58 58 CD 43431 10655 572 , , , 43431 10655 573 62 62 CD 43431 10655 574 , , , 43431 10655 575 127 127 CD 43431 10655 576 , , , 43431 10655 577 210 210 CD 43431 10655 578 Wortman Wortman NNP 43431 10655 579 , , , 43431 10655 580 J.L. J.L. NNP 43431 10655 581 , , , 43431 10655 582 508 508 CD 43431 10655 583 Wray Wray NNP 43431 10655 584 , , , 43431 10655 585 R.S. R.S. NNP 43431 10655 586 , , , 43431 10655 587 303 303 CD 43431 10655 588 Zittel Zittel NNP 43431 10655 589 , , , 43431 10655 590 K.A. K.A. NNP 43431 10656 1 v. v. CC 43431 10656 2 , , , 43431 10656 3 36 36 CD 43431 10656 4 , , , 43431 10656 5 205 205 CD 43431 10656 6 , , , 43431 10656 7 212 212 CD 43431 10656 8 INDEX index NN 43431 10656 9 . . . 43431 10657 1 Every every DT 43431 10657 2 reference reference NN 43431 10657 3 is be VBZ 43431 10657 4 to to IN 43431 10657 5 the the DT 43431 10657 6 page page NN 43431 10657 7 : : : 43431 10657 8 words word NNS 43431 10657 9 in in IN 43431 10657 10 italics italic NNS 43431 10657 11 are be VBP 43431 10657 12 names name NNS 43431 10657 13 of of IN 43431 10657 14 genera genera NN 43431 10657 15 or or CC 43431 10657 16 species specie NNS 43431 10657 17 ; ; , 43431 10657 18 figures figure NNS 43431 10657 19 in in IN 43431 10657 20 italics italic NNS 43431 10657 21 indicate indicate VBP 43431 10657 22 that that IN 43431 10657 23 the the DT 43431 10657 24 reference reference NN 43431 10657 25 relates relate VBZ 43431 10657 26 to to IN 43431 10657 27 systematic systematic JJ 43431 10657 28 position position NN 43431 10657 29 ; ; : 43431 10657 30 figures figure NNS 43431 10657 31 in in IN 43431 10657 32 thick thick JJ 43431 10657 33 type type NN 43431 10657 34 refer refer NN 43431 10657 35 to to IN 43431 10657 36 an an DT 43431 10657 37 illustration illustration NN 43431 10657 38 ; ; : 43431 10657 39 _ _ NNP 43431 10657 40 f. f. NNP 43431 10657 41 _ _ NNP 43431 10657 42 = = SYM 43431 10657 43 and and CC 43431 10657 44 in in IN 43431 10657 45 following follow VBG 43431 10657 46 page page NN 43431 10657 47 or or CC 43431 10657 48 pages page NNS 43431 10657 49 ; ; : 43431 10657 50 _ _ NNP 43431 10657 51 n. n. NNP 43431 10657 52 _ _ NNP 43431 10657 53 = = SYM 43431 10657 54 note note NN 43431 10657 55 . . . 43431 10658 1 Aard Aard NNP 43431 10658 2 Vark Vark NNP 43431 10658 3 , , , 43431 10658 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 5 44 44 CD 43431 10658 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 7 , , , 43431 10658 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 9 352 352 CD 43431 10658 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 11 ; ; : 43431 10658 12 femur femur NN 43431 10658 13 , , , 43431 10658 14 517 517 CD 43431 10658 15 ; ; : 43431 10658 16 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10658 17 , , , 43431 10658 18 452 452 CD 43431 10658 19 ; ; : 43431 10658 20 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10658 21 , , , 43431 10658 22 425 425 CD 43431 10658 23 ; ; : 43431 10658 24 see see VB 43431 10658 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 26 Orycteropus Orycteropus NNP 43431 10658 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 28 Aard Aard NNP 43431 10658 29 wolf wolf NN 43431 10658 30 , , , 43431 10658 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 32 48 48 CD 43431 10658 33 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 34 ; ; : 43431 10658 35 see see VB 43431 10658 36 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 37 Proteles Proteles NNP 43431 10658 38 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 39 Abdominal Abdominal NNP 43431 10658 40 ribs rib NNS 43431 10658 41 , , , 43431 10658 42 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10658 43 , , , 43431 10658 44 260 260 CD 43431 10658 45 ; ; : 43431 10658 46 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10658 47 , , , 43431 10658 48 286 286 CD 43431 10658 49 Abdominal abdominal JJ 43431 10658 50 shield shield NN 43431 10658 51 , , , 43431 10658 52 turtle turtle NN 43431 10658 53 , , , 43431 10658 54 215 215 CD 43431 10658 55 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 56 Acanthias Acanthias NNP 43431 10658 57 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 58 , , , 43431 10658 59 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 60 32 32 CD 43431 10658 61 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 62 ; ; : 43431 10658 63 calcification calcification NN 43431 10658 64 of of IN 43431 10658 65 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10658 66 , , , 43431 10658 67 114 114 CD 43431 10658 68 ; ; : 43431 10658 69 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10658 70 fins fin NNS 43431 10658 71 , , , 43431 10658 72 130 130 CD 43431 10658 73 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 74 Acanthodes Acanthodes NNPS 43431 10658 75 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 76 , , , 43431 10658 77 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 78 32 32 CD 43431 10658 79 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 80 , , , 43431 10658 81 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 82 64 64 CD 43431 10658 83 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 84 Acanthodii Acanthodii NNP 43431 10658 85 , , , 43431 10658 86 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 87 32 32 CD 43431 10658 88 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 89 ; ; : 43431 10658 90 general general JJ 43431 10658 91 characters character NNS 43431 10658 92 , , , 43431 10658 93 64 64 CD 43431 10658 94 ; ; : 43431 10658 95 spines spine NNS 43431 10658 96 , , , 43431 10658 97 106 106 CD 43431 10658 98 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 99 Acanthomys Acanthomys NNP 43431 10658 100 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 101 , , , 43431 10658 102 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 103 47 47 CD 43431 10658 104 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 105 ; ; : 43431 10658 106 spines spine NNS 43431 10658 107 , , , 43431 10658 108 417 417 CD 43431 10658 109 Acanthopterygii Acanthopterygii NNS 43431 10658 110 , , , 43431 10658 111 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 112 34 34 CD 43431 10658 113 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 114 Accipitres Accipitres NNPS 43431 10658 115 , , , 43431 10658 116 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 117 41 41 CD 43431 10658 118 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 119 Acetabular Acetabular NNP 43431 10658 120 bone bone NN 43431 10658 121 , , , 43431 10658 122 25 25 CD 43431 10658 123 , , , 43431 10658 124 513 513 CD 43431 10658 125 ; ; : 43431 10658 126 dog dog NN 43431 10658 127 , , , 43431 10658 128 409 409 CD 43431 10658 129 f. f. NNS 43431 10658 130 ; ; : 43431 10658 131 frog frog NNP 43431 10658 132 , , , 43431 10658 133 165 165 CD 43431 10658 134 Acetabulum Acetabulum NNP 43431 10658 135 , , , 43431 10658 136 25 25 CD 43431 10658 137 ; ; : 43431 10658 138 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10658 139 , , , 43431 10658 140 266 266 CD 43431 10658 141 ; ; : 43431 10658 142 dog dog NN 43431 10658 143 , , , 43431 10658 144 409 409 CD 43431 10658 145 ; ; : 43431 10658 146 duck duck NN 43431 10658 147 , , , 43431 10658 148 324 324 CD 43431 10658 149 ; ; : 43431 10658 150 frog frog NN 43431 10658 151 , , , 43431 10658 152 165 165 CD 43431 10658 153 ; ; : 43431 10658 154 newt newt NN 43431 10658 155 , , , 43431 10658 156 149 149 CD 43431 10658 157 ; ; : 43431 10658 158 turtle turtle NN 43431 10658 159 , , , 43431 10658 160 235 235 CD 43431 10658 161 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 162 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 10658 163 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 164 , , , 43431 10658 165 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 166 32 32 CD 43431 10658 167 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 168 , , , 43431 10658 169 117 117 CD 43431 10658 170 ; ; : 43431 10658 171 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10658 172 , , , 43431 10658 173 67 67 CD 43431 10658 174 ; ; : 43431 10658 175 distribution distribution NN 43431 10658 176 , , , 43431 10658 177 66 66 CD 43431 10658 178 ; ; : 43431 10658 179 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 10658 180 fins fin NNS 43431 10658 181 , , , 43431 10658 182 131 131 CD 43431 10658 183 ; ; : 43431 10658 184 plates plate NNS 43431 10658 185 , , , 43431 10658 186 104 104 CD 43431 10658 187 ; ; : 43431 10658 188 skull skull NNP 43431 10658 189 , , , 43431 10658 190 121 121 CD 43431 10658 191 , , , 43431 10658 192 = = SYM 43431 10658 193 122= 122= NNS 43431 10658 194 ; ; , 43431 10658 195 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10658 196 column column NN 43431 10658 197 , , , 43431 10658 198 112 112 CD 43431 10658 199 Acipenseridae Acipenseridae NNP 43431 10658 200 , , , 43431 10658 201 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 202 32 32 CD 43431 10658 203 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 204 Acrodont Acrodont NNP 43431 10658 205 , , , 43431 10658 206 defined define VBN 43431 10658 207 , , , 43431 10658 208 199 199 CD 43431 10658 209 ; ; : 43431 10658 210 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10658 211 of of IN 43431 10658 212 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10658 213 , , , 43431 10658 214 273 273 CD 43431 10658 215 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 216 Acrodus Acrodus NNP 43431 10658 217 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 218 , , , 43431 10658 219 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 220 32 32 CD 43431 10658 221 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 222 ; ; : 43431 10658 223 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10658 224 , , , 43431 10658 225 109 109 CD 43431 10658 226 Acromion Acromion NNP 43431 10658 227 , , , 43431 10658 228 dog dog NN 43431 10658 229 , , , 43431 10658 230 405 405 CD 43431 10658 231 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 232 Actinotrocha Actinotrocha NNP 43431 10658 233 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 234 , , , 43431 10658 235 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 236 30 30 CD 43431 10658 237 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 238 ; ; : 43431 10658 239 organ organ NNP 43431 10658 240 regarded regard VBD 43431 10658 241 as as IN 43431 10658 242 double double JJ 43431 10658 243 notochord notochord NN 43431 10658 244 , , , 43431 10658 245 51 51 CD 43431 10658 246 Ad ad NN 43431 10658 247 - - HYPH 43431 10658 248 digital digital JJ 43431 10658 249 quill quill NN 43431 10658 250 , , , 43431 10658 251 duck duck NN 43431 10658 252 , , , 43431 10658 253 303 303 CD 43431 10658 254 Adjutant Adjutant NNP 43431 10658 255 , , , 43431 10658 256 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 257 41 41 CD 43431 10658 258 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 259 ; ; : 43431 10658 260 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10658 261 , , , 43431 10658 262 338 338 CD 43431 10658 263 à ã NN 43431 10658 264 � � NNP 43431 10658 265 githognathous githognathous JJ 43431 10658 266 , , , 43431 10658 267 335 335 CD 43431 10658 268 à à NNP 43431 10658 269 � � NNP 43431 10658 270 luroidea luroidea NN 43431 10658 271 , , , 43431 10658 272 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 273 48 48 CD 43431 10658 274 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 275 , , , 43431 10658 276 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 277 369 369 CD 43431 10658 278 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 279 ; ; : 43431 10658 280 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10658 281 , , , 43431 10658 282 437 437 CD 43431 10658 283 à à NNP 43431 10658 284 � � NNP 43431 10658 285 pyornis pyornis NNP 43431 10658 286 , , , 43431 10658 287 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 288 40 40 CD 43431 10658 289 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 290 ; ; : 43431 10658 291 tibio tibio NN 43431 10658 292 - - HYPH 43431 10658 293 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10658 294 , , , 43431 10658 295 341 341 NNP 43431 10658 296 à à NNP 43431 10658 297 � � NNP 43431 10658 298 pyornithes pyornithe NNS 43431 10658 299 , , , 43431 10658 300 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 301 40 40 CD 43431 10658 302 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 303 , , , 43431 10658 304 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 305 299 299 CD 43431 10658 306 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 307 Aftershaft Aftershaft NNP 43431 10658 308 , , , 43431 10658 309 328 328 CD 43431 10658 310 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 311 Agama Agama NNP 43431 10658 312 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 313 , , , 43431 10658 314 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 315 38 38 CD 43431 10658 316 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 317 ; ; : 43431 10658 318 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10658 319 , , , 43431 10658 320 273 273 CD 43431 10658 321 Agamidae Agamidae NNP 43431 10658 322 , , , 43431 10658 323 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 324 38 38 CD 43431 10658 325 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 326 ; ; : 43431 10658 327 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 10658 328 , , , 43431 10658 329 284 284 CD 43431 10658 330 Aglossa Aglossa NNP 43431 10658 331 , , , 43431 10658 332 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 333 36 36 CD 43431 10658 334 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 335 Agouti Agouti NNP 43431 10658 336 , , , 43431 10658 337 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 338 48 48 CD 43431 10658 339 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 340 ; ; : 43431 10658 341 see see VB 43431 10658 342 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 343 Dasyprocta Dasyprocta NNP 43431 10658 344 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 345 Agriochoeridae Agriochoeridae NNP 43431 10658 346 , , , 43431 10658 347 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 348 45 45 CD 43431 10658 349 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 350 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 351 Agriochoerus Agriochoerus NNP 43431 10658 352 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 353 , , , 43431 10658 354 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 355 45 45 CD 43431 10658 356 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 357 ; ; : 43431 10658 358 pes pe NNS 43431 10658 359 , , , 43431 10658 360 525 525 CD 43431 10658 361 Ala Ala NNP 43431 10658 362 spuria spuria NN 43431 10658 363 , , , 43431 10658 364 duck duck NN 43431 10658 365 , , , 43431 10658 366 304 304 CD 43431 10658 367 Alcidae Alcidae NNP 43431 10658 368 , , , 43431 10658 369 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 370 42 42 CD 43431 10658 371 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 372 ; ; : 43431 10658 373 see see VB 43431 10658 374 Auks Auks NNP 43431 10658 375 Alisphenoid Alisphenoid NNP 43431 10658 376 , , , 43431 10658 377 19 19 CD 43431 10658 378 ; ; : 43431 10658 379 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10658 380 , , , 43431 10658 381 247 247 CD 43431 10658 382 ; ; : 43431 10658 383 duck duck NN 43431 10658 384 , , , 43431 10658 385 317 317 CD 43431 10658 386 ; ; : 43431 10658 387 dog dog NN 43431 10658 388 , , , 43431 10658 389 386 386 CD 43431 10658 390 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 391 Alligator Alligator NNP 43431 10658 392 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 393 , , , 43431 10658 394 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 395 39 39 CD 43431 10658 396 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 397 , , , 43431 10658 398 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 399 210 210 CD 43431 10658 400 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 401 , , , 43431 10658 402 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 403 212 212 CD 43431 10658 404 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 405 ; ; : 43431 10658 406 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10658 407 , , , 43431 10658 408 = = SYM 43431 10658 409 285= 285= NN 43431 10658 410 ; ; : 43431 10658 411 limbs limb NNS 43431 10658 412 , , , 43431 10658 413 = = SYM 43431 10658 414 264= 264= CD 43431 10658 415 ; ; : 43431 10658 416 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10658 417 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10658 418 , , , 43431 10658 419 = = SYM 43431 10658 420 262= 262= CD 43431 10658 421 ; ; : 43431 10658 422 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10658 423 and and CC 43431 10658 424 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10658 425 , , , 43431 10658 426 = = SYM 43431 10658 427 267= 267= CD 43431 10658 428 ; ; : 43431 10658 429 scutes scute NNS 43431 10658 430 , , , 43431 10658 431 271 271 CD 43431 10658 432 ; ; : 43431 10658 433 skull skull NNP 43431 10658 434 , , , 43431 10658 435 = = SYM 43431 10658 436 245= 245= CD 43431 10658 437 , , , 43431 10658 438 = = SYM 43431 10658 439 248= 248= CD 43431 10658 440 , , , 43431 10658 441 = = SYM 43431 10658 442 253= 253= CD 43431 10658 443 Alligatoridae Alligatoridae NNP 43431 10658 444 , , , 43431 10658 445 39 39 CD 43431 10658 446 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 447 Alytes Alytes NNP 43431 10658 448 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 449 , , , 43431 10658 450 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 451 36 36 CD 43431 10658 452 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 453 ; ; : 43431 10658 454 fronto fronto JJ 43431 10658 455 - - HYPH 43431 10658 456 parietal parietal JJ 43431 10658 457 fontanelle fontanelle NN 43431 10658 458 , , , 43431 10658 459 179 179 CD 43431 10658 460 ; ; : 43431 10658 461 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10658 462 , , , 43431 10658 463 172 172 CD 43431 10658 464 Amblypoda Amblypoda NNP 43431 10658 465 , , , 43431 10658 466 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 467 47 47 CD 43431 10658 468 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 469 ; ; : 43431 10658 470 general general JJ 43431 10658 471 characters character NNS 43431 10658 472 , , , 43431 10658 473 363 363 CD 43431 10658 474 ; ; : 43431 10658 475 manus manus NN 43431 10658 476 , , , 43431 10658 477 510 510 CD 43431 10658 478 ; ; : 43431 10658 479 pes pe NNS 43431 10658 480 , , , 43431 10658 481 525 525 CD 43431 10658 482 ; ; : 43431 10658 483 skull skull NNP 43431 10658 484 , , , 43431 10658 485 473 473 CD 43431 10658 486 ; ; : 43431 10658 487 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10658 488 , , , 43431 10658 489 433 433 CD 43431 10658 490 ; ; : 43431 10658 491 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10658 492 and and CC 43431 10658 493 shin shin NNP 43431 10658 494 , , , 43431 10658 495 519 519 CD 43431 10658 496 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 497 Amblystoma Amblystoma NNP 43431 10658 498 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 499 , , , 43431 10658 500 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 501 35 35 CD 43431 10658 502 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 503 ; ; : 43431 10658 504 skull skull NNP 43431 10658 505 , , , 43431 10658 506 175 175 CD 43431 10658 507 American american JJ 43431 10658 508 monkeys monkey NNS 43431 10658 509 , , , 43431 10658 510 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 511 373 373 CD 43431 10658 512 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 513 ; ; : 43431 10658 514 see see VB 43431 10658 515 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 516 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 10658 517 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 518 American american JJ 43431 10658 519 vultures vulture NNS 43431 10658 520 , , , 43431 10658 521 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 522 41 41 CD 43431 10658 523 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 524 ; ; : 43431 10658 525 vomers vomer NNS 43431 10658 526 , , , 43431 10658 527 335 335 CD 43431 10658 528 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 529 Amia Amia NNP 43431 10658 530 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 531 , , , 43431 10658 532 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 533 33 33 CD 43431 10658 534 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 535 ; ; : 43431 10658 536 distribution distribution NN 43431 10658 537 , , , 43431 10658 538 66 66 CD 43431 10658 539 ; ; : 43431 10658 540 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10658 541 , , , 43431 10658 542 67 67 CD 43431 10658 543 ; ; : 43431 10658 544 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10658 545 fin fin NNP 43431 10658 546 , , , 43431 10658 547 131 131 CD 43431 10658 548 ; ; : 43431 10658 549 scales scale NNS 43431 10658 550 , , , 43431 10658 551 105 105 CD 43431 10658 552 ; ; : 43431 10658 553 skull skull NN 43431 10658 554 , , , 43431 10658 555 123 123 CD 43431 10658 556 ; ; : 43431 10658 557 tail tail NN 43431 10658 558 , , , 43431 10658 559 115 115 CD 43431 10658 560 , , , 43431 10658 561 117 117 CD 43431 10658 562 ; ; : 43431 10658 563 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10658 564 , , , 43431 10658 565 114 114 CD 43431 10658 566 Amiidae Amiidae NNP 43431 10658 567 , , , 43431 10658 568 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 569 33 33 CD 43431 10658 570 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 571 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 572 Ammocoetes Ammocoetes NNP 43431 10658 573 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 574 , , , 43431 10658 575 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 576 31 31 CD 43431 10658 577 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 578 , , , 43431 10658 579 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 580 55 55 CD 43431 10658 581 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 582 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10658 583 , , , 43431 10658 584 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 585 35 35 CD 43431 10658 586 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 587 ; ; : 43431 10658 588 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10658 589 limb limb NN 43431 10658 590 , , , 43431 10658 591 185 185 CD 43431 10658 592 ; ; : 43431 10658 593 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10658 594 , , , 43431 10658 595 168 168 CD 43431 10658 596 ; ; : 43431 10658 597 general general JJ 43431 10658 598 characters character NNS 43431 10658 599 , , , 43431 10658 600 133 133 CD 43431 10658 601 ; ; : 43431 10658 602 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10658 603 apparatus apparatus NNP 43431 10658 604 , , , 43431 10658 605 180 180 CD 43431 10658 606 ; ; , 43431 10658 607 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10658 608 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10658 609 , , , 43431 10658 610 184 184 CD 43431 10658 611 ; ; : 43431 10658 612 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10658 613 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10658 614 , , , 43431 10658 615 187 187 CD 43431 10658 616 ; ; : 43431 10658 617 posterior posterior NN 43431 10658 618 limb limb NN 43431 10658 619 , , , 43431 10658 620 188 188 CD 43431 10658 621 ; ; : 43431 10658 622 ribs rib NNS 43431 10658 623 , , , 43431 10658 624 182 182 CD 43431 10658 625 ; ; : 43431 10658 626 skull skull NN 43431 10658 627 , , , 43431 10658 628 173 173 CD 43431 10658 629 ; ; : 43431 10658 630 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10658 631 , , , 43431 10658 632 182 182 CD 43431 10658 633 ; ; : 43431 10658 634 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10658 635 , , , 43431 10658 636 169 169 CD 43431 10658 637 ; ; : 43431 10658 638 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10658 639 column column NN 43431 10658 640 , , , 43431 10658 641 170 170 CD 43431 10658 642 Amphicoelous amphicoelous JJ 43431 10658 643 , , , 43431 10658 644 defined define VBN 43431 10658 645 , , , 43431 10658 646 14 14 CD 43431 10658 647 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 648 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 10658 649 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 650 , , , 43431 10658 651 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 652 30 30 CD 43431 10658 653 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 654 ; ; : 43431 10658 655 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10658 656 , , , 43431 10658 657 51 51 CD 43431 10658 658 f. f. NN 43431 10658 659 ; ; : 43431 10658 660 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10658 661 column column NN 43431 10658 662 , , , 43431 10658 663 112 112 CD 43431 10658 664 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 665 Amphisbaena Amphisbaena NNP 43431 10658 666 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 667 , , , 43431 10658 668 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 669 38 38 CD 43431 10658 670 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 671 , , , 43431 10658 672 272 272 CD 43431 10658 673 ; ; : 43431 10658 674 loss loss NN 43431 10658 675 of of IN 43431 10658 676 limbs limb NNS 43431 10658 677 , , , 43431 10658 678 289 289 CD 43431 10658 679 Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaenidae NNP 43431 10658 680 , , , 43431 10658 681 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 682 38 38 CD 43431 10658 683 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 684 , , , 43431 10658 685 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 686 200 200 CD 43431 10658 687 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 688 ; ; : 43431 10658 689 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10658 690 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10658 691 , , , 43431 10658 692 288 288 CD 43431 10658 693 ; ; : 43431 10658 694 skull skull NN 43431 10658 695 , , , 43431 10658 696 277 277 CD 43431 10658 697 ; ; : 43431 10658 698 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10658 699 column column NN 43431 10658 700 , , , 43431 10658 701 275 275 CD 43431 10658 702 Amphitheriidae Amphitheriidae NNP 43431 10658 703 , , , 43431 10658 704 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 705 43 43 CD 43431 10658 706 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 707 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 708 Amphiuma Amphiuma NNP 43431 10658 709 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 710 , , , 43431 10658 711 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 712 35 35 CD 43431 10658 713 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 714 , , , 43431 10658 715 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 716 135 135 CD 43431 10658 717 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 718 ; ; : 43431 10658 719 manus manus NN 43431 10658 720 , , , 43431 10658 721 187 187 CD 43431 10658 722 ; ; : 43431 10658 723 pes pe NNS 43431 10658 724 , , , 43431 10658 725 188 188 CD 43431 10658 726 ; ; : 43431 10658 727 skull skull NNP 43431 10658 728 , , , 43431 10658 729 174 174 CD 43431 10658 730 Amphiumidae Amphiumidae NNP 43431 10658 731 , , , 43431 10658 732 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 733 35 35 CD 43431 10658 734 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 735 Anacanthini Anacanthini NNP 43431 10658 736 , , , 43431 10658 737 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 738 33 33 CD 43431 10658 739 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 740 Anal Anal NNP 43431 10658 741 shield shield NN 43431 10658 742 , , , 43431 10658 743 turtle turtle NN 43431 10658 744 , , , 43431 10658 745 215 215 CD 43431 10658 746 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 747 Anas Anas NNP 43431 10658 748 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 749 , , , 43431 10658 750 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 751 41 41 CD 43431 10658 752 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 753 ; ; : 43431 10658 754 _ _ NNP 43431 10658 755 A. a. NN 43431 10659 1 boschas boschas NNP 43431 10659 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 3 , , , 43431 10659 4 see see VB 43431 10659 5 Duck Duck NNP 43431 10659 6 Ankylosis Ankylosis NNP 43431 10659 7 , , , 43431 10659 8 defined define VBN 43431 10659 9 , , , 43431 10659 10 12 12 CD 43431 10659 11 Angel Angel NNP 43431 10659 12 fish fish NN 43431 10659 13 , , , 43431 10659 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 15 32 32 CD 43431 10659 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 17 Angler Angler NNP 43431 10659 18 , , , 43431 10659 19 attachment attachment NN 43431 10659 20 of of IN 43431 10659 21 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10659 22 , , , 43431 10659 23 107 107 CD 43431 10659 24 Anguidae Anguidae NNP 43431 10659 25 , , , 43431 10659 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 27 38 38 CD 43431 10659 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 29 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 30 Anguilla Anguilla NNP 43431 10659 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 32 , , , 43431 10659 33 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 34 33 33 CD 43431 10659 35 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 36 ; ; : 43431 10659 37 see see VB 43431 10659 38 Eel Eel NNP 43431 10659 39 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 40 Anguis Anguis NNP 43431 10659 41 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 42 , , , 43431 10659 43 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 44 38 38 CD 43431 10659 45 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 46 ; ; : 43431 10659 47 loss loss NN 43431 10659 48 of of IN 43431 10659 49 limbs limb NNS 43431 10659 50 , , , 43431 10659 51 289 289 CD 43431 10659 52 ; ; : 43431 10659 53 scutes scute NNS 43431 10659 54 , , , 43431 10659 55 271 271 CD 43431 10659 56 Angular Angular NNP 43431 10659 57 , , , 43431 10659 58 22 22 CD 43431 10659 59 ; ; : 43431 10659 60 cod cod NN 43431 10659 61 , , , 43431 10659 62 100 100 CD 43431 10659 63 ; ; : 43431 10659 64 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10659 65 , , , 43431 10659 66 258 258 CD 43431 10659 67 ; ; : 43431 10659 68 duck duck NN 43431 10659 69 , , , 43431 10659 70 319 319 CD 43431 10659 71 ; ; : 43431 10659 72 salmon salmon NN 43431 10659 73 , , , 43431 10659 74 94 94 CD 43431 10659 75 ; ; : 43431 10659 76 turtle turtle NN 43431 10659 77 , , , 43431 10659 78 231 231 CD 43431 10659 79 Angulo angulo JJ 43431 10659 80 - - HYPH 43431 10659 81 splenial splenial NN 43431 10659 82 , , , 43431 10659 83 frog frog NN 43431 10659 84 , , , 43431 10659 85 161 161 CD 43431 10659 86 Ankle Ankle NNP 43431 10659 87 joint joint NN 43431 10659 88 , , , 43431 10659 89 duck duck NN 43431 10659 90 , , , 43431 10659 91 327 327 CD 43431 10659 92 ; ; : 43431 10659 93 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10659 94 , , , 43431 10659 95 294 294 CD 43431 10659 96 Anomodontia Anomodontia NNP 43431 10659 97 , , , 43431 10659 98 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 99 36 36 CD 43431 10659 100 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 101 Anoplotheriidae Anoplotheriidae NNP 43431 10659 102 , , , 43431 10659 103 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 104 45 45 CD 43431 10659 105 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 106 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 107 Anoplotherium Anoplotherium NNP 43431 10659 108 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 109 , , , 43431 10659 110 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 111 45 45 CD 43431 10659 112 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 113 ; ; : 43431 10659 114 manus manus NN 43431 10659 115 , , , 43431 10659 116 506 506 CD 43431 10659 117 ; ; : 43431 10659 118 pes pe NNS 43431 10659 119 , , , 43431 10659 120 523 523 CD 43431 10659 121 ; ; : 43431 10659 122 tail tail NN 43431 10659 123 , , , 43431 10659 124 454 454 CD 43431 10659 125 ; ; : 43431 10659 126 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10659 127 , , , 43431 10659 128 428 428 CD 43431 10659 129 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 130 Anser Anser NNP 43431 10659 131 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 132 , , , 43431 10659 133 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 134 41 41 CD 43431 10659 135 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 136 Anseres Anseres NNPS 43431 10659 137 , , , 43431 10659 138 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 139 41 41 CD 43431 10659 140 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 141 ; ; : 43431 10659 142 aftershaft aftershaft NNP 43431 10659 143 , , , 43431 10659 144 329 329 CD 43431 10659 145 ; ; : 43431 10659 146 claws claws NN 43431 10659 147 , , , 43431 10659 148 330 330 CD 43431 10659 149 Anseriformes Anseriformes NNPS 43431 10659 150 , , , 43431 10659 151 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 152 41 41 CD 43431 10659 153 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 154 Anteaters Anteaters NNPS 43431 10659 155 , , , 43431 10659 156 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 157 352 352 CD 43431 10659 158 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 159 ; ; : 43431 10659 160 absence absence NN 43431 10659 161 of of IN 43431 10659 162 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10659 163 , , , 43431 10659 164 424 424 CD 43431 10659 165 ; ; : 43431 10659 166 manus manus NN 43431 10659 167 , , , 43431 10659 168 505 505 CD 43431 10659 169 ; ; , 43431 10659 170 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10659 171 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10659 172 , , , 43431 10659 173 495 495 CD 43431 10659 174 ; ; : 43431 10659 175 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10659 176 , , , 43431 10659 177 513 513 CD 43431 10659 178 ; ; : 43431 10659 179 skull skull NN 43431 10659 180 , , , 43431 10659 181 458 458 CD 43431 10659 182 ; ; : 43431 10659 183 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10659 184 - - HYPH 43431 10659 185 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10659 186 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10659 187 , , , 43431 10659 188 447 447 CD 43431 10659 189 ; ; : 43431 10659 190 Spiny Spiny NNP 43431 10659 191 -- -- : 43431 10659 192 , , , 43431 10659 193 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 194 43 43 CD 43431 10659 195 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 196 ; ; : 43431 10659 197 Great great JJ 43431 10659 198 and and CC 43431 10659 199 Two two CD 43431 10659 200 - - HYPH 43431 10659 201 toed toed NNP 43431 10659 202 -- -- : 43431 10659 203 , , , 43431 10659 204 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 205 44 44 CD 43431 10659 206 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 207 Antelope Antelope NNP 43431 10659 208 , , , 43431 10659 209 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 210 359 359 CD 43431 10659 211 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 212 ; ; : 43431 10659 213 manus manus NN 43431 10659 214 , , , 43431 10659 215 507 507 CD 43431 10659 216 ; ; : 43431 10659 217 Four four CD 43431 10659 218 - - HYPH 43431 10659 219 horned horned NNP 43431 10659 220 A. a. NN 43431 10659 221 , , , 43431 10659 222 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 223 46 46 CD 43431 10659 224 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 225 Anterior Anterior NNP 43431 10659 226 limb limb NN 43431 10659 227 , , , 43431 10659 228 26 26 CD 43431 10659 229 ; ; : 43431 10659 230 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10659 231 , , , 43431 10659 232 185 185 CD 43431 10659 233 ; ; : 43431 10659 234 birds bird NNS 43431 10659 235 , , , 43431 10659 236 338 338 CD 43431 10659 237 ; ; : 43431 10659 238 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10659 239 , , , 43431 10659 240 263 263 CD 43431 10659 241 ; ; : 43431 10659 242 dog dog NN 43431 10659 243 , , , 43431 10659 244 405 405 CD 43431 10659 245 ; ; : 43431 10659 246 duck duck NN 43431 10659 247 , , , 43431 10659 248 322 322 CD 43431 10659 249 ; ; : 43431 10659 250 frog frog NN 43431 10659 251 , , , 43431 10659 252 164 164 CD 43431 10659 253 ; ; : 43431 10659 254 newt newt NN 43431 10659 255 , , , 43431 10659 256 147 147 CD 43431 10659 257 ; ; : 43431 10659 258 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10659 259 , , , 43431 10659 260 290 290 CD 43431 10659 261 ; ; : 43431 10659 262 turtle turtle NN 43431 10659 263 , , , 43431 10659 264 232 232 CD 43431 10659 265 Anthropoid anthropoid JJ 43431 10659 266 apes ape NNS 43431 10659 267 , , , 43431 10659 268 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 269 373 373 CD 43431 10659 270 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 271 ; ; : 43431 10659 272 arm arm NN 43431 10659 273 - - HYPH 43431 10659 274 bones bone NNS 43431 10659 275 , , , 43431 10659 276 503 503 CD 43431 10659 277 ; ; : 43431 10659 278 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10659 279 , , , 43431 10659 280 515 515 CD 43431 10659 281 Anthropoidea Anthropoidea NNP 43431 10659 282 , , , 43431 10659 283 49 49 CD 43431 10659 284 ; ; : 43431 10659 285 general general JJ 43431 10659 286 characters character NNS 43431 10659 287 , , , 43431 10659 288 372 372 CD 43431 10659 289 ; ; : 43431 10659 290 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10659 291 , , , 43431 10659 292 452 452 CD 43431 10659 293 ; ; : 43431 10659 294 skull skull NNP 43431 10659 295 , , , 43431 10659 296 482 482 CD 43431 10659 297 ; ; : 43431 10659 298 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10659 299 , , , 43431 10659 300 441 441 CD 43431 10659 301 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 302 Anthropopithecus Anthropopithecus NNP 43431 10659 303 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 304 , , , 43431 10659 305 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 306 49 49 CD 43431 10659 307 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 308 ; ; : 43431 10659 309 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10659 310 , , , 43431 10659 311 493 493 CD 43431 10659 312 Antiarcha Antiarcha NNP 43431 10659 313 , , , 43431 10659 314 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 315 31 31 CD 43431 10659 316 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 317 ; ; : 43431 10659 318 general general JJ 43431 10659 319 characters character NNS 43431 10659 320 , , , 43431 10659 321 55 55 CD 43431 10659 322 Antibrachium Antibrachium NNP 43431 10659 323 , , , 43431 10659 324 see see VB 43431 10659 325 fore fore NN 43431 10659 326 - - HYPH 43431 10659 327 arm arm NN 43431 10659 328 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 329 Antilocapra Antilocapra NNP 43431 10659 330 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 331 , , , 43431 10659 332 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 333 46 46 CD 43431 10659 334 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 335 ; ; : 43431 10659 336 horns horn NNS 43431 10659 337 , , , 43431 10659 338 417 417 CD 43431 10659 339 Antilocapridae Antilocapridae NNP 43431 10659 340 , , , 43431 10659 341 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 342 46 46 CD 43431 10659 343 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 344 Antitrochanter Antitrochanter NNP 43431 10659 345 , , , 43431 10659 346 duck duck NN 43431 10659 347 , , , 43431 10659 348 325 325 CD 43431 10659 349 Antlers Antlers NNPS 43431 10659 350 , , , 43431 10659 351 8 8 CD 43431 10659 352 , , , 43431 10659 353 358 358 CD 43431 10659 354 ; ; : 43431 10659 355 Cervidae Cervidae NNP 43431 10659 356 , , , 43431 10659 357 469 469 CD 43431 10659 358 Antorbital antorbital JJ 43431 10659 359 process process NN 43431 10659 360 , , , 43431 10659 361 18 18 CD 43431 10659 362 Anura Anura NNP 43431 10659 363 , , , 43431 10659 364 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 365 36 36 CD 43431 10659 366 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 367 ; ; : 43431 10659 368 general general JJ 43431 10659 369 characters character NNS 43431 10659 370 , , , 43431 10659 371 136 136 CD 43431 10659 372 ; ; : 43431 10659 373 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10659 374 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 10659 375 , , , 43431 10659 376 180 180 CD 43431 10659 377 ; ; : 43431 10659 378 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10659 379 , , , 43431 10659 380 187 187 CD 43431 10659 381 ; ; : 43431 10659 382 posterior posterior NN 43431 10659 383 limb limb NN 43431 10659 384 , , , 43431 10659 385 188 188 CD 43431 10659 386 ; ; : 43431 10659 387 skull skull NNP 43431 10659 388 , , , 43431 10659 389 179 179 CD 43431 10659 390 ; ; : 43431 10659 391 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10659 392 , , , 43431 10659 393 182 182 CD 43431 10659 394 ; ; : 43431 10659 395 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10659 396 , , , 43431 10659 397 172 172 CD 43431 10659 398 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 399 Apatornis Apatornis NNP 43431 10659 400 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 401 , , , 43431 10659 402 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 403 40 40 CD 43431 10659 404 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 405 ; ; : 43431 10659 406 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10659 407 , , , 43431 10659 408 332 332 CD 43431 10659 409 Apteria Apteria NNP 43431 10659 410 , , , 43431 10659 411 328 328 CD 43431 10659 412 Apteryges Apteryges NNPS 43431 10659 413 , , , 43431 10659 414 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 415 40 40 CD 43431 10659 416 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 417 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 418 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 10659 419 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 420 , , , 43431 10659 421 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 422 40 40 CD 43431 10659 423 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 424 , , , 43431 10659 425 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 426 299 299 CD 43431 10659 427 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 428 ; ; : 43431 10659 429 aftershaft aftershaft NN 43431 10659 430 , , , 43431 10659 431 329 329 CD 43431 10659 432 ; ; : 43431 10659 433 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10659 434 nares naris NNS 43431 10659 435 , , , 43431 10659 436 333 333 CD 43431 10659 437 ; ; : 43431 10659 438 claws claws NN 43431 10659 439 , , , 43431 10659 440 330 330 CD 43431 10659 441 ; ; : 43431 10659 442 foot foot NN 43431 10659 443 , , , 43431 10659 444 342 342 CD 43431 10659 445 ; ; : 43431 10659 446 manus manus NN 43431 10659 447 , , , 43431 10659 448 338 338 CD 43431 10659 449 ; ; : 43431 10659 450 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 10659 451 process process NN 43431 10659 452 , , , 43431 10659 453 341 341 CD 43431 10659 454 ; ; , 43431 10659 455 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10659 456 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10659 457 , , , 43431 10659 458 338 338 CD 43431 10659 459 ; ; : 43431 10659 460 pneumaticity pneumaticity NN 43431 10659 461 of of IN 43431 10659 462 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10659 463 , , , 43431 10659 464 331 331 CD 43431 10659 465 ; ; : 43431 10659 466 _ _ NNP 43431 10659 467 A. a. NN 43431 10660 1 oweni oweni NNP 43431 10660 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 3 , , , 43431 10660 4 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10660 5 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10660 6 and and CC 43431 10660 7 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10660 8 , , , 43431 10660 9 = = NFP 43431 10660 10 340= 340= CD 43431 10660 11 Aqueductus Aqueductus NNP 43431 10660 12 vestibuli vestibuli NNP 43431 10660 13 , , , 43431 10660 14 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10660 15 , , , 43431 10660 16 74 74 CD 43431 10660 17 Arcade Arcade NNP 43431 10660 18 : : : 43431 10660 19 infratemporal-- infratemporal-- NNP 43431 10660 20 , , , 43431 10660 21 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 22 , , , 43431 10660 23 255 255 CD 43431 10660 24 ; ; : 43431 10660 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 26 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 10660 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 28 , , , 43431 10660 29 283 283 CD 43431 10660 30 ; ; : 43431 10660 31 inner inner JJ 43431 10660 32 -- -- : 43431 10660 33 , , , 43431 10660 34 duck duck NN 43431 10660 35 , , , 43431 10660 36 318 318 CD 43431 10660 37 ; ; : 43431 10660 38 outer outer JJ 43431 10660 39 -- -- : 43431 10660 40 , , , 43431 10660 41 duck duck NN 43431 10660 42 , , , 43431 10660 43 318 318 CD 43431 10660 44 ; ; : 43431 10660 45 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 10660 46 -- -- : 43431 10660 47 , , , 43431 10660 48 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 49 , , , 43431 10660 50 257 257 CD 43431 10660 51 ; ; : 43431 10660 52 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10660 53 , , , 43431 10660 54 281 281 CD 43431 10660 55 Archaeoceti Archaeoceti NNP 43431 10660 56 , , , 43431 10660 57 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 58 44 44 CD 43431 10660 59 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 60 ; ; : 43431 10660 61 general general JJ 43431 10660 62 characters character NNS 43431 10660 63 , , , 43431 10660 64 356 356 CD 43431 10660 65 ; ; : 43431 10660 66 skull skull NNP 43431 10660 67 , , , 43431 10660 68 461 461 CD 43431 10660 69 ; ; : 43431 10660 70 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10660 71 , , , 43431 10660 72 426 426 CD 43431 10660 73 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 74 Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx NNP 43431 10660 75 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 76 , , , 43431 10660 77 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 78 40 40 CD 43431 10660 79 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 80 , , , 43431 10660 81 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 82 297 297 CD 43431 10660 83 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 84 ; ; : 43431 10660 85 claws claws NN 43431 10660 86 , , , 43431 10660 87 330 330 CD 43431 10660 88 ; ; : 43431 10660 89 fibula fibula NN 43431 10660 90 , , , 43431 10660 91 341 341 CD 43431 10660 92 ; ; : 43431 10660 93 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10660 94 , , , 43431 10660 95 335 335 CD 43431 10660 96 ; ; : 43431 10660 97 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10660 98 , , , 43431 10660 99 342 342 CD 43431 10660 100 ; ; : 43431 10660 101 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10660 102 , , , 43431 10660 103 341 341 CD 43431 10660 104 ; ; : 43431 10660 105 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10660 106 , , , 43431 10660 107 336 336 CD 43431 10660 108 ; ; : 43431 10660 109 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10660 110 , , , 43431 10660 111 333 333 CD 43431 10660 112 ; ; : 43431 10660 113 skull skull NN 43431 10660 114 , , , 43431 10660 115 333 333 CD 43431 10660 116 ; ; : 43431 10660 117 tail tail NN 43431 10660 118 , , , 43431 10660 119 333 333 CD 43431 10660 120 ; ; : 43431 10660 121 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10660 122 , , , 43431 10660 123 330 330 CD 43431 10660 124 ; ; : 43431 10660 125 wing wing NN 43431 10660 126 , , , 43431 10660 127 338 338 CD 43431 10660 128 Archaeornithes Archaeornithes NNPS 43431 10660 129 , , , 43431 10660 130 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 131 40 40 CD 43431 10660 132 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 133 ; ; : 43431 10660 134 characters character NNS 43431 10660 135 , , , 43431 10660 136 297 297 CD 43431 10660 137 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 138 Archegosaurus Archegosaurus NNP 43431 10660 139 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 140 , , , 43431 10660 141 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 142 35 35 CD 43431 10660 143 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 144 , , , 43431 10660 145 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 146 136 136 CD 43431 10660 147 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 148 ; ; : 43431 10660 149 palatines palatine NNS 43431 10660 150 , , , 43431 10660 151 177 177 CD 43431 10660 152 Archipterygium Archipterygium NNP 43431 10660 153 , , , 43431 10660 154 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 155 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 10660 156 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 157 , , , 43431 10660 158 127 127 CD 43431 10660 159 ; ; : 43431 10660 160 Ichthyotomi Ichthyotomi NNP 43431 10660 161 , , , 43431 10660 162 62 62 CD 43431 10660 163 Arcifera Arcifera NNP 43431 10660 164 , , , 43431 10660 165 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 166 36 36 CD 43431 10660 167 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 168 , , , 43431 10660 169 185 185 CD 43431 10660 170 Arctoidea Arctoidea NNP 43431 10660 171 , , , 43431 10660 172 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 173 48 48 CD 43431 10660 174 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 175 , , , 43431 10660 176 369 369 CD 43431 10660 177 ; ; : 43431 10660 178 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10660 179 , , , 43431 10660 180 438 438 CD 43431 10660 181 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 182 Ardea Ardea NNP 43431 10660 183 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 184 , , , 43431 10660 185 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 186 41 41 CD 43431 10660 187 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 188 ; ; : 43431 10660 189 see see VB 43431 10660 190 Heron Heron NNP 43431 10660 191 Ardeae Ardeae NNP 43431 10660 192 , , , 43431 10660 193 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 194 41 41 CD 43431 10660 195 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 196 Arm Arm NNP 43431 10660 197 , , , 43431 10660 198 see see VB 43431 10660 199 fore fore NN 43431 10660 200 - - HYPH 43431 10660 201 arm arm NN 43431 10660 202 and and CC 43431 10660 203 upper upper JJ 43431 10660 204 arm arm NN 43431 10660 205 Armadillo Armadillo NNP 43431 10660 206 , , , 43431 10660 207 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 208 44 44 CD 43431 10660 209 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 210 , , , 43431 10660 211 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 212 352 352 CD 43431 10660 213 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 214 ; ; : 43431 10660 215 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10660 216 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10660 217 , , , 43431 10660 218 443 443 CD 43431 10660 219 ; ; : 43431 10660 220 femur femur NN 43431 10660 221 , , , 43431 10660 222 517 517 CD 43431 10660 223 ; ; : 43431 10660 224 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10660 225 , , , 43431 10660 226 501 501 CD 43431 10660 227 ; ; : 43431 10660 228 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10660 229 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10660 230 , , , 43431 10660 231 447 447 CD 43431 10660 232 ; ; : 43431 10660 233 manus manus NN 43431 10660 234 , , , 43431 10660 235 505 505 CD 43431 10660 236 ; ; , 43431 10660 237 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10660 238 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10660 239 , , , 43431 10660 240 495 495 CD 43431 10660 241 ; ; : 43431 10660 242 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10660 243 , , , 43431 10660 244 513 513 CD 43431 10660 245 ; ; : 43431 10660 246 ribs rib NNS 43431 10660 247 , , , 43431 10660 248 491 491 CD 43431 10660 249 ; ; : 43431 10660 250 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10660 251 , , , 43431 10660 252 452 452 CD 43431 10660 253 ; ; : 43431 10660 254 scales scale NNS 43431 10660 255 , , , 43431 10660 256 417 417 CD 43431 10660 257 ; ; : 43431 10660 258 scutes scute NNS 43431 10660 259 , , , 43431 10660 260 419 419 CD 43431 10660 261 ; ; : 43431 10660 262 skull skull NNP 43431 10660 263 , , , 43431 10660 264 459 459 CD 43431 10660 265 ; ; : 43431 10660 266 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10660 267 , , , 43431 10660 268 424 424 CD 43431 10660 269 Armour Armour NNP 43431 10660 270 plates plate NNS 43431 10660 271 , , , 43431 10660 272 8 8 CD 43431 10660 273 Arthrodira Arthrodira NNP 43431 10660 274 , , , 43431 10660 275 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 276 34 34 CD 43431 10660 277 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 278 ; ; : 43431 10660 279 characters character NNS 43431 10660 280 , , , 43431 10660 281 70 70 CD 43431 10660 282 Articular Articular NNP 43431 10660 283 , , , 43431 10660 284 22 22 CD 43431 10660 285 ; ; : 43431 10660 286 cod cod NN 43431 10660 287 , , , 43431 10660 288 100 100 CD 43431 10660 289 ; ; : 43431 10660 290 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 291 , , , 43431 10660 292 258 258 CD 43431 10660 293 ; ; : 43431 10660 294 duck duck NN 43431 10660 295 , , , 43431 10660 296 319 319 CD 43431 10660 297 ; ; : 43431 10660 298 newt newt NN 43431 10660 299 , , , 43431 10660 300 144 144 CD 43431 10660 301 ; ; : 43431 10660 302 salmon salmon NN 43431 10660 303 , , , 43431 10660 304 94 94 CD 43431 10660 305 ; ; : 43431 10660 306 turtle turtle NN 43431 10660 307 , , , 43431 10660 308 231 231 CD 43431 10660 309 Artiodactyla Artiodactyla NNP 43431 10660 310 , , , 43431 10660 311 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 312 45 45 CD 43431 10660 313 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 314 ; ; : 43431 10660 315 characters character NNS 43431 10660 316 , , , 43431 10660 317 358 358 CD 43431 10660 318 ; ; : 43431 10660 319 manus manus NN 43431 10660 320 , , , 43431 10660 321 506 506 CD 43431 10660 322 ; ; : 43431 10660 323 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 10660 324 process process NN 43431 10660 325 , , , 43431 10660 326 445 445 CD 43431 10660 327 ; ; : 43431 10660 328 pes pe NNS 43431 10660 329 , , , 43431 10660 330 522 522 CD 43431 10660 331 ; ; : 43431 10660 332 ribs rib NNS 43431 10660 333 , , , 43431 10660 334 491 491 CD 43431 10660 335 ; ; : 43431 10660 336 skull skull NNP 43431 10660 337 , , , 43431 10660 338 465 465 CD 43431 10660 339 ; ; : 43431 10660 340 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10660 341 , , , 43431 10660 342 427 427 CD 43431 10660 343 ; ; : 43431 10660 344 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10660 345 - - HYPH 43431 10660 346 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10660 347 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10660 348 , , , 43431 10660 349 448 448 CD 43431 10660 350 Asses ass NNS 43431 10660 351 , , , 43431 10660 352 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 353 360 360 CD 43431 10660 354 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 355 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 356 Asterolepis Asterolepis NNP 43431 10660 357 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 358 , , , 43431 10660 359 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 360 31 31 CD 43431 10660 361 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 362 , , , 43431 10660 363 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 364 55 55 CD 43431 10660 365 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 366 Asterospondyli Asterospondyli NNP 43431 10660 367 , , , 43431 10660 368 114 114 CD 43431 10660 369 Astragalus Astragalus NNP 43431 10660 370 , , , 43431 10660 371 27 27 CD 43431 10660 372 ; ; : 43431 10660 373 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 374 , , , 43431 10660 375 268 268 CD 43431 10660 376 ; ; : 43431 10660 377 dog dog NN 43431 10660 378 , , , 43431 10660 379 414 414 CD 43431 10660 380 ; ; : 43431 10660 381 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10660 382 , , , 43431 10660 383 521 521 CD 43431 10660 384 Astrapotheriidae Astrapotheriidae NNP 43431 10660 385 , , , 43431 10660 386 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 387 46 46 CD 43431 10660 388 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 389 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 390 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 10660 391 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 392 , , , 43431 10660 393 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 394 46 46 CD 43431 10660 395 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 396 , , , 43431 10660 397 361 361 CD 43431 10660 398 ; ; : 43431 10660 399 dental dental JJ 43431 10660 400 formula formula NN 43431 10660 401 , , , 43431 10660 402 432 432 CD 43431 10660 403 ; ; : 43431 10660 404 femur femur NN 43431 10660 405 , , , 43431 10660 406 519 519 CD 43431 10660 407 ; ; : 43431 10660 408 pes pe NNS 43431 10660 409 , , , 43431 10660 410 525 525 CD 43431 10660 411 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 412 Ateles Ateles NNP 43431 10660 413 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 414 , , , 43431 10660 415 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 416 49 49 CD 43431 10660 417 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 418 ; ; : 43431 10660 419 pollex pollex NN 43431 10660 420 , , , 43431 10660 421 512 512 CD 43431 10660 422 ; ; : 43431 10660 423 tail tail NN 43431 10660 424 , , , 43431 10660 425 454 454 CD 43431 10660 426 Atlantosauridae Atlantosauridae NNP 43431 10660 427 , , , 43431 10660 428 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 429 38 38 CD 43431 10660 430 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 431 Atlas Atlas NNP 43431 10660 432 , , , 43431 10660 433 15 15 CD 43431 10660 434 ; ; : 43431 10660 435 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 436 , , , 43431 10660 437 240 240 CD 43431 10660 438 ; ; : 43431 10660 439 dog dog NN 43431 10660 440 , , , 43431 10660 441 = = SYM 43431 10660 442 379= 379= CD 43431 10660 443 , , , 43431 10660 444 380 380 CD 43431 10660 445 ; ; : 43431 10660 446 duck duck NN 43431 10660 447 , , , 43431 10660 448 309 309 CD 43431 10660 449 ; ; : 43431 10660 450 ox ox UH 43431 10660 451 , , , 43431 10660 452 = = SYM 43431 10660 453 445= 445= LS 43431 10660 454 ; ; : 43431 10660 455 turtle turtle NN 43431 10660 456 , , , 43431 10660 457 219 219 CD 43431 10660 458 Attachment attachment NN 43431 10660 459 of of IN 43431 10660 460 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10660 461 , , , 43431 10660 462 4 4 CD 43431 10660 463 ; ; : 43431 10660 464 in in IN 43431 10660 465 fish fish NN 43431 10660 466 , , , 43431 10660 467 107 107 CD 43431 10660 468 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 469 Auchenia Auchenia NNP 43431 10660 470 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 471 , , , 43431 10660 472 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 473 45 45 CD 43431 10660 474 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 475 ; ; : 43431 10660 476 see see VB 43431 10660 477 Llama Llama NNP 43431 10660 478 Auditory Auditory NNP 43431 10660 479 aperture aperture NN 43431 10660 480 or or CC 43431 10660 481 meatus meatus NN 43431 10660 482 : : : 43431 10660 483 external external JJ 43431 10660 484 -- -- : 43431 10660 485 , , , 43431 10660 486 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 487 , , , 43431 10660 488 250 250 CD 43431 10660 489 ; ; : 43431 10660 490 dog dog NN 43431 10660 491 , , , 43431 10660 492 402 402 CD 43431 10660 493 ; ; : 43431 10660 494 turtle turtle NN 43431 10660 495 , , , 43431 10660 496 228 228 CD 43431 10660 497 ; ; , 43431 10660 498 internal internal JJ 43431 10660 499 -- -- : 43431 10660 500 , , , 43431 10660 501 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 502 , , , 43431 10660 503 246 246 CD 43431 10660 504 , , , 43431 10660 505 251 251 CD 43431 10660 506 ; ; : 43431 10660 507 dog dog NN 43431 10660 508 , , , 43431 10660 509 392 392 CD 43431 10660 510 ; ; : 43431 10660 511 turtle turtle NN 43431 10660 512 , , , 43431 10660 513 228 228 CD 43431 10660 514 Auditory auditory JJ 43431 10660 515 capsule capsule NN 43431 10660 516 , , , 43431 10660 517 20 20 CD 43431 10660 518 ; ; : 43431 10660 519 cod cod NN 43431 10660 520 , , , 43431 10660 521 96 96 CD 43431 10660 522 ; ; : 43431 10660 523 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 524 , , , 43431 10660 525 250 250 CD 43431 10660 526 ; ; : 43431 10660 527 dog dog NN 43431 10660 528 , , , 43431 10660 529 390 390 CD 43431 10660 530 ; ; : 43431 10660 531 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10660 532 , , , 43431 10660 533 74 74 CD 43431 10660 534 ; ; : 43431 10660 535 frog frog NN 43431 10660 536 , , , 43431 10660 537 156 156 CD 43431 10660 538 ; ; : 43431 10660 539 newt newt NN 43431 10660 540 , , , 43431 10660 541 143 143 CD 43431 10660 542 ; ; : 43431 10660 543 turtle turtle NN 43431 10660 544 , , , 43431 10660 545 227 227 CD 43431 10660 546 Auditory auditory JJ 43431 10660 547 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10660 548 , , , 43431 10660 549 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 550 , , , 43431 10660 551 251 251 CD 43431 10660 552 ; ; : 43431 10660 553 dog dog NN 43431 10660 554 , , , 43431 10660 555 393 393 CD 43431 10660 556 ; ; : 43431 10660 557 duck duck NN 43431 10660 558 , , , 43431 10660 559 320 320 CD 43431 10660 560 ; ; : 43431 10660 561 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10660 562 , , , 43431 10660 563 485 485 CD 43431 10660 564 f. f. NNS 43431 10660 565 ; ; : 43431 10660 566 turtle turtle NNP 43431 10660 567 , , , 43431 10660 568 228 228 CD 43431 10660 569 Auks Auks NNP 43431 10660 570 , , , 43431 10660 571 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 572 42 42 CD 43431 10660 573 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 574 ; ; : 43431 10660 575 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10660 576 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10660 577 , , , 43431 10660 578 332 332 CD 43431 10660 579 Autostylic Autostylic NNP 43431 10660 580 , , , 43431 10660 581 61 61 CD 43431 10660 582 , , , 43431 10660 583 119 119 CD 43431 10660 584 Aves Aves NNPS 43431 10660 585 , , , 43431 10660 586 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 587 40 40 CD 43431 10660 588 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 589 ; ; : 43431 10660 590 characters character NNS 43431 10660 591 , , , 43431 10660 592 295 295 CD 43431 10660 593 ; ; : 43431 10660 594 see see VBP 43431 10660 595 Birds bird NNS 43431 10660 596 Axial axial JJ 43431 10660 597 skeletal skeletal JJ 43431 10660 598 rods rod NNS 43431 10660 599 , , , 43431 10660 600 50 50 CD 43431 10660 601 Axial axial JJ 43431 10660 602 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10660 603 , , , 43431 10660 604 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 605 , , , 43431 10660 606 239 239 CD 43431 10660 607 ; ; : 43431 10660 608 cod cod NN 43431 10660 609 , , , 43431 10660 610 83 83 CD 43431 10660 611 ; ; : 43431 10660 612 dog dog NN 43431 10660 613 , , , 43431 10660 614 377 377 CD 43431 10660 615 ; ; : 43431 10660 616 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10660 617 , , , 43431 10660 618 72 72 CD 43431 10660 619 ; ; : 43431 10660 620 duck duck NN 43431 10660 621 , , , 43431 10660 622 307 307 CD 43431 10660 623 ; ; : 43431 10660 624 frog frog NN 43431 10660 625 , , , 43431 10660 626 152 152 CD 43431 10660 627 ; ; : 43431 10660 628 newt newt NN 43431 10660 629 , , , 43431 10660 630 138 138 CD 43431 10660 631 ; ; : 43431 10660 632 turtle turtle NN 43431 10660 633 , , , 43431 10660 634 218 218 CD 43431 10660 635 Axis Axis NNP 43431 10660 636 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 10660 637 , , , 43431 10660 638 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10660 639 , , , 43431 10660 640 241 241 CD 43431 10660 641 ; ; : 43431 10660 642 dog dog NN 43431 10660 643 , , , 43431 10660 644 380 380 CD 43431 10660 645 ; ; : 43431 10660 646 duck duck NN 43431 10660 647 , , , 43431 10660 648 309 309 CD 43431 10660 649 ; ; : 43431 10660 650 turtle turtle NN 43431 10660 651 , , , 43431 10660 652 220 220 CD 43431 10660 653 Axolotl Axolotl NNP 43431 10660 654 , , , 43431 10660 655 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 656 35 35 CD 43431 10660 657 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 658 ; ; : 43431 10660 659 see see VB 43431 10660 660 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 661 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 10660 662 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 663 Aye Aye NNP 43431 10660 664 Aye Aye NNP 43431 10660 665 , , , 43431 10660 666 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 667 49 49 CD 43431 10660 668 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 669 ; ; : 43431 10660 670 see see VB 43431 10660 671 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 672 Chiromys Chiromys NNP 43431 10660 673 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 674 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 675 Babirussa Babirussa NNP 43431 10660 676 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 677 , , , 43431 10660 678 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 679 45 45 CD 43431 10660 680 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 681 ; ; : 43431 10660 682 dental dental JJ 43431 10660 683 formula formula NN 43431 10660 684 , , , 43431 10660 685 428 428 CD 43431 10660 686 Baboon Baboon NNP 43431 10660 687 , , , 43431 10660 688 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 689 49 49 CD 43431 10660 690 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 691 ; ; : 43431 10660 692 see see VB 43431 10660 693 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 694 Cynocephalus Cynocephalus NNP 43431 10660 695 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 696 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 697 Balanoglossus Balanoglossus NNP 43431 10660 698 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 699 , , , 43431 10660 700 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 701 30 30 CD 43431 10660 702 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 703 , , , 43431 10660 704 50 50 CD 43431 10660 705 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 706 Balaena Balaena NNP 43431 10660 707 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 708 , , , 43431 10660 709 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 710 44 44 CD 43431 10660 711 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 712 , , , 43431 10660 713 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 714 357 357 CD 43431 10660 715 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 716 ; ; : 43431 10660 717 scapula scapula NNP 43431 10660 718 , , , 43431 10660 719 495 495 CD 43431 10660 720 ; ; : 43431 10660 721 _ _ NNP 43431 10660 722 B. B. NNP 43431 10661 1 mysticetus mysticetus NNP 43431 10661 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 3 baleen baleen NN 43431 10661 4 , , , 43431 10661 5 419 419 CD 43431 10661 6 Balaenidae Balaenidae NNP 43431 10661 7 , , , 43431 10661 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 9 44 44 CD 43431 10661 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 11 Balaenoidea Balaenoidea NNP 43431 10661 12 , , , 43431 10661 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 14 44 44 CD 43431 10661 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 16 ; ; : 43431 10661 17 general general JJ 43431 10661 18 characters character NNS 43431 10661 19 , , , 43431 10661 20 356 356 CD 43431 10661 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 22 Balaenoptera Balaenoptera NNP 43431 10661 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 24 , , , 43431 10661 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 26 44 44 CD 43431 10661 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 28 , , , 43431 10661 29 357 357 CD 43431 10661 30 ; ; : 43431 10661 31 manus manus NN 43431 10661 32 , , , 43431 10661 33 506 506 CD 43431 10661 34 ; ; : 43431 10661 35 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10661 36 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10661 37 , , , 43431 10661 38 448 448 CD 43431 10661 39 ; ; : 43431 10661 40 scapula scapula NN 43431 10661 41 , , , 43431 10661 42 495 495 CD 43431 10661 43 ; ; : 43431 10661 44 _ _ NNP 43431 10661 45 B. B. NNP 43431 10662 1 musculus musculus NNP 43431 10662 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 3 , , , 43431 10662 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10662 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10662 6 , , , 43431 10662 7 = = NFP 43431 10662 8 444= 444= CD 43431 10662 9 Baleen Baleen NNP 43431 10662 10 , , , 43431 10662 11 3 3 CD 43431 10662 12 , , , 43431 10662 13 418 418 CD 43431 10662 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 15 Balistes Balistes NNPS 43431 10662 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 17 , , , 43431 10662 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 19 33 33 CD 43431 10662 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 21 ; ; : 43431 10662 22 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10662 23 , , , 43431 10662 24 111 111 CD 43431 10662 25 Balistidae Balistidae NNP 43431 10662 26 , , , 43431 10662 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 28 33 33 CD 43431 10662 29 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 30 Ball Ball NNP 43431 10662 31 and and CC 43431 10662 32 socket socket NN 43431 10662 33 joints joint NNS 43431 10662 34 , , , 43431 10662 35 13 13 CD 43431 10662 36 Bandicoot Bandicoot NNP 43431 10662 37 , , , 43431 10662 38 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 39 43 43 CD 43431 10662 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 41 Barb Barb NNP 43431 10662 42 , , , 43431 10662 43 302 302 CD 43431 10662 44 Barbule Barbule NNP 43431 10662 45 , , , 43431 10662 46 303 303 CD 43431 10662 47 Barramunda Barramunda NNP 43431 10662 48 , , , 43431 10662 49 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 50 34 34 CD 43431 10662 51 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 52 ; ; : 43431 10662 53 see see VB 43431 10662 54 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 55 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 10662 56 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 57 Basalia Basalia NNP 43431 10662 58 , , , 43431 10662 59 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10662 60 , , , 43431 10662 61 79 79 CD 43431 10662 62 Basibranchial Basibranchial NNP 43431 10662 63 , , , 43431 10662 64 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10662 65 , , , 43431 10662 66 78 78 CD 43431 10662 67 ; ; : 43431 10662 68 cod cod NN 43431 10662 69 , , , 43431 10662 70 101 101 CD 43431 10662 71 ; ; : 43431 10662 72 duck duck NN 43431 10662 73 , , , 43431 10662 74 320 320 CD 43431 10662 75 ; ; : 43431 10662 76 newt newt NN 43431 10662 77 , , , 43431 10662 78 145 145 CD 43431 10662 79 ; ; : 43431 10662 80 salmon salmon NN 43431 10662 81 , , , 43431 10662 82 95 95 CD 43431 10662 83 Basi Basi NNP 43431 10662 84 - - HYPH 43431 10662 85 branchiostegal branchiostegal NNP 43431 10662 86 , , , 43431 10662 87 cod cod NN 43431 10662 88 , , , 43431 10662 89 101 101 CD 43431 10662 90 ; ; : 43431 10662 91 salmon salmon NN 43431 10662 92 , , , 43431 10662 93 95 95 CD 43431 10662 94 Basicranial basicranial JJ 43431 10662 95 axis axi NNS 43431 10662 96 , , , 43431 10662 97 19 19 CD 43431 10662 98 ; ; : 43431 10662 99 dog dog NN 43431 10662 100 , , , 43431 10662 101 384 384 CD 43431 10662 102 Basidorsalia Basidorsalia NNP 43431 10662 103 , , , 43431 10662 104 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10662 105 , , , 43431 10662 106 72 72 CD 43431 10662 107 Basi Basi NNP 43431 10662 108 - - HYPH 43431 10662 109 hyal hyal NNP 43431 10662 110 , , , 43431 10662 111 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10662 112 , , , 43431 10662 113 78 78 CD 43431 10662 114 ; ; : 43431 10662 115 dog dog NN 43431 10662 116 , , , 43431 10662 117 399 399 CD 43431 10662 118 ; ; : 43431 10662 119 duck duck NN 43431 10662 120 , , , 43431 10662 121 320 320 CD 43431 10662 122 Basilar basilar JJ 43431 10662 123 plate plate NN 43431 10662 124 , , , 43431 10662 125 17 17 CD 43431 10662 126 Basilingual basilingual JJ 43431 10662 127 plate plate NN 43431 10662 128 , , , 43431 10662 129 Anura Anura NNP 43431 10662 130 , , , 43431 10662 131 180 180 CD 43431 10662 132 ; ; : 43431 10662 133 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10662 134 , , , 43431 10662 135 259 259 CD 43431 10662 136 ; ; : 43431 10662 137 frog frog NN 43431 10662 138 , , , 43431 10662 139 161 161 CD 43431 10662 140 ; ; : 43431 10662 141 turtle turtle NN 43431 10662 142 , , , 43431 10662 143 231 231 CD 43431 10662 144 Basi basi NN 43431 10662 145 - - HYPH 43431 10662 146 occipital occipital NN 43431 10662 147 , , , 43431 10662 148 19 19 CD 43431 10662 149 ; ; : 43431 10662 150 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10662 151 , , , 43431 10662 152 246 246 CD 43431 10662 153 ; ; : 43431 10662 154 cod cod NN 43431 10662 155 , , , 43431 10662 156 97 97 CD 43431 10662 157 ; ; : 43431 10662 158 dog dog NN 43431 10662 159 , , , 43431 10662 160 386 386 CD 43431 10662 161 ; ; : 43431 10662 162 duck duck NN 43431 10662 163 , , , 43431 10662 164 315 315 CD 43431 10662 165 ; ; : 43431 10662 166 salmon salmon NN 43431 10662 167 , , , 43431 10662 168 89 89 CD 43431 10662 169 ; ; : 43431 10662 170 turtle turtle NN 43431 10662 171 , , , 43431 10662 172 224 224 CD 43431 10662 173 Basipterygium Basipterygium NNP 43431 10662 174 , , , 43431 10662 175 cod cod NN 43431 10662 176 , , , 43431 10662 177 103 103 CD 43431 10662 178 ; ; : 43431 10662 179 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10662 180 , , , 43431 10662 181 82 82 CD 43431 10662 182 Basisphenoid Basisphenoid NNP 43431 10662 183 , , , 43431 10662 184 19 19 CD 43431 10662 185 ; ; : 43431 10662 186 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10662 187 , , , 43431 10662 188 247 247 CD 43431 10662 189 ; ; : 43431 10662 190 dog dog NN 43431 10662 191 , , , 43431 10662 192 386 386 CD 43431 10662 193 ; ; : 43431 10662 194 salmon salmon NN 43431 10662 195 , , , 43431 10662 196 91 91 CD 43431 10662 197 ; ; : 43431 10662 198 turtle turtle NN 43431 10662 199 , , , 43431 10662 200 225 225 CD 43431 10662 201 Bastard Bastard NNP 43431 10662 202 wing wing NN 43431 10662 203 , , , 43431 10662 204 duck duck NN 43431 10662 205 , , , 43431 10662 206 304 304 CD 43431 10662 207 Bathyerginae Bathyerginae NNP 43431 10662 208 , , , 43431 10662 209 palate palate NN 43431 10662 210 , , , 43431 10662 211 366 366 CD 43431 10662 212 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 213 Bathyergus Bathyergus NNP 43431 10662 214 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 215 , , , 43431 10662 216 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 217 47 47 CD 43431 10662 218 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 219 ; ; : 43431 10662 220 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10662 221 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10662 222 , , , 43431 10662 223 488 488 CD 43431 10662 224 ; ; : 43431 10662 225 manus manus NN 43431 10662 226 , , , 43431 10662 227 511 511 CD 43431 10662 228 Batoidei Batoidei NNP 43431 10662 229 , , , 43431 10662 230 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 231 32 32 CD 43431 10662 232 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 233 , , , 43431 10662 234 64 64 CD 43431 10662 235 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 236 Batrachoseps Batrachoseps NNP 43431 10662 237 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 238 , , , 43431 10662 239 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 240 35 35 CD 43431 10662 241 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 242 ; ; : 43431 10662 243 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10662 244 , , , 43431 10662 245 169 169 CD 43431 10662 246 Bats Bats NNPS 43431 10662 247 , , , 43431 10662 248 claws claw NNS 43431 10662 249 , , , 43431 10662 250 418 418 CD 43431 10662 251 ; ; : 43431 10662 252 Horseshoe Horseshoe NNP 43431 10662 253 bats bat NNS 43431 10662 254 , , , 43431 10662 255 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 256 49 49 CD 43431 10662 257 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 258 ; ; : 43431 10662 259 see see VB 43431 10662 260 Chiroptera Chiroptera NNP 43431 10662 261 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 262 Bdellostoma Bdellostoma NNP 43431 10662 263 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 264 , , , 43431 10662 265 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 266 31 31 CD 43431 10662 267 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 268 , , , 43431 10662 269 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 270 55 55 CD 43431 10662 271 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 272 ; ; : 43431 10662 273 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10662 274 , , , 43431 10662 275 57 57 CD 43431 10662 276 Beak Beak NNP 43431 10662 277 , , , 43431 10662 278 3 3 CD 43431 10662 279 ; ; : 43431 10662 280 birds bird NNS 43431 10662 281 , , , 43431 10662 282 329 329 CD 43431 10662 283 ; ; : 43431 10662 284 duck duck NN 43431 10662 285 , , , 43431 10662 286 302 302 CD 43431 10662 287 ; ; : 43431 10662 288 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 289 Siren Siren NNP 43431 10662 290 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 291 , , , 43431 10662 292 168 168 CD 43431 10662 293 ; ; : 43431 10662 294 tadpoles tadpole NNS 43431 10662 295 of of IN 43431 10662 296 Anura Anura NNP 43431 10662 297 , , , 43431 10662 298 168 168 CD 43431 10662 299 ; ; : 43431 10662 300 turtle turtle NN 43431 10662 301 , , , 43431 10662 302 215 215 CD 43431 10662 303 Bears Bears NNPS 43431 10662 304 , , , 43431 10662 305 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 306 48 48 CD 43431 10662 307 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 308 , , , 43431 10662 309 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 310 369 369 CD 43431 10662 311 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 312 ; ; : 43431 10662 313 manus manus NN 43431 10662 314 , , , 43431 10662 315 511 511 CD 43431 10662 316 ; ; : 43431 10662 317 pes pe NNS 43431 10662 318 , , , 43431 10662 319 526 526 CD 43431 10662 320 ; ; : 43431 10662 321 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10662 322 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10662 323 , , , 43431 10662 324 452 452 CD 43431 10662 325 ; ; : 43431 10662 326 skull skull NNP 43431 10662 327 , , , 43431 10662 328 479 479 CD 43431 10662 329 ; ; : 43431 10662 330 Isabelline isabelline JJ 43431 10662 331 -- -- : 43431 10662 332 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10662 333 , , , 43431 10662 334 = = SYM 43431 10662 335 438= 438= CD 43431 10662 336 Beaver Beaver NNP 43431 10662 337 , , , 43431 10662 338 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 339 47 47 CD 43431 10662 340 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 341 ; ; : 43431 10662 342 fibula fibula NN 43431 10662 343 , , , 43431 10662 344 520 520 CD 43431 10662 345 ; ; : 43431 10662 346 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10662 347 , , , 43431 10662 348 502 502 CD 43431 10662 349 ; ; : 43431 10662 350 pes pe NNS 43431 10662 351 , , , 43431 10662 352 526 526 CD 43431 10662 353 ; ; : 43431 10662 354 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 10662 355 , , , 43431 10662 356 452 452 CD 43431 10662 357 ; ; : 43431 10662 358 tail tail NN 43431 10662 359 , , , 43431 10662 360 454 454 CD 43431 10662 361 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 362 Belodon Belodon NNP 43431 10662 363 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 364 , , , 43431 10662 365 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 366 39 39 CD 43431 10662 367 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 368 , , , 43431 10662 369 211 211 CD 43431 10662 370 ; ; : 43431 10662 371 frontals frontal NNS 43431 10662 372 , , , 43431 10662 373 277 277 CD 43431 10662 374 ; ; : 43431 10662 375 palate palate NN 43431 10662 376 , , , 43431 10662 377 281 281 CD 43431 10662 378 ; ; : 43431 10662 379 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10662 380 , , , 43431 10662 381 275 275 CD 43431 10662 382 Bichir Bichir NNP 43431 10662 383 , , , 43431 10662 384 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 385 33 33 CD 43431 10662 386 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 387 ; ; : 43431 10662 388 see see VB 43431 10662 389 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 390 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 10662 391 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 392 Bicipital Bicipital NNP 43431 10662 393 groove groove NN 43431 10662 394 , , , 43431 10662 395 dog dog NN 43431 10662 396 , , , 43431 10662 397 405 405 CD 43431 10662 398 Bilophodont Bilophodont NNP 43431 10662 399 , , , 43431 10662 400 defined define VBN 43431 10662 401 , , , 43431 10662 402 345 345 CD 43431 10662 403 ; ; : 43431 10662 404 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10662 405 of of IN 43431 10662 406 Tapiridae Tapiridae NNP 43431 10662 407 , , , 43431 10662 408 429 429 CD 43431 10662 409 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 410 Bipes Bipes NNP 43431 10662 411 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 412 , , , 43431 10662 413 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 414 38 38 CD 43431 10662 415 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 416 ; ; : 43431 10662 417 limbs limb NNS 43431 10662 418 , , , 43431 10662 419 289 289 CD 43431 10662 420 Birds Birds NNPS 43431 10662 421 , , , 43431 10662 422 anterior anterior JJ 43431 10662 423 limb limb NN 43431 10662 424 , , , 43431 10662 425 338 338 CD 43431 10662 426 ; ; : 43431 10662 427 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 10662 428 , , , 43431 10662 429 331 331 CD 43431 10662 430 f. f. NNS 43431 10662 431 ; ; : 43431 10662 432 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10662 433 , , , 43431 10662 434 328 328 CD 43431 10662 435 f. f. NNP 43431 10662 436 ; ; : 43431 10662 437 general general JJ 43431 10662 438 characters character NNS 43431 10662 439 , , , 43431 10662 440 295 295 CD 43431 10662 441 ; ; : 43431 10662 442 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10662 443 , , , 43431 10662 444 336 336 CD 43431 10662 445 ; ; : 43431 10662 446 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10662 447 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10662 448 , , , 43431 10662 449 336 336 CD 43431 10662 450 ; ; : 43431 10662 451 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10662 452 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10662 453 , , , 43431 10662 454 339 339 CD 43431 10662 455 ; ; : 43431 10662 456 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10662 457 limb limb NN 43431 10662 458 , , , 43431 10662 459 341 341 CD 43431 10662 460 ; ; : 43431 10662 461 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10662 462 , , , 43431 10662 463 336 336 CD 43431 10662 464 ; ; : 43431 10662 465 skull skull NNP 43431 10662 466 , , , 43431 10662 467 333 333 CD 43431 10662 468 ; ; : 43431 10662 469 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10662 470 , , , 43431 10662 471 336 336 CD 43431 10662 472 ; ; : 43431 10662 473 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10662 474 , , , 43431 10662 475 330 330 CD 43431 10662 476 ; ; : 43431 10662 477 vertebral vertebral NN 43431 10662 478 , , , 43431 10662 479 332 332 CD 43431 10662 480 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 481 Bison Bison NNP 43431 10662 482 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 483 , , , 43431 10662 484 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 485 46 46 CD 43431 10662 486 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 487 ; ; : 43431 10662 488 occipital occipital JJ 43431 10662 489 crest crest NN 43431 10662 490 , , , 43431 10662 491 468 468 CD 43431 10662 492 Blind blind JJ 43431 10662 493 snake snake NN 43431 10662 494 , , , 43431 10662 495 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 496 38 38 CD 43431 10662 497 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 498 ; ; : 43431 10662 499 see see VB 43431 10662 500 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 501 Typhlops Typhlops NNPS 43431 10662 502 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 503 Blind Blind NNP 43431 10662 504 worm worm NN 43431 10662 505 , , , 43431 10662 506 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 507 38 38 CD 43431 10662 508 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 509 ; ; : 43431 10662 510 see see VB 43431 10662 511 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 512 Anguis Anguis NNP 43431 10662 513 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 514 Boidae Boidae NNP 43431 10662 515 , , , 43431 10662 516 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 517 38 38 CD 43431 10662 518 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 519 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 520 Bombinator Bombinator NNP 43431 10662 521 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 522 , , , 43431 10662 523 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 524 36 36 CD 43431 10662 525 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 526 ; ; : 43431 10662 527 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10662 528 , , , 43431 10662 529 172 172 CD 43431 10662 530 Bone Bone NNP 43431 10662 531 , , , 43431 10662 532 development development NN 43431 10662 533 of of IN 43431 10662 534 , , , 43431 10662 535 10 10 CD 43431 10662 536 f. f. NNP 43431 10662 537 Bone Bone NNP 43431 10662 538 cells cell NNS 43431 10662 539 , , , 43431 10662 540 10 10 CD 43431 10662 541 Bony Bony NNP 43431 10662 542 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 10662 543 , , , 43431 10662 544 fins fin NNS 43431 10662 545 , , , 43431 10662 546 105 105 CD 43431 10662 547 ; ; : 43431 10662 548 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10662 549 fin fin NNP 43431 10662 550 , , , 43431 10662 551 132 132 CD 43431 10662 552 ; ; : 43431 10662 553 ribs rib NNS 43431 10662 554 , , , 43431 10662 555 126 126 CD 43431 10662 556 ; ; : 43431 10662 557 skull skull NNP 43431 10662 558 , , , 43431 10662 559 123 123 CD 43431 10662 560 ; ; : 43431 10662 561 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10662 562 column column NN 43431 10662 563 , , , 43431 10662 564 114 114 CD 43431 10662 565 ; ; : 43431 10662 566 see see VB 43431 10662 567 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 568 Holostei Holostei NNP 43431 10662 569 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 570 Border Border NNP 43431 10662 571 : : : 43431 10662 572 alveolar alveolar JJ 43431 10662 573 -- -- : 43431 10662 574 , , , 43431 10662 575 of of IN 43431 10662 576 dog dog NN 43431 10662 577 's 's POS 43431 10662 578 jaw jaw NN 43431 10662 579 , , , 43431 10662 580 398 398 CD 43431 10662 581 ; ; : 43431 10662 582 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10662 583 , , , 43431 10662 584 glenoid glenoid NN 43431 10662 585 , , , 43431 10662 586 and and CC 43431 10662 587 suprascapular suprascapular JJ 43431 10662 588 -- -- : 43431 10662 589 of of IN 43431 10662 590 dog dog NN 43431 10662 591 's 's POS 43431 10662 592 scapula scapula NN 43431 10662 593 , , , 43431 10662 594 405 405 CD 43431 10662 595 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 596 Bos Bos NNP 43431 10662 597 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 598 , , , 43431 10662 599 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 600 46 46 CD 43431 10662 601 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 602 ; ; : 43431 10662 603 occipital occipital JJ 43431 10662 604 crest crest NN 43431 10662 605 , , , 43431 10662 606 468 468 CD 43431 10662 607 ; ; : 43431 10662 608 ribs rib NNS 43431 10662 609 , , , 43431 10662 610 491 491 CD 43431 10662 611 ; ; : 43431 10662 612 see see VB 43431 10662 613 Ox Ox NNP 43431 10662 614 Bottlenose Bottlenose NNP 43431 10662 615 , , , 43431 10662 616 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 617 44 44 CD 43431 10662 618 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 619 ; ; : 43431 10662 620 see see VB 43431 10662 621 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 622 Hyperoödon Hyperoödon NNP 43431 10662 623 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 624 Bovidae Bovidae NNP 43431 10662 625 , , , 43431 10662 626 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 627 46 46 CD 43431 10662 628 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 629 ; ; : 43431 10662 630 pes pe NNS 43431 10662 631 , , , 43431 10662 632 523 523 CD 43431 10662 633 ; ; : 43431 10662 634 skull skull NN 43431 10662 635 , , , 43431 10662 636 468 468 CD 43431 10662 637 Bow Bow NNP 43431 10662 638 - - HYPH 43431 10662 639 fin fin NNP 43431 10662 640 , , , 43431 10662 641 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 642 33 33 CD 43431 10662 643 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 644 ; ; : 43431 10662 645 see see VB 43431 10662 646 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 647 Amia Amia NNP 43431 10662 648 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 649 Brachial Brachial NNP 43431 10662 650 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10662 651 , , , 43431 10662 652 cod cod NN 43431 10662 653 , , , 43431 10662 654 103 103 CD 43431 10662 655 Brachium Brachium NNP 43431 10662 656 ; ; : 43431 10662 657 see see VB 43431 10662 658 upper upper JJ 43431 10662 659 arm arm NN 43431 10662 660 Brachydont Brachydont NNP 43431 10662 661 , , , 43431 10662 662 defined define VBN 43431 10662 663 , , , 43431 10662 664 345 345 CD 43431 10662 665 ; ; : 43431 10662 666 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10662 667 of of IN 43431 10662 668 Ungulates Ungulates NNPS 43431 10662 669 , , , 43431 10662 670 429 429 CD 43431 10662 671 f. f. NNS 43431 10662 672 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 673 Brachycephalus Brachycephalus NNP 43431 10662 674 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 675 , , , 43431 10662 676 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 677 36 36 CD 43431 10662 678 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 679 ; ; : 43431 10662 680 bony bony NN 43431 10662 681 plates plate NNS 43431 10662 682 of of IN 43431 10662 683 , , , 43431 10662 684 168 168 CD 43431 10662 685 Brain Brain NNP 43431 10662 686 case case NN 43431 10662 687 , , , 43431 10662 688 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10662 689 , , , 43431 10662 690 245 245 CD 43431 10662 691 ; ; : 43431 10662 692 dog dog NN 43431 10662 693 , , , 43431 10662 694 384 384 CD 43431 10662 695 ; ; : 43431 10662 696 duck duck NN 43431 10662 697 , , , 43431 10662 698 314 314 CD 43431 10662 699 ; ; : 43431 10662 700 frog frog NN 43431 10662 701 , , , 43431 10662 702 154 154 CD 43431 10662 703 ; ; : 43431 10662 704 newt newt NN 43431 10662 705 , , , 43431 10662 706 140 140 CD 43431 10662 707 ; ; : 43431 10662 708 turtle turtle NN 43431 10662 709 , , , 43431 10662 710 224 224 CD 43431 10662 711 Bradypodidae Bradypodidae NNP 43431 10662 712 , , , 43431 10662 713 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 714 43 43 CD 43431 10662 715 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 716 ; ; : 43431 10662 717 see see VB 43431 10662 718 Sloths Sloths NNP 43431 10662 719 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 720 Bradypus Bradypus NNP 43431 10662 721 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 722 , , , 43431 10662 723 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 724 43 43 CD 43431 10662 725 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 726 ; ; : 43431 10662 727 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10662 728 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10662 729 , , , 43431 10662 730 443 443 CD 43431 10662 731 ; ; : 43431 10662 732 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10662 733 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10662 734 , , , 43431 10662 735 495 495 CD 43431 10662 736 ; ; : 43431 10662 737 skull skull NNP 43431 10662 738 , , , 43431 10662 739 457 457 CD 43431 10662 740 ; ; : 43431 10662 741 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10662 742 - - HYPH 43431 10662 743 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10662 744 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10662 745 , , , 43431 10662 746 447 447 CD 43431 10662 747 Branchial Branchial NNP 43431 10662 748 arches arch NNS 43431 10662 749 , , , 43431 10662 750 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10662 751 , , , 43431 10662 752 180 180 CD 43431 10662 753 f. f. NNS 43431 10662 754 ; ; : 43431 10662 755 cod cod NN 43431 10662 756 , , , 43431 10662 757 101 101 CD 43431 10662 758 ; ; : 43431 10662 759 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10662 760 , , , 43431 10662 761 78 78 CD 43431 10662 762 ; ; : 43431 10662 763 fish fish NN 43431 10662 764 , , , 43431 10662 765 120 120 CD 43431 10662 766 f. f. NNS 43431 10662 767 ; ; : 43431 10662 768 newt newt NNP 43431 10662 769 , , , 43431 10662 770 145 145 CD 43431 10662 771 ; ; : 43431 10662 772 salmon salmon NN 43431 10662 773 , , , 43431 10662 774 95 95 CD 43431 10662 775 ; ; : 43431 10662 776 -- -- : 43431 10662 777 basket basket NN 43431 10662 778 , , , 43431 10662 779 Marsipobranchii Marsipobranchii NNP 43431 10662 780 , , , 43431 10662 781 38 38 CD 43431 10662 782 ; ; : 43431 10662 783 -- -- : 43431 10662 784 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10662 785 , , , 43431 10662 786 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 787 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 10662 788 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 789 , , , 43431 10662 790 52 52 CD 43431 10662 791 ; ; : 43431 10662 792 Balanoglossus Balanoglossus NNP 43431 10662 793 , , , 43431 10662 794 50 50 CD 43431 10662 795 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 796 Branchiosaurus Branchiosaurus NNP 43431 10662 797 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 798 , , , 43431 10662 799 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 800 35 35 CD 43431 10662 801 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 802 ; ; : 43431 10662 803 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10662 804 arches arch NNS 43431 10662 805 , , , 43431 10662 806 180 180 CD 43431 10662 807 Branchiostegal Branchiostegal NNP 43431 10662 808 rays ray NNS 43431 10662 809 , , , 43431 10662 810 cod cod NN 43431 10662 811 , , , 43431 10662 812 100 100 CD 43431 10662 813 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 814 Brontops Brontops NNP 43431 10662 815 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 816 , , , 43431 10662 817 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 818 46 46 CD 43431 10662 819 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 820 ; ; : 43431 10662 821 see see VB 43431 10662 822 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 823 Titanotherium Titanotherium NNP 43431 10662 824 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 825 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 826 Brontosaurus Brontosaurus NNP 43431 10662 827 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 828 , , , 43431 10662 829 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 830 38 38 CD 43431 10662 831 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 832 , , , 43431 10662 833 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 834 207 207 CD 43431 10662 835 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 836 ; ; : 43431 10662 837 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10662 838 , , , 43431 10662 839 288 288 CD 43431 10662 840 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 841 Bubalus Bubalus NNP 43431 10662 842 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 843 , , , 43431 10662 844 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 845 46 46 CD 43431 10662 846 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 847 ; ; : 43431 10662 848 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10662 849 , , , 43431 10662 850 491 491 CD 43431 10662 851 ; ; : 43431 10662 852 see see VB 43431 10662 853 Buffalo Buffalo NNP 43431 10662 854 Buccal buccal JJ 43431 10662 855 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10662 856 , , , 43431 10662 857 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 858 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 10662 859 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 860 , , , 43431 10662 861 52 52 CD 43431 10662 862 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 863 Buceros Buceros NNP 43431 10662 864 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 865 , , , 43431 10662 866 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 867 42 42 CD 43431 10662 868 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 869 ; ; : 43431 10662 870 see see VB 43431 10662 871 Hornbill Hornbill NNP 43431 10662 872 Buckler Buckler NNP 43431 10662 873 , , , 43431 10662 874 of of IN 43431 10662 875 Labyrinthodonts labyrinthodont NNS 43431 10662 876 , , , 43431 10662 877 168 168 CD 43431 10662 878 , , , 43431 10662 879 184 184 CD 43431 10662 880 Buffalo Buffalo NNP 43431 10662 881 , , , 43431 10662 882 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 883 46 46 CD 43431 10662 884 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 885 ; ; : 43431 10662 886 Cape Cape NNP 43431 10662 887 -- -- : 43431 10662 888 , , , 43431 10662 889 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10662 890 of of IN 43431 10662 891 , , , 43431 10662 892 = = SYM 43431 10662 893 492= 492= CD 43431 10662 894 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 895 Bufo Bufo NNP 43431 10662 896 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 897 , , , 43431 10662 898 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 899 36 36 CD 43431 10662 900 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 901 ; ; : 43431 10662 902 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10662 903 , , , 43431 10662 904 182 182 CD 43431 10662 905 ; ; : 43431 10662 906 jaws jaw NNS 43431 10662 907 , , , 43431 10662 908 169 169 CD 43431 10662 909 ; ; : 43431 10662 910 _ _ NNP 43431 10662 911 B. B. NNP 43431 10663 1 viridis viridis NNP 43431 10663 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 3 , , , 43431 10663 4 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10663 5 , , , 43431 10663 6 186 186 CD 43431 10663 7 Bufonidae Bufonidae NNP 43431 10663 8 , , , 43431 10663 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 10 36 36 CD 43431 10663 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 12 Bunodont Bunodont NNP 43431 10663 13 , , , 43431 10663 14 defined define VBN 43431 10663 15 , , , 43431 10663 16 345 345 CD 43431 10663 17 ; ; : 43431 10663 18 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10663 19 of of IN 43431 10663 20 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 10663 21 , , , 43431 10663 22 427 427 CD 43431 10663 23 f. f. NN 43431 10663 24 Buno Buno NNP 43431 10663 25 - - HYPH 43431 10663 26 selenodont selenodont NNP 43431 10663 27 , , , 43431 10663 28 defined define VBN 43431 10663 29 , , , 43431 10663 30 432 432 CD 43431 10663 31 Caeciliidae Caeciliidae NNP 43431 10663 32 , , , 43431 10663 33 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 34 35 35 CD 43431 10663 35 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 36 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 37 Caiman Caiman NNP 43431 10663 38 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 39 , , , 43431 10663 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 41 39 39 CD 43431 10663 42 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 43 ; ; : 43431 10663 44 _ _ NNP 43431 10663 45 C. C. NNP 43431 10664 1 latirostris latirostris NNP 43431 10664 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10664 3 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10664 4 , , , 43431 10664 5 = = SYM 43431 10664 6 285= 285= CD 43431 10664 7 , , , 43431 10664 8 limbs limb NNS 43431 10664 9 , , , 43431 10664 10 = = SYM 43431 10664 11 264= 264= CD 43431 10664 12 , , , 43431 10664 13 lateral lateral JJ 43431 10664 14 view view NN 43431 10664 15 of of IN 43431 10664 16 skull skull NNP 43431 10664 17 , , , 43431 10664 18 = = SYM 43431 10664 19 248= 248= CD 43431 10664 20 , , , 43431 10664 21 palatal palatal JJ 43431 10664 22 view view NN 43431 10664 23 of of IN 43431 10664 24 cranium cranium NN 43431 10664 25 and and CC 43431 10664 26 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10664 27 , , , 43431 10664 28 = = SYM 43431 10664 29 245= 245= CD 43431 10664 30 , , , 43431 10664 31 longitudinal longitudinal JJ 43431 10664 32 section section NN 43431 10664 33 of of IN 43431 10664 34 skull skull NN 43431 10664 35 , , , 43431 10664 36 = = SYM 43431 10664 37 253= 253= CD 43431 10664 38 , , , 43431 10664 39 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10664 40 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10664 41 , , , 43431 10664 42 = = SYM 43431 10664 43 262= 262= CD 43431 10664 44 , , , 43431 10664 45 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10664 46 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10664 47 and and CC 43431 10664 48 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10664 49 , , , 43431 10664 50 = = SYM 43431 10664 51 267= 267= CD 43431 10664 52 ; ; : 43431 10664 53 _ _ NNP 43431 10664 54 C. C. NNP 43431 10665 1 sclerops sclerops NNP 43431 10665 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 3 , , , 43431 10665 4 scutes scute VBZ 43431 10665 5 , , , 43431 10665 6 271 271 CD 43431 10665 7 Ca'ing ca'e VBG 43431 10665 8 whale whale NN 43431 10665 9 , , , 43431 10665 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 11 45 45 CD 43431 10665 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 13 ; ; : 43431 10665 14 see see VB 43431 10665 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 16 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 10665 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 19 Calamoichthys Calamoichthys NNP 43431 10665 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 21 , , , 43431 10665 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 23 33 33 CD 43431 10665 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 25 ; ; : 43431 10665 26 distribution distribution NN 43431 10665 27 , , , 43431 10665 28 66 66 CD 43431 10665 29 Calamus Calamus NNP 43431 10665 30 , , , 43431 10665 31 302 302 CD 43431 10665 32 Calcaneum Calcaneum NNP 43431 10665 33 , , , 43431 10665 34 27 27 CD 43431 10665 35 ; ; : 43431 10665 36 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10665 37 , , , 43431 10665 38 268 268 CD 43431 10665 39 ; ; : 43431 10665 40 dog dog NN 43431 10665 41 , , , 43431 10665 42 414 414 CD 43431 10665 43 Calcar Calcar NNP 43431 10665 44 , , , 43431 10665 45 of of IN 43431 10665 46 frog frog NN 43431 10665 47 , , , 43431 10665 48 167 167 CD 43431 10665 49 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 50 Callorhynchus Callorhynchus NNP 43431 10665 51 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 52 , , , 43431 10665 53 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 54 32 32 CD 43431 10665 55 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 56 , , , 43431 10665 57 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 58 66 66 CD 43431 10665 59 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 60 ; ; : 43431 10665 61 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 62 , , , 43431 10665 63 110 110 CD 43431 10665 64 Camel Camel NNP 43431 10665 65 , , , 43431 10665 66 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 67 45 45 CD 43431 10665 68 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 69 , , , 43431 10665 70 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 71 359 359 CD 43431 10665 72 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 73 ; ; : 43431 10665 74 manus manus NN 43431 10665 75 , , , 43431 10665 76 507 507 CD 43431 10665 77 ; ; : 43431 10665 78 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 79 , , , 43431 10665 80 428 428 CD 43431 10665 81 Camelidae Camelidae NNP 43431 10665 82 , , , 43431 10665 83 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 84 45 45 CD 43431 10665 85 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 86 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 87 Camelus Camelus NNP 43431 10665 88 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 89 , , , 43431 10665 90 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 91 45 45 CD 43431 10665 92 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 93 ; ; : 43431 10665 94 see see VB 43431 10665 95 Camel Camel NNP 43431 10665 96 Camptosauridae Camptosauridae NNP 43431 10665 97 , , , 43431 10665 98 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 99 39 39 CD 43431 10665 100 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 101 Canal Canal NNP 43431 10665 102 : : : 43431 10665 103 alisphenoid alisphenoid NN 43431 10665 104 -- -- : 43431 10665 105 , , , 43431 10665 106 dog dog NN 43431 10665 107 , , , 43431 10665 108 402 402 CD 43431 10665 109 ; ; : 43431 10665 110 carotid carotid NNS 43431 10665 111 -- -- : 43431 10665 112 , , , 43431 10665 113 duck duck NN 43431 10665 114 , , , 43431 10665 115 315 315 CD 43431 10665 116 ; ; : 43431 10665 117 Eustachian Eustachian NNP 43431 10665 118 -- -- : 43431 10665 119 , , , 43431 10665 120 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10665 121 , , , 43431 10665 122 247 247 CD 43431 10665 123 ; ; : 43431 10665 124 dog dog NN 43431 10665 125 , , , 43431 10665 126 402 402 CD 43431 10665 127 ; ; : 43431 10665 128 duck duck NN 43431 10665 129 , , , 43431 10665 130 316 316 CD 43431 10665 131 ; ; : 43431 10665 132 interorbital interorbital NNP 43431 10665 133 -- -- : 43431 10665 134 , , , 43431 10665 135 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10665 136 , , , 43431 10665 137 76 76 CD 43431 10665 138 Canaliculi Canaliculi NNP 43431 10665 139 , , , 43431 10665 140 10 10 CD 43431 10665 141 Canidae Canidae NNP 43431 10665 142 , , , 43431 10665 143 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 144 48 48 CD 43431 10665 145 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 146 ; ; : 43431 10665 147 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10665 148 , , , 43431 10665 149 502 502 CD 43431 10665 150 ; ; : 43431 10665 151 skull skull NNP 43431 10665 152 , , , 43431 10665 153 479 479 CD 43431 10665 154 ; ; : 43431 10665 155 see see VB 43431 10665 156 Dog Dog NNP 43431 10665 157 Canine Canine NNP 43431 10665 158 , , , 43431 10665 159 344 344 CD 43431 10665 160 ; ; : 43431 10665 161 dog dog NN 43431 10665 162 , , , 43431 10665 163 376 376 CD 43431 10665 164 f. f. NN 43431 10665 165 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 166 Canis Canis NNP 43431 10665 167 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 168 , , , 43431 10665 169 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 170 48 48 CD 43431 10665 171 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 172 ; ; : 43431 10665 173 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10665 174 - - HYPH 43431 10665 175 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10665 176 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10665 177 , , , 43431 10665 178 450 450 CD 43431 10665 179 ; ; : 43431 10665 180 see see VB 43431 10665 181 Dog Dog NNP 43431 10665 182 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 183 Capitosaurus Capitosaurus NNP 43431 10665 184 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 185 , , , 43431 10665 186 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 187 35 35 CD 43431 10665 188 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 189 ; ; : 43431 10665 190 skull skull NNP 43431 10665 191 , , , 43431 10665 192 = = SYM 43431 10665 193 176= 176= CD 43431 10665 194 Capybara Capybara NNP 43431 10665 195 , , , 43431 10665 196 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 197 48 48 CD 43431 10665 198 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 199 ; ; : 43431 10665 200 manus manus NN 43431 10665 201 , , , 43431 10665 202 511 511 CD 43431 10665 203 ; ; : 43431 10665 204 pes pe NNS 43431 10665 205 , , , 43431 10665 206 526 526 CD 43431 10665 207 ; ; : 43431 10665 208 skull skull NN 43431 10665 209 , , , 43431 10665 210 476 476 CD 43431 10665 211 ; ; : 43431 10665 212 tail tail NN 43431 10665 213 , , , 43431 10665 214 454 454 CD 43431 10665 215 Carapace Carapace NNP 43431 10665 216 , , , 43431 10665 217 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 10665 218 , , , 43431 10665 219 271 271 CD 43431 10665 220 ; ; : 43431 10665 221 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 222 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 10665 223 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 224 , , , 43431 10665 225 272 272 CD 43431 10665 226 ; ; : 43431 10665 227 Glyptodonts Glyptodonts NNP 43431 10665 228 , , , 43431 10665 229 419 419 CD 43431 10665 230 ; ; : 43431 10665 231 Green green JJ 43431 10665 232 turtle turtle NN 43431 10665 233 , , , 43431 10665 234 215 215 CD 43431 10665 235 ; ; : 43431 10665 236 Loggerhead Loggerhead NNP 43431 10665 237 turtle turtle NN 43431 10665 238 , , , 43431 10665 239 = = SYM 43431 10665 240 216= 216= CD 43431 10665 241 Carcharidae Carcharidae NNP 43431 10665 242 , , , 43431 10665 243 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 244 32 32 CD 43431 10665 245 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 246 Carina Carina NNP 43431 10665 247 sterni sterni NN 43431 10665 248 , , , 43431 10665 249 duck duck NN 43431 10665 250 , , , 43431 10665 251 321 321 CD 43431 10665 252 Carinatae Carinatae NNP 43431 10665 253 , , , 43431 10665 254 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 255 40 40 CD 43431 10665 256 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 257 ; ; : 43431 10665 258 general general JJ 43431 10665 259 characters character NNS 43431 10665 260 , , , 43431 10665 261 300 300 CD 43431 10665 262 ; ; : 43431 10665 263 quadrate quadrate NN 43431 10665 264 , , , 43431 10665 265 334 334 CD 43431 10665 266 Carnassial carnassial JJ 43431 10665 267 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 268 , , , 43431 10665 269 368 368 CD 43431 10665 270 ; ; : 43431 10665 271 carnivora carnivora NN 43431 10665 272 , , , 43431 10665 273 = = SYM 43431 10665 274 436= 436= CD 43431 10665 275 ; ; : 43431 10665 276 dog dog NN 43431 10665 277 , , , 43431 10665 278 376 376 CD 43431 10665 279 f. f. NNP 43431 10665 280 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10665 281 , , , 43431 10665 282 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 283 48 48 CD 43431 10665 284 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 285 ; ; : 43431 10665 286 arm arm NN 43431 10665 287 bones bone NNS 43431 10665 288 , , , 43431 10665 289 502 502 CD 43431 10665 290 ; ; : 43431 10665 291 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10665 292 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10665 293 , , , 43431 10665 294 488 488 CD 43431 10665 295 ; ; , 43431 10665 296 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10665 297 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10665 298 , , , 43431 10665 299 446 446 CD 43431 10665 300 ; ; : 43431 10665 301 general general JJ 43431 10665 302 characters character NNS 43431 10665 303 , , , 43431 10665 304 367 367 CD 43431 10665 305 ; ; : 43431 10665 306 manus manus NN 43431 10665 307 , , , 43431 10665 308 511 511 CD 43431 10665 309 ; ; : 43431 10665 310 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10665 311 , , , 43431 10665 312 515 515 CD 43431 10665 313 ; ; : 43431 10665 314 pes pe NNS 43431 10665 315 , , , 43431 10665 316 526 526 CD 43431 10665 317 ; ; : 43431 10665 318 ribs rib NNS 43431 10665 319 , , , 43431 10665 320 493 493 CD 43431 10665 321 ; ; : 43431 10665 322 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10665 323 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10665 324 , , , 43431 10665 325 452 452 CD 43431 10665 326 ; ; : 43431 10665 327 skull skull NNP 43431 10665 328 , , , 43431 10665 329 478 478 CD 43431 10665 330 ; ; : 43431 10665 331 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10665 332 , , , 43431 10665 333 490 490 CD 43431 10665 334 ; ; : 43431 10665 335 tail tail NN 43431 10665 336 , , , 43431 10665 337 454 454 CD 43431 10665 338 ; ; : 43431 10665 339 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 340 , , , 43431 10665 341 437 437 CD 43431 10665 342 ; ; : 43431 10665 343 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10665 344 and and CC 43431 10665 345 shin shin NNP 43431 10665 346 , , , 43431 10665 347 520 520 CD 43431 10665 348 ; ; : 43431 10665 349 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10665 350 - - HYPH 43431 10665 351 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10665 352 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10665 353 , , , 43431 10665 354 450 450 CD 43431 10665 355 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10665 356 vera vera NN 43431 10665 357 , , , 43431 10665 358 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 359 48 48 CD 43431 10665 360 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 361 ; ; : 43431 10665 362 general general JJ 43431 10665 363 characters character NNS 43431 10665 364 , , , 43431 10665 365 368 368 CD 43431 10665 366 ; ; : 43431 10665 367 scapula scapula NN 43431 10665 368 , , , 43431 10665 369 497 497 CD 43431 10665 370 Carp Carp NNP 43431 10665 371 , , , 43431 10665 372 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 373 33 33 CD 43431 10665 374 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 375 ; ; : 43431 10665 376 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 10665 377 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 378 , , , 43431 10665 379 111 111 CD 43431 10665 380 Carpo Carpo NNP 43431 10665 381 - - HYPH 43431 10665 382 metacarpus metacarpus NNP 43431 10665 383 , , , 43431 10665 384 duck duck NN 43431 10665 385 , , , 43431 10665 386 324 324 CD 43431 10665 387 Carpus Carpus NNP 43431 10665 388 , , , 43431 10665 389 26 26 CD 43431 10665 390 ; ; : 43431 10665 391 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10665 392 , , , 43431 10665 393 265 265 CD 43431 10665 394 ; ; : 43431 10665 395 dog dog NN 43431 10665 396 , , , 43431 10665 397 408 408 CD 43431 10665 398 ; ; : 43431 10665 399 duck duck NN 43431 10665 400 , , , 43431 10665 401 323 323 CD 43431 10665 402 ; ; : 43431 10665 403 frog frog NNP 43431 10665 404 , , , 43431 10665 405 164 164 CD 43431 10665 406 ; ; : 43431 10665 407 newt newt NN 43431 10665 408 , , , 43431 10665 409 147 147 CD 43431 10665 410 ; ; : 43431 10665 411 turtle turtle NN 43431 10665 412 , , , 43431 10665 413 233 233 CD 43431 10665 414 Cartilage cartilage NN 43431 10665 415 , , , 43431 10665 416 structure structure NN 43431 10665 417 of of IN 43431 10665 418 , , , 43431 10665 419 10 10 CD 43431 10665 420 Cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 10665 421 ganoids ganoid NNS 43431 10665 422 , , , 43431 10665 423 cranium cranium NN 43431 10665 424 , , , 43431 10665 425 121 121 CD 43431 10665 426 ; ; : 43431 10665 427 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10665 428 fin fin NNP 43431 10665 429 , , , 43431 10665 430 132 132 CD 43431 10665 431 ; ; : 43431 10665 432 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10665 433 column column NN 43431 10665 434 , , , 43431 10665 435 112 112 CD 43431 10665 436 ; ; : 43431 10665 437 see see VB 43431 10665 438 Chondrostei Chondrostei NNP 43431 10665 439 Cassowary Cassowary NNP 43431 10665 440 , , , 43431 10665 441 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 442 40 40 CD 43431 10665 443 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 444 , , , 43431 10665 445 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 446 299 299 CD 43431 10665 447 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 448 ; ; : 43431 10665 449 aftershaft aftershaft NNP 43431 10665 450 , , , 43431 10665 451 328 328 CD 43431 10665 452 ; ; : 43431 10665 453 bony bony NNP 43431 10665 454 crest crest NNP 43431 10665 455 , , , 43431 10665 456 334 334 CD 43431 10665 457 ; ; : 43431 10665 458 claws claws NN 43431 10665 459 , , , 43431 10665 460 330 330 CD 43431 10665 461 ; ; : 43431 10665 462 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10665 463 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10665 464 and and CC 43431 10665 465 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10665 466 , , , 43431 10665 467 = = SYM 43431 10665 468 340= 340= CD 43431 10665 469 ; ; : 43431 10665 470 secondaries secondary NNS 43431 10665 471 , , , 43431 10665 472 329 329 CD 43431 10665 473 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 474 Castor Castor NNP 43431 10665 475 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 476 , , , 43431 10665 477 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 478 47 47 CD 43431 10665 479 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 480 ; ; : 43431 10665 481 see see VB 43431 10665 482 Beaver Beaver NNP 43431 10665 483 Castoridae Castoridae NNP 43431 10665 484 , , , 43431 10665 485 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 486 47 47 CD 43431 10665 487 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 488 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 489 Casuarius Casuarius NNP 43431 10665 490 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 491 , , , 43431 10665 492 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 493 40 40 CD 43431 10665 494 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 495 ; ; : 43431 10665 496 see see VB 43431 10665 497 Cassowary Cassowary NNP 43431 10665 498 Cataphracti Cataphracti NNP 43431 10665 499 , , , 43431 10665 500 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 501 34 34 CD 43431 10665 502 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 503 Cat Cat NNP 43431 10665 504 , , , 43431 10665 505 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 506 48 48 CD 43431 10665 507 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 508 , , , 43431 10665 509 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 510 369 369 CD 43431 10665 511 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 512 ; ; : 43431 10665 513 hallux hallux NN 43431 10665 514 , , , 43431 10665 515 526 526 CD 43431 10665 516 ; ; : 43431 10665 517 manus manus NN 43431 10665 518 , , , 43431 10665 519 511 511 CD 43431 10665 520 ; ; : 43431 10665 521 skull skull NNP 43431 10665 522 , , , 43431 10665 523 479 479 CD 43431 10665 524 Cat cat NN 43431 10665 525 - - HYPH 43431 10665 526 fish fish NN 43431 10665 527 , , , 43431 10665 528 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 529 33 33 CD 43431 10665 530 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 531 Cathartae Cathartae NNP 43431 10665 532 , , , 43431 10665 533 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 534 41 41 CD 43431 10665 535 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 536 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 537 Cathartes Cathartes NNP 43431 10665 538 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 539 , , , 43431 10665 540 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 541 41 41 CD 43431 10665 542 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 543 ; ; : 43431 10665 544 see see VB 43431 10665 545 American american JJ 43431 10665 546 vulture vulture NN 43431 10665 547 Caudal caudal JJ 43431 10665 548 fin fin NN 43431 10665 549 , , , 43431 10665 550 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 10665 551 , , , 43431 10665 552 453 453 CD 43431 10665 553 ; ; : 43431 10665 554 fish fish NN 43431 10665 555 , , , 43431 10665 556 116 116 CD 43431 10665 557 ; ; : 43431 10665 558 -- -- : 43431 10665 559 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10665 560 , , , 43431 10665 561 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10665 562 , , , 43431 10665 563 243 243 CD 43431 10665 564 ; ; : 43431 10665 565 cod cod NN 43431 10665 566 , , , 43431 10665 567 85 85 CD 43431 10665 568 ; ; : 43431 10665 569 dog dog NN 43431 10665 570 , , , 43431 10665 571 383 383 CD 43431 10665 572 ; ; : 43431 10665 573 duck duck NN 43431 10665 574 , , , 43431 10665 575 312 312 CD 43431 10665 576 ; ; : 43431 10665 577 general general JJ 43431 10665 578 characters character NNS 43431 10665 579 , , , 43431 10665 580 16 16 CD 43431 10665 581 ; ; : 43431 10665 582 newt newt NN 43431 10665 583 , , , 43431 10665 584 140 140 CD 43431 10665 585 ; ; : 43431 10665 586 turtle turtle NN 43431 10665 587 , , , 43431 10665 588 222 222 CD 43431 10665 589 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 590 Cavia Cavia NNP 43431 10665 591 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 592 , , , 43431 10665 593 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 594 48 48 CD 43431 10665 595 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 596 ; ; : 43431 10665 597 tail tail NN 43431 10665 598 , , , 43431 10665 599 454 454 CD 43431 10665 600 Caviidae Caviidae NNP 43431 10665 601 , , , 43431 10665 602 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 603 48 48 CD 43431 10665 604 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 605 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 10665 606 , , , 43431 10665 607 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 608 49 49 CD 43431 10665 609 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 610 , , , 43431 10665 611 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 612 373 373 CD 43431 10665 613 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 614 ; ; : 43431 10665 615 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10665 616 , , , 43431 10665 617 493 493 CD 43431 10665 618 ; ; : 43431 10665 619 skull skull NNP 43431 10665 620 , , , 43431 10665 621 484 484 CD 43431 10665 622 ; ; : 43431 10665 623 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 624 , , , 43431 10665 625 441 441 CD 43431 10665 626 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 627 Coenolestes Coenolestes NNPS 43431 10665 628 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 629 , , , 43431 10665 630 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 631 43 43 CD 43431 10665 632 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 633 , , , 43431 10665 634 424 424 CD 43431 10665 635 Cement Cement NNP 43431 10665 636 , , , 43431 10665 637 5 5 CD 43431 10665 638 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 639 Centetes Centetes NNPS 43431 10665 640 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 641 , , , 43431 10665 642 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 643 49 49 CD 43431 10665 644 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 645 ; ; : 43431 10665 646 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10665 647 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10665 648 , , , 43431 10665 649 454 454 CD 43431 10665 650 ; ; : 43431 10665 651 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10665 652 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10665 653 , , , 43431 10665 654 515 515 CD 43431 10665 655 ; ; : 43431 10665 656 spines spine NNS 43431 10665 657 , , , 43431 10665 658 417 417 CD 43431 10665 659 ; ; : 43431 10665 660 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 661 , , , 43431 10665 662 440 440 CD 43431 10665 663 ; ; : 43431 10665 664 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10665 665 - - HYPH 43431 10665 666 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10665 667 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10665 668 , , , 43431 10665 669 450 450 CD 43431 10665 670 Centetidae Centetidae NNP 43431 10665 671 , , , 43431 10665 672 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 673 49 49 CD 43431 10665 674 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 675 ; ; : 43431 10665 676 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10665 677 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10665 678 , , , 43431 10665 679 488 488 CD 43431 10665 680 ; ; : 43431 10665 681 skull skull NNP 43431 10665 682 , , , 43431 10665 683 480 480 CD 43431 10665 684 Centrale Centrale NNP 43431 10665 685 , , , 43431 10665 686 27 27 CD 43431 10665 687 ; ; : 43431 10665 688 see see VB 43431 10665 689 Carpus Carpus NNP 43431 10665 690 and and CC 43431 10665 691 Tarsus Tarsus NNP 43431 10665 692 Centre Centre NNP 43431 10665 693 of of IN 43431 10665 694 motion motion NN 43431 10665 695 , , , 43431 10665 696 448 448 CD 43431 10665 697 Centrum Centrum NNP 43431 10665 698 , , , 43431 10665 699 14 14 CD 43431 10665 700 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 701 Cephalaspis Cephalaspis NNP 43431 10665 702 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 703 , , , 43431 10665 704 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 705 31 31 CD 43431 10665 706 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 707 , , , 43431 10665 708 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 709 55 55 CD 43431 10665 710 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 711 Cephalic Cephalic NNP 43431 10665 712 shield shield NN 43431 10665 713 , , , 43431 10665 714 armadillos armadillo NNS 43431 10665 715 , , , 43431 10665 716 419 419 CD 43431 10665 717 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 718 Cephalochordata Cephalochordata NNP 43431 10665 719 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 720 , , , 43431 10665 721 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 722 30 30 CD 43431 10665 723 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 724 , , , 43431 10665 725 51 51 CD 43431 10665 726 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 727 Cephalodiscus Cephalodiscus NNP 43431 10665 728 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 729 , , , 43431 10665 730 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 731 30 30 CD 43431 10665 732 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 733 , , , 43431 10665 734 50 50 CD 43431 10665 735 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 736 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 10665 737 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 738 , , , 43431 10665 739 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 740 34 34 CD 43431 10665 741 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 742 , , , 43431 10665 743 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 744 70 70 CD 43431 10665 745 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 746 ; ; : 43431 10665 747 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10665 748 arches arch NNS 43431 10665 749 , , , 43431 10665 750 124 124 CD 43431 10665 751 ; ; : 43431 10665 752 cranium cranium NN 43431 10665 753 , , , 43431 10665 754 = = SYM 43431 10665 755 125= 125= CD 43431 10665 756 ; ; : 43431 10665 757 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10665 758 , , , 43431 10665 759 = = SYM 43431 10665 760 128= 128= NNS 43431 10665 761 ; ; : 43431 10665 762 skull skull NN 43431 10665 763 , , , 43431 10665 764 117 117 CD 43431 10665 765 , , , 43431 10665 766 124 124 CD 43431 10665 767 ; ; : 43431 10665 768 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10665 769 column column NN 43431 10665 770 , , , 43431 10665 771 113 113 CD 43431 10665 772 ; ; : 43431 10665 773 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 774 , , , 43431 10665 775 111 111 CD 43431 10665 776 Cerato Cerato NNP 43431 10665 777 - - HYPH 43431 10665 778 branchial branchial NNP 43431 10665 779 , , , 43431 10665 780 cod cod NN 43431 10665 781 , , , 43431 10665 782 101 101 CD 43431 10665 783 ; ; : 43431 10665 784 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10665 785 , , , 43431 10665 786 78 78 CD 43431 10665 787 ; ; : 43431 10665 788 duck duck NN 43431 10665 789 , , , 43431 10665 790 320 320 CD 43431 10665 791 ; ; : 43431 10665 792 salmon salmon NN 43431 10665 793 , , , 43431 10665 794 95 95 CD 43431 10665 795 Cerato Cerato NNP 43431 10665 796 - - HYPH 43431 10665 797 hyal hyal NNP 43431 10665 798 , , , 43431 10665 799 23 23 CD 43431 10665 800 ; ; : 43431 10665 801 cod cod NN 43431 10665 802 , , , 43431 10665 803 100 100 CD 43431 10665 804 ; ; : 43431 10665 805 dog dog NN 43431 10665 806 , , , 43431 10665 807 399 399 CD 43431 10665 808 ; ; : 43431 10665 809 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10665 810 , , , 43431 10665 811 78 78 CD 43431 10665 812 ; ; : 43431 10665 813 salmon salmon NN 43431 10665 814 , , , 43431 10665 815 95 95 CD 43431 10665 816 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 817 Ceratophrys Ceratophrys NNP 43431 10665 818 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 819 , , , 43431 10665 820 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 821 36 36 CD 43431 10665 822 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 823 ; ; : 43431 10665 824 bony bony NN 43431 10665 825 plates plate NNS 43431 10665 826 of of IN 43431 10665 827 , , , 43431 10665 828 168 168 CD 43431 10665 829 ; ; : 43431 10665 830 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10665 831 , , , 43431 10665 832 170 170 CD 43431 10665 833 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 834 Ceratops Ceratops NNPS 43431 10665 835 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 836 , , , 43431 10665 837 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 838 39 39 CD 43431 10665 839 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 840 ; ; : 43431 10665 841 see see VB 43431 10665 842 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 843 Polyonax Polyonax NNP 43431 10665 844 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 845 Ceratopsia Ceratopsia NNP 43431 10665 846 , , , 43431 10665 847 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 848 39 39 CD 43431 10665 849 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 850 ; ; : 43431 10665 851 characters character NNS 43431 10665 852 , , , 43431 10665 853 209 209 CD 43431 10665 854 ; ; : 43431 10665 855 premaxillae premaxillae NN 43431 10665 856 , , , 43431 10665 857 284 284 CD 43431 10665 858 Ceratopsidae Ceratopsidae NNP 43431 10665 859 , , , 43431 10665 860 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 861 39 39 CD 43431 10665 862 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 863 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 864 Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus NNP 43431 10665 865 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 866 , , , 43431 10665 867 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 868 38 38 CD 43431 10665 869 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 870 , , , 43431 10665 871 208 208 CD 43431 10665 872 ; ; : 43431 10665 873 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 10665 874 fossae fossae NN 43431 10665 875 , , , 43431 10665 876 283 283 CD 43431 10665 877 ; ; : 43431 10665 878 _ _ NNP 43431 10665 879 C. C. NNP 43431 10666 1 nasicornis nasicornis NNP 43431 10666 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 3 , , , 43431 10666 4 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10666 5 , , , 43431 10666 6 = = SYM 43431 10666 7 206= 206= CD 43431 10666 8 Cercopithecidae Cercopithecidae NNP 43431 10666 9 , , , 43431 10666 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 11 49 49 CD 43431 10666 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 13 , , , 43431 10666 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 15 373 373 CD 43431 10666 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 17 Cervical Cervical NNP 43431 10666 18 ribs rib NNS 43431 10666 19 , , , 43431 10666 20 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10666 21 , , , 43431 10666 22 260 260 CD 43431 10666 23 ; ; : 43431 10666 24 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10666 25 , , , 43431 10666 26 285 285 CD 43431 10666 27 Cervical cervical JJ 43431 10666 28 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10666 29 , , , 43431 10666 30 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10666 31 , , , 43431 10666 32 239 239 CD 43431 10666 33 ; ; : 43431 10666 34 dog dog NN 43431 10666 35 , , , 43431 10666 36 380 380 CD 43431 10666 37 ; ; : 43431 10666 38 duck duck NN 43431 10666 39 , , , 43431 10666 40 307 307 CD 43431 10666 41 ; ; : 43431 10666 42 general general JJ 43431 10666 43 characters character NNS 43431 10666 44 , , , 43431 10666 45 15 15 CD 43431 10666 46 ; ; : 43431 10666 47 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10666 48 , , , 43431 10666 49 442 442 CD 43431 10666 50 ; ; : 43431 10666 51 turtle turtle NN 43431 10666 52 , , , 43431 10666 53 219 219 CD 43431 10666 54 Cervidae Cervidae NNP 43431 10666 55 , , , 43431 10666 56 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 57 46 46 CD 43431 10666 58 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 59 ; ; : 43431 10666 60 skull skull NNP 43431 10666 61 , , , 43431 10666 62 469 469 CD 43431 10666 63 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 64 Cervulus Cervulus NNP 43431 10666 65 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 66 , , , 43431 10666 67 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 68 46 46 CD 43431 10666 69 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 70 ; ; : 43431 10666 71 pes pe NNS 43431 10666 72 , , , 43431 10666 73 523 523 CD 43431 10666 74 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 75 Cervus Cervus NNP 43431 10666 76 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 77 , , , 43431 10666 78 46 46 CD 43431 10666 79 ; ; : 43431 10666 80 _ _ NNP 43431 10666 81 C. C. NNP 43431 10667 1 megaceros megaceros NNP 43431 10667 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 3 , , , 43431 10667 4 antlers antler NNS 43431 10667 5 , , , 43431 10667 6 469 469 CD 43431 10667 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 8 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 10667 9 32 32 CD 43431 10667 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 11 ; ; : 43431 10667 12 calcification calcification NN 43431 10667 13 of of IN 43431 10667 14 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10667 15 114 114 CD 43431 10667 16 ; ; : 43431 10667 17 external external JJ 43431 10667 18 branchial branchial NNP 43431 10667 19 arches arch VBZ 43431 10667 20 121 121 CD 43431 10667 21 ; ; : 43431 10667 22 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10667 23 fin fin NNP 43431 10667 24 130 130 CD 43431 10667 25 ; ; : 43431 10667 26 skull skull NNP 43431 10667 27 = = SYM 43431 10667 28 118= 118= CD 43431 10667 29 ; ; : 43431 10667 30 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 10667 31 119 119 CD 43431 10667 32 ; ; : 43431 10667 33 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10667 34 109 109 CD 43431 10667 35 ; ; : 43431 10667 36 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10667 37 column column NN 43431 10667 38 114 114 CD 43431 10667 39 Cestraciontidae Cestraciontidae NNP 43431 10667 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 41 32 32 CD 43431 10667 42 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 43 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 10667 44 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 45 44 44 CD 43431 10667 46 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 47 , , , 43431 10667 48 522 522 CD 43431 10667 49 ; ; : 43431 10667 50 arm arm NN 43431 10667 51 bones bone NNS 43431 10667 52 501 501 CD 43431 10667 53 ; ; : 43431 10667 54 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10667 55 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10667 56 487 487 CD 43431 10667 57 ; ; : 43431 10667 58 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10667 59 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10667 60 453 453 CD 43431 10667 61 ; ; , 43431 10667 62 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10667 63 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10667 64 444 444 CD 43431 10667 65 ; ; : 43431 10667 66 characters character NNS 43431 10667 67 353 353 CD 43431 10667 68 ; ; : 43431 10667 69 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10667 70 416 416 CD 43431 10667 71 f. f. NNP 43431 10667 72 ; ; : 43431 10667 73 hind hind NNP 43431 10667 74 limb limb NNP 43431 10667 75 518 518 CD 43431 10667 76 ; ; : 43431 10667 77 manus manus NN 43431 10667 78 505 505 CD 43431 10667 79 ; ; : 43431 10667 80 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10667 81 girdle girdle VB 43431 10667 82 495 495 CD 43431 10667 83 ; ; : 43431 10667 84 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10667 85 514 514 CD 43431 10667 86 ; ; : 43431 10667 87 position position NN 43431 10667 88 of of IN 43431 10667 89 limbs limbs NNP 43431 10667 90 28 28 CD 43431 10667 91 ; ; : 43431 10667 92 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10667 93 491 491 CD 43431 10667 94 ; ; : 43431 10667 95 skull skull NNP 43431 10667 96 461 461 CD 43431 10667 97 f. f. NNS 43431 10667 98 ; ; : 43431 10667 99 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10667 100 489 489 CD 43431 10667 101 ; ; : 43431 10667 102 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10667 103 426 426 CD 43431 10667 104 ; ; : 43431 10667 105 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10667 106 - - HYPH 43431 10667 107 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10667 108 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10667 109 448 448 CD 43431 10667 110 Cetiosauridae Cetiosauridae NNP 43431 10667 111 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 112 38 38 CD 43431 10667 113 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 114 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 115 Chalcides Chalcides NNPS 43431 10667 116 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 117 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 118 38 38 CD 43431 10667 119 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 120 ; ; : 43431 10667 121 limbs limbs NNP 43431 10667 122 289 289 CD 43431 10667 123 Chalicotheriidae Chalicotheriidae NNP 43431 10667 124 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 125 46 46 CD 43431 10667 126 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 127 ; ; : 43431 10667 128 femur femur NN 43431 10667 129 519 519 CD 43431 10667 130 ; ; : 43431 10667 131 manus manus NN 43431 10667 132 509 509 CD 43431 10667 133 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 134 Chalicotherium Chalicotherium NNP 43431 10667 135 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 136 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 137 46 46 CD 43431 10667 138 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 139 ; ; : 43431 10667 140 femur femur NN 43431 10667 141 360 360 CD 43431 10667 142 ; ; : 43431 10667 143 pes pe NNS 43431 10667 144 = = SYM 43431 10667 145 508= 508= CD 43431 10667 146 , , , 43431 10667 147 525 525 CD 43431 10667 148 ; ; : 43431 10667 149 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10667 150 432 432 CD 43431 10667 151 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 152 Chamaeleon Chamaeleon NNP 43431 10667 153 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 154 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 155 38 38 CD 43431 10667 156 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 157 , , , 43431 10667 158 199 199 CD 43431 10667 159 f. f. NNS 43431 10667 160 ; ; : 43431 10667 161 epipubis epipubi VBG 43431 10667 162 293 293 CD 43431 10667 163 ; ; : 43431 10667 164 ilia ilia NNP 43431 10667 165 291 291 CD 43431 10667 166 ; ; : 43431 10667 167 manus manus NN 43431 10667 168 291 291 CD 43431 10667 169 ; ; : 43431 10667 170 skull skull NNP 43431 10667 171 278 278 CD 43431 10667 172 Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleonidae NNP 43431 10667 173 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 174 38 38 CD 43431 10667 175 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 176 Charadriidae Charadriidae NNP 43431 10667 177 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 178 42 42 CD 43431 10667 179 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 180 Charadriiformes Charadriiformes NNPS 43431 10667 181 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 182 42 42 CD 43431 10667 183 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 184 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 185 Chauna Chauna NNP 43431 10667 186 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 187 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 188 41 41 CD 43431 10667 189 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 190 ; ; : 43431 10667 191 interorbital interorbital NNP 43431 10667 192 septum septum NN 43431 10667 193 333 333 CD 43431 10667 194 ; ; : 43431 10667 195 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10667 196 336 336 CD 43431 10667 197 ; ; : 43431 10667 198 _ _ NNP 43431 10667 199 C. C. NNP 43431 10668 1 derbiana derbiana NNP 43431 10668 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 3 , , , 43431 10668 4 spurs spur VBZ 43431 10668 5 330 330 CD 43431 10668 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 7 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 10668 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 10 37 37 CD 43431 10668 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 12 , , , 43431 10668 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 14 194 194 CD 43431 10668 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 16 ; ; : 43431 10668 17 plastron plastron NNP 43431 10668 18 271 271 CD 43431 10668 19 , , , 43431 10668 20 = = SYM 43431 10668 21 218= 218= CD 43431 10668 22 ; ; : 43431 10668 23 see see VB 43431 10668 24 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 10668 25 Chelonia Chelonia NNP 43431 10668 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 27 37 37 CD 43431 10668 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 29 ; ; : 43431 10668 30 beaks beak VBZ 43431 10668 31 271 271 CD 43431 10668 32 ; ; : 43431 10668 33 carapace carapace NN 43431 10668 34 271 271 CD 43431 10668 35 ; ; : 43431 10668 36 general general JJ 43431 10668 37 characters character NNS 43431 10668 38 193 193 CD 43431 10668 39 ; ; : 43431 10668 40 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10668 41 290 290 CD 43431 10668 42 ; ; : 43431 10668 43 limbs limbs NNP 43431 10668 44 290 290 CD 43431 10668 45 ; ; : 43431 10668 46 palate palate NN 43431 10668 47 281 281 CD 43431 10668 48 ; ; : 43431 10668 49 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 10668 50 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10668 51 288 288 CD 43431 10668 52 ; ; : 43431 10668 53 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10668 54 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10668 55 291 291 CD 43431 10668 56 ; ; : 43431 10668 57 skull skull NNP 43431 10668 58 277 277 CD 43431 10668 59 f. f. NNP 43431 10668 60 ; ; : 43431 10668 61 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10668 62 293 293 CD 43431 10668 63 ; ; : 43431 10668 64 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10668 65 275 275 CD 43431 10668 66 f. f. NNS 43431 10668 67 Chelonidae Chelonidae NNP 43431 10668 68 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 69 37 37 CD 43431 10668 70 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 71 Chelydae Chelydae NNP 43431 10668 72 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 73 37 37 CD 43431 10668 74 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 75 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 76 Chelydra Chelydra NNP 43431 10668 77 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 78 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 79 37 37 CD 43431 10668 80 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 81 ; ; : 43431 10668 82 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10668 83 26 26 CD 43431 10668 84 , , , 43431 10668 85 291 291 CD 43431 10668 86 Chelydridae Chelydridae NNP 43431 10668 87 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 88 37 37 CD 43431 10668 89 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 90 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 91 Chelys Chelys NNP 43431 10668 92 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 93 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 94 37 37 CD 43431 10668 95 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 96 , , , 43431 10668 97 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 98 195 195 CD 43431 10668 99 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 100 Chersidae Chersidae NNP 43431 10668 101 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 102 37 37 CD 43431 10668 103 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 104 Chevron Chevron NNP 43431 10668 105 bones bone NNS 43431 10668 106 16 16 CD 43431 10668 107 ; ; : 43431 10668 108 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10668 109 243 243 CD 43431 10668 110 ; ; : 43431 10668 111 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10668 112 453 453 CD 43431 10668 113 f. f. NNS 43431 10668 114 ; ; : 43431 10668 115 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 10668 116 276 276 CD 43431 10668 117 Chevrotain Chevrotain NNP 43431 10668 118 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 119 45 45 CD 43431 10668 120 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 121 , , , 43431 10668 122 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 123 359 359 CD 43431 10668 124 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 125 ; ; : 43431 10668 126 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10668 127 429 429 CD 43431 10668 128 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 129 Chimaera Chimaera NNP 43431 10668 130 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 131 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 132 32 32 CD 43431 10668 133 , , , 43431 10668 134 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 135 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 136 66 66 CD 43431 10668 137 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 138 ; ; : 43431 10668 139 attachment attachment NN 43431 10668 140 of of IN 43431 10668 141 fins fins NNP 43431 10668 142 130 130 CD 43431 10668 143 ; ; : 43431 10668 144 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10668 145 girdle girdle VB 43431 10668 146 127 127 CD 43431 10668 147 ; ; : 43431 10668 148 skull skull NNP 43431 10668 149 = = SYM 43431 10668 150 65= 65= CD 43431 10668 151 ; ; : 43431 10668 152 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10668 153 110 110 CD 43431 10668 154 Chimaeridae Chimaeridae NNP 43431 10668 155 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 156 32 32 CD 43431 10668 157 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 158 Chimaeroidei Chimaeroidei NNP 43431 10668 159 , , , 43431 10668 160 general general JJ 43431 10668 161 characters character NNS 43431 10668 162 65 65 CD 43431 10668 163 Chimpanzee Chimpanzee NNP 43431 10668 164 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 165 49 49 CD 43431 10668 166 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 167 ; ; : 43431 10668 168 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10668 169 512 512 CD 43431 10668 170 ; ; : 43431 10668 171 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10668 172 493 493 CD 43431 10668 173 ; ; : 43431 10668 174 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10668 175 - - HYPH 43431 10668 176 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10668 177 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10668 178 450 450 CD 43431 10668 179 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 180 Chinchilla Chinchilla NNP 43431 10668 181 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 182 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 183 47 47 CD 43431 10668 184 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 185 ; ; : 43431 10668 186 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10668 187 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10668 188 488 488 CD 43431 10668 189 Chinchillidae Chinchillidae NNP 43431 10668 190 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 191 47 47 CD 43431 10668 192 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 193 Chiromyidae Chiromyidae NNP 43431 10668 194 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 195 49 49 CD 43431 10668 196 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 197 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 198 Chiromys Chiromys NNP 43431 10668 199 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 200 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 201 49 49 CD 43431 10668 202 , , , 43431 10668 203 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 204 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 205 372 372 CD 43431 10668 206 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 207 ; ; : 43431 10668 208 manus manus NN 43431 10668 209 512 512 CD 43431 10668 210 ; ; : 43431 10668 211 pes pes NNP 43431 10668 212 527 527 CD 43431 10668 213 ; ; : 43431 10668 214 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10668 215 441 441 CD 43431 10668 216 Chiroptera Chiroptera NNP 43431 10668 217 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 218 49 49 CD 43431 10668 219 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 220 ; ; : 43431 10668 221 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10668 222 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10668 223 488 488 CD 43431 10668 224 ; ; : 43431 10668 225 arm arm NN 43431 10668 226 bones bone NNS 43431 10668 227 503 503 CD 43431 10668 228 ; ; : 43431 10668 229 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10668 230 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10668 231 446 446 CD 43431 10668 232 ; ; : 43431 10668 233 general general JJ 43431 10668 234 characters character NNS 43431 10668 235 370 370 CD 43431 10668 236 ; ; : 43431 10668 237 manus manus NN 43431 10668 238 512 512 CD 43431 10668 239 ; ; : 43431 10668 240 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10668 241 515 515 CD 43431 10668 242 ; ; : 43431 10668 243 pes pes NNP 43431 10668 244 527 527 CD 43431 10668 245 ; ; : 43431 10668 246 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10668 247 452 452 CD 43431 10668 248 ; ; : 43431 10668 249 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10668 250 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10668 251 499 499 CD 43431 10668 252 ; ; : 43431 10668 253 skull skull NNP 43431 10668 254 481 481 CD 43431 10668 255 ; ; : 43431 10668 256 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10668 257 490 490 CD 43431 10668 258 ; ; : 43431 10668 259 tail tail NN 43431 10668 260 454 454 CD 43431 10668 261 ; ; : 43431 10668 262 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10668 263 440 440 CD 43431 10668 264 ; ; : 43431 10668 265 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10668 266 and and CC 43431 10668 267 shin shin NNP 43431 10668 268 520 520 CD 43431 10668 269 ; ; : 43431 10668 270 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10668 271 - - HYPH 43431 10668 272 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10668 273 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10668 274 450 450 CD 43431 10668 275 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 276 Chirotes Chirotes NNP 43431 10668 277 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 278 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 279 38 38 CD 43431 10668 280 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 281 ; ; : 43431 10668 282 limbs limb VBZ 43431 10668 283 289 289 CD 43431 10668 284 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 285 Chlamydophorus Chlamydophorus NNP 43431 10668 286 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 287 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 288 44 44 CD 43431 10668 289 , , , 43431 10668 290 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 291 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 292 272 272 CD 43431 10668 293 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 294 ; ; : 43431 10668 295 scutes scute VBZ 43431 10668 296 419 419 CD 43431 10668 297 ; ; : 43431 10668 298 skull skull NNP 43431 10668 299 459 459 CD 43431 10668 300 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 301 Chlamydoselache Chlamydoselache NNP 43431 10668 302 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 303 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 304 31 31 CD 43431 10668 305 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 306 ; ; : 43431 10668 307 branchial branchial NNP 43431 10668 308 arches arch NNS 43431 10668 309 121 121 CD 43431 10668 310 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 311 Choeropus Choeropus NNP 43431 10668 312 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 313 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 314 43 43 CD 43431 10668 315 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 316 ; ; : 43431 10668 317 manus manus NN 43431 10668 318 504 504 CD 43431 10668 319 ; ; : 43431 10668 320 pes pe NNS 43431 10668 321 522 522 CD 43431 10668 322 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 323 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 10668 324 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 325 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 326 43 43 CD 43431 10668 327 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 328 ; ; : 43431 10668 329 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10668 330 491 491 CD 43431 10668 331 ; ; : 43431 10668 332 shifting shift VBG 43431 10668 333 of of IN 43431 10668 334 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10668 335 451 451 CD 43431 10668 336 ; ; : 43431 10668 337 skull skull NNP 43431 10668 338 = = SYM 43431 10668 339 458= 458= CD 43431 10668 340 ; ; : 43431 10668 341 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10668 342 489 489 CD 43431 10668 343 ; ; : 43431 10668 344 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10668 345 - - HYPH 43431 10668 346 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10668 347 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10668 348 447 447 CD 43431 10668 349 ; ; : 43431 10668 350 _ _ NNP 43431 10668 351 C. C. NNP 43431 10669 1 hoffmanni hoffmanni NNP 43431 10669 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 3 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10669 4 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10669 5 443 443 CD 43431 10669 6 Chondrocranium Chondrocranium NNP 43431 10669 7 , , , 43431 10669 8 salmon salmon NN 43431 10669 9 87 87 CD 43431 10669 10 Chondroid chondroid NN 43431 10669 11 tissue tissue NN 43431 10669 12 , , , 43431 10669 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 14 Balanoglossus Balanoglossus NNP 43431 10669 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 16 50 50 CD 43431 10669 17 Chondrostei Chondrostei NNP 43431 10669 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 19 32 32 CD 43431 10669 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 21 ; ; : 43431 10669 22 fins fin VBZ 43431 10669 23 105 105 CD 43431 10669 24 ; ; : 43431 10669 25 general general JJ 43431 10669 26 characters character NNS 43431 10669 27 67 67 CD 43431 10669 28 ; ; : 43431 10669 29 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10669 30 110 110 CD 43431 10669 31 ; ; : 43431 10669 32 see see VB 43431 10669 33 Cartilaginous cartilaginous JJ 43431 10669 34 ganoids ganoid NNS 43431 10669 35 Chordal Chordal NNP 43431 10669 36 sheath sheath NN 43431 10669 37 , , , 43431 10669 38 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 39 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 10669 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 41 52 52 CD 43431 10669 42 Chrysochloridae Chrysochloridae NNP 43431 10669 43 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 44 49 49 CD 43431 10669 45 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 46 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 47 Chrysochloris Chrysochloris NNP 43431 10669 48 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 49 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 50 49 49 CD 43431 10669 51 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 52 ; ; : 43431 10669 53 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10669 54 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10669 55 488 488 CD 43431 10669 56 ; ; : 43431 10669 57 claws claws NN 43431 10669 58 418 418 CD 43431 10669 59 ; ; : 43431 10669 60 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10669 61 440 440 CD 43431 10669 62 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 63 Ciconia Ciconia NNP 43431 10669 64 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 65 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 66 41 41 CD 43431 10669 67 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 68 ; ; : 43431 10669 69 see see VB 43431 10669 70 Stork Stork NNP 43431 10669 71 Ciconiiformes Ciconiiformes NNP 43431 10669 72 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 73 41 41 CD 43431 10669 74 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 75 Cingulum Cingulum NNP 43431 10669 76 376 376 CD 43431 10669 77 Civet Civet NNP 43431 10669 78 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 79 48 48 CD 43431 10669 80 , , , 43431 10669 81 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 82 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 83 369 369 CD 43431 10669 84 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 85 ; ; : 43431 10669 86 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10669 87 437 437 CD 43431 10669 88 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 89 Cladoselache Cladoselache NNP 43431 10669 90 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 91 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 92 31 31 CD 43431 10669 93 , , , 43431 10669 94 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 95 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 96 63 63 CD 43431 10669 97 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 98 ; ; : 43431 10669 99 fin fin NNP 43431 10669 100 129 129 CD 43431 10669 101 Clasper Clasper NNP 43431 10669 102 132 132 CD 43431 10669 103 ; ; : 43431 10669 104 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10669 105 82 82 CD 43431 10669 106 Clavicle Clavicle NNP 43431 10669 107 25 25 CD 43431 10669 108 ; ; : 43431 10669 109 birds bird NNS 43431 10669 110 338 338 CD 43431 10669 111 ; ; : 43431 10669 112 cod cod NN 43431 10669 113 102 102 CD 43431 10669 114 ; ; : 43431 10669 115 duck duck NN 43431 10669 116 322 322 CD 43431 10669 117 ; ; : 43431 10669 118 dog dog NN 43431 10669 119 405 405 CD 43431 10669 120 ; ; : 43431 10669 121 fish fish NN 43431 10669 122 126 126 CD 43431 10669 123 ; ; : 43431 10669 124 frog frog NN 43431 10669 125 163 163 CD 43431 10669 126 ; ; : 43431 10669 127 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10669 128 494 494 CD 43431 10669 129 f. f. NNS 43431 10669 130 ; ; : 43431 10669 131 reptiles reptile VBZ 43431 10669 132 289 289 CD 43431 10669 133 Claws claws NN 43431 10669 134 3 3 CD 43431 10669 135 ; ; : 43431 10669 136 birds bird NNS 43431 10669 137 330 330 CD 43431 10669 138 ; ; : 43431 10669 139 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10669 140 237 237 CD 43431 10669 141 ; ; : 43431 10669 142 dog dog NN 43431 10669 143 374 374 CD 43431 10669 144 ; ; : 43431 10669 145 duck duck NN 43431 10669 146 302 302 CD 43431 10669 147 ; ; : 43431 10669 148 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10669 149 417 417 CD 43431 10669 150 ; ; : 43431 10669 151 turtle turtle NN 43431 10669 152 215 215 CD 43431 10669 153 Clupeidae Clupeidae NNP 43431 10669 154 , , , 43431 10669 155 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 156 33 33 CD 43431 10669 157 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 158 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 159 Clupeus Clupeus NNP 43431 10669 160 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 161 , , , 43431 10669 162 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 163 33 33 CD 43431 10669 164 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 165 Cnemial Cnemial NNP 43431 10669 166 crest crest NN 43431 10669 167 , , , 43431 10669 168 dog dog NN 43431 10669 169 , , , 43431 10669 170 412 412 CD 43431 10669 171 ; ; : 43431 10669 172 duck duck NN 43431 10669 173 , , , 43431 10669 174 326 326 CD 43431 10669 175 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 176 Coccosteus Coccosteus NNP 43431 10669 177 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 178 , , , 43431 10669 179 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 180 34 34 CD 43431 10669 181 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 182 , , , 43431 10669 183 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 184 70 70 CD 43431 10669 185 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 186 Coccyx Coccyx NNP 43431 10669 187 , , , 43431 10669 188 man man NN 43431 10669 189 , , , 43431 10669 190 454 454 CD 43431 10669 191 Cochliodontidae Cochliodontidae NNP 43431 10669 192 , , , 43431 10669 193 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 194 31 31 CD 43431 10669 195 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 196 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 197 Cochliodus Cochliodus NNP 43431 10669 198 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 199 , , , 43431 10669 200 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 201 31 31 CD 43431 10669 202 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 203 ; ; : 43431 10669 204 dental dental JJ 43431 10669 205 plates plate NNS 43431 10669 206 , , , 43431 10669 207 109 109 CD 43431 10669 208 Cod Cod NNP 43431 10669 209 , , , 43431 10669 210 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 211 33 33 CD 43431 10669 212 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 213 ; ; : 43431 10669 214 appendicular appendicular NNP 43431 10669 215 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10669 216 , , , 43431 10669 217 101 101 CD 43431 10669 218 f. f. NNP 43431 10669 219 ; ; : 43431 10669 220 cranium cranium NNP 43431 10669 221 , , , 43431 10669 222 96 96 CD 43431 10669 223 ; ; : 43431 10669 224 mandibular mandibular NN 43431 10669 225 and and CC 43431 10669 226 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10669 227 arches arch NNS 43431 10669 228 , , , 43431 10669 229 = = SYM 43431 10669 230 99= 99= CD 43431 10669 231 ; ; : 43431 10669 232 median median JJ 43431 10669 233 fins fin NNS 43431 10669 234 , , , 43431 10669 235 86 86 CD 43431 10669 236 ; ; , 43431 10669 237 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10669 238 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10669 239 and and CC 43431 10669 240 fin fin NNP 43431 10669 241 , , , 43431 10669 242 = = SYM 43431 10669 243 102= 102= CD 43431 10669 244 ; ; : 43431 10669 245 ribs rib NNS 43431 10669 246 , , , 43431 10669 247 86 86 CD 43431 10669 248 ; ; : 43431 10669 249 skull skull NNP 43431 10669 250 , , , 43431 10669 251 96 96 CD 43431 10669 252 f. f. NN 43431 10669 253 ; ; : 43431 10669 254 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10669 255 column column NN 43431 10669 256 , , , 43431 10669 257 83 83 CD 43431 10669 258 f. f. NNS 43431 10669 259 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 260 Coelogenys Coelogenys NNP 43431 10669 261 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 262 , , , 43431 10669 263 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 264 48 48 CD 43431 10669 265 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 266 ; ; : 43431 10669 267 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 10669 268 arch arch NN 43431 10669 269 , , , 43431 10669 270 477 477 CD 43431 10669 271 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 272 Coenolestes Coenolestes NNPS 43431 10669 273 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 274 , , , 43431 10669 275 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 276 43 43 CD 43431 10669 277 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 278 , , , 43431 10669 279 424 424 CD 43431 10669 280 Coffer coffer NN 43431 10669 281 - - HYPH 43431 10669 282 fish fish NN 43431 10669 283 , , , 43431 10669 284 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 285 33 33 CD 43431 10669 286 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 287 ; ; : 43431 10669 288 see see UH 43431 10669 289 , , , 43431 10669 290 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 291 Ostracion Ostracion NNP 43431 10669 292 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 293 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 294 Colobus Colobus NNP 43431 10669 295 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 296 , , , 43431 10669 297 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 298 49 49 CD 43431 10669 299 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 300 ; ; : 43431 10669 301 pollex pollex NN 43431 10669 302 , , , 43431 10669 303 512 512 CD 43431 10669 304 Colubridae Colubridae NNP 43431 10669 305 , , , 43431 10669 306 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 307 38 38 CD 43431 10669 308 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 309 Columbae Columbae NNP 43431 10669 310 , , , 43431 10669 311 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 312 42 42 CD 43431 10669 313 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 314 Columbidae Columbidae NNP 43431 10669 315 , , , 43431 10669 316 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 317 42 42 CD 43431 10669 318 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 319 Columella Columella NNP 43431 10669 320 , , , 43431 10669 321 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10669 322 , , , 43431 10669 323 251 251 CD 43431 10669 324 ; ; : 43431 10669 325 duck duck NN 43431 10669 326 , , , 43431 10669 327 320 320 CD 43431 10669 328 ; ; : 43431 10669 329 frog frog NN 43431 10669 330 , , , 43431 10669 331 157 157 CD 43431 10669 332 ; ; : 43431 10669 333 turtle turtle NN 43431 10669 334 , , , 43431 10669 335 228 228 CD 43431 10669 336 Columella Columella NNP 43431 10669 337 cranii cranii NN 43431 10669 338 , , , 43431 10669 339 200 200 CD 43431 10669 340 n n CC 43431 10669 341 ; ; : 43431 10669 342 see see UH 43431 10669 343 epipterygoid epipterygoid JJ 43431 10669 344 Colymbi Colymbi NNP 43431 10669 345 , , , 43431 10669 346 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 347 40 40 CD 43431 10669 348 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 349 Colymbiformes Colymbiformes NNPS 43431 10669 350 , , , 43431 10669 351 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 352 40 40 CD 43431 10669 353 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 354 Compsognathidae Compsognathidae NNP 43431 10669 355 , , , 43431 10669 356 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 357 38 38 CD 43431 10669 358 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 359 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 360 Compsognathus Compsognathus NNP 43431 10669 361 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 362 , , , 43431 10669 363 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 364 38 38 CD 43431 10669 365 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 366 , , , 43431 10669 367 208 208 CD 43431 10669 368 Condylar Condylar NNP 43431 10669 369 ridge ridge NN 43431 10669 370 , , , 43431 10669 371 duck duck NN 43431 10669 372 , , , 43431 10669 373 326 326 CD 43431 10669 374 Condyle Condyle NNP 43431 10669 375 of of IN 43431 10669 376 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10669 377 , , , 43431 10669 378 dog dog NN 43431 10669 379 , , , 43431 10669 380 406 406 CD 43431 10669 381 ; ; : 43431 10669 382 of of IN 43431 10669 383 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10669 384 , , , 43431 10669 385 dog dog NN 43431 10669 386 , , , 43431 10669 387 398 398 CD 43431 10669 388 Condylarthra Condylarthra NNP 43431 10669 389 , , , 43431 10669 390 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 391 47 47 CD 43431 10669 392 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 393 ; ; : 43431 10669 394 femur femur NN 43431 10669 395 , , , 43431 10669 396 519 519 CD 43431 10669 397 ; ; : 43431 10669 398 general general JJ 43431 10669 399 characters character NNS 43431 10669 400 , , , 43431 10669 401 361 361 CD 43431 10669 402 ; ; : 43431 10669 403 manus manus NN 43431 10669 404 , , , 43431 10669 405 509 509 CD 43431 10669 406 ; ; : 43431 10669 407 skull skull NNP 43431 10669 408 , , , 43431 10669 409 472 472 CD 43431 10669 410 ; ; : 43431 10669 411 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10669 412 , , , 43431 10669 413 432 432 CD 43431 10669 414 Contour Contour NNP 43431 10669 415 feather feather NN 43431 10669 416 , , , 43431 10669 417 duck duck NN 43431 10669 418 , , , 43431 10669 419 303 303 CD 43431 10669 420 Copula Copula NNP 43431 10669 421 , , , 43431 10669 422 23 23 CD 43431 10669 423 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 424 Coracias Coracias NNP 43431 10669 425 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 426 , , , 43431 10669 427 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 428 42 42 CD 43431 10669 429 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 430 ; ; : 43431 10669 431 see see VB 43431 10669 432 Roller Roller NNP 43431 10669 433 Coraciae Coraciae NNP 43431 10669 434 , , , 43431 10669 435 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 436 42 42 CD 43431 10669 437 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 438 Coraciiformes Coraciiformes NNPS 43431 10669 439 , , , 43431 10669 440 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 441 42 42 CD 43431 10669 442 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 443 Coracoid Coracoid NNP 43431 10669 444 , , , 43431 10669 445 25 25 CD 43431 10669 446 ; ; : 43431 10669 447 cod cod NN 43431 10669 448 , , , 43431 10669 449 103 103 CD 43431 10669 450 ; ; : 43431 10669 451 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10669 452 , , , 43431 10669 453 263 263 CD 43431 10669 454 ; ; : 43431 10669 455 duck duck NN 43431 10669 456 , , , 43431 10669 457 322 322 CD 43431 10669 458 ; ; : 43431 10669 459 frog frog NN 43431 10669 460 , , , 43431 10669 461 163 163 CD 43431 10669 462 ; ; : 43431 10669 463 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 10669 464 , , , 43431 10669 465 493 493 CD 43431 10669 466 ; ; : 43431 10669 467 newt newt NN 43431 10669 468 , , , 43431 10669 469 147 147 CD 43431 10669 470 ; ; : 43431 10669 471 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10669 472 , , , 43431 10669 473 288 288 CD 43431 10669 474 ; ; : 43431 10669 475 turtle turtle NN 43431 10669 476 , , , 43431 10669 477 232 232 CD 43431 10669 478 Coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10669 479 groove groove NN 43431 10669 480 , , , 43431 10669 481 duck duck NN 43431 10669 482 , , , 43431 10669 483 321 321 CD 43431 10669 484 Cormorant Cormorant NNP 43431 10669 485 , , , 43431 10669 486 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 487 41 41 CD 43431 10669 488 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 489 ; ; : 43431 10669 490 foot foot NN 43431 10669 491 , , , 43431 10669 492 342 342 CD 43431 10669 493 ; ; : 43431 10669 494 skull skull NNP 43431 10669 495 , , , 43431 10669 496 335 335 CD 43431 10669 497 Cornu Cornu NNP 43431 10669 498 , , , 43431 10669 499 see see VB 43431 10669 500 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10669 501 Cornua Cornua NNP 43431 10669 502 trabeculae trabeculae NNP 43431 10669 503 , , , 43431 10669 504 18 18 CD 43431 10669 505 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 506 Coryphodon Coryphodon NNP 43431 10669 507 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 508 , , , 43431 10669 509 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 510 47 47 CD 43431 10669 511 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 512 ; ; : 43431 10669 513 femur femur NN 43431 10669 514 , , , 43431 10669 515 519 519 CD 43431 10669 516 ; ; : 43431 10669 517 manus manus NN 43431 10669 518 , , , 43431 10669 519 510 510 CD 43431 10669 520 ; ; : 43431 10669 521 pes pe NNS 43431 10669 522 , , , 43431 10669 523 525 525 CD 43431 10669 524 ; ; : 43431 10669 525 skull skull NNP 43431 10669 526 , , , 43431 10669 527 473 473 CD 43431 10669 528 ; ; : 43431 10669 529 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10669 530 , , , 43431 10669 531 433 433 CD 43431 10669 532 ; ; : 43431 10669 533 _ _ NNP 43431 10669 534 C. C. NNP 43431 10670 1 hamatus hamatus NNP 43431 10670 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 3 , , , 43431 10670 4 manus manus NN 43431 10670 5 , , , 43431 10670 6 = = SYM 43431 10670 7 510= 510= CD 43431 10670 8 Coryphodontidae Coryphodontidae NNP 43431 10670 9 , , , 43431 10670 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 11 47 47 CD 43431 10670 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 13 Costal Costal NNP 43431 10670 14 plate plate NN 43431 10670 15 , , , 43431 10670 16 turtle turtle NN 43431 10670 17 , , , 43431 10670 18 215 215 CD 43431 10670 19 ; ; : 43431 10670 20 -- -- : 43431 10670 21 process process NN 43431 10670 22 , , , 43431 10670 23 duck duck NN 43431 10670 24 , , , 43431 10670 25 321 321 CD 43431 10670 26 ; ; : 43431 10670 27 -- -- : 43431 10670 28 shield shield NN 43431 10670 29 , , , 43431 10670 30 turtle turtle NN 43431 10670 31 , , , 43431 10670 32 214 214 CD 43431 10670 33 Cotyloid cotyloid JJ 43431 10670 34 bone bone NN 43431 10670 35 , , , 43431 10670 36 25 25 CD 43431 10670 37 , , , 43431 10670 38 513 513 CD 43431 10670 39 ; ; : 43431 10670 40 see see VB 43431 10670 41 Acetabular Acetabular NNP 43431 10670 42 bone bone NN 43431 10670 43 Cotylopidae Cotylopidae NNP 43431 10670 44 , , , 43431 10670 45 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 46 45 45 CD 43431 10670 47 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 48 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 49 Cotylops Cotylops NNP 43431 10670 50 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 51 , , , 43431 10670 52 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 53 45 45 CD 43431 10670 54 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 55 ; ; : 43431 10670 56 pollex pollex NN 43431 10670 57 , , , 43431 10670 58 506 506 CD 43431 10670 59 ; ; : 43431 10670 60 skull skull NNP 43431 10670 61 , , , 43431 10670 62 468 468 CD 43431 10670 63 Coverts Coverts NNPS 43431 10670 64 , , , 43431 10670 65 306 306 CD 43431 10670 66 , , , 43431 10670 67 328 328 CD 43431 10670 68 Cranium Cranium NNP 43431 10670 69 , , , 43431 10670 70 18 18 CD 43431 10670 71 ; ; : 43431 10670 72 cod cod NN 43431 10670 73 , , , 43431 10670 74 96 96 CD 43431 10670 75 f. f. NN 43431 10670 76 ; ; : 43431 10670 77 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10670 78 , , , 43431 10670 79 244 244 CD 43431 10670 80 f. f. NN 43431 10670 81 ; ; : 43431 10670 82 development development NN 43431 10670 83 of of IN 43431 10670 84 , , , 43431 10670 85 16 16 CD 43431 10670 86 f. f. NN 43431 10670 87 ; ; : 43431 10670 88 dog dog NNP 43431 10670 89 , , , 43431 10670 90 384 384 CD 43431 10670 91 f. f. NNP 43431 10670 92 ; ; : 43431 10670 93 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10670 94 , , , 43431 10670 95 73 73 CD 43431 10670 96 f. f. NN 43431 10670 97 ; ; : 43431 10670 98 duck duck NN 43431 10670 99 , , , 43431 10670 100 314 314 CD 43431 10670 101 ; ; : 43431 10670 102 frog frog NN 43431 10670 103 , , , 43431 10670 104 154 154 CD 43431 10670 105 f. f. NNS 43431 10670 106 ; ; : 43431 10670 107 newt newt NNP 43431 10670 108 , , , 43431 10670 109 140 140 CD 43431 10670 110 f. f. NNS 43431 10670 111 ; ; : 43431 10670 112 turtle turtle NNP 43431 10670 113 , , , 43431 10670 114 222 222 CD 43431 10670 115 f. f. NNP 43431 10670 116 Cranio Cranio NNP 43431 10670 117 - - HYPH 43431 10670 118 facial facial JJ 43431 10670 119 axis axi NNS 43431 10670 120 , , , 43431 10670 121 dog dog NN 43431 10670 122 , , , 43431 10670 123 384 384 CD 43431 10670 124 Creodonta Creodonta NNP 43431 10670 125 , , , 43431 10670 126 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 127 48 48 CD 43431 10670 128 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 129 ; ; : 43431 10670 130 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10670 131 , , , 43431 10670 132 512 512 CD 43431 10670 133 ; ; : 43431 10670 134 femur femur NN 43431 10670 135 , , , 43431 10670 136 520 520 CD 43431 10670 137 ; ; : 43431 10670 138 general general JJ 43431 10670 139 characters character NNS 43431 10670 140 , , , 43431 10670 141 368 368 CD 43431 10670 142 ; ; : 43431 10670 143 skull skull NNP 43431 10670 144 , , , 43431 10670 145 479 479 CD 43431 10670 146 ; ; : 43431 10670 147 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10670 148 , , , 43431 10670 149 439 439 CD 43431 10670 150 Cribriform cribriform NN 43431 10670 151 plate plate NN 43431 10670 152 , , , 43431 10670 153 dog dog NN 43431 10670 154 , , , 43431 10670 155 388 388 CD 43431 10670 156 , , , 43431 10670 157 400 400 CD 43431 10670 158 Crocodile Crocodile NNP 43431 10670 159 , , , 43431 10670 160 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 161 210 210 CD 43431 10670 162 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 163 , , , 43431 10670 164 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 165 212 212 CD 43431 10670 166 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 167 ; ; : 43431 10670 168 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10670 169 limb limb NNP 43431 10670 170 , , , 43431 10670 171 263 263 CD 43431 10670 172 ; ; : 43431 10670 173 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10670 174 , , , 43431 10670 175 237 237 CD 43431 10670 176 ; ; , 43431 10670 177 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10670 178 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10670 179 , , , 43431 10670 180 262 262 CD 43431 10670 181 ; ; : 43431 10670 182 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10670 183 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10670 184 , , , 43431 10670 185 266 266 CD 43431 10670 186 ; ; : 43431 10670 187 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10670 188 limb limb NN 43431 10670 189 , , , 43431 10670 190 268 268 CD 43431 10670 191 ; ; : 43431 10670 192 ribs rib NNS 43431 10670 193 and and CC 43431 10670 194 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10670 195 , , , 43431 10670 196 259 259 CD 43431 10670 197 ; ; : 43431 10670 198 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10670 199 , , , 43431 10670 200 237 237 CD 43431 10670 201 f. f. NNP 43431 10670 202 ; ; : 43431 10670 203 skull skull NNP 43431 10670 204 , , , 43431 10670 205 243 243 CD 43431 10670 206 f. f. NNP 43431 10670 207 ; ; : 43431 10670 208 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10670 209 , , , 43431 10670 210 293 293 CD 43431 10670 211 ; ; : 43431 10670 212 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10670 213 , , , 43431 10670 214 238 238 CD 43431 10670 215 ; ; : 43431 10670 216 vacuities vacuity NNS 43431 10670 217 in in IN 43431 10670 218 surface surface NN 43431 10670 219 of of IN 43431 10670 220 cranium cranium NN 43431 10670 221 , , , 43431 10670 222 256 256 CD 43431 10670 223 ; ; , 43431 10670 224 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10670 225 column column NN 43431 10670 226 , , , 43431 10670 227 239 239 CD 43431 10670 228 Crocodilia Crocodilia NNP 43431 10670 229 , , , 43431 10670 230 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 231 39 39 CD 43431 10670 232 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 233 ; ; : 43431 10670 234 general general JJ 43431 10670 235 characters character NNS 43431 10670 236 of of IN 43431 10670 237 , , , 43431 10670 238 210 210 CD 43431 10670 239 ; ; : 43431 10670 240 palate palate NN 43431 10670 241 , , , 43431 10670 242 281 281 CD 43431 10670 243 ; ; : 43431 10670 244 skull skull NN 43431 10670 245 , , , 43431 10670 246 277 277 CD 43431 10670 247 f. f. NNS 43431 10670 248 ; ; : 43431 10670 249 succession succession NN 43431 10670 250 of of IN 43431 10670 251 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10670 252 , , , 43431 10670 253 274 274 CD 43431 10670 254 ; ; : 43431 10670 255 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10670 256 , , , 43431 10670 257 273 273 CD 43431 10670 258 Crocodilidae Crocodilidae NNP 43431 10670 259 , , , 43431 10670 260 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 261 39 39 CD 43431 10670 262 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 263 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 264 Crocodilus Crocodilus NNP 43431 10670 265 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 266 , , , 43431 10670 267 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 268 39 39 CD 43431 10670 269 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 270 ; ; : 43431 10670 271 _ _ NNP 43431 10670 272 C. C. NNP 43431 10671 1 palustris palustris NNP 43431 10671 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10671 3 , , , 43431 10671 4 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10671 5 and and CC 43431 10671 6 associated associated JJ 43431 10671 7 bones bone NNS 43431 10671 8 , , , 43431 10671 9 = = SYM 43431 10671 10 261= 261= NNS 43431 10671 11 ; ; : 43431 10671 12 late late JJ 43431 10671 13 thoracic thoracic NN 43431 10671 14 and and CC 43431 10671 15 first first JJ 43431 10671 16 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10671 17 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10671 18 , , , 43431 10671 19 = = SYM 43431 10671 20 242= 242= NNS 43431 10671 21 ; ; : 43431 10671 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10671 23 C. C. NNP 43431 10672 1 vulgaris vulgaris NNP 43431 10672 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 3 , , , 43431 10672 4 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10672 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10672 6 , , , 43431 10672 7 = = NFP 43431 10672 8 239= 239= CD 43431 10672 9 Crossopterygii Crossopterygii NNPS 43431 10672 10 , , , 43431 10672 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 12 33 33 CD 43431 10672 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 14 ; ; : 43431 10672 15 general general JJ 43431 10672 16 characters character NNS 43431 10672 17 , , , 43431 10672 18 68 68 CD 43431 10672 19 Crotalidae Crotalidae NNP 43431 10672 20 , , , 43431 10672 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 22 38 38 CD 43431 10672 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 25 Crotalus Crotalus NNP 43431 10672 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 27 , , , 43431 10672 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 29 38 38 CD 43431 10672 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 31 ; ; : 43431 10672 32 jaws jaws NNP 43431 10672 33 280 280 CD 43431 10672 34 ; ; : 43431 10672 35 see see VB 43431 10672 36 Rattlesnake Rattlesnake NNP 43431 10672 37 Crows Crows NNP 43431 10672 38 , , , 43431 10672 39 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 40 42 42 CD 43431 10672 41 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 42 Crura Crura NNP 43431 10672 43 of of IN 43431 10672 44 stapes stape NNS 43431 10672 45 , , , 43431 10672 46 dog dog NN 43431 10672 47 , , , 43431 10672 48 393 393 CD 43431 10672 49 Cruro Cruro NNP 43431 10672 50 - - HYPH 43431 10672 51 tarsal tarsal NNP 43431 10672 52 , , , 43431 10672 53 ankle ankle NN 43431 10672 54 joint joint NN 43431 10672 55 , , , 43431 10672 56 345 345 CD 43431 10672 57 Crus crus NN 43431 10672 58 , , , 43431 10672 59 26 26 CD 43431 10672 60 ; ; : 43431 10672 61 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10672 62 , , , 43431 10672 63 268 268 CD 43431 10672 64 ; ; : 43431 10672 65 dog dog NN 43431 10672 66 , , , 43431 10672 67 412 412 CD 43431 10672 68 ; ; : 43431 10672 69 duck duck NN 43431 10672 70 , , , 43431 10672 71 326 326 CD 43431 10672 72 ; ; : 43431 10672 73 frog frog NN 43431 10672 74 , , , 43431 10672 75 166 166 CD 43431 10672 76 ; ; : 43431 10672 77 newt newt NN 43431 10672 78 , , , 43431 10672 79 149 149 CD 43431 10672 80 ; ; : 43431 10672 81 turtle turtle NN 43431 10672 82 , , , 43431 10672 83 235 235 CD 43431 10672 84 Crusta Crusta NNP 43431 10672 85 petrosa petrosa NNS 43431 10672 86 , , , 43431 10672 87 5 5 CD 43431 10672 88 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 89 Cryptobranchus Cryptobranchus NNP 43431 10672 90 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 91 , , , 43431 10672 92 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 93 35 35 CD 43431 10672 94 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 95 , , , 43431 10672 96 135 135 CD 43431 10672 97 ; ; : 43431 10672 98 skull skull NNP 43431 10672 99 , , , 43431 10672 100 175 175 CD 43431 10672 101 ; ; : 43431 10672 102 _ _ NNP 43431 10672 103 C. C. NNP 43431 10673 1 lateralis lateralis NNP 43431 10673 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 3 , , , 43431 10673 4 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10673 5 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10673 6 , , , 43431 10673 7 171 171 CD 43431 10673 8 Cryptodira Cryptodira NNP 43431 10673 9 , , , 43431 10673 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 11 37 37 CD 43431 10673 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 13 ; ; : 43431 10673 14 characters character NNS 43431 10673 15 , , , 43431 10673 16 194 194 CD 43431 10673 17 Ctenoid Ctenoid NNP 43431 10673 18 scales scale NNS 43431 10673 19 , , , 43431 10673 20 8 8 CD 43431 10673 21 , , , 43431 10673 22 60 60 CD 43431 10673 23 , , , 43431 10673 24 105 105 CD 43431 10673 25 Cubitals cubital NNS 43431 10673 26 , , , 43431 10673 27 303 303 CD 43431 10673 28 f. f. NNP 43431 10673 29 Cuboid Cuboid NNP 43431 10673 30 , , , 43431 10673 31 27 27 CD 43431 10673 32 ; ; : 43431 10673 33 dog dog NN 43431 10673 34 , , , 43431 10673 35 415 415 CD 43431 10673 36 Cuckoo Cuckoo NNP 43431 10673 37 , , , 43431 10673 38 foot foot NN 43431 10673 39 , , , 43431 10673 40 342 342 CD 43431 10673 41 Cuculi Cuculi NNP 43431 10673 42 , , , 43431 10673 43 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 44 42 42 CD 43431 10673 45 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 46 Cuculiformes Cuculiformes NNPS 43431 10673 47 , , , 43431 10673 48 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 49 42 42 CD 43431 10673 50 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 51 Cuneiform Cuneiform NNP 43431 10673 52 bones bone NNS 43431 10673 53 , , , 43431 10673 54 27 27 CD 43431 10673 55 ; ; : 43431 10673 56 dog dog NN 43431 10673 57 , , , 43431 10673 58 414 414 CD 43431 10673 59 f. f. NNS 43431 10673 60 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 61 Cyclodus Cyclodus NNP 43431 10673 62 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 63 , , , 43431 10673 64 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 65 38 38 CD 43431 10673 66 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 67 ; ; : 43431 10673 68 see see VB 43431 10673 69 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 70 Tiliqua Tiliqua NNP 43431 10673 71 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 72 Cycloid Cycloid NNP 43431 10673 73 scales scale NNS 43431 10673 74 , , , 43431 10673 75 8 8 CD 43431 10673 76 , , , 43431 10673 77 60 60 CD 43431 10673 78 , , , 43431 10673 79 105 105 CD 43431 10673 80 ; ; : 43431 10673 81 cod cod NN 43431 10673 82 , , , 43431 10673 83 83 83 CD 43431 10673 84 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 85 Cyclopidius Cyclopidius NNP 43431 10673 86 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 87 , , , 43431 10673 88 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 89 45 45 CD 43431 10673 90 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 91 ; ; : 43431 10673 92 skull skull NNP 43431 10673 93 , , , 43431 10673 94 468 468 CD 43431 10673 95 Cyclospondyli Cyclospondyli NNP 43431 10673 96 , , , 43431 10673 97 114 114 CD 43431 10673 98 Cyclostomata Cyclostomata NNP 43431 10673 99 , , , 43431 10673 100 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 101 31 31 CD 43431 10673 102 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 103 ; ; : 43431 10673 104 general general JJ 43431 10673 105 characters character NNS 43431 10673 106 , , , 43431 10673 107 53 53 CD 43431 10673 108 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 109 Cycloturus Cycloturus NNP 43431 10673 110 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 111 , , , 43431 10673 112 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 113 44 44 CD 43431 10673 114 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 115 ; ; : 43431 10673 116 hallux hallux NN 43431 10673 117 , , , 43431 10673 118 522 522 CD 43431 10673 119 ; ; : 43431 10673 120 manus manus NN 43431 10673 121 , , , 43431 10673 122 505 505 CD 43431 10673 123 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 124 Cygnus Cygnus NNP 43431 10673 125 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 126 , , , 43431 10673 127 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 128 41 41 CD 43431 10673 129 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 130 ; ; : 43431 10673 131 see see VB 43431 10673 132 Swan Swan NNP 43431 10673 133 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 134 Cynocephalus Cynocephalus NNP 43431 10673 135 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 136 , , , 43431 10673 137 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 138 49 49 CD 43431 10673 139 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 140 ; ; : 43431 10673 141 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10673 142 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10673 143 , , , 43431 10673 144 446 446 CD 43431 10673 145 ; ; : 43431 10673 146 skull skull NNP 43431 10673 147 , , , 43431 10673 148 482 482 CD 43431 10673 149 Cynoidea Cynoidea NNP 43431 10673 150 , , , 43431 10673 151 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 152 48 48 CD 43431 10673 153 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 154 , , , 43431 10673 155 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 156 369 369 CD 43431 10673 157 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 158 ; ; : 43431 10673 159 dental dental JJ 43431 10673 160 formula formula NN 43431 10673 161 , , , 43431 10673 162 437 437 CD 43431 10673 163 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 164 Cynognathus Cynognathus NNP 43431 10673 165 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 166 , , , 43431 10673 167 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 168 36 36 CD 43431 10673 169 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 170 ; ; : 43431 10673 171 occipital occipital JJ 43431 10673 172 condyle condyle NN 43431 10673 173 , , , 43431 10673 174 277 277 CD 43431 10673 175 ; ; : 43431 10673 176 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10673 177 , , , 43431 10673 178 273 273 CD 43431 10673 179 Cyprinidae Cyprinidae NNP 43431 10673 180 , , , 43431 10673 181 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 182 33 33 CD 43431 10673 183 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 184 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 185 Cyprinus Cyprinus NNP 43431 10673 186 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 187 , , , 43431 10673 188 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 189 33 33 CD 43431 10673 190 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 191 ; ; : 43431 10673 192 see see VB 43431 10673 193 Carp Carp NNP 43431 10673 194 Cypseli Cypseli NNP 43431 10673 195 , , , 43431 10673 196 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 197 42 42 CD 43431 10673 198 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 199 Cypselidae Cypselidae NNP 43431 10673 200 , , , 43431 10673 201 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 202 42 42 CD 43431 10673 203 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 204 ; ; : 43431 10673 205 see see VB 43431 10673 206 Swifts Swifts NNP 43431 10673 207 Cystignathidae Cystignathidae NNP 43431 10673 208 , , , 43431 10673 209 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 210 36 36 CD 43431 10673 211 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 212 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 213 Dactylopterus Dactylopterus NNP 43431 10673 214 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 215 , , , 43431 10673 216 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 217 34 34 CD 43431 10673 218 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 219 ; ; : 43431 10673 220 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10673 221 fins fin NNS 43431 10673 222 , , , 43431 10673 223 131 131 CD 43431 10673 224 Dasypodidae Dasypodidae NNP 43431 10673 225 , , , 43431 10673 226 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 227 44 44 CD 43431 10673 228 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 229 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 230 Dasyprocta Dasyprocta NNP 43431 10673 231 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 232 , , , 43431 10673 233 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 234 48 48 CD 43431 10673 235 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 236 ; ; : 43431 10673 237 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10673 238 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10673 239 , , , 43431 10673 240 488 488 CD 43431 10673 241 ; ; : 43431 10673 242 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10673 243 - - HYPH 43431 10673 244 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10673 245 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10673 246 , , , 43431 10673 247 450 450 CD 43431 10673 248 Dasyproctidae Dasyproctidae NNP 43431 10673 249 , , , 43431 10673 250 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 251 48 48 CD 43431 10673 252 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 253 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 254 Dasypus Dasypus NNP 43431 10673 255 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 256 , , , 43431 10673 257 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 258 44 44 CD 43431 10673 259 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 260 ; ; : 43431 10673 261 manus manus NN 43431 10673 262 , , , 43431 10673 263 505 505 CD 43431 10673 264 ; ; : 43431 10673 265 skull skull NNP 43431 10673 266 , , , 43431 10673 267 459 459 CD 43431 10673 268 ; ; : 43431 10673 269 stapes stape NNS 43431 10673 270 , , , 43431 10673 271 487 487 CD 43431 10673 272 ; ; : 43431 10673 273 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10673 274 , , , 43431 10673 275 424 424 CD 43431 10673 276 Dasyuridae Dasyuridae NNP 43431 10673 277 , , , 43431 10673 278 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 279 43 43 CD 43431 10673 280 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 281 , , , 43431 10673 282 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 283 350 350 CD 43431 10673 284 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 285 ; ; : 43431 10673 286 dentition dentition NN 43431 10673 287 , , , 43431 10673 288 423 423 CD 43431 10673 289 ; ; : 43431 10673 290 pes pe NNS 43431 10673 291 , , , 43431 10673 292 521 521 CD 43431 10673 293 ; ; : 43431 10673 294 skull skull NN 43431 10673 295 , , , 43431 10673 296 456 456 CD 43431 10673 297 Deer Deer NNS 43431 10673 298 , , , 43431 10673 299 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 300 359 359 CD 43431 10673 301 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 302 ; ; : 43431 10673 303 manus manus NN 43431 10673 304 , , , 43431 10673 305 507 507 CD 43431 10673 306 ; ; : 43431 10673 307 pes pe NNS 43431 10673 308 , , , 43431 10673 309 523 523 CD 43431 10673 310 ; ; : 43431 10673 311 Chinese chinese JJ 43431 10673 312 water water NN 43431 10673 313 -- -- : 43431 10673 314 , , , 43431 10673 315 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 316 46 46 CD 43431 10673 317 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 318 , , , 43431 10673 319 see see VB 43431 10673 320 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 321 Hydropotes Hydropotes NNP 43431 10673 322 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 323 ; ; : 43431 10673 324 Musk Musk NNP 43431 10673 325 -- -- : 43431 10673 326 , , , 43431 10673 327 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 328 46 46 CD 43431 10673 329 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 330 , , , 43431 10673 331 see see VB 43431 10673 332 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 333 Moschus Moschus NNP 43431 10673 334 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 335 ; ; : 43431 10673 336 Red red JJ 43431 10673 337 -- -- : 43431 10673 338 fibula fibula NN 43431 10673 339 , , , 43431 10673 340 519 519 CD 43431 10673 341 Delphinidae Delphinidae NNP 43431 10673 342 , , , 43431 10673 343 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 344 45 45 CD 43431 10673 345 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 346 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 347 Delphinus Delphinus NNP 43431 10673 348 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 349 , , , 43431 10673 350 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 351 45 45 CD 43431 10673 352 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 353 , , , 43431 10673 354 357 357 CD 43431 10673 355 ; ; : 43431 10673 356 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10673 357 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10673 358 , , , 43431 10673 359 448 448 CD 43431 10673 360 ; ; : 43431 10673 361 skull skull NNP 43431 10673 362 , , , 43431 10673 363 462 462 CD 43431 10673 364 f. f. NN 43431 10673 365 Deltoid Deltoid NNP 43431 10673 366 ridge ridge NN 43431 10673 367 , , , 43431 10673 368 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10673 369 , , , 43431 10673 370 263 263 CD 43431 10673 371 ; ; : 43431 10673 372 dog dog NN 43431 10673 373 , , , 43431 10673 374 406 406 CD 43431 10673 375 ; ; : 43431 10673 376 frog frog NN 43431 10673 377 , , , 43431 10673 378 164 164 CD 43431 10673 379 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 380 Dendrohyrax Dendrohyrax NNP 43431 10673 381 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 382 , , , 43431 10673 383 363 363 CD 43431 10673 384 Dental dental JJ 43431 10673 385 formula formula NN 43431 10673 386 , , , 43431 10673 387 regular regular JJ 43431 10673 388 , , , 43431 10673 389 344 344 CD 43431 10673 390 , , , 43431 10673 391 422 422 CD 43431 10673 392 ; ; : 43431 10673 393 Anthropoidea Anthropoidea NNP 43431 10673 394 , , , 43431 10673 395 441 441 CD 43431 10673 396 ; ; : 43431 10673 397 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 398 Astrapotherium Astrapotherium NNP 43431 10673 399 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 400 , , , 43431 10673 401 432 432 CD 43431 10673 402 ; ; : 43431 10673 403 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 404 Babirussa Babirussa NNP 43431 10673 405 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 406 , , , 43431 10673 407 428 428 CD 43431 10673 408 ; ; : 43431 10673 409 Camel Camel NNP 43431 10673 410 , , , 43431 10673 411 428 428 CD 43431 10673 412 ; ; : 43431 10673 413 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 414 Chiromys Chiromys NNP 43431 10673 415 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 416 , , , 43431 10673 417 441 441 CD 43431 10673 418 ; ; : 43431 10673 419 Chiroptera Chiroptera NNP 43431 10673 420 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10673 421 many many JJ 43431 10673 422 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10673 423 , , , 43431 10673 424 440 440 CD 43431 10673 425 ; ; : 43431 10673 426 Cynoidea Cynoidea NNP 43431 10673 427 , , , 43431 10673 428 437 437 CD 43431 10673 429 ; ; : 43431 10673 430 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 431 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 10673 432 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 433 , , , 43431 10673 434 434 434 CD 43431 10673 435 ; ; : 43431 10673 436 Dog Dog NNP 43431 10673 437 , , , 43431 10673 438 376 376 CD 43431 10673 439 ; ; : 43431 10673 440 Duplicidentata Duplicidentata NNP 43431 10673 441 , , , 43431 10673 442 435 435 CD 43431 10673 443 ; ; : 43431 10673 444 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 445 Elephas Elephas NNP 43431 10673 446 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 447 , , , 43431 10673 448 434 434 CD 43431 10673 449 ; ; : 43431 10673 450 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 451 Erinaceus Erinaceus NNP 43431 10673 452 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 453 , , , 43431 10673 454 440 440 CD 43431 10673 455 ; ; : 43431 10673 456 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 457 Felis Felis NNP 43431 10673 458 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 459 , , , 43431 10673 460 437 437 CD 43431 10673 461 ; ; : 43431 10673 462 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 463 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 10673 464 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 465 , , , 43431 10673 466 440 440 CD 43431 10673 467 ; ; : 43431 10673 468 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 469 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 10673 470 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 471 , , , 43431 10673 472 427 427 CD 43431 10673 473 ; ; : 43431 10673 474 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10673 475 , , , 43431 10673 476 430 430 CD 43431 10673 477 ; ; : 43431 10673 478 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 479 Hydromys Hydromys NNP 43431 10673 480 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 481 , , , 43431 10673 482 436 436 CD 43431 10673 483 ; ; : 43431 10673 484 Hyracoidea Hyracoidea NNP 43431 10673 485 , , , 43431 10673 486 362 362 CD 43431 10673 487 ; ; : 43431 10673 488 Macropodidae Macropodidae NNP 43431 10673 489 , , , 43431 10673 490 423 423 CD 43431 10673 491 ; ; : 43431 10673 492 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 493 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 10673 494 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 495 , , , 43431 10673 496 425 425 CD 43431 10673 497 ; ; : 43431 10673 498 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 499 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10673 500 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 501 , , , 43431 10673 502 423 423 CD 43431 10673 503 ; ; : 43431 10673 504 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 505 Otaria Otaria NNP 43431 10673 506 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 507 , , , 43431 10673 508 439 439 CD 43431 10673 509 ; ; : 43431 10673 510 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 511 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10673 512 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 513 , , , 43431 10673 514 432 432 CD 43431 10673 515 ; ; : 43431 10673 516 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 517 Pteropus Pteropus NNP 43431 10673 518 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 519 , , , 43431 10673 520 441 441 CD 43431 10673 521 ; ; : 43431 10673 522 Rodentia Rodentia NNP 43431 10673 523 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10673 524 most most RBS 43431 10673 525 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10673 526 , , , 43431 10673 527 435 435 CD 43431 10673 528 ; ; : 43431 10673 529 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 10673 530 , , , 43431 10673 531 429 429 CD 43431 10673 532 ; ; : 43431 10673 533 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 534 Squalodon Squalodon NNP 43431 10673 535 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 536 , , , 43431 10673 537 427 427 CD 43431 10673 538 ; ; : 43431 10673 539 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 540 Sus Sus NNP 43431 10673 541 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 542 , , , 43431 10673 543 428 428 CD 43431 10673 544 ; ; : 43431 10673 545 Tapiridae Tapiridae NNP 43431 10673 546 , , , 43431 10673 547 429 429 CD 43431 10673 548 ; ; : 43431 10673 549 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 550 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 10673 551 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 552 , , , 43431 10673 553 423 423 CD 43431 10673 554 ; ; : 43431 10673 555 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 556 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 10673 557 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 558 , , , 43431 10673 559 433 433 CD 43431 10673 560 ; ; : 43431 10673 561 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 562 Ursus Ursus NNP 43431 10673 563 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 564 , , , 43431 10673 565 439 439 CD 43431 10673 566 ; ; : 43431 10673 567 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 568 Zeuglodon Zeuglodon NNP 43431 10673 569 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 570 , , , 43431 10673 571 426 426 CD 43431 10673 572 Dentary Dentary NNP 43431 10673 573 , , , 43431 10673 574 22 22 CD 43431 10673 575 ; ; : 43431 10673 576 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10673 577 , , , 43431 10673 578 258 258 CD 43431 10673 579 ; ; : 43431 10673 580 cod cod NN 43431 10673 581 , , , 43431 10673 582 100 100 CD 43431 10673 583 ; ; : 43431 10673 584 duck duck NN 43431 10673 585 , , , 43431 10673 586 320 320 CD 43431 10673 587 ; ; : 43431 10673 588 frog frog NN 43431 10673 589 , , , 43431 10673 590 161 161 CD 43431 10673 591 ; ; : 43431 10673 592 newt newt NN 43431 10673 593 , , , 43431 10673 594 144 144 CD 43431 10673 595 ; ; : 43431 10673 596 salmon salmon NN 43431 10673 597 , , , 43431 10673 598 94 94 CD 43431 10673 599 ; ; : 43431 10673 600 turtle turtle NN 43431 10673 601 , , , 43431 10673 602 230 230 CD 43431 10673 603 Dentine Dentine NNP 43431 10673 604 , , , 43431 10673 605 5 5 CD 43431 10673 606 Derbian Derbian NNP 43431 10673 607 Screamer Screamer NNP 43431 10673 608 , , , 43431 10673 609 spurs spur VBZ 43431 10673 610 , , , 43431 10673 611 330 330 CD 43431 10673 612 Dermal dermal JJ 43431 10673 613 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 10673 614 , , , 43431 10673 615 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10673 616 , , , 43431 10673 617 237 237 CD 43431 10673 618 ; ; : 43431 10673 619 fish fish NN 43431 10673 620 , , , 43431 10673 621 105 105 CD 43431 10673 622 ; ; : 43431 10673 623 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10673 624 , , , 43431 10673 625 419 419 CD 43431 10673 626 ; ; : 43431 10673 627 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10673 628 , , , 43431 10673 629 271 271 CD 43431 10673 630 ; ; : 43431 10673 631 turtle turtle NN 43431 10673 632 , , , 43431 10673 633 215 215 CD 43431 10673 634 Dermo dermo CD 43431 10673 635 - - HYPH 43431 10673 636 supra supra NN 43431 10673 637 - - HYPH 43431 10673 638 occipital occipital NN 43431 10673 639 , , , 43431 10673 640 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 10673 641 , , , 43431 10673 642 177 177 CD 43431 10673 643 ; ; : 43431 10673 644 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 645 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 10673 646 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 647 , , , 43431 10673 648 122 122 CD 43431 10673 649 Dermochelydidae Dermochelydidae NNP 43431 10673 650 , , , 43431 10673 651 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 652 37 37 CD 43431 10673 653 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 654 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 655 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 10673 656 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 657 , , , 43431 10673 658 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 659 37 37 CD 43431 10673 660 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 661 , , , 43431 10673 662 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 663 194 194 CD 43431 10673 664 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 665 , , , 43431 10673 666 214 214 CD 43431 10673 667 , , , 43431 10673 668 270 270 CD 43431 10673 669 ; ; : 43431 10673 670 carapace carapace NN 43431 10673 671 and and CC 43431 10673 672 plastron plastron NN 43431 10673 673 , , , 43431 10673 674 272 272 CD 43431 10673 675 Dermoptera Dermoptera NNP 43431 10673 676 , , , 43431 10673 677 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 678 48 48 CD 43431 10673 679 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 680 ; ; : 43431 10673 681 general general JJ 43431 10673 682 characters character NNS 43431 10673 683 , , , 43431 10673 684 370 370 CD 43431 10673 685 Derotremata Derotremata NNP 43431 10673 686 , , , 43431 10673 687 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 688 35 35 CD 43431 10673 689 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 690 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 691 Desmodus Desmodus NNP 43431 10673 692 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 693 , , , 43431 10673 694 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 695 49 49 CD 43431 10673 696 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 697 ; ; : 43431 10673 698 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10673 699 , , , 43431 10673 700 441 441 CD 43431 10673 701 Desmognathous desmognathous JJ 43431 10673 702 , , , 43431 10673 703 319 319 CD 43431 10673 704 , , , 43431 10673 705 335 335 CD 43431 10673 706 Development development NN 43431 10673 707 of of IN 43431 10673 708 bone bone NN 43431 10673 709 , , , 43431 10673 710 10 10 CD 43431 10673 711 ; ; : 43431 10673 712 of of IN 43431 10673 713 cranium cranium NN 43431 10673 714 , , , 43431 10673 715 16 16 CD 43431 10673 716 ; ; : 43431 10673 717 of of IN 43431 10673 718 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10673 719 , , , 43431 10673 720 7 7 CD 43431 10673 721 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 722 Dicynodon Dicynodon NNP 43431 10673 723 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 724 , , , 43431 10673 725 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 726 36 36 CD 43431 10673 727 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 728 , , , 43431 10673 729 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 730 192 192 CD 43431 10673 731 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 732 ; ; : 43431 10673 733 beak beak NNP 43431 10673 734 , , , 43431 10673 735 271 271 CD 43431 10673 736 ; ; : 43431 10673 737 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 10673 738 fossa fossa NN 43431 10673 739 , , , 43431 10673 740 283 283 CD 43431 10673 741 ; ; : 43431 10673 742 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10673 743 , , , 43431 10673 744 273 273 CD 43431 10673 745 Didelphia Didelphia NNP 43431 10673 746 , , , 43431 10673 747 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 748 43 43 CD 43431 10673 749 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 750 ; ; : 43431 10673 751 general general JJ 43431 10673 752 characters character NNS 43431 10673 753 , , , 43431 10673 754 349 349 CD 43431 10673 755 Didelphyidae Didelphyidae NNP 43431 10673 756 , , , 43431 10673 757 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 758 43 43 CD 43431 10673 759 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 760 , , , 43431 10673 761 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 762 350 350 CD 43431 10673 763 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 764 ; ; : 43431 10673 765 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10673 766 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10673 767 , , , 43431 10673 768 486 486 CD 43431 10673 769 ; ; : 43431 10673 770 pes pe NNS 43431 10673 771 , , , 43431 10673 772 521 521 CD 43431 10673 773 ; ; : 43431 10673 774 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10673 775 , , , 43431 10673 776 423 423 CD 43431 10673 777 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 778 Didelphys Didelphys NNP 43431 10673 779 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 780 , , , 43431 10673 781 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 782 43 43 CD 43431 10673 783 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 784 ; ; : 43431 10673 785 atlas atlas NNP 43431 10673 786 , , , 43431 10673 787 443 443 CD 43431 10673 788 ; ; : 43431 10673 789 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10673 790 , , , 43431 10673 791 422 422 CD 43431 10673 792 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 793 Didus Didus NNP 43431 10673 794 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 795 , , , 43431 10673 796 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 797 42 42 CD 43431 10673 798 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 799 ; ; : 43431 10673 800 see see VB 43431 10673 801 Dodo Dodo NNP 43431 10673 802 Digitigrade Digitigrade NNP 43431 10673 803 , , , 43431 10673 804 defined define VBN 43431 10673 805 , , , 43431 10673 806 358 358 CD 43431 10673 807 n. n. NN 43431 10673 808 Digits Digits NNP 43431 10673 809 , , , 43431 10673 810 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 811 26 26 CD 43431 10673 812 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 813 ; ; : 43431 10673 814 see see VB 43431 10673 815 Manus Manus NNP 43431 10673 816 and and CC 43431 10673 817 Pes Pes NNP 43431 10673 818 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 819 Dimetrodon Dimetrodon NNP 43431 10673 820 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 821 , , , 43431 10673 822 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 823 36 36 CD 43431 10673 824 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 825 ; ; : 43431 10673 826 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10673 827 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10673 828 , , , 43431 10673 829 276 276 CD 43431 10673 830 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 831 Dinichthys Dinichthys NNP 43431 10673 832 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 833 , , , 43431 10673 834 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 835 34 34 CD 43431 10673 836 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 837 , , , 43431 10673 838 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 839 70 70 CD 43431 10673 840 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 841 Dinocerata Dinocerata NNP 43431 10673 842 , , , 43431 10673 843 364 364 CD 43431 10673 844 ; ; : 43431 10673 845 see see VB 43431 10673 846 Uintatheriidae Uintatheriidae NNP 43431 10673 847 Dinornithes Dinornithes NNP 43431 10673 848 , , , 43431 10673 849 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 850 40 40 CD 43431 10673 851 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 852 , , , 43431 10673 853 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 854 299 299 CD 43431 10673 855 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 856 ; ; : 43431 10673 857 see see VB 43431 10673 858 Moas Moas NNP 43431 10673 859 Dinosauria Dinosauria NNP 43431 10673 860 , , , 43431 10673 861 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 862 38 38 CD 43431 10673 863 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 864 ; ; : 43431 10673 865 general general JJ 43431 10673 866 characters character NNS 43431 10673 867 , , , 43431 10673 868 204 204 CD 43431 10673 869 ; ; : 43431 10673 870 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10673 871 , , , 43431 10673 872 290 290 CD 43431 10673 873 ; ; : 43431 10673 874 ischium ischium NN 43431 10673 875 , , , 43431 10673 876 291 291 CD 43431 10673 877 ; ; : 43431 10673 878 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10673 879 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10673 880 , , , 43431 10673 881 288 288 CD 43431 10673 882 ; ; : 43431 10673 883 pes pe NNS 43431 10673 884 , , , 43431 10673 885 293 293 CD 43431 10673 886 ; ; : 43431 10673 887 pre pre JJ 43431 10673 888 - - JJ 43431 10673 889 orbital orbital JJ 43431 10673 890 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 10673 891 , , , 43431 10673 892 284 284 CD 43431 10673 893 ; ; : 43431 10673 894 ribs rib NNS 43431 10673 895 , , , 43431 10673 896 285 285 CD 43431 10673 897 ; ; : 43431 10673 898 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10673 899 , , , 43431 10673 900 275 275 CD 43431 10673 901 f. f. NNP 43431 10673 902 Dinotheriidae Dinotheriidae NNP 43431 10673 903 , , , 43431 10673 904 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 905 47 47 CD 43431 10673 906 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 907 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 908 Dinotherium Dinotherium NNP 43431 10673 909 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 910 , , , 43431 10673 911 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 912 47 47 CD 43431 10673 913 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 914 , , , 43431 10673 915 365 365 CD 43431 10673 916 ; ; : 43431 10673 917 dental dental JJ 43431 10673 918 formula formula NN 43431 10673 919 , , , 43431 10673 920 434 434 CD 43431 10673 921 ; ; : 43431 10673 922 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10673 923 , , , 43431 10673 924 345 345 CD 43431 10673 925 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 926 Diodon Diodon NNP 43431 10673 927 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 928 , , , 43431 10673 929 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 930 33 33 CD 43431 10673 931 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 932 ; ; : 43431 10673 933 beaks beak NNS 43431 10673 934 , , , 43431 10673 935 111 111 CD 43431 10673 936 ; ; : 43431 10673 937 _ _ NNP 43431 10673 938 D. D. NNP 43431 10674 1 hystrix hystrix NNP 43431 10674 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 3 , , , 43431 10674 4 scales scale NNS 43431 10674 5 , , , 43431 10674 6 105 105 CD 43431 10674 7 Diphycercal diphycercal JJ 43431 10674 8 tail tail NN 43431 10674 9 , , , 43431 10674 10 60 60 CD 43431 10674 11 , , , 43431 10674 12 116 116 CD 43431 10674 13 Diphyodont Diphyodont NNP 43431 10674 14 , , , 43431 10674 15 defined define VBN 43431 10674 16 , , , 43431 10674 17 7 7 CD 43431 10674 18 , , , 43431 10674 19 344 344 CD 43431 10674 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 21 Diplacanthus Diplacanthus NNP 43431 10674 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 23 , , , 43431 10674 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 25 32 32 CD 43431 10674 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 27 , , , 43431 10674 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 29 64 64 CD 43431 10674 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 31 Dipneumona Dipneumona NNP 43431 10674 32 , , , 43431 10674 33 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 34 34 34 CD 43431 10674 35 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 36 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 10674 37 , , , 43431 10674 38 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 39 34 34 CD 43431 10674 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 41 ; ; : 43431 10674 42 general general JJ 43431 10674 43 characters character NNS 43431 10674 44 , , , 43431 10674 45 69 69 CD 43431 10674 46 ; ; : 43431 10674 47 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10674 48 fins fin NNS 43431 10674 49 , , , 43431 10674 50 131 131 CD 43431 10674 51 ; ; : 43431 10674 52 skull skull NNP 43431 10674 53 , , , 43431 10674 54 124 124 CD 43431 10674 55 ; ; : 43431 10674 56 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10674 57 column column NN 43431 10674 58 , , , 43431 10674 59 113 113 CD 43431 10674 60 ; ; : 43431 10674 61 tail tail NN 43431 10674 62 , , , 43431 10674 63 116 116 CD 43431 10674 64 ; ; : 43431 10674 65 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10674 66 , , , 43431 10674 67 111 111 CD 43431 10674 68 Dipodidae Dipodidae NNP 43431 10674 69 , , , 43431 10674 70 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 71 47 47 CD 43431 10674 72 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 73 Diprotodont Diprotodont NNP 43431 10674 74 , , , 43431 10674 75 423 423 CD 43431 10674 76 Diprotodontia Diprotodontia NNP 43431 10674 77 , , , 43431 10674 78 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 79 43 43 CD 43431 10674 80 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 81 ; ; : 43431 10674 82 characters character NNS 43431 10674 83 , , , 43431 10674 84 350 350 CD 43431 10674 85 Dipteridae Dipteridae NNP 43431 10674 86 , , , 43431 10674 87 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 88 34 34 CD 43431 10674 89 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 90 , , , 43431 10674 91 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 92 70 70 CD 43431 10674 93 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 94 ; ; : 43431 10674 95 cranium cranium NN 43431 10674 96 , , , 43431 10674 97 124 124 CD 43431 10674 98 ; ; : 43431 10674 99 tail tail NN 43431 10674 100 , , , 43431 10674 101 117 117 CD 43431 10674 102 ; ; : 43431 10674 103 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10674 104 , , , 43431 10674 105 111 111 CD 43431 10674 106 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 107 Dipus Dipus NNP 43431 10674 108 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 109 , , , 43431 10674 110 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 111 47 47 CD 43431 10674 112 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 113 ; ; : 43431 10674 114 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10674 115 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 116 , , , 43431 10674 117 446 446 CD 43431 10674 118 ; ; : 43431 10674 119 pes pe NNS 43431 10674 120 , , , 43431 10674 121 526 526 CD 43431 10674 122 Discoglossidae Discoglossidae NNP 43431 10674 123 , , , 43431 10674 124 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 125 36 36 CD 43431 10674 126 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 127 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 128 Discoglossus Discoglossus NNP 43431 10674 129 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 130 , , , 43431 10674 131 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 132 36 36 CD 43431 10674 133 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 134 ; ; : 43431 10674 135 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10674 136 , , , 43431 10674 137 182 182 CD 43431 10674 138 ; ; : 43431 10674 139 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 140 , , , 43431 10674 141 172 172 CD 43431 10674 142 Distal Distal NNP 43431 10674 143 , , , 43431 10674 144 defined define VBN 43431 10674 145 , , , 43431 10674 146 23 23 CD 43431 10674 147 n. n. NN 43431 10674 148 Divers Divers NNP 43431 10674 149 , , , 43431 10674 150 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 151 40 40 CD 43431 10674 152 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 153 ; ; : 43431 10674 154 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10674 155 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10674 156 , , , 43431 10674 157 332 332 CD 43431 10674 158 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 159 Docidophryne Docidophryne NNP 43431 10674 160 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 161 , , , 43431 10674 162 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 163 36 36 CD 43431 10674 164 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 165 ; ; : 43431 10674 166 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10674 167 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10674 168 and and CC 43431 10674 169 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10674 170 , , , 43431 10674 171 = = SYM 43431 10674 172 183= 183= CD 43431 10674 173 Dodo Dodo NNP 43431 10674 174 , , , 43431 10674 175 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 176 42 42 CD 43431 10674 177 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 178 ; ; : 43431 10674 179 wing wing NN 43431 10674 180 , , , 43431 10674 181 338 338 CD 43431 10674 182 Dog Dog NNP 43431 10674 183 , , , 43431 10674 184 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 185 48 48 CD 43431 10674 186 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 187 ; ; : 43431 10674 188 arm arm NN 43431 10674 189 bones bone NNS 43431 10674 190 , , , 43431 10674 191 = = SYM 43431 10674 192 407= 407= CD 43431 10674 193 ; ; : 43431 10674 194 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10674 195 limb limb NN 43431 10674 196 , , , 43431 10674 197 405 405 CD 43431 10674 198 ; ; : 43431 10674 199 atlas atla NNS 43431 10674 200 and and CC 43431 10674 201 axis axis NNP 43431 10674 202 , , , 43431 10674 203 = = SYM 43431 10674 204 379= 379= CD 43431 10674 205 ; ; : 43431 10674 206 cranium cranium NN 43431 10674 207 , , , 43431 10674 208 384 384 CD 43431 10674 209 , , , 43431 10674 210 = = SYM 43431 10674 211 389= 389= CD 43431 10674 212 , , , 43431 10674 213 = = SYM 43431 10674 214 396= 396= CD 43431 10674 215 ; ; : 43431 10674 216 dentition dentition NN 43431 10674 217 , , , 43431 10674 218 = = SYM 43431 10674 219 375= 375= NN 43431 10674 220 ; ; : 43431 10674 221 innominate innominate JJ 43431 10674 222 bone bone NN 43431 10674 223 , , , 43431 10674 224 = = SYM 43431 10674 225 410= 410= CD 43431 10674 226 ; ; : 43431 10674 227 leg leg NN 43431 10674 228 bones bone NNS 43431 10674 229 , , , 43431 10674 230 = = SYM 43431 10674 231 411= 411= CD 43431 10674 232 ; ; : 43431 10674 233 manus manus NN 43431 10674 234 , , , 43431 10674 235 408 408 CD 43431 10674 236 , , , 43431 10674 237 = = SYM 43431 10674 238 413= 413= CD 43431 10674 239 , , , 43431 10674 240 511 511 CD 43431 10674 241 ; ; : 43431 10674 242 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10674 243 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10674 244 , , , 43431 10674 245 404 404 CD 43431 10674 246 ; ; : 43431 10674 247 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10674 248 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10674 249 , , , 43431 10674 250 409 409 CD 43431 10674 251 ; ; : 43431 10674 252 pes pe NNS 43431 10674 253 , , , 43431 10674 254 = = SYM 43431 10674 255 413= 413= CD 43431 10674 256 , , , 43431 10674 257 414 414 CD 43431 10674 258 ; ; : 43431 10674 259 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10674 260 limb limb NN 43431 10674 261 , , , 43431 10674 262 412 412 CD 43431 10674 263 ; ; : 43431 10674 264 ribs rib NNS 43431 10674 265 , , , 43431 10674 266 402 402 CD 43431 10674 267 ; ; : 43431 10674 268 second second JJ 43431 10674 269 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10674 270 vertebra vertebra NN 43431 10674 271 , , , 43431 10674 272 = = SYM 43431 10674 273 382= 382= CD 43431 10674 274 ; ; : 43431 10674 275 second second JJ 43431 10674 276 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10674 277 vertebra vertebra NNP 43431 10674 278 , , , 43431 10674 279 = = SYM 43431 10674 280 382= 382= CD 43431 10674 281 ; ; : 43431 10674 282 skull skull NNP 43431 10674 283 , , , 43431 10674 284 383 383 CD 43431 10674 285 , , , 43431 10674 286 = = SYM 43431 10674 287 387= 387= CD 43431 10674 288 ; ; : 43431 10674 289 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10674 290 , , , 43431 10674 291 = = SYM 43431 10674 292 403= 403= CD 43431 10674 293 , , , 43431 10674 294 404 404 CD 43431 10674 295 ; ; : 43431 10674 296 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10674 297 column column NN 43431 10674 298 , , , 43431 10674 299 378 378 CD 43431 10674 300 Dogfish dogfish JJ 43431 10674 301 , , , 43431 10674 302 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 303 64 64 CD 43431 10674 304 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 305 ; ; : 43431 10674 306 cranium cranium NN 43431 10674 307 , , , 43431 10674 308 73 73 CD 43431 10674 309 ; ; : 43431 10674 310 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10674 311 , , , 43431 10674 312 71 71 CD 43431 10674 313 ; ; : 43431 10674 314 median median NNP 43431 10674 315 fins fin NNS 43431 10674 316 , , , 43431 10674 317 79 79 CD 43431 10674 318 ; ; : 43431 10674 319 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10674 320 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10674 321 and and CC 43431 10674 322 fin fin NNP 43431 10674 323 , , , 43431 10674 324 79 79 CD 43431 10674 325 ; ; : 43431 10674 326 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10674 327 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10674 328 , , , 43431 10674 329 81 81 CD 43431 10674 330 ; ; : 43431 10674 331 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10674 332 fin fin NNP 43431 10674 333 , , , 43431 10674 334 81 81 CD 43431 10674 335 ; ; : 43431 10674 336 ribs rib NNS 43431 10674 337 , , , 43431 10674 338 73 73 CD 43431 10674 339 ; ; : 43431 10674 340 skull skull NNP 43431 10674 341 , , , 43431 10674 342 73 73 CD 43431 10674 343 , , , 43431 10674 344 = = SYM 43431 10674 345 75= 75= CD 43431 10674 346 ; ; : 43431 10674 347 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10674 348 column column NN 43431 10674 349 , , , 43431 10674 350 72 72 CD 43431 10674 351 ; ; : 43431 10674 352 visceral visceral JJ 43431 10674 353 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10674 354 , , , 43431 10674 355 77 77 CD 43431 10674 356 ; ; : 43431 10674 357 Spotted Spotted NNP 43431 10674 358 and and CC 43431 10674 359 Spiny Spiny NNP 43431 10674 360 -- -- : 43431 10674 361 , , , 43431 10674 362 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 363 32 32 CD 43431 10674 364 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 365 Dolphin Dolphin NNP 43431 10674 366 , , , 43431 10674 367 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 368 45 45 CD 43431 10674 369 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 370 , , , 43431 10674 371 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 372 357 357 CD 43431 10674 373 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 374 ; ; : 43431 10674 375 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10674 376 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 377 , , , 43431 10674 378 448 448 CD 43431 10674 379 ; ; : 43431 10674 380 Gangetic Gangetic NNP 43431 10674 381 -- -- : 43431 10674 382 , , , 43431 10674 383 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 384 45 45 CD 43431 10674 385 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 386 , , , 43431 10674 387 see see VB 43431 10674 388 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 389 Platanista Platanista NNP 43431 10674 390 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 391 Donkey Donkey NNP 43431 10674 392 , , , 43431 10674 393 skull skull NN 43431 10674 394 , , , 43431 10674 395 = = NFP 43431 10674 396 431= 431= CD 43431 10674 397 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 398 Dorcatherium Dorcatherium NNP 43431 10674 399 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 400 , , , 43431 10674 401 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 402 45 45 CD 43431 10674 403 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 404 ; ; : 43431 10674 405 manus manus NN 43431 10674 406 , , , 43431 10674 407 507 507 CD 43431 10674 408 Dorsal Dorsal NNP 43431 10674 409 vertebra vertebra NNS 43431 10674 410 , , , 43431 10674 411 16 16 CD 43431 10674 412 Dorsal dorsal NN 43431 10674 413 shield shield NN 43431 10674 414 , , , 43431 10674 415 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10674 416 , , , 43431 10674 417 238 238 CD 43431 10674 418 Down down IN 43431 10674 419 feathers feather NNS 43431 10674 420 , , , 43431 10674 421 306 306 CD 43431 10674 422 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 423 Draco Draco NNP 43431 10674 424 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 425 , , , 43431 10674 426 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 427 38 38 CD 43431 10674 428 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 429 ; ; : 43431 10674 430 ribs rib NNS 43431 10674 431 , , , 43431 10674 432 286 286 CD 43431 10674 433 Dromaeognathous Dromaeognathous NNP 43431 10674 434 , , , 43431 10674 435 335 335 CD 43431 10674 436 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 437 Dromaeus Dromaeus NNP 43431 10674 438 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 439 , , , 43431 10674 440 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 441 40 40 CD 43431 10674 442 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 443 , , , 43431 10674 444 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 445 299 299 CD 43431 10674 446 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 447 ; ; : 43431 10674 448 see see VB 43431 10674 449 Emeu Emeu NNP 43431 10674 450 Duck Duck NNP 43431 10674 451 , , , 43431 10674 452 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 453 41 41 CD 43431 10674 454 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 455 , , , 43431 10674 456 334 334 CD 43431 10674 457 ; ; : 43431 10674 458 beak beak NN 43431 10674 459 , , , 43431 10674 460 329 329 CD 43431 10674 461 ; ; : 43431 10674 462 claws claws NN 43431 10674 463 , , , 43431 10674 464 330 330 CD 43431 10674 465 ; ; : 43431 10674 466 cranium cranium NN 43431 10674 467 , , , 43431 10674 468 = = SYM 43431 10674 469 313= 313= CD 43431 10674 470 ; ; : 43431 10674 471 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10674 472 , , , 43431 10674 473 302 302 CD 43431 10674 474 ; ; : 43431 10674 475 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10674 476 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10674 477 , , , 43431 10674 478 321 321 CD 43431 10674 479 ; ; : 43431 10674 480 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10674 481 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10674 482 , , , 43431 10674 483 324 324 CD 43431 10674 484 , , , 43431 10674 485 = = SYM 43431 10674 486 311= 311= CD 43431 10674 487 , , , 43431 10674 488 = = SYM 43431 10674 489 325= 325= CD 43431 10674 490 ; ; : 43431 10674 491 pes pe NNS 43431 10674 492 , , , 43431 10674 493 327 327 CD 43431 10674 494 ; ; : 43431 10674 495 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10674 496 limb limb NN 43431 10674 497 , , , 43431 10674 498 326 326 CD 43431 10674 499 ; ; : 43431 10674 500 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10674 501 , , , 43431 10674 502 320 320 CD 43431 10674 503 ; ; : 43431 10674 504 skull skull NNP 43431 10674 505 , , , 43431 10674 506 312 312 CD 43431 10674 507 , , , 43431 10674 508 = = SYM 43431 10674 509 312= 312= CD 43431 10674 510 , , , 43431 10674 511 = = SYM 43431 10674 512 313= 313= CD 43431 10674 513 ; ; : 43431 10674 514 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10674 515 , , , 43431 10674 516 321 321 CD 43431 10674 517 ; ; , 43431 10674 518 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10674 519 column column NN 43431 10674 520 , , , 43431 10674 521 307 307 CD 43431 10674 522 ; ; : 43431 10674 523 wing wing NN 43431 10674 524 , , , 43431 10674 525 322 322 CD 43431 10674 526 , , , 43431 10674 527 = = SYM 43431 10674 528 304= 304= CD 43431 10674 529 , , , 43431 10674 530 = = NFP 43431 10674 531 305= 305= CD 43431 10674 532 Duckbill Duckbill NNP 43431 10674 533 , , , 43431 10674 534 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 535 43 43 CD 43431 10674 536 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 537 ; ; : 43431 10674 538 see see VB 43431 10674 539 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 540 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 10674 541 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 542 Dugong Dugong NNP 43431 10674 543 , , , 43431 10674 544 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 545 44 44 CD 43431 10674 546 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 547 ; ; : 43431 10674 548 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10674 549 , , , 43431 10674 550 501 501 CD 43431 10674 551 ; ; : 43431 10674 552 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10674 553 , , , 43431 10674 554 514 514 CD 43431 10674 555 ; ; : 43431 10674 556 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10674 557 - - HYPH 43431 10674 558 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10674 559 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 560 , , , 43431 10674 561 448 448 CD 43431 10674 562 ; ; : 43431 10674 563 see see VB 43431 10674 564 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 565 Halicore Halicore NNP 43431 10674 566 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 567 Duplicidentata Duplicidentata NNP 43431 10674 568 , , , 43431 10674 569 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 570 48 48 CD 43431 10674 571 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 572 , , , 43431 10674 573 366 366 CD 43431 10674 574 ; ; : 43431 10674 575 dental dental JJ 43431 10674 576 formula formula NN 43431 10674 577 , , , 43431 10674 578 435 435 CD 43431 10674 579 ; ; : 43431 10674 580 skull skull NNP 43431 10674 581 , , , 43431 10674 582 478 478 CD 43431 10674 583 Eagles Eagles NNPS 43431 10674 584 , , , 43431 10674 585 335 335 CD 43431 10674 586 Eared Eared NNP 43431 10674 587 Seals Seals NNPS 43431 10674 588 , , , 43431 10674 589 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 590 369 369 CD 43431 10674 591 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 592 ; ; : 43431 10674 593 scapula scapula NN 43431 10674 594 , , , 43431 10674 595 498 498 CD 43431 10674 596 ; ; : 43431 10674 597 see see VB 43431 10674 598 Otariidae Otariidae NNP 43431 10674 599 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 600 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 10674 601 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 602 , , , 43431 10674 603 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 604 43 43 CD 43431 10674 605 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 606 ; ; : 43431 10674 607 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10674 608 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 609 , , , 43431 10674 610 453 453 CD 43431 10674 611 ; ; : 43431 10674 612 manus manus NN 43431 10674 613 , , , 43431 10674 614 504 504 CD 43431 10674 615 ; ; : 43431 10674 616 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10674 617 , , , 43431 10674 618 513 513 CD 43431 10674 619 ; ; : 43431 10674 620 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10674 621 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 622 , , , 43431 10674 623 451 451 CD 43431 10674 624 ; ; : 43431 10674 625 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10674 626 - - HYPH 43431 10674 627 girdle girdle NN 43431 10674 628 and and CC 43431 10674 629 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10674 630 , , , 43431 10674 631 = = SYM 43431 10674 632 494= 494= CD 43431 10674 633 ; ; : 43431 10674 634 skull skull NNP 43431 10674 635 , , , 43431 10674 636 455 455 CD 43431 10674 637 ; ; : 43431 10674 638 spines spine NNS 43431 10674 639 , , , 43431 10674 640 417 417 CD 43431 10674 641 ; ; : 43431 10674 642 spur spur NN 43431 10674 643 , , , 43431 10674 644 418 418 CD 43431 10674 645 ; ; : 43431 10674 646 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10674 647 - - HYPH 43431 10674 648 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10674 649 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 650 , , , 43431 10674 651 447 447 CD 43431 10674 652 Echidnidae Echidnidae NNP 43431 10674 653 , , , 43431 10674 654 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 655 43 43 CD 43431 10674 656 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 657 ; ; : 43431 10674 658 pes pe NNS 43431 10674 659 , , , 43431 10674 660 521 521 CD 43431 10674 661 Ectethmoid Ectethmoid NNP 43431 10674 662 , , , 43431 10674 663 21 21 CD 43431 10674 664 n. n. NN 43431 10674 665 Ectocondylar ectocondylar JJ 43431 10674 666 ridge ridge NN 43431 10674 667 , , , 43431 10674 668 dog dog NN 43431 10674 669 , , , 43431 10674 670 406 406 CD 43431 10674 671 Edentata Edentata NNP 43431 10674 672 , , , 43431 10674 673 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 674 43 43 CD 43431 10674 675 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 676 ; ; : 43431 10674 677 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10674 678 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10674 679 , , , 43431 10674 680 487 487 CD 43431 10674 681 ; ; : 43431 10674 682 arm arm NN 43431 10674 683 bones bone NNS 43431 10674 684 , , , 43431 10674 685 500 500 CD 43431 10674 686 ; ; : 43431 10674 687 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10674 688 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 689 , , , 43431 10674 690 453 453 CD 43431 10674 691 ; ; , 43431 10674 692 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10674 693 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 694 , , , 43431 10674 695 443 443 CD 43431 10674 696 ; ; : 43431 10674 697 manus manus NN 43431 10674 698 , , , 43431 10674 699 504 504 CD 43431 10674 700 ; ; : 43431 10674 701 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10674 702 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10674 703 , , , 43431 10674 704 495 495 CD 43431 10674 705 ; ; : 43431 10674 706 pes pe NNS 43431 10674 707 , , , 43431 10674 708 522 522 CD 43431 10674 709 ; ; : 43431 10674 710 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10674 711 , , , 43431 10674 712 513 513 CD 43431 10674 713 ; ; : 43431 10674 714 ribs rib NNS 43431 10674 715 , , , 43431 10674 716 491 491 CD 43431 10674 717 ; ; : 43431 10674 718 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10674 719 , , , 43431 10674 720 452 452 CD 43431 10674 721 ; ; : 43431 10674 722 skull skull NNP 43431 10674 723 , , , 43431 10674 724 457 457 CD 43431 10674 725 ; ; : 43431 10674 726 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10674 727 , , , 43431 10674 728 489 489 CD 43431 10674 729 ; ; : 43431 10674 730 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10674 731 , , , 43431 10674 732 424 424 CD 43431 10674 733 ; ; : 43431 10674 734 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10674 735 and and CC 43431 10674 736 shin shin NNP 43431 10674 737 , , , 43431 10674 738 517 517 CD 43431 10674 739 ; ; : 43431 10674 740 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10674 741 - - HYPH 43431 10674 742 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10674 743 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 744 , , , 43431 10674 745 447 447 CD 43431 10674 746 Eel Eel NNP 43431 10674 747 , , , 43431 10674 748 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 749 33 33 CD 43431 10674 750 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 751 ; ; : 43431 10674 752 scales scale NNS 43431 10674 753 , , , 43431 10674 754 105 105 CD 43431 10674 755 Elasmobranchii Elasmobranchii NNP 43431 10674 756 , , , 43431 10674 757 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 758 31 31 CD 43431 10674 759 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 760 ; ; : 43431 10674 761 cranium cranium NN 43431 10674 762 , , , 43431 10674 763 118 118 CD 43431 10674 764 f. f. NNS 43431 10674 765 ; ; : 43431 10674 766 clasper clasper NN 43431 10674 767 , , , 43431 10674 768 132 132 CD 43431 10674 769 ; ; : 43431 10674 770 general general JJ 43431 10674 771 characters character NNS 43431 10674 772 , , , 43431 10674 773 61 61 CD 43431 10674 774 ; ; : 43431 10674 775 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10674 776 fins fin NNS 43431 10674 777 , , , 43431 10674 778 131 131 CD 43431 10674 779 ; ; : 43431 10674 780 ribs rib NNS 43431 10674 781 , , , 43431 10674 782 125 125 CD 43431 10674 783 ; ; : 43431 10674 784 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10674 785 , , , 43431 10674 786 109 109 CD 43431 10674 787 ; ; : 43431 10674 788 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10674 789 column column NN 43431 10674 790 , , , 43431 10674 791 113 113 CD 43431 10674 792 f. f. NN 43431 10674 793 ; ; : 43431 10674 794 visceral visceral JJ 43431 10674 795 arches arch NNS 43431 10674 796 , , , 43431 10674 797 120 120 CD 43431 10674 798 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 799 Elasmotherium Elasmotherium NNP 43431 10674 800 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 801 , , , 43431 10674 802 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 803 46 46 CD 43431 10674 804 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 805 ; ; : 43431 10674 806 mesethmoid mesethmoid NNP 43431 10674 807 , , , 43431 10674 808 470 470 CD 43431 10674 809 Elephant Elephant NNP 43431 10674 810 , , , 43431 10674 811 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 812 47 47 CD 43431 10674 813 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 814 ; ; : 43431 10674 815 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10674 816 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10674 817 , , , 43431 10674 818 487 487 CD 43431 10674 819 ; ; : 43431 10674 820 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10674 821 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10674 822 , , , 43431 10674 823 453 453 CD 43431 10674 824 ; ; : 43431 10674 825 ribs rib NNS 43431 10674 826 , , , 43431 10674 827 491 491 CD 43431 10674 828 ; ; : 43431 10674 829 skull skull NNP 43431 10674 830 , , , 43431 10674 831 473 473 CD 43431 10674 832 f. f. NNS 43431 10674 833 , , , 43431 10674 834 = = SYM 43431 10674 835 474= 474= CD 43431 10674 836 and and CC 43431 10674 837 = = SYM 43431 10674 838 475= 475= CD 43431 10674 839 ; ; : 43431 10674 840 tusks tusk NNS 43431 10674 841 , , , 43431 10674 842 420 420 CD 43431 10674 843 ; ; : 43431 10674 844 see see VB 43431 10674 845 also also RB 43431 10674 846 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10674 847 Elephantidae Elephantidae NNP 43431 10674 848 , , , 43431 10674 849 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 850 47 47 CD 43431 10674 851 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 852 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 853 Elephas Elephas NNP 43431 10674 854 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 855 , , , 43431 10674 856 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 857 47 47 CD 43431 10674 858 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 859 , , , 43431 10674 860 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 861 364 364 CD 43431 10674 862 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 863 ; ; : 43431 10674 864 dental dental JJ 43431 10674 865 formula formula NN 43431 10674 866 , , , 43431 10674 867 434 434 CD 43431 10674 868 ; ; : 43431 10674 869 _ _ NNP 43431 10674 870 E. E. NNP 43431 10675 1 planifrons planifrons NNP 43431 10675 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 3 , , , 43431 10675 4 435 435 CD 43431 10675 5 ; ; : 43431 10675 6 see see VB 43431 10675 7 Elephant Elephant NNP 43431 10675 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 9 Elginia Elginia NNP 43431 10675 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 11 , , , 43431 10675 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 13 36 36 CD 43431 10675 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 15 ; ; : 43431 10675 16 skull skull NNP 43431 10675 17 , , , 43431 10675 18 191 191 CD 43431 10675 19 , , , 43431 10675 20 283 283 CD 43431 10675 21 Embolomerous embolomerous JJ 43431 10675 22 , , , 43431 10675 23 172 172 CD 43431 10675 24 Emeu Emeu NNP 43431 10675 25 , , , 43431 10675 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 27 40 40 CD 43431 10675 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 29 , , , 43431 10675 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 31 299 299 CD 43431 10675 32 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 33 ; ; : 43431 10675 34 aftershaft aftershaft NNP 43431 10675 35 , , , 43431 10675 36 328 328 CD 43431 10675 37 ; ; : 43431 10675 38 claws claws NN 43431 10675 39 , , , 43431 10675 40 330 330 CD 43431 10675 41 Enamel Enamel NNP 43431 10675 42 , , , 43431 10675 43 4 4 CD 43431 10675 44 ; ; : 43431 10675 45 -- -- : 43431 10675 46 cap cap NN 43431 10675 47 , , , 43431 10675 48 7 7 CD 43431 10675 49 ; ; : 43431 10675 50 -- -- : 43431 10675 51 organ organ NNP 43431 10675 52 , , , 43431 10675 53 7 7 CD 43431 10675 54 Endochondral endochondral JJ 43431 10675 55 ossification ossification NN 43431 10675 56 , , , 43431 10675 57 11 11 CD 43431 10675 58 Endoskeleton Endoskeleton NNP 43431 10675 59 , , , 43431 10675 60 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10675 61 , , , 43431 10675 62 170 170 CD 43431 10675 63 ; ; : 43431 10675 64 birds bird NNS 43431 10675 65 , , , 43431 10675 66 331 331 CD 43431 10675 67 f. f. NN 43431 10675 68 ; ; : 43431 10675 69 cod cod NN 43431 10675 70 , , , 43431 10675 71 83 83 CD 43431 10675 72 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 73 ; ; : 43431 10675 74 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 75 239 239 CD 43431 10675 76 , , , 43431 10675 77 f. f. NNP 43431 10675 78 ; ; : 43431 10675 79 dog dog NNP 43431 10675 80 , , , 43431 10675 81 377 377 CD 43431 10675 82 f. f. NNP 43431 10675 83 ; ; : 43431 10675 84 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 85 , , , 43431 10675 86 71 71 CD 43431 10675 87 f. f. NN 43431 10675 88 ; ; : 43431 10675 89 duck duck NN 43431 10675 90 , , , 43431 10675 91 306 306 CD 43431 10675 92 f. f. NN 43431 10675 93 ; ; : 43431 10675 94 fish fish NN 43431 10675 95 , , , 43431 10675 96 112 112 CD 43431 10675 97 f. f. NN 43431 10675 98 ; ; : 43431 10675 99 frog frog NNP 43431 10675 100 , , , 43431 10675 101 151 151 CD 43431 10675 102 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 103 ; ; : 43431 10675 104 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10675 105 , , , 43431 10675 106 442 442 CD 43431 10675 107 f. f. NNP 43431 10675 108 ; ; : 43431 10675 109 newt newt NNP 43431 10675 110 , , , 43431 10675 111 138 138 CD 43431 10675 112 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 113 ; ; : 43431 10675 114 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 115 , , , 43431 10675 116 275 275 CD 43431 10675 117 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 118 ; ; : 43431 10675 119 turtle turtle NNP 43431 10675 120 , , , 43431 10675 121 218 218 CD 43431 10675 122 f. f. NN 43431 10675 123 Engystomatidae Engystomatidae NNP 43431 10675 124 , , , 43431 10675 125 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 126 36 36 CD 43431 10675 127 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 128 Entoplastron Entoplastron NNP 43431 10675 129 , , , 43431 10675 130 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 131 , , , 43431 10675 132 217 217 CD 43431 10675 133 Epanorthidae Epanorthidae NNP 43431 10675 134 , , , 43431 10675 135 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 136 43 43 CD 43431 10675 137 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 138 , , , 43431 10675 139 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 140 350 350 CD 43431 10675 141 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 142 Epi Epi NNP 43431 10675 143 - - HYPH 43431 10675 144 branchial branchial NNP 43431 10675 145 , , , 43431 10675 146 cod cod NN 43431 10675 147 , , , 43431 10675 148 101 101 CD 43431 10675 149 ; ; : 43431 10675 150 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 151 , , , 43431 10675 152 78 78 CD 43431 10675 153 ; ; : 43431 10675 154 salmon salmon NN 43431 10675 155 , , , 43431 10675 156 94 94 CD 43431 10675 157 Epicoracoid Epicoracoid NNP 43431 10675 158 , , , 43431 10675 159 25 25 CD 43431 10675 160 ; ; : 43431 10675 161 frog frog NN 43431 10675 162 , , , 43431 10675 163 163 163 CD 43431 10675 164 ; ; : 43431 10675 165 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 166 , , , 43431 10675 167 232 232 CD 43431 10675 168 ; ; : 43431 10675 169 Monotremes Monotremes NNP 43431 10675 170 , , , 43431 10675 171 493 493 CD 43431 10675 172 ; ; : 43431 10675 173 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10675 174 of of IN 43431 10675 175 in in IN 43431 10675 176 Rodentia Rodentia NNP 43431 10675 177 , , , 43431 10675 178 497 497 CD 43431 10675 179 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 180 Epicrium Epicrium NNP 43431 10675 181 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 182 , , , 43431 10675 183 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 184 35 35 CD 43431 10675 185 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 186 ; ; : 43431 10675 187 orbit orbit NN 43431 10675 188 , , , 43431 10675 189 179 179 CD 43431 10675 190 Epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 10675 191 exoskeleton exoskeleton NN 43431 10675 192 , , , 43431 10675 193 birds bird NNS 43431 10675 194 , , , 43431 10675 195 328 328 CD 43431 10675 196 ; ; : 43431 10675 197 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 198 , , , 43431 10675 199 237 237 CD 43431 10675 200 ; ; : 43431 10675 201 dog dog NN 43431 10675 202 , , , 43431 10675 203 374 374 CD 43431 10675 204 ; ; : 43431 10675 205 duck duck NN 43431 10675 206 , , , 43431 10675 207 302 302 CD 43431 10675 208 ; ; : 43431 10675 209 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10675 210 , , , 43431 10675 211 416 416 CD 43431 10675 212 ; ; : 43431 10675 213 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 214 , , , 43431 10675 215 270 270 CD 43431 10675 216 ; ; : 43431 10675 217 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 218 , , , 43431 10675 219 214 214 CD 43431 10675 220 Epi Epi NNP 43431 10675 221 - - HYPH 43431 10675 222 hyal hyal NNP 43431 10675 223 , , , 43431 10675 224 cod cod NN 43431 10675 225 , , , 43431 10675 226 100 100 CD 43431 10675 227 ; ; : 43431 10675 228 dog dog NN 43431 10675 229 , , , 43431 10675 230 399 399 CD 43431 10675 231 ; ; : 43431 10675 232 salmon salmon NN 43431 10675 233 , , , 43431 10675 234 94 94 CD 43431 10675 235 Epi epi JJ 43431 10675 236 - - HYPH 43431 10675 237 otic otic JJ 43431 10675 238 , , , 43431 10675 239 20 20 CD 43431 10675 240 ; ; : 43431 10675 241 cod cod NN 43431 10675 242 , , , 43431 10675 243 96 96 CD 43431 10675 244 ; ; : 43431 10675 245 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 246 , , , 43431 10675 247 250 250 CD 43431 10675 248 ; ; : 43431 10675 249 Labyrinthodontia labyrinthodontia NN 43431 10675 250 , , , 43431 10675 251 177 177 CD 43431 10675 252 ; ; : 43431 10675 253 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 254 , , , 43431 10675 255 278 278 CD 43431 10675 256 ; ; : 43431 10675 257 salmon salmon NN 43431 10675 258 , , , 43431 10675 259 89 89 CD 43431 10675 260 ; ; : 43431 10675 261 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 262 , , , 43431 10675 263 227 227 CD 43431 10675 264 Epiphysis epiphysi NNS 43431 10675 265 , , , 43431 10675 266 11 11 CD 43431 10675 267 Epiplastron Epiplastron NNP 43431 10675 268 , , , 43431 10675 269 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 270 , , , 43431 10675 271 217 217 CD 43431 10675 272 Epiprecoracoid Epiprecoracoid NNP 43431 10675 273 , , , 43431 10675 274 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10675 275 , , , 43431 10675 276 184 184 CD 43431 10675 277 ; ; : 43431 10675 278 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 279 , , , 43431 10675 280 232 232 CD 43431 10675 281 Epipterygoid epipterygoid UH 43431 10675 282 , , , 43431 10675 283 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 10675 284 , , , 43431 10675 285 200 200 CD 43431 10675 286 ; ; : 43431 10675 287 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 288 , , , 43431 10675 289 278 278 CD 43431 10675 290 Epipubis epipubis NN 43431 10675 291 , , , 43431 10675 292 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 293 , , , 43431 10675 294 267 267 CD 43431 10675 295 ; ; : 43431 10675 296 newt newt NN 43431 10675 297 , , , 43431 10675 298 149 149 CD 43431 10675 299 ; ; : 43431 10675 300 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 301 , , , 43431 10675 302 235 235 CD 43431 10675 303 Episternum episternum JJ 43431 10675 304 , , , 43431 10675 305 217 217 CD 43431 10675 306 ; ; : 43431 10675 307 frog frog NN 43431 10675 308 , , , 43431 10675 309 163 163 CD 43431 10675 310 Equidae Equidae NNP 43431 10675 311 , , , 43431 10675 312 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 313 46 46 CD 43431 10675 314 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 315 ; ; : 43431 10675 316 mane mane NN 43431 10675 317 , , , 43431 10675 318 416 416 CD 43431 10675 319 ; ; : 43431 10675 320 scapula scapula NNP 43431 10675 321 , , , 43431 10675 322 496 496 CD 43431 10675 323 ; ; : 43431 10675 324 skull skull NNP 43431 10675 325 , , , 43431 10675 326 471 471 CD 43431 10675 327 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 328 Equus Equus NNP 43431 10675 329 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 330 , , , 43431 10675 331 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 332 46 46 CD 43431 10675 333 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 334 ; ; : 43431 10675 335 see see VB 43431 10675 336 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10675 337 Erinaceidae Erinaceidae NNP 43431 10675 338 , , , 43431 10675 339 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 340 49 49 CD 43431 10675 341 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 342 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 343 Erinaceus Erinaceus NNP 43431 10675 344 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 345 , , , 43431 10675 346 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 347 49 49 CD 43431 10675 348 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 349 ; ; : 43431 10675 350 dental dental JJ 43431 10675 351 formula formula NN 43431 10675 352 , , , 43431 10675 353 440 440 CD 43431 10675 354 ; ; : 43431 10675 355 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10675 356 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10675 357 , , , 43431 10675 358 515 515 CD 43431 10675 359 ; ; : 43431 10675 360 presternum presternum NN 43431 10675 361 , , , 43431 10675 362 490 490 CD 43431 10675 363 ; ; : 43431 10675 364 see see VB 43431 10675 365 Hedgehog Hedgehog NNP 43431 10675 366 Esocidae Esocidae NNP 43431 10675 367 , , , 43431 10675 368 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 369 33 33 CD 43431 10675 370 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 371 Esox Esox NNP 43431 10675 372 , , , 43431 10675 373 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 374 33 33 CD 43431 10675 375 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 376 ; ; : 43431 10675 377 attachment attachment NN 43431 10675 378 of of IN 43431 10675 379 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10675 380 , , , 43431 10675 381 107 107 CD 43431 10675 382 Ethmoid Ethmoid NNP 43431 10675 383 , , , 43431 10675 384 394 394 CD 43431 10675 385 ; ; : 43431 10675 386 see see VBP 43431 10675 387 median median NNP 43431 10675 388 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 10675 389 Ethmoidal Ethmoidal NNP 43431 10675 390 plane plane NN 43431 10675 391 , , , 43431 10675 392 390 390 CD 43431 10675 393 ; ; : 43431 10675 394 -- -- : 43431 10675 395 region region NN 43431 10675 396 , , , 43431 10675 397 21 21 CD 43431 10675 398 Ethmo Ethmo NNP 43431 10675 399 - - HYPH 43431 10675 400 palatine palatine NN 43431 10675 401 ligament ligament NN 43431 10675 402 , , , 43431 10675 403 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 404 , , , 43431 10675 405 77 77 CD 43431 10675 406 Ethmo Ethmo NNP 43431 10675 407 - - HYPH 43431 10675 408 turbinal turbinal JJ 43431 10675 409 , , , 43431 10675 410 dog dog NN 43431 10675 411 , , , 43431 10675 412 395 395 CD 43431 10675 413 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 414 Euchirosaurus Euchirosaurus NNP 43431 10675 415 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 416 , , , 43431 10675 417 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 418 35 35 CD 43431 10675 419 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 420 ; ; : 43431 10675 421 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10675 422 , , , 43431 10675 423 171 171 CD 43431 10675 424 Eustachian eustachian JJ 43431 10675 425 canal canal NN 43431 10675 426 , , , 43431 10675 427 see see VB 43431 10675 428 Canal Canal NNP 43431 10675 429 Eusuchia Eusuchia NNP 43431 10675 430 , , , 43431 10675 431 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 432 39 39 CD 43431 10675 433 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 434 ; ; : 43431 10675 435 general general JJ 43431 10675 436 characters character NNS 43431 10675 437 , , , 43431 10675 438 212 212 CD 43431 10675 439 Eutheria Eutheria NNP 43431 10675 440 , , , 43431 10675 441 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 442 43 43 CD 43431 10675 443 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 444 ; ; : 43431 10675 445 general general JJ 43431 10675 446 characters character NNS 43431 10675 447 , , , 43431 10675 448 351 351 CD 43431 10675 449 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 450 Exocaetus Exocaetus NNP 43431 10675 451 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 452 , , , 43431 10675 453 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 454 33 33 CD 43431 10675 455 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 456 ; ; : 43431 10675 457 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10675 458 fins fin NNS 43431 10675 459 , , , 43431 10675 460 131 131 CD 43431 10675 461 Exoccipital Exoccipital NNP 43431 10675 462 , , , 43431 10675 463 19 19 CD 43431 10675 464 ; ; : 43431 10675 465 cod cod NN 43431 10675 466 , , , 43431 10675 467 97 97 CD 43431 10675 468 ; ; : 43431 10675 469 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 470 , , , 43431 10675 471 246 246 CD 43431 10675 472 ; ; : 43431 10675 473 dog dog NN 43431 10675 474 , , , 43431 10675 475 386 386 CD 43431 10675 476 ; ; : 43431 10675 477 duck duck NN 43431 10675 478 , , , 43431 10675 479 314 314 CD 43431 10675 480 ; ; : 43431 10675 481 frog frog NN 43431 10675 482 , , , 43431 10675 483 154 154 CD 43431 10675 484 ; ; : 43431 10675 485 newt newt NN 43431 10675 486 , , , 43431 10675 487 141 141 CD 43431 10675 488 ; ; : 43431 10675 489 salmon salmon NN 43431 10675 490 , , , 43431 10675 491 89 89 CD 43431 10675 492 ; ; : 43431 10675 493 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 494 , , , 43431 10675 495 224 224 CD 43431 10675 496 Exoskeleton Exoskeleton NNP 43431 10675 497 , , , 43431 10675 498 2 2 CD 43431 10675 499 ; ; : 43431 10675 500 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10675 501 , , , 43431 10675 502 168 168 CD 43431 10675 503 ; ; : 43431 10675 504 birds bird NNS 43431 10675 505 , , , 43431 10675 506 328 328 CD 43431 10675 507 ; ; : 43431 10675 508 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 509 , , , 43431 10675 510 237 237 CD 43431 10675 511 ; ; : 43431 10675 512 dog dog NN 43431 10675 513 , , , 43431 10675 514 374 374 CD 43431 10675 515 ; ; : 43431 10675 516 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10675 517 , , , 43431 10675 518 71 71 CD 43431 10675 519 ; ; : 43431 10675 520 duck duck NN 43431 10675 521 , , , 43431 10675 522 302 302 CD 43431 10675 523 ; ; : 43431 10675 524 fish fish NN 43431 10675 525 , , , 43431 10675 526 104 104 CD 43431 10675 527 ; ; : 43431 10675 528 ganoids ganoid NNS 43431 10675 529 , , , 43431 10675 530 66 66 CD 43431 10675 531 ; ; : 43431 10675 532 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10675 533 , , , 43431 10675 534 442 442 CD 43431 10675 535 ; ; : 43431 10675 536 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 537 , , , 43431 10675 538 270 270 CD 43431 10675 539 ; ; : 43431 10675 540 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 541 , , , 43431 10675 542 214 214 CD 43431 10675 543 Extensor Extensor NNP 43431 10675 544 side side NN 43431 10675 545 , , , 43431 10675 546 defined define VBN 43431 10675 547 , , , 43431 10675 548 29 29 CD 43431 10675 549 Extra extra JJ 43431 10675 550 - - HYPH 43431 10675 551 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10675 552 , , , 43431 10675 553 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10675 554 , , , 43431 10675 555 79 79 CD 43431 10675 556 Extra extra JJ 43431 10675 557 - - HYPH 43431 10675 558 columella columella NN 43431 10675 559 , , , 43431 10675 560 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 561 , , , 43431 10675 562 251 251 CD 43431 10675 563 ; ; : 43431 10675 564 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 565 , , , 43431 10675 566 228 228 CD 43431 10675 567 Fabella Fabella NNP 43431 10675 568 , , , 43431 10675 569 dog dog NN 43431 10675 570 , , , 43431 10675 571 412 412 CD 43431 10675 572 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 573 Falco Falco NNP 43431 10675 574 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 575 , , , 43431 10675 576 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 577 41 41 CD 43431 10675 578 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 579 Falcon Falcon NNP 43431 10675 580 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 581 41 41 CD 43431 10675 582 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 583 , , , 43431 10675 584 335 335 CD 43431 10675 585 Falconiformes Falconiformes NNP 43431 10675 586 , , , 43431 10675 587 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 588 41 41 CD 43431 10675 589 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 590 Feathers Feathers NNPS 43431 10675 591 , , , 43431 10675 592 3 3 CD 43431 10675 593 , , , 43431 10675 594 328 328 CD 43431 10675 595 ; ; : 43431 10675 596 duck duck NN 43431 10675 597 , , , 43431 10675 598 302 302 CD 43431 10675 599 Felidae Felidae NNP 43431 10675 600 , , , 43431 10675 601 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 602 48 48 CD 43431 10675 603 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 604 ; ; : 43431 10675 605 claws claws NN 43431 10675 606 , , , 43431 10675 607 418 418 CD 43431 10675 608 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 609 Felis Felis NNP 43431 10675 610 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 611 , , , 43431 10675 612 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 613 48 48 CD 43431 10675 614 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 615 ; ; : 43431 10675 616 dental dental JJ 43431 10675 617 formula formula NN 43431 10675 618 , , , 43431 10675 619 437 437 CD 43431 10675 620 ; ; : 43431 10675 621 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10675 622 - - HYPH 43431 10675 623 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10675 624 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10675 625 , , , 43431 10675 626 450 450 CD 43431 10675 627 Femoral femoral JJ 43431 10675 628 shield shield NN 43431 10675 629 , , , 43431 10675 630 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 631 , , , 43431 10675 632 215 215 CD 43431 10675 633 Femur Femur NNP 43431 10675 634 , , , 43431 10675 635 26 26 CD 43431 10675 636 ; ; : 43431 10675 637 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 638 , , , 43431 10675 639 268 268 CD 43431 10675 640 ; ; : 43431 10675 641 dog dog NN 43431 10675 642 , , , 43431 10675 643 412 412 CD 43431 10675 644 ; ; : 43431 10675 645 duck duck NN 43431 10675 646 , , , 43431 10675 647 326 326 CD 43431 10675 648 ; ; : 43431 10675 649 frog frog NN 43431 10675 650 , , , 43431 10675 651 166 166 CD 43431 10675 652 ; ; : 43431 10675 653 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10675 654 , , , 43431 10675 655 517 517 CD 43431 10675 656 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 657 ; ; : 43431 10675 658 newt newt NNP 43431 10675 659 , , , 43431 10675 660 149 149 CD 43431 10675 661 ; ; : 43431 10675 662 ox ox NN 43431 10675 663 and and CC 43431 10675 664 rhinoceros rhinoceros NNP 43431 10675 665 , , , 43431 10675 666 = = SYM 43431 10675 667 518= 518= CD 43431 10675 668 ; ; : 43431 10675 669 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 670 , , , 43431 10675 671 235 235 CD 43431 10675 672 Fenestra Fenestra NNP 43431 10675 673 ovalis ovali NNS 43431 10675 674 , , , 43431 10675 675 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 676 , , , 43431 10675 677 250 250 CD 43431 10675 678 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 679 ; ; : 43431 10675 680 dog dog NN 43431 10675 681 , , , 43431 10675 682 392 392 CD 43431 10675 683 ; ; : 43431 10675 684 duck duck NN 43431 10675 685 , , , 43431 10675 686 316 316 CD 43431 10675 687 ; ; : 43431 10675 688 frog frog NN 43431 10675 689 , , , 43431 10675 690 157 157 CD 43431 10675 691 ; ; : 43431 10675 692 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 693 , , , 43431 10675 694 228 228 CD 43431 10675 695 ; ; : 43431 10675 696 -- -- : 43431 10675 697 rotunda rotunda NNP 43431 10675 698 , , , 43431 10675 699 dog dog NN 43431 10675 700 , , , 43431 10675 701 392 392 CD 43431 10675 702 ; ; : 43431 10675 703 duck duck NN 43431 10675 704 , , , 43431 10675 705 316 316 CD 43431 10675 706 Fenestral fenestral JJ 43431 10675 707 recess recess NN 43431 10675 708 , , , 43431 10675 709 duck duck NN 43431 10675 710 , , , 43431 10675 711 316 316 CD 43431 10675 712 Fibula Fibula NNP 43431 10675 713 , , , 43431 10675 714 26 26 CD 43431 10675 715 ; ; : 43431 10675 716 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 717 , , , 43431 10675 718 268 268 CD 43431 10675 719 ; ; : 43431 10675 720 dog dog NN 43431 10675 721 , , , 43431 10675 722 412 412 CD 43431 10675 723 ; ; : 43431 10675 724 duck duck NN 43431 10675 725 , , , 43431 10675 726 327 327 CD 43431 10675 727 ; ; : 43431 10675 728 frog frog NN 43431 10675 729 , , , 43431 10675 730 166 166 CD 43431 10675 731 ; ; : 43431 10675 732 newt newt NN 43431 10675 733 , , , 43431 10675 734 149 149 CD 43431 10675 735 ; ; : 43431 10675 736 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 737 , , , 43431 10675 738 235 235 CD 43431 10675 739 Fibulare Fibulare NNP 43431 10675 740 , , , 43431 10675 741 27 27 CD 43431 10675 742 ; ; : 43431 10675 743 see see VB 43431 10675 744 Tarsus Tarsus NNP 43431 10675 745 File file NN 43431 10675 746 - - HYPH 43431 10675 747 fish fish NN 43431 10675 748 , , , 43431 10675 749 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 750 33 33 CD 43431 10675 751 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 752 ; ; : 43431 10675 753 see see VB 43431 10675 754 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 755 Balistes Balistes NNP 43431 10675 756 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 757 Filoplume Filoplume NNP 43431 10675 758 , , , 43431 10675 759 306 306 CD 43431 10675 760 Finches Finches NNPS 43431 10675 761 , , , 43431 10675 762 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 763 42 42 CD 43431 10675 764 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 765 Fins Fins NNP 43431 10675 766 , , , 43431 10675 767 fish fish NN 43431 10675 768 , , , 43431 10675 769 115 115 CD 43431 10675 770 ; ; : 43431 10675 771 caudal caudal NN 43431 10675 772 -- -- : 43431 10675 773 , , , 43431 10675 774 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 10675 775 , , , 43431 10675 776 453 453 CD 43431 10675 777 ; ; : 43431 10675 778 cod cod NN 43431 10675 779 , , , 43431 10675 780 87 87 CD 43431 10675 781 ; ; : 43431 10675 782 fish fish NN 43431 10675 783 , , , 43431 10675 784 116 116 CD 43431 10675 785 ; ; : 43431 10675 786 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 10675 787 , , , 43431 10675 788 195 195 CD 43431 10675 789 ; ; : 43431 10675 790 median median JJ 43431 10675 791 -- -- : 43431 10675 792 , , , 43431 10675 793 cod cod NN 43431 10675 794 , , , 43431 10675 795 86 86 CD 43431 10675 796 ; ; : 43431 10675 797 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 798 , , , 43431 10675 799 79 79 CD 43431 10675 800 ; ; : 43431 10675 801 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 10675 802 -- -- : 43431 10675 803 , , , 43431 10675 804 cod cod NN 43431 10675 805 , , , 43431 10675 806 103 103 CD 43431 10675 807 ; ; : 43431 10675 808 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 809 , , , 43431 10675 810 79 79 CD 43431 10675 811 ; ; : 43431 10675 812 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10675 813 -- -- : 43431 10675 814 , , , 43431 10675 815 cod cod NN 43431 10675 816 , , , 43431 10675 817 103 103 CD 43431 10675 818 ; ; : 43431 10675 819 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10675 820 , , , 43431 10675 821 81 81 CD 43431 10675 822 Fin Fin NNP 43431 10675 823 - - HYPH 43431 10675 824 rays ray NNS 43431 10675 825 , , , 43431 10675 826 105 105 CD 43431 10675 827 , , , 43431 10675 828 115 115 CD 43431 10675 829 ; ; : 43431 10675 830 cod cod NN 43431 10675 831 , , , 43431 10675 832 83 83 CD 43431 10675 833 , , , 43431 10675 834 103 103 CD 43431 10675 835 ; ; : 43431 10675 836 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 837 , , , 43431 10675 838 79 79 CD 43431 10675 839 Firmisternia Firmisternia NNP 43431 10675 840 , , , 43431 10675 841 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 842 36 36 CD 43431 10675 843 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 844 , , , 43431 10675 845 185 185 CD 43431 10675 846 Fish fish NN 43431 10675 847 , , , 43431 10675 848 appendicular appendicular JJ 43431 10675 849 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10675 850 , , , 43431 10675 851 126 126 CD 43431 10675 852 ; ; : 43431 10675 853 endoskeleton endoskeleton NN 43431 10675 854 , , , 43431 10675 855 112 112 CD 43431 10675 856 f. f. NNP 43431 10675 857 ; ; : 43431 10675 858 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10675 859 , , , 43431 10675 860 104 104 CD 43431 10675 861 ; ; : 43431 10675 862 general general JJ 43431 10675 863 characters character NNS 43431 10675 864 , , , 43431 10675 865 60 60 CD 43431 10675 866 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 867 ; ; , 43431 10675 868 paired pair VBD 43431 10675 869 fins fin NNS 43431 10675 870 , , , 43431 10675 871 127 127 CD 43431 10675 872 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 873 ; ; : 43431 10675 874 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10675 875 , , , 43431 10675 876 125 125 CD 43431 10675 877 f. f. NNP 43431 10675 878 ; ; : 43431 10675 879 skull skull NNP 43431 10675 880 , , , 43431 10675 881 117 117 CD 43431 10675 882 f. f. NN 43431 10675 883 ; ; : 43431 10675 884 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10675 885 column column NN 43431 10675 886 , , , 43431 10675 887 112 112 CD 43431 10675 888 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 889 ; ; : 43431 10675 890 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10675 891 , , , 43431 10675 892 106 106 CD 43431 10675 893 f. f. NN 43431 10675 894 Fissipedia Fissipedia NNP 43431 10675 895 , , , 43431 10675 896 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 897 48 48 CD 43431 10675 898 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 899 ; ; : 43431 10675 900 general general JJ 43431 10675 901 characters character NNS 43431 10675 902 , , , 43431 10675 903 368 368 CD 43431 10675 904 Flamingo Flamingo NNP 43431 10675 905 , , , 43431 10675 906 335 335 CD 43431 10675 907 Flexor Flexor NNP 43431 10675 908 side side NN 43431 10675 909 , , , 43431 10675 910 defined define VBN 43431 10675 911 , , , 43431 10675 912 29 29 CD 43431 10675 913 Floating float VBG 43431 10675 914 ribs rib NNS 43431 10675 915 , , , 43431 10675 916 dog dog NN 43431 10675 917 , , , 43431 10675 918 402 402 CD 43431 10675 919 ; ; : 43431 10675 920 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10675 921 , , , 43431 10675 922 490 490 CD 43431 10675 923 Flower Flower NNP 43431 10675 924 , , , 43431 10675 925 Sir Sir NNP 43431 10675 926 W.H. W.H. NNP 43431 10675 927 , , , 43431 10675 928 on on IN 43431 10675 929 succession succession NN 43431 10675 930 of of IN 43431 10675 931 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10675 932 in in IN 43431 10675 933 elephants elephant NNS 43431 10675 934 , , , 43431 10675 935 434 434 CD 43431 10675 936 Flying flying NN 43431 10675 937 - - HYPH 43431 10675 938 fish fish NN 43431 10675 939 , , , 43431 10675 940 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 941 33 33 CD 43431 10675 942 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 943 ; ; : 43431 10675 944 -- -- : 43431 10675 945 fox fox NNP 43431 10675 946 , , , 43431 10675 947 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 948 49 49 CD 43431 10675 949 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 950 , , , 43431 10675 951 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 952 371 371 CD 43431 10675 953 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 954 , , , 43431 10675 955 skull skull NNP 43431 10675 956 , , , 43431 10675 957 481 481 CD 43431 10675 958 , , , 43431 10675 959 see see VB 43431 10675 960 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 961 Pteropus Pteropus NNP 43431 10675 962 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 963 ; ; : 43431 10675 964 -- -- : 43431 10675 965 gurnard gurnard NN 43431 10675 966 , , , 43431 10675 967 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 968 34 34 CD 43431 10675 969 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 970 , , , 43431 10675 971 see see VB 43431 10675 972 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 973 Dactylopterus Dactylopterus NNP 43431 10675 974 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 975 ; ; : 43431 10675 976 -- -- : 43431 10675 977 lemur lemur NNP 43431 10675 978 , , , 43431 10675 979 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 980 48 48 CD 43431 10675 981 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 982 , , , 43431 10675 983 see see VB 43431 10675 984 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 985 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 10675 986 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 987 ; ; : 43431 10675 988 -- -- : 43431 10675 989 lizard lizard NNP 43431 10675 990 , , , 43431 10675 991 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 992 38 38 CD 43431 10675 993 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 994 , , , 43431 10675 995 see see VB 43431 10675 996 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 997 Draco Draco NNP 43431 10675 998 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 999 Fontanelle Fontanelle NNP 43431 10675 1000 , , , 43431 10675 1001 salmon salmon NN 43431 10675 1002 , , , 43431 10675 1003 89 89 CD 43431 10675 1004 ; ; : 43431 10675 1005 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10675 1006 -- -- : 43431 10675 1007 , , , 43431 10675 1008 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 1009 , , , 43431 10675 1010 74 74 CD 43431 10675 1011 ; ; : 43431 10675 1012 frog frog NN 43431 10675 1013 , , , 43431 10675 1014 154 154 CD 43431 10675 1015 ; ; : 43431 10675 1016 posterior posterior NN 43431 10675 1017 -- -- : 43431 10675 1018 , , , 43431 10675 1019 frog frog NN 43431 10675 1020 , , , 43431 10675 1021 154 154 CD 43431 10675 1022 Foot foot NN 43431 10675 1023 , , , 43431 10675 1024 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1025 , , , 43431 10675 1026 269 269 CD 43431 10675 1027 ; ; : 43431 10675 1028 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1029 , , , 43431 10675 1030 414 414 CD 43431 10675 1031 ; ; : 43431 10675 1032 frog frog NN 43431 10675 1033 , , , 43431 10675 1034 167 167 CD 43431 10675 1035 ; ; : 43431 10675 1036 newt newt NNP 43431 10675 1037 , , , 43431 10675 1038 149 149 CD 43431 10675 1039 f. f. NNP 43431 10675 1040 ; ; : 43431 10675 1041 turtle turtle NNP 43431 10675 1042 , , , 43431 10675 1043 236 236 CD 43431 10675 1044 Foramen foraman NNS 43431 10675 1045 : : : 43431 10675 1046 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10675 1047 palatine palatine NNP 43431 10675 1048 -- -- : 43431 10675 1049 , , , 43431 10675 1050 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1051 , , , 43431 10675 1052 401 401 CD 43431 10675 1053 ; ; : 43431 10675 1054 condylar condylar JJ 43431 10675 1055 -- -- : 43431 10675 1056 , , , 43431 10675 1057 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1058 , , , 43431 10675 1059 401 401 CD 43431 10675 1060 ; ; : 43431 10675 1061 -- -- : 43431 10675 1062 cordiforme cordiforme NN 43431 10675 1063 , , , 43431 10675 1064 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 1065 , , , 43431 10675 1066 292 292 CD 43431 10675 1067 ; ; : 43431 10675 1068 ect ect NN 43431 10675 1069 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1070 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10675 1071 -- -- : 43431 10675 1072 , , , 43431 10675 1073 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1074 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 10675 1075 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1076 , , , 43431 10675 1077 290 290 CD 43431 10675 1078 ; ; : 43431 10675 1079 ent ent NN 43431 10675 1080 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1081 epicondylar epicondylar JJ 43431 10675 1082 -- -- : 43431 10675 1083 , , , 43431 10675 1084 191 191 CD 43431 10675 1085 n. n. NN 43431 10675 1086 ; ; : 43431 10675 1087 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 43431 10675 1088 vera vera NN 43431 10675 1089 , , , 43431 10675 1090 502 502 CD 43431 10675 1091 ; ; : 43431 10675 1092 Cebidae Cebidae NNP 43431 10675 1093 , , , 43431 10675 1094 503 503 CD 43431 10675 1095 ; ; : 43431 10675 1096 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1097 Choloepus Choloepus NNP 43431 10675 1098 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1099 , , , 43431 10675 1100 500 500 CD 43431 10675 1101 ; ; : 43431 10675 1102 Condylarthra Condylarthra NNP 43431 10675 1103 , , , 43431 10675 1104 362 362 CD 43431 10675 1105 , , , 43431 10675 1106 502 502 CD 43431 10675 1107 ; ; : 43431 10675 1108 Creodonta Creodonta NNP 43431 10675 1109 , , , 43431 10675 1110 368 368 CD 43431 10675 1111 ; ; : 43431 10675 1112 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 10675 1113 , , , 43431 10675 1114 503 503 CD 43431 10675 1115 ; ; : 43431 10675 1116 Lemurs Lemurs NNP 43431 10675 1117 , , , 43431 10675 1118 503 503 CD 43431 10675 1119 ; ; : 43431 10675 1120 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 10675 1121 , , , 43431 10675 1122 500 500 CD 43431 10675 1123 ; ; : 43431 10675 1124 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 1125 , , , 43431 10675 1126 290 290 CD 43431 10675 1127 ; ; , 43431 10675 1128 external external JJ 43431 10675 1129 mandibular mandibular NN 43431 10675 1130 -- -- : 43431 10675 1131 , , , 43431 10675 1132 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1133 , , , 43431 10675 1134 258 258 CD 43431 10675 1135 ; ; : 43431 10675 1136 inferior inferior JJ 43431 10675 1137 dental dental NNP 43431 10675 1138 -- -- : 43431 10675 1139 , , , 43431 10675 1140 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1141 , , , 43431 10675 1142 399 399 CD 43431 10675 1143 ; ; : 43431 10675 1144 infra infra NN 43431 10675 1145 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1146 orbital orbital JJ 43431 10675 1147 -- -- : 43431 10675 1148 , , , 43431 10675 1149 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1150 , , , 43431 10675 1151 401 401 CD 43431 10675 1152 ; ; : 43431 10675 1153 Rodents Rodents NNP 43431 10675 1154 , , , 43431 10675 1155 477 477 CD 43431 10675 1156 ; ; : 43431 10675 1157 ilio ilio NN 43431 10675 1158 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1159 sciatic sciatic JJ 43431 10675 1160 -- -- : 43431 10675 1161 , , , 43431 10675 1162 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1163 , , , 43431 10675 1164 325 325 CD 43431 10675 1165 ; ; , 43431 10675 1166 internal internal JJ 43431 10675 1167 mandibular mandibular NN 43431 10675 1168 -- -- : 43431 10675 1169 , , , 43431 10675 1170 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1171 , , , 43431 10675 1172 258 258 CD 43431 10675 1173 ; ; : 43431 10675 1174 internal internal JJ 43431 10675 1175 orbital orbital NN 43431 10675 1176 -- -- : 43431 10675 1177 , , , 43431 10675 1178 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1179 , , , 43431 10675 1180 401 401 CD 43431 10675 1181 ; ; : 43431 10675 1182 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 10675 1183 -- -- : 43431 10675 1184 , , , 43431 10675 1185 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 10675 1186 , , , 43431 10675 1187 173 173 CD 43431 10675 1188 , , , 43431 10675 1189 177 177 CD 43431 10675 1190 ; ; : 43431 10675 1191 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 1192 , , , 43431 10675 1193 277 277 CD 43431 10675 1194 ; ; : 43431 10675 1195 -- -- : 43431 10675 1196 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 10675 1197 anterius anterius NN 43431 10675 1198 , , , 43431 10675 1199 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1200 , , , 43431 10675 1201 388 388 CD 43431 10675 1202 , , , 43431 10675 1203 400 400 CD 43431 10675 1204 ; ; : 43431 10675 1205 -- -- : 43431 10675 1206 lacerum lacerum NNP 43431 10675 1207 medium medium NN 43431 10675 1208 , , , 43431 10675 1209 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1210 , , , 43431 10675 1211 402 402 CD 43431 10675 1212 ; ; : 43431 10675 1213 -- -- : 43431 10675 1214 lacerum lacerum NN 43431 10675 1215 posterius posterius NN 43431 10675 1216 , , , 43431 10675 1217 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1218 , , , 43431 10675 1219 392 392 CD 43431 10675 1220 , , , 43431 10675 1221 401 401 CD 43431 10675 1222 ; ; : 43431 10675 1223 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 10675 1224 -- -- : 43431 10675 1225 , , , 43431 10675 1226 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1227 , , , 43431 10675 1228 394 394 CD 43431 10675 1229 , , , 43431 10675 1230 401 401 CD 43431 10675 1231 ; ; : 43431 10675 1232 -- -- : 43431 10675 1233 magnum magnum NN 43431 10675 1234 , , , 43431 10675 1235 cod cod NN 43431 10675 1236 , , , 43431 10675 1237 97 97 CD 43431 10675 1238 ; ; : 43431 10675 1239 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1240 , , , 43431 10675 1241 257 257 CD 43431 10675 1242 ; ; : 43431 10675 1243 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1244 , , , 43431 10675 1245 386 386 CD 43431 10675 1246 , , , 43431 10675 1247 402 402 CD 43431 10675 1248 ; ; : 43431 10675 1249 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10675 1250 , , , 43431 10675 1251 76 76 CD 43431 10675 1252 ; ; : 43431 10675 1253 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1254 , , , 43431 10675 1255 314 314 CD 43431 10675 1256 ; ; : 43431 10675 1257 frog frog NN 43431 10675 1258 , , , 43431 10675 1259 154 154 CD 43431 10675 1260 ; ; : 43431 10675 1261 newt newt NN 43431 10675 1262 , , , 43431 10675 1263 141 141 CD 43431 10675 1264 ; ; : 43431 10675 1265 salmon salmon NN 43431 10675 1266 , , , 43431 10675 1267 89 89 CD 43431 10675 1268 ; ; : 43431 10675 1269 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 1270 , , , 43431 10675 1271 224 224 CD 43431 10675 1272 ; ; : 43431 10675 1273 mental mental JJ 43431 10675 1274 -- -- : 43431 10675 1275 , , , 43431 10675 1276 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1277 , , , 43431 10675 1278 399 399 CD 43431 10675 1279 ; ; : 43431 10675 1280 obturator obturator NN 43431 10675 1281 -- -- : 43431 10675 1282 , , , 43431 10675 1283 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1284 , , , 43431 10675 1285 326 326 CD 43431 10675 1286 ; ; : 43431 10675 1287 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1288 , , , 43431 10675 1289 410 410 CD 43431 10675 1290 ; ; : 43431 10675 1291 ophthalmic ophthalmic JJ 43431 10675 1292 -- -- : 43431 10675 1293 , , , 43431 10675 1294 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 1295 , , , 43431 10675 1296 74 74 CD 43431 10675 1297 ; ; : 43431 10675 1298 optic optic NN 43431 10675 1299 -- -- : 43431 10675 1300 , , , 43431 10675 1301 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1302 , , , 43431 10675 1303 400 400 CD 43431 10675 1304 ; ; : 43431 10675 1305 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 1306 , , , 43431 10675 1307 74 74 CD 43431 10675 1308 ; ; : 43431 10675 1309 orbitonasal orbitonasal NN 43431 10675 1310 -- -- : 43431 10675 1311 , , , 43431 10675 1312 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 1313 , , , 43431 10675 1314 74 74 CD 43431 10675 1315 ; ; : 43431 10675 1316 -- -- : 43431 10675 1317 ovale ovale NN 43431 10675 1318 , , , 43431 10675 1319 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1320 , , , 43431 10675 1321 249 249 CD 43431 10675 1322 ; ; : 43431 10675 1323 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1324 , , , 43431 10675 1325 400 400 CD 43431 10675 1326 ; ; : 43431 10675 1327 pneumatic pneumatic JJ 43431 10675 1328 -- -- : 43431 10675 1329 , , , 43431 10675 1330 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1331 , , , 43431 10675 1332 323 323 CD 43431 10675 1333 ; ; : 43431 10675 1334 pneumogastric pneumogastric JJ 43431 10675 1335 -- -- : 43431 10675 1336 , , , 43431 10675 1337 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10675 1338 , , , 43431 10675 1339 76 76 CD 43431 10675 1340 ; ; : 43431 10675 1341 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10675 1342 palatine palatine NNP 43431 10675 1343 -- -- : 43431 10675 1344 , , , 43431 10675 1345 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1346 , , , 43431 10675 1347 401 401 CD 43431 10675 1348 ; ; : 43431 10675 1349 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 10675 1350 -- -- : 43431 10675 1351 , , , 43431 10675 1352 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1353 , , , 43431 10675 1354 402 402 CD 43431 10675 1355 ; ; : 43431 10675 1356 pre pre JJ 43431 10675 1357 - - JJ 43431 10675 1358 acetabular acetabular JJ 43431 10675 1359 -- -- : 43431 10675 1360 , , , 43431 10675 1361 Chiroptera Chiroptera NNP 43431 10675 1362 , , , 43431 10675 1363 515 515 CD 43431 10675 1364 ; ; : 43431 10675 1365 -- -- : 43431 10675 1366 rotundum rotundum NNP 43431 10675 1367 , , , 43431 10675 1368 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1369 , , , 43431 10675 1370 400 400 CD 43431 10675 1371 ; ; : 43431 10675 1372 stylomastoid stylomastoid NN 43431 10675 1373 -- -- : 43431 10675 1374 , , , 43431 10675 1375 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1376 , , , 43431 10675 1377 392 392 CD 43431 10675 1378 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 1379 , , , 43431 10675 1380 400 400 CD 43431 10675 1381 ; ; : 43431 10675 1382 thyroid thyroid NN 43431 10675 1383 -- -- : 43431 10675 1384 , , , 43431 10675 1385 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1386 , , , 43431 10675 1387 410 410 CD 43431 10675 1388 ; ; : 43431 10675 1389 trigeminal trigeminal JJ 43431 10675 1390 -- -- : 43431 10675 1391 , , , 43431 10675 1392 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1393 , , , 43431 10675 1394 316 316 CD 43431 10675 1395 ; ; : 43431 10675 1396 -- -- : 43431 10675 1397 triosseum triosseum NN 43431 10675 1398 , , , 43431 10675 1399 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1400 , , , 43431 10675 1401 322 322 CD 43431 10675 1402 Fore Fore NNP 43431 10675 1403 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1404 arm arm NNP 43431 10675 1405 , , , 43431 10675 1406 26 26 CD 43431 10675 1407 ; ; : 43431 10675 1408 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1409 , , , 43431 10675 1410 265 265 CD 43431 10675 1411 ; ; : 43431 10675 1412 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1413 , , , 43431 10675 1414 406 406 CD 43431 10675 1415 ; ; : 43431 10675 1416 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1417 , , , 43431 10675 1418 323 323 CD 43431 10675 1419 ; ; : 43431 10675 1420 frog frog NNP 43431 10675 1421 , , , 43431 10675 1422 164 164 CD 43431 10675 1423 ; ; : 43431 10675 1424 newt newt NN 43431 10675 1425 , , , 43431 10675 1426 147 147 CD 43431 10675 1427 ; ; : 43431 10675 1428 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 1429 , , , 43431 10675 1430 233 233 CD 43431 10675 1431 Fossa fossa NN 43431 10675 1432 : : : 43431 10675 1433 cerebellar cerebellar JJ 43431 10675 1434 -- -- : 43431 10675 1435 , , , 43431 10675 1436 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1437 , , , 43431 10675 1438 392 392 CD 43431 10675 1439 ; ; : 43431 10675 1440 cerebral cerebral JJ 43431 10675 1441 -- -- : 43431 10675 1442 , , , 43431 10675 1443 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1444 , , , 43431 10675 1445 392 392 CD 43431 10675 1446 ; ; : 43431 10675 1447 digital digital JJ 43431 10675 1448 -- -- : 43431 10675 1449 , , , 43431 10675 1450 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1451 , , , 43431 10675 1452 412 412 CD 43431 10675 1453 ; ; : 43431 10675 1454 floccular floccular JJ 43431 10675 1455 -- -- : 43431 10675 1456 , , , 43431 10675 1457 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1458 , , , 43431 10675 1459 392 392 CD 43431 10675 1460 ; ; : 43431 10675 1461 infratemporal infratemporal JJ 43431 10675 1462 -- -- : 43431 10675 1463 , , , 43431 10675 1464 see see VB 43431 10675 1465 lateral lateral JJ 43431 10675 1466 temporal temporal JJ 43431 10675 1467 -- -- : 43431 10675 1468 ; ; : 43431 10675 1469 lachrymal lachrymal JJ 43431 10675 1470 -- -- : 43431 10675 1471 , , , 43431 10675 1472 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 10675 1473 , , , 43431 10675 1474 469 469 CD 43431 10675 1475 ; ; : 43431 10675 1476 lateral lateral JJ 43431 10675 1477 temporal temporal JJ 43431 10675 1478 -- -- : 43431 10675 1479 , , , 43431 10675 1480 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1481 , , , 43431 10675 1482 257 257 CD 43431 10675 1483 ; ; : 43431 10675 1484 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1485 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 10675 1486 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1487 , , , 43431 10675 1488 283 283 CD 43431 10675 1489 ; ; : 43431 10675 1490 olecranon olecranon NNP 43431 10675 1491 -- -- : 43431 10675 1492 , , , 43431 10675 1493 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1494 , , , 43431 10675 1495 406 406 CD 43431 10675 1496 ; ; : 43431 10675 1497 prescapular prescapular JJ 43431 10675 1498 -- -- : 43431 10675 1499 , , , 43431 10675 1500 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1501 , , , 43431 10675 1502 405 405 CD 43431 10675 1503 ; ; : 43431 10675 1504 postscapular postscapular NN 43431 10675 1505 -- -- : 43431 10675 1506 , , , 43431 10675 1507 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1508 , , , 43431 10675 1509 405 405 CD 43431 10675 1510 ; ; : 43431 10675 1511 post post JJ 43431 10675 1512 - - JJ 43431 10675 1513 temporal temporal JJ 43431 10675 1514 -- -- : 43431 10675 1515 , , , 43431 10675 1516 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1517 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 10675 1518 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1519 , , , 43431 10675 1520 283 283 CD 43431 10675 1521 ; ; : 43431 10675 1522 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 10675 1523 -- -- : 43431 10675 1524 , , , 43431 10675 1525 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1526 , , , 43431 10675 1527 257 257 CD 43431 10675 1528 ; ; : 43431 10675 1529 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 10675 1530 -- -- : 43431 10675 1531 , , , 43431 10675 1532 Ruminants ruminant NNS 43431 10675 1533 , , , 43431 10675 1534 469 469 CD 43431 10675 1535 ; ; : 43431 10675 1536 supra supra NNP 43431 10675 1537 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1538 acetabular acetabular NNP 43431 10675 1539 -- -- : 43431 10675 1540 , , , 43431 10675 1541 Ruminants Ruminants NNP 43431 10675 1542 , , , 43431 10675 1543 514 514 CD 43431 10675 1544 ; ; : 43431 10675 1545 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 10675 1546 -- -- : 43431 10675 1547 , , , 43431 10675 1548 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1549 , , , 43431 10675 1550 249 249 CD 43431 10675 1551 , , , 43431 10675 1552 256 256 CD 43431 10675 1553 ; ; : 43431 10675 1554 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10675 1555 , , , 43431 10675 1556 283 283 CD 43431 10675 1557 ; ; : 43431 10675 1558 supra supra NN 43431 10675 1559 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1560 trochlear trochlear JJ 43431 10675 1561 -- -- : 43431 10675 1562 , , , 43431 10675 1563 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1564 , , , 43431 10675 1565 406 406 CD 43431 10675 1566 ; ; , 43431 10675 1567 temporal temporal JJ 43431 10675 1568 -- -- : 43431 10675 1569 , , , 43431 10675 1570 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1571 , , , 43431 10675 1572 398 398 CD 43431 10675 1573 ; ; , 43431 10675 1574 trochanteric trochanteric JJ 43431 10675 1575 -- -- : 43431 10675 1576 , , , 43431 10675 1577 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1578 , , , 43431 10675 1579 412 412 CD 43431 10675 1580 Fowl Fowl NNP 43431 10675 1581 , , , 43431 10675 1582 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1583 41 41 CD 43431 10675 1584 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1585 , , , 43431 10675 1586 335 335 CD 43431 10675 1587 ; ; : 43431 10675 1588 claws claws NN 43431 10675 1589 , , , 43431 10675 1590 330 330 CD 43431 10675 1591 ; ; : 43431 10675 1592 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10675 1593 , , , 43431 10675 1594 = = SYM 43431 10675 1595 301= 301= CD 43431 10675 1596 Fox Fox NNP 43431 10675 1597 , , , 43431 10675 1598 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1599 48 48 CD 43431 10675 1600 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1601 Frigate Frigate NNP 43431 10675 1602 bird bird NN 43431 10675 1603 , , , 43431 10675 1604 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1605 41 41 CD 43431 10675 1606 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1607 ; ; : 43431 10675 1608 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10675 1609 , , , 43431 10675 1610 338 338 CD 43431 10675 1611 Frog Frog NNP 43431 10675 1612 , , , 43431 10675 1613 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10675 1614 limb limb NN 43431 10675 1615 , , , 43431 10675 1616 164 164 CD 43431 10675 1617 ; ; : 43431 10675 1618 cranium cranium NN 43431 10675 1619 , , , 43431 10675 1620 = = SYM 43431 10675 1621 155= 155= CD 43431 10675 1622 , , , 43431 10675 1623 = = SYM 43431 10675 1624 157= 157= LS 43431 10675 1625 ; ; : 43431 10675 1626 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10675 1627 apparatus apparatus NNP 43431 10675 1628 , , , 43431 10675 1629 161 161 CD 43431 10675 1630 ; ; : 43431 10675 1631 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10675 1632 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10675 1633 , , , 43431 10675 1634 165 165 CD 43431 10675 1635 ; ; : 43431 10675 1636 posterior posterior NN 43431 10675 1637 limb limb NN 43431 10675 1638 , , , 43431 10675 1639 166 166 CD 43431 10675 1640 ; ; : 43431 10675 1641 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10675 1642 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1643 girdle girdle NN 43431 10675 1644 and and CC 43431 10675 1645 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10675 1646 , , , 43431 10675 1647 = = SYM 43431 10675 1648 183= 183= CD 43431 10675 1649 ; ; : 43431 10675 1650 skull skull NNP 43431 10675 1651 , , , 43431 10675 1652 154 154 CD 43431 10675 1653 f. f. NNS 43431 10675 1654 , , , 43431 10675 1655 = = SYM 43431 10675 1656 155= 155= CD 43431 10675 1657 , , , 43431 10675 1658 = = SYM 43431 10675 1659 159= 159= NNS 43431 10675 1660 ; ; : 43431 10675 1661 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10675 1662 , , , 43431 10675 1663 151 151 CD 43431 10675 1664 ; ; : 43431 10675 1665 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10675 1666 column column NN 43431 10675 1667 , , , 43431 10675 1668 152 152 CD 43431 10675 1669 ; ; : 43431 10675 1670 Common common JJ 43431 10675 1671 -- -- : 43431 10675 1672 , , , 43431 10675 1673 Edible edible JJ 43431 10675 1674 -- -- : 43431 10675 1675 , , , 43431 10675 1676 Fire fire NN 43431 10675 1677 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1678 bellied bellied NNP 43431 10675 1679 -- -- : 43431 10675 1680 , , , 43431 10675 1681 Green green JJ 43431 10675 1682 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1683 tree tree NN 43431 10675 1684 -- -- : 43431 10675 1685 , , , 43431 10675 1686 Horned Horned NNP 43431 10675 1687 -- -- : 43431 10675 1688 , , , 43431 10675 1689 Midwife Midwife NNP 43431 10675 1690 -- -- : 43431 10675 1691 , , , 43431 10675 1692 Painted Painted NNP 43431 10675 1693 -- -- : 43431 10675 1694 and and CC 43431 10675 1695 Toad Toad NNP 43431 10675 1696 -- -- : 43431 10675 1697 , , , 43431 10675 1698 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1699 36 36 CD 43431 10675 1700 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1701 ; ; : 43431 10675 1702 Frontal Frontal NNP 43431 10675 1703 , , , 43431 10675 1704 19 19 CD 43431 10675 1705 ; ; : 43431 10675 1706 cod cod NN 43431 10675 1707 , , , 43431 10675 1708 96 96 CD 43431 10675 1709 ; ; : 43431 10675 1710 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1711 , , , 43431 10675 1712 249 249 CD 43431 10675 1713 ; ; : 43431 10675 1714 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1715 , , , 43431 10675 1716 388 388 CD 43431 10675 1717 ; ; : 43431 10675 1718 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1719 , , , 43431 10675 1720 314 314 CD 43431 10675 1721 ; ; : 43431 10675 1722 newt newt NN 43431 10675 1723 , , , 43431 10675 1724 141 141 CD 43431 10675 1725 ; ; : 43431 10675 1726 salmon salmon NN 43431 10675 1727 , , , 43431 10675 1728 91 91 CD 43431 10675 1729 ; ; : 43431 10675 1730 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 1731 , , , 43431 10675 1732 225 225 CD 43431 10675 1733 ; ; : 43431 10675 1734 -- -- : 43431 10675 1735 segment segment NN 43431 10675 1736 , , , 43431 10675 1737 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10675 1738 , , , 43431 10675 1739 249 249 CD 43431 10675 1740 ; ; : 43431 10675 1741 dog dog NN 43431 10675 1742 , , , 43431 10675 1743 388 388 CD 43431 10675 1744 ; ; : 43431 10675 1745 turtle turtle NN 43431 10675 1746 , , , 43431 10675 1747 225 225 CD 43431 10675 1748 Fronto Fronto NNS 43431 10675 1749 - - HYPH 43431 10675 1750 parietal parietal JJ 43431 10675 1751 , , , 43431 10675 1752 frog frog NN 43431 10675 1753 , , , 43431 10675 1754 156 156 CD 43431 10675 1755 Frugivorous frugivorous JJ 43431 10675 1756 bats bat NNS 43431 10675 1757 , , , 43431 10675 1758 manus manus NN 43431 10675 1759 512 512 CD 43431 10675 1760 ; ; : 43431 10675 1761 see see VB 43431 10675 1762 Pteropidae Pteropidae NNP 43431 10675 1763 Fulcra Fulcra NNP 43431 10675 1764 67 67 CD 43431 10675 1765 ; ; : 43431 10675 1766 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1767 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 10675 1768 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1769 106 106 CD 43431 10675 1770 Furcula Furcula NNP 43431 10675 1771 296 296 CD 43431 10675 1772 ; ; : 43431 10675 1773 duck duck NN 43431 10675 1774 322 322 CD 43431 10675 1775 Gadidae Gadidae NNP 43431 10675 1776 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1777 33 33 CD 43431 10675 1778 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1779 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1780 Gadus Gadus NNP 43431 10675 1781 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1782 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1783 33 33 CD 43431 10675 1784 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1785 ; ; : 43431 10675 1786 see see VB 43431 10675 1787 Cod Cod NNP 43431 10675 1788 Galeopithecidae Galeopithecidae NNP 43431 10675 1789 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1790 48 48 CD 43431 10675 1791 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1792 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1793 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 10675 1794 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1795 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1796 48 48 CD 43431 10675 1797 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1798 , , , 43431 10675 1799 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1800 370 370 CD 43431 10675 1801 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1802 ; ; : 43431 10675 1803 dental dental NNP 43431 10675 1804 formula formula NN 43431 10675 1805 440 440 CD 43431 10675 1806 ; ; : 43431 10675 1807 inter inter NNP 43431 10675 1808 centra centra NNP 43431 10675 1809 450 450 CD 43431 10675 1810 ; ; : 43431 10675 1811 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10675 1812 symphysis symphysis NN 43431 10675 1813 515 515 CD 43431 10675 1814 ; ; : 43431 10675 1815 skull skull NNP 43431 10675 1816 480 480 CD 43431 10675 1817 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1818 Galesaurus Galesaurus NNP 43431 10675 1819 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1820 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1821 36 36 CD 43431 10675 1822 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1823 , , , 43431 10675 1824 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1825 192 192 CD 43431 10675 1826 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1827 ; ; : 43431 10675 1828 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10675 1829 273 273 CD 43431 10675 1830 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1831 Galeus Galeus NNP 43431 10675 1832 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1833 , , , 43431 10675 1834 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1835 32 32 CD 43431 10675 1836 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1837 ; ; : 43431 10675 1838 occipital occipital JJ 43431 10675 1839 joint joint JJ 43431 10675 1840 118 118 CD 43431 10675 1841 Galli Galli NNP 43431 10675 1842 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1843 41 41 CD 43431 10675 1844 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1845 Galliformes Galliformes NNP 43431 10675 1846 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1847 41 41 CD 43431 10675 1848 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1849 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1850 Gallus Gallus NNP 43431 10675 1851 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1852 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1853 41 41 CD 43431 10675 1854 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1855 ; ; : 43431 10675 1856 _ _ NNP 43431 10675 1857 G. G. NNP 43431 10676 1 bankiva bankiva NNP 43431 10676 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10676 4 = = NFP 43431 10676 5 301= 301= CD 43431 10676 6 Gannet Gannet NNP 43431 10676 7 , , , 43431 10676 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 9 41 41 CD 43431 10676 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 11 ; ; : 43431 10676 12 wing wing NN 43431 10676 13 = = SYM 43431 10676 14 339= 339= CD 43431 10676 15 Ganoid Ganoid NNP 43431 10676 16 scales scale VBZ 43431 10676 17 8 8 CD 43431 10676 18 , , , 43431 10676 19 60 60 CD 43431 10676 20 , , , 43431 10676 21 104 104 CD 43431 10676 22 Ganoidei Ganoidei NNP 43431 10676 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 24 32 32 CD 43431 10676 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 26 ; ; : 43431 10676 27 general general JJ 43431 10676 28 characters character NNS 43431 10676 29 and and CC 43431 10676 30 distribution distribution NN 43431 10676 31 66 66 CD 43431 10676 32 ; ; : 43431 10676 33 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 10676 34 girdle girdle VB 43431 10676 35 126 126 CD 43431 10676 36 ; ; : 43431 10676 37 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10676 38 fins fin VBZ 43431 10676 39 132 132 CD 43431 10676 40 ; ; : 43431 10676 41 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 42 110 110 CD 43431 10676 43 ; ; : 43431 10676 44 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 45 121 121 CD 43431 10676 46 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 47 ; ; : 43431 10676 48 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10676 49 column column NN 43431 10676 50 112 112 CD 43431 10676 51 and and CC 43431 10676 52 114 114 CD 43431 10676 53 Garialidae Garialidae NNP 43431 10676 54 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 55 39 39 CD 43431 10676 56 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 57 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 58 Garialis Garialis NNP 43431 10676 59 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 60 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 61 39 39 CD 43431 10676 62 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 63 , , , 43431 10676 64 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 65 212 212 CD 43431 10676 66 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 67 Garial Garial NNP 43431 10676 68 210 210 CD 43431 10676 69 Gar Gar NNP 43431 10676 70 pike pike IN 43431 10676 71 33 33 CD 43431 10676 72 ; ; : 43431 10676 73 see see VB 43431 10676 74 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 75 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 10676 76 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 77 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 78 Gavialis Gavialis NNP 43431 10676 79 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 80 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 81 39 39 CD 43431 10676 82 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 83 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 84 Gazella Gazella NNP 43431 10676 85 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 86 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 87 46 46 CD 43431 10676 88 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 89 Gazelle Gazelle NNP 43431 10676 90 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 91 46 46 CD 43431 10676 92 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 93 ; ; : 43431 10676 94 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 95 468 468 CD 43431 10676 96 Geckonidae Geckonidae NNP 43431 10676 97 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 98 37 37 CD 43431 10676 99 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 100 ; ; : 43431 10676 101 see see VB 43431 10676 102 Gecko Gecko NNP 43431 10676 103 Gecko Gecko NNP 43431 10676 104 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 105 37 37 CD 43431 10676 106 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 107 ; ; : 43431 10676 108 epipubis epipubis NN 43431 10676 109 293 293 CD 43431 10676 110 ; ; : 43431 10676 111 parietals parietal NNS 43431 10676 112 277 277 CD 43431 10676 113 ; ; : 43431 10676 114 supratemporal supratemporal NN 43431 10676 115 fossa fossa NNP 43431 10676 116 283 283 CD 43431 10676 117 ; ; : 43431 10676 118 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 119 275 275 CD 43431 10676 120 Gibbon Gibbon NNP 43431 10676 121 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 122 49 49 CD 43431 10676 123 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 124 ; ; : 43431 10676 125 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10676 126 493 493 CD 43431 10676 127 ; ; : 43431 10676 128 skull skull NN 43431 10676 129 482 482 CD 43431 10676 130 Gill Gill NNP 43431 10676 131 - - HYPH 43431 10676 132 rays ray NNS 43431 10676 133 , , , 43431 10676 134 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10676 135 78 78 CD 43431 10676 136 ; ; : 43431 10676 137 salmon salmon NNP 43431 10676 138 95 95 CD 43431 10676 139 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 140 Giraffa Giraffa NNP 43431 10676 141 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 142 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 143 46 46 CD 43431 10676 144 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 145 Giraffe Giraffe NNP 43431 10676 146 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 147 46 46 CD 43431 10676 148 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 149 , , , 43431 10676 150 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 151 359 359 CD 43431 10676 152 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 153 ; ; : 43431 10676 154 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 155 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 156 445 445 CD 43431 10676 157 ; ; : 43431 10676 158 manus manus NN 43431 10676 159 507 507 CD 43431 10676 160 ; ; : 43431 10676 161 pes pes NNP 43431 10676 162 523 523 CD 43431 10676 163 ; ; : 43431 10676 164 ulna ulna CD 43431 10676 165 501 501 CD 43431 10676 166 Giraffidae Giraffidae NNP 43431 10676 167 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 168 46 46 CD 43431 10676 169 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 170 ; ; : 43431 10676 171 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 172 469 469 CD 43431 10676 173 Girdle Girdle NNP 43431 10676 174 bone bone NN 43431 10676 175 , , , 43431 10676 176 frog frog VB 43431 10676 177 156 156 CD 43431 10676 178 Glenoid Glenoid NNP 43431 10676 179 cavity cavity NN 43431 10676 180 25 25 CD 43431 10676 181 ; ; : 43431 10676 182 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 183 263 263 CD 43431 10676 184 ; ; : 43431 10676 185 dog dog NN 43431 10676 186 405 405 CD 43431 10676 187 ; ; : 43431 10676 188 duck duck NN 43431 10676 189 322 322 CD 43431 10676 190 ; ; : 43431 10676 191 frog frog VB 43431 10676 192 162 162 CD 43431 10676 193 ; ; : 43431 10676 194 newt newt NNP 43431 10676 195 146 146 CD 43431 10676 196 ; ; : 43431 10676 197 turtle turtle NNP 43431 10676 198 232 232 CD 43431 10676 199 ; ; : 43431 10676 200 --fossa --fossa NNP 43431 10676 201 , , , 43431 10676 202 dog dog NNP 43431 10676 203 394 394 CD 43431 10676 204 Globe Globe NNP 43431 10676 205 - - HYPH 43431 10676 206 fish fish NN 43431 10676 207 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 208 33 33 CD 43431 10676 209 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 210 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 211 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 10676 212 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 213 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 214 45 45 CD 43431 10676 215 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 216 ; ; : 43431 10676 217 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 218 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 219 354 354 CD 43431 10676 220 ; ; : 43431 10676 221 manus manus NN 43431 10676 222 506 506 CD 43431 10676 223 ; ; : 43431 10676 224 skull skull NN 43431 10676 225 463 463 CD 43431 10676 226 Gluteal Gluteal NNP 43431 10676 227 surface surface NN 43431 10676 228 of of IN 43431 10676 229 ilium ilium NNP 43431 10676 230 , , , 43431 10676 231 dog dog NN 43431 10676 232 410 410 CD 43431 10676 233 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 234 Glyptodon Glyptodon NNP 43431 10676 235 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 236 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 237 44 44 CD 43431 10676 238 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 239 ; ; : 43431 10676 240 carapace carapace NN 43431 10676 241 419 419 CD 43431 10676 242 ; ; : 43431 10676 243 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 244 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 245 443 443 CD 43431 10676 246 ; ; : 43431 10676 247 caudal caudal NNP 43431 10676 248 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 249 453 453 CD 43431 10676 250 ; ; : 43431 10676 251 manus manus NN 43431 10676 252 505 505 CD 43431 10676 253 ; ; : 43431 10676 254 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10676 255 513 513 CD 43431 10676 256 ; ; : 43431 10676 257 pes pes NNP 43431 10676 258 522 522 CD 43431 10676 259 ; ; : 43431 10676 260 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 261 425 425 CD 43431 10676 262 ; ; : 43431 10676 263 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10676 264 - - HYPH 43431 10676 265 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10676 266 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 267 447 447 CD 43431 10676 268 Glyptodontidae Glyptodontidae NNP 43431 10676 269 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 270 44 44 CD 43431 10676 271 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 272 , , , 43431 10676 273 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 274 352 352 CD 43431 10676 275 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 276 ; ; : 43431 10676 277 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 278 459 459 CD 43431 10676 279 ; ; : 43431 10676 280 see see VB 43431 10676 281 also also RB 43431 10676 282 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 283 Glyptodon Glyptodon NNP 43431 10676 284 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 285 Gnathostomata Gnathostomata NNP 43431 10676 286 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 287 31 31 CD 43431 10676 288 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 289 , , , 43431 10676 290 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 291 59 59 CD 43431 10676 292 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 293 Golden Golden NNP 43431 10676 294 mole mole NN 43431 10676 295 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 296 49 49 CD 43431 10676 297 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 298 ; ; : 43431 10676 299 see see VB 43431 10676 300 Chrysochloris Chrysochloris NNP 43431 10676 301 Goniopholidae Goniopholidae NNP 43431 10676 302 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 303 39 39 CD 43431 10676 304 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 305 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 306 Goniopholis Goniopholis NNP 43431 10676 307 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 308 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 309 39 39 CD 43431 10676 310 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 311 ; ; : 43431 10676 312 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10676 313 275 275 CD 43431 10676 314 Goose Goose NNP 43431 10676 315 334 334 CD 43431 10676 316 ; ; : 43431 10676 317 beak beak NN 43431 10676 318 329 329 CD 43431 10676 319 ; ; : 43431 10676 320 Spur spur NN 43431 10676 321 - - HYPH 43431 10676 322 winged--41 winged--41 NNP 43431 10676 323 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 324 Gorilla Gorilla NNP 43431 10676 325 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 326 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 327 49 49 CD 43431 10676 328 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 329 ; ; : 43431 10676 330 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10676 331 512 512 CD 43431 10676 332 ; ; : 43431 10676 333 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10676 334 493 493 CD 43431 10676 335 ; ; : 43431 10676 336 scapula scapula NNP 43431 10676 337 499 499 CD 43431 10676 338 ; ; : 43431 10676 339 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 340 = = SYM 43431 10676 341 483= 483= CD 43431 10676 342 ; ; : 43431 10676 343 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10676 344 - - HYPH 43431 10676 345 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10676 346 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 347 450 450 CD 43431 10676 348 Gruidae Gruidae NNP 43431 10676 349 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 350 41 41 CD 43431 10676 351 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 352 ; ; : 43431 10676 353 see see VB 43431 10676 354 Cranes Cranes NNP 43431 10676 355 Gruiformes Gruiformes NNPS 43431 10676 356 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 357 41 41 CD 43431 10676 358 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 359 Guinea Guinea NNP 43431 10676 360 - - HYPH 43431 10676 361 pig pig NNP 43431 10676 362 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 363 48 48 CD 43431 10676 364 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 365 ; ; : 43431 10676 366 tail tail NN 43431 10676 367 454 454 CD 43431 10676 368 Gular Gular NNP 43431 10676 369 shield shield NN 43431 10676 370 , , , 43431 10676 371 turtle turtle VBP 43431 10676 372 215 215 CD 43431 10676 373 Gulls gull NNS 43431 10676 374 _ _ IN 43431 10676 375 42 42 CD 43431 10676 376 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 377 , , , 43431 10676 378 335 335 CD 43431 10676 379 ; ; : 43431 10676 380 aftershaft aftershaft NNP 43431 10676 381 328 328 CD 43431 10676 382 Gymnodontidae Gymnodontidae NNP 43431 10676 383 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 384 33 33 CD 43431 10676 385 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 386 ; ; : 43431 10676 387 beaks beak NNS 43431 10676 388 111 111 CD 43431 10676 389 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 10676 390 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 391 35 35 CD 43431 10676 392 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 393 ; ; : 43431 10676 394 branchial branchial NNP 43431 10676 395 arches arch VBZ 43431 10676 396 180 180 CD 43431 10676 397 ; ; : 43431 10676 398 general general JJ 43431 10676 399 characters character NNS 43431 10676 400 136 136 CD 43431 10676 401 ; ; : 43431 10676 402 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10676 403 182 182 CD 43431 10676 404 ; ; : 43431 10676 405 scales scale NNS 43431 10676 406 168 168 CD 43431 10676 407 ; ; : 43431 10676 408 skull skull NN 43431 10676 409 177 177 CD 43431 10676 410 ; ; : 43431 10676 411 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 412 169 169 CD 43431 10676 413 ; ; : 43431 10676 414 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 415 172 172 CD 43431 10676 416 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 417 Gymnura Gymnura NNP 43431 10676 418 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 419 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 420 49 49 CD 43431 10676 421 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 422 ; ; : 43431 10676 423 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 424 440 440 CD 43431 10676 425 ; ; : 43431 10676 426 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 10676 427 arch arch NN 43431 10676 428 481 481 CD 43431 10676 429 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 430 Gypogeranus Gypogeranus NNP 43431 10676 431 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 432 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 433 41 41 CD 43431 10676 434 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 435 ; ; : 43431 10676 436 claws claws NN 43431 10676 437 330 330 CD 43431 10676 438 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 439 Gyrinophilus Gyrinophilus NNP 43431 10676 440 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 441 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 442 35 35 CD 43431 10676 443 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 444 ; ; : 43431 10676 445 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10676 446 column column NN 43431 10676 447 171 171 CD 43431 10676 448 Haddock Haddock NNP 43431 10676 449 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 450 33 33 CD 43431 10676 451 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 452 Hadrosauridae Hadrosauridae NNP 43431 10676 453 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 454 39 39 CD 43431 10676 455 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 456 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 457 Hadrosaurus Hadrosaurus NNP 43431 10676 458 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 459 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 460 39 39 CD 43431 10676 461 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 462 ; ; : 43431 10676 463 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 464 284 284 CD 43431 10676 465 Hag Hag NNP 43431 10676 466 or or CC 43431 10676 467 hag hag NN 43431 10676 468 - - HYPH 43431 10676 469 fish fish NNP 43431 10676 470 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 471 31 31 CD 43431 10676 472 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 473 , , , 43431 10676 474 54 54 CD 43431 10676 475 f. f. NN 43431 10676 476 Hair hair NN 43431 10676 477 3 3 CD 43431 10676 478 ; ; : 43431 10676 479 dog dog NN 43431 10676 480 374 374 CD 43431 10676 481 ; ; : 43431 10676 482 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10676 483 416 416 CD 43431 10676 484 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 485 Halicore Halicore NNP 43431 10676 486 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 487 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 488 44 44 CD 43431 10676 489 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 490 , , , 43431 10676 491 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 492 352 352 CD 43431 10676 493 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 494 ; ; : 43431 10676 495 manus manus NN 43431 10676 496 505 505 CD 43431 10676 497 ; ; : 43431 10676 498 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 499 460 460 CD 43431 10676 500 ; ; : 43431 10676 501 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 502 425 425 CD 43431 10676 503 ; ; : 43431 10676 504 see see VB 43431 10676 505 Dugong Dugong NNP 43431 10676 506 Halicoridae Halicoridae NNP 43431 10676 507 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 508 44 44 CD 43431 10676 509 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 510 Halitheriidae Halitheriidae NNP 43431 10676 511 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 512 44 44 CD 43431 10676 513 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 514 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 515 Halitherium Halitherium NNP 43431 10676 516 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 517 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 518 44 44 CD 43431 10676 519 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 520 , , , 43431 10676 521 352 352 CD 43431 10676 522 ; ; : 43431 10676 523 femur femur NN 43431 10676 524 518 518 CD 43431 10676 525 ; ; : 43431 10676 526 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10676 527 514 514 CD 43431 10676 528 ; ; : 43431 10676 529 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 530 425 425 CD 43431 10676 531 Hallux hallux NN 43431 10676 532 26 26 CD 43431 10676 533 ; ; : 43431 10676 534 dog dog NN 43431 10676 535 415 415 CD 43431 10676 536 ; ; : 43431 10676 537 duck duck NN 43431 10676 538 327 327 CD 43431 10676 539 ; ; : 43431 10676 540 frog frog VB 43431 10676 541 167 167 CD 43431 10676 542 Hamular Hamular NNP 43431 10676 543 process process NN 43431 10676 544 , , , 43431 10676 545 dog dog NN 43431 10676 546 397 397 CD 43431 10676 547 Hand hand NN 43431 10676 548 , , , 43431 10676 549 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 550 266 266 CD 43431 10676 551 ; ; : 43431 10676 552 dog dog NN 43431 10676 553 408 408 CD 43431 10676 554 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 555 ; ; : 43431 10676 556 duck duck NN 43431 10676 557 324 324 CD 43431 10676 558 ; ; : 43431 10676 559 frog frog NN 43431 10676 560 165 165 CD 43431 10676 561 ; ; : 43431 10676 562 newt newt NNP 43431 10676 563 147 147 CD 43431 10676 564 ; ; : 43431 10676 565 turtle turtle VBP 43431 10676 566 233 233 CD 43431 10676 567 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 568 Hapale Hapale NNP 43431 10676 569 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 570 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 571 49 49 CD 43431 10676 572 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 573 Hapalidae Hapalidae NNP 43431 10676 574 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 575 49 49 CD 43431 10676 576 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 577 , , , 43431 10676 578 372 372 CD 43431 10676 579 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 580 ; ; : 43431 10676 581 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 582 441 441 CD 43431 10676 583 Hare Hare NNP 43431 10676 584 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 585 48 48 CD 43431 10676 586 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 587 , , , 43431 10676 588 366 366 CD 43431 10676 589 ; ; : 43431 10676 590 acetabular acetabular NN 43431 10676 591 bone bone NN 43431 10676 592 515 515 CD 43431 10676 593 ; ; : 43431 10676 594 dental dental NNP 43431 10676 595 formula formula NN 43431 10676 596 435 435 CD 43431 10676 597 ; ; : 43431 10676 598 femur femur NN 43431 10676 599 520 520 CD 43431 10676 600 ; ; : 43431 10676 601 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10676 602 502 502 CD 43431 10676 603 ; ; : 43431 10676 604 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10676 605 515 515 CD 43431 10676 606 ; ; : 43431 10676 607 scapula scapula NNP 43431 10676 608 497 497 CD 43431 10676 609 ; ; : 43431 10676 610 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 611 476 476 CD 43431 10676 612 ; ; : 43431 10676 613 tail tail NN 43431 10676 614 454 454 CD 43431 10676 615 ; ; : 43431 10676 616 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10676 617 - - HYPH 43431 10676 618 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10676 619 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 620 449 449 CD 43431 10676 621 ; ; : 43431 10676 622 Cape Cape NNP 43431 10676 623 jumping jumping NN 43431 10676 624 -- -- : 43431 10676 625 , , , 43431 10676 626 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 627 47 47 CD 43431 10676 628 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 629 ; ; : 43431 10676 630 see see VB 43431 10676 631 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 632 Pedetes Pedetes NNP 43431 10676 633 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 634 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 635 Harpagus Harpagus NNP 43431 10676 636 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 637 , , , 43431 10676 638 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 639 41 41 CD 43431 10676 640 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 641 ; ; : 43431 10676 642 serrated serrated JJ 43431 10676 643 beak beak NNP 43431 10676 644 , , , 43431 10676 645 334 334 CD 43431 10676 646 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 647 Harriotta Harriotta NNP 43431 10676 648 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 649 , , , 43431 10676 650 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 651 32 32 CD 43431 10676 652 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 653 , , , 43431 10676 654 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 655 66 66 CD 43431 10676 656 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 657 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 658 Hatteria Hatteria NNP 43431 10676 659 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 660 , , , 43431 10676 661 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 662 37 37 CD 43431 10676 663 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 664 , , , 43431 10676 665 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 666 197 197 CD 43431 10676 667 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 668 ; ; : 43431 10676 669 see see VB 43431 10676 670 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 671 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 10676 672 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 673 Haversian Haversian NNP 43431 10676 674 canals canal NNS 43431 10676 675 , , , 43431 10676 676 10 10 CD 43431 10676 677 ; ; : 43431 10676 678 -- -- : 43431 10676 679 system system NN 43431 10676 680 , , , 43431 10676 681 10 10 CD 43431 10676 682 Hawks Hawks NNPS 43431 10676 683 , , , 43431 10676 684 beak beak NN 43431 10676 685 of of IN 43431 10676 686 , , , 43431 10676 687 330 330 CD 43431 10676 688 Hedgehog Hedgehog NNP 43431 10676 689 , , , 43431 10676 690 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 691 49 49 CD 43431 10676 692 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 693 , , , 43431 10676 694 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 695 370 370 CD 43431 10676 696 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 697 ; ; : 43431 10676 698 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10676 699 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10676 700 , , , 43431 10676 701 488 488 CD 43431 10676 702 ; ; : 43431 10676 703 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10676 704 , , , 43431 10676 705 503 503 CD 43431 10676 706 ; ; : 43431 10676 707 presternum presternum NN 43431 10676 708 , , , 43431 10676 709 490 490 CD 43431 10676 710 ; ; : 43431 10676 711 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 712 , , , 43431 10676 713 480 480 CD 43431 10676 714 ; ; : 43431 10676 715 spines spine NNS 43431 10676 716 , , , 43431 10676 717 417 417 CD 43431 10676 718 ; ; : 43431 10676 719 see see VB 43431 10676 720 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 721 Erinaceus Erinaceus NNP 43431 10676 722 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 723 Hemichordata Hemichordata NNP 43431 10676 724 , , , 43431 10676 725 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 726 30 30 CD 43431 10676 727 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 728 , , , 43431 10676 729 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 730 50 50 CD 43431 10676 731 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 732 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 733 Heptanchus Heptanchus NNP 43431 10676 734 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 735 , , , 43431 10676 736 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 737 31 31 CD 43431 10676 738 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 739 ; ; : 43431 10676 740 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10676 741 arches arch NNS 43431 10676 742 , , , 43431 10676 743 63 63 CD 43431 10676 744 , , , 43431 10676 745 = = SYM 43431 10676 746 120= 120= CD 43431 10676 747 ; ; : 43431 10676 748 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 749 , , , 43431 10676 750 114 114 CD 43431 10676 751 Herbivorous herbivorous JJ 43431 10676 752 dentition dentition NN 43431 10676 753 , , , 43431 10676 754 427 427 CD 43431 10676 755 , , , 43431 10676 756 430 430 CD 43431 10676 757 Heron Heron NNP 43431 10676 758 , , , 43431 10676 759 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 760 41 41 CD 43431 10676 761 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 762 , , , 43431 10676 763 335 335 CD 43431 10676 764 ; ; : 43431 10676 765 interorbital interorbital NN 43431 10676 766 septum septum NN 43431 10676 767 , , , 43431 10676 768 333 333 CD 43431 10676 769 ; ; : 43431 10676 770 powder powder NN 43431 10676 771 down down RP 43431 10676 772 feathers feather NNS 43431 10676 773 , , , 43431 10676 774 329 329 CD 43431 10676 775 Herring herring NN 43431 10676 776 , , , 43431 10676 777 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 778 33 33 CD 43431 10676 779 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 780 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 781 Hesperornis Hesperornis NNP 43431 10676 782 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 783 , , , 43431 10676 784 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 785 40 40 CD 43431 10676 786 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 787 , , , 43431 10676 788 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 789 299 299 CD 43431 10676 790 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 791 ; ; : 43431 10676 792 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10676 793 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 794 , , , 43431 10676 795 333 333 CD 43431 10676 796 ; ; : 43431 10676 797 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10676 798 , , , 43431 10676 799 338 338 CD 43431 10676 800 ; ; : 43431 10676 801 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 802 , , , 43431 10676 803 330 330 CD 43431 10676 804 ; ; : 43431 10676 805 wing wing NN 43431 10676 806 , , , 43431 10676 807 338 338 CD 43431 10676 808 Heterocercal heterocercal JJ 43431 10676 809 tail tail NN 43431 10676 810 , , , 43431 10676 811 60 60 CD 43431 10676 812 , , , 43431 10676 813 116 116 CD 43431 10676 814 Heterodont Heterodont NNP 43431 10676 815 , , , 43431 10676 816 7 7 CD 43431 10676 817 Heterostraci Heterostraci NNP 43431 10676 818 , , , 43431 10676 819 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 820 31 31 CD 43431 10676 821 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 822 ; ; : 43431 10676 823 general general JJ 43431 10676 824 character character NN 43431 10676 825 , , , 43431 10676 826 54 54 CD 43431 10676 827 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 828 Hexanchus Hexanchus NNP 43431 10676 829 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 830 , , , 43431 10676 831 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 832 31 31 CD 43431 10676 833 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 834 ; ; : 43431 10676 835 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10676 836 arches arch NNS 43431 10676 837 , , , 43431 10676 838 63 63 CD 43431 10676 839 , , , 43431 10676 840 121 121 CD 43431 10676 841 Hinge Hinge NNP 43431 10676 842 joint joint NN 43431 10676 843 , , , 43431 10676 844 13 13 CD 43431 10676 845 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 846 Hipparion Hipparion NNP 43431 10676 847 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 848 , , , 43431 10676 849 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 850 46 46 CD 43431 10676 851 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 852 ; ; : 43431 10676 853 manus manus NN 43431 10676 854 , , , 43431 10676 855 508 508 CD 43431 10676 856 ; ; : 43431 10676 857 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 858 , , , 43431 10676 859 = = SYM 43431 10676 860 524= 524= CD 43431 10676 861 Hippopotamidae Hippopotamidae NNP 43431 10676 862 , , , 43431 10676 863 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 864 45 45 CD 43431 10676 865 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 866 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 867 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 10676 868 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 869 , , , 43431 10676 870 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 871 45 45 CD 43431 10676 872 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 873 , , , 43431 10676 874 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 875 359 359 CD 43431 10676 876 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 877 ; ; : 43431 10676 878 dental dental JJ 43431 10676 879 formula formula NN 43431 10676 880 , , , 43431 10676 881 427 427 CD 43431 10676 882 ; ; : 43431 10676 883 hair hair NN 43431 10676 884 , , , 43431 10676 885 416 416 CD 43431 10676 886 ; ; : 43431 10676 887 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10676 888 , , , 43431 10676 889 467 467 CD 43431 10676 890 ; ; : 43431 10676 891 manus manus NN 43431 10676 892 , , , 43431 10676 893 506 506 CD 43431 10676 894 ; ; : 43431 10676 895 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 896 , , , 43431 10676 897 523 523 CD 43431 10676 898 ; ; : 43431 10676 899 scapula scapula NNP 43431 10676 900 , , , 43431 10676 901 496 496 CD 43431 10676 902 ; ; : 43431 10676 903 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 904 , , , 43431 10676 905 467 467 CD 43431 10676 906 ; ; : 43431 10676 907 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 908 , , , 43431 10676 909 345 345 CD 43431 10676 910 Hoatzin Hoatzin NNPS 43431 10676 911 , , , 43431 10676 912 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 913 41 41 CD 43431 10676 914 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 915 ; ; : 43431 10676 916 see see VB 43431 10676 917 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 918 Opisthocomus Opisthocomus NNP 43431 10676 919 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 920 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 10676 921 , , , 43431 10676 922 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 923 32 32 CD 43431 10676 924 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 925 , , , 43431 10676 926 65 65 CD 43431 10676 927 , , , 43431 10676 928 104 104 CD 43431 10676 929 ; ; : 43431 10676 930 clasper clasper NN 43431 10676 931 , , , 43431 10676 932 132 132 CD 43431 10676 933 ; ; : 43431 10676 934 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10676 935 column column NN 43431 10676 936 , , , 43431 10676 937 113 113 CD 43431 10676 938 ; ; : 43431 10676 939 tail tail NN 43431 10676 940 , , , 43431 10676 941 116 116 CD 43431 10676 942 ; ; : 43431 10676 943 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 944 , , , 43431 10676 945 109 109 CD 43431 10676 946 Holoptychiidae Holoptychiidae NNP 43431 10676 947 , , , 43431 10676 948 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 949 33 33 CD 43431 10676 950 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 951 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 952 Holoptychius Holoptychius NNP 43431 10676 953 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 954 , , , 43431 10676 955 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 956 33 33 CD 43431 10676 957 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 958 ; ; : 43431 10676 959 scales scale NNS 43431 10676 960 , , , 43431 10676 961 105 105 CD 43431 10676 962 Holostei Holostei NNP 43431 10676 963 , , , 43431 10676 964 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 965 33 33 CD 43431 10676 966 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 967 ; ; : 43431 10676 968 general general JJ 43431 10676 969 characters character NNS 43431 10676 970 , , , 43431 10676 971 68 68 CD 43431 10676 972 ; ; : 43431 10676 973 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 974 , , , 43431 10676 975 110 110 CD 43431 10676 976 ; ; : 43431 10676 977 see see VBP 43431 10676 978 Bony Bony NNP 43431 10676 979 Ganoids Ganoids NNP 43431 10676 980 Hominidae Hominidae NNP 43431 10676 981 , , , 43431 10676 982 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 983 49 49 CD 43431 10676 984 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 985 , , , 43431 10676 986 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 987 373 373 CD 43431 10676 988 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 989 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 990 Homo Homo NNP 43431 10676 991 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 992 , , , 43431 10676 993 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 994 49 49 CD 43431 10676 995 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 996 ; ; : 43431 10676 997 see see VB 43431 10676 998 Man Man NNP 43431 10676 999 Homocercal Homocercal NNP 43431 10676 1000 tail tail NN 43431 10676 1001 , , , 43431 10676 1002 60 60 CD 43431 10676 1003 , , , 43431 10676 1004 69 69 CD 43431 10676 1005 , , , 43431 10676 1006 117 117 CD 43431 10676 1007 ; ; : 43431 10676 1008 codfish codfish NN 43431 10676 1009 , , , 43431 10676 1010 87 87 CD 43431 10676 1011 Homodont Homodont NNP 43431 10676 1012 , , , 43431 10676 1013 defined define VBN 43431 10676 1014 , , , 43431 10676 1015 7 7 CD 43431 10676 1016 Hoofs Hoofs NNP 43431 10676 1017 , , , 43431 10676 1018 3 3 CD 43431 10676 1019 , , , 43431 10676 1020 418 418 CD 43431 10676 1021 Hoopoe Hoopoe NNP 43431 10676 1022 , , , 43431 10676 1023 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1024 42 42 CD 43431 10676 1025 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1026 , , , 43431 10676 1027 335 335 CD 43431 10676 1028 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1029 Hoplopterus Hoplopterus NNP 43431 10676 1030 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1031 , , , 43431 10676 1032 spur spur NN 43431 10676 1033 , , , 43431 10676 1034 330 330 CD 43431 10676 1035 Hornbill Hornbill NNP 43431 10676 1036 , , , 43431 10676 1037 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1038 42 42 CD 43431 10676 1039 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1040 , , , 43431 10676 1041 331 331 CD 43431 10676 1042 ; ; : 43431 10676 1043 bony bony NNP 43431 10676 1044 crest crest NNP 43431 10676 1045 , , , 43431 10676 1046 334 334 CD 43431 10676 1047 ; ; : 43431 10676 1048 interorbital interorbital NN 43431 10676 1049 septum septum NN 43431 10676 1050 , , , 43431 10676 1051 333 333 CD 43431 10676 1052 Horns horn NNS 43431 10676 1053 , , , 43431 10676 1054 3 3 CD 43431 10676 1055 , , , 43431 10676 1056 417 417 CD 43431 10676 1057 Horny Horny NNP 43431 10676 1058 plates plate NNS 43431 10676 1059 on on IN 43431 10676 1060 palate palate NN 43431 10676 1061 , , , 43431 10676 1062 418 418 CD 43431 10676 1063 ; ; : 43431 10676 1064 -- -- : 43431 10676 1065 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1066 , , , 43431 10676 1067 Lampreys Lampreys NNP 43431 10676 1068 , , , 43431 10676 1069 4 4 CD 43431 10676 1070 ; ; : 43431 10676 1071 Myxinoids Myxinoids NNP 43431 10676 1072 , , , 43431 10676 1073 57 57 CD 43431 10676 1074 ; ; : 43431 10676 1075 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1076 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 10676 1077 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1078 , , , 43431 10676 1079 4 4 CD 43431 10676 1080 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10676 1081 , , , 43431 10676 1082 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1083 46 46 CD 43431 10676 1084 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1085 , , , 43431 10676 1086 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1087 360 360 CD 43431 10676 1088 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1089 ; ; : 43431 10676 1090 fibula fibula NN 43431 10676 1091 , , , 43431 10676 1092 519 519 CD 43431 10676 1093 ; ; : 43431 10676 1094 malleus malleus NNP 43431 10676 1095 , , , 43431 10676 1096 487 487 CD 43431 10676 1097 ; ; : 43431 10676 1098 manus manus NN 43431 10676 1099 , , , 43431 10676 1100 507 507 CD 43431 10676 1101 ; ; : 43431 10676 1102 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 1103 , , , 43431 10676 1104 = = SYM 43431 10676 1105 524= 524= NNP 43431 10676 1106 ; ; : 43431 10676 1107 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 1108 , , , 43431 10676 1109 471 471 CD 43431 10676 1110 ; ; : 43431 10676 1111 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1112 , , , 43431 10676 1113 345 345 CD 43431 10676 1114 , , , 43431 10676 1115 430 430 CD 43431 10676 1116 ; ; , 43431 10676 1117 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10676 1118 , , , 43431 10676 1119 501 501 CD 43431 10676 1120 Howling howling NN 43431 10676 1121 monkey monkey NN 43431 10676 1122 , , , 43431 10676 1123 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1124 49 49 CD 43431 10676 1125 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1126 ; ; : 43431 10676 1127 see see VB 43431 10676 1128 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1129 Mycetes Mycetes NNP 43431 10676 1130 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1131 Humerals Humerals NNPS 43431 10676 1132 , , , 43431 10676 1133 duck duck NN 43431 10676 1134 , , , 43431 10676 1135 303 303 CD 43431 10676 1136 f. f. NNP 43431 10676 1137 Humeral Humeral NNP 43431 10676 1138 shield shield NN 43431 10676 1139 , , , 43431 10676 1140 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 1141 , , , 43431 10676 1142 215 215 CD 43431 10676 1143 Humerus Humerus NNP 43431 10676 1144 , , , 43431 10676 1145 26 26 CD 43431 10676 1146 ; ; : 43431 10676 1147 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 1148 , , , 43431 10676 1149 263 263 CD 43431 10676 1150 ; ; : 43431 10676 1151 dog dog NN 43431 10676 1152 , , , 43431 10676 1153 405 405 CD 43431 10676 1154 ; ; : 43431 10676 1155 duck duck NN 43431 10676 1156 , , , 43431 10676 1157 323 323 CD 43431 10676 1158 ; ; : 43431 10676 1159 frog frog NNP 43431 10676 1160 , , , 43431 10676 1161 164 164 CD 43431 10676 1162 ; ; : 43431 10676 1163 newt newt NN 43431 10676 1164 , , , 43431 10676 1165 147 147 CD 43431 10676 1166 ; ; : 43431 10676 1167 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 1168 , , , 43431 10676 1169 232 232 CD 43431 10676 1170 ; ; : 43431 10676 1171 wombat wombat NNP 43431 10676 1172 , , , 43431 10676 1173 = = NFP 43431 10676 1174 500= 500= CD 43431 10676 1175 Humming hum VBG 43431 10676 1176 - - HYPH 43431 10676 1177 birds bird NNS 43431 10676 1178 , , , 43431 10676 1179 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1180 42 42 CD 43431 10676 1181 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1182 , , , 43431 10676 1183 335 335 CD 43431 10676 1184 Humpbacked humpbacked JJ 43431 10676 1185 whale whale NN 43431 10676 1186 , , , 43431 10676 1187 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1188 44 44 CD 43431 10676 1189 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1190 , , , 43431 10676 1191 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1192 357 357 CD 43431 10676 1193 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1194 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1195 Hyaena Hyaena NNP 43431 10676 1196 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1197 , , , 43431 10676 1198 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1199 48 48 CD 43431 10676 1200 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1201 , , , 43431 10676 1202 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1203 369 369 CD 43431 10676 1204 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1205 ; ; : 43431 10676 1206 hallux hallux NN 43431 10676 1207 , , , 43431 10676 1208 526 526 CD 43431 10676 1209 ; ; : 43431 10676 1210 pollex pollex NN 43431 10676 1211 , , , 43431 10676 1212 511 511 CD 43431 10676 1213 ; ; : 43431 10676 1214 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10676 1215 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 1216 , , , 43431 10676 1217 452 452 CD 43431 10676 1218 ; ; : 43431 10676 1219 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1220 , , , 43431 10676 1221 437 437 CD 43431 10676 1222 Hyaenidae Hyaenidae NNP 43431 10676 1223 , , , 43431 10676 1224 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1225 48 48 CD 43431 10676 1226 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1227 ; ; : 43431 10676 1228 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10676 1229 , , , 43431 10676 1230 502 502 CD 43431 10676 1231 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1232 Hyaenodon Hyaenodon NNP 43431 10676 1233 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1234 , , , 43431 10676 1235 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1236 48 48 CD 43431 10676 1237 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1238 , , , 43431 10676 1239 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1240 368 368 CD 43431 10676 1241 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1242 Hyaenodontidae Hyaenodontidae NNP 43431 10676 1243 , , , 43431 10676 1244 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1245 48 48 CD 43431 10676 1246 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1247 Hyaline Hyaline NNP 43431 10676 1248 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 10676 1249 , , , 43431 10676 1250 10 10 CD 43431 10676 1251 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1252 Hydrochaerus Hydrochaerus NNP 43431 10676 1253 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1254 , , , 43431 10676 1255 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1256 48 48 CD 43431 10676 1257 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1258 ; ; : 43431 10676 1259 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1260 , , , 43431 10676 1261 437 437 CD 43431 10676 1262 ; ; : 43431 10676 1263 see see VBP 43431 10676 1264 Capybara Capybara NNP 43431 10676 1265 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1266 Hydromys Hydromys NNP 43431 10676 1267 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1268 , , , 43431 10676 1269 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1270 47 47 CD 43431 10676 1271 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1272 ; ; : 43431 10676 1273 dental dental NNP 43431 10676 1274 formula formula NN 43431 10676 1275 , , , 43431 10676 1276 436 436 CD 43431 10676 1277 Hydrophidae Hydrophidae NNP 43431 10676 1278 , , , 43431 10676 1279 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1280 38 38 CD 43431 10676 1281 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1282 ; ; : 43431 10676 1283 scales scale NNS 43431 10676 1284 , , , 43431 10676 1285 270 270 CD 43431 10676 1286 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1287 Hydropotes Hydropotes NNP 43431 10676 1288 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1289 , , , 43431 10676 1290 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1291 46 46 CD 43431 10676 1292 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1293 ; ; : 43431 10676 1294 canines canine NNS 43431 10676 1295 , , , 43431 10676 1296 429 429 CD 43431 10676 1297 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1298 Hyla Hyla NNP 43431 10676 1299 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1300 , , , 43431 10676 1301 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1302 36 36 CD 43431 10676 1303 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1304 ; ; : 43431 10676 1305 fronto fronto JJ 43431 10676 1306 - - HYPH 43431 10676 1307 parietal parietal JJ 43431 10676 1308 fontanelle fontanelle NN 43431 10676 1309 , , , 43431 10676 1310 179 179 CD 43431 10676 1311 ; ; : 43431 10676 1312 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10676 1313 , , , 43431 10676 1314 184 184 CD 43431 10676 1315 Hylidae Hylidae NNP 43431 10676 1316 , , , 43431 10676 1317 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1318 36 36 CD 43431 10676 1319 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1320 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1321 Hylobates Hylobates NNP 43431 10676 1322 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1323 , , , 43431 10676 1324 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1325 49 49 CD 43431 10676 1326 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1327 ; ; : 43431 10676 1328 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10676 1329 , , , 43431 10676 1330 493 493 CD 43431 10676 1331 ; ; : 43431 10676 1332 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 1333 , , , 43431 10676 1334 482 482 CD 43431 10676 1335 Hyoid Hyoid NNP 43431 10676 1336 , , , 43431 10676 1337 21 21 CD 43431 10676 1338 ; ; : 43431 10676 1339 alligator alligator NN 43431 10676 1340 , , , 43431 10676 1341 = = SYM 43431 10676 1342 285= 285= LS 43431 10676 1343 ; ; : 43431 10676 1344 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10676 1345 , , , 43431 10676 1346 180 180 CD 43431 10676 1347 ; ; : 43431 10676 1348 birds bird NNS 43431 10676 1349 , , , 43431 10676 1350 336 336 CD 43431 10676 1351 ; ; : 43431 10676 1352 cod cod NN 43431 10676 1353 , , , 43431 10676 1354 100 100 CD 43431 10676 1355 ; ; : 43431 10676 1356 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 1357 , , , 43431 10676 1358 259 259 CD 43431 10676 1359 ; ; : 43431 10676 1360 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10676 1361 , , , 43431 10676 1362 77 77 CD 43431 10676 1363 ; ; : 43431 10676 1364 dog dog NN 43431 10676 1365 , , , 43431 10676 1366 399 399 CD 43431 10676 1367 ; ; : 43431 10676 1368 duck duck NN 43431 10676 1369 , , , 43431 10676 1370 320 320 CD 43431 10676 1371 ; ; : 43431 10676 1372 frog frog NN 43431 10676 1373 , , , 43431 10676 1374 161 161 CD 43431 10676 1375 ; ; : 43431 10676 1376 newt newt NN 43431 10676 1377 , , , 43431 10676 1378 144 144 CD 43431 10676 1379 ; ; : 43431 10676 1380 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10676 1381 , , , 43431 10676 1382 284 284 CD 43431 10676 1383 ; ; : 43431 10676 1384 salmon salmon NN 43431 10676 1385 , , , 43431 10676 1386 94 94 CD 43431 10676 1387 ; ; : 43431 10676 1388 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 1389 , , , 43431 10676 1390 231 231 CD 43431 10676 1391 , , , 43431 10676 1392 = = SYM 43431 10676 1393 285= 285= CD 43431 10676 1394 Hyomandibular Hyomandibular NNP 43431 10676 1395 , , , 43431 10676 1396 23 23 CD 43431 10676 1397 ; ; : 43431 10676 1398 cod cod NN 43431 10676 1399 , , , 43431 10676 1400 100 100 CD 43431 10676 1401 ; ; : 43431 10676 1402 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10676 1403 , , , 43431 10676 1404 78 78 CD 43431 10676 1405 ; ; : 43431 10676 1406 salmon salmon NN 43431 10676 1407 , , , 43431 10676 1408 94 94 CD 43431 10676 1409 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1410 Hyomoschus Hyomoschus NNP 43431 10676 1411 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1412 , , , 43431 10676 1413 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1414 45 45 CD 43431 10676 1415 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1416 Hyoplastron Hyoplastron NNP 43431 10676 1417 , , , 43431 10676 1418 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 1419 , , , 43431 10676 1420 217 217 CD 43431 10676 1421 Hyostylic Hyostylic NNP 43431 10676 1422 , , , 43431 10676 1423 61 61 CD 43431 10676 1424 , , , 43431 10676 1425 119 119 CD 43431 10676 1426 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1427 Hyotherium Hyotherium NNP 43431 10676 1428 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1429 , , , 43431 10676 1430 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1431 45 45 CD 43431 10676 1432 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1433 ; ; : 43431 10676 1434 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1435 , , , 43431 10676 1436 427 427 CD 43431 10676 1437 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1438 Hyperodapedon Hyperodapedon NNP 43431 10676 1439 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1440 , , , 43431 10676 1441 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1442 37 37 CD 43431 10676 1443 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1444 , , , 43431 10676 1445 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1446 198 198 CD 43431 10676 1447 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1448 ; ; : 43431 10676 1449 premaxillae premaxillae NNP 43431 10676 1450 , , , 43431 10676 1451 284 284 CD 43431 10676 1452 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1453 Hyperoödon Hyperoödon NNP 43431 10676 1454 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1455 , , , 43431 10676 1456 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1457 44 44 CD 43431 10676 1458 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1459 ; ; : 43431 10676 1460 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 1461 , , , 43431 10676 1462 464 464 CD 43431 10676 1463 ; ; : 43431 10676 1464 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10676 1465 , , , 43431 10676 1466 489 489 CD 43431 10676 1467 ; ; : 43431 10676 1468 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10676 1469 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10676 1470 , , , 43431 10676 1471 448 448 CD 43431 10676 1472 Hypo Hypo NNP 43431 10676 1473 - - HYPH 43431 10676 1474 branchial branchial NNP 43431 10676 1475 , , , 43431 10676 1476 cod cod NN 43431 10676 1477 , , , 43431 10676 1478 101 101 CD 43431 10676 1479 ; ; : 43431 10676 1480 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10676 1481 , , , 43431 10676 1482 78 78 CD 43431 10676 1483 Hypo Hypo NNP 43431 10676 1484 - - HYPH 43431 10676 1485 hyal hyal NNP 43431 10676 1486 , , , 43431 10676 1487 cod cod NN 43431 10676 1488 , , , 43431 10676 1489 100 100 CD 43431 10676 1490 ; ; : 43431 10676 1491 salmon salmon NN 43431 10676 1492 , , , 43431 10676 1493 95 95 CD 43431 10676 1494 Hypo Hypo NNP 43431 10676 1495 - - HYPH 43431 10676 1496 ischium ischium NN 43431 10676 1497 , , , 43431 10676 1498 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 10676 1499 , , , 43431 10676 1500 292 292 CD 43431 10676 1501 Hypoplastron Hypoplastron NNP 43431 10676 1502 , , , 43431 10676 1503 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 1504 , , , 43431 10676 1505 217 217 CD 43431 10676 1506 Hyporachis Hyporachis NNP 43431 10676 1507 , , , 43431 10676 1508 328 328 CD 43431 10676 1509 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1510 Hypsilophodon Hypsilophodon NNP 43431 10676 1511 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1512 , , , 43431 10676 1513 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1514 39 39 CD 43431 10676 1515 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1516 ; ; : 43431 10676 1517 predentary predentary JJ 43431 10676 1518 bone bone NN 43431 10676 1519 , , , 43431 10676 1520 284 284 CD 43431 10676 1521 Hypsodont Hypsodont NNP 43431 10676 1522 , , , 43431 10676 1523 defined define VBN 43431 10676 1524 , , , 43431 10676 1525 345 345 CD 43431 10676 1526 , , , 43431 10676 1527 429 429 CD 43431 10676 1528 Hypural hypural JJ 43431 10676 1529 bone bone NN 43431 10676 1530 , , , 43431 10676 1531 cod cod NN 43431 10676 1532 , , , 43431 10676 1533 85 85 CD 43431 10676 1534 Hyracidae Hyracidae NNP 43431 10676 1535 , , , 43431 10676 1536 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1537 47 47 CD 43431 10676 1538 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1539 Hyracoidea Hyracoidea NNP 43431 10676 1540 , , , 43431 10676 1541 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1542 47 47 CD 43431 10676 1543 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1544 ; ; : 43431 10676 1545 femur femur NN 43431 10676 1546 , , , 43431 10676 1547 519 519 CD 43431 10676 1548 ; ; : 43431 10676 1549 general general JJ 43431 10676 1550 characters character NNS 43431 10676 1551 , , , 43431 10676 1552 362 362 CD 43431 10676 1553 ; ; : 43431 10676 1554 manus manus NN 43431 10676 1555 , , , 43431 10676 1556 510 510 CD 43431 10676 1557 ; ; : 43431 10676 1558 nails nail NNS 43431 10676 1559 , , , 43431 10676 1560 418 418 CD 43431 10676 1561 ; ; : 43431 10676 1562 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 1563 , , , 43431 10676 1564 472 472 CD 43431 10676 1565 ; ; : 43431 10676 1566 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1567 , , , 43431 10676 1568 432 432 CD 43431 10676 1569 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1570 Hyracotherium Hyracotherium NNP 43431 10676 1571 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1572 , , , 43431 10676 1573 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1574 46 46 CD 43431 10676 1575 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1576 ; ; : 43431 10676 1577 manus manus NN 43431 10676 1578 , , , 43431 10676 1579 508 508 CD 43431 10676 1580 ; ; : 43431 10676 1581 scapula scapula NN 43431 10676 1582 , , , 43431 10676 1583 496 496 CD 43431 10676 1584 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1585 Hyrax Hyrax NNP 43431 10676 1586 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1587 , , , 43431 10676 1588 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1589 47 47 CD 43431 10676 1590 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1591 , , , 43431 10676 1592 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1593 363 363 CD 43431 10676 1594 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1595 ; ; : 43431 10676 1596 see see VB 43431 10676 1597 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1598 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10676 1599 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1600 Hystricidae Hystricidae NNP 43431 10676 1601 , , , 43431 10676 1602 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1603 47 47 CD 43431 10676 1604 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1605 Hystricomorpha Hystricomorpha NNP 43431 10676 1606 , , , 43431 10676 1607 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1608 47 47 CD 43431 10676 1609 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1610 ; ; : 43431 10676 1611 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10676 1612 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10676 1613 , , , 43431 10676 1614 488 488 CD 43431 10676 1615 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1616 Hystrix Hystrix NNP 43431 10676 1617 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1618 , , , 43431 10676 1619 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1620 47 47 CD 43431 10676 1621 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1622 ; ; : 43431 10676 1623 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10676 1624 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10676 1625 , , , 43431 10676 1626 488 488 CD 43431 10676 1627 ; ; : 43431 10676 1628 see see VBP 43431 10676 1629 Porcupine Porcupine NNP 43431 10676 1630 Ichthyodorulites Ichthyodorulites NNPS 43431 10676 1631 , , , 43431 10676 1632 106 106 CD 43431 10676 1633 Ichthyoidea Ichthyoidea NNP 43431 10676 1634 , , , 43431 10676 1635 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1636 35 35 CD 43431 10676 1637 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1638 ; ; : 43431 10676 1639 general general JJ 43431 10676 1640 characters character NNS 43431 10676 1641 , , , 43431 10676 1642 134 134 CD 43431 10676 1643 Ichthyopsida Ichthyopsida NNP 43431 10676 1644 , , , 43431 10676 1645 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1646 31 31 CD 43431 10676 1647 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1648 ; ; : 43431 10676 1649 general general JJ 43431 10676 1650 characters character NNS 43431 10676 1651 , , , 43431 10676 1652 59 59 CD 43431 10676 1653 Ichthyopterygium Ichthyopterygium NNP 43431 10676 1654 , , , 43431 10676 1655 130 130 CD 43431 10676 1656 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1657 Ichthyornis Ichthyornis NNP 43431 10676 1658 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1659 , , , 43431 10676 1660 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1661 40 40 CD 43431 10676 1662 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1663 ; ; : 43431 10676 1664 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10676 1665 , , , 43431 10676 1666 335 335 CD 43431 10676 1667 ; ; : 43431 10676 1668 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10676 1669 , , , 43431 10676 1670 341 341 CD 43431 10676 1671 ; ; : 43431 10676 1672 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1673 , , , 43431 10676 1674 330 330 CD 43431 10676 1675 ; ; : 43431 10676 1676 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 1677 , , , 43431 10676 1678 332 332 CD 43431 10676 1679 Ichthyornithiformes Ichthyornithiformes NNPS 43431 10676 1680 , , , 43431 10676 1681 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1682 40 40 CD 43431 10676 1683 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1684 , , , 43431 10676 1685 300 300 CD 43431 10676 1686 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 10676 1687 , , , 43431 10676 1688 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1689 37 37 CD 43431 10676 1690 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1691 ; ; : 43431 10676 1692 general general JJ 43431 10676 1693 characters character NNS 43431 10676 1694 , , , 43431 10676 1695 195 195 CD 43431 10676 1696 ; ; : 43431 10676 1697 ribs rib NNS 43431 10676 1698 , , , 43431 10676 1699 285 285 CD 43431 10676 1700 Ichthyosauridae Ichthyosauridae NNP 43431 10676 1701 , , , 43431 10676 1702 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1703 37 37 CD 43431 10676 1704 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1705 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1706 Ichthyosaurus Ichthyosaurus NNP 43431 10676 1707 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1708 , , , 43431 10676 1709 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1710 37 37 CD 43431 10676 1711 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1712 , , , 43431 10676 1713 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1714 197 197 CD 43431 10676 1715 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1716 ; ; : 43431 10676 1717 limbs limb NNS 43431 10676 1718 , , , 43431 10676 1719 290 290 CD 43431 10676 1720 ; ; : 43431 10676 1721 palatines palatine NNS 43431 10676 1722 , , , 43431 10676 1723 281 281 CD 43431 10676 1724 ; ; : 43431 10676 1725 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10676 1726 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10676 1727 , , , 43431 10676 1728 288 288 CD 43431 10676 1729 ; ; : 43431 10676 1730 position position NN 43431 10676 1731 of of IN 43431 10676 1732 limbs limb NNS 43431 10676 1733 , , , 43431 10676 1734 28 28 CD 43431 10676 1735 ; ; : 43431 10676 1736 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 1737 , , , 43431 10676 1738 = = SYM 43431 10676 1739 196= 196= CD 43431 10676 1740 ; ; : 43431 10676 1741 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1742 , , , 43431 10676 1743 273 273 CD 43431 10676 1744 ; ; , 43431 10676 1745 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10676 1746 column column NN 43431 10676 1747 , , , 43431 10676 1748 275 275 CD 43431 10676 1749 Ichthyotomi Ichthyotomi NNP 43431 10676 1750 , , , 43431 10676 1751 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1752 31 31 CD 43431 10676 1753 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1754 ; ; : 43431 10676 1755 general general JJ 43431 10676 1756 characters character NNS 43431 10676 1757 , , , 43431 10676 1758 62 62 CD 43431 10676 1759 ; ; : 43431 10676 1760 fins fin NNS 43431 10676 1761 , , , 43431 10676 1762 130 130 CD 43431 10676 1763 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 1764 ; ; : 43431 10676 1765 tail tail NN 43431 10676 1766 , , , 43431 10676 1767 116 116 CD 43431 10676 1768 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1769 Iguana Iguana NNP 43431 10676 1770 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1771 , , , 43431 10676 1772 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1773 38 38 CD 43431 10676 1774 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1775 ; ; : 43431 10676 1776 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1777 , , , 43431 10676 1778 273 273 CD 43431 10676 1779 Iguanidae Iguanidae NNP 43431 10676 1780 , , , 43431 10676 1781 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1782 38 38 CD 43431 10676 1783 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1784 ; ; : 43431 10676 1785 zygosphenes zygosphene NNS 43431 10676 1786 , , , 43431 10676 1787 200 200 CD 43431 10676 1788 , , , 43431 10676 1789 276 276 CD 43431 10676 1790 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1791 Iguanodon Iguanodon NNP 43431 10676 1792 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1793 , , , 43431 10676 1794 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1795 39 39 CD 43431 10676 1796 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1797 , , , 43431 10676 1798 208 208 CD 43431 10676 1799 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 1800 ; ; : 43431 10676 1801 jaws jaws NNP 43431 10676 1802 , , , 43431 10676 1803 292 292 CD 43431 10676 1804 ; ; , 43431 10676 1805 predentary predentary NN 43431 10676 1806 , , , 43431 10676 1807 284 284 CD 43431 10676 1808 ; ; : 43431 10676 1809 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10676 1810 , , , 43431 10676 1811 288 288 CD 43431 10676 1812 ; ; : 43431 10676 1813 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1814 , , , 43431 10676 1815 272 272 CD 43431 10676 1816 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 1817 ; ; : 43431 10676 1818 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 1819 , , , 43431 10676 1820 275 275 CD 43431 10676 1821 Iguanodontidae Iguanodontidae NNP 43431 10676 1822 , , , 43431 10676 1823 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1824 39 39 CD 43431 10676 1825 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1826 Iliac Iliac NNP 43431 10676 1827 surface surface NN 43431 10676 1828 of of IN 43431 10676 1829 ilium ilium NNP 43431 10676 1830 , , , 43431 10676 1831 dog dog NN 43431 10676 1832 , , , 43431 10676 1833 410 410 CD 43431 10676 1834 Ilium Ilium NNP 43431 10676 1835 , , , 43431 10676 1836 25 25 CD 43431 10676 1837 ; ; : 43431 10676 1838 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 1839 , , , 43431 10676 1840 266 266 CD 43431 10676 1841 ; ; : 43431 10676 1842 dog dog NN 43431 10676 1843 , , , 43431 10676 1844 409 409 CD 43431 10676 1845 ; ; : 43431 10676 1846 duck duck NN 43431 10676 1847 , , , 43431 10676 1848 325 325 CD 43431 10676 1849 ; ; : 43431 10676 1850 frog frog NN 43431 10676 1851 , , , 43431 10676 1852 165 165 CD 43431 10676 1853 ; ; : 43431 10676 1854 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10676 1855 , , , 43431 10676 1856 513 513 CD 43431 10676 1857 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 1858 ; ; : 43431 10676 1859 newt newt NNP 43431 10676 1860 , , , 43431 10676 1861 149 149 CD 43431 10676 1862 ; ; : 43431 10676 1863 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10676 1864 , , , 43431 10676 1865 291 291 CD 43431 10676 1866 ; ; : 43431 10676 1867 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 1868 , , , 43431 10676 1869 235 235 CD 43431 10676 1870 Incisors Incisors NNPS 43431 10676 1871 , , , 43431 10676 1872 dog dog NN 43431 10676 1873 , , , 43431 10676 1874 376 376 CD 43431 10676 1875 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 1876 ; ; : 43431 10676 1877 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10676 1878 , , , 43431 10676 1879 344 344 CD 43431 10676 1880 Incus Incus NNP 43431 10676 1881 , , , 43431 10676 1882 dog dog NN 43431 10676 1883 , , , 43431 10676 1884 393 393 CD 43431 10676 1885 ; ; : 43431 10676 1886 man man NN 43431 10676 1887 , , , 43431 10676 1888 dog dog NN 43431 10676 1889 and and CC 43431 10676 1890 rabbit rabbit NN 43431 10676 1891 , , , 43431 10676 1892 = = NFP 43431 10676 1893 485= 485= CD 43431 10676 1894 Infra Infra NNP 43431 10676 1895 - - HYPH 43431 10676 1896 marginal marginal JJ 43431 10676 1897 shield shield NN 43431 10676 1898 , , , 43431 10676 1899 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 1900 , , , 43431 10676 1901 215 215 CD 43431 10676 1902 Infra infra NN 43431 10676 1903 - - HYPH 43431 10676 1904 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 10676 1905 bone bone NN 43431 10676 1906 , , , 43431 10676 1907 cod cod NN 43431 10676 1908 , , , 43431 10676 1909 101 101 CD 43431 10676 1910 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1911 Inia Inia NNP 43431 10676 1912 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1913 , , , 43431 10676 1914 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1915 45 45 CD 43431 10676 1916 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1917 ; ; : 43431 10676 1918 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 1919 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 1920 , , , 43431 10676 1921 444 444 CD 43431 10676 1922 ; ; : 43431 10676 1923 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10676 1924 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 1925 , , , 43431 10676 1926 448 448 CD 43431 10676 1927 Innominate Innominate NNP 43431 10676 1928 bone bone NN 43431 10676 1929 , , , 43431 10676 1930 dog dog NN 43431 10676 1931 , , , 43431 10676 1932 409 409 CD 43431 10676 1933 ; ; : 43431 10676 1934 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10676 1935 , , , 43431 10676 1936 513 513 CD 43431 10676 1937 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 10676 1938 , , , 43431 10676 1939 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1940 48 48 CD 43431 10676 1941 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 1942 ; ; : 43431 10676 1943 arm arm NN 43431 10676 1944 bones bone NNS 43431 10676 1945 , , , 43431 10676 1946 503 503 CD 43431 10676 1947 ; ; : 43431 10676 1948 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10676 1949 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10676 1950 , , , 43431 10676 1951 488 488 CD 43431 10676 1952 ; ; , 43431 10676 1953 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 1954 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 1955 , , , 43431 10676 1956 446 446 CD 43431 10676 1957 ; ; : 43431 10676 1958 general general JJ 43431 10676 1959 characters character NNS 43431 10676 1960 , , , 43431 10676 1961 369 369 CD 43431 10676 1962 f. f. NN 43431 10676 1963 ; ; : 43431 10676 1964 manus manus NN 43431 10676 1965 , , , 43431 10676 1966 512 512 CD 43431 10676 1967 ; ; : 43431 10676 1968 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10676 1969 , , , 43431 10676 1970 515 515 CD 43431 10676 1971 ; ; : 43431 10676 1972 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 1973 , , , 43431 10676 1974 527 527 CD 43431 10676 1975 ; ; : 43431 10676 1976 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10676 1977 , , , 43431 10676 1978 452 452 CD 43431 10676 1979 ; ; : 43431 10676 1980 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10676 1981 - - HYPH 43431 10676 1982 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10676 1983 , , , 43431 10676 1984 499 499 CD 43431 10676 1985 ; ; : 43431 10676 1986 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 1987 , , , 43431 10676 1988 480 480 CD 43431 10676 1989 ; ; : 43431 10676 1990 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10676 1991 , , , 43431 10676 1992 490 490 CD 43431 10676 1993 ; ; : 43431 10676 1994 tail tail NN 43431 10676 1995 , , , 43431 10676 1996 454 454 CD 43431 10676 1997 ; ; : 43431 10676 1998 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 1999 , , , 43431 10676 2000 440 440 CD 43431 10676 2001 ; ; : 43431 10676 2002 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10676 2003 and and CC 43431 10676 2004 shin shin NNP 43431 10676 2005 , , , 43431 10676 2006 520 520 CD 43431 10676 2007 ; ; : 43431 10676 2008 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10676 2009 - - HYPH 43431 10676 2010 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10676 2011 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2012 , , , 43431 10676 2013 450 450 CD 43431 10676 2014 Insectivora Insectivora NNP 43431 10676 2015 vera vera NN 43431 10676 2016 , , , 43431 10676 2017 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2018 49 49 CD 43431 10676 2019 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2020 ; ; : 43431 10676 2021 general general JJ 43431 10676 2022 characters character NNS 43431 10676 2023 , , , 43431 10676 2024 370 370 CD 43431 10676 2025 inter inter NNP 43431 10676 2026 centra centra NNP 43431 10676 2027 , , , 43431 10676 2028 15 15 CD 43431 10676 2029 ; ; : 43431 10676 2030 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2031 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 10676 2032 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2033 , , , 43431 10676 2034 370 370 CD 43431 10676 2035 ; ; : 43431 10676 2036 Ichthyosauria Ichthyosauria NNP 43431 10676 2037 , , , 43431 10676 2038 195 195 CD 43431 10676 2039 ; ; : 43431 10676 2040 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 10676 2041 , , , 43431 10676 2042 172 172 CD 43431 10676 2043 ; ; : 43431 10676 2044 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2045 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 10676 2046 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2047 , , , 43431 10676 2048 198 198 CD 43431 10676 2049 ; ; : 43431 10676 2050 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2051 Talpa Talpa NNP 43431 10676 2052 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2053 , , , 43431 10676 2054 450 450 CD 43431 10676 2055 Interclavicle Interclavicle NNP 43431 10676 2056 , , , 43431 10676 2057 25 25 CD 43431 10676 2058 ; ; : 43431 10676 2059 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 2060 , , , 43431 10676 2061 263 263 CD 43431 10676 2062 ; ; : 43431 10676 2063 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 10676 2064 , , , 43431 10676 2065 494 494 CD 43431 10676 2066 ; ; : 43431 10676 2067 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10676 2068 , , , 43431 10676 2069 289 289 CD 43431 10676 2070 Intercondylar Intercondylar NNP 43431 10676 2071 notch notch NN 43431 10676 2072 , , , 43431 10676 2073 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2074 , , , 43431 10676 2075 412 412 CD 43431 10676 2076 Intergular intergular JJ 43431 10676 2077 shield shield NN 43431 10676 2078 , , , 43431 10676 2079 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 2080 , , , 43431 10676 2081 215 215 CD 43431 10676 2082 Interhyal Interhyal NNP 43431 10676 2083 , , , 43431 10676 2084 cod cod NN 43431 10676 2085 , , , 43431 10676 2086 100 100 CD 43431 10676 2087 Intermedium Intermedium NNP 43431 10676 2088 , , , 43431 10676 2089 27 27 CD 43431 10676 2090 ; ; : 43431 10676 2091 see see VB 43431 10676 2092 Carpus Carpus NNP 43431 10676 2093 and and CC 43431 10676 2094 Tarsus Tarsus NNP 43431 10676 2095 Intermuscular Intermuscular NNP 43431 10676 2096 bones bone NNS 43431 10676 2097 , , , 43431 10676 2098 cod cod NN 43431 10676 2099 , , , 43431 10676 2100 86 86 CD 43431 10676 2101 Internasal Internasal NNP 43431 10676 2102 septum septum NN 43431 10676 2103 , , , 43431 10676 2104 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10676 2105 , , , 43431 10676 2106 76 76 CD 43431 10676 2107 Interorbital Interorbital NNP 43431 10676 2108 septum septum NN 43431 10676 2109 , , , 43431 10676 2110 birds bird NNS 43431 10676 2111 , , , 43431 10676 2112 333 333 CD 43431 10676 2113 ; ; : 43431 10676 2114 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 2115 , , , 43431 10676 2116 247 247 CD 43431 10676 2117 ; ; : 43431 10676 2118 duck duck NN 43431 10676 2119 , , , 43431 10676 2120 317 317 CD 43431 10676 2121 ; ; : 43431 10676 2122 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10676 2123 , , , 43431 10676 2124 277 277 CD 43431 10676 2125 Interspinous interspinous JJ 43431 10676 2126 bones bone NNS 43431 10676 2127 , , , 43431 10676 2128 cod cod NN 43431 10676 2129 , , , 43431 10676 2130 86 86 CD 43431 10676 2131 Intertarsal Intertarsal NNP 43431 10676 2132 ankle ankle NN 43431 10676 2133 joint joint NN 43431 10676 2134 , , , 43431 10676 2135 190 190 CD 43431 10676 2136 Intervertebral intervertebral JJ 43431 10676 2137 discs disc NNS 43431 10676 2138 , , , 43431 10676 2139 15 15 CD 43431 10676 2140 , , , 43431 10676 2141 378 378 CD 43431 10676 2142 Ischial ischial JJ 43431 10676 2143 tuberosity tuberosity NN 43431 10676 2144 , , , 43431 10676 2145 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2146 , , , 43431 10676 2147 411 411 CD 43431 10676 2148 Ischium Ischium NNP 43431 10676 2149 , , , 43431 10676 2150 25 25 CD 43431 10676 2151 ; ; : 43431 10676 2152 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 2153 , , , 43431 10676 2154 266 266 CD 43431 10676 2155 ; ; : 43431 10676 2156 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2157 , , , 43431 10676 2158 410 410 CD 43431 10676 2159 ; ; : 43431 10676 2160 duck duck NN 43431 10676 2161 , , , 43431 10676 2162 325 325 CD 43431 10676 2163 ; ; : 43431 10676 2164 frog frog NN 43431 10676 2165 , , , 43431 10676 2166 165 165 CD 43431 10676 2167 ; ; : 43431 10676 2168 newt newt NN 43431 10676 2169 , , , 43431 10676 2170 149 149 CD 43431 10676 2171 ; ; : 43431 10676 2172 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 2173 , , , 43431 10676 2174 235 235 CD 43431 10676 2175 _ _ IN 43431 10676 2176 Ischyodus Ischyodus NNP 43431 10676 2177 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2178 , , , 43431 10676 2179 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2180 32 32 CD 43431 10676 2181 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2182 , , , 43431 10676 2183 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2184 66 66 CD 43431 10676 2185 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2186 Ivory Ivory NNP 43431 10676 2187 , , , 43431 10676 2188 5 5 CD 43431 10676 2189 Jacana Jacana NNP 43431 10676 2190 , , , 43431 10676 2191 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2192 42 42 CD 43431 10676 2193 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2194 ; ; : 43431 10676 2195 see see VB 43431 10676 2196 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2197 Parra Parra NNP 43431 10676 2198 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2199 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2200 Jacare Jacare NNP 43431 10676 2201 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2202 , , , 43431 10676 2203 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2204 39 39 CD 43431 10676 2205 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2206 ; ; : 43431 10676 2207 scutes scute NNS 43431 10676 2208 , , , 43431 10676 2209 271 271 CD 43431 10676 2210 Jaws Jaws NNP 43431 10676 2211 , , , 43431 10676 2212 21 21 CD 43431 10676 2213 ; ; : 43431 10676 2214 cod cod NN 43431 10676 2215 , , , 43431 10676 2216 98 98 CD 43431 10676 2217 f. f. NN 43431 10676 2218 ; ; : 43431 10676 2219 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 2220 , , , 43431 10676 2221 252 252 CD 43431 10676 2222 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 2223 ; ; : 43431 10676 2224 dog dog NNP 43431 10676 2225 , , , 43431 10676 2226 395 395 CD 43431 10676 2227 f. f. NNP 43431 10676 2228 ; ; : 43431 10676 2229 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10676 2230 , , , 43431 10676 2231 77 77 CD 43431 10676 2232 ; ; : 43431 10676 2233 duck duck NN 43431 10676 2234 , , , 43431 10676 2235 317 317 CD 43431 10676 2236 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 2237 ; ; : 43431 10676 2238 frog frog NNP 43431 10676 2239 , , , 43431 10676 2240 158 158 CD 43431 10676 2241 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 2242 ; ; : 43431 10676 2243 newt newt NNP 43431 10676 2244 , , , 43431 10676 2245 143 143 CD 43431 10676 2246 f. f. NNS 43431 10676 2247 ; ; : 43431 10676 2248 salmon salmon NNP 43431 10676 2249 , , , 43431 10676 2250 93 93 CD 43431 10676 2251 f. f. NN 43431 10676 2252 ; ; : 43431 10676 2253 turtle turtle NNP 43431 10676 2254 , , , 43431 10676 2255 229 229 CD 43431 10676 2256 f. f. NNP 43431 10676 2257 Jerboa Jerboa NNP 43431 10676 2258 , , , 43431 10676 2259 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2260 47 47 CD 43431 10676 2261 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2262 ; ; : 43431 10676 2263 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 2264 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2265 , , , 43431 10676 2266 446 446 CD 43431 10676 2267 ; ; : 43431 10676 2268 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 2269 , , , 43431 10676 2270 526 526 CD 43431 10676 2271 Joints joint NNS 43431 10676 2272 , , , 43431 10676 2273 kinds kind NNS 43431 10676 2274 of of IN 43431 10676 2275 , , , 43431 10676 2276 13 13 CD 43431 10676 2277 Jugal Jugal NNP 43431 10676 2278 , , , 43431 10676 2279 22 22 CD 43431 10676 2280 ; ; : 43431 10676 2281 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 2282 , , , 43431 10676 2283 255 255 CD 43431 10676 2284 ; ; : 43431 10676 2285 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2286 , , , 43431 10676 2287 398 398 CD 43431 10676 2288 ; ; : 43431 10676 2289 duck duck NN 43431 10676 2290 , , , 43431 10676 2291 318 318 CD 43431 10676 2292 ; ; : 43431 10676 2293 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 2294 , , , 43431 10676 2295 229 229 CD 43431 10676 2296 Jugulares Jugulares NNPS 43431 10676 2297 , , , 43431 10676 2298 132 132 CD 43431 10676 2299 Kangaroo Kangaroo NNP 43431 10676 2300 , , , 43431 10676 2301 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2302 43 43 CD 43431 10676 2303 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2304 ; ; : 43431 10676 2305 dental dental JJ 43431 10676 2306 formula formula NN 43431 10676 2307 , , , 43431 10676 2308 423 423 CD 43431 10676 2309 ; ; : 43431 10676 2310 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10676 2311 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2312 , , , 43431 10676 2313 447 447 CD 43431 10676 2314 ; ; : 43431 10676 2315 pectineal pectineal JJ 43431 10676 2316 process process NN 43431 10676 2317 , , , 43431 10676 2318 513 513 CD 43431 10676 2319 ; ; : 43431 10676 2320 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 2321 , , , 43431 10676 2322 522 522 CD 43431 10676 2323 ; ; : 43431 10676 2324 tail tail NN 43431 10676 2325 , , , 43431 10676 2326 453 453 CD 43431 10676 2327 ; ; : 43431 10676 2328 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2329 , , , 43431 10676 2330 345 345 CD 43431 10676 2331 Kestrel Kestrel NNP 43431 10676 2332 , , , 43431 10676 2333 claws claws NN 43431 10676 2334 , , , 43431 10676 2335 330 330 CD 43431 10676 2336 Killer Killer NNP 43431 10676 2337 , , , 43431 10676 2338 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2339 45 45 CD 43431 10676 2340 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2341 ; ; : 43431 10676 2342 see see VB 43431 10676 2343 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2344 Orca Orca NNP 43431 10676 2345 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2346 Kiwi Kiwi NNP 43431 10676 2347 , , , 43431 10676 2348 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2349 40 40 CD 43431 10676 2350 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2351 ; ; : 43431 10676 2352 see see VB 43431 10676 2353 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2354 Apteryx Apteryx NNP 43431 10676 2355 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2356 Knee Knee NNP 43431 10676 2357 - - HYPH 43431 10676 2358 cap cap NNP 43431 10676 2359 , , , 43431 10676 2360 see see VB 43431 10676 2361 patella patella NNP 43431 10676 2362 Koala Koala NNP 43431 10676 2363 , , , 43431 10676 2364 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2365 43 43 CD 43431 10676 2366 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2367 ; ; : 43431 10676 2368 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10676 2369 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2370 , , , 43431 10676 2371 447 447 CD 43431 10676 2372 ; ; : 43431 10676 2373 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 2374 , , , 43431 10676 2375 522 522 CD 43431 10676 2376 ; ; : 43431 10676 2377 tail tail NN 43431 10676 2378 , , , 43431 10676 2379 453 453 CD 43431 10676 2380 Kükenthal kã¼kenthal NN 43431 10676 2381 , , , 43431 10676 2382 W. W. NNP 43431 10676 2383 , , , 43431 10676 2384 on on IN 43431 10676 2385 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2386 of of IN 43431 10676 2387 Cetacea Cetacea NNP 43431 10676 2388 , , , 43431 10676 2389 426 426 CD 43431 10676 2390 ; ; : 43431 10676 2391 on on IN 43431 10676 2392 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2393 of of IN 43431 10676 2394 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 10676 2395 , , , 43431 10676 2396 422 422 CD 43431 10676 2397 Labial Labial NNP 43431 10676 2398 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 10676 2399 , , , 43431 10676 2400 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10676 2401 , , , 43431 10676 2402 77 77 CD 43431 10676 2403 ; ; : 43431 10676 2404 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2405 Squatina Squatina NNP 43431 10676 2406 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2407 , , , 43431 10676 2408 119 119 CD 43431 10676 2409 Labridae Labridae NNP 43431 10676 2410 , , , 43431 10676 2411 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2412 33 33 CD 43431 10676 2413 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2414 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2415 Labrus Labrus NNP 43431 10676 2416 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2417 , , , 43431 10676 2418 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2419 33 33 CD 43431 10676 2420 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2421 ; ; : 43431 10676 2422 see see VB 43431 10676 2423 Wrasse Wrasse NNP 43431 10676 2424 Labyrinthodontia Labyrinthodontia NNP 43431 10676 2425 , , , 43431 10676 2426 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2427 35 35 CD 43431 10676 2428 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2429 ; ; : 43431 10676 2430 buckler buckler NN 43431 10676 2431 , , , 43431 10676 2432 168 168 CD 43431 10676 2433 ; ; : 43431 10676 2434 general general JJ 43431 10676 2435 characters character NNS 43431 10676 2436 , , , 43431 10676 2437 135 135 CD 43431 10676 2438 ; ; : 43431 10676 2439 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 10676 2440 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10676 2441 , , , 43431 10676 2442 173 173 CD 43431 10676 2443 ; ; : 43431 10676 2444 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10676 2445 , , , 43431 10676 2446 187 187 CD 43431 10676 2447 ; ; : 43431 10676 2448 ribs rib NNS 43431 10676 2449 , , , 43431 10676 2450 182 182 CD 43431 10676 2451 ; ; : 43431 10676 2452 skull skull NN 43431 10676 2453 , , , 43431 10676 2454 176 176 CD 43431 10676 2455 ; ; : 43431 10676 2456 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2457 , , , 43431 10676 2458 169 169 CD 43431 10676 2459 Lacertilia Lacertilia NNP 43431 10676 2460 , , , 43431 10676 2461 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2462 37 37 CD 43431 10676 2463 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2464 ; ; : 43431 10676 2465 general general JJ 43431 10676 2466 characters character NNS 43431 10676 2467 , , , 43431 10676 2468 199 199 CD 43431 10676 2469 ; ; : 43431 10676 2470 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10676 2471 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10676 2472 , , , 43431 10676 2473 288 288 CD 43431 10676 2474 ; ; : 43431 10676 2475 skull skull NN 43431 10676 2476 , , , 43431 10676 2477 277 277 CD 43431 10676 2478 ; ; : 43431 10676 2479 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2480 , , , 43431 10676 2481 275 275 CD 43431 10676 2482 Lachrymal Lachrymal NNP 43431 10676 2483 , , , 43431 10676 2484 20 20 CD 43431 10676 2485 ; ; : 43431 10676 2486 cod cod NN 43431 10676 2487 , , , 43431 10676 2488 97 97 CD 43431 10676 2489 ; ; : 43431 10676 2490 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 2491 , , , 43431 10676 2492 251 251 CD 43431 10676 2493 ; ; : 43431 10676 2494 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2495 , , , 43431 10676 2496 394 394 CD 43431 10676 2497 ; ; : 43431 10676 2498 duck duck NN 43431 10676 2499 , , , 43431 10676 2500 317 317 CD 43431 10676 2501 ; ; : 43431 10676 2502 salmon salmon NN 43431 10676 2503 , , , 43431 10676 2504 93 93 CD 43431 10676 2505 Lacunae Lacunae NNP 43431 10676 2506 , , , 43431 10676 2507 10 10 CD 43431 10676 2508 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2509 Lagenorhynchus Lagenorhynchus NNP 43431 10676 2510 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2511 , , , 43431 10676 2512 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2513 45 45 CD 43431 10676 2514 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2515 ; ; : 43431 10676 2516 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 2517 , , , 43431 10676 2518 462 462 CD 43431 10676 2519 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2520 Lagostomus Lagostomus NNP 43431 10676 2521 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2522 , , , 43431 10676 2523 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2524 47 47 CD 43431 10676 2525 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2526 ; ; : 43431 10676 2527 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 10676 2528 , , , 43431 10676 2529 477 477 CD 43431 10676 2530 Lambdoidal Lambdoidal NNP 43431 10676 2531 crest crest NN 43431 10676 2532 , , , 43431 10676 2533 duck duck NN 43431 10676 2534 , , , 43431 10676 2535 315 315 CD 43431 10676 2536 Lamella Lamella NNP 43431 10676 2537 of of IN 43431 10676 2538 malleus malleus NNP 43431 10676 2539 , , , 43431 10676 2540 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2541 , , , 43431 10676 2542 393 393 CD 43431 10676 2543 Lamnidae Lamnidae NNP 43431 10676 2544 , , , 43431 10676 2545 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2546 32 32 CD 43431 10676 2547 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2548 Lamprey Lamprey NNP 43431 10676 2549 , , , 43431 10676 2550 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2551 31 31 CD 43431 10676 2552 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2553 , , , 43431 10676 2554 55 55 CD 43431 10676 2555 f. f. NN 43431 10676 2556 Lancelet Lancelet NNP 43431 10676 2557 , , , 43431 10676 2558 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2559 30 30 CD 43431 10676 2560 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2561 ; ; : 43431 10676 2562 see see VB 43431 10676 2563 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2564 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 10676 2565 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2566 Laridae Laridae NNP 43431 10676 2567 , , , 43431 10676 2568 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2569 42 42 CD 43431 10676 2570 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2571 ; ; : 43431 10676 2572 see see VB 43431 10676 2573 Gulls Gulls NNP 43431 10676 2574 Larks Larks NNP 43431 10676 2575 , , , 43431 10676 2576 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2577 42 42 CD 43431 10676 2578 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2579 Larvacea Larvacea NNP 43431 10676 2580 , , , 43431 10676 2581 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2582 30 30 CD 43431 10676 2583 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2584 ; ; : 43431 10676 2585 notochord notochord NN 43431 10676 2586 , , , 43431 10676 2587 51 51 CD 43431 10676 2588 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2589 Latax Latax NNP 43431 10676 2590 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2591 , , , 43431 10676 2592 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2593 48 48 CD 43431 10676 2594 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2595 ; ; : 43431 10676 2596 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 2597 , , , 43431 10676 2598 526 526 CD 43431 10676 2599 Lateral lateral JJ 43431 10676 2600 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 10676 2601 , , , 43431 10676 2602 21 21 CD 43431 10676 2603 ; ; : 43431 10676 2604 cod cod NN 43431 10676 2605 , , , 43431 10676 2606 97 97 CD 43431 10676 2607 ; ; : 43431 10676 2608 salmon salmon NN 43431 10676 2609 , , , 43431 10676 2610 89 89 CD 43431 10676 2611 f. f. NNP 43431 10676 2612 Leathery Leathery NNP 43431 10676 2613 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 2614 , , , 43431 10676 2615 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2616 37 37 CD 43431 10676 2617 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2618 ; ; : 43431 10676 2619 see see VB 43431 10676 2620 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2621 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 10676 2622 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2623 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 10676 2624 , , , 43431 10676 2625 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2626 49 49 CD 43431 10676 2627 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2628 ; ; : 43431 10676 2629 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10676 2630 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2631 , , , 43431 10676 2632 454 454 CD 43431 10676 2633 ; ; : 43431 10676 2634 general general JJ 43431 10676 2635 characters character NNS 43431 10676 2636 , , , 43431 10676 2637 372 372 CD 43431 10676 2638 ; ; : 43431 10676 2639 nails nail NNS 43431 10676 2640 , , , 43431 10676 2641 418 418 CD 43431 10676 2642 ; ; : 43431 10676 2643 ribs rib NNS 43431 10676 2644 , , , 43431 10676 2645 493 493 CD 43431 10676 2646 ; ; : 43431 10676 2647 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10676 2648 , , , 43431 10676 2649 452 452 CD 43431 10676 2650 ; ; : 43431 10676 2651 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 2652 , , , 43431 10676 2653 482 482 CD 43431 10676 2654 ; ; : 43431 10676 2655 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10676 2656 - - HYPH 43431 10676 2657 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10676 2658 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2659 , , , 43431 10676 2660 450 450 CD 43431 10676 2661 ; ; : 43431 10676 2662 see see VB 43431 10676 2663 Lemurs Lemurs NNP 43431 10676 2664 Lemurs Lemurs NNP 43431 10676 2665 , , , 43431 10676 2666 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10676 2667 , , , 43431 10676 2668 512 512 CD 43431 10676 2669 ; ; : 43431 10676 2670 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 2671 , , , 43431 10676 2672 527 527 CD 43431 10676 2673 ; ; : 43431 10676 2674 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2675 , , , 43431 10676 2676 441 441 CD 43431 10676 2677 ; ; : 43431 10676 2678 see see VB 43431 10676 2679 Lemuroidea Lemuroidea NNP 43431 10676 2680 Lenticular Lenticular NNP 43431 10676 2681 , , , 43431 10676 2682 485 485 CD 43431 10676 2683 ; ; : 43431 10676 2684 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2685 , , , 43431 10676 2686 393 393 CD 43431 10676 2687 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2688 Lepidosiren Lepidosiren NNP 43431 10676 2689 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2690 , , , 43431 10676 2691 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2692 34 34 CD 43431 10676 2693 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2694 , , , 43431 10676 2695 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2696 70 70 CD 43431 10676 2697 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2698 ; ; : 43431 10676 2699 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10676 2700 arches arch NNS 43431 10676 2701 , , , 43431 10676 2702 125 125 CD 43431 10676 2703 ; ; : 43431 10676 2704 fins fin NNS 43431 10676 2705 , , , 43431 10676 2706 130 130 CD 43431 10676 2707 Lepidosteidae Lepidosteidae NNP 43431 10676 2708 , , , 43431 10676 2709 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2710 33 33 CD 43431 10676 2711 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2712 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2713 Lepidosteus Lepidosteus NNP 43431 10676 2714 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2715 , , , 43431 10676 2716 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2717 33 33 CD 43431 10676 2718 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2719 ; ; : 43431 10676 2720 attachment attachment NN 43431 10676 2721 of of IN 43431 10676 2722 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2723 , , , 43431 10676 2724 108 108 CD 43431 10676 2725 ; ; : 43431 10676 2726 distribution distribution NN 43431 10676 2727 , , , 43431 10676 2728 66 66 CD 43431 10676 2729 ; ; : 43431 10676 2730 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 10676 2731 fins fin NNS 43431 10676 2732 , , , 43431 10676 2733 131 131 CD 43431 10676 2734 ; ; : 43431 10676 2735 scales scale NNS 43431 10676 2736 , , , 43431 10676 2737 67 67 CD 43431 10676 2738 , , , 43431 10676 2739 104 104 CD 43431 10676 2740 ; ; : 43431 10676 2741 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 2742 , , , 43431 10676 2743 123 123 CD 43431 10676 2744 ; ; : 43431 10676 2745 tail tail NN 43431 10676 2746 , , , 43431 10676 2747 117 117 CD 43431 10676 2748 ; ; : 43431 10676 2749 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2750 , , , 43431 10676 2751 68 68 CD 43431 10676 2752 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2753 Lepidotus Lepidotus NNP 43431 10676 2754 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2755 , , , 43431 10676 2756 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2757 33 33 CD 43431 10676 2758 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2759 ; ; : 43431 10676 2760 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2761 , , , 43431 10676 2762 110 110 CD 43431 10676 2763 Leporidae Leporidae NNP 43431 10676 2764 , , , 43431 10676 2765 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2766 48 48 CD 43431 10676 2767 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2768 Lepospondyli Lepospondyli NNP 43431 10676 2769 , , , 43431 10676 2770 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2771 35 35 CD 43431 10676 2772 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2773 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2774 Lepus Lepus NNP 43431 10676 2775 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2776 , , , 43431 10676 2777 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2778 48 48 CD 43431 10676 2779 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2780 ; ; : 43431 10676 2781 see see VB 43431 10676 2782 Hare Hare NNP 43431 10676 2783 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2784 Leptoptilus Leptoptilus NNP 43431 10676 2785 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2786 , , , 43431 10676 2787 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2788 41 41 CD 43431 10676 2789 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2790 ; ; : 43431 10676 2791 see see VB 43431 10676 2792 Adjutant Adjutant NNP 43431 10676 2793 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2794 Lialis Lialis NNP 43431 10676 2795 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2796 , , , 43431 10676 2797 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2798 37 37 CD 43431 10676 2799 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2800 , , , 43431 10676 2801 289 289 CD 43431 10676 2802 Limbs Limbs NNPS 43431 10676 2803 , , , 43431 10676 2804 general general JJ 43431 10676 2805 account account NN 43431 10676 2806 , , , 43431 10676 2807 26 26 CD 43431 10676 2808 ; ; : 43431 10676 2809 modifications modification NNS 43431 10676 2810 in in IN 43431 10676 2811 position position NN 43431 10676 2812 of of IN 43431 10676 2813 , , , 43431 10676 2814 28 28 CD 43431 10676 2815 ; ; : 43431 10676 2816 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10676 2817 , , , 43431 10676 2818 289 289 CD 43431 10676 2819 Llama Llama NNP 43431 10676 2820 , , , 43431 10676 2821 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2822 45 45 CD 43431 10676 2823 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2824 , , , 43431 10676 2825 359 359 CD 43431 10676 2826 ; ; : 43431 10676 2827 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 2828 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2829 , , , 43431 10676 2830 445 445 CD 43431 10676 2831 ; ; : 43431 10676 2832 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10676 2833 , , , 43431 10676 2834 = = SYM 43431 10676 2835 496= 496= CD 43431 10676 2836 ; ; : 43431 10676 2837 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2838 , , , 43431 10676 2839 428 428 CD 43431 10676 2840 Limicolae Limicolae NNP 43431 10676 2841 , , , 43431 10676 2842 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2843 42 42 CD 43431 10676 2844 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2845 Lingual Lingual NNP 43431 10676 2846 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 10676 2847 , , , 43431 10676 2848 lampreys lamprey NNS 43431 10676 2849 , , , 43431 10676 2850 58 58 CD 43431 10676 2851 ; ; : 43431 10676 2852 myxinoids myxinoid NNS 43431 10676 2853 , , , 43431 10676 2854 57 57 CD 43431 10676 2855 Lion Lion NNP 43431 10676 2856 , , , 43431 10676 2857 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2858 48 48 CD 43431 10676 2859 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2860 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2861 Loemanctus Loemanctus NNP 43431 10676 2862 longipes longipe VBZ 43431 10676 2863 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2864 , , , 43431 10676 2865 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10676 2866 girdle girdle NN 43431 10676 2867 and and CC 43431 10676 2868 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10676 2869 , , , 43431 10676 2870 = = SYM 43431 10676 2871 287= 287= CD 43431 10676 2872 Loggerhead Loggerhead NNP 43431 10676 2873 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 2874 , , , 43431 10676 2875 carapace carapace NN 43431 10676 2876 , , , 43431 10676 2877 = = NFP 43431 10676 2878 216= 216= CD 43431 10676 2879 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2880 Lophiodon Lophiodon NNP 43431 10676 2881 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2882 , , , 43431 10676 2883 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2884 46 46 CD 43431 10676 2885 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2886 ; ; : 43431 10676 2887 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2888 , , , 43431 10676 2889 345 345 CD 43431 10676 2890 , , , 43431 10676 2891 429 429 CD 43431 10676 2892 Lophiodontidae Lophiodontidae NNP 43431 10676 2893 , , , 43431 10676 2894 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2895 46 46 CD 43431 10676 2896 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2897 Lophiomyidae Lophiomyidae NNP 43431 10676 2898 , , , 43431 10676 2899 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2900 47 47 CD 43431 10676 2901 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2902 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2903 Lophiomys Lophiomys NNP 43431 10676 2904 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2905 , , , 43431 10676 2906 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2907 47 47 CD 43431 10676 2908 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2909 ; ; : 43431 10676 2910 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 2911 , , , 43431 10676 2912 526 526 CD 43431 10676 2913 ; ; : 43431 10676 2914 skull skull NN 43431 10676 2915 , , , 43431 10676 2916 476 476 CD 43431 10676 2917 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2918 Lophius Lophius NNP 43431 10676 2919 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2920 , , , 43431 10676 2921 attachment attachment NN 43431 10676 2922 of of IN 43431 10676 2923 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 2924 , , , 43431 10676 2925 107 107 CD 43431 10676 2926 Lower low JJR 43431 10676 2927 jaw jaw NN 43431 10676 2928 , , , 43431 10676 2929 see see VB 43431 10676 2930 Mandible Mandible NNP 43431 10676 2931 Lumbar Lumbar NNP 43431 10676 2932 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2933 , , , 43431 10676 2934 16 16 CD 43431 10676 2935 ; ; : 43431 10676 2936 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 2937 , , , 43431 10676 2938 242 242 CD 43431 10676 2939 ; ; : 43431 10676 2940 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2941 , , , 43431 10676 2942 378 378 CD 43431 10676 2943 f. f. NN 43431 10676 2944 ; ; : 43431 10676 2945 duck duck NN 43431 10676 2946 , , , 43431 10676 2947 311 311 CD 43431 10676 2948 Lunar lunar JJ 43431 10676 2949 , , , 43431 10676 2950 27 27 CD 43431 10676 2951 ; ; : 43431 10676 2952 dog dog NN 43431 10676 2953 , , , 43431 10676 2954 408 408 CD 43431 10676 2955 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2956 Macacus Macacus NNP 43431 10676 2957 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2958 , , , 43431 10676 2959 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2960 49 49 CD 43431 10676 2961 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2962 ; ; : 43431 10676 2963 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 2964 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2965 , , , 43431 10676 2966 446 446 CD 43431 10676 2967 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2968 Machaerodus Machaerodus NNP 43431 10676 2969 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2970 , , , 43431 10676 2971 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2972 48 48 CD 43431 10676 2973 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2974 ; ; : 43431 10676 2975 upper upper JJ 43431 10676 2976 canines canine NNS 43431 10676 2977 , , , 43431 10676 2978 437 437 CD 43431 10676 2979 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2980 Macrauchenia Macrauchenia NNP 43431 10676 2981 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2982 , , , 43431 10676 2983 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2984 46 46 CD 43431 10676 2985 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 2986 , , , 43431 10676 2987 358 358 CD 43431 10676 2988 ; ; : 43431 10676 2989 calcaneum calcaneum NN 43431 10676 2990 , , , 43431 10676 2991 360 360 CD 43431 10676 2992 ; ; , 43431 10676 2993 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 2994 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 2995 , , , 43431 10676 2996 445 445 CD 43431 10676 2997 ; ; : 43431 10676 2998 fibula fibula NN 43431 10676 2999 , , , 43431 10676 3000 519 519 CD 43431 10676 3001 ; ; : 43431 10676 3002 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10676 3003 , , , 43431 10676 3004 523 523 CD 43431 10676 3005 ; ; : 43431 10676 3006 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10676 3007 , , , 43431 10676 3008 501 501 CD 43431 10676 3009 Macraucheniidae Macraucheniidae NNP 43431 10676 3010 , , , 43431 10676 3011 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3012 46 46 CD 43431 10676 3013 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3014 , , , 43431 10676 3015 509 509 CD 43431 10676 3016 Macropodidae Macropodidae NNP 43431 10676 3017 , , , 43431 10676 3018 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3019 43 43 CD 43431 10676 3020 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3021 , , , 43431 10676 3022 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3023 350 350 CD 43431 10676 3024 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3025 ; ; : 43431 10676 3026 dental dental JJ 43431 10676 3027 formula formula NN 43431 10676 3028 , , , 43431 10676 3029 423 423 CD 43431 10676 3030 ; ; : 43431 10676 3031 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 3032 , , , 43431 10676 3033 522 522 CD 43431 10676 3034 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3035 Macropus Macropus NNP 43431 10676 3036 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3037 , , , 43431 10676 3038 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3039 43 43 CD 43431 10676 3040 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3041 ; ; : 43431 10676 3042 see see VB 43431 10676 3043 Kangaroo Kangaroo NNP 43431 10676 3044 Macroscelidae Macroscelidae NNP 43431 10676 3045 , , , 43431 10676 3046 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3047 49 49 CD 43431 10676 3048 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3049 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3050 Macroscelides Macroscelides NNP 43431 10676 3051 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3052 , , , 43431 10676 3053 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3054 49 49 CD 43431 10676 3055 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3056 ; ; : 43431 10676 3057 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 3058 , , , 43431 10676 3059 480 480 CD 43431 10676 3060 Magnum Magnum NNP 43431 10676 3061 , , , 43431 10676 3062 27 27 CD 43431 10676 3063 ; ; : 43431 10676 3064 see see VB 43431 10676 3065 Carpus Carpus NNP 43431 10676 3066 Malar Malar NNP 43431 10676 3067 , , , 43431 10676 3068 22 22 CD 43431 10676 3069 ; ; : 43431 10676 3070 see see VBP 43431 10676 3071 jugal jugal NNP 43431 10676 3072 Malleus Malleus NNP 43431 10676 3073 , , , 43431 10676 3074 dog dog NN 43431 10676 3075 , , , 43431 10676 3076 393 393 CD 43431 10676 3077 ; ; : 43431 10676 3078 man man NN 43431 10676 3079 , , , 43431 10676 3080 dog dog NN 43431 10676 3081 and and CC 43431 10676 3082 rabbit rabbit NN 43431 10676 3083 , , , 43431 10676 3084 = = SYM 43431 10676 3085 485= 485= CD 43431 10676 3086 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 10676 3087 , , , 43431 10676 3088 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3089 42 42 CD 43431 10676 3090 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3091 ; ; : 43431 10676 3092 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10676 3093 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10676 3094 , , , 43431 10676 3095 485 485 CD 43431 10676 3096 ; ; , 43431 10676 3097 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 3098 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 3099 , , , 43431 10676 3100 442 442 CD 43431 10676 3101 ; ; : 43431 10676 3102 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10676 3103 , , , 43431 10676 3104 416 416 CD 43431 10676 3105 ; ; : 43431 10676 3106 general general JJ 43431 10676 3107 characters character NNS 43431 10676 3108 , , , 43431 10676 3109 343 343 CD 43431 10676 3110 ; ; : 43431 10676 3111 manus manus NN 43431 10676 3112 , , , 43431 10676 3113 503 503 CD 43431 10676 3114 ; ; : 43431 10676 3115 Mesozoic Mesozoic NNP 43431 10676 3116 -- -- : 43431 10676 3117 , , , 43431 10676 3118 348 348 CD 43431 10676 3119 ; ; , 43431 10676 3120 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10676 3121 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10676 3122 , , , 43431 10676 3123 493 493 CD 43431 10676 3124 ; ; : 43431 10676 3125 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10676 3126 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10676 3127 , , , 43431 10676 3128 512 512 CD 43431 10676 3129 ; ; : 43431 10676 3130 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 3131 , , , 43431 10676 3132 521 521 CD 43431 10676 3133 ; ; : 43431 10676 3134 ribs rib NNS 43431 10676 3135 , , , 43431 10676 3136 490 490 CD 43431 10676 3137 ; ; : 43431 10676 3138 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10676 3139 and and CC 43431 10676 3140 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10676 3141 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 3142 , , , 43431 10676 3143 451 451 CD 43431 10676 3144 ; ; : 43431 10676 3145 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 3146 , , , 43431 10676 3147 455 455 CD 43431 10676 3148 ; ; : 43431 10676 3149 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10676 3150 , , , 43431 10676 3151 489 489 CD 43431 10676 3152 ; ; : 43431 10676 3153 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10676 3154 and and CC 43431 10676 3155 shin shin NNP 43431 10676 3156 , , , 43431 10676 3157 517 517 CD 43431 10676 3158 ; ; : 43431 10676 3159 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10676 3160 - - HYPH 43431 10676 3161 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10676 3162 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 3163 , , , 43431 10676 3164 447 447 CD 43431 10676 3165 Man Man NNP 43431 10676 3166 , , , 43431 10676 3167 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3168 49 49 CD 43431 10676 3169 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3170 ; ; : 43431 10676 3171 arm arm NN 43431 10676 3172 bones bone NNS 43431 10676 3173 , , , 43431 10676 3174 503 503 CD 43431 10676 3175 ; ; : 43431 10676 3176 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10676 3177 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10676 3178 , , , 43431 10676 3179 488 488 CD 43431 10676 3180 ; ; : 43431 10676 3181 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10676 3182 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 3183 , , , 43431 10676 3184 454 454 CD 43431 10676 3185 ; ; : 43431 10676 3186 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 3187 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 3188 446 446 CD 43431 10676 3189 ; ; : 43431 10676 3190 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10676 3191 , , , 43431 10676 3192 515 515 CD 43431 10676 3193 ; ; : 43431 10676 3194 pes pe NNS 43431 10676 3195 , , , 43431 10676 3196 527 527 CD 43431 10676 3197 ; ; : 43431 10676 3198 ribs rib NNS 43431 10676 3199 , , , 43431 10676 3200 493 493 CD 43431 10676 3201 ; ; : 43431 10676 3202 scapula scapula NN 43431 10676 3203 , , , 43431 10676 3204 499 499 CD 43431 10676 3205 ; ; : 43431 10676 3206 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 3207 , , , 43431 10676 3208 483 483 CD 43431 10676 3209 ; ; : 43431 10676 3210 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10676 3211 , , , 43431 10676 3212 490 490 CD 43431 10676 3213 ; ; : 43431 10676 3214 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 3215 , , , 43431 10676 3216 441 441 CD 43431 10676 3217 Manatee Manatee NNP 43431 10676 3218 , , , 43431 10676 3219 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3220 44 44 CD 43431 10676 3221 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3222 ; ; : 43431 10676 3223 see see VB 43431 10676 3224 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3225 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 10676 3226 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3227 Manatidae Manatidae NNP 43431 10676 3228 , , , 43431 10676 3229 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3230 44 44 CD 43431 10676 3231 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3232 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3233 Manatus Manatus NNP 43431 10676 3234 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3235 , , , 43431 10676 3236 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3237 44 44 CD 43431 10676 3238 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3239 ; ; : 43431 10676 3240 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10676 3241 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 3242 , , , 43431 10676 3243 444 444 CD 43431 10676 3244 ; ; : 43431 10676 3245 dental dental JJ 43431 10676 3246 formula formula NN 43431 10676 3247 , , , 43431 10676 3248 425 425 CD 43431 10676 3249 ; ; : 43431 10676 3250 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10676 3251 , , , 43431 10676 3252 501 501 CD 43431 10676 3253 ; ; : 43431 10676 3254 manus manus NN 43431 10676 3255 , , , 43431 10676 3256 505 505 CD 43431 10676 3257 ; ; : 43431 10676 3258 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10676 3259 , , , 43431 10676 3260 514 514 CD 43431 10676 3261 ; ; : 43431 10676 3262 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 3263 , , , 43431 10676 3264 460 460 CD 43431 10676 3265 ; ; : 43431 10676 3266 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10676 3267 , , , 43431 10676 3268 489 489 CD 43431 10676 3269 ; ; : 43431 10676 3270 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10676 3271 , , , 43431 10676 3272 345 345 CD 43431 10676 3273 ; ; : 43431 10676 3274 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10676 3275 - - HYPH 43431 10676 3276 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10676 3277 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10676 3278 , , , 43431 10676 3279 448 448 CD 43431 10676 3280 Mandible mandible JJ 43431 10676 3281 , , , 43431 10676 3282 birds bird NNS 43431 10676 3283 , , , 43431 10676 3284 335 335 CD 43431 10676 3285 ; ; : 43431 10676 3286 cod cod NN 43431 10676 3287 , , , 43431 10676 3288 100 100 CD 43431 10676 3289 ; ; : 43431 10676 3290 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10676 3291 , , , 43431 10676 3292 258 258 CD 43431 10676 3293 ; ; : 43431 10676 3294 dog dog NN 43431 10676 3295 , , , 43431 10676 3296 398 398 CD 43431 10676 3297 ; ; : 43431 10676 3298 duck duck NN 43431 10676 3299 , , , 43431 10676 3300 319 319 CD 43431 10676 3301 ; ; : 43431 10676 3302 frog frog NN 43431 10676 3303 , , , 43431 10676 3304 160 160 CD 43431 10676 3305 ; ; : 43431 10676 3306 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus NNP 43431 10676 3307 , , , 43431 10676 3308 = = SYM 43431 10676 3309 467= 467= CD 43431 10676 3310 ; ; : 43431 10676 3311 Isabelline isabelline JJ 43431 10676 3312 bear bear NN 43431 10676 3313 , , , 43431 10676 3314 = = SYM 43431 10676 3315 438= 438= CD 43431 10676 3316 ; ; : 43431 10676 3317 newt newt NN 43431 10676 3318 , , , 43431 10676 3319 144 144 CD 43431 10676 3320 ; ; : 43431 10676 3321 salmon salmon NN 43431 10676 3322 , , , 43431 10676 3323 94 94 CD 43431 10676 3324 ; ; : 43431 10676 3325 turtle turtle NN 43431 10676 3326 , , , 43431 10676 3327 230 230 CD 43431 10676 3328 Manidae Manidae NNP 43431 10676 3329 , , , 43431 10676 3330 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3331 44 44 CD 43431 10676 3332 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3333 ; ; : 43431 10676 3334 see see VB 43431 10676 3335 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3336 Manis Manis NNP 43431 10676 3337 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3338 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3339 Manis Manis NNP 43431 10676 3340 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3341 , , , 43431 10676 3342 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3343 44 44 CD 43431 10676 3344 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3345 ; ; : 43431 10676 3346 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10676 3347 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10676 3348 , , , 43431 10676 3349 487 487 CD 43431 10676 3350 ; ; : 43431 10676 3351 manus manus NN 43431 10676 3352 , , , 43431 10676 3353 504 504 CD 43431 10676 3354 ; ; : 43431 10676 3355 scales scale NNS 43431 10676 3356 , , , 43431 10676 3357 3 3 CD 43431 10676 3358 , , , 43431 10676 3359 417 417 CD 43431 10676 3360 ; ; : 43431 10676 3361 skull skull NNP 43431 10676 3362 , , , 43431 10676 3363 459 459 CD 43431 10676 3364 ; ; : 43431 10676 3365 _ _ NNP 43431 10676 3366 M. M. NNP 43431 10677 1 macrura macrura NNP 43431 10677 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 3 xiphisternum xiphisternum NNP 43431 10677 4 , , , 43431 10677 5 489 489 CD 43431 10677 6 ; ; : 43431 10677 7 see see VB 43431 10677 8 Pangolin Pangolin NNP 43431 10677 9 Manubrium Manubrium NNP 43431 10677 10 of of IN 43431 10677 11 malleus malleus NNP 43431 10677 12 486 486 CD 43431 10677 13 ; ; : 43431 10677 14 dog dog NN 43431 10677 15 , , , 43431 10677 16 393 393 CD 43431 10677 17 ; ; : 43431 10677 18 -- -- : 43431 10677 19 sterni sterni NN 43431 10677 20 , , , 43431 10677 21 dog dog NN 43431 10677 22 404 404 CD 43431 10677 23 Manus Manus NNP 43431 10677 24 , , , 43431 10677 25 26 26 CD 43431 10677 26 ; ; : 43431 10677 27 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10677 28 , , , 43431 10677 29 265 265 CD 43431 10677 30 ; ; : 43431 10677 31 dog dog NN 43431 10677 32 , , , 43431 10677 33 408 408 CD 43431 10677 34 , , , 43431 10677 35 = = SYM 43431 10677 36 413= 413= CD 43431 10677 37 ; ; : 43431 10677 38 duck duck NN 43431 10677 39 , , , 43431 10677 40 323 323 CD 43431 10677 41 ; ; : 43431 10677 42 frog frog NNP 43431 10677 43 , , , 43431 10677 44 164 164 CD 43431 10677 45 ; ; : 43431 10677 46 mammalia mammalia NNP 43431 10677 47 , , , 43431 10677 48 503 503 CD 43431 10677 49 ; ; : 43431 10677 50 newt newt NN 43431 10677 51 , , , 43431 10677 52 147 147 CD 43431 10677 53 ; ; : 43431 10677 54 Perissodactyles Perissodactyles NNP 43431 10677 55 , , , 43431 10677 56 = = SYM 43431 10677 57 508= 508= CD 43431 10677 58 ; ; : 43431 10677 59 turtle turtle NN 43431 10677 60 , , , 43431 10677 61 233 233 CD 43431 10677 62 Marginal marginal JJ 43431 10677 63 plate plate NN 43431 10677 64 , , , 43431 10677 65 turtle turtle NN 43431 10677 66 216 216 CD 43431 10677 67 ; ; : 43431 10677 68 -- -- : 43431 10677 69 ray ray NNP 43431 10677 70 , , , 43431 10677 71 131 131 CD 43431 10677 72 ; ; : 43431 10677 73 -- -- : 43431 10677 74 shield shield NN 43431 10677 75 , , , 43431 10677 76 turtle turtle NN 43431 10677 77 , , , 43431 10677 78 214 214 CD 43431 10677 79 Marmoset Marmoset NNP 43431 10677 80 , , , 43431 10677 81 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 82 49 49 CD 43431 10677 83 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 84 , , , 43431 10677 85 372 372 CD 43431 10677 86 f. f. NNP 43431 10677 87 Marmot Marmot NNP 43431 10677 88 , , , 43431 10677 89 frontals frontal NNS 43431 10677 90 , , , 43431 10677 91 476 476 CD 43431 10677 92 Marsipobranchii Marsipobranchii NNP 43431 10677 93 , , , 43431 10677 94 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 95 31 31 CD 43431 10677 96 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 97 , , , 43431 10677 98 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 99 53 53 CD 43431 10677 100 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 101 ; ; : 43431 10677 102 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10677 103 column column NN 43431 10677 104 , , , 43431 10677 105 56 56 CD 43431 10677 106 Marsupial marsupial JJ 43431 10677 107 bones bone NNS 43431 10677 108 , , , 43431 10677 109 513 513 CD 43431 10677 110 Marsupial marsupial JJ 43431 10677 111 mole mole NN 43431 10677 112 , , , 43431 10677 113 43 43 CD 43431 10677 114 ; ; : 43431 10677 115 see see VB 43431 10677 116 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 117 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNPS 43431 10677 118 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 119 Marsupialia Marsupialia NNP 43431 10677 120 , , , 43431 10677 121 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 122 43 43 CD 43431 10677 123 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 124 ; ; : 43431 10677 125 arm arm NN 43431 10677 126 bones bone NNS 43431 10677 127 , , , 43431 10677 128 499 499 CD 43431 10677 129 ; ; : 43431 10677 130 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10677 131 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10677 132 , , , 43431 10677 133 486 486 CD 43431 10677 134 ; ; : 43431 10677 135 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10677 136 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 137 , , , 43431 10677 138 443 443 CD 43431 10677 139 ; ; : 43431 10677 140 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10677 141 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 142 , , , 43431 10677 143 453 453 CD 43431 10677 144 ; ; : 43431 10677 145 general general JJ 43431 10677 146 characters character NNS 43431 10677 147 , , , 43431 10677 148 349 349 CD 43431 10677 149 ; ; : 43431 10677 150 manus manus NN 43431 10677 151 , , , 43431 10677 152 504 504 CD 43431 10677 153 ; ; : 43431 10677 154 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10677 155 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10677 156 , , , 43431 10677 157 494 494 CD 43431 10677 158 ; ; : 43431 10677 159 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10677 160 , , , 43431 10677 161 513 513 CD 43431 10677 162 ; ; : 43431 10677 163 pes pe NNS 43431 10677 164 , , , 43431 10677 165 521 521 CD 43431 10677 166 ; ; : 43431 10677 167 ribs rib NNS 43431 10677 168 , , , 43431 10677 169 491 491 CD 43431 10677 170 ; ; : 43431 10677 171 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10677 172 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 173 , , , 43431 10677 174 451 451 CD 43431 10677 175 ; ; : 43431 10677 176 skull skull NNP 43431 10677 177 , , , 43431 10677 178 456 456 CD 43431 10677 179 ; ; : 43431 10677 180 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 181 , , , 43431 10677 182 422 422 CD 43431 10677 183 ; ; : 43431 10677 184 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10677 185 and and CC 43431 10677 186 shin shin NNP 43431 10677 187 , , , 43431 10677 188 517 517 CD 43431 10677 189 ; ; : 43431 10677 190 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10677 191 - - HYPH 43431 10677 192 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10677 193 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 194 , , , 43431 10677 195 447 447 CD 43431 10677 196 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 197 Mastodon Mastodon NNP 43431 10677 198 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 199 , , , 43431 10677 200 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 201 47 47 CD 43431 10677 202 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 203 , , , 43431 10677 204 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 205 365 365 CD 43431 10677 206 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 207 ; ; : 43431 10677 208 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 209 , , , 43431 10677 210 434 434 CD 43431 10677 211 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 212 Mastodonsaurus Mastodonsaurus NNP 43431 10677 213 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 214 , , , 43431 10677 215 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 216 35 35 CD 43431 10677 217 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 218 , , , 43431 10677 219 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 220 136 136 CD 43431 10677 221 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 222 ; ; : 43431 10677 223 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10677 224 , , , 43431 10677 225 187 187 CD 43431 10677 226 Mastoid mastoid NN 43431 10677 227 portion portion NN 43431 10677 228 of of IN 43431 10677 229 periotic periotic JJ 43431 10677 230 , , , 43431 10677 231 dog dog NN 43431 10677 232 , , , 43431 10677 233 391 391 CD 43431 10677 234 Maxilla Maxilla NNP 43431 10677 235 , , , 43431 10677 236 22 22 CD 43431 10677 237 ; ; : 43431 10677 238 cod cod NN 43431 10677 239 , , , 43431 10677 240 98 98 CD 43431 10677 241 ; ; : 43431 10677 242 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10677 243 , , , 43431 10677 244 254 254 CD 43431 10677 245 ; ; : 43431 10677 246 dog dog NN 43431 10677 247 , , , 43431 10677 248 397 397 CD 43431 10677 249 ; ; : 43431 10677 250 duck duck NN 43431 10677 251 , , , 43431 10677 252 318 318 CD 43431 10677 253 ; ; : 43431 10677 254 frog frog NN 43431 10677 255 , , , 43431 10677 256 159 159 CD 43431 10677 257 ; ; : 43431 10677 258 newt newt NN 43431 10677 259 , , , 43431 10677 260 144 144 CD 43431 10677 261 ; ; : 43431 10677 262 turtle turtle NN 43431 10677 263 , , , 43431 10677 264 229 229 CD 43431 10677 265 Maxillo Maxillo NNP 43431 10677 266 - - HYPH 43431 10677 267 mandibular mandibular NN 43431 10677 268 arch arch NN 43431 10677 269 , , , 43431 10677 270 21 21 CD 43431 10677 271 Maxillo Maxillo NNP 43431 10677 272 - - HYPH 43431 10677 273 palatine palatine NNP 43431 10677 274 , , , 43431 10677 275 duck duck NN 43431 10677 276 , , , 43431 10677 277 318 318 CD 43431 10677 278 Maxillo Maxillo NNP 43431 10677 279 - - HYPH 43431 10677 280 turbinal turbinal NNP 43431 10677 281 , , , 43431 10677 282 dog dog NN 43431 10677 283 , , , 43431 10677 284 395 395 CD 43431 10677 285 Meatus Meatus NNP 43431 10677 286 , , , 43431 10677 287 external external JJ 43431 10677 288 auditory auditory NN 43431 10677 289 -- -- : 43431 10677 290 , , , 43431 10677 291 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10677 292 , , , 43431 10677 293 250 250 CD 43431 10677 294 ; ; : 43431 10677 295 dog dog NN 43431 10677 296 , , , 43431 10677 297 393 393 CD 43431 10677 298 ; ; : 43431 10677 299 turtle turtle NN 43431 10677 300 , , , 43431 10677 301 228 228 CD 43431 10677 302 ; ; , 43431 10677 303 internal internal JJ 43431 10677 304 auditory auditory NN 43431 10677 305 -- -- : 43431 10677 306 , , , 43431 10677 307 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10677 308 , , , 43431 10677 309 251 251 CD 43431 10677 310 ; ; : 43431 10677 311 dog dog NN 43431 10677 312 , , , 43431 10677 313 392 392 CD 43431 10677 314 , , , 43431 10677 315 400 400 CD 43431 10677 316 ; ; : 43431 10677 317 turtle turtle NN 43431 10677 318 , , , 43431 10677 319 228 228 CD 43431 10677 320 Meckel Meckel NNP 43431 10677 321 's 's POS 43431 10677 322 cartilage cartilage NN 43431 10677 323 , , , 43431 10677 324 22 22 CD 43431 10677 325 ; ; : 43431 10677 326 cod cod NN 43431 10677 327 , , , 43431 10677 328 100 100 CD 43431 10677 329 ; ; : 43431 10677 330 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10677 331 , , , 43431 10677 332 77 77 CD 43431 10677 333 ; ; : 43431 10677 334 salmon salmon NN 43431 10677 335 , , , 43431 10677 336 94 94 CD 43431 10677 337 Median median JJ 43431 10677 338 ethmoid ethmoid NN 43431 10677 339 , , , 43431 10677 340 21 21 CD 43431 10677 341 ; ; : 43431 10677 342 cod cod NN 43431 10677 343 , , , 43431 10677 344 98 98 CD 43431 10677 345 ; ; : 43431 10677 346 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 10677 347 , , , 43431 10677 348 179 179 CD 43431 10677 349 ; ; : 43431 10677 350 salmon salmon NN 43431 10677 351 , , , 43431 10677 352 91 91 CD 43431 10677 353 ; ; : 43431 10677 354 -- -- : 43431 10677 355 fin fin NNP 43431 10677 356 , , , 43431 10677 357 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10677 358 , , , 43431 10677 359 52 52 CD 43431 10677 360 ; ; : 43431 10677 361 cod cod NN 43431 10677 362 , , , 43431 10677 363 86 86 CD 43431 10677 364 ; ; : 43431 10677 365 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10677 366 , , , 43431 10677 367 79 79 CD 43431 10677 368 Megachiroptera Megachiroptera NNP 43431 10677 369 , , , 43431 10677 370 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 371 49 49 CD 43431 10677 372 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 373 ; ; : 43431 10677 374 general general JJ 43431 10677 375 characters character NNS 43431 10677 376 , , , 43431 10677 377 371 371 CD 43431 10677 378 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 379 Megalobatrachus Megalobatrachus NNP 43431 10677 380 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 381 , , , 43431 10677 382 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 383 35 35 CD 43431 10677 384 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 385 , , , 43431 10677 386 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 387 135 135 CD 43431 10677 388 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 389 ; ; : 43431 10677 390 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10677 391 , , , 43431 10677 392 186 186 CD 43431 10677 393 ; ; : 43431 10677 394 skull skull NNP 43431 10677 395 , , , 43431 10677 396 175 175 CD 43431 10677 397 Megalosauridae Megalosauridae NNP 43431 10677 398 , , , 43431 10677 399 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 400 38 38 CD 43431 10677 401 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 402 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 403 Megalosaurus Megalosaurus NNP 43431 10677 404 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 405 , , , 43431 10677 406 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 407 38 38 CD 43431 10677 408 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 409 , , , 43431 10677 410 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 411 208 208 CD 43431 10677 412 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 413 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 414 Megapodius Megapodius NNP 43431 10677 415 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 416 , , , 43431 10677 417 spur spur NN 43431 10677 418 , , , 43431 10677 419 330 330 CD 43431 10677 420 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 421 Megaptera Megaptera NNP 43431 10677 422 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 423 , , , 43431 10677 424 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 425 44 44 CD 43431 10677 426 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 427 , , , 43431 10677 428 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 429 357 357 CD 43431 10677 430 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 431 Megatheriidae Megatheriidae NNP 43431 10677 432 , , , 43431 10677 433 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 434 44 44 CD 43431 10677 435 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 436 , , , 43431 10677 437 352 352 CD 43431 10677 438 ; ; : 43431 10677 439 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10677 440 , , , 43431 10677 441 501 501 CD 43431 10677 442 ; ; : 43431 10677 443 leg leg NN 43431 10677 444 bones bone NNS 43431 10677 445 , , , 43431 10677 446 517 517 CD 43431 10677 447 ; ; : 43431 10677 448 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10677 449 , , , 43431 10677 450 513 513 CD 43431 10677 451 ; ; : 43431 10677 452 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 10677 453 , , , 43431 10677 454 452 452 CD 43431 10677 455 ; ; : 43431 10677 456 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 457 , , , 43431 10677 458 424 424 CD 43431 10677 459 ; ; , 43431 10677 460 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10677 461 - - HYPH 43431 10677 462 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10677 463 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 464 , , , 43431 10677 465 447 447 CD 43431 10677 466 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 467 Megatherium Megatherium NNP 43431 10677 468 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 469 , , , 43431 10677 470 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 471 44 44 CD 43431 10677 472 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 473 ; ; : 43431 10677 474 femur femur NN 43431 10677 475 , , , 43431 10677 476 517 517 CD 43431 10677 477 ; ; : 43431 10677 478 manus manus NN 43431 10677 479 , , , 43431 10677 480 505 505 CD 43431 10677 481 ; ; , 43431 10677 482 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10677 483 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10677 484 , , , 43431 10677 485 495 495 CD 43431 10677 486 ; ; : 43431 10677 487 pes pe NNS 43431 10677 488 , , , 43431 10677 489 522 522 CD 43431 10677 490 ; ; : 43431 10677 491 skull skull NNP 43431 10677 492 , , , 43431 10677 493 458 458 CD 43431 10677 494 Megistanes Megistanes NNPS 43431 10677 495 , , , 43431 10677 496 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 497 40 40 CD 43431 10677 498 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 499 , , , 43431 10677 500 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 501 299 299 CD 43431 10677 502 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 503 Membranous membranous JJ 43431 10677 504 cranium cranium NN 43431 10677 505 , , , 43431 10677 506 17 17 CD 43431 10677 507 Menobranchidae Menobranchidae NNP 43431 10677 508 , , , 43431 10677 509 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 510 35 35 CD 43431 10677 511 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 512 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 513 Menobranchus Menobranchus NNP 43431 10677 514 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 515 , , , 43431 10677 516 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 517 35 35 CD 43431 10677 518 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 519 , , , 43431 10677 520 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 521 135 135 CD 43431 10677 522 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 523 ; ; : 43431 10677 524 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10677 525 , , , 43431 10677 526 185 185 CD 43431 10677 527 ; ; : 43431 10677 528 pes pes NN 43431 10677 529 , , , 43431 10677 530 188 188 CD 43431 10677 531 ; ; : 43431 10677 532 skull skull NNP 43431 10677 533 , , , 43431 10677 534 174 174 CD 43431 10677 535 ; ; : 43431 10677 536 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 537 , , , 43431 10677 538 169 169 CD 43431 10677 539 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 540 Menopoma Menopoma NNP 43431 10677 541 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 542 , , , 43431 10677 543 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 544 35 35 CD 43431 10677 545 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 546 ; ; : 43431 10677 547 see see VB 43431 10677 548 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 549 Cryptobranchus Cryptobranchus NNP 43431 10677 550 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 551 Mento Mento NNP 43431 10677 552 - - HYPH 43431 10677 553 meckelian meckelian NNP 43431 10677 554 , , , 43431 10677 555 22 22 CD 43431 10677 556 ; ; : 43431 10677 557 frog frog NN 43431 10677 558 , , , 43431 10677 559 161 161 CD 43431 10677 560 ; ; : 43431 10677 561 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10677 562 , , , 43431 10677 563 284 284 CD 43431 10677 564 Merganser Merganser NNP 43431 10677 565 , , , 43431 10677 566 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 567 41 41 CD 43431 10677 568 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 569 ; ; : 43431 10677 570 beak beak NNP 43431 10677 571 , , , 43431 10677 572 329 329 CD 43431 10677 573 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 574 Mergus Mergus NNP 43431 10677 575 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 576 , , , 43431 10677 577 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 578 41 41 CD 43431 10677 579 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 580 Merrythought Merrythought NNP 43431 10677 581 , , , 43431 10677 582 duck duck NN 43431 10677 583 , , , 43431 10677 584 322 322 CD 43431 10677 585 Mesethmoid Mesethmoid NNP 43431 10677 586 , , , 43431 10677 587 20 20 CD 43431 10677 588 ; ; : 43431 10677 589 dog dog NN 43431 10677 590 , , , 43431 10677 591 390 390 CD 43431 10677 592 ; ; : 43431 10677 593 duck duck NN 43431 10677 594 , , , 43431 10677 595 317 317 CD 43431 10677 596 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 597 Mesoplodon Mesoplodon NNP 43431 10677 598 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 599 , , , 43431 10677 600 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 601 44 44 CD 43431 10677 602 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 603 ; ; : 43431 10677 604 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 605 , , , 43431 10677 606 427 427 CD 43431 10677 607 Mesopterygium Mesopterygium NNP 43431 10677 608 , , , 43431 10677 609 79 79 CD 43431 10677 610 Mesosauridae Mesosauridae NNP 43431 10677 611 , , , 43431 10677 612 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 613 37 37 CD 43431 10677 614 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 615 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 616 Mesosaurus Mesosaurus NNP 43431 10677 617 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 618 , , , 43431 10677 619 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 620 37 37 CD 43431 10677 621 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 622 Mesosternum Mesosternum NNP 43431 10677 623 , , , 43431 10677 624 dog dog NN 43431 10677 625 , , , 43431 10677 626 404 404 CD 43431 10677 627 Metacarpal metacarpal JJ 43431 10677 628 quill quill NN 43431 10677 629 , , , 43431 10677 630 duck duck NN 43431 10677 631 , , , 43431 10677 632 303 303 CD 43431 10677 633 Metacarpo Metacarpo NNP 43431 10677 634 - - HYPH 43431 10677 635 digital digital NNP 43431 10677 636 , , , 43431 10677 637 duck duck NN 43431 10677 638 , , , 43431 10677 639 303 303 CD 43431 10677 640 Metacarpus Metacarpus NNP 43431 10677 641 , , , 43431 10677 642 26 26 CD 43431 10677 643 ; ; : 43431 10677 644 see see VB 43431 10677 645 Manus Manus NNP 43431 10677 646 Metacromion Metacromion NNP 43431 10677 647 , , , 43431 10677 648 hares hare NNS 43431 10677 649 and and CC 43431 10677 650 rabbits rabbit NNS 43431 10677 651 , , , 43431 10677 652 497 497 CD 43431 10677 653 Meta meta JJ 43431 10677 654 - - HYPH 43431 10677 655 pterygium pterygium NN 43431 10677 656 , , , 43431 10677 657 79 79 CD 43431 10677 658 Metatarsus Metatarsus NNP 43431 10677 659 26 26 CD 43431 10677 660 ; ; : 43431 10677 661 see see VB 43431 10677 662 Pes Pes NNP 43431 10677 663 Metatheria Metatheria NNP 43431 10677 664 , , , 43431 10677 665 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 666 43 43 CD 43431 10677 667 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 668 ; ; : 43431 10677 669 general general JJ 43431 10677 670 characters character NNS 43431 10677 671 , , , 43431 10677 672 349 349 CD 43431 10677 673 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 674 Metriorhynchus Metriorhynchus NNP 43431 10677 675 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 676 , , , 43431 10677 677 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 678 39 39 CD 43431 10677 679 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 680 , , , 43431 10677 681 278 278 CD 43431 10677 682 Microchiroptera Microchiroptera NNP 43431 10677 683 , , , 43431 10677 684 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 685 49 49 CD 43431 10677 686 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 687 ; ; : 43431 10677 688 general general JJ 43431 10677 689 characters character NNS 43431 10677 690 , , , 43431 10677 691 371 371 CD 43431 10677 692 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 693 Microgale Microgale NNP 43431 10677 694 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 695 , , , 43431 10677 696 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 697 49 49 CD 43431 10677 698 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 699 ; ; : 43431 10677 700 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10677 701 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 702 , , , 43431 10677 703 454 454 CD 43431 10677 704 Mid mid JJ 43431 10677 705 - - JJ 43431 10677 706 digital digital JJ 43431 10677 707 quill quill NN 43431 10677 708 , , , 43431 10677 709 duck duck NN 43431 10677 710 , , , 43431 10677 711 303 303 CD 43431 10677 712 Milk milk NN 43431 10677 713 - - HYPH 43431 10677 714 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 715 , , , 43431 10677 716 344 344 CD 43431 10677 717 ; ; : 43431 10677 718 dog dog NN 43431 10677 719 , , , 43431 10677 720 377 377 CD 43431 10677 721 ; ; : 43431 10677 722 horse horse NN 43431 10677 723 , , , 43431 10677 724 430 430 NNP 43431 10677 725 Moa Moa NNP 43431 10677 726 , , , 43431 10677 727 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 728 40 40 CD 43431 10677 729 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 730 , , , 43431 10677 731 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 732 299 299 CD 43431 10677 733 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 734 ; ; : 43431 10677 735 aftershaft aftershaft NNP 43431 10677 736 , , , 43431 10677 737 328 328 CD 43431 10677 738 ; ; : 43431 10677 739 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10677 740 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10677 741 , , , 43431 10677 742 336 336 CD 43431 10677 743 ; ; : 43431 10677 744 wing wing NN 43431 10677 745 , , , 43431 10677 746 338 338 CD 43431 10677 747 Molar molar JJ 43431 10677 748 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 749 , , , 43431 10677 750 344 344 CD 43431 10677 751 ; ; : 43431 10677 752 dog dog NN 43431 10677 753 , , , 43431 10677 754 376 376 CD 43431 10677 755 f. f. NN 43431 10677 756 Mole Mole NNP 43431 10677 757 , , , 43431 10677 758 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 759 49 49 CD 43431 10677 760 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 761 , , , 43431 10677 762 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 763 370 370 CD 43431 10677 764 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 765 ; ; : 43431 10677 766 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10677 767 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10677 768 , , , 43431 10677 769 488 488 CD 43431 10677 770 ; ; , 43431 10677 771 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10677 772 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 773 , , , 43431 10677 774 446 446 CD 43431 10677 775 ; ; : 43431 10677 776 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10677 777 , , , 43431 10677 778 503 503 CD 43431 10677 779 ; ; : 43431 10677 780 manus manus NN 43431 10677 781 , , , 43431 10677 782 512 512 CD 43431 10677 783 ; ; : 43431 10677 784 presternum presternum NN 43431 10677 785 , , , 43431 10677 786 490 490 CD 43431 10677 787 ; ; : 43431 10677 788 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10677 789 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10677 790 , , , 43431 10677 791 499 499 CD 43431 10677 792 ; ; : 43431 10677 793 skull skull NNP 43431 10677 794 , , , 43431 10677 795 481 481 CD 43431 10677 796 ; ; : 43431 10677 797 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 798 , , , 43431 10677 799 440 440 CD 43431 10677 800 ; ; : 43431 10677 801 Golden Golden NNP 43431 10677 802 -- -- : 43431 10677 803 , , , 43431 10677 804 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 805 49 49 CD 43431 10677 806 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 807 ; ; : 43431 10677 808 see see VB 43431 10677 809 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 810 Chrysochloris Chrysochloris NNP 43431 10677 811 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 812 ; ; : 43431 10677 813 Marsupial Marsupial NNP 43431 10677 814 -- -- : 43431 10677 815 , , , 43431 10677 816 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 817 43 43 CD 43431 10677 818 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 819 ; ; : 43431 10677 820 see see VB 43431 10677 821 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 822 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10677 823 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 824 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 825 Molge Molge NNP 43431 10677 826 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 827 , , , 43431 10677 828 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 829 35 35 CD 43431 10677 830 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 831 , , , 43431 10677 832 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 833 135 135 CD 43431 10677 834 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 835 ; ; : 43431 10677 836 see see VB 43431 10677 837 Newt Newt NNP 43431 10677 838 Monitor Monitor NNP 43431 10677 839 , , , 43431 10677 840 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 841 38 38 CD 43431 10677 842 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 843 ; ; : 43431 10677 844 see see VB 43431 10677 845 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 846 Varanus Varanus NNP 43431 10677 847 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 848 Monkey Monkey NNP 43431 10677 849 , , , 43431 10677 850 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 851 49 49 CD 43431 10677 852 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 853 , , , 43431 10677 854 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 855 373 373 CD 43431 10677 856 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 857 ; ; : 43431 10677 858 see see VB 43431 10677 859 under under IN 43431 10677 860 Primates Primates NNP 43431 10677 861 Monodelphia Monodelphia NNP 43431 10677 862 , , , 43431 10677 863 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 864 43 43 CD 43431 10677 865 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 866 ; ; : 43431 10677 867 characters character NNS 43431 10677 868 of of IN 43431 10677 869 , , , 43431 10677 870 351 351 CD 43431 10677 871 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 872 Monodon Monodon NNP 43431 10677 873 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 874 , , , 43431 10677 875 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 876 45 45 CD 43431 10677 877 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 878 , , , 43431 10677 879 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 880 357 357 CD 43431 10677 881 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 882 ; ; : 43431 10677 883 see see VB 43431 10677 884 Narwhal Narwhal NNP 43431 10677 885 Monophyodont Monophyodont NNP 43431 10677 886 , , , 43431 10677 887 defined define VBN 43431 10677 888 , , , 43431 10677 889 7 7 CD 43431 10677 890 , , , 43431 10677 891 344 344 CD 43431 10677 892 Monopneumona Monopneumona NNP 43431 10677 893 , , , 43431 10677 894 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 895 34 34 CD 43431 10677 896 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 897 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 10677 898 , , , 43431 10677 899 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 900 42 42 CD 43431 10677 901 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 902 ; ; : 43431 10677 903 arm arm NN 43431 10677 904 bones bone NNS 43431 10677 905 , , , 43431 10677 906 499 499 CD 43431 10677 907 ; ; : 43431 10677 908 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10677 909 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10677 910 , , , 43431 10677 911 486 486 CD 43431 10677 912 ; ; : 43431 10677 913 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10677 914 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 915 , , , 43431 10677 916 453 453 CD 43431 10677 917 ; ; , 43431 10677 918 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10677 919 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 920 , , , 43431 10677 921 443 443 CD 43431 10677 922 ; ; : 43431 10677 923 general general JJ 43431 10677 924 characters character NNS 43431 10677 925 , , , 43431 10677 926 346 346 CD 43431 10677 927 ; ; : 43431 10677 928 manus manus NN 43431 10677 929 , , , 43431 10677 930 504 504 CD 43431 10677 931 ; ; : 43431 10677 932 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10677 933 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10677 934 , , , 43431 10677 935 493 493 CD 43431 10677 936 ; ; : 43431 10677 937 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10677 938 , , , 43431 10677 939 513 513 CD 43431 10677 940 ; ; : 43431 10677 941 pes pe NNS 43431 10677 942 , , , 43431 10677 943 521 521 CD 43431 10677 944 ; ; : 43431 10677 945 ribs rib NNS 43431 10677 946 , , , 43431 10677 947 490 490 CD 43431 10677 948 ; ; : 43431 10677 949 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10677 950 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 951 , , , 43431 10677 952 451 451 CD 43431 10677 953 ; ; : 43431 10677 954 skull skull NNP 43431 10677 955 , , , 43431 10677 956 455 455 CD 43431 10677 957 ; ; : 43431 10677 958 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10677 959 , , , 43431 10677 960 489 489 CD 43431 10677 961 ; ; : 43431 10677 962 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 963 , , , 43431 10677 964 422 422 CD 43431 10677 965 ; ; : 43431 10677 966 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10677 967 and and CC 43431 10677 968 shin shin NNP 43431 10677 969 , , , 43431 10677 970 517 517 CD 43431 10677 971 ; ; : 43431 10677 972 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10677 973 - - HYPH 43431 10677 974 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10677 975 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10677 976 , , , 43431 10677 977 447 447 CD 43431 10677 978 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 979 Morosaurus Morosaurus NNP 43431 10677 980 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 981 , , , 43431 10677 982 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 983 38 38 CD 43431 10677 984 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 985 , , , 43431 10677 986 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 987 207 207 CD 43431 10677 988 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 989 ; ; : 43431 10677 990 pes pe NNS 43431 10677 991 , , , 43431 10677 992 294 294 CD 43431 10677 993 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 994 Mosasaurus Mosasaurus NNP 43431 10677 995 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 996 , , , 43431 10677 997 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 998 38 38 CD 43431 10677 999 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1000 , , , 43431 10677 1001 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1002 204 204 CD 43431 10677 1003 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1004 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1005 Moschus Moschus NNP 43431 10677 1006 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1007 , , , 43431 10677 1008 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1009 46 46 CD 43431 10677 1010 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1011 ; ; : 43431 10677 1012 canines canine NNS 43431 10677 1013 , , , 43431 10677 1014 429 429 CD 43431 10677 1015 Mouse Mouse NNP 43431 10677 1016 , , , 43431 10677 1017 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1018 47 47 CD 43431 10677 1019 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1020 ; ; : 43431 10677 1021 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10677 1022 , , , 43431 10677 1023 437 437 CD 43431 10677 1024 ; ; : 43431 10677 1025 see see VBP 43431 10677 1026 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1027 Mus Mus NNP 43431 10677 1028 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1029 Mud Mud NNP 43431 10677 1030 - - HYPH 43431 10677 1031 fish fish NN 43431 10677 1032 , , , 43431 10677 1033 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1034 34 34 CD 43431 10677 1035 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1036 Multituberculata Multituberculata NNP 43431 10677 1037 , , , 43431 10677 1038 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1039 43 43 CD 43431 10677 1040 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1041 , , , 43431 10677 1042 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1043 348 348 CD 43431 10677 1044 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1045 Muntjac Muntjac NNP 43431 10677 1046 , , , 43431 10677 1047 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1048 46 46 CD 43431 10677 1049 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1050 ; ; : 43431 10677 1051 see see VB 43431 10677 1052 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1053 Cervulus Cervulus NNP 43431 10677 1054 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1055 Muraenidae Muraenidae NNP 43431 10677 1056 , , , 43431 10677 1057 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1058 33 33 CD 43431 10677 1059 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1060 Muridae Muridae NNP 43431 10677 1061 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1062 47 47 CD 43431 10677 1063 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1064 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1065 Mus Mus NNP 43431 10677 1066 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1067 , , , 43431 10677 1068 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1069 47 47 CD 43431 10677 1070 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1071 ; ; : 43431 10677 1072 _ _ NNP 43431 10677 1073 M. M. NNP 43431 10678 1 musculus musculus NNP 43431 10678 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10678 3 , , , 43431 10678 4 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10678 5 , , , 43431 10678 6 437 437 CD 43431 10678 7 ; ; : 43431 10678 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10678 9 M. M. NNP 43431 10679 1 sylvaticus sylvaticus NNP 43431 10679 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 3 , , , 43431 10679 4 sternum sternum NN 43431 10679 5 and and CC 43431 10679 6 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10679 7 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 8 , , , 43431 10679 9 498 498 CD 43431 10679 10 Musk musk JJ 43431 10679 11 deer deer NN 43431 10679 12 , , , 43431 10679 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 14 46 46 CD 43431 10679 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 16 ; ; : 43431 10679 17 canines canine NNS 43431 10679 18 , , , 43431 10679 19 429 429 CD 43431 10679 20 Mustelidae Mustelidae NNP 43431 10679 21 , , , 43431 10679 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 23 48 48 CD 43431 10679 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 25 ; ; : 43431 10679 26 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 27 439 439 CD 43431 10679 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 29 Mycetes Mycetes NNP 43431 10679 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 31 , , , 43431 10679 32 49 49 CD 43431 10679 33 ; ; : 43431 10679 34 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10679 35 , , , 43431 10679 36 485 485 CD 43431 10679 37 ; ; : 43431 10679 38 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10679 39 , , , 43431 10679 40 484 484 CD 43431 10679 41 ; ; : 43431 10679 42 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 43 , , , 43431 10679 44 482 482 CD 43431 10679 45 Myliobatidae Myliobatidae NNP 43431 10679 46 , , , 43431 10679 47 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 48 32 32 CD 43431 10679 49 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 50 ; ; : 43431 10679 51 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 52 , , , 43431 10679 53 109 109 CD 43431 10679 54 Myomorpha Myomorpha NNP 43431 10679 55 , , , 43431 10679 56 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 57 47 47 CD 43431 10679 58 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 59 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 60 Myrmecobius Myrmecobius NNP 43431 10679 61 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 62 , , , 43431 10679 63 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 64 , , , 43431 10679 65 423 423 CD 43431 10679 66 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 67 Myrmecophaga Myrmecophaga NNP 43431 10679 68 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 69 , , , 43431 10679 70 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 71 44 44 CD 43431 10679 72 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 73 ; ; : 43431 10679 74 manus manus NN 43431 10679 75 505 505 CD 43431 10679 76 ; ; : 43431 10679 77 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 78 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 79 , , , 43431 10679 80 495 495 CD 43431 10679 81 ; ; : 43431 10679 82 skull skull NN 43431 10679 83 , , , 43431 10679 84 458 458 CD 43431 10679 85 Myrmecophagidae Myrmecophagidae NNP 43431 10679 86 , , , 43431 10679 87 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 88 44 44 CD 43431 10679 89 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 90 , , , 43431 10679 91 424 424 CD 43431 10679 92 ; ; : 43431 10679 93 see see VB 43431 10679 94 Anteaters Anteaters NNP 43431 10679 95 Mystacoceti Mystacoceti NNP 43431 10679 96 , , , 43431 10679 97 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 98 44 44 CD 43431 10679 99 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 100 ; ; : 43431 10679 101 general general JJ 43431 10679 102 characters character NNS 43431 10679 103 , , , 43431 10679 104 356 356 CD 43431 10679 105 ; ; : 43431 10679 106 hind hind NN 43431 10679 107 limb limb NN 43431 10679 108 , , , 43431 10679 109 518 518 CD 43431 10679 110 ; ; : 43431 10679 111 manus manus NN 43431 10679 112 , , , 43431 10679 113 505 505 CD 43431 10679 114 ; ; , 43431 10679 115 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 116 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 117 , , , 43431 10679 118 495 495 CD 43431 10679 119 ; ; : 43431 10679 120 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 121 , , , 43431 10679 122 461 461 CD 43431 10679 123 ; ; : 43431 10679 124 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 125 , , , 43431 10679 126 426 426 CD 43431 10679 127 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 128 Myxine Myxine NNP 43431 10679 129 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 130 , , , 43431 10679 131 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 132 31 31 CD 43431 10679 133 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 134 , , , 43431 10679 135 55 55 CD 43431 10679 136 ; ; : 43431 10679 137 fins fin NNS 43431 10679 138 , , , 43431 10679 139 115 115 CD 43431 10679 140 ; ; : 43431 10679 141 notochordal notochordal JJ 43431 10679 142 sheath sheath NN 43431 10679 143 , , , 43431 10679 144 9 9 CD 43431 10679 145 Myxinoidei Myxinoidei NNP 43431 10679 146 , , , 43431 10679 147 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 148 31 31 CD 43431 10679 149 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 150 , , , 43431 10679 151 55 55 CD 43431 10679 152 Nails nail NNS 43431 10679 153 , , , 43431 10679 154 3 3 CD 43431 10679 155 ; ; : 43431 10679 156 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10679 157 , , , 43431 10679 158 168 168 CD 43431 10679 159 ; ; : 43431 10679 160 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10679 161 , , , 43431 10679 162 417 417 CD 43431 10679 163 Nares naris NNS 43431 10679 164 : : : 43431 10679 165 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10679 166 -- -- : 43431 10679 167 , , , 43431 10679 168 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 169 , , , 43431 10679 170 252 252 CD 43431 10679 171 , , , 43431 10679 172 257 257 CD 43431 10679 173 ; ; : 43431 10679 174 dog dog NN 43431 10679 175 , , , 43431 10679 176 401 401 CD 43431 10679 177 ; ; : 43431 10679 178 duck duck NN 43431 10679 179 , , , 43431 10679 180 317 317 CD 43431 10679 181 ; ; : 43431 10679 182 newt newt NN 43431 10679 183 , , , 43431 10679 184 143 143 CD 43431 10679 185 ; ; : 43431 10679 186 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 187 , , , 43431 10679 188 225 225 CD 43431 10679 189 , , , 43431 10679 190 229 229 CD 43431 10679 191 ; ; : 43431 10679 192 posterior posterior NN 43431 10679 193 -- -- : 43431 10679 194 , , , 43431 10679 195 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 196 , , , 43431 10679 197 257 257 CD 43431 10679 198 ; ; : 43431 10679 199 dog dog NN 43431 10679 200 , , , 43431 10679 201 402 402 CD 43431 10679 202 ; ; : 43431 10679 203 duck duck NN 43431 10679 204 , , , 43431 10679 205 318 318 CD 43431 10679 206 ; ; : 43431 10679 207 frog frog NN 43431 10679 208 , , , 43431 10679 209 158 158 CD 43431 10679 210 ; ; : 43431 10679 211 newt newt NN 43431 10679 212 , , , 43431 10679 213 143 143 CD 43431 10679 214 ; ; : 43431 10679 215 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 216 , , , 43431 10679 217 230 230 CD 43431 10679 218 Narial narial JJ 43431 10679 219 cavity cavity NN 43431 10679 220 , , , 43431 10679 221 salmon salmon NN 43431 10679 222 , , , 43431 10679 223 89 89 CD 43431 10679 224 ; ; : 43431 10679 225 -- -- : 43431 10679 226 passage passage NN 43431 10679 227 , , , 43431 10679 228 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 229 , , , 43431 10679 230 254 254 CD 43431 10679 231 ; ; : 43431 10679 232 dog dog NN 43431 10679 233 , , , 43431 10679 234 395 395 CD 43431 10679 235 ; ; : 43431 10679 236 -- -- : 43431 10679 237 septum septum NN 43431 10679 238 , , , 43431 10679 239 dog dog NN 43431 10679 240 , , , 43431 10679 241 401 401 CD 43431 10679 242 Narwhal Narwhal NNP 43431 10679 243 , , , 43431 10679 244 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 245 45 45 CD 43431 10679 246 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 247 , , , 43431 10679 248 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 249 357 357 CD 43431 10679 250 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 251 ; ; : 43431 10679 252 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 253 , , , 43431 10679 254 427 427 CD 43431 10679 255 Nasal nasal NN 43431 10679 256 21 21 CD 43431 10679 257 ; ; : 43431 10679 258 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 259 , , , 43431 10679 260 252 252 CD 43431 10679 261 ; ; : 43431 10679 262 dog dog NN 43431 10679 263 , , , 43431 10679 264 394 394 CD 43431 10679 265 ; ; : 43431 10679 266 duck duck NN 43431 10679 267 , , , 43431 10679 268 317 317 CD 43431 10679 269 ; ; : 43431 10679 270 frog frog NN 43431 10679 271 , , , 43431 10679 272 158 158 CD 43431 10679 273 ; ; : 43431 10679 274 newt newt NN 43431 10679 275 , , , 43431 10679 276 143 143 CD 43431 10679 277 ; ; : 43431 10679 278 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 279 , , , 43431 10679 280 228 228 CD 43431 10679 281 ; ; : 43431 10679 282 -- -- : 43431 10679 283 capsule capsule NN 43431 10679 284 , , , 43431 10679 285 20 20 CD 43431 10679 286 ; ; : 43431 10679 287 cod cod NN 43431 10679 288 , , , 43431 10679 289 97 97 CD 43431 10679 290 ; ; : 43431 10679 291 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 292 , , , 43431 10679 293 252 252 CD 43431 10679 294 ; ; : 43431 10679 295 dog dog NN 43431 10679 296 , , , 43431 10679 297 394 394 CD 43431 10679 298 ; ; : 43431 10679 299 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10679 300 , , , 43431 10679 301 74 74 CD 43431 10679 302 ; ; : 43431 10679 303 frog frog NN 43431 10679 304 , , , 43431 10679 305 158 158 CD 43431 10679 306 ; ; : 43431 10679 307 newt newt NN 43431 10679 308 , , , 43431 10679 309 143 143 CD 43431 10679 310 ; ; : 43431 10679 311 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 312 , , , 43431 10679 313 228 228 CD 43431 10679 314 ; ; : 43431 10679 315 -- -- : 43431 10679 316 cavity cavity NN 43431 10679 317 , , , 43431 10679 318 dog dog NN 43431 10679 319 , , , 43431 10679 320 388 388 CD 43431 10679 321 ; ; : 43431 10679 322 -- -- : 43431 10679 323 fossae fossae NN 43431 10679 324 , , , 43431 10679 325 salmon salmon NN 43431 10679 326 , , , 43431 10679 327 89 89 CD 43431 10679 328 ; ; : 43431 10679 329 -- -- : 43431 10679 330 horns horn NNS 43431 10679 331 , , , 43431 10679 332 rhinoceros rhinocero NNS 43431 10679 333 , , , 43431 10679 334 3 3 CD 43431 10679 335 Navicular Navicular NNP 43431 10679 336 , , , 43431 10679 337 27 27 CD 43431 10679 338 ; ; : 43431 10679 339 dog dog NN 43431 10679 340 , , , 43431 10679 341 414 414 CD 43431 10679 342 Neornithes Neornithes NNPS 43431 10679 343 , , , 43431 10679 344 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 345 40 40 CD 43431 10679 346 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 347 ; ; : 43431 10679 348 general general JJ 43431 10679 349 characters character NNS 43431 10679 350 , , , 43431 10679 351 298 298 CD 43431 10679 352 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 353 Nesodon Nesodon NNP 43431 10679 354 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 355 , , , 43431 10679 356 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 357 46 46 CD 43431 10679 358 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 359 , , , 43431 10679 360 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 361 361 361 CD 43431 10679 362 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 363 ; ; : 43431 10679 364 pes pe NNS 43431 10679 365 , , , 43431 10679 366 525 525 CD 43431 10679 367 ; ; : 43431 10679 368 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 369 , , , 43431 10679 370 432 432 CD 43431 10679 371 Nesodontidae Nesodontidae NNP 43431 10679 372 , , , 43431 10679 373 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 374 46 46 CD 43431 10679 375 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 376 Neural Neural NNP 43431 10679 377 arch arch NN 43431 10679 378 , , , 43431 10679 379 14 14 CD 43431 10679 380 ; ; : 43431 10679 381 -- -- : 43431 10679 382 plate plate NN 43431 10679 383 , , , 43431 10679 384 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 385 , , , 43431 10679 386 215 215 CD 43431 10679 387 ; ; : 43431 10679 388 -- -- : 43431 10679 389 spine spine NN 43431 10679 390 , , , 43431 10679 391 14 14 CD 43431 10679 392 Neuromere neuromere RB 43431 10679 393 , , , 43431 10679 394 defined define VBN 43431 10679 395 , , , 43431 10679 396 112 112 CD 43431 10679 397 Newt Newt NNP 43431 10679 398 , , , 43431 10679 399 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 400 35 35 CD 43431 10679 401 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 402 ; ; : 43431 10679 403 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10679 404 limb limb NN 43431 10679 405 , , , 43431 10679 406 147 147 CD 43431 10679 407 ; ; : 43431 10679 408 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10679 409 apparatus apparatus NN 43431 10679 410 or or CC 43431 10679 411 visceral visceral JJ 43431 10679 412 arches arch NNS 43431 10679 413 , , , 43431 10679 414 144 144 CD 43431 10679 415 , , , 43431 10679 416 = = SYM 43431 10679 417 181= 181= CD 43431 10679 418 ; ; : 43431 10679 419 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10679 420 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 421 , , , 43431 10679 422 149 149 CD 43431 10679 423 ; ; : 43431 10679 424 ribs rib NNS 43431 10679 425 , , , 43431 10679 426 145 145 CD 43431 10679 427 ; ; : 43431 10679 428 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10679 429 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 430 , , , 43431 10679 431 = = SYM 43431 10679 432 146= 146= CD 43431 10679 433 ; ; : 43431 10679 434 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 435 , , , 43431 10679 436 140 140 CD 43431 10679 437 ; ; : 43431 10679 438 sternum sternum FW 43431 10679 439 , , , 43431 10679 440 145 145 CD 43431 10679 441 ; ; : 43431 10679 442 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10679 443 column column NN 43431 10679 444 , , , 43431 10679 445 138 138 CD 43431 10679 446 Notidanidae Notidanidae NNP 43431 10679 447 , , , 43431 10679 448 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 449 31 31 CD 43431 10679 450 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 451 ; ; : 43431 10679 452 calcification calcification NN 43431 10679 453 of of IN 43431 10679 454 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 455 , , , 43431 10679 456 114 114 CD 43431 10679 457 ; ; : 43431 10679 458 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 459 fins fin NNS 43431 10679 460 , , , 43431 10679 461 130 130 CD 43431 10679 462 ; ; : 43431 10679 463 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10679 464 column column NN 43431 10679 465 , , , 43431 10679 466 113 113 CD 43431 10679 467 ; ; : 43431 10679 468 visceral visceral JJ 43431 10679 469 arches arch NNS 43431 10679 470 , , , 43431 10679 471 63 63 CD 43431 10679 472 , , , 43431 10679 473 119 119 CD 43431 10679 474 f. f. NN 43431 10679 475 Notochord Notochord NNP 43431 10679 476 , , , 43431 10679 477 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 478 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 10679 479 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 480 52 52 CD 43431 10679 481 ; ; : 43431 10679 482 Balanoglossus Balanoglossus NNP 43431 10679 483 , , , 43431 10679 484 50 50 CD 43431 10679 485 ; ; : 43431 10679 486 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10679 487 , , , 43431 10679 488 72 72 CD 43431 10679 489 ; ; : 43431 10679 490 Tunicates Tunicates NNPS 43431 10679 491 , , , 43431 10679 492 51 51 CD 43431 10679 493 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 494 Nothosaurus Nothosaurus NNP 43431 10679 495 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 496 , , , 43431 10679 497 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 498 37 37 CD 43431 10679 499 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 500 , , , 43431 10679 501 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 502 193 193 CD 43431 10679 503 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 504 ; ; : 43431 10679 505 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 10679 506 fossae fossae NN 43431 10679 507 , , , 43431 10679 508 283 283 CD 43431 10679 509 Nothosauridae Nothosauridae NNP 43431 10679 510 , , , 43431 10679 511 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 512 37 37 CD 43431 10679 513 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 514 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 515 Notoryctes Notoryctes NNP 43431 10679 516 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 517 , , , 43431 10679 518 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 519 43 43 CD 43431 10679 520 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 521 ; ; : 43431 10679 522 arm arm NN 43431 10679 523 bones bone NNS 43431 10679 524 , , , 43431 10679 525 500 500 CD 43431 10679 526 ; ; : 43431 10679 527 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10679 528 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 529 , , , 43431 10679 530 453 453 CD 43431 10679 531 ; ; , 43431 10679 532 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10679 533 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 534 , , , 43431 10679 535 443 443 CD 43431 10679 536 ; ; : 43431 10679 537 claws claws NN 43431 10679 538 , , , 43431 10679 539 418 418 CD 43431 10679 540 ; ; : 43431 10679 541 dental dental JJ 43431 10679 542 formula formula NN 43431 10679 543 , , , 43431 10679 544 423 423 CD 43431 10679 545 ; ; : 43431 10679 546 manus manus NN 43431 10679 547 , , , 43431 10679 548 504 504 CD 43431 10679 549 ; ; : 43431 10679 550 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10679 551 , , , 43431 10679 552 513 513 CD 43431 10679 553 ; ; : 43431 10679 554 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 555 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 556 , , , 43431 10679 557 494 494 CD 43431 10679 558 ; ; : 43431 10679 559 pes pe NNS 43431 10679 560 , , , 43431 10679 561 521 521 CD 43431 10679 562 ; ; : 43431 10679 563 ribs rib NNS 43431 10679 564 , , , 43431 10679 565 491 491 CD 43431 10679 566 ; ; : 43431 10679 567 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10679 568 , , , 43431 10679 569 452 452 CD 43431 10679 570 ; ; : 43431 10679 571 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 572 , , , 43431 10679 573 457 457 CD 43431 10679 574 ; ; : 43431 10679 575 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10679 576 , , , 43431 10679 577 489 489 CD 43431 10679 578 ; ; : 43431 10679 579 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10679 580 and and CC 43431 10679 581 shin shin NNP 43431 10679 582 , , , 43431 10679 583 517 517 CD 43431 10679 584 Notoryctidae Notoryctidae NNP 43431 10679 585 , , , 43431 10679 586 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 587 43 43 CD 43431 10679 588 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 589 , , , 43431 10679 590 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 591 350 350 CD 43431 10679 592 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 593 Nuchal Nuchal NNP 43431 10679 594 plate plate NN 43431 10679 595 , , , 43431 10679 596 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 597 , , , 43431 10679 598 215 215 CD 43431 10679 599 ; ; : 43431 10679 600 -- -- : 43431 10679 601 shield shield NN 43431 10679 602 , , , 43431 10679 603 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 604 , , , 43431 10679 605 238 238 CD 43431 10679 606 ; ; : 43431 10679 607 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 608 , , , 43431 10679 609 214 214 CD 43431 10679 610 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 611 Nyrania Nyrania NNP 43431 10679 612 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 613 , , , 43431 10679 614 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 615 35 35 CD 43431 10679 616 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 617 ; ; : 43431 10679 618 palatines palatine NNS 43431 10679 619 , , , 43431 10679 620 177 177 CD 43431 10679 621 Occipital occipital JJ 43431 10679 622 condyle condyle NN 43431 10679 623 , , , 43431 10679 624 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 625 , , , 43431 10679 626 246 246 CD 43431 10679 627 ; ; : 43431 10679 628 dog dog NN 43431 10679 629 , , , 43431 10679 630 386 386 CD 43431 10679 631 ; ; : 43431 10679 632 duck duck NN 43431 10679 633 , , , 43431 10679 634 315 315 CD 43431 10679 635 ; ; : 43431 10679 636 frog frog NN 43431 10679 637 , , , 43431 10679 638 154 154 CD 43431 10679 639 ; ; : 43431 10679 640 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 641 , , , 43431 10679 642 224 224 CD 43431 10679 643 ; ; : 43431 10679 644 -- -- : 43431 10679 645 crest crest NNP 43431 10679 646 , , , 43431 10679 647 dog dog NN 43431 10679 648 , , , 43431 10679 649 386 386 CD 43431 10679 650 ; ; : 43431 10679 651 -- -- : 43431 10679 652 segment segment NN 43431 10679 653 , , , 43431 10679 654 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 655 , , , 43431 10679 656 246 246 CD 43431 10679 657 ; ; : 43431 10679 658 dog dog NN 43431 10679 659 , , , 43431 10679 660 384 384 CD 43431 10679 661 ; ; : 43431 10679 662 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 663 , , , 43431 10679 664 224 224 CD 43431 10679 665 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 666 Odontaspis Odontaspis NNP 43431 10679 667 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 668 , , , 43431 10679 669 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 670 32 32 CD 43431 10679 671 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 672 ; ; : 43431 10679 673 succession succession NN 43431 10679 674 of of IN 43431 10679 675 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 676 , , , 43431 10679 677 = = SYM 43431 10679 678 107= 107= CD 43431 10679 679 Odontoblast Odontoblast NNP 43431 10679 680 , , , 43431 10679 681 7 7 CD 43431 10679 682 Odontoceti Odontoceti NNP 43431 10679 683 , , , 43431 10679 684 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 685 44 44 CD 43431 10679 686 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 687 ; ; : 43431 10679 688 general general JJ 43431 10679 689 characters character NNS 43431 10679 690 , , , 43431 10679 691 357 357 CD 43431 10679 692 ; ; : 43431 10679 693 manus manus NN 43431 10679 694 , , , 43431 10679 695 505 505 CD 43431 10679 696 ; ; , 43431 10679 697 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 698 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 699 , , , 43431 10679 700 495 495 CD 43431 10679 701 ; ; : 43431 10679 702 skull skull NN 43431 10679 703 , , , 43431 10679 704 462 462 CD 43431 10679 705 ; ; : 43431 10679 706 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10679 707 , , , 43431 10679 708 489 489 CD 43431 10679 709 ; ; : 43431 10679 710 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 711 , , , 43431 10679 712 426 426 CD 43431 10679 713 Odontolcae Odontolcae VBN 43431 10679 714 , , , 43431 10679 715 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 716 40 40 CD 43431 10679 717 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 718 ; ; : 43431 10679 719 general general JJ 43431 10679 720 characters character NNS 43431 10679 721 , , , 43431 10679 722 299 299 CD 43431 10679 723 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 724 Odontopteryx Odontopteryx NNP 43431 10679 725 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 726 , , , 43431 10679 727 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 728 40 40 CD 43431 10679 729 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 730 ; ; : 43431 10679 731 jaws jaws NNP 43431 10679 732 , , , 43431 10679 733 334 334 CD 43431 10679 734 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 735 Ogmorhinus Ogmorhinus NNP 43431 10679 736 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 737 , , , 43431 10679 738 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 739 48 48 CD 43431 10679 740 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 741 ; ; : 43431 10679 742 mandibular mandibular JJ 43431 10679 743 ramus ramus NNP 43431 10679 744 , , , 43431 10679 745 = = NFP 43431 10679 746 439= 439= CD 43431 10679 747 Olecranon Olecranon NNP 43431 10679 748 process process NN 43431 10679 749 , , , 43431 10679 750 dog dog NN 43431 10679 751 , , , 43431 10679 752 406 406 CD 43431 10679 753 ; ; : 43431 10679 754 duck duck NN 43431 10679 755 , , , 43431 10679 756 323 323 CD 43431 10679 757 ; ; : 43431 10679 758 frog frog NN 43431 10679 759 , , , 43431 10679 760 164 164 CD 43431 10679 761 Olfactory olfactory JJ 43431 10679 762 capsule capsule NN 43431 10679 763 , , , 43431 10679 764 see see VB 43431 10679 765 nasal nasal NN 43431 10679 766 capsule capsule NN 43431 10679 767 ; ; : 43431 10679 768 -- -- : 43431 10679 769 cavity cavity NN 43431 10679 770 , , , 43431 10679 771 dog dog NN 43431 10679 772 , , , 43431 10679 773 388 388 CD 43431 10679 774 ; ; : 43431 10679 775 -- -- : 43431 10679 776 chamber chamber NN 43431 10679 777 , , , 43431 10679 778 dog dog NN 43431 10679 779 , , , 43431 10679 780 395 395 CD 43431 10679 781 ; ; : 43431 10679 782 -- -- : 43431 10679 783 fossa fossa NNP 43431 10679 784 , , , 43431 10679 785 dog dog NN 43431 10679 786 , , , 43431 10679 787 390 390 CD 43431 10679 788 Olm Olm NNP 43431 10679 789 , , , 43431 10679 790 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 791 35 35 CD 43431 10679 792 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 793 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 794 Omosaurus Omosaurus NNP 43431 10679 795 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 796 , , , 43431 10679 797 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10679 798 , , , 43431 10679 799 272 272 CD 43431 10679 800 Omosternum omosternum JJ 43431 10679 801 , , , 43431 10679 802 frog frog NN 43431 10679 803 , , , 43431 10679 804 163 163 CD 43431 10679 805 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 806 Onychodactylus Onychodactylus NNP 43431 10679 807 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 808 , , , 43431 10679 809 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 810 35 35 CD 43431 10679 811 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 812 ; ; : 43431 10679 813 nails nail NNS 43431 10679 814 , , , 43431 10679 815 168 168 CD 43431 10679 816 Operculum Operculum NNP 43431 10679 817 , , , 43431 10679 818 cod cod NN 43431 10679 819 , , , 43431 10679 820 101 101 CD 43431 10679 821 ; ; : 43431 10679 822 salmon salmon NN 43431 10679 823 , , , 43431 10679 824 95 95 CD 43431 10679 825 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 10679 826 , , , 43431 10679 827 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 828 38 38 CD 43431 10679 829 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 830 ; ; : 43431 10679 831 general general JJ 43431 10679 832 characters character NNS 43431 10679 833 , , , 43431 10679 834 202 202 CD 43431 10679 835 ; ; : 43431 10679 836 jaw jaw NN 43431 10679 837 bones bone NNS 43431 10679 838 , , , 43431 10679 839 280 280 CD 43431 10679 840 ; ; : 43431 10679 841 scales scale NNS 43431 10679 842 , , , 43431 10679 843 270 270 CD 43431 10679 844 ; ; : 43431 10679 845 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 846 , , , 43431 10679 847 277 277 CD 43431 10679 848 f. f. NNP 43431 10679 849 ; ; : 43431 10679 850 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10679 851 column column NN 43431 10679 852 , , , 43431 10679 853 275 275 CD 43431 10679 854 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 855 Ophisaurus Ophisaurus NNP 43431 10679 856 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 857 , , , 43431 10679 858 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 859 38 38 CD 43431 10679 860 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 861 ; ; : 43431 10679 862 limbs limb NNS 43431 10679 863 , , , 43431 10679 864 289 289 CD 43431 10679 865 ; ; : 43431 10679 866 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 867 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 868 , , , 43431 10679 869 289 289 CD 43431 10679 870 Opisthocoelous opisthocoelous JJ 43431 10679 871 , , , 43431 10679 872 defined define VBN 43431 10679 873 , , , 43431 10679 874 14 14 CD 43431 10679 875 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 876 Opisthocomus Opisthocomus NNP 43431 10679 877 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 878 , , , 43431 10679 879 41 41 CD 43431 10679 880 ; ; : 43431 10679 881 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 882 , , , 43431 10679 883 334 334 CD 43431 10679 884 Opisthotic Opisthotic NNP 43431 10679 885 , , , 43431 10679 886 20 20 CD 43431 10679 887 ; ; : 43431 10679 888 cod cod NN 43431 10679 889 , , , 43431 10679 890 96 96 CD 43431 10679 891 ; ; : 43431 10679 892 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 893 , , , 43431 10679 894 250 250 CD 43431 10679 895 ; ; : 43431 10679 896 salmon salmon NN 43431 10679 897 , , , 43431 10679 898 89 89 CD 43431 10679 899 f. f. NNS 43431 10679 900 ; ; : 43431 10679 901 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 902 , , , 43431 10679 903 227 227 CD 43431 10679 904 Opossum opossum NN 43431 10679 905 , , , 43431 10679 906 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 907 43 43 CD 43431 10679 908 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 909 ; ; : 43431 10679 910 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10679 911 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 912 , , , 43431 10679 913 453 453 CD 43431 10679 914 ; ; : 43431 10679 915 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 916 , , , 43431 10679 917 423 423 CD 43431 10679 918 Optic optic JJ 43431 10679 919 capsule capsule NN 43431 10679 920 , , , 43431 10679 921 20 20 CD 43431 10679 922 ; ; : 43431 10679 923 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 924 , , , 43431 10679 925 251 251 CD 43431 10679 926 ; ; : 43431 10679 927 dog dog NN 43431 10679 928 , , , 43431 10679 929 394 394 CD 43431 10679 930 ; ; : 43431 10679 931 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 932 , , , 43431 10679 933 228 228 CD 43431 10679 934 Orang Orang NNP 43431 10679 935 , , , 43431 10679 936 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 937 49 49 CD 43431 10679 938 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 939 ; ; : 43431 10679 940 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10679 941 , , , 43431 10679 942 512 512 CD 43431 10679 943 ; ; : 43431 10679 944 ribs rib NNS 43431 10679 945 , , , 43431 10679 946 493 493 CD 43431 10679 947 ; ; : 43431 10679 948 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10679 949 - - HYPH 43431 10679 950 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10679 951 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 952 , , , 43431 10679 953 450 450 CD 43431 10679 954 Orbit orbit NN 43431 10679 955 , , , 43431 10679 956 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 957 , , , 43431 10679 958 257 257 CD 43431 10679 959 ; ; : 43431 10679 960 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10679 961 , , , 43431 10679 962 74 74 CD 43431 10679 963 ; ; : 43431 10679 964 duck duck NN 43431 10679 965 , , , 43431 10679 966 317 317 CD 43431 10679 967 Orbital orbital JJ 43431 10679 968 ring ring NN 43431 10679 969 , , , 43431 10679 970 cod cod NN 43431 10679 971 , , , 43431 10679 972 97 97 CD 43431 10679 973 ; ; : 43431 10679 974 salmon salmon NN 43431 10679 975 , , , 43431 10679 976 93 93 CD 43431 10679 977 Orbitosphenoid Orbitosphenoid NNP 43431 10679 978 , , , 43431 10679 979 19 19 CD 43431 10679 980 ; ; : 43431 10679 981 dog dog NN 43431 10679 982 , , , 43431 10679 983 388 388 CD 43431 10679 984 ; ; : 43431 10679 985 duck duck NN 43431 10679 986 , , , 43431 10679 987 317 317 CD 43431 10679 988 ; ; : 43431 10679 989 newt newt NN 43431 10679 990 , , , 43431 10679 991 141 141 CD 43431 10679 992 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 993 Orca Orca NNP 43431 10679 994 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 995 , , , 43431 10679 996 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 997 45 45 CD 43431 10679 998 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 999 ; ; : 43431 10679 1000 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 1001 , , , 43431 10679 1002 427 427 CD 43431 10679 1003 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1004 Oreodon Oreodon NNP 43431 10679 1005 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1006 , , , 43431 10679 1007 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1008 45 45 CD 43431 10679 1009 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1010 ; ; : 43431 10679 1011 see see VB 43431 10679 1012 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1013 Cotylops Cotylops NNP 43431 10679 1014 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1015 Ornithodelphia Ornithodelphia NNP 43431 10679 1016 , , , 43431 10679 1017 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1018 42 42 CD 43431 10679 1019 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1020 ; ; : 43431 10679 1021 general general JJ 43431 10679 1022 characters character NNS 43431 10679 1023 , , , 43431 10679 1024 346 346 CD 43431 10679 1025 Ornithosauria Ornithosauria NNP 43431 10679 1026 , , , 43431 10679 1027 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1028 212 212 CD 43431 10679 1029 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1030 Ornithorhynchidae Ornithorhynchidae NNP 43431 10679 1031 , , , 43431 10679 1032 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1033 43 43 CD 43431 10679 1034 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1035 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1036 Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus NNP 43431 10679 1037 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1038 , , , 43431 10679 1039 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1040 43 43 CD 43431 10679 1041 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1042 ; ; : 43431 10679 1043 beak beak NNP 43431 10679 1044 , , , 43431 10679 1045 3 3 CD 43431 10679 1046 , , , 43431 10679 1047 418 418 CD 43431 10679 1048 ; ; : 43431 10679 1049 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10679 1050 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 1051 , , , 43431 10679 1052 453 453 CD 43431 10679 1053 ; ; : 43431 10679 1054 manus manus NN 43431 10679 1055 , , , 43431 10679 1056 504 504 CD 43431 10679 1057 ; ; : 43431 10679 1058 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10679 1059 , , , 43431 10679 1060 513 513 CD 43431 10679 1061 ; ; : 43431 10679 1062 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10679 1063 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 1064 , , , 43431 10679 1065 451 451 CD 43431 10679 1066 ; ; : 43431 10679 1067 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10679 1068 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 1069 , , , 43431 10679 1070 = = SYM 43431 10679 1071 347= 347= NNS 43431 10679 1072 ; ; : 43431 10679 1073 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 1074 , , , 43431 10679 1075 455 455 CD 43431 10679 1076 ; ; : 43431 10679 1077 spur spur NN 43431 10679 1078 , , , 43431 10679 1079 418 418 CD 43431 10679 1080 ; ; : 43431 10679 1081 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10679 1082 , , , 43431 10679 1083 27 27 CD 43431 10679 1084 n. n. NN 43431 10679 1085 ; ; : 43431 10679 1086 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 1087 , , , 43431 10679 1088 4 4 CD 43431 10679 1089 , , , 43431 10679 1090 346 346 CD 43431 10679 1091 , , , 43431 10679 1092 422 422 CD 43431 10679 1093 ; ; : 43431 10679 1094 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10679 1095 - - HYPH 43431 10679 1096 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10679 1097 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 1098 , , , 43431 10679 1099 447 447 CD 43431 10679 1100 Ornithopoda Ornithopoda NNP 43431 10679 1101 , , , 43431 10679 1102 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1103 39 39 CD 43431 10679 1104 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1105 ; ; : 43431 10679 1106 general general JJ 43431 10679 1107 characters character NNS 43431 10679 1108 , , , 43431 10679 1109 209 209 CD 43431 10679 1110 Orthopoda Orthopoda NNP 43431 10679 1111 , , , 43431 10679 1112 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1113 39 39 CD 43431 10679 1114 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1115 ; ; : 43431 10679 1116 general general JJ 43431 10679 1117 characters character NNS 43431 10679 1118 , , , 43431 10679 1119 208 208 CD 43431 10679 1120 ; ; : 43431 10679 1121 pubes pubis NNS 43431 10679 1122 , , , 43431 10679 1123 292 292 CD 43431 10679 1124 Orycteropodidae Orycteropodidae NNP 43431 10679 1125 , , , 43431 10679 1126 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1127 44 44 CD 43431 10679 1128 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1129 ; ; : 43431 10679 1130 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 1131 425 425 CD 43431 10679 1132 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1133 Orycteropus Orycteropus NNP 43431 10679 1134 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1135 , , , 43431 10679 1136 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1137 44 44 CD 43431 10679 1138 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1139 ; ; : 43431 10679 1140 hair hair NN 43431 10679 1141 , , , 43431 10679 1142 416 416 CD 43431 10679 1143 ; ; : 43431 10679 1144 manus manus NN 43431 10679 1145 , , , 43431 10679 1146 505 505 CD 43431 10679 1147 ; ; , 43431 10679 1148 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 1149 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 1150 , , , 43431 10679 1151 495 495 CD 43431 10679 1152 ; ; : 43431 10679 1153 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10679 1154 , , , 43431 10679 1155 513 513 CD 43431 10679 1156 ; ; : 43431 10679 1157 skull skull NN 43431 10679 1158 , , , 43431 10679 1159 459 459 CD 43431 10679 1160 ; ; : 43431 10679 1161 see see VB 43431 10679 1162 Aard Aard NNP 43431 10679 1163 Vark Vark NNP 43431 10679 1164 Osborn Osborn NNP 43431 10679 1165 , , , 43431 10679 1166 H.F. H.F. NNP 43431 10679 1167 , , , 43431 10679 1168 on on IN 43431 10679 1169 Mesozoic Mesozoic NNP 43431 10679 1170 Mammals Mammals NNP 43431 10679 1171 , , , 43431 10679 1172 348 348 CD 43431 10679 1173 Os Os NNP 43431 10679 1174 entoglossum entoglossum NN 43431 10679 1175 , , , 43431 10679 1176 duck duck NN 43431 10679 1177 , , , 43431 10679 1178 320 320 CD 43431 10679 1179 Osteoblast Osteoblast NNP 43431 10679 1180 , , , 43431 10679 1181 11 11 CD 43431 10679 1182 Osteoclast osteoclast CD 43431 10679 1183 , , , 43431 10679 1184 11 11 CD 43431 10679 1185 Osteodentine Osteodentine NNP 43431 10679 1186 , , , 43431 10679 1187 108 108 CD 43431 10679 1188 Osteostraci Osteostraci NNP 43431 10679 1189 , , , 43431 10679 1190 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1191 31 31 CD 43431 10679 1192 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1193 ; ; : 43431 10679 1194 general general JJ 43431 10679 1195 characters character NNS 43431 10679 1196 , , , 43431 10679 1197 54 54 CD 43431 10679 1198 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1199 Ostracion Ostracion NNP 43431 10679 1200 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1201 , , , 43431 10679 1202 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1203 33 33 CD 43431 10679 1204 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1205 , , , 43431 10679 1206 69 69 CD 43431 10679 1207 ; ; : 43431 10679 1208 plates plate NNS 43431 10679 1209 , , , 43431 10679 1210 105 105 CD 43431 10679 1211 Ostracionidae Ostracionidae NNP 43431 10679 1212 , , , 43431 10679 1213 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1214 33 33 CD 43431 10679 1215 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1216 Ostracodermi Ostracodermi NNP 43431 10679 1217 , , , 43431 10679 1218 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1219 31 31 CD 43431 10679 1220 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1221 ; ; : 43431 10679 1222 general general JJ 43431 10679 1223 characters character NNS 43431 10679 1224 , , , 43431 10679 1225 54 54 CD 43431 10679 1226 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 10679 1227 , , , 43431 10679 1228 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1229 40 40 CD 43431 10679 1230 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1231 , , , 43431 10679 1232 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1233 299 299 CD 43431 10679 1234 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1235 ; ; : 43431 10679 1236 aftershaft aftershaft NN 43431 10679 1237 , , , 43431 10679 1238 329 329 CD 43431 10679 1239 ; ; : 43431 10679 1240 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10679 1241 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 1242 , , , 43431 10679 1243 = = SYM 43431 10679 1244 331= 331= CD 43431 10679 1245 ; ; : 43431 10679 1246 claws claws NN 43431 10679 1247 , , , 43431 10679 1248 330 330 CD 43431 10679 1249 ; ; : 43431 10679 1250 foot foot NN 43431 10679 1251 , , , 43431 10679 1252 342 342 CD 43431 10679 1253 ; ; : 43431 10679 1254 manus manus NN 43431 10679 1255 , , , 43431 10679 1256 338 338 CD 43431 10679 1257 ; ; : 43431 10679 1258 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10679 1259 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 1260 and and CC 43431 10679 1261 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10679 1262 , , , 43431 10679 1263 = = SYM 43431 10679 1264 340= 340= CD 43431 10679 1265 ; ; : 43431 10679 1266 pubis pubi VBN 43431 10679 1267 , , , 43431 10679 1268 341 341 CD 43431 10679 1269 ; ; : 43431 10679 1270 tibio tibio NN 43431 10679 1271 - - HYPH 43431 10679 1272 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10679 1273 , , , 43431 10679 1274 341 341 CD 43431 10679 1275 ; ; : 43431 10679 1276 wing wing NN 43431 10679 1277 , , , 43431 10679 1278 = = SYM 43431 10679 1279 339= 339= CD 43431 10679 1280 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1281 Otaria Otaria NNP 43431 10679 1282 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1283 , , , 43431 10679 1284 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1285 48 48 CD 43431 10679 1286 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1287 ; ; : 43431 10679 1288 dentition dentition NN 43431 10679 1289 , , , 43431 10679 1290 439 439 CD 43431 10679 1291 ; ; : 43431 10679 1292 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 10679 1293 bulla bulla NN 43431 10679 1294 , , , 43431 10679 1295 480 480 CD 43431 10679 1296 Otariidae Otariidae NNP 43431 10679 1297 , , , 43431 10679 1298 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1299 48 48 CD 43431 10679 1300 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1301 , , , 43431 10679 1302 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1303 369 369 CD 43431 10679 1304 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1305 ; ; : 43431 10679 1306 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10679 1307 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10679 1308 , , , 43431 10679 1309 488 488 CD 43431 10679 1310 ; ; : 43431 10679 1311 scapula scapula NN 43431 10679 1312 , , , 43431 10679 1313 498 498 CD 43431 10679 1314 ; ; : 43431 10679 1315 skull skull NN 43431 10679 1316 , , , 43431 10679 1317 480 480 CD 43431 10679 1318 Owen Owen NNP 43431 10679 1319 's 's POS 43431 10679 1320 apteryx apteryx NN 43431 10679 1321 , , , 43431 10679 1322 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10679 1323 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 1324 and and CC 43431 10679 1325 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10679 1326 , , , 43431 10679 1327 = = NFP 43431 10679 1328 340= 340= CD 43431 10679 1329 Owen Owen NNP 43431 10679 1330 's 's POS 43431 10679 1331 chameleon chameleon NN 43431 10679 1332 , , , 43431 10679 1333 epidermal epidermal JJ 43431 10679 1334 horns horn NNS 43431 10679 1335 , , , 43431 10679 1336 271 271 CD 43431 10679 1337 Owls owl NNS 43431 10679 1338 , , , 43431 10679 1339 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1340 42 42 CD 43431 10679 1341 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1342 , , , 43431 10679 1343 335 335 CD 43431 10679 1344 ; ; : 43431 10679 1345 aftershaft aftershaft NNP 43431 10679 1346 , , , 43431 10679 1347 329 329 CD 43431 10679 1348 ; ; : 43431 10679 1349 foot foot NN 43431 10679 1350 , , , 43431 10679 1351 342 342 CD 43431 10679 1352 Owl Owl NNP 43431 10679 1353 - - HYPH 43431 10679 1354 parrot parrot NNP 43431 10679 1355 , , , 43431 10679 1356 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1357 42 42 CD 43431 10679 1358 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1359 ; ; : 43431 10679 1360 see see VB 43431 10679 1361 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1362 Stringops Stringops NNP 43431 10679 1363 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1364 Ox Ox NNP 43431 10679 1365 , , , 43431 10679 1366 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1367 46 46 CD 43431 10679 1368 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1369 , , , 43431 10679 1370 359 359 CD 43431 10679 1371 ; ; : 43431 10679 1372 atlas atla NNS 43431 10679 1373 and and CC 43431 10679 1374 axis axis NNP 43431 10679 1375 , , , 43431 10679 1376 = = SYM 43431 10679 1377 445= 445= CD 43431 10679 1378 ; ; : 43431 10679 1379 three three CD 43431 10679 1380 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10679 1381 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 1382 , , , 43431 10679 1383 = = SYM 43431 10679 1384 15= 15= CD 43431 10679 1385 ; ; : 43431 10679 1386 femur femur NN 43431 10679 1387 , , , 43431 10679 1388 = = SYM 43431 10679 1389 518= 518= CD 43431 10679 1390 ; ; : 43431 10679 1391 manus manus NN 43431 10679 1392 , , , 43431 10679 1393 507 507 CD 43431 10679 1394 ; ; : 43431 10679 1395 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 1396 , , , 43431 10679 1397 345 345 CD 43431 10679 1398 ; ; : 43431 10679 1399 two two CD 43431 10679 1400 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10679 1401 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10679 1402 , , , 43431 10679 1403 = = SYM 43431 10679 1404 449= 449= CD 43431 10679 1405 Paca Paca NNP 43431 10679 1406 , , , 43431 10679 1407 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1408 48 48 CD 43431 10679 1409 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1410 Paired Paired NNP 43431 10679 1411 fins fin NNS 43431 10679 1412 , , , 43431 10679 1413 127 127 CD 43431 10679 1414 Palaeoniscidae Palaeoniscidae NNP 43431 10679 1415 , , , 43431 10679 1416 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1417 32 32 CD 43431 10679 1418 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1419 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1420 Palaeoniscus Palaeoniscus NNP 43431 10679 1421 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1422 , , , 43431 10679 1423 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1424 32 32 CD 43431 10679 1425 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1426 ; ; : 43431 10679 1427 scales scale NNS 43431 10679 1428 , , , 43431 10679 1429 67 67 CD 43431 10679 1430 Palaeospondylidae Palaeospondylidae NNP 43431 10679 1431 , , , 43431 10679 1432 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1433 31 31 CD 43431 10679 1434 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1435 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1436 Palaeospondylus Palaeospondylus NNP 43431 10679 1437 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1438 , , , 43431 10679 1439 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1440 31 31 CD 43431 10679 1441 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1442 , , , 43431 10679 1443 58 58 CD 43431 10679 1444 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1445 Palaeosyops Palaeosyops NNPS 43431 10679 1446 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1447 , , , 43431 10679 1448 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1449 46 46 CD 43431 10679 1450 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1451 ; ; : 43431 10679 1452 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 1453 , , , 43431 10679 1454 432 432 CD 43431 10679 1455 Palaeotheriidae Palaeotheriidae NNP 43431 10679 1456 , , , 43431 10679 1457 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1458 46 46 CD 43431 10679 1459 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1460 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1461 Palaeotherium Palaeotherium NNP 43431 10679 1462 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1463 , , , 43431 10679 1464 46 46 CD 43431 10679 1465 ; ; : 43431 10679 1466 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 1467 , , , 43431 10679 1468 471 471 CD 43431 10679 1469 ; ; : 43431 10679 1470 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 1471 , , , 43431 10679 1472 430 430 CD 43431 10679 1473 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1474 Palamedea Palamedea NNP 43431 10679 1475 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1476 , , , 43431 10679 1477 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1478 41 41 CD 43431 10679 1479 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1480 ; ; : 43431 10679 1481 spur spur NNP 43431 10679 1482 , , , 43431 10679 1483 330 330 CD 43431 10679 1484 , , , 43431 10679 1485 338 338 CD 43431 10679 1486 Palamedeae Palamedeae NNP 43431 10679 1487 , , , 43431 10679 1488 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1489 41 41 CD 43431 10679 1490 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1491 Palate Palate NNP 43431 10679 1492 , , , 43431 10679 1493 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10679 1494 , , , 43431 10679 1495 280 280 CD 43431 10679 1496 f. f. NNP 43431 10679 1497 Palatine Palatine NNP 43431 10679 1498 , , , 43431 10679 1499 cod cod NN 43431 10679 1500 , , , 43431 10679 1501 98 98 CD 43431 10679 1502 ; ; : 43431 10679 1503 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 1504 , , , 43431 10679 1505 254 254 CD 43431 10679 1506 ; ; : 43431 10679 1507 dog dog NN 43431 10679 1508 , , , 43431 10679 1509 397 397 CD 43431 10679 1510 ; ; : 43431 10679 1511 duck duck NN 43431 10679 1512 , , , 43431 10679 1513 318 318 CD 43431 10679 1514 ; ; : 43431 10679 1515 frog frog NN 43431 10679 1516 , , , 43431 10679 1517 160 160 CD 43431 10679 1518 ; ; : 43431 10679 1519 salmon salmon NN 43431 10679 1520 , , , 43431 10679 1521 93 93 CD 43431 10679 1522 ; ; : 43431 10679 1523 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 1524 , , , 43431 10679 1525 230 230 CD 43431 10679 1526 Palato palato JJ 43431 10679 1527 - - HYPH 43431 10679 1528 pterygo pterygo NN 43431 10679 1529 - - HYPH 43431 10679 1530 quadrate quadrate JJ 43431 10679 1531 bar bar NN 43431 10679 1532 , , , 43431 10679 1533 22 22 CD 43431 10679 1534 ; ; : 43431 10679 1535 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10679 1536 , , , 43431 10679 1537 77 77 CD 43431 10679 1538 ; ; : 43431 10679 1539 fish fish NN 43431 10679 1540 , , , 43431 10679 1541 120 120 CD 43431 10679 1542 f. f. NNS 43431 10679 1543 ; ; : 43431 10679 1544 salmon salmon NNP 43431 10679 1545 , , , 43431 10679 1546 93 93 CD 43431 10679 1547 Palm Palm NNP 43431 10679 1548 civet civet NNS 43431 10679 1549 , , , 43431 10679 1550 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1551 48 48 CD 43431 10679 1552 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1553 Pangolin Pangolin NNP 43431 10679 1554 , , , 43431 10679 1555 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1556 44 44 CD 43431 10679 1557 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1558 ; ; : 43431 10679 1559 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 1560 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 1561 , , , 43431 10679 1562 495 495 CD 43431 10679 1563 ; ; : 43431 10679 1564 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10679 1565 , , , 43431 10679 1566 513 513 CD 43431 10679 1567 ; ; : 43431 10679 1568 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10679 1569 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10679 1570 , , , 43431 10679 1571 453 453 CD 43431 10679 1572 ; ; : 43431 10679 1573 see see VB 43431 10679 1574 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1575 Manis Manis NNP 43431 10679 1576 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1577 Parachordals Parachordals NNPS 43431 10679 1578 , , , 43431 10679 1579 17 17 CD 43431 10679 1580 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1581 Paradoxurus Paradoxurus NNP 43431 10679 1582 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1583 , , , 43431 10679 1584 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1585 48 48 CD 43431 10679 1586 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1587 ; ; : 43431 10679 1588 tail tail NN 43431 10679 1589 , , , 43431 10679 1590 454 454 CD 43431 10679 1591 Parasphenoid Parasphenoid NNP 43431 10679 1592 , , , 43431 10679 1593 21 21 CD 43431 10679 1594 ; ; : 43431 10679 1595 cod cod NN 43431 10679 1596 , , , 43431 10679 1597 97 97 CD 43431 10679 1598 ; ; : 43431 10679 1599 frog frog NN 43431 10679 1600 , , , 43431 10679 1601 156 156 CD 43431 10679 1602 ; ; : 43431 10679 1603 newt newt NN 43431 10679 1604 , , , 43431 10679 1605 141 141 CD 43431 10679 1606 ; ; : 43431 10679 1607 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10679 1608 , , , 43431 10679 1609 278 278 CD 43431 10679 1610 ; ; : 43431 10679 1611 salmon salmon NN 43431 10679 1612 , , , 43431 10679 1613 93 93 CD 43431 10679 1614 Parasuchia Parasuchia NNP 43431 10679 1615 , , , 43431 10679 1616 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1617 39 39 CD 43431 10679 1618 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1619 ; ; : 43431 10679 1620 general general JJ 43431 10679 1621 characters character NNS 43431 10679 1622 , , , 43431 10679 1623 211 211 CD 43431 10679 1624 Parethmoid Parethmoid NNP 43431 10679 1625 , , , 43431 10679 1626 21 21 CD 43431 10679 1627 n. n. NN 43431 10679 1628 Pariasauria Pariasauria NNP 43431 10679 1629 , , , 43431 10679 1630 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1631 36 36 CD 43431 10679 1632 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1633 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1634 Pariasaurus Pariasaurus NNP 43431 10679 1635 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1636 , , , 43431 10679 1637 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1638 36 36 CD 43431 10679 1639 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1640 , , , 43431 10679 1641 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1642 192 192 CD 43431 10679 1643 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1644 ; ; : 43431 10679 1645 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10679 1646 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10679 1647 , , , 43431 10679 1648 289 289 CD 43431 10679 1649 ; ; : 43431 10679 1650 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10679 1651 , , , 43431 10679 1652 292 292 CD 43431 10679 1653 ; ; : 43431 10679 1654 supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 10679 1655 fossa fossa NN 43431 10679 1656 , , , 43431 10679 1657 283 283 CD 43431 10679 1658 ; ; : 43431 10679 1659 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10679 1660 , , , 43431 10679 1661 273 273 CD 43431 10679 1662 Parietal Parietal NNP 43431 10679 1663 , , , 43431 10679 1664 19 19 CD 43431 10679 1665 ; ; : 43431 10679 1666 cod cod NN 43431 10679 1667 , , , 43431 10679 1668 96 96 CD 43431 10679 1669 ; ; : 43431 10679 1670 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 1671 , , , 43431 10679 1672 247 247 CD 43431 10679 1673 ; ; : 43431 10679 1674 dog dog NN 43431 10679 1675 , , , 43431 10679 1676 386 386 CD 43431 10679 1677 ; ; : 43431 10679 1678 duck duck NN 43431 10679 1679 , , , 43431 10679 1680 314 314 CD 43431 10679 1681 ; ; : 43431 10679 1682 newt newt NN 43431 10679 1683 , , , 43431 10679 1684 141 141 CD 43431 10679 1685 ; ; : 43431 10679 1686 salmon salmon NN 43431 10679 1687 , , , 43431 10679 1688 91 91 CD 43431 10679 1689 ; ; : 43431 10679 1690 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 1691 , , , 43431 10679 1692 225 225 CD 43431 10679 1693 ; ; : 43431 10679 1694 -- -- : 43431 10679 1695 segment segment NN 43431 10679 1696 , , , 43431 10679 1697 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10679 1698 , , , 43431 10679 1699 247 247 CD 43431 10679 1700 ; ; : 43431 10679 1701 dog dog NN 43431 10679 1702 , , , 43431 10679 1703 386 386 CD 43431 10679 1704 ; ; : 43431 10679 1705 turtle turtle NN 43431 10679 1706 , , , 43431 10679 1707 225 225 CD 43431 10679 1708 Paroccipital paroccipital JJ 43431 10679 1709 process process NN 43431 10679 1710 , , , 43431 10679 1711 dog dog NN 43431 10679 1712 , , , 43431 10679 1713 386 386 CD 43431 10679 1714 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1715 Parra Parra NNP 43431 10679 1716 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1717 , , , 43431 10679 1718 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1719 42 42 CD 43431 10679 1720 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1721 ; ; : 43431 10679 1722 spur spur NN 43431 10679 1723 , , , 43431 10679 1724 330 330 CD 43431 10679 1725 Parrots Parrots NNPS 43431 10679 1726 , , , 43431 10679 1727 335 335 CD 43431 10679 1728 ; ; : 43431 10679 1729 aftershaft aftershaft NNP 43431 10679 1730 , , , 43431 10679 1731 328 328 CD 43431 10679 1732 ; ; : 43431 10679 1733 beak beak NNP 43431 10679 1734 , , , 43431 10679 1735 330 330 CD 43431 10679 1736 ; ; : 43431 10679 1737 epiphyses epiphysis NNS 43431 10679 1738 of of IN 43431 10679 1739 centra centra NNP 43431 10679 1740 , , , 43431 10679 1741 332 332 CD 43431 10679 1742 ; ; : 43431 10679 1743 foot foot NN 43431 10679 1744 , , , 43431 10679 1745 342 342 CD 43431 10679 1746 ; ; : 43431 10679 1747 powder powder NN 43431 10679 1748 - - HYPH 43431 10679 1749 down down RP 43431 10679 1750 feathers feather NNS 43431 10679 1751 , , , 43431 10679 1752 329 329 CD 43431 10679 1753 ; ; : 43431 10679 1754 skull skull NNP 43431 10679 1755 , , , 43431 10679 1756 334 334 CD 43431 10679 1757 Parrot parrot JJ 43431 10679 1758 fish fish NN 43431 10679 1759 , , , 43431 10679 1760 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1761 33 33 CD 43431 10679 1762 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1763 ; ; : 43431 10679 1764 see see VB 43431 10679 1765 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1766 Scarus Scarus NNP 43431 10679 1767 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1768 Passeres Passeres NNPS 43431 10679 1769 , , , 43431 10679 1770 aftershaft aftershaft NN 43431 10679 1771 , , , 43431 10679 1772 328 328 CD 43431 10679 1773 Passeriformes Passeriformes NNPS 43431 10679 1774 , , , 43431 10679 1775 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1776 42 42 CD 43431 10679 1777 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1778 Patella Patella NNP 43431 10679 1779 , , , 43431 10679 1780 dog dog NN 43431 10679 1781 , , , 43431 10679 1782 412 412 CD 43431 10679 1783 ; ; : 43431 10679 1784 duck duck NN 43431 10679 1785 , , , 43431 10679 1786 327 327 CD 43431 10679 1787 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1788 Pavo Pavo NNP 43431 10679 1789 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1790 , , , 43431 10679 1791 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1792 41 41 CD 43431 10679 1793 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1794 ; ; : 43431 10679 1795 _ _ NNP 43431 10679 1796 P. P. NNP 43431 10680 1 cristatus cristatus NNP 43431 10680 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 3 , , , 43431 10680 4 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10680 5 girdle girdle NN 43431 10680 6 and and CC 43431 10680 7 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10680 8 , , , 43431 10680 9 = = SYM 43431 10680 10 337= 337= CD 43431 10680 11 Peacock Peacock NNP 43431 10680 12 , , , 43431 10680 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 14 41 41 CD 43431 10680 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 16 ; ; : 43431 10680 17 see see VB 43431 10680 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 19 Pavo Pavo NNP 43431 10680 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 21 Peccary Peccary NNP 43431 10680 22 , , , 43431 10680 23 pes pe NNS 43431 10680 24 , , , 43431 10680 25 523 523 CD 43431 10680 26 Pecora Pecora NNP 43431 10680 27 , , , 43431 10680 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 29 46 46 CD 43431 10680 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 31 , , , 43431 10680 32 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 33 359 359 CD 43431 10680 34 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 35 ; ; : 43431 10680 36 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10680 37 , , , 43431 10680 38 429 429 CD 43431 10680 39 Pectinated pectinated JJ 43431 10680 40 incisors incisor NNS 43431 10680 41 , , , 43431 10680 42 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 43 Galeopithecus Galeopithecus NNP 43431 10680 44 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 45 , , , 43431 10680 46 370 370 CD 43431 10680 47 , , , 43431 10680 48 440 440 CD 43431 10680 49 ; ; : 43431 10680 50 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 51 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10680 52 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 53 , , , 43431 10680 54 362 362 CD 43431 10680 55 Pectineal Pectineal NNP 43431 10680 56 process process NN 43431 10680 57 , , , 43431 10680 58 duck duck NN 43431 10680 59 , , , 43431 10680 60 326 326 CD 43431 10680 61 Pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10680 62 fins fin NNS 43431 10680 63 , , , 43431 10680 64 cod cod NN 43431 10680 65 , , , 43431 10680 66 103 103 CD 43431 10680 67 ; ; : 43431 10680 68 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10680 69 , , , 43431 10680 70 79 79 CD 43431 10680 71 ; ; : 43431 10680 72 -- -- : 43431 10680 73 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10680 74 , , , 43431 10680 75 24 24 CD 43431 10680 76 ; ; : 43431 10680 77 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10680 78 , , , 43431 10680 79 184 184 CD 43431 10680 80 ; ; : 43431 10680 81 birds bird NNS 43431 10680 82 , , , 43431 10680 83 336 336 CD 43431 10680 84 ; ; : 43431 10680 85 cod cod NN 43431 10680 86 , , , 43431 10680 87 101 101 CD 43431 10680 88 ; ; : 43431 10680 89 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10680 90 , , , 43431 10680 91 262 262 CD 43431 10680 92 ; ; : 43431 10680 93 dog dog NN 43431 10680 94 , , , 43431 10680 95 404 404 CD 43431 10680 96 ; ; : 43431 10680 97 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10680 98 , , , 43431 10680 99 79 79 CD 43431 10680 100 ; ; : 43431 10680 101 duck duck NN 43431 10680 102 , , , 43431 10680 103 321 321 CD 43431 10680 104 ; ; : 43431 10680 105 fish fish NN 43431 10680 106 , , , 43431 10680 107 126 126 CD 43431 10680 108 ; ; : 43431 10680 109 frog frog NN 43431 10680 110 , , , 43431 10680 111 162 162 CD 43431 10680 112 ; ; : 43431 10680 113 mammalia mammalia NNP 43431 10680 114 , , , 43431 10680 115 493 493 CD 43431 10680 116 ; ; : 43431 10680 117 newt newt NN 43431 10680 118 , , , 43431 10680 119 145 145 CD 43431 10680 120 ; ; : 43431 10680 121 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10680 122 , , , 43431 10680 123 288 288 CD 43431 10680 124 ; ; : 43431 10680 125 turtle turtle NN 43431 10680 126 , , , 43431 10680 127 231 231 CD 43431 10680 128 ; ; : 43431 10680 129 -- -- : 43431 10680 130 shield shield NN 43431 10680 131 , , , 43431 10680 132 turtle turtle NN 43431 10680 133 , , , 43431 10680 134 215 215 CD 43431 10680 135 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 136 Pedetes Pedetes NNPS 43431 10680 137 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 138 , , , 43431 10680 139 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 140 47 47 CD 43431 10680 141 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 142 ; ; : 43431 10680 143 manus manus NN 43431 10680 144 , , , 43431 10680 145 511 511 CD 43431 10680 146 ; ; : 43431 10680 147 tail tail NN 43431 10680 148 , , , 43431 10680 149 454 454 CD 43431 10680 150 Pelican Pelican NNP 43431 10680 151 , , , 43431 10680 152 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 153 41 41 CD 43431 10680 154 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 155 , , , 43431 10680 156 335 335 CD 43431 10680 157 ; ; : 43431 10680 158 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10680 159 , , , 43431 10680 160 338 338 CD 43431 10680 161 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 162 Pelicanus Pelicanus NNP 43431 10680 163 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 164 , , , 43431 10680 165 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 166 41 41 CD 43431 10680 167 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 168 ; ; : 43431 10680 169 _ _ NNP 43431 10680 170 P. P. NNP 43431 10681 1 conspicillatus conspicillatus NNP 43431 10681 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10681 3 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10681 4 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10681 5 and and CC 43431 10681 6 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10681 7 , , , 43431 10681 8 = = SYM 43431 10681 9 337= 337= CD 43431 10681 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10681 11 Pelobates Pelobates NNP 43431 10681 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10681 13 , , , 43431 10681 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10681 15 36 36 CD 43431 10681 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10681 17 ; ; : 43431 10681 18 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10681 19 , , , 43431 10681 20 172 172 CD 43431 10681 21 ; ; : 43431 10681 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10681 23 P. P. NNP 43431 10682 1 cultripes cultripes NNP 43431 10682 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10682 4 , , , 43431 10682 5 169 169 CD 43431 10682 6 Pelobatidae Pelobatidae NNP 43431 10682 7 , , , 43431 10682 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 9 36 36 CD 43431 10682 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 11 Pelvic Pelvic NNP 43431 10682 12 fins fin NNS 43431 10682 13 , , , 43431 10682 14 cod cod NN 43431 10682 15 , , , 43431 10682 16 103 103 CD 43431 10682 17 ; ; : 43431 10682 18 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10682 19 , , , 43431 10682 20 82 82 CD 43431 10682 21 ; ; : 43431 10682 22 fish fish NN 43431 10682 23 , , , 43431 10682 24 131 131 CD 43431 10682 25 ; ; : 43431 10682 26 -- -- : 43431 10682 27 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10682 28 , , , 43431 10682 29 25 25 CD 43431 10682 30 ; ; : 43431 10682 31 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10682 32 , , , 43431 10682 33 187 187 CD 43431 10682 34 ; ; : 43431 10682 35 birds bird NNS 43431 10682 36 , , , 43431 10682 37 339 339 CD 43431 10682 38 ; ; : 43431 10682 39 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10682 40 , , , 43431 10682 41 266 266 CD 43431 10682 42 ; ; : 43431 10682 43 dog dog NN 43431 10682 44 , , , 43431 10682 45 409 409 CD 43431 10682 46 ; ; : 43431 10682 47 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10682 48 , , , 43431 10682 49 81 81 CD 43431 10682 50 ; ; : 43431 10682 51 duck duck NN 43431 10682 52 , , , 43431 10682 53 324 324 CD 43431 10682 54 ; ; : 43431 10682 55 fish fish NN 43431 10682 56 , , , 43431 10682 57 127 127 CD 43431 10682 58 ; ; : 43431 10682 59 frog frog NN 43431 10682 60 , , , 43431 10682 61 165 165 CD 43431 10682 62 ; ; : 43431 10682 63 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10682 64 , , , 43431 10682 65 512 512 CD 43431 10682 66 ; ; : 43431 10682 67 newt newt NN 43431 10682 68 , , , 43431 10682 69 149 149 CD 43431 10682 70 ; ; : 43431 10682 71 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 10682 72 , , , 43431 10682 73 = = SYM 43431 10682 74 340= 340= CD 43431 10682 75 ; ; : 43431 10682 76 Reptilia Reptilia NNP 43431 10682 77 , , , 43431 10682 78 291 291 CD 43431 10682 79 ; ; : 43431 10682 80 turtle turtle NN 43431 10682 81 , , , 43431 10682 82 235 235 CD 43431 10682 83 Penguin Penguin NNP 43431 10682 84 , , , 43431 10682 85 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 86 40 40 CD 43431 10682 87 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 88 ; ; : 43431 10682 89 distribution distribution NN 43431 10682 90 of of IN 43431 10682 91 feathers feather NNS 43431 10682 92 , , , 43431 10682 93 328 328 CD 43431 10682 94 ; ; : 43431 10682 95 fibula fibula NN 43431 10682 96 , , , 43431 10682 97 341 341 CD 43431 10682 98 ; ; : 43431 10682 99 foot foot NN 43431 10682 100 , , , 43431 10682 101 342 342 CD 43431 10682 102 ; ; : 43431 10682 103 manus manus NN 43431 10682 104 , , , 43431 10682 105 338 338 CD 43431 10682 106 ; ; : 43431 10682 107 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 10682 108 , , , 43431 10682 109 342 342 CD 43431 10682 110 ; ; : 43431 10682 111 pneumaticity pneumaticity NN 43431 10682 112 of of IN 43431 10682 113 skeleton skeleton NNP 43431 10682 114 , , , 43431 10682 115 331 331 CD 43431 10682 116 ; ; : 43431 10682 117 skull skull NN 43431 10682 118 , , , 43431 10682 119 333 333 CD 43431 10682 120 ; ; : 43431 10682 121 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10682 122 , , , 43431 10682 123 336 336 CD 43431 10682 124 ; ; : 43431 10682 125 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10682 126 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10682 127 , , , 43431 10682 128 332 332 CD 43431 10682 129 ; ; : 43431 10682 130 wing wing NN 43431 10682 131 , , , 43431 10682 132 329 329 CD 43431 10682 133 , , , 43431 10682 134 = = SYM 43431 10682 135 339= 339= CD 43431 10682 136 Penna Penna NNP 43431 10682 137 , , , 43431 10682 138 duck duck NN 43431 10682 139 , , , 43431 10682 140 303 303 CD 43431 10682 141 Pentedactylate Pentedactylate NNP 43431 10682 142 , , , 43431 10682 143 defined define VBN 43431 10682 144 , , , 43431 10682 145 26 26 CD 43431 10682 146 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 147 Perameles Perameles NNP 43431 10682 148 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 149 , , , 43431 10682 150 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 151 43 43 CD 43431 10682 152 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 153 ; ; : 43431 10682 154 atlas atlas NNP 43431 10682 155 , , , 43431 10682 156 443 443 CD 43431 10682 157 ; ; : 43431 10682 158 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10682 159 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10682 160 , , , 43431 10682 161 494 494 CD 43431 10682 162 Peramelidae Peramelidae NNP 43431 10682 163 , , , 43431 10682 164 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 165 43 43 CD 43431 10682 166 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 167 , , , 43431 10682 168 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 169 350 350 CD 43431 10682 170 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 171 ; ; : 43431 10682 172 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10682 173 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10682 174 , , , 43431 10682 175 486 486 CD 43431 10682 176 ; ; : 43431 10682 177 pes pe NNS 43431 10682 178 , , , 43431 10682 179 522 522 CD 43431 10682 180 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 181 Perca Perca NNP 43431 10682 182 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 183 , , , 43431 10682 184 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 185 34 34 CD 43431 10682 186 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 187 Perch Perch NNP 43431 10682 188 , , , 43431 10682 189 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 190 34 34 CD 43431 10682 191 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 192 ; ; : 43431 10682 193 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10682 194 fin fin NN 43431 10682 195 , , , 43431 10682 196 132 132 CD 43431 10682 197 ; ; : 43431 10682 198 urostyle urostyle NNS 43431 10682 199 , , , 43431 10682 200 117 117 CD 43431 10682 201 Percidae Percidae NNP 43431 10682 202 , , , 43431 10682 203 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 204 34 34 CD 43431 10682 205 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 206 Perennibranchiata Perennibranchiata NNP 43431 10682 207 , , , 43431 10682 208 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 209 35 35 CD 43431 10682 210 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 211 ; ; : 43431 10682 212 characters character NNS 43431 10682 213 , , , 43431 10682 214 135 135 CD 43431 10682 215 Perichondrium Perichondrium NNP 43431 10682 216 , , , 43431 10682 217 10 10 CD 43431 10682 218 Perichordal perichordal NN 43431 10682 219 sheath sheath NN 43431 10682 220 , , , 43431 10682 221 16 16 CD 43431 10682 222 Periosteal Periosteal NNP 43431 10682 223 ossification ossification NN 43431 10682 224 , , , 43431 10682 225 10 10 CD 43431 10682 226 Periosteum Periosteum NNP 43431 10682 227 , , , 43431 10682 228 10 10 CD 43431 10682 229 Periotic periotic JJ 43431 10682 230 , , , 43431 10682 231 dog dog NN 43431 10682 232 , , , 43431 10682 233 390 390 CD 43431 10682 234 ; ; : 43431 10682 235 -- -- : 43431 10682 236 capsule capsule NN 43431 10682 237 , , , 43431 10682 238 see see VB 43431 10682 239 Auditory auditory JJ 43431 10682 240 capsule capsule NN 43431 10682 241 Perissodactyla Perissodactyla NNP 43431 10682 242 , , , 43431 10682 243 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 244 46 46 CD 43431 10682 245 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 246 ; ; : 43431 10682 247 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10682 248 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10682 249 , , , 43431 10682 250 445 445 CD 43431 10682 251 ; ; : 43431 10682 252 general general JJ 43431 10682 253 characters character NNS 43431 10682 254 , , , 43431 10682 255 359 359 CD 43431 10682 256 ; ; : 43431 10682 257 manus manus NN 43431 10682 258 , , , 43431 10682 259 507 507 CD 43431 10682 260 ; ; : 43431 10682 261 pes pe NNS 43431 10682 262 , , , 43431 10682 263 523 523 CD 43431 10682 264 ; ; : 43431 10682 265 ribs rib NNS 43431 10682 266 , , , 43431 10682 267 491 491 CD 43431 10682 268 ; ; : 43431 10682 269 scapula scapula NNP 43431 10682 270 , , , 43431 10682 271 496 496 CD 43431 10682 272 ; ; : 43431 10682 273 skull skull NNP 43431 10682 274 , , , 43431 10682 275 470 470 CD 43431 10682 276 ; ; : 43431 10682 277 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10682 278 , , , 43431 10682 279 429 429 CD 43431 10682 280 ; ; : 43431 10682 281 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10682 282 - - HYPH 43431 10682 283 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10682 284 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10682 285 , , , 43431 10682 286 448 448 CD 43431 10682 287 Persistent persistent JJ 43431 10682 288 pulps pulp NNS 43431 10682 289 , , , 43431 10682 290 5 5 CD 43431 10682 291 Pes Pes NNP 43431 10682 292 , , , 43431 10682 293 26 26 CD 43431 10682 294 ; ; : 43431 10682 295 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10682 296 , , , 43431 10682 297 268 268 CD 43431 10682 298 ; ; : 43431 10682 299 dog dog NN 43431 10682 300 , , , 43431 10682 301 = = SYM 43431 10682 302 413= 413= CD 43431 10682 303 , , , 43431 10682 304 414 414 CD 43431 10682 305 ; ; : 43431 10682 306 duck duck NN 43431 10682 307 , , , 43431 10682 308 327 327 CD 43431 10682 309 ; ; : 43431 10682 310 frog frog NN 43431 10682 311 , , , 43431 10682 312 166 166 CD 43431 10682 313 ; ; : 43431 10682 314 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10682 315 , , , 43431 10682 316 521 521 CD 43431 10682 317 ; ; : 43431 10682 318 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10682 319 , , , 43431 10682 320 293 293 CD 43431 10682 321 ; ; : 43431 10682 322 turtle turtle NN 43431 10682 323 , , , 43431 10682 324 236 236 CD 43431 10682 325 ; ; : 43431 10682 326 of of IN 43431 10682 327 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 10682 328 , , , 43431 10682 329 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10682 330 , , , 43431 10682 331 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 332 Hipparion Hipparion NNP 43431 10682 333 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 334 and and CC 43431 10682 335 Horse Horse NNP 43431 10682 336 , , , 43431 10682 337 = = SYM 43431 10682 338 524= 524= CD 43431 10682 339 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 340 Petromyzon Petromyzon NNP 43431 10682 341 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 342 , , , 43431 10682 343 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 344 31 31 CD 43431 10682 345 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 346 , , , 43431 10682 347 55 55 CD 43431 10682 348 f. f. NN 43431 10682 349 ; ; : 43431 10682 350 notochordal notochordal JJ 43431 10682 351 sheath sheath NNP 43431 10682 352 , , , 43431 10682 353 9 9 CD 43431 10682 354 Petromyzontidae Petromyzontidae NNP 43431 10682 355 , , , 43431 10682 356 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 357 31 31 CD 43431 10682 358 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 359 , , , 43431 10682 360 55 55 CD 43431 10682 361 Petrous petrous JJ 43431 10682 362 portion portion NN 43431 10682 363 of of IN 43431 10682 364 periotic periotic JJ 43431 10682 365 , , , 43431 10682 366 dog dog NN 43431 10682 367 , , , 43431 10682 368 391 391 CD 43431 10682 369 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 370 Pezophaps Pezophaps NNP 43431 10682 371 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 372 , , , 43431 10682 373 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 374 42 42 CD 43431 10682 375 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 376 ; ; : 43431 10682 377 see see VB 43431 10682 378 Solitaire Solitaire NNP 43431 10682 379 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 380 Phacochaerus Phacochaerus NNP 43431 10682 381 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 382 , , , 43431 10682 383 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 384 45 45 CD 43431 10682 385 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 386 ; ; : 43431 10682 387 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10682 388 , , , 43431 10682 389 428 428 CD 43431 10682 390 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 391 Phaëthon Phaëthon NNP 43431 10682 392 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 393 , , , 43431 10682 394 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 395 41 41 CD 43431 10682 396 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 397 ; ; : 43431 10682 398 metatarsals metatarsal NNS 43431 10682 399 , , , 43431 10682 400 342 342 CD 43431 10682 401 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 402 Phalacrocorax Phalacrocorax NNP 43431 10682 403 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 404 , , , 43431 10682 405 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 406 41 41 CD 43431 10682 407 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 408 Phalangeridae Phalangeridae NNP 43431 10682 409 , , , 43431 10682 410 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 411 43 43 CD 43431 10682 412 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 413 , , , 43431 10682 414 350 350 CD 43431 10682 415 Phalanges phalanx NNS 43431 10682 416 , , , 43431 10682 417 26 26 CD 43431 10682 418 ; ; : 43431 10682 419 see see VB 43431 10682 420 Manus Manus NNP 43431 10682 421 and and CC 43431 10682 422 Pes Pes NNP 43431 10682 423 Phaneroglossa Phaneroglossa NNP 43431 10682 424 , , , 43431 10682 425 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 426 36 36 CD 43431 10682 427 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 428 Pharyngo Pharyngo NNP 43431 10682 429 - - HYPH 43431 10682 430 branchial branchial NNP 43431 10682 431 , , , 43431 10682 432 cod cod NN 43431 10682 433 , , , 43431 10682 434 101 101 CD 43431 10682 435 ; ; : 43431 10682 436 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10682 437 , , , 43431 10682 438 78 78 CD 43431 10682 439 ; ; : 43431 10682 440 salmon salmon NN 43431 10682 441 , , , 43431 10682 442 95 95 CD 43431 10682 443 Pharyngognathi Pharyngognathi NNP 43431 10682 444 , , , 43431 10682 445 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 446 33 33 CD 43431 10682 447 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 448 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 449 Phascolarctus Phascolarctus NNP 43431 10682 450 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 451 , , , 43431 10682 452 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 453 43 43 CD 43431 10682 454 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 455 ; ; : 43431 10682 456 see see VB 43431 10682 457 Koala Koala NNP 43431 10682 458 Phascolomyidae Phascolomyidae NNP 43431 10682 459 , , , 43431 10682 460 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 461 43 43 CD 43431 10682 462 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 463 , , , 43431 10682 464 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 465 350 350 CD 43431 10682 466 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 467 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 468 Phascolomys Phascolomys NNP 43431 10682 469 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 470 , , , 43431 10682 471 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 472 43 43 CD 43431 10682 473 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 474 , , , 43431 10682 475 349 349 CD 43431 10682 476 ; ; : 43431 10682 477 see see VB 43431 10682 478 Wombat Wombat NNP 43431 10682 479 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 480 Phascolotherium Phascolotherium NNP 43431 10682 481 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 482 , , , 43431 10682 483 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 484 43 43 CD 43431 10682 485 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 486 , , , 43431 10682 487 348 348 CD 43431 10682 488 Phenacodontidae Phenacodontidae NNP 43431 10682 489 , , , 43431 10682 490 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 491 47 47 CD 43431 10682 492 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 493 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 494 Phenacodus Phenacodus NNP 43431 10682 495 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 496 , , , 43431 10682 497 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 498 47 47 CD 43431 10682 499 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 500 , , , 43431 10682 501 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 502 362 362 CD 43431 10682 503 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 504 ; ; : 43431 10682 505 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10682 506 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10682 507 , , , 43431 10682 508 454 454 CD 43431 10682 509 ; ; : 43431 10682 510 manus manus NN 43431 10682 511 , , , 43431 10682 512 = = SYM 43431 10682 513 510= 510= CD 43431 10682 514 ; ; : 43431 10682 515 pes pe NNS 43431 10682 516 , , , 43431 10682 517 525 525 CD 43431 10682 518 ; ; : 43431 10682 519 scapula scapula NN 43431 10682 520 , , , 43431 10682 521 497 497 CD 43431 10682 522 ; ; : 43431 10682 523 skull skull NNP 43431 10682 524 , , , 43431 10682 525 472 472 CD 43431 10682 526 ; ; : 43431 10682 527 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10682 528 - - HYPH 43431 10682 529 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10682 530 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10682 531 , , , 43431 10682 532 449 449 CD 43431 10682 533 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 534 Phocaena Phocaena NNP 43431 10682 535 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 536 , , , 43431 10682 537 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 538 45 45 CD 43431 10682 539 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 540 , , , 43431 10682 541 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 542 357 357 CD 43431 10682 543 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 544 ; ; : 43431 10682 545 skull skull NNP 43431 10682 546 , , , 43431 10682 547 462 462 CD 43431 10682 548 ; ; : 43431 10682 549 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10682 550 - - HYPH 43431 10682 551 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10682 552 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10682 553 , , , 43431 10682 554 448 448 CD 43431 10682 555 ; ; : 43431 10682 556 _ _ NNP 43431 10682 557 P. P. NNP 43431 10683 1 phocaenoides phocaenoide VBZ 43431 10683 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 3 , , , 43431 10683 4 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10683 5 , , , 43431 10683 6 420 420 CD 43431 10683 7 Phocidae Phocidae NNP 43431 10683 8 , , , 43431 10683 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 10 48 48 CD 43431 10683 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 12 , , , 43431 10683 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 14 369 369 CD 43431 10683 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 16 ; ; : 43431 10683 17 scapula scapula NN 43431 10683 18 , , , 43431 10683 19 497 497 CD 43431 10683 20 ; ; : 43431 10683 21 tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 10683 22 bulla bulla NN 43431 10683 23 , , , 43431 10683 24 480 480 CD 43431 10683 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 26 Phoronis Phoronis NNP 43431 10683 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 28 , , , 43431 10683 29 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 30 30 30 CD 43431 10683 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 32 , , , 43431 10683 33 50 50 CD 43431 10683 34 f. f. NN 43431 10683 35 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 36 Phororhacos Phororhacos NNP 43431 10683 37 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 38 , , , 43431 10683 39 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 40 41 41 CD 43431 10683 41 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 42 ; ; : 43431 10683 43 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10683 44 nares naris NNS 43431 10683 45 , , , 43431 10683 46 333 333 CD 43431 10683 47 ; ; : 43431 10683 48 ischia ischia NNP 43431 10683 49 , , , 43431 10683 50 341 341 CD 43431 10683 51 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 52 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 10683 53 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 54 , , , 43431 10683 55 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 56 44 44 CD 43431 10683 57 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 58 ; ; : 43431 10683 59 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10683 60 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10683 61 , , , 43431 10683 62 444 444 CD 43431 10683 63 ; ; : 43431 10683 64 manus manus NN 43431 10683 65 , , , 43431 10683 66 505 505 CD 43431 10683 67 ; ; : 43431 10683 68 skull skull NNP 43431 10683 69 , , , 43431 10683 70 464 464 CD 43431 10683 71 ; ; : 43431 10683 72 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10683 73 , , , 43431 10683 74 426 426 CD 43431 10683 75 Physeteridae Physeteridae NNP 43431 10683 76 , , , 43431 10683 77 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 78 44 44 CD 43431 10683 79 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 80 ; ; : 43431 10683 81 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10683 82 , , , 43431 10683 83 491 491 CD 43431 10683 84 ; ; : 43431 10683 85 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10683 86 - - HYPH 43431 10683 87 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10683 88 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10683 89 , , , 43431 10683 90 448 448 CD 43431 10683 91 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 92 Physodon Physodon NNP 43431 10683 93 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 94 , , , 43431 10683 95 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 96 44 44 CD 43431 10683 97 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 98 ; ; : 43431 10683 99 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10683 100 , , , 43431 10683 101 426 426 CD 43431 10683 102 Physodontidae Physodontidae NNP 43431 10683 103 , , , 43431 10683 104 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 105 44 44 CD 43431 10683 106 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 107 Physostomi Physostomi NNP 43431 10683 108 , , , 43431 10683 109 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 110 33 33 CD 43431 10683 111 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 112 Phytosauridae Phytosauridae NNP 43431 10683 113 , , , 43431 10683 114 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 115 39 39 CD 43431 10683 116 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 117 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 118 Phytosaurus Phytosaurus NNP 43431 10683 119 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 120 , , , 43431 10683 121 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 122 39 39 CD 43431 10683 123 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 124 ; ; : 43431 10683 125 see see VB 43431 10683 126 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 127 Belodon Belodon NNP 43431 10683 128 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 129 Pici Pici NNP 43431 10683 130 , , , 43431 10683 131 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 132 42 42 CD 43431 10683 133 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 134 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 135 Picus Picus NNP 43431 10683 136 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 137 , , , 43431 10683 138 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 139 42 42 CD 43431 10683 140 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 141 ; ; : 43431 10683 142 see see VB 43431 10683 143 Woodpecker Woodpecker NNP 43431 10683 144 Pig Pig NNP 43431 10683 145 , , , 43431 10683 146 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 147 45 45 CD 43431 10683 148 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 149 , , , 43431 10683 150 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 151 359 359 CD 43431 10683 152 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 153 ; ; : 43431 10683 154 skull skull NNP 43431 10683 155 , , , 43431 10683 156 465 465 CD 43431 10683 157 f. f. NNS 43431 10683 158 , , , 43431 10683 159 = = SYM 43431 10683 160 466= 466= CD 43431 10683 161 ; ; : 43431 10683 162 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10683 163 , , , 43431 10683 164 345 345 CD 43431 10683 165 , , , 43431 10683 166 427 427 CD 43431 10683 167 Pigeons Pigeons NNPS 43431 10683 168 , , , 43431 10683 169 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 170 42 42 CD 43431 10683 171 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 172 , , , 43431 10683 173 334 334 CD 43431 10683 174 f. f. NN 43431 10683 175 ; ; : 43431 10683 176 aftershaft aftershaft NNP 43431 10683 177 , , , 43431 10683 178 329 329 CD 43431 10683 179 ; ; : 43431 10683 180 pneumaticity pneumaticity NN 43431 10683 181 of of IN 43431 10683 182 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10683 183 , , , 43431 10683 184 331 331 CD 43431 10683 185 Pike Pike NNP 43431 10683 186 , , , 43431 10683 187 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 188 33 33 CD 43431 10683 189 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 190 ; ; : 43431 10683 191 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10683 192 fin fin NN 43431 10683 193 , , , 43431 10683 194 132 132 CD 43431 10683 195 ; ; : 43431 10683 196 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10683 197 , , , 43431 10683 198 107 107 CD 43431 10683 199 , , , 43431 10683 200 110 110 CD 43431 10683 201 Pinnipedia Pinnipedia NNP 43431 10683 202 , , , 43431 10683 203 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 204 48 48 CD 43431 10683 205 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 206 ; ; : 43431 10683 207 arm arm NN 43431 10683 208 bones bone NNS 43431 10683 209 , , , 43431 10683 210 502 502 CD 43431 10683 211 ; ; : 43431 10683 212 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10683 213 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10683 214 , , , 43431 10683 215 488 488 CD 43431 10683 216 ; ; : 43431 10683 217 general general JJ 43431 10683 218 characters character NNS 43431 10683 219 , , , 43431 10683 220 369 369 CD 43431 10683 221 ; ; : 43431 10683 222 manus manus NN 43431 10683 223 , , , 43431 10683 224 511 511 CD 43431 10683 225 ; ; : 43431 10683 226 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10683 227 , , , 43431 10683 228 515 515 CD 43431 10683 229 ; ; : 43431 10683 230 pes pe NNS 43431 10683 231 , , , 43431 10683 232 526 526 CD 43431 10683 233 ; ; : 43431 10683 234 skull skull NNP 43431 10683 235 , , , 43431 10683 236 480 480 CD 43431 10683 237 ; ; : 43431 10683 238 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10683 239 , , , 43431 10683 240 439 439 CD 43431 10683 241 ; ; : 43431 10683 242 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10683 243 and and CC 43431 10683 244 shin shin NNP 43431 10683 245 , , , 43431 10683 246 520 520 CD 43431 10683 247 ; ; : 43431 10683 248 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10683 249 - - HYPH 43431 10683 250 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10683 251 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10683 252 , , , 43431 10683 253 450 450 CD 43431 10683 254 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 255 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 10683 256 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 257 , , , 43431 10683 258 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 259 36 36 CD 43431 10683 260 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 261 ; ; : 43431 10683 262 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10683 263 apparatus apparatus NNP 43431 10683 264 , , , 43431 10683 265 182 182 CD 43431 10683 266 ; ; : 43431 10683 267 jaws jaw NNS 43431 10683 268 , , , 43431 10683 269 169 169 CD 43431 10683 270 ; ; : 43431 10683 271 skull skull NNP 43431 10683 272 , , , 43431 10683 273 180 180 CD 43431 10683 274 ; ; : 43431 10683 275 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10683 276 , , , 43431 10683 277 184 184 CD 43431 10683 278 ; ; : 43431 10683 279 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10683 280 , , , 43431 10683 281 172 172 CD 43431 10683 282 Pipidae Pipidae NNP 43431 10683 283 , , , 43431 10683 284 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 285 36 36 CD 43431 10683 286 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 287 Pisces Pisces NNPS 43431 10683 288 , , , 43431 10683 289 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 290 31 31 CD 43431 10683 291 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 292 ; ; : 43431 10683 293 general general JJ 43431 10683 294 characters character NNS 43431 10683 295 , , , 43431 10683 296 60 60 CD 43431 10683 297 Piscivorous piscivorous JJ 43431 10683 298 dentition dentition NN 43431 10683 299 , , , 43431 10683 300 426 426 CD 43431 10683 301 , , , 43431 10683 302 440 440 CD 43431 10683 303 Pisiform Pisiform NNP 43431 10683 304 , , , 43431 10683 305 345 345 CD 43431 10683 306 , , , 43431 10683 307 504 504 CD 43431 10683 308 ; ; : 43431 10683 309 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10683 310 , , , 43431 10683 311 265 265 CD 43431 10683 312 ; ; : 43431 10683 313 dog dog NN 43431 10683 314 , , , 43431 10683 315 408 408 CD 43431 10683 316 ; ; : 43431 10683 317 turtle turtle NN 43431 10683 318 , , , 43431 10683 319 233 233 CD 43431 10683 320 Pituitary Pituitary NNP 43431 10683 321 fossa fossa NN 43431 10683 322 , , , 43431 10683 323 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10683 324 , , , 43431 10683 325 247 247 CD 43431 10683 326 ; ; : 43431 10683 327 -- -- : 43431 10683 328 space space NN 43431 10683 329 , , , 43431 10683 330 17 17 CD 43431 10683 331 Placodontia Placodontia NNP 43431 10683 332 , , , 43431 10683 333 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 334 36 36 CD 43431 10683 335 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 336 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 337 Placodus Placodus NNP 43431 10683 338 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 339 , , , 43431 10683 340 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 341 36 36 CD 43431 10683 342 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 343 , , , 43431 10683 344 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 345 192 192 CD 43431 10683 346 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 347 ; ; : 43431 10683 348 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10683 349 273 273 CD 43431 10683 350 Placoid Placoid NNP 43431 10683 351 scale scale NN 43431 10683 352 , , , 43431 10683 353 4 4 CD 43431 10683 354 , , , 43431 10683 355 60 60 CD 43431 10683 356 , , , 43431 10683 357 104 104 CD 43431 10683 358 Plantigrade Plantigrade NNP 43431 10683 359 , , , 43431 10683 360 defined define VBN 43431 10683 361 , , , 43431 10683 362 358 358 CD 43431 10683 363 n. n. NN 43431 10683 364 Plastron Plastron NNP 43431 10683 365 , , , 43431 10683 366 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 367 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 10683 368 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 369 , , , 43431 10683 370 272 272 CD 43431 10683 371 ; ; : 43431 10683 372 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 373 Chelone Chelone NNP 43431 10683 374 midas midas NNP 43431 10683 375 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 376 , , , 43431 10683 377 217 217 CD 43431 10683 378 , , , 43431 10683 379 = = SYM 43431 10683 380 218= 218= CD 43431 10683 381 , , , 43431 10683 382 271 271 CD 43431 10683 383 Platanistidae Platanistidae NNP 43431 10683 384 , , , 43431 10683 385 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 386 45 45 CD 43431 10683 387 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 388 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 389 Platanista Platanista NNP 43431 10683 390 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 391 , , , 43431 10683 392 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 393 45 45 CD 43431 10683 394 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 395 ; ; : 43431 10683 396 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10683 397 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10683 398 , , , 43431 10683 399 444 444 CD 43431 10683 400 ; ; : 43431 10683 401 skull skull NN 43431 10683 402 , , , 43431 10683 403 464 464 CD 43431 10683 404 Plectognathi Plectognathi NNP 43431 10683 405 , , , 43431 10683 406 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 407 33 33 CD 43431 10683 408 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 409 ; ; : 43431 10683 410 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10683 411 , , , 43431 10683 412 115 115 CD 43431 10683 413 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 414 Plectropterus Plectropterus NNP 43431 10683 415 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 416 , , , 43431 10683 417 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 418 41 41 CD 43431 10683 419 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 420 ; ; : 43431 10683 421 _ _ NNP 43431 10683 422 P. P. NNP 43431 10684 1 gambensis gambensis NNP 43431 10684 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 3 , , , 43431 10684 4 spur spur NN 43431 10684 5 , , , 43431 10684 6 330 330 CD 43431 10684 7 Plesiosauridae Plesiosauridae NNP 43431 10684 8 , , , 43431 10684 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 10 37 37 CD 43431 10684 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 12 ; ; : 43431 10684 13 limbs limb NNS 43431 10684 14 , , , 43431 10684 15 193 193 CD 43431 10684 16 ; ; : 43431 10684 17 parasphenoid parasphenoid NN 43431 10684 18 , , , 43431 10684 19 192 192 CD 43431 10684 20 ; ; : 43431 10684 21 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 22 , , , 43431 10684 23 278 278 CD 43431 10684 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 25 Plesiosaurus Plesiosaurus NNP 43431 10684 26 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 27 , , , 43431 10684 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 29 37 37 CD 43431 10684 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 31 , , , 43431 10684 32 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 33 193 193 CD 43431 10684 34 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 35 ; ; : 43431 10684 36 position position NN 43431 10684 37 of of IN 43431 10684 38 limbs limb NNS 43431 10684 39 , , , 43431 10684 40 28 28 CD 43431 10684 41 Pleuracanthidae Pleuracanthidae NNP 43431 10684 42 , , , 43431 10684 43 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 44 63 63 CD 43431 10684 45 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 46 ; ; : 43431 10684 47 fins fin NNS 43431 10684 48 , , , 43431 10684 49 115 115 CD 43431 10684 50 Pleurodira Pleurodira NNP 43431 10684 51 , , , 43431 10684 52 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 53 37 37 CD 43431 10684 54 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 55 ; ; : 43431 10684 56 general general JJ 43431 10684 57 characters character NNS 43431 10684 58 , , , 43431 10684 59 195 195 CD 43431 10684 60 Pleurodont Pleurodont NNP 43431 10684 61 , , , 43431 10684 62 159 159 CD 43431 10684 63 , , , 43431 10684 64 199 199 CD 43431 10684 65 , , , 43431 10684 66 273 273 CD 43431 10684 67 Pleuronectidae Pleuronectidae NNP 43431 10684 68 , , , 43431 10684 69 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 70 33 33 CD 43431 10684 71 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 72 Pleuropterygii Pleuropterygii NNP 43431 10684 73 , , , 43431 10684 74 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 75 31 31 CD 43431 10684 76 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 77 , , , 43431 10684 78 63 63 CD 43431 10684 79 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 80 Pliosaurus Pliosaurus NNP 43431 10684 81 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 82 , , , 43431 10684 83 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 84 37 37 CD 43431 10684 85 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 86 , , , 43431 10684 87 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 88 193 193 CD 43431 10684 89 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 90 Plovers Plovers NNPS 43431 10684 91 , , , 43431 10684 92 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 93 42 42 CD 43431 10684 94 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 95 , , , 43431 10684 96 334 334 CD 43431 10684 97 ; ; : 43431 10684 98 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10684 99 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10684 100 , , , 43431 10684 101 332 332 CD 43431 10684 102 Pneumaticity Pneumaticity NNP 43431 10684 103 of of IN 43431 10684 104 bird bird NN 43431 10684 105 's 's POS 43431 10684 106 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10684 107 , , , 43431 10684 108 331 331 CD 43431 10684 109 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 110 Polacanthus Polacanthus NNP 43431 10684 111 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 112 , , , 43431 10684 113 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 114 39 39 CD 43431 10684 115 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 116 ; ; : 43431 10684 117 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10684 118 , , , 43431 10684 119 272 272 CD 43431 10684 120 Pollex Pollex NNP 43431 10684 121 , , , 43431 10684 122 26 26 CD 43431 10684 123 ; ; : 43431 10684 124 see see VB 43431 10684 125 Manus Manus NNP 43431 10684 126 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 127 Polyodon Polyodon NNP 43431 10684 128 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 129 , , , 43431 10684 130 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 131 32 32 CD 43431 10684 132 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 133 , , , 43431 10684 134 104 104 CD 43431 10684 135 ; ; : 43431 10684 136 distribution distribution NN 43431 10684 137 , , , 43431 10684 138 66 66 CD 43431 10684 139 ; ; : 43431 10684 140 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 10684 141 fins fin NNS 43431 10684 142 , , , 43431 10684 143 131 131 CD 43431 10684 144 ; ; : 43431 10684 145 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 146 , , , 43431 10684 147 122 122 CD 43431 10684 148 ; ; , 43431 10684 149 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10684 150 column column NN 43431 10684 151 , , , 43431 10684 152 112 112 CD 43431 10684 153 ; ; : 43431 10684 154 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 155 , , , 43431 10684 156 110 110 CD 43431 10684 157 Polyodontidae Polyodontidae NNP 43431 10684 158 , , , 43431 10684 159 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 160 32 32 CD 43431 10684 161 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 162 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 163 Polyonax Polyonax NNP 43431 10684 164 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 165 , , , 43431 10684 166 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 167 39 39 CD 43431 10684 168 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 169 , , , 43431 10684 170 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 171 209 209 CD 43431 10684 172 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 173 ; ; : 43431 10684 174 beak beak NNP 43431 10684 175 , , , 43431 10684 176 271 271 CD 43431 10684 177 ; ; : 43431 10684 178 frontals frontal NNS 43431 10684 179 , , , 43431 10684 180 277 277 CD 43431 10684 181 ; ; : 43431 10684 182 jaw jaw NN 43431 10684 183 , , , 43431 10684 184 274 274 CD 43431 10684 185 ; ; : 43431 10684 186 predentary predentary JJ 43431 10684 187 , , , 43431 10684 188 284 284 CD 43431 10684 189 Polyprotodont Polyprotodont NNP 43431 10684 190 , , , 43431 10684 191 423 423 CD 43431 10684 192 Polyprotodontia Polyprotodontia NNP 43431 10684 193 , , , 43431 10684 194 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 195 43 43 CD 43431 10684 196 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 197 ; ; : 43431 10684 198 general general JJ 43431 10684 199 characters character NNS 43431 10684 200 , , , 43431 10684 201 350 350 CD 43431 10684 202 Polypteridae Polypteridae NNP 43431 10684 203 , , , 43431 10684 204 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 205 33 33 CD 43431 10684 206 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 207 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 208 Polypterus Polypterus NNP 43431 10684 209 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 210 , , , 43431 10684 211 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 212 33 33 CD 43431 10684 213 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 214 , , , 43431 10684 215 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 216 68 68 CD 43431 10684 217 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 218 ; ; : 43431 10684 219 distribution distribution NN 43431 10684 220 , , , 43431 10684 221 66 66 CD 43431 10684 222 ; ; : 43431 10684 223 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10684 224 , , , 43431 10684 225 67 67 CD 43431 10684 226 ; ; : 43431 10684 227 pectoral pectoral NN 43431 10684 228 fins fin NNS 43431 10684 229 , , , 43431 10684 230 131 131 CD 43431 10684 231 ; ; : 43431 10684 232 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10684 233 fins fin NNS 43431 10684 234 , , , 43431 10684 235 132 132 CD 43431 10684 236 ; ; : 43431 10684 237 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10684 238 , , , 43431 10684 239 127 127 CD 43431 10684 240 ; ; : 43431 10684 241 scales scale NNS 43431 10684 242 , , , 43431 10684 243 104 104 CD 43431 10684 244 ; ; : 43431 10684 245 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 246 , , , 43431 10684 247 122 122 CD 43431 10684 248 ; ; : 43431 10684 249 tail tail NN 43431 10684 250 , , , 43431 10684 251 116 116 CD 43431 10684 252 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 253 Pontoporia Pontoporia NNP 43431 10684 254 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 255 , , , 43431 10684 256 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 257 45 45 CD 43431 10684 258 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 259 ; ; : 43431 10684 260 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10684 261 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 262 , , , 43431 10684 263 444 444 CD 43431 10684 264 ; ; : 43431 10684 265 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 266 , , , 43431 10684 267 426 426 CD 43431 10684 268 Porcupine Porcupine NNP 43431 10684 269 , , , 43431 10684 270 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 271 47 47 CD 43431 10684 272 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 273 ; ; : 43431 10684 274 pes pe NNS 43431 10684 275 , , , 43431 10684 276 526 526 CD 43431 10684 277 ; ; : 43431 10684 278 skull skull NN 43431 10684 279 , , , 43431 10684 280 476 476 CD 43431 10684 281 , , , 43431 10684 282 = = SYM 43431 10684 283 477= 477= CD 43431 10684 284 ; ; : 43431 10684 285 spines spine NNS 43431 10684 286 , , , 43431 10684 287 417 417 CD 43431 10684 288 Porpoise Porpoise NNP 43431 10684 289 , , , 43431 10684 290 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 291 45 45 CD 43431 10684 292 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 293 , , , 43431 10684 294 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 295 357 357 CD 43431 10684 296 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 297 ; ; : 43431 10684 298 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10684 299 - - HYPH 43431 10684 300 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10684 301 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 302 , , , 43431 10684 303 448 448 CD 43431 10684 304 Postaxial Postaxial NNP 43431 10684 305 , , , 43431 10684 306 28 28 CD 43431 10684 307 Posterior Posterior NNP 43431 10684 308 cornu cornu NN 43431 10684 309 , , , 43431 10684 310 duck duck NN 43431 10684 311 , , , 43431 10684 312 320 320 CD 43431 10684 313 ; ; : 43431 10684 314 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 315 , , , 43431 10684 316 231 231 CD 43431 10684 317 ; ; : 43431 10684 318 -- -- : 43431 10684 319 limb limb NN 43431 10684 320 , , , 43431 10684 321 26 26 CD 43431 10684 322 ; ; : 43431 10684 323 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10684 324 , , , 43431 10684 325 188 188 CD 43431 10684 326 ; ; : 43431 10684 327 birds bird NNS 43431 10684 328 , , , 43431 10684 329 341 341 CD 43431 10684 330 ; ; : 43431 10684 331 dog dog NN 43431 10684 332 , , , 43431 10684 333 412 412 CD 43431 10684 334 ; ; : 43431 10684 335 duck duck NN 43431 10684 336 , , , 43431 10684 337 326 326 CD 43431 10684 338 ; ; : 43431 10684 339 frog frog NN 43431 10684 340 , , , 43431 10684 341 166 166 CD 43431 10684 342 ; ; : 43431 10684 343 newt newt NN 43431 10684 344 , , , 43431 10684 345 149 149 CD 43431 10684 346 , , , 43431 10684 347 = = SYM 43431 10684 348 148= 148= CD 43431 10684 349 ; ; : 43431 10684 350 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10684 351 , , , 43431 10684 352 293 293 CD 43431 10684 353 ; ; : 43431 10684 354 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 355 , , , 43431 10684 356 235 235 CD 43431 10684 357 , , , 43431 10684 358 = = SYM 43431 10684 359 234= 234= CD 43431 10684 360 Postfrontal Postfrontal NNP 43431 10684 361 , , , 43431 10684 362 21 21 CD 43431 10684 363 ; ; : 43431 10684 364 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 365 , , , 43431 10684 366 250 250 CD 43431 10684 367 ; ; : 43431 10684 368 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 369 , , , 43431 10684 370 225 225 CD 43431 10684 371 Postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 10684 372 bar bar NN 43431 10684 373 , , , 43431 10684 374 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 375 , , , 43431 10684 376 250 250 CD 43431 10684 377 , , , 43431 10684 378 255 255 CD 43431 10684 379 f. f. NNS 43431 10684 380 ; ; : 43431 10684 381 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 382 Hatteria Hatteria NNP 43431 10684 383 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 384 , , , 43431 10684 385 283 283 CD 43431 10684 386 ; ; : 43431 10684 387 -- -- : 43431 10684 388 groove groove NN 43431 10684 389 , , , 43431 10684 390 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10684 391 , , , 43431 10684 392 76 76 CD 43431 10684 393 Post post JJ 43431 10684 394 - - JJ 43431 10684 395 temporal temporal JJ 43431 10684 396 , , , 43431 10684 397 cod cod NN 43431 10684 398 , , , 43431 10684 399 102 102 CD 43431 10684 400 ; ; : 43431 10684 401 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10684 402 , , , 43431 10684 403 283 283 CD 43431 10684 404 ; ; : 43431 10684 405 -- -- : 43431 10684 406 bar bar NN 43431 10684 407 , , , 43431 10684 408 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 409 , , , 43431 10684 410 256 256 CD 43431 10684 411 ; ; : 43431 10684 412 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 413 Hatteria Hatteria NNP 43431 10684 414 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 415 , , , 43431 10684 416 283 283 CD 43431 10684 417 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 418 Potamogale Potamogale NNP 43431 10684 419 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 420 , , , 43431 10684 421 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 422 49 49 CD 43431 10684 423 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 424 , , , 43431 10684 425 367 367 CD 43431 10684 426 , , , 43431 10684 427 370 370 CD 43431 10684 428 ; ; : 43431 10684 429 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10684 430 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10684 431 , , , 43431 10684 432 499 499 CD 43431 10684 433 ; ; : 43431 10684 434 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 435 , , , 43431 10684 436 440 440 CD 43431 10684 437 Potamogalidae Potamogalidae NNP 43431 10684 438 , , , 43431 10684 439 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 440 49 49 CD 43431 10684 441 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 442 Powder Powder NNP 43431 10684 443 - - HYPH 43431 10684 444 down down RP 43431 10684 445 feathers feather NNS 43431 10684 446 , , , 43431 10684 447 329 329 CD 43431 10684 448 Pre pre JJ 43431 10684 449 - - JJ 43431 10684 450 axial axial JJ 43431 10684 451 , , , 43431 10684 452 28 28 CD 43431 10684 453 Precoracoid Precoracoid NNP 43431 10684 454 , , , 43431 10684 455 25 25 CD 43431 10684 456 ; ; : 43431 10684 457 frog frog NN 43431 10684 458 , , , 43431 10684 459 163 163 CD 43431 10684 460 ; ; : 43431 10684 461 newt newt NN 43431 10684 462 , , , 43431 10684 463 147 147 CD 43431 10684 464 ; ; : 43431 10684 465 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10684 466 , , , 43431 10684 467 288 288 CD 43431 10684 468 ; ; : 43431 10684 469 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 470 , , , 43431 10684 471 232 232 CD 43431 10684 472 Predentary Predentary NNP 43431 10684 473 , , , 43431 10684 474 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10684 475 , , , 43431 10684 476 284 284 CD 43431 10684 477 Predigital predigital JJ 43431 10684 478 quill quill NN 43431 10684 479 , , , 43431 10684 480 duck duck NN 43431 10684 481 , , , 43431 10684 482 303 303 CD 43431 10684 483 Prefrontal Prefrontal NNP 43431 10684 484 , , , 43431 10684 485 21 21 CD 43431 10684 486 ; ; : 43431 10684 487 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 488 , , , 43431 10684 489 249 249 CD 43431 10684 490 ; ; : 43431 10684 491 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10684 492 , , , 43431 10684 493 278 278 CD 43431 10684 494 ; ; : 43431 10684 495 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 496 , , , 43431 10684 497 225 225 CD 43431 10684 498 Prefronto Prefronto NNP 43431 10684 499 - - HYPH 43431 10684 500 lachrymal lachrymal NNP 43431 10684 501 , , , 43431 10684 502 newt newt NN 43431 10684 503 , , , 43431 10684 504 141 141 CD 43431 10684 505 Prehallux prehallux JJ 43431 10684 506 , , , 43431 10684 507 frog frog NN 43431 10684 508 , , , 43431 10684 509 167 167 CD 43431 10684 510 f. f. NNP 43431 10684 511 Premaxilla Premaxilla NNP 43431 10684 512 , , , 43431 10684 513 22 22 CD 43431 10684 514 ; ; : 43431 10684 515 cod cod NN 43431 10684 516 , , , 43431 10684 517 98 98 CD 43431 10684 518 ; ; : 43431 10684 519 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 520 , , , 43431 10684 521 252 252 CD 43431 10684 522 ; ; : 43431 10684 523 dog dog NN 43431 10684 524 , , , 43431 10684 525 398 398 CD 43431 10684 526 ; ; : 43431 10684 527 duck duck NN 43431 10684 528 , , , 43431 10684 529 314 314 CD 43431 10684 530 , , , 43431 10684 531 318 318 CD 43431 10684 532 ; ; : 43431 10684 533 frog frog NN 43431 10684 534 , , , 43431 10684 535 158 158 CD 43431 10684 536 ; ; : 43431 10684 537 newt newt NN 43431 10684 538 , , , 43431 10684 539 143 143 CD 43431 10684 540 ; ; : 43431 10684 541 salmon salmon NN 43431 10684 542 , , , 43431 10684 543 94 94 CD 43431 10684 544 ; ; : 43431 10684 545 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 546 , , , 43431 10684 547 230 230 CD 43431 10684 548 Premolar Premolar NNP 43431 10684 549 , , , 43431 10684 550 dog dog NN 43431 10684 551 , , , 43431 10684 552 370 370 CD 43431 10684 553 , , , 43431 10684 554 377 377 CD 43431 10684 555 ; ; : 43431 10684 556 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10684 557 , , , 43431 10684 558 344 344 CD 43431 10684 559 Prenasal Prenasal NNP 43431 10684 560 process process NN 43431 10684 561 , , , 43431 10684 562 frog frog NN 43431 10684 563 , , , 43431 10684 564 158 158 CD 43431 10684 565 Pre pre JJ 43431 10684 566 - - JJ 43431 10684 567 orbital orbital JJ 43431 10684 568 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 10684 569 , , , 43431 10684 570 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10684 571 , , , 43431 10684 572 283 283 CD 43431 10684 573 Presphenoid Presphenoid NNP 43431 10684 574 , , , 43431 10684 575 19 19 CD 43431 10684 576 ; ; : 43431 10684 577 dog dog NN 43431 10684 578 , , , 43431 10684 579 388 388 CD 43431 10684 580 Prespiracular prespiracular JJ 43431 10684 581 ligament ligament NN 43431 10684 582 , , , 43431 10684 583 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10684 584 , , , 43431 10684 585 77 77 CD 43431 10684 586 Presternum Presternum NNP 43431 10684 587 , , , 43431 10684 588 dog dog NN 43431 10684 589 , , , 43431 10684 590 404 404 CD 43431 10684 591 Primaries Primaries NNPS 43431 10684 592 , , , 43431 10684 593 duck duck NN 43431 10684 594 , , , 43431 10684 595 303 303 CD 43431 10684 596 Primates Primates NNPS 43431 10684 597 , , , 43431 10684 598 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 599 49 49 CD 43431 10684 600 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 601 ; ; : 43431 10684 602 arm arm NN 43431 10684 603 bones bone NNS 43431 10684 604 , , , 43431 10684 605 503 503 CD 43431 10684 606 ; ; : 43431 10684 607 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10684 608 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10684 609 , , , 43431 10684 610 488 488 CD 43431 10684 611 ; ; , 43431 10684 612 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10684 613 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 614 , , , 43431 10684 615 446 446 CD 43431 10684 616 ; ; : 43431 10684 617 general general JJ 43431 10684 618 characters character NNS 43431 10684 619 , , , 43431 10684 620 372 372 CD 43431 10684 621 ; ; : 43431 10684 622 manus manus NN 43431 10684 623 , , , 43431 10684 624 512 512 CD 43431 10684 625 ; ; : 43431 10684 626 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10684 627 , , , 43431 10684 628 515 515 CD 43431 10684 629 ; ; : 43431 10684 630 pes pe NNS 43431 10684 631 , , , 43431 10684 632 527 527 CD 43431 10684 633 ; ; : 43431 10684 634 ribs rib NNS 43431 10684 635 , , , 43431 10684 636 493 493 CD 43431 10684 637 ; ; : 43431 10684 638 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10684 639 , , , 43431 10684 640 452 452 CD 43431 10684 641 ; ; : 43431 10684 642 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10684 643 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10684 644 , , , 43431 10684 645 499 499 CD 43431 10684 646 ; ; : 43431 10684 647 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 648 , , , 43431 10684 649 482 482 CD 43431 10684 650 f. f. NNS 43431 10684 651 ; ; : 43431 10684 652 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10684 653 , , , 43431 10684 654 490 490 CD 43431 10684 655 ; ; : 43431 10684 656 tail tail NN 43431 10684 657 , , , 43431 10684 658 454 454 CD 43431 10684 659 ; ; : 43431 10684 660 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 661 , , , 43431 10684 662 441 441 CD 43431 10684 663 ; ; : 43431 10684 664 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10684 665 and and CC 43431 10684 666 shin shin NNP 43431 10684 667 , , , 43431 10684 668 520 520 CD 43431 10684 669 ; ; : 43431 10684 670 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10684 671 - - HYPH 43431 10684 672 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10684 673 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 674 , , , 43431 10684 675 450 450 CD 43431 10684 676 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 677 Priodon Priodon NNP 43431 10684 678 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 679 , , , 43431 10684 680 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 681 44 44 CD 43431 10684 682 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 683 ; ; : 43431 10684 684 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10684 685 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 686 , , , 43431 10684 687 453 453 CD 43431 10684 688 ; ; : 43431 10684 689 manus manus NN 43431 10684 690 , , , 43431 10684 691 505 505 CD 43431 10684 692 ; ; : 43431 10684 693 stapes stape NNS 43431 10684 694 , , , 43431 10684 695 487 487 CD 43431 10684 696 ; ; : 43431 10684 697 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10684 698 , , , 43431 10684 699 489 489 CD 43431 10684 700 ; ; : 43431 10684 701 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 702 , , , 43431 10684 703 424 424 CD 43431 10684 704 Pristidae Pristidae NNP 43431 10684 705 , , , 43431 10684 706 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 707 32 32 CD 43431 10684 708 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 709 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 710 Pristis Pristis NNP 43431 10684 711 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 712 , , , 43431 10684 713 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 714 32 32 CD 43431 10684 715 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 716 ; ; : 43431 10684 717 snout snout NN 43431 10684 718 or or CC 43431 10684 719 rostrum rostrum NN 43431 10684 720 , , , 43431 10684 721 109 109 CD 43431 10684 722 , , , 43431 10684 723 119 119 CD 43431 10684 724 Proboscidea Proboscidea NNP 43431 10684 725 , , , 43431 10684 726 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 727 47 47 CD 43431 10684 728 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 729 ; ; : 43431 10684 730 arm arm NN 43431 10684 731 bones bone NNS 43431 10684 732 , , , 43431 10684 733 502 502 CD 43431 10684 734 ; ; : 43431 10684 735 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10684 736 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 737 , , , 43431 10684 738 445 445 CD 43431 10684 739 ; ; : 43431 10684 740 general general JJ 43431 10684 741 characters character NNS 43431 10684 742 , , , 43431 10684 743 364 364 CD 43431 10684 744 ; ; : 43431 10684 745 femur femur NN 43431 10684 746 , , , 43431 10684 747 519 519 CD 43431 10684 748 ; ; : 43431 10684 749 manus manus NN 43431 10684 750 , , , 43431 10684 751 511 511 CD 43431 10684 752 ; ; : 43431 10684 753 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10684 754 , , , 43431 10684 755 514 514 CD 43431 10684 756 ; ; : 43431 10684 757 pes pe NNS 43431 10684 758 , , , 43431 10684 759 526 526 CD 43431 10684 760 ; ; : 43431 10684 761 scapula scapula NN 43431 10684 762 , , , 43431 10684 763 497 497 CD 43431 10684 764 ; ; : 43431 10684 765 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 766 , , , 43431 10684 767 473 473 CD 43431 10684 768 ; ; : 43431 10684 769 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 770 , , , 43431 10684 771 433 433 CD 43431 10684 772 ; ; : 43431 10684 773 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10684 774 - - HYPH 43431 10684 775 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10684 776 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 777 , , , 43431 10684 778 449 449 CD 43431 10684 779 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 780 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10684 781 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 782 , , , 43431 10684 783 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 784 47 47 CD 43431 10684 785 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 786 , , , 43431 10684 787 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 788 363 363 CD 43431 10684 789 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 790 ; ; : 43431 10684 791 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10684 792 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10684 793 , , , 43431 10684 794 487 487 CD 43431 10684 795 ; ; : 43431 10684 796 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10684 797 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 798 , , , 43431 10684 799 453 453 CD 43431 10684 800 ; ; : 43431 10684 801 dental dental JJ 43431 10684 802 formula formula NN 43431 10684 803 , , , 43431 10684 804 432 432 CD 43431 10684 805 ; ; : 43431 10684 806 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10684 807 , , , 43431 10684 808 502 502 CD 43431 10684 809 ; ; : 43431 10684 810 manus manus NN 43431 10684 811 , , , 43431 10684 812 510 510 CD 43431 10684 813 ; ; : 43431 10684 814 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10684 815 , , , 43431 10684 816 514 514 CD 43431 10684 817 ; ; : 43431 10684 818 pes pe NNS 43431 10684 819 , , , 43431 10684 820 525 525 CD 43431 10684 821 ; ; : 43431 10684 822 ribs rib NNS 43431 10684 823 , , , 43431 10684 824 491 491 CD 43431 10684 825 ; ; : 43431 10684 826 scapula scapula NN 43431 10684 827 , , , 43431 10684 828 497 497 CD 43431 10684 829 ; ; : 43431 10684 830 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 831 , , , 43431 10684 832 433 433 CD 43431 10684 833 , , , 43431 10684 834 472 472 CD 43431 10684 835 ; ; : 43431 10684 836 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10684 837 , , , 43431 10684 838 27 27 CD 43431 10684 839 ; ; : 43431 10684 840 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10684 841 - - HYPH 43431 10684 842 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10684 843 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 844 , , , 43431 10684 845 449 449 CD 43431 10684 846 Process Process NNP 43431 10684 847 , , , 43431 10684 848 alinasal alinasal NN 43431 10684 849 -- -- : 43431 10684 850 , , , 43431 10684 851 frog frog NNP 43431 10684 852 , , , 43431 10684 853 158 158 CD 43431 10684 854 ; ; : 43431 10684 855 basi basi NN 43431 10684 856 - - HYPH 43431 10684 857 pterygoid pterygoid NN 43431 10684 858 -- -- : 43431 10684 859 , , , 43431 10684 860 birds bird NNS 43431 10684 861 , , , 43431 10684 862 334 334 CD 43431 10684 863 ; ; : 43431 10684 864 coracoid coracoid NN 43431 10684 865 -- -- : 43431 10684 866 , , , 43431 10684 867 dog dog NN 43431 10684 868 , , , 43431 10684 869 405 405 CD 43431 10684 870 ; ; : 43431 10684 871 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 10684 872 -- -- : 43431 10684 873 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10684 874 of of IN 43431 10684 875 mandible mandible NN 43431 10684 876 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10684 877 , , , 43431 10684 878 dog dog NN 43431 10684 879 , , , 43431 10684 880 398 398 CD 43431 10684 881 ; ; : 43431 10684 882 duck duck NN 43431 10684 883 , , , 43431 10684 884 319 319 CD 43431 10684 885 ; ; : 43431 10684 886 coronoid coronoid NN 43431 10684 887 -- -- : 43431 10684 888 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10684 889 of of IN 43431 10684 890 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10684 891 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10684 892 , , , 43431 10684 893 dog dog NN 43431 10684 894 , , , 43431 10684 895 408 408 CD 43431 10684 896 ; ; : 43431 10684 897 pectineal pectineal NN 43431 10684 898 -- -- : 43431 10684 899 , , , 43431 10684 900 duck duck NN 43431 10684 901 , , , 43431 10684 902 326 326 CD 43431 10684 903 ; ; : 43431 10684 904 postfrontal postfrontal JJ 43431 10684 905 -- -- : 43431 10684 906 , , , 43431 10684 907 duck duck NN 43431 10684 908 , , , 43431 10684 909 316 316 CD 43431 10684 910 ; ; : 43431 10684 911 postglenoid postglenoid NN 43431 10684 912 -- -- : 43431 10684 913 , , , 43431 10684 914 dog dog NN 43431 10684 915 , , , 43431 10684 916 394 394 CD 43431 10684 917 ; ; , 43431 10684 918 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 10684 919 -- -- : 43431 10684 920 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10684 921 of of IN 43431 10684 922 frontal frontal NN 43431 10684 923 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10684 924 , , , 43431 10684 925 dog dog NN 43431 10684 926 , , , 43431 10684 927 388 388 CD 43431 10684 928 ; ; : 43431 10684 929 postorbital postorbital JJ 43431 10684 930 -- -- : 43431 10684 931 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10684 932 of of IN 43431 10684 933 jugal jugal NNP 43431 10684 934 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10684 935 , , , 43431 10684 936 dog dog NN 43431 10684 937 , , , 43431 10684 938 398 398 CD 43431 10684 939 ; ; : 43431 10684 940 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10684 941 articular articular JJ 43431 10684 942 -- -- : 43431 10684 943 , , , 43431 10684 944 duck duck NN 43431 10684 945 , , , 43431 10684 946 319 319 CD 43431 10684 947 ; ; , 43431 10684 948 zygomatic zygomatic JJ 43431 10684 949 -- -- : 43431 10684 950 , , , 43431 10684 951 dog dog NN 43431 10684 952 , , , 43431 10684 953 394 394 CD 43431 10684 954 Processus Processus NNP 43431 10684 955 brevis brevis NN 43431 10684 956 , , , 43431 10684 957 486 486 CD 43431 10684 958 ; ; : 43431 10684 959 -- -- : 43431 10684 960 gracilis gracilis NNP 43431 10684 961 , , , 43431 10684 962 486 486 CD 43431 10684 963 ; ; : 43431 10684 964 -- -- : 43431 10684 965 longus longus FW 43431 10684 966 , , , 43431 10684 967 486 486 CD 43431 10684 968 ; ; : 43431 10684 969 dog dog NN 43431 10684 970 , , , 43431 10684 971 393 393 CD 43431 10684 972 Procoelous procoelous JJ 43431 10684 973 , , , 43431 10684 974 defined define VBN 43431 10684 975 , , , 43431 10684 976 14 14 CD 43431 10684 977 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 978 Prodelphinus Prodelphinus NNP 43431 10684 979 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 980 , , , 43431 10684 981 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 982 45 45 CD 43431 10684 983 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 984 ; ; : 43431 10684 985 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 986 , , , 43431 10684 987 462 462 CD 43431 10684 988 Proganosauria Proganosauria NNP 43431 10684 989 , , , 43431 10684 990 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 991 37 37 CD 43431 10684 992 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 993 Prone Prone NNP 43431 10684 994 position position NN 43431 10684 995 , , , 43431 10684 996 29 29 CD 43431 10684 997 Prongbuck Prongbuck NNP 43431 10684 998 , , , 43431 10684 999 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1000 46 46 CD 43431 10684 1001 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1002 ; ; : 43431 10684 1003 horns horn NNS 43431 10684 1004 , , , 43431 10684 1005 417 417 CD 43431 10684 1006 Pro pro JJ 43431 10684 1007 - - JJ 43431 10684 1008 otic otic JJ 43431 10684 1009 , , , 43431 10684 1010 20 20 CD 43431 10684 1011 ; ; : 43431 10684 1012 frog frog NN 43431 10684 1013 , , , 43431 10684 1014 157 157 CD 43431 10684 1015 ; ; : 43431 10684 1016 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 1017 , , , 43431 10684 1018 227 227 CD 43431 10684 1019 Pro pro JJ 43431 10684 1020 - - JJ 43431 10684 1021 pterygium pterygium JJ 43431 10684 1022 , , , 43431 10684 1023 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10684 1024 , , , 43431 10684 1025 79 79 CD 43431 10684 1026 Proteidae Proteidae NNP 43431 10684 1027 , , , 43431 10684 1028 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1029 35 35 CD 43431 10684 1030 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1031 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1032 Proteles Proteles NNP 43431 10684 1033 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1034 , , , 43431 10684 1035 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1036 48 48 CD 43431 10684 1037 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1038 ; ; : 43431 10684 1039 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 1040 , , , 43431 10684 1041 437 437 CD 43431 10684 1042 Protelidae Protelidae NNP 43431 10684 1043 , , , 43431 10684 1044 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1045 48 48 CD 43431 10684 1046 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1047 Proterosauridae Proterosauridae NNP 43431 10684 1048 , , , 43431 10684 1049 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1050 37 37 CD 43431 10684 1051 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1052 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1053 Proterosaurus Proterosaurus NNP 43431 10684 1054 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1055 , , , 43431 10684 1056 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1057 37 37 CD 43431 10684 1058 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1059 ; ; : 43431 10684 1060 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 1061 , , , 43431 10684 1062 198 198 CD 43431 10684 1063 , , , 43431 10684 1064 274 274 CD 43431 10684 1065 ; ; : 43431 10684 1066 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 1067 , , , 43431 10684 1068 197 197 CD 43431 10684 1069 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1070 Proteus Proteus NNP 43431 10684 1071 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1072 , , , 43431 10684 1073 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1074 35 35 CD 43431 10684 1075 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1076 , , , 43431 10684 1077 135 135 CD 43431 10684 1078 , , , 43431 10684 1079 182 182 CD 43431 10684 1080 ; ; : 43431 10684 1081 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10684 1082 arches arch NNS 43431 10684 1083 , , , 43431 10684 1084 180 180 CD 43431 10684 1085 ; ; : 43431 10684 1086 digits digit NNS 43431 10684 1087 , , , 43431 10684 1088 187 187 CD 43431 10684 1089 ; ; : 43431 10684 1090 pes pe NNS 43431 10684 1091 , , , 43431 10684 1092 188 188 CD 43431 10684 1093 ; ; : 43431 10684 1094 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 1095 , , , 43431 10684 1096 174 174 CD 43431 10684 1097 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1098 Protopterus Protopterus NNP 43431 10684 1099 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1100 , , , 43431 10684 1101 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1102 34 34 CD 43431 10684 1103 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1104 , , , 43431 10684 1105 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1106 70 70 CD 43431 10684 1107 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1108 , , , 43431 10684 1109 117 117 CD 43431 10684 1110 ; ; : 43431 10684 1111 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10684 1112 arches arch NNS 43431 10684 1113 , , , 43431 10684 1114 121 121 CD 43431 10684 1115 , , , 43431 10684 1116 124 124 CD 43431 10684 1117 ; ; : 43431 10684 1118 fins fin NNS 43431 10684 1119 , , , 43431 10684 1120 130 130 CD 43431 10684 1121 ; ; : 43431 10684 1122 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 1123 , , , 43431 10684 1124 124 124 CD 43431 10684 1125 ; ; : 43431 10684 1126 vestigial vestigial JJ 43431 10684 1127 gill gill NN 43431 10684 1128 on on IN 43431 10684 1129 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10684 1130 girdle girdle NN 43431 10684 1131 , , , 43431 10684 1132 129 129 CD 43431 10684 1133 Prototheria Prototheria NNP 43431 10684 1134 , , , 43431 10684 1135 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1136 42 42 CD 43431 10684 1137 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1138 ; ; : 43431 10684 1139 general general JJ 43431 10684 1140 characters character NNS 43431 10684 1141 , , , 43431 10684 1142 346 346 CD 43431 10684 1143 Proximal Proximal NNP 43431 10684 1144 , , , 43431 10684 1145 defined define VBN 43431 10684 1146 , , , 43431 10684 1147 23 23 CD 43431 10684 1148 n. n. NN 43431 10684 1149 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1150 Psephurus Psephurus NNP 43431 10684 1151 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1152 , , , 43431 10684 1153 distribution distribution NN 43431 10684 1154 , , , 43431 10684 1155 66 66 CD 43431 10684 1156 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1157 Pseudopus Pseudopus NNP 43431 10684 1158 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1159 , , , 43431 10684 1160 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1161 38 38 CD 43431 10684 1162 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1163 ; ; : 43431 10684 1164 limbs limb NNS 43431 10684 1165 , , , 43431 10684 1166 289 289 CD 43431 10684 1167 Psittaci Psittaci NNP 43431 10684 1168 , , , 43431 10684 1169 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1170 42 42 CD 43431 10684 1171 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1172 ; ; : 43431 10684 1173 see see VB 43431 10684 1174 Parrots Parrots NNP 43431 10684 1175 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1176 Pteranodon Pteranodon NNP 43431 10684 1177 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1178 , , , 43431 10684 1179 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1180 39 39 CD 43431 10684 1181 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1182 , , , 43431 10684 1183 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1184 274 274 CD 43431 10684 1185 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1186 ; ; : 43431 10684 1187 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10684 1188 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10684 1189 , , , 43431 10684 1190 289 289 CD 43431 10684 1191 Pteranodontidae Pteranodontidae NNP 43431 10684 1192 , , , 43431 10684 1193 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1194 39 39 CD 43431 10684 1195 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1196 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1197 Pteraspis Pteraspis NNP 43431 10684 1198 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1199 , , , 43431 10684 1200 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1201 31 31 CD 43431 10684 1202 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1203 , , , 43431 10684 1204 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1205 54 54 CD 43431 10684 1206 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1207 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1208 Pterichthys Pterichthys NNP 43431 10684 1209 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1210 , , , 43431 10684 1211 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1212 31 31 CD 43431 10684 1213 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1214 , , , 43431 10684 1215 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1216 55 55 CD 43431 10684 1217 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1218 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1219 Pterocles Pterocles NNP 43431 10684 1220 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1221 , , , 43431 10684 1222 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1223 42 42 CD 43431 10684 1224 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1225 ; ; : 43431 10684 1226 see see VB 43431 10684 1227 Sandgrouse Sandgrouse NNP 43431 10684 1228 Pteroclidae Pteroclidae NNP 43431 10684 1229 , , , 43431 10684 1230 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1231 42 42 CD 43431 10684 1232 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1233 Pterodactylidae Pterodactylidae NNP 43431 10684 1234 , , , 43431 10684 1235 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1236 39 39 CD 43431 10684 1237 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1238 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1239 Pterodactylus Pterodactylus NNP 43431 10684 1240 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1241 , , , 43431 10684 1242 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1243 39 39 CD 43431 10684 1244 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1245 , , , 43431 10684 1246 213 213 CD 43431 10684 1247 Pteropidae Pteropidae NNP 43431 10684 1248 , , , 43431 10684 1249 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1250 49 49 CD 43431 10684 1251 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1252 ; ; : 43431 10684 1253 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 1254 , , , 43431 10684 1255 481 481 CD 43431 10684 1256 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1257 Pteropus Pteropus NNP 43431 10684 1258 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1259 , , , 43431 10684 1260 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1261 49 49 CD 43431 10684 1262 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1263 ; ; : 43431 10684 1264 dental dental NNP 43431 10684 1265 formula formula NN 43431 10684 1266 , , , 43431 10684 1267 441 441 CD 43431 10684 1268 ; ; : 43431 10684 1269 tail tail NN 43431 10684 1270 , , , 43431 10684 1271 454 454 CD 43431 10684 1272 Pterosauria Pterosauria NNP 43431 10684 1273 , , , 43431 10684 1274 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1275 39 39 CD 43431 10684 1276 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1277 ; ; : 43431 10684 1278 general general JJ 43431 10684 1279 characters character NNS 43431 10684 1280 , , , 43431 10684 1281 212 212 CD 43431 10684 1282 ; ; : 43431 10684 1283 ischia ischia NNP 43431 10684 1284 , , , 43431 10684 1285 292 292 CD 43431 10684 1286 ; ; : 43431 10684 1287 limbs limb NNS 43431 10684 1288 , , , 43431 10684 1289 291 291 CD 43431 10684 1290 ; ; : 43431 10684 1291 pre pre JJ 43431 10684 1292 - - JJ 43431 10684 1293 orbital orbital JJ 43431 10684 1294 vacuity vacuity NN 43431 10684 1295 , , , 43431 10684 1296 284 284 CD 43431 10684 1297 ; ; : 43431 10684 1298 ribs rib NNS 43431 10684 1299 , , , 43431 10684 1300 285 285 CD 43431 10684 1301 ; ; : 43431 10684 1302 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10684 1303 , , , 43431 10684 1304 287 287 CD 43431 10684 1305 ; ; , 43431 10684 1306 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 1307 , , , 43431 10684 1308 275 275 CD 43431 10684 1309 f. f. NN 43431 10684 1310 Pterotic pterotic JJ 43431 10684 1311 , , , 43431 10684 1312 20 20 CD 43431 10684 1313 ; ; : 43431 10684 1314 cod cod NN 43431 10684 1315 , , , 43431 10684 1316 96 96 CD 43431 10684 1317 ; ; : 43431 10684 1318 salmon salmon NN 43431 10684 1319 , , , 43431 10684 1320 90 90 CD 43431 10684 1321 f. f. NNP 43431 10684 1322 Pterygoid Pterygoid NNP 43431 10684 1323 , , , 43431 10684 1324 cod cod NN 43431 10684 1325 , , , 43431 10684 1326 98 98 CD 43431 10684 1327 ; ; : 43431 10684 1328 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 1329 , , , 43431 10684 1330 255 255 CD 43431 10684 1331 ; ; : 43431 10684 1332 dog dog NN 43431 10684 1333 , , , 43431 10684 1334 397 397 CD 43431 10684 1335 ; ; : 43431 10684 1336 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1337 , , , 43431 10684 1338 318 318 CD 43431 10684 1339 ; ; : 43431 10684 1340 frog frog NN 43431 10684 1341 , , , 43431 10684 1342 160 160 CD 43431 10684 1343 ; ; : 43431 10684 1344 newt newt NN 43431 10684 1345 , , , 43431 10684 1346 144 144 CD 43431 10684 1347 ; ; : 43431 10684 1348 salmon salmon NN 43431 10684 1349 , , , 43431 10684 1350 93 93 CD 43431 10684 1351 ; ; : 43431 10684 1352 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 1353 , , , 43431 10684 1354 230 230 CD 43431 10684 1355 ; ; : 43431 10684 1356 -- -- : 43431 10684 1357 fossa fossa JJ 43431 10684 1358 , , , 43431 10684 1359 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 1360 , , , 43431 10684 1361 255 255 CD 43431 10684 1362 ; ; : 43431 10684 1363 -- -- : 43431 10684 1364 plate plate NN 43431 10684 1365 , , , 43431 10684 1366 dog dog NN 43431 10684 1367 , , , 43431 10684 1368 388 388 CD 43431 10684 1369 Pterylae Pterylae NNP 43431 10684 1370 , , , 43431 10684 1371 328 328 CD 43431 10684 1372 Pubis Pubis NNP 43431 10684 1373 , , , 43431 10684 1374 25 25 CD 43431 10684 1375 ; ; : 43431 10684 1376 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 1377 , , , 43431 10684 1378 266 266 CD 43431 10684 1379 f. f. NN 43431 10684 1380 ; ; : 43431 10684 1381 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1382 , , , 43431 10684 1383 325 325 CD 43431 10684 1384 ; ; : 43431 10684 1385 dog dog NN 43431 10684 1386 , , , 43431 10684 1387 411 411 CD 43431 10684 1388 ; ; : 43431 10684 1389 frog frog NN 43431 10684 1390 , , , 43431 10684 1391 165 165 CD 43431 10684 1392 ; ; : 43431 10684 1393 newt newt NN 43431 10684 1394 , , , 43431 10684 1395 149 149 CD 43431 10684 1396 ; ; : 43431 10684 1397 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10684 1398 , , , 43431 10684 1399 292 292 CD 43431 10684 1400 ; ; : 43431 10684 1401 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 1402 , , , 43431 10684 1403 235 235 CD 43431 10684 1404 Pygal pygal JJ 43431 10684 1405 plate plate NN 43431 10684 1406 , , , 43431 10684 1407 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 1408 , , , 43431 10684 1409 217 217 CD 43431 10684 1410 ; ; : 43431 10684 1411 -- -- : 43431 10684 1412 shield shield NN 43431 10684 1413 , , , 43431 10684 1414 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 1415 , , , 43431 10684 1416 214 214 CD 43431 10684 1417 Pygopodidae Pygopodidae NNP 43431 10684 1418 , , , 43431 10684 1419 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1420 37 37 CD 43431 10684 1421 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1422 Pygostyle Pygostyle NNP 43431 10684 1423 , , , 43431 10684 1424 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1425 , , , 43431 10684 1426 307 307 CD 43431 10684 1427 , , , 43431 10684 1428 312 312 CD 43431 10684 1429 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1430 Python Python NNP 43431 10684 1431 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1432 , , , 43431 10684 1433 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1434 38 38 CD 43431 10684 1435 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1436 ; ; : 43431 10684 1437 ischio ischio RB 43431 10684 1438 - - HYPH 43431 10684 1439 pubis pubi VBN 43431 10684 1440 , , , 43431 10684 1441 292 292 CD 43431 10684 1442 ; ; : 43431 10684 1443 jaws jaw NNS 43431 10684 1444 , , , 43431 10684 1445 280 280 CD 43431 10684 1446 ; ; : 43431 10684 1447 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10684 1448 of of IN 43431 10684 1449 limbs limb NNS 43431 10684 1450 , , , 43431 10684 1451 289 289 CD 43431 10684 1452 , , , 43431 10684 1453 293 293 CD 43431 10684 1454 Pythonomorpha Pythonomorpha NNPS 43431 10684 1455 , , , 43431 10684 1456 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1457 38 38 CD 43431 10684 1458 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1459 ; ; : 43431 10684 1460 general general JJ 43431 10684 1461 characters character NNS 43431 10684 1462 , , , 43431 10684 1463 204 204 CD 43431 10684 1464 ; ; : 43431 10684 1465 limbs limb NNS 43431 10684 1466 , , , 43431 10684 1467 290 290 CD 43431 10684 1468 ; ; : 43431 10684 1469 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 1470 , , , 43431 10684 1471 273 273 CD 43431 10684 1472 Quadrate Quadrate NNP 43431 10684 1473 , , , 43431 10684 1474 22 22 CD 43431 10684 1475 ; ; : 43431 10684 1476 cod cod NN 43431 10684 1477 , , , 43431 10684 1478 98 98 CD 43431 10684 1479 ; ; : 43431 10684 1480 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 1481 , , , 43431 10684 1482 255 255 CD 43431 10684 1483 ; ; : 43431 10684 1484 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1485 , , , 43431 10684 1486 319 319 CD 43431 10684 1487 ; ; : 43431 10684 1488 frog frog NN 43431 10684 1489 , , , 43431 10684 1490 160 160 CD 43431 10684 1491 ; ; : 43431 10684 1492 newt newt NN 43431 10684 1493 , , , 43431 10684 1494 144 144 CD 43431 10684 1495 ; ; : 43431 10684 1496 salmon salmon NN 43431 10684 1497 , , , 43431 10684 1498 93 93 CD 43431 10684 1499 ; ; : 43431 10684 1500 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 1501 , , , 43431 10684 1502 229 229 CD 43431 10684 1503 Quadratojugal Quadratojugal NNP 43431 10684 1504 , , , 43431 10684 1505 22 22 CD 43431 10684 1506 ; ; : 43431 10684 1507 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 1508 , , , 43431 10684 1509 255 255 CD 43431 10684 1510 ; ; : 43431 10684 1511 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1512 , , , 43431 10684 1513 318 318 CD 43431 10684 1514 ; ; : 43431 10684 1515 frog frog NN 43431 10684 1516 , , , 43431 10684 1517 160 160 CD 43431 10684 1518 ; ; : 43431 10684 1519 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 1520 , , , 43431 10684 1521 229 229 CD 43431 10684 1522 Quill Quill NNP 43431 10684 1523 , , , 43431 10684 1524 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1525 , , , 43431 10684 1526 302 302 CD 43431 10684 1527 Rabbit Rabbit NNP 43431 10684 1528 , , , 43431 10684 1529 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1530 48 48 CD 43431 10684 1531 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1532 , , , 43431 10684 1533 366 366 CD 43431 10684 1534 ; ; : 43431 10684 1535 pollex pollex NN 43431 10684 1536 , , , 43431 10684 1537 511 511 CD 43431 10684 1538 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 43431 10684 1539 , , , 43431 10684 1540 369 369 CD 43431 10684 1541 Rachis Rachis NNP 43431 10684 1542 , , , 43431 10684 1543 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1544 , , , 43431 10684 1545 302 302 CD 43431 10684 1546 Rachitomous Rachitomous NNP 43431 10684 1547 , , , 43431 10684 1548 defined define VBN 43431 10684 1549 , , , 43431 10684 1550 171 171 CD 43431 10684 1551 Radiale Radiale NNP 43431 10684 1552 , , , 43431 10684 1553 27 27 CD 43431 10684 1554 ; ; : 43431 10684 1555 see see VBP 43431 10684 1556 Carpus Carpus NNP 43431 10684 1557 Radialia Radialia NNP 43431 10684 1558 , , , 43431 10684 1559 115 115 CD 43431 10684 1560 ; ; : 43431 10684 1561 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10684 1562 , , , 43431 10684 1563 79 79 CD 43431 10684 1564 f. f. NNP 43431 10684 1565 Radio Radio NNP 43431 10684 1566 - - HYPH 43431 10684 1567 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10684 1568 , , , 43431 10684 1569 frog frog NN 43431 10684 1570 , , , 43431 10684 1571 164 164 CD 43431 10684 1572 Radius Radius NNP 43431 10684 1573 , , , 43431 10684 1574 26 26 CD 43431 10684 1575 ; ; : 43431 10684 1576 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10684 1577 , , , 43431 10684 1578 265 265 CD 43431 10684 1579 ; ; : 43431 10684 1580 dog dog NN 43431 10684 1581 , , , 43431 10684 1582 406 406 CD 43431 10684 1583 ; ; : 43431 10684 1584 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1585 , , , 43431 10684 1586 323 323 CD 43431 10684 1587 ; ; : 43431 10684 1588 newt newt NN 43431 10684 1589 , , , 43431 10684 1590 147 147 CD 43431 10684 1591 ; ; : 43431 10684 1592 turtle turtle NN 43431 10684 1593 , , , 43431 10684 1594 233 233 CD 43431 10684 1595 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1596 Raia Raia NNP 43431 10684 1597 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1598 , , , 43431 10684 1599 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1600 32 32 CD 43431 10684 1601 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1602 ; ; : 43431 10684 1603 calcification calcification NN 43431 10684 1604 of of IN 43431 10684 1605 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 1606 , , , 43431 10684 1607 114 114 CD 43431 10684 1608 Raiidae Raiidae NNP 43431 10684 1609 , , , 43431 10684 1610 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1611 32 32 CD 43431 10684 1612 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1613 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1614 Rana Rana NNP 43431 10684 1615 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1616 , , , 43431 10684 1617 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1618 36 36 CD 43431 10684 1619 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1620 ; ; : 43431 10684 1621 see see VB 43431 10684 1622 Frog Frog NNP 43431 10684 1623 Ranidae Ranidae NNP 43431 10684 1624 , , , 43431 10684 1625 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1626 36 36 CD 43431 10684 1627 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1628 ; ; : 43431 10684 1629 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10684 1630 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10684 1631 , , , 43431 10684 1632 185 185 CD 43431 10684 1633 Rat rat NN 43431 10684 1634 , , , 43431 10684 1635 pes pe NNS 43431 10684 1636 , , , 43431 10684 1637 526 526 CD 43431 10684 1638 Ratitae Ratitae NNP 43431 10684 1639 , , , 43431 10684 1640 40 40 CD 43431 10684 1641 ; ; : 43431 10684 1642 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10684 1643 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10684 1644 , , , 43431 10684 1645 333 333 CD 43431 10684 1646 ; ; : 43431 10684 1647 clavicles clavicle NNS 43431 10684 1648 , , , 43431 10684 1649 338 338 CD 43431 10684 1650 ; ; : 43431 10684 1651 foot foot NN 43431 10684 1652 , , , 43431 10684 1653 342 342 CD 43431 10684 1654 ; ; : 43431 10684 1655 general general JJ 43431 10684 1656 characters character NNS 43431 10684 1657 , , , 43431 10684 1658 298 298 CD 43431 10684 1659 ; ; : 43431 10684 1660 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 1661 , , , 43431 10684 1662 333 333 CD 43431 10684 1663 ; ; : 43431 10684 1664 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10684 1665 , , , 43431 10684 1666 336 336 CD 43431 10684 1667 ; ; : 43431 10684 1668 vomers vomer NNS 43431 10684 1669 , , , 43431 10684 1670 334 334 CD 43431 10684 1671 ; ; : 43431 10684 1672 wing wing NN 43431 10684 1673 , , , 43431 10684 1674 338 338 CD 43431 10684 1675 Rattlesnake rattlesnake NN 43431 10684 1676 , , , 43431 10684 1677 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1678 38 38 CD 43431 10684 1679 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1680 ; ; : 43431 10684 1681 rattle rattle NNP 43431 10684 1682 , , , 43431 10684 1683 3 3 CD 43431 10684 1684 , , , 43431 10684 1685 270 270 CD 43431 10684 1686 Ray Ray NNP 43431 10684 1687 , , , 43431 10684 1688 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10684 1689 fin fin NNP 43431 10684 1690 , , , 43431 10684 1691 130 130 CD 43431 10684 1692 ; ; : 43431 10684 1693 Eagle Eagle NNP 43431 10684 1694 -- -- : 43431 10684 1695 , , , 43431 10684 1696 Electric Electric NNP 43431 10684 1697 -- -- : 43431 10684 1698 and and CC 43431 10684 1699 Sting Sting NNP 43431 10684 1700 -- -- : 43431 10684 1701 , , , 43431 10684 1702 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1703 32 32 CD 43431 10684 1704 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1705 Rectrices Rectrices NNPS 43431 10684 1706 , , , 43431 10684 1707 303 303 CD 43431 10684 1708 , , , 43431 10684 1709 329 329 CD 43431 10684 1710 Reed reed NN 43431 10684 1711 - - HYPH 43431 10684 1712 fish fish NN 43431 10684 1713 , , , 43431 10684 1714 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1715 33 33 CD 43431 10684 1716 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1717 Reindeer Reindeer NNP 43431 10684 1718 , , , 43431 10684 1719 antlers antler NNS 43431 10684 1720 , , , 43431 10684 1721 469 469 CD 43431 10684 1722 Remicle Remicle NNP 43431 10684 1723 , , , 43431 10684 1724 duck duck NN 43431 10684 1725 , , , 43431 10684 1726 304 304 CD 43431 10684 1727 Remiges remex NNS 43431 10684 1728 , , , 43431 10684 1729 303 303 CD 43431 10684 1730 , , , 43431 10684 1731 329 329 CD 43431 10684 1732 Reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10684 1733 , , , 43431 10684 1734 anterior anterior JJ 43431 10684 1735 limb limb NN 43431 10684 1736 , , , 43431 10684 1737 290 290 CD 43431 10684 1738 ; ; : 43431 10684 1739 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10684 1740 , , , 43431 10684 1741 270 270 CD 43431 10684 1742 ; ; : 43431 10684 1743 fossae fossae NNP 43431 10684 1744 in in IN 43431 10684 1745 skull skull NNP 43431 10684 1746 , , , 43431 10684 1747 281 281 CD 43431 10684 1748 ; ; : 43431 10684 1749 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10684 1750 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10684 1751 , , , 43431 10684 1752 288 288 CD 43431 10684 1753 ; ; : 43431 10684 1754 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10684 1755 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10684 1756 , , , 43431 10684 1757 291 291 CD 43431 10684 1758 ; ; : 43431 10684 1759 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10684 1760 limb limb NN 43431 10684 1761 , , , 43431 10684 1762 293 293 CD 43431 10684 1763 ; ; : 43431 10684 1764 ribs rib NNS 43431 10684 1765 , , , 43431 10684 1766 285 285 CD 43431 10684 1767 ; ; : 43431 10684 1768 skull skull NN 43431 10684 1769 , , , 43431 10684 1770 276 276 CD 43431 10684 1771 ; ; : 43431 10684 1772 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10684 1773 , , , 43431 10684 1774 287 287 CD 43431 10684 1775 ; ; : 43431 10684 1776 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10684 1777 , , , 43431 10684 1778 272 272 CD 43431 10684 1779 ; ; : 43431 10684 1780 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10684 1781 column column NN 43431 10684 1782 , , , 43431 10684 1783 275 275 CD 43431 10684 1784 Reptilia Reptilia NNP 43431 10684 1785 , , , 43431 10684 1786 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1787 36 36 CD 43431 10684 1788 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1789 ; ; : 43431 10684 1790 general general JJ 43431 10684 1791 characters character NNS 43431 10684 1792 , , , 43431 10684 1793 190 190 CD 43431 10684 1794 ; ; : 43431 10684 1795 see see VB 43431 10684 1796 Reptiles Reptiles NNP 43431 10684 1797 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1798 Rhabdopleura Rhabdopleura NNP 43431 10684 1799 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1800 , , , 43431 10684 1801 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1802 30 30 CD 43431 10684 1803 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1804 , , , 43431 10684 1805 50 50 CD 43431 10684 1806 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1807 Rhamphastos Rhamphastos NNP 43431 10684 1808 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1809 , , , 43431 10684 1810 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1811 42 42 CD 43431 10684 1812 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1813 ; ; : 43431 10684 1814 see see VB 43431 10684 1815 Toucan Toucan NNP 43431 10684 1816 Rhamphorhynchidae Rhamphorhynchidae NNP 43431 10684 1817 , , , 43431 10684 1818 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1819 39 39 CD 43431 10684 1820 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1821 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1822 Rhamphorhynchus Rhamphorhynchus NNP 43431 10684 1823 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1824 , , , 43431 10684 1825 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1826 39 39 CD 43431 10684 1827 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1828 , , , 43431 10684 1829 213 213 CD 43431 10684 1830 , , , 43431 10684 1831 274 274 CD 43431 10684 1832 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1833 Rhea Rhea NNP 43431 10684 1834 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1835 , , , 43431 10684 1836 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1837 40 40 CD 43431 10684 1838 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1839 ; ; : 43431 10684 1840 aftershaft aftershaft NN 43431 10684 1841 , , , 43431 10684 1842 329 329 CD 43431 10684 1843 ; ; : 43431 10684 1844 claws claws NN 43431 10684 1845 , , , 43431 10684 1846 330 330 CD 43431 10684 1847 ; ; : 43431 10684 1848 ischia ischia NNP 43431 10684 1849 , , , 43431 10684 1850 341 341 CD 43431 10684 1851 ; ; : 43431 10684 1852 manus manus NN 43431 10684 1853 , , , 43431 10684 1854 338 338 CD 43431 10684 1855 ; ; : 43431 10684 1856 _ _ NNP 43431 10684 1857 R. R. NNP 43431 10685 1 macrorhyncha macrorhyncha NNP 43431 10685 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 3 , , , 43431 10685 4 pelvic pelvic NNP 43431 10685 5 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10685 6 and and CC 43431 10685 7 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10685 8 , , , 43431 10685 9 = = SYM 43431 10685 10 340= 340= CD 43431 10685 11 Rheornithes Rheornithes NNPS 43431 10685 12 , , , 43431 10685 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 14 40 40 CD 43431 10685 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 16 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 17 Rhina Rhina NNP 43431 10685 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 19 , , , 43431 10685 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 21 32 32 CD 43431 10685 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 23 ; ; : 43431 10685 24 see see VB 43431 10685 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 26 Squatina Squatina NNP 43431 10685 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 28 Rhinal Rhinal NNP 43431 10685 29 process process NN 43431 10685 30 , , , 43431 10685 31 frog frog NN 43431 10685 32 , , , 43431 10685 33 158 158 CD 43431 10685 34 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 35 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10685 36 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 37 , , , 43431 10685 38 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 39 46 46 CD 43431 10685 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 41 , , , 43431 10685 42 360 360 CD 43431 10685 43 , , , 43431 10685 44 419 419 CD 43431 10685 45 ; ; : 43431 10685 46 femur femur NN 43431 10685 47 , , , 43431 10685 48 = = SYM 43431 10685 49 518= 518= CD 43431 10685 50 ; ; : 43431 10685 51 fibula fibula NN 43431 10685 52 , , , 43431 10685 53 519 519 CD 43431 10685 54 ; ; : 43431 10685 55 malleus malleus NNP 43431 10685 56 , , , 43431 10685 57 487 487 CD 43431 10685 58 ; ; : 43431 10685 59 manus manus NN 43431 10685 60 , , , 43431 10685 61 508 508 CD 43431 10685 62 ; ; : 43431 10685 63 nasal nasal NN 43431 10685 64 horns horn NNS 43431 10685 65 , , , 43431 10685 66 3 3 CD 43431 10685 67 , , , 43431 10685 68 417 417 CD 43431 10685 69 ; ; : 43431 10685 70 pes pe NNS 43431 10685 71 , , , 43431 10685 72 525 525 CD 43431 10685 73 ; ; : 43431 10685 74 skull skull NNP 43431 10685 75 , , , 43431 10685 76 = = SYM 43431 10685 77 421= 421= CD 43431 10685 78 , , , 43431 10685 79 470 470 CD 43431 10685 80 ; ; : 43431 10685 81 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10685 82 , , , 43431 10685 83 430 430 CD 43431 10685 84 ; ; , 43431 10685 85 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10685 86 , , , 43431 10685 87 501 501 CD 43431 10685 88 ; ; : 43431 10685 89 _ _ NNP 43431 10685 90 R. R. NNP 43431 10686 1 antiquitatis antiquitatis NNP 43431 10686 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 3 , , , 43431 10686 4 470 470 CD 43431 10686 5 Rhinocerotidae Rhinocerotidae NNP 43431 10686 6 , , , 43431 10686 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 8 46 46 CD 43431 10686 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 10 Rhinolophidae Rhinolophidae NNP 43431 10686 11 , , , 43431 10686 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 13 49 49 CD 43431 10686 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 15 Rhiptoglossa Rhiptoglossa NNP 43431 10686 16 , , , 43431 10686 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 18 38 38 CD 43431 10686 19 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 20 Rhizodontidae Rhizodontidae NNP 43431 10686 21 , , , 43431 10686 22 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 23 33 33 CD 43431 10686 24 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 26 Rhizodus Rhizodus NNP 43431 10686 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 28 , , , 43431 10686 29 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 30 33 33 CD 43431 10686 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 32 ; ; : 43431 10686 33 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 34 , , , 43431 10686 35 110 110 CD 43431 10686 36 Rhynchocephalia Rhynchocephalia NNP 43431 10686 37 , , , 43431 10686 38 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 39 37 37 CD 43431 10686 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 41 ; ; : 43431 10686 42 general general JJ 43431 10686 43 characters character NNS 43431 10686 44 , , , 43431 10686 45 197 197 CD 43431 10686 46 ; ; : 43431 10686 47 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10686 48 , , , 43431 10686 49 290 290 CD 43431 10686 50 ; ; : 43431 10686 51 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 52 , , , 43431 10686 53 273 273 CD 43431 10686 54 f. f. NNS 43431 10686 55 ; ; : 43431 10686 56 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 57 , , , 43431 10686 58 275 275 CD 43431 10686 59 Rhynchosauridae Rhynchosauridae NNP 43431 10686 60 , , , 43431 10686 61 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 62 37 37 CD 43431 10686 63 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 64 ; ; : 43431 10686 65 maxillae maxillae NNP 43431 10686 66 , , , 43431 10686 67 198 198 CD 43431 10686 68 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 69 Rhytina Rhytina NNP 43431 10686 70 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 71 , , , 43431 10686 72 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 73 44 44 CD 43431 10686 74 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 75 , , , 43431 10686 76 352 352 CD 43431 10686 77 , , , 43431 10686 78 425 425 CD 43431 10686 79 ; ; : 43431 10686 80 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10686 81 , , , 43431 10686 82 501 501 CD 43431 10686 83 ; ; : 43431 10686 84 skull skull NNP 43431 10686 85 , , , 43431 10686 86 = = SYM 43431 10686 87 460= 460= CD 43431 10686 88 Rhytinidae Rhytinidae NNP 43431 10686 89 , , , 43431 10686 90 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 91 44 44 CD 43431 10686 92 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 93 Ribs Ribs NNP 43431 10686 94 , , , 43431 10686 95 23 23 CD 43431 10686 96 ; ; : 43431 10686 97 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10686 98 , , , 43431 10686 99 182 182 CD 43431 10686 100 ; ; : 43431 10686 101 birds bird NNS 43431 10686 102 , , , 43431 10686 103 336 336 CD 43431 10686 104 ; ; : 43431 10686 105 cod cod NN 43431 10686 106 , , , 43431 10686 107 86 86 CD 43431 10686 108 ; ; : 43431 10686 109 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10686 110 , , , 43431 10686 111 259 259 CD 43431 10686 112 ; ; : 43431 10686 113 dog dog NN 43431 10686 114 , , , 43431 10686 115 402 402 CD 43431 10686 116 ; ; : 43431 10686 117 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10686 118 , , , 43431 10686 119 73 73 CD 43431 10686 120 ; ; : 43431 10686 121 duck duck NN 43431 10686 122 , , , 43431 10686 123 320 320 CD 43431 10686 124 ; ; : 43431 10686 125 fish fish NN 43431 10686 126 , , , 43431 10686 127 125 125 CD 43431 10686 128 ; ; : 43431 10686 129 frog frog NN 43431 10686 130 , , , 43431 10686 131 153 153 CD 43431 10686 132 ; ; : 43431 10686 133 mammalia mammalia NNP 43431 10686 134 , , , 43431 10686 135 490 490 CD 43431 10686 136 ; ; : 43431 10686 137 newt newt NN 43431 10686 138 , , , 43431 10686 139 145 145 CD 43431 10686 140 ; ; : 43431 10686 141 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10686 142 , , , 43431 10686 143 285 285 CD 43431 10686 144 Ridge Ridge NNP 43431 10686 145 , , , 43431 10686 146 supra supra NN 43431 10686 147 - - HYPH 43431 10686 148 orbital orbital JJ 43431 10686 149 and and CC 43431 10686 150 suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 10686 151 , , , 43431 10686 152 dogfish dogfish JJ 43431 10686 153 , , , 43431 10686 154 74 74 CD 43431 10686 155 Rodentia Rodentia NNP 43431 10686 156 , , , 43431 10686 157 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 158 47 47 CD 43431 10686 159 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 160 ; ; : 43431 10686 161 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10686 162 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10686 163 , , , 43431 10686 164 488 488 CD 43431 10686 165 ; ; , 43431 10686 166 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10686 167 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 168 , , , 43431 10686 169 446 446 CD 43431 10686 170 ; ; : 43431 10686 171 dental dental JJ 43431 10686 172 formula formula NN 43431 10686 173 , , , 43431 10686 174 435 435 CD 43431 10686 175 ; ; : 43431 10686 176 general general JJ 43431 10686 177 characters character NNS 43431 10686 178 , , , 43431 10686 179 365 365 CD 43431 10686 180 ; ; : 43431 10686 181 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10686 182 , , , 43431 10686 183 515 515 CD 43431 10686 184 ; ; : 43431 10686 185 pes pe NNS 43431 10686 186 , , , 43431 10686 187 526 526 CD 43431 10686 188 ; ; : 43431 10686 189 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10686 190 , , , 43431 10686 191 502 502 CD 43431 10686 192 ; ; : 43431 10686 193 manus manus NN 43431 10686 194 , , , 43431 10686 195 511 511 CD 43431 10686 196 ; ; : 43431 10686 197 ribs rib NNS 43431 10686 198 , , , 43431 10686 199 493 493 CD 43431 10686 200 ; ; : 43431 10686 201 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10686 202 , , , 43431 10686 203 452 452 CD 43431 10686 204 ; ; : 43431 10686 205 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10686 206 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10686 207 , , , 43431 10686 208 497 497 CD 43431 10686 209 ; ; : 43431 10686 210 skull skull NNP 43431 10686 211 , , , 43431 10686 212 476 476 CD 43431 10686 213 ; ; : 43431 10686 214 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10686 215 , , , 43431 10686 216 489 489 CD 43431 10686 217 ; ; : 43431 10686 218 tail tail NN 43431 10686 219 , , , 43431 10686 220 454 454 CD 43431 10686 221 ; ; : 43431 10686 222 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 223 , , , 43431 10686 224 421 421 CD 43431 10686 225 ; ; : 43431 10686 226 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10686 227 and and CC 43431 10686 228 shin shin NNP 43431 10686 229 , , , 43431 10686 230 520 520 CD 43431 10686 231 ; ; : 43431 10686 232 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10686 233 - - HYPH 43431 10686 234 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10686 235 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 236 , , , 43431 10686 237 449 449 CD 43431 10686 238 Roller Roller NNP 43431 10686 239 , , , 43431 10686 240 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 241 42 42 CD 43431 10686 242 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 243 , , , 43431 10686 244 335 335 CD 43431 10686 245 Rooted rooted JJ 43431 10686 246 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 247 , , , 43431 10686 248 defined define VBN 43431 10686 249 , , , 43431 10686 250 5 5 CD 43431 10686 251 Rorqual Rorqual NNP 43431 10686 252 , , , 43431 10686 253 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 254 44 44 CD 43431 10686 255 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 256 , , , 43431 10686 257 357 357 CD 43431 10686 258 ; ; : 43431 10686 259 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10686 260 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 261 , , , 43431 10686 262 444 444 CD 43431 10686 263 Rostrum Rostrum NNP 43431 10686 264 , , , 43431 10686 265 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10686 266 , , , 43431 10686 267 247 247 CD 43431 10686 268 ; ; : 43431 10686 269 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10686 270 , , , 43431 10686 271 74 74 CD 43431 10686 272 ; ; : 43431 10686 273 duck duck NN 43431 10686 274 , , , 43431 10686 275 316 316 CD 43431 10686 276 ; ; : 43431 10686 277 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 278 Pristis Pristis NNP 43431 10686 279 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 280 , , , 43431 10686 281 119 119 CD 43431 10686 282 ; ; , 43431 10686 283 -- -- : 43431 10686 284 of of IN 43431 10686 285 sternum sternum NN 43431 10686 286 , , , 43431 10686 287 duck duck NN 43431 10686 288 , , , 43431 10686 289 321 321 CD 43431 10686 290 Röse Röse NNP 43431 10686 291 , , , 43431 10686 292 C. C. NNP 43431 10686 293 , , , 43431 10686 294 on on IN 43431 10686 295 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 296 of of IN 43431 10686 297 Marsupials marsupial NNS 43431 10686 298 , , , 43431 10686 299 422 422 CD 43431 10686 300 Ruminantia Ruminantia NNP 43431 10686 301 , , , 43431 10686 302 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 303 46 46 CD 43431 10686 304 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 305 , , , 43431 10686 306 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 307 359 359 CD 43431 10686 308 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 309 ; ; : 43431 10686 310 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10686 311 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10686 312 , , , 43431 10686 313 487 487 CD 43431 10686 314 ; ; : 43431 10686 315 fibula fibula NN 43431 10686 316 , , , 43431 10686 317 519 519 CD 43431 10686 318 ; ; : 43431 10686 319 horny horny NN 43431 10686 320 plates plate NNS 43431 10686 321 on on IN 43431 10686 322 palate palate NN 43431 10686 323 , , , 43431 10686 324 418 418 CD 43431 10686 325 ; ; : 43431 10686 326 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10686 327 , , , 43431 10686 328 470 470 CD 43431 10686 329 ; ; : 43431 10686 330 manus manus NN 43431 10686 331 , , , 43431 10686 332 507 507 CD 43431 10686 333 ; ; : 43431 10686 334 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 10686 335 process process NN 43431 10686 336 , , , 43431 10686 337 445 445 CD 43431 10686 338 ; ; : 43431 10686 339 pes pe NNS 43431 10686 340 , , , 43431 10686 341 523 523 CD 43431 10686 342 ; ; : 43431 10686 343 scapula scapula NN 43431 10686 344 , , , 43431 10686 345 495 495 CD 43431 10686 346 ; ; : 43431 10686 347 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 348 , , , 43431 10686 349 420 420 CD 43431 10686 350 , , , 43431 10686 351 429 429 CD 43431 10686 352 Sabre Sabre NNP 43431 10686 353 - - HYPH 43431 10686 354 toothed toothed JJ 43431 10686 355 lion lion NN 43431 10686 356 , , , 43431 10686 357 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 358 48 48 CD 43431 10686 359 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 360 ; ; : 43431 10686 361 see see VB 43431 10686 362 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 363 Machaerodus Machaerodus NNP 43431 10686 364 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 365 Sacral Sacral NNP 43431 10686 366 ribs rib NNS 43431 10686 367 , , , 43431 10686 368 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10686 369 , , , 43431 10686 370 243 243 CD 43431 10686 371 ; ; : 43431 10686 372 -- -- : 43431 10686 373 surface surface NN 43431 10686 374 of of IN 43431 10686 375 ilium ilium NNP 43431 10686 376 , , , 43431 10686 377 dog dog NN 43431 10686 378 , , , 43431 10686 379 409 409 CD 43431 10686 380 ; ; : 43431 10686 381 -- -- : 43431 10686 382 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 383 , , , 43431 10686 384 16 16 CD 43431 10686 385 ; ; : 43431 10686 386 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10686 387 , , , 43431 10686 388 243 243 CD 43431 10686 389 ; ; : 43431 10686 390 dog dog NN 43431 10686 391 , , , 43431 10686 392 383 383 CD 43431 10686 393 ; ; : 43431 10686 394 duck duck NN 43431 10686 395 , , , 43431 10686 396 312 312 CD 43431 10686 397 ; ; : 43431 10686 398 frog frog NN 43431 10686 399 , , , 43431 10686 400 153 153 CD 43431 10686 401 ; ; : 43431 10686 402 newt newt NN 43431 10686 403 , , , 43431 10686 404 140 140 CD 43431 10686 405 ; ; : 43431 10686 406 turtle turtle NN 43431 10686 407 , , , 43431 10686 408 222 222 CD 43431 10686 409 Sacrum Sacrum NNP 43431 10686 410 , , , 43431 10686 411 duck duck NN 43431 10686 412 , , , 43431 10686 413 310 310 CD 43431 10686 414 ; ; : 43431 10686 415 see see VBP 43431 10686 416 Sacral sacral JJ 43431 10686 417 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 418 Sagittal sagittal JJ 43431 10686 419 crest crest NN 43431 10686 420 , , , 43431 10686 421 dog dog NN 43431 10686 422 , , , 43431 10686 423 386 386 CD 43431 10686 424 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 425 Saiga Saiga NNP 43431 10686 426 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 427 , , , 43431 10686 428 skull skull NNP 43431 10686 429 , , , 43431 10686 430 468 468 CD 43431 10686 431 Salamander Salamander NNP 43431 10686 432 , , , 43431 10686 433 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 434 35 35 CD 43431 10686 435 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 436 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 437 Salamandra Salamandra NNP 43431 10686 438 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 439 , , , 43431 10686 440 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 441 35 35 CD 43431 10686 442 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 443 , , , 43431 10686 444 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 445 135 135 CD 43431 10686 446 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 447 ; ; : 43431 10686 448 antibrachium antibrachium NN 43431 10686 449 and and CC 43431 10686 450 manus manus NN 43431 10686 451 of of IN 43431 10686 452 larva larva NNP 43431 10686 453 , , , 43431 10686 454 = = SYM 43431 10686 455 186= 186= NNS 43431 10686 456 ; ; : 43431 10686 457 manus manus NN 43431 10686 458 of of IN 43431 10686 459 larva larva NNP 43431 10686 460 , , , 43431 10686 461 185 185 CD 43431 10686 462 ; ; : 43431 10686 463 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10686 464 , , , 43431 10686 465 27 27 CD 43431 10686 466 Salamandrina Salamandrina NNP 43431 10686 467 , , , 43431 10686 468 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 469 35 35 CD 43431 10686 470 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 471 , , , 43431 10686 472 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 473 135 135 CD 43431 10686 474 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 475 ; ; : 43431 10686 476 skull skull NNP 43431 10686 477 , , , 43431 10686 478 175 175 CD 43431 10686 479 ; ; : 43431 10686 480 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10686 481 , , , 43431 10686 482 182 182 CD 43431 10686 483 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 484 Salmo Salmo NNP 43431 10686 485 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 486 , , , 43431 10686 487 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 488 33 33 CD 43431 10686 489 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 490 Salmon Salmon NNP 43431 10686 491 , , , 43431 10686 492 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 493 33 33 CD 43431 10686 494 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 495 ; ; : 43431 10686 496 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10686 497 arches arch NNS 43431 10686 498 , , , 43431 10686 499 95 95 CD 43431 10686 500 ; ; : 43431 10686 501 chondrocranium chondrocranium NN 43431 10686 502 , , , 43431 10686 503 87 87 CD 43431 10686 504 ; ; , 43431 10686 505 opercular opercular JJ 43431 10686 506 bones bone NNS 43431 10686 507 , , , 43431 10686 508 95 95 CD 43431 10686 509 ; ; , 43431 10686 510 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10686 511 fins fin NNS 43431 10686 512 , , , 43431 10686 513 131 131 CD 43431 10686 514 ; ; : 43431 10686 515 skull skull NNP 43431 10686 516 , , , 43431 10686 517 87 87 CD 43431 10686 518 Salmonidae Salmonidae NNP 43431 10686 519 , , , 43431 10686 520 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 521 33 33 CD 43431 10686 522 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 523 Sandgrouse Sandgrouse NNP 43431 10686 524 , , , 43431 10686 525 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 526 42 42 CD 43431 10686 527 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 528 , , , 43431 10686 529 335 335 CD 43431 10686 530 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 531 Sarcophilus Sarcophilus NNP 43431 10686 532 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 533 , , , 43431 10686 534 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 535 43 43 CD 43431 10686 536 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 537 ; ; : 43431 10686 538 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 539 , , , 43431 10686 540 423 423 CD 43431 10686 541 Sauropoda Sauropoda NNP 43431 10686 542 , , , 43431 10686 543 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 544 38 38 CD 43431 10686 545 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 546 ; ; : 43431 10686 547 general general JJ 43431 10686 548 characters character NNS 43431 10686 549 , , , 43431 10686 550 205 205 CD 43431 10686 551 ; ; : 43431 10686 552 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 553 , , , 43431 10686 554 273 273 CD 43431 10686 555 ; ; : 43431 10686 556 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 557 , , , 43431 10686 558 276 276 CD 43431 10686 559 Sauropsida Sauropsida NNP 43431 10686 560 , , , 43431 10686 561 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 562 36 36 CD 43431 10686 563 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 564 ; ; : 43431 10686 565 general general JJ 43431 10686 566 characters character NNS 43431 10686 567 , , , 43431 10686 568 189 189 CD 43431 10686 569 Sauropterygia Sauropterygia NNP 43431 10686 570 , , , 43431 10686 571 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 572 37 37 CD 43431 10686 573 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 574 ; ; : 43431 10686 575 general general JJ 43431 10686 576 characters character NNS 43431 10686 577 , , , 43431 10686 578 192 192 CD 43431 10686 579 ; ; : 43431 10686 580 limbs limb NNS 43431 10686 581 , , , 43431 10686 582 290 290 CD 43431 10686 583 ; ; : 43431 10686 584 palate palate NN 43431 10686 585 , , , 43431 10686 586 281 281 CD 43431 10686 587 ; ; : 43431 10686 588 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10686 589 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10686 590 , , , 43431 10686 591 288 288 CD 43431 10686 592 ; ; : 43431 10686 593 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 594 , , , 43431 10686 595 276 276 CD 43431 10686 596 Saw saw NN 43431 10686 597 - - HYPH 43431 10686 598 fish fish NN 43431 10686 599 , , , 43431 10686 600 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 601 32 32 CD 43431 10686 602 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 603 ; ; : 43431 10686 604 see see VB 43431 10686 605 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 606 Pristis Pristis NNP 43431 10686 607 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 608 Scales Scales NNP 43431 10686 609 , , , 43431 10686 610 cod cod NN 43431 10686 611 , , , 43431 10686 612 83 83 CD 43431 10686 613 ; ; : 43431 10686 614 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10686 615 , , , 43431 10686 616 237 237 CD 43431 10686 617 ; ; : 43431 10686 618 ctenoid ctenoid NN 43431 10686 619 , , , 43431 10686 620 8 8 CD 43431 10686 621 ; ; : 43431 10686 622 cycloid cycloid NNP 43431 10686 623 , , , 43431 10686 624 8 8 CD 43431 10686 625 ; ; : 43431 10686 626 duck duck NN 43431 10686 627 , , , 43431 10686 628 302 302 CD 43431 10686 629 ; ; : 43431 10686 630 ganoid ganoid NN 43431 10686 631 , , , 43431 10686 632 8 8 CD 43431 10686 633 ; ; : 43431 10686 634 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 10686 635 , , , 43431 10686 636 168 168 CD 43431 10686 637 ; ; : 43431 10686 638 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10686 639 , , , 43431 10686 640 417 417 CD 43431 10686 641 Scale scale NN 43431 10686 642 - - HYPH 43431 10686 643 foot foot NN 43431 10686 644 , , , 43431 10686 645 37 37 CD 43431 10686 646 Scalpriform Scalpriform NNP 43431 10686 647 , , , 43431 10686 648 366 366 CD 43431 10686 649 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 650 Scaphirhynchus Scaphirhynchus NNP 43431 10686 651 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 652 , , , 43431 10686 653 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 654 32 32 CD 43431 10686 655 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 656 , , , 43431 10686 657 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 658 104 104 NNP 43431 10686 659 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 660 ; ; : 43431 10686 661 distribution distribution NN 43431 10686 662 , , , 43431 10686 663 66 66 CD 43431 10686 664 ; ; : 43431 10686 665 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10686 666 , , , 43431 10686 667 67 67 CD 43431 10686 668 ; ; : 43431 10686 669 spinal spinal JJ 43431 10686 670 column column NN 43431 10686 671 , , , 43431 10686 672 112 112 CD 43431 10686 673 Scaphoid Scaphoid NNP 43431 10686 674 , , , 43431 10686 675 27 27 CD 43431 10686 676 ; ; : 43431 10686 677 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10686 678 , , , 43431 10686 679 504 504 CD 43431 10686 680 f. f. NNP 43431 10686 681 Scapho Scapho NNP 43431 10686 682 - - HYPH 43431 10686 683 lunar lunar NNP 43431 10686 684 , , , 43431 10686 685 dog dog NN 43431 10686 686 , , , 43431 10686 687 408 408 CD 43431 10686 688 Scapula Scapula NNP 43431 10686 689 , , , 43431 10686 690 25 25 CD 43431 10686 691 ; ; : 43431 10686 692 cod cod NN 43431 10686 693 , , , 43431 10686 694 103 103 CD 43431 10686 695 ; ; : 43431 10686 696 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10686 697 , , , 43431 10686 698 263 263 CD 43431 10686 699 ; ; : 43431 10686 700 dog dog NN 43431 10686 701 , , , 43431 10686 702 404 404 CD 43431 10686 703 ; ; : 43431 10686 704 duck duck NN 43431 10686 705 , , , 43431 10686 706 322 322 CD 43431 10686 707 ; ; : 43431 10686 708 frog frog NN 43431 10686 709 , , , 43431 10686 710 162 162 CD 43431 10686 711 ; ; : 43431 10686 712 newt newt NN 43431 10686 713 , , , 43431 10686 714 146 146 CD 43431 10686 715 ; ; : 43431 10686 716 turtle turtle NN 43431 10686 717 , , , 43431 10686 718 232 232 CD 43431 10686 719 Scapular scapular JJ 43431 10686 720 shield shield NN 43431 10686 721 , , , 43431 10686 722 armadillo armadillo NN 43431 10686 723 , , , 43431 10686 724 419 419 CD 43431 10686 725 Scapus scapus JJ 43431 10686 726 , , , 43431 10686 727 duck duck NN 43431 10686 728 , , , 43431 10686 729 302 302 CD 43431 10686 730 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 731 Scarus Scarus NNP 43431 10686 732 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 733 , , , 43431 10686 734 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 735 33 33 CD 43431 10686 736 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 737 ; ; : 43431 10686 738 beaks beak NNS 43431 10686 739 , , , 43431 10686 740 111 111 CD 43431 10686 741 Scelidosauridae Scelidosauridae NNP 43431 10686 742 , , , 43431 10686 743 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 744 39 39 CD 43431 10686 745 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 746 Schizognathous Schizognathous NNP 43431 10686 747 , , , 43431 10686 748 defined define VBN 43431 10686 749 , , , 43431 10686 750 335 335 CD 43431 10686 751 Scincidae Scincidae NNP 43431 10686 752 , , , 43431 10686 753 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 754 38 38 CD 43431 10686 755 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 756 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 757 Scincus Scincus NNP 43431 10686 758 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 759 , , , 43431 10686 760 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 761 38 38 CD 43431 10686 762 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 763 ; ; : 43431 10686 764 scutes scute NNS 43431 10686 765 , , , 43431 10686 766 271 271 CD 43431 10686 767 Sciuromorpha Sciuromorpha NNP 43431 10686 768 , , , 43431 10686 769 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 770 47 47 CD 43431 10686 771 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 772 Sclerotic Sclerotic NNP 43431 10686 773 , , , 43431 10686 774 turtle turtle NN 43431 10686 775 , , , 43431 10686 776 228 228 CD 43431 10686 777 Screamer Screamer NNP 43431 10686 778 , , , 43431 10686 779 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 780 41 41 CD 43431 10686 781 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 782 ; ; : 43431 10686 783 spurs spur NNS 43431 10686 784 , , , 43431 10686 785 330 330 CD 43431 10686 786 Scutes Scutes NNPS 43431 10686 787 , , , 43431 10686 788 armadillos armadillo NNS 43431 10686 789 , , , 43431 10686 790 419 419 CD 43431 10686 791 ; ; : 43431 10686 792 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10686 793 , , , 43431 10686 794 237 237 CD 43431 10686 795 ; ; : 43431 10686 796 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10686 797 , , , 43431 10686 798 271 271 CD 43431 10686 799 Scylliidae Scylliidae NNP 43431 10686 800 , , , 43431 10686 801 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 802 32 32 CD 43431 10686 803 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 804 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 805 Scyllium Scyllium NNP 43431 10686 806 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 807 , , , 43431 10686 808 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 809 32 32 CD 43431 10686 810 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 811 ; ; : 43431 10686 812 calcification calcification NN 43431 10686 813 of of IN 43431 10686 814 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 815 , , , 43431 10686 816 114 114 CD 43431 10686 817 ; ; : 43431 10686 818 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10686 819 fins fin NNS 43431 10686 820 , , , 43431 10686 821 130 130 CD 43431 10686 822 ; ; : 43431 10686 823 suspensorium suspensorium NN 43431 10686 824 , , , 43431 10686 825 119 119 CD 43431 10686 826 ; ; : 43431 10686 827 see see VBP 43431 10686 828 Dogfish Dogfish NNP 43431 10686 829 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 830 Scymnus Scymnus NNP 43431 10686 831 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 832 , , , 43431 10686 833 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 834 32 32 CD 43431 10686 835 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 836 , , , 43431 10686 837 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 838 118 118 CD 43431 10686 839 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 840 ; ; : 43431 10686 841 calcification calcification NN 43431 10686 842 of of IN 43431 10686 843 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 844 , , , 43431 10686 845 114 114 CD 43431 10686 846 ; ; : 43431 10686 847 mandibular mandibular NN 43431 10686 848 arch arch NN 43431 10686 849 , , , 43431 10686 850 120 120 CD 43431 10686 851 ; ; , 43431 10686 852 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10686 853 fins fin NNS 43431 10686 854 , , , 43431 10686 855 130 130 CD 43431 10686 856 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 857 Scythrops Scythrops NNPS 43431 10686 858 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 859 , , , 43431 10686 860 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 861 42 42 CD 43431 10686 862 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 863 ; ; : 43431 10686 864 interorbital interorbital NN 43431 10686 865 septum septum NN 43431 10686 866 , , , 43431 10686 867 333 333 CD 43431 10686 868 Sea Sea NNP 43431 10686 869 leopard leopard NN 43431 10686 870 , , , 43431 10686 871 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 872 48 48 CD 43431 10686 873 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 874 ; ; : 43431 10686 875 see see VB 43431 10686 876 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 877 Ogmorhinus Ogmorhinus NNP 43431 10686 878 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 879 ; ; : 43431 10686 880 -- -- : 43431 10686 881 lion lion NN 43431 10686 882 , , , 43431 10686 883 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 884 48 48 CD 43431 10686 885 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 886 ; ; : 43431 10686 887 manus manus NN 43431 10686 888 , , , 43431 10686 889 511 511 CD 43431 10686 890 ; ; : 43431 10686 891 pes pe NNS 43431 10686 892 , , , 43431 10686 893 526 526 CD 43431 10686 894 ; ; : 43431 10686 895 position position NN 43431 10686 896 of of IN 43431 10686 897 limbs limb NNS 43431 10686 898 , , , 43431 10686 899 29 29 CD 43431 10686 900 ; ; : 43431 10686 901 -- -- : 43431 10686 902 otter otter RBR 43431 10686 903 , , , 43431 10686 904 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 905 48 48 CD 43431 10686 906 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 907 ; ; : 43431 10686 908 pes pe NNS 43431 10686 909 , , , 43431 10686 910 526 526 CD 43431 10686 911 Seal Seal NNP 43431 10686 912 , , , 43431 10686 913 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 914 369 369 CD 43431 10686 915 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 916 ; ; : 43431 10686 917 manus manus NN 43431 10686 918 , , , 43431 10686 919 511 511 CD 43431 10686 920 ; ; : 43431 10686 921 pes pe NNS 43431 10686 922 , , , 43431 10686 923 526 526 CD 43431 10686 924 ; ; : 43431 10686 925 sacral sacral JJ 43431 10686 926 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 927 , , , 43431 10686 928 452 452 CD 43431 10686 929 ; ; : 43431 10686 930 scapula scapula NN 43431 10686 931 , , , 43431 10686 932 497 497 CD 43431 10686 933 Secondaries secondary NNS 43431 10686 934 , , , 43431 10686 935 duck duck NN 43431 10686 936 , , , 43431 10686 937 303 303 CD 43431 10686 938 f. f. NNP 43431 10686 939 Secretary Secretary NNP 43431 10686 940 - - HYPH 43431 10686 941 bird bird NNP 43431 10686 942 , , , 43431 10686 943 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 944 41 41 CD 43431 10686 945 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 946 ; ; : 43431 10686 947 claws claws NN 43431 10686 948 , , , 43431 10686 949 330 330 CD 43431 10686 950 Selachii Selachii NNP 43431 10686 951 , , , 43431 10686 952 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 953 31 31 CD 43431 10686 954 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 955 ; ; : 43431 10686 956 general general JJ 43431 10686 957 characters character NNS 43431 10686 958 , , , 43431 10686 959 63 63 CD 43431 10686 960 ; ; : 43431 10686 961 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 962 , , , 43431 10686 963 108 108 CD 43431 10686 964 Selenodont Selenodont NNP 43431 10686 965 , , , 43431 10686 966 defined define VBN 43431 10686 967 , , , 43431 10686 968 345 345 CD 43431 10686 969 , , , 43431 10686 970 428 428 CD 43431 10686 971 Sella Sella NNP 43431 10686 972 turcica turcica NN 43431 10686 973 , , , 43431 10686 974 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10686 975 , , , 43431 10686 976 247 247 CD 43431 10686 977 ; ; : 43431 10686 978 dog dog NN 43431 10686 979 , , , 43431 10686 980 386 386 CD 43431 10686 981 Semionotidae Semionotidae NNP 43431 10686 982 , , , 43431 10686 983 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 984 33 33 CD 43431 10686 985 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 986 Semiplumae Semiplumae NNP 43431 10686 987 , , , 43431 10686 988 328 328 CD 43431 10686 989 Sense sense NN 43431 10686 990 capsules capsule NNS 43431 10686 991 , , , 43431 10686 992 see see VB 43431 10686 993 Auditory Auditory NNP 43431 10686 994 , , , 43431 10686 995 Nasal Nasal NNP 43431 10686 996 and and CC 43431 10686 997 Optic Optic NNP 43431 10686 998 capsule capsule NN 43431 10686 999 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1000 Seps Seps NNP 43431 10686 1001 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1002 , , , 43431 10686 1003 38 38 CD 43431 10686 1004 ; ; : 43431 10686 1005 limbs limb NNS 43431 10686 1006 , , , 43431 10686 1007 289 289 CD 43431 10686 1008 Shagreen shagreen CD 43431 10686 1009 , , , 43431 10686 1010 61 61 CD 43431 10686 1011 Shaft shaft NN 43431 10686 1012 of of IN 43431 10686 1013 feather feather NN 43431 10686 1014 , , , 43431 10686 1015 302 302 CD 43431 10686 1016 Shark Shark NNP 43431 10686 1017 , , , 43431 10686 1018 64 64 CD 43431 10686 1019 ; ; : 43431 10686 1020 Frill Frill NNP 43431 10686 1021 - - HYPH 43431 10686 1022 gilled gille VBN 43431 10686 1023 -- -- : 43431 10686 1024 , , , 43431 10686 1025 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1026 31 31 CD 43431 10686 1027 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1028 ; ; : 43431 10686 1029 see see VB 43431 10686 1030 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1031 Chlamydoselache Chlamydoselache NNP 43431 10686 1032 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1033 ; ; : 43431 10686 1034 Port Port NNP 43431 10686 1035 Jackson Jackson NNP 43431 10686 1036 -- -- : 43431 10686 1037 , , , 43431 10686 1038 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1039 32 32 CD 43431 10686 1040 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1041 ; ; : 43431 10686 1042 see see VB 43431 10686 1043 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1044 Cestracion Cestracion NNP 43431 10686 1045 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1046 Sheep Sheep NNP 43431 10686 1047 , , , 43431 10686 1048 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1049 359 359 CD 43431 10686 1050 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1051 ; ; : 43431 10686 1052 manus manus NN 43431 10686 1053 , , , 43431 10686 1054 507 507 CD 43431 10686 1055 ; ; : 43431 10686 1056 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 1057 , , , 43431 10686 1058 345 345 CD 43431 10686 1059 Shields Shields NNPS 43431 10686 1060 of of IN 43431 10686 1061 turtle turtle NN 43431 10686 1062 , , , 43431 10686 1063 214 214 CD 43431 10686 1064 Shin Shin NNP 43431 10686 1065 , , , 43431 10686 1066 26 26 CD 43431 10686 1067 ; ; : 43431 10686 1068 see see VB 43431 10686 1069 Crus Crus NNP 43431 10686 1070 Shoulder Shoulder NNP 43431 10686 1071 girdle girdle NN 43431 10686 1072 , , , 43431 10686 1073 see see VB 43431 10686 1074 Pectoral pectoral NN 43431 10686 1075 girdle girdle VB 43431 10686 1076 Shrew Shrew NNP 43431 10686 1077 , , , 43431 10686 1078 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1079 49 49 CD 43431 10686 1080 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1081 , , , 43431 10686 1082 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1083 370 370 CD 43431 10686 1084 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1085 ; ; : 43431 10686 1086 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10686 1087 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10686 1088 , , , 43431 10686 1089 488 488 CD 43431 10686 1090 ; ; , 43431 10686 1091 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10686 1092 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 1093 , , , 43431 10686 1094 446 446 CD 43431 10686 1095 ; ; : 43431 10686 1096 presternum presternum NN 43431 10686 1097 , , , 43431 10686 1098 490 490 CD 43431 10686 1099 ; ; : 43431 10686 1100 skull skull NNP 43431 10686 1101 , , , 43431 10686 1102 481 481 CD 43431 10686 1103 ; ; : 43431 10686 1104 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10686 1105 , , , 43431 10686 1106 440 440 CD 43431 10686 1107 Sigmoid Sigmoid NNP 43431 10686 1108 notch notch NN 43431 10686 1109 , , , 43431 10686 1110 dog dog NN 43431 10686 1111 , , , 43431 10686 1112 406 406 CD 43431 10686 1113 Siluridae Siluridae NNP 43431 10686 1114 , , , 43431 10686 1115 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1116 33 33 CD 43431 10686 1117 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1118 ; ; : 43431 10686 1119 plates plate NNS 43431 10686 1120 , , , 43431 10686 1121 105 105 CD 43431 10686 1122 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1123 Simia Simia NNP 43431 10686 1124 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1125 , , , 43431 10686 1126 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1127 49 49 CD 43431 10686 1128 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1129 ; ; : 43431 10686 1130 ribs ribs NNP 43431 10686 1131 , , , 43431 10686 1132 493 493 CD 43431 10686 1133 ; ; : 43431 10686 1134 skull skull NNP 43431 10686 1135 , , , 43431 10686 1136 484 484 CD 43431 10686 1137 ; ; : 43431 10686 1138 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10686 1139 - - HYPH 43431 10686 1140 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10686 1141 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10686 1142 , , , 43431 10686 1143 450 450 CD 43431 10686 1144 Simiidae Simiidae NNP 43431 10686 1145 , , , 43431 10686 1146 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1147 49 49 CD 43431 10686 1148 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1149 , , , 43431 10686 1150 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1151 373 373 CD 43431 10686 1152 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1153 Simplicidentata Simplicidentata NNP 43431 10686 1154 , , , 43431 10686 1155 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1156 47 47 CD 43431 10686 1157 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1158 , , , 43431 10686 1159 366 366 CD 43431 10686 1160 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1161 Siphonops Siphonops NNPS 43431 10686 1162 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1163 , , , 43431 10686 1164 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1165 35 35 CD 43431 10686 1166 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1167 ; ; : 43431 10686 1168 _ _ NNP 43431 10686 1169 S. S. NNP 43431 10687 1 annulatus annulatus NNP 43431 10687 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 3 , , , 43431 10687 4 skull skull NNP 43431 10687 5 , , , 43431 10687 6 = = SYM 43431 10687 7 178= 178= CD 43431 10687 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 9 Siredon Siredon NNP 43431 10687 10 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 11 , , , 43431 10687 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 13 35 35 CD 43431 10687 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 15 ; ; : 43431 10687 16 skull skull NNP 43431 10687 17 , , , 43431 10687 18 175 175 CD 43431 10687 19 ; ; : 43431 10687 20 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10687 21 , , , 43431 10687 22 169 169 CD 43431 10687 23 ; ; : 43431 10687 24 visceral visceral JJ 43431 10687 25 arches arch NNS 43431 10687 26 , , , 43431 10687 27 = = NFP 43431 10687 28 181= 181= CD 43431 10687 29 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 30 Siren Siren NNP 43431 10687 31 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 32 , , , 43431 10687 33 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 34 35 35 CD 43431 10687 35 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 36 , , , 43431 10687 37 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 38 135 135 CD 43431 10687 39 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 40 , , , 43431 10687 41 188 188 CD 43431 10687 42 ; ; : 43431 10687 43 beaks beak NNS 43431 10687 44 , , , 43431 10687 45 168 168 CD 43431 10687 46 ; ; : 43431 10687 47 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10687 48 arches arch NNS 43431 10687 49 , , , 43431 10687 50 180 180 CD 43431 10687 51 ; ; : 43431 10687 52 digits digit NNS 43431 10687 53 , , , 43431 10687 54 187 187 CD 43431 10687 55 ; ; : 43431 10687 56 skull skull NNP 43431 10687 57 , , , 43431 10687 58 174 174 CD 43431 10687 59 ; ; : 43431 10687 60 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10687 61 , , , 43431 10687 62 169 169 CD 43431 10687 63 Sirenia Sirenia NNP 43431 10687 64 , , , 43431 10687 65 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 66 44 44 CD 43431 10687 67 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 68 , , , 43431 10687 69 522 522 CD 43431 10687 70 ; ; : 43431 10687 71 arm arm NN 43431 10687 72 bones bone NNS 43431 10687 73 , , , 43431 10687 74 501 501 CD 43431 10687 75 ; ; : 43431 10687 76 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10687 77 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10687 78 , , , 43431 10687 79 453 453 CD 43431 10687 80 ; ; , 43431 10687 81 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10687 82 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10687 83 , , , 43431 10687 84 443 443 CD 43431 10687 85 ; ; : 43431 10687 86 general general JJ 43431 10687 87 characters character NNS 43431 10687 88 , , , 43431 10687 89 352 352 CD 43431 10687 90 ; ; : 43431 10687 91 hair hair NN 43431 10687 92 , , , 43431 10687 93 416 416 CD 43431 10687 94 ; ; : 43431 10687 95 horny horny NN 43431 10687 96 plates plate NNS 43431 10687 97 , , , 43431 10687 98 418 418 CD 43431 10687 99 ; ; : 43431 10687 100 manus manus NN 43431 10687 101 , , , 43431 10687 102 505 505 CD 43431 10687 103 ; ; , 43431 10687 104 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10687 105 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10687 106 , , , 43431 10687 107 495 495 CD 43431 10687 108 ; ; : 43431 10687 109 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10687 110 , , , 43431 10687 111 514 514 CD 43431 10687 112 ; ; : 43431 10687 113 ribs rib NNS 43431 10687 114 , , , 43431 10687 115 491 491 CD 43431 10687 116 ; ; : 43431 10687 117 skull skull NNP 43431 10687 118 , , , 43431 10687 119 459 459 CD 43431 10687 120 ; ; : 43431 10687 121 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10687 122 , , , 43431 10687 123 489 489 CD 43431 10687 124 ; ; : 43431 10687 125 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10687 126 , , , 43431 10687 127 425 425 CD 43431 10687 128 ; ; : 43431 10687 129 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10687 130 - - HYPH 43431 10687 131 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10687 132 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10687 133 , , , 43431 10687 134 448 448 CD 43431 10687 135 Sirenidae Sirenidae NNP 43431 10687 136 , , , 43431 10687 137 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 138 35 35 CD 43431 10687 139 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 140 Sirenoidei Sirenoidei NNP 43431 10687 141 , , , 43431 10687 142 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 143 34 34 CD 43431 10687 144 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 145 ; ; : 43431 10687 146 general general JJ 43431 10687 147 characters character NNS 43431 10687 148 , , , 43431 10687 149 70 70 CD 43431 10687 150 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 151 Sivatherium Sivatherium NNP 43431 10687 152 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 153 , , , 43431 10687 154 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 155 46 46 CD 43431 10687 156 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 157 ; ; : 43431 10687 158 skull skull NNP 43431 10687 159 , , , 43431 10687 160 469 469 CD 43431 10687 161 Skate Skate NNP 43431 10687 162 , , , 43431 10687 163 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 164 32 32 CD 43431 10687 165 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 166 Skeletogenous Skeletogenous NNP 43431 10687 167 layer layer NN 43431 10687 168 , , , 43431 10687 169 14 14 CD 43431 10687 170 , , , 43431 10687 171 16 16 CD 43431 10687 172 ; ; : 43431 10687 173 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 174 Amphioxus Amphioxus NNP 43431 10687 175 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 176 , , , 43431 10687 177 52 52 CD 43431 10687 178 , , , 43431 10687 179 112 112 CD 43431 10687 180 Skeleton Skeleton NNP 43431 10687 181 , , , 43431 10687 182 defined define VBN 43431 10687 183 , , , 43431 10687 184 1 1 CD 43431 10687 185 ; ; : 43431 10687 186 Cape Cape NNP 43431 10687 187 Buffalo Buffalo NNP 43431 10687 188 , , , 43431 10687 189 = = SYM 43431 10687 190 492= 492= CD 43431 10687 191 ; ; : 43431 10687 192 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 193 Ceratodus Ceratodus NNP 43431 10687 194 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 195 , , , 43431 10687 196 = = SYM 43431 10687 197 128= 128= NNS 43431 10687 198 ; ; : 43431 10687 199 cod cod NN 43431 10687 200 , , , 43431 10687 201 83 83 CD 43431 10687 202 f. f. NN 43431 10687 203 ; ; : 43431 10687 204 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10687 205 , , , 43431 10687 206 237 237 CD 43431 10687 207 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 208 ; ; : 43431 10687 209 dog dog NN 43431 10687 210 , , , 43431 10687 211 374 374 CD 43431 10687 212 f. f. NN 43431 10687 213 ; ; : 43431 10687 214 duck duck NN 43431 10687 215 , , , 43431 10687 216 302 302 CD 43431 10687 217 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 218 ; ; : 43431 10687 219 frog frog NNP 43431 10687 220 , , , 43431 10687 221 151 151 CD 43431 10687 222 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 223 ; ; : 43431 10687 224 llama llama NNP 43431 10687 225 , , , 43431 10687 226 = = SYM 43431 10687 227 496= 496= CD 43431 10687 228 ; ; : 43431 10687 229 newt newt NN 43431 10687 230 , , , 43431 10687 231 138 138 CD 43431 10687 232 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 233 ; ; : 43431 10687 234 turtle turtle NNP 43431 10687 235 , , , 43431 10687 236 214 214 CD 43431 10687 237 f. f. NNP 43431 10687 238 Skink Skink NNP 43431 10687 239 , , , 43431 10687 240 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 241 38 38 CD 43431 10687 242 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 243 ; ; : 43431 10687 244 see see VB 43431 10687 245 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 246 Tiliqua Tiliqua NNP 43431 10687 247 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 248 Skull Skull NNP 43431 10687 249 , , , 43431 10687 250 16 16 CD 43431 10687 251 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 252 ; ; : 43431 10687 253 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10687 254 , , , 43431 10687 255 173 173 CD 43431 10687 256 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 257 ; ; : 43431 10687 258 Anura Anura NNP 43431 10687 259 , , , 43431 10687 260 179 179 CD 43431 10687 261 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 262 ; ; : 43431 10687 263 birds bird NNS 43431 10687 264 , , , 43431 10687 265 333 333 CD 43431 10687 266 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 267 ; ; : 43431 10687 268 cod cod NN 43431 10687 269 , , , 43431 10687 270 96 96 CD 43431 10687 271 f. f. NN 43431 10687 272 ; ; : 43431 10687 273 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10687 274 , , , 43431 10687 275 243 243 CD 43431 10687 276 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 277 ; ; : 43431 10687 278 diagram diagram NN 43431 10687 279 of of IN 43431 10687 280 Mammalian Mammalian NNP 43431 10687 281 , , , 43431 10687 282 385 385 CD 43431 10687 283 ; ; : 43431 10687 284 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 10687 285 , , , 43431 10687 286 124 124 CD 43431 10687 287 ; ; : 43431 10687 288 dog dog NN 43431 10687 289 , , , 43431 10687 290 383 383 CD 43431 10687 291 f. f. NNP 43431 10687 292 ; ; : 43431 10687 293 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10687 294 , , , 43431 10687 295 73 73 CD 43431 10687 296 f. f. NN 43431 10687 297 ; ; : 43431 10687 298 donkey donkey NN 43431 10687 299 , , , 43431 10687 300 = = SYM 43431 10687 301 431= 431= CD 43431 10687 302 ; ; : 43431 10687 303 duck duck NN 43431 10687 304 , , , 43431 10687 305 312 312 CD 43431 10687 306 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 307 ; ; : 43431 10687 308 fish fish NN 43431 10687 309 , , , 43431 10687 310 117 117 CD 43431 10687 311 ; ; : 43431 10687 312 frog frog NN 43431 10687 313 , , , 43431 10687 314 154 154 CD 43431 10687 315 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 316 , , , 43431 10687 317 = = SYM 43431 10687 318 159= 159= CD 43431 10687 319 ; ; : 43431 10687 320 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 321 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 10687 322 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 323 , , , 43431 10687 324 = = SYM 43431 10687 325 463= 463= CD 43431 10687 326 ; ; : 43431 10687 327 Gymnophiona Gymnophiona NNP 43431 10687 328 , , , 43431 10687 329 177 177 CD 43431 10687 330 ; ; : 43431 10687 331 Indian indian JJ 43431 10687 332 elephant elephant NN 43431 10687 333 , , , 43431 10687 334 = = SYM 43431 10687 335 474= 474= CD 43431 10687 336 ; ; : 43431 10687 337 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 10687 338 , , , 43431 10687 339 455 455 CD 43431 10687 340 ; ; : 43431 10687 341 Marsipobranchii Marsipobranchii NNP 43431 10687 342 , , , 43431 10687 343 57 57 CD 43431 10687 344 ; ; : 43431 10687 345 pig pig NN 43431 10687 346 , , , 43431 10687 347 = = SYM 43431 10687 348 466= 466= CD 43431 10687 349 ; ; : 43431 10687 350 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 351 Procavia Procavia NNP 43431 10687 352 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 353 , , , 43431 10687 354 = = SYM 43431 10687 355 433= 433= CD 43431 10687 356 ; ; : 43431 10687 357 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10687 358 , , , 43431 10687 359 276 276 CD 43431 10687 360 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 361 ; ; : 43431 10687 362 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10687 363 , , , 43431 10687 364 = = SYM 43431 10687 365 421= 421= CD 43431 10687 366 ; ; : 43431 10687 367 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 368 Rhytina Rhytina NNP 43431 10687 369 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 370 , , , 43431 10687 371 = = SYM 43431 10687 372 460= 460= CD 43431 10687 373 ; ; : 43431 10687 374 sloth sloth RB 43431 10687 375 , , , 43431 10687 376 = = SYM 43431 10687 377 458= 458= CD 43431 10687 378 ; ; : 43431 10687 379 Tasmanian tasmanian JJ 43431 10687 380 wolf wolf NN 43431 10687 381 , , , 43431 10687 382 = = SYM 43431 10687 383 456= 456= LS 43431 10687 384 ; ; : 43431 10687 385 Teleostei Teleostei NNP 43431 10687 386 , , , 43431 10687 387 124 124 CD 43431 10687 388 ; ; : 43431 10687 389 turtle turtle NN 43431 10687 390 , , , 43431 10687 391 222 222 CD 43431 10687 392 f. f. NNS 43431 10687 393 ; ; : 43431 10687 394 wombat wombat NNP 43431 10687 395 , , , 43431 10687 396 = = SYM 43431 10687 397 456= 456= CD 43431 10687 398 Sloth Sloth NNP 43431 10687 399 , , , 43431 10687 400 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 401 43 43 CD 43431 10687 402 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 403 , , , 43431 10687 404 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 405 352 352 CD 43431 10687 406 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 407 ; ; : 43431 10687 408 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10687 409 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10687 410 , , , 43431 10687 411 487 487 CD 43431 10687 412 ; ; : 43431 10687 413 arm arm NN 43431 10687 414 bones bone NNS 43431 10687 415 , , , 43431 10687 416 500 500 CD 43431 10687 417 ; ; : 43431 10687 418 claws claws NN 43431 10687 419 , , , 43431 10687 420 418 418 CD 43431 10687 421 ; ; : 43431 10687 422 leg leg NN 43431 10687 423 bones bone NNS 43431 10687 424 , , , 43431 10687 425 517 517 CD 43431 10687 426 ; ; : 43431 10687 427 manus manus NN 43431 10687 428 , , , 43431 10687 429 505 505 CD 43431 10687 430 ; ; , 43431 10687 431 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10687 432 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10687 433 , , , 43431 10687 434 495 495 CD 43431 10687 435 ; ; : 43431 10687 436 pelvis pelvi NNS 43431 10687 437 , , , 43431 10687 438 513 513 CD 43431 10687 439 ; ; : 43431 10687 440 pes pe NNS 43431 10687 441 , , , 43431 10687 442 522 522 CD 43431 10687 443 ; ; : 43431 10687 444 ribs rib NNS 43431 10687 445 , , , 43431 10687 446 491 491 CD 43431 10687 447 ; ; : 43431 10687 448 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10687 449 , , , 43431 10687 450 452 452 CD 43431 10687 451 ; ; : 43431 10687 452 skull skull NNP 43431 10687 453 , , , 43431 10687 454 457 457 CD 43431 10687 455 ; ; : 43431 10687 456 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10687 457 , , , 43431 10687 458 489 489 CD 43431 10687 459 ; ; : 43431 10687 460 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10687 461 , , , 43431 10687 462 424 424 CD 43431 10687 463 ; ; , 43431 10687 464 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10687 465 - - HYPH 43431 10687 466 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10687 467 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10687 468 , , , 43431 10687 469 447 447 CD 43431 10687 470 Snake Snake NNP 43431 10687 471 , , , 43431 10687 472 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 473 38 38 CD 43431 10687 474 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 475 ; ; : 43431 10687 476 see see VB 43431 10687 477 Ophidia Ophidia NNP 43431 10687 478 Sole Sole NNP 43431 10687 479 , , , 43431 10687 480 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 481 33 33 CD 43431 10687 482 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 483 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 484 Solea Solea NNP 43431 10687 485 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 486 , , , 43431 10687 487 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 488 33 33 CD 43431 10687 489 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 490 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 491 Solenodon Solenodon NNP 43431 10687 492 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 493 , , , 43431 10687 494 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 495 49 49 CD 43431 10687 496 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 497 ; ; : 43431 10687 498 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10687 499 , , , 43431 10687 500 440 440 CD 43431 10687 501 Solenodontidae Solenodontidae NNP 43431 10687 502 , , , 43431 10687 503 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 504 49 49 CD 43431 10687 505 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 506 Solitaire Solitaire NNP 43431 10687 507 , , , 43431 10687 508 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 509 42 42 CD 43431 10687 510 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 511 , , , 43431 10687 512 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 513 330 330 CD 43431 10687 514 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 515 ; ; : 43431 10687 516 wing wing NN 43431 10687 517 , , , 43431 10687 518 338 338 CD 43431 10687 519 ; ; : 43431 10687 520 wrist wrist NN 43431 10687 521 , , , 43431 10687 522 330 330 CD 43431 10687 523 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 524 Sorex Sorex NNP 43431 10687 525 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 526 , , , 43431 10687 527 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 528 49 49 CD 43431 10687 529 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 530 ; ; : 43431 10687 531 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10687 532 , , , 43431 10687 533 515 515 CD 43431 10687 534 ; ; : 43431 10687 535 see see VB 43431 10687 536 Shrew Shrew NNP 43431 10687 537 Soricidae Soricidae NNP 43431 10687 538 , , , 43431 10687 539 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 540 49 49 CD 43431 10687 541 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 542 ; ; : 43431 10687 543 skull skull NNP 43431 10687 544 , , , 43431 10687 545 481 481 CD 43431 10687 546 Spalacidae Spalacidae NNP 43431 10687 547 , , , 43431 10687 548 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 549 47 47 CD 43431 10687 550 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 551 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 552 Spatularia Spatularia NNP 43431 10687 553 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 554 , , , 43431 10687 555 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 556 32 32 CD 43431 10687 557 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 558 ; ; : 43431 10687 559 distribution distribution NN 43431 10687 560 , , , 43431 10687 561 66 66 CD 43431 10687 562 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 563 Spelerpes Spelerpes NNP 43431 10687 564 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 565 , , , 43431 10687 566 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 567 35 35 CD 43431 10687 568 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 569 ; ; : 43431 10687 570 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10687 571 arches arch NNS 43431 10687 572 , , , 43431 10687 573 180 180 CD 43431 10687 574 ; ; : 43431 10687 575 ribs rib NNS 43431 10687 576 , , , 43431 10687 577 182 182 CD 43431 10687 578 ; ; : 43431 10687 579 _ _ NNP 43431 10687 580 S. S. NNP 43431 10688 1 belli belli NNP 43431 10688 2 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 4 , , , 43431 10688 5 169 169 CD 43431 10688 6 Sperm Sperm NNP 43431 10688 7 whale whale NN 43431 10688 8 , , , 43431 10688 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 10 44 44 CD 43431 10688 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 12 , , , 43431 10688 13 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 14 357 357 CD 43431 10688 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 16 ; ; : 43431 10688 17 see see VB 43431 10688 18 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 19 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 10688 20 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 21 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 22 Sphargis Sphargis NNP 43431 10688 23 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 24 , , , 43431 10688 25 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 26 37 37 CD 43431 10688 27 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 28 ; ; : 43431 10688 29 see see VB 43431 10688 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 31 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 10688 32 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 33 Sphenethmoid Sphenethmoid NNP 43431 10688 34 , , , 43431 10688 35 frog frog NN 43431 10688 36 , , , 43431 10688 37 156 156 CD 43431 10688 38 Sphenisci Sphenisci NNP 43431 10688 39 , , , 43431 10688 40 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 41 40 40 CD 43431 10688 42 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 43 ; ; : 43431 10688 44 see see VB 43431 10688 45 Penguins Penguins NNP 43431 10688 46 Sphenisciformes Sphenisciformes NNP 43431 10688 47 , , , 43431 10688 48 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 49 40 40 CD 43431 10688 50 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 51 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 52 Sphenodon Sphenodon NNP 43431 10688 53 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 54 , , , 43431 10688 55 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 56 37 37 CD 43431 10688 57 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 58 , , , 43431 10688 59 197 197 CD 43431 10688 60 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 61 ; ; : 43431 10688 62 carpus carpus NNP 43431 10688 63 , , , 43431 10688 64 291 291 CD 43431 10688 65 ; ; : 43431 10688 66 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10688 67 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 68 , , , 43431 10688 69 275 275 CD 43431 10688 70 ; ; : 43431 10688 71 fossae fossae NNP 43431 10688 72 in in IN 43431 10688 73 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 74 , , , 43431 10688 75 281 281 CD 43431 10688 76 ; ; : 43431 10688 77 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10688 78 , , , 43431 10688 79 290 290 CD 43431 10688 80 ; ; : 43431 10688 81 interparietal interparietal JJ 43431 10688 82 foramen foraman NNS 43431 10688 83 , , , 43431 10688 84 277 277 CD 43431 10688 85 ; ; : 43431 10688 86 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 87 , , , 43431 10688 88 286 286 CD 43431 10688 89 ; ; : 43431 10688 90 skull skull NN 43431 10688 91 , , , 43431 10688 92 = = SYM 43431 10688 93 282= 282= CD 43431 10688 94 ; ; : 43431 10688 95 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10688 96 , , , 43431 10688 97 293 293 CD 43431 10688 98 ; ; : 43431 10688 99 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 100 , , , 43431 10688 101 274 274 CD 43431 10688 102 Sphenodontidae Sphenodontidae NNP 43431 10688 103 , , , 43431 10688 104 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 105 37 37 CD 43431 10688 106 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 107 Sphenoidal Sphenoidal NNP 43431 10688 108 fissure fissure NN 43431 10688 109 , , , 43431 10688 110 dog dog NN 43431 10688 111 , , , 43431 10688 112 388 388 CD 43431 10688 113 Sphenotic Sphenotic NNP 43431 10688 114 , , , 43431 10688 115 20 20 CD 43431 10688 116 ; ; : 43431 10688 117 cod cod NN 43431 10688 118 , , , 43431 10688 119 97 97 CD 43431 10688 120 ; ; : 43431 10688 121 salmon salmon NN 43431 10688 122 , , , 43431 10688 123 89 89 CD 43431 10688 124 Spider spider NN 43431 10688 125 monkey monkey NN 43431 10688 126 , , , 43431 10688 127 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 128 49 49 CD 43431 10688 129 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 130 ; ; : 43431 10688 131 see see VB 43431 10688 132 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 133 Ateles Ateles NNP 43431 10688 134 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 135 Spinacidae Spinacidae NNP 43431 10688 136 , , , 43431 10688 137 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 138 32 32 CD 43431 10688 139 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 140 Spinal Spinal NNP 43431 10688 141 column column NN 43431 10688 142 , , , 43431 10688 143 13 13 CD 43431 10688 144 ; ; : 43431 10688 145 Dipnoi Dipnoi NNP 43431 10688 146 , , , 43431 10688 147 113 113 CD 43431 10688 148 ; ; : 43431 10688 149 fish fish NN 43431 10688 150 , , , 43431 10688 151 112 112 CD 43431 10688 152 ; ; : 43431 10688 153 Holocephali Holocephali NNP 43431 10688 154 , , , 43431 10688 155 113 113 CD 43431 10688 156 ; ; : 43431 10688 157 Marsipobranchii Marsipobranchii NNP 43431 10688 158 , , , 43431 10688 159 56 56 CD 43431 10688 160 Spines Spines NNP 43431 10688 161 , , , 43431 10688 162 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 10688 163 , , , 43431 10688 164 61 61 CD 43431 10688 165 ; ; : 43431 10688 166 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10688 167 , , , 43431 10688 168 417 417 CD 43431 10688 169 Spiny spiny JJ 43431 10688 170 ant ant NN 43431 10688 171 - - HYPH 43431 10688 172 eater eater NN 43431 10688 173 , , , 43431 10688 174 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 175 43 43 CD 43431 10688 176 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 177 ; ; : 43431 10688 178 see see VB 43431 10688 179 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 180 Echidna Echidna NNP 43431 10688 181 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 182 ; ; : 43431 10688 183 -- -- : 43431 10688 184 mouse mouse NN 43431 10688 185 , , , 43431 10688 186 47 47 CD 43431 10688 187 ; ; : 43431 10688 188 see see VB 43431 10688 189 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 190 Acanthomys Acanthomys NNP 43431 10688 191 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 192 Splenial Splenial NNP 43431 10688 193 , , , 43431 10688 194 22 22 CD 43431 10688 195 ; ; : 43431 10688 196 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 197 , , , 43431 10688 198 258 258 CD 43431 10688 199 ; ; : 43431 10688 200 duck duck NN 43431 10688 201 , , , 43431 10688 202 320 320 CD 43431 10688 203 ; ; : 43431 10688 204 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 205 , , , 43431 10688 206 231 231 CD 43431 10688 207 Spurs Spurs NNPS 43431 10688 208 , , , 43431 10688 209 birds bird NNS 43431 10688 210 , , , 43431 10688 211 330 330 CD 43431 10688 212 ; ; : 43431 10688 213 Monotremata Monotremata NNP 43431 10688 214 , , , 43431 10688 215 418 418 CD 43431 10688 216 Spur spur NN 43431 10688 217 - - HYPH 43431 10688 218 winged wing VBN 43431 10688 219 goose goose NN 43431 10688 220 , , , 43431 10688 221 330 330 CD 43431 10688 222 ; ; : 43431 10688 223 -- -- : 43431 10688 224 plover plover NN 43431 10688 225 , , , 43431 10688 226 330 330 CD 43431 10688 227 Squalidae Squalidae NNP 43431 10688 228 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 229 31 31 CD 43431 10688 230 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 231 , , , 43431 10688 232 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 233 64 64 CD 43431 10688 234 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 235 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 236 Squalodon Squalodon NNP 43431 10688 237 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 238 , , , 43431 10688 239 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 240 45 45 CD 43431 10688 241 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 242 , , , 43431 10688 243 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 244 357 357 CD 43431 10688 245 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 246 ; ; : 43431 10688 247 dental dental JJ 43431 10688 248 formula formula NN 43431 10688 249 , , , 43431 10688 250 427 427 CD 43431 10688 251 Squalodontidae Squalodontidae NNP 43431 10688 252 , , , 43431 10688 253 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 254 45 45 CD 43431 10688 255 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 256 Squamata Squamata NNP 43431 10688 257 , , , 43431 10688 258 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 259 37 37 CD 43431 10688 260 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 261 ; ; : 43431 10688 262 general general JJ 43431 10688 263 characters character NNS 43431 10688 264 , , , 43431 10688 265 198 198 CD 43431 10688 266 ; ; : 43431 10688 267 position position NN 43431 10688 268 of of IN 43431 10688 269 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 270 , , , 43431 10688 271 272 272 CD 43431 10688 272 ; ; : 43431 10688 273 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 274 , , , 43431 10688 275 278 278 CD 43431 10688 276 Squamosal Squamosal NNP 43431 10688 277 , , , 43431 10688 278 21 21 CD 43431 10688 279 ; ; : 43431 10688 280 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 281 , , , 43431 10688 282 256 256 CD 43431 10688 283 ; ; : 43431 10688 284 dog dog NN 43431 10688 285 , , , 43431 10688 286 394 394 CD 43431 10688 287 ; ; : 43431 10688 288 duck duck NN 43431 10688 289 , , , 43431 10688 290 316 316 CD 43431 10688 291 ; ; : 43431 10688 292 frog frog NN 43431 10688 293 , , , 43431 10688 294 160 160 CD 43431 10688 295 ; ; : 43431 10688 296 newt newt NN 43431 10688 297 , , , 43431 10688 298 144 144 CD 43431 10688 299 ; ; : 43431 10688 300 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 301 , , , 43431 10688 302 229 229 CD 43431 10688 303 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 304 Squatina Squatina NNP 43431 10688 305 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 306 , , , 43431 10688 307 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 308 32 32 CD 43431 10688 309 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 310 ; ; : 43431 10688 311 calcification calcification NN 43431 10688 312 of of IN 43431 10688 313 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 314 , , , 43431 10688 315 114 114 CD 43431 10688 316 ; ; : 43431 10688 317 labial labial JJ 43431 10688 318 cartilages cartilage NNS 43431 10688 319 , , , 43431 10688 320 119 119 CD 43431 10688 321 ; ; : 43431 10688 322 tail tail NN 43431 10688 323 , , , 43431 10688 324 63 63 CD 43431 10688 325 ; ; , 43431 10688 326 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10688 327 column column NN 43431 10688 328 , , , 43431 10688 329 114 114 CD 43431 10688 330 Squatinidae Squatinidae NNP 43431 10688 331 , , , 43431 10688 332 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 333 32 32 CD 43431 10688 334 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 335 Squirrels Squirrels NNP 43431 10688 336 , , , 43431 10688 337 frontals frontal NNS 43431 10688 338 , , , 43431 10688 339 476 476 CD 43431 10688 340 ; ; : 43431 10688 341 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 342 , , , 43431 10688 343 526 526 CD 43431 10688 344 Stapes Stapes NNPS 43431 10688 345 , , , 43431 10688 346 dog dog NN 43431 10688 347 , , , 43431 10688 348 393 393 CD 43431 10688 349 ; ; : 43431 10688 350 frog frog NN 43431 10688 351 , , , 43431 10688 352 157 157 CD 43431 10688 353 ; ; : 43431 10688 354 man man NN 43431 10688 355 , , , 43431 10688 356 dog dog NN 43431 10688 357 , , , 43431 10688 358 rabbit rabbit NN 43431 10688 359 , , , 43431 10688 360 = = SYM 43431 10688 361 485= 485= CD 43431 10688 362 ; ; : 43431 10688 363 newt newt NN 43431 10688 364 , , , 43431 10688 365 141 141 CD 43431 10688 366 Steganopodes steganopode NNS 43431 10688 367 , , , 43431 10688 368 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 369 41 41 CD 43431 10688 370 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 371 Stegosauria Stegosauria NNP 43431 10688 372 , , , 43431 10688 373 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 374 39 39 CD 43431 10688 375 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 376 ; ; : 43431 10688 377 general general JJ 43431 10688 378 characters character NNS 43431 10688 379 , , , 43431 10688 380 209 209 CD 43431 10688 381 Stegosauridae Stegosauridae NNP 43431 10688 382 , , , 43431 10688 383 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 384 39 39 CD 43431 10688 385 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 386 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 387 Stegosaurus Stegosaurus NNP 43431 10688 388 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 389 , , , 43431 10688 390 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 391 39 39 CD 43431 10688 392 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 393 , , , 43431 10688 394 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 395 208 208 CD 43431 10688 396 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 397 f. f. NNP 43431 10688 398 ; ; : 43431 10688 399 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10688 400 , , , 43431 10688 401 272 272 CD 43431 10688 402 Steller Steller NNP 43431 10688 403 's 's POS 43431 10688 404 sea sea NN 43431 10688 405 - - HYPH 43431 10688 406 cow cow NN 43431 10688 407 , , , 43431 10688 408 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 409 44 44 CD 43431 10688 410 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 411 ; ; : 43431 10688 412 see see VB 43431 10688 413 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 414 Rhytina Rhytina NNP 43431 10688 415 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 416 Stereornithes Stereornithes NNP 43431 10688 417 , , , 43431 10688 418 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 419 41 41 CD 43431 10688 420 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 421 Stereospondyli Stereospondyli NNP 43431 10688 422 , , , 43431 10688 423 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 424 35 35 CD 43431 10688 425 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 426 Sternal Sternal NNP 43431 10688 427 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 428 , , , 43431 10688 429 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 430 , , , 43431 10688 431 259 259 CD 43431 10688 432 ; ; : 43431 10688 433 dog dog NN 43431 10688 434 , , , 43431 10688 435 402 402 CD 43431 10688 436 ; ; : 43431 10688 437 duck duck NN 43431 10688 438 , , , 43431 10688 439 320 320 CD 43431 10688 440 ; ; : 43431 10688 441 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10688 442 , , , 43431 10688 443 490 490 CD 43431 10688 444 f. f. NNP 43431 10688 445 Sternebra Sternebra NNP 43431 10688 446 , , , 43431 10688 447 dog dog NN 43431 10688 448 , , , 43431 10688 449 404 404 CD 43431 10688 450 Sternum Sternum NNP 43431 10688 451 , , , 43431 10688 452 24 24 CD 43431 10688 453 ; ; : 43431 10688 454 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10688 455 , , , 43431 10688 456 182 182 CD 43431 10688 457 ; ; : 43431 10688 458 birds bird NNS 43431 10688 459 , , , 43431 10688 460 336 336 CD 43431 10688 461 ; ; : 43431 10688 462 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 463 , , , 43431 10688 464 260 260 CD 43431 10688 465 , , , 43431 10688 466 = = SYM 43431 10688 467 261= 261= NNS 43431 10688 468 ; ; : 43431 10688 469 dog dog NN 43431 10688 470 , , , 43431 10688 471 = = SYM 43431 10688 472 403= 403= CD 43431 10688 473 ; ; : 43431 10688 474 duck duck NN 43431 10688 475 , , , 43431 10688 476 321 321 CD 43431 10688 477 ; ; : 43431 10688 478 frog frog NN 43431 10688 479 , , , 43431 10688 480 163 163 CD 43431 10688 481 ; ; : 43431 10688 482 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 43431 10688 483 , , , 43431 10688 484 489 489 CD 43431 10688 485 ; ; : 43431 10688 486 newt newt NN 43431 10688 487 , , , 43431 10688 488 145 145 CD 43431 10688 489 ; ; : 43431 10688 490 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10688 491 , , , 43431 10688 492 287 287 CD 43431 10688 493 Stork Stork NNP 43431 10688 494 , , , 43431 10688 495 335 335 CD 43431 10688 496 ; ; : 43431 10688 497 White White NNP 43431 10688 498 -- -- : 43431 10688 499 , , , 43431 10688 500 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 501 41 41 CD 43431 10688 502 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 503 Striges Striges NNP 43431 10688 504 , , , 43431 10688 505 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 506 42 42 CD 43431 10688 507 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 508 ; ; : 43431 10688 509 see see VB 43431 10688 510 Owls Owls NNP 43431 10688 511 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 512 Stringops Stringops NNP 43431 10688 513 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 514 , , , 43431 10688 515 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 516 42 42 CD 43431 10688 517 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 518 ; ; : 43431 10688 519 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10688 520 , , , 43431 10688 521 336 336 CD 43431 10688 522 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 523 Struthio Struthio NNP 43431 10688 524 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 525 , , , 43431 10688 526 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 527 40 40 CD 43431 10688 528 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 529 , , , 43431 10688 530 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 531 299 299 CD 43431 10688 532 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 533 ; ; : 43431 10688 534 see see VB 43431 10688 535 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 10688 536 Struthiornithes Struthiornithes NNP 43431 10688 537 , , , 43431 10688 538 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 539 40 40 CD 43431 10688 540 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 541 , , , 43431 10688 542 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 543 299 299 CD 43431 10688 544 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 545 Sturgeon Sturgeon NNP 43431 10688 546 , , , 43431 10688 547 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 548 32 32 CD 43431 10688 549 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 550 ; ; : 43431 10688 551 see see VB 43431 10688 552 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 553 Acipenser Acipenser NNP 43431 10688 554 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 555 Stylo Stylo NNP 43431 10688 556 - - HYPH 43431 10688 557 hyal hyal NNP 43431 10688 558 , , , 43431 10688 559 dog dog NN 43431 10688 560 , , , 43431 10688 561 399 399 CD 43431 10688 562 Suborbital suborbital JJ 43431 10688 563 bar bar NN 43431 10688 564 , , , 43431 10688 565 duck duck NN 43431 10688 566 , , , 43431 10688 567 318 318 CD 43431 10688 568 ; ; : 43431 10688 569 -- -- : 43431 10688 570 ridge ridge NNP 43431 10688 571 , , , 43431 10688 572 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10688 573 , , , 43431 10688 574 76 76 CD 43431 10688 575 Subplantigrade Subplantigrade NNP 43431 10688 576 , , , 43431 10688 577 defined define VBN 43431 10688 578 , , , 43431 10688 579 358 358 CD 43431 10688 580 n. n. NN 43431 10688 581 Subungulata Subungulata NNP 43431 10688 582 , , , 43431 10688 583 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 584 46 46 CD 43431 10688 585 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 586 ; ; : 43431 10688 587 arm arm NN 43431 10688 588 bones bone NNS 43431 10688 589 , , , 43431 10688 590 502 502 CD 43431 10688 591 ; ; : 43431 10688 592 general general JJ 43431 10688 593 characters character NNS 43431 10688 594 , , , 43431 10688 595 360 360 CD 43431 10688 596 ; ; : 43431 10688 597 manus manus NN 43431 10688 598 , , , 43431 10688 599 509 509 CD 43431 10688 600 ; ; : 43431 10688 601 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 602 , , , 43431 10688 603 514 514 CD 43431 10688 604 ; ; : 43431 10688 605 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 606 , , , 43431 10688 607 525 525 CD 43431 10688 608 ; ; : 43431 10688 609 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10688 610 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10688 611 , , , 43431 10688 612 497 497 CD 43431 10688 613 ; ; : 43431 10688 614 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 615 , , , 43431 10688 616 471 471 CD 43431 10688 617 ; ; : 43431 10688 618 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 619 , , , 43431 10688 620 432 432 CD 43431 10688 621 ; ; : 43431 10688 622 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10688 623 and and CC 43431 10688 624 shin shin NNP 43431 10688 625 , , , 43431 10688 626 519 519 CD 43431 10688 627 Suidae Suidae NNP 43431 10688 628 , , , 43431 10688 629 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 630 45 45 CD 43431 10688 631 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 632 Suina Suina NNP 43431 10688 633 , , , 43431 10688 634 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 635 45 45 CD 43431 10688 636 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 637 , , , 43431 10688 638 358 358 CD 43431 10688 639 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 640 ; ; : 43431 10688 641 fibula fibula NN 43431 10688 642 , , , 43431 10688 643 519 519 CD 43431 10688 644 ; ; : 43431 10688 645 manus manus NN 43431 10688 646 , , , 43431 10688 647 507 507 CD 43431 10688 648 ; ; : 43431 10688 649 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 10688 650 process process NN 43431 10688 651 , , , 43431 10688 652 445 445 CD 43431 10688 653 ; ; : 43431 10688 654 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 655 , , , 43431 10688 656 514 514 CD 43431 10688 657 ; ; : 43431 10688 658 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 659 , , , 43431 10688 660 523 523 CD 43431 10688 661 ; ; : 43431 10688 662 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10688 663 , , , 43431 10688 664 501 501 CD 43431 10688 665 Sula Sula NNP 43431 10688 666 , , , 43431 10688 667 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 668 41 41 CD 43431 10688 669 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 670 ; ; : 43431 10688 671 see see VB 43431 10688 672 Gannet Gannet NNP 43431 10688 673 Supinator Supinator NNP 43431 10688 674 ridge ridge NN 43431 10688 675 , , , 43431 10688 676 dog dog NN 43431 10688 677 , , , 43431 10688 678 406 406 CD 43431 10688 679 Supine Supine NNP 43431 10688 680 position position NN 43431 10688 681 , , , 43431 10688 682 defined define VBN 43431 10688 683 , , , 43431 10688 684 29 29 CD 43431 10688 685 Supra Supra NNP 43431 10688 686 - - HYPH 43431 10688 687 angular angular NNP 43431 10688 688 , , , 43431 10688 689 22 22 CD 43431 10688 690 ; ; : 43431 10688 691 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 692 , , , 43431 10688 693 258 258 CD 43431 10688 694 ; ; : 43431 10688 695 duck duck NN 43431 10688 696 , , , 43431 10688 697 319 319 CD 43431 10688 698 ; ; : 43431 10688 699 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 700 , , , 43431 10688 701 230 230 CD 43431 10688 702 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 703 Supracaudal Supracaudal NNP 43431 10688 704 shield shield NN 43431 10688 705 , , , 43431 10688 706 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 707 , , , 43431 10688 708 214 214 CD 43431 10688 709 Supraclavicle Supraclavicle NNP 43431 10688 710 , , , 43431 10688 711 cod cod NN 43431 10688 712 , , , 43431 10688 713 102 102 CD 43431 10688 714 Supra supra NN 43431 10688 715 - - HYPH 43431 10688 716 occipital occipital NN 43431 10688 717 , , , 43431 10688 718 19 19 CD 43431 10688 719 ; ; : 43431 10688 720 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 721 , , , 43431 10688 722 247 247 CD 43431 10688 723 ; ; : 43431 10688 724 dog dog NN 43431 10688 725 , , , 43431 10688 726 386 386 CD 43431 10688 727 ; ; : 43431 10688 728 duck duck NN 43431 10688 729 , , , 43431 10688 730 315 315 CD 43431 10688 731 ; ; : 43431 10688 732 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 733 , , , 43431 10688 734 224 224 CD 43431 10688 735 Supra Supra NNP 43431 10688 736 - - HYPH 43431 10688 737 orbital orbital JJ 43431 10688 738 , , , 43431 10688 739 20 20 CD 43431 10688 740 ; ; : 43431 10688 741 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 742 , , , 43431 10688 743 251 251 CD 43431 10688 744 Suprapharyngeal Suprapharyngeal NNP 43431 10688 745 bone bone NN 43431 10688 746 , , , 43431 10688 747 cod cod NN 43431 10688 748 , , , 43431 10688 749 101 101 CD 43431 10688 750 Suprascapula Suprascapula NNP 43431 10688 751 , , , 43431 10688 752 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 753 , , , 43431 10688 754 263 263 CD 43431 10688 755 ; ; : 43431 10688 756 frog frog NN 43431 10688 757 , , , 43431 10688 758 162 162 CD 43431 10688 759 Supratemporal supratemporal JJ 43431 10688 760 arcade arcade NN 43431 10688 761 , , , 43431 10688 762 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 763 , , , 43431 10688 764 256 256 CD 43431 10688 765 ; ; : 43431 10688 766 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10688 767 , , , 43431 10688 768 281 281 CD 43431 10688 769 Surinam Surinam NNP 43431 10688 770 toad toad NN 43431 10688 771 , , , 43431 10688 772 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 773 36 36 CD 43431 10688 774 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 775 ; ; : 43431 10688 776 see see VB 43431 10688 777 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 778 Pipa Pipa NNP 43431 10688 779 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 780 Sus Sus NNP 43431 10688 781 , , , 43431 10688 782 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 783 45 45 CD 43431 10688 784 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 785 ; ; : 43431 10688 786 dental dental JJ 43431 10688 787 formula formula NN 43431 10688 788 , , , 43431 10688 789 428 428 CD 43431 10688 790 ; ; : 43431 10688 791 see see VB 43431 10688 792 Pig Pig NNP 43431 10688 793 Suspensorium Suspensorium NNP 43431 10688 794 , , , 43431 10688 795 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10688 796 , , , 43431 10688 797 173 173 CD 43431 10688 798 ; ; : 43431 10688 799 dogfish dogfish NNP 43431 10688 800 , , , 43431 10688 801 78 78 CD 43431 10688 802 ; ; : 43431 10688 803 duck duck NN 43431 10688 804 , , , 43431 10688 805 319 319 CD 43431 10688 806 ; ; : 43431 10688 807 frog frog NN 43431 10688 808 , , , 43431 10688 809 160 160 CD 43431 10688 810 ; ; : 43431 10688 811 newt newt NN 43431 10688 812 , , , 43431 10688 813 144 144 CD 43431 10688 814 ; ; : 43431 10688 815 Pisces pisce NNS 43431 10688 816 , , , 43431 10688 817 61 61 CD 43431 10688 818 Sutures suture NNS 43431 10688 819 , , , 43431 10688 820 12 12 CD 43431 10688 821 Swan Swan NNP 43431 10688 822 , , , 43431 10688 823 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 824 41 41 CD 43431 10688 825 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 826 ; ; : 43431 10688 827 cervical cervical NNP 43431 10688 828 and and CC 43431 10688 829 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10688 830 vertebrae vertebrae NNP 43431 10688 831 , , , 43431 10688 832 332 332 CD 43431 10688 833 Swift Swift NNP 43431 10688 834 , , , 43431 10688 835 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 836 42 42 CD 43431 10688 837 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 838 , , , 43431 10688 839 335 335 CD 43431 10688 840 ; ; : 43431 10688 841 foot foot NN 43431 10688 842 , , , 43431 10688 843 342 342 CD 43431 10688 844 Symplectic Symplectic NNP 43431 10688 845 , , , 43431 10688 846 cod cod NN 43431 10688 847 , , , 43431 10688 848 100 100 CD 43431 10688 849 ; ; : 43431 10688 850 salmon salmon NN 43431 10688 851 , , , 43431 10688 852 94 94 CD 43431 10688 853 Tails tail NNS 43431 10688 854 , , , 43431 10688 855 fish fish NN 43431 10688 856 , , , 43431 10688 857 60 60 CD 43431 10688 858 Talpa Talpa NNP 43431 10688 859 , , , 43431 10688 860 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 861 49 49 CD 43431 10688 862 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 863 ; ; : 43431 10688 864 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 865 , , , 43431 10688 866 515 515 CD 43431 10688 867 ; ; : 43431 10688 868 see see VB 43431 10688 869 Mole Mole NNP 43431 10688 870 Talpidae Talpidae NNP 43431 10688 871 , , , 43431 10688 872 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 873 49 49 CD 43431 10688 874 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 875 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 10688 876 , , , 43431 10688 877 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 878 46 46 CD 43431 10688 879 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 880 , , , 43431 10688 881 360 360 CD 43431 10688 882 ; ; : 43431 10688 883 malleus malleus NNP 43431 10688 884 , , , 43431 10688 885 487 487 CD 43431 10688 886 ; ; : 43431 10688 887 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 888 , , , 43431 10688 889 = = SYM 43431 10688 890 524= 524= CD 43431 10688 891 , , , 43431 10688 892 525 525 CD 43431 10688 893 ; ; : 43431 10688 894 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 895 , , , 43431 10688 896 345 345 CD 43431 10688 897 ; ; : 43431 10688 898 see see VBP 43431 10688 899 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 900 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 10688 901 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 902 Tapiridae Tapiridae NNP 43431 10688 903 , , , 43431 10688 904 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 905 46 46 CD 43431 10688 906 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 907 ; ; : 43431 10688 908 dental dental NNP 43431 10688 909 formula formula NN 43431 10688 910 , , , 43431 10688 911 429 429 CD 43431 10688 912 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 913 Tapirus Tapirus NNP 43431 10688 914 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 915 , , , 43431 10688 916 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 917 46 46 CD 43431 10688 918 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 919 ; ; : 43431 10688 920 fibula fibula NN 43431 10688 921 , , , 43431 10688 922 519 519 CD 43431 10688 923 ; ; : 43431 10688 924 manus manus NN 43431 10688 925 , , , 43431 10688 926 = = SYM 43431 10688 927 508= 508= CD 43431 10688 928 ; ; : 43431 10688 929 skull skull NN 43431 10688 930 , , , 43431 10688 931 471 471 CD 43431 10688 932 ; ; : 43431 10688 933 see see VB 43431 10688 934 Tapir Tapir NNP 43431 10688 935 Tarsier Tarsier NNP 43431 10688 936 , , , 43431 10688 937 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 938 49 49 CD 43431 10688 939 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 940 Tarsiidae Tarsiidae NNP 43431 10688 941 , , , 43431 10688 942 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 943 49 49 CD 43431 10688 944 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 945 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 946 Tarsipes Tarsipes NNPS 43431 10688 947 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 948 , , , 43431 10688 949 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 950 43 43 CD 43431 10688 951 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 952 , , , 43431 10688 953 349 349 CD 43431 10688 954 ; ; : 43431 10688 955 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10688 956 , , , 43431 10688 957 457 457 CD 43431 10688 958 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 959 Tarsius Tarsius NNP 43431 10688 960 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 961 , , , 43431 10688 962 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 963 49 49 CD 43431 10688 964 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 965 , , , 43431 10688 966 372 372 CD 43431 10688 967 ; ; : 43431 10688 968 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 969 , , , 43431 10688 970 527 527 CD 43431 10688 971 Tarso Tarso NNP 43431 10688 972 - - HYPH 43431 10688 973 metatarsus metatarsus NN 43431 10688 974 , , , 43431 10688 975 duck duck NN 43431 10688 976 , , , 43431 10688 977 327 327 CD 43431 10688 978 Tarsus Tarsus NNP 43431 10688 979 , , , 43431 10688 980 26 26 CD 43431 10688 981 f. f. NN 43431 10688 982 ; ; : 43431 10688 983 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 984 , , , 43431 10688 985 268 268 CD 43431 10688 986 ; ; : 43431 10688 987 dog dog NN 43431 10688 988 , , , 43431 10688 989 414 414 CD 43431 10688 990 ; ; : 43431 10688 991 frog frog NN 43431 10688 992 , , , 43431 10688 993 166 166 CD 43431 10688 994 ; ; : 43431 10688 995 newt newt NN 43431 10688 996 , , , 43431 10688 997 150 150 CD 43431 10688 998 ; ; : 43431 10688 999 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 1000 , , , 43431 10688 1001 236 236 CD 43431 10688 1002 Tasmanian tasmanian JJ 43431 10688 1003 devil devil NN 43431 10688 1004 , , , 43431 10688 1005 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1006 43 43 CD 43431 10688 1007 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1008 ; ; : 43431 10688 1009 see see VB 43431 10688 1010 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1011 Sarcophilus Sarcophilus NNP 43431 10688 1012 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1013 ; ; : 43431 10688 1014 -- -- : 43431 10688 1015 wolf wolf NNP 43431 10688 1016 , , , 43431 10688 1017 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1018 43 43 CD 43431 10688 1019 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1020 ; ; : 43431 10688 1021 see see VB 43431 10688 1022 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1023 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 10688 1024 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1025 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1026 Tatusia Tatusia NNP 43431 10688 1027 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1028 , , , 43431 10688 1029 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1030 44 44 CD 43431 10688 1031 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1032 ; ; : 43431 10688 1033 stapes stape NNS 43431 10688 1034 , , , 43431 10688 1035 487 487 CD 43431 10688 1036 ; ; : 43431 10688 1037 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1038 , , , 43431 10688 1039 424 424 CD 43431 10688 1040 Tectospondyli Tectospondyli NNP 43431 10688 1041 , , , 43431 10688 1042 114 114 CD 43431 10688 1043 Tectrices tectrix NNS 43431 10688 1044 , , , 43431 10688 1045 duck duck NN 43431 10688 1046 , , , 43431 10688 1047 306 306 CD 43431 10688 1048 Teeth Teeth NNP 43431 10688 1049 , , , 43431 10688 1050 = = NFP 43431 10688 1051 6= 6= CD 43431 10688 1052 ; ; : 43431 10688 1053 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10688 1054 , , , 43431 10688 1055 169 169 CD 43431 10688 1056 ; ; : 43431 10688 1057 birds bird NNS 43431 10688 1058 , , , 43431 10688 1059 330 330 CD 43431 10688 1060 ; ; : 43431 10688 1061 cod cod NN 43431 10688 1062 , , , 43431 10688 1063 83 83 CD 43431 10688 1064 ; ; : 43431 10688 1065 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 1066 , , , 43431 10688 1067 238 238 CD 43431 10688 1068 ; ; : 43431 10688 1069 development development NN 43431 10688 1070 , , , 43431 10688 1071 7 7 CD 43431 10688 1072 ; ; : 43431 10688 1073 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1074 , , , 43431 10688 1075 374 374 CD 43431 10688 1076 f. f. NN 43431 10688 1077 ; ; : 43431 10688 1078 fish fish NN 43431 10688 1079 , , , 43431 10688 1080 106 106 CD 43431 10688 1081 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 1082 ; ; : 43431 10688 1083 frog frog NNP 43431 10688 1084 , , , 43431 10688 1085 158 158 CD 43431 10688 1086 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 1087 ; ; : 43431 10688 1088 horses horse NNS 43431 10688 1089 , , , 43431 10688 1090 5 5 CD 43431 10688 1091 ; ; , 43431 10688 1092 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10688 1093 , , , 43431 10688 1094 344 344 CD 43431 10688 1095 , , , 43431 10688 1096 420 420 CD 43431 10688 1097 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 1098 ; ; : 43431 10688 1099 pharyngeal pharyngeal NN 43431 10688 1100 , , , 43431 10688 1101 8 8 CD 43431 10688 1102 ; ; : 43431 10688 1103 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10688 1104 , , , 43431 10688 1105 272 272 CD 43431 10688 1106 f. f. NN 43431 10688 1107 ; ; : 43431 10688 1108 structure structure NN 43431 10688 1109 , , , 43431 10688 1110 4 4 CD 43431 10688 1111 ; ; : 43431 10688 1112 succession succession NN 43431 10688 1113 , , , 43431 10688 1114 7 7 CD 43431 10688 1115 Teleosauridae Teleosauridae NNP 43431 10688 1116 , , , 43431 10688 1117 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1118 39 39 CD 43431 10688 1119 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1120 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1121 Teleosaurus Teleosaurus NNP 43431 10688 1122 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1123 , , , 43431 10688 1124 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1125 39 39 CD 43431 10688 1126 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1127 ; ; : 43431 10688 1128 palate palate NN 43431 10688 1129 , , , 43431 10688 1130 281 281 CD 43431 10688 1131 ; ; : 43431 10688 1132 scutes scute NNS 43431 10688 1133 , , , 43431 10688 1134 271 271 CD 43431 10688 1135 ; ; : 43431 10688 1136 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 1137 , , , 43431 10688 1138 275 275 CD 43431 10688 1139 Teleostei Teleostei NNP 43431 10688 1140 , , , 43431 10688 1141 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1142 33 33 CD 43431 10688 1143 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1144 ; ; : 43431 10688 1145 general general JJ 43431 10688 1146 characters character NNS 43431 10688 1147 , , , 43431 10688 1148 69 69 CD 43431 10688 1149 ; ; : 43431 10688 1150 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 1151 , , , 43431 10688 1152 126 126 CD 43431 10688 1153 ; ; : 43431 10688 1154 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1155 , , , 43431 10688 1156 124 124 CD 43431 10688 1157 ; ; : 43431 10688 1158 tail tail NN 43431 10688 1159 , , , 43431 10688 1160 117 117 CD 43431 10688 1161 ; ; : 43431 10688 1162 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1163 , , , 43431 10688 1164 110 110 CD 43431 10688 1165 ; ; : 43431 10688 1166 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10688 1167 column column NN 43431 10688 1168 , , , 43431 10688 1169 115 115 CD 43431 10688 1170 Temnospondyli Temnospondyli NNP 43431 10688 1171 , , , 43431 10688 1172 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1173 35 35 CD 43431 10688 1174 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1175 Tenrec Tenrec NNP 43431 10688 1176 , , , 43431 10688 1177 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1178 49 49 CD 43431 10688 1179 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1180 ; ; : 43431 10688 1181 see see VB 43431 10688 1182 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1183 Centetes Centetes NNP 43431 10688 1184 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1185 Tentorium Tentorium NNP 43431 10688 1186 , , , 43431 10688 1187 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1188 , , , 43431 10688 1189 392 392 CD 43431 10688 1190 Terrapin Terrapin NNP 43431 10688 1191 , , , 43431 10688 1192 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1193 37 37 CD 43431 10688 1194 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1195 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1196 Testudo Testudo NNP 43431 10688 1197 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1198 , , , 43431 10688 1199 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1200 37 37 CD 43431 10688 1201 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1202 , , , 43431 10688 1203 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1204 194 194 CD 43431 10688 1205 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1206 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1207 Tetraceros Tetraceros NNP 43431 10688 1208 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1209 , , , 43431 10688 1210 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1211 46 46 CD 43431 10688 1212 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1213 ; ; : 43431 10688 1214 horns horn NNS 43431 10688 1215 , , , 43431 10688 1216 417 417 CD 43431 10688 1217 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1218 Thalassochelys Thalassochelys NNP 43431 10688 1219 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1220 , , , 43431 10688 1221 carapace carapace NN 43431 10688 1222 , , , 43431 10688 1223 = = NFP 43431 10688 1224 216= 216= CD 43431 10688 1225 Thecodont Thecodont NNP 43431 10688 1226 , , , 43431 10688 1227 defined define VBN 43431 10688 1228 , , , 43431 10688 1229 273 273 CD 43431 10688 1230 Theriodontia Theriodontia NNP 43431 10688 1231 , , , 43431 10688 1232 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1233 36 36 CD 43431 10688 1234 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1235 Theromorpha Theromorpha NNP 43431 10688 1236 , , , 43431 10688 1237 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1238 36 36 CD 43431 10688 1239 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1240 ; ; : 43431 10688 1241 general general JJ 43431 10688 1242 characters character NNS 43431 10688 1243 , , , 43431 10688 1244 191 191 CD 43431 10688 1245 ; ; : 43431 10688 1246 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10688 1247 , , , 43431 10688 1248 290 290 CD 43431 10688 1249 ; ; , 43431 10688 1250 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10688 1251 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10688 1252 , , , 43431 10688 1253 288 288 CD 43431 10688 1254 ; ; : 43431 10688 1255 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 1256 , , , 43431 10688 1257 285 285 CD 43431 10688 1258 ; ; : 43431 10688 1259 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1260 , , , 43431 10688 1261 278 278 CD 43431 10688 1262 ; ; : 43431 10688 1263 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1264 , , , 43431 10688 1265 273 273 CD 43431 10688 1266 ; ; , 43431 10688 1267 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10688 1268 column column NN 43431 10688 1269 , , , 43431 10688 1270 275 275 CD 43431 10688 1271 f. f. NN 43431 10688 1272 Theropoda Theropoda NNP 43431 10688 1273 , , , 43431 10688 1274 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1275 38 38 CD 43431 10688 1276 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1277 ; ; : 43431 10688 1278 general general JJ 43431 10688 1279 characters character NNS 43431 10688 1280 , , , 43431 10688 1281 207 207 CD 43431 10688 1282 ; ; : 43431 10688 1283 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1284 , , , 43431 10688 1285 273 273 CD 43431 10688 1286 Thoracic Thoracic NNP 43431 10688 1287 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 1288 , , , 43431 10688 1289 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 1290 , , , 43431 10688 1291 259 259 CD 43431 10688 1292 ; ; : 43431 10688 1293 see see VB 43431 10688 1294 Ribs Ribs NNP 43431 10688 1295 ; ; , 43431 10688 1296 -- -- : 43431 10688 1297 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 1298 , , , 43431 10688 1299 16 16 CD 43431 10688 1300 ; ; : 43431 10688 1301 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 1302 , , , 43431 10688 1303 241 241 CD 43431 10688 1304 , , , 43431 10688 1305 = = SYM 43431 10688 1306 242= 242= CD 43431 10688 1307 ; ; : 43431 10688 1308 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1309 , , , 43431 10688 1310 381 381 CD 43431 10688 1311 , , , 43431 10688 1312 = = SYM 43431 10688 1313 382= 382= CD 43431 10688 1314 ; ; : 43431 10688 1315 duck duck NN 43431 10688 1316 , , , 43431 10688 1317 310 310 CD 43431 10688 1318 ; ; : 43431 10688 1319 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 1320 , , , 43431 10688 1321 221 221 CD 43431 10688 1322 Thoraco Thoraco NNP 43431 10688 1323 - - HYPH 43431 10688 1324 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10688 1325 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 1326 , , , 43431 10688 1327 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10688 1328 , , , 43431 10688 1329 447 447 CD 43431 10688 1330 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 1331 Thornback Thornback NNP 43431 10688 1332 skate skate NN 43431 10688 1333 , , , 43431 10688 1334 104 104 CD 43431 10688 1335 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1336 Thylacinus Thylacinus NNP 43431 10688 1337 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1338 , , , 43431 10688 1339 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1340 43 43 CD 43431 10688 1341 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1342 ; ; : 43431 10688 1343 atlas atlas NNP 43431 10688 1344 , , , 43431 10688 1345 443 443 CD 43431 10688 1346 ; ; : 43431 10688 1347 dental dental JJ 43431 10688 1348 formula formula NN 43431 10688 1349 , , , 43431 10688 1350 423 423 CD 43431 10688 1351 ; ; : 43431 10688 1352 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 1353 , , , 43431 10688 1354 513 513 CD 43431 10688 1355 ; ; : 43431 10688 1356 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 1357 , , , 43431 10688 1358 521 521 CD 43431 10688 1359 ; ; : 43431 10688 1360 skull skull NN 43431 10688 1361 , , , 43431 10688 1362 = = NFP 43431 10688 1363 456= 456= CD 43431 10688 1364 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1365 Thylacoleo Thylacoleo NNP 43431 10688 1366 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1367 , , , 43431 10688 1368 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1369 43 43 CD 43431 10688 1370 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1371 ; ; : 43431 10688 1372 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1373 , , , 43431 10688 1374 457 457 CD 43431 10688 1375 Thyro Thyro NNP 43431 10688 1376 - - HYPH 43431 10688 1377 hyal hyal NNP 43431 10688 1378 , , , 43431 10688 1379 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1380 , , , 43431 10688 1381 399 399 CD 43431 10688 1382 Tibia Tibia NNP 43431 10688 1383 , , , 43431 10688 1384 26 26 CD 43431 10688 1385 ; ; : 43431 10688 1386 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 1387 , , , 43431 10688 1388 268 268 CD 43431 10688 1389 ; ; : 43431 10688 1390 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1391 , , , 43431 10688 1392 412 412 CD 43431 10688 1393 ; ; : 43431 10688 1394 newt newt NN 43431 10688 1395 , , , 43431 10688 1396 149 149 CD 43431 10688 1397 ; ; : 43431 10688 1398 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 1399 , , , 43431 10688 1400 235 235 CD 43431 10688 1401 Tibiale Tibiale NNP 43431 10688 1402 27 27 CD 43431 10688 1403 ; ; : 43431 10688 1404 see see VB 43431 10688 1405 Tarsus Tarsus NNP 43431 10688 1406 Tibio Tibio NNP 43431 10688 1407 - - HYPH 43431 10688 1408 fibula fibula NNP 43431 10688 1409 , , , 43431 10688 1410 frog frog NN 43431 10688 1411 , , , 43431 10688 1412 166 166 CD 43431 10688 1413 Tibio Tibio NNP 43431 10688 1414 - - HYPH 43431 10688 1415 tarsus tarsus NNP 43431 10688 1416 , , , 43431 10688 1417 duck duck NN 43431 10688 1418 , , , 43431 10688 1419 326 326 CD 43431 10688 1420 Tichorhine Tichorhine NNP 43431 10688 1421 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP 43431 10688 1422 , , , 43431 10688 1423 470 470 CD 43431 10688 1424 Tiger Tiger NNP 43431 10688 1425 , , , 43431 10688 1426 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1427 48 48 CD 43431 10688 1428 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1429 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1430 Tiliqua Tiliqua NNP 43431 10688 1431 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1432 , , , 43431 10688 1433 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1434 38 38 CD 43431 10688 1435 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1436 ; ; : 43431 10688 1437 scutes scute NNS 43431 10688 1438 , , , 43431 10688 1439 200 200 CD 43431 10688 1440 , , , 43431 10688 1441 271 271 CD 43431 10688 1442 Tillodontia Tillodontia NNP 43431 10688 1443 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1444 47 47 CD 43431 10688 1445 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1446 , , , 43431 10688 1447 365 365 CD 43431 10688 1448 ; ; : 43431 10688 1449 femur femur NN 43431 10688 1450 , , , 43431 10688 1451 520 520 CD 43431 10688 1452 ; ; : 43431 10688 1453 manus manus NN 43431 10688 1454 , , , 43431 10688 1455 511 511 CD 43431 10688 1456 ; ; : 43431 10688 1457 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1458 , , , 43431 10688 1459 435 435 CD 43431 10688 1460 Tinamidae Tinamidae NNP 43431 10688 1461 300 300 CD 43431 10688 1462 ; ; : 43431 10688 1463 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10688 1464 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 1465 , , , 43431 10688 1466 333 333 CD 43431 10688 1467 ; ; : 43431 10688 1468 vomers vomer NNS 43431 10688 1469 , , , 43431 10688 1470 334 334 CD 43431 10688 1471 Tinamiformes tinamiforme NNS 43431 10688 1472 , , , 43431 10688 1473 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1474 41 41 CD 43431 10688 1475 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1476 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1477 Tinamus Tinamus NNP 43431 10688 1478 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1479 , , , 43431 10688 1480 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1481 41 41 CD 43431 10688 1482 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1483 ; ; : 43431 10688 1484 ischia ischia NNP 43431 10688 1485 , , , 43431 10688 1486 341 341 CD 43431 10688 1487 Titanotheriidae Titanotheriidae NNP 43431 10688 1488 , , , 43431 10688 1489 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1490 46 46 CD 43431 10688 1491 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1492 ; ; : 43431 10688 1493 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1494 , , , 43431 10688 1495 470 470 CD 43431 10688 1496 ; ; : 43431 10688 1497 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1498 , , , 43431 10688 1499 432 432 CD 43431 10688 1500 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1501 Titanotherium Titanotherium NNP 43431 10688 1502 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1503 , , , 43431 10688 1504 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1505 46 46 CD 43431 10688 1506 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1507 ; ; : 43431 10688 1508 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10688 1509 , , , 43431 10688 1510 501 501 CD 43431 10688 1511 ; ; : 43431 10688 1512 manus manus NN 43431 10688 1513 , , , 43431 10688 1514 = = SYM 43431 10688 1515 508= 508= CD 43431 10688 1516 ; ; : 43431 10688 1517 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 1518 , , , 43431 10688 1519 525 525 CD 43431 10688 1520 Toad Toad NNP 43431 10688 1521 , , , 43431 10688 1522 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1523 36 36 CD 43431 10688 1524 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1525 ; ; : 43431 10688 1526 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10688 1527 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10688 1528 , , , 43431 10688 1529 185 185 CD 43431 10688 1530 Tope Tope NNP 43431 10688 1531 , , , 43431 10688 1532 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1533 32 32 CD 43431 10688 1534 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1535 Torpedinidae Torpedinidae NNP 43431 10688 1536 , , , 43431 10688 1537 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1538 32 32 CD 43431 10688 1539 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1540 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1541 Torpedo Torpedo NNP 43431 10688 1542 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1543 , , , 43431 10688 1544 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1545 32 32 CD 43431 10688 1546 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1547 , , , 43431 10688 1548 104 104 CD 43431 10688 1549 Tortoise Tortoise NNP 43431 10688 1550 , , , 43431 10688 1551 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1552 37 37 CD 43431 10688 1553 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1554 ; ; : 43431 10688 1555 position position NN 43431 10688 1556 of of IN 43431 10688 1557 limbs limb NNS 43431 10688 1558 , , , 43431 10688 1559 28 28 CD 43431 10688 1560 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1561 Tortrix Tortrix NNP 43431 10688 1562 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1563 , , , 43431 10688 1564 ischio ischio RB 43431 10688 1565 - - HYPH 43431 10688 1566 pubis pubi VBN 43431 10688 1567 , , , 43431 10688 1568 292 292 CD 43431 10688 1569 ; ; : 43431 10688 1570 traces trace NNS 43431 10688 1571 of of IN 43431 10688 1572 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10688 1573 limb limb NN 43431 10688 1574 , , , 43431 10688 1575 293 293 CD 43431 10688 1576 Toucan Toucan NNP 43431 10688 1577 , , , 43431 10688 1578 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1579 42 42 CD 43431 10688 1580 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1581 ; ; : 43431 10688 1582 foot foot NN 43431 10688 1583 , , , 43431 10688 1584 342 342 CD 43431 10688 1585 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1586 Toxodon Toxodon NNP 43431 10688 1587 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1588 , , , 43431 10688 1589 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1590 46 46 CD 43431 10688 1591 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1592 , , , 43431 10688 1593 361 361 CD 43431 10688 1594 ; ; : 43431 10688 1595 femur femur NN 43431 10688 1596 , , , 43431 10688 1597 519 519 CD 43431 10688 1598 ; ; : 43431 10688 1599 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 1600 , , , 43431 10688 1601 525 525 CD 43431 10688 1602 ; ; : 43431 10688 1603 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1604 , , , 43431 10688 1605 432 432 CD 43431 10688 1606 Toxodontia Toxodontia NNP 43431 10688 1607 , , , 43431 10688 1608 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1609 46 46 CD 43431 10688 1610 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1611 ; ; : 43431 10688 1612 general general JJ 43431 10688 1613 characters character NNS 43431 10688 1614 , , , 43431 10688 1615 361 361 CD 43431 10688 1616 ; ; : 43431 10688 1617 manus manus NN 43431 10688 1618 , , , 43431 10688 1619 509 509 CD 43431 10688 1620 ; ; : 43431 10688 1621 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1622 , , , 43431 10688 1623 472 472 CD 43431 10688 1624 ; ; : 43431 10688 1625 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1626 , , , 43431 10688 1627 432 432 CD 43431 10688 1628 Toxodontidae Toxodontidae NNP 43431 10688 1629 , , , 43431 10688 1630 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1631 46 46 CD 43431 10688 1632 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1633 Trabeculae Trabeculae NNP 43431 10688 1634 11 11 CD 43431 10688 1635 ; ; : 43431 10688 1636 -- -- : 43431 10688 1637 cranii cranii NNP 43431 10688 1638 , , , 43431 10688 1639 17 17 CD 43431 10688 1640 Tragulidae Tragulidae NNP 43431 10688 1641 , , , 43431 10688 1642 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1643 45 45 CD 43431 10688 1644 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1645 Tragulina Tragulina NNP 43431 10688 1646 , , , 43431 10688 1647 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1648 45 45 CD 43431 10688 1649 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1650 , , , 43431 10688 1651 359 359 CD 43431 10688 1652 ; ; : 43431 10688 1653 fibula fibula NN 43431 10688 1654 , , , 43431 10688 1655 519 519 CD 43431 10688 1656 ; ; : 43431 10688 1657 manus manus NN 43431 10688 1658 , , , 43431 10688 1659 507 507 CD 43431 10688 1660 ; ; : 43431 10688 1661 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 10688 1662 process process NN 43431 10688 1663 , , , 43431 10688 1664 445 445 CD 43431 10688 1665 ; ; : 43431 10688 1666 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 1667 , , , 43431 10688 1668 523 523 CD 43431 10688 1669 ; ; : 43431 10688 1670 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1671 , , , 43431 10688 1672 468 468 CD 43431 10688 1673 ; ; : 43431 10688 1674 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1675 , , , 43431 10688 1676 429 429 CD 43431 10688 1677 ; ; , 43431 10688 1678 ulna ulna CD 43431 10688 1679 , , , 43431 10688 1680 501 501 CD 43431 10688 1681 Transpalatine transpalatine JJ 43431 10688 1682 , , , 43431 10688 1683 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 1684 , , , 43431 10688 1685 255 255 CD 43431 10688 1686 ; ; : 43431 10688 1687 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10688 1688 , , , 43431 10688 1689 278 278 CD 43431 10688 1690 Trapezium trapezium NN 43431 10688 1691 , , , 43431 10688 1692 27 27 CD 43431 10688 1693 ; ; : 43431 10688 1694 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1695 , , , 43431 10688 1696 408 408 CD 43431 10688 1697 Trapezoid Trapezoid NNP 43431 10688 1698 , , , 43431 10688 1699 27 27 CD 43431 10688 1700 ; ; : 43431 10688 1701 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1702 , , , 43431 10688 1703 408 408 CD 43431 10688 1704 Trichechidae Trichechidae NNP 43431 10688 1705 , , , 43431 10688 1706 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1707 48 48 CD 43431 10688 1708 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1709 , , , 43431 10688 1710 369 369 CD 43431 10688 1711 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1712 Trichechus Trichechus NNP 43431 10688 1713 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1714 , , , 43431 10688 1715 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1716 48 48 CD 43431 10688 1717 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1718 ; ; : 43431 10688 1719 see see VB 43431 10688 1720 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 10688 1721 Trionychia Trionychia NNP 43431 10688 1722 , , , 43431 10688 1723 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1724 37 37 CD 43431 10688 1725 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1726 ; ; : 43431 10688 1727 general general JJ 43431 10688 1728 characters character NNS 43431 10688 1729 , , , 43431 10688 1730 194 194 CD 43431 10688 1731 Trionychidae Trionychidae NNP 43431 10688 1732 , , , 43431 10688 1733 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1734 37 37 CD 43431 10688 1735 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1736 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1737 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 10688 1738 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1739 , , , 43431 10688 1740 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1741 37 37 CD 43431 10688 1742 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1743 , , , 43431 10688 1744 193 193 CD 43431 10688 1745 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 1746 ; ; : 43431 10688 1747 exoskeleton exoskeleton NNP 43431 10688 1748 , , , 43431 10688 1749 214 214 CD 43431 10688 1750 , , , 43431 10688 1751 270 270 CD 43431 10688 1752 ; ; : 43431 10688 1753 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1754 , , , 43431 10688 1755 283 283 CD 43431 10688 1756 ; ; : 43431 10688 1757 vestiges vestige NNS 43431 10688 1758 of of IN 43431 10688 1759 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1760 , , , 43431 10688 1761 274 274 CD 43431 10688 1762 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1763 Trissolepis Trissolepis NNP 43431 10688 1764 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1765 , , , 43431 10688 1766 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1767 32 32 CD 43431 10688 1768 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1769 ; ; : 43431 10688 1770 scales scale NNS 43431 10688 1771 , , , 43431 10688 1772 104 104 CD 43431 10688 1773 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1774 Tritylodon Tritylodon NNP 43431 10688 1775 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1776 , , , 43431 10688 1777 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1778 43 43 CD 43431 10688 1779 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1780 ; ; : 43431 10688 1781 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 1782 , , , 43431 10688 1783 348 348 CD 43431 10688 1784 Trochanter Trochanter NNP 43431 10688 1785 , , , 43431 10688 1786 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1787 412 412 CD 43431 10688 1788 ; ; : 43431 10688 1789 duck duck NN 43431 10688 1790 , , , 43431 10688 1791 326 326 CD 43431 10688 1792 Trochilidae Trochilidae NNP 43431 10688 1793 , , , 43431 10688 1794 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1795 42 42 CD 43431 10688 1796 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1797 ; ; : 43431 10688 1798 see see VB 43431 10688 1799 Humming humming NN 43431 10688 1800 - - HYPH 43431 10688 1801 birds bird NNS 43431 10688 1802 Trochlea Trochlea NNP 43431 10688 1803 , , , 43431 10688 1804 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 1805 , , , 43431 10688 1806 263 263 CD 43431 10688 1807 ; ; : 43431 10688 1808 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1809 , , , 43431 10688 1810 405 405 CD 43431 10688 1811 f. f. NN 43431 10688 1812 ; ; : 43431 10688 1813 duck duck NN 43431 10688 1814 , , , 43431 10688 1815 323 323 CD 43431 10688 1816 ; ; : 43431 10688 1817 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 1818 , , , 43431 10688 1819 232 232 CD 43431 10688 1820 Trogon Trogon NNP 43431 10688 1821 , , , 43431 10688 1822 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1823 42 42 CD 43431 10688 1824 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1825 ; ; : 43431 10688 1826 foot foot NN 43431 10688 1827 , , , 43431 10688 1828 342 342 CD 43431 10688 1829 Trogonidae Trogonidae NNP 43431 10688 1830 , , , 43431 10688 1831 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1832 42 42 CD 43431 10688 1833 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1834 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1835 Tropidonotus Tropidonotus NNP 43431 10688 1836 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1837 , , , 43431 10688 1838 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1839 38 38 CD 43431 10688 1840 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1841 ; ; : 43431 10688 1842 jaws jaw NNS 43431 10688 1843 , , , 43431 10688 1844 280 280 CD 43431 10688 1845 ; ; : 43431 10688 1846 skull skull NN 43431 10688 1847 , , , 43431 10688 1848 = = SYM 43431 10688 1849 279= 279= CD 43431 10688 1850 Trunk Trunk NNP 43431 10688 1851 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 1852 , , , 43431 10688 1853 cod cod NN 43431 10688 1854 , , , 43431 10688 1855 84 84 CD 43431 10688 1856 ; ; : 43431 10688 1857 see see VB 43431 10688 1858 thoracic thoracic NNP 43431 10688 1859 and and CC 43431 10688 1860 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10688 1861 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 1862 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1863 Trygon Trygon NNP 43431 10688 1864 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1865 , , , 43431 10688 1866 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1867 32 32 CD 43431 10688 1868 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1869 ; ; : 43431 10688 1870 calcification calcification NN 43431 10688 1871 of of IN 43431 10688 1872 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 1873 , , , 43431 10688 1874 114 114 CD 43431 10688 1875 ; ; : 43431 10688 1876 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10688 1877 spine spine NN 43431 10688 1878 , , , 43431 10688 1879 106 106 CD 43431 10688 1880 Trygonidae Trygonidae NNP 43431 10688 1881 , , , 43431 10688 1882 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1883 32 32 CD 43431 10688 1884 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1885 Tuberosities Tuberosities NNPS 43431 10688 1886 of of IN 43431 10688 1887 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10688 1888 , , , 43431 10688 1889 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1890 , , , 43431 10688 1891 405 405 CD 43431 10688 1892 ; ; : 43431 10688 1893 of of IN 43431 10688 1894 ischium ischium NN 43431 10688 1895 , , , 43431 10688 1896 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1897 , , , 43431 10688 1898 411 411 CD 43431 10688 1899 Tunicata Tunicata NNP 43431 10688 1900 , , , 43431 10688 1901 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1902 30 30 CD 43431 10688 1903 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1904 , , , 43431 10688 1905 51 51 CD 43431 10688 1906 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1907 Tupaia Tupaia NNP 43431 10688 1908 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1909 , , , 43431 10688 1910 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1911 , , , 43431 10688 1912 480 480 CD 43431 10688 1913 ; ; : 43431 10688 1914 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10688 1915 - - HYPH 43431 10688 1916 lumbar lumbar NN 43431 10688 1917 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 1918 , , , 43431 10688 1919 450 450 CD 43431 10688 1920 Turbinals turbinal NNS 43431 10688 1921 , , , 43431 10688 1922 dog dog NN 43431 10688 1923 , , , 43431 10688 1924 395 395 CD 43431 10688 1925 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1926 Tursiops Tursiops NNP 43431 10688 1927 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1928 , , , 43431 10688 1929 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1930 45 45 CD 43431 10688 1931 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1932 ; ; : 43431 10688 1933 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 1934 , , , 43431 10688 1935 462 462 CD 43431 10688 1936 Turtle Turtle NNP 43431 10688 1937 , , , 43431 10688 1938 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1939 37 37 CD 43431 10688 1940 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 1941 ; ; : 43431 10688 1942 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10688 1943 limb limb NN 43431 10688 1944 , , , 43431 10688 1945 232 232 CD 43431 10688 1946 , , , 43431 10688 1947 = = SYM 43431 10688 1948 234= 234= CD 43431 10688 1949 ; ; : 43431 10688 1950 cranium cranium NN 43431 10688 1951 , , , 43431 10688 1952 222 222 CD 43431 10688 1953 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 1954 , , , 43431 10688 1955 = = SYM 43431 10688 1956 226= 226= CD 43431 10688 1957 ; ; : 43431 10688 1958 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10688 1959 , , , 43431 10688 1960 231 231 CD 43431 10688 1961 , , , 43431 10688 1962 = = SYM 43431 10688 1963 285= 285= NN 43431 10688 1964 ; ; : 43431 10688 1965 mandible mandible JJ 43431 10688 1966 , , , 43431 10688 1967 230 230 CD 43431 10688 1968 ; ; , 43431 10688 1969 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10688 1970 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10688 1971 , , , 43431 10688 1972 231 231 CD 43431 10688 1973 ; ; : 43431 10688 1974 pelvic pelvic JJ 43431 10688 1975 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10688 1976 , , , 43431 10688 1977 235 235 CD 43431 10688 1978 ; ; : 43431 10688 1979 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 1980 , , , 43431 10688 1981 236 236 CD 43431 10688 1982 ; ; : 43431 10688 1983 plastron plastron NN 43431 10688 1984 , , , 43431 10688 1985 217 217 CD 43431 10688 1986 , , , 43431 10688 1987 = = SYM 43431 10688 1988 218= 218= CD 43431 10688 1989 ; ; : 43431 10688 1990 posterior posterior NN 43431 10688 1991 limb limb NN 43431 10688 1992 , , , 43431 10688 1993 = = SYM 43431 10688 1994 234= 234= CD 43431 10688 1995 , , , 43431 10688 1996 235 235 CD 43431 10688 1997 ; ; : 43431 10688 1998 sense sense NN 43431 10688 1999 capsules capsule NNS 43431 10688 2000 , , , 43431 10688 2001 227 227 CD 43431 10688 2002 ; ; : 43431 10688 2003 skull skull NN 43431 10688 2004 , , , 43431 10688 2005 222 222 CD 43431 10688 2006 ; ; : 43431 10688 2007 vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10688 2008 column column NN 43431 10688 2009 , , , 43431 10688 2010 219 219 CD 43431 10688 2011 ; ; : 43431 10688 2012 Leathery Leathery NNP 43431 10688 2013 -- -- : 43431 10688 2014 , , , 43431 10688 2015 see see VB 43431 10688 2016 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2017 Dermochelys Dermochelys NNP 43431 10688 2018 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2019 ; ; : 43431 10688 2020 Snapping Snapping NNP 43431 10688 2021 -- -- : 43431 10688 2022 , , , 43431 10688 2023 see see VB 43431 10688 2024 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2025 Trionyx Trionyx NNP 43431 10688 2026 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2027 Tylopoda Tylopoda NNP 43431 10688 2028 , , , 43431 10688 2029 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2030 45 45 CD 43431 10688 2031 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2032 , , , 43431 10688 2033 359 359 CD 43431 10688 2034 ; ; : 43431 10688 2035 fibula fibula NN 43431 10688 2036 , , , 43431 10688 2037 519 519 CD 43431 10688 2038 ; ; : 43431 10688 2039 manus manus NN 43431 10688 2040 , , , 43431 10688 2041 507 507 CD 43431 10688 2042 ; ; : 43431 10688 2043 odontoid odontoid JJ 43431 10688 2044 process process NN 43431 10688 2045 , , , 43431 10688 2046 445 445 CD 43431 10688 2047 ; ; : 43431 10688 2048 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 2049 , , , 43431 10688 2050 514 514 CD 43431 10688 2051 ; ; : 43431 10688 2052 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 2053 , , , 43431 10688 2054 523 523 CD 43431 10688 2055 ; ; : 43431 10688 2056 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 2057 , , , 43431 10688 2058 468 468 CD 43431 10688 2059 ; ; : 43431 10688 2060 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 2061 , , , 43431 10688 2062 428 428 CD 43431 10688 2063 ; ; : 43431 10688 2064 ulna ulna NNP 43431 10688 2065 , , , 43431 10688 2066 502 502 CD 43431 10688 2067 Tympanic tympanic JJ 43431 10688 2068 , , , 43431 10688 2069 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2070 , , , 43431 10688 2071 392 392 CD 43431 10688 2072 ; ; : 43431 10688 2073 -- -- : 43431 10688 2074 cavity cavity NN 43431 10688 2075 , , , 43431 10688 2076 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2077 , , , 43431 10688 2078 250 250 CD 43431 10688 2079 ; ; : 43431 10688 2080 diagram diagram NN 43431 10688 2081 of of IN 43431 10688 2082 mammalian mammalian NNP 43431 10688 2083 , , , 43431 10688 2084 = = SYM 43431 10688 2085 391= 391= CD 43431 10688 2086 ; ; : 43431 10688 2087 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2088 , , , 43431 10688 2089 393 393 CD 43431 10688 2090 ; ; : 43431 10688 2091 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2092 , , , 43431 10688 2093 315 315 CD 43431 10688 2094 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 2095 ; ; : 43431 10688 2096 turtle turtle NNP 43431 10688 2097 , , , 43431 10688 2098 228 228 CD 43431 10688 2099 ; ; : 43431 10688 2100 -- -- : 43431 10688 2101 recess recess NN 43431 10688 2102 , , , 43431 10688 2103 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2104 , , , 43431 10688 2105 315 315 CD 43431 10688 2106 Tympano Tympano NNP 43431 10688 2107 - - HYPH 43431 10688 2108 hyal hyal NNP 43431 10688 2109 , , , 43431 10688 2110 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2111 , , , 43431 10688 2112 399 399 CD 43431 10688 2113 Typhlopidae Typhlopidae NNP 43431 10688 2114 , , , 43431 10688 2115 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2116 38 38 CD 43431 10688 2117 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2118 ; ; : 43431 10688 2119 scales scale NNS 43431 10688 2120 , , , 43431 10688 2121 270 270 CD 43431 10688 2122 ; ; : 43431 10688 2123 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 2124 , , , 43431 10688 2125 278 278 CD 43431 10688 2126 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2127 Typhlops Typhlops NNPS 43431 10688 2128 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2129 , , , 43431 10688 2130 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2131 38 38 CD 43431 10688 2132 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2133 ; ; : 43431 10688 2134 ischio ischio RB 43431 10688 2135 - - HYPH 43431 10688 2136 pubis pubi VBN 43431 10688 2137 , , , 43431 10688 2138 292 292 CD 43431 10688 2139 ; ; : 43431 10688 2140 traces trace NNS 43431 10688 2141 of of IN 43431 10688 2142 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10688 2143 limb limb NN 43431 10688 2144 , , , 43431 10688 2145 293 293 CD 43431 10688 2146 Typotheriidae Typotheriidae NNP 43431 10688 2147 , , , 43431 10688 2148 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2149 46 46 CD 43431 10688 2150 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2151 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2152 Typotherium Typotherium NNP 43431 10688 2153 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2154 , , , 43431 10688 2155 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2156 46 46 CD 43431 10688 2157 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2158 , , , 43431 10688 2159 358 358 CD 43431 10688 2160 , , , 43431 10688 2161 361 361 CD 43431 10688 2162 ; ; : 43431 10688 2163 clavicle clavicle NNP 43431 10688 2164 , , , 43431 10688 2165 495 495 CD 43431 10688 2166 , , , 43431 10688 2167 497 497 CD 43431 10688 2168 ; ; : 43431 10688 2169 femur femur NN 43431 10688 2170 , , , 43431 10688 2171 519 519 CD 43431 10688 2172 ; ; : 43431 10688 2173 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 2174 , , , 43431 10688 2175 525 525 CD 43431 10688 2176 ; ; : 43431 10688 2177 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 2178 , , , 43431 10688 2179 472 472 CD 43431 10688 2180 ; ; : 43431 10688 2181 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 2182 , , , 43431 10688 2183 432 432 CD 43431 10688 2184 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2185 Udenodon Udenodon NNP 43431 10688 2186 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2187 , , , 43431 10688 2188 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2189 36 36 CD 43431 10688 2190 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2191 , , , 43431 10688 2192 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2193 192 192 CD 43431 10688 2194 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2195 ; ; : 43431 10688 2196 beak beak NNP 43431 10688 2197 , , , 43431 10688 2198 271 271 CD 43431 10688 2199 Uintatheriidae Uintatheriidae NNP 43431 10688 2200 , , , 43431 10688 2201 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2202 47 47 CD 43431 10688 2203 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2204 ; ; : 43431 10688 2205 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 2206 , , , 43431 10688 2207 364 364 CD 43431 10688 2208 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2209 Uintatherium Uintatherium NNP 43431 10688 2210 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2211 , , , 43431 10688 2212 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2213 47 47 CD 43431 10688 2214 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2215 ; ; : 43431 10688 2216 dental dental JJ 43431 10688 2217 formula formula NN 43431 10688 2218 , , , 43431 10688 2219 433 433 CD 43431 10688 2220 ; ; : 43431 10688 2221 leg leg NN 43431 10688 2222 , , , 43431 10688 2223 519 519 CD 43431 10688 2224 ; ; : 43431 10688 2225 limbs limb NNS 43431 10688 2226 and and CC 43431 10688 2227 limb limb NN 43431 10688 2228 girdles girdle NNS 43431 10688 2229 , , , 43431 10688 2230 = = SYM 43431 10688 2231 516= 516= CD 43431 10688 2232 ; ; : 43431 10688 2233 manus manus NN 43431 10688 2234 , , , 43431 10688 2235 510 510 CD 43431 10688 2236 ; ; : 43431 10688 2237 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 2238 , , , 43431 10688 2239 514 514 CD 43431 10688 2240 ; ; : 43431 10688 2241 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 2242 , , , 43431 10688 2243 473 473 CD 43431 10688 2244 Ulna Ulna NNP 43431 10688 2245 , , , 43431 10688 2246 26 26 CD 43431 10688 2247 ; ; : 43431 10688 2248 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2249 , , , 43431 10688 2250 265 265 CD 43431 10688 2251 ; ; : 43431 10688 2252 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2253 , , , 43431 10688 2254 406 406 CD 43431 10688 2255 ; ; : 43431 10688 2256 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2257 , , , 43431 10688 2258 323 323 CD 43431 10688 2259 ; ; : 43431 10688 2260 frog frog NNP 43431 10688 2261 , , , 43431 10688 2262 164 164 CD 43431 10688 2263 ; ; : 43431 10688 2264 newt newt NN 43431 10688 2265 , , , 43431 10688 2266 147 147 CD 43431 10688 2267 ; ; : 43431 10688 2268 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 2269 , , , 43431 10688 2270 233 233 CD 43431 10688 2271 Ulnare Ulnare NNP 43431 10688 2272 , , , 43431 10688 2273 27 27 CD 43431 10688 2274 ; ; : 43431 10688 2275 see see VB 43431 10688 2276 Carpus Carpus NNP 43431 10688 2277 Umbilicus Umbilicus NNP 43431 10688 2278 , , , 43431 10688 2279 inferior inferior JJ 43431 10688 2280 and and CC 43431 10688 2281 superior superior JJ 43431 10688 2282 , , , 43431 10688 2283 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2284 , , , 43431 10688 2285 303 303 CD 43431 10688 2286 Uncinate uncinate JJ 43431 10688 2287 process process NN 43431 10688 2288 , , , 43431 10688 2289 190 190 CD 43431 10688 2290 ; ; : 43431 10688 2291 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2292 , , , 43431 10688 2293 259 259 CD 43431 10688 2294 ; ; : 43431 10688 2295 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2296 , , , 43431 10688 2297 320 320 CD 43431 10688 2298 Unciform Unciform NNP 43431 10688 2299 , , , 43431 10688 2300 27 27 CD 43431 10688 2301 , , , 43431 10688 2302 345 345 CD 43431 10688 2303 , , , 43431 10688 2304 504 504 CD 43431 10688 2305 ; ; : 43431 10688 2306 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2307 , , , 43431 10688 2308 408 408 CD 43431 10688 2309 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 10688 2310 , , , 43431 10688 2311 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2312 45 45 CD 43431 10688 2313 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2314 ; ; : 43431 10688 2315 auditory auditory JJ 43431 10688 2316 ossicles ossicle NNS 43431 10688 2317 , , , 43431 10688 2318 487 487 CD 43431 10688 2319 ; ; : 43431 10688 2320 caudal caudal JJ 43431 10688 2321 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 2322 , , , 43431 10688 2323 453 453 CD 43431 10688 2324 ; ; , 43431 10688 2325 cervical cervical JJ 43431 10688 2326 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 2327 , , , 43431 10688 2328 445 445 CD 43431 10688 2329 ; ; : 43431 10688 2330 general general JJ 43431 10688 2331 characters character NNS 43431 10688 2332 , , , 43431 10688 2333 357 357 CD 43431 10688 2334 ; ; : 43431 10688 2335 manus manus NN 43431 10688 2336 , , , 43431 10688 2337 506 506 CD 43431 10688 2338 ; ; : 43431 10688 2339 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10688 2340 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10688 2341 , , , 43431 10688 2342 495 495 CD 43431 10688 2343 ; ; : 43431 10688 2344 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 2345 , , , 43431 10688 2346 522 522 CD 43431 10688 2347 ; ; : 43431 10688 2348 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 2349 , , , 43431 10688 2350 491 491 CD 43431 10688 2351 ; ; : 43431 10688 2352 sacrum sacrum NNP 43431 10688 2353 , , , 43431 10688 2354 452 452 CD 43431 10688 2355 ; ; : 43431 10688 2356 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 2357 , , , 43431 10688 2358 464 464 CD 43431 10688 2359 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 2360 ; ; : 43431 10688 2361 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10688 2362 , , , 43431 10688 2363 489 489 CD 43431 10688 2364 ; ; : 43431 10688 2365 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 2366 , , , 43431 10688 2367 427 427 CD 43431 10688 2368 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 2369 ; ; : 43431 10688 2370 thoraco thoraco NNP 43431 10688 2371 - - HYPH 43431 10688 2372 lumbar lumbar NNP 43431 10688 2373 vertebrae vertebra NNS 43431 10688 2374 , , , 43431 10688 2375 448 448 CD 43431 10688 2376 Ungulata Ungulata NNP 43431 10688 2377 vera vera NNP 43431 10688 2378 , , , 43431 10688 2379 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2380 45 45 CD 43431 10688 2381 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2382 ; ; : 43431 10688 2383 arm arm NN 43431 10688 2384 bones bone NNS 43431 10688 2385 , , , 43431 10688 2386 501 501 CD 43431 10688 2387 ; ; : 43431 10688 2388 general general JJ 43431 10688 2389 characters character NNS 43431 10688 2390 , , , 43431 10688 2391 358 358 CD 43431 10688 2392 ; ; : 43431 10688 2393 manus manus NN 43431 10688 2394 , , , 43431 10688 2395 506 506 CD 43431 10688 2396 ; ; : 43431 10688 2397 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 2398 , , , 43431 10688 2399 514 514 CD 43431 10688 2400 ; ; : 43431 10688 2401 thigh thigh NNP 43431 10688 2402 and and CC 43431 10688 2403 shin shin NNP 43431 10688 2404 , , , 43431 10688 2405 519 519 CD 43431 10688 2406 Upper upper JJ 43431 10688 2407 arm arm NN 43431 10688 2408 , , , 43431 10688 2409 26 26 CD 43431 10688 2410 ; ; : 43431 10688 2411 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2412 , , , 43431 10688 2413 263 263 CD 43431 10688 2414 ; ; : 43431 10688 2415 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2416 , , , 43431 10688 2417 405 405 CD 43431 10688 2418 ; ; : 43431 10688 2419 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2420 , , , 43431 10688 2421 323 323 CD 43431 10688 2422 ; ; : 43431 10688 2423 frog frog NNP 43431 10688 2424 , , , 43431 10688 2425 164 164 CD 43431 10688 2426 ; ; : 43431 10688 2427 newt newt NN 43431 10688 2428 , , , 43431 10688 2429 147 147 CD 43431 10688 2430 ; ; : 43431 10688 2431 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 2432 , , , 43431 10688 2433 232 232 CD 43431 10688 2434 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2435 Upupa Upupa NNP 43431 10688 2436 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2437 , , , 43431 10688 2438 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2439 42 42 CD 43431 10688 2440 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2441 ; ; : 43431 10688 2442 see see VB 43431 10688 2443 Hoopoe Hoopoe NNP 43431 10688 2444 Urochordata Urochordata NNP 43431 10688 2445 , , , 43431 10688 2446 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2447 30 30 CD 43431 10688 2448 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2449 , , , 43431 10688 2450 51 51 CD 43431 10688 2451 Urodela Urodela NNP 43431 10688 2452 , , , 43431 10688 2453 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2454 35 35 CD 43431 10688 2455 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2456 ; ; : 43431 10688 2457 general general JJ 43431 10688 2458 characters character NNS 43431 10688 2459 , , , 43431 10688 2460 134 134 CD 43431 10688 2461 ; ; : 43431 10688 2462 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 2463 , , , 43431 10688 2464 187 187 CD 43431 10688 2465 ; ; : 43431 10688 2466 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 2467 , , , 43431 10688 2468 182 182 CD 43431 10688 2469 ; ; : 43431 10688 2470 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 2471 , , , 43431 10688 2472 174 174 CD 43431 10688 2473 Urohyal Urohyal NNP 43431 10688 2474 , , , 43431 10688 2475 cod cod NN 43431 10688 2476 , , , 43431 10688 2477 101 101 CD 43431 10688 2478 ; ; : 43431 10688 2479 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2480 , , , 43431 10688 2481 320 320 CD 43431 10688 2482 Urostyle Urostyle NNPS 43431 10688 2483 , , , 43431 10688 2484 Anura Anura NNP 43431 10688 2485 172 172 CD 43431 10688 2486 ; ; : 43431 10688 2487 cod cod NN 43431 10688 2488 , , , 43431 10688 2489 85 85 CD 43431 10688 2490 ; ; : 43431 10688 2491 frog frog NN 43431 10688 2492 , , , 43431 10688 2493 153 153 CD 43431 10688 2494 ; ; : 43431 10688 2495 Teleostei Teleostei NNP 43431 10688 2496 , , , 43431 10688 2497 117 117 CD 43431 10688 2498 Ursidae Ursidae NNP 43431 10688 2499 , , , 43431 10688 2500 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2501 48 48 CD 43431 10688 2502 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2503 ; ; : 43431 10688 2504 humerus humerus NNP 43431 10688 2505 , , , 43431 10688 2506 502 502 CD 43431 10688 2507 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2508 Ursus Ursus NNP 43431 10688 2509 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2510 , , , 43431 10688 2511 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2512 48 48 CD 43431 10688 2513 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2514 ; ; : 43431 10688 2515 dental dental JJ 43431 10688 2516 formula formula NN 43431 10688 2517 , , , 43431 10688 2518 439 439 CD 43431 10688 2519 ; ; : 43431 10688 2520 see see VB 43431 10688 2521 Bears Bears NNP 43431 10688 2522 Vacuities Vacuities NNP 43431 10688 2523 , , , 43431 10688 2524 anterior anterior NNP 43431 10688 2525 palatine palatine NN 43431 10688 2526 -- -- : 43431 10688 2527 , , , 43431 10688 2528 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2529 , , , 43431 10688 2530 252 252 CD 43431 10688 2531 , , , 43431 10688 2532 258 258 CD 43431 10688 2533 ; ; , 43431 10688 2534 -- -- : 43431 10688 2535 in in IN 43431 10688 2536 reptilian reptilian JJ 43431 10688 2537 skull skull NN 43431 10688 2538 , , , 43431 10688 2539 281 281 CD 43431 10688 2540 ; ; : 43431 10688 2541 posterior posterior NNP 43431 10688 2542 palatine palatine NNP 43431 10688 2543 -- -- : 43431 10688 2544 , , , 43431 10688 2545 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2546 , , , 43431 10688 2547 254 254 CD 43431 10688 2548 , , , 43431 10688 2549 257 257 CD 43431 10688 2550 ; ; : 43431 10688 2551 pre pre JJ 43431 10688 2552 - - JJ 43431 10688 2553 orbital orbital JJ 43431 10688 2554 -- -- : 43431 10688 2555 , , , 43431 10688 2556 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10688 2557 , , , 43431 10688 2558 283 283 CD 43431 10688 2559 f. f. NNP 43431 10688 2560 Vampire Vampire NNP 43431 10688 2561 , , , 43431 10688 2562 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2563 49 49 CD 43431 10688 2564 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2565 ; ; : 43431 10688 2566 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 2567 , , , 43431 10688 2568 441 441 CD 43431 10688 2569 Vane Vane NNP 43431 10688 2570 , , , 43431 10688 2571 of of IN 43431 10688 2572 feather feather NN 43431 10688 2573 , , , 43431 10688 2574 303 303 CD 43431 10688 2575 Varanidae varanidae NN 43431 10688 2576 , , , 43431 10688 2577 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2578 38 38 CD 43431 10688 2579 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2580 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2581 Varanus Varanus NNP 43431 10688 2582 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2583 , , , 43431 10688 2584 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2585 38 38 CD 43431 10688 2586 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2587 ; ; : 43431 10688 2588 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10688 2589 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10688 2590 , , , 43431 10688 2591 = = SYM 43431 10688 2592 202= 202= CD 43431 10688 2593 ; ; : 43431 10688 2594 skull skull NN 43431 10688 2595 , , , 43431 10688 2596 = = SYM 43431 10688 2597 201= 201= CD 43431 10688 2598 Vasodentine Vasodentine NNP 43431 10688 2599 , , , 43431 10688 2600 108 108 CD 43431 10688 2601 , , , 43431 10688 2602 272 272 CD 43431 10688 2603 Vertebral vertebral JJ 43431 10688 2604 column column NN 43431 10688 2605 , , , 43431 10688 2606 14 14 CD 43431 10688 2607 ; ; : 43431 10688 2608 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 43431 10688 2609 , , , 43431 10688 2610 170 170 CD 43431 10688 2611 ; ; : 43431 10688 2612 birds bird NNS 43431 10688 2613 , , , 43431 10688 2614 332 332 CD 43431 10688 2615 ; ; : 43431 10688 2616 cod cod NN 43431 10688 2617 , , , 43431 10688 2618 83 83 CD 43431 10688 2619 ; ; : 43431 10688 2620 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2621 , , , 43431 10688 2622 239 239 CD 43431 10688 2623 ; ; : 43431 10688 2624 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2625 , , , 43431 10688 2626 378 378 CD 43431 10688 2627 ; ; : 43431 10688 2628 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2629 , , , 43431 10688 2630 307 307 CD 43431 10688 2631 ; ; : 43431 10688 2632 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 10688 2633 , , , 43431 10688 2634 113 113 CD 43431 10688 2635 ; ; : 43431 10688 2636 frog frog NN 43431 10688 2637 , , , 43431 10688 2638 152 152 CD 43431 10688 2639 ; ; : 43431 10688 2640 mammals mammal NNS 43431 10688 2641 , , , 43431 10688 2642 442 442 CD 43431 10688 2643 ; ; : 43431 10688 2644 newt newt NN 43431 10688 2645 , , , 43431 10688 2646 138 138 CD 43431 10688 2647 ; ; : 43431 10688 2648 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 2649 , , , 43431 10688 2650 219 219 CD 43431 10688 2651 ; ; : 43431 10688 2652 -- -- : 43431 10688 2653 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 2654 , , , 43431 10688 2655 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2656 , , , 43431 10688 2657 259 259 CD 43431 10688 2658 ; ; : 43431 10688 2659 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2660 , , , 43431 10688 2661 402 402 CD 43431 10688 2662 ; ; : 43431 10688 2663 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2664 , , , 43431 10688 2665 320 320 CD 43431 10688 2666 ; ; : 43431 10688 2667 -- -- : 43431 10688 2668 shield shield NN 43431 10688 2669 , , , 43431 10688 2670 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 2671 , , , 43431 10688 2672 214 214 CD 43431 10688 2673 Vertebrata Vertebrata NNP 43431 10688 2674 , , , 43431 10688 2675 general general JJ 43431 10688 2676 characters character NNS 43431 10688 2677 , , , 43431 10688 2678 53 53 CD 43431 10688 2679 Vexillum Vexillum NNP 43431 10688 2680 , , , 43431 10688 2681 of of IN 43431 10688 2682 feather feather NN 43431 10688 2683 , , , 43431 10688 2684 303 303 CD 43431 10688 2685 Vibrissae Vibrissae NNP 43431 10688 2686 , , , 43431 10688 2687 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2688 , , , 43431 10688 2689 374 374 CD 43431 10688 2690 Viscacha Viscacha NNPS 43431 10688 2691 , , , 43431 10688 2692 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2693 47 47 CD 43431 10688 2694 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2695 Visceral Visceral NNP 43431 10688 2696 skeleton skeleton NN 43431 10688 2697 , , , 43431 10688 2698 21 21 CD 43431 10688 2699 ; ; : 43431 10688 2700 dogfish dogfish NN 43431 10688 2701 , , , 43431 10688 2702 77 77 CD 43431 10688 2703 ; ; : 43431 10688 2704 Elasmobranchs Elasmobranchs NNP 43431 10688 2705 , , , 43431 10688 2706 119 119 CD 43431 10688 2707 f. f. NN 43431 10688 2708 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2709 Viverra Viverra NNP 43431 10688 2710 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2711 , , , 43431 10688 2712 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2713 48 48 CD 43431 10688 2714 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2715 ; ; : 43431 10688 2716 acetabular acetabular NN 43431 10688 2717 bone bone NN 43431 10688 2718 , , , 43431 10688 2719 515 515 CD 43431 10688 2720 Viverridae Viverridae NNP 43431 10688 2721 , , , 43431 10688 2722 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2723 48 48 CD 43431 10688 2724 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2725 Vomer Vomer NNP 43431 10688 2726 , , , 43431 10688 2727 21 21 CD 43431 10688 2728 ; ; : 43431 10688 2729 cod cod NN 43431 10688 2730 , , , 43431 10688 2731 98 98 CD 43431 10688 2732 ; ; : 43431 10688 2733 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 2734 , , , 43431 10688 2735 252 252 CD 43431 10688 2736 ; ; : 43431 10688 2737 dog dog NN 43431 10688 2738 , , , 43431 10688 2739 395 395 CD 43431 10688 2740 ; ; : 43431 10688 2741 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2742 , , , 43431 10688 2743 317 317 CD 43431 10688 2744 ; ; : 43431 10688 2745 frog frog NN 43431 10688 2746 , , , 43431 10688 2747 158 158 CD 43431 10688 2748 ; ; : 43431 10688 2749 salmon salmon NN 43431 10688 2750 , , , 43431 10688 2751 93 93 CD 43431 10688 2752 ; ; : 43431 10688 2753 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 2754 , , , 43431 10688 2755 229 229 CD 43431 10688 2756 Vomero Vomero NNP 43431 10688 2757 - - HYPH 43431 10688 2758 palatine palatine NNP 43431 10688 2759 , , , 43431 10688 2760 newt newt NN 43431 10688 2761 , , , 43431 10688 2762 143 143 CD 43431 10688 2763 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2764 Vultur Vultur NNP 43431 10688 2765 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2766 , , , 43431 10688 2767 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2768 41 41 CD 43431 10688 2769 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2770 Vulture Vulture NNP 43431 10688 2771 , , , 43431 10688 2772 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2773 41 41 CD 43431 10688 2774 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2775 ; ; : 43431 10688 2776 Black Black NNP 43431 10688 2777 -- -- : 43431 10688 2778 , , , 43431 10688 2779 shoulder shoulder NN 43431 10688 2780 girdle girdle NNP 43431 10688 2781 and and CC 43431 10688 2782 sternum sternum NNP 43431 10688 2783 , , , 43431 10688 2784 = = SYM 43431 10688 2785 337= 337= CD 43431 10688 2786 Waders Waders NNPS 43431 10688 2787 , , , 43431 10688 2788 335 335 CD 43431 10688 2789 Walrus Walrus NNP 43431 10688 2790 , , , 43431 10688 2791 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2792 48 48 CD 43431 10688 2793 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2794 , , , 43431 10688 2795 367 367 CD 43431 10688 2796 , , , 43431 10688 2797 369 369 CD 43431 10688 2798 ; ; : 43431 10688 2799 canines canine NNS 43431 10688 2800 , , , 43431 10688 2801 420 420 CD 43431 10688 2802 ; ; : 43431 10688 2803 manus manus NN 43431 10688 2804 , , , 43431 10688 2805 511 511 CD 43431 10688 2806 ; ; : 43431 10688 2807 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 2808 , , , 43431 10688 2809 526 526 CD 43431 10688 2810 ; ; : 43431 10688 2811 position position NN 43431 10688 2812 of of IN 43431 10688 2813 limbs limb NNS 43431 10688 2814 , , , 43431 10688 2815 29 29 CD 43431 10688 2816 ; ; : 43431 10688 2817 skull skull NNP 43431 10688 2818 , , , 43431 10688 2819 480 480 CD 43431 10688 2820 ; ; : 43431 10688 2821 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 2822 , , , 43431 10688 2823 440 440 CD 43431 10688 2824 Warblers Warblers NNP 43431 10688 2825 , , , 43431 10688 2826 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2827 42 42 CD 43431 10688 2828 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2829 Wart Wart NNP 43431 10688 2830 hog hog NN 43431 10688 2831 , , , 43431 10688 2832 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2833 45 45 CD 43431 10688 2834 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2835 ; ; : 43431 10688 2836 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 2837 , , , 43431 10688 2838 428 428 CD 43431 10688 2839 Weasel Weasel NNP 43431 10688 2840 , , , 43431 10688 2841 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2842 369 369 CD 43431 10688 2843 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2844 Whale Whale NNP 43431 10688 2845 , , , 43431 10688 2846 baleen baleen NN 43431 10688 2847 , , , 43431 10688 2848 3 3 CD 43431 10688 2849 , , , 43431 10688 2850 418 418 CD 43431 10688 2851 ; ; : 43431 10688 2852 Ca'ing ca'e VBG 43431 10688 2853 -- -- : 43431 10688 2854 , , , 43431 10688 2855 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2856 45 45 CD 43431 10688 2857 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2858 , , , 43431 10688 2859 see see VB 43431 10688 2860 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2861 Globicephalus Globicephalus NNP 43431 10688 2862 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2863 ; ; : 43431 10688 2864 Humpbacked Humpbacked NNP 43431 10688 2865 -- -- : 43431 10688 2866 , , , 43431 10688 2867 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2868 44 44 CD 43431 10688 2869 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2870 , , , 43431 10688 2871 357 357 CD 43431 10688 2872 ; ; : 43431 10688 2873 Right right UH 43431 10688 2874 -- -- : 43431 10688 2875 , , , 43431 10688 2876 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2877 44 44 CD 43431 10688 2878 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2879 , , , 43431 10688 2880 357 357 CD 43431 10688 2881 ; ; : 43431 10688 2882 Sperm Sperm NNP 43431 10688 2883 -- -- : 43431 10688 2884 , , , 43431 10688 2885 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2886 44 44 CD 43431 10688 2887 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2888 , , , 43431 10688 2889 357 357 CD 43431 10688 2890 , , , 43431 10688 2891 see see VB 43431 10688 2892 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2893 Physeter Physeter NNP 43431 10688 2894 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2895 ; ; : 43431 10688 2896 True true JJ 43431 10688 2897 or or CC 43431 10688 2898 Whalebone Whalebone NNP 43431 10688 2899 -- -- : 43431 10688 2900 , , , 43431 10688 2901 356 356 CD 43431 10688 2902 Whiting Whiting NNP 43431 10688 2903 , , , 43431 10688 2904 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2905 33 33 CD 43431 10688 2906 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2907 Wild Wild NNP 43431 10688 2908 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2909 , , , 43431 10688 2910 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2911 41 41 CD 43431 10688 2912 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2913 ; ; : 43431 10688 2914 see see VB 43431 10688 2915 Duck Duck NNP 43431 10688 2916 Wing Wing NNP 43431 10688 2917 , , , 43431 10688 2918 duck duck NN 43431 10688 2919 , , , 43431 10688 2920 322 322 CD 43431 10688 2921 ; ; : 43431 10688 2922 Gannet Gannet NNP 43431 10688 2923 , , , 43431 10688 2924 Ostrich Ostrich NNP 43431 10688 2925 , , , 43431 10688 2926 and and CC 43431 10688 2927 Penguin Penguin NNP 43431 10688 2928 , , , 43431 10688 2929 = = SYM 43431 10688 2930 339= 339= CD 43431 10688 2931 Wolf Wolf NNP 43431 10688 2932 , , , 43431 10688 2933 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2934 48 48 CD 43431 10688 2935 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2936 Wombat Wombat NNP 43431 10688 2937 , , , 43431 10688 2938 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2939 43 43 CD 43431 10688 2940 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2941 ; ; : 43431 10688 2942 atlas atlas NNP 43431 10688 2943 , , , 43431 10688 2944 443 443 CD 43431 10688 2945 ; ; : 43431 10688 2946 pes pe NNS 43431 10688 2947 , , , 43431 10688 2948 521 521 CD 43431 10688 2949 ; ; : 43431 10688 2950 sacrum sacrum NN 43431 10688 2951 , , , 43431 10688 2952 451 451 CD 43431 10688 2953 ; ; : 43431 10688 2954 skull skull NN 43431 10688 2955 , , , 43431 10688 2956 = = SYM 43431 10688 2957 456= 456= CD 43431 10688 2958 ; ; : 43431 10688 2959 tail tail NN 43431 10688 2960 , , , 43431 10688 2961 453 453 CD 43431 10688 2962 ; ; : 43431 10688 2963 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 2964 , , , 43431 10688 2965 423 423 CD 43431 10688 2966 Woodpecker Woodpecker NNP 43431 10688 2967 , , , 43431 10688 2968 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2969 42 42 CD 43431 10688 2970 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2971 , , , 43431 10688 2972 335 335 CD 43431 10688 2973 ; ; : 43431 10688 2974 foot foot NN 43431 10688 2975 , , , 43431 10688 2976 342 342 CD 43431 10688 2977 ; ; : 43431 10688 2978 hyoid hyoid NN 43431 10688 2979 , , , 43431 10688 2980 336 336 CD 43431 10688 2981 Wrasse Wrasse NNP 43431 10688 2982 , , , 43431 10688 2983 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2984 33 33 CD 43431 10688 2985 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2986 ; ; : 43431 10688 2987 teeth tooth NNS 43431 10688 2988 , , , 43431 10688 2989 111 111 CD 43431 10688 2990 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2991 Xenacanthus Xenacanthus NNP 43431 10688 2992 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2993 , , , 43431 10688 2994 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2995 31 31 CD 43431 10688 2996 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 2997 ; ; : 43431 10688 2998 pectoral pectoral JJ 43431 10688 2999 fins fin NNS 43431 10688 3000 , , , 43431 10688 3001 130 130 CD 43431 10688 3002 Xenopidae Xenopidae NNP 43431 10688 3003 , , , 43431 10688 3004 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3005 36 36 CD 43431 10688 3006 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3007 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3008 Xenopus Xenopus NNP 43431 10688 3009 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3010 , , , 43431 10688 3011 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3012 36 36 CD 43431 10688 3013 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3014 ; ; : 43431 10688 3015 branchial branchial JJ 43431 10688 3016 arches arch NNS 43431 10688 3017 , , , 43431 10688 3018 182 182 CD 43431 10688 3019 ; ; : 43431 10688 3020 nails nail NNS 43431 10688 3021 , , , 43431 10688 3022 168 168 CD 43431 10688 3023 ; ; : 43431 10688 3024 pelvis pelvis NNP 43431 10688 3025 , , , 43431 10688 3026 188 188 CD 43431 10688 3027 ; ; : 43431 10688 3028 ribs rib NNS 43431 10688 3029 , , , 43431 10688 3030 182 182 CD 43431 10688 3031 Xiphiplastron Xiphiplastron NNP 43431 10688 3032 , , , 43431 10688 3033 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 3034 , , , 43431 10688 3035 217 217 CD 43431 10688 3036 Xiphisternal Xiphisternal NNP 43431 10688 3037 horn horn NN 43431 10688 3038 , , , 43431 10688 3039 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 3040 , , , 43431 10688 3041 260 260 CD 43431 10688 3042 Xiphisternum Xiphisternum NNP 43431 10688 3043 , , , 43431 10688 3044 dog dog NN 43431 10688 3045 , , , 43431 10688 3046 404 404 CD 43431 10688 3047 ; ; : 43431 10688 3048 frog frog NN 43431 10688 3049 , , , 43431 10688 3050 163 163 CD 43431 10688 3051 Xiphoid xiphoid NN 43431 10688 3052 process process NN 43431 10688 3053 , , , 43431 10688 3054 duck duck NN 43431 10688 3055 , , , 43431 10688 3056 321 321 CD 43431 10688 3057 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3058 Zeuglodon Zeuglodon NNP 43431 10688 3059 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3060 , , , 43431 10688 3061 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3062 44 44 CD 43431 10688 3063 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3064 , , , 43431 10688 3065 353 353 CD 43431 10688 3066 , , , 43431 10688 3067 356 356 CD 43431 10688 3068 ; ; : 43431 10688 3069 dental dental JJ 43431 10688 3070 formula formula NN 43431 10688 3071 , , , 43431 10688 3072 426 426 CD 43431 10688 3073 ; ; : 43431 10688 3074 dermal dermal JJ 43431 10688 3075 plates plate NNS 43431 10688 3076 , , , 43431 10688 3077 420 420 CD 43431 10688 3078 Zeuglodontidae Zeuglodontidae NNP 43431 10688 3079 , , , 43431 10688 3080 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3081 44 44 CD 43431 10688 3082 _ _ NNP 43431 10688 3083 Zygantra Zygantra NNP 43431 10688 3084 , , , 43431 10688 3085 defined define VBN 43431 10688 3086 , , , 43431 10688 3087 199 199 CD 43431 10688 3088 n. n. NN 43431 10688 3089 ; ; : 43431 10688 3090 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10688 3091 , , , 43431 10688 3092 276 276 CD 43431 10688 3093 Zygapophyses zygapophyse NNS 43431 10688 3094 , , , 43431 10688 3095 cod cod NN 43431 10688 3096 , , , 43431 10688 3097 84 84 CD 43431 10688 3098 ; ; : 43431 10688 3099 crocodile crocodile NN 43431 10688 3100 , , , 43431 10688 3101 240 240 CD 43431 10688 3102 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 3103 ; ; : 43431 10688 3104 dog dog NN 43431 10688 3105 , , , 43431 10688 3106 379 379 CD 43431 10688 3107 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 3108 ; ; : 43431 10688 3109 duck duck NNP 43431 10688 3110 , , , 43431 10688 3111 308 308 CD 43431 10688 3112 f. f. NN 43431 10688 3113 ; ; : 43431 10688 3114 frog frog NNP 43431 10688 3115 , , , 43431 10688 3116 152 152 CD 43431 10688 3117 f. f. NNS 43431 10688 3118 ; ; : 43431 10688 3119 newt newt NNP 43431 10688 3120 , , , 43431 10688 3121 139 139 CD 43431 10688 3122 ; ; : 43431 10688 3123 turtle turtle NN 43431 10688 3124 , , , 43431 10688 3125 219 219 CD 43431 10688 3126 f. f. NN 43431 10688 3127 Zygosphene Zygosphene NNP 43431 10688 3128 , , , 43431 10688 3129 defined define VBN 43431 10688 3130 , , , 43431 10688 3131 199 199 CD 43431 10688 3132 n. n. NN 43431 10688 3133 ; ; : 43431 10688 3134 reptiles reptile NNS 43431 10688 3135 , , , 43431 10688 3136 276 276 CD 43431 10688 3137 CAMBRIDGE cambridge NN 43431 10688 3138 : : : 43431 10688 3139 PRINTED PRINTED NNP 43431 10688 3140 BY by IN 43431 10688 3141 J. J. NNP 43431 10689 1 AND and CC 43431 10689 2 C.F. C.F. NNP 43431 10690 1 CLAY CLAY NNP 43431 10690 2 , , , 43431 10690 3 AT AT NNP 43431 10690 4 THE the DT 43431 10690 5 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY NNP 43431 10690 6 PRESS PRESS NNP 43431 10690 7 . . . 43431 10691 1 CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE NNP 43431 10691 2 BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL NNP 43431 10691 3 SERIES SERIES NNP 43431 10691 4 . . . 43431 10692 1 General General NNP 43431 10692 2 Editor Editor NNP 43431 10692 3 , , , 43431 10692 4 A.E. A.E. NNP 43431 10693 1 SHIPLEY SHIPLEY NNP 43431 10693 2 , , , 43431 10693 3 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10693 4 , , , 43431 10693 5 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10693 6 , , , 43431 10693 7 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10693 8 and and CC 43431 10693 9 Tutor Tutor NNP 43431 10693 10 of of IN 43431 10693 11 Christ Christ NNP 43431 10693 12 's 's POS 43431 10693 13 College College NNP 43431 10693 14 . . . 43431 10694 1 = = NFP 43431 10694 2 A a DT 43431 10694 3 Text Text NNP 43431 10694 4 - - HYPH 43431 10694 5 Book Book NNP 43431 10694 6 of of IN 43431 10694 7 Zoogeography.= Zoogeography.= NNS 43431 10694 8 By by IN 43431 10694 9 FRANK FRANK NNP 43431 10694 10 E. E. NNP 43431 10694 11 BEDDARD BEDDARD NNP 43431 10694 12 , , , 43431 10694 13 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10694 14 , , , 43431 10694 15 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10694 16 , , , 43431 10694 17 Prosector Prosector NNP 43431 10694 18 of of IN 43431 10694 19 the the DT 43431 10694 20 Zoological Zoological NNP 43431 10694 21 Society Society NNP 43431 10694 22 of of IN 43431 10694 23 London London NNP 43431 10694 24 . . . 43431 10695 1 With with IN 43431 10695 2 5 5 CD 43431 10695 3 Maps map NNS 43431 10695 4 . . . 43431 10696 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10696 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10696 3 . . . 43431 10697 1 6_s 6_s CD 43431 10697 2 . . . 43431 10697 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10697 4 = = NFP 43431 10697 5 The the DT 43431 10697 6 Elements Elements NNPS 43431 10697 7 of of IN 43431 10697 8 Botany.= botany.= NN 43431 10697 9 By by IN 43431 10697 10 FRANCIS FRANCIS NNP 43431 10697 11 DARWIN DARWIN NNP 43431 10697 12 , , , 43431 10697 13 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10697 14 , , , 43431 10697 15 M.B. M.B. NNP 43431 10697 16 , , , 43431 10697 17 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10697 18 , , , 43431 10697 19 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10697 20 of of IN 43431 10697 21 Christ Christ NNP 43431 10697 22 's 's POS 43431 10697 23 College College NNP 43431 10697 24 . . . 43431 10698 1 With with IN 43431 10698 2 94 94 CD 43431 10698 3 Illustrations illustration NNS 43431 10698 4 . . . 43431 10699 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10699 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10699 3 . . . 43431 10700 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10700 2 Second Second NNP 43431 10700 3 Edition Edition NNP 43431 10700 4 . . . 43431 10700 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10700 6 4_s 4_s CD 43431 10700 7 . . . 43431 10700 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10700 9 6_d 6_d CD 43431 10700 10 . . . 43431 10700 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10700 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10700 13 Journal Journal NNP 43431 10700 14 of of IN 43431 10700 15 Education Education NNP 43431 10700 16 . . . 43431 10700 17 _ _ NNP 43431 10700 18 A a DT 43431 10700 19 noteworthy noteworthy JJ 43431 10700 20 addition addition NN 43431 10700 21 to to IN 43431 10700 22 our -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10700 23 botanical botanical JJ 43431 10700 24 literature literature NN 43431 10700 25 . . . 43431 10701 1 = = NFP 43431 10701 2 Practical Practical NNP 43431 10701 3 Physiology Physiology NNP 43431 10701 4 of of IN 43431 10701 5 Plants.= Plants.= NNP 43431 10701 6 By by IN 43431 10701 7 FRANCIS FRANCIS NNP 43431 10701 8 DARWIN DARWIN NNP 43431 10701 9 , , , 43431 10701 10 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10701 11 , , , 43431 10701 12 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10701 13 , , , 43431 10701 14 and and CC 43431 10701 15 E. E. NNP 43431 10701 16 HAMILTON HAMILTON NNP 43431 10701 17 ACTON ACTON NNP 43431 10701 18 , , , 43431 10701 19 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10702 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10702 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10702 3 . . . 43431 10703 1 With with IN 43431 10703 2 45 45 CD 43431 10703 3 Illustrations Illustrations NNPS 43431 10703 4 . . . 43431 10704 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10704 2 Second Second NNP 43431 10704 3 Edition Edition NNP 43431 10704 4 . . . 43431 10704 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10704 6 4_s 4_s CD 43431 10704 7 . . . 43431 10704 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10704 9 6_d 6_d CD 43431 10704 10 . . . 43431 10704 11 _ _ NNP 43431 10704 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10704 13 Nature Nature NNP 43431 10704 14 . . . 43431 10704 15 _ _ NNP 43431 10704 16 The the DT 43431 10704 17 authors author NNS 43431 10704 18 are be VBP 43431 10704 19 much much JJ 43431 10704 20 to to TO 43431 10704 21 be be VB 43431 10704 22 congratulated congratulate VBN 43431 10704 23 on on IN 43431 10704 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10704 25 work work NN 43431 10704 26 , , , 43431 10704 27 which which WDT 43431 10704 28 fills fill VBZ 43431 10704 29 a a DT 43431 10704 30 serious serious JJ 43431 10704 31 gap gap NN 43431 10704 32 in in IN 43431 10704 33 the the DT 43431 10704 34 botanical botanical JJ 43431 10704 35 literature literature NN 43431 10704 36 of of IN 43431 10704 37 this this DT 43431 10704 38 country country NN 43431 10704 39 . . . 43431 10705 1 = = NFP 43431 10705 2 Lectures Lectures NNP 43431 10705 3 on on IN 43431 10705 4 the the DT 43431 10705 5 History history NN 43431 10705 6 of of IN 43431 10705 7 Physiology= physiology= NN 43431 10705 8 during during IN 43431 10705 9 the the DT 43431 10705 10 Sixteenth Sixteenth NNP 43431 10705 11 , , , 43431 10705 12 Seventeenth seventeenth JJ 43431 10705 13 and and CC 43431 10705 14 Eighteenth Eighteenth NNP 43431 10705 15 Centuries Centuries NNPS 43431 10705 16 . . . 43431 10706 1 By by IN 43431 10706 2 Sir Sir NNP 43431 10706 3 M. M. NNP 43431 10706 4 FOSTER FOSTER NNP 43431 10706 5 , , , 43431 10706 6 K.C.B. K.C.B. NNP 43431 10706 7 , , , 43431 10706 8 M.P. M.P. NNP 43431 10706 9 , , , 43431 10706 10 M.D. M.D. NNP 43431 10706 11 , , , 43431 10706 12 D.C.L. D.C.L. NNP 43431 10706 13 , , , 43431 10706 14 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10706 15 , , , 43431 10706 16 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10706 17 of of IN 43431 10706 18 Trinity Trinity NNP 43431 10706 19 College College NNP 43431 10706 20 . . . 43431 10707 1 Demy Demy NNP 43431 10707 2 8vo 8vo NN 43431 10707 3 . . . 43431 10708 1 With with IN 43431 10708 2 a a DT 43431 10708 3 Frontispiece Frontispiece NNP 43431 10708 4 . . . 43431 10709 1 9_s 9_s CD 43431 10709 2 . . . 43431 10709 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10709 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10709 5 Nature Nature NNP 43431 10709 6 . . . 43431 10709 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10709 8 There there EX 43431 10709 9 is be VBZ 43431 10709 10 no no DT 43431 10709 11 more more RBR 43431 10709 12 fascinating fascinating JJ 43431 10709 13 chapter chapter NN 43431 10709 14 in in IN 43431 10709 15 the the DT 43431 10709 16 history history NN 43431 10709 17 of of IN 43431 10709 18 science science NN 43431 10709 19 than than IN 43431 10709 20 that that DT 43431 10709 21 which which WDT 43431 10709 22 deals deal VBZ 43431 10709 23 with with IN 43431 10709 24 physiology physiology NN 43431 10709 25 , , , 43431 10709 26 but but CC 43431 10709 27 a a DT 43431 10709 28 concise concise NN 43431 10709 29 and and CC 43431 10709 30 at at IN 43431 10709 31 the the DT 43431 10709 32 same same JJ 43431 10709 33 time time NN 43431 10709 34 compendious compendious JJ 43431 10709 35 account account NN 43431 10709 36 of of IN 43431 10709 37 the the DT 43431 10709 38 early early JJ 43431 10709 39 history history NN 43431 10709 40 of of IN 43431 10709 41 the the DT 43431 10709 42 subject subject NN 43431 10709 43 has have VBZ 43431 10709 44 never never RB 43431 10709 45 before before RB 43431 10709 46 been be VBN 43431 10709 47 presented present VBN 43431 10709 48 to to IN 43431 10709 49 the the DT 43431 10709 50 English english JJ 43431 10709 51 reader reader NN 43431 10709 52 . . . 43431 10710 1 Physiologists physiologist NNS 43431 10710 2 therefore therefore RB 43431 10710 3 owe owe VBP 43431 10710 4 a a DT 43431 10710 5 debt debt NN 43431 10710 6 of of IN 43431 10710 7 gratitude gratitude NN 43431 10710 8 to to IN 43431 10710 9 Sir Sir NNP 43431 10710 10 Michael Michael NNP 43431 10710 11 Foster Foster NNP 43431 10710 12 for for IN 43431 10710 13 supplying supply VBG 43431 10710 14 a a DT 43431 10710 15 want want NN 43431 10710 16 which which WDT 43431 10710 17 was be VBD 43431 10710 18 widely widely RB 43431 10710 19 felt feel VBN 43431 10710 20 .... .... . 43431 10710 21 No no DT 43431 10710 22 higher high JJR 43431 10710 23 praise praise NN 43431 10710 24 can can MD 43431 10710 25 be be VB 43431 10710 26 given give VBN 43431 10710 27 to to IN 43431 10710 28 the the DT 43431 10710 29 book book NN 43431 10710 30 than than IN 43431 10710 31 to to TO 43431 10710 32 say say VB 43431 10710 33 that that IN 43431 10710 34 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10710 35 is be VBZ 43431 10710 36 worthy worthy JJ 43431 10710 37 of of IN 43431 10710 38 the the DT 43431 10710 39 reputation reputation NN 43431 10710 40 of of IN 43431 10710 41 its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10710 42 author author NN 43431 10710 43 .... .... . 43431 10711 1 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10711 2 is be VBZ 43431 10711 3 by by IN 43431 10711 4 no no DT 43431 10711 5 means means NN 43431 10711 6 an an DT 43431 10711 7 easy easy JJ 43431 10711 8 task task NN 43431 10711 9 to to TO 43431 10711 10 do do VB 43431 10711 11 adequate adequate JJ 43431 10711 12 justice justice NN 43431 10711 13 to to IN 43431 10711 14 the the DT 43431 10711 15 mine mine NN 43431 10711 16 of of IN 43431 10711 17 literary literary JJ 43431 10711 18 and and CC 43431 10711 19 historic historic JJ 43431 10711 20 research research NN 43431 10711 21 which which WDT 43431 10711 22 the the DT 43431 10711 23 author author NN 43431 10711 24 has have VBZ 43431 10711 25 laid lay VBN 43431 10711 26 open open JJ 43431 10711 27 to to IN 43431 10711 28 view view NN 43431 10711 29 . . . 43431 10712 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10712 2 Guardian Guardian NNP 43431 10712 3 . . . 43431 10712 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10712 5 We -PRON- PRP 43431 10712 6 must must MD 43431 10712 7 urge urge VB 43431 10712 8 not not RB 43431 10712 9 merely merely RB 43431 10712 10 students student NNS 43431 10712 11 of of IN 43431 10712 12 physiology physiology NN 43431 10712 13 , , , 43431 10712 14 but but CC 43431 10712 15 all all PDT 43431 10712 16 those those DT 43431 10712 17 interested interested JJ 43431 10712 18 in in IN 43431 10712 19 the the DT 43431 10712 20 history history NN 43431 10712 21 of of IN 43431 10712 22 modern modern JJ 43431 10712 23 thought thought NN 43431 10712 24 , , , 43431 10712 25 to to TO 43431 10712 26 buy buy VB 43431 10712 27 and and CC 43431 10712 28 read read VB 43431 10712 29 the the DT 43431 10712 30 book book NN 43431 10712 31 .... .... . 43431 10713 1 The the DT 43431 10713 2 present present JJ 43431 10713 3 volume volume NN 43431 10713 4 has have VBZ 43431 10713 5 a a DT 43431 10713 6 charm charm NN 43431 10713 7 and and CC 43431 10713 8 fascination fascination NN 43431 10713 9 which which WDT 43431 10713 10 is be VBZ 43431 10713 11 too too RB 43431 10713 12 often often RB 43431 10713 13 wanting want VBG 43431 10713 14 in in IN 43431 10713 15 historical historical JJ 43431 10713 16 studies study NNS 43431 10713 17 . . . 43431 10714 1 His -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10714 2 portraits portrait NNS 43431 10714 3 live live VBP 43431 10714 4 , , , 43431 10714 5 and and CC 43431 10714 6 live live VBP 43431 10714 7 in in IN 43431 10714 8 a a DT 43431 10714 9 live live JJ 43431 10714 10 world world NN 43431 10714 11 ; ; : 43431 10714 12 they -PRON- PRP 43431 10714 13 are be VBP 43431 10714 14 not not RB 43431 10714 15 mere mere JJ 43431 10714 16 dead dead JJ 43431 10714 17 pictures picture NNS 43431 10714 18 set set VBN 43431 10714 19 in in IN 43431 10714 20 a a DT 43431 10714 21 stereotyped stereotyped JJ 43431 10714 22 , , , 43431 10714 23 historical historical JJ 43431 10714 24 framework framework NN 43431 10714 25 . . . 43431 10715 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10715 2 Spectator Spectator NNP 43431 10715 3 . . . 43431 10715 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10715 5 We -PRON- PRP 43431 10715 6 can can MD 43431 10715 7 recommend recommend VB 43431 10715 8 this this DT 43431 10715 9 admirable admirable JJ 43431 10715 10 and and CC 43431 10715 11 suggestive suggestive JJ 43431 10715 12 book book NN 43431 10715 13 with with IN 43431 10715 14 confidence confidence NN 43431 10715 15 to to IN 43431 10715 16 all all DT 43431 10715 17 , , , 43431 10715 18 laymen layman NNS 43431 10715 19 or or CC 43431 10715 20 doctors doctor NNS 43431 10715 21 , , , 43431 10715 22 who who WP 43431 10715 23 wish wish VBP 43431 10715 24 to to TO 43431 10715 25 trace trace VB 43431 10715 26 the the DT 43431 10715 27 gradual gradual JJ 43431 10715 28 growth growth NN 43431 10715 29 of of IN 43431 10715 30 man man NN 43431 10715 31 's 's POS 43431 10715 32 knowledge knowledge NN 43431 10715 33 of of IN 43431 10715 34 the the DT 43431 10715 35 physical physical JJ 43431 10715 36 basis basis NN 43431 10715 37 of of IN 43431 10715 38 his -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10715 39 life life NN 43431 10715 40 . . . 43431 10716 1 = = NFP 43431 10716 2 The the DT 43431 10716 3 Soluble Soluble NNP 43431 10716 4 Ferments Ferments NNPS 43431 10716 5 and and CC 43431 10716 6 Fermentation.= Fermentation.= NNP 43431 10716 7 By by IN 43431 10716 8 J. J. NNP 43431 10716 9 REYNOLDS REYNOLDS NNP 43431 10716 10 GREEN GREEN NNP 43431 10716 11 , , , 43431 10716 12 Sc Sc NNP 43431 10716 13 . . . 43431 10716 14 D. D. NNP 43431 10716 15 , , , 43431 10716 16 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10716 17 , , , 43431 10716 18 Professor Professor NNP 43431 10716 19 of of IN 43431 10716 20 Botany Botany NNP 43431 10716 21 to to IN 43431 10716 22 the the DT 43431 10716 23 Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical NNP 43431 10716 24 Society Society NNP 43431 10716 25 of of IN 43431 10716 26 Great Great NNP 43431 10716 27 Britain Britain NNP 43431 10716 28 . . . 43431 10717 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10717 2 Second Second NNP 43431 10717 3 Edition Edition NNP 43431 10717 4 . . . 43431 10717 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10717 6 Demy Demy NNP 43431 10717 7 8vo 8vo NN 43431 10717 8 . . . 43431 10718 1 12_s 12_s LS 43431 10718 2 . . . 43431 10718 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10718 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10718 5 Nature Nature NNP 43431 10718 6 . . . 43431 10718 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10718 8 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10718 9 is be VBZ 43431 10718 10 not not RB 43431 10718 11 necessary necessary JJ 43431 10718 12 to to TO 43431 10718 13 recommend recommend VB 43431 10718 14 the the DT 43431 10718 15 perusal perusal NN 43431 10718 16 of of IN 43431 10718 17 the the DT 43431 10718 18 book book NN 43431 10718 19 to to IN 43431 10718 20 all all RB 43431 10718 21 interested interested JJ 43431 10718 22 in in IN 43431 10718 23 the the DT 43431 10718 24 subject subject NN 43431 10718 25 since since IN 43431 10718 26 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10718 27 is be VBZ 43431 10718 28 indispensable indispensable JJ 43431 10718 29 to to IN 43431 10718 30 them -PRON- PRP 43431 10718 31 , , , 43431 10718 32 and and CC 43431 10718 33 we -PRON- PRP 43431 10718 34 will will MD 43431 10718 35 merely merely RB 43431 10718 36 conclude conclude VB 43431 10718 37 by by IN 43431 10718 38 congratulating congratulate VBG 43431 10718 39 the the DT 43431 10718 40 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 43431 10718 41 University University NNP 43431 10718 42 Press Press NNP 43431 10718 43 on on IN 43431 10718 44 having have VBG 43431 10718 45 added add VBN 43431 10718 46 to to IN 43431 10718 47 their -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10718 48 admirable admirable JJ 43431 10718 49 series series NN 43431 10718 50 of of IN 43431 10718 51 Natural Natural NNP 43431 10718 52 Science Science NNP 43431 10718 53 Manuals Manuals NNP 43431 10718 54 an an DT 43431 10718 55 eminently eminently RB 43431 10718 56 successful successful JJ 43431 10718 57 work work NN 43431 10718 58 on on IN 43431 10718 59 so so RB 43431 10718 60 important important JJ 43431 10718 61 and and CC 43431 10718 62 difficult difficult JJ 43431 10718 63 a a DT 43431 10718 64 theme theme NN 43431 10718 65 , , , 43431 10718 66 and and CC 43431 10718 67 the the DT 43431 10718 68 author author NN 43431 10718 69 on on IN 43431 10718 70 having have VBG 43431 10718 71 written write VBN 43431 10718 72 a a DT 43431 10718 73 treatise treatise NN 43431 10718 74 cleverly cleverly RB 43431 10718 75 conceived conceive VBN 43431 10718 76 , , , 43431 10718 77 industriously industriously RB 43431 10718 78 and and CC 43431 10718 79 ably ably RB 43431 10718 80 worked work VBD 43431 10718 81 out out RP 43431 10718 82 , , , 43431 10718 83 and and CC 43431 10718 84 on on IN 43431 10718 85 the the DT 43431 10718 86 whole whole JJ 43431 10718 87 , , , 43431 10718 88 well well UH 43431 10718 89 written write VBN 43431 10718 90 . . . 43431 10719 1 = = NFP 43431 10719 2 The the DT 43431 10719 3 Natural Natural NNP 43431 10719 4 History history NN 43431 10719 5 of of IN 43431 10719 6 some some DT 43431 10719 7 Common common JJ 43431 10719 8 Animals.= Animals.= NNP 43431 10719 9 By by IN 43431 10719 10 OSWALD OSWALD NNP 43431 10719 11 H. H. NNP 43431 10719 12 LATTER LATTER NNP 43431 10719 13 , , , 43431 10719 14 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10719 15 , , , 43431 10719 16 Senior Senior NNP 43431 10719 17 Science Science NNP 43431 10719 18 Master Master NNP 43431 10719 19 at at IN 43431 10719 20 Charterhouse Charterhouse NNP 43431 10719 21 . . . 43431 10720 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10720 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10720 3 . . . 43431 10721 1 5_s 5_s LS 43431 10721 2 . . . 43431 10721 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10721 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10721 5 net net NN 43431 10721 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10721 7 . . . 43431 10722 1 = = NFP 43431 10722 2 The the DT 43431 10722 3 Classification classification NN 43431 10722 4 of of IN 43431 10722 5 Flowering flower VBG 43431 10722 6 Plants.= Plants.= NNP 43431 10722 7 By by IN 43431 10722 8 ALFRED ALFRED NNP 43431 10722 9 BARTON BARTON NNP 43431 10722 10 RENDLE RENDLE NNP 43431 10722 11 , , , 43431 10722 12 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10723 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10723 2 Cantab Cantab NNP 43431 10723 3 . . . 43431 10724 1 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10724 2 , , , 43431 10724 3 D.Sc D.Sc NNP 43431 10724 4 . . . 43431 10725 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10725 2 Lond Lond NNP 43431 10725 3 . . . 43431 10726 1 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10726 2 , , , 43431 10726 3 F.L.S. F.L.S. NNP 43431 10726 4 , , , 43431 10726 5 Assistant Assistant NNP 43431 10726 6 in in IN 43431 10726 7 the the DT 43431 10726 8 Department Department NNP 43431 10726 9 of of IN 43431 10726 10 Botany Botany NNP 43431 10726 11 , , , 43431 10726 12 British British NNP 43431 10726 13 Museum Museum NNP 43431 10726 14 . . . 43431 10727 1 Vol Vol NNP 43431 10727 2 . . . 43431 10728 1 I. I. NNP 43431 10728 2 Gymnosperms Gymnosperms NNPS 43431 10728 3 and and CC 43431 10728 4 Monocotyledons Monocotyledons NNPS 43431 10728 5 . . . 43431 10729 1 Demy Demy NNP 43431 10729 2 8vo 8vo NN 43431 10729 3 . . . 43431 10730 1 With with IN 43431 10730 2 numerous numerous JJ 43431 10730 3 illustrations illustration NNS 43431 10730 4 . . . 43431 10731 1 10_s 10_s LS 43431 10731 2 . . . 43431 10731 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10731 4 6_d 6_d CD 43431 10731 5 . . . 43431 10731 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10731 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10731 8 net net NN 43431 10731 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10731 10 . . . 43431 10732 1 = = NFP 43431 10732 2 The the DT 43431 10732 3 Vertebrate vertebrate NN 43431 10732 4 Skeleton.= skeleton.= NN 43431 10732 5 By by IN 43431 10732 6 SIDNEY SIDNEY NNP 43431 10732 7 H. H. NNP 43431 10732 8 REYNOLDS REYNOLDS NNP 43431 10732 9 , , , 43431 10732 10 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10733 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10733 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10733 3 . . . 43431 10734 1 With with IN 43431 10734 2 110 110 CD 43431 10734 3 Illustrations illustration NNS 43431 10734 4 . . . 43431 10735 1 12_s 12_s LS 43431 10735 2 . . . 43431 10735 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10735 4 6_d 6_d CD 43431 10735 5 . . . 43431 10735 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10735 7 = = SYM 43431 10735 8 Manual Manual NNP 43431 10735 9 of of IN 43431 10735 10 Practical Practical NNP 43431 10735 11 Morbid Morbid NNP 43431 10735 12 Anatomy= Anatomy= NNP 43431 10735 13 , , , 43431 10735 14 being be VBG 43431 10735 15 a a DT 43431 10735 16 Handbook Handbook NNP 43431 10735 17 for for IN 43431 10735 18 the the DT 43431 10735 19 Post post JJ 43431 10735 20 - - JJ 43431 10735 21 mortem mortem JJ 43431 10735 22 Room room NN 43431 10735 23 . . . 43431 10736 1 By by IN 43431 10736 2 H.D. H.D. NNP 43431 10737 1 ROLLESTON ROLLESTON NNP 43431 10737 2 , , , 43431 10737 3 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10737 4 , , , 43431 10737 5 M.D. M.D. NNP 43431 10737 6 , , , 43431 10737 7 F.R.C.P. F.R.C.P. NNP 43431 10737 8 , , , 43431 10737 9 and and CC 43431 10737 10 A.A. A.A. NNP 43431 10737 11 KANTHACK KANTHACK NNP 43431 10737 12 , , , 43431 10737 13 M.D. M.D. NNP 43431 10737 14 , , , 43431 10737 15 M.R.C.P. M.R.C.P. NNP 43431 10738 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10738 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10738 3 . . . 43431 10739 1 6_s 6_s CD 43431 10739 2 . . . 43431 10739 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10739 4 = = SYM 43431 10739 5 Fossil Fossil NNP 43431 10739 6 Plants Plants NNPS 43431 10739 7 : : : 43431 10739 8 for for IN 43431 10739 9 students student NNS 43431 10739 10 of of IN 43431 10739 11 Botany Botany NNP 43431 10739 12 and and CC 43431 10739 13 Geology.= Geology.= NNP 43431 10739 14 By by IN 43431 10739 15 A.C. A.C. NNP 43431 10739 16 SEWARD SEWARD NNP 43431 10739 17 , , , 43431 10739 18 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10739 19 , , , 43431 10739 20 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10739 21 , , , 43431 10739 22 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10739 23 of of IN 43431 10739 24 Emmanuel Emmanuel NNP 43431 10739 25 College College NNP 43431 10739 26 . . . 43431 10740 1 In in IN 43431 10740 2 2 2 CD 43431 10740 3 vols vol NNS 43431 10740 4 . . . 43431 10741 1 Demy Demy NNP 43431 10741 2 8vo 8vo NN 43431 10741 3 . . . 43431 10742 1 Vol Vol NNP 43431 10742 2 . . . 43431 10743 1 I. I. NNP 43431 10744 1 12_s 12_s LS 43431 10744 2 . . . 43431 10744 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10744 4 [ [ -LRB- 43431 10744 5 Vol Vol NNP 43431 10744 6 . . . 43431 10745 1 II ii CD 43431 10745 2 . . . 43431 10746 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10746 2 In in IN 43431 10746 3 the the DT 43431 10746 4 Press Press NNP 43431 10746 5 . . . 43431 10746 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10746 7 ] ] -RRB- 43431 10746 8 _ _ NNP 43431 10746 9 Revue Revue NNP 43431 10746 10 Scientifique Scientifique NNP 43431 10746 11 . . . 43431 10746 12 _ _ NNP 43431 10746 13 Nous Nous NNP 43431 10746 14 ne ne NNP 43431 10746 15 pouvons pouvon VBZ 43431 10746 16 entrer entrer NNP 43431 10746 17 dans dan NNS 43431 10746 18 le le VBP 43431 10746 19 dà dà NNP 43431 10746 20 © © NNP 43431 10746 21 tail tail NN 43431 10746 22 ; ; : 43431 10746 23 mais mais NNP 43431 10746 24 il il NNP 43431 10746 25 est est NNP 43431 10746 26 à à NNP 43431 10746 27 © © NNP 43431 10746 28 vident vident NN 43431 10746 29 que que NNP 43431 10746 30 M. M. NNP 43431 10746 31 Seward Seward NNP 43431 10746 32 , , , 43431 10746 33 praticien praticien NN 43431 10746 34 distinguà distinguà NNP 43431 10746 35 © © NNP 43431 10746 36 lui lui NN 43431 10746 37 - - HYPH 43431 10746 38 même même NNP 43431 10746 39 , , , 43431 10746 40 est est NNP 43431 10746 41 très très NFP 43431 10746 42 au au NNP 43431 10746 43 courant courant NNP 43431 10746 44 des des NNP 43431 10746 45 travaux travaux NNP 43431 10746 46 des des NNP 43431 10746 47 autres autre NNS 43431 10746 48 , , , 43431 10746 49 il il NNP 43431 10746 50 les les NNP 43431 10746 51 cite cite VBP 43431 10746 52 et et FW 43431 10746 53 utilise utilise JJ 43431 10746 54 abondamment abondamment NN 43431 10746 55 ; ; : 43431 10746 56 et et NN 43431 10746 57 ceci ceci NNS 43431 10746 58 est est NNP 43431 10746 59 fait fait NN 43431 10746 60 pour pour VBP 43431 10746 61 inspirer inspirer NNP 43431 10746 62 confiance confiance NN 43431 10746 63 . . . 43431 10747 1 Au au IN 43431 10747 2 total total NN 43431 10747 3 , , , 43431 10747 4 son son NN 43431 10747 5 oeuvre oeuvre NNP 43431 10747 6 est est NNP 43431 10747 7 appuyà appuyà NNP 43431 10747 8 © © NNP 43431 10747 9 e e NN 43431 10747 10 sur sur FW 43431 10747 11 des des FW 43431 10747 12 bases base VBZ 43431 10747 13 solides solide NNS 43431 10747 14 , , , 43431 10747 15 et et NNP 43431 10747 16 elle elle NNP 43431 10747 17 restera restera NNP 43431 10747 18 sans sans NNP 43431 10747 19 doute doute NNP 43431 10747 20 longtemps longtemps NNP 43431 10747 21 le le NNP 43431 10747 22 brà brà NNP 43431 10747 23 © © NNP 43431 10747 24 viaire viaire NN 43431 10747 25 , , , 43431 10747 26 le le NNP 43431 10747 27 manuel manuel NNP 43431 10747 28 de de FW 43431 10747 29 ceux ceux NNP 43431 10747 30 qui qui NNP 43431 10747 31 veulent veulent JJ 43431 10747 32 , , , 43431 10747 33 non non JJ 43431 10747 34 pas pas NNP 43431 10747 35 seulement seulement NN 43431 10747 36 s'initier s'initier NNP 43431 10747 37 à à NNP 43431 10747 38     _SP 43431 10747 39 la la NNP 43431 10747 40 palà palà NNP 43431 10747 41 © © NNP 43431 10747 42 obotanique obotanique NN 43431 10747 43 , , , 43431 10747 44 mais mais NNP 43431 10747 45 retrouver retrouver NNP 43431 10747 46 les les NNP 43431 10747 47 renseignements renseignements NNPS 43431 10747 48 qui qui NNP 43431 10747 49 sont sont NNP 43431 10747 50 à à NNP 43431 10747 51 © © NNP 43431 10747 52 pars par NNS 43431 10747 53 dans dan NNS 43431 10747 54 des des FW 43431 10747 55 centaines centaines NNP 43431 10747 56 de de NNP 43431 10747 57 monographies monographies NNP 43431 10747 58 qu'on qu'on VBP 43431 10747 59 a a DT 43431 10747 60 souvent souvent NN 43431 10747 61 peine peine NN 43431 10747 62 à à NNP 43431 10747 63     _SP 43431 10747 64 se se NNP 43431 10747 65 procurer procurer NN 43431 10747 66 . . . 43431 10748 1 Le Le NNP 43431 10748 2 livre livre NNP 43431 10748 3 de de NNP 43431 10748 4 M. M. NNP 43431 10748 5 Seward Seward NNP 43431 10748 6 fait fait NN 43431 10748 7 partie partie NN 43431 10748 8 des des NNP 43431 10748 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10748 10 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 43431 10748 11 Natural Natural NNP 43431 10748 12 Science Science NNP 43431 10748 13 Manuals Manuals NNP 43431 10748 14 _ _ NNP 43431 10748 15 , , , 43431 10748 16 et et NNP 43431 10748 17 il il NNP 43431 10748 18 est est NNP 43431 10748 19 digne digne NNP 43431 10748 20 de de NNP 43431 10748 21 cette cette NNP 43431 10748 22 collection collection NNP 43431 10748 23 , , , 43431 10748 24 qui qui NNP 43431 10748 25 est est NNP 43431 10748 26 elle elle NNP 43431 10748 27 - - HYPH 43431 10748 28 même même NNP 43431 10748 29 digne digne NN 43431 10748 30 du du VBP 43431 10748 31 foyer foyer NN 43431 10748 32 scientifique scientifique JJ 43431 10748 33 universellement universellement NNP 43431 10748 34 rà rà NNP 43431 10748 35 © © NNP 43431 10748 36 putà putã CD 43431 10748 37 © © UH 43431 10748 38 , , , 43431 10748 39 où oã¹ PRP 43431 10748 40 il il NNP 43431 10748 41 a a DT 43431 10748 42 vu vu FW 43431 10748 43 le le NNP 43431 10748 44 jour jour NNP 43431 10748 45 . . . 43431 10749 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10749 2 Guardian Guardian NNP 43431 10749 3 . . . 43431 10749 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10749 5 We -PRON- PRP 43431 10749 6 have have VBP 43431 10749 7 already already RB 43431 10749 8 alluded allude VBN 43431 10749 9 to to IN 43431 10749 10 the the DT 43431 10749 11 spirit spirit NN 43431 10749 12 of of IN 43431 10749 13 caution caution NN 43431 10749 14 which which WDT 43431 10749 15 characterises characterise VBZ 43431 10749 16 the the DT 43431 10749 17 book book NN 43431 10749 18 , , , 43431 10749 19 and and CC 43431 10749 20 we -PRON- PRP 43431 10749 21 may may MD 43431 10749 22 add add VB 43431 10749 23 that that IN 43431 10749 24 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10749 25 promises promise VBZ 43431 10749 26 to to TO 43431 10749 27 be be VB 43431 10749 28 most most RBS 43431 10749 29 helpful helpful JJ 43431 10749 30 to to IN 43431 10749 31 the the DT 43431 10749 32 botanist botanist NN 43431 10749 33 who who WP 43431 10749 34 would would MD 43431 10749 35 extend extend VB 43431 10749 36 his -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10749 37 researches research NNS 43431 10749 38 into into IN 43431 10749 39 the the DT 43431 10749 40 past past NN 43431 10749 41 . . . 43431 10750 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10750 2 Natural Natural NNP 43431 10750 3 Science Science NNP 43431 10750 4 . . . 43431 10750 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10750 6 A a DT 43431 10750 7 most most RBS 43431 10750 8 successful successful JJ 43431 10750 9 treatment treatment NN 43431 10750 10 of of IN 43431 10750 11 a a DT 43431 10750 12 difficult difficult JJ 43431 10750 13 subject subject NN 43431 10750 14 . . . 43431 10751 1 All all DT 43431 10751 2 of of IN 43431 10751 3 importance importance NN 43431 10751 4 is be VBZ 43431 10751 5 brought bring VBN 43431 10751 6 forward forward RB 43431 10751 7 and and CC 43431 10751 8 impartially impartially RB 43431 10751 9 discussed discuss VBN 43431 10751 10 .... .... . 43431 10752 1 Such such PDT 43431 10752 2 a a DT 43431 10752 3 book book NN 43431 10752 4 has have VBZ 43431 10752 5 long long RB 43431 10752 6 been be VBN 43431 10752 7 a a DT 43431 10752 8 desideratum desideratum NN 43431 10752 9 . . . 43431 10753 1 Mr Mr NNP 43431 10753 2 Seward Seward NNP 43431 10753 3 's 's POS 43431 10753 4 style style NN 43431 10753 5 is be VBZ 43431 10753 6 clear clear JJ 43431 10753 7 and and CC 43431 10753 8 concise concise JJ 43431 10753 9 , , , 43431 10753 10 and and CC 43431 10753 11 the the DT 43431 10753 12 many many JJ 43431 10753 13 pitfalls pitfall NNS 43431 10753 14 into into IN 43431 10753 15 which which WDT 43431 10753 16 beginners beginner NNS 43431 10753 17 are be VBP 43431 10753 18 apt apt JJ 43431 10753 19 to to TO 43431 10753 20 stumble stumble VB 43431 10753 21 are be VBP 43431 10753 22 clearly clearly RB 43431 10753 23 pointed point VBN 43431 10753 24 out out RP 43431 10753 25 . . . 43431 10754 1 = = NFP 43431 10754 2 Zoology zoology NN 43431 10754 3 . . . 43431 10755 1 An an DT 43431 10755 2 Elementary Elementary NNP 43431 10755 3 Text Text NNP 43431 10755 4 - - HYPH 43431 10755 5 Book=. Book=. NNP 43431 10756 1 By by IN 43431 10756 2 A.E. A.E. NNP 43431 10757 1 SHIPLEY SHIPLEY NNP 43431 10757 2 , , , 43431 10757 3 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10757 4 , , , 43431 10757 5 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10757 6 , , , 43431 10757 7 and and CC 43431 10757 8 E.W. E.W. NNP 43431 10758 1 MACBRIDE MACBRIDE NNP 43431 10758 2 , , , 43431 10758 3 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10759 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10759 2 Cantab Cantab NNP 43431 10759 3 . . . 43431 10760 1 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10760 2 , , , 43431 10760 3 D.Sc D.Sc NNP 43431 10760 4 . . . 43431 10761 1 ( ( -LRB- 43431 10761 2 London London NNP 43431 10761 3 ) ) -RRB- 43431 10761 4 , , , 43431 10761 5 Professor Professor NNP 43431 10761 6 of of IN 43431 10761 7 Zoology Zoology NNP 43431 10761 8 in in IN 43431 10761 9 McGill McGill NNP 43431 10761 10 University University NNP 43431 10761 11 , , , 43431 10761 12 Montreal Montreal NNP 43431 10761 13 . . . 43431 10762 1 Demy Demy NNP 43431 10762 2 8vo 8vo NN 43431 10762 3 . . . 43431 10763 1 With with IN 43431 10763 2 numerous numerous JJ 43431 10763 3 Illustrations illustration NNS 43431 10763 4 . . . 43431 10764 1 10_s 10_s LS 43431 10764 2 . . . 43431 10764 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10764 4 6_d 6_d CD 43431 10764 5 . . . 43431 10764 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10764 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10764 8 Net Net NNP 43431 10764 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10764 10 . . . 43431 10765 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10765 2 Pilot Pilot NNP 43431 10765 3 . . . 43431 10765 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10765 5 A a DT 43431 10765 6 very very RB 43431 10765 7 business business NN 43431 10765 8 - - HYPH 43431 10765 9 like like JJ 43431 10765 10 and and CC 43431 10765 11 convenient convenient JJ 43431 10765 12 manual manual NN 43431 10765 13 of of IN 43431 10765 14 modern modern JJ 43431 10765 15 Zoology Zoology NNP 43431 10765 16 . . . 43431 10766 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10766 2 School School NNP 43431 10766 3 World World NNP 43431 10766 4 . . . 43431 10766 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10766 6 As as IN 43431 10766 7 a a DT 43431 10766 8 thoroughly thoroughly RB 43431 10766 9 trustworthy trustworthy JJ 43431 10766 10 and and CC 43431 10766 11 instructive instructive JJ 43431 10766 12 text text NN 43431 10766 13 - - HYPH 43431 10766 14 book book NN 43431 10766 15 for for IN 43431 10766 16 serious serious JJ 43431 10766 17 students student NNS 43431 10766 18 , , , 43431 10766 19 the the DT 43431 10766 20 work work NN 43431 10766 21 can can MD 43431 10766 22 be be VB 43431 10766 23 strongly strongly RB 43431 10766 24 recommended recommend VBN 43431 10766 25 . . . 43431 10767 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 43431 10767 2 value value NN 43431 10767 3 is be VBZ 43431 10767 4 enhanced enhance VBN 43431 10767 5 by by IN 43431 10767 6 the the DT 43431 10767 7 large large JJ 43431 10767 8 number number NN 43431 10767 9 of of IN 43431 10767 10 excellent excellent JJ 43431 10767 11 illustrations illustration NNS 43431 10767 12 , , , 43431 10767 13 many many DT 43431 10767 14 of of IN 43431 10767 15 which which WDT 43431 10767 16 are be VBP 43431 10767 17 delightfully delightfully RB 43431 10767 18 fresh fresh JJ 43431 10767 19 . . . 43431 10768 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10768 2 Oxford Oxford NNP 43431 10768 3 Magazine Magazine NNP 43431 10768 4 . . . 43431 10768 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10768 6 It -PRON- PRP 43431 10768 7 is be VBZ 43431 10768 8 readable readable JJ 43431 10768 9 , , , 43431 10768 10 well well RB 43431 10768 11 arranged arranged JJ 43431 10768 12 , , , 43431 10768 13 well well RB 43431 10768 14 printed print VBN 43431 10768 15 , , , 43431 10768 16 copiously copiously RB 43431 10768 17 and and CC 43431 10768 18 admirably admirably RB 43431 10768 19 illustrated illustrate VBN 43431 10768 20 , , , 43431 10768 21 and and CC 43431 10768 22 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10768 23 covers cover VBZ 43431 10768 24 the the DT 43431 10768 25 whole whole JJ 43431 10768 26 field field NN 43431 10768 27 of of IN 43431 10768 28 zoology zoology NN 43431 10768 29 . . . 43431 10769 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10769 2 Nature Nature NNP 43431 10769 3 . . . 43431 10769 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10769 5 There there EX 43431 10769 6 pervades pervade VBZ 43431 10769 7 the the DT 43431 10769 8 pages page NNS 43431 10769 9 of of IN 43431 10769 10 the the DT 43431 10769 11 work work NN 43431 10769 12 a a DT 43431 10769 13 freshness freshness NN 43431 10769 14 of of IN 43431 10769 15 style style NN 43431 10769 16 and and CC 43431 10769 17 unconventionality unconventionality NN 43431 10769 18 which which WDT 43431 10769 19 render render VBP 43431 10769 20 them -PRON- PRP 43431 10769 21 pleasant pleasant JJ 43431 10769 22 reading reading NN 43431 10769 23 and and CC 43431 10769 24 attractive attractive JJ 43431 10769 25 ; ; : 43431 10769 26 while while IN 43431 10769 27 , , , 43431 10769 28 in in IN 43431 10769 29 the the DT 43431 10769 30 frequent frequent JJ 43431 10769 31 allusion allusion NN 43431 10769 32 to to IN 43431 10769 33 the the DT 43431 10769 34 commonest common JJS 43431 10769 35 occurrences occurrence NNS 43431 10769 36 of of IN 43431 10769 37 daily daily JJ 43431 10769 38 life life NN 43431 10769 39 and and CC 43431 10769 40 human human JJ 43431 10769 41 affairs affair NNS 43431 10769 42 , , , 43431 10769 43 the the DT 43431 10769 44 interest interest NN 43431 10769 45 of of IN 43431 10769 46 the the DT 43431 10769 47 reader reader NN 43431 10769 48 is be VBZ 43431 10769 49 assured assure VBN 43431 10769 50 . . . 43431 10770 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10770 2 Pall Pall NNP 43431 10770 3 Mall Mall NNP 43431 10770 4 Gazette Gazette NNP 43431 10770 5 . . . 43431 10770 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10770 7 Precisely precisely RB 43431 10770 8 the the DT 43431 10770 9 sort sort NN 43431 10770 10 of of IN 43431 10770 11 book book NN 43431 10770 12 which which WDT 43431 10770 13 , , , 43431 10770 14 if if IN 43431 10770 15 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10770 16 came come VBD 43431 10770 17 into into IN 43431 10770 18 a a DT 43431 10770 19 thoughtful thoughtful JJ 43431 10770 20 boy boy NN 43431 10770 21 's 's POS 43431 10770 22 hands hand NNS 43431 10770 23 , , , 43431 10770 24 would would MD 43431 10770 25 turn turn VB 43431 10770 26 him -PRON- PRP 43431 10770 27 from from IN 43431 10770 28 a a DT 43431 10770 29 smatterer smatterer NN 43431 10770 30 into into IN 43431 10770 31 a a DT 43431 10770 32 student student NN 43431 10770 33 .... .... . 43431 10770 34 One one CD 43431 10770 35 of of IN 43431 10770 36 the the DT 43431 10770 37 most most RBS 43431 10770 38 instructive instructive JJ 43431 10770 39 and and CC 43431 10770 40 attractive attractive JJ 43431 10770 41 books book NNS 43431 10770 42 that that WDT 43431 10770 43 could could MD 43431 10770 44 be be VB 43431 10770 45 put put VBN 43431 10770 46 into into IN 43431 10770 47 the the DT 43431 10770 48 hands hand NNS 43431 10770 49 of of IN 43431 10770 50 a a DT 43431 10770 51 young young JJ 43431 10770 52 naturalist naturalist NN 43431 10770 53 . . . 43431 10771 1 = = NFP 43431 10771 2 Grasses= grasses= ADD 43431 10771 3 : : : 43431 10771 4 a a DT 43431 10771 5 Handbook Handbook NNP 43431 10771 6 for for IN 43431 10771 7 use use NN 43431 10771 8 in in IN 43431 10771 9 the the DT 43431 10771 10 Field Field NNP 43431 10771 11 and and CC 43431 10771 12 Laboratory Laboratory NNP 43431 10771 13 . . . 43431 10772 1 By by IN 43431 10772 2 H. H. NNP 43431 10772 3 MARSHALL MARSHALL NNP 43431 10772 4 WARD WARD NNP 43431 10772 5 , , , 43431 10772 6 Sc Sc NNP 43431 10772 7 . . . 43431 10772 8 D. D. NNP 43431 10772 9 , , , 43431 10772 10 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10772 11 , , , 43431 10772 12 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10772 13 of of IN 43431 10772 14 Sidney Sidney NNP 43431 10772 15 Sussex Sussex NNP 43431 10772 16 College College NNP 43431 10772 17 , , , 43431 10772 18 Professor Professor NNP 43431 10772 19 of of IN 43431 10772 20 Botany Botany NNP 43431 10772 21 in in IN 43431 10772 22 the the DT 43431 10772 23 University University NNP 43431 10772 24 of of IN 43431 10772 25 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 43431 10772 26 . . . 43431 10773 1 With with IN 43431 10773 2 81 81 CD 43431 10773 3 figures figure NNS 43431 10773 4 . . . 43431 10774 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10774 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10774 3 . . . 43431 10775 1 6_s 6_s CD 43431 10775 2 . . . 43431 10775 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10775 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10775 5 Pilot Pilot NNP 43431 10775 6 . . . 43431 10775 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10775 8 Brimful Brimful NNP 43431 10775 9 of of IN 43431 10775 10 matter matter NN 43431 10775 11 . . . 43431 10776 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10776 2 Field Field NNP 43431 10776 3 . . . 43431 10776 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10776 5 The the DT 43431 10776 6 work work NN 43431 10776 7 is be VBZ 43431 10776 8 essentially essentially RB 43431 10776 9 suited suited JJ 43431 10776 10 to to IN 43431 10776 11 the the DT 43431 10776 12 requirements requirement NNS 43431 10776 13 of of IN 43431 10776 14 those those DT 43431 10776 15 desirous desirous JJ 43431 10776 16 of of IN 43431 10776 17 studying study VBG 43431 10776 18 the the DT 43431 10776 19 grasses grass NNS 43431 10776 20 commonly commonly RB 43431 10776 21 grown grow VBN 43431 10776 22 in in IN 43431 10776 23 this this DT 43431 10776 24 country country NN 43431 10776 25 , , , 43431 10776 26 and and CC 43431 10776 27 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10776 28 can can MD 43431 10776 29 fairly fairly RB 43431 10776 30 be be VB 43431 10776 31 said say VBN 43431 10776 32 that that IN 43431 10776 33 it -PRON- PRP 43431 10776 34 furnishes furnish VBZ 43431 10776 35 an an DT 43431 10776 36 amount amount NN 43431 10776 37 of of IN 43431 10776 38 information information NN 43431 10776 39 seldom seldom RB 43431 10776 40 obtained obtain VBD 43431 10776 41 in in IN 43431 10776 42 more more JJR 43431 10776 43 pretentious pretentious JJ 43431 10776 44 volumes volume NNS 43431 10776 45 . . . 43431 10777 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10777 2 Athenaeum Athenaeum NNP 43431 10777 3 . . . 43431 10777 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10777 5 Botanists Botanists NNPS 43431 10777 6 and and CC 43431 10777 7 Agriculturists Agriculturists NNPS 43431 10777 8 alike alike RB 43431 10777 9 have have VBP 43431 10777 10 reason reason NN 43431 10777 11 to to TO 43431 10777 12 thank thank VB 43431 10777 13 Prof. Prof. NNP 43431 10777 14 Ward Ward NNP 43431 10777 15 for for IN 43431 10777 16 this this DT 43431 10777 17 very very RB 43431 10777 18 serviceable serviceable JJ 43431 10777 19 addition addition NN 43431 10777 20 to to IN 43431 10777 21 the the DT 43431 10777 22 literature literature NN 43431 10777 23 of of IN 43431 10777 24 grasses grass NNS 43431 10777 25 . . . 43431 10778 1 = = NFP 43431 10778 2 Trees= trees= ADD 43431 10778 3 : : : 43431 10778 4 A a DT 43431 10778 5 Handbook Handbook NNP 43431 10778 6 of of IN 43431 10778 7 Forest Forest NNP 43431 10778 8 Botany Botany NNP 43431 10778 9 for for IN 43431 10778 10 the the DT 43431 10778 11 Woodlands Woodlands NNPS 43431 10778 12 and and CC 43431 10778 13 the the DT 43431 10778 14 Laboratory Laboratory NNP 43431 10778 15 . . . 43431 10779 1 By by IN 43431 10779 2 H. H. NNP 43431 10779 3 MARSHALL MARSHALL NNP 43431 10779 4 WARD WARD NNP 43431 10779 5 , , , 43431 10779 6 Sc Sc NNP 43431 10779 7 . . . 43431 10779 8 D. D. NNP 43431 10779 9 , , , 43431 10779 10 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10779 11 , , , 43431 10779 12 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10779 13 of of IN 43431 10779 14 Sidney Sidney NNP 43431 10779 15 Sussex Sussex NNP 43431 10779 16 College College NNP 43431 10779 17 , , , 43431 10779 18 Honorary Honorary NNP 43431 10779 19 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10779 20 of of IN 43431 10779 21 Christ Christ NNP 43431 10779 22 's 's POS 43431 10779 23 College College NNP 43431 10779 24 and and CC 43431 10779 25 Professor Professor NNP 43431 10779 26 of of IN 43431 10779 27 Botany Botany NNP 43431 10779 28 in in IN 43431 10779 29 the the DT 43431 10779 30 University University NNP 43431 10779 31 of of IN 43431 10779 32 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 43431 10779 33 . . . 43431 10780 1 In in IN 43431 10780 2 six six CD 43431 10780 3 volumes volume NNS 43431 10780 4 . . . 43431 10781 1 1 1 LS 43431 10781 2 . . . 43431 10782 1 Buds Buds NNP 43431 10782 2 and and CC 43431 10782 3 Twigs Twigs NNP 43431 10782 4 , , , 43431 10782 5 2 2 CD 43431 10782 6 . . . 43431 10783 1 Leaves leave NNS 43431 10783 2 , , , 43431 10783 3 3 3 CD 43431 10783 4 . . . 43431 10784 1 Inflorescences inflorescence NNS 43431 10784 2 and and CC 43431 10784 3 Flowers flower NNS 43431 10784 4 , , , 43431 10784 5 4 4 CD 43431 10784 6 . . . 43431 10785 1 Fruits fruit NNS 43431 10785 2 and and CC 43431 10785 3 Seeds Seeds NNPS 43431 10785 4 , , , 43431 10785 5 5 5 CD 43431 10785 6 . . . 43431 10786 1 Seedlings seedling NNS 43431 10786 2 , , , 43431 10786 3 6 6 CD 43431 10786 4 . . . 43431 10787 1 General General NNP 43431 10787 2 Characters Characters NNPS 43431 10787 3 . . . 43431 10788 1 Vol Vol NNP 43431 10788 2 . . . 43431 10789 1 I. I. NNP 43431 10789 2 Buds Buds NNP 43431 10789 3 and and CC 43431 10789 4 Twigs Twigs NNPS 43431 10789 5 . . . 43431 10790 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10790 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10790 3 . . . 43431 10791 1 Illustrated Illustrated NNP 43431 10791 2 . . . 43431 10792 1 4_s 4_s LS 43431 10792 2 . . . 43431 10792 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10792 4 6_d 6_d CD 43431 10792 5 . . . 43431 10792 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10792 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10792 8 net net NN 43431 10792 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10792 10 . . . 43431 10793 1 = = NFP 43431 10793 2 A a DT 43431 10793 3 Treatise Treatise NNP 43431 10793 4 on on IN 43431 10793 5 the the DT 43431 10793 6 British British NNP 43431 10793 7 Freshwater Freshwater NNP 43431 10793 8 Algae.= Algae.= NNP 43431 10793 9 By by IN 43431 10793 10 G.S. G.S. NNP 43431 10794 1 WEST WEST NNP 43431 10794 2 , , , 43431 10794 3 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10794 4 , , , 43431 10794 5 A.R.C.S. A.R.C.S. NNP 43431 10794 6 , , , 43431 10794 7 F.L.S. F.L.S. NNP 43431 10794 8 , , , 43431 10794 9 Professor Professor NNP 43431 10794 10 of of IN 43431 10794 11 Natural Natural NNP 43431 10794 12 History History NNP 43431 10794 13 at at IN 43431 10794 14 the the DT 43431 10794 15 Royal Royal NNP 43431 10794 16 Agricultural Agricultural NNP 43431 10794 17 College College NNP 43431 10794 18 , , , 43431 10794 19 Cirencester Cirencester NNP 43431 10794 20 . . . 43431 10795 1 Demy Demy NNP 43431 10795 2 8vo 8vo NN 43431 10795 3 . . . 43431 10796 1 10_s 10_s LS 43431 10796 2 . . . 43431 10796 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10796 4 6_d 6_d CD 43431 10796 5 . . . 43431 10796 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10796 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10796 8 net net NN 43431 10796 9 _ _ NNP 43431 10796 10 . . . 43431 10797 1 = = NFP 43431 10797 2 A a DT 43431 10797 3 Manual Manual NNP 43431 10797 4 and and CC 43431 10797 5 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 43431 10797 6 of of IN 43431 10797 7 the the DT 43431 10797 8 Flowering Flowering NNP 43431 10797 9 Plants Plants NNPS 43431 10797 10 and and CC 43431 10797 11 Ferns=. ferns=. JJ 43431 10798 1 By by IN 43431 10798 2 J.C. J.C. NNP 43431 10798 3 WILLIS WILLIS NNP 43431 10798 4 , , , 43431 10798 5 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10798 6 , , , 43431 10798 7 Director Director NNP 43431 10798 8 of of IN 43431 10798 9 the the DT 43431 10798 10 Royal Royal NNP 43431 10798 11 Botanic Botanic NNP 43431 10798 12 Gardens Gardens NNPS 43431 10798 13 , , , 43431 10798 14 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 43431 10798 15 . . . 43431 10799 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10799 2 Second Second NNP 43431 10799 3 Edition Edition NNP 43431 10799 4 . . . 43431 10799 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10799 6 Complete Complete NNP 43431 10799 7 in in IN 43431 10799 8 one one CD 43431 10799 9 volume volume NN 43431 10799 10 . . . 43431 10800 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10800 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10800 3 . . . 43431 10801 1 10_s 10_s LS 43431 10801 2 . . . 43431 10801 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10801 4 6_d 6_d CD 43431 10801 5 . . . 43431 10801 6 _ _ NNP 43431 10801 7 = = SYM 43431 10801 8 Elementary Elementary NNP 43431 10801 9 Palaeontology Palaeontology NNP 43431 10801 10 -- -- : 43431 10801 11 Invertebrate.= Invertebrate.= NNP 43431 10801 12 By by IN 43431 10801 13 HENRY HENRY NNP 43431 10801 14 WOODS WOODS NNP 43431 10801 15 , , , 43431 10801 16 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10801 17 , , , 43431 10801 18 F.G.S. F.G.S. NNP 43431 10801 19 , , , 43431 10801 20 University University NNP 43431 10801 21 Lecturer Lecturer NNP 43431 10801 22 in in IN 43431 10801 23 Palaeozoology Palaeozoology NNP 43431 10801 24 . . . 43431 10802 1 Crown Crown NNP 43431 10802 2 8vo 8vo NNP 43431 10802 3 . . . 43431 10803 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10803 2 Third Third NNP 43431 10803 3 Edition Edition NNP 43431 10803 4 . . . 43431 10803 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10803 6 Revised Revised NNP 43431 10803 7 and and CC 43431 10803 8 enlarged enlarge VBD 43431 10803 9 , , , 43431 10803 10 with with IN 43431 10803 11 112 112 CD 43431 10803 12 Illustrations Illustrations NNPS 43431 10803 13 . . . 43431 10804 1 6_s 6_s CD 43431 10804 2 . . . 43431 10804 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10804 4 = = SYM 43431 10804 5 Outlines Outlines NNP 43431 10804 6 of of IN 43431 10804 7 Vertebrate Vertebrate NNP 43431 10804 8 Palaeontology palaeontology NN 43431 10804 9 for for IN 43431 10804 10 students student NNS 43431 10804 11 of of IN 43431 10804 12 Zoology.= Zoology.= NNP 43431 10804 13 By by IN 43431 10804 14 ARTHUR ARTHUR NNP 43431 10804 15 SMITH SMITH NNP 43431 10804 16 WOODWARD WOODWARD NNP 43431 10804 17 , , , 43431 10804 18 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10804 19 , , , 43431 10804 20 F.R.S. F.R.S. NNP 43431 10804 21 , , , 43431 10804 22 Keeper Keeper NNP 43431 10804 23 of of IN 43431 10804 24 the the DT 43431 10804 25 Department Department NNP 43431 10804 26 of of IN 43431 10804 27 Geology Geology NNP 43431 10804 28 in in IN 43431 10804 29 the the DT 43431 10804 30 British British NNP 43431 10804 31 Museum Museum NNP 43431 10804 32 . . . 43431 10805 1 Demy Demy NNP 43431 10805 2 8vo 8vo NN 43431 10805 3 . . . 43431 10806 1 With with IN 43431 10806 2 numerous numerous JJ 43431 10806 3 Illustrations illustration NNS 43431 10806 4 . . . 43431 10807 1 14_s 14_s LS 43431 10807 2 . . . 43431 10807 3 _ _ NNP 43431 10807 4 _ _ NNP 43431 10807 5 Athenaeum Athenaeum NNP 43431 10807 6 . . . 43431 10807 7 _ _ NNP 43431 10807 8 The the DT 43431 10807 9 author author NN 43431 10807 10 is be VBZ 43431 10807 11 to to TO 43431 10807 12 be be VB 43431 10807 13 congratulated congratulate VBN 43431 10807 14 on on IN 43431 10807 15 having have VBG 43431 10807 16 produced produce VBN 43431 10807 17 a a DT 43431 10807 18 work work NN 43431 10807 19 of of IN 43431 10807 20 exceptional exceptional JJ 43431 10807 21 value value NN 43431 10807 22 , , , 43431 10807 23 dealing deal VBG 43431 10807 24 with with IN 43431 10807 25 a a DT 43431 10807 26 difficult difficult JJ 43431 10807 27 subject subject NN 43431 10807 28 in in IN 43431 10807 29 a a DT 43431 10807 30 thoroughly thoroughly RB 43431 10807 31 sound sound JJ 43431 10807 32 manner manner NN 43431 10807 33 . . . 43431 10808 1 _ _ NNP 43431 10808 2 In in IN 43431 10808 3 preparation preparation NN 43431 10808 4 . . . 43431 10808 5 _ _ NNP 43431 10808 6 = = SYM 43431 10808 7 Morphology Morphology NNP 43431 10808 8 and and CC 43431 10808 9 Anthropology.= anthropology.= NN 43431 10808 10 By by IN 43431 10808 11 W.L.H. W.L.H. NNP 43431 10809 1 DUCKWORTH DUCKWORTH NNP 43431 10809 2 , , , 43431 10809 3 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10809 4 , , , 43431 10809 5 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10809 6 and and CC 43431 10809 7 Lecturer Lecturer NNP 43431 10809 8 of of IN 43431 10809 9 Jesus Jesus NNP 43431 10809 10 College College NNP 43431 10809 11 , , , 43431 10809 12 University University NNP 43431 10809 13 Lecturer Lecturer NNP 43431 10809 14 in in IN 43431 10809 15 Physical Physical NNP 43431 10809 16 Anthropology Anthropology NNP 43431 10809 17 . . . 43431 10810 1 = = NFP 43431 10810 2 The the DT 43431 10810 3 Origin Origin NNP 43431 10810 4 and and CC 43431 10810 5 Influence Influence NNP 43431 10810 6 of of IN 43431 10810 7 the the DT 43431 10810 8 Thorough Thorough NNP 43431 10810 9 - - HYPH 43431 10810 10 bred breed VBN 43431 10810 11 Horse.= Horse.= NNP 43431 10810 12 By by IN 43431 10810 13 W. W. NNP 43431 10810 14 RIDGEWAY RIDGEWAY NNP 43431 10810 15 , , , 43431 10810 16 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10810 17 , , , 43431 10810 18 Disney Disney NNP 43431 10810 19 Professor Professor NNP 43431 10810 20 of of IN 43431 10810 21 Archaeology Archaeology NNP 43431 10810 22 and and CC 43431 10810 23 Fellow Fellow NNP 43431 10810 24 of of IN 43431 10810 25 Gonville Gonville NNP 43431 10810 26 and and CC 43431 10810 27 Caius Caius NNP 43431 10810 28 College College NNP 43431 10810 29 . . . 43431 10811 1 With with IN 43431 10811 2 numerous numerous JJ 43431 10811 3 Illustrations illustration NNS 43431 10811 4 . . . 43431 10812 1 Demy Demy NNP 43431 10812 2 8vo 8vo NN 43431 10812 3 . . . 43431 10813 1 = = NFP 43431 10813 2 The the DT 43431 10813 3 Morphology Morphology NNP 43431 10813 4 of of IN 43431 10813 5 Plants.= Plants.= NNP 43431 10813 6 By by IN 43431 10813 7 J.C. J.C. NNP 43431 10813 8 WILLIS WILLIS NNP 43431 10813 9 , , , 43431 10813 10 M.A. M.A. NNP 43431 10814 1 = = NFP 43431 10814 2 London= london= NN 43431 10814 3 : : : 43431 10814 4 C.J. C.J. NNP 43431 10815 1 CLAY CLAY NNP 43431 10815 2 AND and CC 43431 10815 3 SONS son NNS 43431 10815 4 , , , 43431 10815 5 CAMBRIDGE CAMBRIDGE NNP 43431 10815 6 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY NNP 43431 10815 7 PRESS PRESS NNP 43431 10815 8 WAREHOUSE WAREHOUSE JJR 43431 10815 9 , , , 43431 10815 10 AVE AVE NNP 43431 10815 11 MARIA MARIA NNP 43431 10815 12 LANE LANE NNP 43431 10815 13 , , , 43431 10815 14 AND and CC 43431 10815 15 H.K. H.K. NNP 43431 10816 1 LEWIS LEWIS NNP 43431 10816 2 , , , 43431 10816 3 136 136 CD 43431 10816 4 , , , 43431 10816 5 GOWER GOWER NNP 43431 10816 6 STREET STREET NNP 43431 10816 7 , , , 43431 10816 8 W.C. W.C. NNP 43431 10816 9 = = SYM 43431 10816 10 Glasgow= Glasgow= NNP 43431 10816 11 : : : 43431 10816 12 50 50 CD 43431 10816 13 , , , 43431 10816 14 WELLINGTON WELLINGTON NNP 43431 10816 15 STREET STREET NNP 43431 10816 16 * * NFP 43431 10816 17 * * NFP 43431 10816 18 * * NFP 43431 10816 19 * * NFP 43431 10816 20 * * NFP 43431 10816 21 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 43431 10816 22 Notes Notes NNPS 43431 10816 23 Italic italic JJ 43431 10816 24 text text NN 43431 10816 25 is be VBZ 43431 10816 26 denoted denote VBN 43431 10816 27 by by IN 43431 10816 28 _ _ NNP 43431 10816 29 underscores underscore VBZ 43431 10816 30 _ _ NNP 43431 10816 31 and and CC 43431 10816 32 bold bold JJ 43431 10816 33 text text NN 43431 10816 34 by by IN 43431 10816 35 = = SYM 43431 10816 36 equal equal JJ 43431 10816 37 signs=. signs=. NN 43431 10817 1 Subscripts subscript NNS 43431 10817 2 are be VBP 43431 10817 3 represented represent VBN 43431 10817 4 using use VBG 43431 10817 5 braces brace NNS 43431 10817 6 , , , 43431 10817 7 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 10818 1 V{1 V{1 NNP 43431 10818 2 } } -RRB- 43431 10818 3 , , , 43431 10818 4 and and CC 43431 10818 5 superscripts superscript NNS 43431 10818 6 are be VBP 43431 10818 7 introduced introduce VBN 43431 10818 8 with with IN 43431 10818 9 a a DT 43431 10818 10 caret caret NN 43431 10818 11 , , , 43431 10818 12 e.g. e.g. RB 43431 10819 1 2^e 2^e CD 43431 10819 2 Obvious obvious JJ 43431 10819 3 punctuation punctuation NN 43431 10819 4 and and CC 43431 10819 5 spelling spelling NN 43431 10819 6 errors error NNS 43431 10819 7 , , , 43431 10819 8 and and CC 43431 10819 9 inconsistent inconsistent JJ 43431 10819 10 hyphenation hyphenation NN 43431 10819 11 have have VBP 43431 10819 12 been be VBN 43431 10819 13 corrected correct VBN 43431 10819 14 . . . 43431 10820 1 The the DT 43431 10820 2 oe oe NN 43431 10820 3 ligature ligature NN 43431 10820 4 in in IN 43431 10820 5 the the DT 43431 10820 6 text text NN 43431 10820 7 has have VBZ 43431 10820 8 been be VBN 43431 10820 9 replaced replace VBN 43431 10820 10 with with IN 43431 10820 11 the the DT 43431 10820 12 characters character NNS 43431 10820 13 oe oe RB 43431 10820 14 . . .