id sid tid token lemma pos 36036 1 1 SMITHSONIAN smithsonian JJ 36036 1 2 CONTRIBUTIONS CONTRIBUTIONS NNP 36036 1 3 TO to IN 36036 1 4 ZOOLOGY ZOOLOGY NNP 36036 1 5 · · NFP 36036 1 6 NUMBER NUMBER NNP 36036 1 7 542 542 CD 36036 1 8 Metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 1 9 Adaptation adaptation NN 36036 1 10 to to IN 36036 1 11 Climate Climate NNP 36036 1 12 and and CC 36036 1 13 Distribution Distribution NNP 36036 1 14 of of IN 36036 1 15 the the DT 36036 1 16 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 1 17 _ _ NNP 36036 1 18 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 1 19 lotor lotor NN 36036 1 20 _ _ NNP 36036 1 21 and and CC 36036 1 22 Other Other NNP 36036 1 23 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 1 24 _ _ NNP 36036 1 25 John John NNP 36036 1 26 N. N. NNP 36036 1 27 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 1 28 , , , 36036 1 29 John John NNP 36036 1 30 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 1 31 , , , 36036 1 32 and and CC 36036 1 33 Kathleen Kathleen NNP 36036 1 34 P. P. NNP 36036 1 35 Mahlke Mahlke NNP 36036 1 36 - - HYPH 36036 1 37 Johnson Johnson NNP 36036 1 38 _ _ NNP 36036 1 39 [ [ -LRB- 36036 1 40 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1 41 Institution Institution NNP 36036 1 42 logo logo NN 36036 1 43 ] ] -RRB- 36036 1 44 SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN NNP 36036 1 45 INSTITUTION institution NN 36036 1 46 PRESS PRESS NNP 36036 1 47 Washington Washington NNP 36036 1 48 , , , 36036 1 49 D.C. D.C. NNP 36036 1 50 1993 1993 CD 36036 1 51 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT NNP 36036 1 52 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 1 53 , , , 36036 1 54 J. J. NNP 36036 1 55 N. N. NNP 36036 1 56 , , , 36036 1 57 J. J. NNP 36036 1 58 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 1 59 , , , 36036 1 60 and and CC 36036 1 61 K. K. NNP 36036 1 62 Mahlke Mahlke NNP 36036 1 63 - - HYPH 36036 1 64 Johnson Johnson NNP 36036 1 65 . . . 36036 2 1 Metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 2 2 Adaptation adaptation NN 36036 2 3 to to IN 36036 2 4 Climate Climate NNP 36036 2 5 and and CC 36036 2 6 Distribution Distribution NNP 36036 2 7 of of IN 36036 2 8 the the DT 36036 2 9 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 2 10 _ _ NNP 36036 2 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 2 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 2 13 _ _ NNP 36036 2 14 and and CC 36036 2 15 Other Other NNP 36036 2 16 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 2 17 . . . 36036 3 1 _ _ NNP 36036 3 2 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 3 3 Contributions Contributions NNP 36036 3 4 to to IN 36036 3 5 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 3 6 _ _ NNP 36036 3 7 , , , 36036 3 8 number number NN 36036 3 9 542 542 CD 36036 3 10 , , , 36036 3 11 34 34 CD 36036 3 12 pages page NNS 36036 3 13 , , , 36036 3 14 8 8 CD 36036 3 15 figures figure NNS 36036 3 16 , , , 36036 3 17 12 12 CD 36036 3 18 tables table NNS 36036 3 19 , , , 36036 3 20 1993.--Although 1993.--although CD 36036 3 21 the the DT 36036 3 22 family family NN 36036 3 23 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 3 24 is be VBZ 36036 3 25 largely largely RB 36036 3 26 a a DT 36036 3 27 Neotropical neotropical JJ 36036 3 28 group group NN 36036 3 29 , , , 36036 3 30 the the DT 36036 3 31 North north JJ 36036 3 32 American american JJ 36036 3 33 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 3 34 , , , 36036 3 35 _ _ NNP 36036 3 36 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 3 37 lotor lotor NN 36036 3 38 _ _ NNP 36036 3 39 , , , 36036 3 40 is be VBZ 36036 3 41 more more RBR 36036 3 42 versatile versatile JJ 36036 3 43 in in IN 36036 3 44 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 3 45 use use NN 36036 3 46 of of IN 36036 3 47 climate climate NN 36036 3 48 , , , 36036 3 49 and and CC 36036 3 50 it -PRON- PRP 36036 3 51 is be VBZ 36036 3 52 found find VBN 36036 3 53 in in IN 36036 3 54 nearly nearly RB 36036 3 55 every every DT 36036 3 56 habitat habitat NN 36036 3 57 from from IN 36036 3 58 Panama Panama NNP 36036 3 59 to to IN 36036 3 60 60 60 CD 36036 3 61 ° ° NNS 36036 3 62 N n CD 36036 3 63 in in IN 36036 3 64 Canada Canada NNP 36036 3 65 . . . 36036 4 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 4 2 hypothesized hypothesize VBD 36036 4 3 that that IN 36036 4 4 most most JJS 36036 4 5 contemporary contemporary JJ 36036 4 6 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 4 7 have have VBP 36036 4 8 remained remain VBN 36036 4 9 in in IN 36036 4 10 tropic tropic NN 36036 4 11 and and CC 36036 4 12 subtropic subtropic NN 36036 4 13 climates climate NNS 36036 4 14 because because IN 36036 4 15 they -PRON- PRP 36036 4 16 have have VBP 36036 4 17 retained retain VBN 36036 4 18 the the DT 36036 4 19 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 4 20 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 4 21 of of IN 36036 4 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 4 23 warm warm RB 36036 4 24 - - HYPH 36036 4 25 adapted adapt VBN 36036 4 26 ancestors ancestor NNS 36036 4 27 , , , 36036 4 28 whereas whereas IN 36036 4 29 _ _ NNP 36036 4 30 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 4 31 lotor lotor NN 36036 4 32 _ _ NNP 36036 4 33 evolved evolve VBD 36036 4 34 a a DT 36036 4 35 different different JJ 36036 4 36 set set NN 36036 4 37 of of IN 36036 4 38 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 4 39 that that WDT 36036 4 40 have have VBP 36036 4 41 enabled enable VBN 36036 4 42 it -PRON- PRP 36036 4 43 to to TO 36036 4 44 generalize generalize VB 36036 4 45 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 4 46 use use NN 36036 4 47 of of IN 36036 4 48 habitats habitat NNS 36036 4 49 and and CC 36036 4 50 climates climate NNS 36036 4 51 . . . 36036 5 1 To to TO 36036 5 2 test test VB 36036 5 3 this this DT 36036 5 4 hypothesis hypothesis NN 36036 5 5 we -PRON- PRP 36036 5 6 compared compare VBD 36036 5 7 _ _ NNP 36036 5 8 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 5 9 lotor lotor NN 36036 5 10 _ _ NNP 36036 5 11 with with IN 36036 5 12 several several JJ 36036 5 13 other other JJ 36036 5 14 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 5 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 16 _ _ NNP 36036 5 17 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 5 18 astutus astutus NN 36036 5 19 _ _ NNP 36036 5 20 , , , 36036 5 21 _ _ NNP 36036 5 22 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 5 23 nasua nasua NNP 36036 5 24 _ _ NNP 36036 5 25 , , , 36036 5 26 _ _ NNP 36036 5 27 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 5 28 narica narica NN 36036 5 29 _ _ NNP 36036 5 30 , , , 36036 5 31 _ _ NNP 36036 5 32 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 5 33 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 5 34 _ _ NNP 36036 5 35 , , , 36036 5 36 and and CC 36036 5 37 _ _ NNP 36036 5 38 Potos Potos NNP 36036 5 39 flavus flavus NN 36036 5 40 _ _ NNP 36036 5 41 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 42 with with IN 36036 5 43 respect respect NN 36036 5 44 to to IN 36036 5 45 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 46 1 1 LS 36036 5 47 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 48 basal basal NNP 36036 5 49 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 5 50 rate rate NN 36036 5 51 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 52 [ [ -LRB- 36036 5 53 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 5 54 } } -RRB- 36036 5 55 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 56 , , , 36036 5 57 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 58 2 2 LS 36036 5 59 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 60 minimum minimum JJ 36036 5 61 wet wet JJ 36036 5 62 thermal thermal JJ 36036 5 63 conductance conductance NN 36036 5 64 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 65 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 5 66 } } -RRB- 36036 5 67 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 68 , , , 36036 5 69 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 70 3 3 LS 36036 5 71 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 72 diversity diversity NN 36036 5 73 of of IN 36036 5 74 diet diet NNP 36036 5 75 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 76 D_{d D_{d NNP 36036 5 77 } } -RRB- 36036 5 78 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 79 , , , 36036 5 80 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 81 4 4 LS 36036 5 82 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 83 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 5 84 rate rate NN 36036 5 85 of of IN 36036 5 86 natural natural JJ 36036 5 87 increase increase NN 36036 5 88 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 89 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 5 90 } } -RRB- 36036 5 91 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 92 , , , 36036 5 93 and and CC 36036 5 94 , , , 36036 5 95 where where WRB 36036 5 96 possible possible JJ 36036 5 97 , , , 36036 5 98 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 99 5 5 LS 36036 5 100 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 101 capacity capacity NN 36036 5 102 for for IN 36036 5 103 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 5 104 cooling cooling NN 36036 5 105 ( ( -LRB- 36036 5 106 E_{c E_{c NNP 36036 5 107 } } -RRB- 36036 5 108 ) ) -RRB- 36036 5 109 . . . 36036 6 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 6 2 measured measure VBD 36036 6 3 basal basal NN 36036 6 4 and and CC 36036 6 5 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 6 6 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 6 7 , , , 36036 6 8 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 6 9 water water NN 36036 6 10 loss loss NN 36036 6 11 , , , 36036 6 12 and and CC 36036 6 13 body body NN 36036 6 14 temperature temperature NN 36036 6 15 of of IN 36036 6 16 both both DT 36036 6 17 sexes sex NNS 36036 6 18 of of IN 36036 6 19 _ _ NNP 36036 6 20 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 6 21 lotor lotor NN 36036 6 22 _ _ NNP 36036 6 23 from from IN 36036 6 24 north north NNP 36036 6 25 central central NNP 36036 6 26 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 6 27 , , , 36036 6 28 in in IN 36036 6 29 summer summer NN 36036 6 30 and and CC 36036 6 31 winter winter NN 36036 6 32 . . . 36036 7 1 Metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 7 2 data datum NNS 36036 7 3 for for IN 36036 7 4 other other JJ 36036 7 5 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 7 6 were be VBD 36036 7 7 from from IN 36036 7 8 literature literature NN 36036 7 9 , , , 36036 7 10 as as IN 36036 7 11 were be VBD 36036 7 12 dietary dietary JJ 36036 7 13 and and CC 36036 7 14 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 7 15 data datum NNS 36036 7 16 for for IN 36036 7 17 all all DT 36036 7 18 species specie NNS 36036 7 19 . . . 36036 8 1 Procyon procyon JJ 36036 8 2 lotor lotor NN 36036 8 3 differed differ VBN 36036 8 4 from from IN 36036 8 5 other other JJ 36036 8 6 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 8 7 in in IN 36036 8 8 all all DT 36036 8 9 five five CD 36036 8 10 variables variable NNS 36036 8 11 . . . 36036 9 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 9 2 1 1 LS 36036 9 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 9 4 _ _ NNP 36036 9 5 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 9 6 lotor lotor NN 36036 9 7 _ _ NNP 36036 9 8 's 's POS 36036 9 9 mass mass JJ 36036 9 10 specific specific JJ 36036 9 11 [ [ -LRB- 36036 9 12 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 9 13 } } -RRB- 36036 9 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 9 15 0.46 0.46 CD 36036 9 16 mL mL NNP 36036 9 17 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 9 18 } } -RRB- 36036 9 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 9 20 was be VBD 36036 9 21 1.45 1.45 CD 36036 9 22 to to IN 36036 9 23 1.86 1.86 CD 36036 9 24 times time NNS 36036 9 25 greater great JJR 36036 9 26 than than IN 36036 9 27 values value NNS 36036 9 28 for for IN 36036 9 29 other other JJ 36036 9 30 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 9 31 . . . 36036 10 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 10 2 2 2 LS 36036 10 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 10 4 Because because IN 36036 10 5 of of IN 36036 10 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 10 7 annual annual JJ 36036 10 8 molt molt NN 36036 10 9 , , , 36036 10 10 _ _ NNP 36036 10 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 10 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 10 13 _ _ NNP 36036 10 14 's 's POS 36036 10 15 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 10 16 } } -RRB- 36036 10 17 was be VBD 36036 10 18 about about RB 36036 10 19 49 49 CD 36036 10 20 % % NN 36036 10 21 higher high JJR 36036 10 22 in in IN 36036 10 23 summer summer NN 36036 10 24 than than IN 36036 10 25 winter winter NN 36036 10 26 , , , 36036 10 27 0.0256 0.0256 CD 36036 10 28 and and CC 36036 10 29 0.0172 0.0172 CD 36036 10 30 mL ml NN 36036 10 31 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· o_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· RB 36036 10 32 ° ° , 36036 10 33 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 10 34 } } -RRB- 36036 10 35 , , , 36036 10 36 respectively respectively RB 36036 10 37 . . . 36036 11 1 The the DT 36036 11 2 ratio ratio NN 36036 11 3 of of IN 36036 11 4 measured measure VBN 36036 11 5 to to IN 36036 11 6 predicted predict VBN 36036 11 7 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 11 8 } } -RRB- 36036 11 9 for for IN 36036 11 10 _ _ NNP 36036 11 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 11 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 11 13 _ _ NNP 36036 11 14 in in IN 36036 11 15 winter winter NN 36036 11 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 11 17 1.15 1.15 CD 36036 11 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 11 19 was be VBD 36036 11 20 similar similar JJ 36036 11 21 to to IN 36036 11 22 values value NNS 36036 11 23 calculated calculate VBN 36036 11 24 for for IN 36036 11 25 _ _ NNP 36036 11 26 Potos Potos NNP 36036 11 27 flavus flavus NN 36036 11 28 _ _ NNP 36036 11 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 11 30 1.02 1.02 CD 36036 11 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 11 32 and and CC 36036 11 33 _ _ NNP 36036 11 34 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 11 35 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 11 36 _ _ NNP 36036 11 37 ( ( -LRB- 36036 11 38 1.25 1.25 CD 36036 11 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 11 40 . . . 36036 12 1 Values value NNS 36036 12 2 for for IN 36036 12 3 other other JJ 36036 12 4 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 12 5 were be VBD 36036 12 6 higher high JJR 36036 12 7 than than IN 36036 12 8 this this DT 36036 12 9 , , , 36036 12 10 but but CC 36036 12 11 less less JJR 36036 12 12 than than IN 36036 12 13 the the DT 36036 12 14 value value NN 36036 12 15 for for IN 36036 12 16 _ _ NNP 36036 12 17 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 12 18 lotor lotor NN 36036 12 19 _ _ NNP 36036 12 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 12 21 1.76 1.76 CD 36036 12 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 12 23 in in IN 36036 12 24 summer summer NN 36036 12 25 . . . 36036 13 1 On on IN 36036 13 2 a a DT 36036 13 3 mass mass JJ 36036 13 4 specific specific JJ 36036 13 5 basis basis NN 36036 13 6 , , , 36036 13 7 _ _ NNP 36036 13 8 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 13 9 astutus astutus NN 36036 13 10 _ _ NNP 36036 13 11 had have VBD 36036 13 12 the the DT 36036 13 13 lowest low JJS 36036 13 14 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 13 15 } } -RRB- 36036 13 16 with with IN 36036 13 17 a a DT 36036 13 18 ratio ratio NN 36036 13 19 of of IN 36036 13 20 0.85 0.85 CD 36036 13 21 . . . 36036 14 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 14 2 3 3 LS 36036 14 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 14 4 _ _ NNP 36036 14 5 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 14 6 lotor lotor NN 36036 14 7 _ _ NNP 36036 14 8 utilized utilize VBD 36036 14 9 three three CD 36036 14 10 times time NNS 36036 14 11 as as IN 36036 14 12 many many JJ 36036 14 13 food food NN 36036 14 14 categories category NNS 36036 14 15 as as IN 36036 14 16 _ _ NNP 36036 14 17 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 14 18 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 14 19 _ _ NNP 36036 14 20 , , , 36036 14 21 _ _ NNP 36036 14 22 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 14 23 nasua nasua RB 36036 14 24 _ _ NNP 36036 14 25 , , , 36036 14 26 and and CC 36036 14 27 _ _ NNP 36036 14 28 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 14 29 astutus astutus NN 36036 14 30 _ _ NNP 36036 14 31 ; ; : 36036 14 32 about about RB 36036 14 33 two two CD 36036 14 34 times time NNS 36036 14 35 as as RB 36036 14 36 many many JJ 36036 14 37 as as IN 36036 14 38 _ _ NNP 36036 14 39 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 14 40 narica narica NNP 36036 14 41 _ _ NNP 36036 14 42 ; ; : 36036 14 43 and and CC 36036 14 44 nine nine CD 36036 14 45 times time NNS 36036 14 46 as as RB 36036 14 47 many many JJ 36036 14 48 as as IN 36036 14 49 _ _ NNP 36036 14 50 Potos Potos NNP 36036 14 51 flavus flavus NN 36036 14 52 _ _ NNP 36036 14 53 . . . 36036 15 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 15 2 4 4 LS 36036 15 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 15 4 Intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 15 5 rate rate NN 36036 15 6 of of IN 36036 15 7 natural natural JJ 36036 15 8 increase increase NN 36036 15 9 correlated correlate VBD 36036 15 10 positively positively RB 36036 15 11 with with IN 36036 15 12 [ [ -LRB- 36036 15 13 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 15 14 } } -RRB- 36036 15 15 . . . 36036 16 1 _ _ NNP 36036 16 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 16 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 16 4 _ _ NNP 36036 16 5 had have VBD 36036 16 6 the the DT 36036 16 7 highest high JJS 36036 16 8 r_{max r_{max ADD 36036 16 9 } } -RRB- 36036 16 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 16 11 2.52 2.52 CD 36036 16 12 of of IN 36036 16 13 expected expect VBN 36036 16 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 16 15 and and CC 36036 16 16 _ _ NNP 36036 16 17 Potos Potos NNP 36036 16 18 flavus flavus NN 36036 16 19 _ _ NNP 36036 16 20 the the DT 36036 16 21 lowest low JJS 36036 16 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 16 23 0.48 0.48 CD 36036 16 24 of of IN 36036 16 25 expected expect VBN 36036 16 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 16 27 . . . 36036 17 1 The the DT 36036 17 2 other other JJ 36036 17 3 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 17 4 examined examine VBN 36036 17 5 also also RB 36036 17 6 had have VBN 36036 17 7 low low JJ 36036 17 8 [ [ -LRB- 36036 17 9 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 17 10 } } -RRB- 36036 17 11 , , , 36036 17 12 but but CC 36036 17 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 17 14 r_{max r_{max NN 36036 17 15 } } -RRB- 36036 17 16 's be VBZ 36036 17 17 were be VBD 36036 17 18 higher high JJR 36036 17 19 than than IN 36036 17 20 predicted predict VBN 36036 17 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 17 22 1.11 1.11 CD 36036 17 23 - - SYM 36036 17 24 1.32 1.32 CD 36036 17 25 of of IN 36036 17 26 expected expect VBN 36036 17 27 ) ) -RRB- 36036 17 28 . . . 36036 18 1 Early early JJ 36036 18 2 age age NN 36036 18 3 of of IN 36036 18 4 first first JJ 36036 18 5 female female JJ 36036 18 6 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 18 7 , , , 36036 18 8 fairly fairly RB 36036 18 9 large large JJ 36036 18 10 litter litter NN 36036 18 11 size size NN 36036 18 12 , , , 36036 18 13 long long JJ 36036 18 14 life life NN 36036 18 15 span span NN 36036 18 16 , , , 36036 18 17 high high JJ 36036 18 18 - - HYPH 36036 18 19 quality quality NN 36036 18 20 diet diet NN 36036 18 21 , , , 36036 18 22 and and CC 36036 18 23 , , , 36036 18 24 in in IN 36036 18 25 one one CD 36036 18 26 case case NN 36036 18 27 , , , 36036 18 28 female female JJ 36036 18 29 social social JJ 36036 18 30 organization organization NN 36036 18 31 all all DT 36036 18 32 compensated compensate VBD 36036 18 33 for for IN 36036 18 34 low low JJ 36036 18 35 [ [ -LRB- 36036 18 36 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 18 37 } } -RRB- 36036 18 38 and and CC 36036 18 39 elevated elevated JJ 36036 18 40 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 18 41 } } -RRB- 36036 18 42 . . . 36036 19 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 19 2 5 5 LS 36036 19 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 19 4 Although although IN 36036 19 5 data datum NNS 36036 19 6 on on IN 36036 19 7 the the DT 36036 19 8 capacity capacity NN 36036 19 9 for for IN 36036 19 10 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 19 11 cooling cooling NN 36036 19 12 were be VBD 36036 19 13 incomplete incomplete JJ 36036 19 14 , , , 36036 19 15 this this DT 36036 19 16 variable variable NN 36036 19 17 appeared appear VBD 36036 19 18 to to TO 36036 19 19 be be VB 36036 19 20 best well RBS 36036 19 21 developed develop VBN 36036 19 22 in in IN 36036 19 23 _ _ NNP 36036 19 24 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 19 25 lotor lotor NN 36036 19 26 _ _ NNP 36036 19 27 and and CC 36036 19 28 _ _ NNP 36036 19 29 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 19 30 astutus astutus NN 36036 19 31 _ _ NNP 36036 19 32 , , , 36036 19 33 the the DT 36036 19 34 two two CD 36036 19 35 species specie NNS 36036 19 36 that that WDT 36036 19 37 have have VBP 36036 19 38 been be VBN 36036 19 39 most most RBS 36036 19 40 successful successful JJ 36036 19 41 at at IN 36036 19 42 including include VBG 36036 19 43 temperate temperate NN 36036 19 44 climates climate VBZ 36036 19 45 in in IN 36036 19 46 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 19 47 distributions distribution NNS 36036 19 48 . . . 36036 20 1 These these DT 36036 20 2 five five CD 36036 20 3 variables variable NNS 36036 20 4 are be VBP 36036 20 5 functionally functionally RB 36036 20 6 interrelated interrelate VBN 36036 20 7 , , , 36036 20 8 and and CC 36036 20 9 have have VBP 36036 20 10 co co VBN 36036 20 11 - - VBN 36036 20 12 evolved evolved JJ 36036 20 13 in in IN 36036 20 14 each each DT 36036 20 15 species specie NNS 36036 20 16 to to TO 36036 20 17 form form VB 36036 20 18 a a DT 36036 20 19 unique unique JJ 36036 20 20 adaptive adaptive JJ 36036 20 21 unit unit NN 36036 20 22 that that WDT 36036 20 23 regulates regulate VBZ 36036 20 24 body body NN 36036 20 25 temperature temperature NN 36036 20 26 and and CC 36036 20 27 energy energy NN 36036 20 28 balance balance NN 36036 20 29 throughout throughout IN 36036 20 30 each each DT 36036 20 31 annual annual JJ 36036 20 32 cycle cycle NN 36036 20 33 . . . 36036 21 1 The the DT 36036 21 2 first first JJ 36036 21 3 four four CD 36036 21 4 variables variable NNS 36036 21 5 were be VBD 36036 21 6 converted convert VBN 36036 21 7 into into IN 36036 21 8 normalized normalized JJ 36036 21 9 dimensionless dimensionless JJ 36036 21 10 numbers number NNS 36036 21 11 , , , 36036 21 12 which which WDT 36036 21 13 were be VBD 36036 21 14 used use VBN 36036 21 15 to to TO 36036 21 16 derive derive VB 36036 21 17 a a DT 36036 21 18 composite composite JJ 36036 21 19 score score NN 36036 21 20 that that WDT 36036 21 21 represented represent VBD 36036 21 22 each each DT 36036 21 23 species specie NNS 36036 21 24 ' ' POS 36036 21 25 adaptive adaptive JJ 36036 21 26 unit unit NN 36036 21 27 . . . 36036 22 1 _ _ NNP 36036 22 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 22 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 22 4 _ _ NNP 36036 22 5 had have VBD 36036 22 6 the the DT 36036 22 7 highest high JJS 36036 22 8 composite composite JJ 36036 22 9 score score NN 36036 22 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 22 11 1.47 1.47 CD 36036 22 12 ) ) -RRB- 36036 22 13 and and CC 36036 22 14 _ _ NNP 36036 22 15 Potos Potos NNP 36036 22 16 flavus flavus NN 36036 22 17 _ _ NNP 36036 22 18 the the DT 36036 22 19 lowest low JJS 36036 22 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 22 21 0.39 0.39 NN 36036 22 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 22 23 . . . 36036 23 1 Scores score NNS 36036 23 2 for for IN 36036 23 3 the the DT 36036 23 4 other other JJ 36036 23 5 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 23 6 were be VBD 36036 23 7 intermediate intermediate JJ 36036 23 8 to to IN 36036 23 9 these these DT 36036 23 10 extremes extreme NNS 36036 23 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 23 12 0.64 0.64 CD 36036 23 13 - - SYM 36036 23 14 0.79 0.79 CD 36036 23 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 23 16 . . . 36036 24 1 There there EX 36036 24 2 was be VBD 36036 24 3 a a DT 36036 24 4 positive positive JJ 36036 24 5 correlation correlation NN 36036 24 6 between between IN 36036 24 7 the the DT 36036 24 8 number number NN 36036 24 9 of of IN 36036 24 10 climates climate VBZ 36036 24 11 a a DT 36036 24 12 species species NN 36036 24 13 occupies occupie NNS 36036 24 14 and and CC 36036 24 15 the the DT 36036 24 16 magnitude magnitude NN 36036 24 17 of of IN 36036 24 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 24 19 composite composite JJ 36036 24 20 score score NN 36036 24 21 . . . 36036 25 1 Linear linear JJ 36036 25 2 regression regression NN 36036 25 3 of of IN 36036 25 4 this this DT 36036 25 5 relationship relationship NN 36036 25 6 indicated indicate VBD 36036 25 7 that that IN 36036 25 8 89 89 CD 36036 25 9 % % NN 36036 25 10 of of IN 36036 25 11 the the DT 36036 25 12 variance variance NN 36036 25 13 in in IN 36036 25 14 climatic climatic JJ 36036 25 15 distribution distribution NN 36036 25 16 was be VBD 36036 25 17 attributed attribute VBN 36036 25 18 to to IN 36036 25 19 the the DT 36036 25 20 composite composite JJ 36036 25 21 scores score NNS 36036 25 22 . . . 36036 26 1 Differences difference NNS 36036 26 2 in in IN 36036 26 3 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 26 4 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 26 5 , , , 36036 26 6 therefore therefore RB 36036 26 7 , , , 36036 26 8 have have VBP 36036 26 9 played play VBN 36036 26 10 a a DT 36036 26 11 role role NN 36036 26 12 in in IN 36036 26 13 delimiting delimit VBG 36036 26 14 climatic climatic JJ 36036 26 15 distribution distribution NN 36036 26 16 of of IN 36036 26 17 these these DT 36036 26 18 species specie NNS 36036 26 19 . . . 36036 27 1 It -PRON- PRP 36036 27 2 was be VBD 36036 27 3 clear clear JJ 36036 27 4 that that IN 36036 27 5 _ _ NNP 36036 27 6 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 27 7 lotor lotor NN 36036 27 8 _ _ NNP 36036 27 9 differed differ VBD 36036 27 10 from from IN 36036 27 11 the the DT 36036 27 12 other other JJ 36036 27 13 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 27 14 with with IN 36036 27 15 respect respect NN 36036 27 16 to to IN 36036 27 17 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 27 18 ability ability NN 36036 27 19 , , , 36036 27 20 diet diet NN 36036 27 21 , , , 36036 27 22 and and CC 36036 27 23 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 27 24 potential potential NN 36036 27 25 . . . 36036 28 1 These these DT 36036 28 2 differences difference NNS 36036 28 3 have have VBP 36036 28 4 enabled enable VBN 36036 28 5 it -PRON- PRP 36036 28 6 to to TO 36036 28 7 become become VB 36036 28 8 a a DT 36036 28 9 highly highly RB 36036 28 10 successful successful JJ 36036 28 11 climate climate NN 36036 28 12 generalist generalist NN 36036 28 13 , , , 36036 28 14 and and CC 36036 28 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 28 16 evolution evolution NN 36036 28 17 of of IN 36036 28 18 an an DT 36036 28 19 [ [ -LRB- 36036 28 20 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 28 21 } } -RRB- 36036 28 22 that that DT 36036 28 23 is be VBZ 36036 28 24 higher high JJR 36036 28 25 than than IN 36036 28 26 the the DT 36036 28 27 procyonid procyonid JJ 36036 28 28 norm norm NN 36036 28 29 appears appear VBZ 36036 28 30 to to TO 36036 28 31 be be VB 36036 28 32 the the DT 36036 28 33 cornerstone cornerstone NN 36036 28 34 of of IN 36036 28 35 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 28 36 success success NN 36036 28 37 . . . 36036 29 1 OFFICIAL official JJ 36036 29 2 PUBLICATION publication NN 36036 29 3 DATE date NN 36036 29 4 is be VBZ 36036 29 5 handstamped handstamp VBN 36036 29 6 in in IN 36036 29 7 a a DT 36036 29 8 limited limited JJ 36036 29 9 number number NN 36036 29 10 of of IN 36036 29 11 initial initial JJ 36036 29 12 copies copy NNS 36036 29 13 and and CC 36036 29 14 is be VBZ 36036 29 15 recorded record VBN 36036 29 16 in in IN 36036 29 17 the the DT 36036 29 18 Institution Institution NNP 36036 29 19 's 's POS 36036 29 20 annual annual JJ 36036 29 21 report report NN 36036 29 22 , , , 36036 29 23 _ _ NNP 36036 29 24 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 29 25 Year Year NNP 36036 29 26 _ _ NNP 36036 29 27 . . . 36036 30 1 SERIES SERIES NNP 36036 30 2 COVER COVER NNP 36036 30 3 DESIGN design NN 36036 30 4 : : : 36036 30 5 The the DT 36036 30 6 coral coral NN 36036 30 7 _ _ NNP 36036 30 8 Montastrea Montastrea NNP 36036 30 9 cavernosa cavernosa NNP 36036 30 10 _ _ NNP 36036 30 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 30 12 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP 36036 30 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 30 14 . . . 36036 31 1 Library library JJ 36036 31 2 of of IN 36036 31 3 Congress Congress NNP 36036 31 4 Cataloging Cataloging NNP 36036 31 5 - - HYPH 36036 31 6 in in IN 36036 31 7 - - HYPH 36036 31 8 Publication Publication NNP 36036 31 9 Data Data NNP 36036 31 10 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 31 11 , , , 36036 31 12 John John NNP 36036 31 13 N. N. NNP 36036 31 14 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 31 15 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 31 16 to to IN 36036 31 17 climate climate NN 36036 31 18 and and CC 36036 31 19 distribution distribution NN 36036 31 20 of of IN 36036 31 21 the the DT 36036 31 22 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 31 23 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 31 24 lotor lotor NN 36036 31 25 and and CC 36036 31 26 other other JJ 36036 31 27 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 31 28 / / SYM 36036 31 29 John John NNP 36036 31 30 N. N. NNP 36036 31 31 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 31 32 , , , 36036 31 33 John John NNP 36036 31 34 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 31 35 , , , 36036 31 36 and and CC 36036 31 37 Kathleen Kathleen NNP 36036 31 38 P. P. NNP 36036 31 39 Mahlke Mahlke NNP 36036 31 40 - - HYPH 36036 31 41 Johnson Johnson NNP 36036 31 42 . . . 36036 32 1 p. p. NN 36036 33 1 cm.--(Smithsonian cm.--(smithsonian JJ 36036 33 2 contributions contribution NNS 36036 33 3 to to IN 36036 33 4 zoology zoology NN 36036 33 5 ; ; : 36036 33 6 no no UH 36036 33 7 . . . 36036 34 1 542 542 LS 36036 34 2 ) ) -RRB- 36036 34 3 Includes include VBZ 36036 34 4 bibliographical bibliographical JJ 36036 34 5 references reference NNS 36036 34 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 34 7 p. p. NN 36036 34 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 34 9 1 1 CD 36036 34 10 . . . 36036 35 1 Raccoons Raccoons NNP 36036 35 2 - - HYPH 36036 35 3 Metabolism metabolism NN 36036 35 4 - - HYPH 36036 35 5 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 35 6 factors factor NNS 36036 35 7 . . . 36036 36 1 2 2 LS 36036 36 2 . . . 36036 37 1 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 37 2 - - HYPH 36036 37 3 Metabolism metabolism NN 36036 37 4 - - HYPH 36036 37 5 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 37 6 factors factor NNS 36036 37 7 . . . 36036 38 1 3 3 LS 36036 38 2 . . . 36036 39 1 Raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 39 2 - - HYPH 36036 39 3 Geographical geographical JJ 36036 39 4 distribution distribution NN 36036 39 5 . . . 36036 40 1 4 4 LS 36036 40 2 . . . 36036 41 1 Procyonidae procyonidae JJ 36036 41 2 - - HYPH 36036 41 3 Geographical geographical JJ 36036 41 4 distribution distribution NN 36036 41 5 . . . 36036 42 1 I. I. NNP 36036 42 2 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 42 3 , , , 36036 42 4 John John NNP 36036 42 5 . . . 36036 43 1 II ii CD 36036 43 2 . . . 36036 44 1 Mahlke Mahlke NNP 36036 44 2 - - HYPH 36036 44 3 Johnson Johnson NNP 36036 44 4 , , , 36036 44 5 Kathleen Kathleen NNP 36036 44 6 . . . 36036 45 1 III iii CD 36036 45 2 . . . 36036 46 1 Title title NN 36036 46 2 . . . 36036 47 1 IV IV NNP 36036 47 2 . . . 36036 48 1 Series Series NNP 36036 48 2 . . . 36036 49 1 QL1.S54 ql1.s54 VB 36036 49 2 no no UH 36036 49 3 . . . 36036 50 1 542 542 CD 36036 50 2 [ [ -LRB- 36036 50 3 QL737.C26 QL737.C26 NNP 36036 50 4 ] ] -RRB- 36036 50 5 591 591 CD 36036 50 6 s s NNPS 36036 50 7 - - HYPH 36036 50 8 dc20 dc20 NNP 36036 50 9 [ [ -LRB- 36036 50 10 599.74´443´04542 599.74´443´04542 CD 36036 50 11 ] ] -RRB- 36036 50 12 93 93 CD 36036 50 13 - - HYPH 36036 50 14 3119 3119 CD 36036 50 15 [ [ -LRB- 36036 50 16 permanent permanent JJ 36036 50 17 paper paper NN 36036 50 18 symbol symbol NN 36036 50 19 ] ] -RRB- 36036 50 20 The the DT 36036 50 21 paper paper NN 36036 50 22 used use VBN 36036 50 23 in in IN 36036 50 24 this this DT 36036 50 25 publication publication NN 36036 50 26 meets meet VBZ 36036 50 27 the the DT 36036 50 28 minimum minimum JJ 36036 50 29 requirements requirement NNS 36036 50 30 of of IN 36036 50 31 the the DT 36036 50 32 American American NNP 36036 50 33 National National NNP 36036 50 34 Standard Standard NNP 36036 50 35 for for IN 36036 50 36 Permanence Permanence NNP 36036 50 37 of of IN 36036 50 38 Paper Paper NNP 36036 50 39 for for IN 36036 50 40 Printed Printed NNP 36036 50 41 Library Library NNP 36036 50 42 Materials Materials NNP 36036 50 43 z39.48 z39.48 NN 36036 50 44 - - HYPH 36036 50 45 -1984 -1984 NN 36036 50 46 . . . 36036 51 1 Contents Contents NNP 36036 51 2 _ _ NNP 36036 51 3 Page Page NNP 36036 51 4 _ _ NNP 36036 51 5 Introduction introduction NN 36036 51 6 1 1 CD 36036 51 7 Defining define VBG 36036 51 8 the the DT 36036 51 9 Problem problem NN 36036 51 10 1 1 CD 36036 51 11 Procyonid Procyonid NNP 36036 51 12 Origins Origins NNP 36036 51 13 1 1 CD 36036 51 14 Typical Typical NNP 36036 51 15 Procyonids Procyonids NNPS 36036 51 16 2 2 CD 36036 51 17 The the DT 36036 51 18 Atypical Atypical NNP 36036 51 19 Procyonid Procyonid NNP 36036 51 20 3 3 CD 36036 51 21 The the DT 36036 51 22 Hypothesis hypothesis NN 36036 51 23 4 4 CD 36036 51 24 Hypothesis hypothesis NN 36036 51 25 Testing testing NN 36036 51 26 4 4 CD 36036 51 27 Adaptive adaptive JJ 36036 51 28 Significance significance NN 36036 51 29 of of IN 36036 51 30 the the DT 36036 51 31 Variables Variables NNP 36036 51 32 4 4 CD 36036 51 33 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 34 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 51 35 Rate Rate NNP 36036 51 36 and and CC 36036 51 37 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 36036 51 38 Rate rate NN 36036 51 39 of of IN 36036 51 40 Natural natural JJ 36036 51 41 Increase Increase NNP 36036 51 42 4 4 CD 36036 51 43 Minimum Minimum NNP 36036 51 44 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 51 45 Conductance conductance NN 36036 51 46 4 4 CD 36036 51 47 Capacity capacity NN 36036 51 48 for for IN 36036 51 49 Evaporative Evaporative NNP 36036 51 50 Cooling Cooling NNP 36036 51 51 5 5 CD 36036 51 52 Diet diet NN 36036 51 53 5 5 CD 36036 51 54 Experimental Experimental NNP 36036 51 55 Design Design NNP 36036 51 56 and and CC 36036 51 57 Summary Summary NNP 36036 51 58 5 5 CD 36036 51 59 Acknowledgments acknowledgment NNS 36036 51 60 5 5 CD 36036 51 61 Materials Materials NNPS 36036 51 62 and and CC 36036 51 63 Methods method NNS 36036 51 64 6 6 CD 36036 51 65 Live live RB 36036 51 66 - - HYPH 36036 51 67 trapping trap VBG 36036 51 68 6 6 CD 36036 51 69 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 51 70 Studies Studies NNPS 36036 51 71 6 6 CD 36036 51 72 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 73 and and CC 36036 51 74 Thermoregulatory Thermoregulatory NNP 36036 51 75 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 51 76 6 6 CD 36036 51 77 Evaporative Evaporative NNP 36036 51 78 Water Water NNP 36036 51 79 Loss Loss NNP 36036 51 80 7 7 CD 36036 51 81 Body Body NNP 36036 51 82 Temperature temperature NN 36036 51 83 7 7 CD 36036 51 84 Calibrations calibration NNS 36036 51 85 7 7 CD 36036 51 86 Calorimeter calorimeter NN 36036 51 87 7 7 CD 36036 51 88 Body Body NNP 36036 51 89 Temperature temperature NN 36036 51 90 Transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 51 91 8 8 CD 36036 51 92 Statistical statistical JJ 36036 51 93 Methods method NNS 36036 51 94 8 8 CD 36036 51 95 Estimating estimate VBG 36036 51 96 Intrinsic intrinsic NN 36036 51 97 Rate rate NN 36036 51 98 of of IN 36036 51 99 Natural natural JJ 36036 51 100 Increase Increase NNP 36036 51 101 8 8 CD 36036 51 102 Comparison comparison NN 36036 51 103 of of IN 36036 51 104 Adaptive Adaptive NNP 36036 51 105 Units Units NNP 36036 51 106 8 8 CD 36036 51 107 Results result NNS 36036 51 108 8 8 CD 36036 51 109 Body Body NNP 36036 51 110 Mass mass NN 36036 51 111 8 8 CD 36036 51 112 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 113 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 51 114 Rate rate NN 36036 51 115 9 9 CD 36036 51 116 Minimum Minimum NNP 36036 51 117 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 51 118 Conductance conductance NN 36036 51 119 9 9 CD 36036 51 120 Evaporative Evaporative NNP 36036 51 121 Water Water NNP 36036 51 122 Loss Loss NNP 36036 51 123 11 11 CD 36036 51 124 Thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 51 125 at at IN 36036 51 126 Low Low NNP 36036 51 127 Temperatures temperature NNS 36036 51 128 12 12 CD 36036 51 129 Body Body NNP 36036 51 130 Temperature temperature NN 36036 51 131 12 12 CD 36036 51 132 Summer summer NN 36036 51 133 14 14 CD 36036 51 134 Winter winter NN 36036 51 135 14 14 CD 36036 51 136 Thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 51 137 at at IN 36036 51 138 High High NNP 36036 51 139 Temperatures temperature NNS 36036 51 140 16 16 CD 36036 51 141 Body body NN 36036 51 142 Temperature temperature NN 36036 51 143 16 16 CD 36036 51 144 Summer summer NN 36036 51 145 16 16 CD 36036 51 146 Winter Winter NNP 36036 51 147 16 16 CD 36036 51 148 Daily Daily NNP 36036 51 149 Cycle Cycle NNP 36036 51 150 of of IN 36036 51 151 Body Body NNP 36036 51 152 Temperature Temperature NNP 36036 51 153 16 16 CD 36036 51 154 Discussion discussion NN 36036 51 155 16 16 CD 36036 51 156 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 157 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 51 158 Rate Rate NNP 36036 51 159 16 16 CD 36036 51 160 Background Background NNP 36036 51 161 16 16 CD 36036 51 162 Captive Captive NNP 36036 51 163 versus versus IN 36036 51 164 Wild Wild NNP 36036 51 165 Raccoons Raccoons NNP 36036 51 166 17 17 CD 36036 51 167 Seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 51 168 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 51 169 of of IN 36036 51 170 Raccoons Raccoons NNP 36036 51 171 17 17 CD 36036 51 172 Comparison Comparison NNP 36036 51 173 of of IN 36036 51 174 _ _ NNP 36036 51 175 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 51 176 lotor lotor NN 36036 51 177 _ _ NNP 36036 51 178 with with IN 36036 51 179 Other Other NNP 36036 51 180 Procyonids Procyonids NNPS 36036 51 181 17 17 CD 36036 51 182 Influence Influence NNP 36036 51 183 of of IN 36036 51 184 Diet Diet NNP 36036 51 185 on on IN 36036 51 186 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 187 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 51 188 18 18 CD 36036 51 189 Background background NN 36036 51 190 18 18 CD 36036 51 191 Food Food NNP 36036 51 192 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 51 193 of of IN 36036 51 194 Procyonids Procyonids NNPS 36036 51 195 18 18 CD 36036 51 196 Food Food NNP 36036 51 197 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 51 198 and and CC 36036 51 199 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 200 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 51 201 19 19 CD 36036 51 202 Summary Summary NNP 36036 51 203 19 19 CD 36036 51 204 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 205 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 51 206 and and CC 36036 51 207 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 36036 51 208 Rate Rate NNP 36036 51 209 of of IN 36036 51 210 Natural Natural NNP 36036 51 211 Increase Increase NNP 36036 51 212 19 19 CD 36036 51 213 Background background NN 36036 51 214 19 19 CD 36036 51 215 _ _ NNP 36036 51 216 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 51 217 lotor lotor NN 36036 51 218 _ _ NNP 36036 51 219 19 19 CD 36036 51 220 _ _ NNP 36036 51 221 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 51 222 astutus astutus NN 36036 51 223 _ _ NNP 36036 51 224 19 19 CD 36036 51 225 _ _ NNP 36036 51 226 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 51 227 narica narica NN 36036 51 228 _ _ NNP 36036 51 229 19 19 CD 36036 51 230 _ _ NNP 36036 51 231 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 51 232 nasua nasua NN 36036 51 233 _ _ NNP 36036 51 234 20 20 CD 36036 51 235 _ _ NNP 36036 51 236 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 51 237 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 51 238 _ _ NNP 36036 51 239 20 20 CD 36036 51 240 _ _ NNP 36036 51 241 Potos Potos NNP 36036 51 242 flavus flavus NN 36036 51 243 _ _ NNP 36036 51 244 20 20 CD 36036 51 245 Summary Summary NNP 36036 51 246 20 20 CD 36036 51 247 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 248 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 51 249 and and CC 36036 51 250 Climatic Climatic NNP 36036 51 251 Distribution distribution NN 36036 51 252 21 21 CD 36036 51 253 _ _ NNP 36036 51 254 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 51 255 lotor lotor NN 36036 51 256 _ _ NNP 36036 51 257 21 21 CD 36036 51 258 Other Other NNP 36036 51 259 Procyonids Procyonids NNPS 36036 51 260 21 21 CD 36036 51 261 Minimum Minimum NNP 36036 51 262 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 51 263 Conductance Conductance NNP 36036 51 264 21 21 CD 36036 51 265 Background background NN 36036 51 266 21 21 CD 36036 51 267 Effect Effect NNP 36036 51 268 of of IN 36036 51 269 Molt Molt NNP 36036 51 270 on on IN 36036 51 271 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 51 272 Conductance Conductance NNP 36036 51 273 21 21 CD 36036 51 274 Comparison Comparison NNP 36036 51 275 of of IN 36036 51 276 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 51 277 Conductances Conductances NNP 36036 51 278 22 22 CD 36036 51 279 _ _ NNP 36036 51 280 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 51 281 lotor lotor NN 36036 51 282 _ _ NNP 36036 51 283 versus versus IN 36036 51 284 Tropical Tropical NNP 36036 51 285 Procyonids Procyonids NNPS 36036 51 286 22 22 CD 36036 51 287 _ _ NNP 36036 51 288 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 51 289 astutus astutus NN 36036 51 290 _ _ NNP 36036 51 291 22 22 CD 36036 51 292 Thermoregulation Thermoregulation NNP 36036 51 293 and and CC 36036 51 294 Use Use NNP 36036 51 295 of of IN 36036 51 296 Stored Stored NNP 36036 51 297 Fat Fat NNP 36036 51 298 at at IN 36036 51 299 Low Low NNP 36036 51 300 Temperatures Temperatures NNP 36036 51 301 22 22 CD 36036 51 302 Background background NN 36036 51 303 22 22 CD 36036 51 304 Thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 51 305 22 22 CD 36036 51 306 Stored Stored NNP 36036 51 307 Fat Fat NNP 36036 51 308 23 23 CD 36036 51 309 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 51 310 Model model NN 36036 51 311 of of IN 36036 51 312 the the DT 36036 51 313 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 51 314 and and CC 36036 51 315 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 51 316 Den Den NNP 36036 51 317 23 23 CD 36036 51 318 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 51 319 Advantage Advantage NNP 36036 51 320 of of IN 36036 51 321 the the DT 36036 51 322 Den Den NNP 36036 51 323 23 23 CD 36036 51 324 Thermoregulation Thermoregulation NNP 36036 51 325 at at IN 36036 51 326 High High NNP 36036 51 327 Temperatures Temperatures NNP 36036 51 328 24 24 CD 36036 51 329 Background Background NNP 36036 51 330 24 24 CD 36036 51 331 Comparison Comparison NNP 36036 51 332 of of IN 36036 51 333 Procyonid Procyonid NNP 36036 51 334 Responses Responses NNP 36036 51 335 to to IN 36036 51 336 Heat Heat NNP 36036 51 337 Stress Stress NNP 36036 51 338 24 24 CD 36036 51 339 _ _ NNP 36036 51 340 Potos Potos NNP 36036 51 341 flavus flavus NN 36036 51 342 _ _ NNP 36036 51 343 24 24 CD 36036 51 344 _ _ NNP 36036 51 345 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 51 346 nasua nasua NN 36036 51 347 and and CC 36036 51 348 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 51 349 narica narica NN 36036 51 350 _ _ NNP 36036 51 351 24 24 CD 36036 51 352 _ _ NNP 36036 51 353 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 51 354 astutus astutus NN 36036 51 355 _ _ NNP 36036 51 356 24 24 CD 36036 51 357 _ _ NNP 36036 51 358 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 51 359 lotor lotor NN 36036 51 360 _ _ NNP 36036 51 361 24 24 CD 36036 51 362 _ _ NNP 36036 51 363 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 51 364 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 51 365 _ _ NNP 36036 51 366 24 24 CD 36036 51 367 Summary Summary NNP 36036 51 368 24 24 CD 36036 51 369 Composite composite JJ 36036 51 370 Scores score NNS 36036 51 371 of of IN 36036 51 372 Adaptive Adaptive NNP 36036 51 373 Units Units NNPS 36036 51 374 and and CC 36036 51 375 Geographic Geographic NNP 36036 51 376 Distribution Distribution NNP 36036 51 377 25 25 CD 36036 51 378 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 51 379 of of IN 36036 51 380 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 51 381 Adaptations Adaptations NNP 36036 51 382 26 26 CD 36036 51 383 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 51 384 of of IN 36036 51 385 Low Low NNP 36036 51 386 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 387 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 51 388 Rate Rate NNP 36036 51 389 26 26 CD 36036 51 390 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 51 391 of of IN 36036 51 392 High High NNP 36036 51 393 Basal Basal NNP 36036 51 394 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 51 395 Rate Rate NNP 36036 51 396 27 27 CD 36036 51 397 Summary Summary NNP 36036 51 398 28 28 CD 36036 51 399 Appendix Appendix NNP 36036 51 400 : : : 36036 51 401 List list NN 36036 51 402 of of IN 36036 51 403 Symbols Symbols NNP 36036 51 404 29 29 CD 36036 51 405 Literature Literature NNP 36036 51 406 Cited cite VBD 36036 51 407 30 30 CD 36036 51 408 Metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 51 409 Adaptation adaptation NN 36036 51 410 to to IN 36036 51 411 Climate Climate NNP 36036 51 412 and and CC 36036 51 413 Distribution Distribution NNP 36036 51 414 of of IN 36036 51 415 the the DT 36036 51 416 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 51 417 _ _ NNP 36036 51 418 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 51 419 lotor lotor NN 36036 51 420 _ _ NNP 36036 51 421 and and CC 36036 51 422 Other Other NNP 36036 51 423 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 51 424 _ _ NNP 36036 51 425 John John NNP 36036 51 426 N. N. NNP 36036 51 427 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 51 428 , , , 36036 51 429 John John NNP 36036 51 430 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 51 431 , , , 36036 51 432 and and CC 36036 51 433 Kathleen Kathleen NNP 36036 51 434 P. P. NNP 36036 51 435 Mahlke Mahlke NNP 36036 51 436 - - HYPH 36036 51 437 Johnson Johnson NNP 36036 51 438 _ _ NNP 36036 51 439 _ _ NNP 36036 51 440 John John NNP 36036 51 441 N. N. NNP 36036 51 442 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 51 443 , , , 36036 51 444 Department Department NNP 36036 51 445 of of IN 36036 51 446 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 51 447 , , , 36036 51 448 Division Division NNP 36036 51 449 of of IN 36036 51 450 Functional Functional NNP 36036 51 451 Biology Biology NNP 36036 51 452 , , , 36036 51 453 West West NNP 36036 51 454 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 51 455 School School NNP 36036 51 456 of of IN 36036 51 457 Osteopathic Osteopathic NNP 36036 51 458 Medicine Medicine NNP 36036 51 459 , , , 36036 51 460 Lewisburg Lewisburg NNP 36036 51 461 , , , 36036 51 462 West West NNP 36036 51 463 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 51 464 24901 24901 CD 36036 51 465 . . . 36036 52 1 John John NNP 36036 52 2 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 52 3 and and CC 36036 52 4 Kathleen Kathleen NNP 36036 52 5 P. P. NNP 36036 52 6 Mahlke Mahlke NNP 36036 52 7 - - HYPH 36036 52 8 Johnson Johnson NNP 36036 52 9 , , , 36036 52 10 National National NNP 36036 52 11 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 52 12 Park Park NNP 36036 52 13 , , , 36036 52 14 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 52 15 Institution Institution NNP 36036 52 16 , , , 36036 52 17 Washington Washington NNP 36036 52 18 , , , 36036 52 19 D.C. D.C. NNP 36036 52 20 20008 20008 CD 36036 52 21 . . . 36036 52 22 _ _ NNP 36036 52 23 $ $ $ 36036 52 24 Introduction$ introduction$ UH 36036 52 25 DEFINING defining VB 36036 52 26 THE the DT 36036 52 27 PROBLEM problem NN 36036 52 28 _ _ IN 36036 52 29 Procyonid Procyonid NNP 36036 52 30 Origins Origins NNP 36036 52 31 _ _ NNP 36036 52 32 The the DT 36036 52 33 major major JJ 36036 52 34 carnivore carnivore NN 36036 52 35 radiations radiation NNS 36036 52 36 took take VBD 36036 52 37 place place NN 36036 52 38 about about RB 36036 52 39 40 40 CD 36036 52 40 million million CD 36036 52 41 years year NNS 36036 52 42 before before IN 36036 52 43 present present JJ 36036 52 44 ( ( -LRB- 36036 52 45 MYBP mybp NN 36036 52 46 ) ) -RRB- 36036 52 47 in in IN 36036 52 48 the the DT 36036 52 49 late late JJ 36036 52 50 Eocene Eocene NNP 36036 52 51 and and CC 36036 52 52 early early JJ 36036 52 53 Oligocene Oligocene NNP 36036 52 54 ( ( -LRB- 36036 52 55 Ewer ew JJR 36036 52 56 , , , 36036 52 57 1973:363 1973:363 CD 36036 52 58 ; ; : 36036 52 59 Wayne Wayne NNP 36036 52 60 et et NNP 36036 52 61 al al NNP 36036 52 62 . . NNP 36036 52 63 , , , 36036 52 64 1989 1989 CD 36036 52 65 ) ) -RRB- 36036 52 66 . . . 36036 53 1 Between between IN 36036 53 2 30 30 CD 36036 53 3 and and CC 36036 53 4 40 40 CD 36036 53 5 MYBP MYBP NNS 36036 53 6 , , , 36036 53 7 a a DT 36036 53 8 progenitor progenitor NN 36036 53 9 split split NN 36036 53 10 into into IN 36036 53 11 the the DT 36036 53 12 ursid ursid JJ 36036 53 13 and and CC 36036 53 14 procyonid procyonid JJ 36036 53 15 lineages lineage NNS 36036 53 16 , , , 36036 53 17 which which WDT 36036 53 18 evolved evolve VBD 36036 53 19 into into IN 36036 53 20 present present JJ 36036 53 21 - - HYPH 36036 53 22 day day NN 36036 53 23 bears bear NNS 36036 53 24 , , , 36036 53 25 pandas panda NNS 36036 53 26 , , , 36036 53 27 and and CC 36036 53 28 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 53 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 53 30 Wayne Wayne NNP 36036 53 31 et et NNP 36036 53 32 al al NNP 36036 53 33 . . NNP 36036 53 34 , , , 36036 53 35 1989 1989 CD 36036 53 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 53 37 . . . 36036 54 1 The the DT 36036 54 2 taxonomic taxonomic JJ 36036 54 3 relatedness relatedness NN 36036 54 4 of of IN 36036 54 5 pandas panda NNS 36036 54 6 to to IN 36036 54 7 bears bear NNS 36036 54 8 and and CC 36036 54 9 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 54 10 has have VBZ 36036 54 11 been be VBN 36036 54 12 tested test VBN 36036 54 13 extensively extensively RB 36036 54 14 and and CC 36036 54 15 a a DT 36036 54 16 number number NN 36036 54 17 of of IN 36036 54 18 authors author NNS 36036 54 19 have have VBP 36036 54 20 summarized summarize VBN 36036 54 21 current current JJ 36036 54 22 thinking thinking NN 36036 54 23 on on IN 36036 54 24 the the DT 36036 54 25 problem problem NN 36036 54 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 54 27 Martin Martin NNP 36036 54 28 , , , 36036 54 29 1989 1989 CD 36036 54 30 ; ; : 36036 54 31 Wayne Wayne NNP 36036 54 32 et et NNP 36036 54 33 al al NNP 36036 54 34 . . NNP 36036 54 35 , , , 36036 54 36 1989 1989 CD 36036 54 37 ; ; : 36036 54 38 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 54 39 , , , 36036 54 40 1989a 1989a NNS 36036 54 41 , , , 36036 54 42 1989b 1989b CD 36036 54 43 ; ; : 36036 54 44 Decker Decker NNP 36036 54 45 and and CC 36036 54 46 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 54 47 , , , 36036 54 48 1991 1991 CD 36036 54 49 ) ) -RRB- 36036 54 50 . . . 36036 55 1 Davis Davis NNP 36036 55 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 55 3 1964:322 1964:322 CD 36036 55 4 - - SYM 36036 55 5 327 327 CD 36036 55 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 55 7 and and CC 36036 55 8 others other NNS 36036 55 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 55 10 Leone Leone NNP 36036 55 11 and and CC 36036 55 12 Wiens Wiens NNP 36036 55 13 , , , 36036 55 14 1956 1956 CD 36036 55 15 ; ; : 36036 55 16 Todd Todd NNP 36036 55 17 and and CC 36036 55 18 Pressman Pressman NNP 36036 55 19 , , , 36036 55 20 1968 1968 CD 36036 55 21 ; ; : 36036 55 22 Sarich Sarich NNP 36036 55 23 , , , 36036 55 24 1976 1976 CD 36036 55 25 ; ; : 36036 55 26 O'Brien O'Brien NNP 36036 55 27 et et NNP 36036 55 28 al al NNP 36036 55 29 . . NNP 36036 55 30 , , , 36036 55 31 1985 1985 CD 36036 55 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 55 33 place place VBP 36036 55 34 the the DT 36036 55 35 giant giant JJ 36036 55 36 panda panda NN 36036 55 37 , , , 36036 55 38 _ _ NNP 36036 55 39 Ailuropoda Ailuropoda NNP 36036 55 40 melanoleuca melanoleuca NNP 36036 55 41 _ _ NNP 36036 55 42 , , , 36036 55 43 with with IN 36036 55 44 the the DT 36036 55 45 ursids ursid NNS 36036 55 46 . . . 36036 56 1 The the DT 36036 56 2 taxonomic taxonomic JJ 36036 56 3 status status NN 36036 56 4 of of IN 36036 56 5 the the DT 36036 56 6 red red JJ 36036 56 7 panda panda NN 36036 56 8 , , , 36036 56 9 _ _ NNP 36036 56 10 Ailurus Ailurus NNP 36036 56 11 fulgens fulgen VBZ 36036 56 12 _ _ NNP 36036 56 13 , , , 36036 56 14 appears appear VBZ 36036 56 15 to to TO 36036 56 16 be be VB 36036 56 17 less less RBR 36036 56 18 certain certain JJ 36036 56 19 . . . 36036 57 1 Some some DT 36036 57 2 current current JJ 36036 57 3 investigations investigation NNS 36036 57 4 align align VBP 36036 57 5 the the DT 36036 57 6 red red JJ 36036 57 7 panda panda NN 36036 57 8 with with IN 36036 57 9 bears bear NNS 36036 57 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 57 11 Segall Segall NNP 36036 57 12 , , , 36036 57 13 1943 1943 CD 36036 57 14 ; ; : 36036 57 15 Todd Todd NNP 36036 57 16 and and CC 36036 57 17 Pressman Pressman NNP 36036 57 18 , , , 36036 57 19 1968 1968 CD 36036 57 20 ; ; : 36036 57 21 Hunt Hunt NNP 36036 57 22 , , , 36036 57 23 1974 1974 CD 36036 57 24 ; ; : 36036 57 25 Ginsburg Ginsburg NNP 36036 57 26 , , , 36036 57 27 1982 1982 CD 36036 57 28 ; ; : 36036 57 29 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 57 30 , , , 36036 57 31 1984:56 1984:56 CD 36036 57 32 - - SYM 36036 57 33 110 110 CD 36036 57 34 ; ; : 36036 57 35 1989a 1989a CD 36036 57 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 57 37 , , , 36036 57 38 whereas whereas IN 36036 57 39 others other NNS 36036 57 40 place place VBP 36036 57 41 them -PRON- PRP 36036 57 42 intermediate intermediate JJ 36036 57 43 to to IN 36036 57 44 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 57 45 and and CC 36036 57 46 bears bear NNS 36036 57 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 57 48 Wurster Wurster NNP 36036 57 49 and and CC 36036 57 50 Benirschke Benirschke NNP 36036 57 51 , , , 36036 57 52 1968 1968 CD 36036 57 53 ; ; : 36036 57 54 Sarich Sarich NNP 36036 57 55 , , , 36036 57 56 1976 1976 CD 36036 57 57 ; ; : 36036 57 58 O'Brien O'Brien NNP 36036 57 59 et et NNP 36036 57 60 al al NNP 36036 57 61 . . NNP 36036 57 62 , , , 36036 57 63 1985 1985 CD 36036 57 64 ) ) -RRB- 36036 57 65 , , , 36036 57 66 or or CC 36036 57 67 in in IN 36036 57 68 close close JJ 36036 57 69 relationship relationship NN 36036 57 70 to to IN 36036 57 71 the the DT 36036 57 72 giant giant JJ 36036 57 73 panda panda NN 36036 57 74 ( ( -LRB- 36036 57 75 Tagle Tagle NNP 36036 57 76 et et NNP 36036 57 77 al al NNP 36036 57 78 . . NNP 36036 57 79 , , , 36036 57 80 1986 1986 CD 36036 57 81 ) ) -RRB- 36036 57 82 . . . 36036 58 1 The the DT 36036 58 2 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 58 3 radiation radiation NN 36036 58 4 took take VBD 36036 58 5 place place NN 36036 58 6 in in IN 36036 58 7 North North NNP 36036 58 8 America America NNP 36036 58 9 and and CC 36036 58 10 produced produce VBD 36036 58 11 forms form NNS 36036 58 12 that that WDT 36036 58 13 were be VBD 36036 58 14 mostly mostly RB 36036 58 15 arboreal arboreal JJ 36036 58 16 and and CC 36036 58 17 omnivorous omnivorous JJ 36036 58 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 58 19 Eisenberg Eisenberg NNP 36036 58 20 , , , 36036 58 21 1981:122 1981:122 CD 36036 58 22 ; ; : 36036 58 23 Martin Martin NNP 36036 58 24 , , , 36036 58 25 1989 1989 CD 36036 58 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 58 27 . . . 36036 59 1 The the DT 36036 59 2 center center NN 36036 59 3 of of IN 36036 59 4 this this DT 36036 59 5 diversification diversification NN 36036 59 6 occurred occur VBD 36036 59 7 in in IN 36036 59 8 Middle Middle NNP 36036 59 9 America America NNP 36036 59 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 59 11 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 59 12 , , , 36036 59 13 1982 1982 CD 36036 59 14 ; ; : 36036 59 15 Webb Webb NNP 36036 59 16 , , , 36036 59 17 1985b 1985b NNS 36036 59 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 59 19 during during IN 36036 59 20 the the DT 36036 59 21 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 59 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 59 23 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 59 24 , , , 36036 59 25 1963:367 1963:367 CD 36036 59 26 ; ; : 36036 59 27 Webb Webb NNP 36036 59 28 , , , 36036 59 29 1985b 1985b CD 36036 59 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 59 31 . . . 36036 60 1 Fossil fossil NN 36036 60 2 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 60 3 from from IN 36036 60 4 the the DT 36036 60 5 late late JJ 36036 60 6 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 60 7 are be VBP 36036 60 8 represented represent VBN 36036 60 9 in in IN 36036 60 10 Florida Florida NNP 36036 60 11 , , , 36036 60 12 California California NNP 36036 60 13 , , , 36036 60 14 Texas Texas NNP 36036 60 15 , , , 36036 60 16 Nebraska Nebraska NNP 36036 60 17 , , , 36036 60 18 Kansas Kansas NNP 36036 60 19 , , , 36036 60 20 and and CC 36036 60 21 South South NNP 36036 60 22 Dakota Dakota NNP 36036 60 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 60 24 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 60 25 , , , 36036 60 26 1982 1982 CD 36036 60 27 ; ; : 36036 60 28 Martin Martin NNP 36036 60 29 , , , 36036 60 30 1989 1989 CD 36036 60 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 60 32 and and CC 36036 60 33 include include VBP 36036 60 34 such such JJ 36036 60 35 genera genera NN 36036 60 36 as as IN 36036 60 37 _ _ NNP 36036 60 38 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 60 39 _ _ NNP 36036 60 40 , , , 36036 60 41 _ _ NNP 36036 60 42 Arctonasua Arctonasua NNP 36036 60 43 _ _ NNP 36036 60 44 , , , 36036 60 45 _ _ NNP 36036 60 46 Cyonasua Cyonasua NNP 36036 60 47 _ _ NNP 36036 60 48 , , , 36036 60 49 _ _ NNP 36036 60 50 Paranasua Paranasua NNP 36036 60 51 _ _ NNP 36036 60 52 , , , 36036 60 53 _ _ NNP 36036 60 54 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 60 55 _ _ NNP 36036 60 56 , , , 36036 60 57 and and CC 36036 60 58 _ _ NNP 36036 60 59 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 60 60 _ _ NNP 36036 60 61 ( ( -LRB- 36036 60 62 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 60 63 , , , 36036 60 64 1982 1982 CD 36036 60 65 ; ; : 36036 60 66 Webb Webb NNP 36036 60 67 , , , 36036 60 68 1985b 1985b CD 36036 60 69 ) ) -RRB- 36036 60 70 . . . 36036 61 1 During during IN 36036 61 2 the the DT 36036 61 3 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 61 4 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 61 5 underwent undergo VBD 36036 61 6 a a DT 36036 61 7 modest modest JJ 36036 61 8 radiation radiation NN 36036 61 9 within within IN 36036 61 10 tropical tropical JJ 36036 61 11 and and CC 36036 61 12 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 61 13 climates climate NNS 36036 61 14 of of IN 36036 61 15 North North NNP 36036 61 16 America America NNP 36036 61 17 's 's POS 36036 61 18 central central JJ 36036 61 19 and and CC 36036 61 20 middle middle JJ 36036 61 21 latitudes latitude NNS 36036 61 22 . . . 36036 62 1 _ _ NNP 36036 62 2 Cyonasua Cyonasua NNP 36036 62 3 _ _ NNP 36036 62 4 , , , 36036 62 5 which which WDT 36036 62 6 has have VBZ 36036 62 7 close close JJ 36036 62 8 affinities affinity NNS 36036 62 9 to to IN 36036 62 10 _ _ NNP 36036 62 11 Arctonasua Arctonasua NNP 36036 62 12 _ _ NNP 36036 62 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 62 14 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 62 15 , , , 36036 62 16 1982 1982 CD 36036 62 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 62 18 , , , 36036 62 19 appears appear VBZ 36036 62 20 in in IN 36036 62 21 tropical tropical JJ 36036 62 22 South South NNP 36036 62 23 America America NNP 36036 62 24 in in IN 36036 62 25 the the DT 36036 62 26 late late JJ 36036 62 27 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 62 28 and and CC 36036 62 29 immigrated immigrate VBD 36036 62 30 there there RB 36036 62 31 either either CC 36036 62 32 by by IN 36036 62 33 rafting raft VBG 36036 62 34 across across IN 36036 62 35 the the DT 36036 62 36 Bolivar Bolivar NNP 36036 62 37 Trough Trough NNP 36036 62 38 or or CC 36036 62 39 by by IN 36036 62 40 island island NN 36036 62 41 - - HYPH 36036 62 42 hopping hopping NN 36036 62 43 through through IN 36036 62 44 the the DT 36036 62 45 Antilles Antilles NNP 36036 62 46 archipelagoes archipelago NNS 36036 62 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 62 48 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 62 49 et et NNP 36036 62 50 al al NNP 36036 62 51 . . NNP 36036 62 52 , , , 36036 62 53 1982 1982 CD 36036 62 54 ; ; : 36036 62 55 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 62 56 , , , 36036 62 57 1988 1988 CD 36036 62 58 ) ) -RRB- 36036 62 59 . . . 36036 63 1 Thus thus RB 36036 63 2 , , , 36036 63 3 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 63 4 were be VBD 36036 63 5 found find VBN 36036 63 6 on on IN 36036 63 7 both both DT 36036 63 8 continents continent NNS 36036 63 9 prior prior RB 36036 63 10 to to IN 36036 63 11 formation formation NN 36036 63 12 of of IN 36036 63 13 the the DT 36036 63 14 Panamanian panamanian JJ 36036 63 15 land land NN 36036 63 16 bridge bridge NN 36036 63 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 63 18 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 63 19 , , , 36036 63 20 1963:367 1963:367 CD 36036 63 21 , , , 36036 63 22 395 395 CD 36036 63 23 ; ; : 36036 63 24 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 63 25 et et NNP 36036 63 26 al al NNP 36036 63 27 . . NNP 36036 63 28 , , , 36036 63 29 1982 1982 CD 36036 63 30 ; ; : 36036 63 31 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 63 32 , , , 36036 63 33 1988 1988 CD 36036 63 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 63 35 . . . 36036 64 1 Origins Origins NNP 36036 64 2 of of IN 36036 64 3 _ _ NNP 36036 64 4 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 64 5 _ _ NNP 36036 64 6 and and CC 36036 64 7 _ _ NNP 36036 64 8 Potos Potos NNP 36036 64 9 _ _ NNP 36036 64 10 are be VBP 36036 64 11 obscure obscure JJ 36036 64 12 but but CC 36036 64 13 probably probably RB 36036 64 14 occurred occur VBD 36036 64 15 in in IN 36036 64 16 tropical tropical JJ 36036 64 17 rainforests rainforest NNS 36036 64 18 of of IN 36036 64 19 Middle Middle NNP 36036 64 20 America America NNP 36036 64 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 64 22 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 64 23 , , , 36036 64 24 1982 1982 CD 36036 64 25 ; ; : 36036 64 26 Webb Webb NNP 36036 64 27 , , , 36036 64 28 1985b 1985b CD 36036 64 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 64 30 . . . 36036 65 1 A a DT 36036 65 2 subsequent subsequent JJ 36036 65 3 Pleistocene Pleistocene NNP 36036 65 4 dispersal dispersal NN 36036 65 5 carried carry VBD 36036 65 6 several several JJ 36036 65 7 modern modern JJ 36036 65 8 genera genera NN 36036 65 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 65 10 Table table NN 36036 65 11 1 1 CD 36036 65 12 ) ) -RRB- 36036 65 13 across across IN 36036 65 14 the the DT 36036 65 15 Panamanian panamanian JJ 36036 65 16 land land NN 36036 65 17 bridge bridge NN 36036 65 18 into into IN 36036 65 19 South South NNP 36036 65 20 America America NNP 36036 65 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 65 22 Webb Webb NNP 36036 65 23 , , , 36036 65 24 1985b 1985b CD 36036 65 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 65 26 . . . 36036 66 1 _ _ NNP 36036 66 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 66 3 _ _ NNP 36036 66 4 and and CC 36036 66 5 _ _ NNP 36036 66 6 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 66 7 _ _ NNP 36036 66 8 represent represent VBP 36036 66 9 the the DT 36036 66 10 most most RBS 36036 66 11 primitive primitive JJ 36036 66 12 genera genera NN 36036 66 13 in in IN 36036 66 14 Procyoninae Procyoninae NNP 36036 66 15 and and CC 36036 66 16 Potosinae Potosinae NNP 36036 66 17 subfamilies subfamily NNS 36036 66 18 , , , 36036 66 19 respectively respectively RB 36036 66 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 66 21 Table table NN 36036 66 22 1 1 CD 36036 66 23 ; ; : 36036 66 24 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 66 25 , , , 36036 66 26 1989a 1989a CD 36036 66 27 ; ; : 36036 66 28 Decker Decker NNP 36036 66 29 and and CC 36036 66 30 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 66 31 , , , 36036 66 32 1991 1991 CD 36036 66 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 66 34 . . . 36036 67 1 In in IN 36036 67 2 the the DT 36036 67 3 early early JJ 36036 67 4 Tertiary Tertiary NNP 36036 67 5 , , , 36036 67 6 mid mid NN 36036 67 7 - - NNS 36036 67 8 latitudes latitude NNS 36036 67 9 of of IN 36036 67 10 North North NNP 36036 67 11 America America NNP 36036 67 12 were be VBD 36036 67 13 much much RB 36036 67 14 warmer warm JJR 36036 67 15 than than IN 36036 67 16 they -PRON- PRP 36036 67 17 are be VBP 36036 67 18 now now RB 36036 67 19 , , , 36036 67 20 but but CC 36036 67 21 not not RB 36036 67 22 fully fully RB 36036 67 23 tropical tropical JJ 36036 67 24 , , , 36036 67 25 and and CC 36036 67 26 temperate temperate VB 36036 67 27 deciduous deciduous JJ 36036 67 28 forests forest NNS 36036 67 29 , , , 36036 67 30 associated associate VBN 36036 67 31 with with IN 36036 67 32 strongly strongly RB 36036 67 33 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 67 34 climates climate NNS 36036 67 35 , , , 36036 67 36 occurred occur VBD 36036 67 37 only only RB 36036 67 38 in in IN 36036 67 39 the the DT 36036 67 40 far far JJ 36036 67 41 north north NN 36036 67 42 ( ( -LRB- 36036 67 43 Barghoorn Barghoorn NNP 36036 67 44 , , , 36036 67 45 1953 1953 CD 36036 67 46 ; ; : 36036 67 47 Colbert Colbert NNP 36036 67 48 , , , 36036 67 49 1953 1953 CD 36036 67 50 ; ; : 36036 67 51 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 67 52 , , , 36036 67 53 1963:589 1963:589 CD 36036 67 54 , , , 36036 67 55 590 590 CD 36036 67 56 ) ) -RRB- 36036 67 57 . . . 36036 68 1 Major major JJ 36036 68 2 climatic climatic JJ 36036 68 3 deteriorations deterioration NNS 36036 68 4 , , , 36036 68 5 with with IN 36036 68 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 68 7 attendant attendant JJ 36036 68 8 cooling cooling NN 36036 68 9 of of IN 36036 68 10 northern northern JJ 36036 68 11 continents continent NNS 36036 68 12 , , , 36036 68 13 occurred occur VBD 36036 68 14 during during IN 36036 68 15 the the DT 36036 68 16 Eo Eo NNP 36036 68 17 - - HYPH 36036 68 18 Oligocene Oligocene NNP 36036 68 19 transition transition NN 36036 68 20 , , , 36036 68 21 in in IN 36036 68 22 the the DT 36036 68 23 middle middle JJ 36036 68 24 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 68 25 , , , 36036 68 26 at at IN 36036 68 27 the the DT 36036 68 28 end end NN 36036 68 29 of of IN 36036 68 30 the the DT 36036 68 31 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 68 32 , , , 36036 68 33 and and CC 36036 68 34 at at IN 36036 68 35 about about RB 36036 68 36 3 3 CD 36036 68 37 MYBP mybp NN 36036 68 38 ( ( -LRB- 36036 68 39 late late JJ 36036 68 40 Pliocene Pliocene NNP 36036 68 41 ) ) -RRB- 36036 68 42 . . . 36036 69 1 This this DT 36036 69 2 last last JJ 36036 69 3 deterioration deterioration NN 36036 69 4 corresponds correspond VBZ 36036 69 5 with with IN 36036 69 6 closure closure NN 36036 69 7 of of IN 36036 69 8 the the DT 36036 69 9 Panamanian panamanian JJ 36036 69 10 isthmus isthmus NN 36036 69 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 69 12 Berggren Berggren NNP 36036 69 13 , , , 36036 69 14 1982 1982 CD 36036 69 15 ; ; : 36036 69 16 Webb Webb NNP 36036 69 17 , , , 36036 69 18 1985a 1985a CD 36036 69 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 69 20 . . . 36036 70 1 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 70 2 deterioration deterioration NN 36036 70 3 went go VBD 36036 70 4 on on RP 36036 70 5 at at IN 36036 70 6 an an DT 36036 70 7 accelerating accelerate VBG 36036 70 8 rate rate NN 36036 70 9 during during IN 36036 70 10 the the DT 36036 70 11 late late JJ 36036 70 12 Tertiary Tertiary NNP 36036 70 13 , , , 36036 70 14 with with IN 36036 70 15 glacial glacial JJ 36036 70 16 conditions condition NNS 36036 70 17 developing develop VBG 36036 70 18 at at IN 36036 70 19 the the DT 36036 70 20 poles pole NNS 36036 70 21 by by IN 36036 70 22 the the DT 36036 70 23 mid mid NNP 36036 70 24 - - JJ 36036 70 25 Pliocene pliocene JJ 36036 70 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 70 27 Barghoorn Barghoorn NNP 36036 70 28 , , , 36036 70 29 1953 1953 CD 36036 70 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 70 31 . . . 36036 71 1 Therefore therefore RB 36036 71 2 , , , 36036 71 3 throughout throughout IN 36036 71 4 the the DT 36036 71 5 Tertiary Tertiary NNP 36036 71 6 , , , 36036 71 7 as as IN 36036 71 8 continents continent NNS 36036 71 9 cooled cool VBD 36036 71 10 , , , 36036 71 11 northern northern JJ 36036 71 12 climate climate NN 36036 71 13 zones zone NNS 36036 71 14 moved move VBD 36036 71 15 toward toward IN 36036 71 16 the the DT 36036 71 17 tropics tropic NNS 36036 71 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 71 19 Barghoorn Barghoorn NNP 36036 71 20 , , , 36036 71 21 1953 1953 CD 36036 71 22 ; ; : 36036 71 23 Colbert Colbert NNP 36036 71 24 , , , 36036 71 25 1953 1953 CD 36036 71 26 ; ; : 36036 71 27 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 71 28 , , , 36036 71 29 1963:589 1963:589 CD 36036 71 30 , , , 36036 71 31 590 590 CD 36036 71 32 , , , 36036 71 33 594 594 CD 36036 71 34 , , , 36036 71 35 595 595 CD 36036 71 36 ; ; : 36036 71 37 Webb Webb NNP 36036 71 38 , , , 36036 71 39 1985a 1985a CD 36036 71 40 ) ) -RRB- 36036 71 41 . . . 36036 72 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 72 2 1.--Classification 1.--classification CD 36036 72 3 of of IN 36036 72 4 recent recent JJ 36036 72 5 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 72 6 after after IN 36036 72 7 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 72 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 72 9 1989a 1989a CD 36036 72 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 72 11 and and CC 36036 72 12 Decker Decker NNP 36036 72 13 and and CC 36036 72 14 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 72 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 72 16 1991 1991 CD 36036 72 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 72 18 . . . 36036 73 1 Information information NN 36036 73 2 in in IN 36036 73 3 parenthesis parenthesis NN 36036 73 4 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 73 5 general general JJ 36036 73 6 geographic geographic JJ 36036 73 7 distribution distribution NN 36036 73 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 73 9 modified modify VBN 36036 73 10 from from IN 36036 73 11 Kortlucke Kortlucke NNP 36036 73 12 and and CC 36036 73 13 Ramirez Ramirez NNP 36036 73 14 - - HYPH 36036 73 15 Pulido Pulido NNP 36036 73 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 73 17 1982 1982 CD 36036 73 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 73 19 and and CC 36036 73 20 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 73 21 - - HYPH 36036 73 22 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 73 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 73 24 1975 1975 CD 36036 73 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 73 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 73 27 : : : 36036 73 28 S.A. S.A. NNP 36036 73 29 = = SYM 36036 73 30 South South NNP 36036 73 31 America America NNP 36036 73 32 ; ; : 36036 73 33 C.A. C.A. NNP 36036 74 1 = = NFP 36036 74 2 Central Central NNP 36036 74 3 America America NNP 36036 74 4 ; ; : 36036 74 5 M. M. NNP 36036 74 6 = = NNP 36036 74 7 Mexico Mexico NNP 36036 74 8 ; ; : 36036 74 9 U.S. U.S. NNP 36036 74 10 = = SYM 36036 74 11 United United NNP 36036 74 12 States States NNP 36036 74 13 ; ; : 36036 74 14 C. C. NNP 36036 74 15 = = -RRB- 36036 74 16 Canada Canada NNP 36036 74 17 . . . 36036 75 1 Lower low JJR 36036 75 2 case case NN 36036 75 3 letters letter NNS 36036 75 4 preceding precede VBG 36036 75 5 geographic geographic JJ 36036 75 6 areas area NNS 36036 75 7 signify signify VB 36036 75 8 north north NN 36036 75 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 75 10 n n NNP 36036 75 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 75 12 , , , 36036 75 13 south south NNP 36036 75 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 75 15 s s NNP 36036 75 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 75 17 , , , 36036 75 18 and and CC 36036 75 19 west west NNP 36036 75 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 75 21 w w NNP 36036 75 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 75 23 . . . 36036 76 1 Order order NN 36036 76 2 CARNIVORA CARNIVORA NNP 36036 76 3 Bowdich Bowdich NNP 36036 76 4 , , , 36036 76 5 1821 1821 CD 36036 76 6 Suborder Suborder NNP 36036 76 7 CANIFORMIA CANIFORMIA NNP 36036 76 8 Kretzoi Kretzoi NNP 36036 76 9 , , , 36036 76 10 1945 1945 CD 36036 76 11 Family Family NNP 36036 76 12 PROCYONIDAE PROCYONIDAE NNP 36036 76 13 Gray Gray NNP 36036 76 14 , , , 36036 76 15 1825 1825 CD 36036 76 16 Subfamily Subfamily NNP 36036 76 17 POTOSINAE POTOSINAE NNP 36036 76 18 Trouessart Trouessart NNP 36036 76 19 , , , 36036 76 20 1904 1904 CD 36036 76 21 Genus Genus NNP 36036 76 22 _ _ NNP 36036 76 23 Potos Potos NNP 36036 76 24 _ _ NNP 36036 76 25 E. E. NNP 36036 76 26 Geoffroy Geoffroy NNP 36036 76 27 and and CC 36036 76 28 G. G. NNP 36036 76 29 Cuvier Cuvier NNP 36036 76 30 , , , 36036 76 31 1795 1795 CD 36036 76 32 _ _ NNP 36036 76 33 P. P. NNP 36036 77 1 flavus flavus NNP 36036 77 2 _ _ NNP 36036 77 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 77 4 S.A. S.A. NNP 36036 77 5 , , , 36036 77 6 C.A. C.A. NNP 36036 77 7 , , , 36036 77 8 M. M. NNP 36036 77 9 ) ) -RRB- 36036 77 10 Genus Genus NNP 36036 77 11 _ _ NNP 36036 77 12 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 77 13 _ _ NNP 36036 77 14 Allen Allen NNP 36036 77 15 , , , 36036 77 16 1876 1876 CD 36036 77 17 _ _ NNP 36036 77 18 B. B. NNP 36036 78 1 alleni_[a alleni_[a LS 36036 78 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 78 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 78 4 S.A. S.A. NNP 36036 78 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 78 6 _ _ NNP 36036 78 7 B. B. NNP 36036 79 1 beddardi_[a beddardi_[a NNS 36036 79 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 79 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 79 4 S.A. S.A. NNP 36036 79 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 79 6 _ _ NNP 36036 79 7 B. B. NNP 36036 80 1 gabbii_[a gabbii_[a LS 36036 80 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 80 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 80 4 nS.A. nS.A. NNP 36036 80 5 , , , 36036 80 6 C.A. C.A. NNP 36036 80 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 81 1 _ _ NNP 36036 81 2 B. B. NNP 36036 82 1 lasius_[a lasius_[a NNS 36036 82 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 82 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 82 4 C.A. C.A. NNP 36036 82 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 83 1 _ _ NNP 36036 83 2 B. B. NNP 36036 84 1 pauli_[a pauli_[a LS 36036 84 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 84 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 84 4 C.A. C.A. NNP 36036 84 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 85 1 Subfamily subfamily RB 36036 85 2 PROCYONINAE PROCYONINAE NNP 36036 85 3 Gray Gray NNP 36036 85 4 , , , 36036 85 5 1825 1825 CD 36036 85 6 Genus Genus NNP 36036 85 7 _ _ NNP 36036 85 8 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 85 9 _ _ NNP 36036 85 10 Coues Coues NNP 36036 85 11 , , , 36036 85 12 1887 1887 CD 36036 85 13 _ _ NNP 36036 85 14 B. B. NNP 36036 86 1 astutus astutus NNP 36036 86 2 _ _ NNP 36036 86 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 86 4 M. M. NNP 36036 86 5 , , , 36036 86 6 wU.S. wU.S. NNP 36036 86 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 87 1 _ _ NNP 36036 87 2 B. B. NNP 36036 88 1 sumichrasti sumichrasti NNP 36036 88 2 _ _ NNP 36036 88 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 88 4 C.A. C.A. NNP 36036 88 5 , , , 36036 88 6 M. M. NNP 36036 88 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 88 8 Genus Genus NNP 36036 88 9 _ _ NNP 36036 88 10 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 88 11 _ _ NNP 36036 88 12 Storr Storr NNP 36036 88 13 , , , 36036 88 14 1780 1780 CD 36036 88 15 _ _ NNP 36036 88 16 N. N. NNP 36036 89 1 narica_[b narica_[b LS 36036 89 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 89 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 89 4 nS.A. nS.A. NNP 36036 89 5 , , , 36036 89 6 C.A. C.A. NNP 36036 89 7 , , , 36036 89 8 M. M. NNP 36036 89 9 , , , 36036 89 10 swU.S. swU.S. . 36036 89 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 90 1 _ _ NNP 36036 90 2 N. N. NNP 36036 91 1 nasua_[b nasua_[b NNP 36036 91 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 91 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 91 4 S.A. S.A. NNP 36036 91 5 , , , 36036 91 6 sC.A. sC.A. NNP 36036 91 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 92 1 Genus Genus NNP 36036 92 2 _ _ NNP 36036 92 3 Nasuella Nasuella NNP 36036 92 4 _ _ NNP 36036 92 5 Hollister Hollister NNP 36036 92 6 , , , 36036 92 7 1915 1915 CD 36036 92 8 _ _ NNP 36036 92 9 N. N. NNP 36036 93 1 olivacea olivacea NNP 36036 93 2 _ _ NNP 36036 93 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 93 4 S.A. S.A. NNP 36036 93 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 93 6 Genus Genus NNP 36036 93 7 _ _ NNP 36036 93 8 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 93 9 _ _ NNP 36036 93 10 Storr Storr NNP 36036 93 11 , , , 36036 93 12 1780 1780 CD 36036 93 13 _ _ NNP 36036 93 14 P. P. NNP 36036 94 1 cancrivorus cancrivorus NNP 36036 94 2 _ _ NNP 36036 94 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 94 4 S.A. S.A. NNP 36036 94 5 , , , 36036 94 6 sC.A. sC.A. NNP 36036 94 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 95 1 _ _ NNP 36036 95 2 P. P. NNP 36036 96 1 gloveralleni_[c gloveralleni_[c NNPS 36036 96 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 96 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 96 4 Barbados Barbados NNP 36036 96 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 96 6 _ _ NNP 36036 96 7 P. P. NNP 36036 97 1 insularis_[c insularis_[c LS 36036 97 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 97 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 97 4 Maria Maria NNP 36036 97 5 Madre Madre NNP 36036 97 6 Is be VBZ 36036 97 7 . . . 36036 97 8 , , , 36036 97 9 Maria Maria NNP 36036 97 10 Magdalene Magdalene NNP 36036 97 11 Is be VBZ 36036 97 12 . . . 36036 97 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 98 1 _ _ NNP 36036 98 2 P. P. NNP 36036 99 1 lotor_[c lotor_[c LS 36036 99 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 99 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 99 4 C.A. C.A. NNP 36036 99 5 , , , 36036 99 6 M. M. NNP 36036 99 7 , , , 36036 99 8 U.S. U.S. NNP 36036 99 9 , , , 36036 99 10 sC. sC. NNP 36036 99 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 100 1 _ _ NNP 36036 100 2 P. P. NNP 36036 101 1 maynardi_[c maynardi_[c NNP 36036 101 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 101 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 101 4 Bahamas Bahamas NNPS 36036 101 5 , , , 36036 101 6 New New NNP 36036 101 7 Providence Providence NNP 36036 101 8 Is be VBZ 36036 101 9 . . . 36036 101 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 102 1 _ _ NNP 36036 102 2 P. P. NNP 36036 103 1 minor_[c minor_[c NNP 36036 103 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 103 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 103 4 Guadeloupe Guadeloupe NNP 36036 103 5 Is be VBZ 36036 103 6 . . . 36036 103 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 104 1 _ _ NNP 36036 104 2 P. P. NNP 36036 105 1 pygmaeus_[c pygmaeus_[c NNP 36036 105 2 ] ] -RRB- 36036 105 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 105 4 M. M. NNP 36036 105 5 , , , 36036 105 6 Quintana Quintana NNP 36036 105 7 Roo Roo NNP 36036 105 8 , , , 36036 105 9 Cozumel Cozumel NNP 36036 105 10 Is be VBZ 36036 105 11 . . . 36036 105 12 ) ) -RRB- 36036 106 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 106 2 a a LS 36036 106 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 106 4 The the DT 36036 106 5 several several JJ 36036 106 6 named name VBN 36036 106 7 forms form NNS 36036 106 8 of of IN 36036 106 9 _ _ NNP 36036 106 10 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 106 11 _ _ NNP 36036 106 12 are be VBP 36036 106 13 a a DT 36036 106 14 single single JJ 36036 106 15 species specie NNS 36036 106 16 , , , 36036 106 17 _ _ NNP 36036 106 18 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 106 19 gabbii gabbii NNP 36036 106 20 _ _ NNP 36036 106 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 106 22 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 106 23 , , , 36036 106 24 1989a 1989a CD 36036 106 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 106 26 . . . 36036 107 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 107 2 b b LS 36036 107 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 107 4 These these DT 36036 107 5 are be VBP 36036 107 6 considered consider VBN 36036 107 7 conspecific conspecific NN 36036 107 8 in in IN 36036 107 9 some some DT 36036 107 10 current current JJ 36036 107 11 taxonomies taxonomy NNS 36036 107 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 107 13 Kortlucke Kortlucke NNP 36036 107 14 and and CC 36036 107 15 Ramirez Ramirez NNP 36036 107 16 - - HYPH 36036 107 17 Pulido Pulido NNP 36036 107 18 , , , 36036 107 19 1982 1982 CD 36036 107 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 107 21 ; ; : 36036 107 22 however however RB 36036 107 23 , , , 36036 107 24 the the DT 36036 107 25 scheme scheme NN 36036 107 26 followed follow VBD 36036 107 27 here here RB 36036 107 28 maintains maintain VBZ 36036 107 29 them -PRON- PRP 36036 107 30 as as IN 36036 107 31 separate separate JJ 36036 107 32 species specie NNS 36036 107 33 ( ( -LRB- 36036 107 34 Decker Decker NNP 36036 107 35 , , , 36036 107 36 1991 1991 CD 36036 107 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 107 38 . . . 36036 108 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 108 2 c c NN 36036 108 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 108 4 Several several JJ 36036 108 5 named name VBN 36036 108 6 forms form NNS 36036 108 7 of of IN 36036 108 8 _ _ NNP 36036 108 9 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 108 10 _ _ NNP 36036 108 11 are be VBP 36036 108 12 a a DT 36036 108 13 single single JJ 36036 108 14 species specie NNS 36036 108 15 , , , 36036 108 16 _ _ NNP 36036 108 17 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 108 18 lotor lotor NN 36036 108 19 _ _ NNP 36036 108 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 108 21 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 108 22 , , , 36036 108 23 1989a 1989a CD 36036 108 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 108 25 . . . 36036 109 1 During during IN 36036 109 2 the the DT 36036 109 3 late late JJ 36036 109 4 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 109 5 , , , 36036 109 6 late late JJ 36036 109 7 Pliocene Pliocene NNP 36036 109 8 , , , 36036 109 9 and and CC 36036 109 10 Pleistocene Pleistocene NNP 36036 109 11 , , , 36036 109 12 the the DT 36036 109 13 Bering Bering NNP 36036 109 14 land land NN 36036 109 15 bridge bridge NN 36036 109 16 between between IN 36036 109 17 North North NNP 36036 109 18 America America NNP 36036 109 19 and and CC 36036 109 20 Asia Asia NNP 36036 109 21 formed form VBD 36036 109 22 periodically periodically RB 36036 109 23 , , , 36036 109 24 offering offer VBG 36036 109 25 an an DT 36036 109 26 avenue avenue NN 36036 109 27 for for IN 36036 109 28 dispersal dispersal NN 36036 109 29 between between IN 36036 109 30 northern northern JJ 36036 109 31 continents continent NNS 36036 109 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 109 33 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 109 34 , , , 36036 109 35 1963:366 1963:366 CD 36036 109 36 ; ; : 36036 109 37 Webb Webb NNP 36036 109 38 , , , 36036 109 39 1985a 1985a CD 36036 109 40 ) ) -RRB- 36036 109 41 . . . 36036 110 1 However however RB 36036 110 2 , , , 36036 110 3 by by IN 36036 110 4 the the DT 36036 110 5 late late JJ 36036 110 6 Tertiary Tertiary NNP 36036 110 7 , , , 36036 110 8 northern northern JJ 36036 110 9 continents continent NNS 36036 110 10 had have VBD 36036 110 11 cooled cool VBN 36036 110 12 to to IN 36036 110 13 the the DT 36036 110 14 extent extent NN 36036 110 15 that that DT 36036 110 16 climate climate NN 36036 110 17 , , , 36036 110 18 with with IN 36036 110 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 110 20 attendant attendant NN 36036 110 21 sharply sharply RB 36036 110 22 defined define VBD 36036 110 23 vegetative vegetative JJ 36036 110 24 zones zone NNS 36036 110 25 , , , 36036 110 26 became become VBD 36036 110 27 the the DT 36036 110 28 major major JJ 36036 110 29 factor factor NN 36036 110 30 limiting limit VBG 36036 110 31 dispersal dispersal NN 36036 110 32 by by IN 36036 110 33 this this DT 36036 110 34 route route NN 36036 110 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 110 36 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 110 37 , , , 36036 110 38 1963:366 1963:366 CD 36036 110 39 ; ; : 36036 110 40 Webb Webb NNP 36036 110 41 , , , 36036 110 42 1985a 1985a CD 36036 110 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 110 44 . . . 36036 111 1 Those those DT 36036 111 2 Holarctic holarctic JJ 36036 111 3 mammals mammal NNS 36036 111 4 that that WDT 36036 111 5 did do VBD 36036 111 6 cross cross VB 36036 111 7 the the DT 36036 111 8 Bering Bering NNP 36036 111 9 land land NN 36036 111 10 bridge bridge NN 36036 111 11 in in IN 36036 111 12 the the DT 36036 111 13 late late JJ 36036 111 14 Tertiary Tertiary NNP 36036 111 15 were be VBD 36036 111 16 " " `` 36036 111 17 cold cold RB 36036 111 18 - - HYPH 36036 111 19 adapted adapt VBN 36036 111 20 " " '' 36036 111 21 species specie NNS 36036 111 22 associated associate VBN 36036 111 23 with with IN 36036 111 24 relatively relatively RB 36036 111 25 cool cool JJ 36036 111 26 , , , 36036 111 27 but but CC 36036 111 28 not not RB 36036 111 29 alpine alpine NN 36036 111 30 , , , 36036 111 31 climates climate VBZ 36036 111 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 111 33 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 111 34 , , , 36036 111 35 1963:366 1963:366 CD 36036 111 36 ; ; : 36036 111 37 Ewer Ewer NNP 36036 111 38 , , , 36036 111 39 1973:369 1973:369 CD 36036 111 40 ) ) -RRB- 36036 111 41 . . . 36036 112 1 Among among IN 36036 112 2 carnivores carnivore NNS 36036 112 3 this this DT 36036 112 4 included include VBD 36036 112 5 some some DT 36036 112 6 canids canid NNS 36036 112 7 , , , 36036 112 8 ursids ursid NNS 36036 112 9 , , , 36036 112 10 mustelids mustelid NNS 36036 112 11 , , , 36036 112 12 and and CC 36036 112 13 felids felid NNS 36036 112 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 112 15 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 112 16 , , , 36036 112 17 1963:393 1963:393 CD 36036 112 18 - - SYM 36036 112 19 395 395 CD 36036 112 20 , , , 36036 112 21 397 397 CD 36036 112 22 ; ; : 36036 112 23 Webb Webb NNP 36036 112 24 , , , 36036 112 25 1985a 1985a CD 36036 112 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 112 27 . . . 36036 113 1 Procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 113 2 , , , 36036 113 3 however however RB 36036 113 4 , , , 36036 113 5 did do VBD 36036 113 6 not not RB 36036 113 7 cross cross VB 36036 113 8 the the DT 36036 113 9 Bering Bering NNP 36036 113 10 land land NN 36036 113 11 bridge bridge NN 36036 113 12 into into IN 36036 113 13 Asia Asia NNP 36036 113 14 , , , 36036 113 15 and and CC 36036 113 16 Ewer Ewer NNP 36036 113 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 113 18 1973:369 1973:369 CD 36036 113 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 113 20 ascribes ascribe VBZ 36036 113 21 this this DT 36036 113 22 to to IN 36036 113 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 113 24 being be VBG 36036 113 25 an an DT 36036 113 26 " " `` 36036 113 27 essentially essentially RB 36036 113 28 tropical tropical JJ 36036 113 29 group group NN 36036 113 30 . . . 36036 113 31 " " '' 36036 114 1 Miocene miocene JJ 36036 114 2 radiation radiation NN 36036 114 3 of of IN 36036 114 4 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 114 5 occurred occur VBD 36036 114 6 at at IN 36036 114 7 a a DT 36036 114 8 time time NN 36036 114 9 when when WRB 36036 114 10 two two CD 36036 114 11 of of IN 36036 114 12 the the DT 36036 114 13 four four CD 36036 114 14 major major JJ 36036 114 15 climatic climatic JJ 36036 114 16 deteriorations deterioration NNS 36036 114 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 114 18 middle middle JJ 36036 114 19 and and CC 36036 114 20 late late JJ 36036 114 21 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 114 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 114 23 were be VBD 36036 114 24 taking take VBG 36036 114 25 place place NN 36036 114 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 114 27 Webb Webb NNP 36036 114 28 , , , 36036 114 29 1985a 1985a NNS 36036 114 30 , , , 36036 114 31 1985b 1985b CD 36036 114 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 114 33 . . . 36036 115 1 These these DT 36036 115 2 deteriorations deterioration NNS 36036 115 3 had have VBD 36036 115 4 the the DT 36036 115 5 effect effect NN 36036 115 6 of of IN 36036 115 7 cooling cool VBG 36036 115 8 the the DT 36036 115 9 middle middle JJ 36036 115 10 latitudes latitude NNS 36036 115 11 to to IN 36036 115 12 the the DT 36036 115 13 extent extent NN 36036 115 14 that that WDT 36036 115 15 temperate temperate VBP 36036 115 16 forest forest NN 36036 115 17 forms form NNS 36036 115 18 began begin VBD 36036 115 19 to to TO 36036 115 20 appear appear VB 36036 115 21 in in IN 36036 115 22 mid mid NN 36036 115 23 - - JJ 36036 115 24 latitude latitude JJ 36036 115 25 floras flora NNS 36036 115 26 , , , 36036 115 27 along along IN 36036 115 28 with with IN 36036 115 29 a a DT 36036 115 30 rapid rapid JJ 36036 115 31 influx influx NN 36036 115 32 of of IN 36036 115 33 herbaceous herbaceous JJ 36036 115 34 plants plant NNS 36036 115 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 115 36 Barghoorn Barghoorn NNP 36036 115 37 , , , 36036 115 38 1953 1953 CD 36036 115 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 115 40 . . . 36036 116 1 The the DT 36036 116 2 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 116 3 radiation radiation NN 36036 116 4 did do VBD 36036 116 5 not not RB 36036 116 6 penetrate penetrate VB 36036 116 7 beyond beyond IN 36036 116 8 these these DT 36036 116 9 climatically climatically RB 36036 116 10 changing change VBG 36036 116 11 middle middle JJ 36036 116 12 latitudes latitude NNS 36036 116 13 , , , 36036 116 14 which which WDT 36036 116 15 implies imply VBZ 36036 116 16 that that IN 36036 116 17 these these DT 36036 116 18 animals animal NNS 36036 116 19 were be VBD 36036 116 20 " " `` 36036 116 21 warm warm RB 36036 116 22 - - HYPH 36036 116 23 adapted adapt VBN 36036 116 24 , , , 36036 116 25 " " '' 36036 116 26 and and CC 36036 116 27 were be VBD 36036 116 28 , , , 36036 116 29 therefore therefore RB 36036 116 30 , , , 36036 116 31 physiologically physiologically RB 36036 116 32 excluded exclude VBN 36036 116 33 from from IN 36036 116 34 reaching reach VBG 36036 116 35 the the DT 36036 116 36 Bering Bering NNP 36036 116 37 land land NN 36036 116 38 bridge bridge NN 36036 116 39 . . . 36036 117 1 Today today NN 36036 117 2 , , , 36036 117 3 three three CD 36036 117 4 of of IN 36036 117 5 the the DT 36036 117 6 six six CD 36036 117 7 genera genera NN 36036 117 8 and and CC 36036 117 9 over over IN 36036 117 10 half half NN 36036 117 11 of of IN 36036 117 12 the the DT 36036 117 13 18 18 CD 36036 117 14 species specie NNS 36036 117 15 that that WDT 36036 117 16 comprise comprise VBP 36036 117 17 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 117 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 117 19 Table table NN 36036 117 20 1 1 CD 36036 117 21 ; ; : 36036 117 22 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 117 23 , , , 36036 117 24 1989b 1989b CD 36036 117 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 117 26 remain remain VBP 36036 117 27 confined confine VBN 36036 117 28 to to IN 36036 117 29 tropical tropical JJ 36036 117 30 regions region NNS 36036 117 31 of of IN 36036 117 32 North North NNP 36036 117 33 and and CC 36036 117 34 South South NNP 36036 117 35 America America NNP 36036 117 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 117 37 Hall Hall NNP 36036 117 38 and and CC 36036 117 39 Kelson Kelson NNP 36036 117 40 , , , 36036 117 41 1959:878 1959:878 CD 36036 117 42 - - SYM 36036 117 43 897 897 CD 36036 117 44 ; ; : 36036 117 45 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 117 46 - - HYPH 36036 117 47 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 117 48 , , , 36036 117 49 1975 1975 CD 36036 117 50 ; ; : 36036 117 51 Kortlucke Kortlucke NNP 36036 117 52 and and CC 36036 117 53 Ramirez Ramirez NNP 36036 117 54 - - HYPH 36036 117 55 Pulido Pulido NNP 36036 117 56 , , , 36036 117 57 1982 1982 CD 36036 117 58 ; ; : 36036 117 59 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 117 60 and and CC 36036 117 61 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 117 62 , , , 36036 117 63 1983:977 1983:977 CD 36036 117 64 - - SYM 36036 117 65 985 985 CD 36036 117 66 ) ) -RRB- 36036 117 67 . . . 36036 118 1 _ _ NNP 36036 118 2 Typical Typical NNP 36036 118 3 Procyonids Procyonids NNPS 36036 118 4 _ _ NNP 36036 118 5 McNab McNab NNP 36036 118 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 118 7 1988a 1988a CD 36036 118 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 118 9 contends contend VBZ 36036 118 10 that that IN 36036 118 11 basal basal NNP 36036 118 12 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 118 13 is be VBZ 36036 118 14 a a DT 36036 118 15 highly highly RB 36036 118 16 plastic plastic JJ 36036 118 17 character character NN 36036 118 18 in in IN 36036 118 19 evolution evolution NN 36036 118 20 , , , 36036 118 21 and and CC 36036 118 22 he -PRON- PRP 36036 118 23 has have VBZ 36036 118 24 amply amply RB 36036 118 25 shown show VBN 36036 118 26 that that IN 36036 118 27 ecologically ecologically RB 36036 118 28 uniform uniform JJ 36036 118 29 species specie NNS 36036 118 30 are be VBP 36036 118 31 more more RBR 36036 118 32 apt apt JJ 36036 118 33 to to TO 36036 118 34 share share VB 36036 118 35 common common JJ 36036 118 36 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 118 37 rates rate NNS 36036 118 38 than than IN 36036 118 39 taxonomically taxonomically RB 36036 118 40 allied ally VBN 36036 118 41 species specie NNS 36036 118 42 from from IN 36036 118 43 drastically drastically RB 36036 118 44 different different JJ 36036 118 45 environments environment NNS 36036 118 46 ( ( -LRB- 36036 118 47 McNab McNab NNP 36036 118 48 , , , 36036 118 49 1984a 1984a CD 36036 118 50 , , , 36036 118 51 1986a 1986a NNS 36036 118 52 , , , 36036 118 53 1986b 1986b CD 36036 118 54 , , , 36036 118 55 1988a 1988a CD 36036 118 56 ) ) -RRB- 36036 118 57 . . . 36036 119 1 Procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 119 2 represent represent VBP 36036 119 3 a a DT 36036 119 4 taxonomically taxonomically RB 36036 119 5 allied ally VBN 36036 119 6 group group NN 36036 119 7 that that WDT 36036 119 8 shared share VBD 36036 119 9 a a DT 36036 119 10 common common JJ 36036 119 11 ecological ecological JJ 36036 119 12 situation situation NN 36036 119 13 for for IN 36036 119 14 millions million NNS 36036 119 15 of of IN 36036 119 16 years year NNS 36036 119 17 ; ; : 36036 119 18 consequently consequently RB 36036 119 19 , , , 36036 119 20 members member NNS 36036 119 21 of of IN 36036 119 22 this this DT 36036 119 23 family family NN 36036 119 24 might may MD 36036 119 25 be be VB 36036 119 26 expected expect VBN 36036 119 27 to to TO 36036 119 28 show show VB 36036 119 29 some some DT 36036 119 30 uniformity uniformity NN 36036 119 31 in in IN 36036 119 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 119 33 [ [ -LRB- 36036 119 34 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 119 35 } } -RRB- 36036 119 36 . . . 36036 120 1 Basal Basal NNP 36036 120 2 and and CC 36036 120 3 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 120 4 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 120 5 of of IN 36036 120 6 several several JJ 36036 120 7 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 120 8 have have VBP 36036 120 9 been be VBN 36036 120 10 measured measure VBN 36036 120 11 : : : 36036 120 12 kinkajou kinkajou NNP 36036 120 13 , , , 36036 120 14 _ _ NNP 36036 120 15 Potos Potos NNP 36036 120 16 flavus flavus NN 36036 120 17 _ _ NNP 36036 120 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 120 19 Müller Müller NNP 36036 120 20 and and CC 36036 120 21 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 120 22 , , , 36036 120 23 1977 1977 CD 36036 120 24 ; ; : 36036 120 25 McNab McNab NNP 36036 120 26 , , , 36036 120 27 1978a 1978a CD 36036 120 28 ; ; : 36036 120 29 Müller Müller NNP 36036 120 30 and and CC 36036 120 31 Rost Rost NNP 36036 120 32 , , , 36036 120 33 1983 1983 CD 36036 120 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 120 35 , , , 36036 120 36 coatis coatis NNP 36036 120 37 , , , 36036 120 38 _ _ NNP 36036 120 39 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 120 40 nasua nasua NNP 36036 120 41 _ _ NNP 36036 120 42 ( ( -LRB- 36036 120 43 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 120 44 - - HYPH 36036 120 45 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 120 46 et et FW 36036 120 47 al al NNP 36036 120 48 . . NNP 36036 120 49 , , , 36036 120 50 1980 1980 CD 36036 120 51 ; ; : 36036 120 52 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 120 53 et et FW 36036 120 54 al al NNP 36036 120 55 . . NNP 36036 120 56 , , , 36036 120 57 in in IN 36036 120 58 prep prep NNP 36036 120 59 . . . 36036 121 1 ) ) -RRB- 36036 121 2 , , , 36036 121 3 and and CC 36036 121 4 _ _ NNP 36036 121 5 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 121 6 narica narica NN 36036 121 7 _ _ NNP 36036 121 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 121 9 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 121 10 et et NNP 36036 121 11 al al NNP 36036 121 12 . . NNP 36036 121 13 , , , 36036 121 14 1950c 1950c LS 36036 121 15 ; ; : 36036 121 16 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 121 17 et et FW 36036 121 18 al al NNP 36036 121 19 . . NNP 36036 121 20 , , , 36036 121 21 in in IN 36036 121 22 prep prep NNP 36036 121 23 . . . 36036 122 1 ) ) -RRB- 36036 122 2 , , , 36036 122 3 ringtail ringtail NN 36036 122 4 , , , 36036 122 5 _ _ NNP 36036 122 6 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 122 7 astutus astutus NN 36036 122 8 _ _ NNP 36036 122 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 122 10 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 122 11 , , , 36036 122 12 1985 1985 CD 36036 122 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 122 14 , , , 36036 122 15 and and CC 36036 122 16 crab crab NN 36036 122 17 - - HYPH 36036 122 18 eating eat VBG 36036 122 19 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 122 20 , , , 36036 122 21 _ _ NNP 36036 122 22 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 122 23 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 122 24 _ _ NNP 36036 122 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 122 26 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 122 27 et et NNP 36036 122 28 al al NNP 36036 122 29 . . NNP 36036 122 30 , , , 36036 122 31 1950c 1950c CD 36036 122 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 122 33 . . . 36036 123 1 In in IN 36036 123 2 general general JJ 36036 123 3 , , , 36036 123 4 these these DT 36036 123 5 species specie NNS 36036 123 6 have have VBP 36036 123 7 [ [ -LRB- 36036 123 8 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 123 9 } } -RRB- 36036 123 10 's be VBZ 36036 123 11 that that WDT 36036 123 12 are be VBP 36036 123 13 40%-80 40%-80 CD 36036 123 14 % % NN 36036 123 15 of of IN 36036 123 16 the the DT 36036 123 17 values value NNS 36036 123 18 predicted predict VBN 36036 123 19 for for IN 36036 123 20 them -PRON- PRP 36036 123 21 by by IN 36036 123 22 the the DT 36036 123 23 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 123 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 123 25 1961:206 1961:206 CD 36036 123 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 123 27 equation equation NN 36036 123 28 . . . 36036 124 1 Lower low JJR 36036 124 2 than than IN 36036 124 3 predicted predict VBN 36036 124 4 [ [ -LRB- 36036 124 5 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 124 6 } } -RRB- 36036 124 7 is be VBZ 36036 124 8 viewed view VBN 36036 124 9 as as IN 36036 124 10 an an DT 36036 124 11 energy energy NN 36036 124 12 - - HYPH 36036 124 13 saving save VBG 36036 124 14 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 124 15 for for IN 36036 124 16 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 124 17 living live VBG 36036 124 18 in in IN 36036 124 19 relatively relatively RB 36036 124 20 stable stable JJ 36036 124 21 tropical tropical JJ 36036 124 22 climates climate NNS 36036 124 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 124 24 Müller Müller NNP 36036 124 25 and and CC 36036 124 26 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 124 27 , , , 36036 124 28 1977 1977 CD 36036 124 29 ; ; : 36036 124 30 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 124 31 - - HYPH 36036 124 32 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 124 33 et et FW 36036 124 34 al al NNP 36036 124 35 . . NNP 36036 124 36 , , , 36036 124 37 1980 1980 CD 36036 124 38 ; ; : 36036 124 39 Müller Müller NNP 36036 124 40 and and CC 36036 124 41 Rost Rost NNP 36036 124 42 , , , 36036 124 43 1983 1983 CD 36036 124 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 124 45 . . . 36036 125 1 This this DT 36036 125 2 implies imply VBZ 36036 125 3 that that IN 36036 125 4 lower low JJR 36036 125 5 than than IN 36036 125 6 predicted predict VBN 36036 125 7 [ [ -LRB- 36036 125 8 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 125 9 } } -RRB- 36036 125 10 is be VBZ 36036 125 11 a a DT 36036 125 12 general general JJ 36036 125 13 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 125 14 condition condition NN 36036 125 15 and and CC 36036 125 16 that that IN 36036 125 17 it -PRON- PRP 36036 125 18 represents represent VBZ 36036 125 19 a a DT 36036 125 20 characteristic characteristic NN 36036 125 21 that that WDT 36036 125 22 evolved evolve VBD 36036 125 23 in in IN 36036 125 24 response response NN 36036 125 25 to to IN 36036 125 26 the the DT 36036 125 27 family family NN 36036 125 28 's 's POS 36036 125 29 long long JJ 36036 125 30 association association NN 36036 125 31 with with IN 36036 125 32 tropical tropical JJ 36036 125 33 and and CC 36036 125 34 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 125 35 forest forest NN 36036 125 36 environments environment NNS 36036 125 37 . . . 36036 126 1 _ _ NNP 36036 126 2 The the DT 36036 126 3 Atypical Atypical NNP 36036 126 4 Procyonid Procyonid NNP 36036 126 5 _ _ NNP 36036 126 6 Although although IN 36036 126 7 most most JJS 36036 126 8 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 126 9 are be VBP 36036 126 10 found find VBN 36036 126 11 in in IN 36036 126 12 only only RB 36036 126 13 tropical tropical JJ 36036 126 14 to to IN 36036 126 15 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 126 16 climates climate NNS 36036 126 17 , , , 36036 126 18 the the DT 36036 126 19 North north JJ 36036 126 20 American american JJ 36036 126 21 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 126 22 , , , 36036 126 23 _ _ NNP 36036 126 24 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 126 25 lotor lotor NN 36036 126 26 _ _ NNP 36036 126 27 , , , 36036 126 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 126 29 Figure figure NN 36036 126 30 1 1 CD 36036 126 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 126 32 has have VBZ 36036 126 33 a a DT 36036 126 34 much much RB 36036 126 35 broader broad JJR 36036 126 36 distribution distribution NN 36036 126 37 that that WDT 36036 126 38 extends extend VBZ 36036 126 39 from from IN 36036 126 40 tropical tropical JJ 36036 126 41 Panama Panama NNP 36036 126 42 ( ( -LRB- 36036 126 43 8 8 CD 36036 126 44 ° ° NNS 36036 126 45 N n CD 36036 126 46 ) ) -RRB- 36036 126 47 to to IN 36036 126 48 southern southern JJ 36036 126 49 Canada Canada NNP 36036 126 50 . . . 36036 127 1 In in IN 36036 127 2 Alberta Alberta NNP 36036 127 3 , , , 36036 127 4 Canada Canada NNP 36036 127 5 , , , 36036 127 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 127 7 range range NN 36036 127 8 reaches reach VBZ 36036 127 9 the the DT 36036 127 10 edge edge NN 36036 127 11 of of IN 36036 127 12 the the DT 36036 127 13 Hudsonian Hudsonian NNP 36036 127 14 Life Life NNP 36036 127 15 Zone Zone NNP 36036 127 16 at at IN 36036 127 17 60 60 CD 36036 127 18 ° ° NNS 36036 127 19 N n CD 36036 127 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 127 21 for for IN 36036 127 22 distribution distribution NN 36036 127 23 maps map NNS 36036 127 24 see see VBP 36036 127 25 Hall Hall NNP 36036 127 26 and and CC 36036 127 27 Kelson Kelson NNP 36036 127 28 , , , 36036 127 29 1959:878 1959:878 CD 36036 127 30 - - SYM 36036 127 31 897 897 CD 36036 127 32 , , , 36036 127 33 and and CC 36036 127 34 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 127 35 - - HYPH 36036 127 36 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 127 37 , , , 36036 127 38 1975 1975 CD 36036 127 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 127 40 . . . 36036 128 1 Range range NN 36036 128 2 extensions extension NNS 36036 128 3 and and CC 36036 128 4 an an DT 36036 128 5 increase increase NN 36036 128 6 in in IN 36036 128 7 numbers number NNS 36036 128 8 have have VBP 36036 128 9 been be VBN 36036 128 10 noted note VBN 36036 128 11 in in IN 36036 128 12 Canada Canada NNP 36036 128 13 and and CC 36036 128 14 in in IN 36036 128 15 parts part NNS 36036 128 16 of of IN 36036 128 17 the the DT 36036 128 18 United United NNP 36036 128 19 States States NNP 36036 128 20 since since IN 36036 128 21 the the DT 36036 128 22 19th 19th JJ 36036 128 23 century century NN 36036 128 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 128 25 Lotze Lotze NNP 36036 128 26 and and CC 36036 128 27 Anderson Anderson NNP 36036 128 28 , , , 36036 128 29 1979 1979 CD 36036 128 30 ; ; : 36036 128 31 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 128 32 , , , 36036 128 33 1982 1982 CD 36036 128 34 ; ; : 36036 128 35 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 128 36 and and CC 36036 128 37 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 128 38 , , , 36036 128 39 1983:977 1983:977 CD 36036 128 40 - - SYM 36036 128 41 985 985 CD 36036 128 42 ) ) -RRB- 36036 128 43 . . . 36036 129 1 Thus thus RB 36036 129 2 , , , 36036 129 3 _ _ NNP 36036 129 4 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 129 5 lotor lotor NN 36036 129 6 _ _ NNP 36036 129 7 is be VBZ 36036 129 8 more more RBR 36036 129 9 complex complex JJ 36036 129 10 ecologically ecologically RB 36036 129 11 than than IN 36036 129 12 other other JJ 36036 129 13 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 129 14 , , , 36036 129 15 particularly particularly RB 36036 129 16 when when WRB 36036 129 17 one one PRP 36036 129 18 takes take VBZ 36036 129 19 into into IN 36036 129 20 account account NN 36036 129 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 129 22 highly highly RB 36036 129 23 generalized generalize VBN 36036 129 24 food food NN 36036 129 25 habits habit NNS 36036 129 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 129 27 Hamilton Hamilton NNP 36036 129 28 , , , 36036 129 29 1936 1936 CD 36036 129 30 ; ; : 36036 129 31 Stuewer Stuewer NNP 36036 129 32 , , , 36036 129 33 1943 1943 CD 36036 129 34 ; ; : 36036 129 35 Stains stain NNS 36036 129 36 , , , 36036 129 37 1956:39 1956:39 CD 36036 129 38 - - SYM 36036 129 39 51 51 CD 36036 129 40 ; ; : 36036 129 41 Greenwood greenwood NN 36036 129 42 , , , 36036 129 43 1981 1981 CD 36036 129 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 129 45 and and CC 36036 129 46 the the DT 36036 129 47 wide wide JJ 36036 129 48 range range NN 36036 129 49 of of IN 36036 129 50 habitat habitat NN 36036 129 51 types type NNS 36036 129 52 ( ( -LRB- 36036 129 53 forest forest NN 36036 129 54 , , , 36036 129 55 prairie prairie NNP 36036 129 56 , , , 36036 129 57 desert desert NN 36036 129 58 , , , 36036 129 59 mountain mountain NN 36036 129 60 , , , 36036 129 61 coastal coastal NNP 36036 129 62 marsh marsh NNP 36036 129 63 , , , 36036 129 64 freshwater freshwater NNP 36036 129 65 marsh marsh NNP 36036 129 66 ) ) -RRB- 36036 129 67 and and CC 36036 129 68 climates climate VBZ 36036 129 69 ( ( -LRB- 36036 129 70 tropical tropical JJ 36036 129 71 to to IN 36036 129 72 north north NN 36036 129 73 temperate temperate NN 36036 129 74 ) ) -RRB- 36036 129 75 in in IN 36036 129 76 which which WDT 36036 129 77 it -PRON- PRP 36036 129 78 is be VBZ 36036 129 79 successful successful JJ 36036 129 80 ( ( -LRB- 36036 129 81 Whitney Whitney NNP 36036 129 82 and and CC 36036 129 83 Underwood Underwood NNP 36036 129 84 , , , 36036 129 85 1952:1 1952:1 CD 36036 129 86 ; ; : 36036 129 87 Hall Hall NNP 36036 129 88 and and CC 36036 129 89 Kelson Kelson NNP 36036 129 90 , , , 36036 129 91 1959:885 1959:885 CD 36036 129 92 ; ; : 36036 129 93 Lotze Lotze NNP 36036 129 94 and and CC 36036 129 95 Anderson Anderson NNP 36036 129 96 , , , 36036 129 97 1979 1979 CD 36036 129 98 ; ; : 36036 129 99 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 129 100 , , , 36036 129 101 1982 1982 CD 36036 129 102 ) ) -RRB- 36036 129 103 . . . 36036 130 1 On on IN 36036 130 2 this this DT 36036 130 3 basis basis NN 36036 130 4 it -PRON- PRP 36036 130 5 is be VBZ 36036 130 6 clear clear JJ 36036 130 7 that that IN 36036 130 8 _ _ NNP 36036 130 9 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 130 10 lotor lotor NN 36036 130 11 _ _ NNP 36036 130 12 has have VBZ 36036 130 13 deviated deviate VBN 36036 130 14 from from IN 36036 130 15 the the DT 36036 130 16 typical typical JJ 36036 130 17 procyonid procyonid JJ 36036 130 18 portrait portrait NN 36036 130 19 and and CC 36036 130 20 has have VBZ 36036 130 21 become become VBN 36036 130 22 the the DT 36036 130 23 consummate consummate JJ 36036 130 24 generalist generalist NN 36036 130 25 of of IN 36036 130 26 the the DT 36036 130 27 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 130 28 . . . 36036 131 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 131 2 Illustration illustration NN 36036 131 3 : : : 36036 131 4 FIGURE FIGURE NNP 36036 131 5 1.--North 1.--north CD 36036 131 6 American american JJ 36036 131 7 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 131 8 , , , 36036 131 9 _ _ NNP 36036 131 10 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 131 11 lotor lotor NN 36036 131 12 _ _ NNP 36036 131 13 . . . 36036 131 14 ] ] -RRB- 36036 132 1 _ _ NNP 36036 132 2 The the DT 36036 132 3 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP 36036 132 4 _ _ IN 36036 132 5 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 132 6 general general JJ 36036 132 7 hypothesis hypothesis NN 36036 132 8 was be VBD 36036 132 9 that that IN 36036 132 10 whereas whereas IN 36036 132 11 most most JJS 36036 132 12 contemporary contemporary JJ 36036 132 13 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 132 14 have have VBP 36036 132 15 retained retain VBN 36036 132 16 the the DT 36036 132 17 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 132 18 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 132 19 of of IN 36036 132 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 132 21 warm warm RB 36036 132 22 - - HYPH 36036 132 23 adapted adapt VBN 36036 132 24 ancestors ancestor NNS 36036 132 25 , , , 36036 132 26 _ _ NNP 36036 132 27 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 132 28 lotor lotor NN 36036 132 29 _ _ NNP 36036 132 30 possesses possess VBZ 36036 132 31 a a DT 36036 132 32 different different JJ 36036 132 33 set set NN 36036 132 34 of of IN 36036 132 35 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 132 36 , , , 36036 132 37 which which WDT 36036 132 38 either either CC 36036 132 39 evolved evolve VBD 36036 132 40 as as IN 36036 132 41 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 132 42 unique unique JJ 36036 132 43 to to IN 36036 132 44 this this DT 36036 132 45 species species NN 36036 132 46 or or CC 36036 132 47 were be VBD 36036 132 48 acquired acquire VBN 36036 132 49 from from IN 36036 132 50 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 132 51 ancestral ancestral JJ 36036 132 52 stock stock NN 36036 132 53 . . . 36036 133 1 In in IN 36036 133 2 either either DT 36036 133 3 case case NN 36036 133 4 , , , 36036 133 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 133 6 unique unique JJ 36036 133 7 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 133 8 have have VBP 36036 133 9 given give VBN 36036 133 10 _ _ NNP 36036 133 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 133 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 133 13 _ _ NNP 36036 133 14 the the DT 36036 133 15 physiological physiological JJ 36036 133 16 flexibility flexibility NN 36036 133 17 to to TO 36036 133 18 generalize generalize VB 36036 133 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 133 20 use use NN 36036 133 21 of of IN 36036 133 22 habitats habitat NNS 36036 133 23 and and CC 36036 133 24 climates climate NNS 36036 133 25 and and CC 36036 133 26 expand expand VB 36036 133 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 133 28 geographic geographic JJ 36036 133 29 distribution distribution NN 36036 133 30 to to IN 36036 133 31 a a DT 36036 133 32 much much RB 36036 133 33 greater great JJR 36036 133 34 extent extent NN 36036 133 35 than than IN 36036 133 36 other other JJ 36036 133 37 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 133 38 . . . 36036 134 1 _ _ NNP 36036 134 2 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP 36036 134 3 Testing Testing NNP 36036 134 4 _ _ NNP 36036 134 5 We -PRON- PRP 36036 134 6 tested test VBD 36036 134 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 134 8 hypothesis hypothesis NN 36036 134 9 by by IN 36036 134 10 comparing compare VBG 36036 134 11 _ _ NNP 36036 134 12 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 134 13 lotor lotor NN 36036 134 14 _ _ NNP 36036 134 15 with with IN 36036 134 16 several several JJ 36036 134 17 other other JJ 36036 134 18 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 134 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 20 _ _ NNP 36036 134 21 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 134 22 astutus astutus NN 36036 134 23 _ _ NNP 36036 134 24 , , , 36036 134 25 _ _ NNP 36036 134 26 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 134 27 nasua nasua NNP 36036 134 28 _ _ NNP 36036 134 29 , , , 36036 134 30 _ _ NNP 36036 134 31 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 134 32 narica narica NN 36036 134 33 _ _ NNP 36036 134 34 , , , 36036 134 35 _ _ NNP 36036 134 36 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 134 37 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 134 38 _ _ NNP 36036 134 39 , , , 36036 134 40 and and CC 36036 134 41 _ _ NNP 36036 134 42 Potos Potos NNP 36036 134 43 flavus flavus NN 36036 134 44 _ _ NNP 36036 134 45 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 46 on on IN 36036 134 47 the the DT 36036 134 48 basis basis NN 36036 134 49 of of IN 36036 134 50 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 134 51 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 52 1 1 CD 36036 134 53 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 54 basal basal NNP 36036 134 55 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 134 56 rate rate NN 36036 134 57 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 58 [ [ -LRB- 36036 134 59 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 134 60 } } -RRB- 36036 134 61 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 62 , , , 36036 134 63 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 64 2 2 LS 36036 134 65 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 66 minimum minimum JJ 36036 134 67 wet wet JJ 36036 134 68 thermal thermal JJ 36036 134 69 conductance conductance NN 36036 134 70 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 71 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 134 72 } } -RRB- 36036 134 73 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 74 , , , 36036 134 75 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 76 3 3 LS 36036 134 77 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 78 diversity diversity NN 36036 134 79 of of IN 36036 134 80 diet diet NNP 36036 134 81 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 82 D_{d D_{d NNP 36036 134 83 } } -RRB- 36036 134 84 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 85 , , , 36036 134 86 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 87 4 4 LS 36036 134 88 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 89 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 134 90 rate rate NN 36036 134 91 of of IN 36036 134 92 natural natural JJ 36036 134 93 increase increase NN 36036 134 94 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 95 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 134 96 } } -RRB- 36036 134 97 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 98 , , , 36036 134 99 and and CC 36036 134 100 , , , 36036 134 101 when when WRB 36036 134 102 data datum NNS 36036 134 103 were be VBD 36036 134 104 available available JJ 36036 134 105 , , , 36036 134 106 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 107 5 5 LS 36036 134 108 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 109 capacity capacity NN 36036 134 110 for for IN 36036 134 111 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 134 112 cooling cooling NN 36036 134 113 ( ( -LRB- 36036 134 114 E_{c E_{c NNP 36036 134 115 } } -RRB- 36036 134 116 ) ) -RRB- 36036 134 117 . . . 36036 135 1 In in IN 36036 135 2 a a DT 36036 135 3 genetic genetic JJ 36036 135 4 sense sense NN 36036 135 5 each each DT 36036 135 6 one one CD 36036 135 7 of of IN 36036 135 8 these these DT 36036 135 9 variables variable NNS 36036 135 10 is be VBZ 36036 135 11 a a DT 36036 135 12 complex complex JJ 36036 135 13 adaptive adaptive JJ 36036 135 14 characteristic characteristic NN 36036 135 15 , , , 36036 135 16 expression expression NN 36036 135 17 of of IN 36036 135 18 which which WDT 36036 135 19 is be VBZ 36036 135 20 determined determine VBN 36036 135 21 by by IN 36036 135 22 the the DT 36036 135 23 interaction interaction NN 36036 135 24 of of IN 36036 135 25 several several JJ 36036 135 26 genes gene NNS 36036 135 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 135 28 Prosser Prosser NNP 36036 135 29 , , , 36036 135 30 1986:110 1986:110 CD 36036 135 31 - - SYM 36036 135 32 165 165 CD 36036 135 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 135 34 . . . 36036 136 1 Experience experience NN 36036 136 2 has have VBZ 36036 136 3 shown show VBN 36036 136 4 that that IN 36036 136 5 a a DT 36036 136 6 given give VBN 36036 136 7 species specie NNS 36036 136 8 will will MD 36036 136 9 express express VB 36036 136 10 each each DT 36036 136 11 one one CD 36036 136 12 of of IN 36036 136 13 these these DT 36036 136 14 variables variable NNS 36036 136 15 in in IN 36036 136 16 a a DT 36036 136 17 specific specific JJ 36036 136 18 manner manner NN 36036 136 19 that that WDT 36036 136 20 is be VBZ 36036 136 21 relevant relevant JJ 36036 136 22 to to IN 36036 136 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 136 24 mass mass NN 36036 136 25 , , , 36036 136 26 physiology physiology NN 36036 136 27 , , , 36036 136 28 behavior behavior NN 36036 136 29 , , , 36036 136 30 and and CC 36036 136 31 environmental environmental JJ 36036 136 32 circumstance circumstance NN 36036 136 33 . . . 36036 137 1 Thus thus RB 36036 137 2 , , , 36036 137 3 different different JJ 36036 137 4 expressions expression NNS 36036 137 5 of of IN 36036 137 6 these these DT 36036 137 7 variables variable NNS 36036 137 8 may may MD 36036 137 9 represent represent VB 36036 137 10 specific specific JJ 36036 137 11 climatic climatic JJ 36036 137 12 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 137 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 137 14 Prosser Prosser NNP 36036 137 15 , , , 36036 137 16 1986:16 1986:16 CD 36036 137 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 137 18 that that WDT 36036 137 19 have have VBP 36036 137 20 been be VBN 36036 137 21 selected select VBN 36036 137 22 - - : 36036 137 23 for for IN 36036 137 24 by by IN 36036 137 25 evolutionary evolutionary JJ 36036 137 26 process process NN 36036 137 27 . . . 36036 138 1 Because because IN 36036 138 2 these these DT 36036 138 3 variables variable NNS 36036 138 4 are be VBP 36036 138 5 interrelated interrelate VBN 36036 138 6 with with IN 36036 138 7 respect respect NN 36036 138 8 to to IN 36036 138 9 regulation regulation NN 36036 138 10 of of IN 36036 138 11 body body NN 36036 138 12 temperature temperature NN 36036 138 13 and and CC 36036 138 14 energy energy NN 36036 138 15 balance balance NN 36036 138 16 , , , 36036 138 17 they -PRON- PRP 36036 138 18 have have VBP 36036 138 19 co co VBN 36036 138 20 - - VBN 36036 138 21 evolved evolved JJ 36036 138 22 in in IN 36036 138 23 each each DT 36036 138 24 species specie NNS 36036 138 25 to to TO 36036 138 26 form form VB 36036 138 27 an an DT 36036 138 28 adaptive adaptive JJ 36036 138 29 unit unit NN 36036 138 30 . . . 36036 139 1 For for IN 36036 139 2 each each DT 36036 139 3 species specie NNS 36036 139 4 , , , 36036 139 5 measured measure VBN 36036 139 6 and and CC 36036 139 7 calculated calculate VBN 36036 139 8 values value NNS 36036 139 9 for for IN 36036 139 10 the the DT 36036 139 11 first first JJ 36036 139 12 four four CD 36036 139 13 variables variable NNS 36036 139 14 were be VBD 36036 139 15 converted convert VBN 36036 139 16 into into IN 36036 139 17 dimensionless dimensionless JJ 36036 139 18 numbers number NNS 36036 139 19 and and CC 36036 139 20 used use VBN 36036 139 21 to to TO 36036 139 22 derive derive VB 36036 139 23 a a DT 36036 139 24 composite composite JJ 36036 139 25 score score NN 36036 139 26 that that WDT 36036 139 27 represented represent VBD 36036 139 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 139 29 adaptive adaptive JJ 36036 139 30 unit unit NN 36036 139 31 . . . 36036 140 1 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 140 2 distributions distribution NNS 36036 140 3 of of IN 36036 140 4 these these DT 36036 140 5 species specie NNS 36036 140 6 were be VBD 36036 140 7 then then RB 36036 140 8 compared compare VBN 36036 140 9 relative relative JJ 36036 140 10 to to IN 36036 140 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 140 12 composite composite JJ 36036 140 13 scores score NNS 36036 140 14 . . . 36036 141 1 ADAPTIVE adaptive JJ 36036 141 2 SIGNIFICANCE significance NN 36036 141 3 OF of IN 36036 141 4 THE the DT 36036 141 5 VARIABLES VARIABLES NNP 36036 141 6 _ _ NNP 36036 141 7 Basal Basal NNP 36036 141 8 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 141 9 Rate Rate NNP 36036 141 10 and and CC 36036 141 11 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 36036 141 12 Rate rate NN 36036 141 13 of of IN 36036 141 14 Natural natural JJ 36036 141 15 Increase Increase NNP 36036 141 16 _ _ NNP 36036 141 17 Basal Basal NNP 36036 141 18 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 141 19 rate rate NN 36036 141 20 represents represent VBZ 36036 141 21 the the DT 36036 141 22 minimum minimum JJ 36036 141 23 energy energy NN 36036 141 24 required require VBN 36036 141 25 by by IN 36036 141 26 an an DT 36036 141 27 animal animal NN 36036 141 28 to to TO 36036 141 29 maintain maintain VB 36036 141 30 basic basic JJ 36036 141 31 homeostasis homeostasis NN 36036 141 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 141 33 Lusk Lusk NNP 36036 141 34 , , , 36036 141 35 1917:141 1917:141 CD 36036 141 36 ; ; : 36036 141 37 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 141 38 , , , 36036 141 39 1932 1932 CD 36036 141 40 , , , 36036 141 41 1961:251 1961:251 CD 36036 141 42 ; ; : 36036 141 43 Benedict Benedict NNP 36036 141 44 , , , 36036 141 45 1938 1938 CD 36036 141 46 ; ; : 36036 141 47 Brody brody NN 36036 141 48 , , , 36036 141 49 1945:59 1945:59 CD 36036 141 50 ; ; : 36036 141 51 Robbins robbin NNS 36036 141 52 , , , 36036 141 53 1983:105 1983:105 CD 36036 141 54 - - SYM 36036 141 55 111 111 CD 36036 141 56 ) ) -RRB- 36036 141 57 . . . 36036 142 1 For for IN 36036 142 2 mammals mammal NNS 36036 142 3 , , , 36036 142 4 [ [ -LRB- 36036 142 5 .H]_b .H]_b . 36036 142 6 appears appear VBZ 36036 142 7 to to TO 36036 142 8 be be VB 36036 142 9 determined determine VBN 36036 142 10 by by IN 36036 142 11 complex complex JJ 36036 142 12 interactions interaction NNS 36036 142 13 between between IN 36036 142 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 142 15 body body NN 36036 142 16 size size NN 36036 142 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 142 18 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 142 19 , , , 36036 142 20 1932 1932 CD 36036 142 21 , , , 36036 142 22 1961:206 1961:206 CD 36036 142 23 ; ; : 36036 142 24 Benedict Benedict NNP 36036 142 25 , , , 36036 142 26 1938 1938 CD 36036 142 27 ; ; : 36036 142 28 Brody brody NN 36036 142 29 , , , 36036 142 30 1945:368 1945:368 CD 36036 142 31 - - SYM 36036 142 32 374 374 CD 36036 142 33 ; ; : 36036 142 34 Hemmingsen Hemmingsen NNP 36036 142 35 , , , 36036 142 36 1960:15 1960:15 CD 36036 142 37 - - SYM 36036 142 38 36 36 CD 36036 142 39 ; ; : 36036 142 40 McNab McNab NNP 36036 142 41 , , , 36036 142 42 1983b 1983b CD 36036 142 43 ; ; : 36036 142 44 Calder calder NN 36036 142 45 , , , 36036 142 46 1987 1987 CD 36036 142 47 ) ) -RRB- 36036 142 48 , , , 36036 142 49 the the DT 36036 142 50 climate climate NN 36036 142 51 in in IN 36036 142 52 which which WDT 36036 142 53 they -PRON- PRP 36036 142 54 live live VBP 36036 142 55 ( ( -LRB- 36036 142 56 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 142 57 et et NNP 36036 142 58 al al NNP 36036 142 59 . . NNP 36036 142 60 , , , 36036 142 61 1950c 1950c CD 36036 142 62 ; ; : 36036 142 63 McNab McNab NNP 36036 142 64 and and CC 36036 142 65 Morrison Morrison NNP 36036 142 66 , , , 36036 142 67 1963 1963 CD 36036 142 68 ; ; : 36036 142 69 Hulbert Hulbert NNP 36036 142 70 and and CC 36036 142 71 Dawson Dawson NNP 36036 142 72 , , , 36036 142 73 1974 1974 CD 36036 142 74 ; ; : 36036 142 75 Shkolnik Shkolnik NNP 36036 142 76 and and CC 36036 142 77 Schmidt Schmidt NNP 36036 142 78 - - HYPH 36036 142 79 Nielsen Nielsen NNP 36036 142 80 , , , 36036 142 81 1976 1976 CD 36036 142 82 ; ; : 36036 142 83 McNab McNab NNP 36036 142 84 , , , 36036 142 85 1979a 1979a CD 36036 142 86 ; ; : 36036 142 87 Vogel Vogel NNP 36036 142 88 , , , 36036 142 89 1980 1980 CD 36036 142 90 ) ) -RRB- 36036 142 91 , , , 36036 142 92 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 142 93 food food NN 36036 142 94 habits habit NNS 36036 142 95 ( ( -LRB- 36036 142 96 McNab McNab NNP 36036 142 97 , , , 36036 142 98 1978a 1978a CD 36036 142 99 , , , 36036 142 100 1978b 1978b CD 36036 142 101 , , , 36036 142 102 1980a 1980a CD 36036 142 103 , , , 36036 142 104 1983a 1983a CD 36036 142 105 , , , 36036 142 106 1984a 1984a NNS 36036 142 107 , , , 36036 142 108 1986a 1986a NNS 36036 142 109 , , , 36036 142 110 1986b 1986b CD 36036 142 111 , , , 36036 142 112 1988a 1988a CD 36036 142 113 , , , 36036 142 114 1989 1989 CD 36036 142 115 ) ) -RRB- 36036 142 116 , , , 36036 142 117 and and CC 36036 142 118 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 142 119 circadian circadian JJ 36036 142 120 period period NN 36036 142 121 ( ( -LRB- 36036 142 122 Aschoff Aschoff NNP 36036 142 123 and and CC 36036 142 124 Pohl Pohl NNP 36036 142 125 , , , 36036 142 126 1970 1970 CD 36036 142 127 ; ; : 36036 142 128 Prothero Prothero NNP 36036 142 129 , , , 36036 142 130 1984 1984 CD 36036 142 131 ) ) -RRB- 36036 142 132 . . . 36036 143 1 Some some DT 36036 143 2 species specie NNS 36036 143 3 have have VBP 36036 143 4 higher high JJR 36036 143 5 mass mass JJ 36036 143 6 - - HYPH 36036 143 7 specific specific JJ 36036 143 8 [ [ -LRB- 36036 143 9 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 143 10 } } -RRB- 36036 143 11 than than IN 36036 143 12 others other NNS 36036 143 13 , , , 36036 143 14 and and CC 36036 143 15 this this DT 36036 143 16 variation variation NN 36036 143 17 appears appear VBZ 36036 143 18 to to TO 36036 143 19 be be VB 36036 143 20 tied tie VBN 36036 143 21 to to IN 36036 143 22 ecological ecological JJ 36036 143 23 circumstances circumstance NNS 36036 143 24 rather rather RB 36036 143 25 than than IN 36036 143 26 taxonomic taxonomic JJ 36036 143 27 affinities affinity NNS 36036 143 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 143 29 McNab McNab NNP 36036 143 30 , , , 36036 143 31 1988a 1988a CD 36036 143 32 , , , 36036 143 33 1989 1989 CD 36036 143 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 143 35 . . . 36036 144 1 Basal Basal NNP 36036 144 2 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 144 3 rate rate NN 36036 144 4 is be VBZ 36036 144 5 important important JJ 36036 144 6 ecologically ecologically RB 36036 144 7 because because IN 36036 144 8 it -PRON- PRP 36036 144 9 serves serve VBZ 36036 144 10 as as IN 36036 144 11 a a DT 36036 144 12 measure measure NN 36036 144 13 of of IN 36036 144 14 a a DT 36036 144 15 species specie NNS 36036 144 16 ' ' POS 36036 144 17 minimum minimum JJ 36036 144 18 " " `` 36036 144 19 obligatory obligatory JJ 36036 144 20 " " '' 36036 144 21 energy energy NN 36036 144 22 requirement requirement NN 36036 144 23 , , , 36036 144 24 and and CC 36036 144 25 under under IN 36036 144 26 many many JJ 36036 144 27 circumstances circumstance NNS 36036 144 28 , , , 36036 144 29 it -PRON- PRP 36036 144 30 represents represent VBZ 36036 144 31 the the DT 36036 144 32 largest large JJS 36036 144 33 energy energy NN 36036 144 34 demand demand NN 36036 144 35 associated associate VBN 36036 144 36 with with IN 36036 144 37 a a DT 36036 144 38 daily daily JJ 36036 144 39 energy energy NN 36036 144 40 budget budget NN 36036 144 41 ( ( -LRB- 36036 144 42 King King NNP 36036 144 43 , , , 36036 144 44 1974:38 1974:38 CD 36036 144 45 - - SYM 36036 144 46 55 55 CD 36036 144 47 ; ; : 36036 144 48 McNab McNab NNP 36036 144 49 , , , 36036 144 50 1980a 1980a CD 36036 144 51 ; ; : 36036 144 52 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 144 53 and and CC 36036 144 54 King King NNP 36036 144 55 , , , 36036 144 56 1981:37 1981:37 CD 36036 144 57 - - SYM 36036 144 58 40 40 CD 36036 144 59 ) ) -RRB- 36036 144 60 . . . 36036 145 1 Recently recently RB 36036 145 2 it -PRON- PRP 36036 145 3 also also RB 36036 145 4 has have VBZ 36036 145 5 been be VBN 36036 145 6 implicated implicate VBN 36036 145 7 as as IN 36036 145 8 a a DT 36036 145 9 permissive permissive JJ 36036 145 10 factor factor NN 36036 145 11 with with IN 36036 145 12 respect respect NN 36036 145 13 to to IN 36036 145 14 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 145 15 } } -RRB- 36036 145 16 of of IN 36036 145 17 mammals mammal NNS 36036 145 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 145 19 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 145 20 , , , 36036 145 21 1983 1983 CD 36036 145 22 ; ; : 36036 145 23 Lillegraven Lillegraven NNP 36036 145 24 et et NNP 36036 145 25 al al NNP 36036 145 26 . . NNP 36036 145 27 , , , 36036 145 28 1987 1987 CD 36036 145 29 ; ; : 36036 145 30 Nicoll Nicoll NNP 36036 145 31 and and CC 36036 145 32 Thompson Thompson NNP 36036 145 33 , , , 36036 145 34 1987 1987 CD 36036 145 35 ; ; : 36036 145 36 Thompson Thompson NNP 36036 145 37 , , , 36036 145 38 1987 1987 CD 36036 145 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 145 40 via via IN 36036 145 41 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 145 42 direct direct JJ 36036 145 43 effect effect NN 36036 145 44 on on IN 36036 145 45 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 145 46 rates rate NNS 36036 145 47 of of IN 36036 145 48 development development NN 36036 145 49 and and CC 36036 145 50 fecundity fecundity NN 36036 145 51 ( ( -LRB- 36036 145 52 McNab McNab NNP 36036 145 53 , , , 36036 145 54 1980a 1980a CD 36036 145 55 , , , 36036 145 56 1983a 1983a CD 36036 145 57 , , , 36036 145 58 1986b 1986b CD 36036 145 59 ; ; : 36036 145 60 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 145 61 , , , 36036 145 62 1983 1983 CD 36036 145 63 ; ; : 36036 145 64 Schmitz Schmitz NNP 36036 145 65 and and CC 36036 145 66 Lavigne Lavigne NNP 36036 145 67 , , , 36036 145 68 1984 1984 CD 36036 145 69 ; ; : 36036 145 70 Glazier Glazier NNP 36036 145 71 , , , 36036 145 72 1985a 1985a CD 36036 145 73 , , , 36036 145 74 1985b 1985b CD 36036 145 75 ) ) -RRB- 36036 145 76 . . . 36036 146 1 The the DT 36036 146 2 implication implication NN 36036 146 3 of of IN 36036 146 4 this this DT 36036 146 5 latter latter JJ 36036 146 6 point point NN 36036 146 7 is be VBZ 36036 146 8 that that IN 36036 146 9 those those DT 36036 146 10 species specie NNS 36036 146 11 with with IN 36036 146 12 higher high JJR 36036 146 13 [ [ -LRB- 36036 146 14 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 146 15 } } -RRB- 36036 146 16 's be VBZ 36036 146 17 also also RB 36036 146 18 have have VBP 36036 146 19 faster fast JJR 36036 146 20 rates rate NNS 36036 146 21 of of IN 36036 146 22 development development NN 36036 146 23 and and CC 36036 146 24 greater great JJR 36036 146 25 fecundity fecundity NN 36036 146 26 and and CC 36036 146 27 hence hence RB 36036 146 28 enjoy enjoy VB 36036 146 29 the the DT 36036 146 30 competitive competitive JJ 36036 146 31 advantage advantage NN 36036 146 32 of of IN 36036 146 33 a a DT 36036 146 34 higher high JJR 36036 146 35 r_{max r_{max NN 36036 146 36 } } -RRB- 36036 146 37 . . . 36036 147 1 Basal Basal NNP 36036 147 2 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 147 3 is be VBZ 36036 147 4 , , , 36036 147 5 therefore therefore RB 36036 147 6 , , , 36036 147 7 " " `` 36036 147 8 a a DT 36036 147 9 highly highly RB 36036 147 10 plastic plastic JJ 36036 147 11 character character NN 36036 147 12 in in IN 36036 147 13 the the DT 36036 147 14 course course NN 36036 147 15 of of IN 36036 147 16 evolution evolution NN 36036 147 17 " " '' 36036 147 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 147 19 McNab McNab NNP 36036 147 20 , , , 36036 147 21 1988a:25 1988a:25 CD 36036 147 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 147 23 that that DT 36036 147 24 has have VBZ 36036 147 25 a a DT 36036 147 26 profound profound JJ 36036 147 27 influence influence NN 36036 147 28 on on IN 36036 147 29 each each DT 36036 147 30 species specie NNS 36036 147 31 ' ' POS 36036 147 32 life life NN 36036 147 33 history history NN 36036 147 34 . . . 36036 148 1 _ _ NNP 36036 148 2 Minimum Minimum NNP 36036 148 3 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 148 4 Conductance Conductance NNP 36036 148 5 _ _ NNP 36036 148 6 Whole whole JJ 36036 148 7 - - HYPH 36036 148 8 body body NN 36036 148 9 resistance resistance NN 36036 148 10 to to IN 36036 148 11 passive passive JJ 36036 148 12 heat heat NN 36036 148 13 transfer transfer NN 36036 148 14 is be VBZ 36036 148 15 equal equal JJ 36036 148 16 to to TO 36036 148 17 tissue tissue VB 36036 148 18 resistance resistance NN 36036 148 19 plus plus CC 36036 148 20 coat coat NN 36036 148 21 resistance resistance NN 36036 148 22 . . . 36036 149 1 Within within IN 36036 149 2 limits limit NNS 36036 149 3 , , , 36036 149 4 these these DT 36036 149 5 resistances resistance NNS 36036 149 6 can can MD 36036 149 7 be be VB 36036 149 8 altered alter VBN 36036 149 9 ; ; : 36036 149 10 tissue tissue NN 36036 149 11 resistance resistance NN 36036 149 12 can can MD 36036 149 13 be be VB 36036 149 14 varied vary VBN 36036 149 15 by by IN 36036 149 16 changes change NNS 36036 149 17 in in IN 36036 149 18 blood blood NN 36036 149 19 flow flow NN 36036 149 20 , , , 36036 149 21 whereas whereas IN 36036 149 22 coat coat NN 36036 149 23 resistance resistance NN 36036 149 24 can can MD 36036 149 25 be be VB 36036 149 26 changed change VBN 36036 149 27 by by IN 36036 149 28 piloerection piloerection NN 36036 149 29 , , , 36036 149 30 molt molt NN 36036 149 31 , , , 36036 149 32 and and CC 36036 149 33 behavior behavior NN 36036 149 34 . . . 36036 150 1 When when WRB 36036 150 2 whole whole JJ 36036 150 3 - - HYPH 36036 150 4 body body NN 36036 150 5 resistance resistance NN 36036 150 6 is be VBZ 36036 150 7 maximized maximize VBN 36036 150 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 150 9 maximum maximum JJ 36036 150 10 tissue tissue NN 36036 150 11 and and CC 36036 150 12 coat coat NN 36036 150 13 resistances resistance NNS 36036 150 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 150 15 , , , 36036 150 16 passive passive JJ 36036 150 17 heat heat NN 36036 150 18 transfer transfer NN 36036 150 19 is be VBZ 36036 150 20 minimized minimize VBN 36036 150 21 . . . 36036 151 1 The the DT 36036 151 2 inverse inverse NN 36036 151 3 of of IN 36036 151 4 resistance resistance NN 36036 151 5 is be VBZ 36036 151 6 conductance conductance NN 36036 151 7 ; ; : 36036 151 8 therefore therefore RB 36036 151 9 , , , 36036 151 10 maximum maximum JJ 36036 151 11 whole whole JJ 36036 151 12 - - HYPH 36036 151 13 body body NN 36036 151 14 resistance resistance NN 36036 151 15 is be VBZ 36036 151 16 the the DT 36036 151 17 inverse inverse NN 36036 151 18 of of IN 36036 151 19 minimum minimum JJ 36036 151 20 thermal thermal JJ 36036 151 21 conductance conductance NN 36036 151 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 151 23 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 151 24 } } -RRB- 36036 151 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 151 26 . . . 36036 152 1 Minimum minimum JJ 36036 152 2 thermal thermal JJ 36036 152 3 conductance conductance NN 36036 152 4 is be VBZ 36036 152 5 readily readily RB 36036 152 6 derived derive VBN 36036 152 7 from from IN 36036 152 8 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 152 9 chamber chamber NN 36036 152 10 data datum NNS 36036 152 11 , , , 36036 152 12 and and CC 36036 152 13 it -PRON- PRP 36036 152 14 is be VBZ 36036 152 15 commonly commonly RB 36036 152 16 used use VBN 36036 152 17 to to TO 36036 152 18 describe describe VB 36036 152 19 an an DT 36036 152 20 animal animal NN 36036 152 21 's 's POS 36036 152 22 capacity capacity NN 36036 152 23 to to TO 36036 152 24 minimize minimize VB 36036 152 25 passive passive JJ 36036 152 26 heat heat NN 36036 152 27 transfer transfer NN 36036 152 28 . . . 36036 153 1 Minimum minimum JJ 36036 153 2 thermal thermal JJ 36036 153 3 conductance conductance NN 36036 153 4 interacts interact VBZ 36036 153 5 with with IN 36036 153 6 [ [ -LRB- 36036 153 7 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 153 8 } } -RRB- 36036 153 9 and and CC 36036 153 10 body body NN 36036 153 11 mass mass NN 36036 153 12 to to TO 36036 153 13 set set VB 36036 153 14 the the DT 36036 153 15 maximum maximum JJ 36036 153 16 temperature temperature NN 36036 153 17 differential differential VBP 36036 153 18 a a DT 36036 153 19 mammal mammal NN 36036 153 20 can can MD 36036 153 21 maintain maintain VB 36036 153 22 without without IN 36036 153 23 increasing increase VBG 36036 153 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 153 25 basal basal NN 36036 153 26 level level NN 36036 153 27 of of IN 36036 153 28 heat heat NN 36036 153 29 production production NN 36036 153 30 . . . 36036 154 1 The the DT 36036 154 2 low low JJ 36036 154 3 temperature temperature NN 36036 154 4 in in IN 36036 154 5 this this DT 36036 154 6 differential differential NN 36036 154 7 is be VBZ 36036 154 8 the the DT 36036 154 9 lower lower RBR 36036 154 10 critical critical JJ 36036 154 11 temperature temperature NN 36036 154 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 154 13 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 154 14 } } -RRB- 36036 154 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 154 16 . . . 36036 155 1 Mass mass JJ 36036 155 2 - - HYPH 36036 155 3 specific specific JJ 36036 155 4 C_{m C_{m NNPS 36036 155 5 } } -RRB- 36036 155 6 for for IN 36036 155 7 mammals mammal NNS 36036 155 8 is be VBZ 36036 155 9 negatively negatively RB 36036 155 10 correlated correlate VBN 36036 155 11 with with IN 36036 155 12 body body NN 36036 155 13 mass mass NN 36036 155 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 155 15 McNab McNab NNP 36036 155 16 and and CC 36036 155 17 Morrison Morrison NNP 36036 155 18 , , , 36036 155 19 1963 1963 CD 36036 155 20 ; ; : 36036 155 21 Herreid Herreid NNP 36036 155 22 and and CC 36036 155 23 Kessel Kessel NNP 36036 155 24 , , , 36036 155 25 1967 1967 CD 36036 155 26 ; ; : 36036 155 27 McNab McNab NNP 36036 155 28 , , , 36036 155 29 1970 1970 CD 36036 155 30 , , , 36036 155 31 1979b 1979b CD 36036 155 32 ; ; : 36036 155 33 Bradley Bradley NNP 36036 155 34 and and CC 36036 155 35 Deavers Deavers NNP 36036 155 36 , , , 36036 155 37 1980 1980 CD 36036 155 38 ; ; : 36036 155 39 Aschoff Aschoff NNP 36036 155 40 , , , 36036 155 41 1981 1981 CD 36036 155 42 ) ) -RRB- 36036 155 43 , , , 36036 155 44 and and CC 36036 155 45 for for IN 36036 155 46 any any DT 36036 155 47 given give VBN 36036 155 48 mass mass NN 36036 155 49 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 155 50 magnitude magnitude NN 36036 155 51 is be VBZ 36036 155 52 52 52 CD 36036 155 53 % % NN 36036 155 54 higher high JJR 36036 155 55 during during IN 36036 155 56 the the DT 36036 155 57 active active JJ 36036 155 58 , , , 36036 155 59 rather rather RB 36036 155 60 than than IN 36036 155 61 the the DT 36036 155 62 inactive inactive JJ 36036 155 63 , , , 36036 155 64 phase phase NN 36036 155 65 of of IN 36036 155 66 the the DT 36036 155 67 daily daily JJ 36036 155 68 cycle cycle NN 36036 155 69 ( ( -LRB- 36036 155 70 Aschoff Aschoff NNP 36036 155 71 , , , 36036 155 72 1981 1981 CD 36036 155 73 ) ) -RRB- 36036 155 74 . . . 36036 156 1 However however RB 36036 156 2 , , , 36036 156 3 some some DT 36036 156 4 mammals mammal NNS 36036 156 5 have have VBP 36036 156 6 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 156 7 } } -RRB- 36036 156 8 's be VBZ 36036 156 9 that that WDT 36036 156 10 are be VBP 36036 156 11 higher high JJR 36036 156 12 or or CC 36036 156 13 lower low JJR 36036 156 14 than than IN 36036 156 15 would would MD 36036 156 16 be be VB 36036 156 17 predicted predict VBN 36036 156 18 for for IN 36036 156 19 them -PRON- PRP 36036 156 20 on on IN 36036 156 21 the the DT 36036 156 22 basis basis NN 36036 156 23 of of IN 36036 156 24 body body NN 36036 156 25 mass mass JJ 36036 156 26 and and CC 36036 156 27 circadian circadian JJ 36036 156 28 phase phase NN 36036 156 29 . . . 36036 157 1 Seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 157 2 variation variation NN 36036 157 3 in in IN 36036 157 4 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 157 5 } } -RRB- 36036 157 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 157 7 higher high JJR 36036 157 8 values value NNS 36036 157 9 during during IN 36036 157 10 summer summer NN 36036 157 11 than than IN 36036 157 12 winter winter NN 36036 157 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 157 14 has have VBZ 36036 157 15 been be VBN 36036 157 16 reported report VBN 36036 157 17 for for IN 36036 157 18 many many JJ 36036 157 19 northern northern JJ 36036 157 20 mammals mammal NNS 36036 157 21 that that WDT 36036 157 22 experience experience VBP 36036 157 23 large large JJ 36036 157 24 annual annual JJ 36036 157 25 variations variation NNS 36036 157 26 in in IN 36036 157 27 air air NN 36036 157 28 temperature temperature NN 36036 157 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 157 30 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 157 31 et et NNP 36036 157 32 al al NNP 36036 157 33 . . NNP 36036 157 34 , , , 36036 157 35 1950a 1950a LS 36036 157 36 ; ; : 36036 157 37 Irving Irving NNP 36036 157 38 et et NNP 36036 157 39 al al NNP 36036 157 40 . . NNP 36036 157 41 , , , 36036 157 42 1955 1955 CD 36036 157 43 ; ; : 36036 157 44 Hart Hart NNP 36036 157 45 , , , 36036 157 46 1956 1956 CD 36036 157 47 , , , 36036 157 48 1957 1957 CD 36036 157 49 ; ; : 36036 157 50 Irving Irving NNP 36036 157 51 , , , 36036 157 52 1972:165 1972:165 CD 36036 157 53 ) ) -RRB- 36036 157 54 . . . 36036 158 1 Some some DT 36036 158 2 tropical tropical JJ 36036 158 3 mammals mammal NNS 36036 158 4 with with IN 36036 158 5 very very RB 36036 158 6 thin thin JJ 36036 158 7 fur fur NN 36036 158 8 coats coat NNS 36036 158 9 , , , 36036 158 10 and and CC 36036 158 11 others other NNS 36036 158 12 with with IN 36036 158 13 nearly nearly RB 36036 158 14 hairless hairless NN 36036 158 15 bodies body NNS 36036 158 16 , , , 36036 158 17 have have VBP 36036 158 18 high high JJ 36036 158 19 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 158 20 } } -RRB- 36036 158 21 's 's POS 36036 158 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 158 23 McNab McNab NNP 36036 158 24 , , , 36036 158 25 1984a 1984a CD 36036 158 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 158 27 , , , 36036 158 28 as as IN 36036 158 29 do do VB 36036 158 30 burrowing burrowing NN 36036 158 31 mammals mammal NNS 36036 158 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 158 33 McNab mcnab CD 36036 158 34 , , , 36036 158 35 1966 1966 CD 36036 158 36 , , , 36036 158 37 1979b 1979b NNS 36036 158 38 , , , 36036 158 39 1984a 1984a CD 36036 158 40 ) ) -RRB- 36036 158 41 and and CC 36036 158 42 the the DT 36036 158 43 kit kit NNP 36036 158 44 fox fox NNP 36036 158 45 , , , 36036 158 46 _ _ NNP 36036 158 47 Vulpes Vulpes NNP 36036 158 48 macrotis macrotis NN 36036 158 49 _ _ NNP 36036 158 50 ( ( -LRB- 36036 158 51 Golightly golightly RB 36036 158 52 and and CC 36036 158 53 Ohmart Ohmart NNP 36036 158 54 , , , 36036 158 55 1983 1983 CD 36036 158 56 ) ) -RRB- 36036 158 57 . . . 36036 159 1 Some some DT 36036 159 2 small small JJ 36036 159 3 mammals mammal NNS 36036 159 4 with with IN 36036 159 5 low low JJ 36036 159 6 basal basal NN 36036 159 7 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 159 8 rates rate NNS 36036 159 9 tend tend VBP 36036 159 10 to to TO 36036 159 11 have have VB 36036 159 12 lower low JJR 36036 159 13 than than IN 36036 159 14 predicted predict VBN 36036 159 15 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 159 16 } } -RRB- 36036 159 17 's 's POS 36036 159 18 : : : 36036 159 19 small small JJ 36036 159 20 marsupials marsupial NNS 36036 159 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 159 22 McNab McNab NNP 36036 159 23 , , , 36036 159 24 1978a 1978a CD 36036 159 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 159 26 , , , 36036 159 27 heteromyid heteromyid NNP 36036 159 28 rodents rodent NNS 36036 159 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 159 30 McNab McNab NNP 36036 159 31 , , , 36036 159 32 1979a 1979a CD 36036 159 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 159 34 , , , 36036 159 35 several several JJ 36036 159 36 ant ant JJ 36036 159 37 eaters eater NNS 36036 159 38 ( ( -LRB- 36036 159 39 McNab McNab NNP 36036 159 40 , , , 36036 159 41 1984a 1984a CD 36036 159 42 ) ) -RRB- 36036 159 43 , , , 36036 159 44 the the DT 36036 159 45 arctic arctic JJ 36036 159 46 hare hare NN 36036 159 47 , , , 36036 159 48 _ _ NNP 36036 159 49 Lepus Lepus NNP 36036 159 50 arcticus arcticus NN 36036 159 51 _ _ NNP 36036 159 52 ( ( -LRB- 36036 159 53 Wang Wang NNP 36036 159 54 et et NNP 36036 159 55 al al NNP 36036 159 56 . . NNP 36036 159 57 , , , 36036 159 58 1973 1973 CD 36036 159 59 ) ) -RRB- 36036 159 60 , , , 36036 159 61 the the DT 36036 159 62 ringtail ringtail NN 36036 159 63 , , , 36036 159 64 _ _ NNP 36036 159 65 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 159 66 astutus astutus NN 36036 159 67 _ _ NNP 36036 159 68 ( ( -LRB- 36036 159 69 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 159 70 , , , 36036 159 71 1985 1985 CD 36036 159 72 ) ) -RRB- 36036 159 73 , , , 36036 159 74 and and CC 36036 159 75 the the DT 36036 159 76 fennec fennec NN 36036 159 77 , , , 36036 159 78 _ _ NNP 36036 159 79 Fennecus Fennecus NNP 36036 159 80 zerda zerda NNP 36036 159 81 _ _ NNP 36036 159 82 ( ( -LRB- 36036 159 83 Noll Noll NNP 36036 159 84 - - HYPH 36036 159 85 Banholzer Banholzer NNP 36036 159 86 , , , 36036 159 87 1979 1979 CD 36036 159 88 ) ) -RRB- 36036 159 89 . . . 36036 160 1 Thus thus RB 36036 160 2 , , , 36036 160 3 in in IN 36036 160 4 spite spite NN 36036 160 5 of of IN 36036 160 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 160 7 mass mass NN 36036 160 8 dependence dependence NN 36036 160 9 , , , 36036 160 10 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 160 11 } } -RRB- 36036 160 12 also also RB 36036 160 13 has have VBZ 36036 160 14 been be VBN 36036 160 15 modified modify VBN 36036 160 16 during during IN 36036 160 17 the the DT 36036 160 18 course course NN 36036 160 19 of of IN 36036 160 20 evolution evolution NN 36036 160 21 by by IN 36036 160 22 selective selective JJ 36036 160 23 factors factor NNS 36036 160 24 in in IN 36036 160 25 the the DT 36036 160 26 environment environment NN 36036 160 27 and and CC 36036 160 28 by by IN 36036 160 29 the the DT 36036 160 30 animal animal NN 36036 160 31 's 's POS 36036 160 32 own own JJ 36036 160 33 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 160 34 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 160 35 . . . 36036 161 1 _ _ NNP 36036 161 2 Capacity Capacity NNP 36036 161 3 for for IN 36036 161 4 Evaporative Evaporative NNP 36036 161 5 Cooling Cooling NNP 36036 161 6 _ _ NNP 36036 161 7 Latent Latent NNP 36036 161 8 heat heat NN 36036 161 9 loss loss NN 36036 161 10 occurs occur VBZ 36036 161 11 as as IN 36036 161 12 a a DT 36036 161 13 result result NN 36036 161 14 of of IN 36036 161 15 evaporation evaporation NN 36036 161 16 from from IN 36036 161 17 the the DT 36036 161 18 respiratory respiratory JJ 36036 161 19 tract tract NN 36036 161 20 and and CC 36036 161 21 through through IN 36036 161 22 the the DT 36036 161 23 skin skin NN 36036 161 24 , , , 36036 161 25 and and CC 36036 161 26 except except IN 36036 161 27 under under IN 36036 161 28 conditions condition NNS 36036 161 29 of of IN 36036 161 30 heat heat NN 36036 161 31 stress stress NN 36036 161 32 , , , 36036 161 33 it -PRON- PRP 36036 161 34 " " `` 36036 161 35 is be VBZ 36036 161 36 a a DT 36036 161 37 liability liability NN 36036 161 38 in in IN 36036 161 39 thermal thermal JJ 36036 161 40 and and CC 36036 161 41 osmotic osmotic JJ 36036 161 42 homeostasis homeostasis NN 36036 161 43 " " '' 36036 161 44 ( ( -LRB- 36036 161 45 Calder Calder NNP 36036 161 46 and and CC 36036 161 47 King King NNP 36036 161 48 , , , 36036 161 49 1974:302 1974:302 CD 36036 161 50 ) ) -RRB- 36036 161 51 . . . 36036 162 1 E_{c E_{c NNP 36036 162 2 } } -RRB- 36036 162 3 , , , 36036 162 4 defined define VBN 36036 162 5 as as IN 36036 162 6 the the DT 36036 162 7 ratio ratio NN 36036 162 8 of of IN 36036 162 9 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 162 10 heat heat NN 36036 162 11 lost lose VBN 36036 162 12 to to IN 36036 162 13 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 162 14 heat heat NN 36036 162 15 produced produce VBN 36036 162 16 , , , 36036 162 17 can can MD 36036 162 18 be be VB 36036 162 19 used use VBN 36036 162 20 to to TO 36036 162 21 quantify quantify VB 36036 162 22 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 162 23 effectiveness effectiveness NN 36036 162 24 of of IN 36036 162 25 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 162 26 cooling cooling NN 36036 162 27 and and CC 36036 162 28 to to TO 36036 162 29 make make VB 36036 162 30 comparisons comparison NNS 36036 162 31 of of IN 36036 162 32 heat heat NN 36036 162 33 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 162 34 between between IN 36036 162 35 species specie NNS 36036 162 36 . . . 36036 163 1 Thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 163 2 effectiveness effectiveness NN 36036 163 3 of of IN 36036 163 4 latent latent JJ 36036 163 5 heat heat NN 36036 163 6 loss loss NN 36036 163 7 is be VBZ 36036 163 8 not not RB 36036 163 9 just just RB 36036 163 10 a a DT 36036 163 11 function function NN 36036 163 12 of of IN 36036 163 13 the the DT 36036 163 14 rate rate NN 36036 163 15 of of IN 36036 163 16 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 163 17 water water NN 36036 163 18 loss loss NN 36036 163 19 but but CC 36036 163 20 also also RB 36036 163 21 of of IN 36036 163 22 the the DT 36036 163 23 rate rate NN 36036 163 24 of of IN 36036 163 25 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 163 26 heat heat NN 36036 163 27 production production NN 36036 163 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 163 29 Lasiewski Lasiewski NNP 36036 163 30 and and CC 36036 163 31 Seymour Seymour NNP 36036 163 32 , , , 36036 163 33 1972 1972 CD 36036 163 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 163 35 . . . 36036 164 1 For for IN 36036 164 2 example example NN 36036 164 3 , , , 36036 164 4 a a DT 36036 164 5 low low JJ 36036 164 6 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 164 7 rate rate NN 36036 164 8 minimizes minimize VBZ 36036 164 9 endogenous endogenous JJ 36036 164 10 heat heat NN 36036 164 11 load load NN 36036 164 12 and and CC 36036 164 13 thus thus RB 36036 164 14 conserves conserve VBZ 36036 164 15 water water NN 36036 164 16 , , , 36036 164 17 whereas whereas IN 36036 164 18 the the DT 36036 164 19 opposite opposite NN 36036 164 20 is be VBZ 36036 164 21 true true JJ 36036 164 22 of of IN 36036 164 23 high high JJ 36036 164 24 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 164 25 rates rate NNS 36036 164 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 164 27 Lasiewski Lasiewski NNP 36036 164 28 and and CC 36036 164 29 Seymour Seymour NNP 36036 164 30 , , , 36036 164 31 1972 1972 CD 36036 164 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 164 33 . . . 36036 165 1 Some some DT 36036 165 2 mammals mammal NNS 36036 165 3 that that WDT 36036 165 4 live live VBP 36036 165 5 in in IN 36036 165 6 arid arid JJ 36036 165 7 regions region NNS 36036 165 8 have have VBP 36036 165 9 evolved evolve VBN 36036 165 10 low low JJ 36036 165 11 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 165 12 rates rate NNS 36036 165 13 and and CC 36036 165 14 thus thus RB 36036 165 15 capitalize capitalize VB 36036 165 16 on on IN 36036 165 17 this this DT 36036 165 18 relationship relationship NN 36036 165 19 to to TO 36036 165 20 reduce reduce VB 36036 165 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 165 22 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 165 23 water water NN 36036 165 24 requirement requirement NN 36036 165 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 165 26 McNab McNab NNP 36036 165 27 and and CC 36036 165 28 Morrison Morrison NNP 36036 165 29 , , , 36036 165 30 1963 1963 CD 36036 165 31 ; ; : 36036 165 32 McNab McNab NNP 36036 165 33 , , , 36036 165 34 1966 1966 CD 36036 165 35 ; ; : 36036 165 36 MacMillen MacMillen NNP 36036 165 37 and and CC 36036 165 38 Lee Lee NNP 36036 165 39 , , , 36036 165 40 1970 1970 CD 36036 165 41 ; ; : 36036 165 42 Noll Noll NNP 36036 165 43 - - HYPH 36036 165 44 Banholzer Banholzer NNP 36036 165 45 , , , 36036 165 46 1979 1979 CD 36036 165 47 ) ) -RRB- 36036 165 48 . . . 36036 166 1 What what WP 36036 166 2 is be VBZ 36036 166 3 evident evident JJ 36036 166 4 , , , 36036 166 5 therefore therefore RB 36036 166 6 , , , 36036 166 7 is be VBZ 36036 166 8 that that IN 36036 166 9 an an DT 36036 166 10 animal animal NN 36036 166 11 's 's POS 36036 166 12 capacity capacity NN 36036 166 13 for for IN 36036 166 14 increasing increase VBG 36036 166 15 latent latent NN 36036 166 16 heat heat NN 36036 166 17 loss loss NN 36036 166 18 must must MD 36036 166 19 evolve evolve VB 36036 166 20 together together RB 36036 166 21 with with IN 36036 166 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 166 23 [ [ -LRB- 36036 166 24 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 166 25 } } -RRB- 36036 166 26 and and CC 36036 166 27 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 166 28 } } -RRB- 36036 166 29 in in IN 36036 166 30 response response NN 36036 166 31 to to IN 36036 166 32 specific specific JJ 36036 166 33 environmental environmental JJ 36036 166 34 demands demand NNS 36036 166 35 . . . 36036 167 1 _ _ NNP 36036 167 2 Diet Diet NNP 36036 167 3 _ _ NNP 36036 167 4 McNab McNab NNP 36036 167 5 ( ( -LRB- 36036 167 6 1986a 1986a NNS 36036 167 7 , , , 36036 167 8 1988a 1988a CD 36036 167 9 , , , 36036 167 10 1989 1989 CD 36036 167 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 167 12 demonstrated demonstrate VBD 36036 167 13 that that IN 36036 167 14 , , , 36036 167 15 for for IN 36036 167 16 mammals mammal NNS 36036 167 17 , , , 36036 167 18 departures departure NNS 36036 167 19 of of IN 36036 167 20 [ [ -LRB- 36036 167 21 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 167 22 } } -RRB- 36036 167 23 from from IN 36036 167 24 the the DT 36036 167 25 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 167 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 167 27 1961:206 1961:206 CD 36036 167 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 167 29 " " `` 36036 167 30 norm norm NN 36036 167 31 " " '' 36036 167 32 are be VBP 36036 167 33 highly highly RB 36036 167 34 correlated correlate VBN 36036 167 35 with with IN 36036 167 36 diet diet NN 36036 167 37 and and CC 36036 167 38 independent independent JJ 36036 167 39 of of IN 36036 167 40 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ 36036 167 41 relationships relationship NNS 36036 167 42 . . . 36036 168 1 McNab McNab NNP 36036 168 2 's 's POS 36036 168 3 analysis analysis NN 36036 168 4 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 168 5 that that IN 36036 168 6 for for IN 36036 168 7 mammals mammal NNS 36036 168 8 that that WDT 36036 168 9 feed feed VBP 36036 168 10 on on IN 36036 168 11 invertebrates invertebrates NNPS 36036 168 12 , , , 36036 168 13 those those DT 36036 168 14 species specie NNS 36036 168 15 with with IN 36036 168 16 body body NN 36036 168 17 mass mass NN 36036 168 18 less less JJR 36036 168 19 than than IN 36036 168 20 100 100 CD 36036 168 21 g g NN 36036 168 22 have have VBP 36036 168 23 [ [ -LRB- 36036 168 24 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 168 25 } } -RRB- 36036 168 26 's be VBZ 36036 168 27 that that WDT 36036 168 28 are be VBP 36036 168 29 equal equal JJ 36036 168 30 to to IN 36036 168 31 or or CC 36036 168 32 greater great JJR 36036 168 33 than than IN 36036 168 34 values value NNS 36036 168 35 predicted predict VBN 36036 168 36 by by IN 36036 168 37 the the DT 36036 168 38 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 168 39 equation equation NN 36036 168 40 , , , 36036 168 41 whereas whereas IN 36036 168 42 those those DT 36036 168 43 with with IN 36036 168 44 body body NN 36036 168 45 mass mass NN 36036 168 46 greater great JJR 36036 168 47 than than IN 36036 168 48 100 100 CD 36036 168 49 g g NN 36036 168 50 have have VBP 36036 168 51 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 168 52 rates rate NNS 36036 168 53 that that WDT 36036 168 54 are be VBP 36036 168 55 lower low JJR 36036 168 56 than than IN 36036 168 57 predicted predict VBN 36036 168 58 . . . 36036 169 1 Grazers grazer NNS 36036 169 2 , , , 36036 169 3 vertebrate vertebrate NN 36036 169 4 eaters eater NNS 36036 169 5 , , , 36036 169 6 nut nut NNP 36036 169 7 eaters eater NNS 36036 169 8 , , , 36036 169 9 and and CC 36036 169 10 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 36036 169 11 frugivores frugivore NNS 36036 169 12 also also RB 36036 169 13 have have VBP 36036 169 14 [ [ -LRB- 36036 169 15 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 169 16 } } -RRB- 36036 169 17 's be VBZ 36036 169 18 that that WDT 36036 169 19 are be VBP 36036 169 20 equal equal JJ 36036 169 21 to to IN 36036 169 22 or or CC 36036 169 23 greater great JJR 36036 169 24 than than IN 36036 169 25 predicted predict VBN 36036 169 26 , , , 36036 169 27 whereas whereas IN 36036 169 28 insectivorous insectivorous JJ 36036 169 29 bats bat NNS 36036 169 30 , , , 36036 169 31 arboreal arboreal JJ 36036 169 32 folivores folivore NNS 36036 169 33 , , , 36036 169 34 arboreal arboreal NN 36036 169 35 frugivores frugivore NNS 36036 169 36 , , , 36036 169 37 and and CC 36036 169 38 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 36036 169 39 folivores folivore NNS 36036 169 40 all all DT 36036 169 41 have have VBP 36036 169 42 rates rate NNS 36036 169 43 that that WDT 36036 169 44 are be VBP 36036 169 45 lower low JJR 36036 169 46 than than IN 36036 169 47 predicted predict VBN 36036 169 48 . . . 36036 170 1 McNab McNab NNP 36036 170 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 170 3 1986a 1986a CD 36036 170 4 ) ) -RRB- 36036 170 5 found find VBD 36036 170 6 animals animal NNS 36036 170 7 with with IN 36036 170 8 mixed mixed JJ 36036 170 9 diets diet NNS 36036 170 10 harder hard RBR 36036 170 11 to to TO 36036 170 12 categorize categorize VB 36036 170 13 , , , 36036 170 14 but but CC 36036 170 15 in in IN 36036 170 16 general general JJ 36036 170 17 he -PRON- PRP 36036 170 18 predicted predict VBD 36036 170 19 that that IN 36036 170 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 170 21 [ [ -LRB- 36036 170 22 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 170 23 } } -RRB- 36036 170 24 's be VBZ 36036 170 25 would would MD 36036 170 26 be be VB 36036 170 27 related relate VBN 36036 170 28 to to IN 36036 170 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 170 30 1 1 LS 36036 170 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 170 32 a a DT 36036 170 33 food food NN 36036 170 34 item item NN 36036 170 35 that that WDT 36036 170 36 is be VBZ 36036 170 37 constantly constantly RB 36036 170 38 available available JJ 36036 170 39 throughout throughout IN 36036 170 40 the the DT 36036 170 41 year year NN 36036 170 42 , , , 36036 170 43 ( ( -LRB- 36036 170 44 2 2 LS 36036 170 45 ) ) -RRB- 36036 170 46 a a DT 36036 170 47 food food NN 36036 170 48 item item NN 36036 170 49 that that WDT 36036 170 50 is be VBZ 36036 170 51 most most RBS 36036 170 52 available available JJ 36036 170 53 during during IN 36036 170 54 the the DT 36036 170 55 worst bad JJS 36036 170 56 conditions condition NNS 36036 170 57 of of IN 36036 170 58 the the DT 36036 170 59 year year NN 36036 170 60 , , , 36036 170 61 or or CC 36036 170 62 ( ( -LRB- 36036 170 63 3 3 LS 36036 170 64 ) ) -RRB- 36036 170 65 a a DT 36036 170 66 mix mix NN 36036 170 67 of of IN 36036 170 68 foods food NNS 36036 170 69 available available JJ 36036 170 70 during during IN 36036 170 71 the the DT 36036 170 72 worst bad JJS 36036 170 73 time time NN 36036 170 74 of of IN 36036 170 75 the the DT 36036 170 76 year year NN 36036 170 77 . . . 36036 171 1 Although although IN 36036 171 2 these these DT 36036 171 3 correlations correlation NNS 36036 171 4 do do VBP 36036 171 5 not not RB 36036 171 6 establish establish VB 36036 171 7 cause cause NN 36036 171 8 and and CC 36036 171 9 effect effect NN 36036 171 10 between between IN 36036 171 11 food food NN 36036 171 12 habits habit NNS 36036 171 13 and and CC 36036 171 14 [ [ -LRB- 36036 171 15 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 171 16 } } -RRB- 36036 171 17 , , , 36036 171 18 McNab McNab NNP 36036 171 19 's 's POS 36036 171 20 analysis analysis NN 36036 171 21 does do VBZ 36036 171 22 make make VB 36036 171 23 it -PRON- PRP 36036 171 24 clear clear JJ 36036 171 25 that that IN 36036 171 26 the the DT 36036 171 27 relationship relationship NN 36036 171 28 between between IN 36036 171 29 these these DT 36036 171 30 variables variable NNS 36036 171 31 has have VBZ 36036 171 32 very very RB 36036 171 33 real real JJ 36036 171 34 consequences consequence NNS 36036 171 35 for for IN 36036 171 36 an an DT 36036 171 37 animal animal NN 36036 171 38 's 's POS 36036 171 39 physiology physiology NN 36036 171 40 , , , 36036 171 41 ecology ecology NN 36036 171 42 , , , 36036 171 43 and and CC 36036 171 44 evolution evolution NN 36036 171 45 . . . 36036 172 1 EXPERIMENTAL experimental NN 36036 172 2 DESIGN design NN 36036 172 3 AND and CC 36036 172 4 SUMMARY summary NN 36036 172 5 In in IN 36036 172 6 this this DT 36036 172 7 investigation investigation NN 36036 172 8 we -PRON- PRP 36036 172 9 measured measure VBD 36036 172 10 basal basal NN 36036 172 11 and and CC 36036 172 12 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 172 13 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 172 14 , , , 36036 172 15 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 172 16 water water NN 36036 172 17 loss loss NN 36036 172 18 , , , 36036 172 19 and and CC 36036 172 20 body body NN 36036 172 21 temperature temperature NN 36036 172 22 of of IN 36036 172 23 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 172 24 from from IN 36036 172 25 north north NNP 36036 172 26 central central NNP 36036 172 27 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 172 28 . . . 36036 173 1 Measurements measurement NNS 36036 173 2 were be VBD 36036 173 3 conducted conduct VBN 36036 173 4 on on IN 36036 173 5 both both DT 36036 173 6 sexes sex NNS 36036 173 7 in in IN 36036 173 8 summer summer NN 36036 173 9 and and CC 36036 173 10 winter winter NN 36036 173 11 to to TO 36036 173 12 determine determine VB 36036 173 13 how how WRB 36036 173 14 season season NN 36036 173 15 and and CC 36036 173 16 sex sex NN 36036 173 17 influenced influence VBD 36036 173 18 these these DT 36036 173 19 variables variable NNS 36036 173 20 . . . 36036 174 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 174 2 then then RB 36036 174 3 compared compare VBD 36036 174 4 the the DT 36036 174 5 data datum NNS 36036 174 6 for for IN 36036 174 7 this this DT 36036 174 8 widely widely RB 36036 174 9 distributed distribute VBN 36036 174 10 generalist generalist NN 36036 174 11 with with IN 36036 174 12 data datum NNS 36036 174 13 from from IN 36036 174 14 literature literature NN 36036 174 15 for for IN 36036 174 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 174 17 ecologically ecologically RB 36036 174 18 more more RBR 36036 174 19 restricted restricted JJ 36036 174 20 relatives relative NNS 36036 174 21 . . . 36036 175 1 Dietary dietary JJ 36036 175 2 data datum NNS 36036 175 3 for for IN 36036 175 4 all all DT 36036 175 5 species specie NNS 36036 175 6 were be VBD 36036 175 7 taken take VBN 36036 175 8 from from IN 36036 175 9 literature literature NN 36036 175 10 , , , 36036 175 11 as as IN 36036 175 12 were be VBD 36036 175 13 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 175 14 data datum NNS 36036 175 15 for for IN 36036 175 16 calculation calculation NN 36036 175 17 of of IN 36036 175 18 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 175 19 } } -RRB- 36036 175 20 . . . 36036 176 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 176 2 analysis analysis NN 36036 176 3 demonstrated demonstrate VBD 36036 176 4 clear clear JJ 36036 176 5 differences difference NNS 36036 176 6 between between IN 36036 176 7 _ _ NNP 36036 176 8 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 176 9 lotor lotor NN 36036 176 10 _ _ NNP 36036 176 11 and and CC 36036 176 12 other other JJ 36036 176 13 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 176 14 with with IN 36036 176 15 respect respect NN 36036 176 16 to to IN 36036 176 17 [ [ -LRB- 36036 176 18 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 176 19 } } -RRB- 36036 176 20 , , , 36036 176 21 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 176 22 } } -RRB- 36036 176 23 , , , 36036 176 24 D_{d D_{d NNP 36036 176 25 } } -RRB- 36036 176 26 , , , 36036 176 27 and and CC 36036 176 28 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 176 29 } } -RRB- 36036 176 30 . . . 36036 177 1 The the DT 36036 177 2 composite composite JJ 36036 177 3 score score NN 36036 177 4 calculated calculate VBN 36036 177 5 from from IN 36036 177 6 these these DT 36036 177 7 variables variable NNS 36036 177 8 for for IN 36036 177 9 _ _ NNP 36036 177 10 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 177 11 lotor lotor NN 36036 177 12 _ _ NNP 36036 177 13 was be VBD 36036 177 14 much much RB 36036 177 15 higher high JJR 36036 177 16 than than IN 36036 177 17 those those DT 36036 177 18 derived derive VBN 36036 177 19 for for IN 36036 177 20 other other JJ 36036 177 21 species specie NNS 36036 177 22 , , , 36036 177 23 and and CC 36036 177 24 there there EX 36036 177 25 was be VBD 36036 177 26 a a DT 36036 177 27 positive positive JJ 36036 177 28 correlation correlation NN 36036 177 29 between between IN 36036 177 30 the the DT 36036 177 31 number number NN 36036 177 32 of of IN 36036 177 33 climates climate VBZ 36036 177 34 a a DT 36036 177 35 species species NN 36036 177 36 occupies occupie NNS 36036 177 37 and and CC 36036 177 38 the the DT 36036 177 39 magnitude magnitude NN 36036 177 40 of of IN 36036 177 41 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 177 42 composite composite JJ 36036 177 43 score score NN 36036 177 44 . . . 36036 178 1 Data datum NNS 36036 178 2 on on IN 36036 178 3 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 178 4 water water NN 36036 178 5 loss loss NN 36036 178 6 , , , 36036 178 7 although although IN 36036 178 8 not not RB 36036 178 9 complete complete JJ 36036 178 10 for for IN 36036 178 11 all all DT 36036 178 12 species specie NNS 36036 178 13 , , , 36036 178 14 suggested suggest VBD 36036 178 15 that that IN 36036 178 16 tropical tropical JJ 36036 178 17 and and CC 36036 178 18 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 178 19 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 178 20 have have VBP 36036 178 21 less less JJR 36036 178 22 capacity capacity NN 36036 178 23 for for IN 36036 178 24 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 178 25 cooling cooling NN 36036 178 26 than than IN 36036 178 27 _ _ NNP 36036 178 28 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 178 29 lotor lotor NN 36036 178 30 _ _ NNP 36036 178 31 or or CC 36036 178 32 _ _ NNP 36036 178 33 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 178 34 astutus astutus NN 36036 178 35 _ _ NNP 36036 178 36 . . . 36036 179 1 It -PRON- PRP 36036 179 2 was be VBD 36036 179 3 clear clear JJ 36036 179 4 , , , 36036 179 5 therefore therefore RB 36036 179 6 , , , 36036 179 7 that that IN 36036 179 8 with with IN 36036 179 9 respect respect NN 36036 179 10 to to IN 36036 179 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 179 12 thermal thermal JJ 36036 179 13 physiology physiology NN 36036 179 14 , , , 36036 179 15 _ _ NNP 36036 179 16 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 179 17 lotor lotor NN 36036 179 18 _ _ NNP 36036 179 19 differed differ VBD 36036 179 20 markedly markedly RB 36036 179 21 from from IN 36036 179 22 other other JJ 36036 179 23 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 179 24 , , , 36036 179 25 and and CC 36036 179 26 we -PRON- PRP 36036 179 27 contend contend VBP 36036 179 28 that that IN 36036 179 29 these these DT 36036 179 30 differences difference NNS 36036 179 31 have have VBP 36036 179 32 allowed allow VBN 36036 179 33 this this DT 36036 179 34 species specie NNS 36036 179 35 to to TO 36036 179 36 become become VB 36036 179 37 a a DT 36036 179 38 highly highly RB 36036 179 39 successful successful JJ 36036 179 40 climate climate NN 36036 179 41 generalist generalist NN 36036 179 42 and and CC 36036 179 43 to to TO 36036 179 44 expand expand VB 36036 179 45 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 179 46 distribution distribution NN 36036 179 47 into into IN 36036 179 48 many many JJ 36036 179 49 different different JJ 36036 179 50 habitats habitat NNS 36036 179 51 and and CC 36036 179 52 climates climate NNS 36036 179 53 . . . 36036 180 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 180 2 analysis analysis NN 36036 180 3 also also RB 36036 180 4 suggested suggest VBD 36036 180 5 that that IN 36036 180 6 the the DT 36036 180 7 cornerstone cornerstone NN 36036 180 8 of of IN 36036 180 9 _ _ NNP 36036 180 10 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 180 11 lotor lotor NN 36036 180 12 _ _ NNP 36036 180 13 's 's POS 36036 180 14 success success NN 36036 180 15 as as IN 36036 180 16 a a DT 36036 180 17 climate climate NN 36036 180 18 generalist generalist NN 36036 180 19 is be VBZ 36036 180 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 180 21 [ [ -LRB- 36036 180 22 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 180 23 } } -RRB- 36036 180 24 , , , 36036 180 25 which which WDT 36036 180 26 is be VBZ 36036 180 27 higher high JJR 36036 180 28 than than IN 36036 180 29 the the DT 36036 180 30 procyonid procyonid JJ 36036 180 31 norm norm NN 36036 180 32 . . . 36036 181 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS acknowledgment NNS 36036 181 2 The the DT 36036 181 3 authors author NNS 36036 181 4 would would MD 36036 181 5 like like VB 36036 181 6 to to TO 36036 181 7 thank thank VB 36036 181 8 John John NNP 36036 181 9 Eisenberg Eisenberg NNP 36036 181 10 and and CC 36036 181 11 Devra Devra NNP 36036 181 12 Kleiman Kleiman NNP 36036 181 13 for for IN 36036 181 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 181 15 support support NN 36036 181 16 and and CC 36036 181 17 encouragement encouragement NN 36036 181 18 throughout throughout IN 36036 181 19 the the DT 36036 181 20 study study NN 36036 181 21 . . . 36036 182 1 This this DT 36036 182 2 investigation investigation NN 36036 182 3 was be VBD 36036 182 4 supported support VBN 36036 182 5 by by IN 36036 182 6 research research NN 36036 182 7 grants grant NNS 36036 182 8 from from IN 36036 182 9 the the DT 36036 182 10 West West NNP 36036 182 11 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 182 12 School School NNP 36036 182 13 of of IN 36036 182 14 Osteopathic Osteopathic NNP 36036 182 15 Medicine Medicine NNP 36036 182 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 182 17 WVSOM WVSOM NNP 36036 182 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 182 19 , , , 36036 182 20 and and CC 36036 182 21 Friends Friends NNPS 36036 182 22 of of IN 36036 182 23 the the DT 36036 182 24 National National NNP 36036 182 25 Zoo Zoo NNP 36036 182 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 182 27 FONZ FONZ NNP 36036 182 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 182 29 . . . 36036 183 1 Logistic logistic JJ 36036 183 2 support support NN 36036 183 3 was be VBD 36036 183 4 provided provide VBN 36036 183 5 by by IN 36036 183 6 the the DT 36036 183 7 National National NNP 36036 183 8 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 183 9 Park Park NNP 36036 183 10 's 's POS 36036 183 11 Conservation Conservation NNP 36036 183 12 and and CC 36036 183 13 Research Research NNP 36036 183 14 Center Center NNP 36036 183 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 183 16 CRC CRC NNP 36036 183 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 183 18 , , , 36036 183 19 and and CC 36036 183 20 the the DT 36036 183 21 departments department NNS 36036 183 22 of of IN 36036 183 23 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 183 24 and and CC 36036 183 25 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 183 26 Research Research NNP 36036 183 27 . . . 36036 184 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 184 2 ability ability NN 36036 184 3 to to TO 36036 184 4 conduct conduct VB 36036 184 5 physiological physiological JJ 36036 184 6 research research NN 36036 184 7 at at IN 36036 184 8 CRC CRC NNP 36036 184 9 was be VBD 36036 184 10 made make VBN 36036 184 11 possible possible JJ 36036 184 12 by by IN 36036 184 13 the the DT 36036 184 14 thoughtful thoughtful JJ 36036 184 15 support support NN 36036 184 16 and and CC 36036 184 17 encouragement encouragement NN 36036 184 18 provided provide VBN 36036 184 19 by by IN 36036 184 20 Chris Chris NNP 36036 184 21 Wemmer Wemmer NNP 36036 184 22 . . . 36036 185 1 His -PRON- PRP$ 36036 185 2 excellent excellent JJ 36036 185 3 staff staff NN 36036 185 4 at at IN 36036 185 5 CRC CRC NNP 36036 185 6 , , , 36036 185 7 especially especially RB 36036 185 8 Jack Jack NNP 36036 185 9 Williams Williams NNP 36036 185 10 , , , 36036 185 11 Junior Junior NNP 36036 185 12 Allison Allison NNP 36036 185 13 , , , 36036 185 14 and and CC 36036 185 15 Red Red NNP 36036 185 16 McDaniel McDaniel NNP 36036 185 17 , , , 36036 185 18 were be VBD 36036 185 19 very very RB 36036 185 20 helpful helpful JJ 36036 185 21 in in IN 36036 185 22 providing provide VBG 36036 185 23 hospitality hospitality NN 36036 185 24 and and CC 36036 185 25 logistical logistical JJ 36036 185 26 support support NN 36036 185 27 to to IN 36036 185 28 the the DT 36036 185 29 senior senior JJ 36036 185 30 author author NN 36036 185 31 and and CC 36036 185 32 his -PRON- PRP$ 36036 185 33 family family NN 36036 185 34 during during IN 36036 185 35 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 185 36 various various JJ 36036 185 37 visits visit NNS 36036 185 38 to to IN 36036 185 39 the the DT 36036 185 40 Center Center NNP 36036 185 41 . . . 36036 186 1 The the DT 36036 186 2 assistance assistance NN 36036 186 3 of of IN 36036 186 4 several several JJ 36036 186 5 people people NNS 36036 186 6 at at IN 36036 186 7 the the DT 36036 186 8 National National NNP 36036 186 9 Zoo Zoo NNP 36036 186 10 also also RB 36036 186 11 is be VBZ 36036 186 12 gratefully gratefully RB 36036 186 13 acknowledged acknowledge VBN 36036 186 14 : : : 36036 186 15 Mitch Mitch NNP 36036 186 16 Bush Bush NNP 36036 186 17 and and CC 36036 186 18 Lyndsay Lyndsay NNP 36036 186 19 Phillips Phillips NNP 36036 186 20 not not RB 36036 186 21 only only RB 36036 186 22 provided provide VBN 36036 186 23 veterinary veterinary JJ 36036 186 24 support support NN 36036 186 25 throughout throughout IN 36036 186 26 the the DT 36036 186 27 investigation investigation NN 36036 186 28 , , , 36036 186 29 but but CC 36036 186 30 also also RB 36036 186 31 performed perform VBD 36036 186 32 surgical surgical JJ 36036 186 33 procedures procedure NNS 36036 186 34 required require VBN 36036 186 35 to to TO 36036 186 36 implant implant VB 36036 186 37 temperature temperature NN 36036 186 38 - - HYPH 36036 186 39 sensitive sensitive JJ 36036 186 40 radio radio NN 36036 186 41 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 186 42 in in IN 36036 186 43 several several JJ 36036 186 44 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 186 45 ; ; : 36036 186 46 Olav Olav NNP 36036 186 47 Oftedal Oftedal NNP 36036 186 48 made make VBD 36036 186 49 his -PRON- PRP$ 36036 186 50 laboratory laboratory NN 36036 186 51 available available JJ 36036 186 52 to to IN 36036 186 53 us -PRON- PRP 36036 186 54 at at IN 36036 186 55 various various JJ 36036 186 56 times time NNS 36036 186 57 and and CC 36036 186 58 loaned loan VBD 36036 186 59 us -PRON- PRP 36036 186 60 equipment equipment NN 36036 186 61 to to IN 36036 186 62 use use NN 36036 186 63 at at IN 36036 186 64 CRC CRC NNP 36036 186 65 ; ; : 36036 186 66 Miles Miles NNP 36036 186 67 Roberts Roberts NNP 36036 186 68 and and CC 36036 186 69 his -PRON- PRP$ 36036 186 70 staff staff NN 36036 186 71 provided provide VBN 36036 186 72 care care NN 36036 186 73 for for IN 36036 186 74 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 186 75 captive captive JJ 36036 186 76 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 186 77 in in IN 36036 186 78 the the DT 36036 186 79 Department Department NNP 36036 186 80 of of IN 36036 186 81 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 186 82 Research Research NNP 36036 186 83 during during IN 36036 186 84 various various JJ 36036 186 85 parts part NNS 36036 186 86 of of IN 36036 186 87 the the DT 36036 186 88 investigation investigation NN 36036 186 89 . . . 36036 187 1 Greg Greg NNP 36036 187 2 Sanders Sanders NNPS 36036 187 3 and and CC 36036 187 4 Ken Ken NNP 36036 187 5 Halama Halama NNP 36036 187 6 , , , 36036 187 7 supported support VBN 36036 187 8 by by IN 36036 187 9 FONZ FONZ NNP 36036 187 10 assistantships assistantship NNS 36036 187 11 , , , 36036 187 12 cared care VBN 36036 187 13 for for IN 36036 187 14 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 187 15 captive captive JJ 36036 187 16 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 187 17 at at IN 36036 187 18 CRC CRC NNP 36036 187 19 , , , 36036 187 20 provided provide VBD 36036 187 21 assistance assistance NN 36036 187 22 in in IN 36036 187 23 the the DT 36036 187 24 laboratory laboratory NN 36036 187 25 whenever whenever WRB 36036 187 26 needed need VBN 36036 187 27 , , , 36036 187 28 and and CC 36036 187 29 were be VBD 36036 187 30 an an DT 36036 187 31 invaluable invaluable JJ 36036 187 32 source source NN 36036 187 33 of of IN 36036 187 34 aid aid NN 36036 187 35 . . . 36036 188 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 188 2 friendship friendship NN 36036 188 3 and and CC 36036 188 4 help help NN 36036 188 5 is be VBZ 36036 188 6 gratefully gratefully RB 36036 188 7 acknowledged acknowledge VBN 36036 188 8 . . . 36036 189 1 Ellen Ellen NNP 36036 189 2 Broudy Broudy NNP 36036 189 3 and and CC 36036 189 4 Andy Andy NNP 36036 189 5 Meyer Meyer NNP 36036 189 6 , , , 36036 189 7 supported support VBN 36036 189 8 by by IN 36036 189 9 WVSOM WVSOM NNP 36036 189 10 and and CC 36036 189 11 a a DT 36036 189 12 student student NN 36036 189 13 work work NN 36036 189 14 study study NN 36036 189 15 grant grant NN 36036 189 16 , , , 36036 189 17 respectively respectively RB 36036 189 18 , , , 36036 189 19 provided provide VBN 36036 189 20 assistance assistance NN 36036 189 21 in in IN 36036 189 22 the the DT 36036 189 23 laboratory laboratory NN 36036 189 24 . . . 36036 190 1 David David NNP 36036 190 2 Brown Brown NNP 36036 190 3 , , , 36036 190 4 John John NNP 36036 190 5 Eisenberg Eisenberg NNP 36036 190 6 , , , 36036 190 7 Mary Mary NNP 36036 190 8 Etta Etta NNP 36036 190 9 Hight Hight NNP 36036 190 10 , , , 36036 190 11 Brian Brian NNP 36036 190 12 McNab McNab NNP 36036 190 13 , , , 36036 190 14 Steve Steve NNP 36036 190 15 Thompson Thompson NNP 36036 190 16 , , , 36036 190 17 and and CC 36036 190 18 W. W. NNP 36036 190 19 Chris Chris NNP 36036 190 20 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 190 21 critically critically RB 36036 190 22 reviewed review VBD 36036 190 23 various various JJ 36036 190 24 phases phase NNS 36036 190 25 of of IN 36036 190 26 the the DT 36036 190 27 manuscript manuscript NN 36036 190 28 and and CC 36036 190 29 provided provide VBD 36036 190 30 many many JJ 36036 190 31 helpful helpful JJ 36036 190 32 suggestions suggestion NNS 36036 190 33 . . . 36036 191 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 191 2 deeply deeply RB 36036 191 3 appreciate appreciate VBP 36036 191 4 the the DT 36036 191 5 work work NN 36036 191 6 of of IN 36036 191 7 Jean Jean NNP 36036 191 8 B. B. NNP 36036 191 9 McConville McConville NNP 36036 191 10 , , , 36036 191 11 whose whose WP$ 36036 191 12 beneficial beneficial JJ 36036 191 13 editorial editorial JJ 36036 191 14 suggestions suggestion NNS 36036 191 15 helped help VBD 36036 191 16 us -PRON- PRP 36036 191 17 improve improve VB 36036 191 18 several several JJ 36036 191 19 early early JJ 36036 191 20 versions version NNS 36036 191 21 of of IN 36036 191 22 the the DT 36036 191 23 manuscript manuscript NN 36036 191 24 . . . 36036 192 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 192 2 also also RB 36036 192 3 gratefully gratefully RB 36036 192 4 acknowledge acknowledge VBP 36036 192 5 Diane Diane NNP 36036 192 6 M. M. NNP 36036 192 7 Tyler Tyler NNP 36036 192 8 , , , 36036 192 9 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 192 10 editor editor NN 36036 192 11 at at IN 36036 192 12 the the DT 36036 192 13 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 192 14 Institution Institution NNP 36036 192 15 Press Press NNP 36036 192 16 , , , 36036 192 17 whose whose WP$ 36036 192 18 expertise expertise NN 36036 192 19 helped help VBD 36036 192 20 us -PRON- PRP 36036 192 21 mold mold VB 36036 192 22 the the DT 36036 192 23 manuscript manuscript NN 36036 192 24 into into IN 36036 192 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 192 26 final final JJ 36036 192 27 form form NN 36036 192 28 . . . 36036 193 1 Jill Jill NNP 36036 193 2 Mellon Mellon NNP 36036 193 3 and and CC 36036 193 4 Sriyanie Sriyanie NNP 36036 193 5 Miththalapa Miththalapa NNP 36036 193 6 , , , 36036 193 7 supported support VBN 36036 193 8 by by IN 36036 193 9 FONZ FONZ NNP 36036 193 10 traineeships traineeship NNS 36036 193 11 , , , 36036 193 12 assisted assist VBN 36036 193 13 in in IN 36036 193 14 measuring measure VBG 36036 193 15 the the DT 36036 193 16 daily daily JJ 36036 193 17 cycle cycle NN 36036 193 18 of of IN 36036 193 19 body body NN 36036 193 20 temperature temperature NN 36036 193 21 in in IN 36036 193 22 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 193 23 . . . 36036 194 1 The the DT 36036 194 2 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 194 3 Commission Commission NNP 36036 194 4 of of IN 36036 194 5 Game Game NNP 36036 194 6 and and CC 36036 194 7 Inland Inland NNP 36036 194 8 Fisheries Fisheries NNPS 36036 194 9 gave give VBD 36036 194 10 us -PRON- PRP 36036 194 11 permission permission NN 36036 194 12 to to TO 36036 194 13 use use VB 36036 194 14 wild wild RB 36036 194 15 - - HYPH 36036 194 16 caught catch VBN 36036 194 17 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 194 18 in in IN 36036 194 19 this this DT 36036 194 20 project project NN 36036 194 21 . . . 36036 195 1 $ $ $ 36036 195 2 Materials material NNS 36036 195 3 and and CC 36036 195 4 Methods$ Methods$ NNP 36036 195 5 LIVE live RB 36036 195 6 - - HYPH 36036 195 7 TRAPPING trapping NN 36036 195 8 Raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 195 9 were be VBD 36036 195 10 caught catch VBN 36036 195 11 from from IN 36036 195 12 May May NNP 36036 195 13 1980 1980 CD 36036 195 14 through through IN 36036 195 15 December December NNP 36036 195 16 1984 1984 CD 36036 195 17 on on IN 36036 195 18 a a DT 36036 195 19 trapping trapping NN 36036 195 20 grid grid NN 36036 195 21 of of IN 36036 195 22 30 30 CD 36036 195 23 to to TO 36036 195 24 35 35 CD 36036 195 25 stations station NNS 36036 195 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 195 27 one one CD 36036 195 28 or or CC 36036 195 29 two two CD 36036 195 30 " " `` 36036 195 31 live live JJ 36036 195 32 traps trap NNS 36036 195 33 " " '' 36036 195 34 per per IN 36036 195 35 station station NN 36036 195 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 195 37 that that WDT 36036 195 38 covered cover VBD 36036 195 39 about about RB 36036 195 40 one one CD 36036 195 41 - - HYPH 36036 195 42 third third NN 36036 195 43 of of IN 36036 195 44 the the DT 36036 195 45 National National NNP 36036 195 46 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 195 47 Park Park NNP 36036 195 48 's 's POS 36036 195 49 Conservation Conservation NNP 36036 195 50 and and CC 36036 195 51 Research Research NNP 36036 195 52 Center Center NNP 36036 195 53 ( ( -LRB- 36036 195 54 CRC CRC NNP 36036 195 55 ) ) -RRB- 36036 195 56 near near IN 36036 195 57 Front Front NNP 36036 195 58 Royal Royal NNP 36036 195 59 , , , 36036 195 60 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 195 61 ( ( -LRB- 36036 195 62 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 195 63 et et NNP 36036 195 64 al al NNP 36036 195 65 . . NNP 36036 195 66 , , , 36036 195 67 1988 1988 CD 36036 195 68 ; ; : 36036 195 69 Hallett Hallett NNP 36036 195 70 et et FW 36036 195 71 al al NNP 36036 195 72 . . NNP 36036 195 73 , , , 36036 195 74 1991 1991 CD 36036 195 75 ) ) -RRB- 36036 195 76 . . . 36036 196 1 Animals animal NNS 36036 196 2 were be VBD 36036 196 3 trapped trap VBN 36036 196 4 during during IN 36036 196 5 10 10 CD 36036 196 6 consecutive consecutive JJ 36036 196 7 days day NNS 36036 196 8 each each DT 36036 196 9 month month NN 36036 196 10 , , , 36036 196 11 and and CC 36036 196 12 in in IN 36036 196 13 this this DT 36036 196 14 five five CD 36036 196 15 - - HYPH 36036 196 16 year year NN 36036 196 17 interval interval NN 36036 196 18 407 407 CD 36036 196 19 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 196 20 were be VBD 36036 196 21 captured capture VBN 36036 196 22 and and CC 36036 196 23 marked mark VBN 36036 196 24 with with IN 36036 196 25 tattoos tattoo NNS 36036 196 26 and and CC 36036 196 27 ear ear NN 36036 196 28 tags tag NNS 36036 196 29 . . . 36036 197 1 All all DT 36036 197 2 captured capture VBN 36036 197 3 animals animal NNS 36036 197 4 were be VBD 36036 197 5 individualized individualize VBN 36036 197 6 with with IN 36036 197 7 respect respect NN 36036 197 8 to to IN 36036 197 9 age age NN 36036 197 10 , , , 36036 197 11 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 197 12 status status NN 36036 197 13 , , , 36036 197 14 physical physical JJ 36036 197 15 condition condition NN 36036 197 16 , , , 36036 197 17 parasite parasite VB 36036 197 18 load load NN 36036 197 19 , , , 36036 197 20 and and CC 36036 197 21 mass mass NN 36036 197 22 and and CC 36036 197 23 body body NN 36036 197 24 dimensions dimension NNS 36036 197 25 . . . 36036 198 1 These these DT 36036 198 2 data datum NNS 36036 198 3 characterized characterize VBD 36036 198 4 the the DT 36036 198 5 structure structure NN 36036 198 6 and and CC 36036 198 7 dynamics dynamic NNS 36036 198 8 of of IN 36036 198 9 the the DT 36036 198 10 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 198 11 population population NN 36036 198 12 at at IN 36036 198 13 CRC CRC NNP 36036 198 14 and and CC 36036 198 15 provided provide VBD 36036 198 16 information information NN 36036 198 17 on on IN 36036 198 18 the the DT 36036 198 19 annual annual JJ 36036 198 20 cycle cycle NN 36036 198 21 of of IN 36036 198 22 fattening fatten VBG 36036 198 23 for for IN 36036 198 24 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 198 25 in in IN 36036 198 26 north north JJ 36036 198 27 central central NNP 36036 198 28 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 198 29 . . . 36036 199 1 Animals animal NNS 36036 199 2 used use VBN 36036 199 3 for for IN 36036 199 4 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 199 5 measurements measurement NNS 36036 199 6 were be VBD 36036 199 7 captured capture VBN 36036 199 8 at at IN 36036 199 9 CRC CRC NNP 36036 199 10 about about RB 36036 199 11 1.5 1.5 CD 36036 199 12 km km NNS 36036 199 13 south south RB 36036 199 14 of of IN 36036 199 15 the the DT 36036 199 16 trapping trapping NN 36036 199 17 grid grid NN 36036 199 18 and and CC 36036 199 19 thus thus RB 36036 199 20 were be VBD 36036 199 21 genetically genetically RB 36036 199 22 representative representative JJ 36036 199 23 of of IN 36036 199 24 the the DT 36036 199 25 area area NN 36036 199 26 . . . 36036 200 1 Six six CD 36036 200 2 males male NNS 36036 200 3 were be VBD 36036 200 4 captured capture VBN 36036 200 5 and and CC 36036 200 6 measured measure VBN 36036 200 7 during during IN 36036 200 8 the the DT 36036 200 9 summer summer NN 36036 200 10 of of IN 36036 200 11 1983 1983 CD 36036 200 12 . . . 36036 201 1 These these DT 36036 201 2 animals animal NNS 36036 201 3 were be VBD 36036 201 4 kept keep VBN 36036 201 5 isolated isolate VBN 36036 201 6 for for IN 36036 201 7 a a DT 36036 201 8 week week NN 36036 201 9 before before IN 36036 201 10 being be VBG 36036 201 11 measured measure VBN 36036 201 12 and and CC 36036 201 13 were be VBD 36036 201 14 released release VBN 36036 201 15 later later RB 36036 201 16 that that DT 36036 201 17 summer summer NN 36036 201 18 at at IN 36036 201 19 the the DT 36036 201 20 site site NN 36036 201 21 of of IN 36036 201 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 201 23 capture capture NN 36036 201 24 . . . 36036 202 1 The the DT 36036 202 2 other other JJ 36036 202 3 seven seven CD 36036 202 4 animals animal NNS 36036 202 5 used use VBN 36036 202 6 in in IN 36036 202 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 202 8 study study NN 36036 202 9 were be VBD 36036 202 10 from from IN 36036 202 11 the the DT 36036 202 12 collection collection NN 36036 202 13 of of IN 36036 202 14 the the DT 36036 202 15 National National NNP 36036 202 16 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 202 17 Park Park NNP 36036 202 18 and and CC 36036 202 19 all all DT 36036 202 20 of of IN 36036 202 21 them -PRON- PRP 36036 202 22 had have VBD 36036 202 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 202 24 origins origin NNS 36036 202 25 at at IN 36036 202 26 CRC CRC NNP 36036 202 27 . . . 36036 203 1 METABOLIC METABOLIC NNP 36036 203 2 STUDIES STUDIES NNP 36036 203 3 _ _ NNP 36036 203 4 Basal Basal NNP 36036 203 5 and and CC 36036 203 6 Thermoregulatory Thermoregulatory NNP 36036 203 7 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 203 8 _ _ NNP 36036 203 9 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 203 10 measurements measurement NNS 36036 203 11 , , , 36036 203 12 conducted conduct VBN 36036 203 13 at at IN 36036 203 14 CRC CRC NNP 36036 203 15 , , , 36036 203 16 were be VBD 36036 203 17 carried carry VBN 36036 203 18 out out RP 36036 203 19 on on IN 36036 203 20 eight eight CD 36036 203 21 males male NNS 36036 203 22 during during IN 36036 203 23 July July NNP 36036 203 24 and and CC 36036 203 25 August August NNP 36036 203 26 1983 1983 CD 36036 203 27 , , , 36036 203 28 on on IN 36036 203 29 four four CD 36036 203 30 females female NNS 36036 203 31 and and CC 36036 203 32 three three CD 36036 203 33 males male NNS 36036 203 34 from from IN 36036 203 35 November November NNP 36036 203 36 1983 1983 CD 36036 203 37 through through IN 36036 203 38 March March NNP 36036 203 39 1984 1984 CD 36036 203 40 , , , 36036 203 41 and and CC 36036 203 42 on on IN 36036 203 43 four four CD 36036 203 44 females female NNS 36036 203 45 during during IN 36036 203 46 June June NNP 36036 203 47 and and CC 36036 203 48 July July NNP 36036 203 49 1984 1984 CD 36036 203 50 . . . 36036 204 1 Raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 204 2 were be VBD 36036 204 3 housed house VBN 36036 204 4 throughout throughout IN 36036 204 5 the the DT 36036 204 6 study study NN 36036 204 7 such such JJ 36036 204 8 that that IN 36036 204 9 they -PRON- PRP 36036 204 10 were be VBD 36036 204 11 constantly constantly RB 36036 204 12 exposed expose VBN 36036 204 13 to to IN 36036 204 14 a a DT 36036 204 15 natural natural JJ 36036 204 16 cycle cycle NN 36036 204 17 of of IN 36036 204 18 temperature temperature NN 36036 204 19 and and CC 36036 204 20 photoperiod photoperiod NN 36036 204 21 . . . 36036 205 1 Weather weather NN 36036 205 2 records record NNS 36036 205 3 for for IN 36036 205 4 the the DT 36036 205 5 Front Front NNP 36036 205 6 Royal Royal NNP 36036 205 7 area area NN 36036 205 8 indicate indicate VBP 36036 205 9 that that IN 36036 205 10 average average JJ 36036 205 11 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 205 12 are be VBP 36036 205 13 around around RB 36036 205 14 -0.5 -0.5 NNP 36036 205 15 ° ° , 36036 205 16 C C NNP 36036 205 17 in in IN 36036 205 18 January January NNP 36036 205 19 and and CC 36036 205 20 23.3 23.3 CD 36036 205 21 ° ° , 36036 205 22 C C NNP 36036 205 23 in in IN 36036 205 24 July July NNP 36036 205 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 205 26 Crockett Crockett NNP 36036 205 27 , , , 36036 205 28 1972 1972 CD 36036 205 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 205 30 . . . 36036 206 1 Light light NN 36036 206 2 : : : 36036 206 3 dark dark NN 36036 206 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 206 5 L l NN 36036 206 6 : : : 36036 206 7 D d NN 36036 206 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 206 9 periods period NNS 36036 206 10 for for IN 36036 206 11 the the DT 36036 206 12 latitude latitude NN 36036 206 13 of of IN 36036 206 14 CRC CRC NNP 36036 206 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 206 16 48 48 CD 36036 206 17 ° ° NNS 36036 206 18 55'N 55'n CD 36036 206 19 ; ; : 36036 206 20 United United NNP 36036 206 21 States States NNP 36036 206 22 Department Department NNP 36036 206 23 of of IN 36036 206 24 the the DT 36036 206 25 Interior Interior NNP 36036 206 26 Geological Geological NNP 36036 206 27 Survey Survey NNP 36036 206 28 , , , 36036 206 29 1972 1972 CD 36036 206 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 206 31 , , , 36036 206 32 calculated calculate VBN 36036 206 33 from from IN 36036 206 34 duration duration NN 36036 206 35 of of IN 36036 206 36 daylight daylight NN 36036 206 37 tables table NNS 36036 206 38 ( ( -LRB- 36036 206 39 List list NN 36036 206 40 , , , 36036 206 41 1971:506 1971:506 CD 36036 206 42 - - SYM 36036 206 43 512 512 CD 36036 206 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 206 45 , , , 36036 206 46 were be VBD 36036 206 47 14.9:9.1 14.9:9.1 CD 36036 206 48 and and CC 36036 206 49 9.4:14.6 9.4:14.6 CD 36036 206 50 hours hour NNS 36036 206 51 L l NN 36036 206 52 : : : 36036 206 53 D d NN 36036 206 54 for for IN 36036 206 55 summer summer NN 36036 206 56 and and CC 36036 206 57 winter winter NN 36036 206 58 solstices solstice NNS 36036 206 59 , , , 36036 206 60 respectively respectively RB 36036 206 61 , , , 36036 206 62 and and CC 36036 206 63 12.2:11.8 12.2:11.8 CD 36036 206 64 hours hour NNS 36036 206 65 L l NN 36036 206 66 : : : 36036 206 67 D d NN 36036 206 68 for for IN 36036 206 69 vernal vernal JJ 36036 206 70 and and CC 36036 206 71 autumnal autumnal JJ 36036 206 72 equinoxes equinox NNS 36036 206 73 . . . 36036 207 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 207 2 animals animal NNS 36036 207 3 were be VBD 36036 207 4 fed feed VBN 36036 207 5 a a DT 36036 207 6 measured measure VBN 36036 207 7 amount amount NN 36036 207 8 of of IN 36036 207 9 food food NN 36036 207 10 daily daily RB 36036 207 11 , , , 36036 207 12 and and CC 36036 207 13 they -PRON- PRP 36036 207 14 usually usually RB 36036 207 15 ate eat VBD 36036 207 16 most most JJS 36036 207 17 of of IN 36036 207 18 what what WP 36036 207 19 was be VBD 36036 207 20 provided provide VBN 36036 207 21 . . . 36036 208 1 Occasionally occasionally RB 36036 208 2 these these DT 36036 208 3 animals animal NNS 36036 208 4 would would MD 36036 208 5 eat eat VB 36036 208 6 very very RB 36036 208 7 little little JJ 36036 208 8 or or CC 36036 208 9 none none NN 36036 208 10 of of IN 36036 208 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 208 12 ration ration NN 36036 208 13 , , , 36036 208 14 and and CC 36036 208 15 on on IN 36036 208 16 some some DT 36036 208 17 days day NNS 36036 208 18 they -PRON- PRP 36036 208 19 would would MD 36036 208 20 eat eat VB 36036 208 21 all all DT 36036 208 22 that that WDT 36036 208 23 was be VBD 36036 208 24 given give VBN 36036 208 25 to to IN 36036 208 26 them -PRON- PRP 36036 208 27 . . . 36036 209 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 209 2 fed feed VBD 36036 209 3 them -PRON- PRP 36036 209 4 either either CC 36036 209 5 feline feline JJ 36036 209 6 diet diet NN 36036 209 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 209 8 ground ground NN 36036 209 9 horse horse NN 36036 209 10 meat meat NN 36036 209 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 209 12 or or CC 36036 209 13 canned can VBN 36036 209 14 mackerel mackerel NN 36036 209 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 209 16 Star Star NNP 36036 209 17 - - HYPH 36036 209 18 kist(R)[1 kist(R)[1 NNP 36036 209 19 ] ] -RRB- 36036 209 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 209 21 along along IN 36036 209 22 with with IN 36036 209 23 high high JJ 36036 209 24 - - HYPH 36036 209 25 protein protein NN 36036 209 26 dog dog NN 36036 209 27 chow chow NN 36036 209 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 209 29 Purina(R Purina(R NNP 36036 209 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 209 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 209 32 . . . 36036 210 1 When when WRB 36036 210 2 available available JJ 36036 210 3 , , , 36036 210 4 fresh fresh JJ 36036 210 5 fruit fruit NN 36036 210 6 also also RB 36036 210 7 was be VBD 36036 210 8 added add VBN 36036 210 9 to to IN 36036 210 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 210 11 diet diet NN 36036 210 12 . . . 36036 211 1 Water water NN 36036 211 2 was be VBD 36036 211 3 always always RB 36036 211 4 provided provide VBN 36036 211 5 ad ad NN 36036 211 6 libitum libitum NN 36036 211 7 . . . 36036 212 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 212 2 1 1 CD 36036 212 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 212 4 _ _ NNP 36036 212 5 The the DT 36036 212 6 use use NN 36036 212 7 of of IN 36036 212 8 product product NN 36036 212 9 brand brand NN 36036 212 10 names name NNS 36036 212 11 in in IN 36036 212 12 this this DT 36036 212 13 publication publication NN 36036 212 14 is be VBZ 36036 212 15 not not RB 36036 212 16 intended intend VBN 36036 212 17 as as IN 36036 212 18 an an DT 36036 212 19 endorsement endorsement NN 36036 212 20 of of IN 36036 212 21 the the DT 36036 212 22 products product NNS 36036 212 23 by by IN 36036 212 24 the the DT 36036 212 25 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 212 26 Institution Institution NNP 36036 212 27 . . . 36036 212 28 _ _ NNP 36036 212 29 Measurements Measurements NNPS 36036 212 30 were be VBD 36036 212 31 conducted conduct VBN 36036 212 32 during during IN 36036 212 33 the the DT 36036 212 34 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 212 35 ' ' POS 36036 212 36 daily daily JJ 36036 212 37 inactive inactive JJ 36036 212 38 period period NN 36036 212 39 ( ( -LRB- 36036 212 40 sunrise sunrise NN 36036 212 41 to to IN 36036 212 42 sunset sunset NN 36036 212 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 212 44 in in IN 36036 212 45 both both DT 36036 212 46 summer summer NN 36036 212 47 and and CC 36036 212 48 winter winter NN 36036 212 49 . . . 36036 213 1 Oxygen oxygen NN 36036 213 2 consumption consumption NN 36036 213 3 was be VBD 36036 213 4 measured measure VBN 36036 213 5 in in IN 36036 213 6 a a DT 36036 213 7 flow flow NN 36036 213 8 - - HYPH 36036 213 9 through through IN 36036 213 10 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 213 11 chamber chamber NN 36036 213 12 at at IN 36036 213 13 5 5 CD 36036 213 14 ° ° , 36036 213 15 C C NNP 36036 213 16 intervals interval NNS 36036 213 17 from from IN 36036 213 18 -10 -10 NNP 36036 213 19 ° ° , 36036 213 20 C C NNP 36036 213 21 to to IN 36036 213 22 35 35 CD 36036 213 23 ° ° NNS 36036 213 24 C c NN 36036 213 25 . . . 36036 214 1 Animals animal NNS 36036 214 2 were be VBD 36036 214 3 held hold VBN 36036 214 4 at at IN 36036 214 5 each each DT 36036 214 6 temperature temperature NN 36036 214 7 until until IN 36036 214 8 the the DT 36036 214 9 lowest low JJS 36036 214 10 rate rate NN 36036 214 11 of of IN 36036 214 12 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 214 13 consumption consumption NN 36036 214 14 had have VBD 36036 214 15 been be VBN 36036 214 16 obtained obtain VBN 36036 214 17 and and CC 36036 214 18 maintained maintain VBN 36036 214 19 for for IN 36036 214 20 at at RB 36036 214 21 least least RBS 36036 214 22 15 15 CD 36036 214 23 minutes minute NNS 36036 214 24 . . . 36036 215 1 During during IN 36036 215 2 each each DT 36036 215 3 determination determination NN 36036 215 4 , , , 36036 215 5 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 215 6 consumption consumption NN 36036 215 7 was be VBD 36036 215 8 monitored monitor VBN 36036 215 9 for for IN 36036 215 10 30 30 CD 36036 215 11 minutes minute NNS 36036 215 12 to to IN 36036 215 13 one one CD 36036 215 14 hour hour NN 36036 215 15 beyond beyond IN 36036 215 16 a a DT 36036 215 17 suspected suspect VBN 36036 215 18 minimum minimum JJ 36036 215 19 value value NN 36036 215 20 to to TO 36036 215 21 see see VB 36036 215 22 if if IN 36036 215 23 an an DT 36036 215 24 even even RB 36036 215 25 lower low JJR 36036 215 26 reading reading NN 36036 215 27 could could MD 36036 215 28 be be VB 36036 215 29 obtained obtain VBN 36036 215 30 . . . 36036 216 1 Raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 216 2 attained attain VBD 36036 216 3 minimum minimum JJ 36036 216 4 levels level NNS 36036 216 5 of of IN 36036 216 6 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 216 7 consumption consumption NN 36036 216 8 more more RBR 36036 216 9 quickly quickly RB 36036 216 10 at at IN 36036 216 11 warm warm NNP 36036 216 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 216 13 > > XX 36036 216 14 10 10 CD 36036 216 15 ° ° , 36036 216 16 C C NNP 36036 216 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 216 18 than than IN 36036 216 19 at at IN 36036 216 20 cold cold JJ 36036 216 21 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 216 22 . . . 36036 217 1 Depending depend VBG 36036 217 2 on on IN 36036 217 3 the the DT 36036 217 4 temperature temperature NN 36036 217 5 , , , 36036 217 6 therefore therefore RB 36036 217 7 , , , 36036 217 8 each each DT 36036 217 9 measurement measurement NN 36036 217 10 took take VBD 36036 217 11 from from IN 36036 217 12 two two CD 36036 217 13 to to TO 36036 217 14 five five CD 36036 217 15 hours hour NNS 36036 217 16 to to TO 36036 217 17 complete complete VB 36036 217 18 . . . 36036 218 1 On on IN 36036 218 2 days day NNS 36036 218 3 when when WRB 36036 218 4 two two CD 36036 218 5 measurements measurement NNS 36036 218 6 could could MD 36036 218 7 be be VB 36036 218 8 completed complete VBN 36036 218 9 , , , 36036 218 10 the the DT 36036 218 11 second second JJ 36036 218 12 trial trial NN 36036 218 13 was be VBD 36036 218 14 always always RB 36036 218 15 at at IN 36036 218 16 a a DT 36036 218 17 temperature temperature NN 36036 218 18 10 10 CD 36036 218 19 ° ° , 36036 218 20 C c NN 36036 218 21 warmer warm JJR 36036 218 22 than than IN 36036 218 23 the the DT 36036 218 24 first first JJ 36036 218 25 . . . 36036 219 1 The the DT 36036 219 2 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 219 3 chamber chamber NN 36036 219 4 was be VBD 36036 219 5 constructed construct VBN 36036 219 6 from from IN 36036 219 7 galvanized galvanized JJ 36036 219 8 sheet sheet NN 36036 219 9 metal metal NN 36036 219 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 219 11 77.5 77.5 CD 36036 219 12 × × NNS 36036 219 13 45.5 45.5 CD 36036 219 14 × × NNP 36036 219 15 51.0 51.0 CD 36036 219 16 cm cm NNP 36036 219 17 = = SYM 36036 219 18 180 180 CD 36036 219 19 liters liter NNS 36036 219 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 219 21 and and CC 36036 219 22 was be VBD 36036 219 23 painted paint VBN 36036 219 24 black black JJ 36036 219 25 inside inside RB 36036 219 26 . . . 36036 220 1 Within within IN 36036 220 2 the the DT 36036 220 3 chamber chamber NN 36036 220 4 , , , 36036 220 5 the the DT 36036 220 6 animal animal NN 36036 220 7 was be VBD 36036 220 8 held hold VBN 36036 220 9 in in IN 36036 220 10 a a DT 36036 220 11 cage cage NN 36036 220 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 220 13 71 71 CD 36036 220 14 × × CD 36036 220 15 39 39 CD 36036 220 16 × × CD 36036 220 17 33 33 CD 36036 220 18 cm cm NNS 36036 220 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 220 20 constructed construct VBN 36036 220 21 from from IN 36036 220 22 turkey turkey JJ 36036 220 23 wire wire NN 36036 220 24 that that WDT 36036 220 25 also also RB 36036 220 26 was be VBD 36036 220 27 painted paint VBN 36036 220 28 black black JJ 36036 220 29 . . . 36036 221 1 This this DT 36036 221 2 cage cage NN 36036 221 3 prevented prevent VBD 36036 221 4 the the DT 36036 221 5 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 221 6 from from IN 36036 221 7 coming come VBG 36036 221 8 into into IN 36036 221 9 contact contact NN 36036 221 10 with with IN 36036 221 11 the the DT 36036 221 12 walls wall NNS 36036 221 13 of of IN 36036 221 14 the the DT 36036 221 15 chamber chamber NN 36036 221 16 , , , 36036 221 17 yet yet CC 36036 221 18 it -PRON- PRP 36036 221 19 was be VBD 36036 221 20 large large JJ 36036 221 21 enough enough RB 36036 221 22 to to TO 36036 221 23 allow allow VB 36036 221 24 them -PRON- PRP 36036 221 25 to to TO 36036 221 26 stand stand VB 36036 221 27 and and CC 36036 221 28 freely freely RB 36036 221 29 move move VB 36036 221 30 about about IN 36036 221 31 . . . 36036 222 1 The the DT 36036 222 2 bottom bottom NN 36036 222 3 of of IN 36036 222 4 the the DT 36036 222 5 cage cage NN 36036 222 6 was be VBD 36036 222 7 11 11 CD 36036 222 8 cm cm NNS 36036 222 9 above above IN 36036 222 10 the the DT 36036 222 11 chamber chamber NN 36036 222 12 floor floor NN 36036 222 13 , , , 36036 222 14 which which WDT 36036 222 15 was be VBD 36036 222 16 covered cover VBN 36036 222 17 to to IN 36036 222 18 a a DT 36036 222 19 depth depth NN 36036 222 20 of of IN 36036 222 21 one one CD 36036 222 22 cm cm NNS 36036 222 23 with with IN 36036 222 24 mineral mineral NN 36036 222 25 oil oil NN 36036 222 26 to to TO 36036 222 27 trap trap NN 36036 222 28 urine urine NN 36036 222 29 and and CC 36036 222 30 feces fece NNS 36036 222 31 . . . 36036 223 1 During during IN 36036 223 2 measurements measurement NNS 36036 223 3 , , , 36036 223 4 the the DT 36036 223 5 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 223 6 chamber chamber NN 36036 223 7 was be VBD 36036 223 8 placed place VBN 36036 223 9 in in IN 36036 223 10 a a DT 36036 223 11 controlled control VBN 36036 223 12 - - HYPH 36036 223 13 temperature temperature NN 36036 223 14 cabinet cabinet NN 36036 223 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 223 16 modified modify VBN 36036 223 17 Montgomery Montgomery NNP 36036 223 18 Ward Ward NNP 36036 223 19 model model NN 36036 223 20 8969 8969 CD 36036 223 21 freezer freezer NN 36036 223 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 223 23 . . . 36036 224 1 Air air NN 36036 224 2 temperature temperature NN 36036 224 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 224 4 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 224 5 } } -RRB- 36036 224 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 224 7 in in IN 36036 224 8 the the DT 36036 224 9 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 224 10 chamber chamber NN 36036 224 11 was be VBD 36036 224 12 regulated regulate VBN 36036 224 13 with with IN 36036 224 14 a a DT 36036 224 15 Yellow Yellow NNP 36036 224 16 Springs Springs NNP 36036 224 17 Instrument Instrument NNP 36036 224 18 model model NN 36036 224 19 74 74 CD 36036 224 20 temperature temperature NN 36036 224 21 controller controller NN 36036 224 22 . . . 36036 225 1 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 225 2 } } -RRB- 36036 225 3 was be VBD 36036 225 4 controlled control VBN 36036 225 5 to to IN 36036 225 6 ±1.0 ±1.0 NNP 36036 225 7 ° ° , 36036 225 8 C C NNP 36036 225 9 at at IN 36036 225 10 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 225 11 below below IN 36036 225 12 freezing freezing NN 36036 225 13 , , , 36036 225 14 and and CC 36036 225 15 to to IN 36036 225 16 ±0.5 ±0.5 NNP 36036 225 17 ° ° NNP 36036 225 18 C c NN 36036 225 19 at at IN 36036 225 20 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 225 21 above above IN 36036 225 22 freezing freeze VBG 36036 225 23 . . . 36036 226 1 The the DT 36036 226 2 chamber chamber NN 36036 226 3 air air NN 36036 226 4 and and CC 36036 226 5 wall wall NN 36036 226 6 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 226 7 were be VBD 36036 226 8 recorded record VBN 36036 226 9 continuously continuously RB 36036 226 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 226 11 Linseis Linseis NNP 36036 226 12 model model NN 36036 226 13 LS-64 LS-64 NNP 36036 226 14 recorder recorder NN 36036 226 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 226 16 during during IN 36036 226 17 each each DT 36036 226 18 experiment experiment NN 36036 226 19 , , , 36036 226 20 and and CC 36036 226 21 , , , 36036 226 22 except except IN 36036 226 23 during during IN 36036 226 24 temperature temperature NN 36036 226 25 changes change NNS 36036 226 26 , , , 36036 226 27 they -PRON- PRP 36036 226 28 were be VBD 36036 226 29 always always RB 36036 226 30 within within IN 36036 226 31 0.5 0.5 CD 36036 226 32 ° ° , 36036 226 33 C c NN 36036 226 34 of of IN 36036 226 35 each each DT 36036 226 36 other other JJ 36036 226 37 . . . 36036 227 1 Columns column NNS 36036 227 2 of of IN 36036 227 3 Drierite(R Drierite(R NNP 36036 227 4 ) ) -RRB- 36036 227 5 and and CC 36036 227 6 Ascarite(R Ascarite(R NNP 36036 227 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 227 8 removed remove VBD 36036 227 9 water water NN 36036 227 10 vapor vapor NN 36036 227 11 and and CC 36036 227 12 carbon carbon NN 36036 227 13 dioxide dioxide NN 36036 227 14 , , , 36036 227 15 respectively respectively RB 36036 227 16 , , , 36036 227 17 from from IN 36036 227 18 air air NN 36036 227 19 entering enter VBG 36036 227 20 and and CC 36036 227 21 leaving leave VBG 36036 227 22 the the DT 36036 227 23 chamber chamber NN 36036 227 24 . . . 36036 228 1 Dry Dry NNP 36036 228 2 carbon carbon NN 36036 228 3 - - HYPH 36036 228 4 dioxide dioxide NN 36036 228 5 - - HYPH 36036 228 6 free free JJ 36036 228 7 room room NN 36036 228 8 air air NN 36036 228 9 was be VBD 36036 228 10 pumped pump VBN 36036 228 11 into into IN 36036 228 12 the the DT 36036 228 13 chamber chamber NN 36036 228 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 228 15 Gilman Gilman NNP 36036 228 16 model model NN 36036 228 17 13152 13152 CD 36036 228 18 pressure pressure NN 36036 228 19 / / SYM 36036 228 20 vacuum vacuum NN 36036 228 21 pump pump NN 36036 228 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 228 23 at at IN 36036 228 24 a a DT 36036 228 25 rate rate NN 36036 228 26 of of IN 36036 228 27 3.0 3.0 CD 36036 228 28 L L NNP 36036 228 29 / / SYM 36036 228 30 min min NNP 36036 228 31 ( ( -LRB- 36036 228 32 Gilmont Gilmont NNP 36036 228 33 model model NN 36036 228 34 K3203 k3203 NN 36036 228 35 - - HYPH 36036 228 36 20 20 CD 36036 228 37 flow flow NN 36036 228 38 meter meter NN 36036 228 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 228 40 . . . 36036 229 1 Downstream downstream RB 36036 229 2 from from IN 36036 229 3 the the DT 36036 229 4 chemical chemical NN 36036 229 5 absorbents absorbent NNS 36036 229 6 , , , 36036 229 7 an an DT 36036 229 8 aliquot aliquot NNS 36036 229 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 229 10 0.1 0.1 CD 36036 229 11 L L NNP 36036 229 12 / / SYM 36036 229 13 min min NNP 36036 229 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 229 15 of of IN 36036 229 16 dry dry JJ 36036 229 17 carbon carbon NN 36036 229 18 - - HYPH 36036 229 19 dioxide dioxide NN 36036 229 20 - - HYPH 36036 229 21 free free JJ 36036 229 22 air air NN 36036 229 23 was be VBD 36036 229 24 drawn draw VBN 36036 229 25 off off IN 36036 229 26 the the DT 36036 229 27 chamber chamber NN 36036 229 28 exhaust exhaust NN 36036 229 29 line line NN 36036 229 30 and and CC 36036 229 31 analyzed analyze VBD 36036 229 32 for for IN 36036 229 33 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 229 34 content content NN 36036 229 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 229 36 Applied Applied NNP 36036 229 37 Electrochemistry Electrochemistry NNP 36036 229 38 model model NN 36036 229 39 S-3A S-3A NNP 36036 229 40 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 229 41 analyzer analyzer NN 36036 229 42 , , , 36036 229 43 model model NN 36036 229 44 22 22 CD 36036 229 45 M M NNP 36036 229 46 analysis analysis NN 36036 229 47 cell cell NN 36036 229 48 , , , 36036 229 49 and and CC 36036 229 50 model model NN 36036 229 51 R-1 R-1 NNP 36036 229 52 flow flow NN 36036 229 53 control control NN 36036 229 54 ) ) -RRB- 36036 229 55 . . . 36036 230 1 All all DT 36036 230 2 gas gas NN 36036 230 3 values value NNS 36036 230 4 were be VBD 36036 230 5 corrected correct VBN 36036 230 6 to to IN 36036 230 7 standard standard JJ 36036 230 8 temperature temperature NN 36036 230 9 and and CC 36036 230 10 pressure pressure NN 36036 230 11 for for IN 36036 230 12 dry dry JJ 36036 230 13 gas gas NN 36036 230 14 . . . 36036 231 1 Oxygen oxygen NN 36036 231 2 consumption consumption NN 36036 231 3 was be VBD 36036 231 4 calculated calculate VBN 36036 231 5 from from IN 36036 231 6 the the DT 36036 231 7 difference difference NN 36036 231 8 in in IN 36036 231 9 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 231 10 content content NN 36036 231 11 between between IN 36036 231 12 inlet inlet NN 36036 231 13 and and CC 36036 231 14 outlet outlet NN 36036 231 15 air air NN 36036 231 16 using use VBG 36036 231 17 Eq Eq NNP 36036 231 18 . . . 36036 232 1 8 8 CD 36036 232 2 of of IN 36036 232 3 Depocas Depocas NNP 36036 232 4 and and CC 36036 232 5 Hart Hart NNP 36036 232 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 232 7 1957 1957 CD 36036 232 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 232 9 . . . 36036 233 1 Each each DT 36036 233 2 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 233 3 was be VBD 36036 233 4 fasted fast VBN 36036 233 5 for for IN 36036 233 6 at at RB 36036 233 7 least least RBS 36036 233 8 12 12 CD 36036 233 9 hours hour NNS 36036 233 10 before before IN 36036 233 11 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 233 12 consumption consumption NN 36036 233 13 measurements measurement NNS 36036 233 14 began begin VBD 36036 233 15 . . . 36036 234 1 At at IN 36036 234 2 the the DT 36036 234 3 start start NN 36036 234 4 and and CC 36036 234 5 end end NN 36036 234 6 of of IN 36036 234 7 each each DT 36036 234 8 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 234 9 trial trial NN 36036 234 10 the the DT 36036 234 11 animal animal NN 36036 234 12 was be VBD 36036 234 13 weighed weigh VBN 36036 234 14 to to IN 36036 234 15 the the DT 36036 234 16 nearest near JJS 36036 234 17 10 10 CD 36036 234 18 g g NN 36036 234 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 234 20 Doctors Doctors NNPS 36036 234 21 Infant Infant NNP 36036 234 22 Scale Scale NNP 36036 234 23 , , , 36036 234 24 Detecto Detecto NNP 36036 234 25 Scales Scales NNP 36036 234 26 , , , 36036 234 27 Inc. Inc. NNP 36036 234 28 , , , 36036 234 29 Brooklyn Brooklyn NNP 36036 234 30 , , , 36036 234 31 N.Y. New York NNP 36036 234 32 , , , 36036 234 33 U.S.A. U.S.A. NNP 36036 234 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 234 35 . . . 36036 235 1 The the DT 36036 235 2 body body NN 36036 235 3 mass mass NN 36036 235 4 used use VBN 36036 235 5 in in IN 36036 235 6 calculating calculate VBG 36036 235 7 minimum minimum JJ 36036 235 8 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 235 9 consumption consumption NN 36036 235 10 and and CC 36036 235 11 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 235 12 water water NN 36036 235 13 loss loss NN 36036 235 14 was be VBD 36036 235 15 estimated estimate VBN 36036 235 16 from from IN 36036 235 17 timed time VBN 36036 235 18 extrapolations extrapolation NNS 36036 235 19 of of IN 36036 235 20 the the DT 36036 235 21 difference difference NN 36036 235 22 between between IN 36036 235 23 starting start VBG 36036 235 24 and and CC 36036 235 25 ending end VBG 36036 235 26 weights weight NNS 36036 235 27 , , , 36036 235 28 and and CC 36036 235 29 the the DT 36036 235 30 time time NN 36036 235 31 at at IN 36036 235 32 which which WDT 36036 235 33 these these DT 36036 235 34 variables variable NNS 36036 235 35 were be VBD 36036 235 36 measured measure VBN 36036 235 37 . . . 36036 236 1 _ _ NNP 36036 236 2 Evaporative Evaporative NNP 36036 236 3 Water Water NNP 36036 236 4 Loss Loss NNP 36036 236 5 _ _ NNP 36036 236 6 During during IN 36036 236 7 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 236 8 measurements measurement NNS 36036 236 9 at at IN 36036 236 10 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 236 11 above above IN 36036 236 12 freezing freeze VBG 36036 236 13 , , , 36036 236 14 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 236 15 water water NN 36036 236 16 loss loss NN 36036 236 17 was be VBD 36036 236 18 determined determine VBN 36036 236 19 gravimetrically gravimetrically RB 36036 236 20 . . . 36036 237 1 Upstream upstream NN 36036 237 2 from from IN 36036 237 3 the the DT 36036 237 4 chemical chemical NN 36036 237 5 columns column NNS 36036 237 6 , , , 36036 237 7 an an DT 36036 237 8 aliquot aliquot NNS 36036 237 9 of of IN 36036 237 10 air air NN 36036 237 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 237 12 0.1 0.1 CD 36036 237 13 L L NNP 36036 237 14 / / SYM 36036 237 15 min min NNP 36036 237 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 237 17 was be VBD 36036 237 18 drawn draw VBN 36036 237 19 off off IN 36036 237 20 the the DT 36036 237 21 exhaust exhaust NN 36036 237 22 line line NN 36036 237 23 and and CC 36036 237 24 diverted divert VBD 36036 237 25 for for IN 36036 237 26 a a DT 36036 237 27 timed time VBN 36036 237 28 interval interval NN 36036 237 29 through through IN 36036 237 30 a a DT 36036 237 31 series series NN 36036 237 32 of of IN 36036 237 33 preweighed preweighe VBN 36036 237 34 ( ( -LRB- 36036 237 35 0.1 0.1 CD 36036 237 36 mg mg NNP 36036 237 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 237 38 U u NN 36036 237 39 - - HYPH 36036 237 40 tubes tube NNS 36036 237 41 containing contain VBG 36036 237 42 Drierite(R Drierite(R NNP 36036 237 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 237 44 . . . 36036 238 1 The the DT 36036 238 2 aliquot aliquot NNS 36036 238 3 then then RB 36036 238 4 passed pass VBD 36036 238 5 through through RP 36036 238 6 a a DT 36036 238 7 second second JJ 36036 238 8 series series NN 36036 238 9 of of IN 36036 238 10 U U NNP 36036 238 11 - - HYPH 36036 238 12 tubes tube NNS 36036 238 13 containing contain VBG 36036 238 14 Ascarite(R Ascarite(R NNP 36036 238 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 238 16 before before IN 36036 238 17 entering enter VBG 36036 238 18 the the DT 36036 238 19 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 238 20 analysis analysis NN 36036 238 21 system system NN 36036 238 22 . . . 36036 239 1 Evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 239 2 water water NN 36036 239 3 loss loss NN 36036 239 4 was be VBD 36036 239 5 calculated calculate VBN 36036 239 6 using use VBG 36036 239 7 Eq Eq NNP 36036 239 8 . . . 36036 240 1 1 1 CD 36036 240 2 [ [ -LRB- 36036 240 3 .E .E NFP 36036 240 4 ] ] -RRB- 36036 240 5 = = FW 36036 240 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 240 7 m_{w}·[.V]_{e})/([.V]_{a}·t·m m_{w}·[.v]_{e})/([.v]_{a}·t·m NN 36036 240 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 240 9 Eq Eq NNP 36036 240 10 . . . 36036 241 1 1 1 LS 36036 241 2 where where WRB 36036 241 3 [ [ -LRB- 36036 241 4 .E .E NFP 36036 241 5 ] ] -RRB- 36036 241 6 is be VBZ 36036 241 7 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 241 8 water water NN 36036 241 9 loss loss NN 36036 241 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 241 11 mg·g^{-1}·h^{-1 mg·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 241 12 } } -RRB- 36036 241 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 241 14 , , , 36036 241 15 m_{w m_{w NNP 36036 241 16 } } -RRB- 36036 241 17 is be VBZ 36036 241 18 mass mass NN 36036 241 19 of of IN 36036 241 20 water water NN 36036 241 21 collected collect VBN 36036 241 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 241 23 mg mg NNP 36036 241 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 241 25 , , , 36036 241 26 [ [ -LRB- 36036 241 27 .V]_{e .V]_{e NFP 36036 241 28 } } -RRB- 36036 241 29 is be VBZ 36036 241 30 rate rate NN 36036 241 31 of of IN 36036 241 32 air air NN 36036 241 33 flow flow NN 36036 241 34 into into IN 36036 241 35 the the DT 36036 241 36 chamber chamber NN 36036 241 37 ( ( -LRB- 36036 241 38 3.0 3.0 CD 36036 241 39 L L NNP 36036 241 40 / / SYM 36036 241 41 min min NNP 36036 241 42 ) ) -RRB- 36036 241 43 , , , 36036 241 44 [ [ -LRB- 36036 241 45 .V]_{a .V]_{a NFP 36036 241 46 } } -RRB- 36036 241 47 is be VBZ 36036 241 48 rate rate NN 36036 241 49 of of IN 36036 241 50 air air NN 36036 241 51 flow flow NN 36036 241 52 through through IN 36036 241 53 the the DT 36036 241 54 U u NN 36036 241 55 - - HYPH 36036 241 56 tubes tube NNS 36036 241 57 ( ( -LRB- 36036 241 58 0.1 0.1 CD 36036 241 59 L L NNP 36036 241 60 / / SYM 36036 241 61 min min NNP 36036 241 62 ) ) -RRB- 36036 241 63 , , , 36036 241 64 t t NNP 36036 241 65 is be VBZ 36036 241 66 length length NN 36036 241 67 of of IN 36036 241 68 the the DT 36036 241 69 timed time VBN 36036 241 70 interval interval NN 36036 241 71 ( ( -LRB- 36036 241 72 h h NNP 36036 241 73 ) ) -RRB- 36036 241 74 , , , 36036 241 75 and and CC 36036 241 76 m m NNP 36036 241 77 is be VBZ 36036 241 78 the the DT 36036 241 79 estimated estimated JJ 36036 241 80 mass mass NN 36036 241 81 of of IN 36036 241 82 the the DT 36036 241 83 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 241 84 at at IN 36036 241 85 the the DT 36036 241 86 time time NN 36036 241 87 of of IN 36036 241 88 sampling sampling NN 36036 241 89 ( ( -LRB- 36036 241 90 g g NNP 36036 241 91 ) ) -RRB- 36036 241 92 . . . 36036 242 1 _ _ NNP 36036 242 2 Body Body NNP 36036 242 3 Temperature Temperature NNP 36036 242 4 _ _ NNP 36036 242 5 Veterinarians Veterinarians NNPS 36036 242 6 at at IN 36036 242 7 the the DT 36036 242 8 National National NNP 36036 242 9 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 242 10 Park Park NNP 36036 242 11 surgically surgically RB 36036 242 12 implanted implant VBD 36036 242 13 calibrated calibrate VBN 36036 242 14 temperature temperature NN 36036 242 15 - - HYPH 36036 242 16 sensitive sensitive JJ 36036 242 17 radio radio NN 36036 242 18 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 242 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 242 20 Telonics Telonics NNP 36036 242 21 , , , 36036 242 22 Inc. Inc. NNP 36036 242 23 , , , 36036 242 24 Mesa Mesa NNP 36036 242 25 , , , 36036 242 26 AZ AZ NNP 36036 242 27 , , , 36036 242 28 U.S.A. U.S.A. NNP 36036 242 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 242 30 into into IN 36036 242 31 abdominal abdominal JJ 36036 242 32 cavities cavity NNS 36036 242 33 of of IN 36036 242 34 two two CD 36036 242 35 female female JJ 36036 242 36 and and CC 36036 242 37 two two CD 36036 242 38 male male JJ 36036 242 39 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 242 40 . . . 36036 243 1 Transmitter Transmitter NNP 36036 243 2 pulse pulse NN 36036 243 3 periods period NNS 36036 243 4 were be VBD 36036 243 5 monitored monitor VBN 36036 243 6 with with IN 36036 243 7 a a DT 36036 243 8 digital digital JJ 36036 243 9 processor processor NN 36036 243 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 243 11 Telonics Telonics NNP 36036 243 12 TDP-2 TDP-2 NNP 36036 243 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 243 14 coupled couple VBD 36036 243 15 to to IN 36036 243 16 a a DT 36036 243 17 receiver receiver NN 36036 243 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 243 19 Telonics Telonics NNP 36036 243 20 TR-2 TR-2 NNP 36036 243 21 - - HYPH 36036 243 22 164/166 164/166 NNP 36036 243 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 243 24 . . . 36036 244 1 During during IN 36036 244 2 some some DT 36036 244 3 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 244 4 measurements measurement NNS 36036 244 5 , , , 36036 244 6 body body NN 36036 244 7 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 244 8 of of IN 36036 244 9 these these DT 36036 244 10 animals animal NNS 36036 244 11 were be VBD 36036 244 12 recorded record VBN 36036 244 13 to to IN 36036 244 14 the the DT 36036 244 15 nearest near JJS 36036 244 16 0.1 0.1 CD 36036 244 17 ° ° , 36036 244 18 C C NNP 36036 244 19 at at IN 36036 244 20 30-minute 30-minute CD 36036 244 21 intervals interval NNS 36036 244 22 . . . 36036 245 1 The the DT 36036 245 2 daily daily JJ 36036 245 3 cycle cycle NN 36036 245 4 of of IN 36036 245 5 body body NN 36036 245 6 temperature temperature NN 36036 245 7 of of IN 36036 245 8 these these DT 36036 245 9 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 245 10 also also RB 36036 245 11 was be VBD 36036 245 12 measured measure VBN 36036 245 13 once once RB 36036 245 14 a a DT 36036 245 15 month month NN 36036 245 16 . . . 36036 246 1 CALIBRATIONS calibration NNS 36036 246 2 _ _ NNP 36036 246 3 Calorimeter Calorimeter NNP 36036 246 4 _ _ NNP 36036 246 5 At at IN 36036 246 6 the the DT 36036 246 7 conclusion conclusion NN 36036 246 8 of of IN 36036 246 9 these these DT 36036 246 10 experiments experiment NNS 36036 246 11 , , , 36036 246 12 the the DT 36036 246 13 accuracy accuracy NN 36036 246 14 of of IN 36036 246 15 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 246 16 calorimetry calorimetry NN 36036 246 17 apparatus apparatus NN 36036 246 18 was be VBD 36036 246 19 tested test VBN 36036 246 20 by by IN 36036 246 21 burning burn VBG 36036 246 22 an an DT 36036 246 23 ethanol ethanol NN 36036 246 24 lamp lamp NN 36036 246 25 in in IN 36036 246 26 the the DT 36036 246 27 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 246 28 chamber chamber NN 36036 246 29 . . . 36036 247 1 During during IN 36036 247 2 these these DT 36036 247 3 tests test NNS 36036 247 4 a a DT 36036 247 5 CO_{2 CO_{2 NNP 36036 247 6 } } -RRB- 36036 247 7 analyzer analyzer NNP 36036 247 8 was be VBD 36036 247 9 incorporated incorporate VBN 36036 247 10 into into IN 36036 247 11 the the DT 36036 247 12 system system NN 36036 247 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 247 14 Beckman Beckman NNP 36036 247 15 , , , 36036 247 16 LB-2 LB-2 NNP 36036 247 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 247 18 . . . 36036 248 1 Results result NNS 36036 248 2 demonstrated demonstrate VBD 36036 248 3 that that IN 36036 248 4 we -PRON- PRP 36036 248 5 measured measure VBD 36036 248 6 84 84 CD 36036 248 7 % % NN 36036 248 8 of of IN 36036 248 9 the the DT 36036 248 10 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 248 11 consumed consume VBN 36036 248 12 by by IN 36036 248 13 the the DT 36036 248 14 lamp lamp NN 36036 248 15 as as RB 36036 248 16 well well RB 36036 248 17 as as IN 36036 248 18 84 84 CD 36036 248 19 % % NN 36036 248 20 of of IN 36036 248 21 the the DT 36036 248 22 water water NN 36036 248 23 and and CC 36036 248 24 CO_{2 CO_{2 NNP 36036 248 25 } } -RRB- 36036 248 26 it -PRON- PRP 36036 248 27 produced produce VBD 36036 248 28 ; ; : 36036 248 29 standard standard JJ 36036 248 30 deviation deviation NN 36036 248 31 = = SYM 36036 248 32 ±2.6 ±2.6 NNP 36036 248 33 , , , 36036 248 34 ±5.0 ±5.0 JJ 36036 248 35 , , , 36036 248 36 and and CC 36036 248 37 ±3.6 ±3.6 NNP 36036 248 38 , , , 36036 248 39 respectively respectively RB 36036 248 40 ( ( -LRB- 36036 248 41 n n NN 36036 248 42 = = SYM 36036 248 43 27 27 CD 36036 248 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 248 45 . . . 36036 249 1 Average average JJ 36036 249 2 respiratory respiratory JJ 36036 249 3 quotient quotient NN 36036 249 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 249 5 RQ RQ NNP 36036 249 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 249 7 calculated calculate VBD 36036 249 8 from from IN 36036 249 9 these these DT 36036 249 10 data datum NNS 36036 249 11 was be VBD 36036 249 12 O.657 o.657 NN 36036 249 13 ±0.008 ±0.008 NNP 36036 249 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 249 15 n n NN 36036 249 16 = = SYM 36036 249 17 27 27 CD 36036 249 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 249 19 , , , 36036 249 20 which which WDT 36036 249 21 is be VBZ 36036 249 22 99.5 99.5 CD 36036 249 23 % % NN 36036 249 24 of of IN 36036 249 25 that that DT 36036 249 26 predicted predict VBD 36036 249 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 249 28 0.66 0.66 CD 36036 249 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 249 30 . . . 36036 250 1 McNab McNab NNP 36036 250 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 250 3 1988b 1988b CD 36036 250 4 ) ) -RRB- 36036 250 5 reports report VBZ 36036 250 6 that that IN 36036 250 7 the the DT 36036 250 8 accuracy accuracy NN 36036 250 9 of of IN 36036 250 10 open open JJ 36036 250 11 - - HYPH 36036 250 12 flow flow NN 36036 250 13 indirect indirect JJ 36036 250 14 calorimetry calorimetry NN 36036 250 15 systems system NNS 36036 250 16 , , , 36036 250 17 such such JJ 36036 250 18 as as IN 36036 250 19 ours our NNS 36036 250 20 , , , 36036 250 21 depends depend VBZ 36036 250 22 on on IN 36036 250 23 the the DT 36036 250 24 rate rate NN 36036 250 25 of of IN 36036 250 26 air air NN 36036 250 27 flow flow NN 36036 250 28 through through IN 36036 250 29 the the DT 36036 250 30 animal animal NN 36036 250 31 chamber chamber NN 36036 250 32 . . . 36036 251 1 If if IN 36036 251 2 flow flow NN 36036 251 3 rates rate NNS 36036 251 4 are be VBP 36036 251 5 too too RB 36036 251 6 low low JJ 36036 251 7 , , , 36036 251 8 there there EX 36036 251 9 is be VBZ 36036 251 10 inadequate inadequate JJ 36036 251 11 mixing mixing NN 36036 251 12 of of IN 36036 251 13 air air NN 36036 251 14 within within IN 36036 251 15 the the DT 36036 251 16 chamber chamber NN 36036 251 17 , , , 36036 251 18 and and CC 36036 251 19 the the DT 36036 251 20 rate rate NN 36036 251 21 of of IN 36036 251 22 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 251 23 consumption consumption NN 36036 251 24 , , , 36036 251 25 as as IN 36036 251 26 calculated calculate VBN 36036 251 27 from from IN 36036 251 28 the the DT 36036 251 29 difference difference NN 36036 251 30 in in IN 36036 251 31 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 251 32 content content NN 36036 251 33 of of IN 36036 251 34 air air NN 36036 251 35 flowing flow VBG 36036 251 36 into into IN 36036 251 37 and and CC 36036 251 38 out out IN 36036 251 39 of of IN 36036 251 40 the the DT 36036 251 41 chamber chamber NN 36036 251 42 ( ( -LRB- 36036 251 43 Depocas Depocas NNP 36036 251 44 and and CC 36036 251 45 Hart Hart NNP 36036 251 46 , , , 36036 251 47 1957 1957 CD 36036 251 48 ) ) -RRB- 36036 251 49 , , , 36036 251 50 is be VBZ 36036 251 51 underestimated underestimate VBN 36036 251 52 . . . 36036 252 1 At at IN 36036 252 2 some some DT 36036 252 3 critical critical JJ 36036 252 4 rate rate NN 36036 252 5 of of IN 36036 252 6 air air NN 36036 252 7 flow flow NN 36036 252 8 , , , 36036 252 9 which which WDT 36036 252 10 is be VBZ 36036 252 11 unique unique JJ 36036 252 12 to to IN 36036 252 13 each each DT 36036 252 14 combination combination NN 36036 252 15 of of IN 36036 252 16 chamber chamber NN 36036 252 17 and and CC 36036 252 18 animal animal NN 36036 252 19 , , , 36036 252 20 this this DT 36036 252 21 situation situation NN 36036 252 22 changes change VBZ 36036 252 23 such such JJ 36036 252 24 that that IN 36036 252 25 measured measure VBN 36036 252 26 rates rate NNS 36036 252 27 of of IN 36036 252 28 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 252 29 consumption consumption NN 36036 252 30 become become VBP 36036 252 31 independent independent JJ 36036 252 32 of of IN 36036 252 33 any any DT 36036 252 34 further further JJ 36036 252 35 increase increase NN 36036 252 36 in in IN 36036 252 37 flow flow NN 36036 252 38 rate rate NN 36036 252 39 ( ( -LRB- 36036 252 40 McNab McNab NNP 36036 252 41 , , , 36036 252 42 1988b 1988b CD 36036 252 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 252 44 . . . 36036 253 1 In in IN 36036 253 2 recent recent JJ 36036 253 3 tests test NNS 36036 253 4 of of IN 36036 253 5 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 253 6 system system NN 36036 253 7 , , , 36036 253 8 where where WRB 36036 253 9 we -PRON- PRP 36036 253 10 burned burn VBD 36036 253 11 the the DT 36036 253 12 ethanol ethanol NN 36036 253 13 lamp lamp NN 36036 253 14 at at IN 36036 253 15 a a DT 36036 253 16 variety variety NN 36036 253 17 of of IN 36036 253 18 chamber chamber NN 36036 253 19 flow flow NN 36036 253 20 rates rate NNS 36036 253 21 , , , 36036 253 22 the the DT 36036 253 23 efficiency efficiency NN 36036 253 24 of of IN 36036 253 25 measurement measurement NN 36036 253 26 increased increase VBD 36036 253 27 linearly linearly RB 36036 253 28 as as IN 36036 253 29 flow flow NN 36036 253 30 rate rate NN 36036 253 31 increased increase VBD 36036 253 32 , , , 36036 253 33 and and CC 36036 253 34 the the DT 36036 253 35 critical critical JJ 36036 253 36 rate rate NN 36036 253 37 of of IN 36036 253 38 air air NN 36036 253 39 flow flow NN 36036 253 40 was be VBD 36036 253 41 about about RB 36036 253 42 6.7 6.7 CD 36036 253 43 L L NNP 36036 253 44 / / SYM 36036 253 45 min min NN 36036 253 46 . . . 36036 254 1 This this DT 36036 254 2 appeared appear VBD 36036 254 3 to to TO 36036 254 4 explain explain VB 36036 254 5 why why WRB 36036 254 6 a a DT 36036 254 7 flow flow NN 36036 254 8 rate rate NN 36036 254 9 of of IN 36036 254 10 3.0 3.0 CD 36036 254 11 L L NNP 36036 254 12 / / SYM 36036 254 13 min min NNP 36036 254 14 underestimated underestimate VBD 36036 254 15 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 254 16 consumption consumption NN 36036 254 17 of of IN 36036 254 18 the the DT 36036 254 19 ethanol ethanol NN 36036 254 20 lamp lamp NN 36036 254 21 . . . 36036 255 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 255 2 earlier early JJR 36036 255 3 tests test NNS 36036 255 4 of of IN 36036 255 5 the the DT 36036 255 6 efficiency efficiency NN 36036 255 7 of of IN 36036 255 8 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 255 9 system system NN 36036 255 10 indicated indicate VBD 36036 255 11 that that IN 36036 255 12 although although IN 36036 255 13 we -PRON- PRP 36036 255 14 underestimated underestimate VBD 36036 255 15 actual actual JJ 36036 255 16 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 255 17 consumption consumption NN 36036 255 18 of of IN 36036 255 19 the the DT 36036 255 20 ethanol ethanol NN 36036 255 21 lamp lamp NN 36036 255 22 , , , 36036 255 23 we -PRON- PRP 36036 255 24 did do VBD 36036 255 25 so so RB 36036 255 26 with with IN 36036 255 27 a a DT 36036 255 28 fair fair JJ 36036 255 29 degree degree NN 36036 255 30 of of IN 36036 255 31 precision precision NN 36036 255 32 ; ; : 36036 255 33 probably probably RB 36036 255 34 because because IN 36036 255 35 flow flow NN 36036 255 36 rates rate NNS 36036 255 37 were be VBD 36036 255 38 closely closely RB 36036 255 39 controlled control VBN 36036 255 40 . . . 36036 256 1 During during IN 36036 256 2 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 256 3 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 256 4 measurements measurement NNS 36036 256 5 , , , 36036 256 6 chamber chamber NN 36036 256 7 flow flow NN 36036 256 8 rates rate NNS 36036 256 9 also also RB 36036 256 10 were be VBD 36036 256 11 closely closely RB 36036 256 12 controlled control VBN 36036 256 13 at at IN 36036 256 14 3.0 3.0 CD 36036 256 15 L L NNP 36036 256 16 / / SYM 36036 256 17 min min NN 36036 256 18 , , , 36036 256 19 and and CC 36036 256 20 we -PRON- PRP 36036 256 21 believe believe VBP 36036 256 22 , , , 36036 256 23 therefore therefore RB 36036 256 24 , , , 36036 256 25 that that IN 36036 256 26 these these DT 36036 256 27 measurements measurement NNS 36036 256 28 also also RB 36036 256 29 were be VBD 36036 256 30 carried carry VBN 36036 256 31 out out RP 36036 256 32 with with IN 36036 256 33 a a DT 36036 256 34 high high JJ 36036 256 35 degree degree NN 36036 256 36 of of IN 36036 256 37 precision precision NN 36036 256 38 . . . 36036 257 1 Consequently consequently RB 36036 257 2 , , , 36036 257 3 all all DT 36036 257 4 measured measure VBN 36036 257 5 values value NNS 36036 257 6 of of IN 36036 257 7 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 257 8 consumption consumption NN 36036 257 9 and and CC 36036 257 10 water water NN 36036 257 11 production production NN 36036 257 12 were be VBD 36036 257 13 considered consider VBN 36036 257 14 to to TO 36036 257 15 be be VB 36036 257 16 84 84 CD 36036 257 17 % % NN 36036 257 18 of of IN 36036 257 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 257 20 actual actual JJ 36036 257 21 value value NN 36036 257 22 and and CC 36036 257 23 were be VBD 36036 257 24 adjusted adjust VBN 36036 257 25 to to IN 36036 257 26 100 100 CD 36036 257 27 % % NN 36036 257 28 before before IN 36036 257 29 being be VBG 36036 257 30 included include VBN 36036 257 31 in in IN 36036 257 32 this this DT 36036 257 33 report report NN 36036 257 34 . . . 36036 258 1 _ _ NNP 36036 258 2 Body Body NNP 36036 258 3 Temperature Temperature NNP 36036 258 4 Transmitters Transmitters NNPS 36036 258 5 _ _ XX 36036 258 6 The the DT 36036 258 7 calibration calibration NN 36036 258 8 of of IN 36036 258 9 all all DT 36036 258 10 temperature temperature NN 36036 258 11 - - HYPH 36036 258 12 sensitive sensitive JJ 36036 258 13 radio radio NN 36036 258 14 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 258 15 drifted drift VBD 36036 258 16 over over IN 36036 258 17 time time NN 36036 258 18 . . . 36036 259 1 Transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 259 2 were be VBD 36036 259 3 calibrated calibrate VBN 36036 259 4 before before IN 36036 259 5 they -PRON- PRP 36036 259 6 were be VBD 36036 259 7 surgically surgically RB 36036 259 8 implanted implant VBN 36036 259 9 and and CC 36036 259 10 again again RB 36036 259 11 after after IN 36036 259 12 they -PRON- PRP 36036 259 13 were be VBD 36036 259 14 removed remove VBN 36036 259 15 from from IN 36036 259 16 the the DT 36036 259 17 animals animal NNS 36036 259 18 . . . 36036 260 1 Although although IN 36036 260 2 the the DT 36036 260 3 drift drift NN 36036 260 4 of of IN 36036 260 5 each each DT 36036 260 6 transmitter transmitter NN 36036 260 7 was be VBD 36036 260 8 unique unique JJ 36036 260 9 , , , 36036 260 10 it -PRON- PRP 36036 260 11 was be VBD 36036 260 12 also also RB 36036 260 13 linear linear JJ 36036 260 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 260 15 S. S. NNP 36036 260 16 Tomkiewicz Tomkiewicz NNP 36036 260 17 , , , 36036 260 18 Telonics Telonics NNP 36036 260 19 , , , 36036 260 20 Inc. Inc. NNP 36036 260 21 , , , 36036 260 22 pers per NNS 36036 260 23 . . . 36036 261 1 com com NNP 36036 261 2 . . . 36036 261 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 261 4 . . . 36036 262 1 All all DT 36036 262 2 body body NN 36036 262 3 temperature temperature NN 36036 262 4 measurements measurement NNS 36036 262 5 were be VBD 36036 262 6 corrected correct VBN 36036 262 7 from from IN 36036 262 8 timed time VBN 36036 262 9 extrapolations extrapolation NNS 36036 262 10 of of IN 36036 262 11 the the DT 36036 262 12 difference difference NN 36036 262 13 between between IN 36036 262 14 starting start VBG 36036 262 15 and and CC 36036 262 16 ending end VBG 36036 262 17 calibrations calibration NNS 36036 262 18 . . . 36036 263 1 STATISTICAL statistical JJ 36036 263 2 METHODS methods JJ 36036 263 3 Values value NNS 36036 263 4 of of IN 36036 263 5 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 263 6 consumption consumption NN 36036 263 7 , , , 36036 263 8 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 263 9 water water NN 36036 263 10 loss loss NN 36036 263 11 , , , 36036 263 12 and and CC 36036 263 13 body body NN 36036 263 14 temperature temperature NN 36036 263 15 were be VBD 36036 263 16 plotted plot VBN 36036 263 17 as as IN 36036 263 18 a a DT 36036 263 19 function function NN 36036 263 20 of of IN 36036 263 21 chamber chamber NN 36036 263 22 air air NN 36036 263 23 temperature temperature NN 36036 263 24 . . . 36036 264 1 Linear linear JJ 36036 264 2 regressions regression NNS 36036 264 3 of of IN 36036 264 4 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 264 5 consumption consumption NN 36036 264 6 at at IN 36036 264 7 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 264 8 below below IN 36036 264 9 the the DT 36036 264 10 thermoneutral thermoneutral JJ 36036 264 11 zone zone NN 36036 264 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 264 13 T_{n T_{n NNP 36036 264 14 } } -RRB- 36036 264 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 264 16 , , , 36036 264 17 and and CC 36036 264 18 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 264 19 water water NN 36036 264 20 loss loss NN 36036 264 21 at at IN 36036 264 22 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 264 23 above above IN 36036 264 24 freezing freezing NN 36036 264 25 , , , 36036 264 26 were be VBD 36036 264 27 determined determine VBN 36036 264 28 with with IN 36036 264 29 the the DT 36036 264 30 SAS SAS NNP 36036 264 31 ( ( -LRB- 36036 264 32 1982 1982 CD 36036 264 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 264 34 GLM GLM NNP 36036 264 35 procedure procedure NN 36036 264 36 . . . 36036 265 1 Lower low JJR 36036 265 2 critical critical JJ 36036 265 3 temperature temperature NN 36036 265 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 265 5 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 265 6 } } -RRB- 36036 265 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 265 8 was be VBD 36036 265 9 determined determine VBN 36036 265 10 graphically graphically RB 36036 265 11 from from IN 36036 265 12 intersection intersection NN 36036 265 13 of of IN 36036 265 14 the the DT 36036 265 15 line line NN 36036 265 16 representing represent VBG 36036 265 17 [ [ -LRB- 36036 265 18 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 265 19 } } -RRB- 36036 265 20 and and CC 36036 265 21 the the DT 36036 265 22 regression regression NN 36036 265 23 line line NN 36036 265 24 representing represent VBG 36036 265 25 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 265 26 consumption consumption NN 36036 265 27 below below IN 36036 265 28 T_{n T_{n NNP 36036 265 29 } } -RRB- 36036 265 30 . . . 36036 266 1 Slopes slope NNS 36036 266 2 and and CC 36036 266 3 intercepts intercept NNS 36036 266 4 of of IN 36036 266 5 regression regression NN 36036 266 6 lines line NNS 36036 266 7 , , , 36036 266 8 as as RB 36036 266 9 well well RB 36036 266 10 as as IN 36036 266 11 other other JJ 36036 266 12 mean mean JJ 36036 266 13 values value NNS 36036 266 14 , , , 36036 266 15 were be VBD 36036 266 16 compared compare VBN 36036 266 17 with with IN 36036 266 18 _ _ NNP 36036 266 19 t_-tests t_-tests NNP 36036 266 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 266 21 Statistical Statistical NNP 36036 266 22 Analysis Analysis NNP 36036 266 23 System System NNP 36036 266 24 , , , 36036 266 25 1982 1982 CD 36036 266 26 ; ; : 36036 266 27 Ott Ott NNP 36036 266 28 , , , 36036 266 29 1984:138 1984:138 CD 36036 266 30 - - SYM 36036 266 31 175 175 CD 36036 266 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 266 33 . . . 36036 267 1 Unless unless IN 36036 267 2 indicated indicate VBN 36036 267 3 otherwise otherwise RB 36036 267 4 , , , 36036 267 5 data datum NNS 36036 267 6 are be VBP 36036 267 7 expressed express VBN 36036 267 8 as as IN 36036 267 9 mean mean JJ 36036 267 10 ± ± NNP 36036 267 11 standard standard JJ 36036 267 12 deviation deviation NN 36036 267 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 267 14 s.d s.d NNP 36036 267 15 . . NNP 36036 267 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 267 17 . . . 36036 268 1 ESTIMATING estimate VBG 36036 268 2 INTRINSIC intrinsic NN 36036 268 3 RATE rate NN 36036 268 4 OF of IN 36036 268 5 NATURAL natural JJ 36036 268 6 INCREASE increase NN 36036 268 7 We -PRON- PRP 36036 268 8 employed employ VBD 36036 268 9 the the DT 36036 268 10 method method NN 36036 268 11 first first RB 36036 268 12 described describe VBN 36036 268 13 by by IN 36036 268 14 Cole Cole NNP 36036 268 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 268 16 1954 1954 CD 36036 268 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 268 18 to to TO 36036 268 19 calculate calculate VB 36036 268 20 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 268 21 } } -RRB- 36036 268 22 : : : 36036 268 23 1 1 CD 36036 268 24 = = SYM 36036 268 25 e^{-r_{max e^{-r_{max NNP 36036 268 26 } } -RRB- 36036 268 27 } } -RRB- 36036 268 28 + + SYM 36036 268 29 b·e^{-r_{max}(a b·e^{-r_{max}(a NN 36036 268 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 268 31 } } -RRB- 36036 268 32 - - : 36036 268 33 b·e^{r_{max}(n+1 b·e^{r_{max}(n+1 NN 36036 268 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 268 35 } } -RRB- 36036 268 36 Eq Eq NNP 36036 268 37 . . . 36036 269 1 2 2 LS 36036 269 2 where where WRB 36036 269 3 a a DT 36036 269 4 is be VBZ 36036 269 5 potential potential JJ 36036 269 6 age age NN 36036 269 7 of of IN 36036 269 8 females female NNS 36036 269 9 first first RB 36036 269 10 producing produce VBG 36036 269 11 young young JJ 36036 269 12 , , , 36036 269 13 b b LS 36036 269 14 is be VBZ 36036 269 15 potential potential JJ 36036 269 16 annual annual JJ 36036 269 17 birth birth NN 36036 269 18 rate rate NN 36036 269 19 of of IN 36036 269 20 female female JJ 36036 269 21 young young JJ 36036 269 22 , , , 36036 269 23 and and CC 36036 269 24 n n DT 36036 269 25 is be VBZ 36036 269 26 potential potential JJ 36036 269 27 age age NN 36036 269 28 of of IN 36036 269 29 females female NNS 36036 269 30 producing produce VBG 36036 269 31 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 269 32 final final JJ 36036 269 33 young young NN 36036 269 34 . . . 36036 270 1 After after IN 36036 270 2 life life NN 36036 270 3 - - HYPH 36036 270 4 history history NN 36036 270 5 data datum NNS 36036 270 6 were be VBD 36036 270 7 substituted substitute VBN 36036 270 8 into into IN 36036 270 9 Eq Eq NNP 36036 270 10 . . . 36036 271 1 2 2 LS 36036 271 2 , , , 36036 271 3 r_{max r_{max ADD 36036 271 4 } } -RRB- 36036 271 5 was be VBD 36036 271 6 determined determine VBN 36036 271 7 by by IN 36036 271 8 trial trial NN 36036 271 9 and and CC 36036 271 10 error error NN 36036 271 11 substitution substitution NN 36036 271 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 271 13 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 271 14 , , , 36036 271 15 1983 1983 CD 36036 271 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 271 17 . . . 36036 272 1 Because because IN 36036 272 2 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 272 3 } } -RRB- 36036 272 4 represents represent VBZ 36036 272 5 the the DT 36036 272 6 genetically genetically RB 36036 272 7 fixed fix VBN 36036 272 8 , , , 36036 272 9 physiologically physiologically RB 36036 272 10 determined determine VBN 36036 272 11 maximum maximum JJ 36036 272 12 possible possible JJ 36036 272 13 rate rate NN 36036 272 14 of of IN 36036 272 15 increase increase NN 36036 272 16 , , , 36036 272 17 data datum NNS 36036 272 18 on on IN 36036 272 19 earliest early JJS 36036 272 20 possible possible JJ 36036 272 21 age age NN 36036 272 22 of of IN 36036 272 23 female female JJ 36036 272 24 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 272 25 , , , 36036 272 26 highest high JJS 36036 272 27 possible possible JJ 36036 272 28 birth birth NN 36036 272 29 rate rate NN 36036 272 30 of of IN 36036 272 31 female female JJ 36036 272 32 young young JJ 36036 272 33 , , , 36036 272 34 and and CC 36036 272 35 longest long JJS 36036 272 36 possible possible JJ 36036 272 37 female female JJ 36036 272 38 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 272 39 life life NN 36036 272 40 span span NN 36036 272 41 were be VBD 36036 272 42 used use VBN 36036 272 43 for for IN 36036 272 44 a a DT 36036 272 45 , , , 36036 272 46 b b NN 36036 272 47 , , , 36036 272 48 and and CC 36036 272 49 n n NN 36036 272 50 , , , 36036 272 51 respectively respectively RB 36036 272 52 . . . 36036 273 1 Calculated calculated JJ 36036 273 2 values value NNS 36036 273 3 , , , 36036 273 4 therefore therefore RB 36036 273 5 , , , 36036 273 6 represent represent VBP 36036 273 7 physiologically physiologically RB 36036 273 8 possible possible JJ 36036 273 9 , , , 36036 273 10 not not RB 36036 273 11 ecologically ecologically RB 36036 273 12 possible possible JJ 36036 273 13 , , , 36036 273 14 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 273 15 rates rate NNS 36036 273 16 of of IN 36036 273 17 increase increase NN 36036 273 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 273 19 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 273 20 , , , 36036 273 21 1983 1983 CD 36036 273 22 , , , 36036 273 23 1984 1984 CD 36036 273 24 ; ; : 36036 273 25 Hayssen Hayssen NNP 36036 273 26 , , , 36036 273 27 1984 1984 CD 36036 273 28 ; ; : 36036 273 29 McNab McNab NNP 36036 273 30 , , , 36036 273 31 1984b 1984b CD 36036 273 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 273 33 . . . 36036 274 1 Values value NNS 36036 274 2 of of IN 36036 274 3 n n CD 36036 274 4 were be VBD 36036 274 5 derived derive VBN 36036 274 6 from from IN 36036 274 7 longevity longevity NN 36036 274 8 records record NNS 36036 274 9 for for IN 36036 274 10 captive captive JJ 36036 274 11 animals animal NNS 36036 274 12 , , , 36036 274 13 and and CC 36036 274 14 as as IN 36036 274 15 these these DT 36036 274 16 were be VBD 36036 274 17 all all DT 36036 274 18 large large JJ 36036 274 19 values value NNS 36036 274 20 of of IN 36036 274 21 similar similar JJ 36036 274 22 duration duration NN 36036 274 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 274 24 14 14 CD 36036 274 25 - - SYM 36036 274 26 16 16 CD 36036 274 27 years year NNS 36036 274 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 274 29 , , , 36036 274 30 they -PRON- PRP 36036 274 31 had have VBD 36036 274 32 very very RB 36036 274 33 little little JJ 36036 274 34 effect effect NN 36036 274 35 on on IN 36036 274 36 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 274 37 } } -RRB- 36036 274 38 . . . 36036 275 1 All all DT 36036 275 2 species specie NNS 36036 275 3 considered consider VBN 36036 275 4 have have VBP 36036 275 5 one one CD 36036 275 6 litter litter NN 36036 275 7 per per IN 36036 275 8 year year NN 36036 275 9 , , , 36036 275 10 and and CC 36036 275 11 because because IN 36036 275 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 275 13 sex sex NN 36036 275 14 ratios ratio NNS 36036 275 15 at at IN 36036 275 16 birth birth NN 36036 275 17 are be VBP 36036 275 18 about about RB 36036 275 19 50:50 50:50 CD 36036 275 20 , , , 36036 275 21 variation variation NN 36036 275 22 in in IN 36036 275 23 b b NN 36036 275 24 was be VBD 36036 275 25 due due JJ 36036 275 26 to to IN 36036 275 27 differences difference NNS 36036 275 28 in in IN 36036 275 29 litter litter NN 36036 275 30 size size NN 36036 275 31 . . . 36036 276 1 Therefore therefore RB 36036 276 2 , , , 36036 276 3 age age NN 36036 276 4 of of IN 36036 276 5 first first JJ 36036 276 6 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 276 7 and and CC 36036 276 8 litter litter NN 36036 276 9 size size NN 36036 276 10 had have VBD 36036 276 11 the the DT 36036 276 12 greatest great JJS 36036 276 13 effect effect NN 36036 276 14 on on IN 36036 276 15 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 276 16 } } -RRB- 36036 276 17 . . . 36036 277 1 Intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 277 2 rate rate NN 36036 277 3 of of IN 36036 277 4 increase increase NN 36036 277 5 scales scale VBZ 36036 277 6 to to IN 36036 277 7 body body NN 36036 277 8 mass mass NN 36036 277 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 277 10 Fenchel Fenchel NNP 36036 277 11 , , , 36036 277 12 1974 1974 CD 36036 277 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 277 14 , , , 36036 277 15 and and CC 36036 277 16 we -PRON- PRP 36036 277 17 removed remove VBD 36036 277 18 this this DT 36036 277 19 effect effect NN 36036 277 20 by by IN 36036 277 21 comparing compare VBG 36036 277 22 each each DT 36036 277 23 calculated calculate VBN 36036 277 24 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 277 25 } } -RRB- 36036 277 26 with with IN 36036 277 27 the the DT 36036 277 28 value value NN 36036 277 29 expected expect VBN 36036 277 30 ( ( -LRB- 36036 277 31 r_{maxe r_{maxe NN 36036 277 32 } } -RRB- 36036 277 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 277 34 on on IN 36036 277 35 the the DT 36036 277 36 basis basis NN 36036 277 37 of of IN 36036 277 38 body body NN 36036 277 39 mass mass NN 36036 277 40 ( ( -LRB- 36036 277 41 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 277 42 , , , 36036 277 43 1983 1983 CD 36036 277 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 277 45 . . . 36036 278 1 COMPARISON comparison NN 36036 278 2 OF of IN 36036 278 3 ADAPTIVE ADAPTIVE NNP 36036 278 4 UNITS UNITS NNP 36036 278 5 Dimensionless dimensionless JJ 36036 278 6 numbers number NNS 36036 278 7 for for IN 36036 278 8 each each DT 36036 278 9 of of IN 36036 278 10 the the DT 36036 278 11 four four CD 36036 278 12 variables variable NNS 36036 278 13 used use VBN 36036 278 14 in in IN 36036 278 15 calculating calculate VBG 36036 278 16 composite composite JJ 36036 278 17 scores score NNS 36036 278 18 were be VBD 36036 278 19 derived derive VBN 36036 278 20 as as IN 36036 278 21 follows follow VBZ 36036 278 22 . . . 36036 279 1 Ratios ratio NNS 36036 279 2 of of IN 36036 279 3 measured measure VBN 36036 279 4 to to IN 36036 279 5 predicted predict VBN 36036 279 6 values value NNS 36036 279 7 were be VBD 36036 279 8 used use VBN 36036 279 9 for for IN 36036 279 10 basal basal NNP 36036 279 11 metabolism metabolism NNP 36036 279 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 279 13 H_{br H_{br NNP 36036 279 14 } } -RRB- 36036 279 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 279 16 and and CC 36036 279 17 minimum minimum JJ 36036 279 18 wet wet JJ 36036 279 19 thermal thermal JJ 36036 279 20 conductance conductance NN 36036 279 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 279 22 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 279 23 } } -RRB- 36036 279 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 279 25 . . . 36036 280 1 Thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 280 2 ability ability NN 36036 280 3 at at IN 36036 280 4 low low JJ 36036 280 5 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 280 6 is be VBZ 36036 280 7 closely closely RB 36036 280 8 related related JJ 36036 280 9 to to IN 36036 280 10 the the DT 36036 280 11 ratio ratio NN 36036 280 12 H_{br}/C_{mwr h_{br}/c_{mwr CD 36036 280 13 } } -RRB- 36036 280 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 280 15 McNab McNab NNP 36036 280 16 , , , 36036 280 17 1966 1966 CD 36036 280 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 280 19 . . . 36036 281 1 This this DT 36036 281 2 ratio ratio NN 36036 281 3 was be VBD 36036 281 4 used use VBN 36036 281 5 , , , 36036 281 6 therefore therefore RB 36036 281 7 , , , 36036 281 8 to to TO 36036 281 9 gauge gauge VB 36036 281 10 each each DT 36036 281 11 species species NN 36036 281 12 ' ' POS 36036 281 13 cold cold JJ 36036 281 14 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 281 15 . . . 36036 282 1 For for IN 36036 282 2 D_{d D_{d NNP 36036 282 3 } } -RRB- 36036 282 4 we -PRON- PRP 36036 282 5 used use VBD 36036 282 6 the the DT 36036 282 7 ratio ratio NN 36036 282 8 of of IN 36036 282 9 food food NN 36036 282 10 categories category NNS 36036 282 11 actually actually RB 36036 282 12 used use VBN 36036 282 13 by by IN 36036 282 14 a a DT 36036 282 15 species species NN 36036 282 16 to to IN 36036 282 17 the the DT 36036 282 18 total total JJ 36036 282 19 number number NN 36036 282 20 of of IN 36036 282 21 food food NN 36036 282 22 categories category NNS 36036 282 23 taken take VBN 36036 282 24 by by IN 36036 282 25 all all DT 36036 282 26 species specie NNS 36036 282 27 tested test VBN 36036 282 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 282 29 D_{dr D_{dr NNP 36036 282 30 } } -RRB- 36036 282 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 282 32 . . . 36036 283 1 The the DT 36036 283 2 ratio ratio NN 36036 283 3 of of IN 36036 283 4 calculated calculate VBN 36036 283 5 to to IN 36036 283 6 expected expect VBN 36036 283 7 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 283 8 rates rate NNS 36036 283 9 of of IN 36036 283 10 natural natural JJ 36036 283 11 increase increase NN 36036 283 12 was be VBD 36036 283 13 used use VBN 36036 283 14 to to TO 36036 283 15 derive derive VB 36036 283 16 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 283 17 } } -RRB- 36036 283 18 . . . 36036 284 1 Composite composite JJ 36036 284 2 scores score NNS 36036 284 3 were be VBD 36036 284 4 calculated calculate VBN 36036 284 5 as as IN 36036 284 6 Composite composite JJ 36036 284 7 score score NN 36036 284 8 = = NFP 36036 284 9 [ [ -LRB- 36036 284 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 284 11 H_{br}/C_{mwr h_{br}/c_{mwr LS 36036 284 12 } } -RRB- 36036 284 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 284 14 + + CC 36036 284 15 D_{dr d_{dr NN 36036 284 16 } } -RRB- 36036 284 17 + + RB 36036 284 18 r_{maxr}]/3 r_{maxr}]/3 NNS 36036 284 19 Eq Eq NNP 36036 284 20 . . . 36036 285 1 3 3 CD 36036 285 2 The the DT 36036 285 3 correlation correlation NN 36036 285 4 between between IN 36036 285 5 number number NN 36036 285 6 of of IN 36036 285 7 climates climate NNS 36036 285 8 these these DT 36036 285 9 species specie NNS 36036 285 10 occupy occupy VBP 36036 285 11 and and CC 36036 285 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 285 13 composite composite JJ 36036 285 14 scores score NNS 36036 285 15 was be VBD 36036 285 16 tested test VBN 36036 285 17 by by IN 36036 285 18 linear linear JJ 36036 285 19 regression regression NN 36036 285 20 . . . 36036 286 1 $ $ $ 36036 286 2 Results$ Results$ NNP 36036 286 3 BODY BODY NNP 36036 286 4 MASS mass NN 36036 286 5 According accord VBG 36036 286 6 to to IN 36036 286 7 monthly monthly JJ 36036 286 8 live live NN 36036 286 9 - - HYPH 36036 286 10 trapping trap VBG 36036 286 11 records record NNS 36036 286 12 , , , 36036 286 13 the the DT 36036 286 14 body body NN 36036 286 15 mass mass NN 36036 286 16 of of IN 36036 286 17 free free RB 36036 286 18 - - HYPH 36036 286 19 ranging range VBG 36036 286 20 female female JJ 36036 286 21 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 286 22 increased increase VBD 36036 286 23 from from IN 36036 286 24 3.6 3.6 CD 36036 286 25 ±0.6 ±0.6 NNS 36036 286 26 kg kg NNS 36036 286 27 during during IN 36036 286 28 summer summer NN 36036 286 29 to to IN 36036 286 30 5.6 5.6 CD 36036 286 31 ±0.8 ±0.8 RB 36036 286 32 kg kg NNS 36036 286 33 in in IN 36036 286 34 early early JJ 36036 286 35 winter winter NN 36036 286 36 , , , 36036 286 37 and and CC 36036 286 38 the the DT 36036 286 39 mass mass NN 36036 286 40 of of IN 36036 286 41 free free RB 36036 286 42 - - HYPH 36036 286 43 ranging range VBG 36036 286 44 males male NNS 36036 286 45 increased increase VBD 36036 286 46 from from IN 36036 286 47 4.0 4.0 CD 36036 286 48 ±0.5 ±0.5 NN 36036 286 49 to to IN 36036 286 50 6.7 6.7 CD 36036 286 51 ±0.9 ±0.9 NN 36036 286 52 kg kg NNS 36036 286 53 during during IN 36036 286 54 the the DT 36036 286 55 same same JJ 36036 286 56 interval interval NN 36036 286 57 . . . 36036 287 1 These these DT 36036 287 2 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 287 3 changes change NNS 36036 287 4 in in IN 36036 287 5 body body NN 36036 287 6 mass mass NN 36036 287 7 were be VBD 36036 287 8 due due JJ 36036 287 9 to to IN 36036 287 10 fluctuations fluctuation NNS 36036 287 11 in in IN 36036 287 12 the the DT 36036 287 13 amount amount NN 36036 287 14 of of IN 36036 287 15 body body NN 36036 287 16 fat fat NN 36036 287 17 and and CC 36036 287 18 represent represent VBP 36036 287 19 a a DT 36036 287 20 mechanism mechanism NN 36036 287 21 for for IN 36036 287 22 storing store VBG 36036 287 23 energy energy NN 36036 287 24 during during IN 36036 287 25 fall fall NN 36036 287 26 for for IN 36036 287 27 use use NN 36036 287 28 in in IN 36036 287 29 winter winter NN 36036 287 30 . . . 36036 288 1 In in IN 36036 288 2 summer summer NN 36036 288 3 , , , 36036 288 4 captive captive JJ 36036 288 5 and and CC 36036 288 6 trapped trap VBN 36036 288 7 male male JJ 36036 288 8 and and CC 36036 288 9 captive captive JJ 36036 288 10 female female JJ 36036 288 11 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 288 12 had have VBD 36036 288 13 the the DT 36036 288 14 same same JJ 36036 288 15 body body NN 36036 288 16 mass mass NN 36036 288 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 288 18 4.73 4.73 CD 36036 288 19 ±0.61 ±0.61 NNP 36036 288 20 , , , 36036 288 21 4.41 4.41 CD 36036 288 22 ±0.70 ±0.70 NNS 36036 288 23 , , , 36036 288 24 and and CC 36036 288 25 4.67 4.67 CD 36036 288 26 ±0.88 ±0.88 NNP 36036 288 27 kg kg NNP 36036 288 28 , , , 36036 288 29 respectively respectively RB 36036 288 30 , , , 36036 288 31 Table table NN 36036 288 32 2 2 CD 36036 288 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 288 34 . . . 36036 289 1 Mass mass NN 36036 289 2 of of IN 36036 289 3 captive captive JJ 36036 289 4 females female NNS 36036 289 5 did do VBD 36036 289 6 not not RB 36036 289 7 change change VB 36036 289 8 between between IN 36036 289 9 seasons season NNS 36036 289 10 , , , 36036 289 11 whereas whereas IN 36036 289 12 captive captive JJ 36036 289 13 males male NNS 36036 289 14 were be VBD 36036 289 15 heavier heavy JJR 36036 289 16 in in IN 36036 289 17 winter winter NN 36036 289 18 than than IN 36036 289 19 summer summer NN 36036 289 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 289 21 p<0.005 p<0.005 IN 36036 289 22 ; ; : 36036 289 23 Table table NN 36036 289 24 2 2 CD 36036 289 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 289 26 . . . 36036 290 1 This this DT 36036 290 2 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 290 3 change change NN 36036 290 4 in in IN 36036 290 5 mass mass NN 36036 290 6 of of IN 36036 290 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 290 8 captive captive JJ 36036 290 9 males male NNS 36036 290 10 was be VBD 36036 290 11 of of IN 36036 290 12 a a DT 36036 290 13 much much RB 36036 290 14 smaller small JJR 36036 290 15 magnitude magnitude NN 36036 290 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 290 17 0.6 0.6 CD 36036 290 18 kg kg NNS 36036 290 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 290 20 than than IN 36036 290 21 that that DT 36036 290 22 observed observe VBN 36036 290 23 for for IN 36036 290 24 wild wild JJ 36036 290 25 males male NNS 36036 290 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 290 27 2.7 2.7 CD 36036 290 28 kg kg NNS 36036 290 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 290 30 . . . 36036 291 1 During during IN 36036 291 2 winter winter NN 36036 291 3 , , , 36036 291 4 captive captive JJ 36036 291 5 males male NNS 36036 291 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 291 7 5.34 5.34 CD 36036 291 8 ±1.39 ±1.39 NNP 36036 291 9 kg kg NNS 36036 291 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 291 11 were be VBD 36036 291 12 heavier heavy JJR 36036 291 13 than than IN 36036 291 14 captive captive JJ 36036 291 15 females female NNS 36036 291 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 291 17 4.49 4.49 CD 36036 291 18 ±0.98 ±0.98 NNS 36036 291 19 kg kg NNS 36036 291 20 ; ; : 36036 291 21 p<0.005 p<0.005 IN 36036 291 22 ; ; : 36036 291 23 Table table NN 36036 291 24 2 2 CD 36036 291 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 291 26 . . . 36036 292 1 Thus thus RB 36036 292 2 , , , 36036 292 3 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 292 4 captive captive JJ 36036 292 5 animals animal NNS 36036 292 6 maintained maintain VBD 36036 292 7 a a DT 36036 292 8 body body NN 36036 292 9 mass mass NN 36036 292 10 throughout throughout IN 36036 292 11 the the DT 36036 292 12 year year NN 36036 292 13 that that WDT 36036 292 14 was be VBD 36036 292 15 intermediate intermediate JJ 36036 292 16 to to IN 36036 292 17 the the DT 36036 292 18 range range NN 36036 292 19 of of IN 36036 292 20 values value NNS 36036 292 21 found find VBN 36036 292 22 for for IN 36036 292 23 wild wild JJ 36036 292 24 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 292 25 in in IN 36036 292 26 the the DT 36036 292 27 same same JJ 36036 292 28 area area NN 36036 292 29 . . . 36036 293 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 293 2 2.--Body 2.--body CD 36036 293 3 mass mass NN 36036 293 4 in in IN 36036 293 5 kg kg NNP 36036 293 6 and and CC 36036 293 7 basal basal NNP 36036 293 8 metabolism metabolism NNP 36036 293 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 293 10 mL mL NNP 36036 293 11 O_{2}·kg^{-0.75}·h^{-1 O_{2}·kg^{-0.75}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 293 12 } } -RRB- 36036 293 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 293 14 of of IN 36036 293 15 _ _ NNP 36036 293 16 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 293 17 lotor lotor NN 36036 293 18 _ _ NNP 36036 293 19 in in IN 36036 293 20 summer summer NN 36036 293 21 and and CC 36036 293 22 winter winter NN 36036 293 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 293 24 s.d s.d NNP 36036 293 25 . . . 36036 294 1 = = SYM 36036 294 2 standard standard JJ 36036 294 3 deviation deviation NN 36036 294 4 and and CC 36036 294 5 n n NN 36036 294 6 = = SYM 36036 294 7 number number NN 36036 294 8 of of IN 36036 294 9 observations observation NNS 36036 294 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 294 11 . . . 36036 295 1 ----------------+----------------------------------------------------- ----------------+----------------------------------------------------- : 36036 295 2 Season season NN 36036 295 3 and and CC 36036 295 4 sex sex NN 36036 295 5 | | NNP 36036 295 6 Body Body NNP 36036 295 7 mass mass NN 36036 295 8 , , , 36036 295 9 ±s.d ±s.d NNP 36036 295 10 . . NNP 36036 295 11 , , , 36036 295 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 13 n n LS 36036 295 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 15 Basal Basal NNP 36036 295 16 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 295 17 , , , 36036 295 18 ±s.d ±s.d NNP 36036 295 19 . . NNP 36036 295 20 , , , 36036 295 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 22 n n NNP 36036 295 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 24 ----------------+----------------------------------------------------- ----------------+----------------------------------------------------- . 36036 295 25 Summer summer NN 36036 295 26 | | NNP 36036 295 27 Trapped Trapped NNP 36036 295 28 male male JJ 36036 295 29 | | CD 36036 295 30 4.41 4.41 CD 36036 295 31 ±0.70 ±0.70 NNP 36036 295 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 33 52 52 CD 36036 295 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 35 780 780 CD 36036 295 36 ±112 ±112 CD 36036 295 37 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 38 20 20 CD 36036 295 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 40 Captive Captive NNP 36036 295 41 male male JJ 36036 295 42 | | CD 36036 295 43 4.73 4.73 CD 36036 295 44 ±0.61 ±0.61 NNP 36036 295 45 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 46 22 22 CD 36036 295 47 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 48 680 680 CD 36036 295 49 ±102 ±102 , 36036 295 50 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 51 8) 8) CD 36036 295 52 Captive Captive NNP 36036 295 53 female| female| NNP 36036 295 54 4.67 4.67 CD 36036 295 55 ±0.88 ±0.88 NNP 36036 295 56 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 57 41 41 CD 36036 295 58 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 59 618 618 CD 36036 295 60 ± ± CD 36036 295 61 92 92 CD 36036 295 62 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 63 13 13 CD 36036 295 64 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 65 Winter Winter NNP 36036 295 66 | | NNP 36036 295 67 Captive Captive NNP 36036 295 68 male male JJ 36036 295 69 | | CD 36036 295 70 5.34 5.34 CD 36036 295 71 ±1.39 ±1.39 NNS 36036 295 72 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 73 31 31 CD 36036 295 74 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 75 704 704 CD 36036 295 76 ± ± CD 36036 295 77 81 81 CD 36036 295 78 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 79 19 19 CD 36036 295 80 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 81 Captive Captive NNP 36036 295 82 female| female| CD 36036 295 83 4.49 4.49 CD 36036 295 84 ±0.98 ±0.98 NNS 36036 295 85 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 86 42 42 CD 36036 295 87 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 88 667 667 CD 36036 295 89 ±139 ±139 JJ 36036 295 90 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 91 25 25 CD 36036 295 92 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 93 ----------------+----------------------------------------------------- ----------------+----------------------------------------------------- NFP 36036 295 94 BASAL basal NN 36036 295 95 METABOLIC metabolic NN 36036 295 96 RATE rate NN 36036 295 97 Within within IN 36036 295 98 thermoneutrality thermoneutrality NN 36036 295 99 , , , 36036 295 100 [ [ -LRB- 36036 295 101 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 295 102 } } -RRB- 36036 295 103 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 104 mL mL NNP 36036 295 105 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 295 106 } } -RRB- 36036 295 107 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 108 was be VBD 36036 295 109 0.54 0.54 CD 36036 295 110 ±0.09 ±0.09 NNS 36036 295 111 for for IN 36036 295 112 trapped trap VBN 36036 295 113 males male NNS 36036 295 114 in in IN 36036 295 115 summer summer NN 36036 295 116 , , , 36036 295 117 0.46 0.46 CD 36036 295 118 ±0.07 ±0.07 NNS 36036 295 119 for for IN 36036 295 120 captive captive JJ 36036 295 121 males male NNS 36036 295 122 in in IN 36036 295 123 summer summer NN 36036 295 124 , , , 36036 295 125 0.42 0.42 CD 36036 295 126 ±0.07 ±0.07 NNS 36036 295 127 for for IN 36036 295 128 captive captive JJ 36036 295 129 females female NNS 36036 295 130 in in IN 36036 295 131 summer summer NN 36036 295 132 , , , 36036 295 133 0.47 0.47 CD 36036 295 134 ±0.06 ±0.06 NNP 36036 295 135 for for IN 36036 295 136 captive captive JJ 36036 295 137 males male NNS 36036 295 138 in in IN 36036 295 139 winter winter NN 36036 295 140 , , , 36036 295 141 and and CC 36036 295 142 0.46 0.46 CD 36036 295 143 ±0.10 ±0.10 NNS 36036 295 144 for for IN 36036 295 145 captive captive JJ 36036 295 146 females female NNS 36036 295 147 in in IN 36036 295 148 winter winter NN 36036 295 149 ( ( -LRB- 36036 295 150 Figures figure NNS 36036 295 151 2 2 CD 36036 295 152 , , , 36036 295 153 3 3 CD 36036 295 154 ) ) -RRB- 36036 295 155 . . . 36036 296 1 Ratios ratio NNS 36036 296 2 of of IN 36036 296 3 these these DT 36036 296 4 measured measure VBN 36036 296 5 values value NNS 36036 296 6 to to IN 36036 296 7 those those DT 36036 296 8 predicted predict VBN 36036 296 9 by by IN 36036 296 10 the the DT 36036 296 11 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 296 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 296 13 1932 1932 CD 36036 296 14 , , , 36036 296 15 1961:206 1961:206 CD 36036 296 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 296 17 equation equation NN 36036 296 18 are be VBP 36036 296 19 1.28 1.28 CD 36036 296 20 , , , 36036 296 21 1.12 1.12 CD 36036 296 22 , , , 36036 296 23 1.02 1.02 CD 36036 296 24 , , , 36036 296 25 1.17 1.17 CD 36036 296 26 , , , 36036 296 27 and and CC 36036 296 28 1.09 1.09 CD 36036 296 29 , , , 36036 296 30 respectively respectively RB 36036 296 31 . . . 36036 297 1 To to TO 36036 297 2 minimize minimize VB 36036 297 3 the the DT 36036 297 4 effect effect NN 36036 297 5 of of IN 36036 297 6 body body NN 36036 297 7 size size NN 36036 297 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 297 9 Mellen Mellen NNP 36036 297 10 , , , 36036 297 11 1963 1963 CD 36036 297 12 ) ) -RRB- 36036 297 13 and and CC 36036 297 14 to to TO 36036 297 15 facilitate facilitate VB 36036 297 16 comparisons comparison NNS 36036 297 17 between between IN 36036 297 18 sexes sex NNS 36036 297 19 and and CC 36036 297 20 seasons season NNS 36036 297 21 and and CC 36036 297 22 between between IN 36036 297 23 captive captive JJ 36036 297 24 and and CC 36036 297 25 trapped trap VBN 36036 297 26 animals animal NNS 36036 297 27 , , , 36036 297 28 basal basal NNP 36036 297 29 metabolism metabolism NNP 36036 297 30 also also RB 36036 297 31 was be VBD 36036 297 32 calculated calculate VBN 36036 297 33 as as IN 36036 297 34 a a DT 36036 297 35 function function NN 36036 297 36 of of IN 36036 297 37 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 297 38 body body NN 36036 297 39 size size NN 36036 297 40 ( ( -LRB- 36036 297 41 mL mL NNP 36036 297 42 O_{2}·kg^{-0.75}·h^{-1 O_{2}·kg^{-0.75}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 297 43 } } -RRB- 36036 297 44 ; ; : 36036 297 45 Table table NN 36036 297 46 2 2 CD 36036 297 47 ) ) -RRB- 36036 297 48 . . . 36036 298 1 Based base VBN 36036 298 2 on on IN 36036 298 3 this this DT 36036 298 4 analysis analysis NN 36036 298 5 , , , 36036 298 6 trapped trap VBN 36036 298 7 summer summer NN 36036 298 8 males male NNS 36036 298 9 had have VBD 36036 298 10 a a DT 36036 298 11 higher high JJR 36036 298 12 basal basal NN 36036 298 13 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 298 14 than than IN 36036 298 15 captive captive JJ 36036 298 16 males male NNS 36036 298 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 298 18 p<0.025 p<0.025 NN 36036 298 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 298 20 or or CC 36036 298 21 females female NNS 36036 298 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 298 23 p<0.005 p<0.005 NNP 36036 298 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 298 25 in in IN 36036 298 26 either either DT 36036 298 27 season season NN 36036 298 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 298 29 Table table NN 36036 298 30 2 2 CD 36036 298 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 298 32 . . . 36036 299 1 There there EX 36036 299 2 was be VBD 36036 299 3 no no DT 36036 299 4 difference difference NN 36036 299 5 in in IN 36036 299 6 basal basal NNP 36036 299 7 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 299 8 between between IN 36036 299 9 captive captive JJ 36036 299 10 males male NNS 36036 299 11 and and CC 36036 299 12 females female NNS 36036 299 13 in in IN 36036 299 14 either either DT 36036 299 15 summer summer NN 36036 299 16 or or CC 36036 299 17 winter winter NN 36036 299 18 , , , 36036 299 19 and and CC 36036 299 20 there there EX 36036 299 21 was be VBD 36036 299 22 no no DT 36036 299 23 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 299 24 difference difference NN 36036 299 25 in in IN 36036 299 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 299 27 basal basal NN 36036 299 28 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 299 29 rates rate NNS 36036 299 30 ( ( -LRB- 36036 299 31 Table table NN 36036 299 32 2 2 CD 36036 299 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 299 34 . . . 36036 300 1 MINIMUM minimum NN 36036 300 2 THERMAL thermal NN 36036 300 3 CONDUCTANCE CONDUCTANCE NNP 36036 300 4 Minimum minimum JJ 36036 300 5 wet wet JJ 36036 300 6 and and CC 36036 300 7 dry dry JJ 36036 300 8 thermal thermal JJ 36036 300 9 conductances conductance NNS 36036 300 10 were be VBD 36036 300 11 calculated calculate VBN 36036 300 12 using use VBG 36036 300 13 Eqs Eqs NNP 36036 300 14 . . . 36036 301 1 4 4 CD 36036 301 2 and and CC 36036 301 3 5 5 CD 36036 301 4 C_{mw C_{mw NNS 36036 301 5 } } -RRB- 36036 301 6 = = NFP 36036 301 7 [ [ -LRB- 36036 301 8 .H]_{r .h]_{r NN 36036 301 9 } } -RRB- 36036 301 10 / / NFP 36036 301 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 301 12 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 301 13 } } -RRB- 36036 301 14 - - : 36036 301 15 T_{a t_{a NN 36036 301 16 } } -RRB- 36036 301 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 301 18 Eq eq RB 36036 301 19 . . . 36036 302 1 4 4 CD 36036 302 2 C_{md C_{md NNP 36036 302 3 } } -RRB- 36036 302 4 = = NFP 36036 302 5 ( ( -LRB- 36036 302 6 [ [ -LRB- 36036 302 7 .H]_{r .H]_{r . 36036 302 8 } } -RRB- 36036 302 9 - - : 36036 302 10 [ [ -LRB- 36036 302 11 .E]_{eq .E]_{eq . 36036 302 12 } } -RRB- 36036 302 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 302 14 / / NFP 36036 302 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 302 16 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 302 17 } } -RRB- 36036 302 18 - - : 36036 302 19 T_{a t_{a NN 36036 302 20 } } -RRB- 36036 302 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 302 22 Eq eq RB 36036 302 23 . . . 36036 303 1 5 5 CD 36036 303 2 where where WRB 36036 303 3 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 303 4 } } -RRB- 36036 303 5 is be VBZ 36036 303 6 wet wet JJ 36036 303 7 and and CC 36036 303 8 C_{md c_{md JJ 36036 303 9 } } -RRB- 36036 303 10 is be VBZ 36036 303 11 dry dry JJ 36036 303 12 conductance conductance NN 36036 303 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 303 14 mL mL NNP 36036 303 15 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· NNP 36036 303 16 ° ° , 36036 303 17 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 303 18 } } -RRB- 36036 303 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 303 20 ; ; : 36036 303 21 [ [ -LRB- 36036 303 22 .H]_{r .H]_{r . 36036 303 23 } } -RRB- 36036 303 24 is be VBZ 36036 303 25 the the DT 36036 303 26 lowest low JJS 36036 303 27 resting resting NN 36036 303 28 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 303 29 rate rate NN 36036 303 30 measured measure VBN 36036 303 31 at at IN 36036 303 32 each each DT 36036 303 33 temperature temperature NN 36036 303 34 ( ( -LRB- 36036 303 35 mL mL NNP 36036 303 36 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 303 37 } } -RRB- 36036 303 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 303 39 ; ; : 36036 303 40 [ [ -LRB- 36036 303 41 .E]_{eq .E]_{eq NFP 36036 303 42 } } -RRB- 36036 303 43 is be VBZ 36036 303 44 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 303 45 equivalent equivalent JJ 36036 303 46 for for IN 36036 303 47 heat heat NN 36036 303 48 lost lose VBN 36036 303 49 by by IN 36036 303 50 evaporation evaporation NN 36036 303 51 [ [ -LRB- 36036 303 52 [ [ -LRB- 36036 303 53 .E]_{eq .E]_{eq NFP 36036 303 54 } } -RRB- 36036 303 55 = = NFP 36036 303 56 mL mL NNP 36036 303 57 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 303 58 } } -RRB- 36036 303 59 = = NFP 36036 303 60 [ [ -LRB- 36036 303 61 .E]·[lambda]/[gamma .E]·[lambda]/[gamma NFP 36036 303 62 ] ] -RRB- 36036 303 63 , , , 36036 303 64 where where WRB 36036 303 65 [ [ -LRB- 36036 303 66 .E .E NFP 36036 303 67 ] ] -RRB- 36036 303 68 is be VBZ 36036 303 69 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 303 70 water water NN 36036 303 71 loss loss NN 36036 303 72 ( ( -LRB- 36036 303 73 mg·g^{-1}·h^{-1 mg·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 303 74 } } -RRB- 36036 303 75 ) ) -RRB- 36036 303 76 , , , 36036 303 77 [ [ -LRB- 36036 303 78 lambda lambda NN 36036 303 79 ] ] -RRB- 36036 303 80 is be VBZ 36036 303 81 heat heat NN 36036 303 82 of of IN 36036 303 83 vaporization vaporization NN 36036 303 84 for for IN 36036 303 85 water water NN 36036 303 86 ( ( -LRB- 36036 303 87 2.43 2.43 CD 36036 303 88 J J NNP 36036 303 89 / / SYM 36036 303 90 mg mg NNP 36036 303 91 ) ) -RRB- 36036 303 92 , , , 36036 303 93 and and CC 36036 303 94 [ [ -LRB- 36036 303 95 gamma gamma NN 36036 303 96 ] ] -RRB- 36036 303 97 is be VBZ 36036 303 98 heat heat NN 36036 303 99 equivalent equivalent JJ 36036 303 100 for for IN 36036 303 101 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 303 102 ( ( -LRB- 36036 303 103 20.097 20.097 CD 36036 303 104 J J NNP 36036 303 105 / / SYM 36036 303 106 mL mL NNP 36036 303 107 ) ) -RRB- 36036 303 108 ] ] -RRB- 36036 303 109 ; ; : 36036 303 110 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 303 111 } } -RRB- 36036 303 112 is be VBZ 36036 303 113 body body NN 36036 303 114 temperature temperature NN 36036 303 115 ( ( -LRB- 36036 303 116 ° ° , 36036 303 117 C C NNP 36036 303 118 ) ) -RRB- 36036 303 119 ; ; : 36036 303 120 and and CC 36036 303 121 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 303 122 } } -RRB- 36036 303 123 is be VBZ 36036 303 124 chamber chamber NN 36036 303 125 air air NN 36036 303 126 temperature temperature NN 36036 303 127 ( ( -LRB- 36036 303 128 ° ° , 36036 303 129 C C NNP 36036 303 130 ) ) -RRB- 36036 303 131 . . . 36036 304 1 Only only JJ 36036 304 2 data datum NNS 36036 304 3 from from IN 36036 304 4 animals animal NNS 36036 304 5 equipped equip VBN 36036 304 6 with with IN 36036 304 7 temperature temperature NN 36036 304 8 - - HYPH 36036 304 9 sensitive sensitive JJ 36036 304 10 radio radio NN 36036 304 11 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 304 12 were be VBD 36036 304 13 used use VBN 36036 304 14 for for IN 36036 304 15 these these DT 36036 304 16 calculations calculation NNS 36036 304 17 . . . 36036 305 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 305 2 3.--Minimum 3.--minimum CD 36036 305 3 wet wet JJ 36036 305 4 and and CC 36036 305 5 dry dry JJ 36036 305 6 thermal thermal JJ 36036 305 7 conductances conductance NNS 36036 305 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 305 9 mL mL NNP 36036 305 10 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· NNP 36036 305 11 ° ° , 36036 305 12 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 305 13 } } -RRB- 36036 305 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 305 15 of of IN 36036 305 16 _ _ NNP 36036 305 17 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 305 18 lotor lotor NN 36036 305 19 _ _ NNP 36036 305 20 in in IN 36036 305 21 summer summer NN 36036 305 22 and and CC 36036 305 23 winter winter NN 36036 305 24 . . . 36036 306 1 Means mean NNS 36036 306 2 of of IN 36036 306 3 values value NNS 36036 306 4 were be VBD 36036 306 5 calculated calculate VBN 36036 306 6 from from IN 36036 306 7 equations equation NNS 36036 306 8 3 3 CD 36036 306 9 and and CC 36036 306 10 4 4 CD 36036 306 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 306 12 s.d s.d NNP 36036 306 13 . . . 36036 307 1 = = SYM 36036 307 2 standard standard JJ 36036 307 3 deviation deviation NN 36036 307 4 and and CC 36036 307 5 n n NN 36036 307 6 = = SYM 36036 307 7 number number NN 36036 307 8 of of IN 36036 307 9 observations observation NNS 36036 307 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 307 11 . . . 36036 308 1 ----------------------+---------------------------------------- ----------------------+---------------------------------------- : 36036 308 2 | | JJ 36036 308 3 Thermal thermal JJ 36036 308 4 conductance conductance NN 36036 308 5 Season season NN 36036 308 6 and and CC 36036 308 7 sex sex NN 36036 308 8 |---------------------------------------- |---------------------------------------- NN 36036 308 9 | | NNP 36036 308 10 Wet Wet NNP 36036 308 11 ±s.d ±s.d NN 36036 308 12 . . . 36036 309 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 309 2 n n NN 36036 309 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 309 4 Dry Dry NNP 36036 309 5 ±s.d ±s.d NN 36036 309 6 . . . 36036 310 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 310 2 n n NN 36036 310 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 310 4 ----------------------+---------------------------------------- ----------------------+---------------------------------------- NFP 36036 310 5 Summer Summer NNP 36036 310 6 | | NNP 36036 310 7 Captive Captive NNP 36036 310 8 , , , 36036 310 9 both both DT 36036 310 10 sexes sex NNS 36036 310 11 | | CD 36036 310 12 0.0256 0.0256 CD 36036 310 13 ±0.0028 ±0.0028 NN 36036 310 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 310 15 18 18 CD 36036 310 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 310 17 0.0246 0.0246 CD 36036 310 18 ±0.0019 ±0.0019 NN 36036 310 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 310 20 12 12 CD 36036 310 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 310 22 Winter Winter NNP 36036 310 23 | | NNP 36036 310 24 Captive Captive NNP 36036 310 25 , , , 36036 310 26 female female JJ 36036 310 27 | | CD 36036 310 28 0.0172 0.0172 CD 36036 310 29 ±0.0023 ±0.0023 CD 36036 310 30 ( ( -LRB- 36036 310 31 10 10 CD 36036 310 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 310 33 0.0161 0.0161 CD 36036 310 34 ±0.0027 ±0.0027 NNPS 36036 310 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 310 36 6 6 CD 36036 310 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 310 38 ----------------------+---------------------------------------- ----------------------+---------------------------------------- NFP 36036 310 39 [ [ -LRB- 36036 310 40 Illustration illustration NN 36036 310 41 : : : 36036 310 42 FIGURE FIGURE NNP 36036 310 43 2.--Relationship 2.--relationship CD 36036 310 44 between between IN 36036 310 45 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 310 46 consumption consumption NN 36036 310 47 and and CC 36036 310 48 chamber chamber NN 36036 310 49 air air NN 36036 310 50 temperature temperature NN 36036 310 51 for for IN 36036 310 52 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 310 53 in in IN 36036 310 54 summer summer NN 36036 310 55 : : : 36036 310 56 captive captive JJ 36036 310 57 females female NNS 36036 310 58 , , , 36036 310 59 open open JJ 36036 310 60 circles circle NNS 36036 310 61 ; ; : 36036 310 62 captive captive JJ 36036 310 63 males male NNS 36036 310 64 , , , 36036 310 65 closed close VBD 36036 310 66 circles circle NNS 36036 310 67 ; ; : 36036 310 68 trapped trapped JJ 36036 310 69 males male NNS 36036 310 70 , , , 36036 310 71 open open JJ 36036 310 72 squares square NNS 36036 310 73 . . . 36036 311 1 Sloping sloping NN 36036 311 2 lines line NNS 36036 311 3 represent represent VBP 36036 311 4 regressions regression NNS 36036 311 5 of of IN 36036 311 6 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 311 7 consumption consumption NN 36036 311 8 on on IN 36036 311 9 chamber chamber NN 36036 311 10 air air NN 36036 311 11 temperature temperature NN 36036 311 12 , , , 36036 311 13 and and CC 36036 311 14 horizontal horizontal JJ 36036 311 15 lines line NNS 36036 311 16 , , , 36036 311 17 basal basal NNP 36036 311 18 metabolism metabolism NNP 36036 311 19 . . . 36036 311 20 ] ] -RRB- 36036 312 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 312 2 Illustration illustration NN 36036 312 3 : : : 36036 312 4 FIGURE figure VB 36036 312 5 3.--Relationship 3.--relationship CD 36036 312 6 between between IN 36036 312 7 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 312 8 consumption consumption NN 36036 312 9 and and CC 36036 312 10 chamber chamber NN 36036 312 11 air air NN 36036 312 12 temperature temperature NN 36036 312 13 for for IN 36036 312 14 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 312 15 in in IN 36036 312 16 winter winter NN 36036 312 17 : : : 36036 312 18 captive captive JJ 36036 312 19 females female NNS 36036 312 20 , , , 36036 312 21 open open JJ 36036 312 22 circles circle NNS 36036 312 23 ; ; : 36036 312 24 captive captive JJ 36036 312 25 males male NNS 36036 312 26 , , , 36036 312 27 closed close VBD 36036 312 28 circles circle NNS 36036 312 29 . . . 36036 313 1 Solid solid JJ 36036 313 2 sloping sloping NN 36036 313 3 line line NN 36036 313 4 represents represent VBZ 36036 313 5 regression regression NN 36036 313 6 of of IN 36036 313 7 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 313 8 consumption consumption NN 36036 313 9 on on IN 36036 313 10 chamber chamber NN 36036 313 11 air air NN 36036 313 12 temperature temperature NN 36036 313 13 for for IN 36036 313 14 males male NNS 36036 313 15 and and CC 36036 313 16 females female NNS 36036 313 17 , , , 36036 313 18 and and CC 36036 313 19 the the DT 36036 313 20 horizontal horizontal JJ 36036 313 21 line line NN 36036 313 22 , , , 36036 313 23 basal basal NNP 36036 313 24 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 313 25 for for IN 36036 313 26 males male NNS 36036 313 27 and and CC 36036 313 28 females female NNS 36036 313 29 . . . 36036 313 30 ] ] -RRB- 36036 314 1 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 314 2 } } -RRB- 36036 314 3 was be VBD 36036 314 4 calculated calculate VBN 36036 314 5 for for IN 36036 314 6 each each DT 36036 314 7 season season NN 36036 314 8 from from IN 36036 314 9 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 314 10 measurements measurement NNS 36036 314 11 made make VBN 36036 314 12 at at IN 36036 314 13 all all DT 36036 314 14 air air NN 36036 314 15 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 314 16 below below IN 36036 314 17 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 314 18 } } -RRB- 36036 314 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 314 20 Table table NN 36036 314 21 3 3 CD 36036 314 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 314 23 . . . 36036 315 1 Because because IN 36036 315 2 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 315 3 water water NN 36036 315 4 loss loss NN 36036 315 5 was be VBD 36036 315 6 not not RB 36036 315 7 measured measure VBN 36036 315 8 at at IN 36036 315 9 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 315 10 below below IN 36036 315 11 freezing freezing NN 36036 315 12 , , , 36036 315 13 C_{md C_{md NNP 36036 315 14 } } -RRB- 36036 315 15 was be VBD 36036 315 16 calculated calculate VBN 36036 315 17 only only RB 36036 315 18 from from IN 36036 315 19 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 315 20 determinations determination NNS 36036 315 21 made make VBN 36036 315 22 at at IN 36036 315 23 air air NN 36036 315 24 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 315 25 between between IN 36036 315 26 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 315 27 } } -RRB- 36036 315 28 and and CC 36036 315 29 0 0 CD 36036 315 30 ° ° NNS 36036 315 31 C C NNP 36036 315 32 . . . 36036 316 1 There there EX 36036 316 2 was be VBD 36036 316 3 no no DT 36036 316 4 difference difference NN 36036 316 5 between between IN 36036 316 6 males male NNS 36036 316 7 and and CC 36036 316 8 females female NNS 36036 316 9 in in IN 36036 316 10 summer summer NN 36036 316 11 for for IN 36036 316 12 either either DT 36036 316 13 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 316 14 } } -RRB- 36036 316 15 or or CC 36036 316 16 C_{md c_{md VB 36036 316 17 } } -RRB- 36036 316 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 316 19 mL mL NNP 36036 316 20 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· NNP 36036 316 21 ° ° , 36036 316 22 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 316 23 } } -RRB- 36036 316 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 316 25 . . . 36036 317 1 Data datum NNS 36036 317 2 for for IN 36036 317 3 each each DT 36036 317 4 sex sex NN 36036 317 5 were be VBD 36036 317 6 combined combine VBN 36036 317 7 to to TO 36036 317 8 give give VB 36036 317 9 a a DT 36036 317 10 summer summer NN 36036 317 11 average average NN 36036 317 12 of of IN 36036 317 13 0.0256 0.0256 CD 36036 317 14 ±0.0028 ±0.0028 NNP 36036 317 15 for for IN 36036 317 16 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 317 17 } } -RRB- 36036 317 18 , , , 36036 317 19 and and CC 36036 317 20 0.0246 0.0246 CD 36036 317 21 ±0.0019 ±0.0019 VBP 36036 317 22 for for IN 36036 317 23 C_{md c_{md NN 36036 317 24 } } -RRB- 36036 317 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 317 26 Table table NN 36036 317 27 3 3 CD 36036 317 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 317 29 . . . 36036 318 1 These these DT 36036 318 2 summer summer NN 36036 318 3 conductances conductance NNS 36036 318 4 were be VBD 36036 318 5 49 49 CD 36036 318 6 % % NN 36036 318 7 higher high JJR 36036 318 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 318 9 p<0.005 p<0.005 NNP 36036 318 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 318 11 than than IN 36036 318 12 those those DT 36036 318 13 calculated calculate VBN 36036 318 14 for for IN 36036 318 15 winter winter NN 36036 318 16 females female NNS 36036 318 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 318 18 0.0172 0.0172 CD 36036 318 19 ±0.0023 ±0.0023 CD 36036 318 20 , , , 36036 318 21 and and CC 36036 318 22 0.0161 0.0161 CD 36036 318 23 ±0.0027 ±0.0027 NNPS 36036 318 24 for for IN 36036 318 25 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 318 26 } } -RRB- 36036 318 27 and and CC 36036 318 28 C_{md c_{md VB 36036 318 29 } } -RRB- 36036 318 30 , , , 36036 318 31 respectively respectively RB 36036 318 32 ; ; : 36036 318 33 Table table NN 36036 318 34 3 3 CD 36036 318 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 318 36 . . . 36036 319 1 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 319 2 } } -RRB- 36036 319 3 and and CC 36036 319 4 C_{md C_{md NNP 36036 319 5 } } -RRB- 36036 319 6 were be VBD 36036 319 7 not not RB 36036 319 8 different different JJ 36036 319 9 from from IN 36036 319 10 each each DT 36036 319 11 other other JJ 36036 319 12 in in IN 36036 319 13 either either DT 36036 319 14 summer summer NN 36036 319 15 or or CC 36036 319 16 winter winter NN 36036 319 17 , , , 36036 319 18 which which WDT 36036 319 19 indicated indicate VBD 36036 319 20 that that IN 36036 319 21 in in IN 36036 319 22 both both DT 36036 319 23 seasons season NNS 36036 319 24 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 319 25 water water NN 36036 319 26 loss loss NN 36036 319 27 contributed contribute VBD 36036 319 28 very very RB 36036 319 29 little little JJ 36036 319 30 to to TO 36036 319 31 heat heat VB 36036 319 32 dissipation dissipation NN 36036 319 33 at at IN 36036 319 34 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 319 35 below below IN 36036 319 36 T_{n T_{n NNP 36036 319 37 } } -RRB- 36036 319 38 . . . 36036 320 1 Comparisons comparison NNS 36036 320 2 of of IN 36036 320 3 thermal thermal JJ 36036 320 4 conductances conductance NNS 36036 320 5 calculated calculate VBD 36036 320 6 on on IN 36036 320 7 the the DT 36036 320 8 basis basis NN 36036 320 9 of of IN 36036 320 10 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 320 11 body body NN 36036 320 12 size size NN 36036 320 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 320 14 Mellen Mellen NNP 36036 320 15 , , , 36036 320 16 1963 1963 CD 36036 320 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 320 18 gave give VBD 36036 320 19 the the DT 36036 320 20 same same JJ 36036 320 21 results result NNS 36036 320 22 . . . 36036 321 1 EVAPORATIVE evaporative VBP 36036 321 2 WATER water NN 36036 321 3 LOSS los VBD 36036 321 4 Evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 321 5 water water NN 36036 321 6 loss loss NN 36036 321 7 increased increase VBD 36036 321 8 as as IN 36036 321 9 chamber chamber NN 36036 321 10 temperature temperature NN 36036 321 11 increased increase VBD 36036 321 12 in in IN 36036 321 13 both both DT 36036 321 14 summer summer NN 36036 321 15 and and CC 36036 321 16 winter winter NN 36036 321 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 321 18 Figures figure NNS 36036 321 19 4 4 CD 36036 321 20 , , , 36036 321 21 5 5 CD 36036 321 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 321 23 . . . 36036 322 1 In in IN 36036 322 2 summer summer NN 36036 322 3 , , , 36036 322 4 the the DT 36036 322 5 pattern pattern NN 36036 322 6 of of IN 36036 322 7 increase increase NN 36036 322 8 was be VBD 36036 322 9 different different JJ 36036 322 10 for for IN 36036 322 11 females female NNS 36036 322 12 and and CC 36036 322 13 males male NNS 36036 322 14 . . . 36036 323 1 Polynomial polynomial JJ 36036 323 2 regressions regression NNS 36036 323 3 for for IN 36036 323 4 trapped trapped JJ 36036 323 5 and and CC 36036 323 6 captive captive JJ 36036 323 7 males male NNS 36036 323 8 produced produce VBD 36036 323 9 equations equation NNS 36036 323 10 that that WDT 36036 323 11 describe describe VBP 36036 323 12 a a DT 36036 323 13 concave concave NNP 36036 323 14 relationship relationship NN 36036 323 15 between between IN 36036 323 16 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 323 17 } } -RRB- 36036 323 18 and and CC 36036 323 19 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 323 20 water water NN 36036 323 21 loss loss NN 36036 323 22 , , , 36036 323 23 whereas whereas IN 36036 323 24 the the DT 36036 323 25 equation equation NN 36036 323 26 for for IN 36036 323 27 females female NNS 36036 323 28 describes describe VBZ 36036 323 29 a a DT 36036 323 30 sigmoid sigmoid JJ 36036 323 31 curve curve NN 36036 323 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 323 33 Table table NN 36036 323 34 4 4 CD 36036 323 35 ; ; : 36036 323 36 Figure figure NN 36036 323 37 4 4 CD 36036 323 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 323 39 . . . 36036 324 1 For for IN 36036 324 2 females female NNS 36036 324 3 , , , 36036 324 4 water water NN 36036 324 5 loss loss NN 36036 324 6 increased increase VBD 36036 324 7 rapidly rapidly RB 36036 324 8 at at IN 36036 324 9 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 324 10 above above IN 36036 324 11 25 25 CD 36036 324 12 ° ° NNS 36036 324 13 C C NNP 36036 324 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 324 15 Figure Figure NNP 36036 324 16 4 4 CD 36036 324 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 324 18 . . . 36036 325 1 The the DT 36036 325 2 intercepts intercept NNS 36036 325 3 and and CC 36036 325 4 coefficients coefficient NNS 36036 325 5 of of IN 36036 325 6 the the DT 36036 325 7 X X NNP 36036 325 8 , , , 36036 325 9 X² X² NNP 36036 325 10 , , , 36036 325 11 and and CC 36036 325 12 X³ X³ NNP 36036 325 13 terms term NNS 36036 325 14 of of IN 36036 325 15 the the DT 36036 325 16 polynomial polynomial JJ 36036 325 17 regression regression NN 36036 325 18 equations equation NNS 36036 325 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 325 20 Table table NN 36036 325 21 4 4 CD 36036 325 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 325 23 were be VBD 36036 325 24 compared compare VBN 36036 325 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 325 26 _ _ NNP 36036 325 27 t_-tests t_-tests NNP 36036 325 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 325 29 to to TO 36036 325 30 determine determine VB 36036 325 31 if if IN 36036 325 32 they -PRON- PRP 36036 325 33 differed differ VBD 36036 325 34 from from IN 36036 325 35 each each DT 36036 325 36 other other JJ 36036 325 37 . . . 36036 326 1 The the DT 36036 326 2 coefficients coefficient NNS 36036 326 3 in in IN 36036 326 4 the the DT 36036 326 5 equation equation NN 36036 326 6 for for IN 36036 326 7 trapped trap VBN 36036 326 8 males male NNS 36036 326 9 differed differ VBN 36036 326 10 from from IN 36036 326 11 those those DT 36036 326 12 for for IN 36036 326 13 captive captive JJ 36036 326 14 females female NNS 36036 326 15 in in IN 36036 326 16 the the DT 36036 326 17 X² X² NNP 36036 326 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 326 19 p<0.05 p<0.05 NNP 36036 326 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 326 21 and and CC 36036 326 22 X³ X³ NNP 36036 326 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 326 24 p<0.025 p<0.025 JJ 36036 326 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 326 26 terms term NNS 36036 326 27 . . . 36036 327 1 The the DT 36036 327 2 intercept intercept NN 36036 327 3 and and CC 36036 327 4 coefficients coefficient NNS 36036 327 5 of of IN 36036 327 6 the the DT 36036 327 7 equation equation NN 36036 327 8 for for IN 36036 327 9 captive captive JJ 36036 327 10 males male NNS 36036 327 11 , , , 36036 327 12 however however RB 36036 327 13 , , , 36036 327 14 were be VBD 36036 327 15 not not RB 36036 327 16 different different JJ 36036 327 17 from from IN 36036 327 18 those those DT 36036 327 19 for for IN 36036 327 20 either either DT 36036 327 21 captive captive JJ 36036 327 22 females female NNS 36036 327 23 or or CC 36036 327 24 trapped trap VBN 36036 327 25 males male NNS 36036 327 26 . . . 36036 328 1 Although although IN 36036 328 2 this this DT 36036 328 3 lack lack NN 36036 328 4 of of IN 36036 328 5 difference difference NN 36036 328 6 is be VBZ 36036 328 7 understandable understandable JJ 36036 328 8 in in IN 36036 328 9 the the DT 36036 328 10 case case NN 36036 328 11 of of IN 36036 328 12 trapped trap VBN 36036 328 13 males male NNS 36036 328 14 , , , 36036 328 15 where where WRB 36036 328 16 the the DT 36036 328 17 shape shape NN 36036 328 18 of of IN 36036 328 19 the the DT 36036 328 20 two two CD 36036 328 21 curves curve NNS 36036 328 22 is be VBZ 36036 328 23 similar similar JJ 36036 328 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 328 25 concave concave NNP 36036 328 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 328 27 , , , 36036 328 28 it -PRON- PRP 36036 328 29 is be VBZ 36036 328 30 not not RB 36036 328 31 so so RB 36036 328 32 clear clear JJ 36036 328 33 for for IN 36036 328 34 the the DT 36036 328 35 sigmoid sigmoid JJ 36036 328 36 curve curve NN 36036 328 37 of of IN 36036 328 38 captive captive JJ 36036 328 39 females female NNS 36036 328 40 ( ( -LRB- 36036 328 41 Figure figure NN 36036 328 42 4 4 CD 36036 328 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 328 44 . . . 36036 329 1 Perhaps perhaps RB 36036 329 2 the the DT 36036 329 3 lack lack NN 36036 329 4 of of IN 36036 329 5 difference difference NN 36036 329 6 in in IN 36036 329 7 this this DT 36036 329 8 case case NN 36036 329 9 is be VBZ 36036 329 10 simply simply RB 36036 329 11 due due JJ 36036 329 12 to to IN 36036 329 13 the the DT 36036 329 14 small small JJ 36036 329 15 number number NN 36036 329 16 of of IN 36036 329 17 observations observation NNS 36036 329 18 available available JJ 36036 329 19 for for IN 36036 329 20 captive captive JJ 36036 329 21 males male NNS 36036 329 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 329 23 n n NNP 36036 329 24 = = SYM 36036 329 25 10 10 CD 36036 329 26 ; ; : 36036 329 27 Table table NN 36036 329 28 4 4 CD 36036 329 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 329 30 . . . 36036 330 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB 36036 330 2 , , , 36036 330 3 in in IN 36036 330 4 summer summer NN 36036 330 5 at at IN 36036 330 6 35 35 CD 36036 330 7 ° ° NNS 36036 330 8 C C NNP 36036 330 9 , , , 36036 330 10 both both CC 36036 330 11 captive captive JJ 36036 330 12 and and CC 36036 330 13 trapped trapped JJ 36036 330 14 males male NNS 36036 330 15 relied relied VBP 36036 330 16 less less RBR 36036 330 17 on on IN 36036 330 18 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 330 19 cooling cooling NN 36036 330 20 than than IN 36036 330 21 did do VBD 36036 330 22 captive captive JJ 36036 330 23 females female NNS 36036 330 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 330 25 Figure figure NN 36036 330 26 4 4 CD 36036 330 27 ) ) -RRB- 36036 330 28 . . . 36036 331 1 In in IN 36036 331 2 winter winter NN 36036 331 3 , , , 36036 331 4 males male NNS 36036 331 5 and and CC 36036 331 6 females female NNS 36036 331 7 had have VBD 36036 331 8 similar similar JJ 36036 331 9 rates rate NNS 36036 331 10 of of IN 36036 331 11 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 331 12 water water NN 36036 331 13 loss loss NN 36036 331 14 across across IN 36036 331 15 the the DT 36036 331 16 full full JJ 36036 331 17 range range NN 36036 331 18 of of IN 36036 331 19 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 331 20 tested test VBN 36036 331 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 331 22 Figure Figure NNP 36036 331 23 5 5 CD 36036 331 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 331 25 . . . 36036 332 1 Therefore therefore RB 36036 332 2 , , , 36036 332 3 data datum NNS 36036 332 4 for for IN 36036 332 5 both both DT 36036 332 6 sexes sex NNS 36036 332 7 were be VBD 36036 332 8 combined combine VBN 36036 332 9 . . . 36036 333 1 The the DT 36036 333 2 intercept intercept NN 36036 333 3 and and CC 36036 333 4 coefficients coefficient NNS 36036 333 5 of of IN 36036 333 6 this this DT 36036 333 7 equation equation NN 36036 333 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 333 9 Table table NN 36036 333 10 4 4 CD 36036 333 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 333 12 did do VBD 36036 333 13 not not RB 36036 333 14 differ differ VB 36036 333 15 from from IN 36036 333 16 those those DT 36036 333 17 for for IN 36036 333 18 summer summer NN 36036 333 19 females female NNS 36036 333 20 , , , 36036 333 21 but but CC 36036 333 22 they -PRON- PRP 36036 333 23 did do VBD 36036 333 24 differ differ VB 36036 333 25 from from IN 36036 333 26 those those DT 36036 333 27 in in IN 36036 333 28 the the DT 36036 333 29 regression regression NN 36036 333 30 for for IN 36036 333 31 trapped trap VBN 36036 333 32 males male NNS 36036 333 33 in in IN 36036 333 34 the the DT 36036 333 35 X² X² NNP 36036 333 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 333 37 p<0.05 p<0.05 NNP 36036 333 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 333 39 and and CC 36036 333 40 X³ X³ NNP 36036 333 41 ( ( -LRB- 36036 333 42 p<0.025 p<0.025 JJ 36036 333 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 333 44 terms term NNS 36036 333 45 . . . 36036 334 1 As as IN 36036 334 2 was be VBD 36036 334 3 the the DT 36036 334 4 case case NN 36036 334 5 for for IN 36036 334 6 females female NNS 36036 334 7 in in IN 36036 334 8 summer summer NN 36036 334 9 , , , 36036 334 10 rates rate NNS 36036 334 11 of of IN 36036 334 12 water water NN 36036 334 13 loss loss NN 36036 334 14 for for IN 36036 334 15 winter winter NN 36036 334 16 animals animal NNS 36036 334 17 increased increase VBD 36036 334 18 most most RBS 36036 334 19 rapidly rapidly RB 36036 334 20 at at IN 36036 334 21 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 334 22 above above IN 36036 334 23 25 25 CD 36036 334 24 ° ° NNS 36036 334 25 C C NNP 36036 334 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 334 27 Figure Figure NNP 36036 334 28 5 5 CD 36036 334 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 334 30 . . . 36036 335 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 335 2 Illustration illustration NN 36036 335 3 : : : 36036 335 4 FIGURE FIGURE NNP 36036 335 5 4.--Relationship 4.--relationship CD 36036 335 6 between between IN 36036 335 7 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 335 8 water water NN 36036 335 9 loss loss NN 36036 335 10 and and CC 36036 335 11 chamber chamber NN 36036 335 12 air air NN 36036 335 13 temperature temperature NN 36036 335 14 for for IN 36036 335 15 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 335 16 in in IN 36036 335 17 summer summer NN 36036 335 18 : : : 36036 335 19 captive captive JJ 36036 335 20 females female NNS 36036 335 21 , , , 36036 335 22 open open JJ 36036 335 23 circles circle NNS 36036 335 24 ; ; : 36036 335 25 captive captive JJ 36036 335 26 males male NNS 36036 335 27 , , , 36036 335 28 closed close VBD 36036 335 29 circles circle NNS 36036 335 30 ; ; : 36036 335 31 trapped trapped JJ 36036 335 32 males male NNS 36036 335 33 , , , 36036 335 34 open open JJ 36036 335 35 squares square NNS 36036 335 36 . . . 36036 336 1 Lines line NNS 36036 336 2 represent represent VBP 36036 336 3 polynomial polynomial JJ 36036 336 4 regressions regression NNS 36036 336 5 of of IN 36036 336 6 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 336 7 water water NN 36036 336 8 loss loss NN 36036 336 9 on on IN 36036 336 10 chamber chamber NN 36036 336 11 air air NN 36036 336 12 temperature temperature NN 36036 336 13 . . . 36036 336 14 ] ] -RRB- 36036 337 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 337 2 Illustration illustration NN 36036 337 3 : : : 36036 337 4 FIGURE FIGURE NNP 36036 337 5 5.--Relationship 5.--relationship CD 36036 337 6 between between IN 36036 337 7 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 337 8 water water NN 36036 337 9 loss loss NN 36036 337 10 and and CC 36036 337 11 chamber chamber NN 36036 337 12 air air NN 36036 337 13 temperature temperature NN 36036 337 14 for for IN 36036 337 15 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 337 16 in in IN 36036 337 17 winter winter NN 36036 337 18 : : : 36036 337 19 captive captive JJ 36036 337 20 females female NNS 36036 337 21 , , , 36036 337 22 open open JJ 36036 337 23 circles circle NNS 36036 337 24 ; ; : 36036 337 25 captive captive JJ 36036 337 26 males male NNS 36036 337 27 , , , 36036 337 28 closed close VBD 36036 337 29 circles circle NNS 36036 337 30 . . . 36036 338 1 Lines line NNS 36036 338 2 represent represent VBP 36036 338 3 polynomial polynomial JJ 36036 338 4 regressions regression NNS 36036 338 5 of of IN 36036 338 6 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 338 7 water water NN 36036 338 8 loss loss NN 36036 338 9 on on IN 36036 338 10 chamber chamber NN 36036 338 11 air air NN 36036 338 12 temperature temperature NN 36036 338 13 . . . 36036 338 14 ] ] -RRB- 36036 339 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 339 2 4.--Polynomial 4.--polynomial CD 36036 339 3 regression regression NN 36036 339 4 equations equation NNS 36036 339 5 describing describe VBG 36036 339 6 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 339 7 water water NN 36036 339 8 loss loss NN 36036 339 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 339 10 mg·g^{-1}·h^{-1 mg·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 339 11 } } -RRB- 36036 339 12 ) ) -RRB- 36036 339 13 of of IN 36036 339 14 _ _ NNP 36036 339 15 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 339 16 lotor lotor NN 36036 339 17 _ _ NNP 36036 339 18 in in IN 36036 339 19 summer summer NN 36036 339 20 and and CC 36036 339 21 winter winter NN 36036 339 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 339 23 X x NN 36036 339 24 = = SYM 36036 339 25 chamber chamber NN 36036 339 26 temperature temperature NN 36036 339 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 339 28 ° ° NNP 36036 339 29 C C NNP 36036 339 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 339 31 , , , 36036 339 32 Y Y NNP 36036 339 33 = = SYM 36036 339 34 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 339 35 water water NN 36036 339 36 loss loss NN 36036 339 37 , , , 36036 339 38 n n NN 36036 339 39 = = SYM 36036 339 40 number number NN 36036 339 41 of of IN 36036 339 42 observations observation NNS 36036 339 43 , , , 36036 339 44 R² R² NNP 36036 339 45 = = SYM 36036 339 46 coefficient coefficient NN 36036 339 47 of of IN 36036 339 48 determination determination NN 36036 339 49 , , , 36036 339 50 and and CC 36036 339 51 SEE see VB 36036 339 52 = = SYM 36036 339 53 standard standard JJ 36036 339 54 error error NN 36036 339 55 of of IN 36036 339 56 estimate estimate NN 36036 339 57 ) ) -RRB- 36036 339 58 . . . 36036 340 1 --------------+-------------------------------------------------------- --------------+-------------------------------------------------------- : 36036 340 2 Season season NN 36036 340 3 and and CC 36036 340 4 sex| sex| ADD 36036 340 5 Equation equation NN 36036 340 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 340 7 n n NNP 36036 340 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 340 9 R² R² NNP 36036 340 10 --------------+-------------------------------------------------------- --------------+-------------------------------------------------------- NN 36036 340 11 Summer summer NN 36036 340 12 | | NNP 36036 340 13 Trapped Trapped NNP 36036 340 14 male male JJ 36036 340 15 |Y |y CD 36036 340 16 = = SYM 36036 340 17 0.1899 0.1899 CD 36036 340 18 + + SYM 36036 340 19 0.0114·X 0.0114·x CD 36036 340 20 + + SYM 36036 340 21 0.0011·X² 0.0011·X² NNS 36036 340 22 - - HYPH 36036 340 23 0.00002·X³ 0.00002·X³ NNS 36036 340 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 340 25 32 32 CD 36036 340 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 340 27 0.86 0.86 CD 36036 340 28 SEE SEE NNP 36036 340 29 | | CD 36036 340 30 0.0885 0.0885 CD 36036 340 31 0.0223 0.0223 CD 36036 340 32 0.0015 0.0015 CD 36036 340 33 0.00003 0.00003 CD 36036 340 34 Captive Captive NNP 36036 340 35 male male JJ 36036 340 36 |Y |y CD 36036 340 37 = = SYM 36036 340 38 0.2174 0.2174 CD 36036 340 39 + + SYM 36036 340 40 0.0192·X 0.0192·x CD 36036 340 41 + + CC 36036 340 42 0.0009·X² 0.0009·X² NNS 36036 340 43 - - HYPH 36036 340 44 0.00003·X³ 0.00003·X³ NNP 36036 340 45 ( ( -LRB- 36036 340 46 10 10 CD 36036 340 47 ) ) -RRB- 36036 340 48 0.73 0.73 CD 36036 340 49 SEE see NN 36036 340 50 | | CD 36036 340 51 0.3983 0.3983 CD 36036 340 52 0.0834 0.0834 CD 36036 340 53 0.0048 0.0048 CD 36036 340 54 0.00008 0.00008 CD 36036 340 55 Captive Captive NNP 36036 340 56 | | CD 36036 340 57 female female JJ 36036 340 58 |Y |y CD 36036 340 59 = = SYM 36036 340 60 0.0127 0.0127 CD 36036 340 61 + + SYM 36036 340 62 0.0943·X 0.0943·x CD 36036 340 63 - - HYPH 36036 340 64 0.0060·X² 0.0060·X² NNS 36036 340 65 + + SYM 36036 340 66 0.00013·X³ 0.00013·X³ NNS 36036 340 67 ( ( -LRB- 36036 340 68 31 31 CD 36036 340 69 ) ) -RRB- 36036 340 70 0.64 0.64 CD 36036 340 71 SEE see NN 36036 340 72 | | CD 36036 340 73 0.2218 0.2218 CD 36036 340 74 0.0547 0.0547 CD 36036 340 75 0.0036 0.0036 CD 36036 340 76 0.00006 0.00006 CD 36036 340 77 Winter Winter NNP 36036 340 78 | | NNP 36036 340 79 Captive Captive NNP 36036 340 80 , , , 36036 340 81 | | NNP 36036 340 82 both both CC 36036 340 83 sexes sex NNS 36036 340 84 |Y |y CD 36036 340 85 = = SYM 36036 340 86 0.1550 0.1550 CD 36036 340 87 + + SYM 36036 340 88 0.0426·X 0.0426·x CD 36036 340 89 - - HYPH 36036 340 90 0.0025·X² 0.0025·X² NNS 36036 340 91 + + NFP 36036 340 92 0.00006·X³ 0.00006·X³ NNS 36036 340 93 ( ( -LRB- 36036 340 94 57 57 CD 36036 340 95 ) ) -RRB- 36036 340 96 0.80 0.80 CD 36036 340 97 SEE see NN 36036 340 98 | | CD 36036 340 99 0.0734 0.0734 CD 36036 340 100 0.0192 0.0192 CD 36036 340 101 0.0013 0.0013 CD 36036 340 102 0.00002 0.00002 CD 36036 340 103 --------------+-------------------------------------------------------- --------------+-------------------------------------------------------- : 36036 340 104 THERMOREGULATION thermoregulation NN 36036 340 105 AT AT NNP 36036 340 106 LOW LOW NNP 36036 340 107 TEMPERATURES TEMPERATURES NNP 36036 340 108 _ _ NNP 36036 340 109 Body Body NNP 36036 340 110 Temperature Temperature NNP 36036 340 111 _ _ NNP 36036 340 112 Body Body NNP 36036 340 113 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 340 114 in in IN 36036 340 115 Figure figure NN 36036 340 116 6 6 CD 36036 340 117 are be VBP 36036 340 118 those those DT 36036 340 119 recorded record VBN 36036 340 120 during during IN 36036 340 121 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 340 122 measurements measurement NNS 36036 340 123 from from IN 36036 340 124 animals animal NNS 36036 340 125 equipped equip VBN 36036 340 126 with with IN 36036 340 127 surgically surgically RB 36036 340 128 implanted implant VBN 36036 340 129 , , , 36036 340 130 temperature temperature NN 36036 340 131 - - HYPH 36036 340 132 sensitive sensitive JJ 36036 340 133 radio radio NN 36036 340 134 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 340 135 . . . 36036 341 1 Each each DT 36036 341 2 point point NN 36036 341 3 was be VBD 36036 341 4 recorded record VBN 36036 341 5 during during IN 36036 341 6 the the DT 36036 341 7 lowest low JJS 36036 341 8 level level NN 36036 341 9 of of IN 36036 341 10 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 341 11 consumption consumption NN 36036 341 12 at at IN 36036 341 13 each each DT 36036 341 14 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 341 15 } } -RRB- 36036 341 16 . . . 36036 342 1 In in IN 36036 342 2 both both DT 36036 342 3 summer summer NN 36036 342 4 and and CC 36036 342 5 winter winter NN 36036 342 6 , , , 36036 342 7 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 342 8 } } -RRB- 36036 342 9 's be VBZ 36036 342 10 were be VBD 36036 342 11 lowest low JJS 36036 342 12 during during IN 36036 342 13 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 342 14 measurements measurement NNS 36036 342 15 at at IN 36036 342 16 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 342 17 } } -RRB- 36036 342 18 's be VBZ 36036 342 19 around around RB 36036 342 20 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 342 21 } } -RRB- 36036 342 22 . . . 36036 343 1 At at IN 36036 343 2 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 343 3 } } -RRB- 36036 343 4 's be VBZ 36036 343 5 below below RB 36036 343 6 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 343 7 } } -RRB- 36036 343 8 , , , 36036 343 9 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 343 10 } } -RRB- 36036 343 11 's be VBZ 36036 343 12 increased increase VBN 36036 343 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 343 14 Figure Figure NNP 36036 343 15 6 6 CD 36036 343 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 343 17 , , , 36036 343 18 which which WDT 36036 343 19 is be VBZ 36036 343 20 an an DT 36036 343 21 unusual unusual JJ 36036 343 22 response response NN 36036 343 23 . . . 36036 344 1 Under under IN 36036 344 2 similar similar JJ 36036 344 3 conditions condition NNS 36036 344 4 , , , 36036 344 5 other other JJ 36036 344 6 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 344 7 either either CC 36036 344 8 maintain maintain VBP 36036 344 9 a a DT 36036 344 10 nearly nearly RB 36036 344 11 constant constant JJ 36036 344 12 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 344 13 } } -RRB- 36036 344 14 or or CC 36036 344 15 allow allow VB 36036 344 16 it -PRON- PRP 36036 344 17 to to TO 36036 344 18 fall fall VB 36036 344 19 slightly slightly RB 36036 344 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 344 21 Müller Müller NNP 36036 344 22 and and CC 36036 344 23 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 344 24 , , , 36036 344 25 1977 1977 CD 36036 344 26 ; ; : 36036 344 27 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 344 28 - - HYPH 36036 344 29 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 344 30 et et FW 36036 344 31 al al NNP 36036 344 32 . . NNP 36036 344 33 , , , 36036 344 34 1980 1980 CD 36036 344 35 ; ; : 36036 344 36 Müller Müller NNP 36036 344 37 and and CC 36036 344 38 Rost Rost NNP 36036 344 39 , , , 36036 344 40 1983 1983 CD 36036 344 41 ; ; : 36036 344 42 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 344 43 , , , 36036 344 44 1985 1985 CD 36036 344 45 ) ) -RRB- 36036 344 46 . . . 36036 345 1 For for IN 36036 345 2 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 345 3 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 345 4 , , , 36036 345 5 confinement confinement NN 36036 345 6 in in IN 36036 345 7 the the DT 36036 345 8 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 345 9 chamber chamber NN 36036 345 10 at at IN 36036 345 11 low low JJ 36036 345 12 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 345 13 must must MD 36036 345 14 have have VB 36036 345 15 stimulated stimulate VBN 36036 345 16 a a DT 36036 345 17 greater great JJR 36036 345 18 than than IN 36036 345 19 necessary necessary JJ 36036 345 20 increase increase NN 36036 345 21 in in IN 36036 345 22 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 345 23 rate rate NN 36036 345 24 such such JJ 36036 345 25 that that IN 36036 345 26 heat heat NN 36036 345 27 production production NN 36036 345 28 exceeded exceed VBD 36036 345 29 heat heat NN 36036 345 30 loss loss NN 36036 345 31 , , , 36036 345 32 which which WDT 36036 345 33 caused cause VBD 36036 345 34 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 345 35 } } -RRB- 36036 345 36 to to TO 36036 345 37 become become VB 36036 345 38 elevated elevated JJ 36036 345 39 . . . 36036 346 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 346 2 Illustration illustration NN 36036 346 3 : : : 36036 346 4 FIGURE figure VB 36036 346 5 6.--Relationship 6.--relationship CD 36036 346 6 between between IN 36036 346 7 body body NN 36036 346 8 temperature temperature NN 36036 346 9 and and CC 36036 346 10 chamber chamber NN 36036 346 11 air air NN 36036 346 12 temperature temperature NN 36036 346 13 in in IN 36036 346 14 summer summer NN 36036 346 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 346 16 panel panel NN 36036 346 17 A a NN 36036 346 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 346 19 , , , 36036 346 20 and and CC 36036 346 21 winter winter NN 36036 346 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 346 23 panel panel NN 36036 346 24 B B NNP 36036 346 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 346 26 : : : 36036 346 27 captive captive JJ 36036 346 28 females female NNS 36036 346 29 , , , 36036 346 30 open open JJ 36036 346 31 circles circle NNS 36036 346 32 and and CC 36036 346 33 solid solid JJ 36036 346 34 lines line NNS 36036 346 35 ; ; : 36036 346 36 captive captive JJ 36036 346 37 males male NNS 36036 346 38 , , , 36036 346 39 solid solid JJ 36036 346 40 circles circle NNS 36036 346 41 and and CC 36036 346 42 dashed dash VBN 36036 346 43 lines line NNS 36036 346 44 . . . 36036 347 1 Solid solid JJ 36036 347 2 vertical vertical JJ 36036 347 3 lines line NNS 36036 347 4 represent represent VBP 36036 347 5 lower low JJR 36036 347 6 critical critical JJ 36036 347 7 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 347 8 . . . 36036 347 9 ] ] -RRB- 36036 348 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 348 2 5.--Regression 5.--regression CD 36036 348 3 equations equation NNS 36036 348 4 describing describe VBG 36036 348 5 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 348 6 consumption consumption NN 36036 348 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 348 8 mL mL NNP 36036 348 9 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 348 10 } } -RRB- 36036 348 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 348 12 of of IN 36036 348 13 _ _ NNP 36036 348 14 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 348 15 lotor lotor NN 36036 348 16 _ _ NNP 36036 348 17 at at IN 36036 348 18 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 348 19 below below IN 36036 348 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 348 21 lower low JJR 36036 348 22 critical critical JJ 36036 348 23 temperature temperature NN 36036 348 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 348 25 I i NN 36036 348 26 = = SYM 36036 348 27 x x SYM 36036 348 28 - - NN 36036 348 29 intercept intercept NN 36036 348 30 ( ( -LRB- 36036 348 31 ° ° NNP 36036 348 32 C C NNP 36036 348 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 348 34 , , , 36036 348 35 n n NN 36036 348 36 = = SYM 36036 348 37 number number NN 36036 348 38 of of IN 36036 348 39 observations observation NNS 36036 348 40 , , , 36036 348 41 R² R² NNP 36036 348 42 = = SYM 36036 348 43 coefficient coefficient NN 36036 348 44 of of IN 36036 348 45 determination determination NN 36036 348 46 , , , 36036 348 47 SEE SEE NNP 36036 348 48 = = SYM 36036 348 49 standard standard JJ 36036 348 50 error error NN 36036 348 51 of of IN 36036 348 52 estimate estimate NN 36036 348 53 for for IN 36036 348 54 the the DT 36036 348 55 y y NNP 36036 348 56 - - HYPH 36036 348 57 intercept intercept NNP 36036 348 58 ( ( -LRB- 36036 348 59 a a LS 36036 348 60 ) ) -RRB- 36036 348 61 and and CC 36036 348 62 slope slope NN 36036 348 63 ( ( -LRB- 36036 348 64 b b NNP 36036 348 65 ) ) -RRB- 36036 348 66 , , , 36036 348 67 X x NN 36036 348 68 = = SYM 36036 348 69 chamber chamber NN 36036 348 70 temperature temperature NN 36036 348 71 ( ( -LRB- 36036 348 72 ° ° NNP 36036 348 73 C C NNP 36036 348 74 ) ) -RRB- 36036 348 75 , , , 36036 348 76 and and CC 36036 348 77 Y Y NNP 36036 348 78 = = SYM 36036 348 79 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 348 80 consumption consumption NN 36036 348 81 ) ) -RRB- 36036 348 82 . . . 36036 349 1 ----------------+------------------------------------------------------ ----------------+------------------------------------------------------ : 36036 349 2 Season season NN 36036 349 3 | | CD 36036 349 4 SEE see NN 36036 349 5 and and CC 36036 349 6 sex sex NN 36036 349 7 | | NNP 36036 349 8 ----------- ----------- CD 36036 349 9 | | NNP 36036 349 10 Equation Equation NNP 36036 349 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 349 12 n n NNP 36036 349 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 349 14 R² R² NNP 36036 349 15 a a DT 36036 349 16 b b NN 36036 349 17 I i NN 36036 349 18 ----------------+------------------------------------------------------ ----------------+------------------------------------------------------ : 36036 349 19 Summer summer NN 36036 349 20 | | NNP 36036 349 21 Trapped Trapped NNP 36036 349 22 male male NN 36036 349 23 | | HYPH 36036 349 24 Y y NN 36036 349 25 = = SYM 36036 349 26 1.09 1.09 CD 36036 349 27 - - HYPH 36036 349 28 0.0281·X 0.0281·x CD 36036 349 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 349 30 30 30 CD 36036 349 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 349 32 0.64 0.64 CD 36036 349 33 0.0353 0.0353 CD 36036 349 34 0.0040 0.0040 CD 36036 349 35 38.8 38.8 CD 36036 349 36 Captive Captive NNP 36036 349 37 male male NN 36036 349 38 | | NNP 36036 349 39 Y y NN 36036 349 40 = = SYM 36036 349 41 0.97 0.97 CD 36036 349 42 - - HYPH 36036 349 43 0.0258·X 0.0258·x CD 36036 349 44 ( ( -LRB- 36036 349 45 12 12 CD 36036 349 46 ) ) -RRB- 36036 349 47 0.91 0.91 CD 36036 349 48 0.0235 0.0235 CD 36036 349 49 0.0025 0.0025 CD 36036 349 50 37.6 37.6 CD 36036 349 51 Captive Captive NNP 36036 349 52 female| female| NNP 36036 349 53 Y Y NNP 36036 349 54 = = SYM 36036 349 55 1.04 1.04 CD 36036 349 56 - - HYPH 36036 349 57 0.0251·X 0.0251·x CD 36036 349 58 ( ( -LRB- 36036 349 59 29 29 CD 36036 349 60 ) ) -RRB- 36036 349 61 0.78 0.78 CD 36036 349 62 0.0288 0.0288 CD 36036 349 63 0.0026 0.0026 CD 36036 349 64 41.1 41.1 CD 36036 349 65 Winter Winter NNP 36036 349 66 | | NNP 36036 349 67 Captive Captive NNP 36036 349 68 , , , 36036 349 69 | | JJ 36036 349 70 both both CC 36036 349 71 sexes sex NNS 36036 349 72 | | NNP 36036 349 73 Y Y NNP 36036 349 74 = = SYM 36036 349 75 0.68 0.68 CD 36036 349 76 - - HYPH 36036 349 77 0.0193·X 0.0193·x CD 36036 349 78 ( ( -LRB- 36036 349 79 36 36 CD 36036 349 80 ) ) -RRB- 36036 349 81 0.68 0.68 CD 36036 349 82 0.0157 0.0157 CD 36036 349 83 0.0023 0.0023 CD 36036 349 84 35.2 35.2 CD 36036 349 85 ----------------+------------------------------------------------------ ----------------+------------------------------------------------------ : 36036 349 86 _ _ NNP 36036 349 87 Summer Summer NNP 36036 349 88 _ _ NNP 36036 349 89 During during IN 36036 349 90 summer summer NN 36036 349 91 , , , 36036 349 92 T_{lc t_{lc VBP 36036 349 93 } } -RRB- 36036 349 94 for for IN 36036 349 95 male male JJ 36036 349 96 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 349 97 was be VBD 36036 349 98 20 20 CD 36036 349 99 ° ° NNS 36036 349 100 C C NNP 36036 349 101 , , , 36036 349 102 whereas whereas IN 36036 349 103 for for IN 36036 349 104 females female NNS 36036 349 105 it -PRON- PRP 36036 349 106 was be VBD 36036 349 107 25 25 CD 36036 349 108 ° ° NNS 36036 349 109 C C NNP 36036 349 110 ( ( -LRB- 36036 349 111 Figure Figure NNP 36036 349 112 2 2 CD 36036 349 113 ) ) -RRB- 36036 349 114 . . . 36036 350 1 Regression regression NN 36036 350 2 equations equation NNS 36036 350 3 calculated calculate VBD 36036 350 4 to to TO 36036 350 5 describe describe VB 36036 350 6 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 350 7 consumption consumption NN 36036 350 8 at at IN 36036 350 9 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 350 10 } } -RRB- 36036 350 11 's be VBZ 36036 350 12 below below RB 36036 350 13 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 350 14 } } -RRB- 36036 350 15 are be VBP 36036 350 16 presented present VBN 36036 350 17 in in IN 36036 350 18 Table Table NNP 36036 350 19 5 5 CD 36036 350 20 . . . 36036 351 1 For for IN 36036 351 2 three three CD 36036 351 3 groups group NNS 36036 351 4 of of IN 36036 351 5 summer summer NN 36036 351 6 animals animal NNS 36036 351 7 , , , 36036 351 8 slopes slope NNS 36036 351 9 of of IN 36036 351 10 regressions regression NNS 36036 351 11 are be VBP 36036 351 12 identical identical JJ 36036 351 13 . . . 36036 352 1 This this DT 36036 352 2 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 352 3 that that IN 36036 352 4 minimum minimum JJ 36036 352 5 conductances conductance NNS 36036 352 6 of of IN 36036 352 7 these these DT 36036 352 8 three three CD 36036 352 9 groups group NNS 36036 352 10 were be VBD 36036 352 11 equivalent equivalent JJ 36036 352 12 . . . 36036 353 1 Intercepts intercept NNS 36036 353 2 of of IN 36036 353 3 these these DT 36036 353 4 equations equation NNS 36036 353 5 are be VBP 36036 353 6 different different JJ 36036 353 7 , , , 36036 353 8 which which WDT 36036 353 9 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 353 10 a a DT 36036 353 11 difference difference NN 36036 353 12 in in IN 36036 353 13 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 353 14 cost cost NN 36036 353 15 of of IN 36036 353 16 thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 353 17 between between IN 36036 353 18 these these DT 36036 353 19 groups group NNS 36036 353 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 353 21 Figure figure NN 36036 353 22 2 2 CD 36036 353 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 353 24 ; ; : 36036 353 25 captive captive JJ 36036 353 26 males male NNS 36036 353 27 had have VBD 36036 353 28 a a DT 36036 353 29 lower low JJR 36036 353 30 intercept intercept NN 36036 353 31 than than IN 36036 353 32 either either DT 36036 353 33 trapped trap VBN 36036 353 34 males male NNS 36036 353 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 353 36 p<0.005 p<0.005 JJ 36036 353 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 353 38 or or CC 36036 353 39 captive captive JJ 36036 353 40 females female NNS 36036 353 41 ( ( -LRB- 36036 353 42 p<0.05 p<0.05 NNP 36036 353 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 353 44 , , , 36036 353 45 but but CC 36036 353 46 there there EX 36036 353 47 was be VBD 36036 353 48 no no DT 36036 353 49 difference difference NN 36036 353 50 in in IN 36036 353 51 intercepts intercept NNS 36036 353 52 of of IN 36036 353 53 captive captive JJ 36036 353 54 females female NNS 36036 353 55 and and CC 36036 353 56 trapped trap VBN 36036 353 57 males male NNS 36036 353 58 . . . 36036 354 1 These these DT 36036 354 2 regression regression NN 36036 354 3 equations equation NNS 36036 354 4 , , , 36036 354 5 therefore therefore RB 36036 354 6 , , , 36036 354 7 also also RB 36036 354 8 were be VBD 36036 354 9 derived derive VBN 36036 354 10 using use VBG 36036 354 11 values value NNS 36036 354 12 of of IN 36036 354 13 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 354 14 consumption consumption NN 36036 354 15 expressed express VBN 36036 354 16 in in IN 36036 354 17 terms term NNS 36036 354 18 of of IN 36036 354 19 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 354 20 body body NN 36036 354 21 mass mass NNP 36036 354 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 354 23 Mellen Mellen NNP 36036 354 24 , , , 36036 354 25 1963 1963 CD 36036 354 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 354 27 . . . 36036 355 1 Relationships relationship NNS 36036 355 2 between between IN 36036 355 3 intercepts intercept NNS 36036 355 4 of of IN 36036 355 5 these these DT 36036 355 6 equations equation NNS 36036 355 7 are be VBP 36036 355 8 different different JJ 36036 355 9 than than IN 36036 355 10 those those DT 36036 355 11 for for IN 36036 355 12 regressions regression NNS 36036 355 13 in in IN 36036 355 14 Table table NN 36036 355 15 5 5 CD 36036 355 16 . . . 36036 356 1 Intercept intercept VB 36036 356 2 for for IN 36036 356 3 females female NNS 36036 356 4 was be VBD 36036 356 5 intermediate intermediate JJ 36036 356 6 to to TO 36036 356 7 , , , 36036 356 8 and and CC 36036 356 9 not not RB 36036 356 10 different different JJ 36036 356 11 from from IN 36036 356 12 , , , 36036 356 13 those those DT 36036 356 14 of of IN 36036 356 15 the the DT 36036 356 16 two two CD 36036 356 17 groups group NNS 36036 356 18 of of IN 36036 356 19 males male NNS 36036 356 20 . . . 36036 357 1 However however RB 36036 357 2 , , , 36036 357 3 captive captive JJ 36036 357 4 males male NNS 36036 357 5 still still RB 36036 357 6 had have VBD 36036 357 7 a a DT 36036 357 8 lower low JJR 36036 357 9 intercept intercept NN 36036 357 10 than than IN 36036 357 11 trapped trap VBN 36036 357 12 males male NNS 36036 357 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 357 14 p<0.025 p<0.025 NN 36036 357 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 357 16 . . . 36036 358 1 Thus thus RB 36036 358 2 , , , 36036 358 3 in in IN 36036 358 4 summer summer NN 36036 358 5 , , , 36036 358 6 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 358 7 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 358 8 was be VBD 36036 358 9 less less RBR 36036 358 10 expensive expensive JJ 36036 358 11 for for IN 36036 358 12 captive captive JJ 36036 358 13 than than IN 36036 358 14 for for IN 36036 358 15 trapped trap VBN 36036 358 16 males male NNS 36036 358 17 , , , 36036 358 18 and and CC 36036 358 19 in in IN 36036 358 20 spite spite NN 36036 358 21 of of IN 36036 358 22 a a DT 36036 358 23 5 5 CD 36036 358 24 ° ° NNS 36036 358 25 C c NN 36036 358 26 difference difference NN 36036 358 27 in in IN 36036 358 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 358 29 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 358 30 } } -RRB- 36036 358 31 's 's POS 36036 358 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 358 33 Figure figure NN 36036 358 34 2 2 CD 36036 358 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 358 36 , , , 36036 358 37 captive captive JJ 36036 358 38 males male NNS 36036 358 39 and and CC 36036 358 40 females female NNS 36036 358 41 had have VBD 36036 358 42 similar similar JJ 36036 358 43 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 358 44 costs cost NNS 36036 358 45 . . . 36036 359 1 Regression regression NN 36036 359 2 lines line NNS 36036 359 3 for for IN 36036 359 4 three three CD 36036 359 5 groups group NNS 36036 359 6 of of IN 36036 359 7 animals animal NNS 36036 359 8 in in IN 36036 359 9 summer summer NN 36036 359 10 extrapolate extrapolate NN 36036 359 11 to to IN 36036 359 12 zero zero CD 36036 359 13 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 359 14 at at IN 36036 359 15 values value NNS 36036 359 16 equivalent equivalent JJ 36036 359 17 to to IN 36036 359 18 , , , 36036 359 19 or or CC 36036 359 20 greater great JJR 36036 359 21 than than IN 36036 359 22 , , , 36036 359 23 normal normal JJ 36036 359 24 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 359 25 } } -RRB- 36036 359 26 ; ; : 36036 359 27 38.8 38.8 CD 36036 359 28 ° ° , 36036 359 29 C C NNP 36036 359 30 for for IN 36036 359 31 trapped trap VBN 36036 359 32 males male NNS 36036 359 33 , , , 36036 359 34 37.6 37.6 CD 36036 359 35 ° ° , 36036 359 36 C C NNP 36036 359 37 for for IN 36036 359 38 captive captive JJ 36036 359 39 males male NNS 36036 359 40 , , , 36036 359 41 and and CC 36036 359 42 41.1 41.1 CD 36036 359 43 ° ° , 36036 359 44 C C NNP 36036 359 45 for for IN 36036 359 46 captive captive JJ 36036 359 47 females female NNS 36036 359 48 ( ( -LRB- 36036 359 49 Table table NN 36036 359 50 5 5 CD 36036 359 51 ) ) -RRB- 36036 359 52 . . . 36036 360 1 Thus thus RB 36036 360 2 , , , 36036 360 3 all all DT 36036 360 4 three three CD 36036 360 5 groups group NNS 36036 360 6 had have VBD 36036 360 7 minimized minimize VBN 36036 360 8 thermal thermal JJ 36036 360 9 conductance conductance NN 36036 360 10 at at IN 36036 360 11 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 360 12 } } -RRB- 36036 360 13 's be VBZ 36036 360 14 below below RB 36036 360 15 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 360 16 } } -RRB- 36036 360 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 360 18 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 360 19 et et NNP 36036 360 20 al al NNP 36036 360 21 . . NNP 36036 360 22 , , , 36036 360 23 1950b 1950b CD 36036 360 24 ; ; : 36036 360 25 McNab McNab NNP 36036 360 26 , , , 36036 360 27 1980b 1980b CD 36036 360 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 360 29 . . . 36036 361 1 Minimum minimum JJ 36036 361 2 wet wet JJ 36036 361 3 thermal thermal JJ 36036 361 4 conductance conductance NN 36036 361 5 calculated calculate VBN 36036 361 6 for for IN 36036 361 7 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 361 8 in in IN 36036 361 9 summer summer NN 36036 361 10 with with IN 36036 361 11 Eq Eq NNP 36036 361 12 . . . 36036 362 1 4 4 LS 36036 362 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 362 3 Table table NN 36036 362 4 3 3 CD 36036 362 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 362 6 is be VBZ 36036 362 7 numerically numerically RB 36036 362 8 similar similar JJ 36036 362 9 to to IN 36036 362 10 these these DT 36036 362 11 " " `` 36036 362 12 slope slope NN 36036 362 13 " " '' 36036 362 14 values value NNS 36036 362 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 362 16 Table table NN 36036 362 17 5 5 CD 36036 362 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 362 19 , , , 36036 362 20 and and CC 36036 362 21 it -PRON- PRP 36036 362 22 was be VBD 36036 362 23 , , , 36036 362 24 therefore therefore RB 36036 362 25 , , , 36036 362 26 considered consider VBN 36036 362 27 to to TO 36036 362 28 be be VB 36036 362 29 the the DT 36036 362 30 best good JJS 36036 362 31 estimate estimate NN 36036 362 32 of of IN 36036 362 33 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 362 34 } } -RRB- 36036 362 35 for for IN 36036 362 36 _ _ NNP 36036 362 37 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 362 38 lotor lotor NN 36036 362 39 _ _ NNP 36036 362 40 during during IN 36036 362 41 that that DT 36036 362 42 season season NN 36036 362 43 ( ( -LRB- 36036 362 44 0.0256 0.0256 CD 36036 362 45 mL ml NN 36036 362 46 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· o_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· RB 36036 362 47 ° ° , 36036 362 48 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 362 49 } } -RRB- 36036 362 50 ) ) -RRB- 36036 362 51 . . . 36036 363 1 _ _ NNP 36036 363 2 Winter Winter NNP 36036 363 3 _ _ NNP 36036 363 4 During during IN 36036 363 5 winter winter NN 36036 363 6 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 363 7 } } -RRB- 36036 363 8 for for IN 36036 363 9 both both DT 36036 363 10 sexes sex NNS 36036 363 11 decreased decrease VBD 36036 363 12 to to IN 36036 363 13 11 11 CD 36036 363 14 ° ° , 36036 363 15 C C NNP 36036 363 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 363 17 Figure Figure NNP 36036 363 18 3 3 CD 36036 363 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 363 20 . . . 36036 364 1 Regression regression NN 36036 364 2 equations equation NNS 36036 364 3 of of IN 36036 364 4 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 364 5 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 364 6 for for IN 36036 364 7 males male NNS 36036 364 8 and and CC 36036 364 9 females female NNS 36036 364 10 in in IN 36036 364 11 winter winter NN 36036 364 12 are be VBP 36036 364 13 not not RB 36036 364 14 different different JJ 36036 364 15 from from IN 36036 364 16 each each DT 36036 364 17 other other JJ 36036 364 18 in in IN 36036 364 19 either either DT 36036 364 20 slope slope NN 36036 364 21 or or CC 36036 364 22 intercept intercept VB 36036 364 23 . . . 36036 365 1 These these DT 36036 365 2 data datum NNS 36036 365 3 , , , 36036 365 4 therefore therefore RB 36036 365 5 , , , 36036 365 6 were be VBD 36036 365 7 combined combine VBN 36036 365 8 into into IN 36036 365 9 a a DT 36036 365 10 single single JJ 36036 365 11 equation equation NN 36036 365 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 365 13 Table table NN 36036 365 14 5 5 CD 36036 365 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 365 16 . . . 36036 366 1 Slope slope NN 36036 366 2 and and CC 36036 366 3 intercept intercept NN 36036 366 4 of of IN 36036 366 5 this this DT 36036 366 6 equation equation NN 36036 366 7 are be VBP 36036 366 8 both both DT 36036 366 9 lower low JJR 36036 366 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 366 11 p<0.005 p<0.005 NN 36036 366 12 and and CC 36036 366 13 p<0.05 p<0.05 JJ 36036 366 14 , , , 36036 366 15 respectively respectively RB 36036 366 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 366 17 than than IN 36036 366 18 those those DT 36036 366 19 for for IN 36036 366 20 summer summer NN 36036 366 21 animals animal NNS 36036 366 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 366 23 Table table NN 36036 366 24 5 5 CD 36036 366 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 366 26 . . . 36036 367 1 Identical identical JJ 36036 367 2 results result NNS 36036 367 3 were be VBD 36036 367 4 obtained obtain VBN 36036 367 5 from from IN 36036 367 6 comparisons comparison NNS 36036 367 7 using use VBG 36036 367 8 regressions regression NNS 36036 367 9 derived derive VBN 36036 367 10 from from IN 36036 367 11 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 367 12 consumption consumption NN 36036 367 13 expressed express VBN 36036 367 14 in in IN 36036 367 15 terms term NNS 36036 367 16 of of IN 36036 367 17 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 367 18 body body NN 36036 367 19 mass mass NNP 36036 367 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 367 21 Mellen Mellen NNP 36036 367 22 , , , 36036 367 23 1963 1963 CD 36036 367 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 367 25 . . . 36036 368 1 Thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 368 2 costs cost NNS 36036 368 3 at at IN 36036 368 4 any any DT 36036 368 5 temperature temperature NN 36036 368 6 below below IN 36036 368 7 20 20 CD 36036 368 8 ° ° NNS 36036 368 9 C C NNP 36036 368 10 were be VBD 36036 368 11 lower low JJR 36036 368 12 for for IN 36036 368 13 winter winter NN 36036 368 14 than than IN 36036 368 15 summer summer NN 36036 368 16 animals animal NNS 36036 368 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 368 18 Figures figure NNS 36036 368 19 2 2 CD 36036 368 20 , , , 36036 368 21 3 3 CD 36036 368 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 368 23 . . . 36036 369 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 369 2 6.--Regression 6.--regression CD 36036 369 3 equations equation NNS 36036 369 4 describing describe VBG 36036 369 5 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 369 6 consumption consumption NN 36036 369 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 369 8 mL mL NNP 36036 369 9 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 369 10 } } -RRB- 36036 369 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 369 12 of of IN 36036 369 13 _ _ NNP 36036 369 14 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 369 15 lotor lotor NN 36036 369 16 _ _ NNP 36036 369 17 at at IN 36036 369 18 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 369 19 below below IN 36036 369 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 369 21 lower low JJR 36036 369 22 critical critical JJ 36036 369 23 temperature temperature NN 36036 369 24 in in IN 36036 369 25 winter winter NN 36036 369 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 369 27 A a NN 36036 369 28 = = SYM 36036 369 29 females female NNS 36036 369 30 with with IN 36036 369 31 radio radio NN 36036 369 32 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 369 33 , , , 36036 369 34 B b NN 36036 369 35 = = SYM 36036 369 36 females female NNS 36036 369 37 without without IN 36036 369 38 radio radio NN 36036 369 39 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 369 40 , , , 36036 369 41 C C NNP 36036 369 42 = = SYM 36036 369 43 males male NNS 36036 369 44 , , , 36036 369 45 I i NN 36036 369 46 = = SYM 36036 369 47 x x SYM 36036 369 48 - - NN 36036 369 49 intercept intercept NN 36036 369 50 ( ( -LRB- 36036 369 51 ° ° NNP 36036 369 52 C C NNP 36036 369 53 ) ) -RRB- 36036 369 54 , , , 36036 369 55 n n NN 36036 369 56 = = SYM 36036 369 57 number number NN 36036 369 58 of of IN 36036 369 59 observations observation NNS 36036 369 60 , , , 36036 369 61 R² R² NNP 36036 369 62 = = SYM 36036 369 63 coefficient coefficient NN 36036 369 64 of of IN 36036 369 65 determination determination NN 36036 369 66 , , , 36036 369 67 X x NN 36036 369 68 = = SYM 36036 369 69 chamber chamber NN 36036 369 70 temperature temperature NN 36036 369 71 ( ( -LRB- 36036 369 72 ° ° NNP 36036 369 73 C C NNP 36036 369 74 ) ) -RRB- 36036 369 75 , , , 36036 369 76 and and CC 36036 369 77 Y Y NNP 36036 369 78 = = SYM 36036 369 79 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 369 80 consumption consumption NN 36036 369 81 ) ) -RRB- 36036 369 82 . . . 36036 370 1 -----+-------------------------------------- -----+-------------------------------------- : 36036 370 2 Group| Group| NNP 36036 370 3 Equation Equation NNP 36036 370 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 370 5 n n NNP 36036 370 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 370 7 R² R² NNP 36036 370 8 I I NNP 36036 370 9 -----+-------------------------------------- -----+-------------------------------------- : 36036 370 10 A A NNP 36036 370 11 | | NNP 36036 370 12 Y y NN 36036 370 13 = = SYM 36036 370 14 0.63 0.63 CD 36036 370 15 - - HYPH 36036 370 16 0.0158·X 0.0158·x CD 36036 370 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 370 18 10 10 CD 36036 370 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 370 20 0.66 0.66 CD 36036 370 21 40.1 40.1 CD 36036 370 22 B B NNP 36036 370 23 | | NNP 36036 370 24 Y Y NNP 36036 370 25 = = SYM 36036 370 26 0.72 0.72 CD 36036 370 27 - - HYPH 36036 370 28 0.0226·X 0.0226·x CD 36036 370 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 370 30 11 11 CD 36036 370 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 370 32 0.71 0.71 CD 36036 370 33 32.1 32.1 CD 36036 370 34 C C NNP 36036 370 35 | | NNP 36036 370 36 Y Y NNP 36036 370 37 = = SYM 36036 370 38 0.69 0.69 CD 36036 370 39 - - HYPH 36036 370 40 0.0200·X 0.0200·x CD 36036 370 41 ( ( -LRB- 36036 370 42 15 15 CD 36036 370 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 370 44 0.79 0.79 CD 36036 370 45 34.7 34.7 CD 36036 370 46 -----+-------------------------------------- -----+-------------------------------------- : 36036 370 47 [ [ -LRB- 36036 370 48 Illustration illustration NN 36036 370 49 : : : 36036 370 50 FIGURE FIGURE NNP 36036 370 51 7.--Relationship 7.--relationship CD 36036 370 52 between between IN 36036 370 53 body body NN 36036 370 54 temperature temperature NN 36036 370 55 and and CC 36036 370 56 time time NN 36036 370 57 of of IN 36036 370 58 day day NN 36036 370 59 at at IN 36036 370 60 various various JJ 36036 370 61 months month NNS 36036 370 62 of of IN 36036 370 63 the the DT 36036 370 64 year year NN 36036 370 65 : : : 36036 370 66 captive captive JJ 36036 370 67 females female NNS 36036 370 68 , , , 36036 370 69 open open JJ 36036 370 70 circles circle NNS 36036 370 71 ; ; : 36036 370 72 captive captive JJ 36036 370 73 males male NNS 36036 370 74 , , , 36036 370 75 closed close VBD 36036 370 76 circles circle NNS 36036 370 77 . . . 36036 371 1 Vertical vertical JJ 36036 371 2 cross cross JJ 36036 371 3 - - JJ 36036 371 4 hatched hatch VBN 36036 371 5 areas area NNS 36036 371 6 represent represent VBP 36036 371 7 civil civil JJ 36036 371 8 twilight twilight NN 36036 371 9 . . . 36036 371 10 ] ] -RRB- 36036 372 1 The the DT 36036 372 2 regression regression NN 36036 372 3 line line NN 36036 372 4 for for IN 36036 372 5 _ _ NNP 36036 372 6 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 372 7 lotor lotor NN 36036 372 8 _ _ NNP 36036 372 9 in in IN 36036 372 10 winter winter NN 36036 372 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 372 12 Table table NN 36036 372 13 5 5 CD 36036 372 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 372 15 extrapolates extrapolate NNS 36036 372 16 to to IN 36036 372 17 zero zero CD 36036 372 18 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 372 19 at at IN 36036 372 20 35.2 35.2 CD 36036 372 21 ° ° , 36036 372 22 C C NNP 36036 372 23 , , , 36036 372 24 which which WDT 36036 372 25 is be VBZ 36036 372 26 below below IN 36036 372 27 normal normal JJ 36036 372 28 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 372 29 } } -RRB- 36036 372 30 ( ( -LRB- 36036 372 31 Figures Figures NNP 36036 372 32 6 6 CD 36036 372 33 , , , 36036 372 34 7 7 CD 36036 372 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 372 36 . . . 36036 373 1 This this DT 36036 373 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 373 3 that that IN 36036 373 4 not not RB 36036 373 5 all all DT 36036 373 6 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 373 7 measured measure VBN 36036 373 8 in in IN 36036 373 9 winter winter NN 36036 373 10 minimized minimize VBD 36036 373 11 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 373 12 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 373 13 or or CC 36036 373 14 conductances conductance NNS 36036 373 15 at at IN 36036 373 16 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 373 17 } } -RRB- 36036 373 18 's be VBZ 36036 373 19 below below RB 36036 373 20 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 373 21 } } -RRB- 36036 373 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 373 23 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 373 24 et et NNP 36036 373 25 al al NNP 36036 373 26 . . NNP 36036 373 27 , , , 36036 373 28 1950b 1950b CD 36036 373 29 ; ; : 36036 373 30 McNab McNab NNP 36036 373 31 , , , 36036 373 32 1980b 1980b CD 36036 373 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 373 34 . . . 36036 374 1 To to TO 36036 374 2 assess assess VB 36036 374 3 this this DT 36036 374 4 possibility possibility NN 36036 374 5 , , , 36036 374 6 data datum NNS 36036 374 7 for for IN 36036 374 8 these these DT 36036 374 9 animals animal NNS 36036 374 10 were be VBD 36036 374 11 divided divide VBN 36036 374 12 into into IN 36036 374 13 three three CD 36036 374 14 groups group NNS 36036 374 15 : : : 36036 374 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 374 17 A a NN 36036 374 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 374 19 females female NNS 36036 374 20 with with IN 36036 374 21 radio radio NN 36036 374 22 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 374 23 , , , 36036 374 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 374 25 B b NN 36036 374 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 374 27 females female VBZ 36036 374 28 without without IN 36036 374 29 radio radio NN 36036 374 30 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 374 31 , , , 36036 374 32 and and CC 36036 374 33 ( ( -LRB- 36036 374 34 C C NNP 36036 374 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 374 36 males male NNS 36036 374 37 ( ( -LRB- 36036 374 38 Table table NN 36036 374 39 6 6 CD 36036 374 40 ) ) -RRB- 36036 374 41 . . . 36036 375 1 Regression regression NN 36036 375 2 equations equation NNS 36036 375 3 of of IN 36036 375 4 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 375 5 below below IN 36036 375 6 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 375 7 } } -RRB- 36036 375 8 were be VBD 36036 375 9 derived derive VBN 36036 375 10 for for IN 36036 375 11 each each DT 36036 375 12 group group NN 36036 375 13 , , , 36036 375 14 and and CC 36036 375 15 based base VBN 36036 375 16 on on IN 36036 375 17 extrapolated extrapolated JJ 36036 375 18 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 375 19 } } -RRB- 36036 375 20 's be VBZ 36036 375 21 at at IN 36036 375 22 zero zero CD 36036 375 23 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 375 24 , , , 36036 375 25 only only RB 36036 375 26 the the DT 36036 375 27 two two CD 36036 375 28 females female NNS 36036 375 29 with with IN 36036 375 30 implanted implanted JJ 36036 375 31 radio radio NN 36036 375 32 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 375 33 ( ( -LRB- 36036 375 34 group group NN 36036 375 35 A a NN 36036 375 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 375 37 minimized minimize VBN 36036 375 38 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 375 39 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 375 40 and and CC 36036 375 41 conductance conductance NN 36036 375 42 . . . 36036 376 1 Had have VBD 36036 376 2 animals animal NNS 36036 376 3 in in IN 36036 376 4 groups group NNS 36036 376 5 B B NNP 36036 376 6 and and CC 36036 376 7 C C NNP 36036 376 8 also also RB 36036 376 9 minimized minimize VBD 36036 376 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 376 11 thermal thermal JJ 36036 376 12 conductances conductance NNS 36036 376 13 , , , 36036 376 14 while while IN 36036 376 15 retaining retain VBG 36036 376 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 376 17 measured measure VBN 36036 376 18 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 376 19 rates rate NNS 36036 376 20 , , , 36036 376 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 376 22 rates rate NNS 36036 376 23 of of IN 36036 376 24 heat heat NN 36036 376 25 production production NN 36036 376 26 would would MD 36036 376 27 have have VB 36036 376 28 been be VBN 36036 376 29 disproportionately disproportionately RB 36036 376 30 higher high JJR 36036 376 31 than than IN 36036 376 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 376 33 rates rate NNS 36036 376 34 of of IN 36036 376 35 heat heat NN 36036 376 36 loss loss NN 36036 376 37 . . . 36036 377 1 Equation equation NN 36036 377 2 4 4 CD 36036 377 3 predicts predict VBZ 36036 377 4 that that IN 36036 377 5 under under IN 36036 377 6 these these DT 36036 377 7 conditions condition NNS 36036 377 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 377 9 body body NN 36036 377 10 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 377 11 would would MD 36036 377 12 have have VB 36036 377 13 been be VBN 36036 377 14 elevated elevate VBN 36036 377 15 to to IN 36036 377 16 42.0 42.0 CD 36036 377 17 ° ° , 36036 377 18 C C NNP 36036 377 19 and and CC 36036 377 20 40.4 40.4 CD 36036 377 21 ° ° , 36036 377 22 C C NNP 36036 377 23 , , , 36036 377 24 respectively respectively RB 36036 377 25 . . . 36036 378 1 Thus thus RB 36036 378 2 , , , 36036 378 3 in in IN 36036 378 4 order order NN 36036 378 5 to to TO 36036 378 6 avoid avoid VB 36036 378 7 such such PDT 36036 378 8 a a DT 36036 378 9 large large JJ 36036 378 10 increase increase NN 36036 378 11 in in IN 36036 378 12 body body NN 36036 378 13 temperature temperature NN 36036 378 14 , , , 36036 378 15 animals animal NNS 36036 378 16 in in IN 36036 378 17 groups group NNS 36036 378 18 B B NNP 36036 378 19 and and CC 36036 378 20 C C NNP 36036 378 21 increased increase VBD 36036 378 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 378 23 thermal thermal JJ 36036 378 24 conductances conductance NNS 36036 378 25 in in IN 36036 378 26 preference preference NN 36036 378 27 to to IN 36036 378 28 lowering lower VBG 36036 378 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 378 30 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 378 31 rates rate NNS 36036 378 32 . . . 36036 379 1 The the DT 36036 379 2 regression regression NN 36036 379 3 equation equation NN 36036 379 4 of of IN 36036 379 5 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 379 6 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 379 7 for for IN 36036 379 8 all all DT 36036 379 9 winter winter NN 36036 379 10 animals animal NNS 36036 379 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 379 12 Table table NN 36036 379 13 5 5 CD 36036 379 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 379 15 , , , 36036 379 16 therefore therefore RB 36036 379 17 , , , 36036 379 18 overestimates overestimate VBZ 36036 379 19 minimum minimum JJ 36036 379 20 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 379 21 cost cost NN 36036 379 22 of of IN 36036 379 23 temperature temperature NN 36036 379 24 regulation regulation NN 36036 379 25 below below IN 36036 379 26 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 379 27 } } -RRB- 36036 379 28 , , , 36036 379 29 and and CC 36036 379 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 379 31 slope slope NN 36036 379 32 underestimates underestimate VBZ 36036 379 33 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 379 34 } } -RRB- 36036 379 35 . . . 36036 380 1 Consequently consequently RB 36036 380 2 , , , 36036 380 3 the the DT 36036 380 4 best good JJS 36036 380 5 estimate estimate NN 36036 380 6 of of IN 36036 380 7 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 380 8 } } -RRB- 36036 380 9 for for IN 36036 380 10 _ _ NNP 36036 380 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 380 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 380 13 _ _ NNP 36036 380 14 in in IN 36036 380 15 winter winter NN 36036 380 16 is be VBZ 36036 380 17 the the DT 36036 380 18 value value NN 36036 380 19 calculated calculate VBN 36036 380 20 for for IN 36036 380 21 group group NN 36036 380 22 A a DT 36036 380 23 animals animal NNS 36036 380 24 with with IN 36036 380 25 Eq Eq NNP 36036 380 26 . . . 36036 381 1 4 4 CD 36036 381 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 381 3 0.0172 0.0172 CD 36036 381 4 mL mL NNP 36036 381 5 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· o_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· RB 36036 381 6 ° ° , 36036 381 7 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 381 8 } } -RRB- 36036 381 9 ; ; : 36036 381 10 Table table NN 36036 381 11 3 3 CD 36036 381 12 ) ) -RRB- 36036 381 13 , , , 36036 381 14 and and CC 36036 381 15 the the DT 36036 381 16 minimum minimum JJ 36036 381 17 cost cost NN 36036 381 18 of of IN 36036 381 19 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 381 20 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 381 21 at at IN 36036 381 22 any any DT 36036 381 23 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 381 24 } } -RRB- 36036 381 25 below below IN 36036 381 26 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 381 27 } } -RRB- 36036 381 28 is be VBZ 36036 381 29 best well RBS 36036 381 30 estimated estimate VBN 36036 381 31 by by IN 36036 381 32 substituting substitute VBG 36036 381 33 this this DT 36036 381 34 value value NN 36036 381 35 into into IN 36036 381 36 Eq Eq NNP 36036 381 37 . . . 36036 382 1 4 4 LS 36036 382 2 and and CC 36036 382 3 solving solve VBG 36036 382 4 for for IN 36036 382 5 [ [ -LRB- 36036 382 6 .H]_{r .H]_{r . 36036 382 7 } } -RRB- 36036 382 8 . . . 36036 383 1 THERMOREGULATION thermoregulation NN 36036 383 2 AT at IN 36036 383 3 HIGH high JJ 36036 383 4 TEMPERATURES temperatures NN 36036 383 5 _ _ NNP 36036 383 6 Body Body NNP 36036 383 7 Temperature Temperature NNP 36036 383 8 _ _ NNP 36036 383 9 In in IN 36036 383 10 both both DT 36036 383 11 summer summer NN 36036 383 12 and and CC 36036 383 13 winter winter NN 36036 383 14 , , , 36036 383 15 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 383 16 } } -RRB- 36036 383 17 's be VBZ 36036 383 18 increased increase VBN 36036 383 19 during during IN 36036 383 20 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 383 21 measurements measurement NNS 36036 383 22 at at IN 36036 383 23 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 383 24 } } -RRB- 36036 383 25 's be VBZ 36036 383 26 above above IN 36036 383 27 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 383 28 } } -RRB- 36036 383 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 383 30 Figure Figure NNP 36036 383 31 6 6 CD 36036 383 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 383 33 . . . 36036 384 1 This this DT 36036 384 2 response response NN 36036 384 3 also also RB 36036 384 4 was be VBD 36036 384 5 seen see VBN 36036 384 6 during during IN 36036 384 7 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 384 8 measurements measurement NNS 36036 384 9 conducted conduct VBN 36036 384 10 on on IN 36036 384 11 other other JJ 36036 384 12 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 384 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 384 14 Müller Müller NNP 36036 384 15 and and CC 36036 384 16 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 384 17 , , , 36036 384 18 1977 1977 CD 36036 384 19 ; ; : 36036 384 20 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 384 21 - - HYPH 36036 384 22 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 384 23 et et FW 36036 384 24 al al NNP 36036 384 25 . . NNP 36036 384 26 , , , 36036 384 27 1980 1980 CD 36036 384 28 ; ; : 36036 384 29 Müller Müller NNP 36036 384 30 and and CC 36036 384 31 Rost Rost NNP 36036 384 32 , , , 36036 384 33 1983 1983 CD 36036 384 34 ; ; : 36036 384 35 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 384 36 , , , 36036 384 37 1985 1985 CD 36036 384 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 384 39 . . . 36036 385 1 _ _ NNP 36036 385 2 Summer Summer NNP 36036 385 3 _ _ NNP 36036 385 4 During during IN 36036 385 5 summer summer NN 36036 385 6 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 385 7 data datum NNS 36036 385 8 suggested suggest VBD 36036 385 9 that that IN 36036 385 10 the the DT 36036 385 11 upper upper JJ 36036 385 12 critical critical JJ 36036 385 13 temperature temperature NN 36036 385 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 385 15 T_{uc t_{uc UH 36036 385 16 } } -RRB- 36036 385 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 385 18 was be VBD 36036 385 19 higher high JJR 36036 385 20 than than IN 36036 385 21 35 35 CD 36036 385 22 ° ° NNS 36036 385 23 C c NN 36036 385 24 . . . 36036 386 1 The the DT 36036 386 2 lowest low JJS 36036 386 3 rates rate NNS 36036 386 4 of of IN 36036 386 5 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 386 6 consumption consumption NN 36036 386 7 at at IN 36036 386 8 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 386 9 } } -RRB- 36036 386 10 = = SYM 36036 386 11 35 35 CD 36036 386 12 ° ° NN 36036 386 13 C C NNP 36036 386 14 occurred occur VBD 36036 386 15 after after IN 36036 386 16 1.5 1.5 CD 36036 386 17 to to TO 36036 386 18 2.5 2.5 CD 36036 386 19 hours hour NNS 36036 386 20 of of IN 36036 386 21 exposure exposure NN 36036 386 22 to to IN 36036 386 23 that that DT 36036 386 24 temperature temperature NN 36036 386 25 . . . 36036 387 1 Prolonged prolonged JJ 36036 387 2 exposure exposure NN 36036 387 3 to to IN 36036 387 4 this this DT 36036 387 5 temperature temperature NN 36036 387 6 in in IN 36036 387 7 summer summer NN 36036 387 8 did do VBD 36036 387 9 not not RB 36036 387 10 make make VB 36036 387 11 animals animal NNS 36036 387 12 restless restless JJ 36036 387 13 , , , 36036 387 14 and and CC 36036 387 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 387 16 rate rate NN 36036 387 17 of of IN 36036 387 18 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 387 19 consumption consumption NN 36036 387 20 was be VBD 36036 387 21 very very RB 36036 387 22 stable stable JJ 36036 387 23 throughout throughout IN 36036 387 24 each each DT 36036 387 25 measurement measurement NN 36036 387 26 . . . 36036 388 1 Body body NN 36036 388 2 temperature temperature NN 36036 388 3 responses response NNS 36036 388 4 at at IN 36036 388 5 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 388 6 } } -RRB- 36036 388 7 = = SYM 36036 388 8 35 35 CD 36036 388 9 ° ° , 36036 388 10 C C NNP 36036 388 11 were be VBD 36036 388 12 recorded record VBN 36036 388 13 from from IN 36036 388 14 two two CD 36036 388 15 males male NNS 36036 388 16 and and CC 36036 388 17 two two CD 36036 388 18 females female NNS 36036 388 19 that that WDT 36036 388 20 had have VBD 36036 388 21 implanted implant VBN 36036 388 22 radio radio NN 36036 388 23 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 388 24 . . . 36036 389 1 With with IN 36036 389 2 the the DT 36036 389 3 exception exception NN 36036 389 4 of of IN 36036 389 5 one one CD 36036 389 6 male male NN 36036 389 7 , , , 36036 389 8 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 389 9 } } -RRB- 36036 389 10 's 's POS 36036 389 11 were be VBD 36036 389 12 maintained maintain VBN 36036 389 13 near near IN 36036 389 14 38 38 CD 36036 389 15 ° ° , 36036 389 16 C C NNP 36036 389 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 389 18 Figure Figure NNP 36036 389 19 6 6 CD 36036 389 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 389 21 . . . 36036 390 1 The the DT 36036 390 2 one one CD 36036 390 3 exception exception NN 36036 390 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 390 5 a a DT 36036 390 6 male male NN 36036 390 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 390 8 maintained maintain VBD 36036 390 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 390 10 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 390 11 } } -RRB- 36036 390 12 at at IN 36036 390 13 39.3 39.3 CD 36036 390 14 ° ° , 36036 390 15 C C NNP 36036 390 16 . . . 36036 391 1 At at IN 36036 391 2 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 391 3 } } -RRB- 36036 391 4 = = SYM 36036 391 5 35 35 CD 36036 391 6 ° ° , 36036 391 7 C c NN 36036 391 8 , , , 36036 391 9 summer summer NN 36036 391 10 males male NNS 36036 391 11 had have VBD 36036 391 12 rates rate NNS 36036 391 13 of of IN 36036 391 14 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 391 15 water water NN 36036 391 16 loss loss NN 36036 391 17 that that WDT 36036 391 18 were be VBD 36036 391 19 lower low JJR 36036 391 20 than than IN 36036 391 21 those those DT 36036 391 22 of of IN 36036 391 23 summer summer NN 36036 391 24 females female NNS 36036 391 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 391 26 Figure figure NN 36036 391 27 4 4 CD 36036 391 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 391 29 . . . 36036 392 1 At at IN 36036 392 2 this this DT 36036 392 3 temperature temperature NN 36036 392 4 , , , 36036 392 5 males male NNS 36036 392 6 dissipated dissipate VBN 36036 392 7 35 35 CD 36036 392 8 % % NN 36036 392 9 ±6 ±6 CD 36036 392 10 % % NN 36036 392 11 and and CC 36036 392 12 females female NNS 36036 392 13 56 56 CD 36036 392 14 % % NN 36036 392 15 ±18 ±18 NNP 36036 392 16 % % NN 36036 392 17 of of IN 36036 392 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 392 19 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 392 20 heat heat NN 36036 392 21 via via IN 36036 392 22 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 392 23 water water NN 36036 392 24 loss loss NN 36036 392 25 . . . 36036 393 1 Thus thus RB 36036 393 2 , , , 36036 393 3 at at IN 36036 393 4 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 393 5 } } -RRB- 36036 393 6 = = SYM 36036 393 7 35 35 CD 36036 393 8 ° ° , 36036 393 9 C C NNP 36036 393 10 , , , 36036 393 11 males male NNS 36036 393 12 must must MD 36036 393 13 have have VB 36036 393 14 utilized utilize VBN 36036 393 15 modes mode NNS 36036 393 16 of of IN 36036 393 17 heat heat NN 36036 393 18 transfer transfer VBP 36036 393 19 other other JJ 36036 393 20 than than IN 36036 393 21 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 393 22 cooling cooling NN 36036 393 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 393 24 convective convective JJ 36036 393 25 and and CC 36036 393 26 conductive conductive JJ 36036 393 27 heat heat NN 36036 393 28 transfer transfer NN 36036 393 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 393 30 to to IN 36036 393 31 a a DT 36036 393 32 greater great JJR 36036 393 33 extent extent NN 36036 393 34 than than IN 36036 393 35 females female NNS 36036 393 36 . . . 36036 394 1 _ _ NNP 36036 394 2 Winter Winter NNP 36036 394 3 _ _ NNP 36036 394 4 Body Body NNP 36036 394 5 temperature temperature NN 36036 394 6 , , , 36036 394 7 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 394 8 water water NN 36036 394 9 loss loss NN 36036 394 10 , , , 36036 394 11 and and CC 36036 394 12 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 394 13 data datum NNS 36036 394 14 indicated indicate VBD 36036 394 15 that that IN 36036 394 16 , , , 36036 394 17 in in IN 36036 394 18 winter winter NN 36036 394 19 , , , 36036 394 20 T_{uc T_{uc NNP 36036 394 21 } } -RRB- 36036 394 22 was be VBD 36036 394 23 very very RB 36036 394 24 close close JJ 36036 394 25 to to TO 36036 394 26 35 35 CD 36036 394 27 ° ° NNS 36036 394 28 C c NN 36036 394 29 . . . 36036 395 1 In in IN 36036 395 2 winter winter NN 36036 395 3 , , , 36036 395 4 the the DT 36036 395 5 lowest low JJS 36036 395 6 level level NN 36036 395 7 of of IN 36036 395 8 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 395 9 consumption consumption NN 36036 395 10 was be VBD 36036 395 11 recorded record VBN 36036 395 12 during during IN 36036 395 13 the the DT 36036 395 14 first first JJ 36036 395 15 hour hour NN 36036 395 16 after after IN 36036 395 17 the the DT 36036 395 18 chamber chamber NN 36036 395 19 had have VBD 36036 395 20 reached reach VBN 36036 395 21 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 395 22 } } -RRB- 36036 395 23 = = SYM 36036 395 24 35 35 CD 36036 395 25 ° ° , 36036 395 26 C c NN 36036 395 27 . . . 36036 396 1 Unlike unlike IN 36036 396 2 summer summer NN 36036 396 3 , , , 36036 396 4 animals animal NNS 36036 396 5 became become VBD 36036 396 6 restless restless JJ 36036 396 7 after after IN 36036 396 8 the the DT 36036 396 9 first first JJ 36036 396 10 hour hour NN 36036 396 11 at at IN 36036 396 12 35 35 CD 36036 396 13 ° ° NNS 36036 396 14 C C NNP 36036 396 15 , , , 36036 396 16 at at IN 36036 396 17 which which WDT 36036 396 18 point point VBP 36036 396 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 396 20 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 396 21 consumption consumption NN 36036 396 22 increased increase VBD 36036 396 23 and and CC 36036 396 24 showed show VBD 36036 396 25 a a DT 36036 396 26 high high JJ 36036 396 27 degree degree NN 36036 396 28 of of IN 36036 396 29 variability variability NN 36036 396 30 . . . 36036 397 1 Body body NN 36036 397 2 temperature temperature NN 36036 397 3 responses response NNS 36036 397 4 at at IN 36036 397 5 35 35 CD 36036 397 6 ° ° NNS 36036 397 7 C C NNP 36036 397 8 were be VBD 36036 397 9 recorded record VBN 36036 397 10 from from IN 36036 397 11 both both DT 36036 397 12 females female NNS 36036 397 13 that that WDT 36036 397 14 had have VBD 36036 397 15 implanted implant VBN 36036 397 16 radio radio NN 36036 397 17 transmitters transmitter NNS 36036 397 18 . . . 36036 398 1 In in IN 36036 398 2 one one CD 36036 398 3 case case NN 36036 398 4 , , , 36036 398 5 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 398 6 } } -RRB- 36036 398 7 rose rise VBD 36036 398 8 from from IN 36036 398 9 37.9 37.9 CD 36036 398 10 ° ° , 36036 398 11 C C NNP 36036 398 12 at at IN 36036 398 13 the the DT 36036 398 14 end end NN 36036 398 15 of of IN 36036 398 16 the the DT 36036 398 17 first first JJ 36036 398 18 hour hour NN 36036 398 19 to to IN 36036 398 20 40.5 40.5 CD 36036 398 21 ° ° , 36036 398 22 C c NN 36036 398 23 by by IN 36036 398 24 the the DT 36036 398 25 end end NN 36036 398 26 of of IN 36036 398 27 the the DT 36036 398 28 second second JJ 36036 398 29 hour hour NN 36036 398 30 , , , 36036 398 31 and and CC 36036 398 32 as as IN 36036 398 33 it -PRON- PRP 36036 398 34 did do VBD 36036 398 35 not not RB 36036 398 36 show show VB 36036 398 37 signs sign NNS 36036 398 38 of of IN 36036 398 39 leveling level VBG 36036 398 40 off off RP 36036 398 41 , , , 36036 398 42 we -PRON- PRP 36036 398 43 terminated terminate VBD 36036 398 44 the the DT 36036 398 45 experiment experiment NN 36036 398 46 . . . 36036 399 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 399 2 exposed expose VBD 36036 399 3 that that DT 36036 399 4 same same JJ 36036 399 5 animal animal NN 36036 399 6 to to IN 36036 399 7 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 399 8 } } -RRB- 36036 399 9 = = SYM 36036 399 10 35 35 CD 36036 399 11 ° ° NN 36036 399 12 C C NNP 36036 399 13 one one CD 36036 399 14 other other JJ 36036 399 15 time time NN 36036 399 16 during during IN 36036 399 17 winter winter NN 36036 399 18 . . . 36036 400 1 In in IN 36036 400 2 that that DT 36036 400 3 instance instance NN 36036 400 4 , , , 36036 400 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 400 6 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 400 7 } } -RRB- 36036 400 8 rose rise VBD 36036 400 9 to to IN 36036 400 10 40.0 40.0 CD 36036 400 11 ° ° , 36036 400 12 C C NNP 36036 400 13 during during IN 36036 400 14 the the DT 36036 400 15 first first JJ 36036 400 16 30 30 CD 36036 400 17 minutes minute NNS 36036 400 18 and and CC 36036 400 19 was be VBD 36036 400 20 maintained maintain VBN 36036 400 21 at at IN 36036 400 22 that that DT 36036 400 23 level level NN 36036 400 24 for for IN 36036 400 25 three three CD 36036 400 26 hours hour NNS 36036 400 27 with with IN 36036 400 28 no no DT 36036 400 29 apparent apparent JJ 36036 400 30 distress distress NN 36036 400 31 . . . 36036 401 1 The the DT 36036 401 2 other other JJ 36036 401 3 female female NN 36036 401 4 elevated elevate VBD 36036 401 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 401 6 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 401 7 } } -RRB- 36036 401 8 from from IN 36036 401 9 37.3 37.3 CD 36036 401 10 ° ° , 36036 401 11 C C NNP 36036 401 12 to to IN 36036 401 13 39.0 39.0 CD 36036 401 14 ° ° , 36036 401 15 C c NN 36036 401 16 during during IN 36036 401 17 the the DT 36036 401 18 second second JJ 36036 401 19 hour hour NN 36036 401 20 at at IN 36036 401 21 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 401 22 } } -RRB- 36036 401 23 = = SYM 36036 401 24 35 35 CD 36036 401 25 ° ° , 36036 401 26 C C NNP 36036 401 27 and and CC 36036 401 28 maintained maintain VBD 36036 401 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 401 30 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 401 31 } } -RRB- 36036 401 32 at at IN 36036 401 33 that that DT 36036 401 34 level level NN 36036 401 35 for for IN 36036 401 36 two two CD 36036 401 37 hours hour NNS 36036 401 38 . . . 36036 402 1 Thus thus RB 36036 402 2 , , , 36036 402 3 during during IN 36036 402 4 winter winter NN 36036 402 5 , , , 36036 402 6 prolonged prolong VBD 36036 402 7 exposure exposure NN 36036 402 8 to to IN 36036 402 9 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 402 10 } } -RRB- 36036 402 11 = = SYM 36036 402 12 35 35 CD 36036 402 13 ° ° , 36036 402 14 C C NNP 36036 402 15 stimulated stimulate VBD 36036 402 16 more more JJR 36036 402 17 of of IN 36036 402 18 an an DT 36036 402 19 increase increase NN 36036 402 20 in in IN 36036 402 21 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 402 22 } } -RRB- 36036 402 23 than than IN 36036 402 24 it -PRON- PRP 36036 402 25 did do VBD 36036 402 26 in in IN 36036 402 27 summer summer NN 36036 402 28 . . . 36036 403 1 During during IN 36036 403 2 winter winter NN 36036 403 3 , , , 36036 403 4 both both DT 36036 403 5 males male NNS 36036 403 6 and and CC 36036 403 7 females female NNS 36036 403 8 increased increase VBD 36036 403 9 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 403 10 water water NN 36036 403 11 loss loss NN 36036 403 12 at at IN 36036 403 13 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 403 14 } } -RRB- 36036 403 15 = = SYM 36036 403 16 35 35 CD 36036 403 17 ° ° , 36036 403 18 C C NNP 36036 403 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 403 20 Figure Figure NNP 36036 403 21 5 5 CD 36036 403 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 403 23 but but CC 36036 403 24 only only RB 36036 403 25 to to IN 36036 403 26 the the DT 36036 403 27 extent extent NN 36036 403 28 that that IN 36036 403 29 they -PRON- PRP 36036 403 30 dissipated dissipate VBD 36036 403 31 35 35 CD 36036 403 32 % % NN 36036 403 33 ±10 ±10 IN 36036 403 34 % % NN 36036 403 35 of of IN 36036 403 36 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 403 37 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 403 38 heat heat NN 36036 403 39 production production NN 36036 403 40 . . . 36036 404 1 Thus thus RB 36036 404 2 , , , 36036 404 3 even even RB 36036 404 4 in in IN 36036 404 5 winter winter NN 36036 404 6 , , , 36036 404 7 convective convective JJ 36036 404 8 and and CC 36036 404 9 conductive conductive JJ 36036 404 10 heat heat NN 36036 404 11 transfers transfer NNS 36036 404 12 were be VBD 36036 404 13 still still RB 36036 404 14 the the DT 36036 404 15 most most RBS 36036 404 16 important important JJ 36036 404 17 modes mode NNS 36036 404 18 of of IN 36036 404 19 heat heat NN 36036 404 20 loss loss NN 36036 404 21 at at IN 36036 404 22 this this DT 36036 404 23 temperature temperature NN 36036 404 24 . . . 36036 405 1 DAILY DAILY NNP 36036 405 2 CYCLE cycle NN 36036 405 3 OF of IN 36036 405 4 BODY BODY NNP 36036 405 5 TEMPERATURE temperature NN 36036 405 6 The the DT 36036 405 7 daily daily JJ 36036 405 8 cycle cycle NN 36036 405 9 of of IN 36036 405 10 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 405 11 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 405 12 } } -RRB- 36036 405 13 's be VBZ 36036 405 14 during during IN 36036 405 15 summer summer NN 36036 405 16 and and CC 36036 405 17 winter winter NN 36036 405 18 are be VBP 36036 405 19 presented present VBN 36036 405 20 in in IN 36036 405 21 Figure Figure NNP 36036 405 22 7 7 CD 36036 405 23 . . . 36036 406 1 In in IN 36036 406 2 general general JJ 36036 406 3 , , , 36036 406 4 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 406 5 } } -RRB- 36036 406 6 's be VBZ 36036 406 7 showed show VBN 36036 406 8 a a DT 36036 406 9 marked marked JJ 36036 406 10 circadian circadian JJ 36036 406 11 cycle cycle NN 36036 406 12 in in IN 36036 406 13 phase phase NN 36036 406 14 with with IN 36036 406 15 photoperiod photoperiod NN 36036 406 16 . . . 36036 407 1 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 407 2 } } -RRB- 36036 407 3 's 's POS 36036 407 4 rose rise VBD 36036 407 5 above above IN 36036 407 6 38 38 CD 36036 407 7 ° ° , 36036 407 8 C C NNP 36036 407 9 for for IN 36036 407 10 several several JJ 36036 407 11 hours hour NNS 36036 407 12 each each DT 36036 407 13 night night NN 36036 407 14 but but CC 36036 407 15 remained remain VBD 36036 407 16 below below IN 36036 407 17 38 38 CD 36036 407 18 ° ° , 36036 407 19 C C NNP 36036 407 20 during during IN 36036 407 21 daytime daytime NN 36036 407 22 . . . 36036 408 1 During during IN 36036 408 2 summer summer NN 36036 408 3 , , , 36036 408 4 with with IN 36036 408 5 the the DT 36036 408 6 exception exception NN 36036 408 7 of of IN 36036 408 8 one one CD 36036 408 9 female female NN 36036 408 10 whose whose WP$ 36036 408 11 record record NN 36036 408 12 was be VBD 36036 408 13 not not RB 36036 408 14 typical typical JJ 36036 408 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 408 16 Figure Figure NNP 36036 408 17 7 7 CD 36036 408 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 408 19 , , , 36036 408 20 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 408 21 } } -RRB- 36036 408 22 's 's POS 36036 408 23 rose rise VBD 36036 408 24 above above IN 36036 408 25 38 38 CD 36036 408 26 ° ° , 36036 408 27 C C NNP 36036 408 28 shortly shortly RB 36036 408 29 after after IN 36036 408 30 sunset sunset NN 36036 408 31 , , , 36036 408 32 whereas whereas IN 36036 408 33 in in IN 36036 408 34 winter winter NN 36036 408 35 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 408 36 } } -RRB- 36036 408 37 's be VBZ 36036 408 38 did do VBD 36036 408 39 not not RB 36036 408 40 rise rise VB 36036 408 41 above above IN 36036 408 42 38 38 CD 36036 408 43 ° ° , 36036 408 44 C C NNP 36036 408 45 until until IN 36036 408 46 several several JJ 36036 408 47 hours hour NNS 36036 408 48 after after IN 36036 408 49 sunset sunset NN 36036 408 50 . . . 36036 409 1 Once once IN 36036 409 2 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 409 3 } } -RRB- 36036 409 4 was be VBD 36036 409 5 elevated elevate VBN 36036 409 6 it -PRON- PRP 36036 409 7 usually usually RB 36036 409 8 remained remain VBD 36036 409 9 so so RB 36036 409 10 until until IN 36036 409 11 just just RB 36036 409 12 before before IN 36036 409 13 or or CC 36036 409 14 after after IN 36036 409 15 sunrise sunrise NN 36036 409 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 409 17 Figure Figure NNP 36036 409 18 7 7 CD 36036 409 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 409 20 . . . 36036 410 1 During during IN 36036 410 2 summer summer NN 36036 410 3 , , , 36036 410 4 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 410 5 } } -RRB- 36036 410 6 was be VBD 36036 410 7 above above IN 36036 410 8 38 38 CD 36036 410 9 ° ° , 36036 410 10 C C NNP 36036 410 11 for for IN 36036 410 12 85 85 CD 36036 410 13 % % NN 36036 410 14 or or CC 36036 410 15 more more JJR 36036 410 16 of of IN 36036 410 17 the the DT 36036 410 18 time time NN 36036 410 19 between between IN 36036 410 20 sunset sunset NN 36036 410 21 and and CC 36036 410 22 sunrise sunrise NN 36036 410 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 410 24 87 87 CD 36036 410 25 % % NN 36036 410 26 for for IN 36036 410 27 the the DT 36036 410 28 female female NN 36036 410 29 with with IN 36036 410 30 the the DT 36036 410 31 typical typical JJ 36036 410 32 body body NN 36036 410 33 temperature temperature NN 36036 410 34 pattern pattern NN 36036 410 35 , , , 36036 410 36 and and CC 36036 410 37 85 85 CD 36036 410 38 % % NN 36036 410 39 and and CC 36036 410 40 98 98 CD 36036 410 41 % % NN 36036 410 42 for for IN 36036 410 43 males male NNS 36036 410 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 410 45 , , , 36036 410 46 whereas whereas IN 36036 410 47 in in IN 36036 410 48 winter winter NN 36036 410 49 it -PRON- PRP 36036 410 50 was be VBD 36036 410 51 elevated elevate VBN 36036 410 52 for for IN 36036 410 53 only only RB 36036 410 54 47%-78 47%-78 CD 36036 410 55 % % NN 36036 410 56 of of IN 36036 410 57 the the DT 36036 410 58 time time NN 36036 410 59 between between IN 36036 410 60 sunset sunset NN 36036 410 61 and and CC 36036 410 62 sunrise sunrise NN 36036 410 63 ( ( -LRB- 36036 410 64 47 47 CD 36036 410 65 % % NN 36036 410 66 and and CC 36036 410 67 61 61 CD 36036 410 68 % % NN 36036 410 69 for for IN 36036 410 70 females female NNS 36036 410 71 , , , 36036 410 72 and and CC 36036 410 73 67 67 CD 36036 410 74 % % NN 36036 410 75 and and CC 36036 410 76 78 78 CD 36036 410 77 % % NN 36036 410 78 for for IN 36036 410 79 males male NNS 36036 410 80 ) ) -RRB- 36036 410 81 . . . 36036 411 1 During during IN 36036 411 2 night night NN 36036 411 3 , , , 36036 411 4 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 411 5 } } -RRB- 36036 411 6 would would MD 36036 411 7 oscillate oscillate VB 36036 411 8 between between IN 36036 411 9 38 38 CD 36036 411 10 ° ° , 36036 411 11 C C NNP 36036 411 12 and and CC 36036 411 13 about about RB 36036 411 14 39 39 CD 36036 411 15 ° ° NNS 36036 411 16 C C NNP 36036 411 17 , , , 36036 411 18 such such JJ 36036 411 19 that that IN 36036 411 20 two two CD 36036 411 21 peak peak NN 36036 411 22 values value NNS 36036 411 23 occurred occur VBD 36036 411 24 . . . 36036 412 1 These these DT 36036 412 2 peak peak NN 36036 412 3 values value NNS 36036 412 4 presumably presumably RB 36036 412 5 corresponded correspond VBD 36036 412 6 to to IN 36036 412 7 two two CD 36036 412 8 periods period NNS 36036 412 9 of of IN 36036 412 10 heightened heightened JJ 36036 412 11 nighttime nighttime NN 36036 412 12 activity activity NN 36036 412 13 . . . 36036 413 1 During during IN 36036 413 2 summer summer NN 36036 413 3 , , , 36036 413 4 one one CD 36036 413 5 of of IN 36036 413 6 these these DT 36036 413 7 peaks peak NNS 36036 413 8 occurred occur VBD 36036 413 9 before before RB 36036 413 10 and and CC 36036 413 11 the the DT 36036 413 12 other other JJ 36036 413 13 after after IN 36036 413 14 24:00 24:00 CD 36036 413 15 hours hour NNS 36036 413 16 , , , 36036 413 17 whereas whereas IN 36036 413 18 in in IN 36036 413 19 winter winter NN 36036 413 20 both both DT 36036 413 21 peaks peak NNS 36036 413 22 occurred occur VBD 36036 413 23 after after IN 36036 413 24 24:00 24:00 CD 36036 413 25 hours hour NNS 36036 413 26 . . . 36036 414 1 With with IN 36036 414 2 the the DT 36036 414 3 exception exception NN 36036 414 4 of of IN 36036 414 5 one one CD 36036 414 6 female female NN 36036 414 7 in in IN 36036 414 8 winter winter NN 36036 414 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 414 10 Figure Figure NNP 36036 414 11 7 7 CD 36036 414 12 ) ) -RRB- 36036 414 13 , , , 36036 414 14 the the DT 36036 414 15 lowest low JJS 36036 414 16 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 414 17 } } -RRB- 36036 414 18 of of IN 36036 414 19 the the DT 36036 414 20 day day NN 36036 414 21 for for IN 36036 414 22 both both DT 36036 414 23 sexes sex NNS 36036 414 24 was be VBD 36036 414 25 near near IN 36036 414 26 37 37 CD 36036 414 27 ° ° NNS 36036 414 28 C C NNP 36036 414 29 , , , 36036 414 30 and and CC 36036 414 31 this this DT 36036 414 32 typically typically RB 36036 414 33 occurred occur VBD 36036 414 34 during during IN 36036 414 35 daytime daytime NN 36036 414 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 414 37 Figure Figure NNP 36036 414 38 7 7 CD 36036 414 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 414 40 . . . 36036 415 1 $ $ $ 36036 415 2 Discussion$ Discussion$ NNP 36036 415 3 BASAL basal NN 36036 415 4 METABOLIC metabolic NN 36036 415 5 RATE rate NN 36036 415 6 _ _ NNP 36036 415 7 Background Background NNP 36036 415 8 _ _ NNP 36036 415 9 Basal Basal NNP 36036 415 10 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 415 11 represents represent VBZ 36036 415 12 the the DT 36036 415 13 minimum minimum JJ 36036 415 14 energy energy NN 36036 415 15 required require VBN 36036 415 16 by by IN 36036 415 17 a a DT 36036 415 18 mammal mammal NN 36036 415 19 to to TO 36036 415 20 maintain maintain VB 36036 415 21 endothermy endothermy JJ 36036 415 22 and and CC 36036 415 23 basic basic JJ 36036 415 24 homeostasis homeostasis NN 36036 415 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 415 26 Lusk Lusk NNP 36036 415 27 , , , 36036 415 28 1917:141 1917:141 CD 36036 415 29 ; ; : 36036 415 30 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 415 31 , , , 36036 415 32 1932 1932 CD 36036 415 33 , , , 36036 415 34 1961:251 1961:251 CD 36036 415 35 ; ; : 36036 415 36 Benedict benedict NN 36036 415 37 , , , 36036 415 38 1938:191 1938:191 CD 36036 415 39 - - SYM 36036 415 40 215 215 CD 36036 415 41 ; ; : 36036 415 42 Brody Brody NNP 36036 415 43 , , , 36036 415 44 1945:59 1945:59 CD 36036 415 45 ; ; : 36036 415 46 Robbins robbin NNS 36036 415 47 , , , 36036 415 48 1983:105 1983:105 CD 36036 415 49 - - SYM 36036 415 50 111 111 CD 36036 415 51 ) ) -RRB- 36036 415 52 . . . 36036 416 1 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 416 2 with with IN 36036 416 3 lower low JJR 36036 416 4 than than IN 36036 416 5 predicted predict VBN 36036 416 6 [ [ -LRB- 36036 416 7 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 416 8 } } -RRB- 36036 416 9 maintain maintain VB 36036 416 10 endothermy endothermy NNP 36036 416 11 and and CC 36036 416 12 enjoy enjoy VB 36036 416 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 416 14 attendant attendant JJ 36036 416 15 advantages advantage NNS 36036 416 16 at at IN 36036 416 17 a a DT 36036 416 18 discount discount NN 36036 416 19 , , , 36036 416 20 whereas whereas IN 36036 416 21 others other NNS 36036 416 22 , , , 36036 416 23 with with IN 36036 416 24 rates rate NNS 36036 416 25 that that WDT 36036 416 26 are be VBP 36036 416 27 higher high JJR 36036 416 28 than than IN 36036 416 29 predicted predict VBN 36036 416 30 , , , 36036 416 31 pay pay VB 36036 416 32 a a DT 36036 416 33 premium premium NN 36036 416 34 ( ( -LRB- 36036 416 35 Calder calder NN 36036 416 36 , , , 36036 416 37 1987 1987 CD 36036 416 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 416 39 . . . 36036 417 1 Such such JJ 36036 417 2 variation variation NN 36036 417 3 in in IN 36036 417 4 [ [ -LRB- 36036 417 5 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 417 6 } } -RRB- 36036 417 7 appears appear VBZ 36036 417 8 to to TO 36036 417 9 be be VB 36036 417 10 tied tie VBN 36036 417 11 to to IN 36036 417 12 ecological ecological JJ 36036 417 13 circumstances circumstance NNS 36036 417 14 rather rather RB 36036 417 15 than than IN 36036 417 16 taxonomic taxonomic JJ 36036 417 17 affinities affinity NNS 36036 417 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 417 19 Vogel Vogel NNP 36036 417 20 , , , 36036 417 21 1980 1980 CD 36036 417 22 ; ; : 36036 417 23 McNab McNab NNP 36036 417 24 , , , 36036 417 25 1986a 1986a CD 36036 417 26 , , , 36036 417 27 1988a 1988a CD 36036 417 28 , , , 36036 417 29 1989 1989 CD 36036 417 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 417 31 , , , 36036 417 32 and and CC 36036 417 33 depending depend VBG 36036 417 34 on on IN 36036 417 35 environmental environmental JJ 36036 417 36 conditions condition NNS 36036 417 37 , , , 36036 417 38 each each DT 36036 417 39 rate rate NN 36036 417 40 provides provide VBZ 36036 417 41 an an DT 36036 417 42 individual individual NN 36036 417 43 with with IN 36036 417 44 various various JJ 36036 417 45 advantages advantage NNS 36036 417 46 and and CC 36036 417 47 limitations limitation NNS 36036 417 48 . . . 36036 418 1 During during IN 36036 418 2 the the DT 36036 418 3 course course NN 36036 418 4 of of IN 36036 418 5 evolution evolution NN 36036 418 6 , , , 36036 418 7 therefore therefore RB 36036 418 8 , , , 36036 418 9 each each DT 36036 418 10 species species NN 36036 418 11 ' ' '' 36036 418 12 [ [ -LRB- 36036 418 13 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 418 14 } } -RRB- 36036 418 15 evolves evolve VBZ 36036 418 16 to to TO 36036 418 17 provide provide VB 36036 418 18 it -PRON- PRP 36036 418 19 with with IN 36036 418 20 the the DT 36036 418 21 best good JJS 36036 418 22 match match NN 36036 418 23 between between IN 36036 418 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 418 25 energy energy NN 36036 418 26 requirements requirement NNS 36036 418 27 for for IN 36036 418 28 continuous continuous JJ 36036 418 29 endothermy endothermy NNP 36036 418 30 , , , 36036 418 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 418 32 food food NN 36036 418 33 supply supply NN 36036 418 34 , , , 36036 418 35 and and CC 36036 418 36 the the DT 36036 418 37 thermal thermal JJ 36036 418 38 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 418 39 of of IN 36036 418 40 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 418 41 environment environment NN 36036 418 42 . . . 36036 419 1 _ _ NNP 36036 419 2 Captive Captive NNP 36036 419 3 versus versus IN 36036 419 4 Wild Wild NNP 36036 419 5 Raccoons Raccoons NNPS 36036 419 6 _ _ NNP 36036 419 7 Male male NN 36036 419 8 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 419 9 trapped trap VBN 36036 419 10 in in IN 36036 419 11 summer summer NN 36036 419 12 had have VBD 36036 419 13 higher high JJR 36036 419 14 [ [ -LRB- 36036 419 15 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 419 16 } } -RRB- 36036 419 17 's be VBZ 36036 419 18 than than IN 36036 419 19 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 419 20 captive captive JJ 36036 419 21 animals animal NNS 36036 419 22 in in IN 36036 419 23 any any DT 36036 419 24 season season NN 36036 419 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 419 26 Table table NN 36036 419 27 2 2 CD 36036 419 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 419 29 . . . 36036 420 1 The the DT 36036 420 2 higher high JJR 36036 420 3 rate rate NN 36036 420 4 of of IN 36036 420 5 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 420 6 of of IN 36036 420 7 these these DT 36036 420 8 trapped trap VBN 36036 420 9 males male NNS 36036 420 10 could could MD 36036 420 11 have have VB 36036 420 12 been be VBN 36036 420 13 due due JJ 36036 420 14 to to IN 36036 420 15 the the DT 36036 420 16 stress stress NN 36036 420 17 of of IN 36036 420 18 captivity captivity NN 36036 420 19 or or CC 36036 420 20 to to IN 36036 420 21 the the DT 36036 420 22 fact fact NN 36036 420 23 that that IN 36036 420 24 " " `` 36036 420 25 wild wild JJ 36036 420 26 " " '' 36036 420 27 animals animal NNS 36036 420 28 actually actually RB 36036 420 29 may may MD 36036 420 30 have have VB 36036 420 31 higher high JJR 36036 420 32 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 420 33 rates rate NNS 36036 420 34 than than IN 36036 420 35 those those DT 36036 420 36 that that WDT 36036 420 37 have have VBP 36036 420 38 adjusted adjust VBN 36036 420 39 to to IN 36036 420 40 captivity captivity NN 36036 420 41 . . . 36036 421 1 If if IN 36036 421 2 the the DT 36036 421 3 latter latter NN 36036 421 4 is be VBZ 36036 421 5 true true JJ 36036 421 6 , , , 36036 421 7 then then RB 36036 421 8 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 421 9 data datum NNS 36036 421 10 for for IN 36036 421 11 captive captive JJ 36036 421 12 animals animal NNS 36036 421 13 underestimated underestimate VBD 36036 421 14 the the DT 36036 421 15 actual actual JJ 36036 421 16 energy energy NN 36036 421 17 cost cost NN 36036 421 18 of of IN 36036 421 19 maintenance maintenance NN 36036 421 20 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 421 21 for for IN 36036 421 22 _ _ NNP 36036 421 23 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 421 24 lotor lotor NN 36036 421 25 _ _ NNP 36036 421 26 in in IN 36036 421 27 the the DT 36036 421 28 wild wild NN 36036 421 29 . . . 36036 422 1 At at IN 36036 422 2 present present JJ 36036 422 3 , , , 36036 422 4 we -PRON- PRP 36036 422 5 have have VBP 36036 422 6 no no DT 36036 422 7 way way NN 36036 422 8 of of IN 36036 422 9 determining determining NN 36036 422 10 which which WDT 36036 422 11 of of IN 36036 422 12 these these DT 36036 422 13 alternatives alternative NNS 36036 422 14 is be VBZ 36036 422 15 true true JJ 36036 422 16 . . . 36036 423 1 _ _ NNP 36036 423 2 Seasonal Seasonal NNP 36036 423 3 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 423 4 of of IN 36036 423 5 Raccoons Raccoons NNPS 36036 423 6 _ _ NNP 36036 423 7 In in IN 36036 423 8 some some DT 36036 423 9 temperate temperate NN 36036 423 10 - - HYPH 36036 423 11 zone zone NN 36036 423 12 mammals mammal NNS 36036 423 13 , , , 36036 423 14 [ [ -LRB- 36036 423 15 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 423 16 } } -RRB- 36036 423 17 is be VBZ 36036 423 18 elevated elevate VBN 36036 423 19 in in IN 36036 423 20 winter winter NN 36036 423 21 , , , 36036 423 22 which which WDT 36036 423 23 presumably presumably RB 36036 423 24 increases increase VBZ 36036 423 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 423 26 " " `` 36036 423 27 cold cold JJ 36036 423 28 - - HYPH 36036 423 29 hardiness hardiness JJ 36036 423 30 . . . 36036 423 31 " " '' 36036 424 1 Conversely conversely RB 36036 424 2 , , , 36036 424 3 lower low JJR 36036 424 4 summer summer NN 36036 424 5 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 424 6 is be VBZ 36036 424 7 considered consider VBN 36036 424 8 to to TO 36036 424 9 be be VB 36036 424 10 a a DT 36036 424 11 mechanism mechanism NN 36036 424 12 that that WDT 36036 424 13 reduces reduce VBZ 36036 424 14 the the DT 36036 424 15 potential potential NN 36036 424 16 for for IN 36036 424 17 heat heat NN 36036 424 18 stress stress NN 36036 424 19 . . . 36036 425 1 Such such JJ 36036 425 2 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 425 3 variation variation NN 36036 425 4 in in IN 36036 425 5 [ [ -LRB- 36036 425 6 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 425 7 } } -RRB- 36036 425 8 has have VBZ 36036 425 9 been be VBN 36036 425 10 found find VBN 36036 425 11 in in IN 36036 425 12 several several JJ 36036 425 13 species specie NNS 36036 425 14 : : : 36036 425 15 collard collard NNP 36036 425 16 peccary peccary NNP 36036 425 17 , , , 36036 425 18 _ _ NNP 36036 425 19 Tayassu Tayassu NNP 36036 425 20 tajacu tajacu NN 36036 425 21 _ _ NNP 36036 425 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 425 23 Zervanos Zervanos NNP 36036 425 24 , , , 36036 425 25 1975 1975 CD 36036 425 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 425 27 ; ; : 36036 425 28 antelope antelope NNP 36036 425 29 jackrabbit jackrabbit NN 36036 425 30 , , , 36036 425 31 _ _ NNP 36036 425 32 Lepus Lepus NNP 36036 425 33 alleni alleni NN 36036 425 34 _ _ NNP 36036 425 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 425 36 Hinds Hinds NNP 36036 425 37 , , , 36036 425 38 1977 1977 CD 36036 425 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 425 40 ; ; : 36036 425 41 desert desert NN 36036 425 42 cottontail cottontail NNP 36036 425 43 , , , 36036 425 44 _ _ NNP 36036 425 45 Sylvilagus Sylvilagus NNP 36036 425 46 audubonii audubonii JJ 36036 425 47 _ _ NN 36036 425 48 ( ( -LRB- 36036 425 49 Hinds Hinds NNP 36036 425 50 , , , 36036 425 51 1973 1973 CD 36036 425 52 ) ) -RRB- 36036 425 53 ; ; : 36036 425 54 and and CC 36036 425 55 , , , 36036 425 56 perhaps perhaps RB 36036 425 57 , , , 36036 425 58 cold cold NN 36036 425 59 - - HYPH 36036 425 60 acclimatized acclimatized JJ 36036 425 61 rat rat NN 36036 425 62 , , , 36036 425 63 _ _ NNP 36036 425 64 Rattus Rattus NNP 36036 425 65 norvegicus norvegicus NN 36036 425 66 _ _ NNP 36036 425 67 ( ( -LRB- 36036 425 68 Hart Hart NNP 36036 425 69 and and CC 36036 425 70 Heroux Heroux NNP 36036 425 71 , , , 36036 425 72 1963 1963 CD 36036 425 73 ) ) -RRB- 36036 425 74 . . . 36036 426 1 Unlike unlike IN 36036 426 2 these these DT 36036 426 3 species specie NNS 36036 426 4 , , , 36036 426 5 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 426 6 captive captive JJ 36036 426 7 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 426 8 showed show VBD 36036 426 9 no no DT 36036 426 10 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 426 11 variation variation NN 36036 426 12 in in IN 36036 426 13 [ [ -LRB- 36036 426 14 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 426 15 } } -RRB- 36036 426 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 426 17 Table table NN 36036 426 18 2 2 CD 36036 426 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 426 20 . . . 36036 427 1 Instead instead RB 36036 427 2 , , , 36036 427 3 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 427 4 achieved achieve VBD 36036 427 5 " " `` 36036 427 6 cold cold JJ 36036 427 7 - - HYPH 36036 427 8 hardiness hardiness NN 36036 427 9 " " '' 36036 427 10 in in IN 36036 427 11 winter winter NN 36036 427 12 and and CC 36036 427 13 reduced reduce VBD 36036 427 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 427 15 potential potential NN 36036 427 16 for for IN 36036 427 17 heat heat NN 36036 427 18 stress stress NN 36036 427 19 in in IN 36036 427 20 summer summer NN 36036 427 21 with with IN 36036 427 22 a a DT 36036 427 23 large large JJ 36036 427 24 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 427 25 change change NN 36036 427 26 in in IN 36036 427 27 thermal thermal JJ 36036 427 28 conductance conductance NN 36036 427 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 427 30 Table table NN 36036 427 31 3 3 CD 36036 427 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 427 33 . . . 36036 428 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 428 2 7.--Metabolic 7.--metabolic CD 36036 428 3 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 428 4 of of IN 36036 428 5 several several JJ 36036 428 6 procyonid procyonid JJ 36036 428 7 species specie NNS 36036 428 8 . . . 36036 429 1 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ : 36036 429 2 |Body |Body NNP 36036 429 3 Basal[a Basal[a NNP 36036 429 4 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 5 Minimum[b Minimum[b NNP 36036 429 6 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 7 Species species NN 36036 429 8 |mass |mass CD 36036 429 9 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 429 10 conductance conductance NN 36036 429 11 T_{b}[c t_{b}[c ADD 36036 429 12 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 13 |(g |(g NNP 36036 429 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 429 15 ------------ ------------ NFP 36036 429 16 ------------- ------------- NFP 36036 429 17 ------------- ------------- NFP 36036 429 18 | | NNP 36036 429 19 Meas Meas NNP 36036 429 20 H_{br H_{br NNP 36036 429 21 } } -RRB- 36036 429 22 Meas Meas NNP 36036 429 23 C_{mwr C_{mwr NNP 36036 429 24 } } -RRB- 36036 429 25 [ [ -LRB- 36036 429 26 alpha alpha NN 36036 429 27 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 28 [ [ -LRB- 36036 429 29 rho rho NN 36036 429 30 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 31 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ : 36036 429 32 _ _ NNP 36036 429 33 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 429 34 astutus_| astutus_| NNP 36036 429 35 865 865 CD 36036 429 36 0.43 0.43 CD 36036 429 37 0.68 0.68 CD 36036 429 38 0.0288[e 0.0288[e CD 36036 429 39 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 40 0.85 0.85 CD 36036 429 41 37.6 37.6 CD 36036 429 42 23 23 CD 36036 429 43 _ _ NNP 36036 429 44 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 429 45 cancrivorus_|1160 cancrivorus_|1160 ADD 36036 429 46 0.40 0.40 CD 36036 429 47 0.69 0.69 CD 36036 429 48 0.0368[e 0.0368[e CD 36036 429 49 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 50 1.25 1.25 CD 36036 429 51 _ _ NNP 36036 429 52 Potos Potos NNP 36036 429 53 flavus flavus NN 36036 429 54 _ _ NNP 36036 429 55 |2030 |2030 NNP 36036 429 56 0.36 0.36 CD 36036 429 57 0.51 0.51 CD 36036 429 58 _ _ NNP 36036 429 59 Potos Potos NNP 36036 429 60 flavus flavus NN 36036 429 61 _ _ NNP 36036 429 62 |2400 |2400 NNP 36036 429 63 0.32 0.32 CD 36036 429 64 0.65 0.65 CD 36036 429 65 38.1 38.1 CD 36036 429 66 36.0 36.0 CD 36036 429 67 _ _ NNP 36036 429 68 Potos Potos NNP 36036 429 69 flavus flavus NN 36036 429 70 _ _ NNP 36036 429 71 |2600 |2600 NNP 36036 429 72 0.34 0.34 CD 36036 429 73 0.71 0.71 CD 36036 429 74 0.0200[f 0.0200[f CD 36036 429 75 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 76 1.02 1.02 CD 36036 429 77 _ _ NNP 36036 429 78 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 429 79 nasua nasua NN 36036 429 80 _ _ NNP 36036 429 81 |3850 |3850 NNP 36036 429 82 0.26 0.26 CD 36036 429 83 0.60 0.60 CD 36036 429 84 0.0200[f 0.0200[f CD 36036 429 85 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 86 1.24 1.24 CD 36036 429 87 38.3 38.3 CD 36036 429 88 36.4 36.4 CD 36036 429 89 _ _ NNP 36036 429 90 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 429 91 nasua nasua RB 36036 429 92 _ _ NNP 36036 429 93 |4847 |4847 NNP 36036 429 94 0.33 0.33 CD 36036 429 95 0.79 0.79 CD 36036 429 96 0.0238[e 0.0238[e CD 36036 429 97 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 98 1.65 1.65 CD 36036 429 99 39.1 39.1 CD 36036 429 100 37.9 37.9 CD 36036 429 101 _ _ NNP 36036 429 102 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 429 103 narica narica NN 36036 429 104 _ _ NNP 36036 429 105 |5554 |5554 NNP 36036 429 106 0.25 0.25 CD 36036 429 107 0.62 0.62 CD 36036 429 108 0.0208[e 0.0208[e CD 36036 429 109 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 110 1.55 1.55 CD 36036 429 111 38.9 38.9 CD 36036 429 112 37.4 37.4 CD 36036 429 113 _ _ NNP 36036 429 114 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 429 115 narica narica NN 36036 429 116 _ _ NNP 36036 429 117 |4150 |4150 NNP 36036 429 118 0.42 0.42 CD 36036 429 119 1.20 1.20 CD 36036 429 120 0.0341[e 0.0341[e CD 36036 429 121 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 122 2.20 2.20 CD 36036 429 123 | | CD 36036 429 124 0.0224[g 0.0224[g CD 36036 429 125 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 126 1.45 1.45 CD 36036 429 127 _ _ NNP 36036 429 128 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 429 129 lotor lotor NN 36036 429 130 _ _ NNP 36036 429 131 | | NNP 36036 429 132 Summer Summer NNP 36036 429 133 | | NNP 36036 429 134 Trapped Trapped NNP 36036 429 135 male male NN 36036 429 136 |4400 |4400 NNP 36036 429 137 0.54 0.54 CD 36036 429 138 1.28 1.28 CD 36036 429 139 Captive Captive NNP 36036 429 140 male male NN 36036 429 141 |4790 |4790 NNP 36036 429 142 0.46 0.46 CD 36036 429 143 1.07 1.07 CD 36036 429 144 0.0256[f 0.0256[f CD 36036 429 145 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 146 1.77 1.77 CD 36036 429 147 38.4 38.4 CD 36036 429 148 37.5 37.5 CD 36036 429 149 Captive captive JJ 36036 429 150 female female JJ 36036 429 151 |4670 |4670 NNP 36036 429 152 0.42 0.42 CD 36036 429 153 1.02 1.02 CD 36036 429 154 0.0256[f 0.0256[f CD 36036 429 155 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 156 1.79 1.79 CD 36036 429 157 38.2 38.2 CD 36036 429 158 37.6 37.6 CD 36036 429 159 Winter Winter NNP 36036 429 160 | | NNP 36036 429 161 Captive Captive NNP 36036 429 162 male male JJ 36036 429 163 |5340 |5340 NNP 36036 429 164 0.47 0.47 CD 36036 429 165 1.17 1.17 CD 36036 429 166 38.6 38.6 CD 36036 429 167 37.6 37.6 CD 36036 429 168 Captive captive JJ 36036 429 169 female female JJ 36036 429 170 |4490 |4490 NNP 36036 429 171 0.46 0.46 CD 36036 429 172 1.10 1.10 CD 36036 429 173 0.0172[f 0.0172[f CD 36036 429 174 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 175 1.15 1.15 CD 36036 429 176 38.3 38.3 CD 36036 429 177 37.3 37.3 CD 36036 429 178 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ HYPH 36036 429 179 ---------------------+----------------------------------------------- ---------------------+----------------------------------------------- HYPH 36036 429 180 | | NNP 36036 429 181 Species species NN 36036 429 182 | | NNP 36036 429 183 T_{n}[d T_{n}[d NNP 36036 429 184 ] ] -RRB- 36036 429 185 |--------------- |--------------- CD 36036 429 186 | | CD 36036 429 187 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 429 188 } } -RRB- 36036 429 189 T_{uc t_{uc NN 36036 429 190 } } -RRB- 36036 429 191 References References NNPS 36036 429 192 ---------------------+----------------------------------------------- ---------------------+----------------------------------------------- NFP 36036 429 193 _ _ NNP 36036 429 194 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 429 195 astutus_| astutus_| NNP 36036 429 196 35.5 35.5 CD 36036 429 197 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 429 198 ( ( -LRB- 36036 429 199 1985 1985 CD 36036 429 200 ) ) -RRB- 36036 429 201 _ _ NNP 36036 429 202 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 429 203 cancrivorus_| cancrivorus_| NNP 36036 429 204 26 26 CD 36036 429 205 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 429 206 et et NNP 36036 429 207 al al NNP 36036 429 208 . . . 36036 430 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 430 2 1950b 1950b NNS 36036 430 3 , , , 36036 430 4 c c NNP 36036 430 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 430 6 _ _ NNP 36036 430 7 Potos Potos NNP 36036 430 8 flavus flavus NN 36036 430 9 _ _ NNP 36036 430 10 | | NNP 36036 430 11 McNab McNab NNP 36036 430 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 430 13 1978a 1978a CD 36036 430 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 430 15 _ _ NNP 36036 430 16 Potos Potos NNP 36036 430 17 flavus flavus NN 36036 430 18 _ _ NNP 36036 430 19 | | NNP 36036 430 20 23 23 CD 36036 430 21 30 30 CD 36036 430 22 Müller Müller NNP 36036 430 23 and and CC 36036 430 24 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 430 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 430 26 1977 1977 CD 36036 430 27 ) ) -RRB- 36036 430 28 _ _ NNP 36036 430 29 Potos Potos NNP 36036 430 30 flavus flavus NN 36036 430 31 _ _ NNP 36036 430 32 | | NNP 36036 430 33 23 23 CD 36036 430 34 33 33 CD 36036 430 35 Müller Müller NNP 36036 430 36 and and CC 36036 430 37 Rost Rost NNP 36036 430 38 ( ( -LRB- 36036 430 39 1983 1983 CD 36036 430 40 ) ) -RRB- 36036 430 41 _ _ NNP 36036 430 42 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 430 43 nasua nasua NNP 36036 430 44 _ _ NNP 36036 430 45 | | NNP 36036 430 46 25 25 CD 36036 430 47 33 33 CD 36036 430 48 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 430 49 - - HYPH 36036 430 50 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 430 51 et et FW 36036 430 52 al al NNP 36036 430 53 . . . 36036 431 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 431 2 1980 1980 CD 36036 431 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 431 4 _ _ NNP 36036 431 5 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 431 6 nasua nasua NNP 36036 431 7 _ _ NNP 36036 431 8 | | NNP 36036 431 9 30 30 CD 36036 431 10 35 35 CD 36036 431 11 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 431 12 et et FW 36036 431 13 al al NNP 36036 431 14 . . . 36036 432 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 432 2 in in IN 36036 432 3 prep prep NNP 36036 432 4 . . . 36036 432 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 433 1 _ _ NNP 36036 433 2 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 433 3 narica narica NN 36036 433 4 _ _ NNP 36036 433 5 | | NNP 36036 433 6 25 25 CD 36036 433 7 35 35 CD 36036 433 8 _ _ NNP 36036 433 9 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 433 10 narica narica NN 36036 433 11 _ _ NNP 36036 433 12 | | NNP 36036 433 13 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 433 14 et et NNP 36036 433 15 al al NNP 36036 433 16 . . . 36036 434 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 434 2 1950b 1950b NNS 36036 434 3 , , , 36036 434 4 c c NNP 36036 434 5 ) ) -RRB- 36036 434 6 | | NNP 36036 434 7 _ _ NNP 36036 434 8 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 434 9 lotor lotor NN 36036 434 10 _ _ NNP 36036 434 11 | | NNP 36036 434 12 This this DT 36036 434 13 study study NN 36036 434 14 Summer summer NN 36036 434 15 | | NNP 36036 434 16 Trapped Trapped NNP 36036 434 17 male male JJ 36036 434 18 | | CD 36036 434 19 20 20 CD 36036 434 20 Captive Captive NNP 36036 434 21 male male JJ 36036 434 22 | | CD 36036 434 23 20 20 CD 36036 434 24 Captive captive JJ 36036 434 25 female female JJ 36036 434 26 | | NNP 36036 434 27 25 25 CD 36036 434 28 Winter Winter NNP 36036 434 29 | | NNP 36036 434 30 Captive Captive NNP 36036 434 31 male male JJ 36036 434 32 | | CD 36036 434 33 11 11 CD 36036 434 34 Captive captive JJ 36036 434 35 female female JJ 36036 434 36 | | CD 36036 434 37 11 11 CD 36036 434 38 ---------------------+----------------------------------------------- ---------------------+----------------------------------------------- NFP 36036 434 39 [ [ -LRB- 36036 434 40 a a DT 36036 434 41 ] ] -RRB- 36036 434 42 Meas Meas NNP 36036 434 43 is be VBZ 36036 434 44 measured measure VBN 36036 434 45 basal basal NNP 36036 434 46 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 434 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 434 48 mL mL NNP 36036 434 49 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 434 50 } } -RRB- 36036 434 51 ) ) -RRB- 36036 434 52 . . . 36036 435 1 H_{br H_{br NNP 36036 435 2 } } -RRB- 36036 435 3 is be VBZ 36036 435 4 the the DT 36036 435 5 ratio ratio NN 36036 435 6 of of IN 36036 435 7 measured measure VBN 36036 435 8 to to IN 36036 435 9 predicted predict VBN 36036 435 10 basal basal NNP 36036 435 11 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 435 12 where where WRB 36036 435 13 the the DT 36036 435 14 predicted predict VBN 36036 435 15 value value NN 36036 435 16 is be VBZ 36036 435 17 calculated calculate VBN 36036 435 18 from from IN 36036 435 19 [ [ -LRB- 36036 435 20 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 435 21 } } -RRB- 36036 435 22 = = SYM 36036 435 23 3.42·m^{-.25 3.42·m^{-.25 NN 36036 435 24 } } -RRB- 36036 435 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 435 26 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 435 27 , , , 36036 435 28 1932 1932 CD 36036 435 29 , , , 36036 435 30 1961:206 1961:206 CD 36036 435 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 435 32 and and CC 36036 435 33 m m NNP 36036 435 34 is be VBZ 36036 435 35 body body NN 36036 435 36 mass mass NN 36036 435 37 in in IN 36036 435 38 grams gram NNS 36036 435 39 . . . 36036 436 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 436 2 b b NN 36036 436 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 436 4 Meas Meas NNP 36036 436 5 is be VBZ 36036 436 6 measured measure VBN 36036 436 7 minimum minimum JJ 36036 436 8 thermal thermal JJ 36036 436 9 conductance conductance NN 36036 436 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 436 11 mL mL NNP 36036 436 12 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· NNP 36036 436 13 ° ° , 36036 436 14 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 436 15 } } -RRB- 36036 436 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 436 17 . . . 36036 437 1 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 437 2 } } -RRB- 36036 437 3 is be VBZ 36036 437 4 the the DT 36036 437 5 ratio ratio NN 36036 437 6 of of IN 36036 437 7 measured measure VBN 36036 437 8 to to IN 36036 437 9 predicted predict VBN 36036 437 10 minimum minimum JJ 36036 437 11 thermal thermal JJ 36036 437 12 conductance conductance NN 36036 437 13 where where WRB 36036 437 14 the the DT 36036 437 15 predicted predict VBN 36036 437 16 value value NN 36036 437 17 is be VBZ 36036 437 18 calculated calculate VBN 36036 437 19 from from IN 36036 437 20 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 437 21 } } -RRB- 36036 437 22 = = SYM 36036 437 23 1.0·m^{-0.5 1.0·m^{-0.5 NNS 36036 437 24 } } -RRB- 36036 437 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 437 26 McNab McNab NNP 36036 437 27 and and CC 36036 437 28 Morrison Morrison NNP 36036 437 29 , , , 36036 437 30 1963 1963 CD 36036 437 31 ; ; : 36036 437 32 Herreid Herreid NNP 36036 437 33 and and CC 36036 437 34 Kessel Kessel NNP 36036 437 35 , , , 36036 437 36 1967 1967 CD 36036 437 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 437 38 , , , 36036 437 39 and and CC 36036 437 40 m m NNP 36036 437 41 is be VBZ 36036 437 42 body body NN 36036 437 43 mass mass NN 36036 437 44 in in IN 36036 437 45 grams gram NNS 36036 437 46 . . . 36036 438 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 438 2 c c NN 36036 438 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 438 4 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 438 5 } } -RRB- 36036 438 6 is be VBZ 36036 438 7 body body NN 36036 438 8 temperature temperature NN 36036 438 9 during during IN 36036 438 10 the the DT 36036 438 11 active active JJ 36036 438 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 438 13 [ [ -LRB- 36036 438 14 alpha alpha NN 36036 438 15 ] ] -RRB- 36036 438 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 438 17 and and CC 36036 438 18 rest rest VB 36036 438 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 438 20 [ [ -LRB- 36036 438 21 rho rho NN 36036 438 22 ] ] -RRB- 36036 438 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 438 24 phases phase NNS 36036 438 25 of of IN 36036 438 26 the the DT 36036 438 27 daily daily JJ 36036 438 28 cycle cycle NN 36036 438 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 438 30 ° ° NNP 36036 438 31 C C NNP 36036 438 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 438 33 . . . 36036 439 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 439 2 d d LS 36036 439 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 439 4 T_{n T_{n NNP 36036 439 5 } } -RRB- 36036 439 6 is be VBZ 36036 439 7 the the DT 36036 439 8 thermoneutral thermoneutral JJ 36036 439 9 zone zone NN 36036 439 10 as as IN 36036 439 11 defined define VBN 36036 439 12 by by IN 36036 439 13 the the DT 36036 439 14 lower low JJR 36036 439 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 439 16 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 439 17 } } -RRB- 36036 439 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 439 19 and and CC 36036 439 20 upper upper JJ 36036 439 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 439 22 T_{uc t_{uc UH 36036 439 23 } } -RRB- 36036 439 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 439 25 critical critical JJ 36036 439 26 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 439 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 439 28 ° ° , 36036 439 29 C C NNP 36036 439 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 439 31 . . . 36036 440 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 440 2 e e LS 36036 440 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 440 4 Conductance Conductance NNP 36036 440 5 calculated calculate VBN 36036 440 6 as as IN 36036 440 7 the the DT 36036 440 8 slope slope NN 36036 440 9 of of IN 36036 440 10 the the DT 36036 440 11 line line NN 36036 440 12 describing describe VBG 36036 440 13 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 440 14 consumption consumption NN 36036 440 15 at at IN 36036 440 16 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 440 17 below below IN 36036 440 18 the the DT 36036 440 19 lower lower RBR 36036 440 20 critical critical JJ 36036 440 21 temperature temperature NN 36036 440 22 . . . 36036 441 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 441 2 f f LS 36036 441 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 441 4 Conductance Conductance NNP 36036 441 5 calculated calculate VBN 36036 441 6 from from IN 36036 441 7 C_{mw C_{mw NNS 36036 441 8 } } -RRB- 36036 441 9 = = NFP 36036 441 10 [ [ -LRB- 36036 441 11 .H]_{r}/(T_{b .H]_{r}/(T_{b . 36036 441 12 } } -RRB- 36036 441 13 - - : 36036 441 14 T_{a t_{a NN 36036 441 15 } } -RRB- 36036 441 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 441 17 , , , 36036 441 18 where where WRB 36036 441 19 [ [ -LRB- 36036 441 20 .H]_{r .H]_{r . 36036 441 21 } } -RRB- 36036 441 22 is be VBZ 36036 441 23 resting rest VBG 36036 441 24 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 441 25 rate rate NN 36036 441 26 at at IN 36036 441 27 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 441 28 below below IN 36036 441 29 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 441 30 } } -RRB- 36036 441 31 , , , 36036 441 32 and and CC 36036 441 33 other other JJ 36036 441 34 symbols symbol NNS 36036 441 35 are be VBP 36036 441 36 as as RB 36036 441 37 described describe VBN 36036 441 38 elsewhere elsewhere RB 36036 441 39 . . . 36036 442 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 442 2 g g NN 36036 442 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 442 4 Inactive inactive JJ 36036 442 5 - - HYPH 36036 442 6 phase phase NN 36036 442 7 thermal thermal JJ 36036 442 8 conductance conductance NN 36036 442 9 : : : 36036 442 10 estimated estimate VBN 36036 442 11 from from IN 36036 442 12 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 442 13 et et NNP 36036 442 14 al al NNP 36036 442 15 . . . 36036 443 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 443 2 1950b 1950b LS 36036 443 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 443 4 , , , 36036 443 5 assuming assume VBG 36036 443 6 that that IN 36036 443 7 active active JJ 36036 443 8 - - HYPH 36036 443 9 phase phase NN 36036 443 10 thermal thermal JJ 36036 443 11 conductance conductance NN 36036 443 12 is be VBZ 36036 443 13 52 52 CD 36036 443 14 % % NN 36036 443 15 higher high JJR 36036 443 16 than than IN 36036 443 17 values value NNS 36036 443 18 determined determine VBN 36036 443 19 during during IN 36036 443 20 the the DT 36036 443 21 inactive inactive JJ 36036 443 22 phase phase NN 36036 443 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 443 24 Aschoff Aschoff NNP 36036 443 25 , , , 36036 443 26 1981 1981 CD 36036 443 27 ) ) -RRB- 36036 443 28 . . . 36036 444 1 _ _ NNP 36036 444 2 Comparison Comparison NNP 36036 444 3 of of IN 36036 444 4 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 444 5 lotor lotor NN 36036 444 6 with with IN 36036 444 7 Other Other NNP 36036 444 8 Procyonids Procyonids NNPS 36036 444 9 _ _ NNP 36036 444 10 _ _ NNP 36036 444 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 444 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 444 13 _ _ NNP 36036 444 14 has have VBZ 36036 444 15 a a DT 36036 444 16 much much RB 36036 444 17 higher high JJR 36036 444 18 mass mass NN 36036 444 19 - - HYPH 36036 444 20 specific specific JJ 36036 444 21 [ [ -LRB- 36036 444 22 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 444 23 } } -RRB- 36036 444 24 than than IN 36036 444 25 other other JJ 36036 444 26 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 444 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 444 28 Table table NN 36036 444 29 7 7 CD 36036 444 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 444 31 . . . 36036 445 1 To to TO 36036 445 2 quantify quantify VB 36036 445 3 the the DT 36036 445 4 magnitude magnitude NN 36036 445 5 of of IN 36036 445 6 this this DT 36036 445 7 difference difference NN 36036 445 8 , , , 36036 445 9 we -PRON- PRP 36036 445 10 compared compare VBD 36036 445 11 the the DT 36036 445 12 measured measure VBN 36036 445 13 value value NN 36036 445 14 for for IN 36036 445 15 _ _ NNP 36036 445 16 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 445 17 lotor lotor NN 36036 445 18 _ _ NNP 36036 445 19 with with IN 36036 445 20 one one CD 36036 445 21 calculated calculate VBN 36036 445 22 for for IN 36036 445 23 it -PRON- PRP 36036 445 24 from from IN 36036 445 25 a a DT 36036 445 26 mass mass NN 36036 445 27 - - HYPH 36036 445 28 specific specific JJ 36036 445 29 least least JJS 36036 445 30 - - HYPH 36036 445 31 squares square NNS 36036 445 32 regression regression NN 36036 445 33 equation equation NN 36036 445 34 ( ( -LRB- 36036 445 35 Eq eq RB 36036 445 36 . . . 36036 446 1 6 6 CD 36036 446 2 ; ; : 36036 446 3 R² R² NNP 36036 446 4 = = SYM 36036 446 5 0.78 0.78 CD 36036 446 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 446 7 derived derive VBN 36036 446 8 from from IN 36036 446 9 data datum NNS 36036 446 10 for for IN 36036 446 11 those those DT 36036 446 12 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 446 13 with with IN 36036 446 14 lower low JJR 36036 446 15 than than IN 36036 446 16 predicted predict VBN 36036 446 17 [ [ -LRB- 36036 446 18 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 446 19 } } -RRB- 36036 446 20 : : : 36036 446 21 _ _ NNP 36036 446 22 Potos Potos NNP 36036 446 23 flavus flavus NN 36036 446 24 _ _ NNP 36036 446 25 , , , 36036 446 26 _ _ NNP 36036 446 27 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 446 28 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 446 29 _ _ NNP 36036 446 30 , , , 36036 446 31 _ _ NNP 36036 446 32 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 446 33 nasua nasua NNP 36036 446 34 _ _ NNP 36036 446 35 , , , 36036 446 36 _ _ NNP 36036 446 37 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 446 38 narica narica NN 36036 446 39 _ _ NNP 36036 446 40 , , , 36036 446 41 and and CC 36036 446 42 _ _ NNP 36036 446 43 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 446 44 astutus astutus NN 36036 446 45 _ _ NNP 36036 446 46 ( ( -LRB- 36036 446 47 Table Table NNP 36036 446 48 7 7 CD 36036 446 49 ) ) -RRB- 36036 446 50 . . . 36036 447 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 447 2 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 447 3 } } -RRB- 36036 447 4 = = SYM 36036 447 5 2.39·m^{-0.25 2.39·m^{-0.25 NNP 36036 447 6 } } -RRB- 36036 447 7 Eq Eq NNP 36036 447 8 . . . 36036 448 1 6 6 CD 36036 448 2 [ [ -LRB- 36036 448 3 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 448 4 } } -RRB- 36036 448 5 in in IN 36036 448 6 Eq Eq NNP 36036 448 7 . . . 36036 449 1 6 6 CD 36036 449 2 is be VBZ 36036 449 3 basal basal NNP 36036 449 4 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 449 5 ( ( -LRB- 36036 449 6 mL mL NNP 36036 449 7 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 449 8 } } -RRB- 36036 449 9 ) ) -RRB- 36036 449 10 and and CC 36036 449 11 m m NNP 36036 449 12 is be VBZ 36036 449 13 body body NN 36036 449 14 mass mass NNP 36036 449 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 449 16 g g NNP 36036 449 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 449 18 . . . 36036 450 1 Measured measured JJ 36036 450 2 values value NNS 36036 450 3 of of IN 36036 450 4 [ [ -LRB- 36036 450 5 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 450 6 } } -RRB- 36036 450 7 for for IN 36036 450 8 _ _ NNP 36036 450 9 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 450 10 lotor lotor NN 36036 450 11 _ _ NNP 36036 450 12 were be VBD 36036 450 13 1.45 1.45 CD 36036 450 14 to to IN 36036 450 15 1.86 1.86 CD 36036 450 16 times time NNS 36036 450 17 greater great JJR 36036 450 18 than than IN 36036 450 19 those those DT 36036 450 20 predicted predict VBN 36036 450 21 for for IN 36036 450 22 it -PRON- PRP 36036 450 23 by by IN 36036 450 24 Eq Eq NNP 36036 450 25 . . . 36036 451 1 6 6 LS 36036 451 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 451 3 Table table NN 36036 451 4 8) 8) CD 36036 451 5 . . . 36036 452 1 TABLE TABLE NNS 36036 452 2 8.--Basal 8.--basal CD 36036 452 3 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 452 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 452 5 mL mL NNP 36036 452 6 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 452 7 } } -RRB- 36036 452 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 452 9 of of IN 36036 452 10 _ _ NNP 36036 452 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 452 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 452 13 _ _ NNP 36036 452 14 as as IN 36036 452 15 predicted predict VBN 36036 452 16 by by IN 36036 452 17 Eq Eq NNP 36036 452 18 . . . 36036 453 1 6 6 CD 36036 453 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 453 3 [ [ -LRB- 36036 453 4 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 453 5 } } -RRB- 36036 453 6 = = SYM 36036 453 7 2.39·m^{-0.25 2.39·m^{-0.25 NNP 36036 453 8 } } -RRB- 36036 453 9 ) ) -RRB- 36036 453 10 . . . 36036 454 1 Body body NN 36036 454 2 masses masse NNS 36036 454 3 , , , 36036 454 4 used use VBN 36036 454 5 to to TO 36036 454 6 calculate calculate VB 36036 454 7 predicted predict VBN 36036 454 8 values value NNS 36036 454 9 , , , 36036 454 10 and and CC 36036 454 11 measured measure VBN 36036 454 12 values value NNS 36036 454 13 were be VBD 36036 454 14 taken take VBN 36036 454 15 from from IN 36036 454 16 Table table NN 36036 454 17 7 7 CD 36036 454 18 . . . 36036 455 1 ----------------+-------------------------------- ----------------+-------------------------------- : 36036 455 2 Season season NN 36036 455 3 and and CC 36036 455 4 sex sex NN 36036 455 5 | | NNS 36036 455 6 Predicted predict VBD 36036 455 7 Measured measure VBN 36036 455 8 / / SYM 36036 455 9 Predicted predict VBN 36036 455 10 ----------------+-------------------------------- ----------------+-------------------------------- HYPH 36036 455 11 Summer summer NN 36036 455 12 | | NNP 36036 455 13 Trapped Trapped NNP 36036 455 14 male male JJ 36036 455 15 | | CD 36036 455 16 0.29 0.29 CD 36036 455 17 1.86 1.86 CD 36036 455 18 Captive Captive NNP 36036 455 19 male male JJ 36036 455 20 | | CD 36036 455 21 0.29 0.29 CD 36036 455 22 1.59 1.59 CD 36036 455 23 Captive Captive NNP 36036 455 24 female| female| NNP 36036 455 25 0.29 0.29 CD 36036 455 26 1.45 1.45 CD 36036 455 27 Winter Winter NNP 36036 455 28 | | NNP 36036 455 29 Captive Captive NNP 36036 455 30 male male JJ 36036 455 31 | | CD 36036 455 32 0.28 0.28 CD 36036 455 33 1.68 1.68 CD 36036 455 34 Captive Captive NNP 36036 455 35 female| female| CD 36036 455 36 0.29 0.29 CD 36036 455 37 1.59 1.59 CD 36036 455 38 ----------------+-------------------------------- ----------------+-------------------------------- NFP 36036 455 39 _ _ NNP 36036 455 40 Influence Influence NNP 36036 455 41 of of IN 36036 455 42 Diet Diet NNP 36036 455 43 on on IN 36036 455 44 Basal Basal NNP 36036 455 45 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 455 46 _ _ NNP 36036 455 47 BACKGROUND.--With background.--with IN 36036 455 48 respect respect NN 36036 455 49 to to IN 36036 455 50 [ [ -LRB- 36036 455 51 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 455 52 } } -RRB- 36036 455 53 , , , 36036 455 54 McNab McNab NNP 36036 455 55 ( ( -LRB- 36036 455 56 1986a:1 1986a:1 CD 36036 455 57 ) ) -RRB- 36036 455 58 maintains maintain VBZ 36036 455 59 that that IN 36036 455 60 " " `` 36036 455 61 the the DT 36036 455 62 influence influence NN 36036 455 63 of of IN 36036 455 64 climate climate NN 36036 455 65 is be VBZ 36036 455 66 confounded confound VBN 36036 455 67 with with IN 36036 455 68 the the DT 36036 455 69 influence influence NN 36036 455 70 of of IN 36036 455 71 food food NN 36036 455 72 habits habit NNS 36036 455 73 , , , 36036 455 74 " " '' 36036 455 75 and and CC 36036 455 76 that that IN 36036 455 77 departures departure NNS 36036 455 78 from from IN 36036 455 79 the the DT 36036 455 80 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 455 81 ( ( -LRB- 36036 455 82 1961 1961 CD 36036 455 83 ) ) -RRB- 36036 455 84 " " `` 36036 455 85 norm norm NN 36036 455 86 " " '' 36036 455 87 are be VBP 36036 455 88 best best RB 36036 455 89 correlated correlate VBN 36036 455 90 with with IN 36036 455 91 diet diet NN 36036 455 92 . . . 36036 456 1 Although although IN 36036 456 2 this this DT 36036 456 3 does do VBZ 36036 456 4 appear appear VB 36036 456 5 to to TO 36036 456 6 be be VB 36036 456 7 the the DT 36036 456 8 case case NN 36036 456 9 for for IN 36036 456 10 diet diet NN 36036 456 11 specialists specialist NNS 36036 456 12 , , , 36036 456 13 the the DT 36036 456 14 analysis analysis NN 36036 456 15 is be VBZ 36036 456 16 not not RB 36036 456 17 so so RB 36036 456 18 clear clear JJ 36036 456 19 - - HYPH 36036 456 20 cut cut VBN 36036 456 21 for for IN 36036 456 22 omnivorous omnivorous JJ 36036 456 23 species specie NNS 36036 456 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 456 25 McNab McNab NNP 36036 456 26 , , , 36036 456 27 1986a 1986a CD 36036 456 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 456 29 . . . 36036 457 1 His -PRON- PRP$ 36036 457 2 analysis analysis NN 36036 457 3 also also RB 36036 457 4 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 457 5 that that IN 36036 457 6 an an DT 36036 457 7 animal animal NN 36036 457 8 's 's POS 36036 457 9 " " `` 36036 457 10 behavior behavior NN 36036 457 11 " " '' 36036 457 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 457 13 i.e. i.e. FW 36036 457 14 , , , 36036 457 15 whether whether IN 36036 457 16 it -PRON- PRP 36036 457 17 is be VBZ 36036 457 18 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 36036 457 19 , , , 36036 457 20 arboreal arboreal JJ 36036 457 21 , , , 36036 457 22 subterranean subterranean JJ 36036 457 23 , , , 36036 457 24 aquatic aquatic JJ 36036 457 25 , , , 36036 457 26 etc etc FW 36036 457 27 . . . 36036 458 1 ) ) -RRB- 36036 458 2 , , , 36036 458 3 secondarily secondarily RB 36036 458 4 modifies modify VBZ 36036 458 5 the the DT 36036 458 6 influence influence NN 36036 458 7 of of IN 36036 458 8 food food NN 36036 458 9 habits habit NNS 36036 458 10 on on IN 36036 458 11 [ [ -LRB- 36036 458 12 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 458 13 } } -RRB- 36036 458 14 . . . 36036 459 1 For for IN 36036 459 2 example example NN 36036 459 3 , , , 36036 459 4 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 36036 459 5 frugivores frugivore NNS 36036 459 6 have have VBP 36036 459 7 [ [ -LRB- 36036 459 8 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 459 9 } } -RRB- 36036 459 10 's be VBZ 36036 459 11 that that WDT 36036 459 12 are be VBP 36036 459 13 very very RB 36036 459 14 near near RB 36036 459 15 predicted predict VBN 36036 459 16 values value NNS 36036 459 17 , , , 36036 459 18 whereas whereas IN 36036 459 19 arboreal arboreal JJ 36036 459 20 frugivores frugivore NNS 36036 459 21 have have VBP 36036 459 22 rates rate NNS 36036 459 23 that that WDT 36036 459 24 are be VBP 36036 459 25 much much RB 36036 459 26 lower low JJR 36036 459 27 than than IN 36036 459 28 predicted predict VBN 36036 459 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 459 30 McNab McNab NNP 36036 459 31 , , , 36036 459 32 1986a 1986a CD 36036 459 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 459 34 . . . 36036 460 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 460 2 9.--Food 9.--food CD 36036 460 3 habits habit NNS 36036 460 4 of of IN 36036 460 5 some some DT 36036 460 6 Procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 460 7 . . . 36036 461 1 References reference NNS 36036 461 2 for for IN 36036 461 3 foods food NNS 36036 461 4 were be VBD 36036 461 5 as as IN 36036 461 6 follows follow VBZ 36036 461 7 : : : 36036 461 8 _ _ NNP 36036 461 9 Potos Potos NNP 36036 461 10 flavus flavus NN 36036 461 11 _ _ NNP 36036 461 12 , , , 36036 461 13 _ _ NNP 36036 461 14 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 461 15 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 461 16 _ _ NNP 36036 461 17 , , , 36036 461 18 and and CC 36036 461 19 _ _ NNP 36036 461 20 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 461 21 nasua nasua NNP 36036 461 22 _ _ NNP 36036 461 23 taken take VBN 36036 461 24 from from IN 36036 461 25 Bisbal Bisbal NNP 36036 461 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 461 27 1986 1986 CD 36036 461 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 461 29 ; ; : 36036 461 30 _ _ NNP 36036 461 31 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 461 32 narica narica NN 36036 461 33 _ _ NNP 36036 461 34 taken take VBN 36036 461 35 from from IN 36036 461 36 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 461 37 ( ( -LRB- 36036 461 38 1962:182 1962:182 CD 36036 461 39 - - SYM 36036 461 40 198 198 CD 36036 461 41 ) ) -RRB- 36036 461 42 ; ; : 36036 461 43 _ _ NNP 36036 461 44 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 461 45 astutus astutus NN 36036 461 46 _ _ NNP 36036 461 47 taken take VBN 36036 461 48 from from IN 36036 461 49 Martin Martin NNP 36036 461 50 et et NNP 36036 461 51 al al NNP 36036 461 52 . . . 36036 462 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 2 1951 1951 CD 36036 462 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 4 , , , 36036 462 5 Taylor Taylor NNP 36036 462 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 7 1954 1954 CD 36036 462 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 9 , , , 36036 462 10 Wood Wood NNP 36036 462 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 12 1954 1954 CD 36036 462 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 14 , , , 36036 462 15 Toweill Toweill NNP 36036 462 16 and and CC 36036 462 17 Teer Teer NNP 36036 462 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 19 1977 1977 CD 36036 462 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 21 , , , 36036 462 22 and and CC 36036 462 23 Trapp Trapp NNP 36036 462 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 25 1978 1978 CD 36036 462 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 27 ; ; : 36036 462 28 _ _ NNP 36036 462 29 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 462 30 lotor lotor NN 36036 462 31 _ _ NNP 36036 462 32 taken take VBN 36036 462 33 from from IN 36036 462 34 Hamilton Hamilton NNP 36036 462 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 36 1936 1936 CD 36036 462 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 38 , , , 36036 462 39 Stuewer Stuewer NNP 36036 462 40 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 41 1943:218 1943:218 CD 36036 462 42 - - SYM 36036 462 43 220 220 CD 36036 462 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 45 , , , 36036 462 46 Stains Stains NNP 36036 462 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 48 1956:39 1956:39 CD 36036 462 49 - - SYM 36036 462 50 51 51 CD 36036 462 51 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 52 , , , 36036 462 53 and and CC 36036 462 54 Greenwood Greenwood NNP 36036 462 55 ( ( -LRB- 36036 462 56 1981 1981 CD 36036 462 57 ) ) -RRB- 36036 462 58 . . . 36036 463 1 Symbols symbol NNS 36036 463 2 represent represent VBP 36036 463 3 either either CC 36036 463 4 qualitative qualitative JJ 36036 463 5 ( ( -LRB- 36036 463 6 # # NN 36036 463 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 463 8 or or CC 36036 463 9 quantitative quantitative JJ 36036 463 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 463 11 + + UH 36036 463 12 , , , 36036 463 13 | | JJ 36036 463 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 463 15 assessments assessment NNS 36036 463 16 of of IN 36036 463 17 feeding feeding NN 36036 463 18 habits habit NNS 36036 463 19 : : : 36036 463 20 # # $ 36036 463 21 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 463 22 that that IN 36036 463 23 the the DT 36036 463 24 animal animal NN 36036 463 25 was be VBD 36036 463 26 observed observe VBN 36036 463 27 eating eat VBG 36036 463 28 the the DT 36036 463 29 food food NN 36036 463 30 ; ; : 36036 463 31 + + NFP 36036 463 32 and and CC 36036 463 33 | | CD 36036 463 34 represent represent VBP 36036 463 35 volume volume NN 36036 463 36 and and CC 36036 463 37 frequency frequency NN 36036 463 38 , , , 36036 463 39 respectively respectively RB 36036 463 40 , , , 36036 463 41 of of IN 36036 463 42 food food NN 36036 463 43 utilization utilization NN 36036 463 44 . . . 36036 464 1 No no DT 36036 464 2 attempt attempt NN 36036 464 3 was be VBD 36036 464 4 made make VBN 36036 464 5 to to TO 36036 464 6 account account VB 36036 464 7 for for IN 36036 464 8 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 464 9 variation variation NN 36036 464 10 in in IN 36036 464 11 the the DT 36036 464 12 use use NN 36036 464 13 of of IN 36036 464 14 these these DT 36036 464 15 foods food NNS 36036 464 16 . . . 36036 465 1 + + NFP 36036 465 2 < < XX 36036 465 3 20 20 CD 36036 465 4 % % NN 36036 465 5 by by IN 36036 465 6 volume volume NN 36036 465 7 when when WRB 36036 465 8 found find VBN 36036 465 9 . . . 36036 466 1 | | NNP 36036 466 2 1%-19 1%-19 CD 36036 466 3 % % NN 36036 466 4 frequency frequency NN 36036 466 5 of of IN 36036 466 6 occurrence occurrence NN 36036 466 7 . . . 36036 467 1 + + CC 36036 467 2 + + NFP 36036 467 3 > > XX 36036 467 4 20 20 CD 36036 467 5 % % NN 36036 467 6 by by IN 36036 467 7 volume volume NN 36036 467 8 when when WRB 36036 467 9 found find VBN 36036 467 10 . . . 36036 468 1 || || NNP 36036 468 2 20%-50 20%-50 CD 36036 468 3 % % NN 36036 468 4 frequency frequency NN 36036 468 5 of of IN 36036 468 6 occurrence occurrence NN 36036 468 7 . . . 36036 469 1 ||| ||| $ 36036 469 2 > > XX 36036 469 3 50 50 CD 36036 469 4 % % NN 36036 469 5 frequency frequency NN 36036 469 6 of of IN 36036 469 7 occurrence occurrence NN 36036 469 8 . . . 36036 470 1 -----------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -----------+-------------------------------------------------------------- : 36036 470 2 |_Potos |_Potos NNP 36036 470 3 _ _ NNP 36036 470 4 _ _ NNP 36036 470 5 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 470 6 _ _ NNP 36036 470 7 _ _ NNP 36036 470 8 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 470 9 _ _ NNP 36036 470 10 _ _ NNP 36036 470 11 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 470 12 _ _ NNP 36036 470 13 _ _ NNP 36036 470 14 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 470 15 _ _ NNP 36036 470 16 _ _ NNP 36036 470 17 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 470 18 _ _ NNP 36036 470 19 Food Food NNP 36036 470 20 |_flavus |_flavus NNP 36036 470 21 _ _ NNP 36036 470 22 _ _ NNP 36036 470 23 cancrivorus cancrivorus NN 36036 470 24 _ _ NNP 36036 470 25 _ _ NNP 36036 470 26 nasua nasua NNP 36036 470 27 _ _ NNP 36036 470 28 _ _ NNP 36036 470 29 narica narica NNP 36036 470 30 _ _ NNP 36036 470 31 _ _ NNP 36036 470 32 astutus astutus NN 36036 470 33 _ _ NNP 36036 470 34 _ _ NNP 36036 470 35 lotor lotor NN 36036 470 36 _ _ NNP 36036 470 37 -----------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -----------+-------------------------------------------------------------- HYPH 36036 470 38 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 36036 470 39 | | NNP 36036 470 40 + + CC 36036 470 41 | | NNP 36036 470 42 # # NN 36036 470 43 + + SYM 36036 470 44 + + CC 36036 470 45 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 46 + + SYM 36036 470 47 + + CD 36036 470 48 || || NNP 36036 470 49 Aves ave NNS 36036 470 50 | | NNP 36036 470 51 + + CC 36036 470 52 + + SYM 36036 470 53 | | NNS 36036 470 54 + + CD 36036 470 55 || || . 36036 470 56 Birds bird NNS 36036 470 57 ' ' POS 36036 470 58 eggs| eggs| : 36036 470 59 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 60 Reptilia Reptilia NNP 36036 470 61 | | NNP 36036 470 62 + + CC 36036 470 63 | | CD 36036 470 64 + + CC 36036 470 65 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 66 # # NN 36036 470 67 + + SYM 36036 470 68 | | CD 36036 470 69 + + CC 36036 470 70 | | NNP 36036 470 71 Amphibia Amphibia NNP 36036 470 72 | | NNP 36036 470 73 + + CC 36036 470 74 | | NNP 36036 470 75 # # NN 36036 470 76 + + SYM 36036 470 77 | | NNP 36036 470 78 Pices Pices NNP 36036 470 79 | | NNP 36036 470 80 + + CC 36036 470 81 + + SYM 36036 470 82 || || NN 36036 470 83 + + CC 36036 470 84 + + SYM 36036 470 85 || || NNP 36036 470 86 Insecta Insecta NNP 36036 470 87 |++ |++ NNP 36036 470 88 | | CD 36036 470 89 + + CC 36036 470 90 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 91 + + SYM 36036 470 92 + + CC 36036 470 93 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 94 # # $ 36036 470 95 + + CD 36036 470 96 || || $ 36036 470 97 + + CC 36036 470 98 + + SYM 36036 470 99 || || NNP 36036 470 100 Arachnida Arachnida NNP 36036 470 101 | | CD 36036 470 102 + + CC 36036 470 103 + + CC 36036 470 104 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 105 # # NN 36036 470 106 + + SYM 36036 470 107 | | CD 36036 470 108 + + CC 36036 470 109 | | NNP 36036 470 110 Chilopoda Chilopoda NNP 36036 470 111 | | NNP 36036 470 112 + + CC 36036 470 113 + + CC 36036 470 114 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 115 Diplopoda diplopoda NN 36036 470 116 | | NNP 36036 470 117 # # $ 36036 470 118 + + SYM 36036 470 119 | | NNP 36036 470 120 Crustacea Crustacea NNP 36036 470 121 | | CD 36036 470 122 + + CC 36036 470 123 + + CC 36036 470 124 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 125 # # NN 36036 470 126 + + SYM 36036 470 127 + + CC 36036 470 128 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 129 Mollusca mollusca NN 36036 470 130 | | CD 36036 470 131 + + SYM 36036 470 132 || || NNP 36036 470 133 # # NN 36036 470 134 + + CD 36036 470 135 || || NNP 36036 470 136 Annelida Annelida NNP 36036 470 137 | | CD 36036 470 138 # # NN 36036 470 139 + + SYM 36036 470 140 | | NNP 36036 470 141 Nuts Nuts NNP 36036 470 142 | | CD 36036 470 143 + + CC 36036 470 144 + + SYM 36036 470 145 || || NNP 36036 470 146 Grains grain NNS 36036 470 147 | | CD 36036 470 148 + + CC 36036 470 149 + + SYM 36036 470 150 || || NNP 36036 470 151 Buds bud NNS 36036 470 152 | | NNP 36036 470 153 + + CC 36036 470 154 | | NNP 36036 470 155 Fruit Fruit NNP 36036 470 156 |++ |++ NN 36036 470 157 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 158 + + CC 36036 470 159 + + CC 36036 470 160 # # $ 36036 470 161 || || $ 36036 470 162 + + SYM 36036 470 163 + + CC 36036 470 164 ||| ||| CD 36036 470 165 Leaves leave NNS 36036 470 166 | | POS 36036 470 167 + + CC 36036 470 168 | | NNP 36036 470 169 Grass Grass NNP 36036 470 170 | | NNP 36036 470 171 + + CC 36036 470 172 | | NNP 36036 470 173 -----------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -----------+-------------------------------------------------------------- NN 36036 470 174 FOOD food NN 36036 470 175 HABITS habits NN 36036 470 176 OF of IN 36036 470 177 PROCYONIDS.--Food procyonids.--food NN 36036 470 178 habits habit NNS 36036 470 179 of of IN 36036 470 180 six six CD 36036 470 181 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 470 182 for for IN 36036 470 183 which which WDT 36036 470 184 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 470 185 data datum NNS 36036 470 186 are be VBP 36036 470 187 available available JJ 36036 470 188 are be VBP 36036 470 189 presented present VBN 36036 470 190 in in IN 36036 470 191 Table table NN 36036 470 192 9 9 CD 36036 470 193 . . . 36036 471 1 All all DT 36036 471 2 six six CD 36036 471 3 species specie NNS 36036 471 4 clearly clearly RB 36036 471 5 have have VBP 36036 471 6 mixed mixed JJ 36036 471 7 diets diet NNS 36036 471 8 . . . 36036 472 1 Compared compare VBN 36036 472 2 to to IN 36036 472 3 other other JJ 36036 472 4 species specie NNS 36036 472 5 , , , 36036 472 6 _ _ NNP 36036 472 7 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 472 8 lotor lotor NN 36036 472 9 _ _ NNP 36036 472 10 is be VBZ 36036 472 11 highly highly RB 36036 472 12 catholic catholic JJ 36036 472 13 in in IN 36036 472 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 472 15 diet diet NN 36036 472 16 , , , 36036 472 17 taking take VBG 36036 472 18 food food NN 36036 472 19 from from IN 36036 472 20 almost almost RB 36036 472 21 twice twice PDT 36036 472 22 as as RB 36036 472 23 many many JJ 36036 472 24 categories category NNS 36036 472 25 as as IN 36036 472 26 _ _ NNP 36036 472 27 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 472 28 narica narica NN 36036 472 29 _ _ NNP 36036 472 30 , , , 36036 472 31 three three CD 36036 472 32 times time NNS 36036 472 33 as as RB 36036 472 34 many many JJ 36036 472 35 as as IN 36036 472 36 _ _ NNP 36036 472 37 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 472 38 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 472 39 _ _ NNP 36036 472 40 , , , 36036 472 41 _ _ NNP 36036 472 42 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 472 43 nasua nasua RB 36036 472 44 _ _ NNP 36036 472 45 , , , 36036 472 46 and and CC 36036 472 47 _ _ NNP 36036 472 48 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 472 49 astutus astutus NN 36036 472 50 _ _ NNP 36036 472 51 , , , 36036 472 52 and and CC 36036 472 53 nine nine CD 36036 472 54 times time NNS 36036 472 55 as as RB 36036 472 56 many many JJ 36036 472 57 as as IN 36036 472 58 _ _ NNP 36036 472 59 Potos Potos NNP 36036 472 60 flavus flavus NN 36036 472 61 _ _ NNP 36036 472 62 . . . 36036 473 1 For for IN 36036 473 2 those those DT 36036 473 3 species specie NNS 36036 473 4 for for IN 36036 473 5 which which WDT 36036 473 6 food food NN 36036 473 7 habit habit NN 36036 473 8 data datum NNS 36036 473 9 are be VBP 36036 473 10 quantified quantify VBN 36036 473 11 , , , 36036 473 12 we -PRON- PRP 36036 473 13 used use VBD 36036 473 14 Eisenberg Eisenberg NNP 36036 473 15 's 's POS 36036 473 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 473 17 1981:247 1981:247 CD 36036 473 18 - - SYM 36036 473 19 251 251 CD 36036 473 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 473 21 substrate substrate NN 36036 473 22 / / SYM 36036 473 23 feeding feeding NN 36036 473 24 matrix matrix NN 36036 473 25 method method NN 36036 473 26 , , , 36036 473 27 where where WRB 36036 473 28 " " `` 36036 473 29 substrate substrate NN 36036 473 30 " " '' 36036 473 31 is be VBZ 36036 473 32 analogous analogous JJ 36036 473 33 to to IN 36036 473 34 McNab McNab NNP 36036 473 35 's 's POS 36036 473 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 473 37 1986a 1986a NNS 36036 473 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 473 39 " " `` 36036 473 40 behavior behavior NN 36036 473 41 , , , 36036 473 42 " " '' 36036 473 43 to to TO 36036 473 44 construct construct VB 36036 473 45 the the DT 36036 473 46 following follow VBG 36036 473 47 feeding feeding NN 36036 473 48 categories category NNS 36036 473 49 that that WDT 36036 473 50 are be VBP 36036 473 51 based base VBN 36036 473 52 on on IN 36036 473 53 the the DT 36036 473 54 major major JJ 36036 473 55 food food NN 36036 473 56 groups group NNS 36036 473 57 utilized utilize VBN 36036 473 58 by by IN 36036 473 59 each each DT 36036 473 60 species specie NNS 36036 473 61 ( ( -LRB- 36036 473 62 Table table NN 36036 473 63 9 9 CD 36036 473 64 ) ) -RRB- 36036 473 65 . . . 36036 474 1 1 1 LS 36036 474 2 . . . 36036 475 1 _ _ NNP 36036 475 2 Potos Potos NNP 36036 475 3 flavus flavu NNS 36036 475 4 : : : 36036 475 5 _ _ NNP 36036 475 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 475 7 1 1 CD 36036 475 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 475 9 arboreal arboreal NN 36036 475 10 / / SYM 36036 475 11 frugivore frugivore NN 36036 475 12 , , , 36036 475 13 insectivore insectivore NNP 36036 475 14 . . . 36036 476 1 2 2 LS 36036 476 2 . . . 36036 477 1 _ _ NNP 36036 477 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 477 3 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 477 4 : : : 36036 477 5 _ _ NNP 36036 477 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 477 7 1 1 CD 36036 477 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 477 9 semiaquatic semiaquatic JJ 36036 477 10 / / SYM 36036 477 11 crustacivore crustacivore NN 36036 477 12 , , , 36036 477 13 molluscivore molluscivore NNP 36036 477 14 , , , 36036 477 15 insectivore insectivore NNP 36036 477 16 , , , 36036 477 17 piscivore piscivore NN 36036 477 18 , , , 36036 477 19 carnivore carnivore NN 36036 477 20 . . . 36036 478 1 3 3 LS 36036 478 2 . . . 36036 479 1 _ _ NNP 36036 479 2 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 479 3 nasua nasua NN 36036 479 4 : : : 36036 479 5 _ _ NNP 36036 479 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 479 7 1 1 CD 36036 479 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 479 9 terrestrial terrestrial NN 36036 479 10 / / SYM 36036 479 11 insectivore insectivore NNP 36036 479 12 , , , 36036 479 13 arachnidivore arachnidivore NNP 36036 479 14 , , , 36036 479 15 carnivore carnivore NN 36036 479 16 , , , 36036 479 17 frugivore frugivore NN 36036 479 18 . . . 36036 480 1 4 4 LS 36036 480 2 . . . 36036 481 1 _ _ NNP 36036 481 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 481 3 astutus astutus NN 36036 481 4 : : : 36036 481 5 _ _ NNP 36036 481 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 481 7 1 1 CD 36036 481 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 481 9 terrestrial terrestrial NN 36036 481 10 / / SYM 36036 481 11 carnivore carnivore NN 36036 481 12 , , , 36036 481 13 insectivore insectivore NNP 36036 481 14 , , , 36036 481 15 frugivore frugivore NN 36036 481 16 . . . 36036 482 1 5 5 CD 36036 482 2 . . . 36036 483 1 _ _ NNP 36036 483 2 Procyon procyon JJ 36036 483 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 483 4 : : : 36036 483 5 _ _ NNP 36036 483 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 483 7 1 1 CD 36036 483 8 ) ) -RRB- 36036 483 9 terrestrial terrestrial NN 36036 483 10 / / SYM 36036 483 11 carnivore carnivore NN 36036 483 12 , , , 36036 483 13 granivore granivore NN 36036 483 14 , , , 36036 483 15 frugivore frugivore NNP 36036 483 16 , , , 36036 483 17 insectivore insectivore NNP 36036 483 18 ; ; : 36036 483 19 and and CC 36036 483 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 483 21 2 2 LS 36036 483 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 483 23 semiaquatic semiaquatic JJ 36036 483 24 / / SYM 36036 483 25 crustacivore crustacivore NN 36036 483 26 , , , 36036 483 27 molluscivore molluscivore NNP 36036 483 28 , , , 36036 483 29 insectivore insectivore NNP 36036 483 30 , , , 36036 483 31 piscivore piscivore NN 36036 483 32 , , , 36036 483 33 carnivore carnivore NN 36036 483 34 . . . 36036 484 1 FOOD food NN 36036 484 2 HABITS habit NNS 36036 484 3 AND and CC 36036 484 4 BASAL BASAL NNP 36036 484 5 METABOLISM.--The metabolism.--the POS 36036 484 6 most most RBS 36036 484 7 important important JJ 36036 484 8 foods food NNS 36036 484 9 in in IN 36036 484 10 the the DT 36036 484 11 diet diet NN 36036 484 12 of of IN 36036 484 13 _ _ NNP 36036 484 14 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 484 15 lotor lotor NN 36036 484 16 _ _ NNP 36036 484 17 are be VBP 36036 484 18 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 36036 484 19 , , , 36036 484 20 nuts nut NNS 36036 484 21 , , , 36036 484 22 seeds seed NNS 36036 484 23 , , , 36036 484 24 and and CC 36036 484 25 fruits fruit NNS 36036 484 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 484 27 Table table NN 36036 484 28 9 9 CD 36036 484 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 484 30 . . . 36036 485 1 These these DT 36036 485 2 are be VBP 36036 485 3 the the DT 36036 485 4 same same JJ 36036 485 5 foods food NNS 36036 485 6 that that WDT 36036 485 7 are be VBP 36036 485 8 eaten eat VBN 36036 485 9 by by IN 36036 485 10 those those DT 36036 485 11 dietary dietary JJ 36036 485 12 specialists specialist NNS 36036 485 13 that that WDT 36036 485 14 have have VBP 36036 485 15 [ [ -LRB- 36036 485 16 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 485 17 } } -RRB- 36036 485 18 's be VBZ 36036 485 19 equivalent equivalent JJ 36036 485 20 to to IN 36036 485 21 , , , 36036 485 22 or or CC 36036 485 23 higher high JJR 36036 485 24 than than IN 36036 485 25 , , , 36036 485 26 values value NNS 36036 485 27 predicted predict VBD 36036 485 28 for for IN 36036 485 29 them -PRON- PRP 36036 485 30 by by IN 36036 485 31 the the DT 36036 485 32 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 485 33 equation equation NN 36036 485 34 ( ( -LRB- 36036 485 35 McNab McNab NNP 36036 485 36 , , , 36036 485 37 1986a 1986a CD 36036 485 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 485 39 . . . 36036 486 1 The the DT 36036 486 2 most most RBS 36036 486 3 important important JJ 36036 486 4 foods food NNS 36036 486 5 in in IN 36036 486 6 the the DT 36036 486 7 diets diet NNS 36036 486 8 of of IN 36036 486 9 _ _ NNP 36036 486 10 Potos Potos NNP 36036 486 11 flavus flavus NN 36036 486 12 _ _ NNP 36036 486 13 , , , 36036 486 14 _ _ NNP 36036 486 15 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 486 16 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 486 17 _ _ NNP 36036 486 18 , , , 36036 486 19 and and CC 36036 486 20 _ _ NNP 36036 486 21 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 486 22 nasua nasua NNP 36036 486 23 _ _ NNP 36036 486 24 are be VBP 36036 486 25 invertebrates invertebrate NNS 36036 486 26 and and CC 36036 486 27 fruit fruit NN 36036 486 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 486 29 Table table NN 36036 486 30 9 9 CD 36036 486 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 486 32 , , , 36036 486 33 and and CC 36036 486 34 these these DT 36036 486 35 foods food NNS 36036 486 36 are be VBP 36036 486 37 eaten eat VBN 36036 486 38 by by IN 36036 486 39 dietary dietary JJ 36036 486 40 specialists specialist NNS 36036 486 41 that that WDT 36036 486 42 have have VBP 36036 486 43 lower low JJR 36036 486 44 than than IN 36036 486 45 predicted predict VBN 36036 486 46 [ [ -LRB- 36036 486 47 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 486 48 } } -RRB- 36036 486 49 's 's POS 36036 486 50 ( ( -LRB- 36036 486 51 McNab McNab NNP 36036 486 52 , , , 36036 486 53 1986a 1986a CD 36036 486 54 ) ) -RRB- 36036 486 55 . . . 36036 487 1 Major major JJ 36036 487 2 foods food NNS 36036 487 3 in in IN 36036 487 4 the the DT 36036 487 5 diet diet NN 36036 487 6 of of IN 36036 487 7 _ _ NNP 36036 487 8 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 487 9 astutus astutus NN 36036 487 10 _ _ NNP 36036 487 11 are be VBP 36036 487 12 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 36036 487 13 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 36036 487 14 , , , 36036 487 15 insects insect NNS 36036 487 16 , , , 36036 487 17 and and CC 36036 487 18 fruit fruit NN 36036 487 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 487 20 Table table NN 36036 487 21 9 9 CD 36036 487 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 487 23 . . . 36036 488 1 Dietary dietary JJ 36036 488 2 specialists specialist NNS 36036 488 3 that that WDT 36036 488 4 eat eat VBP 36036 488 5 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 36036 488 6 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 36036 488 7 have have VBP 36036 488 8 higher high JJR 36036 488 9 than than IN 36036 488 10 predicted predict VBN 36036 488 11 [ [ -LRB- 36036 488 12 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 488 13 } } -RRB- 36036 488 14 's be VBZ 36036 488 15 , , , 36036 488 16 whereas whereas IN 36036 488 17 those those DT 36036 488 18 that that WDT 36036 488 19 feed feed VBP 36036 488 20 on on IN 36036 488 21 insects insect NNS 36036 488 22 have have VBP 36036 488 23 [ [ -LRB- 36036 488 24 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 488 25 } } -RRB- 36036 488 26 's be VBZ 36036 488 27 that that WDT 36036 488 28 are be VBP 36036 488 29 lower low JJR 36036 488 30 than than IN 36036 488 31 predicted predict VBN 36036 488 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 488 33 McNab McNab NNP 36036 488 34 , , , 36036 488 35 1986a 1986a CD 36036 488 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 488 37 . . . 36036 489 1 Year year NN 36036 489 2 - - HYPH 36036 489 3 round round JJ 36036 489 4 utilization utilization NN 36036 489 5 of of IN 36036 489 6 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 36036 489 7 by by IN 36036 489 8 _ _ NNP 36036 489 9 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 489 10 astutus astutus NN 36036 489 11 _ _ NNP 36036 489 12 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 489 13 that that IN 36036 489 14 it -PRON- PRP 36036 489 15 also also RB 36036 489 16 should should MD 36036 489 17 have have VB 36036 489 18 a a DT 36036 489 19 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 489 20 rate rate NN 36036 489 21 that that WDT 36036 489 22 is be VBZ 36036 489 23 equivalent equivalent JJ 36036 489 24 to to IN 36036 489 25 or or CC 36036 489 26 higher high JJR 36036 489 27 than than IN 36036 489 28 predicted predict VBN 36036 489 29 , , , 36036 489 30 rather rather RB 36036 489 31 than than IN 36036 489 32 lower low JJR 36036 489 33 ( ( -LRB- 36036 489 34 McNab McNab NNP 36036 489 35 , , , 36036 489 36 1986a 1986a CD 36036 489 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 489 38 . . . 36036 490 1 However however RB 36036 490 2 , , , 36036 490 3 perhaps perhaps RB 36036 490 4 year year NN 36036 490 5 - - HYPH 36036 490 6 round round JJ 36036 490 7 inclusion inclusion NN 36036 490 8 of of IN 36036 490 9 insects insect NNS 36036 490 10 in in IN 36036 490 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 490 12 diet diet NN 36036 490 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 490 14 Martin Martin NNP 36036 490 15 et et NNP 36036 490 16 al al NNP 36036 490 17 . . NNP 36036 490 18 , , , 36036 490 19 1951 1951 CD 36036 490 20 ; ; : 36036 490 21 Taylor Taylor NNP 36036 490 22 , , , 36036 490 23 1954 1954 CD 36036 490 24 ; ; : 36036 490 25 Wood wood NN 36036 490 26 , , , 36036 490 27 1954 1954 CD 36036 490 28 ; ; : 36036 490 29 Toweill Toweill NNP 36036 490 30 and and CC 36036 490 31 Teer Teer NNP 36036 490 32 , , , 36036 490 33 1977 1977 CD 36036 490 34 ; ; : 36036 490 35 Trapp Trapp NNP 36036 490 36 , , , 36036 490 37 1978 1978 CD 36036 490 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 490 39 , , , 36036 490 40 plus plus CC 36036 490 41 water- water- NN 36036 490 42 and and CC 36036 490 43 energy energy NN 36036 490 44 - - HYPH 36036 490 45 conserving conserve VBG 36036 490 46 advantages advantage NNS 36036 490 47 of of IN 36036 490 48 a a DT 36036 490 49 low low JJ 36036 490 50 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 490 51 rate rate NN 36036 490 52 , , , 36036 490 53 each each DT 36036 490 54 exert exert VBP 36036 490 55 a a DT 36036 490 56 stronger strong JJR 36036 490 57 selective selective JJ 36036 490 58 influence influence NN 36036 490 59 on on IN 36036 490 60 [ [ -LRB- 36036 490 61 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 490 62 } } -RRB- 36036 490 63 than than IN 36036 490 64 do do VB 36036 490 65 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 36036 490 66 in in IN 36036 490 67 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 490 68 diet diet NN 36036 490 69 . . . 36036 491 1 SUMMARY.--The SUMMARY.--The NNP 36036 491 2 basal basal NNP 36036 491 3 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 491 4 rate rate NN 36036 491 5 of of IN 36036 491 6 these these DT 36036 491 7 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 491 8 does do VBZ 36036 491 9 appear appear VB 36036 491 10 to to TO 36036 491 11 be be VB 36036 491 12 influenced influence VBN 36036 491 13 by by IN 36036 491 14 diet diet NNP 36036 491 15 . . . 36036 492 1 But but CC 36036 492 2 , , , 36036 492 3 it -PRON- PRP 36036 492 4 is be VBZ 36036 492 5 apparent apparent JJ 36036 492 6 from from IN 36036 492 7 this this DT 36036 492 8 family family NN 36036 492 9 's 's POS 36036 492 10 evolutionary evolutionary JJ 36036 492 11 history history NN 36036 492 12 and and CC 36036 492 13 tropical tropical JJ 36036 492 14 origins origin NNS 36036 492 15 that that WDT 36036 492 16 climate climate NN 36036 492 17 also also RB 36036 492 18 has have VBZ 36036 492 19 had have VBN 36036 492 20 a a DT 36036 492 21 profound profound JJ 36036 492 22 influence influence NN 36036 492 23 on on IN 36036 492 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 492 25 member member NN 36036 492 26 's 's POS 36036 492 27 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 492 28 . . . 36036 493 1 The the DT 36036 493 2 history history NN 36036 493 3 of of IN 36036 493 4 the the DT 36036 493 5 family family NN 36036 493 6 and and CC 36036 493 7 the the DT 36036 493 8 data datum NNS 36036 493 9 presented present VBN 36036 493 10 here here RB 36036 493 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 493 12 Table table NN 36036 493 13 7 7 CD 36036 493 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 493 15 suggest suggest VBP 36036 493 16 that that IN 36036 493 17 lower low JJR 36036 493 18 than than IN 36036 493 19 predicted predict VBN 36036 493 20 [ [ -LRB- 36036 493 21 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 493 22 } } -RRB- 36036 493 23 is be VBZ 36036 493 24 a a DT 36036 493 25 feature feature NN 36036 493 26 that that WDT 36036 493 27 evolved evolve VBD 36036 493 28 very very RB 36036 493 29 early early RB 36036 493 30 as as IN 36036 493 31 the the DT 36036 493 32 primary primary JJ 36036 493 33 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 493 34 adjustment adjustment NN 36036 493 35 to to IN 36036 493 36 a a DT 36036 493 37 tropical tropical JJ 36036 493 38 climate climate NN 36036 493 39 . . . 36036 494 1 From from IN 36036 494 2 this this DT 36036 494 3 perspective perspective NN 36036 494 4 , , , 36036 494 5 it -PRON- PRP 36036 494 6 could could MD 36036 494 7 be be VB 36036 494 8 argued argue VBN 36036 494 9 that that IN 36036 494 10 climate climate NN 36036 494 11 would would MD 36036 494 12 have have VB 36036 494 13 been be VBN 36036 494 14 the the DT 36036 494 15 major major JJ 36036 494 16 selective selective JJ 36036 494 17 force force NN 36036 494 18 determining determine VBG 36036 494 19 [ [ -LRB- 36036 494 20 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 494 21 } } -RRB- 36036 494 22 , , , 36036 494 23 whereas whereas IN 36036 494 24 food food NN 36036 494 25 habits habit NNS 36036 494 26 would would MD 36036 494 27 have have VB 36036 494 28 had have VBN 36036 494 29 a a DT 36036 494 30 secondary secondary JJ 36036 494 31 influence influence NN 36036 494 32 . . . 36036 495 1 _ _ NNP 36036 495 2 Basal Basal NNP 36036 495 3 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 495 4 and and CC 36036 495 5 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 36036 495 6 Rate Rate NNP 36036 495 7 of of IN 36036 495 8 Natural natural JJ 36036 495 9 Increase Increase NNP 36036 495 10 _ _ NNP 36036 495 11 BACKGROUND.--McNab BACKGROUND.--McNab NNP 36036 495 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 495 13 1980a 1980a LS 36036 495 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 495 15 suggested suggest VBD 36036 495 16 that that IN 36036 495 17 if if IN 36036 495 18 food food NN 36036 495 19 is be VBZ 36036 495 20 not not RB 36036 495 21 restricted restrict VBN 36036 495 22 during during IN 36036 495 23 an an DT 36036 495 24 animal animal NN 36036 495 25 's 's POS 36036 495 26 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 495 27 period period NN 36036 495 28 , , , 36036 495 29 the the DT 36036 495 30 factor factor NN 36036 495 31 that that WDT 36036 495 32 will will MD 36036 495 33 limit limit VB 36036 495 34 growth growth NN 36036 495 35 and and CC 36036 495 36 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 495 37 will will MD 36036 495 38 be be VB 36036 495 39 the the DT 36036 495 40 rate rate NN 36036 495 41 at at IN 36036 495 42 which which WDT 36036 495 43 energy energy NN 36036 495 44 can can MD 36036 495 45 be be VB 36036 495 46 used use VBN 36036 495 47 in in IN 36036 495 48 growth growth NN 36036 495 49 and and CC 36036 495 50 development development NN 36036 495 51 . . . 36036 496 1 Under under IN 36036 496 2 these these DT 36036 496 3 conditions condition NNS 36036 496 4 , , , 36036 496 5 an an DT 36036 496 6 increase increase NN 36036 496 7 in in IN 36036 496 8 [ [ -LRB- 36036 496 9 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 496 10 } } -RRB- 36036 496 11 would would MD 36036 496 12 actually actually RB 36036 496 13 increase increase VB 36036 496 14 r_{max r_{max . 36036 496 15 } } -RRB- 36036 496 16 because because IN 36036 496 17 it -PRON- PRP 36036 496 18 would would MD 36036 496 19 provide provide VB 36036 496 20 a a DT 36036 496 21 higher high JJR 36036 496 22 rate rate NN 36036 496 23 of of IN 36036 496 24 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN 36036 496 25 , , , 36036 496 26 a a DT 36036 496 27 faster fast JJR 36036 496 28 growth growth NN 36036 496 29 rate rate NN 36036 496 30 , , , 36036 496 31 and and CC 36036 496 32 a a DT 36036 496 33 shorter short JJR 36036 496 34 generation generation NN 36036 496 35 time time NN 36036 496 36 . . . 36036 497 1 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 497 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 497 3 1983 1983 CD 36036 497 4 ) ) -RRB- 36036 497 5 tested test VBD 36036 497 6 McNab McNab NNP 36036 497 7 's 's POS 36036 497 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 497 9 1980a 1980a CD 36036 497 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 497 11 premise premise NN 36036 497 12 and and CC 36036 497 13 found find VBD 36036 497 14 a a DT 36036 497 15 significant significant JJ 36036 497 16 correlation correlation NN 36036 497 17 between between IN 36036 497 18 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 497 19 } } -RRB- 36036 497 20 and and CC 36036 497 21 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 497 22 rate rate NN 36036 497 23 , , , 36036 497 24 independent independent JJ 36036 497 25 of of IN 36036 497 26 body body NN 36036 497 27 size size NN 36036 497 28 , , , 36036 497 29 for for IN 36036 497 30 44 44 CD 36036 497 31 mammal mammal JJ 36036 497 32 species specie NNS 36036 497 33 . . . 36036 498 1 A a DT 36036 498 2 low low JJ 36036 498 3 correlation correlation NN 36036 498 4 coefficient coefficient NN 36036 498 5 for for IN 36036 498 6 this this DT 36036 498 7 relationship relationship NN 36036 498 8 , , , 36036 498 9 however however RB 36036 498 10 , , , 36036 498 11 indicated indicate VBD 36036 498 12 to to IN 36036 498 13 him -PRON- PRP 36036 498 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 498 15 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 498 16 , , , 36036 498 17 1983 1983 CD 36036 498 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 498 19 that that WDT 36036 498 20 factors factor NNS 36036 498 21 such such JJ 36036 498 22 as as IN 36036 498 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 498 24 1 1 LS 36036 498 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 498 26 food food NN 36036 498 27 supply supply NN 36036 498 28 , , , 36036 498 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 498 30 2 2 LS 36036 498 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 498 32 thermal thermal JJ 36036 498 33 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 498 34 of of IN 36036 498 35 the the DT 36036 498 36 environment environment NN 36036 498 37 , , , 36036 498 38 and and CC 36036 498 39 ( ( -LRB- 36036 498 40 3 3 LS 36036 498 41 ) ) -RRB- 36036 498 42 brain brain NN 36036 498 43 size size NN 36036 498 44 also also RB 36036 498 45 contribute contribute VBP 36036 498 46 toward toward IN 36036 498 47 shaping shape VBG 36036 498 48 a a DT 36036 498 49 species specie NNS 36036 498 50 ' ' POS 36036 498 51 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 498 52 potential potential NN 36036 498 53 , , , 36036 498 54 particularly particularly RB 36036 498 55 when when WRB 36036 498 56 these these DT 36036 498 57 factors factor NNS 36036 498 58 strongly strongly RB 36036 498 59 influence influence VBP 36036 498 60 rates rate NNS 36036 498 61 of of IN 36036 498 62 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN 36036 498 63 or or CC 36036 498 64 growth growth NN 36036 498 65 or or CC 36036 498 66 for for IN 36036 498 67 some some DT 36036 498 68 reason reason NN 36036 498 69 alter alter NN 36036 498 70 generation generation NN 36036 498 71 time time NN 36036 498 72 . . . 36036 499 1 Results result NNS 36036 499 2 of of IN 36036 499 3 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 499 4 estimates estimate NNS 36036 499 5 of of IN 36036 499 6 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 499 7 } } -RRB- 36036 499 8 for for IN 36036 499 9 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 499 10 are be VBP 36036 499 11 presented present VBN 36036 499 12 in in IN 36036 499 13 Table table NN 36036 499 14 10 10 CD 36036 499 15 . . . 36036 500 1 _ _ NNP 36036 500 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 500 3 lotor._--This lotor._--This '' 36036 500 4 species specie NNS 36036 500 5 had have VBD 36036 500 6 the the DT 36036 500 7 highest high JJS 36036 500 8 [ [ -LRB- 36036 500 9 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 500 10 } } -RRB- 36036 500 11 and and CC 36036 500 12 D_{d D_{d NNP 36036 500 13 } } -RRB- 36036 500 14 , , , 36036 500 15 and and CC 36036 500 16 also also RB 36036 500 17 had have VBD 36036 500 18 the the DT 36036 500 19 highest high JJS 36036 500 20 r_{max r_{max ADD 36036 500 21 } } -RRB- 36036 500 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 500 23 1.34 1.34 CD 36036 500 24 ; ; : 36036 500 25 Table table NN 36036 500 26 10 10 CD 36036 500 27 ) ) -RRB- 36036 500 28 . . . 36036 501 1 Such such PDT 36036 501 2 a a DT 36036 501 3 high high JJ 36036 501 4 r_{max r_{max NN 36036 501 5 } } -RRB- 36036 501 6 may may MD 36036 501 7 infer infer VB 36036 501 8 that that IN 36036 501 9 this this DT 36036 501 10 trait trait NN 36036 501 11 evolved evolve VBD 36036 501 12 under under IN 36036 501 13 conditions condition NNS 36036 501 14 where where WRB 36036 501 15 food food NN 36036 501 16 and and CC 36036 501 17 temperature temperature NN 36036 501 18 were be VBD 36036 501 19 not not RB 36036 501 20 limiting limit VBG 36036 501 21 to to IN 36036 501 22 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 501 23 . . . 36036 502 1 Under under IN 36036 502 2 these these DT 36036 502 3 conditions condition NNS 36036 502 4 selection selection NN 36036 502 5 could could MD 36036 502 6 have have VB 36036 502 7 favored favor VBN 36036 502 8 those those DT 36036 502 9 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 502 10 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 502 11 sensitive sensitive JJ 36036 502 12 to to IN 36036 502 13 a a DT 36036 502 14 higher high JJR 36036 502 15 [ [ -LRB- 36036 502 16 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 502 17 } } -RRB- 36036 502 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 502 19 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN 36036 502 20 , , , 36036 502 21 growth growth NN 36036 502 22 , , , 36036 502 23 and and CC 36036 502 24 generation generation NN 36036 502 25 time time NN 36036 502 26 ; ; : 36036 502 27 McNab McNab NNP 36036 502 28 , , , 36036 502 29 1980a 1980a CD 36036 502 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 502 31 . . . 36036 503 1 _ _ NNP 36036 503 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 503 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 503 4 _ _ NNP 36036 503 5 's 's POS 36036 503 6 high high JJ 36036 503 7 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 503 8 potential potential NN 36036 503 9 is be VBZ 36036 503 10 due due JJ 36036 503 11 to to IN 36036 503 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 503 13 early early JJ 36036 503 14 age age NN 36036 503 15 of of IN 36036 503 16 first first JJ 36036 503 17 female female JJ 36036 503 18 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 503 19 and and CC 36036 503 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 503 21 large large JJ 36036 503 22 litter litter NN 36036 503 23 size size NN 36036 503 24 , , , 36036 503 25 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 503 26 that that WDT 36036 503 27 may may MD 36036 503 28 reflect reflect VB 36036 503 29 metabolically metabolically RB 36036 503 30 driven drive VBN 36036 503 31 increases increase NNS 36036 503 32 in in IN 36036 503 33 both both DT 36036 503 34 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN 36036 503 35 and and CC 36036 503 36 growth growth NN 36036 503 37 . . . 36036 504 1 _ _ NNP 36036 504 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 504 3 astutus._--This astutus._--This : 36036 504 4 species specie NNS 36036 504 5 has have VBZ 36036 504 6 a a DT 36036 504 7 low low JJ 36036 504 8 [ [ -LRB- 36036 504 9 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 504 10 } } -RRB- 36036 504 11 but but CC 36036 504 12 an an DT 36036 504 13 r_{max r_{max NN 36036 504 14 } } -RRB- 36036 504 15 that that DT 36036 504 16 was be VBD 36036 504 17 124 124 CD 36036 504 18 % % NN 36036 504 19 of of IN 36036 504 20 expected expect VBN 36036 504 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 504 22 Table table NN 36036 504 23 10 10 CD 36036 504 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 504 25 . . . 36036 505 1 This this DT 36036 505 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 505 3 that that IN 36036 505 4 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 505 5 } } -RRB- 36036 505 6 evolved evolve VBN 36036 505 7 under under IN 36036 505 8 conditions condition NNS 36036 505 9 where where WRB 36036 505 10 food food NN 36036 505 11 and and CC 36036 505 12 temperature temperature NN 36036 505 13 were be VBD 36036 505 14 not not RB 36036 505 15 limiting limit VBG 36036 505 16 to to IN 36036 505 17 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 505 18 . . . 36036 506 1 Reduced reduce VBN 36036 506 2 litter litter NN 36036 506 3 size size NN 36036 506 4 should should MD 36036 506 5 restrict restrict VB 36036 506 6 this this DT 36036 506 7 species specie NNS 36036 506 8 ' ' POS 36036 506 9 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 506 10 potential potential NN 36036 506 11 and and CC 36036 506 12 may may MD 36036 506 13 be be VB 36036 506 14 a a DT 36036 506 15 reflection reflection NN 36036 506 16 of of IN 36036 506 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 506 18 low low JJ 36036 506 19 [ [ -LRB- 36036 506 20 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 506 21 } } -RRB- 36036 506 22 . . . 36036 507 1 The the DT 36036 507 2 factor factor NN 36036 507 3 that that WDT 36036 507 4 is be VBZ 36036 507 5 responsible responsible JJ 36036 507 6 for for IN 36036 507 7 increasing increase VBG 36036 507 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 507 9 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 507 10 potential potential NN 36036 507 11 , , , 36036 507 12 however however RB 36036 507 13 , , , 36036 507 14 is be VBZ 36036 507 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 507 16 early early JJ 36036 507 17 age age NN 36036 507 18 of of IN 36036 507 19 first first JJ 36036 507 20 female female JJ 36036 507 21 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 507 22 . . . 36036 508 1 _ _ NNP 36036 508 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 508 3 astutus astutus NN 36036 508 4 _ _ NNP 36036 508 5 is be VBZ 36036 508 6 the the DT 36036 508 7 smallest small JJS 36036 508 8 of of IN 36036 508 9 these these DT 36036 508 10 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 508 11 , , , 36036 508 12 and and CC 36036 508 13 even even RB 36036 508 14 though though IN 36036 508 15 it -PRON- PRP 36036 508 16 has have VBZ 36036 508 17 a a DT 36036 508 18 low low JJ 36036 508 19 [ [ -LRB- 36036 508 20 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 508 21 } } -RRB- 36036 508 22 , , , 36036 508 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 508 24 small small JJ 36036 508 25 mass mass NN 36036 508 26 may may MD 36036 508 27 contribute contribute VB 36036 508 28 to to IN 36036 508 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 508 30 ability ability NN 36036 508 31 to to TO 36036 508 32 reach reach VB 36036 508 33 adult adult NN 36036 508 34 size size NN 36036 508 35 and and CC 36036 508 36 sexual sexual JJ 36036 508 37 maturity maturity NN 36036 508 38 in in IN 36036 508 39 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 508 40 first first JJ 36036 508 41 year year NN 36036 508 42 . . . 36036 509 1 The the DT 36036 509 2 high high JJ 36036 509 3 quality quality NN 36036 509 4 of of IN 36036 509 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 509 6 diet diet NN 36036 509 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 509 8 a a DT 36036 509 9 high high JJ 36036 509 10 proportion proportion NN 36036 509 11 of of IN 36036 509 12 small small JJ 36036 509 13 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 36036 509 14 ; ; : 36036 509 15 Table table NN 36036 509 16 9 9 CD 36036 509 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 509 18 also also RB 36036 509 19 may may MD 36036 509 20 be be VB 36036 509 21 a a DT 36036 509 22 factor factor NN 36036 509 23 that that WDT 36036 509 24 is be VBZ 36036 509 25 permissive permissive JJ 36036 509 26 to to IN 36036 509 27 early early JJ 36036 509 28 female female JJ 36036 509 29 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 509 30 . . . 36036 510 1 Thus thus RB 36036 510 2 , , , 36036 510 3 small small JJ 36036 510 4 body body NN 36036 510 5 size size NN 36036 510 6 and and CC 36036 510 7 diet diet NN 36036 510 8 may may MD 36036 510 9 be be VB 36036 510 10 factors factor NNS 36036 510 11 that that WDT 36036 510 12 have have VBP 36036 510 13 allowed allow VBN 36036 510 14 this this DT 36036 510 15 species specie NNS 36036 510 16 to to TO 36036 510 17 evolve evolve VB 36036 510 18 a a DT 36036 510 19 higher high JJR 36036 510 20 than than IN 36036 510 21 expected expect VBN 36036 510 22 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 510 23 potential potential NN 36036 510 24 in in IN 36036 510 25 spite spite NN 36036 510 26 of of IN 36036 510 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 510 28 low low JJ 36036 510 29 [ [ -LRB- 36036 510 30 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 510 31 } } -RRB- 36036 510 32 . . . 36036 511 1 _ _ NNP 36036 511 2 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 511 3 narica._--This narica._--This '' 36036 511 4 species species NN 36036 511 5 is be VBZ 36036 511 6 one one CD 36036 511 7 of of IN 36036 511 8 the the DT 36036 511 9 largest large JJS 36036 511 10 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 511 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 511 12 Table table NN 36036 511 13 7 7 CD 36036 511 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 511 15 , , , 36036 511 16 and and CC 36036 511 17 it -PRON- PRP 36036 511 18 possesses possess VBZ 36036 511 19 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 511 20 that that WDT 36036 511 21 should should MD 36036 511 22 limit limit VB 36036 511 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 511 24 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 511 25 potential potential NN 36036 511 26 : : : 36036 511 27 lower low JJR 36036 511 28 than than IN 36036 511 29 predicted predict VBN 36036 511 30 [ [ -LRB- 36036 511 31 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 511 32 } } -RRB- 36036 511 33 ( ( -LRB- 36036 511 34 Table table NN 36036 511 35 7 7 CD 36036 511 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 511 37 , , , 36036 511 38 a a DT 36036 511 39 relatively relatively RB 36036 511 40 low low JJ 36036 511 41 - - HYPH 36036 511 42 quality quality NN 36036 511 43 diet diet NN 36036 511 44 ( ( -LRB- 36036 511 45 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 511 46 , , , 36036 511 47 1962:182 1962:182 CD 36036 511 48 - - SYM 36036 511 49 198 198 CD 36036 511 50 ; ; : 36036 511 51 Table table NN 36036 511 52 9 9 CD 36036 511 53 ) ) -RRB- 36036 511 54 , , , 36036 511 55 and and CC 36036 511 56 delayed delay VBN 36036 511 57 time time NN 36036 511 58 of of IN 36036 511 59 first first JJ 36036 511 60 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 511 61 ( ( -LRB- 36036 511 62 Table table NN 36036 511 63 10 10 CD 36036 511 64 ) ) -RRB- 36036 511 65 . . . 36036 512 1 In in IN 36036 512 2 spite spite NN 36036 512 3 of of IN 36036 512 4 this this DT 36036 512 5 , , , 36036 512 6 _ _ NNP 36036 512 7 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 512 8 narica narica NNP 36036 512 9 _ _ NNP 36036 512 10 has have VBZ 36036 512 11 a a DT 36036 512 12 higher high JJR 36036 512 13 than than IN 36036 512 14 expected expect VBN 36036 512 15 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 512 16 } } -RRB- 36036 512 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 512 18 111 111 CD 36036 512 19 % % NN 36036 512 20 of of IN 36036 512 21 predicted predict VBN 36036 512 22 ; ; : 36036 512 23 Table table NN 36036 512 24 10 10 CD 36036 512 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 512 26 . . . 36036 513 1 The the DT 36036 513 2 life life NN 36036 513 3 history history NN 36036 513 4 feature feature NN 36036 513 5 that that WDT 36036 513 6 enhances enhance VBZ 36036 513 7 _ _ NNP 36036 513 8 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 513 9 narica narica NN 36036 513 10 _ _ NNP 36036 513 11 's 's POS 36036 513 12 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 513 13 potential potential NN 36036 513 14 , , , 36036 513 15 and and CC 36036 513 16 increases increase NNS 36036 513 17 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 513 18 } } -RRB- 36036 513 19 beyond beyond IN 36036 513 20 expected expect VBN 36036 513 21 , , , 36036 513 22 is be VBZ 36036 513 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 513 24 large large JJ 36036 513 25 litter litter NN 36036 513 26 size size NN 36036 513 27 . . . 36036 514 1 In in IN 36036 514 2 this this DT 36036 514 3 species species NN 36036 514 4 females female NNS 36036 514 5 live live VBP 36036 514 6 in in IN 36036 514 7 bands band NNS 36036 514 8 . . . 36036 515 1 Each each DT 36036 515 2 year year NN 36036 515 3 just just RB 36036 515 4 before before IN 36036 515 5 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 515 6 young young JJ 36036 515 7 are be VBP 36036 515 8 born bear VBN 36036 515 9 these these DT 36036 515 10 bands band NNS 36036 515 11 break break VB 36036 515 12 up up RP 36036 515 13 , , , 36036 515 14 and and CC 36036 515 15 each each DT 36036 515 16 female female JJ 36036 515 17 seeks seek VBZ 36036 515 18 out out RP 36036 515 19 a a DT 36036 515 20 den den NN 36036 515 21 for for IN 36036 515 22 herself -PRON- PRP 36036 515 23 and and CC 36036 515 24 her -PRON- PRP$ 36036 515 25 litter litter NN 36036 515 26 . . . 36036 516 1 Once once RB 36036 516 2 the the DT 36036 516 3 young young JJ 36036 516 4 are be VBP 36036 516 5 able able JJ 36036 516 6 to to TO 36036 516 7 leave leave VB 36036 516 8 the the DT 36036 516 9 den den NN 36036 516 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 516 11 approximately approximately RB 36036 516 12 five five CD 36036 516 13 weeks week NNS 36036 516 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 516 15 , , , 36036 516 16 bands band VBZ 36036 516 17 reform reform NN 36036 516 18 . . . 36036 517 1 In in IN 36036 517 2 this this DT 36036 517 3 situation situation NN 36036 517 4 , , , 36036 517 5 females female VBZ 36036 517 6 not not RB 36036 517 7 only only RB 36036 517 8 care care VBP 36036 517 9 for for IN 36036 517 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 517 11 own own JJ 36036 517 12 young young JJ 36036 517 13 but but CC 36036 517 14 also also RB 36036 517 15 for for IN 36036 517 16 those those DT 36036 517 17 of of IN 36036 517 18 other other JJ 36036 517 19 females female NNS 36036 517 20 in in IN 36036 517 21 the the DT 36036 517 22 band band NN 36036 517 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 517 24 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 517 25 , , , 36036 517 26 1962:157 1962:157 CD 36036 517 27 - - SYM 36036 517 28 159 159 CD 36036 517 29 , , , 36036 517 30 1982 1982 CD 36036 517 31 , , , 36036 517 32 1987 1987 CD 36036 517 33 ; ; : 36036 517 34 Russell Russell NNP 36036 517 35 , , , 36036 517 36 1983 1983 CD 36036 517 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 517 38 . . . 36036 518 1 This this DT 36036 518 2 social social JJ 36036 518 3 structure structure NN 36036 518 4 may may MD 36036 518 5 contribute contribute VB 36036 518 6 to to IN 36036 518 7 this this DT 36036 518 8 species species NN 36036 518 9 ' ' POS 36036 518 10 ability ability NN 36036 518 11 to to TO 36036 518 12 produce produce VB 36036 518 13 large large JJ 36036 518 14 litters litter NNS 36036 518 15 and and CC 36036 518 16 in in IN 36036 518 17 this this DT 36036 518 18 way way NN 36036 518 19 increase increase VB 36036 518 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 518 21 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 518 22 potential potential NN 36036 518 23 . . . 36036 519 1 TABLE table NN 36036 519 2 10.--Intrinsic 10.--intrinsic CD 36036 519 3 rate rate NN 36036 519 4 of of IN 36036 519 5 natural natural JJ 36036 519 6 increase increase NN 36036 519 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 519 8 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 519 9 } } -RRB- 36036 519 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 519 11 of of IN 36036 519 12 several several JJ 36036 519 13 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 519 14 . . . 36036 520 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 520 2 a a DT 36036 520 3 = = SYM 36036 520 4 potential potential JJ 36036 520 5 age age NN 36036 520 6 of of IN 36036 520 7 females female NNS 36036 520 8 producing produce VBG 36036 520 9 first first JJ 36036 520 10 young young JJ 36036 520 11 ; ; : 36036 520 12 b b LS 36036 520 13 = = SYM 36036 520 14 potential potential JJ 36036 520 15 annual annual JJ 36036 520 16 birth birth NN 36036 520 17 rate rate NN 36036 520 18 of of IN 36036 520 19 female female JJ 36036 520 20 young young JJ 36036 520 21 (= (= NNP 36036 520 22 average average JJ 36036 520 23 litter litter NN 36036 520 24 size/2 size/2 : 36036 520 25 ; ; : 36036 520 26 average average JJ 36036 520 27 litter litter NN 36036 520 28 size size NN 36036 520 29 was be VBD 36036 520 30 calculated calculate VBN 36036 520 31 from from IN 36036 520 32 the the DT 36036 520 33 published publish VBN 36036 520 34 range range NN 36036 520 35 of of IN 36036 520 36 litter litter NN 36036 520 37 sizes size NNS 36036 520 38 for for IN 36036 520 39 each each DT 36036 520 40 species specie NNS 36036 520 41 ) ) -RRB- 36036 520 42 ; ; : 36036 520 43 n n CC 36036 520 44 = = SYM 36036 520 45 potential potential JJ 36036 520 46 age age NN 36036 520 47 of of IN 36036 520 48 females female NNS 36036 520 49 producing produce VBG 36036 520 50 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 520 51 final final JJ 36036 520 52 young young JJ 36036 520 53 ; ; : 36036 520 54 r_{maxe r_{maxe NN 36036 520 55 } } -RRB- 36036 520 56 = = SYM 36036 520 57 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 520 58 rate rate NN 36036 520 59 of of IN 36036 520 60 natural natural JJ 36036 520 61 increase increase NN 36036 520 62 expected expect VBN 36036 520 63 from from IN 36036 520 64 body body NN 36036 520 65 mass mass NN 36036 520 66 ( ( -LRB- 36036 520 67 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 520 68 , , , 36036 520 69 1983 1983 CD 36036 520 70 ) ) -RRB- 36036 520 71 ; ; : 36036 520 72 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 520 73 } } -RRB- 36036 520 74 = = NFP 36036 520 75 ratio ratio NN 36036 520 76 of of IN 36036 520 77 calculated calculate VBN 36036 520 78 to to IN 36036 520 79 expected expect VBN 36036 520 80 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 520 81 rate rate NN 36036 520 82 of of IN 36036 520 83 natural natural JJ 36036 520 84 increase increase NN 36036 520 85 ( ( -LRB- 36036 520 86 r_{max}/r_{maxe r_{max}/r_{maxe NNP 36036 520 87 } } -RRB- 36036 520 88 ) ) -RRB- 36036 520 89 . . . 36036 520 90 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 1 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ : 36036 521 2 | | NNP 36036 521 3 Species Species NNP 36036 521 4 |Body |Body NNP 36036 521 5 mass mass NN 36036 521 6 a a DT 36036 521 7 b b NN 36036 521 8 n n NN 36036 521 9 r r NN 36036 521 10 r r NN 36036 521 11 [ [ -LRB- 36036 521 12 a a NN 36036 521 13 ] ] -RRB- 36036 521 14 r r NN 36036 521 15 [ [ -LRB- 36036 521 16 b b NN 36036 521 17 ] ] -RRB- 36036 521 18 | | NNP 36036 521 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 20 g g NNP 36036 521 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 22 max max NNP 36036 521 23 maxe maxe NNP 36036 521 24 maxr maxr NNP 36036 521 25 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ : 36036 521 26 _ _ NNP 36036 521 27 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 521 28 lotor lotor NN 36036 521 29 _ _ NNP 36036 521 30 | | NNP 36036 521 31 4940 4940 CD 36036 521 32 0.83 0.83 CD 36036 521 33 2.25 2.25 CD 36036 521 34 16 16 CD 36036 521 35 1.34 1.34 CD 36036 521 36 0.53 0.53 CD 36036 521 37 2.52 2.52 CD 36036 521 38 | | CD 36036 521 39 | | CD 36036 521 40 | | CD 36036 521 41 _ _ NNP 36036 521 42 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 521 43 astutus_| astutus_| NNP 36036 521 44 900 900 CD 36036 521 45 0.83 0.83 CD 36036 521 46 1.50 1.50 CD 36036 521 47 14 14 CD 36036 521 48 1.02 1.02 CD 36036 521 49 0.82 0.82 CD 36036 521 50 1.24 1.24 CD 36036 521 51 | | NNP 36036 521 52 | | CD 36036 521 53 | | CD 36036 521 54 _ _ NNP 36036 521 55 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 521 56 narica narica NN 36036 521 57 _ _ NNP 36036 521 58 | | NNP 36036 521 59 3900 3900 CD 36036 521 60 2.50 2.50 CD 36036 521 61 2.25 2.25 CD 36036 521 62 14 14 CD 36036 521 63 0.62 0.62 CD 36036 521 64 0.56 0.56 CD 36036 521 65 1.11 1.11 CD 36036 521 66 | | NNS 36036 521 67 _ _ NNP 36036 521 68 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 521 69 nasua nasua NNP 36036 521 70 _ _ NNP 36036 521 71 | | NNP 36036 521 72 3850 3850 CD 36036 521 73 _ _ NNP 36036 521 74 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 521 75 cancrivorus_| cancrivorus_| NNP 36036 521 76 1160 1160 CD 36036 521 77 0.83 0.83 CD 36036 521 78 1.50 1.50 CD 36036 521 79 15 15 CD 36036 521 80 1.02[c 1.02[c NNP 36036 521 81 ] ] -RRB- 36036 521 82 0.77 0.77 CD 36036 521 83 1.32 1.32 CD 36036 521 84 | | CD 36036 521 85 1.75 1.75 CD 36036 521 86 0.65[c 0.65[c NNP 36036 521 87 ] ] -RRB- 36036 521 88 0.84 0.84 CD 36036 521 89 _ _ NNP 36036 521 90 Potos Potos NNP 36036 521 91 flavus flavus NN 36036 521 92 _ _ NNP 36036 521 93 | | NNP 36036 521 94 2490 2490 CD 36036 521 95 1.75 1.75 CD 36036 521 96 0.50 0.50 CD 36036 521 97 12 12 CD 36036 521 98 0.30 0.30 CD 36036 521 99 0.63 0.63 CD 36036 521 100 0.48 0.48 CD 36036 521 101 | | NNP 36036 521 102 _ _ NNP 36036 521 103 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 521 104 gabbii gabbii NNP 36036 521 105 _ _ NNP 36036 521 106 | | NNP 36036 521 107 1600 1600 CD 36036 521 108 1.75 1.75 CD 36036 521 109 0.50 0.50 CD 36036 521 110 15 15 CD 36036 521 111 0.32 0.32 CD 36036 521 112 0.71 0.71 CD 36036 521 113 0.45 0.45 CD 36036 521 114 | | CD 36036 521 115 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ HYPH 36036 521 116 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ HYPH 36036 521 117 | | NNP 36036 521 118 Species Species NNPS 36036 521 119 | | NNP 36036 521 120 References References NNPS 36036 521 121 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ : 36036 521 122 _ _ NNP 36036 521 123 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 521 124 lotor lotor NN 36036 521 125 _ _ NNP 36036 521 126 | | NNP 36036 521 127 Dunn Dunn NNP 36036 521 128 and and CC 36036 521 129 Chapman Chapman NNP 36036 521 130 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 131 1983 1983 CD 36036 521 132 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 133 ; ; : 36036 521 134 Eisenberg Eisenberg NNP 36036 521 135 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 136 1981:489 1981:489 CD 36036 521 137 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 138 ; ; : 36036 521 139 | | NNP 36036 521 140 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 521 141 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 142 1987 1987 CD 36036 521 143 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 144 ; ; : 36036 521 145 Lotze Lotze NNP 36036 521 146 and and CC 36036 521 147 Anderson Anderson NNP 36036 521 148 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 149 1979 1979 CD 36036 521 150 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 151 ; ; : 36036 521 152 | | NNP 36036 521 153 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 521 154 and and CC 36036 521 155 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 521 156 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 157 1983:981 1983:981 CD 36036 521 158 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 159 ; ; : 36036 521 160 Sanderson Sanderson NNP 36036 521 161 | | NNP 36036 521 162 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 163 1987 1987 CD 36036 521 164 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 165 ; ; : 36036 521 166 Stains stain NNS 36036 521 167 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 168 1956:28 1956:28 CD 36036 521 169 - - SYM 36036 521 170 31 31 CD 36036 521 171 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 172 ; ; : 36036 521 173 This this DT 36036 521 174 study study NN 36036 521 175 _ _ NNP 36036 521 176 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 521 177 astutus_| astutus_| NNP 36036 521 178 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 521 179 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 180 1982 1982 CD 36036 521 181 , , , 36036 521 182 1987 1987 CD 36036 521 183 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 184 ; ; : 36036 521 185 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 521 186 and and CC 36036 521 187 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 521 188 | | NNP 36036 521 189 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 190 1983:979 1983:979 CD 36036 521 191 , , , 36036 521 192 980 980 CD 36036 521 193 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 194 ; ; : 36036 521 195 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 521 196 - - HYPH 36036 521 197 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 521 198 and and CC 36036 521 199 | | NNP 36036 521 200 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 521 201 - - HYPH 36036 521 202 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 521 203 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 204 1980 1980 CD 36036 521 205 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 206 ; ; : 36036 521 207 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 521 208 - - HYPH 36036 521 209 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 521 210 | | NNP 36036 521 211 and and CC 36036 521 212 Toweill Toweill NNP 36036 521 213 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 214 1988 1988 CD 36036 521 215 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 216 ; ; : 36036 521 217 Russell Russell NNP 36036 521 218 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 219 1983 1983 CD 36036 521 220 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 221 _ _ NNP 36036 521 222 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 521 223 narica narica NN 36036 521 224 _ _ NNP 36036 521 225 | | NNP 36036 521 226 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 521 227 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 228 1982 1982 CD 36036 521 229 , , , 36036 521 230 1987 1987 CD 36036 521 231 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 232 ; ; : 36036 521 233 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 521 234 and and CC 36036 521 235 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 521 236 | | NNP 36036 521 237 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 238 1983:983 1983:983 CD 36036 521 239 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 240 ; ; : 36036 521 241 Sanderson Sanderson NNP 36036 521 242 ( ( -LRB- 36036 521 243 1983 1983 CD 36036 521 244 ) ) -RRB- 36036 521 245 _ _ NNP 36036 521 246 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 521 247 nasua nasua NNP 36036 521 248 _ _ NNP 36036 521 249 | | NNP 36036 521 250 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 521 251 - - HYPH 36036 521 252 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 521 253 et et FW 36036 521 254 al al NNP 36036 521 255 . . . 36036 522 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 522 2 1980 1980 CD 36036 522 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 522 4 _ _ NNP 36036 522 5 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 522 6 cancrivorus_| cancrivorus_| NNP 36036 522 7 Crandall Crandall NNP 36036 522 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 522 9 1964:312 1964:312 CD 36036 522 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 522 11 ; ; : 36036 522 12 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 522 13 - - HYPH 36036 522 14 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 522 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 522 16 1987 1987 CD 36036 522 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 522 18 | | NNP 36036 522 19 _ _ NNP 36036 522 20 Potos Potos NNP 36036 522 21 flavus flavus NN 36036 522 22 _ _ NNP 36036 522 23 | | NNP 36036 522 24 Ford Ford NNP 36036 522 25 and and CC 36036 522 26 Hoffmann Hoffmann NNP 36036 522 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 522 28 1988 1988 CD 36036 522 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 522 30 ; ; : 36036 522 31 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 522 32 and and CC 36036 522 33 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 522 34 | | NNP 36036 522 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 522 36 1983:984 1983:984 CD 36036 522 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 522 38 _ _ NNP 36036 522 39 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 522 40 gabbii gabbii NNP 36036 522 41 _ _ NNP 36036 522 42 | | NNP 36036 522 43 Eisenberg Eisenberg NNP 36036 522 44 ( ( -LRB- 36036 522 45 1981:489 1981:489 CD 36036 522 46 ) ) -RRB- 36036 522 47 ; ; : 36036 522 48 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 522 49 and and CC 36036 522 50 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 522 51 | | NNP 36036 522 52 ( ( -LRB- 36036 522 53 1983:985 1983:985 CD 36036 522 54 ) ) -RRB- 36036 522 55 ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ ---------------------+------------------------------------------------ : 36036 522 56 [ [ -LRB- 36036 522 57 a a DT 36036 522 58 ] ] -RRB- 36036 522 59 r_{maxe r_{maxe NN 36036 522 60 } } -RRB- 36036 522 61 = = NFP 36036 522 62 4.9·m^{0.2622 4.9·m^{0.2622 CD 36036 522 63 } } -RRB- 36036 522 64 , , , 36036 522 65 where where WRB 36036 522 66 m m NNP 36036 522 67 is be VBZ 36036 522 68 body body NN 36036 522 69 mass mass NN 36036 522 70 in in IN 36036 522 71 grams gram NNS 36036 522 72 . . . 36036 523 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 523 2 b b LS 36036 523 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 523 4 Regression regression NN 36036 523 5 of of IN 36036 523 6 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 523 7 } } -RRB- 36036 523 8 on on IN 36036 523 9 body body NN 36036 523 10 mass mass NN 36036 523 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 523 12 m m NNP 36036 523 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 523 14 . . . 36036 524 1 Assume assume VB 36036 524 2 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 524 3 } } -RRB- 36036 524 4 = = SYM 36036 524 5 1.02 1.02 CD 36036 524 6 for for IN 36036 524 7 _ _ NNP 36036 524 8 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 524 9 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 524 10 _ _ NNP 36036 524 11 : : : 36036 524 12 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 524 13 } } -RRB- 36036 524 14 = = NFP 36036 524 15 0.00005·m 0.00005·m NN 36036 524 16 + + CC 36036 524 17 0.623 0.623 CD 36036 524 18 ; ; : 36036 524 19 R r NN 36036 524 20 = = SYM 36036 524 21 0.19 0.19 CD 36036 524 22 ; ; : 36036 524 23 R² R² NNP 36036 524 24 = = SYM 36036 524 25 0.03 0.03 CD 36036 524 26 ; ; : 36036 524 27 Regression regression NN 36036 524 28 of of IN 36036 524 29 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 524 30 } } -RRB- 36036 524 31 ( ( -LRB- 36036 524 32 Table table NN 36036 524 33 10 10 CD 36036 524 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 524 35 on on IN 36036 524 36 H_{br H_{br NNP 36036 524 37 } } -RRB- 36036 524 38 ( ( -LRB- 36036 524 39 Table table NN 36036 524 40 7 7 CD 36036 524 41 ) ) -RRB- 36036 524 42 ; ; : 36036 524 43 assume assume VB 36036 524 44 _ _ NNP 36036 524 45 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 524 46 nasua nasua NNP 36036 524 47 _ _ NNP 36036 524 48 has have VBZ 36036 524 49 the the DT 36036 524 50 same same JJ 36036 524 51 r_{maxr r_{maxr NN 36036 524 52 } } -RRB- 36036 524 53 as as IN 36036 524 54 _ _ NNP 36036 524 55 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 524 56 narica narica NNP 36036 524 57 _ _ NNP 36036 524 58 : : : 36036 524 59 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 524 60 } } -RRB- 36036 524 61 = = SYM 36036 524 62 3.35·H_{br 3.35·h_{br NN 36036 524 63 } } -RRB- 36036 524 64 - - SYM 36036 524 65 1.11 1.11 CD 36036 524 66 ; ; : 36036 524 67 R r NN 36036 524 68 = = SYM 36036 524 69 0.93 0.93 CD 36036 524 70 ; ; : 36036 524 71 R² R² NNP 36036 524 72 = = SYM 36036 524 73 0.86 0.86 CD 36036 524 74 . . . 36036 525 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 525 2 c c NN 36036 525 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 525 4 Estimate Estimate NNP 36036 525 5 based base VBN 36036 525 6 on on IN 36036 525 7 females female NNS 36036 525 8 reproducing reproduce VBG 36036 525 9 in in IN 36036 525 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 525 11 first first JJ 36036 525 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 525 13 a a DT 36036 525 14 = = SYM 36036 525 15 0.83 0.83 CD 36036 525 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 525 17 or or CC 36036 525 18 second second RB 36036 525 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 525 20 a a DT 36036 525 21 = = SYM 36036 525 22 1.75 1.75 CD 36036 525 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 525 24 year year NN 36036 525 25 . . . 36036 526 1 _ _ NNP 36036 526 2 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 526 3 nasua._--Unfortunately nasua._--unfortunately RB 36036 526 4 , , , 36036 526 5 there there EX 36036 526 6 is be VBZ 36036 526 7 not not RB 36036 526 8 enough enough JJ 36036 526 9 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 526 10 data datum NNS 36036 526 11 to to TO 36036 526 12 allow allow VB 36036 526 13 calculation calculation NN 36036 526 14 of of IN 36036 526 15 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 526 16 } } -RRB- 36036 526 17 for for IN 36036 526 18 _ _ NNP 36036 526 19 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 526 20 nasua nasua NNP 36036 526 21 _ _ NNP 36036 526 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 526 23 Table table NN 36036 526 24 10 10 CD 36036 526 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 526 26 , , , 36036 526 27 therefore therefore RB 36036 526 28 , , , 36036 526 29 it -PRON- PRP 36036 526 30 is be VBZ 36036 526 31 not not RB 36036 526 32 possible possible JJ 36036 526 33 to to TO 36036 526 34 compare compare VB 36036 526 35 the the DT 36036 526 36 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 526 37 potential potential NN 36036 526 38 of of IN 36036 526 39 this this DT 36036 526 40 South south JJ 36036 526 41 American american JJ 36036 526 42 coati coati NNS 36036 526 43 with with IN 36036 526 44 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 526 45 North north JJ 36036 526 46 American american JJ 36036 526 47 relative relative NN 36036 526 48 , , , 36036 526 49 _ _ NNP 36036 526 50 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 526 51 narica narica NNP 36036 526 52 _ _ NNP 36036 526 53 . . . 36036 527 1 Given give VBN 36036 527 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 527 3 low low JJ 36036 527 4 [ [ -LRB- 36036 527 5 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 527 6 } } -RRB- 36036 527 7 and and CC 36036 527 8 relatively relatively RB 36036 527 9 low low JJ 36036 527 10 - - HYPH 36036 527 11 quality quality NN 36036 527 12 diet diet NN 36036 527 13 of of IN 36036 527 14 fruit fruit NN 36036 527 15 and and CC 36036 527 16 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 36036 527 17 invertebrates invertebrate NNS 36036 527 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 527 19 Table table NN 36036 527 20 9 9 CD 36036 527 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 527 22 , , , 36036 527 23 however however RB 36036 527 24 , , , 36036 527 25 r_{max r_{max ADD 36036 527 26 } } -RRB- 36036 527 27 of of IN 36036 527 28 _ _ NNP 36036 527 29 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 527 30 nasua nasua NNP 36036 527 31 _ _ NNP 36036 527 32 may may MD 36036 527 33 be be VB 36036 527 34 very very RB 36036 527 35 similar similar JJ 36036 527 36 to to IN 36036 527 37 that that DT 36036 527 38 of of IN 36036 527 39 _ _ NNP 36036 527 40 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 527 41 narica narica NNP 36036 527 42 _ _ NNP 36036 527 43 . . . 36036 528 1 _ _ NNP 36036 528 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 528 3 cancrivorus._--The cancrivorus._--the JJ 36036 528 4 age age NN 36036 528 5 of of IN 36036 528 6 first first JJ 36036 528 7 female female JJ 36036 528 8 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 528 9 for for IN 36036 528 10 _ _ NNP 36036 528 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 528 12 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 528 13 _ _ NNP 36036 528 14 has have VBZ 36036 528 15 not not RB 36036 528 16 been be VBN 36036 528 17 reported report VBN 36036 528 18 . . . 36036 529 1 However however RB 36036 529 2 , , , 36036 529 3 if if IN 36036 529 4 one one NN 36036 529 5 assumes assume VBZ 36036 529 6 females female NNS 36036 529 7 can can MD 36036 529 8 reproduce reproduce VB 36036 529 9 in in IN 36036 529 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 529 11 first first JJ 36036 529 12 year year NN 36036 529 13 , , , 36036 529 14 r_{max r_{max ADD 36036 529 15 } } -RRB- 36036 529 16 for for IN 36036 529 17 _ _ NNP 36036 529 18 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 529 19 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 529 20 _ _ NNP 36036 529 21 would would MD 36036 529 22 be be VB 36036 529 23 1.02 1.02 CD 36036 529 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 529 25 132 132 CD 36036 529 26 % % NN 36036 529 27 of of IN 36036 529 28 expected expect VBN 36036 529 29 ; ; : 36036 529 30 Table table NN 36036 529 31 10 10 CD 36036 529 32 ) ) -RRB- 36036 529 33 . . . 36036 530 1 If if IN 36036 530 2 , , , 36036 530 3 on on IN 36036 530 4 the the DT 36036 530 5 other other JJ 36036 530 6 hand hand NN 36036 530 7 , , , 36036 530 8 first first JJ 36036 530 9 female female JJ 36036 530 10 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 530 11 is be VBZ 36036 530 12 delayed delay VBN 36036 530 13 until until IN 36036 530 14 the the DT 36036 530 15 second second JJ 36036 530 16 year year NN 36036 530 17 , , , 36036 530 18 r_{max r_{max ADD 36036 530 19 } } -RRB- 36036 530 20 would would MD 36036 530 21 be be VB 36036 530 22 0.65 0.65 CD 36036 530 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 530 24 84 84 CD 36036 530 25 % % NN 36036 530 26 of of IN 36036 530 27 predicted predict VBN 36036 530 28 ; ; : 36036 530 29 Table table NN 36036 530 30 10 10 CD 36036 530 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 530 32 . . . 36036 531 1 _ _ NNP 36036 531 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 531 3 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 531 4 _ _ NNP 36036 531 5 has have VBZ 36036 531 6 a a DT 36036 531 7 low low JJ 36036 531 8 [ [ -LRB- 36036 531 9 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 531 10 } } -RRB- 36036 531 11 , , , 36036 531 12 reduced reduce VBN 36036 531 13 litter litter NN 36036 531 14 size size NN 36036 531 15 , , , 36036 531 16 and and CC 36036 531 17 small small JJ 36036 531 18 body body NN 36036 531 19 mass mass NN 36036 531 20 . . . 36036 532 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 532 2 low low JJ 36036 532 3 [ [ -LRB- 36036 532 4 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 532 5 } } -RRB- 36036 532 6 may may MD 36036 532 7 limit limit VB 36036 532 8 litter litter NN 36036 532 9 size size NN 36036 532 10 , , , 36036 532 11 but but CC 36036 532 12 as as IN 36036 532 13 with with IN 36036 532 14 _ _ NNP 36036 532 15 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 532 16 astutus astutus NN 36036 532 17 _ _ NNP 36036 532 18 , , , 36036 532 19 the the DT 36036 532 20 quality quality NN 36036 532 21 of of IN 36036 532 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 532 23 diet diet NN 36036 532 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 532 25 a a DT 36036 532 26 high high JJ 36036 532 27 percentage percentage NN 36036 532 28 of of IN 36036 532 29 small small JJ 36036 532 30 vertebrates vertebrate NNS 36036 532 31 ; ; : 36036 532 32 Table table NN 36036 532 33 9 9 CD 36036 532 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 532 35 and and CC 36036 532 36 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 532 37 small small JJ 36036 532 38 body body NN 36036 532 39 size size NN 36036 532 40 may may MD 36036 532 41 make make VB 36036 532 42 it -PRON- PRP 36036 532 43 possible possible JJ 36036 532 44 for for IN 36036 532 45 females female NNS 36036 532 46 to to TO 36036 532 47 reproduce reproduce VB 36036 532 48 in in IN 36036 532 49 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 532 50 first first JJ 36036 532 51 year year NN 36036 532 52 and and CC 36036 532 53 thus thus RB 36036 532 54 increase increase VB 36036 532 55 the the DT 36036 532 56 species specie NNS 36036 532 57 ' ' POS 36036 532 58 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 532 59 potential potential NN 36036 532 60 . . . 36036 533 1 This this DT 36036 533 2 reasoning reasoning NN 36036 533 3 would would MD 36036 533 4 argue argue VB 36036 533 5 that that IN 36036 533 6 _ _ NNP 36036 533 7 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 533 8 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 533 9 _ _ NNP 36036 533 10 probably probably RB 36036 533 11 enjoys enjoy VBZ 36036 533 12 higher high JJR 36036 533 13 , , , 36036 533 14 rather rather RB 36036 533 15 than than IN 36036 533 16 lower low JJR 36036 533 17 , , , 36036 533 18 than than IN 36036 533 19 expected expect VBN 36036 533 20 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 533 21 } } -RRB- 36036 533 22 . . . 36036 534 1 _ _ NNP 36036 534 2 Potos Potos NNP 36036 534 3 flavus._--In flavus._--in CD 36036 534 4 addition addition NN 36036 534 5 to to IN 36036 534 6 a a DT 36036 534 7 low low JJ 36036 534 8 [ [ -LRB- 36036 534 9 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 534 10 } } -RRB- 36036 534 11 , , , 36036 534 12 this this DT 36036 534 13 species species NN 36036 534 14 possesses possess VBZ 36036 534 15 other other JJ 36036 534 16 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 534 17 that that WDT 36036 534 18 limit limit VBP 36036 534 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 534 20 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 534 21 potential potential NN 36036 534 22 : : : 36036 534 23 low low JJ 36036 534 24 - - HYPH 36036 534 25 quality quality NN 36036 534 26 diet diet NN 36036 534 27 , , , 36036 534 28 delayed delayed JJ 36036 534 29 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 534 30 , , , 36036 534 31 and and CC 36036 534 32 birth birth NN 36036 534 33 of of IN 36036 534 34 a a DT 36036 534 35 single single JJ 36036 534 36 young young JJ 36036 534 37 each each DT 36036 534 38 year year NN 36036 534 39 . . . 36036 535 1 Because because IN 36036 535 2 there there EX 36036 535 3 does do VBZ 36036 535 4 not not RB 36036 535 5 appear appear VB 36036 535 6 to to TO 36036 535 7 be be VB 36036 535 8 any any DT 36036 535 9 other other JJ 36036 535 10 feature feature NN 36036 535 11 of of IN 36036 535 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 535 13 life life NN 36036 535 14 history history NN 36036 535 15 that that WDT 36036 535 16 can can MD 36036 535 17 counteract counteract VB 36036 535 18 the the DT 36036 535 19 influence influence NN 36036 535 20 of of IN 36036 535 21 these these DT 36036 535 22 factors factor NNS 36036 535 23 , , , 36036 535 24 r_{max r_{max ADD 36036 535 25 } } -RRB- 36036 535 26 in in IN 36036 535 27 _ _ NNP 36036 535 28 Potos Potos NNP 36036 535 29 flavus flavus NN 36036 535 30 _ _ NNP 36036 535 31 has have VBZ 36036 535 32 evolved evolve VBN 36036 535 33 to to TO 36036 535 34 be be VB 36036 535 35 only only RB 36036 535 36 48 48 CD 36036 535 37 % % NN 36036 535 38 of of IN 36036 535 39 expected expect VBN 36036 535 40 ( ( -LRB- 36036 535 41 0.30 0.30 CD 36036 535 42 ; ; : 36036 535 43 Table table NN 36036 535 44 10 10 CD 36036 535 45 ) ) -RRB- 36036 535 46 . . . 36036 536 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 536 2 close close JJ 36036 536 3 relative relative NN 36036 536 4 , , , 36036 536 5 the the DT 36036 536 6 olingo olingo NNS 36036 536 7 , , , 36036 536 8 _ _ NNP 36036 536 9 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 536 10 gabbii gabbii NNP 36036 536 11 _ _ NNP 36036 536 12 , , , 36036 536 13 appears appear VBZ 36036 536 14 to to TO 36036 536 15 share share VB 36036 536 16 the the DT 36036 536 17 same same JJ 36036 536 18 condition condition NN 36036 536 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 536 20 Table table NN 36036 536 21 10 10 CD 36036 536 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 536 23 . . . 36036 537 1 SUMMARY.--This SUMMARY.--This NNP 36036 537 2 brief brief JJ 36036 537 3 survey survey NN 36036 537 4 illustrates illustrate VBZ 36036 537 5 that that IN 36036 537 6 , , , 36036 537 7 with with IN 36036 537 8 the the DT 36036 537 9 exception exception NN 36036 537 10 of of IN 36036 537 11 _ _ NNP 36036 537 12 Potos Potos NNP 36036 537 13 flavus flavus NN 36036 537 14 _ _ NNP 36036 537 15 , , , 36036 537 16 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 537 17 tend tend VBP 36036 537 18 to to TO 36036 537 19 have have VB 36036 537 20 values value NNS 36036 537 21 of of IN 36036 537 22 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 537 23 } } -RRB- 36036 537 24 that that WDT 36036 537 25 are be VBP 36036 537 26 higher high JJR 36036 537 27 than than IN 36036 537 28 those those DT 36036 537 29 predicted predict VBN 36036 537 30 for for IN 36036 537 31 them -PRON- PRP 36036 537 32 on on IN 36036 537 33 the the DT 36036 537 34 basis basis NN 36036 537 35 of of IN 36036 537 36 mass mass NN 36036 537 37 ( ( -LRB- 36036 537 38 Table table NN 36036 537 39 10 10 CD 36036 537 40 ) ) -RRB- 36036 537 41 . . . 36036 538 1 Regression regression NN 36036 538 2 analysis analysis NN 36036 538 3 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 538 4 that that IN 36036 538 5 , , , 36036 538 6 within within IN 36036 538 7 the the DT 36036 538 8 family family NN 36036 538 9 , , , 36036 538 10 body body NN 36036 538 11 mass mass NN 36036 538 12 accounts account VBZ 36036 538 13 for for IN 36036 538 14 only only RB 36036 538 15 a a DT 36036 538 16 small small JJ 36036 538 17 amount amount NN 36036 538 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 538 19 3 3 CD 36036 538 20 % % NN 36036 538 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 538 22 of of IN 36036 538 23 the the DT 36036 538 24 variation variation NN 36036 538 25 in in IN 36036 538 26 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 538 27 } } -RRB- 36036 538 28 , , , 36036 538 29 whereas whereas IN 36036 538 30 the the DT 36036 538 31 positive positive JJ 36036 538 32 slope slope NN 36036 538 33 of of IN 36036 538 34 the the DT 36036 538 35 correlation correlation NN 36036 538 36 between between IN 36036 538 37 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 538 38 } } -RRB- 36036 538 39 and and CC 36036 538 40 H_{br H_{br NNP 36036 538 41 } } -RRB- 36036 538 42 ( ( -LRB- 36036 538 43 R r NN 36036 538 44 = = SYM 36036 538 45 0.93 0.93 CD 36036 538 46 ) ) -RRB- 36036 538 47 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 538 48 that that IN 36036 538 49 low low JJ 36036 538 50 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 538 51 has have VBZ 36036 538 52 a a DT 36036 538 53 limiting limit VBG 36036 538 54 effect effect NN 36036 538 55 on on IN 36036 538 56 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 538 57 } } -RRB- 36036 538 58 ( ( -LRB- 36036 538 59 see see VB 36036 538 60 Table Table NNP 36036 538 61 10 10 CD 36036 538 62 , , , 36036 538 63 footnote footnote NNP 36036 538 64 f f NNP 36036 538 65 ) ) -RRB- 36036 538 66 . . . 36036 539 1 The the DT 36036 539 2 implication implication NN 36036 539 3 here here RB 36036 539 4 is be VBZ 36036 539 5 that that RB 36036 539 6 low low JJ 36036 539 7 [ [ -LRB- 36036 539 8 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 539 9 } } -RRB- 36036 539 10 would would MD 36036 539 11 be be VB 36036 539 12 associated associate VBN 36036 539 13 with with IN 36036 539 14 a a DT 36036 539 15 lower low JJR 36036 539 16 rate rate NN 36036 539 17 of of IN 36036 539 18 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN 36036 539 19 , , , 36036 539 20 a a DT 36036 539 21 slower slow JJR 36036 539 22 growth growth NN 36036 539 23 rate rate NN 36036 539 24 , , , 36036 539 25 and and CC 36036 539 26 a a DT 36036 539 27 longer long JJR 36036 539 28 generation generation NN 36036 539 29 time time NN 36036 539 30 . . . 36036 540 1 Procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 540 2 with with IN 36036 540 3 low low JJ 36036 540 4 [ [ -LRB- 36036 540 5 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 540 6 } } -RRB- 36036 540 7 but but CC 36036 540 8 higher high JJR 36036 540 9 than than IN 36036 540 10 expected expect VBN 36036 540 11 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 540 12 } } -RRB- 36036 540 13 must must MD 36036 540 14 possess possess VB 36036 540 15 other other JJ 36036 540 16 traits trait NNS 36036 540 17 that that WDT 36036 540 18 serve serve VBP 36036 540 19 to to TO 36036 540 20 offset offset VB 36036 540 21 the the DT 36036 540 22 effects effect NNS 36036 540 23 of of IN 36036 540 24 low low JJ 36036 540 25 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 540 26 . . . 36036 541 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 541 2 survey survey NN 36036 541 3 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 541 4 that that IN 36036 541 5 the the DT 36036 541 6 following follow VBG 36036 541 7 features feature VBZ 36036 541 8 compensate compensate NN 36036 541 9 for for IN 36036 541 10 low low JJ 36036 541 11 [ [ -LRB- 36036 541 12 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 541 13 } } -RRB- 36036 541 14 and and CC 36036 541 15 help help VB 36036 541 16 increase increase VB 36036 541 17 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 541 18 } } -RRB- 36036 541 19 : : : 36036 541 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 541 21 1 1 LS 36036 541 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 541 23 a a DT 36036 541 24 high high JJ 36036 541 25 - - HYPH 36036 541 26 quality quality NN 36036 541 27 diet diet NN 36036 541 28 may may MD 36036 541 29 make make VB 36036 541 30 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN 36036 541 31 and and CC 36036 541 32 growth growth NN 36036 541 33 more more RBR 36036 541 34 efficient efficient JJ 36036 541 35 , , , 36036 541 36 thus thus RB 36036 541 37 optimizing optimize VBG 36036 541 38 the the DT 36036 541 39 time time NN 36036 541 40 element element NN 36036 541 41 associated associate VBN 36036 541 42 with with IN 36036 541 43 each each DT 36036 541 44 of of IN 36036 541 45 these these DT 36036 541 46 processes process NNS 36036 541 47 ; ; , 36036 541 48 ( ( -LRB- 36036 541 49 2 2 LS 36036 541 50 ) ) -RRB- 36036 541 51 larger large JJR 36036 541 52 litter litter NN 36036 541 53 sizes size NNS 36036 541 54 and and CC 36036 541 55 cooperation cooperation NN 36036 541 56 in in IN 36036 541 57 care care NN 36036 541 58 of of IN 36036 541 59 the the DT 36036 541 60 young young JJ 36036 541 61 may may MD 36036 541 62 increase increase VB 36036 541 63 survivorship survivorship NN 36036 541 64 in in IN 36036 541 65 spite spite NN 36036 541 66 of of IN 36036 541 67 a a DT 36036 541 68 slower slow JJR 36036 541 69 growth growth NN 36036 541 70 rate rate NN 36036 541 71 ; ; , 36036 541 72 and and CC 36036 541 73 ( ( -LRB- 36036 541 74 3 3 LS 36036 541 75 ) ) -RRB- 36036 541 76 an an DT 36036 541 77 early early JJ 36036 541 78 age age NN 36036 541 79 of of IN 36036 541 80 first first JJ 36036 541 81 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 541 82 , , , 36036 541 83 a a DT 36036 541 84 long long JJ 36036 541 85 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 541 86 life life NN 36036 541 87 span span NN 36036 541 88 , , , 36036 541 89 and and CC 36036 541 90 moderate moderate JJ 36036 541 91 - - HYPH 36036 541 92 size size NN 36036 541 93 litters litter NNS 36036 541 94 ( ( -LRB- 36036 541 95 two two CD 36036 541 96 to to TO 36036 541 97 four four CD 36036 541 98 young young JJ 36036 541 99 ) ) -RRB- 36036 541 100 may may MD 36036 541 101 in in IN 36036 541 102 the the DT 36036 541 103 long long JJ 36036 541 104 run run NN 36036 541 105 add add VB 36036 541 106 as as RB 36036 541 107 many many JJ 36036 541 108 individuals individual NNS 36036 541 109 to to IN 36036 541 110 the the DT 36036 541 111 population population NN 36036 541 112 as as IN 36036 541 113 a a DT 36036 541 114 shortened shorten VBN 36036 541 115 generation generation NN 36036 541 116 time time NN 36036 541 117 . . . 36036 542 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 542 2 survey survey NN 36036 542 3 also also RB 36036 542 4 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 542 5 that that IN 36036 542 6 , , , 36036 542 7 at at IN 36036 542 8 the the DT 36036 542 9 other other JJ 36036 542 10 extreme extreme NN 36036 542 11 , , , 36036 542 12 factors factor NNS 36036 542 13 such such JJ 36036 542 14 as as IN 36036 542 15 a a DT 36036 542 16 low low JJ 36036 542 17 - - HYPH 36036 542 18 quality quality NN 36036 542 19 diet diet NN 36036 542 20 , , , 36036 542 21 reduced reduced JJ 36036 542 22 litter litter NN 36036 542 23 size size NN 36036 542 24 , , , 36036 542 25 absence absence NN 36036 542 26 of of IN 36036 542 27 cooperative cooperative JJ 36036 542 28 care care NN 36036 542 29 of of IN 36036 542 30 the the DT 36036 542 31 young young JJ 36036 542 32 , , , 36036 542 33 delayed delay VBN 36036 542 34 age age NN 36036 542 35 of of IN 36036 542 36 first first JJ 36036 542 37 reproduction reproduction NN 36036 542 38 , , , 36036 542 39 and and CC 36036 542 40 shortened shorten VBD 36036 542 41 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 542 42 life life NN 36036 542 43 span span VBP 36036 542 44 all all DT 36036 542 45 serve serve VBP 36036 542 46 to to TO 36036 542 47 decrease decrease VB 36036 542 48 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 542 49 } } -RRB- 36036 542 50 . . . 36036 543 1 Thus thus RB 36036 543 2 , , , 36036 543 3 it -PRON- PRP 36036 543 4 is be VBZ 36036 543 5 obvious obvious JJ 36036 543 6 that that IN 36036 543 7 diet diet NNP 36036 543 8 , , , 36036 543 9 litter litter NN 36036 543 10 size size NN 36036 543 11 , , , 36036 543 12 social social JJ 36036 543 13 structure structure NN 36036 543 14 , , , 36036 543 15 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 543 16 strategy strategy NN 36036 543 17 , , , 36036 543 18 and and CC 36036 543 19 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 543 20 life life NN 36036 543 21 span span NN 36036 543 22 can can MD 36036 543 23 operate operate VB 36036 543 24 synergistically synergistically RB 36036 543 25 with with IN 36036 543 26 [ [ -LRB- 36036 543 27 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 543 28 } } -RRB- 36036 543 29 to to TO 36036 543 30 magnify magnify VB 36036 543 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 543 32 influence influence NN 36036 543 33 on on IN 36036 543 34 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 543 35 } } -RRB- 36036 543 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 543 37 as as IN 36036 543 38 with with IN 36036 543 39 _ _ NNP 36036 543 40 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 543 41 lotor lotor NN 36036 543 42 _ _ NNP 36036 543 43 and and CC 36036 543 44 _ _ NNP 36036 543 45 Potos Potos NNP 36036 543 46 flavus flavus NN 36036 543 47 _ _ NNP 36036 543 48 ) ) -RRB- 36036 543 49 , , , 36036 543 50 or or CC 36036 543 51 they -PRON- PRP 36036 543 52 can can MD 36036 543 53 function function VB 36036 543 54 in in IN 36036 543 55 opposition opposition NN 36036 543 56 to to IN 36036 543 57 [ [ -LRB- 36036 543 58 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 543 59 } } -RRB- 36036 543 60 to to TO 36036 543 61 change change VB 36036 543 62 the the DT 36036 543 63 direction direction NN 36036 543 64 of of IN 36036 543 65 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 543 66 influence influence NN 36036 543 67 on on IN 36036 543 68 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 543 69 } } -RRB- 36036 543 70 ( ( -LRB- 36036 543 71 as as IN 36036 543 72 with with IN 36036 543 73 _ _ NNP 36036 543 74 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 543 75 astutus astutus NN 36036 543 76 _ _ NNP 36036 543 77 , , , 36036 543 78 _ _ NNP 36036 543 79 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 543 80 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 543 81 _ _ NNP 36036 543 82 , , , 36036 543 83 _ _ NNP 36036 543 84 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 543 85 narica narica NN 36036 543 86 _ _ NNP 36036 543 87 , , , 36036 543 88 and and CC 36036 543 89 perhaps perhaps RB 36036 543 90 _ _ NNP 36036 543 91 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 543 92 nasua nasua NNP 36036 543 93 _ _ NNP 36036 543 94 ) ) -RRB- 36036 543 95 . . . 36036 544 1 _ _ NNP 36036 544 2 Basal Basal NNP 36036 544 3 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 544 4 and and CC 36036 544 5 Climatic Climatic NNP 36036 544 6 Distribution Distribution NNP 36036 544 7 _ _ NNP 36036 544 8 _ _ NNP 36036 544 9 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 544 10 lotor._--The lotor._--The , 36036 544 11 evolution evolution NN 36036 544 12 of of IN 36036 544 13 a a DT 36036 544 14 higher high JJR 36036 544 15 [ [ -LRB- 36036 544 16 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 544 17 } } -RRB- 36036 544 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 544 19 Tables Tables NNP 36036 544 20 7 7 CD 36036 544 21 , , , 36036 544 22 8) 8) CD 36036 544 23 may may MD 36036 544 24 have have VB 36036 544 25 been be VBN 36036 544 26 the the DT 36036 544 27 physiological physiological JJ 36036 544 28 cornerstone cornerstone NN 36036 544 29 that that WDT 36036 544 30 enabled enable VBD 36036 544 31 _ _ NNP 36036 544 32 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 544 33 lotor lotor NN 36036 544 34 _ _ NNP 36036 544 35 to to TO 36036 544 36 break break VB 36036 544 37 out out IN 36036 544 38 of of IN 36036 544 39 the the DT 36036 544 40 mold mold NN 36036 544 41 being be VBG 36036 544 42 exploited exploit VBN 36036 544 43 by by IN 36036 544 44 other other JJ 36036 544 45 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 544 46 and and CC 36036 544 47 to to TO 36036 544 48 generalize generalize VB 36036 544 49 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 544 50 use use NN 36036 544 51 of of IN 36036 544 52 habitats habitat NNS 36036 544 53 and and CC 36036 544 54 climates climate NNS 36036 544 55 . . . 36036 545 1 Once once IN 36036 545 2 this this DT 36036 545 3 basic basic JJ 36036 545 4 physiological physiological JJ 36036 545 5 change change NN 36036 545 6 was be VBD 36036 545 7 in in IN 36036 545 8 place place NN 36036 545 9 , , , 36036 545 10 selection selection NN 36036 545 11 for for IN 36036 545 12 appropriate appropriate JJ 36036 545 13 alterations alteration NNS 36036 545 14 in in IN 36036 545 15 thermal thermal JJ 36036 545 16 conductance conductance NN 36036 545 17 , , , 36036 545 18 capacity capacity NN 36036 545 19 for for IN 36036 545 20 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 545 21 cooling cooling NN 36036 545 22 , , , 36036 545 23 diversity diversity NN 36036 545 24 of of IN 36036 545 25 diet diet NNP 36036 545 26 , , , 36036 545 27 and and CC 36036 545 28 energy energy NN 36036 545 29 storage storage NN 36036 545 30 would would MD 36036 545 31 have have VB 36036 545 32 provided provide VBN 36036 545 33 this this DT 36036 545 34 species specie NNS 36036 545 35 with with IN 36036 545 36 the the DT 36036 545 37 suite suite NN 36036 545 38 of of IN 36036 545 39 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 545 40 needed need VBN 36036 545 41 to to TO 36036 545 42 extend extend VB 36036 545 43 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 545 44 distribution distribution NN 36036 545 45 into into IN 36036 545 46 other other JJ 36036 545 47 habitats habitat NNS 36036 545 48 and and CC 36036 545 49 climates climate NNS 36036 545 50 . . . 36036 546 1 Support support NN 36036 546 2 for for IN 36036 546 3 this this DT 36036 546 4 concept concept NN 36036 546 5 follows follow VBZ 36036 546 6 from from IN 36036 546 7 the the DT 36036 546 8 fact fact NN 36036 546 9 that that IN 36036 546 10 high high JJ 36036 546 11 levels level NNS 36036 546 12 of of IN 36036 546 13 [ [ -LRB- 36036 546 14 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 546 15 } } -RRB- 36036 546 16 are be VBP 36036 546 17 associated associate VBN 36036 546 18 with with IN 36036 546 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 546 20 1 1 LS 36036 546 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 546 22 cold cold JJ 36036 546 23 - - HYPH 36036 546 24 hardiness hardiness NN 36036 546 25 in in IN 36036 546 26 mammals mammal NNS 36036 546 27 that that WDT 36036 546 28 live live VBP 36036 546 29 in in IN 36036 546 30 cold cold NN 36036 546 31 - - HYPH 36036 546 32 temperate temperate NN 36036 546 33 and and CC 36036 546 34 arctic arctic JJ 36036 546 35 climates climate NNS 36036 546 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 546 37 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 546 38 et et NNP 36036 546 39 al al NNP 36036 546 40 . . NNP 36036 546 41 , , , 36036 546 42 1950c 1950c CD 36036 546 43 ; ; : 36036 546 44 Irving Irving NNP 36036 546 45 et et NNP 36036 546 46 al al NNP 36036 546 47 . . NNP 36036 546 48 , , , 36036 546 49 1955 1955 CD 36036 546 50 ; ; : 36036 546 51 Irving Irving NNP 36036 546 52 , , , 36036 546 53 1972:115 1972:115 CD 36036 546 54 , , , 36036 546 55 116 116 CD 36036 546 56 ; ; : 36036 546 57 Shield Shield NNP 36036 546 58 , , , 36036 546 59 1972 1972 CD 36036 546 60 ; ; : 36036 546 61 Vogel Vogel NNP 36036 546 62 , , , 36036 546 63 1980 1980 CD 36036 546 64 ; ; : 36036 546 65 Golightly golightly RB 36036 546 66 and and CC 36036 546 67 Ohmart Ohmart NNP 36036 546 68 , , , 36036 546 69 1983 1983 CD 36036 546 70 ) ) -RRB- 36036 546 71 ; ; : 36036 546 72 ( ( -LRB- 36036 546 73 2 2 LS 36036 546 74 ) ) -RRB- 36036 546 75 the the DT 36036 546 76 ability ability NN 36036 546 77 to to TO 36036 546 78 utilize utilize VB 36036 546 79 a a DT 36036 546 80 wide wide JJ 36036 546 81 variety variety NN 36036 546 82 of of IN 36036 546 83 food food NN 36036 546 84 resources resource NNS 36036 546 85 and and CC 36036 546 86 to to TO 36036 546 87 occupy occupy VB 36036 546 88 a a DT 36036 546 89 large large JJ 36036 546 90 number number NN 36036 546 91 of of IN 36036 546 92 different different JJ 36036 546 93 environments environment NNS 36036 546 94 and and CC 36036 546 95 habitats habitat NNS 36036 546 96 ( ( -LRB- 36036 546 97 McNab McNab NNP 36036 546 98 , , , 36036 546 99 1980a 1980a CD 36036 546 100 ) ) -RRB- 36036 546 101 ; ; : 36036 546 102 and and CC 36036 546 103 ( ( -LRB- 36036 546 104 3 3 LS 36036 546 105 ) ) -RRB- 36036 546 106 a a DT 36036 546 107 high high JJ 36036 546 108 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 546 109 rate rate NN 36036 546 110 of of IN 36036 546 111 natural natural JJ 36036 546 112 increase increase NN 36036 546 113 ( ( -LRB- 36036 546 114 McNab McNab NNP 36036 546 115 , , , 36036 546 116 1980a 1980a CD 36036 546 117 ; ; : 36036 546 118 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 546 119 , , , 36036 546 120 1983 1983 CD 36036 546 121 ; ; : 36036 546 122 Lillegraven Lillegraven NNP 36036 546 123 et et NNP 36036 546 124 al al NNP 36036 546 125 . . NNP 36036 546 126 , , , 36036 546 127 1987 1987 CD 36036 546 128 ; ; : 36036 546 129 Nicoll Nicoll NNP 36036 546 130 and and CC 36036 546 131 Thompson Thompson NNP 36036 546 132 , , , 36036 546 133 1987 1987 CD 36036 546 134 ; ; : 36036 546 135 Thompson Thompson NNP 36036 546 136 , , , 36036 546 137 1987 1987 CD 36036 546 138 ) ) -RRB- 36036 546 139 . . . 36036 547 1 OTHER other JJ 36036 547 2 PROCYONIDS.--Other PROCYONIDS.--Other NNP 36036 547 3 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 547 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 547 5 _ _ NNP 36036 547 6 Potos Potos NNP 36036 547 7 flavus flavus NN 36036 547 8 _ _ NNP 36036 547 9 , , , 36036 547 10 _ _ NNP 36036 547 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 547 12 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 547 13 _ _ NNP 36036 547 14 , , , 36036 547 15 _ _ NNP 36036 547 16 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 547 17 narica narica NN 36036 547 18 _ _ NNP 36036 547 19 , , , 36036 547 20 and and CC 36036 547 21 _ _ NNP 36036 547 22 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 547 23 nasua nasua NNP 36036 547 24 _ _ NNP 36036 547 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 547 26 have have VBP 36036 547 27 lower low JJR 36036 547 28 than than IN 36036 547 29 predicted predict VBN 36036 547 30 [ [ -LRB- 36036 547 31 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 547 32 } } -RRB- 36036 547 33 's be VBZ 36036 547 34 ( ( -LRB- 36036 547 35 Table table NN 36036 547 36 7 7 CD 36036 547 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 547 38 , , , 36036 547 39 a a DT 36036 547 40 characteristic characteristic NN 36036 547 41 that that WDT 36036 547 42 is be VBZ 36036 547 43 considered consider VBN 36036 547 44 to to TO 36036 547 45 be be VB 36036 547 46 an an DT 36036 547 47 energy energy NN 36036 547 48 - - HYPH 36036 547 49 saving save VBG 36036 547 50 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 547 51 for for IN 36036 547 52 those those DT 36036 547 53 that that WDT 36036 547 54 live live VBP 36036 547 55 in in IN 36036 547 56 relatively relatively RB 36036 547 57 stable stable JJ 36036 547 58 tropical tropical JJ 36036 547 59 and and CC 36036 547 60 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 547 61 habitats habitat NNS 36036 547 62 ( ( -LRB- 36036 547 63 Müller Müller NNP 36036 547 64 and and CC 36036 547 65 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 547 66 , , , 36036 547 67 1977 1977 CD 36036 547 68 ; ; : 36036 547 69 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 547 70 - - HYPH 36036 547 71 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 547 72 et et FW 36036 547 73 al al NNP 36036 547 74 . . NNP 36036 547 75 , , , 36036 547 76 1980 1980 CD 36036 547 77 ; ; : 36036 547 78 Müller Müller NNP 36036 547 79 and and CC 36036 547 80 Rost Rost NNP 36036 547 81 , , , 36036 547 82 1983 1983 CD 36036 547 83 ) ) -RRB- 36036 547 84 . . . 36036 548 1 However however RB 36036 548 2 , , , 36036 548 3 _ _ NNP 36036 548 4 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 548 5 astutus astutus NN 36036 548 6 _ _ NNP 36036 548 7 is be VBZ 36036 548 8 found find VBN 36036 548 9 in in IN 36036 548 10 tropical tropical JJ 36036 548 11 , , , 36036 548 12 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 548 13 , , , 36036 548 14 and and CC 36036 548 15 temperate temperate NN 36036 548 16 climates climate VBZ 36036 548 17 . . . 36036 549 1 This this DT 36036 549 2 species species NN 36036 549 3 is be VBZ 36036 549 4 found find VBN 36036 549 5 from from IN 36036 549 6 tropical tropical JJ 36036 549 7 Mexico Mexico NNP 36036 549 8 to to TO 36036 549 9 temperate temperate VB 36036 549 10 regions region NNS 36036 549 11 of of IN 36036 549 12 the the DT 36036 549 13 western western JJ 36036 549 14 United United NNP 36036 549 15 States States NNP 36036 549 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 549 17 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 549 18 , , , 36036 549 19 1982 1982 CD 36036 549 20 , , , 36036 549 21 1987 1987 CD 36036 549 22 ; ; : 36036 549 23 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 549 24 and and CC 36036 549 25 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 549 26 , , , 36036 549 27 1983:979 1983:979 CD 36036 549 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 549 29 . . . 36036 550 1 In in IN 36036 550 2 the the DT 36036 550 3 northern northern JJ 36036 550 4 part part NN 36036 550 5 of of IN 36036 550 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 550 7 distribution distribution NN 36036 550 8 , , , 36036 550 9 _ _ NNP 36036 550 10 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 550 11 astutus astutus NN 36036 550 12 _ _ NNP 36036 550 13 lives live VBZ 36036 550 14 in in IN 36036 550 15 habitats habitat NNS 36036 550 16 that that WDT 36036 550 17 are be VBP 36036 550 18 unstable unstable JJ 36036 550 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 550 20 arid arid NNP 36036 550 21 regions region NNS 36036 550 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 550 23 , , , 36036 550 24 that that WDT 36036 550 25 are be VBP 36036 550 26 low low JJ 36036 550 27 in in IN 36036 550 28 productivity productivity NN 36036 550 29 , , , 36036 550 30 and and CC 36036 550 31 that that DT 36036 550 32 characteristically characteristically RB 36036 550 33 have have VBP 36036 550 34 marked mark VBN 36036 550 35 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 550 36 changes change NNS 36036 550 37 in in IN 36036 550 38 temperature temperature NN 36036 550 39 . . . 36036 551 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 551 2 lower low JJR 36036 551 3 than than IN 36036 551 4 predicted predict VBD 36036 551 5 [ [ -LRB- 36036 551 6 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 551 7 } } -RRB- 36036 551 8 could could MD 36036 551 9 be be VB 36036 551 10 an an DT 36036 551 11 important important JJ 36036 551 12 water water NN 36036 551 13 - - HYPH 36036 551 14 conserving conserve VBG 36036 551 15 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 551 16 at at IN 36036 551 17 times time NNS 36036 551 18 when when WRB 36036 551 19 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 551 20 are be VBP 36036 551 21 high high JJ 36036 551 22 ( ( -LRB- 36036 551 23 McNab McNab NNP 36036 551 24 and and CC 36036 551 25 Morrison Morrison NNP 36036 551 26 , , , 36036 551 27 1963 1963 CD 36036 551 28 ; ; : 36036 551 29 McNab McNab NNP 36036 551 30 , , , 36036 551 31 1966 1966 CD 36036 551 32 ; ; : 36036 551 33 MacMillen MacMillen NNP 36036 551 34 and and CC 36036 551 35 Lee Lee NNP 36036 551 36 , , , 36036 551 37 1970 1970 CD 36036 551 38 ; ; : 36036 551 39 Noll Noll NNP 36036 551 40 - - HYPH 36036 551 41 Banholzer Banholzer NNP 36036 551 42 , , , 36036 551 43 1979 1979 CD 36036 551 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 551 45 and and CC 36036 551 46 an an DT 36036 551 47 important important JJ 36036 551 48 energy energy NN 36036 551 49 - - HYPH 36036 551 50 conserving conserve VBG 36036 551 51 mechanism mechanism NN 36036 551 52 when when WRB 36036 551 53 cold cold JJ 36036 551 54 weather weather NN 36036 551 55 may may MD 36036 551 56 limit limit VB 36036 551 57 food food NN 36036 551 58 availability availability NN 36036 551 59 and and CC 36036 551 60 hunting hunting NN 36036 551 61 time time NN 36036 551 62 ( ( -LRB- 36036 551 63 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 551 64 et et NNP 36036 551 65 al al NNP 36036 551 66 . . NNP 36036 551 67 , , , 36036 551 68 1950c 1950c CD 36036 551 69 ; ; : 36036 551 70 Wang Wang NNP 36036 551 71 et et NNP 36036 551 72 al al NNP 36036 551 73 . . NNP 36036 551 74 , , , 36036 551 75 1973 1973 CD 36036 551 76 ) ) -RRB- 36036 551 77 . . . 36036 552 1 As as IN 36036 552 2 will will MD 36036 552 3 be be VB 36036 552 4 seen see VBN 36036 552 5 later later RB 36036 552 6 , , , 36036 552 7 _ _ NNP 36036 552 8 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 552 9 astutus astutus NN 36036 552 10 _ _ NNP 36036 552 11 is be VBZ 36036 552 12 unique unique JJ 36036 552 13 among among IN 36036 552 14 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 552 15 with with IN 36036 552 16 lower low JJR 36036 552 17 than than IN 36036 552 18 predicted predict VBN 36036 552 19 [ [ -LRB- 36036 552 20 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 552 21 } } -RRB- 36036 552 22 's be VBZ 36036 552 23 in in IN 36036 552 24 that that IN 36036 552 25 it -PRON- PRP 36036 552 26 also also RB 36036 552 27 has have VBZ 36036 552 28 a a DT 36036 552 29 lower low JJR 36036 552 30 than than IN 36036 552 31 predicted predict VBN 36036 552 32 C_{mw C_{mw NNS 36036 552 33 } } -RRB- 36036 552 34 ( ( -LRB- 36036 552 35 Table table NN 36036 552 36 7 7 CD 36036 552 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 552 38 . . . 36036 553 1 This this DT 36036 553 2 allows allow VBZ 36036 553 3 it -PRON- PRP 36036 553 4 to to TO 36036 553 5 use use VB 36036 553 6 less less JJR 36036 553 7 energy energy NN 36036 553 8 than than IN 36036 553 9 expected expect VBN 36036 553 10 for for IN 36036 553 11 thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 553 12 at at IN 36036 553 13 low low JJ 36036 553 14 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 553 15 . . . 36036 554 1 Another another DT 36036 554 2 species species NN 36036 554 3 with with IN 36036 554 4 a a DT 36036 554 5 similar similar JJ 36036 554 6 set set NN 36036 554 7 of of IN 36036 554 8 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 554 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 554 10 lower low JJR 36036 554 11 than than IN 36036 554 12 predicted predict VBN 36036 554 13 [ [ -LRB- 36036 554 14 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 554 15 } } -RRB- 36036 554 16 and and CC 36036 554 17 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 554 18 } } -RRB- 36036 554 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 554 20 is be VBZ 36036 554 21 the the DT 36036 554 22 arctic arctic JJ 36036 554 23 hare hare NN 36036 554 24 , , , 36036 554 25 _ _ NNP 36036 554 26 Lepus Lepus NNP 36036 554 27 arcticus arcticus NN 36036 554 28 _ _ NNP 36036 554 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 554 30 Wang Wang NNP 36036 554 31 et et NNP 36036 554 32 al al NNP 36036 554 33 . . NNP 36036 554 34 , , , 36036 554 35 1973 1973 CD 36036 554 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 554 37 , , , 36036 554 38 which which WDT 36036 554 39 lives live VBZ 36036 554 40 in in IN 36036 554 41 one one CD 36036 554 42 of of IN 36036 554 43 the the DT 36036 554 44 coldest cold JJS 36036 554 45 and and CC 36036 554 46 least least JJS 36036 554 47 - - HYPH 36036 554 48 productive productive JJ 36036 554 49 regions region NNS 36036 554 50 on on IN 36036 554 51 earth earth NN 36036 554 52 . . . 36036 555 1 Wang Wang NNP 36036 555 2 et et NNP 36036 555 3 al al NNP 36036 555 4 . . . 36036 556 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 556 2 1973 1973 CD 36036 556 3 ) ) -RRB- 36036 556 4 suggest suggest VBP 36036 556 5 that that IN 36036 556 6 this this DT 36036 556 7 combination combination NN 36036 556 8 of of IN 36036 556 9 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 556 10 allows allow VBZ 36036 556 11 _ _ NNP 36036 556 12 Lepus Lepus NNP 36036 556 13 arcticus arcticus NN 36036 556 14 _ _ NNP 36036 556 15 to to TO 36036 556 16 better well RBR 36036 556 17 match match VB 36036 556 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 556 19 energy energy NN 36036 556 20 requirements requirement NNS 36036 556 21 to to IN 36036 556 22 the the DT 36036 556 23 low low JJ 36036 556 24 productivity productivity NN 36036 556 25 of of IN 36036 556 26 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 556 27 environment environment NN 36036 556 28 . . . 36036 557 1 A a DT 36036 557 2 similar similar JJ 36036 557 3 relationship relationship NN 36036 557 4 may may MD 36036 557 5 hold hold VB 36036 557 6 for for IN 36036 557 7 _ _ NNP 36036 557 8 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 557 9 astutus astutus NN 36036 557 10 _ _ NNP 36036 557 11 , , , 36036 557 12 particularly particularly RB 36036 557 13 in in IN 36036 557 14 colder cold JJR 36036 557 15 arid arid NN 36036 557 16 portions portion NNS 36036 557 17 of of IN 36036 557 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 557 19 distribution distribution NN 36036 557 20 , , , 36036 557 21 and and CC 36036 557 22 may may MD 36036 557 23 be be VB 36036 557 24 the the DT 36036 557 25 reason reason NN 36036 557 26 that that IN 36036 557 27 it -PRON- PRP 36036 557 28 , , , 36036 557 29 but but CC 36036 557 30 not not RB 36036 557 31 other other JJ 36036 557 32 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 557 33 with with IN 36036 557 34 low low JJ 36036 557 35 [ [ -LRB- 36036 557 36 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 557 37 } } -RRB- 36036 557 38 's 's POS 36036 557 39 , , , 36036 557 40 has have VBZ 36036 557 41 been be VBN 36036 557 42 able able JJ 36036 557 43 to to TO 36036 557 44 inhabit inhabit VB 36036 557 45 temperate temperate NN 36036 557 46 climates climate VBZ 36036 557 47 . . . 36036 558 1 MINIMUM minimum NN 36036 558 2 THERMAL thermal NN 36036 558 3 CONDUCTANCE CONDUCTANCE NNP 36036 558 4 _ _ NNP 36036 558 5 Background Background NNP 36036 558 6 _ _ NNP 36036 558 7 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 558 8 conductance conductance NN 36036 558 9 is be VBZ 36036 558 10 a a DT 36036 558 11 measure measure NN 36036 558 12 of of IN 36036 558 13 the the DT 36036 558 14 ease ease NN 36036 558 15 with with IN 36036 558 16 which which WDT 36036 558 17 heat heat NN 36036 558 18 is be VBZ 36036 558 19 passively passively RB 36036 558 20 transferred transfer VBN 36036 558 21 to to IN 36036 558 22 or or CC 36036 558 23 from from IN 36036 558 24 a a DT 36036 558 25 body body NN 36036 558 26 through through IN 36036 558 27 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 558 28 tissues tissue NNS 36036 558 29 and and CC 36036 558 30 pelt pelt NNS 36036 558 31 . . . 36036 559 1 Within within IN 36036 559 2 T_{n T_{n NNP 36036 559 3 } } -RRB- 36036 559 4 , , , 36036 559 5 a a DT 36036 559 6 mammal mammal NN 36036 559 7 is be VBZ 36036 559 8 able able JJ 36036 559 9 to to TO 36036 559 10 vary vary VB 36036 559 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 559 12 thermal thermal JJ 36036 559 13 conductance conductance NN 36036 559 14 over over IN 36036 559 15 a a DT 36036 559 16 wide wide JJ 36036 559 17 range range NN 36036 559 18 of of IN 36036 559 19 values value NNS 36036 559 20 by by IN 36036 559 21 changing change VBG 36036 559 22 heat heat NN 36036 559 23 transfer transfer NN 36036 559 24 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 559 25 of of IN 36036 559 26 both both DT 36036 559 27 of of IN 36036 559 28 these these DT 36036 559 29 layers layer NNS 36036 559 30 . . . 36036 560 1 Minimum minimum JJ 36036 560 2 thermal thermal JJ 36036 560 3 conductance conductance NN 36036 560 4 occurs occur VBZ 36036 560 5 when when WRB 36036 560 6 total total JJ 36036 560 7 heat heat NN 36036 560 8 transfer transfer NN 36036 560 9 through through IN 36036 560 10 these these DT 36036 560 11 layers layer NNS 36036 560 12 is be VBZ 36036 560 13 reduced reduce VBN 36036 560 14 to to IN 36036 560 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 560 16 lowest low JJS 36036 560 17 possible possible JJ 36036 560 18 rate rate NN 36036 560 19 . . . 36036 561 1 This this DT 36036 561 2 minimum minimum JJ 36036 561 3 value value NN 36036 561 4 , , , 36036 561 5 which which WDT 36036 561 6 is be VBZ 36036 561 7 the the DT 36036 561 8 reciprocal reciprocal JJ 36036 561 9 of of IN 36036 561 10 maximum maximum JJ 36036 561 11 resistance resistance NN 36036 561 12 , , , 36036 561 13 occurs occur VBZ 36036 561 14 , , , 36036 561 15 theoretically theoretically RB 36036 561 16 , , , 36036 561 17 but but CC 36036 561 18 not not RB 36036 561 19 always always RB 36036 561 20 practically practically RB 36036 561 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 561 22 see see VB 36036 561 23 McNab McNab NNP 36036 561 24 , , , 36036 561 25 1988b 1988b CD 36036 561 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 561 27 , , , 36036 561 28 at at IN 36036 561 29 the the DT 36036 561 30 animal animal NN 36036 561 31 's 's POS 36036 561 32 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 561 33 } } -RRB- 36036 561 34 and and CC 36036 561 35 is be VBZ 36036 561 36 best well RBS 36036 561 37 estimated estimate VBN 36036 561 38 under under IN 36036 561 39 standard standard JJ 36036 561 40 conditions condition NNS 36036 561 41 in in IN 36036 561 42 a a DT 36036 561 43 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 561 44 chamber chamber NN 36036 561 45 ( ( -LRB- 36036 561 46 McNab McNab NNP 36036 561 47 , , , 36036 561 48 1980b 1980b CD 36036 561 49 ; ; : 36036 561 50 Aschoff Aschoff NNP 36036 561 51 , , , 36036 561 52 1981 1981 CD 36036 561 53 ) ) -RRB- 36036 561 54 . . . 36036 562 1 Minimum minimum JJ 36036 562 2 thermal thermal JJ 36036 562 3 conductance conductance NN 36036 562 4 scales scale VBZ 36036 562 5 to to IN 36036 562 6 body body NN 36036 562 7 mass mass NN 36036 562 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 562 9 McNab McNab NNP 36036 562 10 and and CC 36036 562 11 Morrison Morrison NNP 36036 562 12 , , , 36036 562 13 1963 1963 CD 36036 562 14 ; ; : 36036 562 15 Herreid Herreid NNP 36036 562 16 and and CC 36036 562 17 Kessel Kessel NNP 36036 562 18 , , , 36036 562 19 1967 1967 CD 36036 562 20 ; ; : 36036 562 21 McNab McNab NNP 36036 562 22 , , , 36036 562 23 1970 1970 CD 36036 562 24 , , , 36036 562 25 1979b 1979b CD 36036 562 26 ; ; : 36036 562 27 Bradley Bradley NNP 36036 562 28 and and CC 36036 562 29 Deavers Deavers NNP 36036 562 30 , , , 36036 562 31 1980 1980 CD 36036 562 32 ; ; : 36036 562 33 Aschoff Aschoff NNP 36036 562 34 , , , 36036 562 35 1981 1981 CD 36036 562 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 562 37 . . . 36036 563 1 Therefore therefore RB 36036 563 2 , , , 36036 563 3 to to TO 36036 563 4 make make VB 36036 563 5 comparisons comparison NNS 36036 563 6 between between IN 36036 563 7 species specie NNS 36036 563 8 of of IN 36036 563 9 various various JJ 36036 563 10 sizes size NNS 36036 563 11 , , , 36036 563 12 we -PRON- PRP 36036 563 13 scaled scale VBD 36036 563 14 out out RP 36036 563 15 body body NN 36036 563 16 mass mass NN 36036 563 17 by by IN 36036 563 18 expressing express VBG 36036 563 19 C_{mw C_{mw NNS 36036 563 20 } } -RRB- 36036 563 21 as as IN 36036 563 22 the the DT 36036 563 23 ratio ratio NN 36036 563 24 of of IN 36036 563 25 measured measure VBN 36036 563 26 to to IN 36036 563 27 predicted predict VBN 36036 563 28 values value NNS 36036 563 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 563 30 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 563 31 } } -RRB- 36036 563 32 ; ; : 36036 563 33 Table table NN 36036 563 34 7 7 CD 36036 563 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 563 36 . . . 36036 564 1 These these DT 36036 564 2 ratios ratio NNS 36036 564 3 were be VBD 36036 564 4 used use VBN 36036 564 5 to to TO 36036 564 6 make make VB 36036 564 7 comparisons comparison NNS 36036 564 8 of of IN 36036 564 9 heat heat NN 36036 564 10 - - HYPH 36036 564 11 transfer transfer NN 36036 564 12 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 564 13 between between IN 36036 564 14 species specie NNS 36036 564 15 that that WDT 36036 564 16 occupy occupy VBP 36036 564 17 different different JJ 36036 564 18 habitats habitat NNS 36036 564 19 or or CC 36036 564 20 climates climate NNS 36036 564 21 . . . 36036 565 1 _ _ NNP 36036 565 2 Effect Effect NNP 36036 565 3 of of IN 36036 565 4 Molt Molt NNP 36036 565 5 on on IN 36036 565 6 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 565 7 Conductance Conductance NNP 36036 565 8 _ _ NNP 36036 565 9 In in IN 36036 565 10 summer summer NN 36036 565 11 , , , 36036 565 12 T_{lc t_{lc ADD 36036 565 13 } } -RRB- 36036 565 14 's 's NN 36036 565 15 of of IN 36036 565 16 male male JJ 36036 565 17 and and CC 36036 565 18 female female JJ 36036 565 19 _ _ NNP 36036 565 20 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 565 21 lotor lotor NN 36036 565 22 _ _ NNP 36036 565 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 565 24 Figure Figure NNP 36036 565 25 2 2 CD 36036 565 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 565 27 were be VBD 36036 565 28 very very RB 36036 565 29 similar similar JJ 36036 565 30 to to IN 36036 565 31 those those DT 36036 565 32 of of IN 36036 565 33 other other JJ 36036 565 34 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 565 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 565 36 22 22 CD 36036 565 37 ° ° , 36036 565 38 C-26 c-26 CD 36036 565 39 ° ° , 36036 565 40 C C NNP 36036 565 41 ; ; : 36036 565 42 Table table NN 36036 565 43 7 7 CD 36036 565 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 565 45 . . . 36036 566 1 In in IN 36036 566 2 winter winter NN 36036 566 3 , , , 36036 566 4 T_{lc t_{lc ADD 36036 566 5 } } -RRB- 36036 566 6 of of IN 36036 566 7 both both DT 36036 566 8 sexes sex NNS 36036 566 9 shifted shift VBD 36036 566 10 downward downward RB 36036 566 11 to to IN 36036 566 12 11 11 CD 36036 566 13 ° ° , 36036 566 14 C C NNP 36036 566 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 566 16 Figure Figure NNP 36036 566 17 3 3 CD 36036 566 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 566 19 . . . 36036 567 1 This this DT 36036 567 2 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 567 3 shift shift NN 36036 567 4 in in IN 36036 567 5 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 567 6 } } -RRB- 36036 567 7 occurred occur VBD 36036 567 8 as as IN 36036 567 9 the the DT 36036 567 10 result result NN 36036 567 11 of of IN 36036 567 12 a a DT 36036 567 13 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 567 14 change change NN 36036 567 15 in in IN 36036 567 16 minimum minimum JJ 36036 567 17 thermal thermal JJ 36036 567 18 conductance conductance NN 36036 567 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 567 20 Table table NN 36036 567 21 3 3 CD 36036 567 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 567 23 . . . 36036 568 1 For for IN 36036 568 2 many many JJ 36036 568 3 northern northern JJ 36036 568 4 mammals mammal NNS 36036 568 5 , , , 36036 568 6 a a DT 36036 568 7 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 568 8 change change NN 36036 568 9 in in IN 36036 568 10 thermal thermal JJ 36036 568 11 conductance conductance NN 36036 568 12 is be VBZ 36036 568 13 partly partly RB 36036 568 14 mediated mediate VBN 36036 568 15 via via IN 36036 568 16 cyclic cyclic JJ 36036 568 17 changes change NNS 36036 568 18 in in IN 36036 568 19 the the DT 36036 568 20 insulative insulative JJ 36036 568 21 quality quality NN 36036 568 22 of of IN 36036 568 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 568 24 pelt pelt NNS 36036 568 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 568 26 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 568 27 et et NNP 36036 568 28 al al NNP 36036 568 29 . . NNP 36036 568 30 , , , 36036 568 31 1950a 1950a LS 36036 568 32 ; ; : 36036 568 33 Irving Irving NNP 36036 568 34 et et NNP 36036 568 35 al al NNP 36036 568 36 . . NNP 36036 568 37 , , , 36036 568 38 1955 1955 CD 36036 568 39 ; ; : 36036 568 40 Hart Hart NNP 36036 568 41 , , , 36036 568 42 1956 1956 CD 36036 568 43 , , , 36036 568 44 1957 1957 CD 36036 568 45 ; ; : 36036 568 46 Irving Irving NNP 36036 568 47 , , , 36036 568 48 1972:165 1972:165 CD 36036 568 49 ) ) -RRB- 36036 568 50 . . . 36036 569 1 _ _ NNP 36036 569 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 569 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 569 4 _ _ NNP 36036 569 5 begins begin VBZ 36036 569 6 to to TO 36036 569 7 shed shed VB 36036 569 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 569 9 heavy heavy JJ 36036 569 10 winter winter NN 36036 569 11 coat coat NN 36036 569 12 about about IN 36036 569 13 the the DT 36036 569 14 time time NN 36036 569 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 569 16 young young JJ 36036 569 17 are be VBP 36036 569 18 born bear VBN 36036 569 19 . . . 36036 570 1 Molt molt NN 36036 570 2 progresses progress VBZ 36036 570 3 through through IN 36036 570 4 summer summer NN 36036 570 5 and and CC 36036 570 6 by by IN 36036 570 7 late late JJ 36036 570 8 August August NNP 36036 570 9 the the DT 36036 570 10 new new JJ 36036 570 11 coat coat NN 36036 570 12 is be VBZ 36036 570 13 complete complete JJ 36036 570 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 570 15 Stuewer Stuewer NNP 36036 570 16 , , , 36036 570 17 1942 1942 CD 36036 570 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 570 19 . . . 36036 571 1 During during IN 36036 571 2 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 571 3 summer summer NN 36036 571 4 molt molt NN 36036 571 5 , , , 36036 571 6 _ _ NNP 36036 571 7 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 571 8 lotor lotor NN 36036 571 9 _ _ NNP 36036 571 10 's 's POS 36036 571 11 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 571 12 } } -RRB- 36036 571 13 increased increase VBD 36036 571 14 by by IN 36036 571 15 about about RB 36036 571 16 49 49 CD 36036 571 17 % % NN 36036 571 18 over over IN 36036 571 19 the the DT 36036 571 20 value value NN 36036 571 21 for for IN 36036 571 22 female female JJ 36036 571 23 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 571 24 in in IN 36036 571 25 winter winter NN 36036 571 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 571 27 Table table NN 36036 571 28 3 3 CD 36036 571 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 571 30 . . . 36036 572 1 In in IN 36036 572 2 summer summer NN 36036 572 3 , , , 36036 572 4 therefore therefore RB 36036 572 5 , , , 36036 572 6 it -PRON- PRP 36036 572 7 had have VBD 36036 572 8 the the DT 36036 572 9 highest high JJS 36036 572 10 mass mass JJ 36036 572 11 specific specific JJ 36036 572 12 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 572 13 } } -RRB- 36036 572 14 of of IN 36036 572 15 those those DT 36036 572 16 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 572 17 considered consider VBN 36036 572 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 572 19 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 572 20 } } -RRB- 36036 572 21 = = SYM 36036 572 22 1.77 1.77 CD 36036 572 23 and and CC 36036 572 24 1.79 1.79 CD 36036 572 25 ; ; : 36036 572 26 Table table NN 36036 572 27 7 7 CD 36036 572 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 572 29 . . . 36036 573 1 An an DT 36036 573 2 increase increase NN 36036 573 3 in in IN 36036 573 4 thermal thermal JJ 36036 573 5 conductance conductance NN 36036 573 6 facilitates facilitate VBZ 36036 573 7 passive passive JJ 36036 573 8 heat heat NN 36036 573 9 loss loss NN 36036 573 10 for for IN 36036 573 11 temperate temperate NN 36036 573 12 and and CC 36036 573 13 arctic arctic JJ 36036 573 14 species specie NNS 36036 573 15 , , , 36036 573 16 and and CC 36036 573 17 this this DT 36036 573 18 serves serve VBZ 36036 573 19 as as IN 36036 573 20 an an DT 36036 573 21 important important JJ 36036 573 22 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 573 23 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 573 24 during during IN 36036 573 25 warm warm JJ 36036 573 26 summer summer NN 36036 573 27 months month NNS 36036 573 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 573 29 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 573 30 et et NNP 36036 573 31 al al NNP 36036 573 32 . . NNP 36036 573 33 , , , 36036 573 34 1950c 1950c CD 36036 573 35 ; ; : 36036 573 36 Irving Irving NNP 36036 573 37 et et NNP 36036 573 38 al al NNP 36036 573 39 . . NNP 36036 573 40 , , , 36036 573 41 1955 1955 CD 36036 573 42 ; ; : 36036 573 43 Hart Hart NNP 36036 573 44 , , , 36036 573 45 1956 1956 CD 36036 573 46 , , , 36036 573 47 1957 1957 CD 36036 573 48 ; ; : 36036 573 49 Irving Irving NNP 36036 573 50 , , , 36036 573 51 1972:165 1972:165 CD 36036 573 52 ) ) -RRB- 36036 573 53 . . . 36036 574 1 This this DT 36036 574 2 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 574 3 is be VBZ 36036 574 4 particularly particularly RB 36036 574 5 important important JJ 36036 574 6 to to IN 36036 574 7 those those DT 36036 574 8 temperate- temperate- NNS 36036 574 9 and and CC 36036 574 10 arctic arctic NNP 36036 574 11 - - HYPH 36036 574 12 zone zone NN 36036 574 13 species specie NNS 36036 574 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 574 15 including include VBG 36036 574 16 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 574 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 574 18 whose whose WP$ 36036 574 19 [ [ -LRB- 36036 574 20 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 574 21 } } -RRB- 36036 574 22 's be VBZ 36036 574 23 do do VBP 36036 574 24 not not RB 36036 574 25 decrease decrease VB 36036 574 26 during during IN 36036 574 27 summer summer NN 36036 574 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 574 29 Irving Irving NNP 36036 574 30 et et NNP 36036 574 31 al al NNP 36036 574 32 . . NNP 36036 574 33 , , , 36036 574 34 1955 1955 CD 36036 574 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 574 36 . . . 36036 575 1 From from IN 36036 575 2 August August NNP 36036 575 3 on on RB 36036 575 4 , , , 36036 575 5 the the DT 36036 575 6 fur fur NN 36036 575 7 of of IN 36036 575 8 _ _ NNP 36036 575 9 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 575 10 lotor lotor NN 36036 575 11 _ _ NNP 36036 575 12 becomes become VBZ 36036 575 13 increasingly increasingly RB 36036 575 14 longer long JJR 36036 575 15 and and CC 36036 575 16 heavier heavier RBR 36036 575 17 , , , 36036 575 18 with with IN 36036 575 19 peak peak NN 36036 575 20 , , , 36036 575 21 or or CC 36036 575 22 prime prime NN 36036 575 23 , , , 36036 575 24 condition condition NN 36036 575 25 occurring occur VBG 36036 575 26 in in IN 36036 575 27 late late JJ 36036 575 28 fall fall NN 36036 575 29 and and CC 36036 575 30 early early JJ 36036 575 31 winter winter NN 36036 575 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 575 33 Stuewer Stuewer NNP 36036 575 34 , , , 36036 575 35 1942 1942 CD 36036 575 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 575 37 . . . 36036 576 1 Minimum minimum JJ 36036 576 2 conductance conductance NN 36036 576 3 of of IN 36036 576 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 576 5 captive captive JJ 36036 576 6 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 576 7 was be VBD 36036 576 8 lowest low JJS 36036 576 9 in in IN 36036 576 10 winter winter NN 36036 576 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 576 12 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 576 13 } } -RRB- 36036 576 14 = = SYM 36036 576 15 1.15 1.15 CD 36036 576 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 576 17 when when WRB 36036 576 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 576 19 pelts pelt NNS 36036 576 20 were be VBD 36036 576 21 in in IN 36036 576 22 prime prime JJ 36036 576 23 condition condition NN 36036 576 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 576 25 Tables Tables NNP 36036 576 26 3 3 CD 36036 576 27 , , , 36036 576 28 7 7 CD 36036 576 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 576 30 . . . 36036 577 1 Because because IN 36036 577 2 " " `` 36036 577 3 primeness primeness NN 36036 577 4 " " '' 36036 577 5 of of IN 36036 577 6 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 577 7 pelts pelt NNS 36036 577 8 varies vary VBZ 36036 577 9 geographically geographically RB 36036 577 10 , , , 36036 577 11 thicker thick JJR 36036 577 12 pelts pelt NNS 36036 577 13 being be VBG 36036 577 14 associated associate VBN 36036 577 15 with with IN 36036 577 16 colder cold JJR 36036 577 17 climates climate NNS 36036 577 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 577 19 Goldman Goldman NNP 36036 577 20 , , , 36036 577 21 1950:21 1950:21 CD 36036 577 22 ; ; : 36036 577 23 Whitney Whitney NNP 36036 577 24 and and CC 36036 577 25 Underwood Underwood NNP 36036 577 26 , , , 36036 577 27 1952:24 1952:24 CD 36036 577 28 - - HYPH 36036 577 29 41 41 CD 36036 577 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 577 31 , , , 36036 577 32 the the DT 36036 577 33 degree degree NN 36036 577 34 of of IN 36036 577 35 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 577 36 change change NN 36036 577 37 in in IN 36036 577 38 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 577 39 } } -RRB- 36036 577 40 must must MD 36036 577 41 also also RB 36036 577 42 vary vary VB 36036 577 43 geographically geographically RB 36036 577 44 . . . 36036 578 1 The the DT 36036 578 2 only only JJ 36036 578 3 other other JJ 36036 578 4 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 578 5 for for IN 36036 578 6 which which WDT 36036 578 7 a a DT 36036 578 8 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 578 9 molt molt NN 36036 578 10 has have VBZ 36036 578 11 been be VBN 36036 578 12 described describe VBN 36036 578 13 is be VBZ 36036 578 14 _ _ NNP 36036 578 15 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 578 16 astutus astutus NN 36036 578 17 _ _ NNP 36036 578 18 . . . 36036 579 1 Molt molt NN 36036 579 2 in in IN 36036 579 3 this this DT 36036 579 4 species species NN 36036 579 5 extends extend VBZ 36036 579 6 from from IN 36036 579 7 late late JJ 36036 579 8 summer summer NN 36036 579 9 to to TO 36036 579 10 late late JJ 36036 579 11 fall fall NN 36036 579 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 579 13 Toweill Toweill NNP 36036 579 14 and and CC 36036 579 15 Toweill Toweill NNP 36036 579 16 , , , 36036 579 17 1978 1978 CD 36036 579 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 579 19 . . . 36036 580 1 How how WRB 36036 580 2 molt molt JJ 36036 580 3 effects effect NNS 36036 580 4 thermal thermal JJ 36036 580 5 conductance conductance NN 36036 580 6 in in IN 36036 580 7 _ _ NNP 36036 580 8 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 580 9 astutus astutus NN 36036 580 10 _ _ NNP 36036 580 11 is be VBZ 36036 580 12 not not RB 36036 580 13 known know VBN 36036 580 14 because because IN 36036 580 15 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 580 16 data datum NNS 36036 580 17 for for IN 36036 580 18 this this DT 36036 580 19 species species NN 36036 580 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 580 21 Table table NN 36036 580 22 7 7 CD 36036 580 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 580 24 apparently apparently RB 36036 580 25 were be VBD 36036 580 26 collected collect VBN 36036 580 27 only only RB 36036 580 28 when when WRB 36036 580 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 580 30 pelts pelt NNS 36036 580 31 were be VBD 36036 580 32 in in IN 36036 580 33 prime prime JJ 36036 580 34 condition condition NN 36036 580 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 580 36 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 580 37 , , , 36036 580 38 1985 1985 CD 36036 580 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 580 40 . . . 36036 581 1 Goldman Goldman NNP 36036 581 2 ( ( -LRB- 36036 581 3 1950:20 1950:20 CD 36036 581 4 ) ) -RRB- 36036 581 5 reports report VBZ 36036 581 6 that that IN 36036 581 7 _ _ NNP 36036 581 8 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 581 9 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 581 10 _ _ NNP 36036 581 11 does do VBZ 36036 581 12 not not RB 36036 581 13 have have VB 36036 581 14 a a DT 36036 581 15 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 581 16 molt molt NN 36036 581 17 . . . 36036 582 1 Like like IN 36036 582 2 other other JJ 36036 582 3 tropical tropical JJ 36036 582 4 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 582 5 , , , 36036 582 6 _ _ NNP 36036 582 7 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 582 8 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 582 9 _ _ NNP 36036 582 10 lives live VBZ 36036 582 11 in in IN 36036 582 12 an an DT 36036 582 13 environment environment NN 36036 582 14 that that WDT 36036 582 15 has have VBZ 36036 582 16 the the DT 36036 582 17 following follow VBG 36036 582 18 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 582 19 : : : 36036 582 20 high high JJ 36036 582 21 even even JJ 36036 582 22 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 582 23 throughout throughout IN 36036 582 24 the the DT 36036 582 25 year year NN 36036 582 26 ( ( -LRB- 36036 582 27 1 1 CD 36036 582 28 ° ° , 36036 582 29 C-13 c-13 CD 36036 582 30 ° ° NNS 36036 582 31 C C NNP 36036 582 32 difference difference NN 36036 582 33 in in IN 36036 582 34 monthly monthly JJ 36036 582 35 mean mean JJ 36036 582 36 temperature temperature NN 36036 582 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 582 38 , , , 36036 582 39 a a DT 36036 582 40 greater great JJR 36036 582 41 range range NN 36036 582 42 in in IN 36036 582 43 temperature temperature NN 36036 582 44 between between IN 36036 582 45 day day NN 36036 582 46 and and CC 36036 582 47 night night NN 36036 582 48 than than IN 36036 582 49 in in IN 36036 582 50 mean mean JJ 36036 582 51 monthly monthly JJ 36036 582 52 temperature temperature NN 36036 582 53 throughout throughout IN 36036 582 54 the the DT 36036 582 55 year year NN 36036 582 56 , , , 36036 582 57 uniform uniform JJ 36036 582 58 lengths length NNS 36036 582 59 of of IN 36036 582 60 day day NN 36036 582 61 and and CC 36036 582 62 night night NN 36036 582 63 , , , 36036 582 64 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 582 65 variation variation NN 36036 582 66 in in IN 36036 582 67 rainfall rainfall NN 36036 582 68 , , , 36036 582 69 and and CC 36036 582 70 lowest low JJS 36036 582 71 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 582 72 during during IN 36036 582 73 the the DT 36036 582 74 rainy rainy JJ 36036 582 75 season(s season(s NN 36036 582 76 ) ) -RRB- 36036 582 77 ( ( -LRB- 36036 582 78 Kendeigh Kendeigh NNP 36036 582 79 , , , 36036 582 80 1961:340 1961:340 CD 36036 582 81 ) ) -RRB- 36036 582 82 . . . 36036 583 1 In in IN 36036 583 2 such such PDT 36036 583 3 a a DT 36036 583 4 stable stable JJ 36036 583 5 environment environment NN 36036 583 6 there there EX 36036 583 7 would would MD 36036 583 8 be be VB 36036 583 9 no no DT 36036 583 10 advantage advantage NN 36036 583 11 to to IN 36036 583 12 a a DT 36036 583 13 sharply sharply RB 36036 583 14 defined define VBN 36036 583 15 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 583 16 molt molt NN 36036 583 17 cycle cycle NN 36036 583 18 that that WDT 36036 583 19 could could MD 36036 583 20 place place VB 36036 583 21 an an DT 36036 583 22 animal animal NN 36036 583 23 in in IN 36036 583 24 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 583 25 jeopardy jeopardy NN 36036 583 26 by by IN 36036 583 27 increasing increase VBG 36036 583 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 583 29 thermal thermal JJ 36036 583 30 conductance conductance NN 36036 583 31 . . . 36036 584 1 This this DT 36036 584 2 would would MD 36036 584 3 be be VB 36036 584 4 particularly particularly RB 36036 584 5 true true JJ 36036 584 6 for for IN 36036 584 7 animals animal NNS 36036 584 8 like like IN 36036 584 9 tropical tropical JJ 36036 584 10 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 584 11 that that WDT 36036 584 12 have have VBP 36036 584 13 lower low JJR 36036 584 14 than than IN 36036 584 15 predicted predict VBN 36036 584 16 [ [ -LRB- 36036 584 17 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 584 18 } } -RRB- 36036 584 19 's be VBZ 36036 584 20 but but CC 36036 584 21 that that WDT 36036 584 22 maintain maintain VBP 36036 584 23 typical typical JJ 36036 584 24 eutherian eutherian JJ 36036 584 25 body body NN 36036 584 26 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 584 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 584 28 Table table NN 36036 584 29 7 7 CD 36036 584 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 584 31 . . . 36036 585 1 Consequently consequently RB 36036 585 2 , , , 36036 585 3 molt molt NN 36036 585 4 in in IN 36036 585 5 all all DT 36036 585 6 tropical tropical JJ 36036 585 7 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 585 8 may may MD 36036 585 9 either either RB 36036 585 10 be be VB 36036 585 11 prolonged prolong VBN 36036 585 12 or or CC 36036 585 13 continuous continuous JJ 36036 585 14 . . . 36036 586 1 This this DT 36036 586 2 is be VBZ 36036 586 3 a a DT 36036 586 4 feature feature NN 36036 586 5 of of IN 36036 586 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 586 7 biology biology NN 36036 586 8 that that WDT 36036 586 9 needs need VBZ 36036 586 10 to to TO 36036 586 11 be be VB 36036 586 12 examined examine VBN 36036 586 13 in in IN 36036 586 14 more more JJR 36036 586 15 detail detail NN 36036 586 16 . . . 36036 587 1 _ _ NNP 36036 587 2 Comparison Comparison NNP 36036 587 3 of of IN 36036 587 4 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 587 5 Conductances Conductances NNPS 36036 587 6 _ _ NNP 36036 587 7 _ _ NNP 36036 587 8 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 587 9 lotor lotor NN 36036 587 10 _ _ NNP 36036 587 11 VERSUS VERSUS NNP 36036 587 12 TROPICAL TROPICAL NNP 36036 587 13 PROCYONIDS.--C_{mwr procyonids.--c_{mwr CD 36036 587 14 } } -RRB- 36036 587 15 for for IN 36036 587 16 _ _ NNP 36036 587 17 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 587 18 lotor lotor NN 36036 587 19 _ _ NNP 36036 587 20 in in IN 36036 587 21 winter winter NN 36036 587 22 was be VBD 36036 587 23 1.15 1.15 CD 36036 587 24 , , , 36036 587 25 which which WDT 36036 587 26 is be VBZ 36036 587 27 similar similar JJ 36036 587 28 to to IN 36036 587 29 the the DT 36036 587 30 values value NNS 36036 587 31 for for IN 36036 587 32 _ _ NNP 36036 587 33 Potos Potos NNP 36036 587 34 flavus flavus NN 36036 587 35 _ _ NNP 36036 587 36 and and CC 36036 587 37 _ _ NNP 36036 587 38 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 587 39 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 587 40 _ _ NNP 36036 587 41 , , , 36036 587 42 1.02 1.02 CD 36036 587 43 and and CC 36036 587 44 1.25 1.25 CD 36036 587 45 , , , 36036 587 46 respectively respectively RB 36036 587 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 587 48 Table table NN 36036 587 49 7 7 CD 36036 587 50 ) ) -RRB- 36036 587 51 . . . 36036 588 1 These these DT 36036 588 2 two two CD 36036 588 3 tropical tropical JJ 36036 588 4 species specie NNS 36036 588 5 , , , 36036 588 6 therefore therefore RB 36036 588 7 , , , 36036 588 8 have have VBP 36036 588 9 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 588 10 } } -RRB- 36036 588 11 's be VBZ 36036 588 12 that that WDT 36036 588 13 are be VBP 36036 588 14 similar similar JJ 36036 588 15 on on IN 36036 588 16 a a DT 36036 588 17 mass mass JJ 36036 588 18 specific specific JJ 36036 588 19 basis basis NN 36036 588 20 to to IN 36036 588 21 the the DT 36036 588 22 value value NN 36036 588 23 for for IN 36036 588 24 _ _ NNP 36036 588 25 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 588 26 lotor lotor NN 36036 588 27 _ _ NNP 36036 588 28 in in IN 36036 588 29 winter winter NN 36036 588 30 . . . 36036 589 1 However however RB 36036 589 2 , , , 36036 589 3 at at IN 36036 589 4 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 589 5 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 589 6 } } -RRB- 36036 589 7 's 's POS 36036 589 8 , , , 36036 589 9 the the DT 36036 589 10 thermal thermal JJ 36036 589 11 gradient gradient NN 36036 589 12 sustained sustain VBN 36036 589 13 by by IN 36036 589 14 these these DT 36036 589 15 tropical tropical JJ 36036 589 16 animals animal NNS 36036 589 17 is be VBZ 36036 589 18 only only RB 36036 589 19 about about RB 36036 589 20 11 11 CD 36036 589 21 ° ° , 36036 589 22 C C NNP 36036 589 23 , , , 36036 589 24 whereas whereas IN 36036 589 25 for for IN 36036 589 26 _ _ NNP 36036 589 27 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 589 28 lotor lotor NN 36036 589 29 _ _ NNP 36036 589 30 in in IN 36036 589 31 winter winter NN 36036 589 32 it -PRON- PRP 36036 589 33 was be VBD 36036 589 34 26.5 26.5 CD 36036 589 35 ° ° , 36036 589 36 C C NNP 36036 589 37 . . . 36036 590 1 Examination examination NN 36036 590 2 of of IN 36036 590 3 Eq Eq NNP 36036 590 4 . . . 36036 591 1 4 4 CD 36036 591 2 with with IN 36036 591 3 respect respect NN 36036 591 4 to to IN 36036 591 5 these these DT 36036 591 6 thermal thermal JJ 36036 591 7 gradients gradient NNS 36036 591 8 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 591 9 that that IN 36036 591 10 tropical tropical JJ 36036 591 11 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 591 12 achieve achieve VBP 36036 591 13 such such JJ 36036 591 14 low low JJ 36036 591 15 C_{mw C_{mw NNS 36036 591 16 } } -RRB- 36036 591 17 's 's POS 36036 591 18 by by IN 36036 591 19 virtue virtue NN 36036 591 20 of of IN 36036 591 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 591 22 lower low JJR 36036 591 23 than than IN 36036 591 24 predicted predict VBN 36036 591 25 [ [ -LRB- 36036 591 26 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 591 27 } } -RRB- 36036 591 28 's be VBZ 36036 591 29 rather rather RB 36036 591 30 than than IN 36036 591 31 by by IN 36036 591 32 having have VBG 36036 591 33 pelts pelt NNS 36036 591 34 that that WDT 36036 591 35 are be VBP 36036 591 36 exceptionally exceptionally RB 36036 591 37 good good JJ 36036 591 38 insulators insulator NNS 36036 591 39 . . . 36036 592 1 In in IN 36036 592 2 fact fact NN 36036 592 3 , , , 36036 592 4 the the DT 36036 592 5 insulation insulation NN 36036 592 6 afforded afford VBN 36036 592 7 by by IN 36036 592 8 the the DT 36036 592 9 pelts pelt NNS 36036 592 10 of of IN 36036 592 11 these these DT 36036 592 12 tropical tropical JJ 36036 592 13 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 592 14 is be VBZ 36036 592 15 about about RB 36036 592 16 the the DT 36036 592 17 same same JJ 36036 592 18 as as IN 36036 592 19 that that DT 36036 592 20 of of IN 36036 592 21 the the DT 36036 592 22 50 50 CD 36036 592 23 g g NNP 36036 592 24 arctic arctic NN 36036 592 25 lemming lemming NN 36036 592 26 , , , 36036 592 27 _ _ NNP 36036 592 28 Dicrostonyx Dicrostonyx NNP 36036 592 29 groenlandicus groenlandicus NN 36036 592 30 rubricatus rubricatus NNP 36036 592 31 _ _ NNP 36036 592 32 , , , 36036 592 33 whose whose WP$ 36036 592 34 coat coat NN 36036 592 35 has have VBZ 36036 592 36 an an DT 36036 592 37 insulative insulative JJ 36036 592 38 value value NN 36036 592 39 that that WDT 36036 592 40 is be VBZ 36036 592 41 about about IN 36036 592 42 half half PDT 36036 592 43 that that DT 36036 592 44 of of IN 36036 592 45 the the DT 36036 592 46 hare hare NN 36036 592 47 , , , 36036 592 48 _ _ NNP 36036 592 49 Lepus Lepus NNP 36036 592 50 americanus americanus IN 36036 592 51 _ _ NNP 36036 592 52 , , , 36036 592 53 red red NNP 36036 592 54 fox fox NNP 36036 592 55 , , , 36036 592 56 _ _ NNP 36036 592 57 Vulpes Vulpes NNP 36036 592 58 fulva fulva NN 36036 592 59 alascensis alascensis NN 36036 592 60 _ _ NNP 36036 592 61 , , , 36036 592 62 and and CC 36036 592 63 pine pine NNP 36036 592 64 martin martin NNP 36036 592 65 , , , 36036 592 66 _ _ NNP 36036 592 67 Martes Martes NNP 36036 592 68 americana americana VBZ 36036 592 69 _ _ NNP 36036 592 70 , , , 36036 592 71 animals animal NNS 36036 592 72 comparable comparable JJ 36036 592 73 in in IN 36036 592 74 size size NN 36036 592 75 to to IN 36036 592 76 these these DT 36036 592 77 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 592 78 ( ( -LRB- 36036 592 79 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 592 80 et et NNP 36036 592 81 al al NNP 36036 592 82 . . NNP 36036 592 83 , , , 36036 592 84 1950a 1950a CD 36036 592 85 ) ) -RRB- 36036 592 86 . . . 36036 593 1 Therefore therefore RB 36036 593 2 , , , 36036 593 3 pelts pelt NNS 36036 593 4 of of IN 36036 593 5 these these DT 36036 593 6 tropical tropical JJ 36036 593 7 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 593 8 do do VBP 36036 593 9 not not RB 36036 593 10 have have VB 36036 593 11 the the DT 36036 593 12 same same JJ 36036 593 13 insulative insulative JJ 36036 593 14 value value NN 36036 593 15 as as IN 36036 593 16 the the DT 36036 593 17 prime prime JJ 36036 593 18 winter winter NN 36036 593 19 coat coat NN 36036 593 20 of of IN 36036 593 21 _ _ NNP 36036 593 22 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 593 23 lotor lotor NN 36036 593 24 _ _ NNP 36036 593 25 . . . 36036 594 1 _ _ NNP 36036 594 2 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 594 3 narica narica NNP 36036 594 4 _ _ NNP 36036 594 5 and and CC 36036 594 6 _ _ NNP 36036 594 7 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 594 8 nasua nasua NNP 36036 594 9 _ _ NNP 36036 594 10 have have VBP 36036 594 11 tropical tropical JJ 36036 594 12 and and CC 36036 594 13 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 594 14 distributions distribution NNS 36036 594 15 and and CC 36036 594 16 they -PRON- PRP 36036 594 17 are be VBP 36036 594 18 the the DT 36036 594 19 only only JJ 36036 594 20 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 594 21 that that WDT 36036 594 22 are be VBP 36036 594 23 diurnal diurnal JJ 36036 594 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 594 25 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 594 26 , , , 36036 594 27 1962:103 1962:103 CD 36036 594 28 - - SYM 36036 594 29 105 105 CD 36036 594 30 , , , 36036 594 31 1982 1982 CD 36036 594 32 , , , 36036 594 33 1987 1987 CD 36036 594 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 594 35 . . . 36036 595 1 Because because IN 36036 595 2 they -PRON- PRP 36036 595 3 are be VBP 36036 595 4 active active JJ 36036 595 5 during during IN 36036 595 6 the the DT 36036 595 7 day day NN 36036 595 8 they -PRON- PRP 36036 595 9 experience experience VBP 36036 595 10 a a DT 36036 595 11 more more RBR 36036 595 12 extreme extreme JJ 36036 595 13 thermal thermal JJ 36036 595 14 environment environment NN 36036 595 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 595 16 higher high JJR 36036 595 17 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 595 18 } } -RRB- 36036 595 19 's 's POS 36036 595 20 and and CC 36036 595 21 solar solar JJ 36036 595 22 radiation radiation NN 36036 595 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 595 24 than than IN 36036 595 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 595 26 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 595 27 cousins cousin NNS 36036 595 28 . . . 36036 596 1 Values value NNS 36036 596 2 of of IN 36036 596 3 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 596 4 } } -RRB- 36036 596 5 for for IN 36036 596 6 _ _ NNP 36036 596 7 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 596 8 narica narica NN 36036 596 9 _ _ NNP 36036 596 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 596 11 1.45 1.45 CD 36036 596 12 and and CC 36036 596 13 1.55 1.55 CD 36036 596 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 596 15 and and CC 36036 596 16 _ _ NNP 36036 596 17 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 596 18 nasua nasua NNP 36036 596 19 _ _ NNP 36036 596 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 596 21 1.24 1.24 CD 36036 596 22 and and CC 36036 596 23 1.65 1.65 CD 36036 596 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 596 25 are be VBP 36036 596 26 higher high JJR 36036 596 27 than than IN 36036 596 28 those those DT 36036 596 29 for for IN 36036 596 30 _ _ NNP 36036 596 31 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 596 32 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 596 33 _ _ NNP 36036 596 34 or or CC 36036 596 35 _ _ NNP 36036 596 36 Potos Potos NNP 36036 596 37 flavus flavus NN 36036 596 38 _ _ NNP 36036 596 39 ( ( -LRB- 36036 596 40 Table Table NNP 36036 596 41 7 7 CD 36036 596 42 ) ) -RRB- 36036 596 43 . . . 36036 597 1 Thus thus RB 36036 597 2 , , , 36036 597 3 these these DT 36036 597 4 coatis coatis JJ 36036 597 5 have have VBP 36036 597 6 higher high JJR 36036 597 7 mass mass JJ 36036 597 8 specific specific JJ 36036 597 9 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 597 10 } } -RRB- 36036 597 11 's be VBZ 36036 597 12 than than IN 36036 597 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 597 14 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 597 15 tropical tropical JJ 36036 597 16 cousins cousin NNS 36036 597 17 . . . 36036 598 1 A a DT 36036 598 2 high high JJ 36036 598 3 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 598 4 } } -RRB- 36036 598 5 reduces reduce VBZ 36036 598 6 the the DT 36036 598 7 cost cost NN 36036 598 8 of of IN 36036 598 9 thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 598 10 in in IN 36036 598 11 hot hot JJ 36036 598 12 environments environment NNS 36036 598 13 because because IN 36036 598 14 it -PRON- PRP 36036 598 15 increases increase VBZ 36036 598 16 an an DT 36036 598 17 animal animal NN 36036 598 18 's 's POS 36036 598 19 ability ability NN 36036 598 20 to to TO 36036 598 21 lose lose VB 36036 598 22 excess excess JJ 36036 598 23 heat heat NN 36036 598 24 passively passively RB 36036 598 25 . . . 36036 599 1 The the DT 36036 599 2 higher high JJR 36036 599 3 C_{mw C_{mw NNS 36036 599 4 } } -RRB- 36036 599 5 's 's NN 36036 599 6 of of IN 36036 599 7 these these DT 36036 599 8 coatis coatis JJ 36036 599 9 serve serve VBP 36036 599 10 as as IN 36036 599 11 an an DT 36036 599 12 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 599 13 that that WDT 36036 599 14 contributes contribute VBZ 36036 599 15 to to IN 36036 599 16 the the DT 36036 599 17 success success NN 36036 599 18 of of IN 36036 599 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 599 20 diurnal diurnal JJ 36036 599 21 life life NN 36036 599 22 style style NN 36036 599 23 as as RB 36036 599 24 well well RB 36036 599 25 as as IN 36036 599 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 599 27 ability ability NN 36036 599 28 to to TO 36036 599 29 expand expand VB 36036 599 30 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 599 31 habitat habitat JJ 36036 599 32 use use NN 36036 599 33 to to IN 36036 599 34 areas area NNS 36036 599 35 with with IN 36036 599 36 less less RBR 36036 599 37 thermal thermal JJ 36036 599 38 stability stability NN 36036 599 39 , , , 36036 599 40 such such JJ 36036 599 41 as as IN 36036 599 42 oak oak NN 36036 599 43 and and CC 36036 599 44 pine pine JJ 36036 599 45 woodlands woodland NNS 36036 599 46 and and CC 36036 599 47 deserts desert NNS 36036 599 48 . . . 36036 600 1 _ _ NNP 36036 600 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 600 3 astutus._--This astutus._--This : 36036 600 4 species specie NNS 36036 600 5 has have VBZ 36036 600 6 the the DT 36036 600 7 lowest low JJS 36036 600 8 mass mass JJ 36036 600 9 specific specific JJ 36036 600 10 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 600 11 } } -RRB- 36036 600 12 of of IN 36036 600 13 these these DT 36036 600 14 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 600 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 600 16 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 600 17 } } -RRB- 36036 600 18 = = SYM 36036 600 19 0.85 0.85 CD 36036 600 20 ; ; : 36036 600 21 Table table NN 36036 600 22 7 7 CD 36036 600 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 600 24 , , , 36036 600 25 which which WDT 36036 600 26 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 600 27 that that IN 36036 600 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 600 29 pelt pelt NN 36036 600 30 has have VBZ 36036 600 31 a a DT 36036 600 32 greater great JJR 36036 600 33 insulative insulative JJ 36036 600 34 value value NN 36036 600 35 than than IN 36036 600 36 the the DT 36036 600 37 coats coat NNS 36036 600 38 of of IN 36036 600 39 _ _ NNP 36036 600 40 Potos Potos NNP 36036 600 41 flavus flavus NN 36036 600 42 _ _ NNP 36036 600 43 , , , 36036 600 44 _ _ NNP 36036 600 45 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 600 46 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 600 47 _ _ NNP 36036 600 48 , , , 36036 600 49 _ _ NNP 36036 600 50 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 600 51 nasua nasua RB 36036 600 52 _ _ NNP 36036 600 53 , , , 36036 600 54 or or CC 36036 600 55 _ _ NNP 36036 600 56 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 600 57 narica narica NN 36036 600 58 _ _ NNP 36036 600 59 . . . 36036 601 1 This this DT 36036 601 2 , , , 36036 601 3 coupled couple VBN 36036 601 4 with with IN 36036 601 5 a a DT 36036 601 6 lower low JJR 36036 601 7 than than IN 36036 601 8 predicted predict VBN 36036 601 9 [ [ -LRB- 36036 601 10 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 601 11 } } -RRB- 36036 601 12 , , , 36036 601 13 allows allow VBZ 36036 601 14 _ _ NNP 36036 601 15 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 601 16 astutus astutus NN 36036 601 17 _ _ NNP 36036 601 18 to to TO 36036 601 19 maintain maintain VB 36036 601 20 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 601 21 } } -RRB- 36036 601 22 with with IN 36036 601 23 less less JJR 36036 601 24 energy energy NN 36036 601 25 expenditure expenditure NN 36036 601 26 than than IN 36036 601 27 is be VBZ 36036 601 28 possible possible JJ 36036 601 29 for for IN 36036 601 30 any any DT 36036 601 31 other other JJ 36036 601 32 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 601 33 of of IN 36036 601 34 comparable comparable JJ 36036 601 35 size size NN 36036 601 36 ; ; : 36036 601 37 and and CC 36036 601 38 this this DT 36036 601 39 combination combination NN 36036 601 40 of of IN 36036 601 41 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 601 42 provides provide VBZ 36036 601 43 _ _ NNP 36036 601 44 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 601 45 astutus astutus NN 36036 601 46 _ _ NNP 36036 601 47 with with IN 36036 601 48 a a DT 36036 601 49 distinct distinct JJ 36036 601 50 energy energy NN 36036 601 51 advantage advantage NN 36036 601 52 in in IN 36036 601 53 environments environment NNS 36036 601 54 that that WDT 36036 601 55 have have VBP 36036 601 56 low low JJ 36036 601 57 productivity productivity NN 36036 601 58 ( ( -LRB- 36036 601 59 Wang Wang NNP 36036 601 60 et et NNP 36036 601 61 al al NNP 36036 601 62 . . NNP 36036 601 63 , , , 36036 601 64 1973 1973 CD 36036 601 65 ) ) -RRB- 36036 601 66 . . . 36036 602 1 The the DT 36036 602 2 evolution evolution NN 36036 602 3 of of IN 36036 602 4 a a DT 36036 602 5 pelt pelt NN 36036 602 6 that that WDT 36036 602 7 provides provide VBZ 36036 602 8 better well JJR 36036 602 9 insulation insulation NN 36036 602 10 must must MD 36036 602 11 be be VB 36036 602 12 considered consider VBN 36036 602 13 an an DT 36036 602 14 important important JJ 36036 602 15 contributing contributing NN 36036 602 16 factor factor NN 36036 602 17 for for IN 36036 602 18 the the DT 36036 602 19 spread spread NN 36036 602 20 of of IN 36036 602 21 this this DT 36036 602 22 species specie NNS 36036 602 23 into into IN 36036 602 24 desert desert NN 36036 602 25 regions region NNS 36036 602 26 of of IN 36036 602 27 the the DT 36036 602 28 western western JJ 36036 602 29 United United NNP 36036 602 30 States States NNP 36036 602 31 . . . 36036 603 1 THERMOREGULATION thermoregulation NN 36036 603 2 AND and CC 36036 603 3 USE use NN 36036 603 4 OF of IN 36036 603 5 STORED STORED NNP 36036 603 6 FAT FAT NNP 36036 603 7 AT AT NNP 36036 603 8 LOW LOW NNP 36036 603 9 TEMPERATURES TEMPERATURES NNP 36036 603 10 _ _ NNP 36036 603 11 Background Background NNP 36036 603 12 _ _ NNP 36036 603 13 THERMOREGULATION.--At THERMOREGULATION.--At NNP 36036 603 14 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 603 15 below below IN 36036 603 16 a a DT 36036 603 17 mammal mammal NN 36036 603 18 's 's POS 36036 603 19 T_{n T_{n NNP 36036 603 20 } } -RRB- 36036 603 21 , , , 36036 603 22 heat heat NN 36036 603 23 loss loss NN 36036 603 24 exceeds exceed VBZ 36036 603 25 [ [ -LRB- 36036 603 26 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 603 27 } } -RRB- 36036 603 28 . . . 36036 604 1 To to TO 36036 604 2 maintain maintain VB 36036 604 3 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 604 4 } } -RRB- 36036 604 5 under under IN 36036 604 6 these these DT 36036 604 7 conditions condition NNS 36036 604 8 , , , 36036 604 9 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 604 10 rate rate NN 36036 604 11 must must MD 36036 604 12 be be VB 36036 604 13 increased increase VBN 36036 604 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 604 15 Eq eq RB 36036 604 16 . . . 36036 605 1 4 4 LS 36036 605 2 ) ) -RRB- 36036 605 3 . . . 36036 606 1 _ _ NNP 36036 606 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 606 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 606 4 _ _ NNP 36036 606 5 in in IN 36036 606 6 summer summer NN 36036 606 7 during during IN 36036 606 8 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 606 9 annual annual JJ 36036 606 10 molt molt NN 36036 606 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 606 12 Table table NN 36036 606 13 5 5 CD 36036 606 14 ; ; : 36036 606 15 Figure figure NN 36036 606 16 2 2 CD 36036 606 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 606 18 , , , 36036 606 19 _ _ NNP 36036 606 20 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 606 21 astutus astutus NN 36036 606 22 _ _ NNP 36036 606 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 606 24 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 606 25 , , , 36036 606 26 1985 1985 CD 36036 606 27 ) ) -RRB- 36036 606 28 , , , 36036 606 29 _ _ NNP 36036 606 30 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 606 31 nasua nasua NNP 36036 606 32 _ _ NNP 36036 606 33 ( ( -LRB- 36036 606 34 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 606 35 - - HYPH 36036 606 36 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 606 37 et et FW 36036 606 38 al al NNP 36036 606 39 . . NNP 36036 606 40 , , , 36036 606 41 1980 1980 CD 36036 606 42 ; ; : 36036 606 43 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 606 44 et et FW 36036 606 45 al al NNP 36036 606 46 . . NNP 36036 606 47 , , , 36036 606 48 in in IN 36036 606 49 prep prep NNP 36036 606 50 . . . 36036 607 1 ) ) -RRB- 36036 607 2 , , , 36036 607 3 _ _ NNP 36036 607 4 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 607 5 narica narica NN 36036 607 6 _ _ NNP 36036 607 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 607 8 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 607 9 et et NNP 36036 607 10 al al NNP 36036 607 11 . . NNP 36036 607 12 , , , 36036 607 13 1950b 1950b LS 36036 607 14 ; ; : 36036 607 15 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 607 16 et et FW 36036 607 17 al al NNP 36036 607 18 . . NNP 36036 607 19 , , , 36036 607 20 in in IN 36036 607 21 prep prep NNP 36036 607 22 . . . 36036 608 1 ) ) -RRB- 36036 608 2 , , , 36036 608 3 and and CC 36036 608 4 _ _ NNP 36036 608 5 Potos Potos NNP 36036 608 6 flavus flavus NN 36036 608 7 _ _ NNP 36036 608 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 608 9 Müller Müller NNP 36036 608 10 and and CC 36036 608 11 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 608 12 , , , 36036 608 13 1977 1977 CD 36036 608 14 ; ; : 36036 608 15 Müller Müller NNP 36036 608 16 and and CC 36036 608 17 Rost Rost NNP 36036 608 18 , , , 36036 608 19 1983 1983 CD 36036 608 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 608 21 all all DT 36036 608 22 are be VBP 36036 608 23 able able JJ 36036 608 24 to to TO 36036 608 25 elevate elevate VB 36036 608 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 608 27 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 608 28 rates rate NNS 36036 608 29 by by IN 36036 608 30 130 130 CD 36036 608 31 % % NN 36036 608 32 above above IN 36036 608 33 basal basal NN 36036 608 34 when when WRB 36036 608 35 they -PRON- PRP 36036 608 36 are be VBP 36036 608 37 exposed expose VBN 36036 608 38 to to IN 36036 608 39 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 608 40 } } -RRB- 36036 608 41 = = SYM 36036 608 42 0 0 CD 36036 608 43 ° ° NN 36036 608 44 C c NN 36036 608 45 . . . 36036 609 1 _ _ NNP 36036 609 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 609 3 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 609 4 _ _ NNP 36036 609 5 responds respond VBZ 36036 609 6 to to IN 36036 609 7 0 0 CD 36036 609 8 ° ° , 36036 609 9 C C NNP 36036 609 10 with with IN 36036 609 11 an an DT 36036 609 12 increase increase NN 36036 609 13 in in IN 36036 609 14 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 609 15 rate rate NN 36036 609 16 of of IN 36036 609 17 257 257 CD 36036 609 18 % % NN 36036 609 19 above above IN 36036 609 20 basal basal NN 36036 609 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 609 22 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 609 23 et et NNP 36036 609 24 al al NNP 36036 609 25 . . NNP 36036 609 26 , , , 36036 609 27 1950b 1950b CD 36036 609 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 609 29 . . . 36036 610 1 All all DT 36036 610 2 animals animal NNS 36036 610 3 listed list VBN 36036 610 4 have have VBP 36036 610 5 about about IN 36036 610 6 the the DT 36036 610 7 same same JJ 36036 610 8 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 610 9 } } -RRB- 36036 610 10 and and CC 36036 610 11 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 610 12 } } -RRB- 36036 610 13 , , , 36036 610 14 so so CC 36036 610 15 the the DT 36036 610 16 temperature temperature NN 36036 610 17 differential differential NN 36036 610 18 producing produce VBG 36036 610 19 this this DT 36036 610 20 response response NN 36036 610 21 is be VBZ 36036 610 22 about about RB 36036 610 23 the the DT 36036 610 24 same same JJ 36036 610 25 for for IN 36036 610 26 each each DT 36036 610 27 species specie NNS 36036 610 28 . . . 36036 611 1 Metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 611 2 ability ability NN 36036 611 3 to to TO 36036 611 4 defend defend VB 36036 611 5 body body NN 36036 611 6 temperature temperature NN 36036 611 7 against against IN 36036 611 8 low low JJ 36036 611 9 ambient ambient JJ 36036 611 10 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 611 11 , , , 36036 611 12 therefore therefore RB 36036 611 13 , , , 36036 611 14 is be VBZ 36036 611 15 well well RB 36036 611 16 developed developed JJ 36036 611 17 in in IN 36036 611 18 these these DT 36036 611 19 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 611 20 . . . 36036 612 1 Such such JJ 36036 612 2 large large JJ 36036 612 3 increases increase NNS 36036 612 4 in in IN 36036 612 5 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 612 6 rate rate NN 36036 612 7 are be VBP 36036 612 8 energetically energetically RB 36036 612 9 expensive expensive JJ 36036 612 10 , , , 36036 612 11 and and CC 36036 612 12 if if IN 36036 612 13 these these DT 36036 612 14 animals animal NNS 36036 612 15 were be VBD 36036 612 16 routinely routinely RB 36036 612 17 exposed expose VBN 36036 612 18 to to IN 36036 612 19 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 612 20 } } -RRB- 36036 612 21 = = SYM 36036 612 22 0 0 CD 36036 612 23 ° ° NN 36036 612 24 C c NN 36036 612 25 , , , 36036 612 26 it -PRON- PRP 36036 612 27 would would MD 36036 612 28 be be VB 36036 612 29 difficult difficult JJ 36036 612 30 for for IN 36036 612 31 them -PRON- PRP 36036 612 32 to to TO 36036 612 33 acquire acquire VB 36036 612 34 enough enough JJ 36036 612 35 food food NN 36036 612 36 each each DT 36036 612 37 day day NN 36036 612 38 to to TO 36036 612 39 maintain maintain VB 36036 612 40 endothermy endothermy NNP 36036 612 41 . . . 36036 613 1 Raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 613 2 in in IN 36036 613 3 winter winter NN 36036 613 4 pelage pelage NN 36036 613 5 , , , 36036 613 6 however however RB 36036 613 7 , , , 36036 613 8 need nee MD 36036 613 9 only only RB 36036 613 10 elevate elevate VB 36036 613 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 613 12 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 613 13 rate rate NN 36036 613 14 by by IN 36036 613 15 47 47 CD 36036 613 16 % % NN 36036 613 17 above above IN 36036 613 18 basal basal NN 36036 613 19 to to TO 36036 613 20 maintain maintain VB 36036 613 21 endothermy endothermy NNP 36036 613 22 at at IN 36036 613 23 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 613 24 } } -RRB- 36036 613 25 = = SYM 36036 613 26 0 0 CD 36036 613 27 ° ° NN 36036 613 28 C c NN 36036 613 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 613 30 Table table NN 36036 613 31 5 5 CD 36036 613 32 ; ; : 36036 613 33 Figure figure NN 36036 613 34 3 3 CD 36036 613 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 613 36 . . . 36036 614 1 Each each DT 36036 614 2 year year NN 36036 614 3 at at IN 36036 614 4 the the DT 36036 614 5 completion completion NN 36036 614 6 of of IN 36036 614 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 614 8 molt molt NN 36036 614 9 , , , 36036 614 10 the the DT 36036 614 11 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 614 12 's 's POS 36036 614 13 highly highly RB 36036 614 14 insulative insulative JJ 36036 614 15 pelt pelt NN 36036 614 16 is be VBZ 36036 614 17 renewed renew VBN 36036 614 18 . . . 36036 615 1 This this DT 36036 615 2 lowers lower VBZ 36036 615 3 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 615 4 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 615 5 } } -RRB- 36036 615 6 by by IN 36036 615 7 9 9 CD 36036 615 8 ° ° , 36036 615 9 C C NNP 36036 615 10 to to IN 36036 615 11 15 15 CD 36036 615 12 ° ° NNS 36036 615 13 C c NN 36036 615 14 below below IN 36036 615 15 that that DT 36036 615 16 measured measure VBD 36036 615 17 for for IN 36036 615 18 them -PRON- PRP 36036 615 19 in in IN 36036 615 20 summer summer NN 36036 615 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 615 22 Figure Figure NNP 36036 615 23 3 3 CD 36036 615 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 615 25 and and CC 36036 615 26 decreases decrease VBZ 36036 615 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 615 28 cost cost NN 36036 615 29 of of IN 36036 615 30 thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 615 31 at at IN 36036 615 32 low low JJ 36036 615 33 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 615 34 . . . 36036 616 1 The the DT 36036 616 2 increased increase VBN 36036 616 3 insulative insulative JJ 36036 616 4 capacity capacity NN 36036 616 5 of of IN 36036 616 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 616 7 pelt pelt NN 36036 616 8 is be VBZ 36036 616 9 one one CD 36036 616 10 of of IN 36036 616 11 the the DT 36036 616 12 primary primary JJ 36036 616 13 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 616 14 that that WDT 36036 616 15 has have VBZ 36036 616 16 allowed allow VBN 36036 616 17 _ _ NNP 36036 616 18 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 616 19 lotor lotor NN 36036 616 20 _ _ NNP 36036 616 21 to to TO 36036 616 22 extend extend VB 36036 616 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 616 24 distribution distribution NN 36036 616 25 into into IN 36036 616 26 cold cold JJ 36036 616 27 climates climate NNS 36036 616 28 . . . 36036 617 1 STORED stored JJ 36036 617 2 FAT.--Cyclic fat.--cyclic JJ 36036 617 3 fattening fattening NN 36036 617 4 is be VBZ 36036 617 5 an an DT 36036 617 6 integral integral JJ 36036 617 7 and and CC 36036 617 8 important important JJ 36036 617 9 part part NN 36036 617 10 of of IN 36036 617 11 a a DT 36036 617 12 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 617 13 's 's POS 36036 617 14 annual annual JJ 36036 617 15 cycle cycle NN 36036 617 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 617 17 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 617 18 and and CC 36036 617 19 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 617 20 , , , 36036 617 21 ms ms NNP 36036 617 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 617 23 ; ; : 36036 617 24 however however RB 36036 617 25 , , , 36036 617 26 it -PRON- PRP 36036 617 27 has have VBZ 36036 617 28 not not RB 36036 617 29 been be VBN 36036 617 30 reported report VBN 36036 617 31 for for IN 36036 617 32 other other JJ 36036 617 33 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 617 34 . . . 36036 618 1 During during IN 36036 618 2 winter winter NN 36036 618 3 in in IN 36036 618 4 parts part NNS 36036 618 5 of of IN 36036 618 6 the the DT 36036 618 7 United United NNP 36036 618 8 States States NNP 36036 618 9 and and CC 36036 618 10 Canada Canada NNP 36036 618 11 , , , 36036 618 12 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 618 13 are be VBP 36036 618 14 confined confine VBN 36036 618 15 to to IN 36036 618 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 618 17 dens den NNS 36036 618 18 for for IN 36036 618 19 variable variable JJ 36036 618 20 periods period NNS 36036 618 21 of of IN 36036 618 22 time time NN 36036 618 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 618 24 days day NNS 36036 618 25 to to IN 36036 618 26 months month NNS 36036 618 27 ) ) -RRB- 36036 618 28 depending depend VBG 36036 618 29 on on IN 36036 618 30 the the DT 36036 618 31 severity severity NN 36036 618 32 of of IN 36036 618 33 the the DT 36036 618 34 weather weather NN 36036 618 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 618 36 Stuewer Stuewer NNP 36036 618 37 , , , 36036 618 38 1943:223 1943:223 CD 36036 618 39 - - SYM 36036 618 40 225 225 CD 36036 618 41 ; ; : 36036 618 42 Whitney Whitney NNP 36036 618 43 and and CC 36036 618 44 Underwood Underwood NNP 36036 618 45 , , , 36036 618 46 1952:108 1952:108 CD 36036 618 47 - - SYM 36036 618 48 116 116 CD 36036 618 49 ; ; : 36036 618 50 Sharp sharp JJ 36036 618 51 and and CC 36036 618 52 Sharp sharp JJ 36036 618 53 , , , 36036 618 54 1956 1956 CD 36036 618 55 ; ; : 36036 618 56 Mech Mech NNP 36036 618 57 et et FW 36036 618 58 al al NNP 36036 618 59 . . NNP 36036 618 60 , , , 36036 618 61 1968 1968 CD 36036 618 62 ; ; : 36036 618 63 Schneider Schneider NNP 36036 618 64 et et NNP 36036 618 65 al al NNP 36036 618 66 . . NNP 36036 618 67 , , , 36036 618 68 1971 1971 CD 36036 618 69 ) ) -RRB- 36036 618 70 . . . 36036 619 1 During during IN 36036 619 2 this this DT 36036 619 3 confinement confinement NN 36036 619 4 , , , 36036 619 5 they -PRON- PRP 36036 619 6 do do VBP 36036 619 7 not not RB 36036 619 8 hibernate hibernate VB 36036 619 9 but but CC 36036 619 10 rather rather RB 36036 619 11 enter enter VB 36036 619 12 a a DT 36036 619 13 state state NN 36036 619 14 of of IN 36036 619 15 " " `` 36036 619 16 dormancy dormancy NN 36036 619 17 " " '' 36036 619 18 and and CC 36036 619 19 become become VB 36036 619 20 inactive inactive JJ 36036 619 21 . . . 36036 620 1 While while IN 36036 620 2 dormant dormant JJ 36036 620 3 they -PRON- PRP 36036 620 4 remain remain VBP 36036 620 5 endothermic endothermic JJ 36036 620 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 620 7 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 620 8 } } -RRB- 36036 620 9 > > NFP 36036 620 10 35 35 CD 36036 620 11 ° ° , 36036 620 12 C C NNP 36036 620 13 ; ; : 36036 620 14 Thorkelson Thorkelson NNP 36036 620 15 , , , 36036 620 16 1972:87 1972:87 CD 36036 620 17 - - SYM 36036 620 18 90 90 CD 36036 620 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 620 20 and and CC 36036 620 21 derive derive VB 36036 620 22 most most JJS 36036 620 23 of of IN 36036 620 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 620 25 energy energy NN 36036 620 26 requirement requirement NN 36036 620 27 from from IN 36036 620 28 fat fat JJ 36036 620 29 reserves reserve NNS 36036 620 30 accumulated accumulate VBN 36036 620 31 during during IN 36036 620 32 fall fall NN 36036 620 33 . . . 36036 621 1 The the DT 36036 621 2 rate rate NN 36036 621 3 at at IN 36036 621 4 which which WDT 36036 621 5 fat fat NN 36036 621 6 stores store NNS 36036 621 7 are be VBP 36036 621 8 consumed consume VBN 36036 621 9 during during IN 36036 621 10 winter winter NN 36036 621 11 dormancy dormancy NN 36036 621 12 depends depend VBZ 36036 621 13 on on IN 36036 621 14 the the DT 36036 621 15 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 621 16 requirement requirement NN 36036 621 17 imposed impose VBN 36036 621 18 on on IN 36036 621 19 them -PRON- PRP 36036 621 20 by by IN 36036 621 21 local local JJ 36036 621 22 weather weather NN 36036 621 23 conditions condition NNS 36036 621 24 , , , 36036 621 25 the the DT 36036 621 26 insulative insulative JJ 36036 621 27 quality quality NN 36036 621 28 of of IN 36036 621 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 621 30 pelt pelt NN 36036 621 31 , , , 36036 621 32 and and CC 36036 621 33 any any DT 36036 621 34 advantage advantage NN 36036 621 35 they -PRON- PRP 36036 621 36 may may MD 36036 621 37 gain gain VB 36036 621 38 by by IN 36036 621 39 seeking seek VBG 36036 621 40 shelter shelter NN 36036 621 41 in in IN 36036 621 42 a a DT 36036 621 43 den den NN 36036 621 44 . . . 36036 622 1 _ _ NNP 36036 622 2 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 622 3 Model Model NNP 36036 622 4 of of IN 36036 622 5 the the DT 36036 622 6 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 622 7 and and CC 36036 622 8 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 622 9 Den Den NNP 36036 622 10 _ _ NNP 36036 622 11 Heat Heat NNP 36036 622 12 transfer transfer NN 36036 622 13 between between IN 36036 622 14 an an DT 36036 622 15 animal animal NN 36036 622 16 and and CC 36036 622 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 622 18 environment environment NN 36036 622 19 is be VBZ 36036 622 20 a a DT 36036 622 21 function function NN 36036 622 22 of of IN 36036 622 23 the the DT 36036 622 24 interaction interaction NN 36036 622 25 of of IN 36036 622 26 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 622 27 body body NN 36036 622 28 temperature temperature NN 36036 622 29 and and CC 36036 622 30 thermal thermal JJ 36036 622 31 conductance conductance NN 36036 622 32 with with IN 36036 622 33 various various JJ 36036 622 34 environmental environmental JJ 36036 622 35 variables variable NNS 36036 622 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 622 37 air air NN 36036 622 38 temperature temperature NN 36036 622 39 , , , 36036 622 40 wind wind NN 36036 622 41 speed speed NN 36036 622 42 , , , 36036 622 43 vapor vapor NN 36036 622 44 pressure pressure NN 36036 622 45 , , , 36036 622 46 and and CC 36036 622 47 thermal thermal JJ 36036 622 48 radiation radiation NN 36036 622 49 ) ) -RRB- 36036 622 50 . . . 36036 623 1 When when WRB 36036 623 2 a a DT 36036 623 3 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 623 4 is be VBZ 36036 623 5 outside outside IN 36036 623 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 623 7 den den NN 36036 623 8 , , , 36036 623 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 623 10 thermal thermal JJ 36036 623 11 conductance conductance NN 36036 623 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 623 13 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 623 14 } } -RRB- 36036 623 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 623 16 is be VBZ 36036 623 17 the the DT 36036 623 18 only only JJ 36036 623 19 barrier barrier NN 36036 623 20 to to TO 36036 623 21 heat heat VB 36036 623 22 transfer transfer NN 36036 623 23 with with IN 36036 623 24 the the DT 36036 623 25 external external JJ 36036 623 26 environment environment NN 36036 623 27 . . . 36036 624 1 However however RB 36036 624 2 , , , 36036 624 3 when when WRB 36036 624 4 it -PRON- PRP 36036 624 5 enters enter VBZ 36036 624 6 a a DT 36036 624 7 tree tree NN 36036 624 8 den den NN 36036 624 9 , , , 36036 624 10 a a DT 36036 624 11 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 624 12 imposes impose VBZ 36036 624 13 two two CD 36036 624 14 other other JJ 36036 624 15 thermal thermal JJ 36036 624 16 barriers barrier NNS 36036 624 17 between between IN 36036 624 18 itself -PRON- PRP 36036 624 19 and and CC 36036 624 20 the the DT 36036 624 21 external external JJ 36036 624 22 environment environment NN 36036 624 23 : : : 36036 624 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 624 25 1 1 LS 36036 624 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 624 27 conductance conductance NN 36036 624 28 of of IN 36036 624 29 the the DT 36036 624 30 air air NN 36036 624 31 space space NN 36036 624 32 between between IN 36036 624 33 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 624 34 fur fur NN 36036 624 35 and and CC 36036 624 36 the the DT 36036 624 37 den den NN 36036 624 38 's 's POS 36036 624 39 walls wall NNS 36036 624 40 ( ( -LRB- 36036 624 41 C_{a c_{a NN 36036 624 42 } } -RRB- 36036 624 43 ) ) -RRB- 36036 624 44 and and CC 36036 624 45 ( ( -LRB- 36036 624 46 2 2 LS 36036 624 47 ) ) -RRB- 36036 624 48 conductance conductance NN 36036 624 49 of of IN 36036 624 50 the the DT 36036 624 51 den den NN 36036 624 52 's 's POS 36036 624 53 walls wall NNS 36036 624 54 ( ( -LRB- 36036 624 55 C_{d C_{d NNP 36036 624 56 } } -RRB- 36036 624 57 ; ; : 36036 624 58 Thorkelson Thorkelson NNP 36036 624 59 , , , 36036 624 60 1972:59 1972:59 CD 36036 624 61 - - SYM 36036 624 62 63 63 CD 36036 624 63 ; ; : 36036 624 64 Thorkelson Thorkelson NNP 36036 624 65 and and CC 36036 624 66 Maxwell Maxwell NNP 36036 624 67 , , , 36036 624 68 1974 1974 CD 36036 624 69 ) ) -RRB- 36036 624 70 . . . 36036 625 1 Thorkelson Thorkelson NNP 36036 625 2 and and CC 36036 625 3 Maxwell Maxwell NNP 36036 625 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 625 5 1974 1974 CD 36036 625 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 625 7 modeled model VBD 36036 625 8 heat heat NN 36036 625 9 transfer transfer NN 36036 625 10 of of IN 36036 625 11 a a DT 36036 625 12 simulated simulate VBN 36036 625 13 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 625 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 625 15 a a DT 36036 625 16 water water NN 36036 625 17 - - HYPH 36036 625 18 filled fill VBN 36036 625 19 aluminum aluminum NN 36036 625 20 cylinder cylinder NN 36036 625 21 equipped equip VBN 36036 625 22 with with IN 36036 625 23 a a DT 36036 625 24 heater heater NN 36036 625 25 and and CC 36036 625 26 covered cover VBN 36036 625 27 with with IN 36036 625 28 a a DT 36036 625 29 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 625 30 pelt pelt NN 36036 625 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 625 32 in in IN 36036 625 33 a a DT 36036 625 34 closed closed JJ 36036 625 35 tree tree NN 36036 625 36 den den NN 36036 625 37 . . . 36036 626 1 In in IN 36036 626 2 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 626 3 system system NN 36036 626 4 , , , 36036 626 5 65 65 CD 36036 626 6 % % NN 36036 626 7 of of IN 36036 626 8 resistance resistance NN 36036 626 9 to to TO 36036 626 10 heat heat VB 36036 626 11 flux flux NN 36036 626 12 was be VBD 36036 626 13 attributable attributable JJ 36036 626 14 to to IN 36036 626 15 the the DT 36036 626 16 pelt pelt NN 36036 626 17 , , , 36036 626 18 whereas whereas IN 36036 626 19 the the DT 36036 626 20 remainder remainder NN 36036 626 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 626 22 35 35 CD 36036 626 23 % % NN 36036 626 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 626 25 was be VBD 36036 626 26 due due JJ 36036 626 27 to to IN 36036 626 28 C_{a C_{a NNP 36036 626 29 } } -RRB- 36036 626 30 and and CC 36036 626 31 C_{d C_{d NNP 36036 626 32 } } -RRB- 36036 626 33 . . . 36036 627 1 Because because IN 36036 627 2 resistance resistance NN 36036 627 3 is be VBZ 36036 627 4 the the DT 36036 627 5 inverse inverse NN 36036 627 6 of of IN 36036 627 7 conductance conductance NN 36036 627 8 , , , 36036 627 9 and and CC 36036 627 10 resistances resistance NNS 36036 627 11 for for IN 36036 627 12 the the DT 36036 627 13 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 627 14 and and CC 36036 627 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 627 16 den den NN 36036 627 17 are be VBP 36036 627 18 arranged arrange VBN 36036 627 19 in in IN 36036 627 20 series series NN 36036 627 21 , , , 36036 627 22 we -PRON- PRP 36036 627 23 can can MD 36036 627 24 estimate estimate VB 36036 627 25 total total JJ 36036 627 26 conductance conductance NN 36036 627 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 627 28 C_{t C_{t NNP 36036 627 29 } } -RRB- 36036 627 30 ) ) -RRB- 36036 627 31 of of IN 36036 627 32 this this DT 36036 627 33 system system NN 36036 627 34 with with IN 36036 627 35 Eq Eq NNP 36036 627 36 . . . 36036 628 1 7 7 LS 36036 628 2 . . . 36036 629 1 1 1 LS 36036 629 2 / / SYM 36036 629 3 C_{t C_{t NNP 36036 629 4 } } -RRB- 36036 629 5 = = SYM 36036 629 6 1 1 CD 36036 629 7 / / SYM 36036 629 8 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 629 9 } } -RRB- 36036 629 10 + + CC 36036 629 11 1 1 CD 36036 629 12 / / SYM 36036 629 13 C_{a c_{a NN 36036 629 14 } } -RRB- 36036 629 15 + + CC 36036 629 16 1 1 CD 36036 629 17 / / SYM 36036 629 18 C_{d C_{d NNP 36036 629 19 } } -RRB- 36036 629 20 Eq Eq NNP 36036 629 21 . . . 36036 630 1 7 7 CD 36036 630 2 Minimum minimum JJ 36036 630 3 thermal thermal JJ 36036 630 4 conductance conductance NN 36036 630 5 C_{mw C_{mw NNS 36036 630 6 } } -RRB- 36036 630 7 for for IN 36036 630 8 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 630 9 in in IN 36036 630 10 winter winter NN 36036 630 11 was be VBD 36036 630 12 0.0172 0.0172 CD 36036 630 13 mL mL NNP 36036 630 14 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· o_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· RB 36036 630 15 ° ° , 36036 630 16 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 630 17 } } -RRB- 36036 630 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 630 19 Table table NN 36036 630 20 3 3 CD 36036 630 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 630 22 . . . 36036 631 1 Based base VBN 36036 631 2 on on IN 36036 631 3 Thorkelson Thorkelson NNP 36036 631 4 and and CC 36036 631 5 Maxwell Maxwell NNP 36036 631 6 's 's POS 36036 631 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 631 8 1974 1974 CD 36036 631 9 ) ) -RRB- 36036 631 10 model model NN 36036 631 11 we -PRON- PRP 36036 631 12 let let VBP 36036 631 13 1 1 CD 36036 631 14 / / SYM 36036 631 15 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 631 16 } } -RRB- 36036 631 17 = = SYM 36036 631 18 0.65(1 0.65(1 NNP 36036 631 19 / / SYM 36036 631 20 C_{t C_{t NNP 36036 631 21 } } -RRB- 36036 631 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 631 23 = = NFP 36036 631 24 1/0.0172 1/0.0172 CD 36036 631 25 mL mL NNP 36036 631 26 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· NNP 36036 631 27 ° ° , 36036 631 28 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 631 29 } } -RRB- 36036 631 30 , , , 36036 631 31 and and CC 36036 631 32 1 1 CD 36036 631 33 / / SYM 36036 631 34 C_{a c_{a NN 36036 631 35 } } -RRB- 36036 631 36 + + CC 36036 631 37 1 1 CD 36036 631 38 / / SYM 36036 631 39 C_{d C_{d NNP 36036 631 40 } } -RRB- 36036 631 41 = = SYM 36036 631 42 0.35(1 0.35(1 NNP 36036 631 43 / / SYM 36036 631 44 C_{t C_{t NNP 36036 631 45 } } -RRB- 36036 631 46 ) ) -RRB- 36036 631 47 . . . 36036 632 1 Substituting substitute VBG 36036 632 2 these these DT 36036 632 3 values value NNS 36036 632 4 into into IN 36036 632 5 Eq Eq NNP 36036 632 6 . . . 36036 633 1 7 7 LS 36036 633 2 and and CC 36036 633 3 solving solve VBG 36036 633 4 for for IN 36036 633 5 C_{t C_{t NNP 36036 633 6 } } -RRB- 36036 633 7 yields yield VBZ 36036 633 8 0.0112 0.0112 CD 36036 633 9 mL ml JJ 36036 633 10 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· o_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1}· JJ 36036 633 11 ° ° , 36036 633 12 C^{-1 c^{-1 ADD 36036 633 13 } } -RRB- 36036 633 14 , , , 36036 633 15 a a DT 36036 633 16 value value NN 36036 633 17 that that WDT 36036 633 18 is be VBZ 36036 633 19 35 35 CD 36036 633 20 % % NN 36036 633 21 lower low JJR 36036 633 22 than than IN 36036 633 23 that that DT 36036 633 24 of of IN 36036 633 25 the the DT 36036 633 26 animal animal NN 36036 633 27 alone alone RB 36036 633 28 . . . 36036 634 1 Substituting substitute VBG 36036 634 2 this this DT 36036 634 3 value value NN 36036 634 4 and and CC 36036 634 5 the the DT 36036 634 6 value value NN 36036 634 7 for for IN 36036 634 8 basal basal NNP 36036 634 9 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 634 10 of of IN 36036 634 11 winter winter NN 36036 634 12 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 634 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 634 14 0.47 0.47 CD 36036 634 15 mL mL NNP 36036 634 16 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 O_{2}·g^{-1}·h^{-1 NNP 36036 634 17 } } -RRB- 36036 634 18 ; ; : 36036 634 19 Table table NN 36036 634 20 7 7 CD 36036 634 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 634 22 into into IN 36036 634 23 Eq Eq NNP 36036 634 24 . . . 36036 635 1 4 4 LS 36036 635 2 and and CC 36036 635 3 solving solve VBG 36036 635 4 for for IN 36036 635 5 ( ( -LRB- 36036 635 6 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 635 7 } } -RRB- 36036 635 8 - - : 36036 635 9 T_{a t_{a NN 36036 635 10 } } -RRB- 36036 635 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 635 12 yields yield VBZ 36036 635 13 a a DT 36036 635 14 new new JJ 36036 635 15 temperature temperature NN 36036 635 16 differential differential NN 36036 635 17 of of IN 36036 635 18 42 42 CD 36036 635 19 ° ° NNS 36036 635 20 C C NNP 36036 635 21 . . . 36036 636 1 Therefore therefore RB 36036 636 2 , , , 36036 636 3 by by IN 36036 636 4 using use VBG 36036 636 5 tree tree NN 36036 636 6 dens den NNS 36036 636 7 , , , 36036 636 8 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 636 9 in in IN 36036 636 10 north north JJ 36036 636 11 central central NNP 36036 636 12 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 636 13 , , , 36036 636 14 with with IN 36036 636 15 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 636 16 } } -RRB- 36036 636 17 = = SYM 36036 636 18 37 37 CD 36036 636 19 ° ° , 36036 636 20 C C NNP 36036 636 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 636 22 Figure Figure NNP 36036 636 23 7 7 CD 36036 636 24 ) ) -RRB- 36036 636 25 , , , 36036 636 26 could could MD 36036 636 27 effectively effectively RB 36036 636 28 reduce reduce VB 36036 636 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 636 30 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 636 31 } } -RRB- 36036 636 32 from from IN 36036 636 33 11 11 CD 36036 636 34 ° ° , 36036 636 35 C C NNP 36036 636 36 to to IN 36036 636 37 -5 -5 NNP 36036 636 38 ° ° NNP 36036 636 39 C C NNP 36036 636 40 and and CC 36036 636 41 markedly markedly RB 36036 636 42 reduce reduce VB 36036 636 43 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 636 44 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 636 45 cost cost NN 36036 636 46 of of IN 36036 636 47 thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 636 48 . . . 36036 637 1 _ _ NNP 36036 637 2 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 637 3 Advantage Advantage NNP 36036 637 4 of of IN 36036 637 5 the the DT 36036 637 6 Den Den NNP 36036 637 7 _ _ NNP 36036 637 8 Given Given NNP 36036 637 9 prevailing prevail VBG 36036 637 10 winter winter NN 36036 637 11 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 637 12 in in IN 36036 637 13 north north NNP 36036 637 14 central central NNP 36036 637 15 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 637 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 637 17 see see VB 36036 637 18 " " `` 36036 637 19 Materials Materials NNPS 36036 637 20 and and CC 36036 637 21 Methods method NNS 36036 637 22 " " '' 36036 637 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 637 24 , , , 36036 637 25 adult adult NN 36036 637 26 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 637 27 in in IN 36036 637 28 that that DT 36036 637 29 area area NN 36036 637 30 should should MD 36036 637 31 be be VB 36036 637 32 able able JJ 36036 637 33 to to TO 36036 637 34 sustain sustain VB 36036 637 35 endothermy endothermy NNP 36036 637 36 most most JJS 36036 637 37 of of IN 36036 637 38 the the DT 36036 637 39 time time NN 36036 637 40 they -PRON- PRP 36036 637 41 are be VBP 36036 637 42 in in IN 36036 637 43 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 637 44 dens den NNS 36036 637 45 by by IN 36036 637 46 simply simply RB 36036 637 47 maintaining maintain VBG 36036 637 48 [ [ -LRB- 36036 637 49 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 637 50 } } -RRB- 36036 637 51 . . . 36036 638 1 Depending depend VBG 36036 638 2 on on IN 36036 638 3 the the DT 36036 638 4 mass mass NN 36036 638 5 of of IN 36036 638 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 638 7 stored store VBN 36036 638 8 fat fat NN 36036 638 9 , , , 36036 638 10 they -PRON- PRP 36036 638 11 could could MD 36036 638 12 remain remain VB 36036 638 13 in in IN 36036 638 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 638 15 dens den NNS 36036 638 16 for for IN 36036 638 17 several several JJ 36036 638 18 weeks week NNS 36036 638 19 without without IN 36036 638 20 eating eat VBG 36036 638 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 638 22 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 638 23 and and CC 36036 638 24 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 638 25 , , , 36036 638 26 ms ms NNP 36036 638 27 ) ) -RRB- 36036 638 28 . . . 36036 639 1 The the DT 36036 639 2 thermal thermal JJ 36036 639 3 advantage advantage NN 36036 639 4 of of IN 36036 639 5 a a DT 36036 639 6 den den NN 36036 639 7 could could MD 36036 639 8 be be VB 36036 639 9 further further RB 36036 639 10 enhanced enhance VBN 36036 639 11 during during IN 36036 639 12 colder cold JJR 36036 639 13 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 639 14 if if IN 36036 639 15 two two CD 36036 639 16 or or CC 36036 639 17 more more JJR 36036 639 18 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 639 19 occupied occupy VBD 36036 639 20 it -PRON- PRP 36036 639 21 at at IN 36036 639 22 the the DT 36036 639 23 same same JJ 36036 639 24 time time NN 36036 639 25 and and CC 36036 639 26 huddled huddle VBD 36036 639 27 together together RB 36036 639 28 , , , 36036 639 29 and/or and/or CC 36036 639 30 if if IN 36036 639 31 these these DT 36036 639 32 animals animal NNS 36036 639 33 could could MD 36036 639 34 reduce reduce VB 36036 639 35 C_{mw C_{mw NNS 36036 639 36 } } -RRB- 36036 639 37 even even RB 36036 639 38 more more RBR 36036 639 39 by by IN 36036 639 40 lowering lower VBG 36036 639 41 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 639 42 } } -RRB- 36036 639 43 and and CC 36036 639 44 cooling cool VBG 36036 639 45 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 639 46 extremities extremity NNS 36036 639 47 . . . 36036 640 1 Although although IN 36036 640 2 we -PRON- PRP 36036 640 3 do do VBP 36036 640 4 not not RB 36036 640 5 have have VB 36036 640 6 any any DT 36036 640 7 data datum NNS 36036 640 8 to to TO 36036 640 9 verify verify VB 36036 640 10 the the DT 36036 640 11 second second JJ 36036 640 12 mechanism mechanism NN 36036 640 13 , , , 36036 640 14 there there EX 36036 640 15 are be VBP 36036 640 16 many many JJ 36036 640 17 accounts account NNS 36036 640 18 in in IN 36036 640 19 natural natural JJ 36036 640 20 history history NN 36036 640 21 literature literature NN 36036 640 22 that that WDT 36036 640 23 document document VBP 36036 640 24 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 640 25 occupying occupy VBG 36036 640 26 dens den NNS 36036 640 27 together together RB 36036 640 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 640 29 Lotze Lotze NNP 36036 640 30 and and CC 36036 640 31 Anderson Anderson NNP 36036 640 32 , , , 36036 640 33 1979 1979 CD 36036 640 34 ) ) -RRB- 36036 640 35 . . . 36036 641 1 This this DT 36036 641 2 habit habit NN 36036 641 3 could could MD 36036 641 4 be be VB 36036 641 5 particularly particularly RB 36036 641 6 important important JJ 36036 641 7 for for IN 36036 641 8 the the DT 36036 641 9 young young JJ 36036 641 10 of of IN 36036 641 11 the the DT 36036 641 12 year year NN 36036 641 13 and and CC 36036 641 14 may may MD 36036 641 15 be be VB 36036 641 16 one one CD 36036 641 17 reason reason NN 36036 641 18 why why WRB 36036 641 19 they -PRON- PRP 36036 641 20 often often RB 36036 641 21 continue continue VBP 36036 641 22 to to TO 36036 641 23 den den VB 36036 641 24 with with IN 36036 641 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 641 26 mothers mother NNS 36036 641 27 during during IN 36036 641 28 winter winter NN 36036 641 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 641 30 Lotze Lotze NNP 36036 641 31 and and CC 36036 641 32 Anderson Anderson NNP 36036 641 33 , , , 36036 641 34 1979 1979 CD 36036 641 35 ; ; : 36036 641 36 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 641 37 et et NNP 36036 641 38 al al NNP 36036 641 39 . . NNP 36036 641 40 , , , 36036 641 41 1988 1988 CD 36036 641 42 ) ) -RRB- 36036 641 43 . . . 36036 642 1 Raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 642 2 that that WDT 36036 642 3 live live VBP 36036 642 4 in in IN 36036 642 5 colder cold JJR 36036 642 6 climates climate NNS 36036 642 7 , , , 36036 642 8 such such JJ 36036 642 9 as as IN 36036 642 10 Minnesota Minnesota NNP 36036 642 11 , , , 36036 642 12 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 36036 642 13 obtain obtain VBP 36036 642 14 the the DT 36036 642 15 same same JJ 36036 642 16 advantage advantage NN 36036 642 17 from from IN 36036 642 18 a a DT 36036 642 19 den den NN 36036 642 20 as as IN 36036 642 21 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 642 22 animals animal NNS 36036 642 23 , , , 36036 642 24 but but CC 36036 642 25 because because IN 36036 642 26 of of IN 36036 642 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 642 28 greater great JJR 36036 642 29 body body NN 36036 642 30 mass mass NN 36036 642 31 , , , 36036 642 32 longer long JJR 36036 642 33 fur fur NN 36036 642 34 , , , 36036 642 35 and and CC 36036 642 36 potentially potentially RB 36036 642 37 lower low JJR 36036 642 38 C_{mw c_{mw NN 36036 642 39 } } -RRB- 36036 642 40 , , , 36036 642 41 T_{lc t_{lc ADD 36036 642 42 } } -RRB- 36036 642 43 of of IN 36036 642 44 a a DT 36036 642 45 Minnesota Minnesota NNP 36036 642 46 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 642 47 in in IN 36036 642 48 a a DT 36036 642 49 den den NN 36036 642 50 could could MD 36036 642 51 be be VB 36036 642 52 even even RB 36036 642 53 lower low JJR 36036 642 54 than than IN 36036 642 55 what what WP 36036 642 56 we -PRON- PRP 36036 642 57 calculated calculate VBD 36036 642 58 for for IN 36036 642 59 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 642 60 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 642 61 . . . 36036 643 1 Therefore therefore RB 36036 643 2 , , , 36036 643 3 when when WRB 36036 643 4 they -PRON- PRP 36036 643 5 are be VBP 36036 643 6 in in IN 36036 643 7 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 643 8 dens den NNS 36036 643 9 , , , 36036 643 10 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 643 11 living live VBG 36036 643 12 in in IN 36036 643 13 very very RB 36036 643 14 cold cold JJ 36036 643 15 climates climate NNS 36036 643 16 also also RB 36036 643 17 may may MD 36036 643 18 be be VB 36036 643 19 able able JJ 36036 643 20 to to TO 36036 643 21 maintain maintain VB 36036 643 22 homeothermy homeothermy NNP 36036 643 23 with with IN 36036 643 24 a a DT 36036 643 25 basal basal NN 36036 643 26 level level NN 36036 643 27 of of IN 36036 643 28 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 643 29 . . . 36036 644 1 THERMOREGULATION thermoregulation NN 36036 644 2 AT at IN 36036 644 3 HIGH high JJ 36036 644 4 TEMPERATURES temperatures NN 36036 644 5 _ _ NNP 36036 644 6 Background Background NNP 36036 644 7 _ _ NNP 36036 644 8 In in IN 36036 644 9 hot hot JJ 36036 644 10 environments environment NNS 36036 644 11 mammals mammal NNS 36036 644 12 depend depend VBP 36036 644 13 on on IN 36036 644 14 behavior behavior NN 36036 644 15 to to TO 36036 644 16 minimize minimize VB 36036 644 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 644 18 thermal thermal JJ 36036 644 19 load load NN 36036 644 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 644 21 escape escape VB 36036 644 22 to to IN 36036 644 23 shaded shaded JJ 36036 644 24 or or CC 36036 644 25 cooler cooler NN 36036 644 26 microclimates microclimate NNS 36036 644 27 , , , 36036 644 28 use use VB 36036 644 29 posture posture NN 36036 644 30 and and CC 36036 644 31 orientation orientation NN 36036 644 32 to to IN 36036 644 33 wind wind NN 36036 644 34 and and CC 36036 644 35 sun sun NN 36036 644 36 , , , 36036 644 37 restrict restrict VBP 36036 644 38 activity activity NN 36036 644 39 , , , 36036 644 40 become become VBP 36036 644 41 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 644 42 , , , 36036 644 43 etc etc FW 36036 644 44 . . . 36036 644 45 ) ) -RRB- 36036 645 1 and and CC 36036 645 2 on on IN 36036 645 3 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 645 4 water water NN 36036 645 5 loss loss NN 36036 645 6 to to TO 36036 645 7 rid rid VB 36036 645 8 themselves -PRON- PRP 36036 645 9 of of IN 36036 645 10 excess excess JJ 36036 645 11 heat heat NN 36036 645 12 . . . 36036 646 1 With with IN 36036 646 2 regard regard NN 36036 646 3 to to IN 36036 646 4 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 646 5 heat heat NN 36036 646 6 loss loss NN 36036 646 7 , , , 36036 646 8 Calder Calder NNP 36036 646 9 and and CC 36036 646 10 King King NNP 36036 646 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 646 12 1974:326 1974:326 CD 36036 646 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 646 14 arbitrarily arbitrarily RB 36036 646 15 subdivided subdivide VBD 36036 646 16 the the DT 36036 646 17 response response NN 36036 646 18 to to IN 36036 646 19 various various JJ 36036 646 20 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 646 21 } } -RRB- 36036 646 22 's be VBZ 36036 646 23 as as IN 36036 646 24 follows follow VBZ 36036 646 25 : : : 36036 646 26 " " `` 36036 646 27 ( ( -LRB- 36036 646 28 1 1 LS 36036 646 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 646 30 cool cool JJ 36036 646 31 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 646 32 at at IN 36036 646 33 which which WDT 36036 646 34 water water NN 36036 646 35 loss loss NN 36036 646 36 should should MD 36036 646 37 be be VB 36036 646 38 minimized minimize VBN 36036 646 39 , , , 36036 646 40 both both DT 36036 646 41 to to TO 36036 646 42 reduce reduce VB 36036 646 43 heat heat NN 36036 646 44 loss loss NN 36036 646 45 and and CC 36036 646 46 as as IN 36036 646 47 an an DT 36036 646 48 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 646 49 to to IN 36036 646 50 terrestriality terrestriality NN 36036 646 51 ; ; : 36036 646 52 ( ( -LRB- 36036 646 53 2 2 LS 36036 646 54 ) ) -RRB- 36036 646 55 an an DT 36036 646 56 intermediate intermediate JJ 36036 646 57 temperature temperature NN 36036 646 58 range range NN 36036 646 59 wherein wherein WRB 36036 646 60 evaporation evaporation NN 36036 646 61 is be VBZ 36036 646 62 gradually gradually RB 36036 646 63 increased increase VBN 36036 646 64 as as IN 36036 646 65 dry dry JJ 36036 646 66 heat heat NN 36036 646 67 losses loss NNS 36036 646 68 are be VBP 36036 646 69 proportionately proportionately RB 36036 646 70 reduced reduce VBN 36036 646 71 with with IN 36036 646 72 smaller small JJR 36036 646 73 thermal thermal JJ 36036 646 74 gradients gradient NNS 36036 646 75 ; ; : 36036 646 76 and and CC 36036 646 77 ( ( -LRB- 36036 646 78 3 3 LS 36036 646 79 ) ) -RRB- 36036 646 80 warm warm JJ 36036 646 81 to to IN 36036 646 82 hot hot JJ 36036 646 83 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 646 84 at at IN 36036 646 85 which which WDT 36036 646 86 evaporation evaporation NN 36036 646 87 must must MD 36036 646 88 be be VB 36036 646 89 actively actively RB 36036 646 90 increased increase VBN 36036 646 91 to to TO 36036 646 92 dispose dispose VB 36036 646 93 of of IN 36036 646 94 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 646 95 and and CC 36036 646 96 exogenous exogenous JJ 36036 646 97 heat heat NN 36036 646 98 loads load NNS 36036 646 99 . . . 36036 646 100 " " '' 36036 647 1 Some some DT 36036 647 2 mammals mammal NNS 36036 647 3 are be VBP 36036 647 4 able able JJ 36036 647 5 to to TO 36036 647 6 thermoregulate thermoregulate VB 36036 647 7 very very RB 36036 647 8 well well RB 36036 647 9 at at IN 36036 647 10 high high JJ 36036 647 11 ambient ambient JJ 36036 647 12 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 647 13 via via IN 36036 647 14 panting pant VBG 36036 647 15 or or CC 36036 647 16 sweating sweat VBG 36036 647 17 , , , 36036 647 18 whereas whereas IN 36036 647 19 others other NNS 36036 647 20 have have VBP 36036 647 21 a a DT 36036 647 22 very very RB 36036 647 23 limited limited JJ 36036 647 24 capacity capacity NN 36036 647 25 . . . 36036 648 1 Hence hence RB 36036 648 2 , , , 36036 648 3 there there EX 36036 648 4 is be VBZ 36036 648 5 no no DT 36036 648 6 general general JJ 36036 648 7 approach approach NN 36036 648 8 to to IN 36036 648 9 calculating calculate VBG 36036 648 10 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 648 11 water water NN 36036 648 12 loss loss NN 36036 648 13 under under IN 36036 648 14 these these DT 36036 648 15 conditions condition NNS 36036 648 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 648 17 Campbell Campbell NNP 36036 648 18 , , , 36036 648 19 1977:85 1977:85 CD 36036 648 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 648 21 . . . 36036 649 1 However however RB 36036 649 2 , , , 36036 649 3 the the DT 36036 649 4 ratio ratio NN 36036 649 5 of of IN 36036 649 6 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 649 7 heat heat NN 36036 649 8 lost lose VBN 36036 649 9 to to IN 36036 649 10 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 649 11 heat heat NN 36036 649 12 produced produce VBN 36036 649 13 can can MD 36036 649 14 be be VB 36036 649 15 used use VBN 36036 649 16 to to TO 36036 649 17 quantify quantify VB 36036 649 18 a a DT 36036 649 19 species species NN 36036 649 20 ' ' POS 36036 649 21 capacity capacity NN 36036 649 22 for for IN 36036 649 23 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 649 24 cooling cooling NN 36036 649 25 and and CC 36036 649 26 to to TO 36036 649 27 make make VB 36036 649 28 comparisons comparison NNS 36036 649 29 between between IN 36036 649 30 species specie NNS 36036 649 31 . . . 36036 650 1 _ _ NNP 36036 650 2 Comparison Comparison NNP 36036 650 3 of of IN 36036 650 4 Procyonid Procyonid NNP 36036 650 5 Responses Responses NNP 36036 650 6 to to IN 36036 650 7 Heat Heat NNP 36036 650 8 Stress Stress NNP 36036 650 9 _ _ NNP 36036 650 10 _ _ NNP 36036 650 11 Potos Potos NNP 36036 650 12 flavus._--This flavus._--this ADD 36036 650 13 species specie NNS 36036 650 14 lives live VBZ 36036 650 15 in in IN 36036 650 16 Neotropical neotropical JJ 36036 650 17 forests forest NNS 36036 650 18 of of IN 36036 650 19 Central Central NNP 36036 650 20 and and CC 36036 650 21 South South NNP 36036 650 22 America America NNP 36036 650 23 . . . 36036 651 1 It -PRON- PRP 36036 651 2 is be VBZ 36036 651 3 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 651 4 , , , 36036 651 5 arboreal arboreal JJ 36036 651 6 in in IN 36036 651 7 habit habit NN 36036 651 8 , , , 36036 651 9 and and CC 36036 651 10 appears appear VBZ 36036 651 11 to to TO 36036 651 12 be be VB 36036 651 13 the the DT 36036 651 14 most most RBS 36036 651 15 heat heat NN 36036 651 16 - - HYPH 36036 651 17 sensitive sensitive JJ 36036 651 18 of of IN 36036 651 19 these these DT 36036 651 20 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 651 21 . . . 36036 652 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 652 2 T_{uc t_{uc NN 36036 652 3 } } -RRB- 36036 652 4 is be VBZ 36036 652 5 at at IN 36036 652 6 30 30 CD 36036 652 7 ° ° , 36036 652 8 C C NNP 36036 652 9 to to IN 36036 652 10 33 33 CD 36036 652 11 ° ° , 36036 652 12 C C NNP 36036 652 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 652 14 Table table NN 36036 652 15 7 7 CD 36036 652 16 ; ; : 36036 652 17 Müller Müller NNP 36036 652 18 and and CC 36036 652 19 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 652 20 , , , 36036 652 21 1977 1977 CD 36036 652 22 ; ; : 36036 652 23 Müller Müller NNP 36036 652 24 and and CC 36036 652 25 Rost Rost NNP 36036 652 26 , , , 36036 652 27 1983 1983 CD 36036 652 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 652 29 . . . 36036 653 1 It -PRON- PRP 36036 653 2 begins begin VBZ 36036 653 3 to to TO 36036 653 4 pant pant VB 36036 653 5 at at IN 36036 653 6 about about RB 36036 653 7 30 30 CD 36036 653 8 ° ° , 36036 653 9 C C NNP 36036 653 10 , , , 36036 653 11 but but CC 36036 653 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 653 13 efforts effort NNS 36036 653 14 at at IN 36036 653 15 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 653 16 cooling cooling NN 36036 653 17 are be VBP 36036 653 18 very very RB 36036 653 19 ineffective ineffective JJ 36036 653 20 . . . 36036 654 1 At at IN 36036 654 2 33 33 CD 36036 654 3 ° ° , 36036 654 4 C C NNP 36036 654 5 _ _ NNP 36036 654 6 Potos Potos NNP 36036 654 7 flavus flavus NN 36036 654 8 _ _ NNP 36036 654 9 can can MD 36036 654 10 dissipate dissipate VB 36036 654 11 33 33 CD 36036 654 12 % % NN 36036 654 13 of of IN 36036 654 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 654 15 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 654 16 heat heat NN 36036 654 17 via via IN 36036 654 18 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 654 19 water water NN 36036 654 20 loss loss NN 36036 654 21 , , , 36036 654 22 but but CC 36036 654 23 at at IN 36036 654 24 35 35 CD 36036 654 25 ° ° , 36036 654 26 C c NN 36036 654 27 the the DT 36036 654 28 efficiency efficiency NN 36036 654 29 of of IN 36036 654 30 this this DT 36036 654 31 mechanism mechanism NN 36036 654 32 falls fall VBZ 36036 654 33 to to IN 36036 654 34 20 20 CD 36036 654 35 % % NN 36036 654 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 654 37 Müller Müller NNP 36036 654 38 and and CC 36036 654 39 Rost Rost NNP 36036 654 40 , , , 36036 654 41 1983 1983 CD 36036 654 42 ) ) -RRB- 36036 654 43 . . . 36036 655 1 Consequently consequently RB 36036 655 2 , , , 36036 655 3 when when WRB 36036 655 4 exposed expose VBN 36036 655 5 to to IN 36036 655 6 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 655 7 } } -RRB- 36036 655 8 's be VBZ 36036 655 9 above above IN 36036 655 10 33 33 CD 36036 655 11 ° ° , 36036 655 12 C C NNP 36036 655 13 , , , 36036 655 14 any any DT 36036 655 15 kind kind NN 36036 655 16 of of IN 36036 655 17 excitement excitement NN 36036 655 18 causes cause VBZ 36036 655 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 655 20 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 655 21 } } -RRB- 36036 655 22 to to TO 36036 655 23 rise rise VB 36036 655 24 rapidly rapidly RB 36036 655 25 in in IN 36036 655 26 an an DT 36036 655 27 uncontrolled uncontrolled JJ 36036 655 28 manner manner NN 36036 655 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 655 30 Müller Müller NNP 36036 655 31 and and CC 36036 655 32 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 655 33 , , , 36036 655 34 1977 1977 CD 36036 655 35 ; ; : 36036 655 36 Müller Müller NNP 36036 655 37 and and CC 36036 655 38 Rost Rost NNP 36036 655 39 , , , 36036 655 40 1983 1983 CD 36036 655 41 ) ) -RRB- 36036 655 42 . . . 36036 656 1 These these DT 36036 656 2 animals animal NNS 36036 656 3 rely rely VBP 36036 656 4 on on IN 36036 656 5 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 656 6 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 656 7 and and CC 36036 656 8 arboreal arboreal JJ 36036 656 9 habits habit NNS 36036 656 10 to to TO 36036 656 11 keep keep VB 36036 656 12 them -PRON- PRP 36036 656 13 out out IN 36036 656 14 of of IN 36036 656 15 situations situation NNS 36036 656 16 that that WDT 36036 656 17 could could MD 36036 656 18 lead lead VB 36036 656 19 to to IN 36036 656 20 hyperthermia hyperthermia NN 36036 656 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 656 22 Müller Müller NNP 36036 656 23 and and CC 36036 656 24 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 656 25 , , , 36036 656 26 1977 1977 CD 36036 656 27 ; ; : 36036 656 28 Müller Müller NNP 36036 656 29 and and CC 36036 656 30 Rost Rost NNP 36036 656 31 , , , 36036 656 32 1983 1983 CD 36036 656 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 656 34 . . . 36036 657 1 _ _ NNP 36036 657 2 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 657 3 nasua nasua NNP 36036 657 4 _ _ NNP 36036 657 5 and and CC 36036 657 6 _ _ NNP 36036 657 7 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 657 8 narica_.--_Nasua narica_.--_Nasua NNP 36036 657 9 nasua nasua RB 36036 657 10 _ _ NNP 36036 657 11 is be VBZ 36036 657 12 abundant abundant JJ 36036 657 13 in in IN 36036 657 14 tropical tropical JJ 36036 657 15 and and CC 36036 657 16 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 657 17 South South NNP 36036 657 18 America America NNP 36036 657 19 , , , 36036 657 20 whereas whereas IN 36036 657 21 _ _ NNP 36036 657 22 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 657 23 narica narica NN 36036 657 24 _ _ NNP 36036 657 25 occupies occupy VBZ 36036 657 26 the the DT 36036 657 27 same same JJ 36036 657 28 climates climate NNS 36036 657 29 in in IN 36036 657 30 North North NNP 36036 657 31 America America NNP 36036 657 32 from from IN 36036 657 33 southern southern JJ 36036 657 34 Arizona Arizona NNP 36036 657 35 and and CC 36036 657 36 New New NNP 36036 657 37 Mexico Mexico NNP 36036 657 38 south south RB 36036 657 39 through through IN 36036 657 40 Panama Panama NNP 36036 657 41 and and CC 36036 657 42 on on RB 36036 657 43 into into IN 36036 657 44 Colombia Colombia NNP 36036 657 45 and and CC 36036 657 46 Ecuador Ecuador NNP 36036 657 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 657 48 Hall Hall NNP 36036 657 49 and and CC 36036 657 50 Kelson Kelson NNP 36036 657 51 , , , 36036 657 52 1959:892 1959:892 CD 36036 657 53 ; ; : 36036 657 54 Ewer Ewer NNP 36036 657 55 , , , 36036 657 56 1973:391 1973:391 CD 36036 657 57 , , , 36036 657 58 392 392 CD 36036 657 59 ; ; : 36036 657 60 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 657 61 - - HYPH 36036 657 62 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 657 63 , , , 36036 657 64 1975 1975 CD 36036 657 65 ) ) -RRB- 36036 657 66 . . . 36036 658 1 Both both DT 36036 658 2 coatis coatis JJ 36036 658 3 are be VBP 36036 658 4 diurnal diurnal JJ 36036 658 5 and and CC 36036 658 6 forage forage VBP 36036 658 7 primarily primarily RB 36036 658 8 on on IN 36036 658 9 the the DT 36036 658 10 ground ground NN 36036 658 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 658 12 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 658 13 , , , 36036 658 14 1962:185 1962:185 CD 36036 658 15 - - SYM 36036 658 16 188 188 CD 36036 658 17 , , , 36036 658 18 1987 1987 CD 36036 658 19 ; ; : 36036 658 20 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 658 21 - - HYPH 36036 658 22 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 658 23 , , , 36036 658 24 1975 1975 CD 36036 658 25 ; ; : 36036 658 26 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 658 27 and and CC 36036 658 28 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 658 29 , , , 36036 658 30 1983:982 1983:982 CD 36036 658 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 658 32 , , , 36036 658 33 consequently consequently RB 36036 658 34 they -PRON- PRP 36036 658 35 are be VBP 36036 658 36 exposed expose VBN 36036 658 37 to to IN 36036 658 38 a a DT 36036 658 39 more more RBR 36036 658 40 severe severe JJ 36036 658 41 thermal thermal JJ 36036 658 42 environment environment NN 36036 658 43 while while IN 36036 658 44 active active JJ 36036 658 45 ( ( -LRB- 36036 658 46 higher high JJR 36036 658 47 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 658 48 } } -RRB- 36036 658 49 's 's POS 36036 658 50 and and CC 36036 658 51 solar solar JJ 36036 658 52 radiation radiation NN 36036 658 53 ) ) -RRB- 36036 658 54 than than IN 36036 658 55 are be VBP 36036 658 56 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 658 57 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 658 58 . . . 36036 659 1 Both both DT 36036 659 2 coatis coatis NNP 36036 659 3 are be VBP 36036 659 4 more more JJR 36036 659 5 heat heat NN 36036 659 6 - - HYPH 36036 659 7 tolerant tolerant RB 36036 659 8 than than IN 36036 659 9 _ _ NNP 36036 659 10 Potos Potos NNP 36036 659 11 flavus flavus NN 36036 659 12 _ _ NNP 36036 659 13 ; ; : 36036 659 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 659 15 T_{uc T_{uc NNS 36036 659 16 } } -RRB- 36036 659 17 's be VBZ 36036 659 18 are be VBP 36036 659 19 higher high JJR 36036 659 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 659 21 33 33 CD 36036 659 22 ° ° , 36036 659 23 C-35 c-35 CD 36036 659 24 ° ° , 36036 659 25 C C NNP 36036 659 26 ; ; : 36036 659 27 Table table NN 36036 659 28 7 7 CD 36036 659 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 659 30 , , , 36036 659 31 they -PRON- PRP 36036 659 32 can can MD 36036 659 33 tolerate tolerate VB 36036 659 34 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 659 35 } } -RRB- 36036 659 36 's 's NN 36036 659 37 of of IN 36036 659 38 35 35 CD 36036 659 39 ° ° , 36036 659 40 C C NNP 36036 659 41 without without IN 36036 659 42 raising raise VBG 36036 659 43 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 659 44 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 659 45 } } -RRB- 36036 659 46 's be VBZ 36036 659 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 659 48 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 659 49 - - HYPH 36036 659 50 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 659 51 et et FW 36036 659 52 al al NNP 36036 659 53 . . NNP 36036 659 54 , , , 36036 659 55 1980 1980 CD 36036 659 56 ; ; : 36036 659 57 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 659 58 et et FW 36036 659 59 al al NNP 36036 659 60 . . NNP 36036 659 61 , , , 36036 659 62 in in IN 36036 659 63 prep prep NNP 36036 659 64 . . . 36036 660 1 ) ) -RRB- 36036 660 2 , , , 36036 660 3 and and CC 36036 660 4 they -PRON- PRP 36036 660 5 have have VBP 36036 660 6 a a DT 36036 660 7 greater great JJR 36036 660 8 capacity capacity NN 36036 660 9 for for IN 36036 660 10 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 660 11 cooling cooling NN 36036 660 12 than than IN 36036 660 13 _ _ NNP 36036 660 14 Potos Potos NNP 36036 660 15 flavus flavus NN 36036 660 16 _ _ NNP 36036 660 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 660 18 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 660 19 et et FW 36036 660 20 al al NNP 36036 660 21 . . NNP 36036 660 22 , , , 36036 660 23 in in IN 36036 660 24 prep prep NNP 36036 660 25 . . . 36036 660 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 660 27 . . . 36036 661 1 The the DT 36036 661 2 greater great JJR 36036 661 3 heat heat NN 36036 661 4 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 661 5 of of IN 36036 661 6 these these DT 36036 661 7 coatis coatis NN 36036 661 8 is be VBZ 36036 661 9 compatible compatible JJ 36036 661 10 with with IN 36036 661 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 661 12 diurnal diurnal JJ 36036 661 13 habits habit NNS 36036 661 14 and and CC 36036 661 15 widespread widespread JJ 36036 661 16 distribution distribution NN 36036 661 17 in in IN 36036 661 18 a a DT 36036 661 19 variety variety NN 36036 661 20 of of IN 36036 661 21 forest forest NN 36036 661 22 habitats habitat NNS 36036 661 23 in in IN 36036 661 24 both both CC 36036 661 25 tropical tropical JJ 36036 661 26 and and CC 36036 661 27 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 661 28 areas area NNS 36036 661 29 of of IN 36036 661 30 the the DT 36036 661 31 western western JJ 36036 661 32 hemisphere hemisphere NN 36036 661 33 . . . 36036 662 1 _ _ NNP 36036 662 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 662 3 astutus._--In astutus._--In NNP 36036 662 4 addition addition NN 36036 662 5 to to IN 36036 662 6 living live VBG 36036 662 7 in in IN 36036 662 8 Neotropical neotropical JJ 36036 662 9 forests forest NNS 36036 662 10 of of IN 36036 662 11 Mexico Mexico NNP 36036 662 12 , , , 36036 662 13 _ _ NNP 36036 662 14 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 662 15 astutus astutus NN 36036 662 16 _ _ NNP 36036 662 17 also also RB 36036 662 18 flourishes flourish VBZ 36036 662 19 in in IN 36036 662 20 hot hot JJ 36036 662 21 arid arid NN 36036 662 22 climates climate NNS 36036 662 23 , , , 36036 662 24 and and CC 36036 662 25 it -PRON- PRP 36036 662 26 has have VBZ 36036 662 27 extended extend VBN 36036 662 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 662 29 range range NN 36036 662 30 much much RB 36036 662 31 farther farth JJR 36036 662 32 north north RB 36036 662 33 than than IN 36036 662 34 _ _ NNP 36036 662 35 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 662 36 narica narica NN 36036 662 37 _ _ NNP 36036 662 38 ( ( -LRB- 36036 662 39 Hall Hall NNP 36036 662 40 and and CC 36036 662 41 Kelson Kelson NNP 36036 662 42 , , , 36036 662 43 1959:881,892 1959:881,892 CD 36036 662 44 ; ; : 36036 662 45 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 662 46 - - HYPH 36036 662 47 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 662 48 , , , 36036 662 49 1975 1975 CD 36036 662 50 ; ; : 36036 662 51 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 662 52 , , , 36036 662 53 1982 1982 CD 36036 662 54 ) ) -RRB- 36036 662 55 . . . 36036 663 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 663 2 T_{uc t_{uc NN 36036 663 3 } } -RRB- 36036 663 4 is be VBZ 36036 663 5 higher high JJR 36036 663 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 663 7 35.5 35.5 CD 36036 663 8 ° ° , 36036 663 9 C C NNP 36036 663 10 ; ; : 36036 663 11 Table table NN 36036 663 12 7 7 CD 36036 663 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 663 14 than than IN 36036 663 15 that that DT 36036 663 16 of of IN 36036 663 17 _ _ NNP 36036 663 18 Potos Potos NNP 36036 663 19 flavus flavus NN 36036 663 20 _ _ NNP 36036 663 21 , , , 36036 663 22 but but CC 36036 663 23 it -PRON- PRP 36036 663 24 is be VBZ 36036 663 25 comparable comparable JJ 36036 663 26 to to IN 36036 663 27 those those DT 36036 663 28 of of IN 36036 663 29 _ _ NNP 36036 663 30 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 663 31 nasua nasua NNP 36036 663 32 _ _ NNP 36036 663 33 and and CC 36036 663 34 _ _ NNP 36036 663 35 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 663 36 narica narica NNP 36036 663 37 _ _ NNP 36036 663 38 . . . 36036 664 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 664 2 capacity capacity NN 36036 664 3 for for IN 36036 664 4 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 664 5 cooling cooling NN 36036 664 6 is be VBZ 36036 664 7 well well RB 36036 664 8 developed developed JJ 36036 664 9 ; ; : 36036 664 10 at at IN 36036 664 11 40 40 CD 36036 664 12 ° ° NNS 36036 664 13 C C NNP 36036 664 14 _ _ NNP 36036 664 15 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 664 16 astutus astutus NN 36036 664 17 _ _ NNP 36036 664 18 is be VBZ 36036 664 19 able able JJ 36036 664 20 to to TO 36036 664 21 dissipate dissipate VB 36036 664 22 100 100 CD 36036 664 23 % % NN 36036 664 24 of of IN 36036 664 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 664 26 resting rest VBG 36036 664 27 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 664 28 heat heat NN 36036 664 29 via via IN 36036 664 30 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 664 31 water water NN 36036 664 32 loss loss NN 36036 664 33 , , , 36036 664 34 and and CC 36036 664 35 at at IN 36036 664 36 45 45 CD 36036 664 37 ° ° , 36036 664 38 C C NNP 36036 664 39 it -PRON- PRP 36036 664 40 is be VBZ 36036 664 41 able able JJ 36036 664 42 to to TO 36036 664 43 dissipate dissipate VB 36036 664 44 172 172 CD 36036 664 45 % % NN 36036 664 46 ( ( -LRB- 36036 664 47 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 664 48 , , , 36036 664 49 1985 1985 CD 36036 664 50 ) ) -RRB- 36036 664 51 . . . 36036 665 1 In in IN 36036 665 2 spite spite NN 36036 665 3 of of IN 36036 665 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 665 5 great great JJ 36036 665 6 capacity capacity NN 36036 665 7 for for IN 36036 665 8 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 665 9 cooling cooling NN 36036 665 10 , , , 36036 665 11 this this DT 36036 665 12 species species NN 36036 665 13 is be VBZ 36036 665 14 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 665 15 , , , 36036 665 16 a a DT 36036 665 17 habit habit NN 36036 665 18 that that WDT 36036 665 19 , , , 36036 665 20 along along IN 36036 665 21 with with IN 36036 665 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 665 23 low low JJ 36036 665 24 [ [ -LRB- 36036 665 25 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 665 26 } } -RRB- 36036 665 27 , , , 36036 665 28 should should MD 36036 665 29 allow allow VB 36036 665 30 it -PRON- PRP 36036 665 31 to to TO 36036 665 32 keep keep VB 36036 665 33 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 665 34 water water NN 36036 665 35 requirements requirement NNS 36036 665 36 to to IN 36036 665 37 a a DT 36036 665 38 minimum minimum NN 36036 665 39 . . . 36036 666 1 _ _ NNP 36036 666 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 666 3 lotor._--Our lotor._--Our NNP 36036 666 4 data datum NNS 36036 666 5 suggested suggest VBD 36036 666 6 that that IN 36036 666 7 T_{uc t_{uc NN 36036 666 8 } } -RRB- 36036 666 9 for for IN 36036 666 10 _ _ NNP 36036 666 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 666 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 666 13 _ _ NNP 36036 666 14 in in IN 36036 666 15 winter winter NN 36036 666 16 was be VBD 36036 666 17 comparable comparable JJ 36036 666 18 to to IN 36036 666 19 that that DT 36036 666 20 for for IN 36036 666 21 _ _ NNP 36036 666 22 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 666 23 astutus astutus NN 36036 666 24 _ _ NNP 36036 666 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 666 26 35 35 CD 36036 666 27 ° ° , 36036 666 28 C C NNP 36036 666 29 ) ) -RRB- 36036 666 30 , , , 36036 666 31 and and CC 36036 666 32 that that IN 36036 666 33 in in IN 36036 666 34 summer summer NN 36036 666 35 it -PRON- PRP 36036 666 36 was be VBD 36036 666 37 even even RB 36036 666 38 higher high JJR 36036 666 39 . . . 36036 667 1 When when WRB 36036 667 2 exposed expose VBN 36036 667 3 to to IN 36036 667 4 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 667 5 near near IN 36036 667 6 the the DT 36036 667 7 upper upper JJ 36036 667 8 end end NN 36036 667 9 of of IN 36036 667 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 667 11 T_{n T_{n NNP 36036 667 12 } } -RRB- 36036 667 13 , , , 36036 667 14 _ _ NNP 36036 667 15 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 667 16 lotor lotor NN 36036 667 17 _ _ NNP 36036 667 18 increased increase VBD 36036 667 19 the the DT 36036 667 20 gradient gradient NN 36036 667 21 for for IN 36036 667 22 passive passive JJ 36036 667 23 heat heat NN 36036 667 24 loss loss NN 36036 667 25 with with IN 36036 667 26 a a DT 36036 667 27 controlled control VBN 36036 667 28 rise rise NN 36036 667 29 in in IN 36036 667 30 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 667 31 } } -RRB- 36036 667 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 667 33 Figure Figure NNP 36036 667 34 6 6 CD 36036 667 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 667 36 . . . 36036 668 1 In in IN 36036 668 2 summer summer NN 36036 668 3 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 668 4 capacity capacity NN 36036 668 5 for for IN 36036 668 6 passive passive JJ 36036 668 7 heat heat NN 36036 668 8 loss loss NN 36036 668 9 was be VBD 36036 668 10 enhanced enhance VBN 36036 668 11 by by IN 36036 668 12 the the DT 36036 668 13 molt molt NN 36036 668 14 of of IN 36036 668 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 668 16 heavy heavy JJ 36036 668 17 winter winter NN 36036 668 18 fur fur NN 36036 668 19 . . . 36036 669 1 _ _ NNP 36036 669 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 669 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 669 4 _ _ NNP 36036 669 5 's 's POS 36036 669 6 capacity capacity NN 36036 669 7 for for IN 36036 669 8 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 669 9 cooling cooling NN 36036 669 10 also also RB 36036 669 11 appeared appear VBD 36036 669 12 to to TO 36036 669 13 be be VB 36036 669 14 well well RB 36036 669 15 developed developed JJ 36036 669 16 , , , 36036 669 17 although although IN 36036 669 18 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 669 19 animals animal NNS 36036 669 20 were be VBD 36036 669 21 not not RB 36036 669 22 heated heat VBN 36036 669 23 to to IN 36036 669 24 the the DT 36036 669 25 point point NN 36036 669 26 that that WDT 36036 669 27 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 669 28 cooling cooling NN 36036 669 29 was be VBD 36036 669 30 fully fully RB 36036 669 31 expressed express VBN 36036 669 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 669 33 Figures figure NNS 36036 669 34 4 4 CD 36036 669 35 , , , 36036 669 36 5 5 CD 36036 669 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 669 38 . . . 36036 670 1 However however RB 36036 670 2 , , , 36036 670 3 _ _ NNP 36036 670 4 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 670 5 lotor lotor NN 36036 670 6 _ _ NNP 36036 670 7 is be VBZ 36036 670 8 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 670 9 , , , 36036 670 10 and and CC 36036 670 11 this this DT 36036 670 12 may may MD 36036 670 13 allow allow VB 36036 670 14 it -PRON- PRP 36036 670 15 to to TO 36036 670 16 eliminate eliminate VB 36036 670 17 , , , 36036 670 18 or or CC 36036 670 19 at at IN 36036 670 20 least least JJS 36036 670 21 reduce reduce VB 36036 670 22 , , , 36036 670 23 the the DT 36036 670 24 need need NN 36036 670 25 for for IN 36036 670 26 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 670 27 cooling cooling NN 36036 670 28 , , , 36036 670 29 even even RB 36036 670 30 in in IN 36036 670 31 hot hot JJ 36036 670 32 climates climate NNS 36036 670 33 . . . 36036 671 1 Thus thus RB 36036 671 2 , , , 36036 671 3 _ _ NNP 36036 671 4 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 671 5 lotor lotor NN 36036 671 6 _ _ NNP 36036 671 7 appears appear VBZ 36036 671 8 to to TO 36036 671 9 be be VB 36036 671 10 well well RB 36036 671 11 equipped equip VBN 36036 671 12 physiologically physiologically RB 36036 671 13 and and CC 36036 671 14 behaviorally behaviorally RB 36036 671 15 to to TO 36036 671 16 cope cope VB 36036 671 17 with with IN 36036 671 18 thermal thermal JJ 36036 671 19 demands demand NNS 36036 671 20 of of IN 36036 671 21 hot hot JJ 36036 671 22 environments environment NNS 36036 671 23 in in IN 36036 671 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 671 25 distribution distribution NN 36036 671 26 . . . 36036 672 1 _ _ NNP 36036 672 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 672 3 cancrivorus._--Unfortunately cancrivorus._--unfortunately RB 36036 672 4 , , , 36036 672 5 data datum NNS 36036 672 6 for for IN 36036 672 7 the the DT 36036 672 8 crab crab NN 36036 672 9 - - HYPH 36036 672 10 eating eat VBG 36036 672 11 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 672 12 are be VBP 36036 672 13 not not RB 36036 672 14 complete complete JJ 36036 672 15 enough enough RB 36036 672 16 at at IN 36036 672 17 high high JJ 36036 672 18 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 672 19 to to TO 36036 672 20 include include VB 36036 672 21 it -PRON- PRP 36036 672 22 in in IN 36036 672 23 this this DT 36036 672 24 survey survey NN 36036 672 25 . . . 36036 673 1 SUMMARY.--This SUMMARY.--This NNP 36036 673 2 comparison comparison NN 36036 673 3 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ 36036 673 4 that that DT 36036 673 5 capacity capacity NN 36036 673 6 for for IN 36036 673 7 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 673 8 cooling cooling NN 36036 673 9 , , , 36036 673 10 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 673 11 of of IN 36036 673 12 an an DT 36036 673 13 elevated elevated JJ 36036 673 14 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 673 15 } } -RRB- 36036 673 16 to to TO 36036 673 17 enhance enhance VB 36036 673 18 passive passive JJ 36036 673 19 heat heat NN 36036 673 20 loss loss NN 36036 673 21 , , , 36036 673 22 and and CC 36036 673 23 behavioral behavioral JJ 36036 673 24 avoidance avoidance NN 36036 673 25 of of IN 36036 673 26 thermal thermal JJ 36036 673 27 stress stress NN 36036 673 28 are be VBP 36036 673 29 the the DT 36036 673 30 primary primary JJ 36036 673 31 methods method NNS 36036 673 32 used use VBN 36036 673 33 by by IN 36036 673 34 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 673 35 to to TO 36036 673 36 thermoregulate thermoregulate VB 36036 673 37 at at IN 36036 673 38 high high JJ 36036 673 39 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 673 40 . . . 36036 674 1 _ _ NNP 36036 674 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 674 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 674 4 _ _ NNP 36036 674 5 and and CC 36036 674 6 _ _ NNP 36036 674 7 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 674 8 astutus astutus NN 36036 674 9 _ _ NNP 36036 674 10 , , , 36036 674 11 whose whose WP$ 36036 674 12 distributions distribution NNS 36036 674 13 extend extend VBP 36036 674 14 into into IN 36036 674 15 temperate temperate NN 36036 674 16 regions region NNS 36036 674 17 , , , 36036 674 18 have have VBP 36036 674 19 developed develop VBN 36036 674 20 these these DT 36036 674 21 abilities ability NNS 36036 674 22 to to IN 36036 674 23 a a DT 36036 674 24 greater great JJR 36036 674 25 extent extent NN 36036 674 26 than than IN 36036 674 27 other other JJ 36036 674 28 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 674 29 . . . 36036 675 1 _ _ NNP 36036 675 2 Potos Potos NNP 36036 675 3 flavus flavus NN 36036 675 4 _ _ NNP 36036 675 5 , , , 36036 675 6 whose whose WP$ 36036 675 7 distribution distribution NN 36036 675 8 is be VBZ 36036 675 9 confined confine VBN 36036 675 10 to to TO 36036 675 11 lowland lowland VB 36036 675 12 tropical tropical JJ 36036 675 13 forests forest NNS 36036 675 14 , , , 36036 675 15 has have VBZ 36036 675 16 the the DT 36036 675 17 least least JJS 36036 675 18 ability ability NN 36036 675 19 in in IN 36036 675 20 this this DT 36036 675 21 regard regard NN 36036 675 22 . . . 36036 676 1 _ _ NNP 36036 676 2 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 676 3 nasua nasua NNP 36036 676 4 _ _ NNP 36036 676 5 and and CC 36036 676 6 _ _ NNP 36036 676 7 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 676 8 narica narica NN 36036 676 9 _ _ NNP 36036 676 10 appear appear VBP 36036 676 11 to to TO 36036 676 12 have have VB 36036 676 13 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 676 14 abilities ability NNS 36036 676 15 that that WDT 36036 676 16 are be VBP 36036 676 17 intermediate intermediate JJ 36036 676 18 to to IN 36036 676 19 those those DT 36036 676 20 of of IN 36036 676 21 _ _ NNP 36036 676 22 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 676 23 astutus astutus NN 36036 676 24 _ _ NNP 36036 676 25 and and CC 36036 676 26 _ _ NNP 36036 676 27 Potos Potos NNP 36036 676 28 flavus flavus NN 36036 676 29 _ _ NNP 36036 676 30 . . . 36036 677 1 This this DT 36036 677 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 677 3 that that IN 36036 677 4 ancestral ancestral JJ 36036 677 5 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 677 6 may may MD 36036 677 7 have have VB 36036 677 8 had have VBN 36036 677 9 poor poor JJ 36036 677 10 to to IN 36036 677 11 modest modest JJ 36036 677 12 ability ability NN 36036 677 13 to to TO 36036 677 14 thermoregulate thermoregulate VB 36036 677 15 at at IN 36036 677 16 high high JJ 36036 677 17 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 677 18 , , , 36036 677 19 a a DT 36036 677 20 condition condition NN 36036 677 21 that that WDT 36036 677 22 would would MD 36036 677 23 have have VB 36036 677 24 limited limit VBN 36036 677 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 677 26 ability ability NN 36036 677 27 to to TO 36036 677 28 leave leave VB 36036 677 29 the the DT 36036 677 30 thermal thermal JJ 36036 677 31 stability stability NN 36036 677 32 afforded afford VBN 36036 677 33 by by IN 36036 677 34 tropical tropical JJ 36036 677 35 forests forest NNS 36036 677 36 . . . 36036 678 1 Dispersal dispersal JJ 36036 678 2 into into IN 36036 678 3 temperate temperate NN 36036 678 4 climates climate NNS 36036 678 5 , , , 36036 678 6 therefore therefore RB 36036 678 7 , , , 36036 678 8 required require VBN 36036 678 9 not not RB 36036 678 10 only only RB 36036 678 11 increased increase VBN 36036 678 12 cold cold JJ 36036 678 13 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 678 14 but but CC 36036 678 15 also also RB 36036 678 16 selective selective JJ 36036 678 17 enhancement enhancement NN 36036 678 18 of of IN 36036 678 19 those those DT 36036 678 20 mechanisms mechanism NNS 36036 678 21 used use VBN 36036 678 22 in in IN 36036 678 23 thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 678 24 at at IN 36036 678 25 high high JJ 36036 678 26 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 678 27 . . . 36036 679 1 TABLE TABLE NNS 36036 679 2 11.--Distribution 11.--distribution CD 36036 679 3 by by IN 36036 679 4 climate climate NN 36036 679 5 of of IN 36036 679 6 selected select VBN 36036 679 7 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 679 8 species specie NNS 36036 679 9 . . . 36036 680 1 -----------------------+--------------------------------------------- -----------------------+--------------------------------------------- : 36036 680 2 | | NNP 36036 680 3 Mild[a Mild[a NNP 36036 680 4 ] ] -RRB- 36036 680 5 Cold[b Cold[b NNP 36036 680 6 ] ] -RRB- 36036 680 7 Species Species NNP 36036 680 8 | | NNP 36036 680 9 Tropics Tropics NNPS 36036 680 10 Subtropics subtropic NNS 36036 680 11 temperate temperate VBP 36036 680 12 temperate temperate NN 36036 680 13 -----------------------+--------------------------------------------- -----------------------+--------------------------------------------- : 36036 680 14 _ _ NNP 36036 680 15 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 680 16 lotor lotor NN 36036 680 17 _ _ NNP 36036 680 18 | | NNP 36036 680 19 + + CC 36036 680 20 + + SYM 36036 680 21 + + SYM 36036 680 22 + + SYM 36036 680 23 _ _ NNP 36036 680 24 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 680 25 astutus astutus NN 36036 680 26 _ _ NNP 36036 680 27 | | NNP 36036 680 28 + + NNP 36036 680 29 + + SYM 36036 680 30 + + SYM 36036 680 31 _ _ NNP 36036 680 32 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 680 33 nasua nasua NN 36036 680 34 _ _ NNP 36036 680 35 | | NNP 36036 680 36 + + NNP 36036 680 37 + + SYM 36036 680 38 _ _ NNP 36036 680 39 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 680 40 narica narica NN 36036 680 41 _ _ NNP 36036 680 42 | | NNP 36036 680 43 + + CC 36036 680 44 + + SYM 36036 680 45 _ _ NNP 36036 680 46 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 680 47 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 680 48 _ _ NNP 36036 680 49 | | NNP 36036 680 50 + + NNP 36036 680 51 + + SYM 36036 680 52 _ _ NNP 36036 680 53 Potos Potos NNP 36036 680 54 flavus flavus NN 36036 680 55 _ _ NNP 36036 680 56 | | NNP 36036 680 57 + + SYM 36036 680 58 -----------------------+--------------------------------------------- -----------------------+--------------------------------------------- : 36036 680 59 [ [ -LRB- 36036 680 60 a a NN 36036 680 61 ] ] -RRB- 36036 680 62 Extends extend NNS 36036 680 63 from from IN 36036 680 64 the the DT 36036 680 65 subtropics subtropic NNS 36036 680 66 north north RB 36036 680 67 to to IN 36036 680 68 the the DT 36036 680 69 northern northern JJ 36036 680 70 limit limit NN 36036 680 71 of of IN 36036 680 72 _ _ NNP 36036 680 73 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 680 74 astutus astutus NN 36036 680 75 _ _ NNP 36036 680 76 ' ' POS 36036 680 77 distribution distribution NN 36036 680 78 ( ( -LRB- 36036 680 79 Hall Hall NNP 36036 680 80 and and CC 36036 680 81 Kelson Kelson NNP 36036 680 82 , , , 36036 680 83 1959:881 1959:881 CD 36036 680 84 ) ) -RRB- 36036 680 85 , , , 36036 680 86 which which WDT 36036 680 87 approximates approximate VBZ 36036 680 88 the the DT 36036 680 89 10 10 CD 36036 680 90 ° ° NNS 36036 680 91 C C NNP 36036 680 92 isotherm isotherm NN 36036 680 93 for for IN 36036 680 94 average average JJ 36036 680 95 annual annual JJ 36036 680 96 temperature temperature NN 36036 680 97 in in IN 36036 680 98 the the DT 36036 680 99 United United NNP 36036 680 100 States States NNP 36036 680 101 ( ( -LRB- 36036 680 102 Kincer Kincer NNP 36036 680 103 , , , 36036 680 104 1941 1941 CD 36036 680 105 ) ) -RRB- 36036 680 106 . . . 36036 681 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 681 2 b b NN 36036 681 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 681 4 Extends extend VBZ 36036 681 5 northward northward RB 36036 681 6 from from IN 36036 681 7 the the DT 36036 681 8 10 10 CD 36036 681 9 ° ° NNS 36036 681 10 C C NNP 36036 681 11 isotherm isotherm NN 36036 681 12 for for IN 36036 681 13 average average JJ 36036 681 14 annual annual JJ 36036 681 15 temperature temperature NN 36036 681 16 in in IN 36036 681 17 the the DT 36036 681 18 United United NNP 36036 681 19 States States NNP 36036 681 20 . . . 36036 682 1 COMPOSITE COMPOSITE NNS 36036 682 2 SCORES score NNS 36036 682 3 OF of IN 36036 682 4 ADAPTIVE ADAPTIVE NNP 36036 682 5 UNITS unit NNS 36036 682 6 AND and CC 36036 682 7 GEOGRAPHIC geographic NN 36036 682 8 DISTRIBUTION distribution NN 36036 682 9 In in IN 36036 682 10 Table table NN 36036 682 11 11 11 CD 36036 682 12 , , , 36036 682 13 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 682 14 species specie NNS 36036 682 15 are be VBP 36036 682 16 arranged arrange VBN 36036 682 17 in in IN 36036 682 18 descending descend VBG 36036 682 19 order order NN 36036 682 20 with with IN 36036 682 21 respect respect NN 36036 682 22 to to IN 36036 682 23 the the DT 36036 682 24 number number NN 36036 682 25 of of IN 36036 682 26 major major JJ 36036 682 27 climates climate NNS 36036 682 28 that that WDT 36036 682 29 are be VBP 36036 682 30 included include VBN 36036 682 31 in in IN 36036 682 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 682 33 geographic geographic JJ 36036 682 34 distributions distribution NNS 36036 682 35 ( ( -LRB- 36036 682 36 Hall Hall NNP 36036 682 37 and and CC 36036 682 38 Kelson Kelson NNP 36036 682 39 , , , 36036 682 40 1959:878 1959:878 CD 36036 682 41 - - SYM 36036 682 42 897 897 CD 36036 682 43 ; ; : 36036 682 44 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 682 45 - - HYPH 36036 682 46 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 682 47 , , , 36036 682 48 1975 1975 CD 36036 682 49 ; ; : 36036 682 50 Kortlucke Kortlucke NNP 36036 682 51 and and CC 36036 682 52 Ramirez Ramirez NNP 36036 682 53 - - HYPH 36036 682 54 Pulido Pulido NNP 36036 682 55 , , , 36036 682 56 1982 1982 CD 36036 682 57 ; ; : 36036 682 58 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 682 59 and and CC 36036 682 60 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 682 61 , , , 36036 682 62 1983:977 1983:977 CD 36036 682 63 - - SYM 36036 682 64 985 985 CD 36036 682 65 ) ) -RRB- 36036 682 66 . . . 36036 683 1 Composite composite JJ 36036 683 2 scores score NNS 36036 683 3 ranged range VBD 36036 683 4 from from IN 36036 683 5 a a DT 36036 683 6 high high NN 36036 683 7 of of IN 36036 683 8 1.47 1.47 CD 36036 683 9 for for IN 36036 683 10 _ _ NNP 36036 683 11 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 683 12 lotor lotor NN 36036 683 13 _ _ NNP 36036 683 14 to to IN 36036 683 15 a a DT 36036 683 16 low low NN 36036 683 17 of of IN 36036 683 18 0.39 0.39 CD 36036 683 19 for for IN 36036 683 20 _ _ NNP 36036 683 21 Potos Potos NNP 36036 683 22 flavus flavus NN 36036 683 23 _ _ NNP 36036 683 24 , , , 36036 683 25 whereas whereas IN 36036 683 26 _ _ NNP 36036 683 27 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 683 28 nasua nasua NNP 36036 683 29 _ _ NNP 36036 683 30 , , , 36036 683 31 _ _ NNP 36036 683 32 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 683 33 narica narica NN 36036 683 34 _ _ NNP 36036 683 35 , , , 36036 683 36 _ _ NNP 36036 683 37 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 683 38 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 683 39 _ _ NNP 36036 683 40 , , , 36036 683 41 and and CC 36036 683 42 _ _ NNP 36036 683 43 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 683 44 astutus astutus NN 36036 683 45 _ _ NNP 36036 683 46 had have VBD 36036 683 47 intermediate intermediate JJ 36036 683 48 values value NNS 36036 683 49 ranging range VBG 36036 683 50 from from IN 36036 683 51 0.64 0.64 CD 36036 683 52 to to IN 36036 683 53 0.79 0.79 CD 36036 683 54 ( ( -LRB- 36036 683 55 Table table NN 36036 683 56 12 12 CD 36036 683 57 ) ) -RRB- 36036 683 58 . . . 36036 684 1 Figure figure NN 36036 684 2 8 8 CD 36036 684 3 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ 36036 684 4 that that IN 36036 684 5 there there EX 36036 684 6 is be VBZ 36036 684 7 a a DT 36036 684 8 direct direct JJ 36036 684 9 relationship relationship NN 36036 684 10 between between IN 36036 684 11 the the DT 36036 684 12 number number NN 36036 684 13 of of IN 36036 684 14 climates climate VBZ 36036 684 15 these these DT 36036 684 16 species specie NNS 36036 684 17 occupy occupy VBP 36036 684 18 and and CC 36036 684 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 684 20 composite composite JJ 36036 684 21 scores score NNS 36036 684 22 . . . 36036 685 1 Regression regression NN 36036 685 2 analysis analysis NN 36036 685 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 685 4 Y y NN 36036 685 5 = = SYM 36036 685 6 2.68·X 2.68·x CD 36036 685 7 + + SYM 36036 685 8 0.24 0.24 CD 36036 685 9 ; ; : 36036 685 10 where where WRB 36036 685 11 Y Y NNP 36036 685 12 is be VBZ 36036 685 13 number number NN 36036 685 14 of of IN 36036 685 15 climates climate NNS 36036 685 16 , , , 36036 685 17 and and CC 36036 685 18 X x NN 36036 685 19 is be VBZ 36036 685 20 composite composite JJ 36036 685 21 score score NN 36036 685 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 685 23 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ 36036 685 24 a a DT 36036 685 25 high high JJ 36036 685 26 degree degree NN 36036 685 27 of of IN 36036 685 28 correlation correlation NN 36036 685 29 between between IN 36036 685 30 these these DT 36036 685 31 variables variable NNS 36036 685 32 ( ( -LRB- 36036 685 33 R r NN 36036 685 34 = = SYM 36036 685 35 0.94 0.94 CD 36036 685 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 685 37 and and CC 36036 685 38 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 685 39 that that IN 36036 685 40 89 89 CD 36036 685 41 % % NN 36036 685 42 of of IN 36036 685 43 the the DT 36036 685 44 variance variance NN 36036 685 45 in in IN 36036 685 46 distribution distribution NN 36036 685 47 can can MD 36036 685 48 be be VB 36036 685 49 explained explain VBN 36036 685 50 by by IN 36036 685 51 composite composite JJ 36036 685 52 scores score NNS 36036 685 53 . . . 36036 686 1 The the DT 36036 686 2 various various JJ 36036 686 3 combinations combination NNS 36036 686 4 of of IN 36036 686 5 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 686 6 expressed express VBN 36036 686 7 by by IN 36036 686 8 these these DT 36036 686 9 species specie NNS 36036 686 10 do do VBP 36036 686 11 , , , 36036 686 12 therefore therefore RB 36036 686 13 , , , 36036 686 14 play play VB 36036 686 15 a a DT 36036 686 16 role role NN 36036 686 17 in in IN 36036 686 18 delimiting delimit VBG 36036 686 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 686 20 climatic climatic JJ 36036 686 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 686 22 latitudinal latitudinal JJ 36036 686 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 686 24 distributions distribution NNS 36036 686 25 . . . 36036 687 1 _ _ NNP 36036 687 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 687 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 687 4 's 's POS 36036 687 5 _ _ NNP 36036 687 6 normalized normalized JJ 36036 687 7 scores score NNS 36036 687 8 were be VBD 36036 687 9 higher high JJR 36036 687 10 in in IN 36036 687 11 all all DT 36036 687 12 categories category NNS 36036 687 13 than than IN 36036 687 14 those those DT 36036 687 15 of of IN 36036 687 16 other other JJ 36036 687 17 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 687 18 . . . 36036 688 1 _ _ NNP 36036 688 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 688 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 688 4 _ _ NNP 36036 688 5 , , , 36036 688 6 therefore therefore RB 36036 688 7 , , , 36036 688 8 possesses possess VBZ 36036 688 9 those those DT 36036 688 10 traits trait NNS 36036 688 11 that that WDT 36036 688 12 have have VBP 36036 688 13 allowed allow VBN 36036 688 14 it -PRON- PRP 36036 688 15 to to TO 36036 688 16 become become VB 36036 688 17 the the DT 36036 688 18 premier premier NNP 36036 688 19 climate climate NN 36036 688 20 generalist generalist NN 36036 688 21 of of IN 36036 688 22 the the DT 36036 688 23 procyonid procyonid JJ 36036 688 24 family family NN 36036 688 25 . . . 36036 689 1 As as IN 36036 689 2 an an DT 36036 689 3 adaptive adaptive JJ 36036 689 4 unit unit NN 36036 689 5 , , , 36036 689 6 these these DT 36036 689 7 traits trait NNS 36036 689 8 provide provide VBP 36036 689 9 _ _ NNP 36036 689 10 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 689 11 lotor lotor NN 36036 689 12 _ _ NNP 36036 689 13 with with IN 36036 689 14 the the DT 36036 689 15 physiological physiological JJ 36036 689 16 and and CC 36036 689 17 behavioral behavioral JJ 36036 689 18 flexibility flexibility NN 36036 689 19 required require VBN 36036 689 20 to to TO 36036 689 21 take take VB 36036 689 22 full full JJ 36036 689 23 advantage advantage NN 36036 689 24 of of IN 36036 689 25 a a DT 36036 689 26 wide wide JJ 36036 689 27 range range NN 36036 689 28 of of IN 36036 689 29 climates climate NNS 36036 689 30 and and CC 36036 689 31 habitats habitat NNS 36036 689 32 , , , 36036 689 33 and and CC 36036 689 34 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 689 35 distribution distribution NN 36036 689 36 verifies verifie NNS 36036 689 37 that that WDT 36036 689 38 it -PRON- PRP 36036 689 39 has have VBZ 36036 689 40 done do VBN 36036 689 41 so so RB 36036 689 42 . . . 36036 690 1 Even even RB 36036 690 2 so so RB 36036 690 3 , , , 36036 690 4 it -PRON- PRP 36036 690 5 is be VBZ 36036 690 6 probably probably RB 36036 690 7 not not RB 36036 690 8 fair fair JJ 36036 690 9 to to TO 36036 690 10 assume assume VB 36036 690 11 that that IN 36036 690 12 this this DT 36036 690 13 species species NN 36036 690 14 represents represent VBZ 36036 690 15 a a DT 36036 690 16 perfect perfect JJ 36036 690 17 physiological physiological JJ 36036 690 18 match match NN 36036 690 19 with with IN 36036 690 20 climate climate NN 36036 690 21 over over IN 36036 690 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 690 23 entire entire JJ 36036 690 24 distribution distribution NN 36036 690 25 . . . 36036 691 1 _ _ NNP 36036 691 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 691 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 691 4 _ _ NNP 36036 691 5 is be VBZ 36036 691 6 , , , 36036 691 7 in in IN 36036 691 8 many many JJ 36036 691 9 respects respect NNS 36036 691 10 , , , 36036 691 11 still still RB 36036 691 12 a a DT 36036 691 13 forest forest NN 36036 691 14 - - HYPH 36036 691 15 dwelling dwell VBG 36036 691 16 species specie NNS 36036 691 17 , , , 36036 691 18 and and CC 36036 691 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 691 20 ability ability NN 36036 691 21 to to TO 36036 691 22 expand expand VB 36036 691 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 691 24 distribution distribution NN 36036 691 25 into into IN 36036 691 26 other other JJ 36036 691 27 habitats habitat NNS 36036 691 28 such such JJ 36036 691 29 as as IN 36036 691 30 prairie prairie NN 36036 691 31 and and CC 36036 691 32 desert desert NN 36036 691 33 may may MD 36036 691 34 well well RB 36036 691 35 be be VB 36036 691 36 due due JJ 36036 691 37 , , , 36036 691 38 in in IN 36036 691 39 part part NN 36036 691 40 , , , 36036 691 41 to to IN 36036 691 42 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 691 43 use use NN 36036 691 44 of of IN 36036 691 45 behavior behavior NN 36036 691 46 to to TO 36036 691 47 take take VB 36036 691 48 advantage advantage NN 36036 691 49 of of IN 36036 691 50 favorable favorable JJ 36036 691 51 microclimates microclimate NNS 36036 691 52 in in IN 36036 691 53 otherwise otherwise RB 36036 691 54 hostile hostile JJ 36036 691 55 environments environment NNS 36036 691 56 ( ( -LRB- 36036 691 57 Bartholomew Bartholomew NNP 36036 691 58 , , , 36036 691 59 1958 1958 CD 36036 691 60 , , , 36036 691 61 1987 1987 CD 36036 691 62 ) ) -RRB- 36036 691 63 . . . 36036 692 1 This this DT 36036 692 2 feature feature NN 36036 692 3 of of IN 36036 692 4 _ _ NNP 36036 692 5 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 692 6 lotor lotor NN 36036 692 7 's 's POS 36036 692 8 _ _ NNP 36036 692 9 biology biology NN 36036 692 10 needs need VBZ 36036 692 11 to to TO 36036 692 12 be be VB 36036 692 13 further further RB 36036 692 14 examined examine VBN 36036 692 15 . . . 36036 693 1 TABLE TABLE NNP 36036 693 2 12.--Normalized 12.--normalized CD 36036 693 3 and and CC 36036 693 4 composite composite JJ 36036 693 5 scores score NNS 36036 693 6 for for IN 36036 693 7 selected select VBN 36036 693 8 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 693 9 . . . 36036 694 1 ( ( -LRB- 36036 694 2 H_{br H_{br NNP 36036 694 3 } } -RRB- 36036 694 4 = = SYM 36036 694 5 ratio ratio NN 36036 694 6 of of IN 36036 694 7 measured measure VBN 36036 694 8 to to IN 36036 694 9 predicted predict VBN 36036 694 10 basal basal NNP 36036 694 11 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 694 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 694 13 Table table NN 36036 694 14 7 7 CD 36036 694 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 694 16 , , , 36036 694 17 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 694 18 } } -RRB- 36036 694 19 = = NFP 36036 694 20 ratio ratio NN 36036 694 21 of of IN 36036 694 22 measured measure VBN 36036 694 23 to to IN 36036 694 24 predicted predict VBN 36036 694 25 minimum minimum JJ 36036 694 26 thermal thermal JJ 36036 694 27 conductance conductance NN 36036 694 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 694 29 Table table NN 36036 694 30 7 7 CD 36036 694 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 694 32 , , , 36036 694 33 D_{dr D_{dr NNP 36036 694 34 } } -RRB- 36036 694 35 = = SYM 36036 694 36 ratio ratio NN 36036 694 37 of of IN 36036 694 38 food food NN 36036 694 39 categories category NNS 36036 694 40 actually actually RB 36036 694 41 utilized utilize VBN 36036 694 42 by by IN 36036 694 43 each each DT 36036 694 44 species specie NNS 36036 694 45 to to TO 36036 694 46 total total JJ 36036 694 47 food food NN 36036 694 48 categories category NNS 36036 694 49 eaten eat VBN 36036 694 50 by by IN 36036 694 51 all all DT 36036 694 52 six six CD 36036 694 53 species specie NNS 36036 694 54 ( ( -LRB- 36036 694 55 calculated calculate VBN 36036 694 56 from from IN 36036 694 57 Table table NN 36036 694 58 9 9 CD 36036 694 59 ) ) -RRB- 36036 694 60 , , , 36036 694 61 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 694 62 } } -RRB- 36036 694 63 = = SYM 36036 694 64 ratio ratio NN 36036 694 65 of of IN 36036 694 66 calculated calculate VBN 36036 694 67 to to IN 36036 694 68 expected expect VBN 36036 694 69 r_{max r_{max . 36036 694 70 } } -RRB- 36036 694 71 ( ( -LRB- 36036 694 72 Table table NN 36036 694 73 10 10 CD 36036 694 74 ) ) -RRB- 36036 694 75 . . . 36036 694 76 ) ) -RRB- 36036 695 1 ----------------------+---------------------------------------------- ----------------------+---------------------------------------------- : 36036 695 2 | | NNP 36036 695 3 Normalized normalized JJ 36036 695 4 scores score NNS 36036 695 5 Species Species NNPS 36036 695 6 |---------------------------- |---------------------------- NNP 36036 695 7 Composite[a Composite[a NNP 36036 695 8 ] ] -RRB- 36036 695 9 |H_{br}/C_{mwr |h_{br}/c_{mwr CD 36036 695 10 } } -RRB- 36036 695 11 D_{dr d_{dr NN 36036 695 12 } } -RRB- 36036 695 13 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 695 14 } } -RRB- 36036 695 15 score score NN 36036 695 16 ----------------------+---------------------------------------------- ----------------------+---------------------------------------------- NFP 36036 695 17 _ _ NNP 36036 695 18 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 695 19 lotor lotor NN 36036 695 20 _ _ NNP 36036 695 21 | | NNP 36036 695 22 0.95 0.95 CD 36036 695 23 0.95 0.95 CD 36036 695 24 2.52 2.52 CD 36036 695 25 1.47 1.47 CD 36036 695 26 _ _ NNP 36036 695 27 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 695 28 astutus astutus NN 36036 695 29 _ _ NNP 36036 695 30 | | NNP 36036 695 31 0.80 0.80 CD 36036 695 32 0.33 0.33 CD 36036 695 33 1.24 1.24 CD 36036 695 34 0.79 0.79 CD 36036 695 35 _ _ NNP 36036 695 36 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 695 37 nasua nasua NNP 36036 695 38 _ _ NNP 36036 695 39 | | NNP 36036 695 40 0.48 0.48 CD 36036 695 41 0.33 0.33 CD 36036 695 42 1.11[b 1.11[b NNS 36036 695 43 ] ] -RRB- 36036 695 44 0.64 0.64 CD 36036 695 45 _ _ NNP 36036 695 46 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 695 47 nasua nasua NNP 36036 695 48 _ _ NNP 36036 695 49 | | NNP 36036 695 50 0.48 0.48 CD 36036 695 51 0.33 0.33 CD 36036 695 52 1.11[b 1.11[b NNS 36036 695 53 ] ] -RRB- 36036 695 54 0.64 0.64 CD 36036 695 55 _ _ NNP 36036 695 56 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 695 57 narica narica NN 36036 695 58 _ _ NNP 36036 695 59 | | NNP 36036 695 60 0.40 0.40 CD 36036 695 61 0.53 0.53 CD 36036 695 62 1.11 1.11 CD 36036 695 63 0.68 0.68 CD 36036 695 64 _ _ NNP 36036 695 65 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 695 66 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 695 67 _ _ NNP 36036 695 68 | | NNP 36036 695 69 0.55 0.55 CD 36036 695 70 0.33 0.33 CD 36036 695 71 1.32 1.32 CD 36036 695 72 0.73 0.73 CD 36036 695 73 _ _ NNP 36036 695 74 Potos Potos NNP 36036 695 75 flavus flavus NN 36036 695 76 _ _ NNP 36036 695 77 | | NNP 36036 695 78 0.60 0.60 CD 36036 695 79 0.11 0.11 CD 36036 695 80 0.48 0.48 CD 36036 695 81 0.39 0.39 CD 36036 695 82 ----------------------+---------------------------------------------- ----------------------+---------------------------------------------- NFP 36036 695 83 [ [ -LRB- 36036 695 84 a a DT 36036 695 85 ] ] -RRB- 36036 695 86 Composite composite JJ 36036 695 87 score score NN 36036 695 88 = = NFP 36036 695 89 [ [ -LRB- 36036 695 90 ( ( -LRB- 36036 695 91 H_{br}/C_{mwr h_{br}/c_{mwr LS 36036 695 92 } } -RRB- 36036 695 93 ) ) -RRB- 36036 695 94 + + CC 36036 695 95 D_{dr d_{dr NN 36036 695 96 } } -RRB- 36036 695 97 + + SYM 36036 695 98 r_{maxr}]/3 r_{maxr}]/3 NNS 36036 695 99 . . . 36036 696 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 696 2 b b LS 36036 696 3 ] ] -RRB- 36036 696 4 Value value NN 36036 696 5 calculated calculate VBN 36036 696 6 for for IN 36036 696 7 _ _ NNP 36036 696 8 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 696 9 narica narica NN 36036 696 10 _ _ NNP 36036 696 11 ( ( -LRB- 36036 696 12 Table Table NNP 36036 696 13 10 10 CD 36036 696 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 696 15 and and CC 36036 696 16 used use VBN 36036 696 17 with with IN 36036 696 18 the the DT 36036 696 19 assumption assumption NN 36036 696 20 that that IN 36036 696 21 it -PRON- PRP 36036 696 22 must must MD 36036 696 23 be be VB 36036 696 24 similar similar JJ 36036 696 25 to to IN 36036 696 26 the the DT 36036 696 27 value value NN 36036 696 28 for for IN 36036 696 29 _ _ NNP 36036 696 30 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 696 31 nasua nasua NNP 36036 696 32 _ _ NNP 36036 696 33 . . . 36036 697 1 All all DT 36036 697 2 five five CD 36036 697 3 species specie NNS 36036 697 4 with with IN 36036 697 5 low low JJ 36036 697 6 [ [ -LRB- 36036 697 7 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 697 8 } } -RRB- 36036 697 9 's be VBZ 36036 697 10 have have VBP 36036 697 11 composite composite JJ 36036 697 12 scores score NNS 36036 697 13 less less JJR 36036 697 14 than than IN 36036 697 15 1.0 1.0 CD 36036 697 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 697 17 Table table NN 36036 697 18 12 12 CD 36036 697 19 ; ; : 36036 697 20 Figure figure NN 36036 697 21 8) 8) CD 36036 697 22 . . . 36036 698 1 Four four CD 36036 698 2 of of IN 36036 698 3 these these DT 36036 698 4 five five CD 36036 698 5 , , , 36036 698 6 _ _ NNP 36036 698 7 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 698 8 nasua nasua NNP 36036 698 9 _ _ NNP 36036 698 10 , , , 36036 698 11 _ _ NNP 36036 698 12 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 698 13 narica narica NN 36036 698 14 _ _ NNP 36036 698 15 , , , 36036 698 16 _ _ NNP 36036 698 17 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 698 18 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 698 19 _ _ NNP 36036 698 20 , , , 36036 698 21 and and CC 36036 698 22 _ _ NNP 36036 698 23 Potos Potos NNP 36036 698 24 flavus flavus NN 36036 698 25 _ _ NNP 36036 698 26 , , , 36036 698 27 have have VBP 36036 698 28 H_{br}/C_{mwr h_{br}/c_{mwr LS 36036 698 29 } } -RRB- 36036 698 30 ratios ratio NNS 36036 698 31 that that WDT 36036 698 32 are be VBP 36036 698 33 0.6 0.6 CD 36036 698 34 or or CC 36036 698 35 less less JJR 36036 698 36 , , , 36036 698 37 which which WDT 36036 698 38 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 698 39 they -PRON- PRP 36036 698 40 are be VBP 36036 698 41 the the DT 36036 698 42 least least JJS 36036 698 43 cold cold JJ 36036 698 44 - - HYPH 36036 698 45 tolerant tolerant JJ 36036 698 46 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 698 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 698 48 McNab mcnab CD 36036 698 49 , , , 36036 698 50 1966 1966 CD 36036 698 51 ) ) -RRB- 36036 698 52 . . . 36036 699 1 These these DT 36036 699 2 four four CD 36036 699 3 species specie NNS 36036 699 4 also also RB 36036 699 5 are be VBP 36036 699 6 confined confine VBN 36036 699 7 to to IN 36036 699 8 either either DT 36036 699 9 tropic tropic NN 36036 699 10 , , , 36036 699 11 or or CC 36036 699 12 tropic tropic NN 36036 699 13 and and CC 36036 699 14 subtropic subtropic NN 36036 699 15 climates climate NNS 36036 699 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 699 17 Table table NN 36036 699 18 11 11 CD 36036 699 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 699 20 . . . 36036 700 1 This this DT 36036 700 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 700 3 that that IN 36036 700 4 these these DT 36036 700 5 species specie NNS 36036 700 6 share share VBP 36036 700 7 a a DT 36036 700 8 common common JJ 36036 700 9 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 700 10 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 700 11 that that WDT 36036 700 12 represents represent VBZ 36036 700 13 a a DT 36036 700 14 specialization specialization NN 36036 700 15 to to IN 36036 700 16 these these DT 36036 700 17 climates climate NNS 36036 700 18 . . . 36036 701 1 Attendant attendant JJ 36036 701 2 with with IN 36036 701 3 this this DT 36036 701 4 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 701 5 , , , 36036 701 6 however however RB 36036 701 7 , , , 36036 701 8 is be VBZ 36036 701 9 a a DT 36036 701 10 high high JJ 36036 701 11 cost cost NN 36036 701 12 of of IN 36036 701 13 thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 701 14 at at IN 36036 701 15 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 701 16 below below IN 36036 701 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 701 18 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 701 19 } } -RRB- 36036 701 20 , , , 36036 701 21 and and CC 36036 701 22 this this DT 36036 701 23 must must MD 36036 701 24 be be VB 36036 701 25 an an DT 36036 701 26 important important JJ 36036 701 27 factor factor NN 36036 701 28 in in IN 36036 701 29 limiting limit VBG 36036 701 30 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 701 31 distributions distribution NNS 36036 701 32 to to IN 36036 701 33 tropic tropic NN 36036 701 34 and and CC 36036 701 35 subtropic subtropic NN 36036 701 36 climates climate NNS 36036 701 37 . . . 36036 702 1 Differences difference NNS 36036 702 2 in in IN 36036 702 3 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 702 4 distributions distribution NNS 36036 702 5 within within IN 36036 702 6 these these DT 36036 702 7 climates climate NNS 36036 702 8 , , , 36036 702 9 therefore therefore RB 36036 702 10 , , , 36036 702 11 must must MD 36036 702 12 hinge hinge VB 36036 702 13 more more JJR 36036 702 14 on on IN 36036 702 15 differences difference NNS 36036 702 16 in in IN 36036 702 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 702 18 D_{dr d_{dr NN 36036 702 19 } } -RRB- 36036 702 20 and and CC 36036 702 21 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 702 22 } } -RRB- 36036 702 23 values value VBZ 36036 702 24 than than IN 36036 702 25 on on IN 36036 702 26 differences difference NNS 36036 702 27 in in IN 36036 702 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 702 29 H_{br}/C_{mwr H_{br}/C_{mwr NNS 36036 702 30 } } -RRB- 36036 702 31 ratios ratio NNS 36036 702 32 . . . 36036 703 1 This this DT 36036 703 2 is be VBZ 36036 703 3 supported support VBN 36036 703 4 by by IN 36036 703 5 the the DT 36036 703 6 fact fact NN 36036 703 7 that that IN 36036 703 8 _ _ NNP 36036 703 9 Potos Potos NNP 36036 703 10 flavus flavus NN 36036 703 11 _ _ NNP 36036 703 12 , , , 36036 703 13 which which WDT 36036 703 14 has have VBZ 36036 703 15 the the DT 36036 703 16 lowest low JJS 36036 703 17 D_{dr d_{dr NN 36036 703 18 } } -RRB- 36036 703 19 and and CC 36036 703 20 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 703 21 } } -RRB- 36036 703 22 values value NNS 36036 703 23 , , , 36036 703 24 is be VBZ 36036 703 25 confined confine VBN 36036 703 26 to to IN 36036 703 27 a a DT 36036 703 28 single single JJ 36036 703 29 climate climate NN 36036 703 30 , , , 36036 703 31 whereas whereas IN 36036 703 32 _ _ NNP 36036 703 33 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 703 34 nasua nasua NNP 36036 703 35 _ _ NNP 36036 703 36 , , , 36036 703 37 _ _ NNP 36036 703 38 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 703 39 narica narica NN 36036 703 40 _ _ NNP 36036 703 41 , , , 36036 703 42 and and CC 36036 703 43 _ _ NNP 36036 703 44 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 703 45 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 703 46 _ _ NNP 36036 703 47 each each DT 36036 703 48 possess posses VBZ 36036 703 49 larger large JJR 36036 703 50 D_{dr d_{dr NN 36036 703 51 } } -RRB- 36036 703 52 and and CC 36036 703 53 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 703 54 } } -RRB- 36036 703 55 values value NNS 36036 703 56 and and CC 36036 703 57 are be VBP 36036 703 58 found find VBN 36036 703 59 in in IN 36036 703 60 two two CD 36036 703 61 climates climate NNS 36036 703 62 . . . 36036 704 1 Thus thus RB 36036 704 2 , , , 36036 704 3 _ _ NNP 36036 704 4 Potos Potos NNP 36036 704 5 flavus flavus NN 36036 704 6 _ _ NNP 36036 704 7 , , , 36036 704 8 with with IN 36036 704 9 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 704 10 highly highly RB 36036 704 11 specialized specialized JJ 36036 704 12 diet diet NN 36036 704 13 and and CC 36036 704 14 low low JJ 36036 704 15 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 704 16 potential potential NN 36036 704 17 , , , 36036 704 18 is be VBZ 36036 704 19 the the DT 36036 704 20 most most RBS 36036 704 21 ecologically ecologically RB 36036 704 22 specialized specialized JJ 36036 704 23 of of IN 36036 704 24 these these DT 36036 704 25 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 704 26 , , , 36036 704 27 and and CC 36036 704 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 704 29 distribution distribution NN 36036 704 30 is be VBZ 36036 704 31 limited limit VBN 36036 704 32 to to IN 36036 704 33 the the DT 36036 704 34 single single JJ 36036 704 35 climate climate NN 36036 704 36 that that WDT 36036 704 37 can can MD 36036 704 38 provide provide VB 36036 704 39 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 704 40 requirements requirement NNS 36036 704 41 . . . 36036 705 1 _ _ NNP 36036 705 2 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 705 3 nasua nasua NNP 36036 705 4 _ _ NNP 36036 705 5 , , , 36036 705 6 _ _ NNP 36036 705 7 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 705 8 narica narica NN 36036 705 9 _ _ NNP 36036 705 10 , , , 36036 705 11 and and CC 36036 705 12 _ _ NNP 36036 705 13 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 705 14 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 705 15 _ _ NNP 36036 705 16 are be VBP 36036 705 17 less less RBR 36036 705 18 specialized specialized JJ 36036 705 19 and and CC 36036 705 20 thus thus RB 36036 705 21 show show VB 36036 705 22 more more JJR 36036 705 23 ecological ecological JJ 36036 705 24 flexibility flexibility NN 36036 705 25 in in IN 36036 705 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 705 27 distributions distribution NNS 36036 705 28 . . . 36036 706 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 706 2 Illustration illustration NN 36036 706 3 : : : 36036 706 4 FIGURE FIGURE NNP 36036 706 5 8.--Relationship 8.--relationship NN 36036 706 6 between between IN 36036 706 7 number number NN 36036 706 8 of of IN 36036 706 9 climates climate NNS 36036 706 10 in in IN 36036 706 11 which which WDT 36036 706 12 a a DT 36036 706 13 species species NN 36036 706 14 is be VBZ 36036 706 15 found find VBN 36036 706 16 and and CC 36036 706 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 706 18 composite composite JJ 36036 706 19 score score NN 36036 706 20 . . . 36036 707 1 Symbols symbol NNS 36036 707 2 for for IN 36036 707 3 _ _ NNP 36036 707 4 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 707 5 nasua nasua NNP 36036 707 6 _ _ NNP 36036 707 7 overlap overlap NN 36036 707 8 at at IN 36036 707 9 coordinates coordinate NNS 36036 707 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 707 11 0.64 0.64 CD 36036 707 12 , , , 36036 707 13 2 2 CD 36036 707 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 707 15 . . . 36036 708 1 Solid solid JJ 36036 708 2 line line NN 36036 708 3 represents represent VBZ 36036 708 4 linear linear JJ 36036 708 5 regression regression NN 36036 708 6 of of IN 36036 708 7 climates climate NNS 36036 708 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 708 9 Y y NN 36036 708 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 708 11 on on IN 36036 708 12 composite composite JJ 36036 708 13 scores score NNS 36036 708 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 708 15 X x NN 36036 708 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 708 17 : : : 36036 708 18 Y y NN 36036 708 19 = = SYM 36036 708 20 2.68·X 2.68·x CD 36036 708 21 + + SYM 36036 708 22 0.24 0.24 CD 36036 708 23 ; ; : 36036 708 24 R r NN 36036 708 25 = = SYM 36036 708 26 0.94 0.94 CD 36036 708 27 . . . 36036 708 28 ] ] -RRB- 36036 709 1 _ _ NNP 36036 709 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 709 3 astutus astutus NN 36036 709 4 _ _ NNP 36036 709 5 , , , 36036 709 6 the the DT 36036 709 7 other other JJ 36036 709 8 species specie NNS 36036 709 9 with with IN 36036 709 10 low low JJ 36036 709 11 [ [ -LRB- 36036 709 12 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 709 13 } } -RRB- 36036 709 14 , , , 36036 709 15 is be VBZ 36036 709 16 found find VBN 36036 709 17 in in IN 36036 709 18 three three CD 36036 709 19 climates climate NNS 36036 709 20 , , , 36036 709 21 which which WDT 36036 709 22 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 709 23 that that IN 36036 709 24 it -PRON- PRP 36036 709 25 has have VBZ 36036 709 26 greater great JJR 36036 709 27 ecological ecological JJ 36036 709 28 flexibility flexibility NN 36036 709 29 than than IN 36036 709 30 _ _ NNP 36036 709 31 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 709 32 nasua nasua NNP 36036 709 33 _ _ NNP 36036 709 34 , , , 36036 709 35 _ _ NNP 36036 709 36 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 709 37 narica narica NN 36036 709 38 _ _ NNP 36036 709 39 , , , 36036 709 40 or or CC 36036 709 41 _ _ NNP 36036 709 42 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 709 43 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 709 44 _ _ NNP 36036 709 45 . . . 36036 710 1 D_{dr D_{dr NNP 36036 710 2 } } -RRB- 36036 710 3 and and CC 36036 710 4 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 710 5 } } -RRB- 36036 710 6 are be VBP 36036 710 7 comparable comparable JJ 36036 710 8 for for IN 36036 710 9 these these DT 36036 710 10 four four CD 36036 710 11 species specie NNS 36036 710 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 710 13 Table table NN 36036 710 14 12 12 CD 36036 710 15 ) ) -RRB- 36036 710 16 . . . 36036 711 1 This this DT 36036 711 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 711 3 that that IN 36036 711 4 the the DT 36036 711 5 greater great JJR 36036 711 6 ecological ecological JJ 36036 711 7 flexibility flexibility NN 36036 711 8 of of IN 36036 711 9 _ _ NNP 36036 711 10 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 711 11 astutus astutus NN 36036 711 12 _ _ NNP 36036 711 13 is be VBZ 36036 711 14 derived derive VBN 36036 711 15 largely largely RB 36036 711 16 from from IN 36036 711 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 711 18 greater great JJR 36036 711 19 cold cold JJ 36036 711 20 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 711 21 . . . 36036 712 1 _ _ NNP 36036 712 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 712 3 astutus astutus NN 36036 712 4 _ _ NNP 36036 712 5 has have VBZ 36036 712 6 a a DT 36036 712 7 more more RBR 36036 712 8 insulative insulative JJ 36036 712 9 pelt pelt NN 36036 712 10 than than IN 36036 712 11 these these DT 36036 712 12 other other JJ 36036 712 13 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 712 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 712 15 C_{mwr c_{mwr NN 36036 712 16 } } -RRB- 36036 712 17 = = SYM 36036 712 18 0.85 0.85 CD 36036 712 19 ; ; : 36036 712 20 Table table NN 36036 712 21 7 7 CD 36036 712 22 ) ) -RRB- 36036 712 23 , , , 36036 712 24 so so CC 36036 712 25 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 712 26 H_{br}/C_{mwr h_{br}/c_{mwr NN 36036 712 27 } } -RRB- 36036 712 28 ratio ratio NN 36036 712 29 is be VBZ 36036 712 30 higher high JJR 36036 712 31 ( ( -LRB- 36036 712 32 0.80 0.80 CD 36036 712 33 ; ; : 36036 712 34 Table table NN 36036 712 35 12 12 CD 36036 712 36 ) ) -RRB- 36036 712 37 . . . 36036 713 1 This this DT 36036 713 2 , , , 36036 713 3 and and CC 36036 713 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 713 5 greater great JJR 36036 713 6 capacity capacity NN 36036 713 7 for for IN 36036 713 8 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 713 9 cooling cooling NN 36036 713 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 713 11 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 713 12 , , , 36036 713 13 1985 1985 CD 36036 713 14 ) ) -RRB- 36036 713 15 , , , 36036 713 16 allows allow VBZ 36036 713 17 _ _ NNP 36036 713 18 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 713 19 astutus astutus NN 36036 713 20 _ _ NNP 36036 713 21 to to TO 36036 713 22 take take VB 36036 713 23 advantage advantage NN 36036 713 24 of of IN 36036 713 25 a a DT 36036 713 26 wider wide JJR 36036 713 27 range range NN 36036 713 28 of of IN 36036 713 29 thermal thermal JJ 36036 713 30 environments environment NNS 36036 713 31 than than IN 36036 713 32 these these DT 36036 713 33 other other JJ 36036 713 34 species specie NNS 36036 713 35 . . . 36036 714 1 However however RB 36036 714 2 , , , 36036 714 3 even even RB 36036 714 4 with with IN 36036 714 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 714 6 higher high JJR 36036 714 7 H_{br}/C_{mwr h_{br}/c_{mwr NN 36036 714 8 } } -RRB- 36036 714 9 ratio ratio NN 36036 714 10 , , , 36036 714 11 the the DT 36036 714 12 composite composite JJ 36036 714 13 score score NN 36036 714 14 for for IN 36036 714 15 _ _ NNP 36036 714 16 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 714 17 astutus astutus NN 36036 714 18 _ _ NNP 36036 714 19 is be VBZ 36036 714 20 not not RB 36036 714 21 much much RB 36036 714 22 different different JJ 36036 714 23 than than IN 36036 714 24 those those DT 36036 714 25 for for IN 36036 714 26 _ _ NNP 36036 714 27 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 714 28 nasua nasua NNP 36036 714 29 _ _ NNP 36036 714 30 , , , 36036 714 31 _ _ NNP 36036 714 32 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 714 33 narica narica NN 36036 714 34 _ _ NNP 36036 714 35 , , , 36036 714 36 and and CC 36036 714 37 _ _ NNP 36036 714 38 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 714 39 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 714 40 _ _ NNP 36036 714 41 ( ( -LRB- 36036 714 42 Table Table NNP 36036 714 43 12 12 CD 36036 714 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 714 45 . . . 36036 715 1 Consequently consequently RB 36036 715 2 , , , 36036 715 3 _ _ NNP 36036 715 4 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 715 5 astutus astutus NN 36036 715 6 _ _ NNP 36036 715 7 is be VBZ 36036 715 8 found find VBN 36036 715 9 in in IN 36036 715 10 more more JJR 36036 715 11 climates climate NNS 36036 715 12 than than IN 36036 715 13 would would MD 36036 715 14 be be VB 36036 715 15 predicted predict VBN 36036 715 16 for for IN 36036 715 17 it -PRON- PRP 36036 715 18 on on IN 36036 715 19 the the DT 36036 715 20 basis basis NN 36036 715 21 of of IN 36036 715 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 715 23 composite composite JJ 36036 715 24 score score NN 36036 715 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 715 26 Figure figure NN 36036 715 27 8) 8) CD 36036 715 28 . . . 36036 716 1 This this DT 36036 716 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 716 3 that that IN 36036 716 4 either either CC 36036 716 5 the the DT 36036 716 6 H_{br}/C_{mwr h_{br}/c_{mwr JJ 36036 716 7 } } -RRB- 36036 716 8 ratio ratio NN 36036 716 9 carries carry VBZ 36036 716 10 greater great JJR 36036 716 11 weight weight NN 36036 716 12 in in IN 36036 716 13 determining determine VBG 36036 716 14 distribution distribution NN 36036 716 15 than than IN 36036 716 16 is be VBZ 36036 716 17 reflected reflect VBN 36036 716 18 in in IN 36036 716 19 this this DT 36036 716 20 analysis analysis NN 36036 716 21 , , , 36036 716 22 or or CC 36036 716 23 as as IN 36036 716 24 has have VBZ 36036 716 25 been be VBN 36036 716 26 described describe VBN 36036 716 27 for for IN 36036 716 28 some some DT 36036 716 29 other other JJ 36036 716 30 species specie NNS 36036 716 31 ( ( -LRB- 36036 716 32 Bartholomew Bartholomew NNP 36036 716 33 , , , 36036 716 34 1958 1958 CD 36036 716 35 , , , 36036 716 36 1987 1987 CD 36036 716 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 716 38 , , , 36036 716 39 _ _ NNP 36036 716 40 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 716 41 astutus astutus NN 36036 716 42 _ _ NNP 36036 716 43 may may MD 36036 716 44 extend extend VB 36036 716 45 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 716 46 distribution distribution NN 36036 716 47 farther farther RB 36036 716 48 than than IN 36036 716 49 expected expect VBN 36036 716 50 via via IN 36036 716 51 use use NN 36036 716 52 of of IN 36036 716 53 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 716 54 behavior behavior NN 36036 716 55 . . . 36036 717 1 In in IN 36036 717 2 either either DT 36036 717 3 case case NN 36036 717 4 , , , 36036 717 5 for for IN 36036 717 6 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 717 7 with with IN 36036 717 8 low low JJ 36036 717 9 [ [ -LRB- 36036 717 10 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 717 11 } } -RRB- 36036 717 12 , , , 36036 717 13 _ _ NNP 36036 717 14 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 717 15 astutus astutus NN 36036 717 16 _ _ NNP 36036 717 17 represents represent VBZ 36036 717 18 the the DT 36036 717 19 pinnacle pinnacle NN 36036 717 20 of of IN 36036 717 21 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 717 22 for for IN 36036 717 23 climate climate NN 36036 717 24 generalization generalization NN 36036 717 25 . . . 36036 718 1 EVOLUTION evolution NN 36036 718 2 OF of IN 36036 718 3 METABOLIC METABOLIC NNP 36036 718 4 ADAPTATIONS ADAPTATIONS NNP 36036 718 5 _ _ NNP 36036 718 6 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 718 7 of of IN 36036 718 8 Low Low NNP 36036 718 9 Basal Basal NNP 36036 718 10 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 718 11 Rate Rate NNP 36036 718 12 _ _ NNP 36036 718 13 A a DT 36036 718 14 radiation radiation NN 36036 718 15 of of IN 36036 718 16 frugivorous frugivorous JJ 36036 718 17 and and CC 36036 718 18 omnivorous omnivorous JJ 36036 718 19 Procyoninae Procyoninae NNP 36036 718 20 ( ( -LRB- 36036 718 21 Table table NN 36036 718 22 1 1 CD 36036 718 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 718 24 occurred occur VBD 36036 718 25 in in IN 36036 718 26 the the DT 36036 718 27 middle middle JJ 36036 718 28 and and CC 36036 718 29 late late JJ 36036 718 30 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 718 31 of of IN 36036 718 32 North North NNP 36036 718 33 America America NNP 36036 718 34 . . . 36036 719 1 It -PRON- PRP 36036 719 2 included include VBD 36036 719 3 origins origin NNS 36036 719 4 of of IN 36036 719 5 such such JJ 36036 719 6 terrestrial terrestrial JJ 36036 719 7 genera genera NN 36036 719 8 as as IN 36036 719 9 _ _ NNP 36036 719 10 Cyonasua Cyonasua NNP 36036 719 11 _ _ NNP 36036 719 12 , , , 36036 719 13 _ _ NNP 36036 719 14 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 719 15 _ _ NNP 36036 719 16 , , , 36036 719 17 and and CC 36036 719 18 _ _ NNP 36036 719 19 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 719 20 _ _ NNP 36036 719 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 719 22 Webb Webb NNP 36036 719 23 , , , 36036 719 24 1985b 1985b CD 36036 719 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 719 26 . . . 36036 720 1 The the DT 36036 720 2 earliest early JJS 36036 720 3 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 720 4 genus genus JJ 36036 720 5 to to TO 36036 720 6 find find VB 36036 720 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 720 8 way way NN 36036 720 9 to to IN 36036 720 10 South South NNP 36036 720 11 America America NNP 36036 720 12 was be VBD 36036 720 13 _ _ NNP 36036 720 14 Cyonasua Cyonasua NNP 36036 720 15 _ _ NNP 36036 720 16 , , , 36036 720 17 an an DT 36036 720 18 omnivorous omnivorous JJ 36036 720 19 carnivore carnivore NN 36036 720 20 that that WDT 36036 720 21 presumably presumably RB 36036 720 22 split split VBD 36036 720 23 , , , 36036 720 24 along along IN 36036 720 25 with with IN 36036 720 26 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 720 27 sister sister NN 36036 720 28 genus genus NNP 36036 720 29 _ _ NNP 36036 720 30 Arctonasua Arctonasua NNP 36036 720 31 _ _ NNP 36036 720 32 , , , 36036 720 33 from from IN 36036 720 34 a a DT 36036 720 35 common common JJ 36036 720 36 North north JJ 36036 720 37 American american JJ 36036 720 38 ancestor ancestor NN 36036 720 39 ( ( -LRB- 36036 720 40 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 720 41 , , , 36036 720 42 1982 1982 CD 36036 720 43 ; ; : 36036 720 44 Webb Webb NNP 36036 720 45 , , , 36036 720 46 1985b 1985b CD 36036 720 47 ) ) -RRB- 36036 720 48 . . . 36036 721 1 _ _ NNP 36036 721 2 Cyonasua Cyonasua NNP 36036 721 3 _ _ NNP 36036 721 4 , , , 36036 721 5 about about IN 36036 721 6 the the DT 36036 721 7 size size NN 36036 721 8 of of IN 36036 721 9 present present JJ 36036 721 10 - - HYPH 36036 721 11 day day NN 36036 721 12 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 721 13 , , , 36036 721 14 was be VBD 36036 721 15 adapted adapt VBN 36036 721 16 to to IN 36036 721 17 a a DT 36036 721 18 wide wide JJ 36036 721 19 range range NN 36036 721 20 of of IN 36036 721 21 habitats habitat NNS 36036 721 22 and and CC 36036 721 23 was be VBD 36036 721 24 probably probably RB 36036 721 25 comparable comparable JJ 36036 721 26 to to IN 36036 721 27 modern modern JJ 36036 721 28 raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 721 29 with with IN 36036 721 30 respect respect NN 36036 721 31 to to IN 36036 721 32 the the DT 36036 721 33 breadth breadth NN 36036 721 34 of of IN 36036 721 35 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 721 36 feeding feeding NN 36036 721 37 habits habit NNS 36036 721 38 ( ( -LRB- 36036 721 39 Webb Webb NNP 36036 721 40 , , , 36036 721 41 1985b 1985b CD 36036 721 42 ; ; : 36036 721 43 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 721 44 , , , 36036 721 45 1988 1988 CD 36036 721 46 ) ) -RRB- 36036 721 47 . . . 36036 722 1 Because because IN 36036 722 2 North North NNP 36036 722 3 American American NNP 36036 722 4 _ _ NNP 36036 722 5 Arctonasua Arctonasua NNP 36036 722 6 _ _ NNP 36036 722 7 was be VBD 36036 722 8 about about IN 36036 722 9 the the DT 36036 722 10 same same JJ 36036 722 11 size size NN 36036 722 12 as as IN 36036 722 13 _ _ NNP 36036 722 14 Cyonasua Cyonasua NNP 36036 722 15 _ _ NNP 36036 722 16 ( ( -LRB- 36036 722 17 Webb Webb NNP 36036 722 18 , , , 36036 722 19 1985b 1985b CD 36036 722 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 722 21 and and CC 36036 722 22 shared share VBD 36036 722 23 a a DT 36036 722 24 number number NN 36036 722 25 of of IN 36036 722 26 characters character NNS 36036 722 27 with with IN 36036 722 28 it -PRON- PRP 36036 722 29 ( ( -LRB- 36036 722 30 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 722 31 , , , 36036 722 32 1982 1982 CD 36036 722 33 ) ) -RRB- 36036 722 34 , , , 36036 722 35 we -PRON- PRP 36036 722 36 speculate speculate VBP 36036 722 37 that that IN 36036 722 38 it -PRON- PRP 36036 722 39 also also RB 36036 722 40 may may MD 36036 722 41 have have VB 36036 722 42 had have VBN 36036 722 43 similar similar JJ 36036 722 44 habits habit NNS 36036 722 45 and and CC 36036 722 46 occupied occupy VBD 36036 722 47 similar similar JJ 36036 722 48 climates climate NNS 36036 722 49 and and CC 36036 722 50 habitats habitat NNS 36036 722 51 . . . 36036 723 1 _ _ NNP 36036 723 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 723 3 _ _ NNP 36036 723 4 , , , 36036 723 5 another another DT 36036 723 6 member member NN 36036 723 7 of of IN 36036 723 8 Procyoninae Procyoninae NNP 36036 723 9 , , , 36036 723 10 had have VBD 36036 723 11 an an DT 36036 723 12 even even RB 36036 723 13 earlier early JJR 36036 723 14 origin origin NN 36036 723 15 in in IN 36036 723 16 tropical tropical JJ 36036 723 17 North North NNP 36036 723 18 America America NNP 36036 723 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 723 20 Webb Webb NNP 36036 723 21 , , , 36036 723 22 1985b 1985b CD 36036 723 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 723 24 . . . 36036 724 1 The the DT 36036 724 2 origin origin NN 36036 724 3 of of IN 36036 724 4 the the DT 36036 724 5 small small JJ 36036 724 6 arboreal arboreal JJ 36036 724 7 forms form NNS 36036 724 8 _ _ NNP 36036 724 9 Potos Potos NNP 36036 724 10 _ _ NNP 36036 724 11 and and CC 36036 724 12 _ _ NNP 36036 724 13 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 724 14 _ _ NNP 36036 724 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 724 16 subfamily subfamily RB 36036 724 17 Potosinae Potosinae NNP 36036 724 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 724 19 is be VBZ 36036 724 20 obscure obscure JJ 36036 724 21 but but CC 36036 724 22 is be VBZ 36036 724 23 thought think VBN 36036 724 24 to to TO 36036 724 25 have have VB 36036 724 26 occurred occur VBN 36036 724 27 in in IN 36036 724 28 the the DT 36036 724 29 rainforests rainforest NNS 36036 724 30 of of IN 36036 724 31 Central Central NNP 36036 724 32 America America NNP 36036 724 33 ( ( -LRB- 36036 724 34 Webb Webb NNP 36036 724 35 , , , 36036 724 36 1985b 1985b CD 36036 724 37 ) ) -RRB- 36036 724 38 . . . 36036 725 1 What what WP 36036 725 2 were be VBD 36036 725 3 the the DT 36036 725 4 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 725 5 capabilities capability NNS 36036 725 6 of of IN 36036 725 7 these these DT 36036 725 8 early early JJ 36036 725 9 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 725 10 ? ? . 36036 726 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 726 2 do do VBP 36036 726 3 not not RB 36036 726 4 know know VB 36036 726 5 , , , 36036 726 6 but but CC 36036 726 7 for for IN 36036 726 8 several several JJ 36036 726 9 million million CD 36036 726 10 years year NNS 36036 726 11 , , , 36036 726 12 from from IN 36036 726 13 middle middle JJ 36036 726 14 to to IN 36036 726 15 late late JJ 36036 726 16 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 726 17 , , , 36036 726 18 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 726 19 lived live VBD 36036 726 20 in in IN 36036 726 21 tropical tropical JJ 36036 726 22 and and CC 36036 726 23 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 726 24 forests forest NNS 36036 726 25 of of IN 36036 726 26 Central Central NNP 36036 726 27 and and CC 36036 726 28 North North NNP 36036 726 29 America America NNP 36036 726 30 ( ( -LRB- 36036 726 31 Webb Webb NNP 36036 726 32 , , , 36036 726 33 1985b 1985b CD 36036 726 34 ; ; : 36036 726 35 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 726 36 , , , 36036 726 37 1988 1988 CD 36036 726 38 ) ) -RRB- 36036 726 39 . . . 36036 727 1 Then then RB 36036 727 2 , , , 36036 727 3 in in IN 36036 727 4 the the DT 36036 727 5 Pleistocene Pleistocene NNP 36036 727 6 , , , 36036 727 7 several several JJ 36036 727 8 modern modern JJ 36036 727 9 forms form NNS 36036 727 10 crossed cross VBD 36036 727 11 the the DT 36036 727 12 Panamanian panamanian JJ 36036 727 13 land land NN 36036 727 14 bridge bridge NN 36036 727 15 into into IN 36036 727 16 similar similar JJ 36036 727 17 habitats habitat NNS 36036 727 18 and and CC 36036 727 19 climates climate NNS 36036 727 20 in in IN 36036 727 21 South South NNP 36036 727 22 America America NNP 36036 727 23 ; ; : 36036 727 24 but but CC 36036 727 25 none none NN 36036 727 26 of of IN 36036 727 27 them -PRON- PRP 36036 727 28 appear appear VBP 36036 727 29 to to TO 36036 727 30 have have VB 36036 727 31 spread spread VBN 36036 727 32 far far RB 36036 727 33 enough enough RB 36036 727 34 northward northward RB 36036 727 35 to to TO 36036 727 36 have have VB 36036 727 37 crossed cross VBN 36036 727 38 the the DT 36036 727 39 Bering Bering NNP 36036 727 40 land land NN 36036 727 41 bridge bridge NN 36036 727 42 . . . 36036 728 1 Several several JJ 36036 728 2 million million CD 36036 728 3 years year NNS 36036 728 4 exposure exposure NN 36036 728 5 to to IN 36036 728 6 a a DT 36036 728 7 tropical tropical JJ 36036 728 8 environment environment NN 36036 728 9 , , , 36036 728 10 with with IN 36036 728 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 728 12 continuous continuous JJ 36036 728 13 high high JJ 36036 728 14 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 728 15 and and CC 36036 728 16 modest modest JJ 36036 728 17 range range NN 36036 728 18 of of IN 36036 728 19 thermal thermal JJ 36036 728 20 extremes extreme NNS 36036 728 21 , , , 36036 728 22 would would MD 36036 728 23 have have VB 36036 728 24 favored favor VBN 36036 728 25 selection selection NN 36036 728 26 of of IN 36036 728 27 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 728 28 and and CC 36036 728 29 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 728 30 traits trait NNS 36036 728 31 that that WDT 36036 728 32 would would MD 36036 728 33 minimize minimize VB 36036 728 34 energy energy NN 36036 728 35 requirements requirement NNS 36036 728 36 : : : 36036 728 37 a a DT 36036 728 38 lower low JJR 36036 728 39 than than IN 36036 728 40 predicted predict VBN 36036 728 41 basal basal NNP 36036 728 42 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 728 43 rate rate NN 36036 728 44 , , , 36036 728 45 a a DT 36036 728 46 prolonged prolonged JJ 36036 728 47 or or CC 36036 728 48 continuous continuous JJ 36036 728 49 molt molt NN 36036 728 50 resulting result VBG 36036 728 51 in in IN 36036 728 52 very very RB 36036 728 53 little little JJ 36036 728 54 annual annual JJ 36036 728 55 change change NN 36036 728 56 in in IN 36036 728 57 minimum minimum JJ 36036 728 58 thermal thermal JJ 36036 728 59 conductance conductance NN 36036 728 60 , , , 36036 728 61 and and CC 36036 728 62 a a DT 36036 728 63 modest modest JJ 36036 728 64 capacity capacity NN 36036 728 65 for for IN 36036 728 66 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 728 67 cooling cooling NN 36036 728 68 . . . 36036 729 1 In in IN 36036 729 2 addition addition NN 36036 729 3 , , , 36036 729 4 we -PRON- PRP 36036 729 5 would would MD 36036 729 6 expect expect VB 36036 729 7 selection selection NN 36036 729 8 to to TO 36036 729 9 have have VB 36036 729 10 favored favor VBN 36036 729 11 a a DT 36036 729 12 diverse diverse JJ 36036 729 13 diet diet NN 36036 729 14 , , , 36036 729 15 good good JJ 36036 729 16 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 729 17 potential potential NN 36036 729 18 , , , 36036 729 19 and and CC 36036 729 20 behavioral behavioral JJ 36036 729 21 flexibility flexibility NN 36036 729 22 to to TO 36036 729 23 utilize utilize VB 36036 729 24 a a DT 36036 729 25 variety variety NN 36036 729 26 of of IN 36036 729 27 habitats habitat NNS 36036 729 28 within within IN 36036 729 29 these these DT 36036 729 30 climates climate NNS 36036 729 31 . . . 36036 730 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 730 2 analysis analysis NN 36036 730 3 has have VBZ 36036 730 4 shown show VBN 36036 730 5 that that IN 36036 730 6 such such JJ 36036 730 7 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 730 8 are be VBP 36036 730 9 the the DT 36036 730 10 norm norm NN 36036 730 11 for for IN 36036 730 12 extant extant JJ 36036 730 13 members member NNS 36036 730 14 of of IN 36036 730 15 this this DT 36036 730 16 family family NN 36036 730 17 living live VBG 36036 730 18 in in IN 36036 730 19 tropical tropical JJ 36036 730 20 and and CC 36036 730 21 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 730 22 climates climate NNS 36036 730 23 , , , 36036 730 24 and and CC 36036 730 25 we -PRON- PRP 36036 730 26 speculate speculate VBP 36036 730 27 that that IN 36036 730 28 these these DT 36036 730 29 traits trait NNS 36036 730 30 also also RB 36036 730 31 were be VBD 36036 730 32 common common JJ 36036 730 33 to to IN 36036 730 34 early early JJ 36036 730 35 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 730 36 and and CC 36036 730 37 served serve VBD 36036 730 38 to to TO 36036 730 39 restrict restrict VB 36036 730 40 them -PRON- PRP 36036 730 41 to to IN 36036 730 42 these these DT 36036 730 43 climates climate NNS 36036 730 44 . . . 36036 731 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 731 2 speculation speculation NN 36036 731 3 is be VBZ 36036 731 4 supported support VBN 36036 731 5 by by IN 36036 731 6 the the DT 36036 731 7 fact fact NN 36036 731 8 that that IN 36036 731 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 731 10 known know VBN 36036 731 11 fossil fossil NN 36036 731 12 history history NN 36036 731 13 from from IN 36036 731 14 the the DT 36036 731 15 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 731 16 is be VBZ 36036 731 17 confined confine VBN 36036 731 18 to to IN 36036 731 19 geographic geographic JJ 36036 731 20 areas area NNS 36036 731 21 that that WDT 36036 731 22 had have VBD 36036 731 23 tropical tropical JJ 36036 731 24 and and CC 36036 731 25 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 731 26 climates climate NNS 36036 731 27 . . . 36036 732 1 Later later RB 36036 732 2 on on RB 36036 732 3 , , , 36036 732 4 during during IN 36036 732 5 Pleistocene Pleistocene NNP 36036 732 6 glaciations glaciation NNS 36036 732 7 , , , 36036 732 8 tropical tropical JJ 36036 732 9 and and CC 36036 732 10 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 732 11 forests forest NNS 36036 732 12 shrank shrink VBD 36036 732 13 , , , 36036 732 14 savannas savannas NNP 36036 732 15 expanded expand VBD 36036 732 16 , , , 36036 732 17 and and CC 36036 732 18 temperate temperate VB 36036 732 19 climate climate NN 36036 732 20 was be VBD 36036 732 21 pushed push VBN 36036 732 22 toward toward IN 36036 732 23 equatorial equatorial JJ 36036 732 24 regions region NNS 36036 732 25 . . . 36036 733 1 The the DT 36036 733 2 opposite opposite JJ 36036 733 3 occurred occur VBD 36036 733 4 during during IN 36036 733 5 interglacial interglacial JJ 36036 733 6 periods period NNS 36036 733 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 733 8 Raven Raven NNP 36036 733 9 and and CC 36036 733 10 Axelrod Axelrod NNP 36036 733 11 , , , 36036 733 12 1975 1975 CD 36036 733 13 ; ; : 36036 733 14 Webb Webb NNP 36036 733 15 , , , 36036 733 16 1977 1977 CD 36036 733 17 , , , 36036 733 18 1978 1978 CD 36036 733 19 ; ; : 36036 733 20 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 733 21 , , , 36036 733 22 1988 1988 CD 36036 733 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 733 24 . . . 36036 734 1 Consequently consequently RB 36036 734 2 , , , 36036 734 3 mid mid NN 36036 734 4 - - NNS 36036 734 5 latitudes latitude NNS 36036 734 6 experienced experience VBD 36036 734 7 alternating alternate VBG 36036 734 8 periods period NNS 36036 734 9 of of IN 36036 734 10 temperate temperate NN 36036 734 11 and and CC 36036 734 12 tropical tropical JJ 36036 734 13 , , , 36036 734 14 or or CC 36036 734 15 at at IN 36036 734 16 least least JJS 36036 734 17 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 734 18 , , , 36036 734 19 climate climate NN 36036 734 20 change change NN 36036 734 21 . . . 36036 735 1 Selection selection NN 36036 735 2 of of IN 36036 735 3 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 735 4 that that WDT 36036 735 5 would would MD 36036 735 6 have have VB 36036 735 7 adapted adapt VBN 36036 735 8 a a DT 36036 735 9 species species NN 36036 735 10 with with IN 36036 735 11 low low JJ 36036 735 12 [ [ -LRB- 36036 735 13 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 735 14 } } -RRB- 36036 735 15 to to TO 36036 735 16 temperate temperate VB 36036 735 17 as as RB 36036 735 18 well well RB 36036 735 19 as as IN 36036 735 20 tropic tropic JJ 36036 735 21 or or CC 36036 735 22 subtropic subtropic NN 36036 735 23 climates climate NNS 36036 735 24 could could MD 36036 735 25 have have VB 36036 735 26 occurred occur VBN 36036 735 27 in in IN 36036 735 28 mid mid NN 36036 735 29 - - NN 36036 735 30 latitudes latitude NNS 36036 735 31 at at IN 36036 735 32 the the DT 36036 735 33 temperate temperate NN 36036 735 34 edge edge NN 36036 735 35 of of IN 36036 735 36 these these DT 36036 735 37 tropical tropical JJ 36036 735 38 advances advance NNS 36036 735 39 and and CC 36036 735 40 retreats retreat NNS 36036 735 41 . . . 36036 736 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 736 2 analysis analysis NN 36036 736 3 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 736 4 that that IN 36036 736 5 , , , 36036 736 6 for for IN 36036 736 7 this this DT 36036 736 8 purpose purpose NN 36036 736 9 , , , 36036 736 10 selection selection NN 36036 736 11 would would MD 36036 736 12 have have VB 36036 736 13 favored favor VBN 36036 736 14 lower lower RBR 36036 736 15 than than IN 36036 736 16 predicted predict VBN 36036 736 17 thermal thermal JJ 36036 736 18 conductance conductance NN 36036 736 19 , , , 36036 736 20 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 736 21 molt molt NN 36036 736 22 , , , 36036 736 23 increased increase VBN 36036 736 24 capacity capacity NN 36036 736 25 for for IN 36036 736 26 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 736 27 cooling cooling NN 36036 736 28 , , , 36036 736 29 increased increased JJ 36036 736 30 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 736 31 of of IN 36036 736 32 elevated elevated JJ 36036 736 33 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 736 34 } } -RRB- 36036 736 35 , , , 36036 736 36 increased increase VBN 36036 736 37 flexibility flexibility NN 36036 736 38 of of IN 36036 736 39 thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 736 40 behavior behavior NN 36036 736 41 , , , 36036 736 42 food food NN 36036 736 43 habits habit NNS 36036 736 44 that that WDT 36036 736 45 provided provide VBD 36036 736 46 for for IN 36036 736 47 year year NN 36036 736 48 - - HYPH 36036 736 49 round round JJ 36036 736 50 access access NN 36036 736 51 to to IN 36036 736 52 a a DT 36036 736 53 high high JJ 36036 736 54 - - HYPH 36036 736 55 quality quality NN 36036 736 56 diet diet NN 36036 736 57 in in IN 36036 736 58 all all DT 36036 736 59 three three CD 36036 736 60 climates climate NNS 36036 736 61 , , , 36036 736 62 and and CC 36036 736 63 a a DT 36036 736 64 higher high JJR 36036 736 65 than than IN 36036 736 66 predicted predict VBN 36036 736 67 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 736 68 } } -RRB- 36036 736 69 . . . 36036 737 1 _ _ NNP 36036 737 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 737 3 astutus astutus NN 36036 737 4 _ _ NNP 36036 737 5 is be VBZ 36036 737 6 the the DT 36036 737 7 only only JJ 36036 737 8 species specie NNS 36036 737 9 with with IN 36036 737 10 low low JJ 36036 737 11 [ [ -LRB- 36036 737 12 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 737 13 } } -RRB- 36036 737 14 that that DT 36036 737 15 has have VBZ 36036 737 16 all all PDT 36036 737 17 these these DT 36036 737 18 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 737 19 , , , 36036 737 20 and and CC 36036 737 21 it -PRON- PRP 36036 737 22 is be VBZ 36036 737 23 the the DT 36036 737 24 only only JJ 36036 737 25 one one CD 36036 737 26 of of IN 36036 737 27 them -PRON- PRP 36036 737 28 that that WDT 36036 737 29 has have VBZ 36036 737 30 added add VBN 36036 737 31 temperate temperate NN 36036 737 32 climate climate NN 36036 737 33 to to IN 36036 737 34 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 737 35 distribution distribution NN 36036 737 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 737 37 Table table NN 36036 737 38 11 11 CD 36036 737 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 737 40 . . . 36036 738 1 This this DT 36036 738 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 738 3 that that IN 36036 738 4 _ _ NNP 36036 738 5 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 738 6 astutus astutus NN 36036 738 7 _ _ NNP 36036 738 8 is be VBZ 36036 738 9 a a DT 36036 738 10 species species NN 36036 738 11 that that WDT 36036 738 12 evolved evolve VBD 36036 738 13 away away RB 36036 738 14 from from IN 36036 738 15 the the DT 36036 738 16 norm norm NN 36036 738 17 for for IN 36036 738 18 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 738 19 with with IN 36036 738 20 low low JJ 36036 738 21 [ [ -LRB- 36036 738 22 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 738 23 } } -RRB- 36036 738 24 , , , 36036 738 25 toward toward IN 36036 738 26 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 738 27 that that WDT 36036 738 28 allowed allow VBD 36036 738 29 it -PRON- PRP 36036 738 30 to to TO 36036 738 31 become become VB 36036 738 32 more more JJR 36036 738 33 of of IN 36036 738 34 a a DT 36036 738 35 climate climate NN 36036 738 36 generalist generalist NN 36036 738 37 . . . 36036 739 1 _ _ NNP 36036 739 2 Potos Potos NNP 36036 739 3 flavus flavus NN 36036 739 4 _ _ NNP 36036 739 5 , , , 36036 739 6 with with IN 36036 739 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 739 8 dietary dietary JJ 36036 739 9 specialization specialization NN 36036 739 10 , , , 36036 739 11 low low JJ 36036 739 12 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 739 13 to to IN 36036 739 14 high high JJ 36036 739 15 temperatures temperature NNS 36036 739 16 , , , 36036 739 17 and and CC 36036 739 18 arboreal arboreal JJ 36036 739 19 mode mode NN 36036 739 20 of of IN 36036 739 21 existence existence NN 36036 739 22 , , , 36036 739 23 has have VBZ 36036 739 24 become become VBN 36036 739 25 a a DT 36036 739 26 highly highly RB 36036 739 27 specialized specialized JJ 36036 739 28 species specie NNS 36036 739 29 totally totally RB 36036 739 30 dependent dependent JJ 36036 739 31 on on IN 36036 739 32 tropical tropical JJ 36036 739 33 forests forest NNS 36036 739 34 for for IN 36036 739 35 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 739 36 survival survival NN 36036 739 37 . . . 36036 740 1 As as IN 36036 740 2 such such JJ 36036 740 3 , , , 36036 740 4 it -PRON- PRP 36036 740 5 also also RB 36036 740 6 represents represent VBZ 36036 740 7 a a DT 36036 740 8 species species NN 36036 740 9 that that WDT 36036 740 10 has have VBZ 36036 740 11 evolved evolve VBN 36036 740 12 away away RB 36036 740 13 from from IN 36036 740 14 the the DT 36036 740 15 procyonid procyonid JJ 36036 740 16 norm norm NN 36036 740 17 and and CC 36036 740 18 portrays portray VBZ 36036 740 19 the the DT 36036 740 20 extreme extreme NN 36036 740 21 in in IN 36036 740 22 climate climate NN 36036 740 23 specialization specialization NN 36036 740 24 . . . 36036 741 1 Olingos Olingos NNP 36036 741 2 , , , 36036 741 3 _ _ NNP 36036 741 4 Bassaricyon Bassaricyon NNP 36036 741 5 gabbii gabbii NNP 36036 741 6 _ _ NNP 36036 741 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 741 8 Table table NN 36036 741 9 1 1 CD 36036 741 10 ) ) -RRB- 36036 741 11 , , , 36036 741 12 may may MD 36036 741 13 be be VB 36036 741 14 similar similar JJ 36036 741 15 to to IN 36036 741 16 _ _ NNP 36036 741 17 Potos Potos NNP 36036 741 18 flavus flavus NN 36036 741 19 _ _ NNP 36036 741 20 in in IN 36036 741 21 this this DT 36036 741 22 respect respect NN 36036 741 23 ( ( -LRB- 36036 741 24 see see VB 36036 741 25 also also RB 36036 741 26 Table table NN 36036 741 27 10 10 CD 36036 741 28 ) ) -RRB- 36036 741 29 . . . 36036 742 1 This this DT 36036 742 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 742 3 that that DT 36036 742 4 of of IN 36036 742 5 the the DT 36036 742 6 extant extant JJ 36036 742 7 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 742 8 , , , 36036 742 9 _ _ NNP 36036 742 10 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 742 11 nasua nasua NNP 36036 742 12 _ _ NNP 36036 742 13 , , , 36036 742 14 _ _ NNP 36036 742 15 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 742 16 narica narica NN 36036 742 17 _ _ NNP 36036 742 18 , , , 36036 742 19 and and CC 36036 742 20 _ _ NNP 36036 742 21 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 742 22 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 742 23 _ _ NNP 36036 742 24 have have VBP 36036 742 25 retained retain VBN 36036 742 26 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 742 27 and and CC 36036 742 28 behavioral behavioral JJ 36036 742 29 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 742 30 that that WDT 36036 742 31 are be VBP 36036 742 32 closest close JJS 36036 742 33 to to IN 36036 742 34 those those DT 36036 742 35 of of IN 36036 742 36 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 742 37 Miocene Miocene NNP 36036 742 38 ancestors ancestor NNS 36036 742 39 . . . 36036 743 1 _ _ NNP 36036 743 2 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 743 3 of of IN 36036 743 4 High High NNP 36036 743 5 Basal Basal NNP 36036 743 6 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 743 7 Rate Rate NNP 36036 743 8 _ _ NNP 36036 743 9 Between between IN 36036 743 10 the the DT 36036 743 11 time time NN 36036 743 12 that that WDT 36036 743 13 _ _ NNP 36036 743 14 Cyonasua Cyonasua NNP 36036 743 15 _ _ NNP 36036 743 16 appeared appear VBD 36036 743 17 and and CC 36036 743 18 the the DT 36036 743 19 Panamanian panamanian JJ 36036 743 20 land land NN 36036 743 21 bridge bridge NN 36036 743 22 was be VBD 36036 743 23 established establish VBN 36036 743 24 in in IN 36036 743 25 the the DT 36036 743 26 upper upper JJ 36036 743 27 Pliocene Pliocene NNP 36036 743 28 ( ( -LRB- 36036 743 29 4 4 CD 36036 743 30 to to TO 36036 743 31 5 5 CD 36036 743 32 million million CD 36036 743 33 years year NNS 36036 743 34 ago ago RB 36036 743 35 ) ) -RRB- 36036 743 36 , , , 36036 743 37 northern northern JJ 36036 743 38 climates climate NNS 36036 743 39 continued continue VBD 36036 743 40 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 743 41 gradual gradual JJ 36036 743 42 cooling cooling NN 36036 743 43 . . . 36036 744 1 This this DT 36036 744 2 , , , 36036 744 3 along along IN 36036 744 4 with with IN 36036 744 5 ongoing ongoing JJ 36036 744 6 elevation elevation NN 36036 744 7 of of IN 36036 744 8 the the DT 36036 744 9 continents continent NNS 36036 744 10 and and CC 36036 744 11 continuous continuous JJ 36036 744 12 modification modification NN 36036 744 13 of of IN 36036 744 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 744 15 mountain mountain NN 36036 744 16 ranges range NNS 36036 744 17 , , , 36036 744 18 served serve VBD 36036 744 19 to to TO 36036 744 20 shrink shrink VB 36036 744 21 the the DT 36036 744 22 tropical tropical JJ 36036 744 23 forest forest NN 36036 744 24 and and CC 36036 744 25 create create VB 36036 744 26 pockets pocket NNS 36036 744 27 of of IN 36036 744 28 climatic climatic JJ 36036 744 29 instability instability NN 36036 744 30 within within IN 36036 744 31 it -PRON- PRP 36036 744 32 and and CC 36036 744 33 on on IN 36036 744 34 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 744 35 edges edge NNS 36036 744 36 ( ( -LRB- 36036 744 37 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 744 38 , , , 36036 744 39 1963:578 1963:578 CD 36036 744 40 - - SYM 36036 744 41 596 596 CD 36036 744 42 ; ; : 36036 744 43 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 744 44 , , , 36036 744 45 1988 1988 CD 36036 744 46 ) ) -RRB- 36036 744 47 . . . 36036 745 1 In in IN 36036 745 2 areas area NNS 36036 745 3 of of IN 36036 745 4 instability instability NN 36036 745 5 , , , 36036 745 6 selection selection NN 36036 745 7 would would MD 36036 745 8 have have VB 36036 745 9 favored favor VBN 36036 745 10 traits trait NNS 36036 745 11 that that WDT 36036 745 12 provided provide VBD 36036 745 13 for for IN 36036 745 14 a a DT 36036 745 15 broader broad JJR 36036 745 16 range range NN 36036 745 17 of of IN 36036 745 18 thermal thermal JJ 36036 745 19 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 745 20 : : : 36036 745 21 higher high JJR 36036 745 22 [ [ -LRB- 36036 745 23 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 745 24 } } -RRB- 36036 745 25 , , , 36036 745 26 improved improve VBN 36036 745 27 insulative insulative JJ 36036 745 28 quality quality NN 36036 745 29 of of IN 36036 745 30 pelt pelt NN 36036 745 31 , , , 36036 745 32 a a DT 36036 745 33 more more RBR 36036 745 34 sharply sharply RB 36036 745 35 defined define VBN 36036 745 36 molt molt NN 36036 745 37 cycle cycle NN 36036 745 38 , , , 36036 745 39 improved improve VBN 36036 745 40 capacity capacity NN 36036 745 41 for for IN 36036 745 42 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 745 43 cooling cooling NN 36036 745 44 , , , 36036 745 45 greater great JJR 36036 745 46 D_{d D_{d NNP 36036 745 47 } } -RRB- 36036 745 48 , , , 36036 745 49 and and CC 36036 745 50 higher high JJR 36036 745 51 r_{max r_{max NN 36036 745 52 } } -RRB- 36036 745 53 . . . 36036 746 1 Consequently consequently RB 36036 746 2 , , , 36036 746 3 by by IN 36036 746 4 the the DT 36036 746 5 upper upper JJ 36036 746 6 Pliocene Pliocene NNP 36036 746 7 , , , 36036 746 8 two two CD 36036 746 9 metabolically metabolically RB 36036 746 10 distinct distinct JJ 36036 746 11 groups group NNS 36036 746 12 of of IN 36036 746 13 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 746 14 could could MD 36036 746 15 have have VB 36036 746 16 been be VBN 36036 746 17 established establish VBN 36036 746 18 : : : 36036 746 19 those those DT 36036 746 20 species specie NNS 36036 746 21 with with IN 36036 746 22 low low JJ 36036 746 23 [ [ -LRB- 36036 746 24 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 746 25 } } -RRB- 36036 746 26 living live VBG 36036 746 27 in in IN 36036 746 28 climatically climatically RB 36036 746 29 stable stable JJ 36036 746 30 forests forest NNS 36036 746 31 and and CC 36036 746 32 those those DT 36036 746 33 with with IN 36036 746 34 higher high JJR 36036 746 35 [ [ -LRB- 36036 746 36 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 746 37 } } -RRB- 36036 746 38 living live VBG 36036 746 39 in in IN 36036 746 40 unstable unstable JJ 36036 746 41 tropical tropical JJ 36036 746 42 , , , 36036 746 43 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 746 44 , , , 36036 746 45 and and CC 36036 746 46 perhaps perhaps RB 36036 746 47 temperate temperate NN 36036 746 48 climates climate VBZ 36036 746 49 . . . 36036 747 1 _ _ NNP 36036 747 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 747 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 747 4 _ _ NNP 36036 747 5 is be VBZ 36036 747 6 the the DT 36036 747 7 only only JJ 36036 747 8 extant extant JJ 36036 747 9 procyonid procyonid NN 36036 747 10 with with IN 36036 747 11 high high JJ 36036 747 12 [ [ -LRB- 36036 747 13 .H]_{b .H]_{b NFP 36036 747 14 } } -RRB- 36036 747 15 . . . 36036 748 1 _ _ NNP 36036 748 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 748 3 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 748 4 _ _ NNP 36036 748 5 is be VBZ 36036 748 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 748 7 congeneric congeneric JJ 36036 748 8 counterpart counterpart NN 36036 748 9 in in IN 36036 748 10 Central Central NNP 36036 748 11 and and CC 36036 748 12 South South NNP 36036 748 13 America America NNP 36036 748 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 748 15 Table table NN 36036 748 16 1 1 CD 36036 748 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 748 18 , , , 36036 748 19 and and CC 36036 748 20 the the DT 36036 748 21 two two CD 36036 748 22 species specie NNS 36036 748 23 are be VBP 36036 748 24 sympatric sympatric JJ 36036 748 25 in in IN 36036 748 26 Panama Panama NNP 36036 748 27 and and CC 36036 748 28 Costa Costa NNP 36036 748 29 Rica Rica NNP 36036 748 30 . . . 36036 749 1 However however RB 36036 749 2 , , , 36036 749 3 in in IN 36036 749 4 terms term NNS 36036 749 5 of of IN 36036 749 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 749 7 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 749 8 , , , 36036 749 9 thermal thermal JJ 36036 749 10 conductance conductance NN 36036 749 11 , , , 36036 749 12 molt molt NN 36036 749 13 , , , 36036 749 14 diversity diversity NN 36036 749 15 of of IN 36036 749 16 diet diet NNP 36036 749 17 , , , 36036 749 18 r_{max r_{max NNP 36036 749 19 } } -RRB- 36036 749 20 , , , 36036 749 21 and and CC 36036 749 22 climatic climatic JJ 36036 749 23 distribution distribution NN 36036 749 24 , , , 36036 749 25 _ _ NNP 36036 749 26 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 749 27 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 749 28 _ _ NNP 36036 749 29 shares share NNS 36036 749 30 more more RBR 36036 749 31 in in IN 36036 749 32 common common JJ 36036 749 33 with with IN 36036 749 34 other other JJ 36036 749 35 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 749 36 than than IN 36036 749 37 it -PRON- PRP 36036 749 38 does do VBZ 36036 749 39 with with IN 36036 749 40 _ _ NNP 36036 749 41 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 749 42 lotor lotor NN 36036 749 43 _ _ NNP 36036 749 44 ( ( -LRB- 36036 749 45 Tables Tables NNP 36036 749 46 7 7 CD 36036 749 47 , , , 36036 749 48 11 11 CD 36036 749 49 , , , 36036 749 50 12 12 CD 36036 749 51 ; ; : 36036 749 52 Figure figure NN 36036 749 53 8) 8) CD 36036 749 54 . . . 36036 750 1 This this DT 36036 750 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 750 3 that that IN 36036 750 4 metabolically metabolically RB 36036 750 5 _ _ NNP 36036 750 6 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 750 7 lotor lotor NN 36036 750 8 _ _ NNP 36036 750 9 portrays portray VBZ 36036 750 10 a a DT 36036 750 11 divergent divergent JJ 36036 750 12 line line NN 36036 750 13 of of IN 36036 750 14 this this DT 36036 750 15 genus genus NN 36036 750 16 that that WDT 36036 750 17 arose arise VBD 36036 750 18 as as IN 36036 750 19 the the DT 36036 750 20 result result NN 36036 750 21 of of IN 36036 750 22 a a DT 36036 750 23 series series NN 36036 750 24 of of IN 36036 750 25 mutations mutation NNS 36036 750 26 that that WDT 36036 750 27 gave give VBD 36036 750 28 rise rise NN 36036 750 29 to to IN 36036 750 30 different different JJ 36036 750 31 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 750 32 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 750 33 . . . 36036 751 1 This this DT 36036 751 2 view view NN 36036 751 3 is be VBZ 36036 751 4 in in IN 36036 751 5 keeping keep VBG 36036 751 6 with with IN 36036 751 7 a a DT 36036 751 8 recent recent JJ 36036 751 9 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ 36036 751 10 analysis analysis NN 36036 751 11 of of IN 36036 751 12 this this DT 36036 751 13 family family NN 36036 751 14 that that WDT 36036 751 15 shows show VBZ 36036 751 16 the the DT 36036 751 17 genus genus NNP 36036 751 18 _ _ NNP 36036 751 19 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 751 20 _ _ NNP 36036 751 21 to to TO 36036 751 22 be be VB 36036 751 23 highly highly RB 36036 751 24 derived derive VBN 36036 751 25 ( ( -LRB- 36036 751 26 Decker Decker NNP 36036 751 27 and and CC 36036 751 28 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 751 29 , , , 36036 751 30 1991 1991 CD 36036 751 31 ) ) -RRB- 36036 751 32 . . . 36036 752 1 Consequently consequently RB 36036 752 2 , , , 36036 752 3 it -PRON- PRP 36036 752 4 would would MD 36036 752 5 be be VB 36036 752 6 instructive instructive JJ 36036 752 7 and and CC 36036 752 8 would would MD 36036 752 9 add add VB 36036 752 10 to to IN 36036 752 11 our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 752 12 knowledge knowledge NN 36036 752 13 of of IN 36036 752 14 the the DT 36036 752 15 evolution evolution NN 36036 752 16 of of IN 36036 752 17 climatic climatic JJ 36036 752 18 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 752 19 to to TO 36036 752 20 know know VB 36036 752 21 more more JJR 36036 752 22 about about IN 36036 752 23 the the DT 36036 752 24 genetic genetic JJ 36036 752 25 relatedness relatedness NN 36036 752 26 of of IN 36036 752 27 these these DT 36036 752 28 two two CD 36036 752 29 species specie NNS 36036 752 30 as as RB 36036 752 31 well well RB 36036 752 32 as as IN 36036 752 33 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 752 34 historical historical JJ 36036 752 35 relationship relationship NN 36036 752 36 . . . 36036 753 1 Genus Genus NNP 36036 753 2 _ _ NNP 36036 753 3 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 753 4 _ _ NNP 36036 753 5 appears appear VBZ 36036 753 6 in in IN 36036 753 7 the the DT 36036 753 8 fossil fossil NN 36036 753 9 record record NN 36036 753 10 ( ( -LRB- 36036 753 11 Hemphillian hemphillian JJ 36036 753 12 and and CC 36036 753 13 Blancan blancan JJ 36036 753 14 ages age NNS 36036 753 15 ; ; : 36036 753 16 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 753 17 , , , 36036 753 18 1982 1982 CD 36036 753 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 753 20 prior prior RB 36036 753 21 to to IN 36036 753 22 Pleistocene Pleistocene NNP 36036 753 23 glaciations glaciation NNS 36036 753 24 . . . 36036 754 1 During during IN 36036 754 2 the the DT 36036 754 3 Pleistocene Pleistocene NNP 36036 754 4 , , , 36036 754 5 there there EX 36036 754 6 were be VBD 36036 754 7 four four CD 36036 754 8 different different JJ 36036 754 9 glacial glacial JJ 36036 754 10 advances advance NNS 36036 754 11 and and CC 36036 754 12 retreats retreat NNS 36036 754 13 in in IN 36036 754 14 a a DT 36036 754 15 relatively relatively RB 36036 754 16 short short JJ 36036 754 17 time time NN 36036 754 18 period period NN 36036 754 19 ( ( -LRB- 36036 754 20 the the DT 36036 754 21 first first JJ 36036 754 22 appearing appear VBG 36036 754 23 little little JJ 36036 754 24 more more JJR 36036 754 25 than than IN 36036 754 26 a a DT 36036 754 27 million million CD 36036 754 28 years year NNS 36036 754 29 ago ago RB 36036 754 30 ; ; : 36036 754 31 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 754 32 , , , 36036 754 33 1963:578 1963:578 CD 36036 754 34 - - SYM 36036 754 35 596 596 CD 36036 754 36 ; ; : 36036 754 37 Webb Webb NNP 36036 754 38 , , , 36036 754 39 1985a 1985a CD 36036 754 40 ; ; : 36036 754 41 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 754 42 , , , 36036 754 43 1988 1988 CD 36036 754 44 ) ) -RRB- 36036 754 45 . . . 36036 755 1 Glacial glacial JJ 36036 755 2 retreats retreat NNS 36036 755 3 created create VBD 36036 755 4 pulses pulse NNS 36036 755 5 of of IN 36036 755 6 time time NN 36036 755 7 during during IN 36036 755 8 which which WDT 36036 755 9 subtropic subtropic NN 36036 755 10 and and CC 36036 755 11 temperate temperate NN 36036 755 12 climates climate VBZ 36036 755 13 advanced advanced JJ 36036 755 14 toward toward IN 36036 755 15 the the DT 36036 755 16 poles pole NNS 36036 755 17 into into IN 36036 755 18 areas area NNS 36036 755 19 with with IN 36036 755 20 large large JJ 36036 755 21 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 755 22 differences difference NNS 36036 755 23 in in IN 36036 755 24 light light JJ 36036 755 25 / / SYM 36036 755 26 dark dark JJ 36036 755 27 cycles cycle NNS 36036 755 28 , , , 36036 755 29 whereas whereas IN 36036 755 30 glacial glacial JJ 36036 755 31 advances advance NNS 36036 755 32 pushed push VBD 36036 755 33 these these DT 36036 755 34 climates climate NNS 36036 755 35 southward southward VB 36036 755 36 into into IN 36036 755 37 areas area NNS 36036 755 38 having have VBG 36036 755 39 smaller small JJR 36036 755 40 seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 755 41 differences difference NNS 36036 755 42 in in IN 36036 755 43 light light JJ 36036 755 44 / / SYM 36036 755 45 dark dark JJ 36036 755 46 cycles cycle NNS 36036 755 47 ( ( -LRB- 36036 755 48 Raven Raven NNP 36036 755 49 and and CC 36036 755 50 Axelrod Axelrod NNP 36036 755 51 , , , 36036 755 52 1975 1975 CD 36036 755 53 ; ; : 36036 755 54 Webb Webb NNP 36036 755 55 , , , 36036 755 56 1977 1977 CD 36036 755 57 , , , 36036 755 58 1978 1978 CD 36036 755 59 ; ; : 36036 755 60 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 755 61 , , , 36036 755 62 1988 1988 CD 36036 755 63 ) ) -RRB- 36036 755 64 . . . 36036 756 1 Those those DT 36036 756 2 members member NNS 36036 756 3 of of IN 36036 756 4 the the DT 36036 756 5 genus genus JJ 36036 756 6 _ _ NNP 36036 756 7 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 756 8 _ _ NNP 36036 756 9 caught catch VBD 36036 756 10 in in IN 36036 756 11 these these DT 36036 756 12 wide wide JJ 36036 756 13 latitudinal latitudinal JJ 36036 756 14 fluctuations fluctuation NNS 36036 756 15 would would MD 36036 756 16 have have VB 36036 756 17 experienced experience VBN 36036 756 18 conditions condition NNS 36036 756 19 favorable favorable JJ 36036 756 20 to to IN 36036 756 21 continued continue VBN 36036 756 22 selection selection NN 36036 756 23 for for IN 36036 756 24 characteristics characteristic NNS 36036 756 25 conducive conducive JJ 36036 756 26 to to IN 36036 756 27 physiologic physiologic JJ 36036 756 28 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 756 29 to to IN 36036 756 30 a a DT 36036 756 31 wide wide JJ 36036 756 32 range range NN 36036 756 33 of of IN 36036 756 34 climatic climatic JJ 36036 756 35 conditions condition NNS 36036 756 36 . . . 36036 757 1 _ _ NNP 36036 757 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 757 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 757 4 _ _ NNP 36036 757 5 is be VBZ 36036 757 6 the the DT 36036 757 7 only only JJ 36036 757 8 member member NN 36036 757 9 of of IN 36036 757 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 757 11 genus genus NN 36036 757 12 to to TO 36036 757 13 have have VB 36036 757 14 survived survive VBN 36036 757 15 this this DT 36036 757 16 selective selective JJ 36036 757 17 process process NN 36036 757 18 , , , 36036 757 19 and and CC 36036 757 20 as as IN 36036 757 21 we -PRON- PRP 36036 757 22 have have VBP 36036 757 23 seen see VBN 36036 757 24 , , , 36036 757 25 it -PRON- PRP 36036 757 26 does do VBZ 36036 757 27 possess possess VB 36036 757 28 traits trait NNS 36036 757 29 that that WDT 36036 757 30 adapt adapt VBP 36036 757 31 it -PRON- PRP 36036 757 32 to to IN 36036 757 33 a a DT 36036 757 34 wide wide JJ 36036 757 35 range range NN 36036 757 36 of of IN 36036 757 37 climatic climatic JJ 36036 757 38 conditions condition NNS 36036 757 39 . . . 36036 758 1 Primary primary JJ 36036 758 2 among among IN 36036 758 3 these these DT 36036 758 4 is be VBZ 36036 758 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 758 6 higher high JJR 36036 758 7 [ [ -LRB- 36036 758 8 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 758 9 } } -RRB- 36036 758 10 , , , 36036 758 11 which which WDT 36036 758 12 provides provide VBZ 36036 758 13 it -PRON- PRP 36036 758 14 with with IN 36036 758 15 advantages advantage NNS 36036 758 16 not not RB 36036 758 17 shared share VBN 36036 758 18 with with IN 36036 758 19 other other JJ 36036 758 20 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 758 21 ( ( -LRB- 36036 758 22 see see VB 36036 758 23 earlier early JJR 36036 758 24 discussion discussion NN 36036 758 25 ) ) -RRB- 36036 758 26 . . . 36036 759 1 Three three CD 36036 759 2 other other JJ 36036 759 3 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 759 4 also also RB 36036 759 5 have have VBP 36036 759 6 had have VBN 36036 759 7 a a DT 36036 759 8 profound profound JJ 36036 759 9 influence influence NN 36036 759 10 on on IN 36036 759 11 _ _ NNP 36036 759 12 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 759 13 lotor lotor NN 36036 759 14 _ _ NNP 36036 759 15 's 's POS 36036 759 16 ability ability NN 36036 759 17 to to TO 36036 759 18 generalize generalize VB 36036 759 19 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 759 20 use use NN 36036 759 21 of of IN 36036 759 22 climate climate NN 36036 759 23 : : : 36036 759 24 ( ( -LRB- 36036 759 25 1 1 LS 36036 759 26 ) ) -RRB- 36036 759 27 the the DT 36036 759 28 increased increase VBN 36036 759 29 insulative insulative JJ 36036 759 30 quality quality NN 36036 759 31 of of IN 36036 759 32 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 759 33 pelt pelt NN 36036 759 34 coupled couple VBN 36036 759 35 with with IN 36036 759 36 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 759 37 sharply sharply RB 36036 759 38 defined define VBN 36036 759 39 molt molt NN 36036 759 40 cycle cycle NN 36036 759 41 , , , 36036 759 42 which which WDT 36036 759 43 allows allow VBZ 36036 759 44 for for IN 36036 759 45 a a DT 36036 759 46 large large JJ 36036 759 47 annual annual JJ 36036 759 48 change change NN 36036 759 49 in in IN 36036 759 50 thermal thermal JJ 36036 759 51 conductance conductance NN 36036 759 52 ; ; , 36036 759 53 ( ( -LRB- 36036 759 54 2 2 LS 36036 759 55 ) ) -RRB- 36036 759 56 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 759 57 annual annual JJ 36036 759 58 cycle cycle NN 36036 759 59 of of IN 36036 759 60 fat fat JJ 36036 759 61 storage storage NN 36036 759 62 ; ; , 36036 759 63 and and CC 36036 759 64 ( ( -LRB- 36036 759 65 3 3 LS 36036 759 66 ) ) -RRB- 36036 759 67 a a DT 36036 759 68 diverse diverse JJ 36036 759 69 high high JJ 36036 759 70 - - HYPH 36036 759 71 quality quality NN 36036 759 72 diet diet NN 36036 759 73 . . . 36036 760 1 The the DT 36036 760 2 first first JJ 36036 760 3 two two CD 36036 760 4 of of IN 36036 760 5 these these DT 36036 760 6 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 760 7 required require VBD 36036 760 8 evolution evolution NN 36036 760 9 of of IN 36036 760 10 neuroendocrine neuroendocrine JJ 36036 760 11 pathways pathway NNS 36036 760 12 capable capable JJ 36036 760 13 of of IN 36036 760 14 responding respond VBG 36036 760 15 to to IN 36036 760 16 time time NN 36036 760 17 - - HYPH 36036 760 18 dependent dependent JJ 36036 760 19 environmental environmental JJ 36036 760 20 cues cue NNS 36036 760 21 such such JJ 36036 760 22 as as IN 36036 760 23 changing change VBG 36036 760 24 day day NN 36036 760 25 length length NN 36036 760 26 , , , 36036 760 27 changing change VBG 36036 760 28 temperature temperature NN 36036 760 29 , , , 36036 760 30 etc etc FW 36036 760 31 . . . 36036 761 1 Such such JJ 36036 761 2 conditions condition NNS 36036 761 3 would would MD 36036 761 4 have have VB 36036 761 5 been be VBN 36036 761 6 available available JJ 36036 761 7 as as IN 36036 761 8 selective selective JJ 36036 761 9 stimuli stimulus NNS 36036 761 10 in in IN 36036 761 11 high high JJ 36036 761 12 - - HYPH 36036 761 13 latitude latitude NN 36036 761 14 forests forest NNS 36036 761 15 and and CC 36036 761 16 savannas savanna NNS 36036 761 17 of of IN 36036 761 18 interglacial interglacial JJ 36036 761 19 periods period NNS 36036 761 20 . . . 36036 762 1 _ _ NNP 36036 762 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 762 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 762 4 _ _ NNP 36036 762 5 's 's POS 36036 762 6 elevated elevated JJ 36036 762 7 basal basal NN 36036 762 8 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 762 9 rate rate NN 36036 762 10 would would MD 36036 762 11 have have VB 36036 762 12 increased increase VBN 36036 762 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 762 14 overall overall JJ 36036 762 15 energy energy NN 36036 762 16 requirement requirement NN 36036 762 17 , , , 36036 762 18 and and CC 36036 762 19 it -PRON- PRP 36036 762 20 makes make VBZ 36036 762 21 good good JJ 36036 762 22 intuitive intuitive JJ 36036 762 23 sense sense NN 36036 762 24 , , , 36036 762 25 therefore therefore RB 36036 762 26 , , , 36036 762 27 that that IN 36036 762 28 evolution evolution NN 36036 762 29 during during IN 36036 762 30 the the DT 36036 762 31 Pleistocene Pleistocene NNP 36036 762 32 also also RB 36036 762 33 would would MD 36036 762 34 have have VB 36036 762 35 favored favor VBN 36036 762 36 selection selection NN 36036 762 37 of of IN 36036 762 38 a a DT 36036 762 39 diverse diverse JJ 36036 762 40 diet diet NN 36036 762 41 containing contain VBG 36036 762 42 many many JJ 36036 762 43 items item NNS 36036 762 44 of of IN 36036 762 45 high high JJ 36036 762 46 nutritive nutritive JJ 36036 762 47 value value NN 36036 762 48 . . . 36036 763 1 SUMMARY SUMMARY NNP 36036 763 2 Our -PRON- PRP$ 36036 763 3 analysis analysis NN 36036 763 4 has have VBZ 36036 763 5 illustrated illustrate VBN 36036 763 6 that that DT 36036 763 7 within within IN 36036 763 8 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 763 9 there there EX 36036 763 10 are be VBP 36036 763 11 two two CD 36036 763 12 distinct distinct JJ 36036 763 13 modes mode NNS 36036 763 14 of of IN 36036 763 15 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 763 16 adaptation adaptation NN 36036 763 17 to to IN 36036 763 18 climate climate NN 36036 763 19 . . . 36036 764 1 One one CD 36036 764 2 is be VBZ 36036 764 3 typified typify VBN 36036 764 4 by by IN 36036 764 5 those those DT 36036 764 6 species specie NNS 36036 764 7 with with IN 36036 764 8 low low JJ 36036 764 9 [ [ -LRB- 36036 764 10 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 764 11 } } -RRB- 36036 764 12 's be VBZ 36036 764 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 764 14 _ _ NNP 36036 764 15 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 764 16 astutus astutus NN 36036 764 17 _ _ NNP 36036 764 18 , , , 36036 764 19 _ _ NNP 36036 764 20 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 764 21 nasua nasua NNP 36036 764 22 _ _ NNP 36036 764 23 , , , 36036 764 24 _ _ NNP 36036 764 25 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 764 26 narica narica NN 36036 764 27 _ _ NNP 36036 764 28 , , , 36036 764 29 _ _ NNP 36036 764 30 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 764 31 cancrivorus cancrivoru VBZ 36036 764 32 _ _ NNP 36036 764 33 , , , 36036 764 34 and and CC 36036 764 35 _ _ NNP 36036 764 36 Potos Potos NNP 36036 764 37 flavus flavus NN 36036 764 38 _ _ NNP 36036 764 39 ) ) -RRB- 36036 764 40 , , , 36036 764 41 and and CC 36036 764 42 the the DT 36036 764 43 other other JJ 36036 764 44 by by IN 36036 764 45 _ _ NNP 36036 764 46 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 764 47 lotor lotor NN 36036 764 48 _ _ NNP 36036 764 49 with with IN 36036 764 50 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 764 51 higher high JJR 36036 764 52 [ [ -LRB- 36036 764 53 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 764 54 } } -RRB- 36036 764 55 . . . 36036 765 1 Those those DT 36036 765 2 with with IN 36036 765 3 low low JJ 36036 765 4 [ [ -LRB- 36036 765 5 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 765 6 } } -RRB- 36036 765 7 's be VBZ 36036 765 8 have have VBP 36036 765 9 more more RBR 36036 765 10 restricted restrict VBN 36036 765 11 geographic geographic JJ 36036 765 12 distributions distribution NNS 36036 765 13 , , , 36036 765 14 and and CC 36036 765 15 , , , 36036 765 16 with with IN 36036 765 17 the the DT 36036 765 18 exception exception NN 36036 765 19 of of IN 36036 765 20 _ _ NNP 36036 765 21 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 765 22 astutus astutus NN 36036 765 23 _ _ NNP 36036 765 24 , , , 36036 765 25 they -PRON- PRP 36036 765 26 are be VBP 36036 765 27 all all DT 36036 765 28 confined confine VBN 36036 765 29 to to IN 36036 765 30 tropical tropical JJ 36036 765 31 and and CC 36036 765 32 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 765 33 areas area NNS 36036 765 34 . . . 36036 766 1 The the DT 36036 766 2 fossil fossil JJ 36036 766 3 history history NN 36036 766 4 of of IN 36036 766 5 this this DT 36036 766 6 family family NN 36036 766 7 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 766 8 that that IN 36036 766 9 it -PRON- PRP 36036 766 10 had have VBD 36036 766 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 766 12 origins origin NNS 36036 766 13 in in IN 36036 766 14 tropical tropical JJ 36036 766 15 forests forest NNS 36036 766 16 of of IN 36036 766 17 North North NNP 36036 766 18 and and CC 36036 766 19 Central Central NNP 36036 766 20 America America NNP 36036 766 21 . . . 36036 767 1 This this DT 36036 767 2 indicates indicate VBZ 36036 767 3 that that IN 36036 767 4 those those DT 36036 767 5 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 767 6 whose whose WP$ 36036 767 7 distributions distribution NNS 36036 767 8 are be VBP 36036 767 9 still still RB 36036 767 10 primarily primarily RB 36036 767 11 restricted restrict VBN 36036 767 12 to to IN 36036 767 13 tropical tropical JJ 36036 767 14 forests forest NNS 36036 767 15 share share VB 36036 767 16 many many JJ 36036 767 17 of of IN 36036 767 18 the the DT 36036 767 19 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 767 20 adaptations adaptation NNS 36036 767 21 characteristic characteristic JJ 36036 767 22 of of IN 36036 767 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 767 24 ancestors ancestor NNS 36036 767 25 . . . 36036 768 1 We -PRON- PRP 36036 768 2 speculate speculate VBP 36036 768 3 , , , 36036 768 4 therefore therefore RB 36036 768 5 , , , 36036 768 6 that that IN 36036 768 7 ancestral ancestral JJ 36036 768 8 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 768 9 had have VBD 36036 768 10 a a DT 36036 768 11 lower low JJR 36036 768 12 than than IN 36036 768 13 predicted predict VBN 36036 768 14 [ [ -LRB- 36036 768 15 .H]_{b .h]_{b NN 36036 768 16 } } -RRB- 36036 768 17 , , , 36036 768 18 a a DT 36036 768 19 pelt pelt NN 36036 768 20 with with IN 36036 768 21 modest modest JJ 36036 768 22 to to IN 36036 768 23 poor poor JJ 36036 768 24 insulative insulative JJ 36036 768 25 quality quality NN 36036 768 26 , , , 36036 768 27 good good JJ 36036 768 28 thermogenic thermogenic JJ 36036 768 29 ability ability NN 36036 768 30 but but CC 36036 768 31 poor poor JJ 36036 768 32 heat heat NN 36036 768 33 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 768 34 , , , 36036 768 35 modest modest JJ 36036 768 36 to to IN 36036 768 37 poor poor JJ 36036 768 38 capacity capacity NN 36036 768 39 for for IN 36036 768 40 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 768 41 cooling cooling NN 36036 768 42 , , , 36036 768 43 no no DT 36036 768 44 well well RB 36036 768 45 - - HYPH 36036 768 46 defined define VBN 36036 768 47 molt molt NN 36036 768 48 cycle cycle NN 36036 768 49 , , , 36036 768 50 no no DT 36036 768 51 cyclic cyclic JJ 36036 768 52 period period NN 36036 768 53 of of IN 36036 768 54 fattening fattening NN 36036 768 55 , , , 36036 768 56 nocturnal nocturnal JJ 36036 768 57 habits habit NNS 36036 768 58 , , , 36036 768 59 and and CC 36036 768 60 a a DT 36036 768 61 modestly modestly RB 36036 768 62 diverse diverse JJ 36036 768 63 diet diet NN 36036 768 64 of of IN 36036 768 65 high high JJ 36036 768 66 - - HYPH 36036 768 67 enough enough JJ 36036 768 68 quality quality NN 36036 768 69 to to TO 36036 768 70 provide provide VB 36036 768 71 for for IN 36036 768 72 an an DT 36036 768 73 average average JJ 36036 768 74 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 768 75 potential potential NN 36036 768 76 . . . 36036 769 1 Although although IN 36036 769 2 this this DT 36036 769 3 pedigree pedigree NN 36036 769 4 contributed contribute VBD 36036 769 5 to to IN 36036 769 6 the the DT 36036 769 7 success success NN 36036 769 8 of of IN 36036 769 9 this this DT 36036 769 10 family family NN 36036 769 11 in in IN 36036 769 12 tropical tropical JJ 36036 769 13 and and CC 36036 769 14 subtropical subtropical JJ 36036 769 15 forests forest NNS 36036 769 16 , , , 36036 769 17 it -PRON- PRP 36036 769 18 limited limit VBD 36036 769 19 the the DT 36036 769 20 ability ability NN 36036 769 21 of of IN 36036 769 22 its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 769 23 members member NNS 36036 769 24 to to TO 36036 769 25 expand expand VB 36036 769 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 769 27 distributions distribution NNS 36036 769 28 into into IN 36036 769 29 cooler cooler NN 36036 769 30 , , , 36036 769 31 less less RBR 36036 769 32 stable stable JJ 36036 769 33 climates climate NNS 36036 769 34 . . . 36036 770 1 Viewed view VBN 36036 770 2 in in IN 36036 770 3 this this DT 36036 770 4 perspective perspective NN 36036 770 5 , , , 36036 770 6 _ _ NNP 36036 770 7 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 770 8 lotor lotor NN 36036 770 9 _ _ NNP 36036 770 10 's 's POS 36036 770 11 high high JJ 36036 770 12 basal basal NN 36036 770 13 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 770 14 rate rate NN 36036 770 15 , , , 36036 770 16 extraordinarily extraordinarily RB 36036 770 17 diverse diverse JJ 36036 770 18 diet diet NN 36036 770 19 , , , 36036 770 20 well well RB 36036 770 21 - - HYPH 36036 770 22 defined define VBN 36036 770 23 cyclic cyclic JJ 36036 770 24 changes change NNS 36036 770 25 in in IN 36036 770 26 fat fat JJ 36036 770 27 content content NN 36036 770 28 and and CC 36036 770 29 thermal thermal JJ 36036 770 30 conductance conductance NN 36036 770 31 , , , 36036 770 32 high high JJ 36036 770 33 level level NN 36036 770 34 of of IN 36036 770 35 heat heat NN 36036 770 36 tolerance tolerance NN 36036 770 37 , , , 36036 770 38 high high JJ 36036 770 39 capacity capacity NN 36036 770 40 for for IN 36036 770 41 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 770 42 cooling cooling NN 36036 770 43 , , , 36036 770 44 and and CC 36036 770 45 high high JJ 36036 770 46 reproductive reproductive JJ 36036 770 47 potential potential NN 36036 770 48 all all DT 36036 770 49 stand stand NN 36036 770 50 out out RP 36036 770 51 in in IN 36036 770 52 sharp sharp JJ 36036 770 53 contrast contrast NN 36036 770 54 to to IN 36036 770 55 the the DT 36036 770 56 condition condition NN 36036 770 57 described describe VBN 36036 770 58 for for IN 36036 770 59 other other JJ 36036 770 60 procyonids procyonid NNS 36036 770 61 . . . 36036 771 1 This this DT 36036 771 2 suggests suggest VBZ 36036 771 3 that that IN 36036 771 4 the the DT 36036 771 5 North north JJ 36036 771 6 American american JJ 36036 771 7 raccoon raccoon NN 36036 771 8 represents represent VBZ 36036 771 9 culmination culmination NN 36036 771 10 of of IN 36036 771 11 a a DT 36036 771 12 divergent divergent JJ 36036 771 13 evolutionary evolutionary JJ 36036 771 14 event event NN 36036 771 15 that that WDT 36036 771 16 has have VBZ 36036 771 17 given give VBN 36036 771 18 this this DT 36036 771 19 species specie NNS 36036 771 20 the the DT 36036 771 21 ability ability NN 36036 771 22 to to TO 36036 771 23 break break VB 36036 771 24 out out IN 36036 771 25 of of IN 36036 771 26 the the DT 36036 771 27 old old JJ 36036 771 28 procyonid procyonid JJ 36036 771 29 mold mold NN 36036 771 30 and and CC 36036 771 31 carry carry VB 36036 771 32 the the DT 36036 771 33 family family NN 36036 771 34 into into IN 36036 771 35 new new JJ 36036 771 36 habitats habitat NNS 36036 771 37 and and CC 36036 771 38 climates climate NNS 36036 771 39 . . . 36036 772 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX NNP 36036 772 2 : : : 36036 772 3 LIST LIST NNP 36036 772 4 OF of IN 36036 772 5 SYMBOLS symbol NNS 36036 772 6 a a DT 36036 772 7 potential potential JJ 36036 772 8 age age NN 36036 772 9 of of IN 36036 772 10 females female NNS 36036 772 11 first first RB 36036 772 12 producing produce VBG 36036 772 13 young young JJ 36036 772 14 b b NNP 36036 772 15 potential potential JJ 36036 772 16 annual annual JJ 36036 772 17 birth birth NN 36036 772 18 rate rate NN 36036 772 19 of of IN 36036 772 20 female female JJ 36036 772 21 young young JJ 36036 772 22 C_{a c_{a NN 36036 772 23 } } -RRB- 36036 772 24 conductance conductance NN 36036 772 25 of of IN 36036 772 26 air air NN 36036 772 27 C_{d C_{d NNP 36036 772 28 } } -RRB- 36036 772 29 conductance conductance NN 36036 772 30 of of IN 36036 772 31 den den NN 36036 772 32 walls wall NNS 36036 772 33 C_{m C_{m NNP 36036 772 34 } } -RRB- 36036 772 35 minimum minimum JJ 36036 772 36 thermal thermal JJ 36036 772 37 conductance conductance NN 36036 772 38 C_{md C_{md NNP 36036 772 39 } } -RRB- 36036 772 40 minimum minimum JJ 36036 772 41 dry dry JJ 36036 772 42 thermal thermal JJ 36036 772 43 conductance conductance NN 36036 772 44 C_{mw C_{mw NNP 36036 772 45 } } -RRB- 36036 772 46 minimum minimum JJ 36036 772 47 wet wet JJ 36036 772 48 thermal thermal JJ 36036 772 49 conductance conductance NN 36036 772 50 C_{mwr C_{mwr NNP 36036 772 51 } } -RRB- 36036 772 52 ratio ratio NN 36036 772 53 of of IN 36036 772 54 measured measure VBN 36036 772 55 to to IN 36036 772 56 predicted predict VBN 36036 772 57 minimum minimum JJ 36036 772 58 wet wet JJ 36036 772 59 thermal thermal JJ 36036 772 60 conductance conductance NN 36036 772 61 C_{t C_{t NNP 36036 772 62 } } -RRB- 36036 772 63 total total JJ 36036 772 64 conductance conductance NN 36036 772 65 D_{d D_{d NNP 36036 772 66 } } -RRB- 36036 772 67 diversity diversity NN 36036 772 68 of of IN 36036 772 69 diet diet NNP 36036 772 70 D_{dr D_{dr NNP 36036 772 71 } } -RRB- 36036 772 72 ratio ratio NN 36036 772 73 of of IN 36036 772 74 food food NN 36036 772 75 categories category NNS 36036 772 76 actually actually RB 36036 772 77 used use VBN 36036 772 78 by by IN 36036 772 79 a a DT 36036 772 80 species species NN 36036 772 81 to to IN 36036 772 82 the the DT 36036 772 83 total total JJ 36036 772 84 number number NN 36036 772 85 of of IN 36036 772 86 food food NN 36036 772 87 categories category NNS 36036 772 88 taken take VBN 36036 772 89 by by IN 36036 772 90 all all DT 36036 772 91 species specie NNS 36036 772 92 tested test VBN 36036 772 93 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 94 .E .E NFP 36036 772 95 ] ] -RRB- 36036 772 96 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 772 97 water water NN 36036 772 98 loss loss NN 36036 772 99 E_{c E_{c NNP 36036 772 100 } } -RRB- 36036 772 101 ratio ratio NN 36036 772 102 of of IN 36036 772 103 evaporative evaporative JJ 36036 772 104 heat heat NN 36036 772 105 lost lose VBN 36036 772 106 to to IN 36036 772 107 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 772 108 heat heat NN 36036 772 109 produced produce VBD 36036 772 110 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 111 .E]_{eq .E]_{eq . 36036 772 112 } } -RRB- 36036 772 113 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 772 114 equivalent equivalent JJ 36036 772 115 for for IN 36036 772 116 heat heat NN 36036 772 117 lost lose VBN 36036 772 118 by by IN 36036 772 119 evaporation evaporation NN 36036 772 120 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 121 .H]_{b .H]_{b . 36036 772 122 } } -RRB- 36036 772 123 basal basal NNP 36036 772 124 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 772 125 rate rate NN 36036 772 126 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 127 .H]_{r .H]_{r . 36036 772 128 } } -RRB- 36036 772 129 lowest low JJS 36036 772 130 resting resting NN 36036 772 131 metabolic metabolic JJ 36036 772 132 rate rate NN 36036 772 133 at at IN 36036 772 134 each each DT 36036 772 135 temperature temperature NN 36036 772 136 H_{br H_{br NNS 36036 772 137 } } -RRB- 36036 772 138 ratio ratio NN 36036 772 139 of of IN 36036 772 140 measured measure VBN 36036 772 141 to to IN 36036 772 142 predicted predict VBN 36036 772 143 basal basal NNP 36036 772 144 metabolic metabolic NNP 36036 772 145 rate rate NNP 36036 772 146 m m NNP 36036 772 147 mass mass NN 36036 772 148 of of IN 36036 772 149 animal animal NN 36036 772 150 m_{w m_{w NNP 36036 772 151 } } -RRB- 36036 772 152 mass mass NN 36036 772 153 of of IN 36036 772 154 water water NN 36036 772 155 n n CC 36036 772 156 potential potential JJ 36036 772 157 age age NN 36036 772 158 of of IN 36036 772 159 females female NNS 36036 772 160 producing produce VBG 36036 772 161 their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 772 162 final final JJ 36036 772 163 young young JJ 36036 772 164 r_{max r_{max NN 36036 772 165 } } -RRB- 36036 772 166 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 772 167 rate rate NN 36036 772 168 of of IN 36036 772 169 natural natural JJ 36036 772 170 increase increase NN 36036 772 171 r_{maxe r_{maxe NNP 36036 772 172 } } -RRB- 36036 772 173 expected expect VBD 36036 772 174 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 772 175 rate rate NN 36036 772 176 of of IN 36036 772 177 natural natural JJ 36036 772 178 increase increase NN 36036 772 179 r_{maxr r_{maxr NNP 36036 772 180 } } -RRB- 36036 772 181 ratio ratio NN 36036 772 182 of of IN 36036 772 183 calculated calculate VBN 36036 772 184 to to IN 36036 772 185 expected expect VBN 36036 772 186 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 772 187 rate rate NN 36036 772 188 of of IN 36036 772 189 natural natural JJ 36036 772 190 increase increase NN 36036 772 191 RQ RQ NNP 36036 772 192 respiratory respiratory JJ 36036 772 193 quotient quotient NN 36036 772 194 T_{a T_{a NNP 36036 772 195 } } -RRB- 36036 772 196 chamber chamber NN 36036 772 197 air air NN 36036 772 198 temperature temperature NN 36036 772 199 T_{b T_{b NNP 36036 772 200 } } -RRB- 36036 772 201 body body NN 36036 772 202 temperature temperature NN 36036 772 203 T_{lc t_{lc NN 36036 772 204 } } -RRB- 36036 772 205 lower lower RBR 36036 772 206 critical critical JJ 36036 772 207 temperature temperature NN 36036 772 208 T_{n T_{n NNP 36036 772 209 } } -RRB- 36036 772 210 thermoneutral thermoneutral JJ 36036 772 211 zone zone NN 36036 772 212 T_{uc t_{uc NN 36036 772 213 } } -RRB- 36036 772 214 upper upper JJ 36036 772 215 critical critical JJ 36036 772 216 temperature temperature NN 36036 772 217 t t NN 36036 772 218 time time NN 36036 772 219 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 220 .V]_{a .V]_{a NFP 36036 772 221 } } -RRB- 36036 772 222 rate rate NN 36036 772 223 of of IN 36036 772 224 air air NN 36036 772 225 flow flow NN 36036 772 226 through through IN 36036 772 227 U U NNS 36036 772 228 - - HYPH 36036 772 229 tubes tube NNS 36036 772 230 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 231 .V]_{e .V]_{e NFP 36036 772 232 } } -RRB- 36036 772 233 rate rate NN 36036 772 234 of of IN 36036 772 235 air air NN 36036 772 236 flow flow NN 36036 772 237 into into IN 36036 772 238 metabolism metabolism NN 36036 772 239 chamber chamber NN 36036 772 240 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 241 alpha alpha NN 36036 772 242 ] ] -RRB- 36036 772 243 active active JJ 36036 772 244 phase phase NN 36036 772 245 of of IN 36036 772 246 the the DT 36036 772 247 daily daily JJ 36036 772 248 cycle cycle NN 36036 772 249 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 250 gamma gamma NN 36036 772 251 ] ] -RRB- 36036 772 252 heat heat NN 36036 772 253 equivalent equivalent JJ 36036 772 254 of of IN 36036 772 255 oxygen oxygen NN 36036 772 256 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 257 lambda lambda NNP 36036 772 258 ] ] -RRB- 36036 772 259 heat heat NN 36036 772 260 of of IN 36036 772 261 vaporization vaporization NN 36036 772 262 of of IN 36036 772 263 water water NN 36036 772 264 [ [ -LRB- 36036 772 265 rho rho NN 36036 772 266 ] ] -RRB- 36036 772 267 rest rest NN 36036 772 268 phase phase NN 36036 772 269 of of IN 36036 772 270 the the DT 36036 772 271 daily daily JJ 36036 772 272 cycle cycle NN 36036 772 273 LITERATURE LITERATURE NNP 36036 772 274 CITED CITED NNP 36036 772 275 Aschoff Aschoff NNP 36036 772 276 , , , 36036 772 277 Jürgen Jürgen NNP 36036 772 278 1981 1981 CD 36036 772 279 . . . 36036 773 1 Thermal thermal JJ 36036 773 2 Conductance conductance NN 36036 773 3 in in IN 36036 773 4 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 773 5 and and CC 36036 773 6 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 773 7 : : : 36036 773 8 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 773 9 Dependence dependence NN 36036 773 10 on on IN 36036 773 11 Body Body NNP 36036 773 12 Size Size NNP 36036 773 13 and and CC 36036 773 14 Circadian Circadian NNP 36036 773 15 Phase Phase NNP 36036 773 16 . . . 36036 774 1 _ _ NNP 36036 774 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 774 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 774 4 and and CC 36036 774 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 774 6 _ _ NNP 36036 774 7 , , , 36036 774 8 69A:611 69A:611 VBN 36036 774 9 - - HYPH 36036 774 10 619 619 CD 36036 774 11 , , , 36036 774 12 3 3 CD 36036 774 13 figures figure NNS 36036 774 14 , , , 36036 774 15 2 2 CD 36036 774 16 tables table NNS 36036 774 17 . . . 36036 775 1 Aschoff Aschoff NNP 36036 775 2 , , , 36036 775 3 J. J. NNP 36036 775 4 , , , 36036 775 5 and and CC 36036 775 6 H. H. NNP 36036 775 7 Pohl Pohl NNP 36036 775 8 1970 1970 CD 36036 775 9 . . . 36036 776 1 Rhythmic rhythmic JJ 36036 776 2 Variations variation NNS 36036 776 3 in in IN 36036 776 4 Energy Energy NNP 36036 776 5 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 776 6 . . . 36036 777 1 _ _ NNP 36036 777 2 Federation Federation NNP 36036 777 3 Proceedings Proceedings NNPS 36036 777 4 _ _ NNP 36036 777 5 , , , 36036 777 6 29:1541 29:1541 CD 36036 777 7 - - SYM 36036 777 8 1552 1552 CD 36036 777 9 , , , 36036 777 10 18 18 CD 36036 777 11 figures figure NNS 36036 777 12 . . . 36036 778 1 Barghoorn Barghoorn NNP 36036 778 2 , , , 36036 778 3 Elso Elso NNP 36036 778 4 S. S. NNP 36036 778 5 1953 1953 CD 36036 778 6 . . . 36036 779 1 Evidence evidence NN 36036 779 2 of of IN 36036 779 3 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 779 4 Change Change NNP 36036 779 5 in in IN 36036 779 6 the the DT 36036 779 7 Geologic Geologic NNP 36036 779 8 Record Record NNP 36036 779 9 of of IN 36036 779 10 Plant Plant NNP 36036 779 11 Life Life NNP 36036 779 12 . . . 36036 780 1 _ _ NNP 36036 780 2 In in IN 36036 780 3 _ _ NNP 36036 780 4 Harlow Harlow NNP 36036 780 5 Shapley Shapley NNP 36036 780 6 , , , 36036 780 7 editor editor NN 36036 780 8 , , , 36036 780 9 _ _ NNP 36036 780 10 Climatic Climatic NNP 36036 780 11 Change Change NNP 36036 780 12 , , , 36036 780 13 Evidence evidence NN 36036 780 14 , , , 36036 780 15 Causes Causes NNPS 36036 780 16 , , , 36036 780 17 and and CC 36036 780 18 Effects Effects NNPS 36036 780 19 _ _ NNP 36036 780 20 , , , 36036 780 21 pages page VBZ 36036 780 22 235 235 CD 36036 780 23 - - SYM 36036 780 24 248 248 CD 36036 780 25 , , , 36036 780 26 3 3 CD 36036 780 27 figures figure NNS 36036 780 28 , , , 36036 780 29 1 1 CD 36036 780 30 table table NN 36036 780 31 . . . 36036 781 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 36036 781 2 : : : 36036 781 3 Harvard Harvard NNP 36036 781 4 University University NNP 36036 781 5 Press Press NNP 36036 781 6 . . . 36036 782 1 Bartholomew Bartholomew NNP 36036 782 2 , , , 36036 782 3 George George NNP 36036 782 4 A. A. NNP 36036 783 1 1958 1958 CD 36036 783 2 . . . 36036 784 1 The the DT 36036 784 2 Role Role NNP 36036 784 3 of of IN 36036 784 4 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 784 5 in in IN 36036 784 6 the the DT 36036 784 7 Distribution distribution NN 36036 784 8 of of IN 36036 784 9 Terrestrial Terrestrial NNP 36036 784 10 Vertebrates Vertebrates NNPS 36036 784 11 . . . 36036 785 1 _ _ NNP 36036 785 2 In in IN 36036 785 3 _ _ NNP 36036 785 4 Carl Carl NNP 36036 785 5 L. L. NNP 36036 785 6 Hubbs Hubbs NNP 36036 785 7 , , , 36036 785 8 editor editor NN 36036 785 9 , , , 36036 785 10 Zoogeography Zoogeography NNP 36036 785 11 . . . 36036 786 1 _ _ NNP 36036 786 2 American American NNP 36036 786 3 Association Association NNP 36036 786 4 for for IN 36036 786 5 the the DT 36036 786 6 Advancement Advancement NNP 36036 786 7 of of IN 36036 786 8 Science Science NNP 36036 786 9 _ _ NNP 36036 786 10 , , , 36036 786 11 51:81 51:81 CD 36036 786 12 - - SYM 36036 786 13 95 95 CD 36036 786 14 . . . 36036 787 1 Washington Washington NNP 36036 787 2 , , , 36036 787 3 D.C. D.C. NNP 36036 787 4 1987 1987 CD 36036 787 5 . . . 36036 788 1 Interspecific Interspecific NNP 36036 788 2 Comparison Comparison NNP 36036 788 3 as as IN 36036 788 4 a a DT 36036 788 5 Tool Tool NNP 36036 788 6 for for IN 36036 788 7 Ecological Ecological NNP 36036 788 8 Physiologists Physiologists NNPS 36036 788 9 . . . 36036 789 1 _ _ NNP 36036 789 2 In in IN 36036 789 3 _ _ NNP 36036 789 4 Martin Martin NNP 36036 789 5 E. E. NNP 36036 789 6 Feder Feder NNP 36036 789 7 , , , 36036 789 8 Albert Albert NNP 36036 789 9 F. F. NNP 36036 789 10 Bennett Bennett NNP 36036 789 11 , , , 36036 789 12 Warren Warren NNP 36036 789 13 W. W. NNP 36036 789 14 Burggren Burggren NNP 36036 789 15 , , , 36036 789 16 and and CC 36036 789 17 Raymond Raymond NNP 36036 789 18 B. B. NNP 36036 789 19 Huey Huey NNP 36036 789 20 , , , 36036 789 21 editors editor NNS 36036 789 22 , , , 36036 789 23 _ _ NNP 36036 789 24 New New NNP 36036 789 25 Directions Directions NNPS 36036 789 26 in in IN 36036 789 27 Ecological Ecological NNP 36036 789 28 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 789 29 _ _ NNP 36036 789 30 , , , 36036 789 31 pages page VBZ 36036 789 32 11 11 CD 36036 789 33 - - SYM 36036 789 34 37 37 CD 36036 789 35 , , , 36036 789 36 1 1 CD 36036 789 37 figure figure NN 36036 789 38 . . . 36036 790 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 36036 790 2 : : : 36036 790 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 36036 790 4 University University NNP 36036 790 5 Press Press NNP 36036 790 6 . . . 36036 791 1 Baskin Baskin NNP 36036 791 2 , , , 36036 791 3 Jon Jon NNP 36036 791 4 Alan Alan NNP 36036 791 5 1982 1982 CD 36036 791 6 . . . 36036 792 1 Tertiary Tertiary NNP 36036 792 2 Procyoninae Procyoninae NNP 36036 792 3 ( ( -LRB- 36036 792 4 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 36036 792 5 : : : 36036 792 6 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 792 7 ) ) -RRB- 36036 792 8 of of IN 36036 792 9 North North NNP 36036 792 10 America America NNP 36036 792 11 . . . 36036 793 1 _ _ NNP 36036 793 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 793 3 of of IN 36036 793 4 Vertebrate Vertebrate NNP 36036 793 5 Paleontology Paleontology NNP 36036 793 6 _ _ NNP 36036 793 7 , , , 36036 793 8 2:71 2:71 CD 36036 793 9 - - SYM 36036 793 10 93 93 CD 36036 793 11 , , , 36036 793 12 14 14 CD 36036 793 13 figures figure NNS 36036 793 14 , , , 36036 793 15 5 5 CD 36036 793 16 tables table NNS 36036 793 17 . . . 36036 794 1 Benedict Benedict NNP 36036 794 2 , , , 36036 794 3 Francis Francis NNP 36036 794 4 G. G. NNP 36036 794 5 1938 1938 CD 36036 794 6 . . . 36036 795 1 Vital Vital NNP 36036 795 2 Energetics Energetics NNP 36036 795 3 . . . 36036 796 1 _ _ NNP 36036 796 2 Carnegie Carnegie NNP 36036 796 3 Institution Institution NNP 36036 796 4 of of IN 36036 796 5 Washington Washington NNP 36036 796 6 _ _ NNP 36036 796 7 , , , 36036 796 8 503 503 CD 36036 796 9 : : : 36036 796 10 viii viii JJ 36036 796 11 + + SYM 36036 796 12 215 215 CD 36036 796 13 pages page NNS 36036 796 14 , , , 36036 796 15 46 46 CD 36036 796 16 figures figure NNS 36036 796 17 , , , 36036 796 18 4 4 CD 36036 796 19 tables table NNS 36036 796 20 . . . 36036 797 1 Berggren Berggren NNP 36036 797 2 , , , 36036 797 3 William William NNP 36036 797 4 A. A. NNP 36036 798 1 1982 1982 CD 36036 798 2 . . . 36036 799 1 Role Role NNP 36036 799 2 of of IN 36036 799 3 Ocean Ocean NNP 36036 799 4 Gateways Gateways NNPS 36036 799 5 in in IN 36036 799 6 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 799 7 Change Change NNP 36036 799 8 . . . 36036 800 1 In in IN 36036 800 2 _ _ NNP 36036 800 3 Climate Climate NNP 36036 800 4 in in IN 36036 800 5 Earth Earth NNP 36036 800 6 History History NNP 36036 800 7 , , , 36036 800 8 Studies Studies NNPS 36036 800 9 in in IN 36036 800 10 Geophysics Geophysics NNP 36036 800 11 _ _ NNP 36036 800 12 , , , 36036 800 13 pages page NNS 36036 800 14 118 118 CD 36036 800 15 - - SYM 36036 800 16 125 125 CD 36036 800 17 , , , 36036 800 18 4 4 CD 36036 800 19 figures figure NNS 36036 800 20 . . . 36036 801 1 Washington Washington NNP 36036 801 2 , , , 36036 801 3 D.C. D.C. NNP 36036 801 4 : : : 36036 801 5 National National NNP 36036 801 6 Academy Academy NNP 36036 801 7 Press Press NNP 36036 801 8 . . . 36036 802 1 Bisbal Bisbal NNP 36036 802 2 , , , 36036 802 3 Francisco Francisco NNP 36036 802 4 J. J. NNP 36036 803 1 1986 1986 CD 36036 803 2 . . . 36036 804 1 Food food NN 36036 804 2 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 804 3 of of IN 36036 804 4 Some some DT 36036 804 5 Neotropical Neotropical NNP 36036 804 6 Carnivores Carnivores NNPS 36036 804 7 in in IN 36036 804 8 Venezuela Venezuela NNP 36036 804 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 804 10 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 36036 804 11 , , , 36036 804 12 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 804 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 804 14 . . . 36036 805 1 _ _ NNP 36036 805 2 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 36036 805 3 _ _ NNP 36036 805 4 , , , 36036 805 5 50:329 50:329 CD 36036 805 6 - - SYM 36036 805 7 339 339 CD 36036 805 8 , , , 36036 805 9 1 1 CD 36036 805 10 figure figure NN 36036 805 11 , , , 36036 805 12 2 2 CD 36036 805 13 tables table NNS 36036 805 14 , , , 36036 805 15 2 2 CD 36036 805 16 appendices appendix NNS 36036 805 17 . . . 36036 806 1 Bradley Bradley NNP 36036 806 2 , , , 36036 806 3 S. S. NNP 36036 806 4 Robert Robert NNP 36036 806 5 , , , 36036 806 6 and and CC 36036 806 7 Daniel Daniel NNP 36036 806 8 R. R. NNP 36036 806 9 Deavers Deavers NNP 36036 806 10 1980 1980 CD 36036 806 11 . . . 36036 807 1 A a DT 36036 807 2 Re re NN 36036 807 3 - - NN 36036 807 4 examination examination NN 36036 807 5 of of IN 36036 807 6 the the DT 36036 807 7 Relationship relationship NN 36036 807 8 between between IN 36036 807 9 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 807 10 Conductance Conductance NNP 36036 807 11 and and CC 36036 807 12 Body Body NNP 36036 807 13 Weight Weight NNP 36036 807 14 in in IN 36036 807 15 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 807 16 . . . 36036 808 1 _ _ NNP 36036 808 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 808 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 808 4 and and CC 36036 808 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 808 6 _ _ NNP 36036 808 7 , , , 36036 808 8 65A:465 65a:465 CD 36036 808 9 - - SYM 36036 808 10 476 476 CD 36036 808 11 , , , 36036 808 12 6 6 CD 36036 808 13 figures figure NNS 36036 808 14 , , , 36036 808 15 6 6 CD 36036 808 16 tables table NNS 36036 808 17 . . . 36036 809 1 Brody brody NN 36036 809 2 , , , 36036 809 3 Samuel Samuel NNP 36036 809 4 1945 1945 CD 36036 809 5 . . . 36036 810 1 _ _ NNP 36036 810 2 Bioenergetics Bioenergetics NNP 36036 810 3 and and CC 36036 810 4 Growth Growth NNP 36036 810 5 . . . 36036 810 6 _ _ NNP 36036 810 7 xii xii NNP 36036 810 8 + + CC 36036 810 9 1023 1023 CD 36036 810 10 pages page NNS 36036 810 11 , , , 36036 810 12 377 377 CD 36036 810 13 figures figure NNS 36036 810 14 , , , 36036 810 15 86 86 CD 36036 810 16 tables table NNS 36036 810 17 , , , 36036 810 18 11 11 CD 36036 810 19 appendices appendix NNS 36036 810 20 . . . 36036 811 1 New New NNP 36036 811 2 York York NNP 36036 811 3 : : : 36036 811 4 Reinhold Reinhold NNP 36036 811 5 Publishing Publishing NNP 36036 811 6 Corporation Corporation NNP 36036 811 7 . . . 36036 812 1 Calder calder NN 36036 812 2 , , , 36036 812 3 William William NNP 36036 812 4 A. A. NNP 36036 812 5 , , , 36036 812 6 III III NNP 36036 812 7 1987 1987 CD 36036 812 8 . . . 36036 813 1 Scaling scale VBG 36036 813 2 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 813 3 of of IN 36036 813 4 Homeothermic Homeothermic NNP 36036 813 5 Vertebrates Vertebrates NNPS 36036 813 6 : : : 36036 813 7 An an DT 36036 813 8 Operational Operational NNP 36036 813 9 Allometry Allometry NNP 36036 813 10 . . . 36036 814 1 _ _ NNP 36036 814 2 Annual Annual NNP 36036 814 3 Review Review NNP 36036 814 4 of of IN 36036 814 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 814 6 _ _ NNP 36036 814 7 , , , 36036 814 8 49:107 49:107 CD 36036 814 9 - - SYM 36036 814 10 120 120 CD 36036 814 11 , , , 36036 814 12 1 1 CD 36036 814 13 figure figure NN 36036 814 14 , , , 36036 814 15 1 1 CD 36036 814 16 table table NN 36036 814 17 . . . 36036 815 1 Calder calder NN 36036 815 2 , , , 36036 815 3 William William NNP 36036 815 4 A. A. NNP 36036 815 5 , , , 36036 815 6 and and CC 36036 815 7 James James NNP 36036 815 8 R. R. NNP 36036 815 9 King King NNP 36036 815 10 1974 1974 CD 36036 815 11 . . . 36036 816 1 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 816 2 and and CC 36036 816 3 Caloric Caloric NNP 36036 816 4 Relations Relations NNPS 36036 816 5 of of IN 36036 816 6 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 816 7 . . . 36036 817 1 _ _ NNP 36036 817 2 In in IN 36036 817 3 _ _ NNP 36036 817 4 Donald Donald NNP 36036 817 5 S. S. NNP 36036 817 6 Farner Farner NNP 36036 817 7 and and CC 36036 817 8 James James NNP 36036 817 9 R. R. NNP 36036 817 10 King King NNP 36036 817 11 , , , 36036 817 12 editors editor NNS 36036 817 13 , , , 36036 817 14 _ _ NNP 36036 817 15 Avian Avian NNP 36036 817 16 Biology Biology NNP 36036 817 17 _ _ NNP 36036 817 18 , , , 36036 817 19 4:259 4:259 CD 36036 817 20 - - SYM 36036 817 21 413 413 CD 36036 817 22 , , , 36036 817 23 34 34 CD 36036 817 24 figures figure NNS 36036 817 25 , , , 36036 817 26 17 17 CD 36036 817 27 tables table NNS 36036 817 28 . . . 36036 818 1 New New NNP 36036 818 2 York York NNP 36036 818 3 : : : 36036 818 4 Academic Academic NNP 36036 818 5 Press Press NNP 36036 818 6 . . . 36036 819 1 Campbell Campbell NNP 36036 819 2 , , , 36036 819 3 Gaylon Gaylon NNP 36036 819 4 S. S. NNP 36036 819 5 1977 1977 CD 36036 819 6 . . . 36036 820 1 _ _ NNP 36036 820 2 An an DT 36036 820 3 Introduction introduction NN 36036 820 4 to to IN 36036 820 5 Environmental Environmental NNP 36036 820 6 Biophysics Biophysics NNPS 36036 820 7 . . . 36036 820 8 _ _ NNP 36036 820 9 xv xv NNP 36036 820 10 + + CC 36036 820 11 159 159 CD 36036 820 12 pages page NNS 36036 820 13 , , , 36036 820 14 55 55 CD 36036 820 15 figures figure NNS 36036 820 16 , , , 36036 820 17 14 14 CD 36036 820 18 tables table NNS 36036 820 19 . . . 36036 821 1 New New NNP 36036 821 2 York York NNP 36036 821 3 : : : 36036 821 4 Springer Springer NNP 36036 821 5 - - HYPH 36036 821 6 Verlag Verlag NNP 36036 821 7 . . . 36036 822 1 Chevalier Chevalier NNP 36036 822 2 , , , 36036 822 3 C. C. NNP 36036 822 4 D. D. NNP 36036 822 5 1985 1985 CD 36036 822 6 . . . 36036 823 1 Thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 823 2 in in IN 36036 823 3 Desert Desert NNP 36036 823 4 - - HYPH 36036 823 5 adapted adapt VBN 36036 823 6 Ringtail Ringtail NNP 36036 823 7 Cats Cats NNPS 36036 823 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 823 9 _ _ NNP 36036 823 10 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 823 11 astutus astutus NN 36036 823 12 _ _ NNP 36036 823 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 823 14 . . . 36036 824 1 [ [ -LRB- 36036 824 2 Abstract Abstract NNP 36036 824 3 . . . 36036 824 4 ] ] -RRB- 36036 825 1 _ _ NNP 36036 825 2 American American NNP 36036 825 3 Zoologist Zoologist NNP 36036 825 4 _ _ NNP 36036 825 5 , , , 36036 825 6 25:58A. 25:58a. CD 36036 826 1 Chevillard Chevillard NNP 36036 826 2 - - HYPH 36036 826 3 Hugot Hugot NNP 36036 826 4 , , , 36036 826 5 Marie Marie NNP 36036 826 6 - - HYPH 36036 826 7 Christine Christine NNP 36036 826 8 , , , 36036 826 9 E. E. NNP 36036 826 10 F. F. NNP 36036 826 11 Müller Müller NNP 36036 826 12 , , , 36036 826 13 and and CC 36036 826 14 E. E. NNP 36036 826 15 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 826 16 1980 1980 CD 36036 826 17 . . . 36036 827 1 Oxygen Oxygen NNP 36036 827 2 Consumption consumption NN 36036 827 3 , , , 36036 827 4 Body Body NNP 36036 827 5 Temperature temperature NN 36036 827 6 and and CC 36036 827 7 Heart heart NN 36036 827 8 Rate rate NN 36036 827 9 in in IN 36036 827 10 the the DT 36036 827 11 Coati Coati NNP 36036 827 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 827 13 _ _ NNP 36036 827 14 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 827 15 nasua nasua NNP 36036 827 16 _ _ NNP 36036 827 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 827 18 . . . 36036 828 1 _ _ NNP 36036 828 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 828 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 828 4 and and CC 36036 828 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 828 6 _ _ NNP 36036 828 7 , , , 36036 828 8 65A:305 65a:305 CD 36036 828 9 - - SYM 36036 828 10 309 309 CD 36036 828 11 , , , 36036 828 12 6 6 CD 36036 828 13 figures figure NNS 36036 828 14 , , , 36036 828 15 2 2 CD 36036 828 16 tables table NNS 36036 828 17 . . . 36036 829 1 Colbert Colbert NNP 36036 829 2 , , , 36036 829 3 Edwin Edwin NNP 36036 829 4 H. H. NNP 36036 829 5 1953 1953 CD 36036 829 6 . . . 36036 830 1 The the DT 36036 830 2 Record record NN 36036 830 3 of of IN 36036 830 4 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 830 5 Changes Changes NNPS 36036 830 6 as as IN 36036 830 7 Revealed reveal VBN 36036 830 8 by by IN 36036 830 9 Vertebrate Vertebrate NNP 36036 830 10 Paleoecology Paleoecology NNP 36036 830 11 . . . 36036 831 1 _ _ NNP 36036 831 2 In in IN 36036 831 3 _ _ NNP 36036 831 4 Harlow Harlow NNP 36036 831 5 Shapley Shapley NNP 36036 831 6 , , , 36036 831 7 editor editor NN 36036 831 8 , , , 36036 831 9 _ _ NNP 36036 831 10 Climatic Climatic NNP 36036 831 11 Change Change NNP 36036 831 12 , , , 36036 831 13 Evidence evidence NN 36036 831 14 , , , 36036 831 15 Causes Causes NNPS 36036 831 16 , , , 36036 831 17 and and CC 36036 831 18 Effects Effects NNPS 36036 831 19 _ _ NNP 36036 831 20 , , , 36036 831 21 pages page VBZ 36036 831 22 249 249 CD 36036 831 23 - - SYM 36036 831 24 271 271 CD 36036 831 25 . . . 36036 832 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 36036 832 2 : : : 36036 832 3 Harvard Harvard NNP 36036 832 4 University University NNP 36036 832 5 Press Press NNP 36036 832 6 . . . 36036 833 1 Cole Cole NNP 36036 833 2 , , , 36036 833 3 Lamont Lamont NNP 36036 833 4 C. C. NNP 36036 833 5 1954 1954 CD 36036 833 6 . . . 36036 834 1 The the DT 36036 834 2 Population Population NNP 36036 834 3 Consequences consequence NNS 36036 834 4 of of IN 36036 834 5 Life life NN 36036 834 6 History History NNP 36036 834 7 Phenomena Phenomena NNP 36036 834 8 . . . 36036 835 1 _ _ NNP 36036 835 2 The the DT 36036 835 3 Quarterly Quarterly NNP 36036 835 4 Review Review NNP 36036 835 5 of of IN 36036 835 6 Biology Biology NNP 36036 835 7 _ _ NNP 36036 835 8 , , , 36036 835 9 29:103 29:103 CD 36036 835 10 - - SYM 36036 835 11 137 137 CD 36036 835 12 , , , 36036 835 13 10 10 CD 36036 835 14 figures figure NNS 36036 835 15 . . . 36036 836 1 Crandall Crandall NNP 36036 836 2 , , , 36036 836 3 Lee Lee NNP 36036 836 4 S. S. NNP 36036 836 5 1964 1964 CD 36036 836 6 . . . 36036 837 1 _ _ NNP 36036 837 2 The the DT 36036 837 3 Management Management NNP 36036 837 4 of of IN 36036 837 5 Wild Wild NNP 36036 837 6 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 837 7 in in IN 36036 837 8 Captivity Captivity NNP 36036 837 9 . . . 36036 837 10 _ _ NNP 36036 837 11 xv xv NNP 36036 837 12 + + CC 36036 837 13 469 469 CD 36036 837 14 pages page NNS 36036 837 15 , , , 36036 837 16 10 10 CD 36036 837 17 tables table NNS 36036 837 18 , , , 36036 837 19 11 11 CD 36036 837 20 plates plate NNS 36036 837 21 . . . 36036 838 1 Chicago Chicago NNP 36036 838 2 : : : 36036 838 3 The the DT 36036 838 4 University University NNP 36036 838 5 of of IN 36036 838 6 Chicago Chicago NNP 36036 838 7 Press Press NNP 36036 838 8 . . . 36036 839 1 Crockett Crockett NNP 36036 839 2 , , , 36036 839 3 Curtis Curtis NNP 36036 839 4 W. W. NNP 36036 839 5 1972 1972 CD 36036 839 6 . . . 36036 840 1 Climatological climatological JJ 36036 840 2 Summaries Summaries NNPS 36036 840 3 for for IN 36036 840 4 Selected Selected NNP 36036 840 5 Stations Stations NNPS 36036 840 6 in in IN 36036 840 7 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 840 8 . . . 36036 841 1 _ _ NNP 36036 841 2 Water Water NNP 36036 841 3 Resources Resources NNPS 36036 841 4 Research Research NNP 36036 841 5 Center Center NNP 36036 841 6 _ _ NNP 36036 841 7 , , , 36036 841 8 53 53 CD 36036 841 9 . . . 36036 842 1 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 842 2 Polytechnic Polytechnic NNP 36036 842 3 Institute Institute NNP 36036 842 4 and and CC 36036 842 5 State State NNP 36036 842 6 University University NNP 36036 842 7 , , , 36036 842 8 Blacksburg Blacksburg NNP 36036 842 9 , , , 36036 842 10 Virginia Virginia NNP 36036 842 11 . . . 36036 843 1 Darlington Darlington NNP 36036 843 2 , , , 36036 843 3 Philip Philip NNP 36036 843 4 J. J. NNP 36036 843 5 , , , 36036 843 6 Jr. Jr. NNP 36036 843 7 1963 1963 CD 36036 843 8 . . . 36036 844 1 _ _ NNP 36036 844 2 Zoogeography Zoogeography NNP 36036 844 3 : : : 36036 844 4 The the DT 36036 844 5 Geographical Geographical NNP 36036 844 6 Distribution Distribution NNP 36036 844 7 of of IN 36036 844 8 Animals Animals NNPS 36036 844 9 . . . 36036 844 10 _ _ NNP 36036 844 11 xiii xiii NNP 36036 844 12 + + SYM 36036 844 13 675 675 CD 36036 844 14 pages page NNS 36036 844 15 , , , 36036 844 16 80 80 CD 36036 844 17 figures figure NNS 36036 844 18 , , , 36036 844 19 21 21 CD 36036 844 20 tables table NNS 36036 844 21 , , , 36036 844 22 frontispiece frontispiece NN 36036 844 23 . . . 36036 845 1 New New NNP 36036 845 2 York York NNP 36036 845 3 : : : 36036 845 4 John John NNP 36036 845 5 Wiley Wiley NNP 36036 845 6 and and CC 36036 845 7 Sons Sons NNPS 36036 845 8 , , , 36036 845 9 Incorporated Incorporated NNP 36036 845 10 . . . 36036 846 1 Davis Davis NNP 36036 846 2 , , , 36036 846 3 D. D. NNP 36036 846 4 Dwight Dwight NNP 36036 846 5 1964 1964 CD 36036 846 6 . . . 36036 847 1 The the DT 36036 847 2 Giant giant JJ 36036 847 3 Panda Panda NNP 36036 847 4 : : : 36036 847 5 A a DT 36036 847 6 Morphological Morphological NNP 36036 847 7 Study Study NNP 36036 847 8 of of IN 36036 847 9 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP 36036 847 10 Mechanisms Mechanisms NNPS 36036 847 11 . . . 36036 848 1 _ _ NNP 36036 848 2 Fieldiana Fieldiana NNP 36036 848 3 : : : 36036 848 4 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 848 5 Memoirs Memoirs NNP 36036 848 6 _ _ NNP 36036 848 7 , , , 36036 848 8 3:339 3:339 CD 36036 848 9 pages page NNS 36036 848 10 , , , 36036 848 11 159 159 CD 36036 848 12 figures figure NNS 36036 848 13 , , , 36036 848 14 25 25 CD 36036 848 15 tables table NNS 36036 848 16 . . . 36036 849 1 Decker Decker NNP 36036 849 2 , , , 36036 849 3 Denise Denise NNP 36036 849 4 M. M. NNP 36036 849 5 1991 1991 CD 36036 849 6 . . . 36036 850 1 Systematics systematic NNS 36036 850 2 of of IN 36036 850 3 the the DT 36036 850 4 Coatis Coatis NNP 36036 850 5 Genus Genus NNP 36036 850 6 _ _ NNP 36036 850 7 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 850 8 _ _ NNP 36036 850 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 850 10 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 36036 850 11 : : : 36036 850 12 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 850 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 850 14 . . . 36036 851 1 _ _ NNP 36036 851 2 Proceedings Proceedings NNP 36036 851 3 of of IN 36036 851 4 the the DT 36036 851 5 Biological Biological NNP 36036 851 6 Society Society NNP 36036 851 7 of of IN 36036 851 8 Washington Washington NNP 36036 851 9 _ _ NNP 36036 851 10 , , , 36036 851 11 104:370 104:370 CD 36036 851 12 - - SYM 36036 851 13 386 386 CD 36036 851 14 , , , 36036 851 15 3 3 CD 36036 851 16 figures figure NNS 36036 851 17 , , , 36036 851 18 3 3 CD 36036 851 19 tables table NNS 36036 851 20 , , , 36036 851 21 2 2 CD 36036 851 22 appendices appendix NNS 36036 851 23 . . . 36036 852 1 Decker Decker NNP 36036 852 2 , , , 36036 852 3 Denise Denise NNP 36036 852 4 M. M. NNP 36036 852 5 , , , 36036 852 6 and and CC 36036 852 7 W. W. NNP 36036 852 8 Chris Chris NNP 36036 852 9 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 852 10 1991 1991 CD 36036 852 11 . . . 36036 853 1 Phylogenetic Phylogenetic NNP 36036 853 2 Analysis Analysis NNP 36036 853 3 of of IN 36036 853 4 Recent Recent NNP 36036 853 5 Procyonid Procyonid NNP 36036 853 6 Genera Genera NNP 36036 853 7 . . . 36036 854 1 _ _ NNP 36036 854 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 854 3 of of IN 36036 854 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 854 5 _ _ NNP 36036 854 6 , , , 36036 854 7 72:42 72:42 CD 36036 854 8 - - SYM 36036 854 9 55 55 CD 36036 854 10 , , , 36036 854 11 2 2 CD 36036 854 12 figures figure NNS 36036 854 13 , , , 36036 854 14 2 2 CD 36036 854 15 appendices appendix NNS 36036 854 16 . . . 36036 855 1 Depocas Depocas NNP 36036 855 2 , , , 36036 855 3 Florent Florent NNP 36036 855 4 , , , 36036 855 5 and and CC 36036 855 6 J. J. NNP 36036 855 7 Sanford Sanford NNP 36036 855 8 Hart Hart NNP 36036 855 9 1957 1957 CD 36036 855 10 . . . 36036 856 1 Use Use NNP 36036 856 2 of of IN 36036 856 3 the the DT 36036 856 4 Pauling Pauling NNP 36036 856 5 Oxygen Oxygen NNP 36036 856 6 Analyzer Analyzer NNP 36036 856 7 for for IN 36036 856 8 Measurement Measurement NNP 36036 856 9 of of IN 36036 856 10 Oxygen Oxygen NNP 36036 856 11 Consumption Consumption NNP 36036 856 12 of of IN 36036 856 13 Animals Animals NNPS 36036 856 14 in in IN 36036 856 15 Open Open NNP 36036 856 16 - - HYPH 36036 856 17 Circuit Circuit NNP 36036 856 18 Systems Systems NNPS 36036 856 19 and and CC 36036 856 20 in in IN 36036 856 21 a a DT 36036 856 22 Short Short NNP 36036 856 23 - - HYPH 36036 856 24 Lag Lag NNP 36036 856 25 , , , 36036 856 26 Closed Closed NNP 36036 856 27 - - HYPH 36036 856 28 Circuit Circuit NNP 36036 856 29 Apparatus Apparatus NNP 36036 856 30 . . . 36036 857 1 _ _ NNP 36036 857 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 857 3 of of IN 36036 857 4 Applied Applied NNP 36036 857 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 857 6 _ _ NNP 36036 857 7 , , , 36036 857 8 10:388 10:388 CD 36036 857 9 - - SYM 36036 857 10 392 392 CD 36036 857 11 , , , 36036 857 12 3 3 CD 36036 857 13 figures figure NNS 36036 857 14 , , , 36036 857 15 1 1 CD 36036 857 16 table table NN 36036 857 17 . . . 36036 858 1 Dunn Dunn NNP 36036 858 2 , , , 36036 858 3 J. J. NNP 36036 858 4 P. P. NNP 36036 858 5 , , , 36036 858 6 and and CC 36036 858 7 J. J. NNP 36036 859 1 A. A. NNP 36036 859 2 Chapman Chapman NNP 36036 859 3 1983 1983 CD 36036 859 4 . . . 36036 860 1 Reproduction reproduction NN 36036 860 2 , , , 36036 860 3 Physiological Physiological NNP 36036 860 4 Responses Responses NNP 36036 860 5 , , , 36036 860 6 Age Age NNP 36036 860 7 Structure Structure NNP 36036 860 8 , , , 36036 860 9 and and CC 36036 860 10 Food Food NNP 36036 860 11 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 860 12 of of IN 36036 860 13 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 860 14 in in IN 36036 860 15 Maryland Maryland NNP 36036 860 16 , , , 36036 860 17 USA USA NNP 36036 860 18 . . . 36036 861 1 _ _ NNP 36036 861 2 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 36036 861 3 für für NN 36036 861 4 Säugetierkunde Säugetierkunde NNP 36036 861 5 _ _ NNP 36036 861 6 , , , 36036 861 7 48:161 48:161 CD 36036 861 8 - - SYM 36036 861 9 175 175 CD 36036 861 10 , , , 36036 861 11 6 6 CD 36036 861 12 figures figure NNS 36036 861 13 , , , 36036 861 14 7 7 CD 36036 861 15 tables table NNS 36036 861 16 . . . 36036 862 1 Eisenberg Eisenberg NNP 36036 862 2 , , , 36036 862 3 John John NNP 36036 862 4 F. F. NNP 36036 862 5 1981 1981 CD 36036 862 6 . . . 36036 863 1 _ _ NNP 36036 863 2 The the DT 36036 863 3 Mammalian Mammalian NNP 36036 863 4 Radiations Radiations NNPS 36036 863 5 . . . 36036 863 6 _ _ NNP 36036 863 7 xx xx NNP 36036 863 8 + + CC 36036 863 9 610 610 CD 36036 863 10 pages page NNS 36036 863 11 , , , 36036 863 12 157 157 CD 36036 863 13 figures figure NNS 36036 863 14 , , , 36036 863 15 61 61 CD 36036 863 16 tables table NNS 36036 863 17 , , , 36036 863 18 6 6 CD 36036 863 19 appendices appendix NNS 36036 863 20 . . . 36036 864 1 Chicago Chicago NNP 36036 864 2 : : : 36036 864 3 The the DT 36036 864 4 University University NNP 36036 864 5 of of IN 36036 864 6 Chicago Chicago NNP 36036 864 7 Press Press NNP 36036 864 8 . . . 36036 865 1 Ewer Ewer NNP 36036 865 2 , , , 36036 865 3 R. R. NNP 36036 865 4 F. F. NNP 36036 865 5 1973 1973 CD 36036 865 6 . . . 36036 866 1 _ _ NNP 36036 866 2 The the DT 36036 866 3 Carnivores Carnivores NNPS 36036 866 4 . . . 36036 866 5 _ _ NNP 36036 866 6 xv xv NNP 36036 866 7 + + CC 36036 866 8 494 494 CD 36036 866 9 pages page NNS 36036 866 10 , , , 36036 866 11 79 79 CD 36036 866 12 figures figure NNS 36036 866 13 , , , 36036 866 14 22 22 CD 36036 866 15 tables table NNS 36036 866 16 . . . 36036 867 1 Ithaca ithaca NN 36036 867 2 : : : 36036 867 3 Cornell Cornell NNP 36036 867 4 University University NNP 36036 867 5 Press Press NNP 36036 867 6 . . . 36036 868 1 Fenchel Fenchel NNP 36036 868 2 , , , 36036 868 3 Tom Tom NNP 36036 868 4 1974 1974 CD 36036 868 5 . . . 36036 869 1 Intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 869 2 Rate rate NN 36036 869 3 of of IN 36036 869 4 Natural natural JJ 36036 869 5 Increase increase NN 36036 869 6 : : : 36036 869 7 The the DT 36036 869 8 Relationship relationship NN 36036 869 9 with with IN 36036 869 10 Body Body NNP 36036 869 11 Size Size NNP 36036 869 12 . . . 36036 870 1 _ _ NNP 36036 870 2 Oecologia Oecologia NNP 36036 870 3 _ _ NNP 36036 870 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 870 5 Berlin Berlin NNP 36036 870 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 870 7 , , , 36036 870 8 14:317 14:317 CD 36036 870 9 - - SYM 36036 870 10 326 326 CD 36036 870 11 , , , 36036 870 12 3 3 CD 36036 870 13 figures figure NNS 36036 870 14 , , , 36036 870 15 1 1 CD 36036 870 16 table table NN 36036 870 17 . . . 36036 871 1 Ford Ford NNP 36036 871 2 , , , 36036 871 3 Linda Linda NNP 36036 871 4 S. S. NNP 36036 871 5 , , , 36036 871 6 and and CC 36036 871 7 Robert Robert NNP 36036 871 8 S. S. NNP 36036 871 9 Hoffmann Hoffmann NNP 36036 871 10 1988 1988 CD 36036 871 11 . . . 36036 872 1 _ _ NNP 36036 872 2 Potos Potos NNP 36036 872 3 flavus flavus NN 36036 872 4 _ _ NNP 36036 872 5 . . . 36036 873 1 _ _ NNP 36036 873 2 Mammalian Mammalian NNP 36036 873 3 Species Species NNPS 36036 873 4 _ _ NNP 36036 873 5 , , , 36036 873 6 321:1 321:1 CD 36036 873 7 - - SYM 36036 873 8 9 9 CD 36036 873 9 , , , 36036 873 10 3 3 CD 36036 873 11 figures figure NNS 36036 873 12 . . . 36036 874 1 Ginsburg Ginsburg NNP 36036 874 2 , , , 36036 874 3 Léonard léonard NN 36036 874 4 1982 1982 CD 36036 874 5 . . . 36036 875 1 Sur Sur NNP 36036 875 2 la la NNP 36036 875 3 position position NN 36036 875 4 systématique systématique NNP 36036 875 5 du du VBD 36036 875 6 petit petit NNP 36036 875 7 Panda Panda NNP 36036 875 8 , , , 36036 875 9 _ _ NNP 36036 875 10 Ailurus Ailurus NNP 36036 875 11 fulgens fulgen VBZ 36036 875 12 _ _ NNP 36036 875 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 875 14 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 875 15 , , , 36036 875 16 Mammalia Mammalia NNP 36036 875 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 875 18 . . . 36036 876 1 _ _ NNP 36036 876 2 Geobios Geobios NNPS 36036 876 3 _ _ NNP 36036 876 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 876 5 Lyon Lyon NNP 36036 876 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 876 7 , , , 36036 876 8 Mémoire Mémoire NNP 36036 876 9 Spécial Spécial NNP 36036 876 10 , , , 36036 876 11 6:247 6:247 CD 36036 876 12 - - HYPH 36036 876 13 258 258 CD 36036 876 14 , , , 36036 876 15 12 12 CD 36036 876 16 figures figure NNS 36036 876 17 . . . 36036 877 1 Glazier Glazier NNP 36036 877 2 , , , 36036 877 3 Douglas Douglas NNP 36036 877 4 S. S. NNP 36036 877 5 1985a 1985a NNS 36036 877 6 . . . 36036 878 1 Relationship relationship NN 36036 878 2 between between IN 36036 878 3 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 878 4 Rate Rate NNP 36036 878 5 and and CC 36036 878 6 Energy Energy NNP 36036 878 7 Expenditure Expenditure NNP 36036 878 8 for for IN 36036 878 9 Lactation Lactation NNP 36036 878 10 in in IN 36036 878 11 _ _ NNP 36036 878 12 Peromyscus Peromyscus NNP 36036 878 13 _ _ NNP 36036 878 14 . . . 36036 879 1 _ _ NNP 36036 879 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 879 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 879 4 and and CC 36036 879 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 879 6 _ _ NNP 36036 879 7 , , , 36036 879 8 80A:587 80A:587 NNP 36036 879 9 - - SYM 36036 879 10 590 590 CD 36036 879 11 , , , 36036 879 12 1 1 CD 36036 879 13 table table NN 36036 879 14 . . . 36036 880 1 1985b 1985b CD 36036 880 2 . . . 36036 881 1 Energetics Energetics NNP 36036 881 2 of of IN 36036 881 3 Litter Litter NNP 36036 881 4 Size Size NNP 36036 881 5 in in IN 36036 881 6 Five Five NNP 36036 881 7 Species Species NNPS 36036 881 8 of of IN 36036 881 9 _ _ NNP 36036 881 10 Peromyscus Peromyscus NNP 36036 881 11 _ _ NNP 36036 881 12 with with IN 36036 881 13 Generalizations Generalizations NNPS 36036 881 14 for for IN 36036 881 15 Other other JJ 36036 881 16 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 881 17 . . . 36036 882 1 _ _ NNP 36036 882 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 882 3 of of IN 36036 882 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 882 5 _ _ NNP 36036 882 6 , , , 36036 882 7 66:629 66:629 CD 36036 882 8 - - SYM 36036 882 9 642 642 CD 36036 882 10 , , , 36036 882 11 1 1 CD 36036 882 12 figure figure NN 36036 882 13 , , , 36036 882 14 6 6 CD 36036 882 15 tables table NNS 36036 882 16 . . . 36036 883 1 Goldman Goldman NNP 36036 883 2 , , , 36036 883 3 Edward Edward NNP 36036 883 4 A. A. NNP 36036 884 1 1950 1950 CD 36036 884 2 . . . 36036 885 1 The the DT 36036 885 2 Raccoons Raccoons NNPS 36036 885 3 of of IN 36036 885 4 North North NNP 36036 885 5 and and CC 36036 885 6 Middle Middle NNP 36036 885 7 America America NNP 36036 885 8 . . . 36036 886 1 _ _ NNP 36036 886 2 North North NNP 36036 886 3 American American NNP 36036 886 4 Fauna Fauna NNP 36036 886 5 _ _ NNP 36036 886 6 , , , 36036 886 7 60:1 60:1 CD 36036 886 8 - - SYM 36036 886 9 153 153 CD 36036 886 10 , , , 36036 886 11 1 1 CD 36036 886 12 figure figure NN 36036 886 13 , , , 36036 886 14 22 22 CD 36036 886 15 plates plate NNS 36036 886 16 . . . 36036 887 1 Golightly golightly RB 36036 887 2 , , , 36036 887 3 Richard Richard NNP 36036 887 4 T. T. NNP 36036 887 5 , , , 36036 887 6 Jr. Jr. NNP 36036 887 7 , , , 36036 887 8 and and CC 36036 887 9 Robert Robert NNP 36036 887 10 D. D. NNP 36036 887 11 Ohmart Ohmart NNP 36036 887 12 1983 1983 CD 36036 887 13 . . . 36036 888 1 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 888 2 and and CC 36036 888 3 Body Body NNP 36036 888 4 Temperature Temperature NNP 36036 888 5 of of IN 36036 888 6 Two Two NNP 36036 888 7 Desert Desert NNP 36036 888 8 Canids Canids NNPS 36036 888 9 : : : 36036 888 10 Coyotes Coyotes NNPS 36036 888 11 and and CC 36036 888 12 Kit Kit NNP 36036 888 13 Foxes Foxes NNPS 36036 888 14 . . . 36036 889 1 _ _ NNP 36036 889 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 889 3 of of IN 36036 889 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 889 5 _ _ NNP 36036 889 6 , , , 36036 889 7 64:624 64:624 CD 36036 889 8 - - SYM 36036 889 9 635 635 CD 36036 889 10 , , , 36036 889 11 7 7 CD 36036 889 12 figures figure NNS 36036 889 13 . . . 36036 890 1 Greenwood Greenwood NNP 36036 890 2 , , , 36036 890 3 Raymond Raymond NNP 36036 890 4 J. J. NNP 36036 891 1 1981 1981 CD 36036 891 2 . . . 36036 892 1 Foods food NNS 36036 892 2 of of IN 36036 892 3 Prairie Prairie NNP 36036 892 4 Raccoons Raccoons NNP 36036 892 5 during during IN 36036 892 6 the the DT 36036 892 7 Waterfowl Waterfowl NNP 36036 892 8 Nesting Nesting NNP 36036 892 9 Season Season NNP 36036 892 10 . . . 36036 893 1 _ _ NNP 36036 893 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 893 3 of of IN 36036 893 4 Wildlife Wildlife NNP 36036 893 5 Management Management NNP 36036 893 6 _ _ NNP 36036 893 7 , , , 36036 893 8 45:754 45:754 CD 36036 893 9 - - SYM 36036 893 10 760 760 CD 36036 893 11 , , , 36036 893 12 2 2 CD 36036 893 13 tables table NNS 36036 893 14 . . . 36036 894 1 Hall Hall NNP 36036 894 2 , , , 36036 894 3 E. E. NNP 36036 894 4 Raymond Raymond NNP 36036 894 5 , , , 36036 894 6 and and CC 36036 894 7 Keith Keith NNP 36036 894 8 R. R. NNP 36036 894 9 Kelson Kelson NNP 36036 894 10 1959 1959 CD 36036 894 11 . . . 36036 895 1 _ _ NNP 36036 895 2 The the DT 36036 895 3 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 895 4 of of IN 36036 895 5 North North NNP 36036 895 6 America America NNP 36036 895 7 . . . 36036 895 8 _ _ NNP 36036 895 9 xxx xxx NNP 36036 895 10 + + SYM 36036 895 11 1083 1083 CD 36036 895 12 pages page NNS 36036 895 13 , , , 36036 895 14 553 553 CD 36036 895 15 figures figure NNS 36036 895 16 , , , 36036 895 17 500 500 CD 36036 895 18 maps map NNS 36036 895 19 , , , 36036 895 20 1 1 CD 36036 895 21 addendum addendum NN 36036 895 22 . . . 36036 896 1 New New NNP 36036 896 2 York York NNP 36036 896 3 : : : 36036 896 4 Ronald Ronald NNP 36036 896 5 Hall Hall NNP 36036 896 6 Press Press NNP 36036 896 7 Company Company NNP 36036 896 8 . . . 36036 897 1 Hallett Hallett NNP 36036 897 2 , , , 36036 897 3 James James NNP 36036 897 4 G. G. NNP 36036 897 5 , , , 36036 897 6 Margaret Margaret NNP 36036 897 7 A. A. NNP 36036 897 8 O'Connell O'Connell NNP 36036 897 9 , , , 36036 897 10 Gregory Gregory NNP 36036 897 11 D. D. NNP 36036 897 12 Sanders Sanders NNP 36036 897 13 , , , 36036 897 14 and and CC 36036 897 15 John John NNP 36036 897 16 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 897 17 1991 1991 CD 36036 897 18 . . . 36036 898 1 Comparison comparison NN 36036 898 2 of of IN 36036 898 3 Population Population NNP 36036 898 4 Estimators Estimators NNPS 36036 898 5 for for IN 36036 898 6 Medium Medium NNP 36036 898 7 - - HYPH 36036 898 8 sized sized JJ 36036 898 9 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 898 10 . . . 36036 899 1 _ _ NNP 36036 899 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 899 3 of of IN 36036 899 4 Wildlife Wildlife NNP 36036 899 5 Management Management NNP 36036 899 6 _ _ NNP 36036 899 7 , , , 36036 899 8 55:81 55:81 CD 36036 899 9 - - SYM 36036 899 10 93 93 CD 36036 899 11 . . . 36036 900 1 Hamilton Hamilton NNP 36036 900 2 , , , 36036 900 3 W. W. NNP 36036 900 4 J. J. NNP 36036 900 5 , , , 36036 900 6 Jr. Jr. NNP 36036 900 7 1936 1936 CD 36036 900 8 . . . 36036 901 1 The the DT 36036 901 2 Food Food NNP 36036 901 3 and and CC 36036 901 4 Breeding Breeding NNP 36036 901 5 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 901 6 of of IN 36036 901 7 the the DT 36036 901 8 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 901 9 . . . 36036 902 1 _ _ NNP 36036 902 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 902 3 of of IN 36036 902 4 Science Science NNP 36036 902 5 _ _ NNP 36036 902 6 , , , 36036 902 7 36:131 36:131 CD 36036 902 8 - - SYM 36036 902 9 140 140 CD 36036 902 10 , , , 36036 902 11 1 1 CD 36036 902 12 chart chart NN 36036 902 13 , , , 36036 902 14 1 1 CD 36036 902 15 plate plate NN 36036 902 16 . . . 36036 903 1 Hart Hart NNP 36036 903 2 , , , 36036 903 3 J. J. NNP 36036 903 4 S. S. NNP 36036 903 5 1956 1956 CD 36036 903 6 . . . 36036 904 1 Seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 904 2 Changes Changes NNPS 36036 904 3 in in IN 36036 904 4 Insulation insulation NN 36036 904 5 of of IN 36036 904 6 the the DT 36036 904 7 Fur Fur NNP 36036 904 8 . . . 36036 905 1 _ _ NNP 36036 905 2 Canadian Canadian NNP 36036 905 3 Journal Journal NNP 36036 905 4 of of IN 36036 905 5 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 905 6 _ _ NNP 36036 905 7 , , , 36036 905 8 34:53 34:53 CD 36036 905 9 - - SYM 36036 905 10 57 57 CD 36036 905 11 , , , 36036 905 12 2 2 CD 36036 905 13 figures figure NNS 36036 905 14 , , , 36036 905 15 1 1 CD 36036 905 16 table table NN 36036 905 17 . . . 36036 906 1 1957 1957 CD 36036 906 2 . . . 36036 907 1 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 907 2 and and CC 36036 907 3 Temperature temperature NN 36036 907 4 Induced induce VBN 36036 907 5 Changes change NNS 36036 907 6 in in IN 36036 907 7 the the DT 36036 907 8 Energetics Energetics NNP 36036 907 9 of of IN 36036 907 10 Homeotherms Homeotherms NNPS 36036 907 11 . . . 36036 908 1 _ _ NNP 36036 908 2 Revue Revue NNP 36036 908 3 Canadienne Canadienne NNP 36036 908 4 de de IN 36036 908 5 Biologie Biologie NNP 36036 908 6 _ _ NNP 36036 908 7 , , , 36036 908 8 16:133 16:133 CD 36036 908 9 - - SYM 36036 908 10 174 174 CD 36036 908 11 , , , 36036 908 12 12 12 CD 36036 908 13 figures figure NNS 36036 908 14 , , , 36036 908 15 2 2 CD 36036 908 16 tables table NNS 36036 908 17 . . . 36036 909 1 Hart Hart NNP 36036 909 2 , , , 36036 909 3 J. J. NNP 36036 909 4 S. S. NNP 36036 909 5 , , , 36036 909 6 and and CC 36036 909 7 O. O. NNP 36036 909 8 Heroux Heroux NNP 36036 909 9 1963 1963 CD 36036 909 10 . . . 36036 910 1 Seasonal Seasonal NNP 36036 910 2 Acclimatization Acclimatization NNP 36036 910 3 in in IN 36036 910 4 Wild Wild NNP 36036 910 5 Rats Rats NNP 36036 910 6 ( ( -LRB- 36036 910 7 _ _ NNP 36036 910 8 Ratus Ratus NNP 36036 910 9 norvegicus norvegicus NN 36036 910 10 _ _ NNP 36036 910 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 910 12 . . . 36036 911 1 _ _ NNP 36036 911 2 Canadian Canadian NNP 36036 911 3 Journal Journal NNP 36036 911 4 of of IN 36036 911 5 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 911 6 _ _ NNP 36036 911 7 , , , 36036 911 8 41:711 41:711 CD 36036 911 9 - - SYM 36036 911 10 716 716 CD 36036 911 11 , , , 36036 911 12 3 3 CD 36036 911 13 figures figure NNS 36036 911 14 . . . 36036 912 1 Hayssen Hayssen NNP 36036 912 2 , , , 36036 912 3 V. V. NNP 36036 912 4 1984 1984 CD 36036 912 5 . . . 36036 913 1 Basal Basal NNP 36036 913 2 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 913 3 Rate Rate NNP 36036 913 4 and and CC 36036 913 5 the the DT 36036 913 6 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 36036 913 7 Rate Rate NNP 36036 913 8 of of IN 36036 913 9 Increase increase NN 36036 913 10 : : : 36036 913 11 An an DT 36036 913 12 Empirical empirical JJ 36036 913 13 and and CC 36036 913 14 Theoretical Theoretical NNP 36036 913 15 Reexamination Reexamination NNP 36036 913 16 . . . 36036 914 1 _ _ NNP 36036 914 2 Oecologia Oecologia NNP 36036 914 3 _ _ NNP 36036 914 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 914 5 Berlin Berlin NNP 36036 914 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 914 7 , , , 36036 914 8 64:419 64:419 CD 36036 914 9 - - SYM 36036 914 10 424 424 CD 36036 914 11 , , , 36036 914 12 2 2 CD 36036 914 13 figures figure NNS 36036 914 14 . . . 36036 915 1 Hemmingsen Hemmingsen NNP 36036 915 2 , , , 36036 915 3 Axel Axel NNP 36036 915 4 M. M. NNP 36036 915 5 1960 1960 CD 36036 915 6 . . . 36036 916 1 Energy Energy NNP 36036 916 2 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 916 3 as as IN 36036 916 4 Related related JJ 36036 916 5 to to IN 36036 916 6 Body Body NNP 36036 916 7 Size Size NNP 36036 916 8 and and CC 36036 916 9 Respiratory Respiratory NNP 36036 916 10 Surfaces Surfaces NNPS 36036 916 11 , , , 36036 916 12 and and CC 36036 916 13 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 916 14 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 916 15 . . . 36036 917 1 _ _ NNP 36036 917 2 Reports Reports NNPS 36036 917 3 of of IN 36036 917 4 the the DT 36036 917 5 Steno Steno NNP 36036 917 6 Memorial Memorial NNP 36036 917 7 Hospital Hospital NNP 36036 917 8 and and CC 36036 917 9 the the DT 36036 917 10 Nordisk Nordisk NNP 36036 917 11 Insulinlaboratorium Insulinlaboratorium NNP 36036 917 12 _ _ NNP 36036 917 13 , , , 36036 917 14 9:1 9:1 CD 36036 917 15 - - SYM 36036 917 16 110 110 CD 36036 917 17 , , , 36036 917 18 12 12 CD 36036 917 19 figures figure NNS 36036 917 20 . . . 36036 918 1 Hennemann Hennemann NNP 36036 918 2 , , , 36036 918 3 Willard Willard NNP 36036 918 4 W. W. NNP 36036 918 5 , , , 36036 918 6 III III NNP 36036 918 7 1983 1983 CD 36036 918 8 . . . 36036 919 1 Relationship relationship NN 36036 919 2 among among IN 36036 919 3 Body Body NNP 36036 919 4 Mass Mass NNP 36036 919 5 , , , 36036 919 6 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 919 7 Rate Rate NNP 36036 919 8 and and CC 36036 919 9 the the DT 36036 919 10 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 36036 919 11 Rate Rate NNP 36036 919 12 of of IN 36036 919 13 Natural natural JJ 36036 919 14 Increase Increase NNP 36036 919 15 in in IN 36036 919 16 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 919 17 . . . 36036 920 1 _ _ NNP 36036 920 2 Oecologia Oecologia NNP 36036 920 3 _ _ NNP 36036 920 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 920 5 Berlin Berlin NNP 36036 920 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 920 7 , , , 36036 920 8 56:104 56:104 CD 36036 920 9 - - HYPH 36036 920 10 108 108 CD 36036 920 11 , , , 36036 920 12 1 1 CD 36036 920 13 figure figure NN 36036 920 14 , , , 36036 920 15 1 1 CD 36036 920 16 appendix appendix NNP 36036 920 17 . . . 36036 921 1 1984 1984 CD 36036 921 2 . . . 36036 922 1 Commentary commentary NN 36036 922 2 . . . 36036 923 1 _ _ NNP 36036 923 2 Oecologia Oecologia NNP 36036 923 3 _ _ NNP 36036 923 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 923 5 Berlin Berlin NNP 36036 923 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 923 7 , , , 36036 923 8 64:421 64:421 CD 36036 923 9 - - SYM 36036 923 10 423 423 CD 36036 923 11 , , , 36036 923 12 2 2 CD 36036 923 13 figures figure NNS 36036 923 14 . . . 36036 924 1 Herreid Herreid NNP 36036 924 2 , , , 36036 924 3 Clyde Clyde NNP 36036 924 4 F. F. NNP 36036 924 5 , , , 36036 924 6 II II NNP 36036 924 7 , , , 36036 924 8 and and CC 36036 924 9 Brina Brina NNP 36036 924 10 Kessel Kessel NNP 36036 924 11 1967 1967 CD 36036 924 12 . . . 36036 925 1 Thermal thermal JJ 36036 925 2 Conductance conductance NN 36036 925 3 in in IN 36036 925 4 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 925 5 and and CC 36036 925 6 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 925 7 . . . 36036 926 1 _ _ NNP 36036 926 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 926 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 926 4 and and CC 36036 926 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 926 6 _ _ NNP 36036 926 7 , , , 36036 926 8 21:405 21:405 CD 36036 926 9 - - SYM 36036 926 10 414 414 CD 36036 926 11 , , , 36036 926 12 2 2 CD 36036 926 13 figures figure NNS 36036 926 14 , , , 36036 926 15 2 2 CD 36036 926 16 tables table NNS 36036 926 17 . . . 36036 927 1 Hinds Hinds NNP 36036 927 2 , , , 36036 927 3 David David NNP 36036 927 4 S. S. NNP 36036 927 5 1973 1973 CD 36036 927 6 . . . 36036 928 1 Acclimatization acclimatization NN 36036 928 2 of of IN 36036 928 3 Thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 928 4 in in IN 36036 928 5 the the DT 36036 928 6 Desert Desert NNP 36036 928 7 Cottontail Cottontail NNP 36036 928 8 , , , 36036 928 9 _ _ NNP 36036 928 10 Sylvilagus Sylvilagus NNP 36036 928 11 audubonii audubonii JJ 36036 928 12 _ _ NNP 36036 928 13 . . . 36036 929 1 _ _ NNP 36036 929 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 929 3 of of IN 36036 929 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 929 5 _ _ NNP 36036 929 6 , , , 36036 929 7 54:708 54:708 CD 36036 929 8 - - SYM 36036 929 9 728 728 CD 36036 929 10 , , , 36036 929 11 5 5 CD 36036 929 12 figures figure NNS 36036 929 13 , , , 36036 929 14 3 3 CD 36036 929 15 tables table NNS 36036 929 16 . . . 36036 930 1 1977 1977 CD 36036 930 2 . . . 36036 931 1 Acclimatization acclimatization NN 36036 931 2 of of IN 36036 931 3 Thermoregulation thermoregulation NN 36036 931 4 in in IN 36036 931 5 Desert Desert NNP 36036 931 6 - - HYPH 36036 931 7 Inhabiting Inhabiting NNP 36036 931 8 Jackrabbits Jackrabbits NNPS 36036 931 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 931 10 _ _ NNP 36036 931 11 Lepus Lepus NNP 36036 931 12 alleni alleni NN 36036 931 13 _ _ NNP 36036 931 14 and and CC 36036 931 15 _ _ NNP 36036 931 16 Lepus Lepus NNP 36036 931 17 californicus californicus NN 36036 931 18 _ _ NNP 36036 931 19 ) ) -RRB- 36036 931 20 . . . 36036 932 1 _ _ NNP 36036 932 2 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 932 3 _ _ NNP 36036 932 4 , , , 36036 932 5 58:246 58:246 CD 36036 932 6 - - SYM 36036 932 7 264 264 CD 36036 932 8 , , , 36036 932 9 10 10 CD 36036 932 10 figures figure NNS 36036 932 11 , , , 36036 932 12 4 4 CD 36036 932 13 tables table NNS 36036 932 14 . . . 36036 933 1 Hulbert Hulbert NNP 36036 933 2 , , , 36036 933 3 A. A. NNP 36036 933 4 J. J. NNP 36036 933 5 , , , 36036 933 6 and and CC 36036 933 7 T. T. NNP 36036 933 8 J. J. NNP 36036 933 9 Dawson Dawson NNP 36036 933 10 1974 1974 CD 36036 933 11 . . . 36036 934 1 Standard Standard NNP 36036 934 2 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 934 3 and and CC 36036 934 4 Body Body NNP 36036 934 5 Temperature temperature NN 36036 934 6 of of IN 36036 934 7 Perameloid Perameloid NNP 36036 934 8 Marsupials marsupial NNS 36036 934 9 from from IN 36036 934 10 Different different JJ 36036 934 11 Environments environment NNS 36036 934 12 . . . 36036 935 1 _ _ NNP 36036 935 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 935 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 935 4 and and CC 36036 935 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 935 6 _ _ NNP 36036 935 7 , , , 36036 935 8 47A:583 47a:583 CD 36036 935 9 - - SYM 36036 935 10 590 590 CD 36036 935 11 , , , 36036 935 12 2 2 CD 36036 935 13 figures figure NNS 36036 935 14 , , , 36036 935 15 2 2 CD 36036 935 16 tables table NNS 36036 935 17 . . . 36036 936 1 Hunt Hunt NNP 36036 936 2 , , , 36036 936 3 Robert Robert NNP 36036 936 4 M. M. NNP 36036 936 5 , , , 36036 936 6 Jr. Jr. NNP 36036 936 7 1974 1974 CD 36036 936 8 . . . 36036 937 1 The the DT 36036 937 2 Auditory Auditory NNP 36036 937 3 Bulla Bulla NNP 36036 937 4 in in IN 36036 937 5 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 937 6 : : : 36036 937 7 An an DT 36036 937 8 Anatomical anatomical JJ 36036 937 9 Basis Basis NNP 36036 937 10 for for IN 36036 937 11 Reappraisal Reappraisal NNP 36036 937 12 of of IN 36036 937 13 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 937 14 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 937 15 . . . 36036 938 1 _ _ NNP 36036 938 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 938 3 of of IN 36036 938 4 Morphology Morphology NNP 36036 938 5 _ _ NNP 36036 938 6 , , , 36036 938 7 143:21 143:21 CD 36036 938 8 - - SYM 36036 938 9 76 76 CD 36036 938 10 , , , 36036 938 11 42 42 CD 36036 938 12 figures figure NNS 36036 938 13 , , , 36036 938 14 13 13 CD 36036 938 15 plates plate NNS 36036 938 16 . . . 36036 939 1 Irving Irving NNP 36036 939 2 , , , 36036 939 3 Laurence Laurence NNP 36036 939 4 1972 1972 CD 36036 939 5 . . . 36036 940 1 _ _ NNP 36036 940 2 Arctic Arctic NNP 36036 940 3 Life Life NNP 36036 940 4 of of IN 36036 940 5 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 940 6 and and CC 36036 940 7 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 940 8 Including Including NNP 36036 940 9 Man Man NNP 36036 940 10 . . . 36036 940 11 _ _ NNP 36036 940 12 Zoophysiology Zoophysiology NNP 36036 940 13 and and CC 36036 940 14 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 940 15 , , , 36036 940 16 2 2 CD 36036 940 17 : : : 36036 940 18 xi xi NNP 36036 940 19 + + CC 36036 940 20 192 192 CD 36036 940 21 pages page NNS 36036 940 22 , , , 36036 940 23 59 59 CD 36036 940 24 figures figure NNS 36036 940 25 , , , 36036 940 26 22 22 CD 36036 940 27 tables table NNS 36036 940 28 . . . 36036 941 1 New New NNP 36036 941 2 York York NNP 36036 941 3 : : : 36036 941 4 Springer Springer NNP 36036 941 5 - - HYPH 36036 941 6 Verlag Verlag NNP 36036 941 7 . . . 36036 942 1 Irving Irving NNP 36036 942 2 , , , 36036 942 3 Laurence Laurence NNP 36036 942 4 , , , 36036 942 5 Hildur Hildur NNP 36036 942 6 Krog Krog NNP 36036 942 7 , , , 36036 942 8 and and CC 36036 942 9 Mildred Mildred NNP 36036 942 10 Monson Monson NNP 36036 942 11 1955 1955 CD 36036 942 12 . . . 36036 943 1 The the DT 36036 943 2 Metabolism metabolism NN 36036 943 3 of of IN 36036 943 4 Some some DT 36036 943 5 Alaskan Alaskan NNP 36036 943 6 Animals Animals NNPS 36036 943 7 in in IN 36036 943 8 Winter Winter NNP 36036 943 9 and and CC 36036 943 10 Summer Summer NNP 36036 943 11 . . . 36036 944 1 _ _ NNP 36036 944 2 Physiological Physiological NNP 36036 944 3 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 944 4 _ _ NNP 36036 944 5 , , , 36036 944 6 28:173 28:173 CD 36036 944 7 - - SYM 36036 944 8 185 185 CD 36036 944 9 , , , 36036 944 10 15 15 CD 36036 944 11 figures figure NNS 36036 944 12 , , , 36036 944 13 1 1 CD 36036 944 14 table table NN 36036 944 15 . . . 36036 945 1 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP 36036 945 2 , , , 36036 945 3 John John NNP 36036 945 4 H. H. NNP 36036 945 5 1962 1962 CD 36036 945 6 . . . 36036 946 1 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 946 2 and and CC 36036 946 3 Social Social NNP 36036 946 4 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 946 5 of of IN 36036 946 6 the the DT 36036 946 7 Coati Coati NNP 36036 946 8 , , , 36036 946 9 _ _ NNP 36036 946 10 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 946 11 narica narica NN 36036 946 12 _ _ NNP 36036 946 13 on on IN 36036 946 14 Barro Barro NNP 36036 946 15 Colorado Colorado NNP 36036 946 16 Island Island NNP 36036 946 17 , , , 36036 946 18 Panama Panama NNP 36036 946 19 . . . 36036 947 1 _ _ NNP 36036 947 2 University University NNP 36036 947 3 of of IN 36036 947 4 California California NNP 36036 947 5 Publications Publications NNPS 36036 947 6 in in IN 36036 947 7 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 947 8 _ _ NNP 36036 947 9 , , , 36036 947 10 60:95 60:95 CD 36036 947 11 - - SYM 36036 947 12 222 222 CD 36036 947 13 , , , 36036 947 14 20 20 CD 36036 947 15 figures figure NNS 36036 947 16 , , , 36036 947 17 13 13 CD 36036 947 18 tables table NNS 36036 947 19 , , , 36036 947 20 16 16 CD 36036 947 21 plates plate NNS 36036 947 22 . . . 36036 948 1 1982 1982 CD 36036 948 2 . . . 36036 949 1 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 949 2 and and CC 36036 949 3 Allies Allies NNPS 36036 949 4 . . . 36036 950 1 _ _ NNP 36036 950 2 In in IN 36036 950 3 _ _ NNP 36036 950 4 J. J. NNP 36036 951 1 A. A. NNP 36036 951 2 Chapman Chapman NNP 36036 951 3 and and CC 36036 951 4 G. G. NNP 36036 951 5 A. A. NNP 36036 951 6 Feldhamer Feldhamer NNP 36036 951 7 , , , 36036 951 8 editors editor NNS 36036 951 9 , , , 36036 951 10 _ _ NNP 36036 951 11 Wild Wild NNP 36036 951 12 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 951 13 of of IN 36036 951 14 North North NNP 36036 951 15 America America NNP 36036 951 16 : : : 36036 951 17 Biology Biology NNP 36036 951 18 , , , 36036 951 19 Management Management NNP 36036 951 20 , , , 36036 951 21 and and CC 36036 951 22 Economics Economics NNP 36036 951 23 _ _ NNP 36036 951 24 , , , 36036 951 25 pages page VBZ 36036 951 26 567 567 CD 36036 951 27 - - SYM 36036 951 28 585 585 CD 36036 951 29 , , , 36036 951 30 2 2 CD 36036 951 31 figures figure NNS 36036 951 32 . . . 36036 952 1 Baltimore Baltimore NNP 36036 952 2 : : : 36036 952 3 Johns Johns NNP 36036 952 4 Hopkins Hopkins NNP 36036 952 5 University University NNP 36036 952 6 Press Press NNP 36036 952 7 . . . 36036 953 1 1987 1987 CD 36036 953 2 . . . 36036 954 1 Ringtail Ringtail NNP 36036 954 2 and and CC 36036 954 3 Coati Coati NNP 36036 954 4 . . . 36036 955 1 _ _ NNP 36036 955 2 In in IN 36036 955 3 _ _ NNP 36036 955 4 Milan Milan NNP 36036 955 5 Novak Novak NNP 36036 955 6 , , , 36036 955 7 James James NNP 36036 955 8 A. A. NNP 36036 955 9 Baker Baker NNP 36036 955 10 , , , 36036 955 11 Martyn Martyn NNP 36036 955 12 E. E. NNP 36036 955 13 Obbard Obbard NNP 36036 955 14 , , , 36036 955 15 and and CC 36036 955 16 Bruce Bruce NNP 36036 955 17 Malloch Malloch NNP 36036 955 18 , , , 36036 955 19 editors editor NNS 36036 955 20 , , , 36036 955 21 _ _ NNP 36036 955 22 Wild Wild NNP 36036 955 23 Furbearer Furbearer NNP 36036 955 24 Management Management NNP 36036 955 25 and and CC 36036 955 26 Conservation Conservation NNP 36036 955 27 in in IN 36036 955 28 North North NNP 36036 955 29 America America NNP 36036 955 30 _ _ NNP 36036 955 31 , , , 36036 955 32 pages page VBZ 36036 955 33 500 500 CD 36036 955 34 - - SYM 36036 955 35 508 508 CD 36036 955 36 , , , 36036 955 37 9 9 CD 36036 955 38 figures figure NNS 36036 955 39 , , , 36036 955 40 1 1 CD 36036 955 41 table table NN 36036 955 42 . . . 36036 956 1 Ontario Ontario NNP 36036 956 2 : : : 36036 956 3 Ministry Ministry NNP 36036 956 4 of of IN 36036 956 5 Natural Natural NNP 36036 956 6 Resources Resources NNPS 36036 956 7 . . . 36036 957 1 Kendeigh Kendeigh NNP 36036 957 2 , , , 36036 957 3 S. S. NNP 36036 957 4 Charles Charles NNP 36036 957 5 1961 1961 CD 36036 957 6 . . . 36036 958 1 _ _ NNP 36036 958 2 Animal Animal NNP 36036 958 3 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 958 4 . . . 36036 958 5 _ _ NNP 36036 958 6 x x SYM 36036 958 7 + + CC 36036 958 8 468 468 CD 36036 958 9 pages page NNS 36036 958 10 , , , 36036 958 11 203 203 CD 36036 958 12 figures figure NNS 36036 958 13 , , , 36036 958 14 61 61 CD 36036 958 15 tables table NNS 36036 958 16 . . . 36036 959 1 Englewood Englewood NNP 36036 959 2 Cliffs Cliffs NNPS 36036 959 3 , , , 36036 959 4 New New NNP 36036 959 5 Jersey Jersey NNP 36036 959 6 : : : 36036 959 7 Prentice Prentice NNP 36036 959 8 - - HYPH 36036 959 9 Hall Hall NNP 36036 959 10 , , , 36036 959 11 Incorporated Incorporated NNP 36036 959 12 . . . 36036 960 1 Kincer Kincer NNP 36036 960 2 , , , 36036 960 3 J. J. NNP 36036 961 1 B. B. NNP 36036 962 1 1941 1941 CD 36036 962 2 . . . 36036 963 1 Climate climate NN 36036 963 2 and and CC 36036 963 3 Weather Weather NNP 36036 963 4 Data Data NNP 36036 963 5 for for IN 36036 963 6 the the DT 36036 963 7 United United NNP 36036 963 8 States States NNP 36036 963 9 . . . 36036 964 1 _ _ NNP 36036 964 2 In in IN 36036 964 3 _ _ NNP 36036 964 4 Gove Gove NNP 36036 964 5 Hambidge Hambidge NNP 36036 964 6 , , , 36036 964 7 editor editor NN 36036 964 8 , , , 36036 964 9 _ _ NNP 36036 964 10 Climate Climate NNP 36036 964 11 and and CC 36036 964 12 Man Man NNP 36036 964 13 , , , 36036 964 14 Yearbook Yearbook NNP 36036 964 15 of of IN 36036 964 16 Agriculture Agriculture NNP 36036 964 17 _ _ NNP 36036 964 18 , , , 36036 964 19 pages page VBZ 36036 964 20 685 685 CD 36036 964 21 - - SYM 36036 964 22 747 747 CD 36036 964 23 , , , 36036 964 24 46 46 CD 36036 964 25 maps map NNS 36036 964 26 . . . 36036 965 1 Washington Washington NNP 36036 965 2 , , , 36036 965 3 D.C. D.C. NNP 36036 965 4 : : : 36036 965 5 United United NNP 36036 965 6 States States NNP 36036 965 7 Government Government NNP 36036 965 8 Printing Printing NNP 36036 965 9 Office Office NNP 36036 965 10 . . . 36036 966 1 King King NNP 36036 966 2 , , , 36036 966 3 James James NNP 36036 966 4 R. R. NNP 36036 966 5 1974 1974 CD 36036 966 6 . . . 36036 967 1 Seasonal Seasonal NNP 36036 967 2 Allocation Allocation NNP 36036 967 3 of of IN 36036 967 4 Time Time NNP 36036 967 5 and and CC 36036 967 6 Energy Energy NNP 36036 967 7 Resources Resources NNPS 36036 967 8 in in IN 36036 967 9 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 967 10 . . . 36036 968 1 _ _ NNP 36036 968 2 In in IN 36036 968 3 _ _ NNP 36036 968 4 Raymond Raymond NNP 36036 968 5 A. A. NNP 36036 968 6 Paynter Paynter NNP 36036 968 7 , , , 36036 968 8 Jr. Jr. NNP 36036 968 9 , , , 36036 968 10 editor editor NN 36036 968 11 , , , 36036 968 12 Avian Avian NNP 36036 968 13 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 968 14 . . . 36036 969 1 _ _ NNP 36036 969 2 Nuttall Nuttall NNP 36036 969 3 Ornithological Ornithological NNP 36036 969 4 Club Club NNP 36036 969 5 _ _ NNP 36036 969 6 , , , 36036 969 7 15:4 15:4 CD 36036 969 8 - - SYM 36036 969 9 85 85 CD 36036 969 10 , , , 36036 969 11 4 4 CD 36036 969 12 figures figure NNS 36036 969 13 , , , 36036 969 14 9 9 CD 36036 969 15 tables table NNS 36036 969 16 . . . 36036 970 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 36036 970 2 . . . 36036 971 1 Kleiber Kleiber NNP 36036 971 2 , , , 36036 971 3 Max Max NNP 36036 971 4 1932 1932 CD 36036 971 5 . . . 36036 972 1 Body Body NNP 36036 972 2 Size Size NNP 36036 972 3 and and CC 36036 972 4 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 972 5 . . . 36036 973 1 _ _ NNP 36036 973 2 Hilgardia Hilgardia NNP 36036 973 3 _ _ NNP 36036 973 4 , , , 36036 973 5 6:315 6:315 CD 36036 973 6 - - SYM 36036 973 7 353 353 CD 36036 973 8 , , , 36036 973 9 1 1 CD 36036 973 10 figure figure NN 36036 973 11 , , , 36036 973 12 11 11 CD 36036 973 13 tables table NNS 36036 973 14 . . . 36036 974 1 1961 1961 CD 36036 974 2 . . . 36036 975 1 _ _ NNP 36036 975 2 The the DT 36036 975 3 Fire Fire NNP 36036 975 4 of of IN 36036 975 5 Life Life NNP 36036 975 6 . . . 36036 975 7 _ _ NNP 36036 975 8 xxii xxii NNP 36036 975 9 + + CC 36036 975 10 454 454 CD 36036 975 11 pages page NNS 36036 975 12 , , , 36036 975 13 65 65 CD 36036 975 14 figures figure NNS 36036 975 15 , , , 36036 975 16 78 78 CD 36036 975 17 tables table NNS 36036 975 18 , , , 36036 975 19 28 28 CD 36036 975 20 appendices appendix NNS 36036 975 21 . . . 36036 976 1 New New NNP 36036 976 2 York York NNP 36036 976 3 : : : 36036 976 4 John John NNP 36036 976 5 Wiley Wiley NNP 36036 976 6 and and CC 36036 976 7 Sons Sons NNPS 36036 976 8 , , , 36036 976 9 Incorporated Incorporated NNP 36036 976 10 . . . 36036 977 1 Kortlucke Kortlucke NNP 36036 977 2 , , , 36036 977 3 S. S. NNP 36036 977 4 , , , 36036 977 5 and and CC 36036 977 6 J. J. NNP 36036 977 7 Ramirez Ramirez NNP 36036 977 8 - - HYPH 36036 977 9 Pulido Pulido NNP 36036 977 10 1982 1982 CD 36036 977 11 . . . 36036 978 1 Family family NN 36036 978 2 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 978 3 . . . 36036 979 1 _ _ NNP 36036 979 2 In in IN 36036 979 3 _ _ NNP 36036 979 4 James James NNP 36036 979 5 H. H. NNP 36036 979 6 Honacki Honacki NNP 36036 979 7 , , , 36036 979 8 Kenneth Kenneth NNP 36036 979 9 E. E. NNP 36036 979 10 Kinman Kinman NNP 36036 979 11 , , , 36036 979 12 and and CC 36036 979 13 James James NNP 36036 979 14 W. W. NNP 36036 979 15 Koeppl Koeppl NNP 36036 979 16 , , , 36036 979 17 editors editor NNS 36036 979 18 , , , 36036 979 19 _ _ NNP 36036 979 20 Mammal Mammal NNP 36036 979 21 Species Species NNP 36036 979 22 of of IN 36036 979 23 the the DT 36036 979 24 World World NNP 36036 979 25 _ _ NNP 36036 979 26 , , , 36036 979 27 pages page VBZ 36036 979 28 252 252 CD 36036 979 29 - - HYPH 36036 979 30 255 255 CD 36036 979 31 . . . 36036 980 1 Lawrence Lawrence NNP 36036 980 2 , , , 36036 980 3 Kansas Kansas NNP 36036 980 4 : : : 36036 980 5 Allen Allen NNP 36036 980 6 Press Press NNP 36036 980 7 , , , 36036 980 8 Incorporated Incorporated NNP 36036 980 9 . . . 36036 981 1 Lasiewski Lasiewski NNP 36036 981 2 , , , 36036 981 3 Robert Robert NNP 36036 981 4 C C NNP 36036 981 5 , , , 36036 981 6 and and CC 36036 981 7 Roger Roger NNP 36036 981 8 S. S. NNP 36036 981 9 Seymour Seymour NNP 36036 981 10 1972 1972 CD 36036 981 11 . . . 36036 982 1 Thermoregulatory thermoregulatory JJ 36036 982 2 Responses response NNS 36036 982 3 to to IN 36036 982 4 Heat Heat NNP 36036 982 5 Stress Stress NNP 36036 982 6 in in IN 36036 982 7 Four Four NNP 36036 982 8 Species Species NNPS 36036 982 9 of of IN 36036 982 10 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 982 11 Weighing weigh VBG 36036 982 12 Approximately approximately RB 36036 982 13 40 40 CD 36036 982 14 Grams gram NNS 36036 982 15 . . . 36036 983 1 _ _ NNP 36036 983 2 Physiological Physiological NNP 36036 983 3 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 983 4 _ _ NNP 36036 983 5 , , , 36036 983 6 45:106 45:106 CD 36036 983 7 - - SYM 36036 983 8 118 118 CD 36036 983 9 , , , 36036 983 10 6 6 CD 36036 983 11 figures figure NNS 36036 983 12 , , , 36036 983 13 1 1 CD 36036 983 14 table table NN 36036 983 15 . . . 36036 984 1 Leone Leone NNP 36036 984 2 , , , 36036 984 3 Charles Charles NNP 36036 984 4 A. A. NNP 36036 984 5 , , , 36036 984 6 and and CC 36036 984 7 Alvin Alvin NNP 36036 984 8 L. L. NNP 36036 984 9 Wiens Wiens NNP 36036 984 10 1956 1956 CD 36036 984 11 . . . 36036 985 1 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 985 2 Serology Serology NNP 36036 985 3 of of IN 36036 985 4 Carnivores Carnivores NNP 36036 985 5 . . . 36036 986 1 _ _ NNP 36036 986 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 986 3 of of IN 36036 986 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 986 5 _ _ NNP 36036 986 6 , , , 36036 986 7 37:11 37:11 CD 36036 986 8 - - SYM 36036 986 9 23 23 CD 36036 986 10 , , , 36036 986 11 2 2 CD 36036 986 12 figures figure NNS 36036 986 13 , , , 36036 986 14 4 4 CD 36036 986 15 tables table NNS 36036 986 16 . . . 36036 987 1 Lillegraven Lillegraven NNP 36036 987 2 , , , 36036 987 3 Jason Jason NNP 36036 987 4 A. a. NN 36036 987 5 , , , 36036 987 6 Steven Steven NNP 36036 987 7 D. D. NNP 36036 987 8 Thompson Thompson NNP 36036 987 9 , , , 36036 987 10 Brian Brian NNP 36036 987 11 K. K. NNP 36036 987 12 McNab McNab NNP 36036 987 13 , , , 36036 987 14 and and CC 36036 987 15 James James NNP 36036 987 16 L. L. NNP 36036 987 17 Patton Patton NNP 36036 987 18 1987 1987 CD 36036 987 19 . . . 36036 988 1 The the DT 36036 988 2 Origin Origin NNP 36036 988 3 of of IN 36036 988 4 Eutherian Eutherian NNP 36036 988 5 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 988 6 . . . 36036 989 1 _ _ NNP 36036 989 2 Biological Biological NNP 36036 989 3 Journal Journal NNP 36036 989 4 of of IN 36036 989 5 the the DT 36036 989 6 Linnean Linnean NNP 36036 989 7 Society Society NNP 36036 989 8 _ _ NNP 36036 989 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 989 10 London London NNP 36036 989 11 ) ) -RRB- 36036 989 12 , , , 36036 989 13 32:281 32:281 CD 36036 989 14 - - SYM 36036 989 15 336 336 CD 36036 989 16 , , , 36036 989 17 10 10 CD 36036 989 18 figures figure NNS 36036 989 19 . . . 36036 990 1 List list NN 36036 990 2 , , , 36036 990 3 Robert Robert NNP 36036 990 4 J. J. NNP 36036 991 1 1971 1971 CD 36036 991 2 . . . 36036 992 1 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 992 2 Meteorological Meteorological NNP 36036 992 3 Tables Tables NNPS 36036 992 4 , , , 36036 992 5 Sixth Sixth NNP 36036 992 6 Edition Edition NNP 36036 992 7 . . . 36036 993 1 _ _ NNP 36036 993 2 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 993 3 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous NNP 36036 993 4 Collections Collections NNPS 36036 993 5 _ _ NNP 36036 993 6 , , , 36036 993 7 114 114 CD 36036 993 8 : : : 36036 993 9 xi xi NNP 36036 993 10 + + CC 36036 993 11 527 527 CD 36036 993 12 pages page NNS 36036 993 13 , , , 36036 993 14 174 174 CD 36036 993 15 tables table NNS 36036 993 16 . . . 36036 994 1 Lotze Lotze NNP 36036 994 2 , , , 36036 994 3 Joerg Joerg NNP 36036 994 4 - - HYPH 36036 994 5 Henner Henner NNP 36036 994 6 , , , 36036 994 7 and and CC 36036 994 8 Sydney Sydney NNP 36036 994 9 Anderson Anderson NNP 36036 994 10 1979 1979 CD 36036 994 11 . . . 36036 995 1 _ _ NNP 36036 995 2 Procyon procyon JJ 36036 995 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 995 4 . . . 36036 995 5 _ _ NNP 36036 995 6 _ _ NNP 36036 995 7 Mammalian Mammalian NNP 36036 995 8 Species Species NNPS 36036 995 9 _ _ NNP 36036 995 10 , , , 36036 995 11 119:1 119:1 CD 36036 995 12 - - SYM 36036 995 13 8 8 CD 36036 995 14 , , , 36036 995 15 4 4 CD 36036 995 16 figures figure NNS 36036 995 17 . . . 36036 996 1 Lusk Lusk NNP 36036 996 2 , , , 36036 996 3 Graham Graham NNP 36036 996 4 1917 1917 CD 36036 996 5 . . . 36036 997 1 _ _ NNP 36036 997 2 The the DT 36036 997 3 Elements Elements NNPS 36036 997 4 of of IN 36036 997 5 the the DT 36036 997 6 Science Science NNP 36036 997 7 of of IN 36036 997 8 Nutrition Nutrition NNP 36036 997 9 . . . 36036 997 10 _ _ IN 36036 997 11 641 641 CD 36036 997 12 pages page NNS 36036 997 13 , , , 36036 997 14 28 28 CD 36036 997 15 figures figure NNS 36036 997 16 , , , 36036 997 17 149 149 CD 36036 997 18 tables table NNS 36036 997 19 , , , 36036 997 20 1 1 CD 36036 997 21 appendix appendix NNP 36036 997 22 . . . 36036 998 1 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP 36036 998 2 : : : 36036 998 3 W. W. NNP 36036 998 4 B. B. NNP 36036 998 5 Saunders Saunders NNP 36036 998 6 Company Company NNP 36036 998 7 . . . 36036 999 1 MacMillen MacMillen NNP 36036 999 2 , , , 36036 999 3 Richard Richard NNP 36036 999 4 E. E. NNP 36036 999 5 , , , 36036 999 6 and and CC 36036 999 7 Anthony Anthony NNP 36036 999 8 K. K. NNP 36036 999 9 Lee Lee NNP 36036 999 10 1970 1970 CD 36036 999 11 . . . 36036 1000 1 Energy energy NN 36036 1000 2 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1000 3 and and CC 36036 1000 4 Pulmocutaneous Pulmocutaneous NNP 36036 1000 5 Water Water NNP 36036 1000 6 Loss Loss NNP 36036 1000 7 of of IN 36036 1000 8 Australian Australian NNP 36036 1000 9 Hopping Hopping NNP 36036 1000 10 Mice Mice NNPS 36036 1000 11 . . . 36036 1001 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1001 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 1001 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 1001 4 and and CC 36036 1001 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 1001 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1001 7 , , , 36036 1001 8 35:355 35:355 CD 36036 1001 9 - - SYM 36036 1001 10 369 369 CD 36036 1001 11 , , , 36036 1001 12 5 5 CD 36036 1001 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1001 14 , , , 36036 1001 15 3 3 CD 36036 1001 16 tables table NNS 36036 1001 17 . . . 36036 1002 1 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 1002 2 , , , 36036 1002 3 Larry Larry NNP 36036 1002 4 G. G. NNP 36036 1002 5 1988 1988 CD 36036 1002 6 . . . 36036 1003 1 Land Land NNP 36036 1003 2 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1003 3 and and CC 36036 1003 4 the the DT 36036 1003 5 Great Great NNP 36036 1003 6 American American NNP 36036 1003 7 Interchange Interchange NNP 36036 1003 8 . . . 36036 1004 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1004 2 American American NNP 36036 1004 3 Scientist Scientist NNP 36036 1004 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1004 5 , , , 36036 1004 6 76:380 76:380 CD 36036 1004 7 - - SYM 36036 1004 8 388 388 CD 36036 1004 9 , , , 36036 1004 10 7 7 CD 36036 1004 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1004 12 . . . 36036 1005 1 Marshall Marshall NNP 36036 1005 2 , , , 36036 1005 3 Larry Larry NNP 36036 1005 4 G. G. NNP 36036 1005 5 , , , 36036 1005 6 S. S. NNP 36036 1005 7 David David NNP 36036 1005 8 Webb Webb NNP 36036 1005 9 , , , 36036 1005 10 J. J. NNP 36036 1005 11 John John NNP 36036 1005 12 Sepkoski Sepkoski NNP 36036 1005 13 , , , 36036 1005 14 Jr. Jr. NNP 36036 1005 15 , , , 36036 1005 16 and and CC 36036 1005 17 David David NNP 36036 1005 18 M. M. NNP 36036 1005 19 Raup Raup NNP 36036 1005 20 1982 1982 CD 36036 1005 21 . . . 36036 1006 1 Mammalian Mammalian NNP 36036 1006 2 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 1006 3 and and CC 36036 1006 4 the the DT 36036 1006 5 Great Great NNP 36036 1006 6 American American NNP 36036 1006 7 Interchange Interchange NNP 36036 1006 8 . . . 36036 1007 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1007 2 Science Science NNP 36036 1007 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1007 4 , , , 36036 1007 5 215:1351 215:1351 NNP 36036 1007 6 - - SYM 36036 1007 7 1357 1357 CD 36036 1007 8 , , , 36036 1007 9 3 3 CD 36036 1007 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1007 11 , , , 36036 1007 12 1 1 CD 36036 1007 13 table table NN 36036 1007 14 . . . 36036 1008 1 Martin Martin NNP 36036 1008 2 , , , 36036 1008 3 Alexander Alexander NNP 36036 1008 4 C C NNP 36036 1008 5 , , , 36036 1008 6 Herbert Herbert NNP 36036 1008 7 S. S. NNP 36036 1008 8 Zim Zim NNP 36036 1008 9 , , , 36036 1008 10 and and CC 36036 1008 11 Arnold Arnold NNP 36036 1008 12 L. L. NNP 36036 1008 13 Nelson Nelson NNP 36036 1008 14 1951 1951 CD 36036 1008 15 . . . 36036 1009 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1009 2 American American NNP 36036 1009 3 Wildlife Wildlife NNP 36036 1009 4 and and CC 36036 1009 5 Plants Plants NNP 36036 1009 6 . . . 36036 1009 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1009 8 x x SYM 36036 1009 9 + + CC 36036 1009 10 500 500 CD 36036 1009 11 pages page NNS 36036 1009 12 . . . 36036 1010 1 New New NNP 36036 1010 2 York York NNP 36036 1010 3 : : : 36036 1010 4 McGraw McGraw NNP 36036 1010 5 - - HYPH 36036 1010 6 Hill Hill NNP 36036 1010 7 Book Book NNP 36036 1010 8 Company Company NNP 36036 1010 9 , , , 36036 1010 10 Incorporated Incorporated NNP 36036 1010 11 . . . 36036 1011 1 Martin Martin NNP 36036 1011 2 , , , 36036 1011 3 Larry Larry NNP 36036 1011 4 D. D. NNP 36036 1011 5 1989 1989 CD 36036 1011 6 . . . 36036 1012 1 Fossil fossil NN 36036 1012 2 History history NN 36036 1012 3 of of IN 36036 1012 4 the the DT 36036 1012 5 Terrestrial Terrestrial NNP 36036 1012 6 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 1012 7 . . . 36036 1013 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1013 2 In in IN 36036 1013 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1013 4 John John NNP 36036 1013 5 L. L. NNP 36036 1013 6 Gittleman Gittleman NNP 36036 1013 7 , , , 36036 1013 8 editor editor NN 36036 1013 9 , , , 36036 1013 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1013 11 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 1013 12 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1013 13 , , , 36036 1013 14 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1013 15 , , , 36036 1013 16 and and CC 36036 1013 17 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 1013 18 _ _ NNP 36036 1013 19 , , , 36036 1013 20 pages page VBZ 36036 1013 21 536 536 CD 36036 1013 22 - - HYPH 36036 1013 23 568 568 CD 36036 1013 24 , , , 36036 1013 25 10 10 CD 36036 1013 26 figures figure NNS 36036 1013 27 . . . 36036 1014 1 Ithaca ithaca NN 36036 1014 2 : : : 36036 1014 3 Cornell Cornell NNP 36036 1014 4 University University NNP 36036 1014 5 Press Press NNP 36036 1014 6 . . . 36036 1015 1 McNab McNab NNP 36036 1015 2 , , , 36036 1015 3 Brian Brian NNP 36036 1015 4 K. K. NNP 36036 1015 5 1966 1966 CD 36036 1015 6 . . . 36036 1016 1 The the DT 36036 1016 2 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1016 3 of of IN 36036 1016 4 Fossorial Fossorial NNP 36036 1016 5 Rodents Rodents NNPS 36036 1016 6 : : : 36036 1016 7 A a DT 36036 1016 8 Study Study NNP 36036 1016 9 of of IN 36036 1016 10 Convergence Convergence NNP 36036 1016 11 . . . 36036 1017 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1017 2 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1017 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1017 4 , , , 36036 1017 5 47:712 47:712 NNP 36036 1017 6 - - SYM 36036 1017 7 733 733 CD 36036 1017 8 , , , 36036 1017 9 19 19 CD 36036 1017 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1017 11 , , , 36036 1017 12 5 5 CD 36036 1017 13 tables table NNS 36036 1017 14 . . . 36036 1018 1 1970 1970 CD 36036 1018 2 . . . 36036 1019 1 Body Body NNP 36036 1019 2 Weight Weight NNP 36036 1019 3 and and CC 36036 1019 4 the the DT 36036 1019 5 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 1019 6 of of IN 36036 1019 7 Temperature Temperature NNP 36036 1019 8 Regulation Regulation NNP 36036 1019 9 . . . 36036 1020 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1020 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1020 3 of of IN 36036 1020 4 Experimental Experimental NNP 36036 1020 5 Biology Biology NNP 36036 1020 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1020 7 , , , 36036 1020 8 53:329 53:329 CD 36036 1020 9 - - SYM 36036 1020 10 348 348 CD 36036 1020 11 , , , 36036 1020 12 9 9 CD 36036 1020 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1020 14 , , , 36036 1020 15 3 3 CD 36036 1020 16 tables table NNS 36036 1020 17 , , , 36036 1020 18 table table NN 36036 1020 19 of of IN 36036 1020 20 symbols symbol NNS 36036 1020 21 . . . 36036 1021 1 1978a 1978a CD 36036 1021 2 . . . 36036 1022 1 The the DT 36036 1022 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 1022 3 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 1022 4 of of IN 36036 1022 5 Neotropical Neotropical NNP 36036 1022 6 Marsupials Marsupials NNPS 36036 1022 7 . . . 36036 1023 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1023 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1023 3 of of IN 36036 1023 4 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 1023 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 1023 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1023 7 , , , 36036 1023 8 125:115 125:115 CD 36036 1023 9 - - SYM 36036 1023 10 128 128 CD 36036 1023 11 , , , 36036 1023 12 14 14 CD 36036 1023 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1023 14 , , , 36036 1023 15 3 3 CD 36036 1023 16 tables table NNS 36036 1023 17 . . . 36036 1024 1 1978b 1978b CD 36036 1024 2 . . . 36036 1025 1 Energetics Energetics NNP 36036 1025 2 of of IN 36036 1025 3 Arboreal Arboreal NNP 36036 1025 4 Folivores Folivores NNPS 36036 1025 5 : : : 36036 1025 6 Physiological Physiological NNP 36036 1025 7 Problems Problems NNPS 36036 1025 8 and and CC 36036 1025 9 Ecological ecological JJ 36036 1025 10 Consequences consequence NNS 36036 1025 11 of of IN 36036 1025 12 Feeding feed VBG 36036 1025 13 on on IN 36036 1025 14 an an DT 36036 1025 15 Ubiquitous ubiquitous JJ 36036 1025 16 Food Food NNP 36036 1025 17 Supply Supply NNP 36036 1025 18 . . . 36036 1026 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1026 2 In in IN 36036 1026 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1026 4 G. G. NNP 36036 1026 5 G. G. NNP 36036 1026 6 Montgomery Montgomery NNP 36036 1026 7 , , , 36036 1026 8 editor editor NN 36036 1026 9 , , , 36036 1026 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1026 11 The the DT 36036 1026 12 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1026 13 of of IN 36036 1026 14 Arboreal Arboreal NNP 36036 1026 15 Folivores Folivores NNPS 36036 1026 16 _ _ NNP 36036 1026 17 , , , 36036 1026 18 pages page VBZ 36036 1026 19 153 153 CD 36036 1026 20 - - SYM 36036 1026 21 162 162 CD 36036 1026 22 , , , 36036 1026 23 10 10 CD 36036 1026 24 figures figure NNS 36036 1026 25 , , , 36036 1026 26 3 3 CD 36036 1026 27 tables table NNS 36036 1026 28 . . . 36036 1027 1 Washington Washington NNP 36036 1027 2 , , , 36036 1027 3 D.C. D.C. NNP 36036 1027 4 : : : 36036 1027 5 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1027 6 Institution Institution NNP 36036 1027 7 Press Press NNP 36036 1027 8 . . . 36036 1028 1 1979a 1979a CD 36036 1028 2 . . . 36036 1029 1 Climatic climatic JJ 36036 1029 2 Adaptation adaptation NN 36036 1029 3 in in IN 36036 1029 4 the the DT 36036 1029 5 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 1029 6 of of IN 36036 1029 7 Heteromyid Heteromyid NNP 36036 1029 8 Rodents Rodents NNP 36036 1029 9 . . . 36036 1030 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1030 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 1030 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 1030 4 and and CC 36036 1030 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 1030 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1030 7 , , , 36036 1030 8 62A:813 62a:813 CD 36036 1030 9 - - SYM 36036 1030 10 820 820 CD 36036 1030 11 , , , 36036 1030 12 6 6 CD 36036 1030 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1030 14 . . . 36036 1031 1 1979b 1979b LS 36036 1031 2 . . . 36036 1032 1 The the DT 36036 1032 2 Influence Influence NNP 36036 1032 3 of of IN 36036 1032 4 Body Body NNP 36036 1032 5 Size Size NNP 36036 1032 6 on on IN 36036 1032 7 the the DT 36036 1032 8 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 1032 9 and and CC 36036 1032 10 Distribution Distribution NNP 36036 1032 11 of of IN 36036 1032 12 Fossorial Fossorial NNP 36036 1032 13 and and CC 36036 1032 14 Burrowing Burrowing NNP 36036 1032 15 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1032 16 . . . 36036 1033 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1033 2 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1033 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1033 4 , , , 36036 1033 5 60:1010 60:1010 CD 36036 1033 6 - - SYM 36036 1033 7 1021 1021 CD 36036 1033 8 , , , 36036 1033 9 12 12 CD 36036 1033 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1033 11 , , , 36036 1033 12 1 1 CD 36036 1033 13 table table NN 36036 1033 14 . . . 36036 1034 1 1980a 1980a LS 36036 1034 2 . . . 36036 1035 1 Food Food NNP 36036 1035 2 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 1035 3 , , , 36036 1035 4 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 1035 5 , , , 36036 1035 6 and and CC 36036 1035 7 the the DT 36036 1035 8 Population Population NNP 36036 1035 9 Biology Biology NNP 36036 1035 10 of of IN 36036 1035 11 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1035 12 . . . 36036 1036 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1036 2 The the DT 36036 1036 3 American American NNP 36036 1036 4 Naturalist Naturalist NNP 36036 1036 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1036 6 , , , 36036 1036 7 116:106 116:106 CD 36036 1036 8 - - SYM 36036 1036 9 124 124 CD 36036 1036 10 , , , 36036 1036 11 9 9 CD 36036 1036 12 figures figure NNS 36036 1036 13 , , , 36036 1036 14 1 1 CD 36036 1036 15 table table NN 36036 1036 16 . . . 36036 1037 1 1980b 1980b CD 36036 1037 2 . . . 36036 1038 1 On on IN 36036 1038 2 Estimating estimate VBG 36036 1038 3 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 1038 4 Conductance conductance NN 36036 1038 5 in in IN 36036 1038 6 Endotherms Endotherms NNP 36036 1038 7 . . . 36036 1039 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1039 2 Physiological Physiological NNP 36036 1039 3 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1039 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1039 5 , , , 36036 1039 6 53:145 53:145 CD 36036 1039 7 - - HYPH 36036 1039 8 156 156 CD 36036 1039 9 , , , 36036 1039 10 5 5 CD 36036 1039 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1039 12 , , , 36036 1039 13 1 1 CD 36036 1039 14 table table NN 36036 1039 15 . . . 36036 1040 1 1983a 1983a LS 36036 1040 2 . . . 36036 1041 1 Ecological ecological JJ 36036 1041 2 and and CC 36036 1041 3 Behavioral behavioral JJ 36036 1041 4 Consequences consequence NNS 36036 1041 5 of of IN 36036 1041 6 Adaptation adaptation NN 36036 1041 7 to to IN 36036 1041 8 Various Various NNP 36036 1041 9 Food Food NNP 36036 1041 10 Resources Resources NNPS 36036 1041 11 . . . 36036 1042 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1042 2 In in IN 36036 1042 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1042 4 J. J. NNP 36036 1042 5 F. F. NNP 36036 1042 6 Eisenberg Eisenberg NNP 36036 1042 7 and and CC 36036 1042 8 D. D. NNP 36036 1042 9 G. G. NNP 36036 1042 10 Kleiman Kleiman NNP 36036 1042 11 , , , 36036 1042 12 editors editor NNS 36036 1042 13 , , , 36036 1042 14 Advances advance NNS 36036 1042 15 in in IN 36036 1042 16 the the DT 36036 1042 17 Study Study NNP 36036 1042 18 of of IN 36036 1042 19 Mammalian Mammalian NNP 36036 1042 20 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1042 21 . . . 36036 1043 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1043 2 American American NNP 36036 1043 3 Society Society NNP 36036 1043 4 of of IN 36036 1043 5 Mammalogists Mammalogists NNPS 36036 1043 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1043 7 , , , 36036 1043 8 special special JJ 36036 1043 9 publication publication NN 36036 1043 10 , , , 36036 1043 11 7:664 7:664 NNP 36036 1043 12 - - HYPH 36036 1043 13 697 697 CD 36036 1043 14 , , , 36036 1043 15 12 12 CD 36036 1043 16 figures figure NNS 36036 1043 17 , , , 36036 1043 18 2 2 CD 36036 1043 19 tables table NNS 36036 1043 20 . . . 36036 1044 1 1983b 1983b CD 36036 1044 2 . . . 36036 1045 1 Energetics Energetics NNP 36036 1045 2 , , , 36036 1045 3 Body Body NNP 36036 1045 4 Size Size NNP 36036 1045 5 , , , 36036 1045 6 and and CC 36036 1045 7 the the DT 36036 1045 8 Limits Limits NNPS 36036 1045 9 to to IN 36036 1045 10 Endothermy Endothermy NNP 36036 1045 11 . . . 36036 1046 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1046 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1046 3 of of IN 36036 1046 4 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1046 5 , , , 36036 1046 6 London London NNP 36036 1046 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1046 8 , , , 36036 1046 9 199:1 199:1 CD 36036 1046 10 - - SYM 36036 1046 11 29 29 CD 36036 1046 12 , , , 36036 1046 13 16 16 CD 36036 1046 14 figures figure NNS 36036 1046 15 . . . 36036 1047 1 1984a 1984a CD 36036 1047 2 . . . 36036 1048 1 Physiological physiological JJ 36036 1048 2 Convergence Convergence NNP 36036 1048 3 amongst amongst IN 36036 1048 4 Ant Ant NNP 36036 1048 5 - - HYPH 36036 1048 6 Eating Eating NNP 36036 1048 7 and and CC 36036 1048 8 Termite Termite NNP 36036 1048 9 - - HYPH 36036 1048 10 Eating Eating NNP 36036 1048 11 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1048 12 . . . 36036 1049 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1049 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1049 3 of of IN 36036 1049 4 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1049 5 , , , 36036 1049 6 London London NNP 36036 1049 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1049 8 , , , 36036 1049 9 203:485 203:485 CD 36036 1049 10 - - SYM 36036 1049 11 510 510 CD 36036 1049 12 , , , 36036 1049 13 19 19 CD 36036 1049 14 figures figure NNS 36036 1049 15 , , , 36036 1049 16 2 2 CD 36036 1049 17 tables table NNS 36036 1049 18 . . . 36036 1050 1 1984b 1984b CD 36036 1050 2 . . . 36036 1051 1 Commentary commentary NN 36036 1051 2 . . . 36036 1052 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1052 2 Oecologia Oecologia NNP 36036 1052 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1052 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1052 5 Berlin Berlin NNP 36036 1052 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1052 7 , , , 36036 1052 8 64:423 64:423 CD 36036 1052 9 - - SYM 36036 1052 10 424 424 CD 36036 1052 11 . . . 36036 1053 1 1986a 1986a CD 36036 1053 2 . . . 36036 1054 1 The the DT 36036 1054 2 Influence Influence NNP 36036 1054 3 of of IN 36036 1054 4 Food Food NNP 36036 1054 5 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 1054 6 on on IN 36036 1054 7 the the DT 36036 1054 8 Energetics Energetics NNP 36036 1054 9 of of IN 36036 1054 10 Eutherian Eutherian NNP 36036 1054 11 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 1054 12 . . . 36036 1055 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1055 2 Ecological Ecological NNP 36036 1055 3 Monographs Monographs NNP 36036 1055 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1055 5 , , , 36036 1055 6 56:1 56:1 CD 36036 1055 7 - - SYM 36036 1055 8 19 19 CD 36036 1055 9 , , , 36036 1055 10 6 6 CD 36036 1055 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1055 12 , , , 36036 1055 13 2 2 CD 36036 1055 14 tables table NNS 36036 1055 15 , , , 36036 1055 16 1 1 CD 36036 1055 17 appendix appendix NNP 36036 1055 18 . . . 36036 1056 1 1986b 1986b CD 36036 1056 2 . . . 36036 1057 1 Food Food NNP 36036 1057 2 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 1057 3 , , , 36036 1057 4 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 1057 5 , , , 36036 1057 6 and and CC 36036 1057 7 the the DT 36036 1057 8 Reproduction Reproduction NNP 36036 1057 9 of of IN 36036 1057 10 Marsupials Marsupials NNPS 36036 1057 11 . . . 36036 1058 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1058 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1058 3 of of IN 36036 1058 4 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1058 5 , , , 36036 1058 6 London London NNP 36036 1058 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1058 8 , , , 36036 1058 9 208:595 208:595 NNP 36036 1058 10 - - SYM 36036 1058 11 614 614 CD 36036 1058 12 , , , 36036 1058 13 10 10 CD 36036 1058 14 figures figure NNS 36036 1058 15 , , , 36036 1058 16 1 1 CD 36036 1058 17 table table NN 36036 1058 18 . . . 36036 1059 1 1988a 1988a CD 36036 1059 2 . . . 36036 1060 1 Complications complication NNS 36036 1060 2 Inherent inherent JJ 36036 1060 3 in in IN 36036 1060 4 Scaling scale VBG 36036 1060 5 the the DT 36036 1060 6 Basal Basal NNP 36036 1060 7 Rate Rate NNP 36036 1060 8 of of IN 36036 1060 9 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1060 10 in in IN 36036 1060 11 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1060 12 . . . 36036 1061 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1061 2 The the DT 36036 1061 3 Quarterly Quarterly NNP 36036 1061 4 Review Review NNP 36036 1061 5 of of IN 36036 1061 6 Biology Biology NNP 36036 1061 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1061 8 , , , 36036 1061 9 63:25 63:25 CD 36036 1061 10 - - SYM 36036 1061 11 54 54 CD 36036 1061 12 , , , 36036 1061 13 6 6 CD 36036 1061 14 figures figure NNS 36036 1061 15 , , , 36036 1061 16 4 4 CD 36036 1061 17 tables table NNS 36036 1061 18 . . . 36036 1062 1 1988b 1988b CD 36036 1062 2 . . . 36036 1063 1 Energy Energy NNP 36036 1063 2 Conservation Conservation NNP 36036 1063 3 in in IN 36036 1063 4 a a DT 36036 1063 5 Tree Tree NNP 36036 1063 6 - - HYPH 36036 1063 7 Kangaroo Kangaroo NNP 36036 1063 8 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1063 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1063 10 Dendrolagus Dendrolagus NNP 36036 1063 11 matschiei matschiei NN 36036 1063 12 _ _ NNP 36036 1063 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1063 14 and and CC 36036 1063 15 the the DT 36036 1063 16 Red Red NNP 36036 1063 17 Panda Panda NNP 36036 1063 18 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1063 19 _ _ NNP 36036 1063 20 Ailurus Ailurus NNP 36036 1063 21 fulgens fulgen VBZ 36036 1063 22 _ _ NNP 36036 1063 23 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1063 24 . . . 36036 1064 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1064 2 Physiological Physiological NNP 36036 1064 3 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1064 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1064 5 , , , 36036 1064 6 61:280 61:280 CD 36036 1064 7 - - SYM 36036 1064 8 292 292 CD 36036 1064 9 , , , 36036 1064 10 9 9 CD 36036 1064 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1064 12 . . . 36036 1065 1 1989 1989 CD 36036 1065 2 . . . 36036 1066 1 Basal Basal NNP 36036 1066 2 Rate Rate NNP 36036 1066 3 of of IN 36036 1066 4 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1066 5 , , , 36036 1066 6 Body Body NNP 36036 1066 7 Size Size NNP 36036 1066 8 , , , 36036 1066 9 and and CC 36036 1066 10 Food Food NNP 36036 1066 11 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 1066 12 in in IN 36036 1066 13 the the DT 36036 1066 14 Order Order NNP 36036 1066 15 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 1066 16 . . . 36036 1067 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1067 2 In in IN 36036 1067 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1067 4 John John NNP 36036 1067 5 L. L. NNP 36036 1067 6 Gittleman Gittleman NNP 36036 1067 7 , , , 36036 1067 8 editor editor NN 36036 1067 9 , , , 36036 1067 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1067 11 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 1067 12 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1067 13 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1067 14 , , , 36036 1067 15 and and CC 36036 1067 16 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 1067 17 _ _ NNP 36036 1067 18 , , , 36036 1067 19 pages page VBZ 36036 1067 20 335 335 CD 36036 1067 21 - - SYM 36036 1067 22 354 354 CD 36036 1067 23 , , , 36036 1067 24 3 3 CD 36036 1067 25 figures figure NNS 36036 1067 26 , , , 36036 1067 27 1 1 CD 36036 1067 28 table table NN 36036 1067 29 . . . 36036 1068 1 Ithaca ithaca NN 36036 1068 2 : : : 36036 1068 3 Cornell Cornell NNP 36036 1068 4 University University NNP 36036 1068 5 Press Press NNP 36036 1068 6 . . . 36036 1069 1 McNab McNab NNP 36036 1069 2 , , , 36036 1069 3 Brian Brian NNP 36036 1069 4 K. K. NNP 36036 1069 5 , , , 36036 1069 6 and and CC 36036 1069 7 Peter Peter NNP 36036 1069 8 Morrison Morrison NNP 36036 1069 9 1963 1963 CD 36036 1069 10 . . . 36036 1070 1 Body body NN 36036 1070 2 Temperature temperature NN 36036 1070 3 and and CC 36036 1070 4 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1070 5 in in IN 36036 1070 6 Subspecies Subspecies NNP 36036 1070 7 of of IN 36036 1070 8 _ _ NNP 36036 1070 9 Peromyscus Peromyscus NNP 36036 1070 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1070 11 from from IN 36036 1070 12 Arid Arid NNP 36036 1070 13 and and CC 36036 1070 14 Mesic Mesic NNP 36036 1070 15 Environments Environments NNP 36036 1070 16 . . . 36036 1071 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1071 2 Ecological Ecological NNP 36036 1071 3 Monographs Monographs NNP 36036 1071 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1071 5 , , , 36036 1071 6 33:63 33:63 CD 36036 1071 7 - - SYM 36036 1071 8 82 82 CD 36036 1071 9 , , , 36036 1071 10 26 26 CD 36036 1071 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1071 12 , , , 36036 1071 13 7 7 CD 36036 1071 14 tables table NNS 36036 1071 15 . . . 36036 1072 1 Mech Mech NNP 36036 1072 2 , , , 36036 1072 3 L. L. NNP 36036 1072 4 David David NNP 36036 1072 5 , , , 36036 1072 6 Donald Donald NNP 36036 1072 7 M. M. NNP 36036 1072 8 Barnes Barnes NNP 36036 1072 9 , , , 36036 1072 10 and and CC 36036 1072 11 John John NNP 36036 1072 12 R. R. NNP 36036 1072 13 Tester Tester NNP 36036 1072 14 1968 1968 CD 36036 1072 15 . . . 36036 1073 1 Seasonal Seasonal NNP 36036 1073 2 Weight Weight NNP 36036 1073 3 Changes Changes NNPS 36036 1073 4 , , , 36036 1073 5 Mortality mortality NN 36036 1073 6 , , , 36036 1073 7 and and CC 36036 1073 8 Population Population NNP 36036 1073 9 Structure Structure NNP 36036 1073 10 of of IN 36036 1073 11 Raccoons Raccoons NNPS 36036 1073 12 in in IN 36036 1073 13 Minnesota Minnesota NNP 36036 1073 14 . . . 36036 1074 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1074 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1074 3 of of IN 36036 1074 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 1074 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1074 6 , , , 36036 1074 7 49:63 49:63 CD 36036 1074 8 - - SYM 36036 1074 9 73 73 CD 36036 1074 10 , , , 36036 1074 11 2 2 CD 36036 1074 12 figures figure NNS 36036 1074 13 , , , 36036 1074 14 3 3 CD 36036 1074 15 tables table NNS 36036 1074 16 . . . 36036 1075 1 Mellen Mellen NNP 36036 1075 2 , , , 36036 1075 3 William William NNP 36036 1075 4 J. J. NNP 36036 1076 1 1963 1963 CD 36036 1076 2 . . . 36036 1077 1 Body Body NNP 36036 1077 2 Size Size NNP 36036 1077 3 and and CC 36036 1077 4 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 1077 5 Rate Rate NNP 36036 1077 6 in in IN 36036 1077 7 the the DT 36036 1077 8 Domestic Domestic NNP 36036 1077 9 Fowl fowl NN 36036 1077 10 . . . 36036 1078 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1078 2 Agricultural Agricultural NNP 36036 1078 3 Science Science NNP 36036 1078 4 Review Review NNP 36036 1078 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1078 6 , , , 36036 1078 7 Fall:20 Fall:20 NNP 36036 1078 8 - - SYM 36036 1078 9 26 26 CD 36036 1078 10 , , , 36036 1078 11 and and CC 36036 1078 12 49 49 CD 36036 1078 13 , , , 36036 1078 14 1 1 CD 36036 1078 15 figure figure NN 36036 1078 16 . . . 36036 1079 1 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 1079 2 , , , 36036 1079 3 John John NNP 36036 1079 4 N. N. NNP 36036 1079 5 , , , 36036 1079 6 and and CC 36036 1079 7 James James NNP 36036 1079 8 R. R. NNP 36036 1079 9 King King NNP 36036 1079 10 1981 1981 CD 36036 1079 11 . . . 36036 1080 1 Annual Annual NNP 36036 1080 2 Variation Variation NNP 36036 1080 3 of of IN 36036 1080 4 Daily Daily NNP 36036 1080 5 Energy Energy NNP 36036 1080 6 Expenditure Expenditure NNP 36036 1080 7 by by IN 36036 1080 8 the the DT 36036 1080 9 Black Black NNP 36036 1080 10 - - HYPH 36036 1080 11 billed bill VBN 36036 1080 12 Magpie Magpie NNP 36036 1080 13 : : : 36036 1080 14 A a DT 36036 1080 15 Study Study NNP 36036 1080 16 of of IN 36036 1080 17 Thermal Thermal NNP 36036 1080 18 and and CC 36036 1080 19 Behavioral Behavioral NNP 36036 1080 20 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 1080 21 . . . 36036 1081 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1081 2 Studies Studies NNPS 36036 1081 3 in in IN 36036 1081 4 Avian Avian NNP 36036 1081 5 Biology Biology NNP 36036 1081 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1081 7 , , , 36036 1081 8 5 5 CD 36036 1081 9 : : : 36036 1081 10 viii viii NN 36036 1081 11 + + SYM 36036 1081 12 78 78 CD 36036 1081 13 pages page NNS 36036 1081 14 , , , 36036 1081 15 14 14 CD 36036 1081 16 figures figure NNS 36036 1081 17 , , , 36036 1081 18 18 18 CD 36036 1081 19 tables table NNS 36036 1081 20 , , , 36036 1081 21 list list NN 36036 1081 22 of of IN 36036 1081 23 symbols symbol NNS 36036 1081 24 , , , 36036 1081 25 1 1 CD 36036 1081 26 appendix appendix NNP 36036 1081 27 . . . 36036 1082 1 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 1082 2 , , , 36036 1082 3 John John NNP 36036 1082 4 N. N. NNP 36036 1082 5 , , , 36036 1082 6 and and CC 36036 1082 7 John John NNP 36036 1082 8 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 1082 9 Ms. Ms. NNP 36036 1083 1 Geographic Geographic NNP 36036 1083 2 Variation Variation NNP 36036 1083 3 of of IN 36036 1083 4 Lean Lean NNP 36036 1083 5 Body Body NNP 36036 1083 6 Mass Mass NNP 36036 1083 7 , , , 36036 1083 8 and and CC 36036 1083 9 a a DT 36036 1083 10 Model model NN 36036 1083 11 of of IN 36036 1083 12 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 1083 13 Effect Effect NNP 36036 1083 14 on on IN 36036 1083 15 the the DT 36036 1083 16 Capacity Capacity NNP 36036 1083 17 of of IN 36036 1083 18 the the DT 36036 1083 19 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 1083 20 to to IN 36036 1083 21 Fatten Fatten NNP 36036 1083 22 and and CC 36036 1083 23 Fast fast RB 36036 1083 24 . . . 36036 1084 1 Mugaas Mugaas NNP 36036 1084 2 , , , 36036 1084 3 John John NNP 36036 1084 4 N. N. NNP 36036 1084 5 , , , 36036 1084 6 John John NNP 36036 1084 7 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 1084 8 , , , 36036 1084 9 and and CC 36036 1084 10 Paul Paul NNP 36036 1084 11 Cook Cook NNP 36036 1084 12 In in IN 36036 1084 13 prep prep NN 36036 1084 14 . . . 36036 1085 1 Basal Basal NNP 36036 1085 2 and and CC 36036 1085 3 Thermoregulatory Thermoregulatory NNP 36036 1085 4 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1085 5 of of IN 36036 1085 6 the the DT 36036 1085 7 Coatis Coatis NNP 36036 1085 8 _ _ NNP 36036 1085 9 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 1085 10 nasua nasua NNP 36036 1085 11 _ _ NNP 36036 1085 12 and and CC 36036 1085 13 _ _ NNP 36036 1085 14 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 1085 15 narica narica NN 36036 1085 16 _ _ NNP 36036 1085 17 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1085 18 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 1085 19 : : : 36036 1085 20 Procyonidae Procyonidae NNP 36036 1085 21 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1085 22 . . . 36036 1086 1 Müller Müller NNP 36036 1086 2 , , , 36036 1086 3 E. E. NNP 36036 1086 4 , , , 36036 1086 5 and and CC 36036 1086 6 E. E. NNP 36036 1086 7 Kulzer Kulzer NNP 36036 1086 8 1977 1977 CD 36036 1086 9 . . . 36036 1087 1 Body body NN 36036 1087 2 Temperature temperature NN 36036 1087 3 and and CC 36036 1087 4 Oxygen Oxygen NNP 36036 1087 5 Uptake Uptake NNP 36036 1087 6 in in IN 36036 1087 7 the the DT 36036 1087 8 Kinkajou Kinkajou NNP 36036 1087 9 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1087 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1087 11 Potos Potos NNP 36036 1087 12 flavus flavus NN 36036 1087 13 _ _ NNP 36036 1087 14 , , , 36036 1087 15 Schreber Schreber NNP 36036 1087 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1087 17 , , , 36036 1087 18 a a DT 36036 1087 19 Nocturnal Nocturnal NNP 36036 1087 20 Tropical Tropical NNP 36036 1087 21 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 1087 22 . . . 36036 1088 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1088 2 Archives Archives NNP 36036 1088 3 Internationales Internationales NNP 36036 1088 4 de de IN 36036 1088 5 Physiologie Physiologie NNP 36036 1088 6 et et NNP 36036 1088 7 de de IN 36036 1088 8 Biochimie Biochimie NNP 36036 1088 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1088 10 , , , 36036 1088 11 86:153 86:153 CD 36036 1088 12 - - SYM 36036 1088 13 163 163 CD 36036 1088 14 , , , 36036 1088 15 5 5 CD 36036 1088 16 figures figure NNS 36036 1088 17 , , , 36036 1088 18 1 1 CD 36036 1088 19 table table NN 36036 1088 20 . . . 36036 1089 1 Müller Müller NNP 36036 1089 2 , , , 36036 1089 3 E. E. NNP 36036 1089 4 F. F. NNP 36036 1089 5 , , , 36036 1089 6 and and CC 36036 1089 7 H. H. NNP 36036 1089 8 Rost Rost NNP 36036 1089 9 1983 1983 CD 36036 1089 10 . . . 36036 1090 1 Respiratory Respiratory NNP 36036 1090 2 Frequency Frequency NNP 36036 1090 3 , , , 36036 1090 4 Total total JJ 36036 1090 5 Evaporative Evaporative NNP 36036 1090 6 Water Water NNP 36036 1090 7 Loss Loss NNP 36036 1090 8 and and CC 36036 1090 9 Heart heart NN 36036 1090 10 Rate rate NN 36036 1090 11 in in IN 36036 1090 12 the the DT 36036 1090 13 Kinkajou Kinkajou NNP 36036 1090 14 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1090 15 _ _ NNP 36036 1090 16 Potos Potos NNP 36036 1090 17 flavus flavus NN 36036 1090 18 _ _ NNP 36036 1090 19 Schreber Schreber NNP 36036 1090 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1090 21 . . . 36036 1091 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1091 2 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 36036 1091 3 für für NN 36036 1091 4 Säugetierkunde Säugetierkunde NNP 36036 1091 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1091 6 , , , 36036 1091 7 48:217 48:217 CD 36036 1091 8 - - SYM 36036 1091 9 226 226 CD 36036 1091 10 , , , 36036 1091 11 8 8 CD 36036 1091 12 figures figure NNS 36036 1091 13 , , , 36036 1091 14 2 2 CD 36036 1091 15 tables table NNS 36036 1091 16 . . . 36036 1092 1 Nicoll Nicoll NNP 36036 1092 2 , , , 36036 1092 3 M. M. NNP 36036 1092 4 E. E. NNP 36036 1092 5 , , , 36036 1092 6 and and CC 36036 1092 7 Steven Steven NNP 36036 1092 8 D. D. NNP 36036 1092 9 Thompson Thompson NNP 36036 1092 10 1987 1987 CD 36036 1092 11 . . . 36036 1093 1 Basal Basal NNP 36036 1093 2 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 1093 3 Rates Rates NNPS 36036 1093 4 and and CC 36036 1093 5 Energetics Energetics NNPS 36036 1093 6 of of IN 36036 1093 7 Reproduction Reproduction NNP 36036 1093 8 in in IN 36036 1093 9 Therian Therian NNP 36036 1093 10 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 1093 11 : : : 36036 1093 12 Marsupials marsupial NNS 36036 1093 13 and and CC 36036 1093 14 Placentals Placentals NNPS 36036 1093 15 Compared compare VBN 36036 1093 16 . . . 36036 1094 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1094 2 Symposium Symposium NNP 36036 1094 3 of of IN 36036 1094 4 the the DT 36036 1094 5 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 1094 6 Society Society NNP 36036 1094 7 of of IN 36036 1094 8 London London NNP 36036 1094 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1094 10 , , , 36036 1094 11 57:7 57:7 CD 36036 1094 12 - - SYM 36036 1094 13 27 27 CD 36036 1094 14 , , , 36036 1094 15 4 4 CD 36036 1094 16 figures figure NNS 36036 1094 17 , , , 36036 1094 18 3 3 CD 36036 1094 19 tables table NNS 36036 1094 20 . . . 36036 1095 1 Noll Noll NNP 36036 1095 2 - - HYPH 36036 1095 3 Banholzer Banholzer NNP 36036 1095 4 , , , 36036 1095 5 Ursel Ursel NNP 36036 1095 6 1979 1979 CD 36036 1095 7 . . . 36036 1096 1 Body body NN 36036 1096 2 Temperature temperature NN 36036 1096 3 , , , 36036 1096 4 Oxygen Oxygen NNP 36036 1096 5 Consumption Consumption NNP 36036 1096 6 , , , 36036 1096 7 Evaporative Evaporative NNP 36036 1096 8 Water Water NNP 36036 1096 9 Loss Loss NNP 36036 1096 10 and and CC 36036 1096 11 Heart heart NN 36036 1096 12 Rate rate NN 36036 1096 13 in in IN 36036 1096 14 the the DT 36036 1096 15 Fennec Fennec NNP 36036 1096 16 . . . 36036 1097 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1097 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 1097 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 1097 4 and and CC 36036 1097 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 1097 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1097 7 , , , 36036 1097 8 62A:585 62a:585 CD 36036 1097 9 - - SYM 36036 1097 10 592 592 CD 36036 1097 11 , , , 36036 1097 12 6 6 CD 36036 1097 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1097 14 , , , 36036 1097 15 5 5 CD 36036 1097 16 tables table NNS 36036 1097 17 . . . 36036 1098 1 Nowak Nowak NNP 36036 1098 2 , , , 36036 1098 3 Ronald Ronald NNP 36036 1098 4 M. M. NNP 36036 1098 5 , , , 36036 1098 6 and and CC 36036 1098 7 John John NNP 36036 1098 8 L. L. NNP 36036 1098 9 Paradiso Paradiso NNP 36036 1098 10 1983 1983 CD 36036 1098 11 . . . 36036 1099 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1099 2 Walker Walker NNP 36036 1099 3 's 's POS 36036 1099 4 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1099 5 of of IN 36036 1099 6 the the DT 36036 1099 7 World World NNP 36036 1099 8 . . . 36036 1099 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1099 10 Fourth Fourth NNP 36036 1099 11 edition edition NN 36036 1099 12 , , , 36036 1099 13 lxxxvi lxxxvi NNP 36036 1099 14 + + SYM 36036 1099 15 1362 1362 CD 36036 1099 16 pages page NNS 36036 1099 17 . . . 36036 1100 1 Baltimore Baltimore NNP 36036 1100 2 : : : 36036 1100 3 The the DT 36036 1100 4 Johns Johns NNP 36036 1100 5 Hopkins Hopkins NNP 36036 1100 6 University University NNP 36036 1100 7 Press Press NNP 36036 1100 8 . . . 36036 1101 1 O'Brien O'Brien NNP 36036 1101 2 , , , 36036 1101 3 Stephen Stephen NNP 36036 1101 4 J. J. NNP 36036 1101 5 , , , 36036 1101 6 William William NNP 36036 1101 7 G. G. NNP 36036 1101 8 Nash Nash NNP 36036 1101 9 , , , 36036 1101 10 David David NNP 36036 1101 11 E. E. NNP 36036 1101 12 Wildt Wildt NNP 36036 1101 13 , , , 36036 1101 14 Mitchell Mitchell NNP 36036 1101 15 E. E. NNP 36036 1101 16 Bush Bush NNP 36036 1101 17 , , , 36036 1101 18 and and CC 36036 1101 19 Raoul Raoul NNP 36036 1101 20 E. E. NNP 36036 1101 21 Benveniste Benveniste NNP 36036 1101 22 1985 1985 CD 36036 1101 23 . . . 36036 1102 1 A a DT 36036 1102 2 Molecular Molecular NNP 36036 1102 3 Solution Solution NNP 36036 1102 4 to to IN 36036 1102 5 the the DT 36036 1102 6 Riddle Riddle NNP 36036 1102 7 of of IN 36036 1102 8 the the DT 36036 1102 9 Giant Giant NNP 36036 1102 10 Panda Panda NNP 36036 1102 11 's 's POS 36036 1102 12 Phylogeny Phylogeny NNP 36036 1102 13 . . . 36036 1103 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1103 2 Nature Nature NNP 36036 1103 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1103 4 , , , 36036 1103 5 317:140 317:140 CD 36036 1103 6 - - SYM 36036 1103 7 144 144 CD 36036 1103 8 , , , 36036 1103 9 4 4 CD 36036 1103 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1103 11 . . . 36036 1104 1 Ott ott VB 36036 1104 2 , , , 36036 1104 3 Lyman lyman NN 36036 1104 4 1984 1984 CD 36036 1104 5 . . . 36036 1105 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1105 2 An an DT 36036 1105 3 Introduction introduction NN 36036 1105 4 to to IN 36036 1105 5 Statistical Statistical NNP 36036 1105 6 Methods Methods NNPS 36036 1105 7 and and CC 36036 1105 8 Data Data NNPS 36036 1105 9 Analysis Analysis NNP 36036 1105 10 . . . 36036 1105 11 _ _ NNP 36036 1105 12 Second Second NNP 36036 1105 13 edition edition NN 36036 1105 14 , , , 36036 1105 15 xi xi NNP 36036 1105 16 + + CC 36036 1105 17 775 775 CD 36036 1105 18 pages page NNS 36036 1105 19 , , , 36036 1105 20 118 118 CD 36036 1105 21 figures figure NNS 36036 1105 22 , , , 36036 1105 23 169 169 CD 36036 1105 24 tables table NNS 36036 1105 25 , , , 36036 1105 26 1 1 CD 36036 1105 27 appendix appendix NNP 36036 1105 28 . . . 36036 1106 1 Boston Boston NNP 36036 1106 2 : : : 36036 1106 3 Duxbury Duxbury NNP 36036 1106 4 Press Press NNP 36036 1106 5 . . . 36036 1107 1 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 1107 2 - - HYPH 36036 1107 3 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 1107 4 , , , 36036 1107 5 I. i. NN 36036 1108 1 1975 1975 CD 36036 1108 2 . . . 36036 1109 1 Procyonids Procyonids NNPS 36036 1109 2 and and CC 36036 1109 3 Pandas Pandas NNP 36036 1109 4 . . . 36036 1110 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1110 2 In in IN 36036 1110 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1110 4 Rudolf Rudolf NNP 36036 1110 5 Altevogt Altevogt NNP 36036 1110 6 , , , 36036 1110 7 Renate Renate NNP 36036 1110 8 Angermann Angermann NNP 36036 1110 9 , , , 36036 1110 10 Heinrich Heinrich NNP 36036 1110 11 Dathe Dathe NNP 36036 1110 12 , , , 36036 1110 13 Bernhard Bernhard NNP 36036 1110 14 Grzimek Grzimek NNP 36036 1110 15 , , , 36036 1110 16 Konrad Konrad NNP 36036 1110 17 Herter Herter NNP 36036 1110 18 , , , 36036 1110 19 Detlef Detlef NNP 36036 1110 20 Müller Müller NNP 36036 1110 21 - - HYPH 36036 1110 22 Using Using NNP 36036 1110 23 , , , 36036 1110 24 Urs Urs NNP 36036 1110 25 Rahm Rahm NNP 36036 1110 26 , , , 36036 1110 27 and and CC 36036 1110 28 Erich Erich NNP 36036 1110 29 Thenius Thenius NNP 36036 1110 30 , , , 36036 1110 31 editors editor NNS 36036 1110 32 , , , 36036 1110 33 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1110 34 III iii CD 36036 1110 35 . . . 36036 1111 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1111 2 Grzimek Grzimek NNP 36036 1111 3 's 's POS 36036 1111 4 Animal Animal NNP 36036 1111 5 Life Life NNP 36036 1111 6 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP 36036 1111 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1111 8 , , , 36036 1111 9 12:90 12:90 CD 36036 1111 10 - - SYM 36036 1111 11 116 116 CD 36036 1111 12 , , , 36036 1111 13 14 14 CD 36036 1111 14 figures figure NNS 36036 1111 15 , , , 36036 1111 16 5 5 CD 36036 1111 17 plates plate NNS 36036 1111 18 . . . 36036 1112 1 New New NNP 36036 1112 2 York York NNP 36036 1112 3 : : : 36036 1112 4 Van Van NNP 36036 1112 5 Nostrand Nostrand NNP 36036 1112 6 and and CC 36036 1112 7 Reinhold Reinhold NNP 36036 1112 8 Company Company NNP 36036 1112 9 . . . 36036 1113 1 1987 1987 CD 36036 1113 2 . . . 36036 1114 1 Management management NN 36036 1114 2 and and CC 36036 1114 3 Breeding Breeding NNP 36036 1114 4 of of IN 36036 1114 5 the the DT 36036 1114 6 Ringtail Ringtail NNP 36036 1114 7 or or CC 36036 1114 8 Cacomistle Cacomistle NNP 36036 1114 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1114 10 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 1114 11 astutus astutus NN 36036 1114 12 _ _ NNP 36036 1114 13 in in IN 36036 1114 14 Captivity Captivity NNP 36036 1114 15 . . . 36036 1115 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1115 2 International International NNP 36036 1115 3 Zoo Zoo NNP 36036 1115 4 Yearbook Yearbook NNP 36036 1115 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1115 6 , , , 36036 1115 7 26:276 26:276 CD 36036 1115 8 - - SYM 36036 1115 9 280 280 CD 36036 1115 10 , , , 36036 1115 11 1 1 CD 36036 1115 12 table table NN 36036 1115 13 . . . 36036 1116 1 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 1116 2 - - HYPH 36036 1116 3 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 1116 4 , , , 36036 1116 5 I. i. NN 36036 1116 6 , , , 36036 1116 7 and and CC 36036 1116 8 Ingeborg Ingeborg NNP 36036 1116 9 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 1116 10 - - HYPH 36036 1116 11 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 1116 12 1980 1980 CD 36036 1116 13 . . . 36036 1117 1 Gestation Gestation NNP 36036 1117 2 Period Period NNP 36036 1117 3 and and CC 36036 1117 4 Parturition Parturition NNP 36036 1117 5 of of IN 36036 1117 6 the the DT 36036 1117 7 Ringtail Ringtail NNP 36036 1117 8 _ _ NNP 36036 1117 9 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 1117 10 astutus astutus NN 36036 1117 11 _ _ NNP 36036 1117 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1117 13 Liechtenstein Liechtenstein NNP 36036 1117 14 , , , 36036 1117 15 1830 1830 CD 36036 1117 16 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1117 17 . . . 36036 1118 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1118 2 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 36036 1118 3 für für NN 36036 1118 4 Saügetierkunde Saügetierkunde NNP 36036 1118 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1118 6 , , , 36036 1118 7 45:73 45:73 CD 36036 1118 8 - - SYM 36036 1118 9 81 81 CD 36036 1118 10 , , , 36036 1118 11 1 1 CD 36036 1118 12 figure figure NN 36036 1118 13 . . . 36036 1119 1 Poglayen Poglayen NNP 36036 1119 2 - - HYPH 36036 1119 3 Neuwall Neuwall NNP 36036 1119 4 , , , 36036 1119 5 Ivo Ivo NNP 36036 1119 6 , , , 36036 1119 7 and and CC 36036 1119 8 Dale Dale NNP 36036 1119 9 E. E. NNP 36036 1119 10 Toweill Toweill NNP 36036 1119 11 1988 1988 CD 36036 1119 12 . . . 36036 1120 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1120 2 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 1120 3 astutus astutus NN 36036 1120 4 . . . 36036 1120 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1120 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1120 7 Mammalian Mammalian NNP 36036 1120 8 Species Species NNPS 36036 1120 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1120 10 , , , 36036 1120 11 327:1 327:1 CD 36036 1120 12 - - SYM 36036 1120 13 8 8 CD 36036 1120 14 , , , 36036 1120 15 4 4 CD 36036 1120 16 figures figure NNS 36036 1120 17 . . . 36036 1121 1 Prosser Prosser NNP 36036 1121 2 , , , 36036 1121 3 C. C. NNP 36036 1121 4 Ladd Ladd NNP 36036 1121 5 1986 1986 CD 36036 1121 6 . . . 36036 1122 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1122 2 Adaptational Adaptational NNP 36036 1122 3 Biology Biology NNP 36036 1122 4 : : : 36036 1122 5 Molecules molecule NNS 36036 1122 6 to to IN 36036 1122 7 Organisms Organisms NNP 36036 1122 8 . . . 36036 1122 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1122 10 vii vii NN 36036 1122 11 + + CC 36036 1122 12 784 784 CD 36036 1122 13 pages page NNS 36036 1122 14 , , , 36036 1122 15 226 226 CD 36036 1122 16 figures figure NNS 36036 1122 17 , , , 36036 1122 18 22 22 CD 36036 1122 19 tables table NNS 36036 1122 20 . . . 36036 1123 1 New New NNP 36036 1123 2 York York NNP 36036 1123 3 : : : 36036 1123 4 John John NNP 36036 1123 5 Wiley Wiley NNP 36036 1123 6 and and CC 36036 1123 7 Sons Sons NNPS 36036 1123 8 , , , 36036 1123 9 Incorporated Incorporated NNP 36036 1123 10 . . . 36036 1124 1 Prothero Prothero NNP 36036 1124 2 , , , 36036 1124 3 John John NNP 36036 1124 4 1984 1984 CD 36036 1124 5 . . . 36036 1125 1 Scaling scale VBG 36036 1125 2 of of IN 36036 1125 3 Standard Standard NNP 36036 1125 4 Energy Energy NNP 36036 1125 5 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1125 6 in in IN 36036 1125 7 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1125 8 , , , 36036 1125 9 I -PRON- PRP 36036 1125 10 : : : 36036 1125 11 Neglect Neglect NNP 36036 1125 12 of of IN 36036 1125 13 Circadian Circadian NNP 36036 1125 14 Rhythms rhythm NNS 36036 1125 15 . . . 36036 1126 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1126 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1126 3 of of IN 36036 1126 4 Theoretical Theoretical NNP 36036 1126 5 Biology Biology NNP 36036 1126 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1126 7 , , , 36036 1126 8 106:1 106:1 CD 36036 1126 9 - - SYM 36036 1126 10 8 8 CD 36036 1126 11 , , , 36036 1126 12 2 2 CD 36036 1126 13 tables table NNS 36036 1126 14 . . . 36036 1127 1 Raven Raven NNP 36036 1127 2 , , , 36036 1127 3 Peter Peter NNP 36036 1127 4 H. H. NNP 36036 1127 5 , , , 36036 1127 6 and and CC 36036 1127 7 Daniel Daniel NNP 36036 1127 8 I. I. NNP 36036 1127 9 Axelrod Axelrod NNP 36036 1127 10 1975 1975 CD 36036 1127 11 . . . 36036 1128 1 History history NN 36036 1128 2 of of IN 36036 1128 3 the the DT 36036 1128 4 Flora Flora NNP 36036 1128 5 and and CC 36036 1128 6 Fauna Fauna NNP 36036 1128 7 of of IN 36036 1128 8 Latin Latin NNP 36036 1128 9 America America NNP 36036 1128 10 . . . 36036 1129 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1129 2 American American NNP 36036 1129 3 Scientist Scientist NNP 36036 1129 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1129 5 , , , 36036 1129 6 63:420 63:420 CD 36036 1129 7 - - SYM 36036 1129 8 429 429 CD 36036 1129 9 , , , 36036 1129 10 10 10 CD 36036 1129 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1129 12 . . . 36036 1130 1 Robbins Robbins NNP 36036 1130 2 , , , 36036 1130 3 Charles Charles NNP 36036 1130 4 T. T. NNP 36036 1130 5 1983 1983 CD 36036 1130 6 . . . 36036 1131 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1131 2 Wildlife Wildlife NNP 36036 1131 3 Feeding Feeding NNP 36036 1131 4 and and CC 36036 1131 5 Nutrition Nutrition NNP 36036 1131 6 . . . 36036 1131 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1131 8 xvi xvi NNP 36036 1131 9 + + CC 36036 1131 10 343 343 CD 36036 1131 11 pages page NNS 36036 1131 12 , , , 36036 1131 13 97 97 CD 36036 1131 14 figures figure NNS 36036 1131 15 , , , 36036 1131 16 56 56 CD 36036 1131 17 tables table NNS 36036 1131 18 . . . 36036 1132 1 New New NNP 36036 1132 2 York York NNP 36036 1132 3 : : : 36036 1132 4 Academic Academic NNP 36036 1132 5 Press Press NNP 36036 1132 6 . . . 36036 1133 1 Russell Russell NNP 36036 1133 2 , , , 36036 1133 3 James James NNP 36036 1133 4 K. K. NNP 36036 1133 5 1983 1983 CD 36036 1133 6 . . . 36036 1134 1 Altruism Altruism NNP 36036 1134 2 in in IN 36036 1134 3 Coati Coati NNP 36036 1134 4 Bands Bands NNPS 36036 1134 5 : : : 36036 1134 6 Nepotism nepotism NN 36036 1134 7 or or CC 36036 1134 8 Reciprocity reciprocity NN 36036 1134 9 ? ? . 36036 1135 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1135 2 In in IN 36036 1135 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1135 4 Samuel Samuel NNP 36036 1135 5 K. K. NNP 36036 1135 6 Wasser Wasser NNP 36036 1135 7 , , , 36036 1135 8 editor editor NN 36036 1135 9 , , , 36036 1135 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1135 11 Social Social NNP 36036 1135 12 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1135 13 of of IN 36036 1135 14 Female Female NNP 36036 1135 15 Vertebrates Vertebrates NNPS 36036 1135 16 _ _ NNP 36036 1135 17 , , , 36036 1135 18 pages page VBZ 36036 1135 19 263 263 CD 36036 1135 20 - - SYM 36036 1135 21 290 290 CD 36036 1135 22 , , , 36036 1135 23 8 8 CD 36036 1135 24 figures figure NNS 36036 1135 25 , , , 36036 1135 26 3 3 CD 36036 1135 27 tables table NNS 36036 1135 28 . . . 36036 1136 1 New New NNP 36036 1136 2 York York NNP 36036 1136 3 : : : 36036 1136 4 Academic Academic NNP 36036 1136 5 Press Press NNP 36036 1136 6 . . . 36036 1137 1 Sanderson Sanderson NNP 36036 1137 2 , , , 36036 1137 3 G. G. NNP 36036 1137 4 C. C. NNP 36036 1137 5 1983 1983 CD 36036 1137 6 . . . 36036 1138 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1138 2 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 1138 3 lotor lotor NN 36036 1138 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1138 5 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1138 6 Mapache Mapache NNP 36036 1138 7 , , , 36036 1138 8 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 1138 9 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1138 10 . . . 36036 1139 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1139 2 In in IN 36036 1139 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1139 4 Daniel Daniel NNP 36036 1139 5 H. H. NNP 36036 1139 6 Janzen Janzen NNP 36036 1139 7 , , , 36036 1139 8 editor editor NN 36036 1139 9 , , , 36036 1139 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1139 11 Costa Costa NNP 36036 1139 12 Rican rican JJ 36036 1139 13 Natural Natural NNP 36036 1139 14 History History NNP 36036 1139 15 _ _ NNP 36036 1139 16 , , , 36036 1139 17 pages page VBZ 36036 1139 18 485 485 CD 36036 1139 19 - - SYM 36036 1139 20 488 488 CD 36036 1139 21 , , , 36036 1139 22 1 1 CD 36036 1139 23 figure figure NN 36036 1139 24 . . . 36036 1140 1 Chicago Chicago NNP 36036 1140 2 : : : 36036 1140 3 The the DT 36036 1140 4 University University NNP 36036 1140 5 of of IN 36036 1140 6 Chicago Chicago NNP 36036 1140 7 Press Press NNP 36036 1140 8 . . . 36036 1141 1 1987 1987 CD 36036 1141 2 . . . 36036 1142 1 Raccoon raccoon NN 36036 1142 2 . . . 36036 1143 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1143 2 In in IN 36036 1143 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1143 4 Milan Milan NNP 36036 1143 5 Novak Novak NNP 36036 1143 6 , , , 36036 1143 7 James James NNP 36036 1143 8 A. A. NNP 36036 1143 9 Baker Baker NNP 36036 1143 10 , , , 36036 1143 11 Martyn Martyn NNP 36036 1143 12 E. E. NNP 36036 1143 13 Obbard Obbard NNP 36036 1143 14 , , , 36036 1143 15 and and CC 36036 1143 16 Bruce Bruce NNP 36036 1143 17 Malloch Malloch NNP 36036 1143 18 , , , 36036 1143 19 editors editor NNS 36036 1143 20 , , , 36036 1143 21 _ _ NNP 36036 1143 22 Wild Wild NNP 36036 1143 23 Furbearer Furbearer NNP 36036 1143 24 Management Management NNP 36036 1143 25 and and CC 36036 1143 26 Conservation Conservation NNP 36036 1143 27 in in IN 36036 1143 28 North North NNP 36036 1143 29 America America NNP 36036 1143 30 _ _ NNP 36036 1143 31 , , , 36036 1143 32 pages page VBZ 36036 1143 33 486 486 CD 36036 1143 34 - - SYM 36036 1143 35 499 499 CD 36036 1143 36 , , , 36036 1143 37 10 10 CD 36036 1143 38 figures figure NNS 36036 1143 39 , , , 36036 1143 40 4 4 CD 36036 1143 41 tables table NNS 36036 1143 42 . . . 36036 1144 1 Ontario Ontario NNP 36036 1144 2 : : : 36036 1144 3 Ministry Ministry NNP 36036 1144 4 of of IN 36036 1144 5 Natural Natural NNP 36036 1144 6 Resources Resources NNPS 36036 1144 7 . . . 36036 1145 1 Sarich Sarich NNP 36036 1145 2 , , , 36036 1145 3 V. V. NNP 36036 1145 4 M. M. NNP 36036 1145 5 1976 1976 CD 36036 1145 6 . . . 36036 1146 1 Transferrin Transferrin NNP 36036 1146 2 . . . 36036 1147 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1147 2 Transactions Transactions NNPS 36036 1147 3 of of IN 36036 1147 4 the the DT 36036 1147 5 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 1147 6 Society Society NNP 36036 1147 7 of of IN 36036 1147 8 London London NNP 36036 1147 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1147 10 , , , 36036 1147 11 33:165 33:165 CD 36036 1147 12 - - SYM 36036 1147 13 171 171 CD 36036 1147 14 . . . 36036 1148 1 Schmitz Schmitz NNP 36036 1148 2 , , , 36036 1148 3 O. O. NNP 36036 1148 4 J. J. NNP 36036 1148 5 , , , 36036 1148 6 and and CC 36036 1148 7 D. D. NNP 36036 1148 8 M. M. NNP 36036 1148 9 Lavigne Lavigne NNP 36036 1148 10 1984 1984 CD 36036 1148 11 . . . 36036 1149 1 Intrinsic intrinsic JJ 36036 1149 2 Rate Rate NNP 36036 1149 3 of of IN 36036 1149 4 Increase Increase NNP 36036 1149 5 , , , 36036 1149 6 Body Body NNP 36036 1149 7 Size Size NNP 36036 1149 8 , , , 36036 1149 9 and and CC 36036 1149 10 Specific specific JJ 36036 1149 11 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 1149 12 Rate Rate NNP 36036 1149 13 in in IN 36036 1149 14 Marine Marine NNP 36036 1149 15 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1149 16 . . . 36036 1150 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1150 2 Oecologia Oecologia NNP 36036 1150 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1150 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1150 5 Berlin Berlin NNP 36036 1150 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1150 7 , , , 36036 1150 8 62:305 62:305 CD 36036 1150 9 - - SYM 36036 1150 10 309 309 CD 36036 1150 11 , , , 36036 1150 12 2 2 CD 36036 1150 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1150 14 , , , 36036 1150 15 2 2 CD 36036 1150 16 appendices appendix NNS 36036 1150 17 . . . 36036 1151 1 Schneider schneider NN 36036 1151 2 , , , 36036 1151 3 Dean Dean NNP 36036 1151 4 G. G. NNP 36036 1151 5 , , , 36036 1151 6 L. L. NNP 36036 1151 7 David David NNP 36036 1151 8 Mech Mech NNP 36036 1151 9 , , , 36036 1151 10 and and CC 36036 1151 11 John John NNP 36036 1151 12 R. R. NNP 36036 1151 13 Tester Tester NNP 36036 1151 14 1971 1971 CD 36036 1151 15 . . . 36036 1152 1 Movements movement NNS 36036 1152 2 of of IN 36036 1152 3 Female female JJ 36036 1152 4 Raccoons Raccoons NNPS 36036 1152 5 and and CC 36036 1152 6 Their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 1152 7 Young Young NNP 36036 1152 8 as as IN 36036 1152 9 Determined determine VBN 36036 1152 10 by by IN 36036 1152 11 Radio Radio NNP 36036 1152 12 - - HYPH 36036 1152 13 Tracking Tracking NNP 36036 1152 14 . . . 36036 1153 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1153 2 Animal Animal NNP 36036 1153 3 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1153 4 Monograph Monograph NNP 36036 1153 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1153 6 , , , 36036 1153 7 4:1 4:1 CD 36036 1153 8 - - SYM 36036 1153 9 43 43 CD 36036 1153 10 , , , 36036 1153 11 11 11 CD 36036 1153 12 figures figure NNS 36036 1153 13 , , , 36036 1153 14 6 6 CD 36036 1153 15 tables table NNS 36036 1153 16 . . . 36036 1154 1 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 1154 2 , , , 36036 1154 3 P. P. NNP 36036 1154 4 F. F. NNP 36036 1154 5 , , , 36036 1154 6 Vladimir Vladimir NNP 36036 1154 7 Walters Walters NNP 36036 1154 8 , , , 36036 1154 9 Raymond Raymond NNP 36036 1154 10 Hock Hock NNP 36036 1154 11 , , , 36036 1154 12 and and CC 36036 1154 13 Laurence Laurence NNP 36036 1154 14 Irving Irving NNP 36036 1154 15 1950a 1950a VBZ 36036 1154 16 . . . 36036 1155 1 Body body NN 36036 1155 2 Insulation insulation NN 36036 1155 3 of of IN 36036 1155 4 Some some DT 36036 1155 5 Arctic Arctic NNP 36036 1155 6 and and CC 36036 1155 7 Tropical Tropical NNP 36036 1155 8 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1155 9 and and CC 36036 1155 10 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 1155 11 . . . 36036 1156 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1156 2 Biological Biological NNP 36036 1156 3 Bulletin Bulletin NNP 36036 1156 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1156 5 , , , 36036 1156 6 99:225 99:225 CD 36036 1156 7 - - HYPH 36036 1156 8 236 236 CD 36036 1156 9 , , , 36036 1156 10 6 6 CD 36036 1156 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1156 12 . . . 36036 1157 1 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 1157 2 , , , 36036 1157 3 P. P. NNP 36036 1157 4 F. F. NNP 36036 1157 5 , , , 36036 1157 6 Raymond Raymond NNP 36036 1157 7 Hock Hock NNP 36036 1157 8 , , , 36036 1157 9 Vladimir Vladimir NNP 36036 1157 10 Walters Walters NNP 36036 1157 11 , , , 36036 1157 12 Fred Fred NNP 36036 1157 13 Johnson Johnson NNP 36036 1157 14 , , , 36036 1157 15 and and CC 36036 1157 16 Laurence Laurence NNP 36036 1157 17 Irving Irving NNP 36036 1157 18 1950b 1950b NNS 36036 1157 19 . . . 36036 1158 1 Heat heat NN 36036 1158 2 Regulation Regulation NNP 36036 1158 3 in in IN 36036 1158 4 Some some DT 36036 1158 5 Arctic Arctic NNP 36036 1158 6 and and CC 36036 1158 7 Tropical Tropical NNP 36036 1158 8 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1158 9 and and CC 36036 1158 10 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 1158 11 . . . 36036 1159 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1159 2 Biological Biological NNP 36036 1159 3 Bulletin Bulletin NNP 36036 1159 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1159 5 , , , 36036 1159 6 99:237 99:237 CD 36036 1159 7 - - HYPH 36036 1159 8 258 258 CD 36036 1159 9 , , , 36036 1159 10 11 11 CD 36036 1159 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1159 12 , , , 36036 1159 13 2 2 CD 36036 1159 14 tables table NNS 36036 1159 15 . . . 36036 1160 1 Scholander Scholander NNP 36036 1160 2 , , , 36036 1160 3 P. P. NNP 36036 1160 4 F. F. NNP 36036 1160 5 , , , 36036 1160 6 Raymond Raymond NNP 36036 1160 7 Hock Hock NNP 36036 1160 8 , , , 36036 1160 9 Vladimir Vladimir NNP 36036 1160 10 Walters Walters NNP 36036 1160 11 , , , 36036 1160 12 and and CC 36036 1160 13 Laurence Laurence NNP 36036 1160 14 Irving Irving NNP 36036 1160 15 1950c 1950c VBZ 36036 1160 16 . . . 36036 1161 1 Adaptation adaptation NN 36036 1161 2 to to IN 36036 1161 3 Cold Cold NNP 36036 1161 4 in in IN 36036 1161 5 Arctic Arctic NNP 36036 1161 6 and and CC 36036 1161 7 Tropical Tropical NNP 36036 1161 8 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1161 9 and and CC 36036 1161 10 Birds Birds NNPS 36036 1161 11 in in IN 36036 1161 12 Relation Relation NNP 36036 1161 13 to to IN 36036 1161 14 Body Body NNP 36036 1161 15 Temperature temperature NN 36036 1161 16 , , , 36036 1161 17 Insulation insulation NN 36036 1161 18 , , , 36036 1161 19 and and CC 36036 1161 20 Basal Basal NNP 36036 1161 21 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 1161 22 Rate Rate NNP 36036 1161 23 . . . 36036 1162 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1162 2 Biological Biological NNP 36036 1162 3 Bulletin Bulletin NNP 36036 1162 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1162 5 , , , 36036 1162 6 99:259 99:259 CD 36036 1162 7 - - SYM 36036 1162 8 271 271 CD 36036 1162 9 , , , 36036 1162 10 3 3 CD 36036 1162 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1162 12 , , , 36036 1162 13 3 3 CD 36036 1162 14 tables table NNS 36036 1162 15 . . . 36036 1163 1 Segall Segall NNP 36036 1163 2 , , , 36036 1163 3 Walter Walter NNP 36036 1163 4 1943 1943 CD 36036 1163 5 . . . 36036 1164 1 The the DT 36036 1164 2 Auditory Auditory NNP 36036 1164 3 Region Region NNP 36036 1164 4 of of IN 36036 1164 5 the the DT 36036 1164 6 Arctoid Arctoid NNP 36036 1164 7 Carnivores Carnivores NNPS 36036 1164 8 . . . 36036 1165 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1165 2 Zoological Zoological NNP 36036 1165 3 Series Series NNP 36036 1165 4 of of IN 36036 1165 5 Field Field NNP 36036 1165 6 Museum Museum NNP 36036 1165 7 of of IN 36036 1165 8 Natural Natural NNP 36036 1165 9 History History NNP 36036 1165 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1165 11 , , , 36036 1165 12 29:33 29:33 CD 36036 1165 13 - - SYM 36036 1165 14 59 59 CD 36036 1165 15 , , , 36036 1165 16 4 4 CD 36036 1165 17 figures figure NNS 36036 1165 18 . . . 36036 1166 1 Seidensticker Seidensticker NNP 36036 1166 2 , , , 36036 1166 3 John John NNP 36036 1166 4 , , , 36036 1166 5 A. A. NNP 36036 1166 6 J. J. NNP 36036 1166 7 T. T. NNP 36036 1166 8 Johnsingh Johnsingh NNP 36036 1166 9 , , , 36036 1166 10 Rebecca Rebecca NNP 36036 1166 11 Ross Ross NNP 36036 1166 12 , , , 36036 1166 13 Greg Greg NNP 36036 1166 14 Sanders Sanders NNP 36036 1166 15 , , , 36036 1166 16 and and CC 36036 1166 17 Maryla Maryla NNP 36036 1166 18 B. B. NNP 36036 1166 19 Webb Webb NNP 36036 1166 20 1988 1988 CD 36036 1166 21 . . . 36036 1167 1 Raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 1167 2 and and CC 36036 1167 3 Rabies Rabies NNPS 36036 1167 4 in in IN 36036 1167 5 Appalachian Appalachian NNP 36036 1167 6 Mountain Mountain NNP 36036 1167 7 Hollows Hollows NNP 36036 1167 8 . . . 36036 1168 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1168 2 National National NNP 36036 1168 3 Geographic Geographic NNP 36036 1168 4 Research Research NNP 36036 1168 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1168 6 , , , 36036 1168 7 4:359 4:359 CD 36036 1168 8 - - SYM 36036 1168 9 370 370 CD 36036 1168 10 , , , 36036 1168 11 4 4 CD 36036 1168 12 figures figure NNS 36036 1168 13 , , , 36036 1168 14 7 7 CD 36036 1168 15 tables table NNS 36036 1168 16 . . . 36036 1169 1 Sharp sharp JJ 36036 1169 2 , , , 36036 1169 3 Ward Ward NNP 36036 1169 4 M. M. NNP 36036 1169 5 , , , 36036 1169 6 and and CC 36036 1169 7 Louise Louise NNP 36036 1169 8 H. H. NNP 36036 1169 9 Sharp Sharp NNP 36036 1169 10 1956 1956 CD 36036 1169 11 . . . 36036 1170 1 Nocturnal Nocturnal NNP 36036 1170 2 Movements Movements NNPS 36036 1170 3 and and CC 36036 1170 4 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1170 5 of of IN 36036 1170 6 Wild Wild NNP 36036 1170 7 Raccoons Raccoons NNP 36036 1170 8 at at IN 36036 1170 9 a a DT 36036 1170 10 Winter Winter NNP 36036 1170 11 Feeding Feeding NNP 36036 1170 12 Station Station NNP 36036 1170 13 . . . 36036 1171 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1171 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1171 3 of of IN 36036 1171 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 1171 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1171 6 , , , 36036 1171 7 37:170 37:170 CD 36036 1171 8 - - SYM 36036 1171 9 177 177 CD 36036 1171 10 , , , 36036 1171 11 2 2 CD 36036 1171 12 figures figure NNS 36036 1171 13 . . . 36036 1172 1 Shield Shield NNP 36036 1172 2 , , , 36036 1172 3 John John NNP 36036 1172 4 1972 1972 CD 36036 1172 5 . . . 36036 1173 1 Acclimation Acclimation NNP 36036 1173 2 and and CC 36036 1173 3 Energy Energy NNP 36036 1173 4 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1173 5 of of IN 36036 1173 6 the the DT 36036 1173 7 Dingo Dingo NNP 36036 1173 8 , , , 36036 1173 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1173 10 Canis Canis NNP 36036 1173 11 dingo dingo VBZ 36036 1173 12 _ _ NNP 36036 1173 13 and and CC 36036 1173 14 the the DT 36036 1173 15 Coyote Coyote NNP 36036 1173 16 , , , 36036 1173 17 _ _ NNP 36036 1173 18 Canis Canis NNP 36036 1173 19 latrans latran NNS 36036 1173 20 _ _ NNP 36036 1173 21 . . . 36036 1174 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1174 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1174 3 of of IN 36036 1174 4 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1174 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1174 6 , , , 36036 1174 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1174 8 London London NNP 36036 1174 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1174 10 , , , 36036 1174 11 168:483 168:483 CD 36036 1174 12 - - SYM 36036 1174 13 501 501 CD 36036 1174 14 , , , 36036 1174 15 3 3 CD 36036 1174 16 figures figure NNS 36036 1174 17 , , , 36036 1174 18 9 9 CD 36036 1174 19 tables table NNS 36036 1174 20 . . . 36036 1175 1 Shkolnik Shkolnik NNP 36036 1175 2 , , , 36036 1175 3 Amiram Amiram NNP 36036 1175 4 , , , 36036 1175 5 and and CC 36036 1175 6 Knut Knut NNP 36036 1175 7 Schmidt Schmidt NNP 36036 1175 8 - - HYPH 36036 1175 9 Nielsen Nielsen NNP 36036 1175 10 1976 1976 CD 36036 1175 11 . . . 36036 1176 1 Temperature temperature NN 36036 1176 2 Regulation Regulation NNP 36036 1176 3 in in IN 36036 1176 4 Hedgehogs Hedgehogs NNP 36036 1176 5 from from IN 36036 1176 6 Temperate Temperate NNP 36036 1176 7 and and CC 36036 1176 8 Desert Desert NNP 36036 1176 9 Environments Environments NNPS 36036 1176 10 . . . 36036 1177 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1177 2 Physiological Physiological NNP 36036 1177 3 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1177 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1177 5 , , , 36036 1177 6 49:56 49:56 CD 36036 1177 7 - - SYM 36036 1177 8 64 64 CD 36036 1177 9 , , , 36036 1177 10 4 4 CD 36036 1177 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1177 12 , , , 36036 1177 13 1 1 CD 36036 1177 14 table table NN 36036 1177 15 . . . 36036 1178 1 Stains Stains NNP 36036 1178 2 , , , 36036 1178 3 Howard Howard NNP 36036 1178 4 J. J. NNP 36036 1179 1 1956 1956 CD 36036 1179 2 . . . 36036 1180 1 The the DT 36036 1180 2 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 1180 3 in in IN 36036 1180 4 Kansas Kansas NNP 36036 1180 5 , , , 36036 1180 6 Natural Natural NNP 36036 1180 7 History History NNP 36036 1180 8 , , , 36036 1180 9 Management Management NNP 36036 1180 10 , , , 36036 1180 11 and and CC 36036 1180 12 Economic economic JJ 36036 1180 13 Importance Importance NNP 36036 1180 14 . . . 36036 1181 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1181 2 University University NNP 36036 1181 3 of of IN 36036 1181 4 Kansas Kansas NNP 36036 1181 5 Museum Museum NNP 36036 1181 6 of of IN 36036 1181 7 Natural Natural NNP 36036 1181 8 History History NNP 36036 1181 9 and and CC 36036 1181 10 State State NNP 36036 1181 11 Biological Biological NNP 36036 1181 12 Survey Survey NNP 36036 1181 13 of of IN 36036 1181 14 Kansas Kansas NNP 36036 1181 15 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous NNP 36036 1181 16 Publication Publication NNP 36036 1181 17 _ _ NNP 36036 1181 18 , , , 36036 1181 19 10 10 CD 36036 1181 20 : : : 36036 1181 21 iv iv CD 36036 1181 22 + + SYM 36036 1181 23 76 76 CD 36036 1181 24 pages page NNS 36036 1181 25 , , , 36036 1181 26 14 14 CD 36036 1181 27 figures figure NNS 36036 1181 28 , , , 36036 1181 29 19 19 CD 36036 1181 30 tables table NNS 36036 1181 31 , , , 36036 1181 32 4 4 CD 36036 1181 33 plates plate NNS 36036 1181 34 . . . 36036 1182 1 Statistical statistical JJ 36036 1182 2 Analysis Analysis NNP 36036 1182 3 System System NNP 36036 1182 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1182 5 SAS SAS NNP 36036 1182 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1182 7 1982 1982 CD 36036 1182 8 . . . 36036 1183 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1183 2 A a DT 36036 1183 3 User User NNP 36036 1183 4 's 's POS 36036 1183 5 Guide Guide NNP 36036 1183 6 : : : 36036 1183 7 Statistics statistic NNS 36036 1183 8 . . . 36036 1183 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1183 10 Raleigh Raleigh NNP 36036 1183 11 : : : 36036 1183 12 SAS SAS NNP 36036 1183 13 Institute Institute NNP 36036 1183 14 , , , 36036 1183 15 Incorporated Incorporated NNP 36036 1183 16 . . . 36036 1184 1 Stuewer Stuewer NNP 36036 1184 2 , , , 36036 1184 3 Frederick Frederick NNP 36036 1184 4 W. W. NNP 36036 1184 5 1942 1942 CD 36036 1184 6 . . . 36036 1185 1 Studies Studies NNP 36036 1185 2 of of IN 36036 1185 3 Molting Molting NNP 36036 1185 4 and and CC 36036 1185 5 Priming Priming NNP 36036 1185 6 of of IN 36036 1185 7 Fur Fur NNP 36036 1185 8 of of IN 36036 1185 9 the the DT 36036 1185 10 Eastern Eastern NNP 36036 1185 11 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 1185 12 . . . 36036 1186 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1186 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1186 3 of of IN 36036 1186 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 1186 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1186 6 , , , 36036 1186 7 23:399 23:399 CD 36036 1186 8 - - SYM 36036 1186 9 404 404 CD 36036 1186 10 , , , 36036 1186 11 3 3 CD 36036 1186 12 figures figure NNS 36036 1186 13 , , , 36036 1186 14 1 1 CD 36036 1186 15 table table NN 36036 1186 16 . . . 36036 1187 1 1943 1943 CD 36036 1187 2 . . . 36036 1188 1 Raccoons raccoon NNS 36036 1188 2 : : : 36036 1188 3 Their -PRON- PRP$ 36036 1188 4 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 1188 5 and and CC 36036 1188 6 Management Management NNP 36036 1188 7 in in IN 36036 1188 8 Michigan Michigan NNP 36036 1188 9 . . . 36036 1189 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1189 2 Ecological Ecological NNP 36036 1189 3 Monographs Monographs NNP 36036 1189 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1189 5 , , , 36036 1189 6 13:203 13:203 CD 36036 1189 7 - - SYM 36036 1189 8 257 257 CD 36036 1189 9 , , , 36036 1189 10 55 55 CD 36036 1189 11 figures figure NNS 36036 1189 12 , , , 36036 1189 13 16 16 CD 36036 1189 14 tables table NNS 36036 1189 15 . . . 36036 1190 1 Tagle Tagle NNP 36036 1190 2 , , , 36036 1190 3 D. D. NNP 36036 1190 4 A. A. NNP 36036 1190 5 , , , 36036 1190 6 M. M. NNP 36036 1190 7 M. M. NNP 36036 1190 8 Miyamoto Miyamoto NNP 36036 1190 9 , , , 36036 1190 10 M. M. NNP 36036 1190 11 Goodman Goodman NNP 36036 1190 12 , , , 36036 1190 13 O. O. NNP 36036 1190 14 Hofmann Hofmann NNP 36036 1190 15 , , , 36036 1190 16 G. G. NNP 36036 1190 17 Braunitzer Braunitzer NNP 36036 1190 18 , , , 36036 1190 19 R. R. NNP 36036 1190 20 Göltenboth Göltenboth NNP 36036 1190 21 , , , 36036 1190 22 and and CC 36036 1190 23 H. H. NNP 36036 1190 24 Jalanka Jalanka NNP 36036 1190 25 1986 1986 CD 36036 1190 26 . . . 36036 1191 1 Hemoglobin Hemoglobin NNP 36036 1191 2 of of IN 36036 1191 3 Pandas Pandas NNP 36036 1191 4 : : : 36036 1191 5 Phylogenetic Phylogenetic NNP 36036 1191 6 Relationships Relationships NNPS 36036 1191 7 of of IN 36036 1191 8 Carnivores Carnivores NNPS 36036 1191 9 as as IN 36036 1191 10 Ascertained Ascertained NNP 36036 1191 11 with with IN 36036 1191 12 Protein Protein NNP 36036 1191 13 Sequence Sequence NNP 36036 1191 14 Data Data NNP 36036 1191 15 . . . 36036 1192 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1192 2 Naturwissenschaften Naturwissenschaften NNP 36036 1192 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1192 4 , , , 36036 1192 5 73:512 73:512 CD 36036 1192 6 - - HYPH 36036 1192 7 514 514 CD 36036 1192 8 , , , 36036 1192 9 2 2 CD 36036 1192 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1192 11 . . . 36036 1193 1 Taylor Taylor NNP 36036 1193 2 , , , 36036 1193 3 Walter Walter NNP 36036 1193 4 P. P. NNP 36036 1193 5 1954 1954 CD 36036 1193 6 . . . 36036 1194 1 Food Food NNP 36036 1194 2 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 1194 3 and and CC 36036 1194 4 Notes Notes NNPS 36036 1194 5 on on IN 36036 1194 6 Life Life NNP 36036 1194 7 History history NN 36036 1194 8 of of IN 36036 1194 9 the the DT 36036 1194 10 Ring ring NN 36036 1194 11 - - HYPH 36036 1194 12 tailed tail VBN 36036 1194 13 Cat Cat NNP 36036 1194 14 in in IN 36036 1194 15 Texas Texas NNP 36036 1194 16 . . . 36036 1195 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1195 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1195 3 of of IN 36036 1195 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 1195 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1195 6 , , , 36036 1195 7 35:55 35:55 CD 36036 1195 8 - - SYM 36036 1195 9 63 63 CD 36036 1195 10 , , , 36036 1195 11 1 1 CD 36036 1195 12 table table NN 36036 1195 13 . . . 36036 1196 1 Thompson Thompson NNP 36036 1196 2 , , , 36036 1196 3 S. S. NNP 36036 1196 4 D. D. NNP 36036 1196 5 1987 1987 CD 36036 1196 6 . . . 36036 1197 1 Body Body NNP 36036 1197 2 Size Size NNP 36036 1197 3 , , , 36036 1197 4 Duration Duration NNP 36036 1197 5 of of IN 36036 1197 6 Parental Parental NNP 36036 1197 7 Care Care NNP 36036 1197 8 , , , 36036 1197 9 and and CC 36036 1197 10 the the DT 36036 1197 11 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 36036 1197 12 Rate Rate NNP 36036 1197 13 of of IN 36036 1197 14 Natural natural JJ 36036 1197 15 Increase Increase NNP 36036 1197 16 in in IN 36036 1197 17 Eutherian eutherian JJ 36036 1197 18 and and CC 36036 1197 19 Metatherian metatherian JJ 36036 1197 20 Mammals mammal NNS 36036 1197 21 . . . 36036 1198 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1198 2 Oecologia Oecologia NNP 36036 1198 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1198 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1198 5 Berlin Berlin NNP 36036 1198 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1198 7 , , , 36036 1198 8 71:201 71:201 CD 36036 1198 9 - - SYM 36036 1198 10 209 209 CD 36036 1198 11 , , , 36036 1198 12 2 2 CD 36036 1198 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1198 14 , , , 36036 1198 15 3 3 CD 36036 1198 16 tables table NNS 36036 1198 17 , , , 36036 1198 18 1 1 CD 36036 1198 19 appendix appendix NNP 36036 1198 20 . . . 36036 1199 1 Thorkelson Thorkelson NNP 36036 1199 2 , , , 36036 1199 3 Jeffrey Jeffrey NNP 36036 1199 4 1972 1972 CD 36036 1199 5 . . . 36036 1200 1 Design design NN 36036 1200 2 and and CC 36036 1200 3 Testing testing NN 36036 1200 4 of of IN 36036 1200 5 a a DT 36036 1200 6 Heat Heat NNP 36036 1200 7 Transfer Transfer NNP 36036 1200 8 Model Model NNP 36036 1200 9 of of IN 36036 1200 10 a a DT 36036 1200 11 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 1200 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1200 13 _ _ NNP 36036 1200 14 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 1200 15 lotor lotor NN 36036 1200 16 _ _ NNP 36036 1200 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1200 18 in in IN 36036 1200 19 a a DT 36036 1200 20 Closed Closed NNP 36036 1200 21 Tree Tree NNP 36036 1200 22 Den Den NNP 36036 1200 23 . . . 36036 1201 1 xvii xvii NN 36036 1201 2 + + CC 36036 1201 3 95 95 CD 36036 1201 4 pages page NNS 36036 1201 5 , , , 36036 1201 6 35 35 CD 36036 1201 7 figures figure NNS 36036 1201 8 , , , 36036 1201 9 16 16 CD 36036 1201 10 tables table NNS 36036 1201 11 , , , 36036 1201 12 3 3 CD 36036 1201 13 appendices appendix NNS 36036 1201 14 . . . 36036 1202 1 Doctoral doctoral JJ 36036 1202 2 dissertation dissertation NN 36036 1202 3 , , , 36036 1202 4 Department Department NNP 36036 1202 5 of of IN 36036 1202 6 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1202 7 and and CC 36036 1202 8 Behavioral Behavioral NNP 36036 1202 9 Biology Biology NNP 36036 1202 10 , , , 36036 1202 11 University University NNP 36036 1202 12 of of IN 36036 1202 13 Minnesota Minnesota NNP 36036 1202 14 , , , 36036 1202 15 Minneapolis Minneapolis NNP 36036 1202 16 . . . 36036 1203 1 Thorkelson Thorkelson NNP 36036 1203 2 , , , 36036 1203 3 Jeffrey Jeffrey NNP 36036 1203 4 , , , 36036 1203 5 and and CC 36036 1203 6 Robert Robert NNP 36036 1203 7 K. K. NNP 36036 1203 8 Maxwell Maxwell NNP 36036 1203 9 1974 1974 CD 36036 1203 10 . . . 36036 1204 1 Design design NN 36036 1204 2 and and CC 36036 1204 3 Testing testing NN 36036 1204 4 of of IN 36036 1204 5 a a DT 36036 1204 6 Heat Heat NNP 36036 1204 7 Transfer Transfer NNP 36036 1204 8 Model Model NNP 36036 1204 9 of of IN 36036 1204 10 a a DT 36036 1204 11 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 1204 12 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1204 13 _ _ NNP 36036 1204 14 Procyon Procyon NNP 36036 1204 15 lotor lotor NN 36036 1204 16 _ _ NNP 36036 1204 17 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1204 18 in in IN 36036 1204 19 a a DT 36036 1204 20 Closed Closed NNP 36036 1204 21 Tree Tree NNP 36036 1204 22 Den Den NNP 36036 1204 23 . . . 36036 1205 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1205 2 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1205 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1205 4 , , , 36036 1205 5 55:29 55:29 CD 36036 1205 6 - - SYM 36036 1205 7 39 39 CD 36036 1205 8 , , , 36036 1205 9 6 6 CD 36036 1205 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1205 11 , , , 36036 1205 12 3 3 CD 36036 1205 13 tables table NNS 36036 1205 14 . . . 36036 1206 1 Todd Todd NNP 36036 1206 2 , , , 36036 1206 3 Neil Neil NNP 36036 1206 4 B. B. NNP 36036 1206 5 , , , 36036 1206 6 and and CC 36036 1206 7 Suzanne Suzanne NNP 36036 1206 8 R. R. NNP 36036 1206 9 Pressman Pressman NNP 36036 1206 10 1968 1968 CD 36036 1206 11 . . . 36036 1207 1 The the DT 36036 1207 2 Karyotype Karyotype NNP 36036 1207 3 of of IN 36036 1207 4 the the DT 36036 1207 5 Lesser Lesser NNP 36036 1207 6 Panda Panda NNP 36036 1207 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1207 8 _ _ NNP 36036 1207 9 Ailurus Ailurus NNP 36036 1207 10 fulgens fulgen VBZ 36036 1207 11 _ _ NNP 36036 1207 12 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1207 13 and and CC 36036 1207 14 General General NNP 36036 1207 15 Remarks Remarks NNPS 36036 1207 16 on on IN 36036 1207 17 the the DT 36036 1207 18 Phylogeny Phylogeny NNP 36036 1207 19 and and CC 36036 1207 20 Affinities Affinities NNPS 36036 1207 21 of of IN 36036 1207 22 the the DT 36036 1207 23 Panda Panda NNP 36036 1207 24 . . . 36036 1208 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1208 2 Carneige Carneige NNP 36036 1208 3 Genetics Genetics NNP 36036 1208 4 Newsletter Newsletter NNP 36036 1208 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1208 6 , , , 36036 1208 7 5:105 5:105 CD 36036 1208 8 - - HYPH 36036 1208 9 108 108 CD 36036 1208 10 , , , 36036 1208 11 2 2 CD 36036 1208 12 figures figure NNS 36036 1208 13 . . . 36036 1209 1 Toweill toweill NN 36036 1209 2 , , , 36036 1209 3 Dale Dale NNP 36036 1209 4 E. E. NNP 36036 1209 5 , , , 36036 1209 6 and and CC 36036 1209 7 James James NNP 36036 1209 8 G. G. NNP 36036 1209 9 Teer Teer NNP 36036 1209 10 1977 1977 CD 36036 1209 11 . . . 36036 1210 1 Food food NN 36036 1210 2 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 1210 3 of of IN 36036 1210 4 Ringtails ringtail NNS 36036 1210 5 in in IN 36036 1210 6 the the DT 36036 1210 7 Edwards Edwards NNP 36036 1210 8 Plateau Plateau NNP 36036 1210 9 Region Region NNP 36036 1210 10 of of IN 36036 1210 11 Texas Texas NNP 36036 1210 12 . . . 36036 1211 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1211 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1211 3 of of IN 36036 1211 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 1211 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1211 6 , , , 36036 1211 7 58:660 58:660 CD 36036 1211 8 - - SYM 36036 1211 9 663 663 CD 36036 1211 10 , , , 36036 1211 11 1 1 CD 36036 1211 12 table table NN 36036 1211 13 . . . 36036 1212 1 Toweill toweill NN 36036 1212 2 , , , 36036 1212 3 Dale Dale NNP 36036 1212 4 E. E. NNP 36036 1212 5 , , , 36036 1212 6 and and CC 36036 1212 7 Deyanne Deyanne NNP 36036 1212 8 B. B. NNP 36036 1212 9 Toweill Toweill NNP 36036 1212 10 1978 1978 CD 36036 1212 11 . . . 36036 1213 1 Growth growth NN 36036 1213 2 and and CC 36036 1213 3 Development Development NNP 36036 1213 4 of of IN 36036 1213 5 Captive Captive NNP 36036 1213 6 Ringtails Ringtails NNP 36036 1213 7 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1213 8 _ _ NNP 36036 1213 9 Bassariscus Bassariscus NNP 36036 1213 10 astutus astutus NN 36036 1213 11 flavus flavus NNP 36036 1213 12 _ _ NNP 36036 1213 13 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1213 14 . . . 36036 1214 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1214 2 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 1214 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1214 4 , , , 36036 1214 5 1:46 1:46 CD 36036 1214 6 - - SYM 36036 1214 7 53 53 CD 36036 1214 8 , , , 36036 1214 9 3 3 CD 36036 1214 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1214 11 , , , 36036 1214 12 2 2 CD 36036 1214 13 tables table NNS 36036 1214 14 . . . 36036 1215 1 Trapp trapp NN 36036 1215 2 , , , 36036 1215 3 Gene Gene NNP 36036 1215 4 R. R. NNP 36036 1215 5 1978 1978 CD 36036 1215 6 . . . 36036 1216 1 Comparative comparative JJ 36036 1216 2 Behavioral Behavioral NNP 36036 1216 3 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1216 4 of of IN 36036 1216 5 the the DT 36036 1216 6 Ringtail Ringtail NNP 36036 1216 7 and and CC 36036 1216 8 Gray Gray NNP 36036 1216 9 Fox Fox NNP 36036 1216 10 in in IN 36036 1216 11 Southwestern Southwestern NNP 36036 1216 12 Utah Utah NNP 36036 1216 13 . . . 36036 1217 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1217 2 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 1217 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1217 4 , , , 36036 1217 5 1:3 1:3 CD 36036 1217 6 - - SYM 36036 1217 7 32 32 CD 36036 1217 8 , , , 36036 1217 9 10 10 CD 36036 1217 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1217 11 , , , 36036 1217 12 13 13 CD 36036 1217 13 tables table NNS 36036 1217 14 , , , 36036 1217 15 1 1 CD 36036 1217 16 appendix appendix NNP 36036 1217 17 . . . 36036 1218 1 United United NNP 36036 1218 2 States States NNP 36036 1218 3 Department Department NNP 36036 1218 4 of of IN 36036 1218 5 the the DT 36036 1218 6 Interior Interior NNP 36036 1218 7 Geological Geological NNP 36036 1218 8 Survey Survey NNP 36036 1218 9 1972 1972 CD 36036 1218 10 . . . 36036 1219 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1219 2 Front Front NNP 36036 1219 3 Royal Royal NNP 36036 1219 4 Quadrangle Quadrangle NNP 36036 1219 5 N3852.5-W7807.5/7.5 N3852.5-W7807.5/7.5 NNP 36036 1219 6 . . . 36036 1219 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1219 8 AMS AMS NNP 36036 1219 9 5361 5361 CD 36036 1219 10 I I NNP 36036 1219 11 NW NW NNP 36036 1219 12 - - HYPH 36036 1219 13 Series Series NNP 36036 1219 14 V034 V034 NNP 36036 1219 15 . . . 36036 1220 1 Vogel Vogel NNP 36036 1220 2 , , , 36036 1220 3 Peter Peter NNP 36036 1220 4 1980 1980 CD 36036 1220 5 . . . 36036 1221 1 Metabolic Metabolic NNP 36036 1221 2 Levels Levels NNP 36036 1221 3 and and CC 36036 1221 4 Biological Biological NNP 36036 1221 5 Strategies Strategies NNPS 36036 1221 6 in in IN 36036 1221 7 Shrews Shrews NNP 36036 1221 8 . . . 36036 1222 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1222 2 In in IN 36036 1222 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1222 4 Knut Knut NNP 36036 1222 5 Schmidt Schmidt NNP 36036 1222 6 - - HYPH 36036 1222 7 Nielsen Nielsen NNP 36036 1222 8 , , , 36036 1222 9 Liana Liana NNP 36036 1222 10 Bolis Bolis NNP 36036 1222 11 , , , 36036 1222 12 and and CC 36036 1222 13 C. C. NNP 36036 1222 14 Richard Richard NNP 36036 1222 15 Taylor Taylor NNP 36036 1222 16 , , , 36036 1222 17 editors editor NNS 36036 1222 18 , , , 36036 1222 19 _ _ NNP 36036 1222 20 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 1222 21 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 1222 22 : : : 36036 1222 23 Primitive Primitive NNP 36036 1222 24 Mammals Mammals NNPS 36036 1222 25 _ _ NNP 36036 1222 26 , , , 36036 1222 27 pages page VBZ 36036 1222 28 170 170 CD 36036 1222 29 - - SYM 36036 1222 30 180 180 CD 36036 1222 31 , , , 36036 1222 32 2 2 CD 36036 1222 33 figures figure NNS 36036 1222 34 , , , 36036 1222 35 1 1 CD 36036 1222 36 table table NN 36036 1222 37 . . . 36036 1223 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 36036 1223 2 : : : 36036 1223 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 36036 1223 4 University University NNP 36036 1223 5 Press Press NNP 36036 1223 6 . . . 36036 1224 1 Wang Wang NNP 36036 1224 2 , , , 36036 1224 3 Lawrence Lawrence NNP 36036 1224 4 C. C. NNP 36036 1224 5 H. H. NNP 36036 1224 6 , , , 36036 1224 7 Douglas Douglas NNP 36036 1224 8 L. L. NNP 36036 1224 9 Jones Jones NNP 36036 1224 10 , , , 36036 1224 11 Robert Robert NNP 36036 1224 12 A. A. NNP 36036 1224 13 MacArthur MacArthur NNP 36036 1224 14 , , , 36036 1224 15 and and CC 36036 1224 16 William William NNP 36036 1224 17 A. A. NNP 36036 1224 18 Fuller Fuller NNP 36036 1224 19 1973 1973 CD 36036 1224 20 . . . 36036 1225 1 Adaptation adaptation NN 36036 1225 2 to to IN 36036 1225 3 Cold Cold NNP 36036 1225 4 : : : 36036 1225 5 Energy Energy NNP 36036 1225 6 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1225 7 in in IN 36036 1225 8 an an DT 36036 1225 9 Atypical Atypical NNP 36036 1225 10 Lagomorph Lagomorph NNP 36036 1225 11 , , , 36036 1225 12 the the DT 36036 1225 13 Arctic Arctic NNP 36036 1225 14 Hare Hare NNP 36036 1225 15 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1225 16 _ _ NNP 36036 1225 17 Lepus Lepus NNP 36036 1225 18 arcticus arcticus NN 36036 1225 19 _ _ NNP 36036 1225 20 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1225 21 . . . 36036 1226 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1226 2 Canadian Canadian NNP 36036 1226 3 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1226 4 of of IN 36036 1226 5 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1226 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1226 7 , , , 36036 1226 8 51:841 51:841 CD 36036 1226 9 - - HYPH 36036 1226 10 846 846 CD 36036 1226 11 , , , 36036 1226 12 1 1 CD 36036 1226 13 figure figure NN 36036 1226 14 , , , 36036 1226 15 2 2 CD 36036 1226 16 tables table NNS 36036 1226 17 . . . 36036 1227 1 Wayne Wayne NNP 36036 1227 2 , , , 36036 1227 3 Robert Robert NNP 36036 1227 4 K. K. NNP 36036 1227 5 , , , 36036 1227 6 Raoul Raoul NNP 36036 1227 7 E. E. NNP 36036 1227 8 Benveniste Benveniste NNP 36036 1227 9 , , , 36036 1227 10 Dianne Dianne NNP 36036 1227 11 N. N. NNP 36036 1227 12 Janczewski Janczewski NNP 36036 1227 13 , , , 36036 1227 14 and and CC 36036 1227 15 Stephen Stephen NNP 36036 1227 16 J. J. NNP 36036 1227 17 O'Brien O'Brien NNP 36036 1227 18 1989 1989 CD 36036 1227 19 . . . 36036 1228 1 Molecular Molecular NNP 36036 1228 2 and and CC 36036 1228 3 Biochemical Biochemical NNP 36036 1228 4 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 1228 5 of of IN 36036 1228 6 the the DT 36036 1228 7 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 1228 8 . . . 36036 1229 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1229 2 In in IN 36036 1229 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1229 4 John John NNP 36036 1229 5 L. L. NNP 36036 1229 6 Gittleman Gittleman NNP 36036 1229 7 , , , 36036 1229 8 editor editor NN 36036 1229 9 , , , 36036 1229 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1229 11 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 1229 12 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1229 13 , , , 36036 1229 14 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1229 15 , , , 36036 1229 16 and and CC 36036 1229 17 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 1229 18 _ _ NNP 36036 1229 19 , , , 36036 1229 20 pages page VBZ 36036 1229 21 465 465 CD 36036 1229 22 - - SYM 36036 1229 23 494 494 CD 36036 1229 24 , , , 36036 1229 25 5 5 CD 36036 1229 26 figures figure NNS 36036 1229 27 , , , 36036 1229 28 2 2 CD 36036 1229 29 tables table NNS 36036 1229 30 . . . 36036 1230 1 Ithaca ithaca NN 36036 1230 2 : : : 36036 1230 3 Cornell Cornell NNP 36036 1230 4 University University NNP 36036 1230 5 Press Press NNP 36036 1230 6 . . . 36036 1231 1 Webb Webb NNP 36036 1231 2 , , , 36036 1231 3 S. S. NNP 36036 1231 4 David David NNP 36036 1231 5 1977 1977 CD 36036 1231 6 . . . 36036 1232 1 A a DT 36036 1232 2 History history NN 36036 1232 3 of of IN 36036 1232 4 Savanna Savanna NNP 36036 1232 5 Vertebrates Vertebrates NNPS 36036 1232 6 in in IN 36036 1232 7 the the DT 36036 1232 8 New New NNP 36036 1232 9 World World NNP 36036 1232 10 , , , 36036 1232 11 Part Part NNP 36036 1232 12 I -PRON- PRP 36036 1232 13 : : : 36036 1232 14 North North NNP 36036 1232 15 America America NNP 36036 1232 16 . . . 36036 1233 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1233 2 Annual Annual NNP 36036 1233 3 Review Review NNP 36036 1233 4 of of IN 36036 1233 5 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1233 6 and and CC 36036 1233 7 Systematics Systematics NNP 36036 1233 8 _ _ NNP 36036 1233 9 , , , 36036 1233 10 8:355 8:355 CD 36036 1233 11 - - SYM 36036 1233 12 380 380 CD 36036 1233 13 , , , 36036 1233 14 2 2 CD 36036 1233 15 figures figure NNS 36036 1233 16 . . . 36036 1234 1 1978 1978 CD 36036 1234 2 . . . 36036 1235 1 A a DT 36036 1235 2 History history NN 36036 1235 3 of of IN 36036 1235 4 Savanna Savanna NNP 36036 1235 5 Vertebrates Vertebrates NNPS 36036 1235 6 in in IN 36036 1235 7 the the DT 36036 1235 8 New New NNP 36036 1235 9 World World NNP 36036 1235 10 , , , 36036 1235 11 Part Part NNP 36036 1235 12 II II NNP 36036 1235 13 : : : 36036 1235 14 South South NNP 36036 1235 15 America America NNP 36036 1235 16 and and CC 36036 1235 17 the the DT 36036 1235 18 Great Great NNP 36036 1235 19 Interchange Interchange NNP 36036 1235 20 . . . 36036 1236 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1236 2 Annual Annual NNP 36036 1236 3 Review Review NNP 36036 1236 4 of of IN 36036 1236 5 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1236 6 and and CC 36036 1236 7 Systematics Systematics NNP 36036 1236 8 _ _ NNP 36036 1236 9 , , , 36036 1236 10 9:393 9:393 CD 36036 1236 11 - - HYPH 36036 1236 12 426 426 CD 36036 1236 13 , , , 36036 1236 14 1 1 CD 36036 1236 15 table table NN 36036 1236 16 . . . 36036 1237 1 1985a 1985a LS 36036 1237 2 . . . 36036 1238 1 Main main JJ 36036 1238 2 Pathways pathway NNS 36036 1238 3 of of IN 36036 1238 4 Mammalian Mammalian NNP 36036 1238 5 Diversification Diversification NNP 36036 1238 6 in in IN 36036 1238 7 North North NNP 36036 1238 8 America America NNP 36036 1238 9 . . . 36036 1239 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1239 2 In in IN 36036 1239 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1239 4 F. F. NNP 36036 1239 5 G. G. NNP 36036 1239 6 Stehli Stehli NNP 36036 1239 7 and and CC 36036 1239 8 S. S. NNP 36036 1239 9 D. D. NNP 36036 1239 10 Webb Webb NNP 36036 1239 11 , , , 36036 1239 12 editors editor NNS 36036 1239 13 , , , 36036 1239 14 _ _ NNP 36036 1239 15 The the DT 36036 1239 16 Great Great NNP 36036 1239 17 American American NNP 36036 1239 18 Biotic Biotic NNP 36036 1239 19 Interchange Interchange NNP 36036 1239 20 _ _ NNP 36036 1239 21 , , , 36036 1239 22 pages page VBZ 36036 1239 23 201 201 CD 36036 1239 24 - - SYM 36036 1239 25 217 217 CD 36036 1239 26 , , , 36036 1239 27 1 1 CD 36036 1239 28 figure figure NN 36036 1239 29 , , , 36036 1239 30 1 1 CD 36036 1239 31 table table NN 36036 1239 32 . . . 36036 1240 1 New New NNP 36036 1240 2 York York NNP 36036 1240 3 : : : 36036 1240 4 Plenum Plenum NNP 36036 1240 5 Publishing Publishing NNP 36036 1240 6 . . . 36036 1241 1 1985b 1985b CD 36036 1241 2 . . . 36036 1242 1 Late late JJ 36036 1242 2 Cenozoic Cenozoic NNP 36036 1242 3 Mammal mammal JJ 36036 1242 4 Dispersals dispersal NNS 36036 1242 5 between between IN 36036 1242 6 the the DT 36036 1242 7 Americas Americas NNPS 36036 1242 8 . . . 36036 1243 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1243 2 In in IN 36036 1243 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1243 4 F. F. NNP 36036 1243 5 G. G. NNP 36036 1243 6 Stehli Stehli NNP 36036 1243 7 and and CC 36036 1243 8 S. S. NNP 36036 1243 9 D. D. NNP 36036 1243 10 Webb Webb NNP 36036 1243 11 , , , 36036 1243 12 editors editor NNS 36036 1243 13 . . . 36036 1244 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1244 2 The the DT 36036 1244 3 Great Great NNP 36036 1244 4 American American NNP 36036 1244 5 Biotic Biotic NNP 36036 1244 6 Interchange Interchange NNP 36036 1244 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1244 8 , , , 36036 1244 9 pages page VBZ 36036 1244 10 357 357 CD 36036 1244 11 - - SYM 36036 1244 12 386 386 CD 36036 1244 13 , , , 36036 1244 14 3 3 CD 36036 1244 15 figures figure NNS 36036 1244 16 , , , 36036 1244 17 1 1 CD 36036 1244 18 table table NN 36036 1244 19 . . . 36036 1245 1 New New NNP 36036 1245 2 York York NNP 36036 1245 3 : : : 36036 1245 4 Plenum Plenum NNP 36036 1245 5 Publishing Publishing NNP 36036 1245 6 . . . 36036 1246 1 Whitney Whitney NNP 36036 1246 2 , , , 36036 1246 3 Leon Leon NNP 36036 1246 4 F. F. NNP 36036 1246 5 , , , 36036 1246 6 and and CC 36036 1246 7 Acil Acil NNP 36036 1246 8 B. B. NNP 36036 1246 9 Underwood Underwood NNP 36036 1246 10 1952 1952 CD 36036 1246 11 . . . 36036 1247 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1247 2 The the DT 36036 1247 3 Raccoon Raccoon NNP 36036 1247 4 . . . 36036 1247 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1247 6 vi vi NNP 36036 1247 7 + + DT 36036 1247 8 177 177 CD 36036 1247 9 pages page NNS 36036 1247 10 , , , 36036 1247 11 2 2 CD 36036 1247 12 tables table NNS 36036 1247 13 , , , 36036 1247 14 8 8 CD 36036 1247 15 plates plate NNS 36036 1247 16 . . . 36036 1248 1 Orange Orange NNP 36036 1248 2 , , , 36036 1248 3 Connecticut Connecticut NNP 36036 1248 4 : : : 36036 1248 5 Practical Practical NNP 36036 1248 6 Science Science NNP 36036 1248 7 Publishing Publishing NNP 36036 1248 8 Company Company NNP 36036 1248 9 . . . 36036 1249 1 Wood wood NN 36036 1249 2 , , , 36036 1249 3 John John NNP 36036 1249 4 E. E. NNP 36036 1249 5 1954 1954 CD 36036 1249 6 . . . 36036 1250 1 Food food NN 36036 1250 2 Habits Habits NNPS 36036 1250 3 of of IN 36036 1250 4 Furbearers Furbearers NNPS 36036 1250 5 of of IN 36036 1250 6 the the DT 36036 1250 7 Upland Upland NNP 36036 1250 8 Post Post NNP 36036 1250 9 Oak Oak NNP 36036 1250 10 Region Region NNP 36036 1250 11 in in IN 36036 1250 12 Texas Texas NNP 36036 1250 13 . . . 36036 1251 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1251 2 Journal Journal NNP 36036 1251 3 of of IN 36036 1251 4 Mammalogy Mammalogy NNP 36036 1251 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1251 6 , , , 36036 1251 7 35:406 35:406 CD 36036 1251 8 - - SYM 36036 1251 9 414 414 CD 36036 1251 10 , , , 36036 1251 11 2 2 CD 36036 1251 12 tables table NNS 36036 1251 13 . . . 36036 1252 1 Wozencraft Wozencraft NNP 36036 1252 2 , , , 36036 1252 3 W. W. NNP 36036 1252 4 Chris Chris NNP 36036 1252 5 1984 1984 CD 36036 1252 6 . . . 36036 1253 1 A a DT 36036 1253 2 Phylogenetic Phylogenetic NNP 36036 1253 3 Reappraisal Reappraisal NNP 36036 1253 4 of of IN 36036 1253 5 the the DT 36036 1253 6 Viverridae Viverridae NNP 36036 1253 7 and and CC 36036 1253 8 Its -PRON- PRP$ 36036 1253 9 Relationship relationship NN 36036 1253 10 to to IN 36036 1253 11 Other Other NNP 36036 1253 12 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 1253 13 . . . 36036 1254 1 Two two CD 36036 1254 2 volumes volume NNS 36036 1254 3 , , , 36036 1254 4 xxviii xxviii NN 36036 1254 5 + + SYM 36036 1254 6 1023 1023 CD 36036 1254 7 pages page NNS 36036 1254 8 , , , 36036 1254 9 22 22 CD 36036 1254 10 figures figure NNS 36036 1254 11 , , , 36036 1254 12 81 81 CD 36036 1254 13 tables table NNS 36036 1254 14 , , , 36036 1254 15 34 34 CD 36036 1254 16 plates plate NNS 36036 1254 17 , , , 36036 1254 18 9 9 CD 36036 1254 19 appendices appendix NNS 36036 1254 20 . . . 36036 1255 1 Doctoral doctoral JJ 36036 1255 2 dissertation dissertation NN 36036 1255 3 , , , 36036 1255 4 Department Department NNP 36036 1255 5 of of IN 36036 1255 6 Systematics Systematics NNP 36036 1255 7 and and CC 36036 1255 8 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1255 9 , , , 36036 1255 10 University University NNP 36036 1255 11 of of IN 36036 1255 12 Kansas Kansas NNP 36036 1255 13 , , , 36036 1255 14 Lawrence Lawrence NNP 36036 1255 15 . . . 36036 1256 1 1989a 1989a CD 36036 1256 2 . . . 36036 1257 1 The the DT 36036 1257 2 Phylogeny Phylogeny NNP 36036 1257 3 of of IN 36036 1257 4 the the DT 36036 1257 5 Recent Recent NNP 36036 1257 6 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 1257 7 . . . 36036 1258 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1258 2 In in IN 36036 1258 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1258 4 John John NNP 36036 1258 5 L. L. NNP 36036 1258 6 Gettleman Gettleman NNP 36036 1258 7 , , , 36036 1258 8 editor editor NN 36036 1258 9 . . . 36036 1259 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1259 2 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 1259 3 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1259 4 , , , 36036 1259 5 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1259 6 , , , 36036 1259 7 and and CC 36036 1259 8 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 1259 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1259 10 , , , 36036 1259 11 pages page VBZ 36036 1259 12 495 495 CD 36036 1259 13 - - SYM 36036 1259 14 535 535 CD 36036 1259 15 , , , 36036 1259 16 2 2 CD 36036 1259 17 figures figure NNS 36036 1259 18 , , , 36036 1259 19 2 2 CD 36036 1259 20 tables table NNS 36036 1259 21 , , , 36036 1259 22 1 1 CD 36036 1259 23 appendix appendix NNP 36036 1259 24 . . . 36036 1260 1 Ithaca ithaca NN 36036 1260 2 : : : 36036 1260 3 Cornell Cornell NNP 36036 1260 4 University University NNP 36036 1260 5 Press Press NNP 36036 1260 6 . . . 36036 1261 1 1989b 1989b CD 36036 1261 2 . . . 36036 1262 1 Appendix Appendix NNP 36036 1262 2 : : : 36036 1262 3 Classification classification NN 36036 1262 4 of of IN 36036 1262 5 the the DT 36036 1262 6 Recent Recent NNP 36036 1262 7 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 1262 8 . . . 36036 1263 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1263 2 In in IN 36036 1263 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1263 4 John John NNP 36036 1263 5 L. L. NNP 36036 1263 6 Gittleman Gittleman NNP 36036 1263 7 , , , 36036 1263 8 editor editor NN 36036 1263 9 , , , 36036 1263 10 _ _ NNP 36036 1263 11 Carnivore Carnivore NNP 36036 1263 12 Behavior Behavior NNP 36036 1263 13 , , , 36036 1263 14 Ecology Ecology NNP 36036 1263 15 , , , 36036 1263 16 and and CC 36036 1263 17 Evolution Evolution NNP 36036 1263 18 _ _ NNP 36036 1263 19 , , , 36036 1263 20 pages page VBZ 36036 1263 21 569 569 CD 36036 1263 22 - - HYPH 36036 1263 23 593 593 CD 36036 1263 24 . . . 36036 1264 1 Ithaca ithaca NN 36036 1264 2 : : : 36036 1264 3 Cornell Cornell NNP 36036 1264 4 University University NNP 36036 1264 5 Press Press NNP 36036 1264 6 . . . 36036 1265 1 Wurster Wurster NNP 36036 1265 2 , , , 36036 1265 3 D. D. NNP 36036 1265 4 H. H. NNP 36036 1265 5 , , , 36036 1265 6 and and CC 36036 1265 7 K. K. NNP 36036 1265 8 Benirschke Benirschke NNP 36036 1265 9 1968 1968 CD 36036 1265 10 . . . 36036 1266 1 Comparative comparative JJ 36036 1266 2 Cytogenetic Cytogenetic NNP 36036 1266 3 Studies Studies NNPS 36036 1266 4 in in IN 36036 1266 5 the the DT 36036 1266 6 Order Order NNP 36036 1266 7 _ _ NNP 36036 1266 8 Carnivora Carnivora NNP 36036 1266 9 _ _ NNP 36036 1266 10 . . . 36036 1267 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1267 2 Chromosoma Chromosoma NNP 36036 1267 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1267 4 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1267 5 Berlin Berlin NNP 36036 1267 6 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1267 7 , , , 36036 1267 8 24:336 24:336 CD 36036 1267 9 - - SYM 36036 1267 10 382 382 CD 36036 1267 11 , , , 36036 1267 12 34 34 CD 36036 1267 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1267 14 , , , 36036 1267 15 1 1 CD 36036 1267 16 table table NN 36036 1267 17 . . . 36036 1268 1 Zervanos Zervanos NNP 36036 1268 2 , , , 36036 1268 3 Stam Stam NNP 36036 1268 4 M. M. NNP 36036 1268 5 1975 1975 CD 36036 1268 6 . . . 36036 1269 1 Seasonal seasonal JJ 36036 1269 2 Effects Effects NNPS 36036 1269 3 of of IN 36036 1269 4 Temperature temperature NN 36036 1269 5 on on IN 36036 1269 6 the the DT 36036 1269 7 Respiratory Respiratory NNP 36036 1269 8 Metabolism Metabolism NNP 36036 1269 9 of of IN 36036 1269 10 the the DT 36036 1269 11 Collared Collared NNP 36036 1269 12 Peccary Peccary NNP 36036 1269 13 ( ( -LRB- 36036 1269 14 _ _ NNP 36036 1269 15 Tayassu Tayassu NNP 36036 1269 16 tajacu tajacu NN 36036 1269 17 _ _ NNP 36036 1269 18 ) ) -RRB- 36036 1269 19 . . . 36036 1270 1 _ _ NNP 36036 1270 2 Comparative Comparative NNP 36036 1270 3 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP 36036 1270 4 and and CC 36036 1270 5 Physiology Physiology NNP 36036 1270 6 _ _ NNP 36036 1270 7 , , , 36036 1270 8 50A:365 50a:365 CD 36036 1270 9 - - SYM 36036 1270 10 371 371 CD 36036 1270 11 , , , 36036 1270 12 6 6 CD 36036 1270 13 figures figure NNS 36036 1270 14 . . . 36036 1271 1 * * NFP 36036 1271 2 * * NFP 36036 1271 3 * * NFP 36036 1271 4 * * NFP 36036 1271 5 * * NFP 36036 1271 6 * * NFP 36036 1271 7 * * NFP 36036 1271 8 SERIES serie NNS 36036 1271 9 PUBLICATIONS publications NN 36036 1271 10 OF of IN 36036 1271 11 THE the DT 36036 1271 12 SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN NNP 36036 1271 13 INSTITUTION institution NN 36036 1271 14 Emphasis emphasis NN 36036 1271 15 upon upon IN 36036 1271 16 publication publication NN 36036 1271 17 as as IN 36036 1271 18 a a DT 36036 1271 19 means means NN 36036 1271 20 of of IN 36036 1271 21 " " `` 36036 1271 22 diffusing diffuse VBG 36036 1271 23 knowledge knowledge NN 36036 1271 24 " " '' 36036 1271 25 was be VBD 36036 1271 26 expressed express VBN 36036 1271 27 by by IN 36036 1271 28 the the DT 36036 1271 29 first first JJ 36036 1271 30 Secretary Secretary NNP 36036 1271 31 of of IN 36036 1271 32 the the DT 36036 1271 33 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1271 34 . . . 36036 1272 1 In in IN 36036 1272 2 his -PRON- PRP$ 36036 1272 3 formal formal JJ 36036 1272 4 plan plan NN 36036 1272 5 for for IN 36036 1272 6 the the DT 36036 1272 7 institution institution NN 36036 1272 8 , , , 36036 1272 9 Joseph Joseph NNP 36036 1272 10 Henry Henry NNP 36036 1272 11 outlined outline VBD 36036 1272 12 a a DT 36036 1272 13 program program NN 36036 1272 14 that that WDT 36036 1272 15 included include VBD 36036 1272 16 the the DT 36036 1272 17 following follow VBG 36036 1272 18 statement statement NN 36036 1272 19 : : : 36036 1272 20 " " `` 36036 1272 21 It -PRON- PRP 36036 1272 22 is be VBZ 36036 1272 23 proposed propose VBN 36036 1272 24 to to TO 36036 1272 25 publish publish VB 36036 1272 26 a a DT 36036 1272 27 series series NN 36036 1272 28 of of IN 36036 1272 29 reports report NNS 36036 1272 30 , , , 36036 1272 31 giving give VBG 36036 1272 32 an an DT 36036 1272 33 account account NN 36036 1272 34 of of IN 36036 1272 35 the the DT 36036 1272 36 new new JJ 36036 1272 37 discoveries discovery NNS 36036 1272 38 in in IN 36036 1272 39 science science NN 36036 1272 40 , , , 36036 1272 41 and and CC 36036 1272 42 of of IN 36036 1272 43 the the DT 36036 1272 44 changes change NNS 36036 1272 45 made make VBN 36036 1272 46 from from IN 36036 1272 47 year year NN 36036 1272 48 to to IN 36036 1272 49 year year NN 36036 1272 50 in in IN 36036 1272 51 all all DT 36036 1272 52 branches branch NNS 36036 1272 53 of of IN 36036 1272 54 knowledge knowledge NN 36036 1272 55 . . . 36036 1272 56 " " '' 36036 1273 1 This this DT 36036 1273 2 theme theme NN 36036 1273 3 of of IN 36036 1273 4 basic basic JJ 36036 1273 5 research research NN 36036 1273 6 has have VBZ 36036 1273 7 been be VBN 36036 1273 8 adhered adhere VBN 36036 1273 9 to to IN 36036 1273 10 through through IN 36036 1273 11 the the DT 36036 1273 12 years year NNS 36036 1273 13 by by IN 36036 1273 14 thousands thousand NNS 36036 1273 15 of of IN 36036 1273 16 titles title NNS 36036 1273 17 issued issue VBN 36036 1273 18 in in IN 36036 1273 19 series series NN 36036 1273 20 publications publication NNS 36036 1273 21 under under IN 36036 1273 22 the the DT 36036 1273 23 Smithsonian smithsonian JJ 36036 1273 24 imprint imprint NN 36036 1273 25 , , , 36036 1273 26 commencing commence VBG 36036 1273 27 with with IN 36036 1273 28 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 29 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 30 Contributions Contributions NNP 36036 1273 31 to to IN 36036 1273 32 Knowledge Knowledge NNP 36036 1273 33 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 34 in in IN 36036 1273 35 1848 1848 CD 36036 1273 36 and and CC 36036 1273 37 continuing continue VBG 36036 1273 38 with with IN 36036 1273 39 the the DT 36036 1273 40 following follow VBG 36036 1273 41 active active JJ 36036 1273 42 series series NN 36036 1273 43 : : : 36036 1273 44 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 45 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 46 Contributions Contributions NNP 36036 1273 47 to to IN 36036 1273 48 Anthropology Anthropology NNP 36036 1273 49 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 50 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 51 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 52 Contributions Contributions NNP 36036 1273 53 to to IN 36036 1273 54 Botany Botany NNP 36036 1273 55 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 56 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 57 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 58 Contributions Contributions NNP 36036 1273 59 to to IN 36036 1273 60 the the DT 36036 1273 61 Earth Earth NNP 36036 1273 62 Sciences Sciences NNPS 36036 1273 63 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 64 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 65 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 66 Contributions Contributions NNP 36036 1273 67 to to IN 36036 1273 68 the the DT 36036 1273 69 Marine Marine NNP 36036 1273 70 Sciences Sciences NNPS 36036 1273 71 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 72 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 73 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 74 Contributions Contributions NNP 36036 1273 75 to to IN 36036 1273 76 Paleobiology Paleobiology NNP 36036 1273 77 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 78 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 79 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 80 Contributions Contributions NNP 36036 1273 81 to to IN 36036 1273 82 Zoology Zoology NNP 36036 1273 83 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 84 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 85 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 86 Folklife Folklife NNP 36036 1273 87 Studies Studies NNPS 36036 1273 88 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 89 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 90 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 91 Studies Studies NNPS 36036 1273 92 in in IN 36036 1273 93 Air Air NNP 36036 1273 94 and and CC 36036 1273 95 Space Space NNP 36036 1273 96 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 97 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 98 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1273 99 Studies Studies NNPS 36036 1273 100 in in IN 36036 1273 101 History History NNP 36036 1273 102 and and CC 36036 1273 103 Technology Technology NNP 36036 1273 104 _ _ NNP 36036 1273 105 In in IN 36036 1273 106 these these DT 36036 1273 107 series series NN 36036 1273 108 , , , 36036 1273 109 the the DT 36036 1273 110 Institution Institution NNP 36036 1273 111 publishes publish VBZ 36036 1273 112 small small JJ 36036 1273 113 papers paper NNS 36036 1273 114 and and CC 36036 1273 115 full full JJ 36036 1273 116 - - HYPH 36036 1273 117 scale 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NNP 36036 1278 1 Adams Adams NNP 36036 1278 2 _ _ NNP 36036 1278 3 Secretary Secretary NNP 36036 1278 4 _ _ NNP 36036 1278 5 Smithsonian Smithsonian NNP 36036 1278 6 Institution Institution NNP 36036 1278 7 * * NFP 36036 1278 8 * * NFP 36036 1278 9 * * NFP 36036 1278 10 * * NFP 36036 1278 11 * * NFP 36036 1278 12 * * NFP 36036 1278 13 * * NFP 36036 1278 14 TRANSCRIBER TRANSCRIBER NNP 36036 1278 15 'S be VBZ 36036 1278 16 NOTES note NNS 36036 1278 17 With with IN 36036 1278 18 the the DT 36036 1278 19 exception exception NN 36036 1278 20 of of IN 36036 1278 21 the the DT 36036 1278 22 typographical typographical JJ 36036 1278 23 corrections correction NNS 36036 1278 24 listed list VBN 36036 1278 25 below below RB 36036 1278 26 and and CC 36036 1278 27 some some DT 36036 1278 28 minor minor JJ 36036 1278 29 changes change NNS 36036 1278 30 that that WDT 36036 1278 31 may may MD 36036 1278 32 have have VB 36036 1278 33 been be VBN 36036 1278 34 made make VBN 36036 1278 35 in in IN 36036 1278 36 moving move VBG 36036 1278 37 tables table NNS 36036 1278 38 or or CC 36036 1278 39 illustrations illustration NNS 36036 1278 40 so so IN 36036 1278 41 that that IN 36036 1278 42 they -PRON- PRP 36036 1278 43 are be VBP 36036 1278 44 rejoined rejoin VBN 36036 1278 45 , , , 36036 1278 46 the the DT 36036 1278 47 text text NN 36036 1278 48 presented present VBD 36036 1278 49 is be VBZ 36036 1278 50 that that IN 36036 1278 51 published publish VBN 36036 1278 52 in in IN 36036 1278 53 the the DT 36036 1278 54 original original JJ 36036 1278 55 printed print VBN 36036 1278 56 media medium NNS 36036 1278 57 . . . 36036 1279 1 Also also RB 36036 1279 2 , , , 36036 1279 3 the the DT 36036 1279 4 second second JJ 36036 1279 5 instance instance NN 36036 1279 6 of of IN 36036 1279 7 t t NN 36036 1279 8 - - HYPH 36036 1279 9 tests test NNS 36036 1279 10 was be VBD 36036 1279 11 changed change VBN 36036 1279 12 to to IN 36036 1279 13 _ _ NNP 36036 1279 14 t_-tests t_-tests NNP 36036 1279 15 as as IN 36036 1279 16 the the DT 36036 1279 17 letter letter NN 36036 1279 18 " " `` 36036 1279 19 t t NN 36036 1279 20 " " '' 36036 1279 21 is be VBZ 36036 1279 22 usually usually RB 36036 1279 23 italicized italicize VBN 36036 1279 24 by by IN 36036 1279 25 statisticians statistician NNS 36036 1279 26 . . . 36036 1280 1 Emphasis Emphasis NNP 36036 1280 2 Notation Notation NNP 36036 1280 3 _ _ NNP 36036 1280 4 Text Text NNP 36036 1280 5 _ _ NNP 36036 1280 6 = = SYM 36036 1280 7 Italics Italics NNP 36036 1280 8 $ $ $ 36036 1280 9 Text$ text$ NN 36036 1280 10 = = NFP 36036 1280 11 Bold Bold NNP 36036 1280 12 a_{b a_{b NNP 36036 1280 13 } } -RRB- 36036 1280 14 = = SYM 36036 1280 15 a a NN 36036 1280 16 with with IN 36036 1280 17 subscript subscript NN 36036 1280 18 b b NN 36036 1280 19 a^{b a^{b NN 36036 1280 20 } } -RRB- 36036 1280 21 = = NFP 36036 1280 22 a a FW 36036 1280 23 with with IN 36036 1280 24 superscript superscript NN 36036 1280 25 b b NNP 36036 1280 26 Typographical Typographical NNP 36036 1280 27 Corrections Corrections NNPS 36036 1280 28 Page Page NNP 36036 1280 29 ii ii NNP 36036 1280 30 , , , 36036 1280 31 Instituion Instituion NNP 36036 1280 32 's 's POS 36036 1280 33 = = NN 36036 1280 34 > > XX 36036 1280 35 Institution Institution NNP 36036 1280 36 's 's POS 36036 1280 37 Page Page NNP 36036 1280 38 1 1 CD 36036 1280 39 , , , 36036 1280 40 linages linage NNS 36036 1280 41 = = SYM 36036 1280 42 > > XX 36036 1280 43 lineages lineage NNS 36036 1280 44 Page page NN 36036 1280 45 4 4 CD 36036 1280 46 , , , 36036 1280 47 consumate consumate NNP 36036 1280 48 = = SYM 36036 1280 49 > > XX 36036 1280 50 consummate consummate NN 36036 1280 51 Page Page NNP 36036 1280 52 21 21 CD 36036 1280 53 , , , 36036 1280 54 Table table NN 36036 1280 55 10 10 CD 36036 1280 56 , , , 36036 1280 57 footnote footnote NNP 36036 1280 58 f f NNP 36036 1280 59 = = SYM 36036 1280 60 > > XX 36036 1280 61 Table table NN 36036 1280 62 10 10 CD 36036 1280 63 , , , 36036 1280 64 footnote footnote NNP 36036 1280 65 b b NNP 36036 1280 66 Page Page NNP 36036 1280 67 26 26 CD 36036 1280 68 , , , 36036 1280 69 Nassua Nassua NNP 36036 1280 70 = = NFP 36036 1280 71 > > XX 36036 1280 72 Nasua Nasua NNP 36036 1280 73 Page Page NNP 36036 1280 74 31 31 CD 36036 1280 75 , , , 36036 1280 76 Incoporated incoporate VBN 36036 1280 77 = = NFP 36036 1280 78 > > XX 36036 1280 79 Incorporated Incorporated NNP 36036 1280 80 Page Page NNP 36036 1280 81 34 34 CD 36036 1280 82 , , , 36036 1280 83 Gettleman Gettleman NNP 36036 1280 84 = = SYM 36036 1280 85 > > XX 36036 1280 86 Gittleman gittleman NN