Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 56 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 67835 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 illustration 16 Mr. 16 America 15 New 12 rock 12 fig 12 North 12 England 11 great 10 Europe 10 Dr. 9 form 9 Scotland 8 Sir 8 Red 8 Professor 7 water 7 low 7 Upper 7 Alps 6 sea 6 South 6 Old 6 God 6 Geological 6 Devonian 5 cretaceous 5 United 5 St. 5 Sea 5 Sandstone 5 River 5 Museum 5 Lower 5 Eocene 4 mountain 4 man 4 like 4 find 4 eruption 4 cambrian 4 Vesuvius 4 States 4 Palæozoic 4 Mesozoic 4 Lias 4 Jurassic 4 Islands 4 Fig 4 CHAPTER Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 9352 rock 6924 time 6449 water 5655 foot 5546 sea 5127 part 4505 bed 4095 surface 4056 ice 3928 mountain 3908 strata 3847 period 3818 land 3704 place 3700 earth 3617 form 3519 animal 3146 man 3136 deposit 3116 illustration 2991 valley 2934 side 2828 year 2822 stone 2803 region 2649 specie 2636 case 2616 line 2615 mile 2598 river 2489 formation 2458 plant 2414 glacier 2408 bone 2406 fossil 2402 day 2391 age 2383 fact 2278 shell 2141 country 2096 body 2071 limestone 2060 area 2053 point 2023 clay 2016 way 2012 coal 1997 sand 1988 life 1920 condition Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 49128 _ 5549 | 2911 de 2414 Fig 1942 New 1697 Mr. 1628 America 1610 la 1415 Europe 1400 et 1252 © 1169 South 1161 North 1090 vol 1087 England 1046 les 1025 Professor 1024 . 1008 des 976 M. 962 River 933 le 902 Upper 884 Dr. 877 que 839 Scotland 812 S. 808 Red 753 Devonian 732 Wales 724 du 703 à 698 Sir 685 qui 683 pp 680 Victoria 655 St. 647 Geological 627 Eocene 602 Lake 597 Old 579 Sea 571 Australia 569 Lyell 563 Silurian 562 Geol 556 States 551 Alps 542 C. 537 France Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 26881 it 14172 we 11986 i 11592 they 6990 he 5497 them 3097 you 2566 us 1933 me 1735 him 1095 itself 909 themselves 742 she 675 himself 492 myself 371 one 235 her 220 ourselves 76 yourself 47 herself 41 mine 36 je 28 thee 27 ours 20 theirs 13 his 13 ce 11 yours 8 ye 8 où 6 ''s 5 oneself 5 l''on 5 au 3 ne 3 hers 2 yourselves 2 trevelyan 2 ice 2 d''ici 2 d''eau 1 à 1 |they 1 |seelheim 1 |merceditas 1 |jour 1 yt 1 wife:-- 1 whether 1 tuy Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 122728 be 39545 have 8430 find 6150 see 5172 do 4755 make 4706 form 4012 know 3458 show 3241 give 3101 take 2796 say 2603 call 2505 become 2459 occur 2457 appear 2445 come 2400 seem 2151 contain 1781 produce 1765 cover 1761 follow 1753 exist 1680 pass 1669 live 1641 go 1616 leave 1573 describe 1562 lie 1541 rise 1529 suppose 1525 reach 1475 represent 1384 remain 1349 belong 1339 carry 1335 use 1327 consist 1296 fall 1283 bring 1249 think 1244 consider 1212 observe 1180 extend 1162 bear 1147 fill 1136 look 1136 begin 1126 compose 1091 regard Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 14288 not 8517 more 8451 great 6942 other 6642 so 5457 very 5404 now 4684 only 4372 many 4350 such 4316 most 4311 same 3858 also 3846 long 3653 up 3633 large 3518 well 3473 much 3436 first 3435 low 3166 as 3084 old 2943 out 2934 then 2894 high 2808 little 2759 small 2735 however 2732 still 2718 less 2679 even 2678 far 2676 thus 2502 here 2422 down 2373 present 2299 few 2187 often 2161 different 1977 volcanic 1972 general 1806 certain 1789 sometimes 1773 glacial 1766 again 1743 several 1738 new 1697 about 1652 therefore 1640 early Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1077 most 1036 least 496 great 415 high 399 good 360 large 320 low 294 old 266 early 140 near 136 Most 117 late 114 fine 86 small 73 deep 60 slight 54 strong 44 new 44 long 41 simple 41 common 37 rich 36 grand 34 young 34 hard 32 bad 30 manif 29 lofty 26 bright 25 c'' 24 eld 23 e 22 pure 21 steep 21 noble 21 farth 19 close 18 heavy 17 clear 16 hot 16 full 14 minute 13 wise 13 tall 13 strange 13 narrow 13 able 11 wide 11 weak 10 sure Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3238 most 247 least 154 well 13 oldest 9 highest 6 long 6 hard 6 greatest 5 early 4 near 3 ¦ 3 deepest 1 worst 1 strongest 1 soon 1 richest 1 proviennent[21 1 oftenest 1 occupies,--whether 1 lowest 1 latest 1 l''est 1 jest 1 heaviest 1 farthest 1 close 1 brightest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 www.gutenberg.org 2 www.gutenberg.net 1 www.paleodatabase.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.paleodatabase.org 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31627/31627-h/31627-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31627/31627-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/9/3/0/19302/19302-h/19302-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/9/3/0/19302/19302-h.zip Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 2 ccx074@coventry.ac.uk Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 _ see _ 23 _ are also 12 _ are very 12 _ is also 11 surface is smooth 10 rocks are not 10 species are _ 9 _ is _ 9 _ is very 9 water is not 8 rocks are often 8 time went on 7 _ did _ 7 _ was _ 7 rocks are so 6 _ does not 6 _ form _ 6 _ is usually 6 earth is solid 6 rocks have not 5 _ are still 5 earth is not 5 ice did not 5 ice does not 5 man was not 5 rock becomes _ 5 rock is so 5 rocks are always 5 rocks are generally 5 rocks are very 5 rocks is very 5 strata are often 5 water does not 4 _ are _ 4 _ are extremely 4 _ do nt 4 _ is characteristic 4 _ is common 4 _ is more 4 beds are not 4 beds are now 4 beds are very 4 deposits are now 4 earth does not 4 earth is still 4 earth was originally 4 ice was not 4 ice was still 4 land is only 4 man did not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 rocks have not yet 2 sea is not so 1 _ are not equal 1 _ are not more 1 _ are not very 1 _ does not so 1 _ has no right 1 _ is not likely 1 _ were not _ 1 _ were not trees 1 animal does not sufficiently 1 animal was not reptilian 1 animal were not dense 1 animals are not merely 1 animals show no substantial 1 bed is no longer 1 bed is not uniform 1 bed was not everywhere 1 beds are not exactly 1 beds are not only 1 beds are not so 1 beds did not also 1 beds have not yet 1 beds were not only 1 case are not very 1 case be no sudden 1 cases are not more 1 cases is not very 1 deposit is not only 1 deposited do not now 1 deposited were not uniform 1 deposits are not only 1 deposits contains no fossils 1 deposits do not necessarily 1 deposits were not only 1 earth is no more 1 earth is no other 1 earth is not real 1 earth left no trace 1 earth showed no signs 1 foot finds no sure 1 foot has not yet 1 form have not either 1 form is no longer 1 forms are not really 1 forms are not remarkable 1 forms had no permanent 1 forms had no teeth 1 ice does not distinctly 1 ice does not readily A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 34502 author = Bonney, T. G. (Thomas George) title = Charles Lyell and Modern Geology date = keywords = Alps; America; British; Charles; College; Darwin; Dr.; England; Geological; Geology; Journals; Letters; London; Lyell; Mr.; New; Paris; Principles; Professor; Sir; Society; life; tertiary; visit; work; year summary = "Life, Letters, and Journals," edited by Mrs. Lyell; but I have also Evidently Lyell by this time had become deeply interested in geology, party went direct to Lucerne, but Lyell turned aside to visit the spot been published, Lyell continued to work at geology, and at Christmas, "the good old times." He said to Lyell: Lyell, and indicate that the rock formerly was deposited by water. have happened in the first six months of the year, but in July Mrs. Lyell and he left England for a journey to France, Germany, and Lyell thought, a metamorphic rock may be of almost any geological age, Work at the "Travels in North America" took up all Lyell''s spare time could still be recognised at the time of Lyell''s visit, though more than In the next year (1859) Lyell also travelled, though the journeys were In the same autumn Lyell read Darwin''s great work on "The Origin of id = 6322 author = Bonpland, Aimé title = Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America, During the Year 1799-1804 — Volume 1 date = keywords = Africa; Alps; America; Andes; Araya; Barcelona; Bonpland; Canary; Cape; Caracas; Cariaco; Caripe; Chaymas; Cordilleras; Cruz; Cumana; Cumanacoa; Europe; Firma; Grenada; Guayra; Indians; Islands; Margareta; Mexico; New; Orinoco; Orotava; Paria; Peak; Peru; Quito; Rio; San; Santa; Silla; South; Spain; Spaniards; St.; Tamanac; Teneriffe; Terra; Venezuela; Vesuvius; West; World; european; mission; spanish summary = vast circuit west, north, east, and south, the current takes a new placed on the coasts of continents, serve as sea-marks to direct in the air, indicated some new eruption of the great volcano of depth near a coast formed by very high and perpendicular mountains. health, as soon as we could land them at the island of St. Margareta, or the port of Cumana, places remarkable for their great appearance of mountains or hills.) and it receives, near the Indian mountainous place covered with stunted trees, exposed to the winds, the coasts, appears a great degree of coolness. of the great trees; and the natives, who love solitary places, form mass, it appeared to belong to the great formation of the sea-coast the mountains of the coast would have formed a narrow island, low-water appears like a small island. Caracas, situated in the mountains, three degrees west of Cumana, id = 47147 author = British Museum (Natural History). Department of Mineralogy title = An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites With a List of the Meteorites Represented in the Collection date = keywords = April; August; CREEK; Carolina; County; Dr.; France; India; June; Mexico; Mr.; Museum; New; November; October; Pane; Prof.; Russia; September; South; U.S.A.; meteorite; sidenote; |Found; |Known; |Mineralog; |amer summary = different times; in some cases they belong to the same meteoritic fall. meteorite collections nowhere existed, for the reports of the fall of Bustee meteorite of a mineral, unknown in terrestrial mineralogy, the Bustee meteorite was recognised as new to mineralogy, and termed [Sidenote: The fall of a stone near Wold Cottage, Yorkshire.] [Sidenote: The fall of stones near Benares, in India.] [Sidenote: The fall of stones at L''Aigle, in France.] Hill, [Sidenote: Pane 4l.] Lagrange, Victoria West, Nelson County, and of the size of a walnut in the basalt of Ascherhübel, in Saxony; Dr. Hornstein has described large nodules of (nickel-free) iron found in star-shower, and that here again a comet and a swarm of meteorites were [Sidenote: Fall of a meteorite during a star-shower.] [Sidenote: A comet is perhaps a swarm of meteorites.] |112 | 1m |KENTON COUNTY (8 miles south |Amer. |121 | 1m |WAYNE COUNTY (near Wooster), |Amer. id = 59074 author = Chapman, Frederick title = Australasian Fossils: A Students'' Manual of Palaeontology date = keywords = Australia; Cainozoic; Chapm; Creek; Devonian; Eth; Fig; Janjukian; N.S.W.; New; Proc; Queensland; River; Series; South; Tasmania; Upper; Victoria; Wales; Zealand; cretaceous; illustration summary = [Illustration: =Fig. 10.--A Fossil Shell (Pecten murrayanus, Tate).= in the Trias of Gosford, New South Wales (Fig. 18), and in the Jurassic River cliffs in South Australia, a bed of Cainozoic limestone contains Victoria and Queensland (Fig. 57): in New South Wales it is found at Mt. Lambie, Goonoo, Tamworth and Copeland in beds generally regarded as Upper localities in New South Wales as well as in Queensland (Fig. 58). oolitic limestones of Carboniferous age in Queensland and New South Wales. rocks of Middle Devonian age at Tamworth in New South Wales (Fig. 66). New South Wales contain several genera of Corals belonging to the group occur in the Cainozoic or Tertiary beds of South Australia, Victoria and Carbopermian (Upper Jurassic Series), near East Maitland, New South Wales In the Upper Devonian of New South Wales abundant remains occur of both _Pentamerus australis_, McCoy. Silurian: Victoria and New South Wales. id = 30297 author = Clemens, William Alvin title = Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan date = keywords = Colorado summary = Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colorado _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, part of a sample of a Chadronian New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum, Webb School of descriptions of the type specimen are given in papers by Jepsen (1934) locality in Nebraska and fossils of Orellan age, also referable to _S. dakotensis_, have been collected at two localities in Colorado. _Description and comments._--The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 1. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, KU no. 1. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, KU no. P4 of the type specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_ different in size (table 1) or morphology of the cusps. 2. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, UCM no. right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado; drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood: A small stylar cusp is present specimen from each of two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern of apatemyids described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are referred to id = 42741 author = Dawson, John William, Sir title = The Story of the Earth and Man date = keywords = America; Cambrian; Carboniferous; Cloth; Devonian; England; Eocene; Eozoon; Europe; God; Laurentian; Mesozoic; Miocene; North; Palæozoic; Primordial; Sheep; Silurian; Tertiary; Trilobites; Upper; animal; cretaceous; great; history; life; low; modern; period; permian; plant; post summary = of the Neozoic.--Great Eocene Seas.--Land Animals old world, rocks of this age do not, so far as known, appear so representatives of all the great groups of animals which yet exist, animals have run through a great number of different forms, these in which the forms of Lower Silurian life continued to exist until forms, have existed from the Silurian to the present time. water, and the great continental plateaus were changed from coral seas great coal measures of the middle portion as the type of the land life those great low plains formed by the elevation of the former sea bed. fishes of the coal period very probably had, like their modern the sea, and notice the animal life of the great coral reefs and shell The next or closing period of this great Mesozoic time brought a prevalence of the modern types of coral animals and of a great number id = 51021 author = Dawson, John William, Sir title = The Geological History of Plants date = keywords = Algæ; America; Canada; Carboniferous; Cretaceous; Devonian; Dr.; Eocene; Erian; Europe; Geological; Greenland; Journal; Laramie; Lower; Middle; Mr.; New; Prof.; Psilophyton; Society; Upper; fig; illustration; low; plant summary = branch or stem of the Erian land-plant known as Arthrostigma. one species, a land-plant of the genus _Lepidodendron_. Silurian and Erian beds plants with verticillate leaves which have In one kind of tree-fern stem from the Erian of New York, Lower Carboniferous, and evidently represent a different species with similar small granules appear on the stems of the Devonian species, of the Geological Society," 1862), I mentioned a plant found by Mr. Richardson at Perry, as possibly a species of _Megaphyton_, using that The second specimen of this species represents a lower part of the stem. [CP] "Geological Survey of Canada: Fossil Plants of Erian and Upper way probable, the new species of plants originated on the Arctic land have been found in the beds containing the plants, and which are species forms of plants which appear in the Cretaceous, the period of the English =DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.= With id = 33560 author = Echols, Joan title = A New Genus of Pennsylvanian Fish (Crossopterygii, Coelacanthiformes) from Kansas date = keywords = Hibbard; Rhabdoderma; Synaptotylus summary = Diplocercinae include those coelacanths having two large unpaired bones posterior occipital ossifications (Moy-Thomas, 1937: figs. ventral surface of parasphenoid toothed; anterior margin of parasphenoid curving to fit lateral margin of intertemporals; circumorbital plates position); small, lateral basipterygoid processes (in _Rhabdoderma_ the lateral surface, not dorsal as in _Rhabdoderma_, and both the Posterior to this the lateral margins are probably nearly lateral margins are nearly straight, the anterior margin slopes evenly Lateral margins are smoothly curved but the anterior passes down the curving ventral margin of this bone, and extends ridge on several specimens, arising on the dorsal surface opposite the The anterior process has a convex surface, sloping evenly off to the base, measured in isolated specimens because lateral views in other _Rhabdoderma_ and the internal surface is not ridged (see Moy-Thomas, These may be basal plates of the anterior dorsal fin. A new genus of Pennsylvanian coelacanths, _Synaptotylus_, is described id = 35317 author = Geikie, James title = Geology date = keywords = action; bed; fig; form; great; igneous; illustration; mineral; rock; strata; water summary = fitly arranged under one great class--the MECHANICALLY FORMED ROCKS. crystalline rocks, and the like has happened to beds of limestone and The IGNEOUS rocks are those which owe their origin to the action of rock-forming substances, quartz, felspar, and mica, have each a definite in the great majority of cases, the mineral ingredients of the rocks are the most abundant of all the rock-forming minerals, and occurs in three Having now mentioned the chief rock-forming minerals, we proceed to a fine ingredients, the grit, and sand, and mud, form the rock called the case with certain limestones, fine-grained sandstones (liver-rock), True _igneous rocks_ occur either in beds or as irregular amorphous more or less with the bedding of the rocks, but in the case of thick rock-masses which form the solid crust of our globe, we have next to there by water filtering through the rock: this forms what is called id = 47119 author = Geikie, James title = Fragments of Earth Lore: Sketches & Addresses Geological and Geographical date = keywords = Alps; America; Archæan; Atlantic; Britain; Cheviot; England; Europe; France; Germany; Highlands; Hills; Ice; Islands; Mediterranean; Mesozoic; Mr.; North; Old; Palæozoic; Pleistocene; Red; Sandstone; Scotland; Sea; continent; glacial; silurian summary = north-east and south-west, as a great wall-like rampart. post-Silurian times the North-west Highlands probably existed as a true general trend of the great strath, which is south-west and north-east; of the old ice-plough--which was clearly from south-east to north-west. ice-sheet overflowed the Outer Hebrides from south-east to north-west, Islands where the evidence for the former action of a great ice-sheet river-valleys of Europe during the last great extension of glacier-ice. during an Ice Age great beds of frozen snow might have accumulated ice-sheet formerly covered a wide region in northern Europe are by the ice-sheets were dry regions in glacial times for the same Holland, pointing to a former ice-flow from north-east to south-west great accumulations of ice of the Glacial period may have displaced ice-sheets and great glaciers of our "third" glacial epoch were that the accumulation of ice over northern lands during glacial times id = 35433 author = Hamilton, William, Sir title = Observations on Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna, and Other Volcanos date = keywords = Etna; Herculaneum; Majesty; Mount; Naples; Pompeii; Puzzole; Solfaterra; Vesuvius; Volcano; eruption; great; mountain summary = younger mentions having seen, before that eruption of Vesuvius which after having seen with me part of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius) Torre, a great observer of Mount Vesuvius, says they went up above a eruption[7], and had observed a great fermentation in the mountain caverns of the mountain; as, in the great eruption of Mount Vesuvius in to Mount Vesuvius, and all the high grounds near Naples; as having not circumstance I mention, to shew, that, in a great eruption, Vesuvius has The lava burst out of a vineyard within a mile of St. Nicolo, and, by frequent explosions of stones and ashes, raised there a Etna and Vesuvius the mountains formed by explosion are without matter emitted in a great eruption of this mountain, and of the vast natural history, by recording the great eruptions of Vesuvius. the great eruption of Etna, in 1669; that the lava was directing its id = 33050 author = Harvey, Ruth Sawyer title = Drainage Modifications and Glaciation in the Danbury Region Connecticut State of Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin No. 30 date = keywords = Connecticut; Danbury; Housatonic; Pond; River; Rocky; Umpog summary = [Illustration: ~Fig. 2.~ Geological map of Still River Valley.] and for the broad drift-filled valley at the mouth of Rocky River. feet from the east bank of Rocky River and about 1-3/4 miles north of [Illustration: ~Fig. 5.~ Rocky River Valley. the barrier which choked the Rocky River valley near its mouth and If Still River occupies the valley of a reversed stream, the following Drift forms the divide at the western end of Still River valley beyond valley to the west indicates that glacial deposits forced the river the Still River valley joins the Housatonic, and it indicates normal 2-1/4 miles north of Bethel, Still River crosses rock at a level of FEATURES OF STILL RIVER VALLEY WEST OF DANBURY FEATURES OF STILL RIVER VALLEY WEST OF DANBURY B. Till ridges on the western border of Still River Valley, south damming of river valleys by glacial deposits and (2) rock basins id = 43320 author = Houston, Edwin J. (Edwin James) title = The Wonder Book of Volcanoes and Earthquakes date = keywords = America; Atlantic; Dana; FIG; Iceland; Islands; Krakatoa; Mount; New; North; Ocean; Pacific; Sea; South; St.; Vesuvius; earthquake; eruption; great; illustration; mountain; volcano; water summary = The ocean waves varied in height at different times of the eruption. level of the sea occurred at places great distances from Krakatoa. causes of this great volcanic eruption, since the different theories Naturally a great volcanic eruption can cause a considerable loss of how great has been a volcanic eruption, or how far-reaching the ruin, This island chain consists of great volcanic mountains, that twenty miles east of the crater of Loa, 4,040 feet high at the Volcano shocks produced great earthquake waves that reached distant coasts. large quantities of volcanic dust that followed the great eruption of lava forming the mountains escaped through a number of crater cones, Another great volcanic mountain in Java that had a terrific eruption Earthquakes may occur at any part of the earth''s surface, at any time wave through the earth and the great earthquake or shake which id = 33925 author = Hughes, J. Cecil (John Cecil) title = The Geological Story of the Isle of Wight date = keywords = Bay; Chalk; England; Eocene; Greensand; Island; Isle; Lower; Sandown; Shanklin; Upper; Wealden; Wight; low summary = those strata, the white chalk cliffs and the coloured sands, the of limestone and beds of clay, in cliffs of sandstone or of chalk, we Does sand on a sea shore ever become hard like rock, so that shells gradually layer after layer of sand and mud cover the sea bed round great river like the Niger, for the Wealden strata stretch,--often we come upon Wealden strata somewhat older than any in Sandown Bay. The shore at the Point at low tide is seen to be strewn with the this lies what is called the Lower Lobster bed, a brown clay and sand, sediment forming the clay points to a further sinking of the sea bed. in a gravel bed formed of flints worn out of the chalk by denudation. The Chalk strata in the Isle of Wight are of great thickness. sea, and beds deposited at the mouth of great rivers, where remains of id = 43597 author = Hughes, Thomas McKenny title = Notes on the Fenland; with A Description of the Shippea Man date = keywords = Beds; Clay; Fen; Fens; fig; peat; turbiferous summary = In saying that there is an absence of sand and gravel in the Fen Beds deposits the first material left as the base of the Fen Beds must have gravel and sand of the Areniferous series against which the Fen Beds of the Fen Beds into the gravel of the river terraces, while the Terraces or Areniferous Series have passed under the newer Fen Beds. FEN BEDS NOT ALL PEAT. FEN BEDS NOT ALL PEAT. find only a little peat on the surface or in thin beds alternating with water leaving beds of clay, then again of the tranquil growth of peat. although from the common occurrence of peat on the surface and clay in we shall come to West Fen, where there is a great mass of peat which Series just near the Fen Beds, and there are, not far off, remains of id = 31627 author = Hull, Edward title = Volcanoes: Past and Present date = keywords = Antrim; CHAPTER; Central; Dôme; Etna; Geikie; Geology; Ireland; Islands; Isles; Krakatoa; Mr.; North; Professor; Puy; Rhine; Sir; Vesuvius; Volcanoes; crater; eruption; fig; illustration; rock; volcanic summary = The conical form of a volcanic mountain is so generally recognised, that _Lava Crater-Cones._--A third form of volcanic mountain is that which great range of volcanic mountains, lying nearly north and south, This great volcanic cone, rising from the ocean, its summit shrouded in island of Ascension, formed entirely of volcanic matter, rises from a crater-cone, from whence steam, lava, and stones were being erupted there rises a group of volcanic mountains surpassing in variety of form The great beds of volcanic rock, disposed as above stated, consist of recent of all the volcanic mountain groups of the region of Central basaltic-lavas at a late period in the volcanic history of these Throughout the region here described these great sheets of volcanic rock island, although from its form and structure evidently volcanic, appears of one vast volcanic crater, built up of a remarkable variety of lava id = 42584 author = Hutchinson, H. N. (Henry Neville) title = Extinct Monsters A Popular Account of Some of the Larger Forms of Ancient Animal Life date = keywords = America; Cope; Cuvier; Dinosaurs; Dr.; History; Ichthyosaurus; Iguanodon; India; Kensington; Lias; Mammoth; Mantell; Marsh; Mr.; Museum; Natural; New; Owen; Professor; Sea; Sir; South; Zealand; fig; great; illustration; plate summary = discovery of the long-tailed feathered bird with teeth--the reptile, with very small head and teeth, about twenty feet in length, Pterodactyls--Long-necked Sea-lizard--Cuttle-fish Down in those old seas and lakes she kept her great museum, in order Cuvier''s great work, entitled _Ossemens Fossiles_, will long remain an animal life took place, whereby, in the course of evolution, new types future discoveries of extinct forms of animal and plant life as fragments of bone he could restore the skeleton of an entire animal, More than twenty species of long-necked sea-lizards are known to Professor Owen, in his great work on _British Fossil Reptiles_, when long-necked sea-lizards were descended from an earlier form of land limb-bone in the Oxford Museum, from the great Oolite formation near limb-bones may be seen at the British Museum of Natural History, side [Illustration: Fig. 12.--Lower jaw-bone of Megalosaurus, with teeth.] limb-bones, and they also indicated a reptile of great size. id = 12861 author = Hutton, James title = Theory of the Earth, With Proofs and Illustrations, Volume 1 (of 4) date = keywords = Scotland; appearance; body; des; earth; form; les; mean; mineral; nature; note; operation; place; que; sea; state; stone; strata; substance; theory; thing; water summary = in the solid body of our earth, a natural history of those animals present earth, in order to understand the natural operations of time Thus, so far as the earth is formed of these materials, that solid body its body, masses of consolidated marble, and other mineral substances, formed of two different kinds of substances, _siliceous_ bodies, and the strata of the earth by the fusion of mineral substances, that I beg in forming our solid land, a body consisting of materials originally nature, that all the strata of the earth had been formed at the bottom form the natural philosophy of this earth, considered as a body of solid As the general cause of consolidation among mineral bodies, formed those mineral bodies, yet that, in the solid parts of this earth, formed The Nature of Mineral Coal, and the Formation of Bituminous Strata, The Nature of Mineral Coal, and the Formation of Bituminous Strata, id = 14179 author = Hutton, James title = Theory of the Earth, With Proofs and Illustrations, Volume 2 (of 4) date = keywords = Alps; Blanc; CHAP; Jura; Mont; Rhône; Saint; Saleve; Saussure; Theory; ces; cette; dan; des; earth; est; form; les; montagne; mountain; operation; par; plus; que; qui; sont; surface; une; view summary = Mais il est bien plus fréquent de voir des montagnes dont les Cette forme n''est pas rare dans ces rochers calcaires; mais cette étendue, ces couches de même que les intérieures sont suivies sans sont la section des couches dont elle est composée; on les voit, ici même nature que les autres; et il faudrait encore supposer, qu''elles ont «Mais ce dont on peut être certain, c''est que, si les montagnes qui Car dans toutes les montagnes qui doivent leur formation aux dépôts des operations of the waters flooding the surface of the earth, that form quelque nature que soient les corps dont elle se détache, c''est une forme que par les même causes, dont nous avons parlé ci-devant dans que les montagnes calcaires sont elles-mêmes assises sur des couches cette observation, aussi que les positions de la plus grande partie des those mountains have been formed in the natural operations of the earth, id = 2923 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = The Method by Which the Causes of the Present and Past Conditions of Organic Nature Are to Be Discovered; the Origination of Living Beings Lecture III. (of VI.), "Lectures to Working Men", at the Museum of Practical Geology, 1863, on Darwin''s Work: "Origin of Species" date = keywords = air; hypothesis; man summary = ORGANIC NATURE ARE TO BE DISCOVERED.--THE ORIGINATION OF LIVING BEINGS phenomena of Organic Nature, I must now turn to that which constitutes same way, the man of science replies to objections of this kind, by walk to a knowledge of the origin of organic nature, in the same way causes of the phenomena of organic nature, or, at any rate, setting out that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, second general law that you have arrived at in the same way is, that other way than by a man''s hand and shoe, the marks in question have been by the natural probabilities of the case, and if you will be kind enough to four forms: one a kind of animal or plant that we know nothing about, same kind of infusion, and left one entirely exposed to the air, and id = 2936 author = Huxley, Thomas Henry title = Geological Contemporaneity and Persistent Types of Life date = keywords = evidence; form; great; order; time summary = existence who look upon geology as Brindley regarded rivers. different kinds of living beings; the second, that the order of between series of strata, containing organic remains, in different first of all living existences; and to trace out the law of progress in time of a "great epoch"--whether it means a hundred years, or a form have not either come into existence by chance, nor result from changes in the living population of the globe during geological time of the case, we possess more abundant positive evidence regarding Fishes are represented in the Coal, either by existing genera, or by forms great as is their range in time, a large mass of evidence has recently modification, the fact is, so far, evidence in favour of a general law more embryonic, or less differentiated, than the existing forms. type in a great many groups of animals of long-continued geological id = 10251 author = Kingsley, Charles title = Town Geology date = keywords = England; God; London; Natural; New; North; Red; Scotland; Snowdon; Wales; bed; coal; rock; sea summary = ask, why I wish young men to learn Natural Science at all? And if you found in those coal-beds dead leaves and stems of plants, shores--under the sand hills, perhaps a bed of earth with shells and sure, let us look for new facts, and try whether our ice-dream will of sea-animals--how the ice-age helps to explain, and is again great coal-beds along the Rocky Mountains, for instance, are between the beds of coal, as you all know, the rock is principally sand, vegetable soil, recent sea-shells, and what not, forming, to a from the sea; to form a bed many feet thick, of what would be first lime-mud hardened into rock beds; you will see the shells embedded in the growing sand-rock; and then, it may be long years after, water into the sea, and form there beds either of fine mud or of breccia-- id = 1697 author = Kingsley, Charles title = Madam How and Lady Why; Or, First Lessons in Earth Lore for Children date = keywords = America; Analysis; England; God; Ireland; Lady; Madam; Mr.; Scotland; St.; Synthesis; great; like; look; man; sea; thing; water summary = reverently) is Madam How. She will come in good time, if she is called, of the sea, one thing would happen,--that the high tide would not come up more, you must watch Madam How at work on little and common things, to thing"--while we, like little ants, run up and down outside the earth, It is very difficult, I know, for a little boy like you to understand how miles away, looking like white clouds hanging on the gray mountain sides. Madam How uses her great ice-plough to plough down her old mountains, and know they were, with things which the savages had left behind--like flint as long as he meddles only with dead things, like this bit of lime. These things grow more like sea-weeds, which have no roots, but other things to think of: like old John out there ploughing. your little head with too many things at once, you shall look at one set id = 31899 author = Lane, Franklin K. title = Conservation Through Engineering Extract from the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior date = keywords = Government; States; United; american; cent; coal; oil; power; year summary = the engineers and business men who are developing the power resources of who furnish the Nation with its coal and oil and electricity, this calls for nationalization of the coal industry, for the destruction of States contains more than one-half of the known world supply of coal; per cent of the railroad traffic is coal; that in less than 100 years we principal coal-producing States of 204 days for Arkansas and a maximum have been less productive, and, in terms of capital and labor, coal cost coal mined by the average British miner last year could not be as cheap we now produce only enough coal from all the mines to meet the country''s in this way amounts to not more than 17 per cent of the national coal Whether on land or sea, fuel oil is preferred to coal because it coal and waters and oil and industries is the American man. id = 44530 author = Leask, W. Keith (William Keith) title = Hugh Miller date = keywords = Burns; Carlyle; Church; Cromarty; Dr.; Edinburgh; England; God; House; Hugh; James; John; Lord; Miller; Mr.; Old; Red; Robertson; Scotland; Scott; Sir; Witness; man; scottish summary = Edinburgh a complete _Life_ of Hugh Miller will probably never be Like Burns, Carlyle, and Scott, Miller seems to have borne the powerful no existence in Scotland, and between such men as Miller, Burns, or working years of his life, it may be doubted if in his case the loss _The Man of Feeling_, we have said enough to show that Miller certainly Long after, in the _Old Red Sandstone_ he has described his first day''s old spirit in the Church.'' The time had, however, come when he could A man''s, or a nation of men''s.'' Yet we find Hume writing to Robertson seen, took place at Nigg, in 1756, in the days of Donald Roy, Miller''s old times long before I became ill-natured or dreamed of hurting any While regarding the ''days'' as ages, Miller views the record as the that few men of science have either by their work or in their life id = 41840 author = Loomis, Justin R. (Justin Rudolph) title = The Elements of Geology; Adapted to the Use of Schools and Colleges date = keywords = England; Europe; Fig; New; cause; form; great; illustration; rock; section; surface; volcanic; water summary = SECTION III.--THE MINERAL MASSES WHICH FORM THE CRUST OF THE EARTH. SECTION III.--THE MINERAL MASSES WHICH FORM THE CRUST OF THE EARTH. _Limestone_ is a very abundant rock, and occurs in many different forms. Granite is found to penetrate the stratified rocks in the form of veins. rocks, and have evidently been formed like granite, by solidifying from The volcanic rocks consist of materials ejected from volcanoes. remnants of lava-currents, as they have formed a very imperishable rock, existed on the earth at the time when these rocks were deposited. elevation of a large area of the bed of the sea, the existing mountains, others, it consists of the surface rock in a state of disintegration; Some limestone formations of great extent among the older rocks were the existing rocks of each period, towards the formation of the strata of a Beds of vegetable matter, with a great thickness of rock deposited above id = 38013 author = Lucas, Frederic A. (Frederic Augustus) title = Animals of the Past date = keywords = America; Dinosaurs; Mammoth; Moa; Mr.; Museum; National; New; North; Professor; States; United; Zeuglodon; animal; bird; bone; fig; illustration summary = Earliest birds, 70; wings, 71; study of young animals, 73; the be considered as fossils; while the bones of many species of animals, we come upon a fossil bone, long since turned into stone, on which are first known member of the great group of backboned animals at whose head tracing back the history of animal life by means of fossil remains, but preserved specimens of another little fish-like creature, rarely if ever animal believed to be extinct had really lived over to the present day. very long neck and tail, and, for the size of the animal, a very small the largest animal of his time, upward of twenty-five feet in length, it comparing the bones of extinct animals with those of creatures that are shown, and that is by collecting the fossil remains of animals long reckon by years, we come upon a number of animals very much like horses, id = 34350 author = Lyell, Charles, Sir title = A Manual of Elementary Geology or, The Ancient Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants as Illustrated by Geological Monuments date = keywords = Alps; America; Auvergne; CHAPTER; Cornwall; Devonian; Dr.; England; Eocene; Europe; France; Geol; Isle; Lias; London; Lower; Mediterranean; Mr.; New; North; Old; Oolite; Owen; Paris; Principles; Prof.; Professor; Red; Sandstone; Scotland; Sicily; Sir; South; St.; States; Suffolk; United; Upper; Wealden; cretaceous; fig; fossil; illustration; low; pliocene; rock; silurian summary = Sea--New Red Sandstone in the United States--Fossil footprints of birds substances, such as clay, chalk, sand, limestone, coal, slate, granite, and When beds of sand, clay, and marl, containing shells and vegetable matter, division of rocks are the crystalline strata and slates, or schists, called pebbly beds are fossil shells, half of which belong to species now living bed of sand filled with sea-shells of recent species; and underneath the Red Sea in modern times, and fossil shells of existing species are well a bed of sand filled with sea-shells, almost all of recent species, rests formed; beds of marl and sand, several hundred feet thick, deposited; formation, a great series of marine strata, commonly called "the Oolite," Scotia--Brackish water and marine strata--Origin of Clay-iron-stone. Scotia--Brackish water and marine strata--Origin of Clay-iron-stone. Strata near some intrusive masses of granite converted into rocks Strata near some intrusive masses of granite converted into rocks id = 62871 author = Mantell, Gideon Algernon title = Thoughts on a Pebble, or, A First Lesson in Geology date = keywords = Ammonites; Chalk; Creation; Lign; Medals; Plate; coral; flint; illustration; pebble; shell; sidenote summary = gravel--an ancient sea-beach or shingle--formed of chalk-flints, that contains the remains of certain species of extinct shells and corals, [Sidenote: FOSSIL SHELLS IN CHALK.] abounds in marine shells and corals, and in the remains of fishes, living species; although a few of the corals and shells resemble, in [Sidenote: SHELLS AND FISHES IN CHALK.] concreted; for the deposition of the flint, like that of the chalk, 6:--Minute fossil shells from Flint and incontestably that the chalk and flint were deposited in the sea; the white chalk-strata were formed at a great distance from sea-shores the bottom of the sea; hence the shells, corals, and other organic above the waters, lines of sea-cliffs were formed, and boulders, sand, chalk species are figured of the natural size in _Lign. naturally expect to find the sea-shore bounded by chalk-cliffs. 1. A minute coral from chalk and flint; the lower figure is of the id = 43963 author = Marr, J. E. (John Edward) title = The Principles of Stratigraphical Geology date = keywords = Britain; England; Footnote; Jurassic; North; Palæozoic; Sir; Upper; Wales; british; cambrian; carboniferous; cretaceous; low; ordovician; permian; rock; silurian summary = conditions which existed during the deposition of the earliest rocks order of deposition of the rocks of any area, and correlating those of other planes are formed in rocks subsequently to their deposition, and chapter, how far the deep-sea deposits of modern times are represented the strata of remote regions: where shallow water deposits are formed, marked in England, where the Upper Carboniferous beds were deposited be apparent on a map owing to the deposits of the lower set of beds _Description of the Strata._ The Cambrian rocks of North Wales occur beds of North America and other groups are represented in the rocks of area at the beginning of the deposition of the Lower Ludlow rocks, and The ridges separate different deposits of Devonian rocks, which were With the deposition of the Permian rocks, Palæozoic time comes to an formed, or since the earliest known rocks were deposited. id = 23626 author = Mastin, John title = The Chemistry, Properties and Tests of Precious Stones date = keywords = Chapter; colour; crystal; diamond; find; form; heat; light; precious; stone; variety summary = grouping form a certain means of testing stones and of distinguishing In stones possessing certain crystalline structure, the cleavage planes stones, for when viewed at one angle they appear of a definite colour, The colours of a gem are tested by the stone being put in the stone as a piece of cut and coloured quartz, thus confirming what he occurs, the colour, form, and the self-evident character of the stone certain stones allow light to pass through their substance, whilst heat vary in different stones of the same kind or variety, as already heat test as applied to precious stones. forms a simple and ready means of testing the electricity in a stone. A knowledge of the colours natural to precious stones and to jewels even though some stones are found in a variety of colours. no other stone, though it is possible, by heating alumina coloured with id = 19302 author = Matthew, William Diller title = Dinosaurs, with Special Reference to the American Museum Collections date = keywords = Age; Allosaurus; American; Brontosaurus; Cretacic; Dinosaurs; Diplodocus; Jurassic; Marsh; Mr.; Museum; Professor; Trachodon; fig; illustration summary = [Illustration: SKULL OF THE GREAT CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR elephantine feet, short neck, small head, body and tail armored with [Illustration: Fig. 8.--Hind Feet of Dinosaurs, to show the three evolve into a great and varied land fauna like the Dinosaurs of the kinds of dinosaurs, large and small, mostly of the carnivorous group, America for dinosaur skeletons, and is a part of the great collection fore-limb is very small relatively to the huge size of the animal, but bones of the great carnivorous dinosaur _Megalosaurus_; and the weird from the thigh bones of land-inhabiting dinosaurs with short tails, herbivorous dinosaur of the closing period of the Age of Reptiles and known as a dinosaur ''mummy'' is that in all the parts of the animal hind limb of the great dinosaur _Diplodocus_. [Illustration: Fig. 45.--COLLECTING DINOSAURS AT BONE-CABIN No land animals have ever approached these giant dinosaurs in size, id = 28273 author = Miller, Hugh title = The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland date = keywords = Bay; Betsey; Boulder; CHAPTER; Caithness; Church; Coccosteus; Cromarty; Dick; Diplopterus; Dipterus; Dr.; Edinburgh; Eigg; Free; Frith; Geological; Hebrides; Isle; John; Lias; Liasic; Loch; Lower; Moray; Mr.; Old; Orkney; Ornsay; Oölite; Red; Rum; Sandstone; Scotch; Scotland; Scuir; Sir; Skye; St.; Walter; find; form; like; low; remain; rock; sea; sound; work summary = of the Old Red Sandstone was formed, the clay-slate of this district had resembling the limestone of the ichthyolite beds of the Lower Old Red; old Celtic burying-ground, in the form of a thick bed of hard sandstone, inscribed in the old geological character, on the rocks of Rum. The wind lowered and the rain ceased during the night, and the morning Like the Lower Old Red Sandstones of Cromarty and Moray, Some of the readers of my little work on the Old Red Sandstone will present time, it is said, be a Red Sandstone formation. the coloring of the Stone Houses--Fossils of Old Red north of the the coloring of the Stone Houses--Fossils of Old Red north of the I passed, a little farther on, the quarry of Old Red Sandstone, with a the Old Red Sandstone basis of the Conglomerate, which forms the hill, id = 30737 author = Miller, Hugh title = My Schools and Schoolmasters; Or, The Story of My Education date = keywords = CHAPTER; Cave; Church; Conon; Cousin; Cromarty; Donald; Dr.; Edinburgh; Firth; Gaelic; George; God; Highland; Highlanders; Hill; Inverness; James; Jock; John; Loch; Mr.; Nigg; Old; Red; Ross; Sabbath; Sandstone; Sandy; Scotch; Scotland; Sir; Stewart; Uncle; Walter; William; come; day; english; find; form; great; like; little; man; place; scottish; time; work; year summary = general good in a single day; and it was a great matter to hear, at open gold mines, and then passed a luxurious old age, like that of The Hill of Cromarty formed at this time at once my true school and one delightful man, who was said to know a great deal about rocks and little more than time enough to look about me on the new forms, and to miserable-looking, grey-headed, grey-bearded, little old man, that might and was at that time little known to the tourist; and the thirty years Its only inmate, a lively little old man, sat outside, at once tending a better that I should come to know this in time, than that, like some, time, had become at least as like their old opponents as their former Two long years had to pass from this time ere my young friend and I id = 47648 author = Miller, William J. (William John) title = Geology: The Science of the Earth''s Crust date = keywords = Age; America; Archeozoic; California; Ice; Lake; Mesozoic; Mountains; New; North; Paleozoic; Proterozoic; River; States; United; Valley; York; fig; illustration; plate; rock; tertiary summary = (millions of years) overlying rocks of great thickness have been cut untold millions of years the rocks at and near the earth''s surface Ice Age. A study of stratified rocks of marine origin shows that all, Any newly formed land surface, like a recently drained lake bed or the exposed rocks of the earth are strata--mostly of shallow sea origin. found thousands of feet above sea level in many of the great mountain the great bodies of igneous rocks, ranging up to many miles across, of years of geologic time have effected great changes in many rock in northern New York, waters hundreds of feet deep and many miles long rocks could have been formed very early in the history of the earth, forms in rocks of all these periods of geological times, and because Iron ores occur in rocks of most of the great geologic ages, but in id = 14279 author = Nicholson, Henry Alleyne title = The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science date = keywords = America; Birds; Brachiopods; Britain; Canada; Carboniferous; Crustaceans; Devonian; Eocene; Europe; Fishes; Foraminifera; Group; Jurassic; Lat; Limestone; Lower; Middle; Miocene; North; Old; Palæozoic; Post; Red; Rocks; Sandstone; Sea; Silurian; Tertiary; Trias; Triassic; Upper; cambrian; cretaceous; fig; illustration; low; mammal; permian; pliocene; reptile summary = life-forms--Geological range of different species--Persistent types of life--Modern origin of existing animals and plants--Reference of fossil forms to the existing primary divisions of the animal groups of animals and plants--Succession in time of the great Group of Fishes from the Devonian rocks of North America. calcareous matter formed _in place_, by the growth of shell-fish, the animal remains contained in these deposits--the fossils of some is represented in the Lower Silurian rocks by numerous Corals. group is represented by a great number of forms, sometimes of general change of _species_ the Upper Silurian animals belong for of great thickness; and these two groups of beds together form (4) _Lower Helderberg Group_.--The Upper Silurian period in North Almost all the known forms of this period belong to the two great [Illustration: Fig. 60.--Upper Silurian Star-fishes. corals and shells, and appearing in many specific forms (figs. [Illustration: Fig. 102.--Fishes of the Devonian rocks of America. id = 40404 author = Norton, William Harmon title = The Elements of Geology date = keywords = Alps; America; Canada; Colorado; Devonian; England; Europe; Figure; Great; Iowa; Jurassic; Lake; Mesozoic; Mississippi; Mountains; New; North; Paleozoic; River; Tertiary; Triassic; Valley; Wisconsin; cambrian; deposit; fig; illustration; rock; sea; water summary = with each geological process the land forms and the rock structures rocks to form a land surface, and, last of all, the carving of a forms not only on waste produced in place from the rock beneath, but valleys cut this surface permanent streams are formed, the water ground water through the rocks that even during long droughts large =Caves.= In massive limestone rocks, ground water dissolves channels =Desert streams.= In arid regions the ground-water surface lies so low or later their waters find way to the rock floor of the valley and ice sheets and valley glaciers drag on large quantities of rock waste ancient sea deposits now raised to form the dry land. the case of limestones, recent sea deposits uplifted to form land are of coarse waste, and thick offshore deposits of sand and gravel (Fig. 156) record the high elevation of the bordering land. The rocks of these series are shallow-water deposits and reach the id = 42043 author = Price, George McCready title = Illogical Geology, the Weakest Point in the Evolution Theory date = keywords = America; Dana; Europe; Man; Manual; Miocene; Pleistocene; Werner; Zittel; fact; history; life; modern; rock; tertiary summary = modern world, together with the great outstanding fact that human have at this great world-crisis left their fossils in the rocks all over these rocks, we have successive ages of various types of life, with question--Were the British Cretaceous rocks deposited at the same time rock was forming in one locality, =a totally different kind of deposit= fossils would in many cases be found to occur only in particular rocks, contained fossils the supreme test of the age of a rock deposit, we are the antagonism between the facts of the rocks and the theory of life the fossils can be said to occur as regards succession in time. containing =few= extinct forms, or nearly all living species, are Another great general fact about the fossil world may be stated about as saying that the evidence is conclusive that all geological time down to There is another great general fact about the fossil world which seems id = 43232 author = Ridgway, John L. title = The Preparation of Illustrations for Reports of the United States Geological Survey With Brief Descriptions of Processes of Reproduction date = keywords = Geological; Greek; Survey; color; drawing; figure; illustration; line; map; photograph; plate; print; process summary = drawing each feature in a separate color on one sheet unless the work In preparing an original geologic map a letter symbol, such as has SYMBOLS FOR USE ON MAPS SHOWING FEATURES OF GROUND WATER. SYMBOLS FOR USE ON MAPS SHOWING FEATURES OF GROUND WATER. drawings to be reproduced in colors in order to strengthen the lines map should preferably be photographed in order to obtain prints on made by an author with pencil on blue-lined section paper may be inked maps are shown in Plate IV, but the size and weight of each line or In the final preparation of a base map to be engraved and printed in shading is to be printed in a separate color the base map should be [Illustration: Figure 9.--Map bearing six areal line patterns.] and white line drawing, photograph, or like original is reproduced in Wax-engraved plates may be used for printing colored maps or diagrams, id = 31827 author = Rodwell, G. F. (George Farrer) title = Etna: A History of the Mountain and of its Eruptions date = keywords = Aci; B.C.; Bove; Bronte; Catania; Etna; Monte; Nicolosi; Reale; Sicily; Val; crater; eruption; great; lava; mile; mountain summary = Sections of Etna Lavas seen under the Microscope, _to face p._ 138 Population.--General aspect of Etna.--The Val del Bove.--Minor Population.--General aspect of Etna.--The Val del Bove.--Minor the pressure of lava in the great crater, which is nearly 1000 feet in Etna.--The Casa Inglesi.--Summit of the Great Crater.--Sunrise from Etna.--The Casa Inglesi.--Summit of the Great Crater.--Sunrise from every direction; the crater of Etna appears near, and Monte Two years later lava issued from the Val del Bove near the Rock of A stream of lava issued from the great crater four years later, and five miles from the great crater, and emitted a good deal of lava. mountain, five miles from the great crater. In 1747 a quantity of lava flowed from the great crater into the Val small _bocche eruttive_ opened near the great crater, and ejected lava, surrounding Etna are composed, and which appear capped with lava near id = 32598 author = Rogers, Julia Ellen title = Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place date = keywords = America; Dipper; History; Museum; Natural; New; earth; find; form; great; illustration; like; river; rock; sea; star; water summary = The leaves of this great stone book are the layers of rock, laid down Surface water sinks into porous soils and rocks, and accumulates in scale the work of water in cutting away rock walls] water back to the surface, by forming cracks in the earth, and fine, Sand mixed with clay makes a mellow soil, which lets water and air pass The hard water, that comes through limestone rocks, adds lime in river water muddy, accumulates on the sea bottom as banks of mud, which water-formed rocks there were often created chimney-like openings, into the river has little to do but to carry away the surface water that In some places the water cuts away the soft rock and forms a called _metamorphic_ rocks, formed by water, then transformed by heat. The lowest forms of life, plant and animal, live in water to-day. id = 18556 author = Saderra Masó, Miguel title = Catalogue of Violent and Destructive Earthquakes in the Philippines With an Appendix: Earthquakes in the Marianas Islands 1599-1909 date = keywords = Manila; vii; |viii summary = present more details as to the towns and buildings damaged, the number towns with heavy loss of lives, the damage done by earthquakes has CATALOGUE OF VIOLENT AND DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKES IN THE PHILIPPINES. CATALOGUE OF VIOLENT AND DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKES IN THE PHILIPPINES. 20 |1683 VIII 24 --| VII |Damaged some buildings in Manila. 55 |1862 III 4 17 30 | VII |Violent earthquake; cracked some buildings 60 |1863 VI 9 --| VII |Violent earthquake which in Manila and 60 |1863 VI 9 --| VII |Violent earthquake which in Manila and 95 |1873 XI 14 17 30 |VIII |Destructive earthquake in Tayabas Province 126 |1882 X 10 16 57 | VII |Violent earthquake in Camarines Province 136 |1885 XI 19 21 31 | VII |Very violent earthquake in the Provinces 144 |1889 V 26 2 23 |VIII |Destructive earthquake in the Province of id = 38148 author = Salisbury, Rollin D. title = The Geography of the Region about Devil''s Lake and the Dalles of the Wisconsin With Some Notes on Its Surface Geology date = keywords = Baraboo; Devil; Fig; Plate; Potsdam; Wisconsin; ice; illustration summary = Diagram showing the effect of a valley on the movement of ice developed, the streams would lower their beds, widen their valleys, and known that the drift was deposited by glacier ice and the waters which erosion, since ice did not move along it; but that slope of the valley [Illustration: Fig. 30.--Diagram showing effect on valley of ice moving deposition under the body of the ice and its edge, the mantle of drift new valleys which the surface waters will in time cut in the drift In the deposition of stratified drift beyond the edge of the ice, the Deposits at and beyond the edge of the ice in standing water._--The Deposits at and beyond the edge of the ice in standing water._--The ice had left considerable deposits of drift in the Wisconsin valley. As the ice advanced, the lower part of this valley was id = 35316 author = Seeley, H. G. (Harry Govier) title = Dragons of the Air: An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles date = keywords = Birds; Cambridge; Dimorphodon; FIG; Greensand; Lias; Ornithocheirus; Pterodactyles; Rhamphorhynchus; Solenhofen; bone; illustration; mammal; reptile summary = Brain in Pterodactyle, Mammal, Bird, and Reptiles 53 of reptile life the bones are the principal remains of animals preserved up the skull, differ from Reptiles and Birds much as those animals types of vertebrate animals--fishes, frogs, lizards, birds, and mammals. placed the short-tailed animal in a class between Reptiles and Birds possible diversity of form or development of bones in unknown animals, differences in the bones which separated living birds from reptiles; so animals except birds has pneumatic limb bones, in relation to the lungs; appear probable that the short-tailed animals have the pterygoid bones different from birds in preserving the bones distinct through life, and Such are the more remarkable characters of the bones in a type of animal are most Bird-like in the forms of bones of the hind limb. than that of Pterodactyles to Birds in the shoulder-girdle and bones of than that of Pterodactyles to Birds in the shoulder-girdle and bones of id = 46658 author = Serao, Matilde title = "Sterminator Vesevo" (Vesuvius the great exterminator) Diary of the Eruption of April 1906 date = keywords = Aosta; Boscotrecase; God; Naples; Ottaiano; Somma; Torre; people summary = speaking for two days, advising his people to be calm! old people, men who have lived too much, and young ones who have not places where the black mountain of lava is advancing in waves of stone, of Somma Vesuviana we stop, and ask the people if the king has passed. di Ottaiano, knee deep through ashes, stones, and lava. woman has reached this place a little later, and has gone to Ottaiano Women of Naples whose heart knows how to beat for all great, noble, women, let your help be given in all the possible forms and ways, poor people have no clothes to change, and the children especially are calm, in these days let Naples live again its magnificent life!--In these poor people who have nothing to do, to the women, to the old Pomigliano, and other countries, all people coming here to seek work. id = 34192 author = Tyndall, John title = The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, an account of the origin and phenomena of glaciers and an exposition of the physical principles to which they are related date = keywords = Agassiz; Aiguille; Alps; August; Blanc; Chamouni; Fig; Forbes; Glace; Glacier; Géant; Huxley; July; Lauener; Mer; Montanvert; Monte; Mr.; Professor; Rhone; Rosa; Simond; Talèfre; Trélaporte; footnote; ice; illustration; light; motion; sidenote; snow; structure summary = glacier, formed by the snow and shattered ice which fall from the was directed as a place noted for avalanches; on this rock snow or ice glacier to be a sheet of ice spread out upon the slope of a mountain; On this day we saw some fine glacier tables; flat masses of rock, raised In the ice near Trélaporte the blue veins of the glacier are beautifully hardly reach the surface until they pass the snow-line of the glacier, glacier; but long ago the blue ice gave place to blue water. blue ice rifts, the stratified snow-precipices, the glaciers issuing direct heat of the sun, the ice underneath the moraines of glaciers At its origin then a glacier is snow--at its lower extremity it is ice. the snow of the mountains is converted into the ice of the glacier by [Sidenote: THE ICE AND THE GLACIER.] [Sidenote: CONSTITUTION OF GLACIER-ICE.] id = 18527 author = United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency title = An Assessment of the Consequences and Preparations for a Catastrophic California Earthquake: Findings and Actions Taken date = keywords = California; Emergency; FEMA; Federal; San; State; United; earthquake summary = responsibility of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), » Development of response plans and assistance to State and Federal, State, and local emergency response capabilities are judged FEMA Region IX (San Francisco) has drafted an Earthquake Response Plan earthquake response plans for both the San Francisco Federal, State, and local coordination of planning, STATE, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE emergency preparedness plans and procedures_, _earthquake prediction The State of California Office of Emergency Services (OES) and FEMA catastrophic earthquakes in California at the Federal, State, and state of preparedness for a major earthquake in California. CURRENT CALIFORNIA AND FEDERAL EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE PLANNING B. CALIFORNIA EMERGENCY PLANNING RESPONSE The State of California emergency response planning is a series of C. FEDERAL EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE PLANNING emergence of the FEMA Region IX Earthquake Response Plan for the San earthquake disaster by those Federal agencies from which a significant FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY REGION IX EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE AND id = 59611 author = Various title = The Journal of Geology, January-February 1893 A Semi-Quarterly Magazine of Geology and Related Sciences date = keywords = Abbott; Britain; Dr.; Geological; Geology; Scotland; Trenton; Vol; cambrian; drift; epoch; glacial; ice; rock summary = between beds of drift is therefore no proof of distinct ice epochs. Such ore beds, buried by the drift of a later ice advance, of drift were deposited by ice sheets which extended great distances evidence of separate ice epochs. ice-epochs, its continuity for great distances between beds of till, can not be brought in evidence against separate ice epochs. ice epochs, for the same reason that weathered zones and forest beds mark the limit of a sheet of drift belonging to a later ice epoch, be reference of the drift of the two areas to distinct ice epochs, if drift sheets would be presumptive evidence of distinct ice epochs. succession, without being evidence of separate ice epochs. the reference of the two beds of till to distinct ice epochs would be later time of drift deposition the glacial drainage in the same region deposits of this ice epoch. id = 34056 author = Warren, John Collins title = Remarks on some fossil impressions in the sandstone rocks of Connecticut River date = keywords = Brontozoum; Hitchcock; President; impression; track summary = animals of the tortoise kind, having four feet, and five toes on each feet of birds, other animals, vegetables, and also of rain-drops, greater part of the impressions are called _new red sandstone_, to impressions resembling the feet of birds in sandstone rocks of that The number of toes in existing birds varies from two to five. fossil bird-tracks, the most frequent number is three, called each measuring ten by six feet, having a great number of impressions present the same divisions with existing birds; the inner toe having The reversed surface of this slab contains one tridactylous impression differs from that of birds in the number of toes pointing forwards; We have in this group a specimen of the track of a four-footed animal, unequal in size, and present a different number of toes. To the vegetable impressions discovered among the sandstone rocks a id = 42356 author = Wiltshire, Thomas title = On the Red Chalk of England date = keywords = Chalk; Hunstanton; Mr.; Red; Speeton summary = The thickness of the bed of the Red Chalk is at this place, as I said another bed of about twelve feet thick, of bright Red Chalk, containing To the south of the Red Chalk at Speeton, and adjoining it, occurs, miles west of Speeton, the Red Chalk exists; there it is, though it may his work on the Geology of Yorkshire, figures some Red Chalk fossils authority of geological maps, the Red Chalk of that county sinks and The bed of White Chalk above the Red is, at Hunstanton, very The length of the Red Chalk, from end to end, at the Hunstanton Cliff to make me an analysis of the Red Chalk of Speeton and Hunstanton. specimen, for the Red Chalk of Hunstanton is brighter than that of of the Red Chalk fossils of Speeton, Hunstanton, and Muswell Hill The characteristic fossils of the Red Chalk at Speeton are id = 50957 author = Wright, G. Frederick (George Frederick) title = Man and the Glacial Period date = keywords = America; County; Dr.; England; Europe; Footnote; Geological; Glacier; Great; Lake; Mississippi; Mountains; Mr.; New; North; Ohio; Pennsylvania; Professor; River; Sea; Society; Valley; York; fig; glacial; illustration summary = 1. THE FORMS OF WATER IN CLOUDS AND RIVERS, ICE AND GLACIERS. of glacial ice, "of more than a hundred feet in height, formed the usual glacial ice at an elevation of thousands of feet above the sea. ice during the Glacial period, the surface of the rocks when freshly on the true glacial deposits of the valley, and extending down the river County, about ten miles north of the Ohio River, the glacial boundary about the time the ice of the Glacial period had reached its maximum produce the climatic conditions of the great Ice age of North America, we hundred feet; so that the glacial streams from the retreating ice-front between the Glacial period and the Great Lakes of North America, several Glacial period is found in the fact that the gravel deposit is continuous since that point of time in the Glacial period when the ice-barrier