Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 70 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44619 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 illustration 11 Mr. 10 time 9 light 9 body 8 Sir 8 London 8 Fig 7 air 7 Professor 7 Dr. 6 wire 6 Royal 6 New 5 wind 5 temperature 5 storm 5 ray 5 motion 5 man 5 great 5 electricity 5 Society 5 Nature 5 Faraday 5 Davy 4 weather 4 water 4 theory 4 experiment 4 States 4 Paris 4 Newton 4 Institution 4 Gilbert 4 CHAPTER 3 year 3 work 3 wave 3 tube 3 nature 3 heat 3 fall 3 ether 3 energy 3 current 3 colour 3 cloud 3 Water 3 United Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 5817 time 4754 part 4596 body 4496 water 4127 air 3822 light 3715 earth 3312 line 3208 current 3086 point 2878 experiment 2843 wire 2830 force 2748 motion 2709 surface 2605 place 2536 man 2525 electricity 2509 way 2487 action 2475 case 2435 heat 2394 effect 2358 energy 2301 year 2272 ray 2225 temperature 2224 end 2214 wind 2160 day 2147 iron 2136 direction 2132 pole 2109 sun 2097 power 2059 matter 2002 thing 1905 form 1889 distance 1852 nature 1825 wave 1825 phenomenon 1825 particle 1800 illustration 1791 work 1780 glass 1761 space 1751 plate 1749 fact 1724 result Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 36162 _ 1917 | 1306 Faraday 1146 Mr. 1140 Fig 955 B. 903 Colour 839 C 806 W. 800 Mrs. 799 M. 788 Pg 752 Water 720 S. 715 E. 656 N. 644 Light 620 . 617 Nature 594 Dr. 569 Professor 561 Colours 552 Glass 546 Parts 542 New 521 B 506 Sir 498 Royal 495 God 493 c. 468 Einstein 466 London 464 Newton 453 A 451 Earth 447 Franklin 428 Society 401 de 397 Caroline 384 S 383 Sun 381 voltaic 377 F 368 C. 367 Bodies 366 M 364 Emily 362 July 347 Gilbert 345 England Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 32053 it 11504 i 10412 we 9864 he 8399 they 5704 you 5049 them 2341 us 2264 him 1601 me 1341 itself 840 himself 701 themselves 547 one 431 she 226 myself 176 her 152 ourselves 82 yourself 42 yours 41 ours 38 herself 28 his 27 mine 25 ''s 24 thee 19 theirs 7 thyself 6 sho 5 yourselves 5 ye 5 oneself 4 y 4 ting''d 4 pumpin 4 ''em 3 ii 2 yo 2 u 2 pp 2 o 2 ch 2 ah 1 you.--but 1 wi 1 whereof 1 whence 1 us''d 1 trye 1 thy Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 112900 be 24465 have 7440 do 7108 make 4356 see 3880 say 3818 give 3769 find 3731 take 2940 produce 2792 know 2750 show 2605 pass 2427 fall 2377 appear 2367 use 2338 come 2195 call 2060 move 2045 seem 1988 become 1909 go 1848 follow 1682 think 1593 form 1439 place 1425 bring 1356 let 1325 cause 1301 suppose 1244 turn 1231 hold 1223 consider 1204 observe 1148 look 1142 carry 1139 describe 1121 accord 1119 leave 1113 obtain 1098 get 1087 rise 1087 increase 1062 draw 1058 put 1055 occur 1048 remain 985 tell 975 explain 961 contain Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16965 not 7646 other 6476 more 6412 so 5625 same 5184 very 4977 great 4543 only 4212 then 3539 also 3528 first 3362 as 3240 such 3150 now 3136 much 2863 most 2814 up 2807 well 2588 many 2585 small 2316 little 2315 out 2308 thus 2302 long 2135 different 2102 high 2081 even 1963 less 1917 therefore 1822 large 1822 electric 1652 good 1620 magnetic 1619 however 1596 far 1531 still 1518 several 1516 about 1510 certain 1455 here 1421 again 1372 low 1348 own 1304 always 1280 electrical 1275 new 1265 equal 1261 just 1229 general 1174 true Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 752 least 724 most 502 great 499 good 283 high 107 low 98 near 95 slight 91 small 88 manif 78 Most 76 strong 76 large 76 early 63 simple 50 short 50 long 50 deep 43 heavy 40 fine 37 cold 34 late 28 bad 26 pure 25 bright 24 easy 23 warm 22 old 20 light 20 hot 19 dense 17 hard 17 close 16 thin 14 dark 13 young 13 rare 12 wide 12 grand 11 noble 10 innermost 10 big 9 weak 9 full 8 strange 8 faint 8 clear 7 sure 7 keen 7 fair Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2139 most 111 well 97 least 9 near 6 highest 5 greatest 2 long 2 farthest 2 brightest 1 worst 1 works.=--edited 1 southernmost 1 soon 1 shortest 1 manifest 1 list.--index 1 lest 1 heaviest 1 hard 1 furthest 1 feels,--almost 1 close Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 www.gutenberg.org 6 www.gutenberg.net 4 archive.org 1 www.pgdp.net 1 www.archive.org 1 posner.library.cmu.edu 1 gallica.bnf.fr 1 dp.rastko.net Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://archive.org 1 http://www.pgdp.net/ 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46763/46763-h/46763-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46763/46763-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42245/42245-h/42245-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42245/42245-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38036/38036-h/38036-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38036/38036-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/36691/36691-h/36691-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/36691/36691-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/2/1/5/22156/22156-h/22156-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/2/1/5/22156/22156-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/4/7/2/14725/14725-h/14725-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/4/7/2/14725/14725-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/3/4/7/13476/13476-h/13476-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/3/4/7/13476/13476-h.zip 1 http://www.archive.org/details/autobiographyofe00gibsrich 1 http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/) 1 http://gallica.bnf.fr 1 http://dp.rastko.net 1 http://archive.org/details/thunderlightning00flamuoft 1 http://archive.org/details/michaelfaradayma00jerr Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 _ is not 16 _ does not 13 bodies do not 12 heat given out 11 _ see _ 11 water is not 10 _ are not 10 light is not 9 _ do not 9 air is not 9 body is not 8 _ is _ 8 bodies are not 8 earth is not 7 earth does not 7 men are not 7 motion is not 7 rays do not 7 water does not 6 _ form _ 6 action is not 6 action takes place 6 effect is due 6 effect is not 6 effect was not 6 heat is not 6 light does not 6 point is not 6 rays are not 6 temperature does not 6 temperature is much 6 temperature is not 6 water is more 6 wire was then 5 _ are _ 5 _ are very 5 _ cause _ 5 _ making _ 5 action took place 5 air does not 5 air is still 5 air is very 5 current does not 5 earth are not 5 energy is thus 5 experiments were then 5 light is so 5 men are so 5 motion does not 5 rays are more Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 _ is not only 2 _ are not so 2 effect was not due 2 experiments are not so 2 parts are not so 2 time are not so 1 _ are not _ 1 _ are not capable 1 _ are not comets 1 _ are not generally 1 _ are not necessarily 1 _ are not such 1 _ do not merely 1 _ forms no perchloride 1 _ has no more 1 _ has no power 1 _ has no special 1 _ have no monsoon 1 _ have not _ 1 _ having no reference 1 _ is no negation 1 _ is no sooner 1 _ is not _ 1 _ is not actually 1 _ is not dew 1 _ is not discoverable 1 _ is not possible 1 _ is not really 1 _ is not rubellite 1 _ is not so 1 _ is not sound 1 _ is not ultimately 1 _ produced no difference 1 _ seems not unfairly 1 _ was no ways 1 _ were not so 1 action is not as 1 action is not so 1 action produce no _ 1 actions are not just 1 actions are not so 1 actions were not such 1 air are not destitute 1 air are not spherical 1 air has no access 1 air has no material 1 air is no proper 1 air is not as 1 air is not capable 1 air is not competent A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 40119 author = Bidwell, Shelford title = Curiosities of Light and Sight date = keywords = Fig; blue; colour; eye; illustration; image; light; red; white summary = colours--yellow, green, and blue--correspond respectively to waves of wave-length of the light at the extreme edge of the red is about 1/34000 Wherein, then, does coloured light differ from white? tones of colour--red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. while coloured light consists of rays of one definite wave-length only. eclipse of the violet, blue, and green rays, the colour of the patch will light is no longer white but greenish-blue, as is evidenced by the colour beam of light in which no colour but red can be seen. When white light falls upon a coloured body, it generally blue and yellow is easily effected by the colour-patch apparatus, and the the red and violet moderately; while blue light excites the green and bright red, will appear when held in the blue-yellow light to be of a dark perfectly white, but slightly coloured by diffused red light; owing id = 63372 author = Bird, J. Malcolm (James Malcolm) title = Einstein''s Theories of Relativity and Gravitation A selection of material from the essays submitted in the competition for the Eugene Higgins prize of $5,000 date = keywords = Einstein; Euclid; General; Michelson; Morley; Newton; Relativity; Special; Theory; World; euclidean; light; motion; observer; point; space; time; velocity summary = Uniform Motion Tells Us About Time and Space and the Nature of the X.--Space, Time and Gravitation: An Outline of Einstein''s Theory of nature of time and space, and the mechanism of the physical world.]221 electrons, the ether, motion, force, energy, space, and time stand the ether, motion, force, energy, space and time are merely devices, absolute motion in space.]197 [As the body of scientific law developed What Einstein''s Study of Uniform Motion Tells Us About Time and Space to measured values of time and space, of relative motion between two dictionary definition of time or space or matter or force or motion is that, as observers change their relative motion, their time axes relative motion can differ about space and time measurements. time and space who are in relative motion to one another; what one Time and space are relative to the observer; only the id = 18534 author = Birt, William Radcliff title = The Hurricane Guide Being an Attempt to Connect the Rotary Gale or Revolving Storm with Atmospheric Waves. date = keywords = N.E.; N.W.; S.E.; S.W.; observation summary = advancing--S.W., he will find that with a _falling barometer and S.E. wind the current passes him from the left to the right hand_; but if at Axis line, wind S.W., barometer falling, first half of storm. Axis line, wind S.W., barometer falling, first half of storm. Axis line, wind S.W., barometer falling, first half of storm. Axis line, wind S.W., barometer falling, first half of storm. Axis line, wind S.W., barometer falling, first half of storm. Axis line, wind S.W., barometer falling, first half of storm. Axis line, wind N.E., barometer rising, last half of storm. Axis line, wind N.E., barometer rising, last half of storm. Axis line, wind N.E., barometer rising, last half of storm. Axis line, wind N.E., barometer rising, last half of storm. Axis line, wind N.E., barometer rising, last half of storm. Axis line, wind N.E., barometer rising, last half of storm. id = 14504 author = Boyle, Robert title = Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours (1664) date = keywords = Acid; Aqua; Beams; Black; Blackness; Blew; Bodies; Colour; Experiment; Eye; Glass; Green; Liquor; Nature; Oyl; Paper; Pyrophilus; Red; Salts; Solution; Spirit; Sun; Tincture; Vitriol; Water; White; Yellow; body; instance; light summary = Colours, as we see in Marble that appears White or Black, or Red or Blew, Ribbon, of these seven Colours, Black, White, Red, Blew, Green, Yellow, and appear to the Eye a Lighter Colour than Blew, but (by our first Experiment A fifth way, by which a Liquor may change the Colour of a Body, is, by Liquor may alter the Colour of another Body, by putting the Parts of it Sun-beams being cast from a Coloured Body upon a neighbouring White Wall, Whiteness and Blackness, to shew, that those two Colours may by a change of mention''d may shew us, that where the change of Colour in Black Bodies is the Colours appear''d the same as to kind that they did to the naked Eye. _EXPERIMENT VI._ Bodies abounding in Sulphureous parts are to afford a Red Colour, is one, That the Colour (_Pyrophilus_) of a Body may be chang''d by a Liquor which id = 33370 author = Boys, C. V. (Charles Vernon) title = Soap-Bubbles and the Forces Which Mould Them date = keywords = Fig; bubble; drop; illustration; ring; tube; water summary = last much longer; it is like the water-drop just before it falls away, and that the small water-drop has something holding it together like the the surface of water is like an elastic skin, then both the experiments and am pouring the water on to the paper, which breaks the fall (Fig. 5). plates or tubes and water, I shall use another liquid which does not wet pressure changes as the bubble increases in size, because the water will place, that you can blow bubbles of water containing paraffin in the Water-drops the size of the little beads, with blow the outer bubble with clean soap-water, and the inner one with the the pull, and now the bubble breaks away just as the drop of water did. I shall next place a bubble blown with air upon a ring, and blow inside To make bubbles of water in the paraffin, the tube must be dipped down id = 33429 author = Butler, T. B. (Thomas Belden) title = The Philosophy of the Weather. And a Guide to Its Changes date = keywords = A.M.; America; Atlantic; August; Europe; Fort; Mexico; Mr.; New; Ocean; P.M.; Pacific; Professor; Redfield; South; States; West; storm summary = portions of the atmosphere, having risen in the trade-wind region and run extra-tropical belt of regular rains surrounding the earth, north of the the sun as perfectly as the clouds of a north-east storm, it differs from generally, in all considerable storms, observe that the wind blows from of rains and calms follows the trades and sun, in their transit north and sun: the trades with the central belts of rains travel north and south In like manner the sea-breezes and other fair-weather surface winds, rise north-west, and makes the mean of the surface winds of their storms place, as the storms and counter-trades pass north and east in the the north-west wind and its peculiar fair-weather scud. snow storms originate the surface easterly winds in winter. attraction of an easterly wind, by the storm in the counter-trade. During set fair weather, when the attracting belt of rains is far north, id = 41063 author = Defoe, Daniel title = The Storm. An Essay. date = keywords = God; Men; storm summary = Heaven lately spoke, but few knew what it said; Let me be where I will I heard the Storm, I felt the mighty Shock, and saw the Night, Since Storms are then the Nation''s Choice, _Be Storms their Portion, said the Heavenly Voice_: And fill''d with loudest Storms the trembling Air: The mighty Genius to my Thought appear''d, Storms which the Monarch more than Death or Battel fear''d. Sensless of Danger, or the mighty Hand, But O ye Mighty Ships of War! Since ''tis suppos''d the Men of War Hell shook, for Devils Dread Almighty Power, But Devils nor Men the Being of God deny''d, Till Men of late found out New Ways to sin, But Storms and Tempests are above our Rules, I plainly heard it, tho'' I''m dead. They say this was a High-Church Storm, _That Church-men can Rebel_. Let fair Pretences fill the Mouths of Men, id = 29444 author = Dolbear, A. E. (Amos Emerson) title = The Machinery of the Universe: Mechanical Conceptions of Physical Phenomena date = keywords = Cloth; F.R.S.; M.A.; MATTER; energy; ether; heat; illustration; motion summary = mechanical changes take place when one form of energy is transformed energy, namely, the substance moving, sometimes called matter or mass. That which distinguishes the atom from the ether is the form of motion resistance called friction, the moving body loses its rate of motion, The earth is a mass of matter moving in the ether. ether and of energy in some form capable of acting upon it in a manner ether-waves, is traceable back in every case to a mass of matter having of matter known--that of a comet near the sun--the ether-wave moves wave-motion in matter, is conditioned by its degree of density; that is, energy in the form of ether waves or light, but not any temperature. longer speak of the wave-motion in the ether which results from heat, as transformation and change of energy from matter to the ether. electrical motions be transformed into ether actions of any kind, why id = 7333 author = Einstein, Albert title = Sidelights on Relativity date = keywords = ether; euclidean; theory summary = this medium, the ether, must be of the nature of a solid body, to matter and ether, on the one hand mechanical states, and on the of the ether which the special theory of relativity brought about, What is fundamentally new in the ether of the general theory of ether; whether the geometry of spaces of cosmic extent is approximately relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, geometry, for instance, the following:--Through two points in space rigid bodies do not correspond to the rules of Euclidean geometry Euclidean geometry and the practically-rigid body of reality, physical laws than to change axiomatic Euclidean geometry. deny the relation between the practically-rigid body and geometry, immediate relation between geometry and physical reality appears a mean density of the ponderable matter in universal space differing are no rigid bodies at all in the sense of Euclidean geometry, but id = 14986 author = Faraday, Michael title = Experimental Researches in Electricity, Volume 1 date = keywords = Ampère; Annales; Arago; Chimie; Davy; Leyden; Mr.; Philosophical; Rive; Royal; Series; Transactions; acid; current; effect; electricity; plate; wire summary = 2. Certain effects of the induction of electrical currents have already investigate experimentally the inductive effect of electric currents. The direction of the electric current produced in all these experiments electricity, when applied to effect chemical decomposition, which Dr. Wollaston has pointed out[A], seem explicable by the circumstances experiments on different substances, that thermo-electric effects (produced produced electrical currents when passed between the magnetic poles: the experiments upon the induction of electric currents (9.), no difference in magneto-electric induction sufficiently powerful to produce a current of The relation of the current of electricity produced in the wire, to natural difference in the force of the electric currents produced by same effects and the _same direction_ of electrical current was obtained. produce a greater effect than one pole, the result will be due to electric on the inductive action of Electric Currents generally._ effect in generating a current of electricity by induction (34. id = 42245 author = Flammarion, Camille title = Thunder and Lightning date = keywords = August; Dr.; France; July; June; Paris; Saint; September; body; case; electric; fall; great; leave; lightning; man; near; storm; strike; thunder; time; tree summary = standing round a reaping-machine, when a flash of lightning struck (Côtes-du-Nord), when suddenly the tree was struck by lightning, and lightning struck both man and beasts dead on the spot. On August 11, 1855, a man was struck by lightning near Vallerois clap of thunder, and the condemned man was struck dead by lightning. (Côtes-du-Nord), when, suddenly, lightning struck the tree and killed Suddenly lightning fell on the tree and struck the dog, which instance on record of a fig tree being struck by lightning and There are records of beech trees being struck by lightning and Several minutes later, the lightning struck the tree, killing two of In numerous cases, the tree struck by lightning is broken in several were struck by lightning and thrown violently to the ground. lightning struck the electric wires. a cow, was struck by lightning under a tree. id = 22472 author = Fort, Charles title = The Book of the Damned date = keywords = American; April; August; Dr.; Editor; England; February; France; India; January; Journal; July; June; London; March; Monthly; Mr.; Nature; New; November; October; Prof.; Review; Sargasso; Science; Scientific; Sea; September; Super; Symons; Times; Weather; fall summary = instances of similar objects or substances said to have fallen from the later, another object, like the one said to have fallen in 1819, had The substance that looked like beef that fell from the sky. of a substance that looked like beef fell from the sky--"from a clear lived near said he had seen it fall like flakes with the snow." tentatively and provisionally, we accept the Super-Sargasso Sea. Before we take up an especial expression upon the fall of immature and it--think that carved stone objects have fallen from the sky, because they think they have seen such objects fall from the sky. an object the size of a baseball--but I think a thing could fall from wheel-like objects in the sky, see _Nature_, 22-617; London _Times_, luminous object, had been seen to fall from the sky--or from a As to our data of gelatinous substance said to have fallen to this earth id = 45515 author = Franklin, Benjamin title = Experiments and Observations on Electricity Made at Philadelphia in America date = keywords = body; bottle; electrical; fire; glass; quantity; wire summary = 1. The non-electric contain''d in the bottle differs when electrised from a Thus, place an electrised bottle on clean glass or dry wax, and you a non-electric, and touch the wire, you will get it out in a short time; Place an electrised phial on wax; a small cork-ball suspended by a dry If the bottle had an electrical atmosphere, as well as the wire, an the GLASS ITSELF; the non-electrics in contact with the two surfaces, If now the wire of a bottle electrified in the common way, be brought near shews that bodies having less than the common quantity of Electricity, the wire of the bottle; place your knuckle on the glass stand, at just the That this electrical fluid or fire is strongly attracted by glass, we the air never draws off an electric atmosphere from any body, but in id = 37729 author = Galilei, Galileo title = A Discourse Presented to the Most Serene Don Cosimo II., Great Duke of Tuscany, Concerning the Natation of Bodies Vpon, and Submersion In, the Water. date = keywords = Aristotle; Cone; Gravity; Mass; Solid; Water; air; figure summary = Resistance[8], that Solid shall not only wholly submerge under water, but prement Solid, and the resisting Water[9]; then shall rest, ensue, and [9] What Solids shall rest in all places of the Water. the absolute weight of the water C E, shall have greater proportion to Water, hath to the Specificall Gravity of the said Solid: but water, equall to the Mass B G, hath to the Absolute Gravity of the Absolute Gravity of a Mass equall to it, made of water, or of a Matter Air, which shall be less grave than a like Mass of Water; and this having but only demonstrated, that Solid Bodies more grave than Water said Solid I S, above the Gravity of a Mass of water equall to the said Cone shall be double to the weight of the Mass of water equall to quantity of water, and therefore such a Mass of Air shall descend more id = 38583 author = Garnett, William title = Heroes of Science: Physicists date = keywords = America; Boyle; Cambridge; Cavendish; Clerk; Davy; Dr.; England; Faraday; Franklin; Institution; Leyden; London; Lord; Maxwell; Mr.; Paris; Philadelphia; Professor; Royal; Rumford; Sir; Society; Thompson; William; Young summary = experiments was the actual mixture of light of different colours by Having nearly filled a tube with water, but left a little air above, some time after followed by a present of a complete set of electrical Franklin appear to have worked together a good deal, and when Franklin''s electrical battery consisted of eleven large panes of glass from that produced by a glass globe, Franklin repeated the experiment, During his visit to England, Franklin wrote many letters to Mr. Kinnersley and others on philosophical questions, but they consisted Cavendish adopted Franklin''s theory of electricity, treating it as an wire conveying an electric current around the pole of a magnet. charge of positive electricity without at the same time producing an "Electricity and Magnetism," as well as his "Theory of Heat," an current, Maxwell pointed out that the lines of magnetic force due to great work on electricity and magnetism, he gives the mathematical Atmospheric electricity, Faraday''s experiments on, 254; id = 36456 author = Gibson, Charles R. (Charles Robert) title = The Autobiography of an Electron Wherein the Scientific Ideas of the Present Time Are Explained in an Interesting and Novel Fashion date = keywords = CHAPTER; SCRIBE; atom; electron; man; wave summary = It tells how man disturbed electrons The Electron explains how man succeeded in crowding them together, The Electron explains how they produce the electric current. man discovered means of making the electrons march. electrons produce that beautiful luminous effect which man manner in which the Electron informed man that certain stars Some electrons are attached to the atoms of matter in such a way began, some electrons moved off the metal by way of the man''s arm and making waves in the æther for all time, and yet if the atoms of matter comparatively slow speed they produce those æther waves which man calls which our different æther waves produce in the brain of man. What the electrons really produce are æther waves, and these we electrons really did revolve around atoms and thus produce waves in Man did not find only these rays--he discovered that electrons were id = 47396 author = Gladstone, J. H. (John Hall) title = Michael Faraday Third Edition, with Portrait date = keywords = 8vo; Academy; Church; Davy; Dr.; Edition; Faraday; House; Illustrations; Institution; London; M.A.; Mr.; Mrs.; Paris; Professor; REVIEW; Royal; Sciences; Sir; Society; Street; Trinity; author; life; man; work summary = Among the customers of the bookseller in Blandford Street was a Mr. Dance, who, being a member of the Royal Institution, took young Faraday Faraday himself tells us lasted only "some days;" and in writing years from a young man named Faraday; he has been attending my lectures, All his spare time Faraday was occupied with original work. successive books have told the story of his life and work; and in addressed a long letter to him as "Professor Michael Faraday, Member of exception to Faraday being called a stranger--since he had been at St. Cyr he had known the great Englishman well by his works. Faraday''s opinion as to the honours due to scientific men from society "To work with a man like Faraday was in itself a great pleasure; but As to Faraday''s own work in applied science, his attempts to improve work as well as written a good book._"--DAILY NEWS. id = 34221 author = Gray, Elisha title = Electricity and Magnetism date = keywords = CHAPTER; Chicago; Franklin; Morse; New; Niagara; York; current; electrical; electricity; line; power; time; wire summary = Like electricity, magnetism has had a long history, but little use was It is a magnet only so long as the electric current is current of electricity through a wire, magnetic lines of force are earth is a great electromagnet; for the stronger the electrical current circuit through wire A by closing its key, an electrical action was call magnetic or electrical lines of force. open, the battery being in circuit, there were electrical lines of force If we heat a metal ring at one point a current of electricity will flow for electric light or power, and use a galvanic battery, we should have theory, but he constructed a line of bell-wire 1060 feet long and worked and the diaphragm sets up electric currents in the wire wound on the process the electric current, which comes from the power-house with an Earth electric currents, in telegraphy, 99, 116, 182. id = 63122 author = Greely, A. W. (Adolphus Washington) title = Geography of the Air date = keywords = Professor; air; temperature; wind summary = resulting mean diminution of pressure, and the movement of the air from places of high to places of low pressure, the lower air ascending believes that air flowing into the cyclone from a "high" at the ground through a difference of temperature of the air from the equator to the largely the result of greater density due to low temperature, as is atmospheric pressure, temperature, and wind direction over the whole Marvin, whose successful experiments on wind pressures and velocities the square of the velocity of the wind, expressed in miles per hour; wind in pounds per square foot and of the velocity in miles per hour. hour too high, and for an indicated velocity of 90 miles the lower temperatures, the observations of Regnault as to the pressure of The work of Professor Hazen in charting tornadoes and in determining Geography of the Air. Great attention had previously been given to this subject by id = 60271 author = Harrow, Benjamin title = From Newton to Einstein: Changing Conceptions of the Universe date = keywords = Einstein; Lorentz; Newton; Prof.; light; space; theory; time summary = Einstein''s contributions to our ideas of time and space, and to our Newton showed that the moon, the sun, the planets--every body in space Both Newton and Einstein were led to their theory of gravitation to Newton''s theory, the velocity of light must be greater in a denser the "ether" of space (the wave theory of light), and where weight is relativity than in Newton''s theory of gravitation, Einstein so changed relativity--the theory that led up to Einstein''s law of gravitation. the facts of the physical world." Einstein incorporated this time-space of one body in the universe as compared to the space and time of How Einstein''s Conception of Time and Space Led to a New View of much time and energy on this theory of Einstein''s but for the fact THE DEFLECTION OF LIGHT BY GRAVITATION AND THE EINSTEIN THEORY OF The difference between the laws of gravitation of Einstein and Newton id = 14725 author = Huygens, Christiaan title = Treatise on Light In which are explained the causes of that which occurs in reflexion, & in refraction and particularly in the strange refraction of Iceland crystal date = keywords = Crystal; illustration; light; refraction summary = reason causing the light there to pass between straight lines; since the straight lines which are drawn from the point B in the surface waves of light reflected at the surface of polished bodies, we will Let the line AC represent a portion of a wave of light, Let KF be the plane surface; A the point in the medium which the light line RC, parallel and equal to AB, to be a portion of a wave of light, meeting the surface of the crystal CG is refracted as CI, the ray CI crystal at right angles, is that in which the refracted ray also is the refraction of the perpendicular ray incident at the point C, the refracted equally at the surface C_c_, this point must needs appear are straight lines which intersect at right angles the waves which are straight lines which intersect at right angles the waves which id = 46763 author = Jerrold, Walter title = Michael Faraday, Man of Science date = keywords = Davy; Faraday; Humphry; Institution; London; Michael; Mr.; Professor; Royal; Sir; Society; Street; Tyndall; great; illustration; time; work; year summary = simple inscription "Michael Faraday, Man of Science," with the date [Illustration: "MICHAEL FARADAY, MAN OF SCIENCE, APPRENTICE HERE."] between Faraday''s hearing Davy''s lectures and his correspondence In Paris Davy stayed some three months, and Faraday records the great Faraday''s work at this time, and also to give an example of his early Early in the following year Faraday was experimenting on chlorine, a his assistant (Faraday) took his place, and lectured with so much ease The year 1831 is an important one in the life of Michael Faraday, for The year 1858 is an interesting one in the life of Michael Faraday; which Faraday delivered the Christmas Juvenile Lectures; for ten years Great as was Faraday''s work in the service of science he not only did In 1829, when Faraday was working at experiments on Lectures, which since that year 1826, when Faraday may be said to id = 31999 author = King, W. James (William James) title = The Natural Philosophy of William Gilbert and His Predecessors date = keywords = Gilbert; London; St.; Thomas; form; loadstone; nature summary = Due to its generic form, the loadstone is subject to natural motion Forma enim elementi non habet aliquam operationem nisi quae St. Thomas placed the form of the magnet and its powers in the magnetic attraction, the nature of the iron is altered by having a new nature of the iron and the magnet, and this in turn is analogous to Gilbert described the nature of the loadstone in the terms of being Gilbert began his _De magnete_ by expounding the natural history of Gilbert: his place in the medical world," _Nature_, vol. natures of electric and magnetic substances had to differ. bodies that can attract: electric and magnetic.[125] Gilbert refined Although one does not normally find iron to be magnetized, a loadstone loadstone or iron so that it can not be magnetized.[186] Bodies mixed the earth''s magnetic force and the animate form of the Kepler[211] found in Gilbert''s explanation of the loadstone-earth a id = 33397 author = Lawrence Radiation Laboratory title = LRL Accelerators, The 184-Inch Synchrocyclotron date = keywords = Mev; beam; cyclotron; illustration summary = obtain ion beams of much higher energy than originally hoped for. particles (ions) are accelerated inside an evacuated tank. field bends the ion beam into a circular orbit. magnetic field, the ions would be accelerated in a straight line; magnetic field of the cyclotron, e is the electric charge carried by the The energy E of an ion emerging from the cyclotron is given by effect: as an ion is accelerated, its mass increases! voltages can be used to accelerate ions to very high energies. blades operates at its natural frequency as a tuning-fork oscillator. Ions are accelerated only when the radiofrequency is decreasing (Fig. 5). beam, such as that obtained from a conventional cyclotron (see Table I). full-energy beam, he places the target at the maximum usable radius of for obtaining an external beam of protons, deuterons, or alpha Some experiments require an external beam of protons, deuterons, or High-energy beams of particles can id = 39466 author = Longstreth, Thomas Morris title = Reading the Weather date = keywords = Bureau; States; United; air; cloud; cold; day; fall; great; hour; rain; sky; storm; temperature; time; weather; wind; winter summary = During the time of cloud-increase the wind will probably lull before a cloud does not have time to form, and rain comes from an apparently clear on a south or southwest wind a heavy storm is sure to follow. Clear winter days several times a season show a brilliant blue sky filling of the hurricane cloud, the green sky of cold weather showing out between Northwest winds bring clear skies and cool weather everywhere. sure-clear west wind may blow up the valley for three days at a time. rain or snow often cease gradually by the time the wind has reached the wind in a snowstorm keeps rising the storm is likely to go on, probably the wind is light rain may not fall for a day or so. in winter rain with increasing winds will often set in when the barometer falls rapidly the wind will be high with rain and the change to rising id = 11335 author = Lorentz, H. A. (Hendrik Antoon) title = The Einstein Theory of Relativity: A Concise Statement date = keywords = Einstein; Newton; gravitation; theory summary = world are able to understand Einstein''s Theory, it is nevertheless 6, in recognizing Dr. Albert Einstein''s "theory of relativity" motion of the earth relatively to the ether should have been different 6 per cent., whereas the deflection calculated by Einstein''s theory Einstein''s theory in its present form is assumed. they think it far more probable that Einstein''s theory requires some pure theory: the whole effect of Einstein''s work is to make physics THE EINSTEIN THEORY OF RELATIVITY THE EINSTEIN THEORY OF RELATIVITY Einstein arrived at his theory through a train of thought of great by Einstein in his first or "special" theory of relativity. the special theory of relativity, there would be no motion observed at the form of comparison used by Einstein to present the theory is "universal" relativity theory, as it is called by Einstein. It is true that, according to Einstein''s theory, when they learn that, according to the Einstein theory, gravitation id = 38928 author = M''Pherson, J. G. (John Gordon) title = Meteorology; or, Weather Explained date = keywords = Aitken; Ben; Dr.; London; Nevis; air; chapter; cloud; dust; particle; sun; water; weather; wind summary = dust in the air and little water-vapour present, there is an brine-particles, driven into the air as fog forms above the ocean surface, burnt in filtered air, intense fog is produced when water-vapour is words, a cubic inch of the air contained 200,000 dust-particles--nearly a 12,000 dust-particles in a cubic inch of the air: whereas in the following and 60,000 dust-particles to the cubic inch of air were registered; but in wind the dust-particles reached the low number of 300 per cubic inch, the The number of dust-particles in the air which become centres of of condensation of the water-vapour so as to form a cloud-particle; and a a fog, the dust-particles in the air have been fully clothed with July afternoon, counted 4000 dust-particles in a cubic inch of the air; number of dust-particles in the air of large towns. determines the number of dust-particles in the air. id = 36691 author = Marcet, Mrs. (Jane Haldimand) title = Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained date = keywords = CONVERSATION; Caroline; Emily; Mrs.; air; body; earth; fig; light; motion; ray; sun; water summary = _Mrs. B._ The earth, it is true, attracts a heavy body more than a light _Mrs. B._ Retarded motion is produced by some force acting upon the body _Mrs. B._ The force which draws a body towards a centre, round which it _Mrs. B._ Caroline, what would be the effect, were the body supported in _Mrs. B._ The centre of gravity of the human body, is a point somewhere _Mrs. B._ First draw a line from the earth to the sun representing the _Mrs. B._ The difference of the earth''s distance from the sun in summer _Emily._ The moon, Mrs. B., appears to move in a different direction, _Mrs. B._ The interruption of the rays of light, by the opaque body, _Emily._ But since all opaque bodies reflect the rays of light, I do not _Caroline._ But we see all bodies of their own natural colour, Mrs. B.; id = 4908 author = Maxwell, James Clerk title = Five of Maxwell''s Papers date = keywords = Physics; University; body; experiment; man; science; scientific summary = adumbration of the nature of Mathematical Science in the abstract. mathematician and the physical action of the molecules are seen in The quantities which we study in mathematics and physics may be principle, according to which the physical nature of the quantity is Now a truly scientific illustration is a method to enable the mind to account for the present the difference between the physical nature of scientific opinion of his time, the research into what takes place different scientific position from those theories of molecular action different branches of science, that a molecule can be set into a state careful study of those relations between mathematics and Physics which Experiments of illustration may be of very different kinds. that the knowledge of physical science obtained by the combined use of University may give to science, when men well trained in mathematics Physical Science is an essential part of a mathematical and scientific id = 38072 author = McAdie, Alexander title = Wind and Weather date = keywords = FIG; LOW; illustration; storm; wind summary = continued north, close to the shore, and the prevailing winds were _from the prevalence of the north, northwest and west winds. map on which are plotted pressure, temperature, wind direction, velocity Moreover, the weather map does not indicate the true flow of the air, The paths vary widely; from the Gulf storms moving northeast and West PATHS OF HIGH AND LOW, GREAT SNOW STORM OF JANUARY 27-28, 1922] Unlike most storms, there was no strong cold northwest wind blowing into the rule in that hemisphere is to face the wind, and the storm centre When a stream of warm air with a high absolute humidity flows north on the east side of a LOW, and a cold northwest wind follows quickly after northwest and west winds during winter months, the decrease in north In summer, southeast and east winds bring fog and cooler weather; while day a moderate wind from the east, known as the sea-breeze. id = 45955 author = Meadowcroft, Wm. H. (William Henry) title = A-B-C of Electricity date = keywords = battery; electricity; fig; illustration; wire summary = let us suppose that an electric lamp required a pressure of 100 volts If a wire were too small for the volts pressure and ampères of current current of electricity from going through the wires, although the piece the electricity to travel in, one wire for it to leave the battery, When two electric wires are run from a battery and connected together of wire around a piece of iron and sending a current of electricity magnetism produces electricity in the closed loop of wire as it cuts In this way we get a continuous current of electricity in the two wires wires which carry away the electricity from the brushes to the lamps. The wires from the dynamo carrying the electricity are connected in the electricity, and that two wires will carry this current to any place and wire upon it, and by the volts pressure and ampères of electricity id = 277 author = National Atomic Museum (U.S.) title = Trinity Site date = keywords = Alamos; Atomic; Mexico; New; Trinity summary = the first atomic bomb was tested in an isolated area of the New Mexico Manhattan Engineer District, this test was code named Trinity. Trinity test took place on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, The origin of the code name Trinity for the test site is also abandoned George McDonald ranch house located two miles south of the test site served as the assembly point for the device''s core. assembly, the plutonium core was transported to Trinity Site to be Later Trinity Site was opened one additional day on the "Trinity Site Where the World''s First Nuclear Device Was Exploded on Trinity Site are the rusty remains of Jumbo. available; second, the Project scientists decided that the Trinity destroy Jumbo, the Army then buried it in the desert near Trinity Site. The Schmidt-McDonald ranch house is located two miles south of Ground developed, built, and tested the world''s first Atomic bomb in New id = 42613 author = National Research Council (U.S.). Ad Hoc Panel on On-line Computers in Nuclear Research title = On-Line Data-Acquisition Systems in Nuclear Physics, 1969 date = keywords = Fortran; IBM; Sigma; computer; cost; opt; system; time summary = B. A Small Time-Shared Data-Acquisition f. Controlling the output of large quantities of data via a line powerful computers in their on-line data-acquisition systems. may be adequate, but in a large shared-time general-purpose machine a memory device (disk or drum), at a cost per word about 1 percent that In medium and large systems the use of small computers for coupling Some advantages: (1) The small machine can control data acquisition, B. A SMALL TIME-SHARED DATA-ACQUISITION SYSTEM BASED ON A PDP-7 Data-reduction jobs currently possible in the shared-time operating _Simple Data-Analysis Programs_: These compute displays (linear, log, suitable general and powerful data-acquisition interface and control nuclear-data-acquisition interface and control unit, organized around nuclear physics laboratory''s data analysis and theoretical computing Although the use of a small data-acquisition and experiment-control data-acquisition systems in total cost.] different data-acquisition systems on-line with computing center 3. Remote Large Computing Center On-Line for Data Acquisition id = 58404 author = Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of title = Grounds of Natural Philosophy: Divided into Thirteen Parts The Second Edition, much altered from the First, which went under the Name of Philosophical and Physical Opinions date = keywords = CHAP; Corporeal; Creatures; Exterior; Figurative; Human; Man; Nature; Parts; Rational; Sensitive; World; body; mind; motion summary = The Self-moving Parts of Nature seem to be of two sorts, or degrees; Self-moving parts of Nature, which are the Corporeal Figurative Motions Associations of Self-moving Parts, into particular kinds, and sorts; Parts were of different natures; yet, Creatures must be produced by perceptions, made by the different composed parts of Human Creatures; That All Human Creatures have the like Kinds and Sorts of That All Human Creatures have the like Kinds and Sorts of All Human Creatures have the like Kinds and Sorts of Properties, like Parts of the Body, by reason sleeping actions were not such sorts The Rational and Sensitive Parts of a Human Creature, are apt The Rational and Sensitive Parts of a Human Creature, are apt is one sort of Human Perception: for, all Parts of all Creatures, are cause, that some of the Creature''s or Parts of Nature, especially Man, id = 33504 author = Newton, Isaac title = Opticks Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections, and Colours of Light date = keywords = Eye; Glass; Inch; Lens; Paper; Prism; Sun; Water; air; body; colour; light; object; ray; refraction; ring summary = the Lens, when the Image of the red half of the coloured Paper appeared appeared violet, the least refracted red, the middle parts blue, green violet Light on the Paper, which was most refracted in the second Prism, Ray, MN the beam of Light reflected from the Base, VXY the second Prism coloured Image made by refracting that Light with a Prism placed at the _That Bodies refract Light by acting upon its Rays in Colours which this Prism made had long white Streams of faint Light _The Phænomena of Colours in refracted or reflected Light are not caused the Prism, red, yellow, green, blue, violet: If these Colours arose from refracting Light with Prisms of Glass placed within a Prismatick Vessel instance, and a white Paper, be placed in the red Light of the colour''d Refraction of a Prism should make Rings of Colours appear, whereas it id = 49467 author = Phillips, Percy title = Radiation date = keywords = FIG; heat; illustration; light; temperature; wave summary = the waves which carry light and heat to us from the sun fill the whole Light of a certain wave length is admitted at a narrow slit S, and is us to believe constitute heat, light, the electric waves used in As the wave of light with its alternating electric fields comes up to the dotted line in Fig. 20 represent the wave-length--energy curve for the dotted line represents the wave-length--energy curve for the waves which an incandescent gas radiates are also absorbed by it. energy moves to shorter and shorter wave-lengths as the temperature wave-length in the spectrum of a full radiator at one temperature and another wave-length in the spectrum at another temperature are so energy in corresponding wave-lengths at different temperatures is wave-length, and therefore the light or heat will be "dispersed" into small, for the heat waves are produced by vibrations within a molecule, id = 15207 author = Poincaré, Lucien title = The New Physics and Its Evolution date = keywords = Carnot; Footnote; Professor; Rutherford; Sir; Van; body; energy; experiment; ion; measure; phenomenon; ray; theory; time summary = atoms--Natural unit of electricity or electrons. new knowledge, discovered the principle of its true theory in a fact appearance which had been known for a long time, but whose real nature considerable than that produced in the theories of light and heat by phenomena of electricity or light led the physicists of last century phenomena, certain physicists reverse, so to speak, the conditions of different quantities of energy of varying forms, such as electrical, certain hypotheses on electric or magnetic phenomena, it gives a phenomena met with in solutions and those produced in gases, Professor fact, the mechanism employed to produce the electric oscillations From the point of view of the theory of the phenomena, very remarkable All the classic ideas relating to electrical phenomena led to the singular phenomena appear in the case of certain values of the field, precise facts relating to these bodies and to the effects produced by id = 45446 author = Potamian, Brother title = Makers of Electricity date = keywords = Academy; Ampère; Bacon; Clerk; Coulomb; Dr.; Europe; FIG; Faraday; France; Franklin; Galvani; Gilbert; God; London; Maxwell; New; Oersted; Ohm; Paris; Peregrinus; Prof.; Professor; Royal; Sir; Society; Thomson; University; Volta; french; great; illustration; time; work; year summary = of the world''s knowledge of magnetism and electricity at the time. theories and experiments which he sets forth in his great work on the expression in the great treatise on electricity and magnetism which he in the history of electric and magnetic science. The trunk line of his work was magnetism; electricity an extensive work on electric and magnetic philosophy, by the Jesuit The man who worked this revolution in electrical science was no mere time, and Volta''s great contemporary in electricity, Galvani, wrote his sciences of electricity and magnetism. points of knowledge with regard to magnetism and electricity. scientific problems that were working in men''s minds in his time, from Like many another great discovery in physical science, Ohm''s work value of Faraday''s work than this great electrical mathematician, who electrical investigation, and whose place in the world of science is "But the great work of his life was devoted to electricity. id = 548 author = Rohrer, Steve title = Project Trinity, 1945-1946 date = keywords = Group; Guard; July; Post; Project; TRINITY summary = 1,000 personnel, both military and civilian, in Project TRINITY, which civilian personnel took part in Project TRINITY or visited the test according to film badge readings and time spent in the test area, and either participated in Project TRINITY activities or visited the test military personnel in Project TRINITY. Ground zero for the TRINITY detonation was at UTM coordinates Post 8, the only access to the ground zero area from the Base Camp, personnel at the test site at the time of detonation has not been located 14 kilometers northwest of ground zero near Guard Post 2 personnel entering the ground zero area wore complete protective On the day of the shot, five parties entered the ground zero area. ground zero area to retrieve soil samples on 16 and 17 July. o Minimize radiation exposure of personnel on the test site and in leave the shelter areas, a radiological safety monitor and a military id = 22156 author = Rolt-Wheeler, Francis title = The Boy with the U. S. Weather Men date = keywords = Anton; Bob; Bureau; Forecaster; Fred; League; Levin; Mississippi; Mr.; Ross; States; Tighe; Tom; United; Weather; boy; illustration summary = "I hope Anton got out all right!" suddenly exclaimed Ross, half aloud, "Quick, Anton," said Ross, as the smaller lad hesitated, "we''ve got to "Well, my boy," said the Weather Forecaster, "you''re carrying on the top "Why," said Anton, "it looks like a circus tent; you know, the one that "Have your breakfast first, Anton," he said; "you''ve got all day to look "This is to tell time, not weather, Dan''l," Anton answered, "but we''ll "Ross," said the Weather expert, "I''ve been thinking a good deal about "Look here," said the Weather Man, putting his hand on Ross''s shoulder, "I''ve just been telling the fellows, Ross," said the Weather Man, "Yes," said Ross, "Anton''s father is ready to give us the old barn. "Now, boys," said the Forecaster, "suppose that the upper air were "Not quite," said the Forecaster; "our weather kites aren''t built like id = 36252 author = Rotch, Abbott Lawrence title = Sounding the Ocean of Air Being Six Lectures Delivered Before the Lowell Institute of Boston, in December 1898 date = keywords = Blue; Hill; Mr.; air; balloon; cloud; height; illustration; kite; temperature summary = Temperatures observed in Four High Balloon Ascents 91 Changes with Height recorded by Kites at Blue Hill 155 with the height attained by the Blue Hill kites, to be described found from the kite-observations at Blue Hill, that up to the height clouds indicate the direction and velocity of the air at different may be no clouds at all, in which case balloons or kites will aid us clouds at different heights, have been made at Blue Hill several times the height of a mile the mean decrease of temperature in the day-time with height observed during the four highest balloon ascents in Europe are utilized in the measurements of cloud-heights at Blue Hill. atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and relative humidity, was air up to heights of at least 12,000 feet whenever there is wind, but of temperature with height, so that the air at altitudes of from 300 id = 28335 author = St. John, Thomas M. (Thomas Matthew) title = How Two Boys Made Their Own Electrical Apparatus Containing Complete Directions for Making All Kinds of Simple Apparatus for the Study of Elementary Electricity date = keywords = Electric; experiment; fun; illustration; outfit summary = Author of "Things a Boy Should Know about Electricity," "Fun with East Windham,--N.Y. The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment This outfit contains a 32-page book of instructions, with 45 No. R1--"Fun with Magnetism," Complete Outfit, postpaid $0.35 No. R2--"Fun with Electricity," Complete Outfit, postpaid $0.65 No. R3--"Fun with Puzzles," Complete Outfit, postpaid $0.35 No. R4--"Fun with Soap-Bubbles," Complete Outfit, postpaid $0.35 No. R5--"Fun with Shadows," Complete Outfit, postpaid $0.35 No. R6--"Fun with Photography," Complete Outfit, Postpaid $0.65 The Outfit contains the "Game-Preserve," the "Electric Gun," the J." ELECTRIC MOTOR OUTFIT detailed in "The Study of Electric Motors by Experiment." Every ELECTRIC MOTOR OUTFIT No. 2226X contains everything needed for sixty THE BOOK OF INSTRUCTIONS, called "The Study of Electric Motors by THE STUDY OF ELECTRIC MOTORS BY EXPERIMENT Outfit: Illustrated Book of Instructions, called "Fun with Telegraphy"; 2302--"NEW FUN WITH TELEGRAPHY." A Book, Key, Sounder, Wires. id = 44665 author = St. John, Thomas M. (Thomas Matthew) title = Things a Boy Should Know About Electricity Second Edition date = keywords = Book; JOHN; THOMAS; boy summary = This book does not contain experiments, or tell how to make apparatus; simple electrical apparatus for the study of elementary How Two Boys Made Their Own Electrical Apparatus. How Two Boys Made Their Own Electrical Apparatus. consisting, as it did, of electrical apparatus made by boys. interesting exhibits was that of simple electrical apparatus made by [Illustration: "HOW TWO BOYS MADE THEIR OWN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS" BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR SIXTY-ONE EXPERIMENTS IN MAGNETISM... BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR SHADOW PICTURES, PANTOMIMES, BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR SIXTY EXPERIMENTS IN ELECTRICITY.... Electricity.''"--"Very complete, because it contains both book and BOOK, KEY, AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR FOUR HUNDRED PUZZLES... "Fun With Puzzles" is a book that every boy and girl should have. In selecting the apparatus for the experiments in this book, the author "The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment." REAL ELECTRIC TOY-MAKING FOR BOYS id = 48041 author = St. John, Thomas M. (Thomas Matthew) title = The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment Containing Two Hundred Experiments Performed with Simple, Home-made Apparatus date = keywords = Apparatus; EXPERIMENT; Exp; Fig; illustration summary = Needle; The Compass.--Exp. 11, To study the action of magnets Exp. 101, To study the effect of the electric current upon the magnetic needle.--Electrical Connections.--Current permanently magnetized by an electric current.--Exp. 157, To study the effect of a piece of iron placed inside of a magnetized wire.--Discussion.--Induced Currents and Work.--Exp. 176, To of wire having an iron core.--Induced Currents and Lines of and a coil of wire having an iron core.--Discussion of Exps. a current near a coil of wire or other closed circuit.--Exp. Directions.= (A) Place the little bar magnet (the needle) Directions.= (A) Magnetize the wire (Exp. 9). pole of a bar magnet, B M (Fig. 22), be placed near one end of a piece wire, W, joining the needle-magnets should not touch the coil. galvanoscope, etc., a coil of wire acts like a magnet when a current a coiled conductor has poles, magnetic field, etc., when a current id = 36344 author = Talman, Charles Fitzhugh title = The Mentor: The Weather Serial Number 110; 1 July, 1916 date = keywords = American; Author; Bureau; Mentor; New; States; United; illustration; weather summary = Of The United States Weather Bureau Chief of the United States Weather Bureau when the department was first hence the study of weather--meteorology--is one of the most important [Illustration: STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU the phenomena of the atmosphere,--rain and snow, cloud and fog, wind and The layer of the atmosphere lying between sea-level and the upper cloud upward in the air shows under average conditions a fall of temperature [Illustration: THE NEW IDEA IN WEATHER OBSERVATORIES At about 200 stations of the Weather Bureau, distributed over the United days after we had made announcement of a "Weather" number of The Mentor. TALMAN, of the United States Weather Bureau, Washington. [Illustration: CENTRAL OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU, [Illustration: A SIMPLE WEATHER STATION] The United States Signal Service (now the Weather Bureau) For a number of years the United States Weather Bureau maintained a id = 39566 author = Tefft, Lyman Beecher title = Curiosities of Heat date = keywords = Ansel; Bible; CHAPTER; Christ; Creator; God; Hume; Jesus; Lord; Mr.; Nature; Peter; Samuel; Spirit; Wilton; heat; man summary = as a specimen of God''s works, his management of heat in the world. the operations of heat are beneficent to man, it is because God wished to cold water comes to take its place, and this in turn is heated and rises God''s management of heat we shall constantly meet with these changes. an amount of heat is required to raise the temperature of water! warm rays of the sun fall upon the cold earth, and the frown of God throws This is that storehouse of heat which God has placed in man''s earth were brought to one-half its present distance from the sun, the heat the heat of the sun to fall upon the earth almost undiminished in force. "In this work of absorbing and radiating heat every object, earth, air, temperature falls: I think you said that a part of its sensible heat id = 13476 author = Tesla, Nikola title = Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency A Lecture Delivered before the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London date = keywords = Fig; Tesla; bulb; coil; frequency; high; illustration; tube; wire summary = EXPERIMENTS WITH ALTERNATE CURRENTS OF HIGH POTENTIAL AND HIGH FREQUENCY EXPERIMENTS WITH ALTERNATE CURRENTS OF HIGH POTENTIAL AND HIGH FREQUENCY conveying alternating currents of high potential, and the tube in my doubt large coils, even if operated with currents of low frequencies, degree, generally the bulb is not excited upon connecting the wire w small primary coil, and a higher frequency would result in a enormous potentials obtainable by the use of high frequencies and oil alternate currents of high potential and frequency. The heating of a conducting body inclosed in a bulb, and connected to coil is operated by currents of very high frequency. coil is operated by currents of very high frequency. hand for producing electric impulses of a sufficiently high frequency, produced with currents of low frequency, obtained from a coil operated small phosphorescent bulb, when attached to a wire connected to a id = 45893 author = Thompson, Silvanus P. (Silvanus Phillips) title = William Gilbert, and Terrestial Magnetism in the Time of Queen Elizabeth A Discourse date = keywords = Gilbert; compass; needle summary = WILLIAM GILBERT AND TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM IN THE TIME OF QUEEN Gilbert''s monumental work, the _De Magnete_, published in 1600, marks of the magnetic needle in navigation had been known both in Northern use in Elizabethan times of the loadstone and of the compass may be navigation, the compass pointed in Middle Europe so nearly truly to the why the compass needle pointed north, and the reason why it did not the magnetized needle to dip its northern end downwards. of his compasses, he thereupon devised a dipping-needle, and measured freely upon books, maps, instruments, minerals, and magnets. his new philosophy was concerning the great magnet the earth: and facts as known in the thirty years succeeding Gilbert''s death, see the and iron, and between magnetic needles. has made." Gilbert further pointed out that the loadstone is surrounded on the dip of compass-needles placed at different points over his This discourse on William Gilbert and terrestrial magnetism id = 1225 author = Tyndall, John title = Faraday as a Discoverer date = keywords = Davy; Faraday; Institution; Mr.; Royal; Sir; Society; action; chapter; current; electricity; experiment; force; magnetic summary = reciprocal effect of causing a current to rotate round a magnet. of magnetic force''; and he showed that to produce induced currents the earth''s lines of magnetic force then crossed the plate at an angle A crowd of facts of this character forced upon Faraday''s mind the In fact Faraday had notions regarding the magnetization of light poles (not as yet magnetized by the electric current), so that the current, and so causing the magnetic force to cease, the light instantly full magnetic power, which time vanishes when a current, without iron, electrical forces do, and therefore space has a magnetic relation of its is, according to Faraday, equivalent in magnetic force to 8160 lbs. The idea of lines of magnetic force was suggested to Faraday by the In this inquiry Faraday worked with steel magnets, the force of which Diamagnetic Bodies; on Lines of Magnetic Force, their definite character id = 14000 author = Tyndall, John title = Six Lectures on Light Delivered In The United States In 1872-1873 date = keywords = Dr.; Fig; Iceland; Kirchhoff; Nature; Newton; Nicol; Sir; Theory; Young; beam; colour; illustration; light; produce; ray; spectrum; water; wave summary = knew that an opaque body, placed between the eye and a point of light, begin by receiving a beam of light upon the glass which is reflected time required to pass over the distance _d_, Newton''s light-particle of the bands in red, green, and violet light is represented in fig. _Ordinary Refraction of Light explained by the Wave Theory_. _Double Refraction of Light explained by the Wave Theory_. _Polarization of Light explained by the Wave Theory_. of polarized light equal to the reflected beam; but this is only a CHROMATIC PHENOMENA PRODUCED BY CRYSTALS IN POLARIZED LIGHT CHROMATIC PHENOMENA PRODUCED BY CRYSTALS IN POLARIZED LIGHT _Action of Crystals on Polarized Light: the Nicol Prism._ Placed with their directions of vibration parallel, the light passes _Colours of Crystals in Polarized Light explained by the shows the colours of polarized light; in fact, the cloud itself plays id = 32307 author = Venable, F. P. (Francis Preston) title = A Brief Account of Radio-activity date = keywords = active; activity; alpha; radio; ray summary = The beginning--Radio-active bodies--An atomic property--Discovery of new radio-active bodies--Discovery for new radio-active bodies--Methods of investigation--Nature particles--Electrical charge--Helium formed from alpha nucleus--Determination of the atomic number--Use of X-ray spectra--Changes caused by ray-emission--Atomic weight the lead obtained from radio-active minerals differs in atomic weight A large number of other radio-active substances have been separated The radiations from radio-active bodies can discharge both positively The alpha rays have a positive electrical charge and a comparatively thorium and radium were found to give off a radio-active gas. In order to measure the disintegration of a radio-active body in units radio-active substances, the nature of the rays produced must be radio-active body, as radium _C_, which expels alpha particles with a Each alpha particle emitted means a loss of 4 in the atomic weight. [Illustration: RADIO-ACTIVE ELEMENTS FROM URANIUM AND THORIUM Radio-active bodies, elemental nature of, 20 Radio-activity, an atomic property, 3 id = 37855 author = Visher, Stephen Sargent title = Climatic Changes: Their Nature and Causes date = keywords = America; California; Earth; Europe; Fig; Footnote; North; Pleistocene; Proterozoic; Sea; Vol; change; climate; climatic; time summary = hundred million years ago, the earth''s climate differed only a little rate while the lands lie quiet during a period of mild climate great elements in climatic changes,--the effects of the sun, on the one hand, _The Form of the Land._ Another great cause of climatic change have actually caused great changes time and again in the geologic past." climatic changes of glacial and historic times which now seem to have earth''s atmospheric pressure_ and hence produce changes in winds, ocean evidence of the great climatic changes that have taken place. evidence of climatic changes during historic times is strongest. climate during glacial periods in non-glaciated regions which are How important the periods of mild climate have been in geological times An increase in the lands would cause changes in several climatic commotion that great changes of climate have occurred upon the earth. id = 46168 author = Watson, William, Sir title = Experiments and Observations Tending to Illustrate the Nature and Properties of Electricity In One Letter to Martin Folkes, Esq; President, and Two to the Royal Society date = keywords = Electricity; Glass; Power; Spirit; Tube summary = I HAD before observ''d, that although[2] Non-electric Bodies made the Air, or comes near to some non-electric Substance; if so, the therefore it repels the Electricity arising from the glass Tube, and disposes it to electrify whatever non-electrical Bodies receive the as inflammable Substances may be fired by Electricity two different Power of Electricity, when this Effect arises from their being brought Hand to receive the electrical Flashes, when the Finger of the brought a cold, though dry, Glass Tube near three Feet long into a Room, Let a Man, standing upon electrical Cakes, hold this Plate in his Hand Finger, without the Glass being first made non-electric by wetting. neither Electric''s _per se_ excited, or electrified Bodies, exert their the electrical Flashes fire the inflammable Vapour, which fires the when they have observed one end of an excited Glass Tube repel light and then this Power is observed first at that Part of the Non-electric id = 38348 author = Weir, James, active 1883-1912 title = The Energy System of Matter: A Deduction from Terrestrial Energy Phenomena date = keywords = energy; material; nature; process; system; transformation; transmission summary = the distortive movement, the mass will also gain energy in other forms. bodily movement of material mass in space, the dynamical energy thus "work" energy it is the mass value of the moving material which, in this transformed and associated with the mass in the form of energy of transformation, the material may attain an energy condition in which the mechanism of the transformation of the applied work energy into heat. planetary material gives rise to certain transformations of energy, form of energy of motion, is simply worked down or transformed against case, form the material factor or agency in the energy operation. In every energy machine, the material substance or operator forms cases the aqueous material works in a definite machine for energy transmission of work energy to the atmospheric masses and their energy process which takes place in the movement of the masses from id = 278 author = White Sands Missile Range (N.M.). Public Affairs Office title = Trinity Site: 1945-1995. A National Historic Landmark, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico date = keywords = Alamos; Range; Site; Trinity summary = In deciding whether to visit ground zero at Trinity Site, the Trinity Site, where the world''s first atomic bomb was exploded in time the Trinity Site detonation occurred, and should help visitors Included on the Trinity Site tour is Ground Zero where the atomic bomb ranch house where the world''s first plutonium core for a bomb was Trinity Site is where the first atomic bomb was tested at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain War Time on July 16, 1945. explosion; and the McDonald ranch house, where the plutonium core to Los Alamos scientists devised two designs for an atomic bomb--one The bomb design to be used at Trinity Site actually involved two McDonald ranch house just two miles from ground zero. Trinity Site became part of what was then White Sands Proving Ground. The land, including Trinity Site and the old Alamogordo Bombing Range, For more information on Trinity Site or White Sands Missile Range id = 10773 author = Willson, Thomas Edgar title = Ancient and Modern Physics date = keywords = Willson; atom; earth; ether; etheric; globe; matter summary = divide physical matter into four kinds--prakriti, ether, prana, two kinds prakriti (commonly called "physical matter") and ether; vibration of the prakritic atom and its envelope of ether," each "When the prakritic atom is vibrating in chord with its etheric when the atom and its ether and its prana are vibrating in chord, atom and its ether, prana, and manasa are vibrating in chord, we atom of his physical body is the centre of an etheric molecule, The physical atoms must coincide in vibration with their etheric Each physical atom is the centre of an etheric molecule composed centre of a prakritic globe, revolving in ether around the sun. The sun is the centre of a solar globe of ether, revolving in vibration of the etheric and prakritic atoms of the two planes of of ether of the solar globe and every atom of prakriti of this id = 38036 author = Wilson, Eric B. title = Electricity for the 4-H Scientist date = keywords = electricity; figure; illustration; iron; lamp; need; wire summary = Electricity serves you best when you understand how it works and use it wire for the positive side of the circuit (the center pole of battery). 8. A dry cell battery (stores) (makes) (uses) electrical energy. A good 100 to 250-watt electric soldering iron will be useful. 4. Use knife to strip insulation off wire for 3/4" on end of each cord. 2. Lamps that waste electricity are those which have (bad wiring) 4. Wire in lamp cord usually comes in sizes 16 or 18. All that a motor needs to do its work is electricity and a little care. For safe and proper use of electricity, all wiring, fittings, 4. Heat lamps not properly supported by non-current carrying wire, electrician to tell you about safe electrical wiring, connections and there''s a magnetic field around a wire carrying an electric current and _field_ or lines of force around any wire carrying an electric current. id = 27125 author = Worthington, A. M. (Arthur Mason) title = The Splash of a Drop date = keywords = Cloth; Map; Rev.; drop; illustration; tau summary = INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SPLASH OF A WATER-DROP FALLING ABOUT 16 similar drop falling from exactly the same height, and illuminated at represents the splash of a drop of mercury 0·15 inch in diameter that height of fall or size of the drop are not so great as to cause complete drop; (2) the height of fall; (3) the value of the surface tension; (4) The next series of drawings illustrates the splash of a drop of water made eighteen years ago to photograph the splash of a drop of mercury, I photographs; they were obtained by allowing a drop of mercury to fall on the Splash of a Drop of Mercury, 4·83 mm. shows the splash of a drop of milk falling on to a smoked exhibits the splash of a water drop falling into milk. Splash of a Drop of Milk falling 20 cm. id = 39831 author = Worthington, A. M. (Arthur Mason) title = A Study of Splashes date = keywords = Fig; Series; illustration; sec; sphere; splash; surface summary = largely with the splash of a drop falling on a solid plate, with which But when we are watching the splash made by the fall of a liquid drop, edge AA of the drop (see Fig. 9) tells us that the liquid there is mouth closes so as to form a bubble on the surface of the liquid. entry of a _solid_ sphere falling vertically into a liquid from a small rough sphere falling into water to which milk has been added for the how this column originates, we must follow the sphere below the surface The splash of a rough sphere as seen below the surface. On increasing the height of fall of a rough sphere to 60 cm., we obtain increased the height of fall of a liquid drop. this liquid to make a smooth sphere give the same splash as a rough A _liquid_ sphere makes a "rough" splash, and the photographs obtained id = 36457 author = Zambra, Joseph title = A Treatise on Meteorological Instruments Explanatory of Their Scientific Principles, Method of Construction, and Practical Utility date = keywords = CHAPTER; Ditto; Fig; Messrs.; Mr.; Negretti; Zambra; barometer; illustration; instrument; mercury; table; temperature; thermometer; tube summary = barometers, thermometers, anemometers, and in every class of instruments. mercury in the barometer at the sea-level generally stood above 30 inches; When the mercury in a barometer tube rises or falls, the level of the the instrument, in order to correct the observed height of the barometer. cistern, filled with mercury, the brass tube, with its divided scale and up the frame; on one side of the tube is placed a scale of inches; a small instrument has a large syphon barometer tube, in which the mercurial surface of the mercury in a syphon barometer is read, as in the instrument the instrument, from which the barometer scale of inches is divided. mercurial barometer were corrected for index-error and temperature. into extensive use thermometer and barometer scale-plates made of tube is arrested, _and indicates the exact temperature_ of the bulb or air The _dry_ bulb thermometer indicates the temperature of the air itself; id = 279 author = nan title = Photos and Maps of Trinity (Atomic Test) Site date = keywords = site summary = Photos and Maps of Trinity (Atomic Test) Site The picture files are courtesy of U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range Public Affairs Office: basecamp.gif -Base camp for Trinity site workers. blast.gif -Trinity test blast at 10 seconds. crater.gif -Oppenheimer and Groves examine tower piling in crater. gadget1.gif -Lifting the "gadget" into the 100-foot tower. gadget2.gif -Norris Bradbury with the "gadget". jumbo.gif -Unloading Jumbo. mcdonald.gif -McDonald-Schmidt ranch house, where plutonium core was assembled. patch.gif -Patch issued to Manhattan Project military participants. tr_map1.gif -Map of roads to Trinity Site and visitors'' site map. whitsand.gif -Emblem of the U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range. id = 33810 author = nan title = On the magnet, magnetick bodies also, and on the great magnet the earth a new physiology, demonstrated by many arguments & experiments date = keywords = Aristotle; Baptista; Book; Boreal; Earth; East; English; Gilbert; Greek; Horizon; Joannes; LINE; Loadstone; London; Mobile; Moon; North; PAGE; Pliny; Porta; Primum; Ptolemy; Sea; Sir; South; Sun; Thomas; Venet; West; attract; body; chap; end; force; great; illustration; iron; magnetick; motion; nature; northern; place; point; pole; southern; turn; variation summary = Magnetick Versorium, a piece of iron upon a pin, excited by a loadstone. of iron touched with a loadstone, and placed upon a needle or point firmly and South, just as the loadstone or iron rubbed with a magnetical body earths, and iron stones, magnets abounding in metal, are the more imbued & cleaner body, the loadstone gives to the iron a greater force of attracting magnetick pieces of iron within the orbe of virtue, or near a loadstone, do the surface of the stone, for the iron when touched by a loadstone points The loadstone and the iron make one body; B is the south pole these ways the boreal pole of the earth gives to the end of a piece of iron loadstone and iron and its natural power of turning around the centre which a magnetick piece of iron is directed to its proper pole: so on the earth''s id = 46338 author = nan title = A Medley of Weather Lore date = keywords = April; Day; June; March; Spring; Tusser; come; good; rain; summer; weather; wind; year summary = A fair day in winter is the mother of a storm. OLD CUSTOM OF BLESSING APPLE TREES ON TWELFTH DAY. "Twelfth-Day--came in a tiffany suit, white and gold, like a queen on a When a moorland shepherd meets his sheep on a winter''s night coming White moon doth neither rain nor snow. The green bud springs, the young bird sings, Do come to sing in thy green trees, Old May Day is the usual time for turning out cattle into the pastures, And the violet, and then the rose, and all sweet things are coming. Then comes in the sweet o'' the year! Then comes in the sweet o'' the year! "Haste thee away, oh, winter day!" If Michaelmas Day be fair, the sun will shine much in the winter; The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year, If New Year''s Eve night wind blows south