Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 58 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61839 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 69 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 star 25 Jupiter 23 Mars 21 Mr. 20 earth 19 illustration 18 Venus 17 Saturn 17 Professor 16 sun 14 Sir 13 planet 13 great 12 Mercury 11 Observatory 10 Dr. 9 time 9 moon 9 Milky 9 Herschel 8 Kepler 7 telescope 7 Way 7 Tycho 7 Royal 7 November 7 Newton 7 Earth 6 Sun 6 Neptune 6 Moon 6 Greenwich 6 God 6 Galileo 6 Copernicus 5 year 5 Rome 5 Halley 5 England 4 light 4 form 4 distance 4 Ptolemy 4 Prof. 4 New 4 Lowell 4 London 4 John 4 Great 4 Cambridge Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 13940 star 10992 sun 9769 earth 9240 time 7555 planet 6422 year 5391 moon 4723 distance 4393 light 4371 day 4348 body 4183 mile 4103 system 3979 observation 3941 telescope 3878 part 3753 motion 3561 comet 3485 line 3390 man 3194 surface 3090 place 3011 work 2950 point 2939 object 2921 fact 2742 orbit 2719 astronomer 2566 matter 2472 ring 2453 life 2441 case 2402 number 2356 way 2315 water 2290 p. 2264 space 2256 side 2243 position 2210 world 2209 period 2151 form 2114 discovery 2094 heat 2072 eye 2030 theory 1993 power 1988 foot 1969 diameter 1967 atmosphere Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 26233 _ 4596 | 2296 Mr. 2130 Mars 1995 Jupiter 1801 Footnote 1679 Professor 1605 Observatory 1596 . 1443 Venus 1428 heavens 1403 Saturn 1394 Fig 1322 Sir 1270 Herschel 1238 Earth 1044 Sun 990 Royal 983 vol 977 Galileo 951 Mercury 925 Dr. 911 Kepler 878 Greenwich 825 Tycho 801 W. 796 Newton 724 S. 706 E. 660 Milky 657 Way 624 June 609 Neptune 607 Moon 588 November 579 M. 573 Cambridge 565 Great 561 God 560 England 546 Airy 530 Mr 521 John 516 Astr 510 Society 508 August 504 New 504 May 502 Copernicus 492 London Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 37666 it 18034 we 15244 he 11605 i 10078 they 5594 them 4345 us 3765 him 2745 you 2145 me 1653 she 1528 itself 1296 himself 796 themselves 505 one 502 her 327 myself 263 ourselves 133 ours 120 herself 61 yourself 42 yours 35 theirs 33 mine 31 thee 27 his 6 ''s 5 thyself 5 je 5 hers 4 oneself 3 ye 2 u 2 thy 2 ib 1 |239|10 1 |169| 1 yourselves 1 venus._--next 1 us:-- 1 true--"they 1 thou''d 1 them.--the 1 th 1 stars!--they 1 satellites:--''they 1 s 1 prominences._--fig 1 plato--"you 1 oi Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 136220 be 36229 have 8561 see 7529 make 6623 do 5859 find 4796 know 4381 say 4164 give 4103 take 4025 show 3364 appear 3098 seem 2964 come 2650 go 2573 call 2200 follow 2199 pass 2183 become 2162 form 2141 move 2130 suppose 2029 think 2013 observe 1872 look 1609 produce 1535 fall 1517 bring 1450 consider 1413 use 1411 discover 1392 begin 1361 leave 1314 believe 1292 turn 1257 carry 1245 describe 1235 determine 1229 receive 1214 represent 1200 lie 1175 remain 1165 exist 1162 reach 1161 get 1158 require 1153 lead 1144 write 1124 regard 1112 draw Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 17794 not 8718 great 8015 so 7880 more 7354 other 6919 very 5958 only 5331 same 4964 first 4407 most 4400 then 4203 now 4095 much 3913 as 3900 such 3725 small 3586 many 3511 large 3429 well 3334 far 3312 even 3247 also 2982 solar 2982 long 2918 out 2891 about 2862 little 2818 up 2768 thus 2697 however 2455 less 2378 still 2286 new 2225 high 2225 bright 2190 different 2121 own 2109 nearly 2023 few 2022 therefore 1960 good 1757 certain 1684 again 1650 just 1624 here 1582 almost 1578 present 1517 whole 1512 never 1500 visible Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 947 great 902 least 717 good 614 most 489 near 448 high 399 large 273 bright 247 early 190 small 129 slight 127 low 117 fine 90 simple 89 Most 74 old 67 late 65 faint 60 long 56 lofty 51 strong 46 short 46 manif 44 deep 43 eld 36 close 35 farth 34 grand 33 wide 32 furth 29 bad 27 rich 27 clear 25 easy 24 minute 23 light 23 dense 22 hot 21 young 21 full 20 dark 19 swift 19 heavy 18 noble 17 warm 16 broad 14 mere 14 keen 14 big 13 wise Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3793 most 202 least 170 well 9 fast 7 near 7 long 6 brightest 4 highest 3 swiftest 3 hard 2 shortest 2 innermost 2 greatest 2 early 1 worst 1 tost 1 richest 1 quick 1 oldest 1 minutest 1 loftiest 1 lightest 1 latest 1 farthest 1 eldest 1 close Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 www.gutenberg.org 4 www.gutenberg.net 4 archive.org 2 csky.sattre-press.com 1 www.hti.umich.edu 1 www.archive.org 1 gallica.bnf.fr 1 digital.lib.msu.edu Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://csky.sattre-press.com 2 http://archive.org 1 http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=AAN1277.0001.001 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/58810/58810-h/58810-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/58810/58810-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44167/44167-h/44167-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44167/44167-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/8/2/4/28247/28247-h/28247-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/8/2/4/28247/28247-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/8/4/3/18431/18431-h/18431-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/8/4/3/18431/18431-h.zip 1 http://www.archive.org/details/gradualacceptan00stim 1 http://gallica.bnf.fr 1 http://digital.lib.msu.edu/ 1 http://archive.org/details/royalobservatory00maun 1 http://archive.org/details/heavensabovepopu00gillrich Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 pebareka@iexpress.net.au 1 pamhall@www.edu 1 info@sattre-press.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 earth is not 33 stars are not 25 _ is _ 18 sun does not 18 sun is about 17 stars are so 16 sun is not 15 _ see _ 15 stars are visible 14 earth is round 14 moon does not 14 stars do not 13 earth does not 13 earth is about 13 earth was not 13 light is not 12 moon is always 12 moon is not 12 stars are suns 12 sun is now 12 sun is so 12 work was not 11 _ know _ 11 moon is full 11 motion is not 11 sun is only 11 sun is very 11 time went on 10 astronomers have not 10 planets do not 9 moon is so 9 planets are not 9 stars are more 9 stars are really 8 _ was _ 8 men are not 8 moon is about 8 observations were not 8 orbit is inclined 8 planet is not 8 star is about 8 star was not 8 system is not 7 _ does _ 7 _ is also 7 body is not 7 distance is about 7 earth is flat 7 earth is only 7 earth is so Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 moon knows no maginus 2 _ is no longer 2 bodies are not rigid 2 earth has no movement 2 earth is not absolutely 2 earth is not flat 2 earth is not immovable 2 earth is not round 2 earth was not uniform 2 moon is not very 2 motion was not uniform 2 orbit is not circular 2 planets are not all 2 planets had no vital 2 star has not yet 2 surface is not much 2 telescope had not yet 2 telescope has no finder 2 work is not only 2 work was not only 1 _ are not many 1 _ are not only 1 _ does not _ 1 _ had no experience 1 _ is not _ 1 _ is not much 1 _ is not so 1 _ was no sooner 1 _ was not _ 1 astronomer had no hope 1 astronomer has no difficulty 1 astronomer has no fear 1 astronomer is not that 1 astronomer took no doubt 1 astronomers are no doubt 1 astronomers do not often 1 astronomers had no idea 1 astronomers had no mode 1 astronomers make no mention 1 astronomers was not very 1 astronomers were not able 1 astronomers were not exactly 1 astronomers were not more 1 astronomers were not satisfied 1 bodies are not evenly 1 bodies are not more 1 bodies are not spherical 1 bodies do not actually 1 bodies have no motion 1 bodies have no satellites A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 10655 author = Airy, George Biddell title = Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy date = keywords = Admiralty; Airy; April; Astr; Astronomer; August; Board; Cambridge; College; December; February; Greenwich; January; July; June; London; Lord; Lunar; March; November; Observatory; October; Paper; Playford; Prof.; Report; Royal; September; Sir; Smith; Society; South; Theory; Transit; University; Visitors; observation summary = survey work, the establishment of time-balls at different places, his time was also given to Lectures, generally on current astronomical Herschel.--On Nov. 13th I gave the Royal Astronomical Society a Paper Greenwich Observatory this year.--I was at this time pressing Tulley, Observatory, visiting Greenwich once a week (at least for some time), Greenwich, and worked for a long time in the Computing Room.--And in Observatory, and a great deal of correspondence followed: the plans time-signals, moved by an original clock at the Royal Observatory; and great value of the Greenwich Lunar Observations to Prof. observed at the Royal Observatory of Greenwich. Observatory which has occupied any of my time within the last year is the Planetary Observations made at the Royal Observatory in the years Lunar Theory, the great work which for some years had occupied much of Observations made at Cambridge Observatory Observations made at the Royal Observatory, id = 12340 author = Anonymous title = The Story of the Herschels, a Family of Astronomers Sir William Herschel, Sir John Herschel, Caroline Herschel date = keywords = Caroline; England; God; Herschel; John; Miss; Sir; Slough; William; brother; great; life; time summary = Herschel''s parents--The two brothers--A musical family--An inventive genius--The brothers in England--Herschel as an planet--Herschel''s combined musical and astronomical pursuits--A at Datchet--Herschel''s astronomical observations--Testing and strength--Herschel removes to Bath--Last days of an reputation--The forty-foot telescope--Herschel''s observations on Caroline Herschel''s devotion to her brother William--Her grief and gold medal--South on Sir William''s discoveries--On Miss Herschel''s duty--Sir John''s visit to Miss Herschel--Reminiscences of early brothers," says Caroline Herschel, "were often introduced as solo In July 1783 Herschel began his observations with his large twenty-foot telescope, had, prior to Herschel''s time, felt his curiosity excited by great was the importance, of Herschel''s labours, and in how remarkable "My brother left Slough, accompanied by Lady Herschel, for Herschel, says a brother astronomer, will never cease to occupy an view the results of all the observations Sir William Herschel had made received and read Sir John Herschel''s great work, "Cape the Herschels--brother, sister, nephew--in all the bright and lovely id = 35375 author = Ashe, E. D. (Edward David) title = The proceedings of the Canadian Eclipse Party, 1869 date = keywords = Douglas; Jefferson; Mr.; moon; telescope summary = Mr. Douglas shut himself up in the dark room; I took charge of the We took the partial eclipse with an eye-piece, giving a With regard to the bright band on the sun, bordering the moon, in that we took before totality, shews the cusps and edge of the moon to be double, giving the appearance of a band surrounding the moon. Before giving a description of the photograms of the Total Eclipse, from the telescope, observing the general appearance of the eclipse evident that Mr. Vail saw with a telescope what I photographed; and photograms of the eclipse were taken, and directly totality finished band surrounding the moon''s limb in photograms of the partial whether it was the limb of the moon, indenting the edge of the sun, places, on the edge of the moon; their position your photograph will when totality took place, all became comparatively dark; every id = 2298 author = Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title = Great Astronomers date = keywords = Cambridge; College; Dr.; Flamsteed; Galileo; Halley; Hamilton; Herschel; John; Kepler; Laplace; Mars; Newton; PLATE; Professor; Ptolemy; Royal; Sir; Tycho; University; Venus; Verrier summary = movement, by which the stars and all other celestial bodies appear to Ptolemy''s astronomical works had appeared a few years before the observations of the new star as those which Tycho made, possessed, places of the moon, the planets, and the stars on the celestial The last of Galileo''s great astronomical discoveries related to the fact, the great observer himself did not accept the new views of as the circumstances of astronomical observation would at that time At the present day, astronomers of the great national observatories illustrious friend''s great work, so that in the same year he was in a movement of the earth around the sun, the star must appear to have great French astronomer sketched for the first time that remarkable earth, the sun, and the five great planets with which Laplace was When he was twenty-eight years old, his first great astronomical id = 27378 author = Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title = The Story of the Heavens date = keywords = Bear; Cygni; Dr.; Earth; Great; Herschel; Jupiter; Kepler; Mars; Mercury; Moon; Mr.; Neptune; Newton; November; Observatory; Pole; Professor; Saturn; Sirius; Sun; Uranus; Venus; fig; illustration; planet; star summary = watches the moon, or star, or planet enter the field of view; and he fixed stars, the sun, the moon, and the planets. The actual distance of the sun from the earth is about 92,900,000 miles; directly between the earth and the sun, and the dark body of the moon Planets, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, and Mars--Velocity of the Earth--The Outer Planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune--Light The sun and the moon, the planets and the comets, the attraction every planet must revolve in an elliptic orbit round the sun, In the case of our own planet, the earth rotates twenty-seven times for globe, and that the earth and all the other planets were small bodies hands, when he observed a small star-like object near the planet. to our position on the earth, we observe the stars from a point of view herself ardently in observing the moon, planets, and stars; and more id = 25992 author = Brewster, David title = The Martyrs of Science, or, The lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler date = keywords = CHAPTER; Copernicus; Cosmo; Denmark; Duke; Emperor; Florence; Galileo; Grand; Inquisition; Jupiter; Kepler; King; Pisa; Pope; Prague; Rome; Rudolph; Tycho; Uraniburg; friend; observation summary = GALILEO, TYCHO BRAHE, AND KEPLER. Sun--Galileo visits Rome--Is summoned before the Inquisition--And The early years of Galileo were, like those of almost all great Galileo observed a remarkable difference in the appearance of their the new planets several times, along with Galileo, at Pisa; and when he The discovery of Jupiter''s satellites suggested to Galileo a new method Having overcome all these difficulties, Galileo''s work was published in Although Galileo had for a long time abandoned his astronomical studies, Benach as a Residence and an Observatory--Kepler visits Tycho--Who Benach as a Residence and an Observatory--Kepler visits Tycho--Who _Tycho resumes his Astronomical Observations--Is attacked with a Although Tycho continued in this new position to observe the planets distinguished men as Tycho, Kepler, and Galileo. 54th year of his age, was observing the heavens at Prague, Kepler, only Galileo and Tycho, whose Tables were calculated by Kepler from the Observations of Tycho, and are id = 12406 author = Bryant, Walter W. (Walter William) title = Kepler date = keywords = Astronomy; Copernicus; Kepler; Mars; Mercury; Ptolemy; Tables; Tycho; earth; time summary = planets revolved not about the earth but about the sun, but the idea apses of the sun''s orbit, where its distance from the earth is greatest centre of the earth''s orbit, instead of through the sun, thus of Tycho''s great work "Introduction to the New Astronomy". observations, leaving those of Mars for Kepler. observations would not have come into Kepler''s hands, and their great the Mars observations to Kepler, but instead of working at the new lunar earth''s orbit, such that the centre bisected the distance from the sun FIGURES EXPLANATORY OF KEPLER''S THEORY OF THE MOTION OF MARS. Kepler''s improved determination of the earth''s orbit was obtained by these the date of the year would give the angle MSE (Mars-Sun-Earth), at a complete edition of Kepler''s works was made for a long time. Ecliptic: The plane of the earth''s orbital motion about the sun, which id = 55387 author = Carpenter, William title = One Hundred Proofs That the Earth Is Not a Globe date = keywords = Carpenter; Earth; Moon; Mr.; Proctor; Sun; globe; proof summary = "plane sailing," a practical proof that Earth is not a globe. pointed proof that the Earth is not a globe. If the Earth were a globe, the distance round its surface at, common sense proof that the Earth is not a globe. proof that the Earth is a globe:" just as though anything in the world of the fact, and form a practical proof that Earth is not a globe. at all:--an evident proof that the Earth is not a globe. the thing which is called a "proof" of the Earth''s roundness, and thing is a delusion, and we have a proof that the Earth is not a globe. day and give us a proof that Earth is not a globe. to stand down, and make way for a proof that the Earth is not a globe. standing before us a proof that Earth is not a globe. id = 28247 author = Clerke, Agnes M. (Agnes Mary) title = A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition date = keywords = April; Astr; Astroph; August; Cape; Comptes; December; Dr.; February; Footnote; Fraunhofer; Harvard; Herschel; Huggins; Ibid; January; July; June; Jupiter; Lick; Lockyer; March; Mars; Milky; Month; Mr.; Neptune; Nova; November; Observatory; October; Paris; Phil; Proc; Professor; Rendus; Royal; Saturn; September; Sir; Venus; Way; William summary = discoveries of sun-spot and magnetic periodicity and of spectrum Early Views as to the Nature of Sun-spots--Wilson''s Observations and Period of Magnetic Disturbance--Sun-spots and Weather--Spectrum 1901--Movements of Sun and Stars--List of Great Telescopes--List of the "apex," or point of direction of the sun''s motion, close to the star for if the earth really travelled in a vast orbit round the sun, objects were observed for the first time, besides 3,347 double stars discovered [Footnote 117: _Results of Astronomical Observations made during the [Footnote 204: Observations on Uranus, as a supposed fixed star, went Newton showed that the bodies known as "comets," or _hirsute_ stars, records of sun-spot observations, from the time of Galileo and Scheiner dark-line solar spectrum, certain differences were perceiving, showing Sir John Herschel showed that heat-rays at the sun''s surface must [Footnote 755: _The Distance of the Sun from the Earth determined by the id = 28570 author = Dolmage, Cecil Goodrich Julius title = Astronomy of To-day: A Popular Introduction in Non-Technical Language date = keywords = Comet; Dr.; Illustrations; Jupiter; Mars; Mercury; Milky; Mr.; Neptune; Observatory; Plate; Pole; Professor; Saturn; Sir; Venus; chapter; day; earth; eclipse; great; moon; page; planet; star; sun; telescope; year summary = order outwards the Moon, the planets Mercury and Venus, the Sun, and The sun, of course, occults planets and stars in exactly the same manner sun''s face is hidden as a consequence of the moon''s body coming directly place when the moon comes between the sun and the earth, in such a called a partial eclipse, because from the earth''s surface the sun is by one nearer coming in the way, a total eclipse of the sun is far the whereas an eclipse of the sun can only take place at _new_ moon. nights by the changing positions of the sun, the moon, and the stars; of the planets around the sun, and of the moon around the earth, were course of the year the distance of the earth from the sun varies. distance of forty-eight times that of the earth from the sun. id = 17712 author = Elger, Thomas Gwyn title = The Moon: A Full Description and Map of its Principal Physical Features date = keywords = Mare; N.E.; N.W.; S.E.; S.W.; Schmidt; crater; mile; plain; wall summary = Originating at a little crater under the northeast wall of great ring-plain Posidonius, it follows a winding course HAHN.--A ring-plain, 46 miles in diameter, with a fine central mountain GAUSS.--A large, and nearly circular walled-plain, 111 miles in diameter, MOIGNO.--A ring-plain with a dark floor, adjoining the last on the N.E. There is a conspicuous little crater in the interior. the floor, which contains a large bright central mountain and two craters TIMAEUS.--A very bright ring-plain, 22 miles in diameter, with walls BIANCHINI.--A fine ring-plain, about 18 miles in diameter, on the N.E. side of the Sinus Iridum, surrounded by the lofty mountains defining the ring-plain, nearly central, and a large number of little craters and There is a small crater a few miles S.E. of it, among the bright little mountains which flank this formation. wall is a bright ring-plain with a lofty border and a central mountain. id = 16227 author = Everett, Edward title = The Uses of Astronomy An Oration Delivered at Albany on the 28th of July, 1856 date = keywords = Albany; America; Dudley; Footnote; Mr.; New; Observatory; Prof.; State; York; great; instrument; science; year summary = DEDICATION OF NEW YORK STATE GEOLOGICAL HALL. the New State Geological Hall, at Albany,--in the hope that the marked feature in the ceremonies was the magnificent Oration of the Hon. EDWARD EVERETT, inaugurating the Dudley Observatory of Albany; and it is Of the New York State Survey he said:-of the motions of all the heavenly bodies; and the eye of science, reflect honor on the science of any country and any age; I mean the instrumental power; but the want was generally felt by men of science, 2. The second great practical use of an Astronomical Observatory is instrumental power, and of the means of ascertaining the ship''s time At the second dawn of science, the great fact again beamed into the mind There are occasions in life in which a great mind lives years of rapt NEW PERIODS IN ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE. the advancement of science, to the increase of instrumental power. id = 36495 author = Flammarion, Camille title = Astronomical Myths: Based on Flammarions''s "History of the Heavens" date = keywords = Aristotle; B.C.; Bear; Bull; CHAPTER; Druids; Egyptians; FIG; God; Great; Greek; Jupiter; Mars; Mercury; November; Pleiades; Ptolemy; Ram; Saturn; Venus; day; earth; illustration; place; star; sun; time; world; year summary = age, the sun and moon and stars, with all the planets, seemed absolutely sun every night, and, therefore, a different set of stars are seen in universal power, governing the heavens, the earth, fire, water, day and years and had seen the course of the sun change four times, and the days of the year by the stars which first appeared in the evening--as we place, like the motion of the earth in modern astronomy, round an saying that Vulcan''s anvil took seven days to fall from heaven to earth, turned about the earth in the same time, 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 doubt place the earth immovable in the centre of world, according to the Brahmins placed the earth in the centre, and said that the stars moved _On the Heavens and the Earth, On the Sun and Moon, the Stars, and Times id = 40439 author = Grote, George title = Plato''s Doctrine Respecting the Rotation of the Earth and Aristotle''s Comment Upon That Doctrine date = keywords = Aristotle; Boeckh; Greek; Plato; Platonic; Timæus; earth summary = Platonic words, he calls the earth [Greek: ê(me/ras phu/lax kai\ first, in the rotation of the earth round its own axis, next, at believe that the earth revolves round its own axis in twenty-four the diurnal rotation of the earth round the centre of the cosmical earth packed round it, by the Platonic Timæus.] Now the function which Plato ascribes to the earth in the passage the cosmical axis is to revolve, the earth, being closely packed earth is packed close or fastened round the cosmical axis, so, if affirmation of Plato--that the earth was fastened round the affirming that the earth revolved round the cosmical axis. question thus--"Does Plato in the Timæus conceive the earth as rotation of the earth round the solid cosmical axis, which he that Aristotle ascribed to Plato the doctrine of the rotation of holds that the Platonic Timæus affirms the rotation of the earth, id = 19395 author = Hale, George Ellery title = The New Heavens date = keywords = Betelgeuse; Hooker; Mount; Wilson; fig; illustration; star; telescope summary = The sun, 865,000 miles in diameter, from a direct photograph showing Twenty-foot Michelson interferometer for measuring star diameters, four stars, on the average, were seen in the field of the telescope. of stars, are on so great a scale (according to Shapley) that light, the 100-inch telescope, on its way up Mount Wilson.] the 100-inch Hooker telescope to follow the stars.] In less powerful telescopes the stars at the centre of the great laboratories, in which the sun and stars are examined by powerful measurement of star diameters if a sufficiently large interferometer angular diameter is perhaps as great as that of any other star. Hooker telescope, and path of the two pencils of light from a star of measuring the diameter of a star, and the 20-foot interferometer by the great distance of the star, which is about 160 light-years. An image of the sun about 16 inches in diameter is formed in the id = 56302 author = Heysinger, Isaac W. (Isaac Winter) title = The Source and Mode of Solar Energy Throughout the Universe date = keywords = Aleim; Ball; CHAPTER; Cyclopædia; Dr.; Fig; God; Huggins; Jupiter; Milky; Proctor; Professor; earth; heat; light; planet; solar; space; star; sun summary = The light and heat of the sun, dispersed through space, energy of the sun, must constantly add to its mass in like proportion, globe like the sun, when it parts with its heat, observes laws of a least, be likely to observe the sun-spots and other solar phenomena the sun will produce great changes in the heat of that body and of of solar light and heat as they actually appear, such as sun-spots, pass from the planets to the sun and the constitution of space which and the electric current between the earth and the sun the same, The sun, the fixed stars, the comets, the nebulæ, solar bodies having cores like that of our sun, but each of different sun with a dark planet, just as our solar system presents. sun and a single planet, forming a solar system like that of Algol, of the present work, by the planetary electric currents, the sun id = 29031 author = Holden, Edward S. (Edward Singleton) title = Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works date = keywords = Bath; Bode; Dr.; England; HERSCHEL; Hanover; Jahrbuch; London; Mr.; Phil; Royal; Saturn; Sir; Society; WILLIAM; star summary = In the following account of the life and works of Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL, on the Periodical Star in Collo Ceti_, by Mr. WILLIAM HERSCHEL, of Bath. For some years HERSCHEL has observed the heavens every hour The memoir on the forty-foot telescope shows throughout that HERSCHEL''S general catalogue existed before HERSCHEL''S time, and led by the In the prosecution of this work HERSCHEL found stars whose light was The double stars were the subject of HERSCHEL''S earliest and of his The question of determining the parallax of stars first brought HERSCHEL case of one of HERSCHEL''S double stars, in much the same order in which HERSCHEL himself lived to see some of his double stars perform observed (by Sir JOHN HERSCHEL) with a telescope of twenty feet, similar Sun and Fixed Stars_ (1795), HERSCHEL recounts what was known of the of each double star [observed by HERSCHEL], brought together on id = 17759 author = International Meridian Conference (1884 : Washington, D.C.) title = International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the Proceedings date = keywords = Britain; Conference; Congress; Delegate; France; Great; Greenwich; Mr.; PRESIDENT; Rome; Spain; States; United summary = The Delegates to the International Meridian Conference, who assembled General STRACHEY, Delegate of Great Britain, stated that he thought it Professor ADAMS, Delegate of Great Britain, said that the Conference resolution seemed to him out of order, and that his colleague, Mr. Janssen, desired to address the Conference on the subject. The resolution offered by the Delegate of the United States, Commander further stated that, having heard that the Delegates of France, Mr. LEFAIVRE and Mr. JANSSEN, desired to present certain propositions, he adoption of the meridian of Greenwich, we, the Delegates of France, States, has presented a motion proposing the adoption of the meridian If the resolution for a neutral meridian had been adopted, all nations of the resolutions proposed by the Hon. Delegate of the United States, Great Britain the time of the Observatory at Greenwich is adopted for The adoption of the universal day or any system of time-reckoning id = 36470 author = Keeler, James Edward title = Photographs of Nebulæ and Clusters, Made with the Crossley Reflector date = keywords = Crossley; NEBULA; Plate; Spiral; illustration summary = several years to photographing the brighter nebulæ and star clusters, with double-slide plate-holder, like the one used with the Crossley reflector, photographic telescope, says that a star should remain bisected by a axis of the large mirror cuts the photographic plate is not then a matter For photographing stars and nebulæ the Crossley reflector is provided with [Illustration: DOUBLE-SLIDE PLATE-HOLDER OF THE CROSSLEY REFLECTOR.] In making the photographs of nebulæ for which the Crossley telescope is at star on the upper edge of the plate (which, when the telescope is north of At present the Crossley reflector is being used for photographing nebulæ, which have been photographed with the Crossley telescope are most of the was made from a photograph taken with the Crossley reflector on July 6, "New Nebulæ discovered photographically with the Crossley Reflector of the "Use of the Crossley Reflector for Photographic Measurements of Position," id = 29281 author = King, Edward title = Remarks Concerning Stones Said to Have Fallen from the Clouds, Both in These Days, and in Antient Times date = keywords = Tuscany; Vesuvius; cloud; fall; like; stone summary = inserted, an Account of an extraordinary Hail-stone, that fell, with curious _manuscript_ accounts, concerning a surprising shower of stones; The testimony, concerning the falling of the stones from it, appears to sand-stone, with various small particles of iron, and bright metallic Professor Soldani saw another stone, said to have fallen from the cloud, And, in like manner; of stones, and of strata of rocks, formed by means And now, I must add; that such kind of _falling of stones from the his account, described the cloud, from which this stone was said to just as they appeared in the great hail-stone itself originally. To what has been said, therefore, concerning the fall of stones in (somewhat like the stones said to have fallen in Italy) of sand and After describing two other stones, said to have fallen from the clouds: The substance of the account of the fall of stones, in Hungary, as given id = 41606 author = Kirkwood, Daniel title = Comets and Meteors Their phenomena in all ages; their mutual relations; and the theory of their origin. date = keywords = A.D.; April; Jupiter; November; Professor; comet; distance; great; orbit summary = years before our era, a large comet was observed not far from the sun. years, Halley announced this as the time of the comet''s revolution, and comets per century[5] were observed during the same period. the remarkable fact that the orbits of the earth and comet intersect COMETS WHOSE ELEMENTS INDICATE PERIODICITY, BUT WHOSE RETURNS HAVE NOT periodic comets are near the orbits of the major planets. the two bodies will occur in 1985, when the form of the comet''s orbit years, in an orbit somewhat more eccentric than that of Halley''s comet. 4. That the orbits of some meteors and periodic comets have been The fact, then, that meteors move in the same orbits with comets is but great number of meteoric stones fell to the earth, generally penetrating discovery that comets and meteors are actually moving in the same orbits Neither the period of the meteors nor that of the comet can yet be id = 43715 author = Kirkwood, Daniel title = Meteoric astronomy: A treatise on shooting-stars, fire-balls, and aerolites date = keywords = August; December; England; July; Jupiter; November; Professor; Saturn; earth; meteoric; ring; star summary = the great discovery that _shooting-stars, fire-balls, and meteoric "Meteors, Aerolites, and Falling-stars." The author has had that work The _period_ of a planet, comet, or meteor is the time which it nearly 100 known bodies which revolve about the sun in orbits of small backward motion of a meteoric ring, in an orbit almost circular, and is probably a dense meteoric ring, or rather, perhaps, a number of the fall of meteoric stones in some part of the earth, either singly or Immediately after a great number of meteoric stones fell to the number of meteoric stones are observed to fall by day than by night. The following falls of meteoric stones have occurred at this epoch: number of very small meteoric stones penetrate beneath the earth''s If shooting-stars and aerolites are derived from meteoric rings if not all, of the meteoric rings, and a large number of comets. id = 34711 author = Langdon, Ellen title = The Life of Roger Langdon, Told by himself. With additions by his daughter Ellen. date = keywords = Brown; Cornwall; Jersey; Jim; Langdon; Miss; Mr.; Nanny; Sunday; Venus; father; time summary = Long hours of duty at a little country station, the support and clothing As soon as old Nanny had gone out of the house, I asked my mother if it My sister got well in time, but of course the small-pox left Great Judge say, ''Come, ye blessed of my Father, and inherit the Kingdom it in." And without another word old Nanny went away, and from that day school, saying she would go round and ask the fathers and mothers to church doors when the time was up by Miss Brown''s great gold watch, and know it was the first time I had been called a good boy except by my four shillings and sixpence a week, which was good wages at that time; Jim Drake in my place, because his father was dead, and he was a poor, Many a time after his day''s work was done he would take his id = 45112 author = Lewis, Isabel Martin title = Astronomy for Young Folks date = keywords = Alpha; Jupiter; Mars; Milky; Neptune; Orion; Saturn; Way; earth; illustration; planet; star; sun summary = knowledge of the sun, moon, stars and planets, their motions and cluster of faint stars known as The Pleiades, lying a short distance brighter stars in the group surpass the sun many times in brightness. thirty-three light-years, the sun would appear as a star of the fifth earth and the sun, all the planets have moons or satellites of their That is, the moon, as well as the sun, stars and planets, rises in This star is about ten light-years distant from the earth, which the sun and the stars as well as the planets were in motion. or Orion star is about one hundred times more luminous than the sun, sixty-three thousand times the distance from the earth to the sun or sixty-three thousand times the distance from the earth to the sun or The nearest star is about 275,000 times more distant than the sun, id = 28613 author = Lodge, Oliver, Sir title = Pioneers of Science date = keywords = Church; Copernicus; FIG; Galileo; Halley; Herschel; Jupiter; Kepler; LECTURE; Laplace; Mars; Mercury; Mr.; Newton; Principia; Professor; Rome; Royal; Saturn; Sir; Tycho; University; earth; illustration; moon; motion; planet; star; time summary = all-important body in the universe, if the sun and planets and stars planets and stars revolve round our insignificant earth was too great to The length of the earth''s year is 365·256 days; its mean distance from uniform motion in each circle round the earth as a fixed body. planet''s year depends on the 3/2th power of its distance from the sun. By this time Newton was only forty-five years old, but his main work was moon, which is 60 times as far from the centre of the earth, drops 16 the earth revolved round the sun, how came it that the fixed stars light must be 10,000 times as great as the velocity of the earth in its Newton of the observed facts of the motion of the moon, the way he Now consider the earth and moon revolving round each other like a man id = 35937 author = Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title = Are the Planets Inhabited? date = keywords = Earth; Jupiter; Lowell; Mars; Moon; Prof.; Sun; Venus; life; planet; water summary = times that at the surface of the Earth, where a body falls 16·1 feet in on the Earth and known by their spectral lines to be present on the Sun. The stars, therefore, cannot themselves be inhabited worlds any more than they are not seen under a low Sun. The changes which appear to take place in the lunar formations owing to The Moon is at the same mean distance from the Sun as the Earth, and As Mars, in its progress round the Sun, receded from the Earth, the time the planet is nearest to the Earth and its general features are its greater distance from the Sun, Mars receives per unit of surface only If so great a change were to take place in the Sun, life would be of the different planets; and even on our Earth, life in the unfavoured id = 44167 author = Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title = The Royal Observatory, Greenwich: A Glance at Its History and Work date = keywords = Airy; Astronomer; Bradley; Department; Flamsteed; Greenwich; Halley; Maskelyne; Mr.; Newton; Observatory; Pond; Room; Royal; Sir; Society; great; illustration; star; time summary = THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY IN FLAMSTEED''S TIME 44 DOUBLE-STAR OBSERVATION WITH THE SOUTH-EAST EQUATORIAL 308 obtain his own local time by observations of the height of the sun. from a number of given stars at definite times for long periods in stars that Greenwich Observatory was founded, whilst the _Nautical or ''mean time.'' He drew up a catalogue of seventy stars, computing Greenwich Observatory, and for John Flamsteed''s observations made more accurate observations of the place of a star could be obtained As Astronomer Royal his great work was the systematic observation determine the distance of the sun by observations of the transit of in the Astronomer Royal''s house, and the present transit circle room. observations of places of moon, stars, and planets is likewise important duty of the Royal Observatory; and the Time Department, There is a great difference between the work of the observer with instrument is called, and the work of the transit observer. id = 48218 author = Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title = The Science of the Stars date = keywords = Earth; Jupiter; M.A.; Mars; Moon; P.M.; Sun; star summary = light, the Sun, was not seen with the stars; the brightness of his had worked out some means for determining what stars the Sun is near at west to east; the Moon moves much slower than the stars, so her motion the deviations from regularity in the planetary motions round the Sun. The Earth having been abandoned as the centre of the universe, a Earth is deflected in the same time, Mercury falling towards the Sun by the Sun amongst the stars gave a yet longer division of time, the year, light of Sun, Moon, or stars, according to the object to which the To observe the motions of the Moon, Sun, and planets, and to determine same size, but since the Sun is 400 times as far off as the Moon it the nearest star to us is nearly 300,000 times as far as the Sun, yet id = 10202 author = Mitchell, Maria title = Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals date = keywords = Airy; America; August; Bond; Cambridge; College; Dr.; England; English; Europe; Hawthorne; John; London; Maria; Miss; Mitchell; Mr.; Mrs.; New; October; Professor; Rome; Schumacher; Sir; Somerville; St.; Vassar; Washington summary = they talked Miss Mitchell closed her book and took up her knitting, for When Miss Mitchell went to Europe she took her Almanac work with her, day;'' another said, ''They took a walk.'' It came to Hawthorne''s turn, and "One day Mrs. Hawthorne came to my room, held up an inkstand, and said, "Mrs. Airy said to me, ''Although we are invited to be guests of Dr. Whewell, he is quite too mighty a man to come to meet us." Her sons, "I turned to the young American girl who sat next to me, and said, ''Miss "Miss Southey said that her father felt that he knew as many Americans "I asked after the children, and Miss Southey said that the little boy "He told me that a fine-looking, white-headed, good-featured old man was In her life at Vassar College there was a great deal for Miss Mitchell id = 28853 author = Mitton, G. E. (Geraldine Edith) title = The Children''s Book of Stars date = keywords = Jupiter; Mars; Saturn; Venus; earth; illustration; light; moon; star; sun summary = The sun, as we all know, appears to cross the sky every day; he gets up think: ''Here is the great solid earth standing still, and the sun and marvellous truth is that, instead of the sun and moon and stars rolling days it was supposed that the sun went round the earth. the earth and all the planets as if they were swinging round the sun, earth-child was going round the sun, so that in a year''s time the moon caused by the earth''s shadow falling upon the moon; and that of the sun own light is the sun; all the rest, the planets and their moons, shine His year--the time he takes to go round the sun and come back to the sun, and can only sometimes be seen as a small star by people who know these other great suns which we call stars have also planets circling id = 44270 author = Morse, Edward Sylvester title = Mars and Its Mystery date = keywords = Earth; Lowell; Mars; Moon; Mr.; Observatory; Pickering; Professor; Schiaparelli; Sir; Sun; canal; martian summary = Earth, a similar intelligence may also be marking the face of Mars. and discuss the nature of the markings of Mars as the astronomer. how the world would look from Mars; and if similar kinds of astronomers Lowell''s work on Mars, though of a kind with Schiaparelli, is, in every Nineteenth Century," says: "The canals of Mars are an existent and sixty-three drawings of Mars in which a great many canals are shown, a book on Mars he has presented the results of his observations in so studies of an astronomer is the interpretation of the canals of Mars, of seeing, Sir Robert, in the same book, says: "Observers of Mars are canals in Mars and other surface markings of that planet in consequence the surface features of Mars by different observers do vary in respect various observers exist on the surface of Mars? Drawings of Mars by different observers, 98. id = 19309 author = Newcomb, Simon title = The Reminiscences of an Astronomer date = keywords = Academy; Almanac; American; Congress; Dr.; England; Greenwich; Harvard; Henry; John; Mr.; Nautical; Naval; Navy; New; Observatory; Paris; President; Prof.; Professor; Secretary; States; Venus; Washington; work summary = order to learn in a moment what great astronomers of recent times had experience in the use of astronomical instruments, went at his work not only a great interest in scientific work, especially astronomy, way could keep the exact time necessary in the work of an astronomer. to have charge of the astronomical work of the observatory, which that the astronomical work of the observatory has not been prosecuted Of our leading astronomical observers of the present day--of such In astronomical observations all work is at the mercy of the elements. that up to a quite recent time no work on scientific method appeared Before his time the working force of an observatory time the trained astronomer worked with instruments of very delicate and the work of the Paris Observatory, so far as observations of of protection, but for some years I had not time to read their works, id = 4065 author = Newcomb, Simon title = Side-Lights on Astronomy and Kindred Fields of Popular Science date = keywords = Copernicus; Greenwich; Jupiter; Mars; Milky; Observatory; Professor; Washington; Way; american; earth; find; great; illustration; planet; star; sun; telescope; time; year summary = space and all time, as we are forced to believe, then each moving star becomes of the great flood of heat and light which the sun and stars comparative number in the region of the Milky Way. Of the stars visible Let us next count the number of stars visible in a powerful telescope galactic pole, and increases in every direction towards the Milky Way. Without such counts of the stars we might imagine our stellar system to constellations as the Southern Cross, all lie in or near the Milky Way. Schiaparelli has extended the investigation to all the stars visible to astronomer is to determine what stars have proper motions large enough Up to the present time, two stars have been found whose proper motions form a general idea of their average distance, though a great number of present time is that the number of stars in any of these spheres will id = 40240 author = Olmsted, Denison title = Letters on Astronomy in which the Elements of the Science are Familiarly Explained in Connection with Biographical Sketches of the Most Eminent Astronomers date = keywords = Fig; Galileo; Halley; Herschel; Holy; Illustration; Jupiter; Kepler; Mars; Mercury; Newton; Saturn; Sir; Tycho; Venus; earth; great; letter; moon; planet; star; sun; time summary = sun, in the moon, in the planets, and especially in the fixed stars, are that the sun, moon, and stars, revolve about it, every day, from east to a _year_ is the period of the revolution of the earth around the sun. motion of the sun around the earth once a year, and occasions the change The motion of the earth in its orbit is nearly seventy times as great as Were a body to fall from a great distance,--suppose a thousand times We have thus far taken the earth''s orbit around the sun as a great twenty-seven days while the moon has been going round the earth, the sun the sun''s apparent revolution round the earth once a year he is situation of the sun, the moon, and the earth, at the time of a solar the earth''s periodic time is one year, and that of the planet Jupiter id = 15636 author = Pickering, Edward C. (Edward Charles) title = The Future of Astronomy date = keywords = great; large; star; work summary = One might expect that the practical results of a science like The second great advance in astronomy originated in America, and was in The first photographic image of a star was obtained The third great advance in astronomy is in photographing the spectra of receiving at the present time, in nearly all the great observatories in An astronomer who would aid them in this work, by A second method of aiding astronomy is through the large observatories. astronomy is by securing the united work of the leading astronomers of measure the positions of all the stars in these zones. living astronomers, each in his own special line of work, and the latter could not get such an instrument, he measured the positions of the stars one of the great telescopes of the world, photographing the spectrum of consider the next great advance, which perhaps will be a method of id = 35613 author = Pickering, Edward C. (Edward Charles) title = A Plan for Securing Observations of the Variable Stars date = keywords = light; observation; star summary = other work or at times unsuitable for the observations to which he Short period variables, or stars whose light is continually many of them need observation, especially to determine their light determinations of the light of a constant star by the method given in light is usually so great in these stars that the change will 2. To observe the stars whose variability is suspected and prove A useful exercise for an observer is to select two stars of known star he is observing at the moment, and never try to compare two of the two stars, each observation lasting for a few seconds, will time, the condition of the air, and the brightness of the stars. On the other hand, especially when observing stars not very skilled observers would be a work of no less value than the results anticipated from the observation of the variable stars. id = 16767 author = Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title = Half-hours with the Telescope Being a Popular Guide to the Use of the Telescope as a Means of Amusement and Instruction. date = keywords = Jupiter; Mars; Mercury; Mr.; Plate; half; illustration; object; star; telescope summary = he turns his telescope towards a difficult double star. observer to direct a telescope of moderate power to the examination of way that a simple object-glass forms a telescope, a circumstance we of view of a Galilean Telescope depend on the size of the object-glass, _positive_ eye-piece, because the real image formed by the object-glass For observing objects at great elevations the diagonal eye-tube is view, if the telescope, once directed to the star, be made to revolve applied to the observation of close double or multiple stars, but for neighbouring stream of the Milky Way. Let our observer now direct his telescope to the star [epsilon] Lyræ. ring; and in Lord Rosse''s great Telescope "wisps of stars" are seen towards E.S.E. It is seen as a double star with very moderate telescopic [alpha]^1 of the 4th magnitude; in a good telescope five stars are seen, id = 23300 author = Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title = Half-Hours with the Stars A Plain and Easy Guide to the Knowledge of the Constellations date = keywords = Bear; Little; Pole; Serpent summary = THE LITTLE BEAR, URSA MINOR (a, the _Pole Star_; b, g, _the Guardians_). whose head is below the horizon, curves round the Little Bear to Pole Star, (a of the Little Bear _Ursa Minor_). _Cepheus_ lies north, low down, _Cassiopeia_ on his left, the Camelopard A line from the Pole Star, (a of the Little Bear, Below the Little Bear we find _Cepheus_ low down to the east of direct us to the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa Minor_). left we see, low down, two stars marking the head of the Sea Goat Star, (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa Minor_). near the point overhead, its head, with the bright stars b and g, A line from the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa A line from the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa The Dipper lies low, the Pointers a little east of north. id = 26556 author = Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title = Myths and Marvels of Astronomy date = keywords = Egypt; Great; Herschel; House; Jupiter; Lescarbault; Leverrier; Mars; Mercury; Morgan; Mr.; Newton; Professor; Pyramid; Saturn; Sir; Smyth; Swedenborg; Venus; Vulcan; comet; earth; man; planet; ring; star; sun; time; year summary = Though we can understand that in old times the planets and stars were the positions of the various planets, signs, stars, etc., at the time of to the horizon that if the astronomers of the pyramid times had observed year, the ring reflects no light during the night time, the sun being on well known to the learned world,'' he says, ''that every star is a sun in star, like the sun of our system, has around it planets which are sun, and moon, and stars had been set in the heavens for its use and star a sun like him, about which many planets revolve. the formation of the earth and heavens, sun, and moon, and stars; while observation (by which time the new star had faded from the second to the observe the sun for this purpose until the present time. id = 32598 author = Rogers, Julia Ellen title = Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place date = keywords = America; Dipper; History; Museum; Natural; New; earth; find; form; great; illustration; like; river; rock; sea; star; water summary = The leaves of this great stone book are the layers of rock, laid down Surface water sinks into porous soils and rocks, and accumulates in scale the work of water in cutting away rock walls] water back to the surface, by forming cracks in the earth, and fine, Sand mixed with clay makes a mellow soil, which lets water and air pass The hard water, that comes through limestone rocks, adds lime in river water muddy, accumulates on the sea bottom as banks of mud, which water-formed rocks there were often created chimney-like openings, into the river has little to do but to carry away the surface water that In some places the water cuts away the soft rock and forms a called _metamorphic_ rocks, formed by water, then transformed by heat. The lowest forms of life, plant and animal, live in water to-day. id = 58810 author = Rolfe, W. J. (William James) title = The Heavens Above: A Popular Handbook of Astronomy date = keywords = Fig; Jupiter; Mars; Mercury; Saturn; Venus; earth; illustration; line; moon; star; sun summary = _sun_, _planets_, _moons_, _comets_, and _meteors_. line joining the sun and the planet, in these equal times, would all be shows the earth as it would appear to an observer at the sun during each the earth, as seen from the sun at the time of the summer solstice, of The great circle which passes through the centre of the sun and moon side of the moon, a star might be seen at the earth, although really inferior planet as seen from the earth are shown in Fig. 144, in which earth as to the sun: hence, near these parts of its orbit, the planet of the sun as compared with the moon''s orbit is shown in Fig. 154. lines seen on the centre of the sun''s disk often appear more or less shown in Fig. 240, according to the varying distance of the sun and moon id = 18431 author = Serviss, Garrett Putman title = Other Worlds Their Nature, Possibilities and Habitability in the Light of the Latest Discoveries date = keywords = Eros; Jupiter; Lowell; Mars; Mercury; Mr.; Saturn; Schiaparelli; Venus; earth; great; illustration; mile; moon; planet; sun; world summary = facts about the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc., as well moon?--Lunar day and night--The earth as seen from the planet Venus, when viewed with a telescope, shows phases like those of at different rates, among them; the nearer planets, Venus and the earth, Being, like Mercury, nearer to the sun than the earth is, Venus also is earth, being an outer planet, is visible at times in that part of the Mars is the fourth planet in the order of distance from the sun, and the the sun as seen from the earth--Mars''s average distance from us is about be nearer than 744,000,000 miles to the earth, or eight times the sun''s the sun, so that the distance of the moon from the earth is continually orbit about the sun is more curved than the moon''s, and the earth is planets--Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc. id = 28752 author = Serviss, Garrett Putman title = Pleasures of the telescope An Illustrated Guide for Amateur Astronomers and a Popular Description of the Chief Wonders of the Heavens for General Readers date = keywords = Arcturus; Jupiter; Map; Mare; Mountains; Sigma; distance; illustration; inch; magnitude; star; telescope summary = eighth-magnitude star, a short distance northeast of the Great Nebula, three-inch, as it consists of a light-yellow star of magnitude three and 627, a double star, magnitude six and a half and seven, distance 21", p. magnitude star is again double, distance 4", p. Burnham has seen a star of thirteen and a half magnitude, distance remarkable for array of small stars near it; 38, double, magnitudes six of larger star blue--try with the five-inch; epsilon, double, magnitudes Other objects in Cancer are: Sigma 1223, double star, magnitudes six and seen shining with the light of a tenth-magnitude star, _but presenting six-inch telescope it would be a waste of time to attack the double star double, both stars being of the sixth magnitude, distance 5", p. double, both stars being of the sixth magnitude, distance 5", p. beautiful star are of magnitudes three and six, distance 10", colors id = 36741 author = Serviss, Garrett Putman title = Astronomy with an Opera-glass A Popular Introduction to the Study of the Starry Heavens with the Simplest of Optical Instruments date = keywords = Andromeda; MAP; Milky; Orion; Perseus; Pleiades; Scorpio; Sea; Sirius; Way; alpha; constellation; glass; illustration; star summary = brilliant views of scattered star-clusters as an opera-glass does. opera-glass and begin with the constellation Leo and the star Regulus. stars are marked with their Greek-letter names on our little map, you opera-glass can get a fine view of a celebrated star-cluster known in of Procyon is a third-magnitude star, called Gomelza, and the glass will field-glass not only makes the two stars appear brighter, and their little group of stars near the end of the handle of the Great Dipper, see eight or ten times as many stars, and with a field-glass still more Turn your glass upon the star shown in the map just above Mu ([mu]) and interesting to watch the star with an opera-glass. Near the little star Kappa ([kappa]) in the map will be seen These stars were best seen with a field-glass, although an Opera-glass, views of the stars with, 3. id = 6630 author = Serviss, Garrett Putman title = Curiosities of the Sky date = keywords = Aurora; Jupiter; Light; Mars; Milky; Nebula; Tycho; Way; Zodiacal; comet; earth; form; great; like; star; sun summary = with stars, our sun and his relatively few neighbors being placed near far more closely related to one another than is our sun to the stars could be turned into a new course by a close approach to a great sun, course, the earth, piloted by the sun, has come from the Milky Way in formed by chance combinations of conspicuous stars, like figures in a motions of the sun and stars, and have seen that they are so swift of the earth''s orbit, the close approach of a great star to the sun of planets, and the distances of the stars which appear to have been space and appear around the sun like the clouds of dust around a mill. some forming stars that perhaps have no planets, and will have none; planet like the earth; it has an atmosphere, though one of great id = 35744 author = Stimson, Dorothy title = The gradual acceptance of the Copernican theory of the universe date = keywords = Brahe; Bruno; Cardinal; Catholic; Church; Copernicus; Favaro; Footnote; Galileo; God; Holy; Index; Kepler; London; Pope; Ptolemaic; Ptolemy; Riccioli; Rome; Tycho; York; earth; ibid; scripture summary = observing the work of God''s hand, he appears at the same time to be another work, the book of Hammarmunah the Old, stating that "the earth [Footnote 41: By the will of God the earth remains motionless and earth''s motion around the sun a hundred years before Copernicus; but a work." But the Cardinal stated these views of the earth''s motions in a [Footnote 102: Copernicus: _De Revolutionibus_, Thorn edit., 444. [Footnote 113: As the earth moves, the position in the heavens of a sun at the center of the universe rather than in the earth, in order heavens, and believed the earth was at the center of the universe admit new positions, for he never mentioned the motion of the earth the Scriptures that the earth is the principal body of the universe, moves the earth could not at the same time and with like motion move id = 45356 author = Stirling, William title = New Theories in Astronomy date = keywords = Dr.; Earth; Jupiter; Laplace; Miles; Mr.; Neptune; Saturn; Table; Uranus; Venus; density; form; heat; matter; nebula; sun; volume summary = a given time, because the attractive force of the earth increases--up mass of heat sticking to the surface of a block of matter of any kind. cubic miles for the ring at the same density as the nebula; so, the volume of the earth nebula, which at 234,620,000 miles in diameter miles alone of solid matter to be 2·25 times that of water. 7918 miles, and mean density at 5·66 times that of water, as already 190 Density of inner half of earth at 3000 miles diameter. 190 Density of inner half of earth at 3000 miles diameter. our estimate of 3 times the density of water, at 9 miles deep, was far period of time before the nebula forming the earth came to have even miles diameter, with density equal to air at atmospheric pressure, and measure, the sun''s attraction of the matter of the nebula towards his id = 39070 author = Tischner, August title = The Sun changes its position in space therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest" date = keywords = Copernicus; sun; system summary = Astronomical science, at the present day insists upon the system of fact, that the sun changes its position; endeavouring to explain away the motion of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know thoroughly Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, and the scientific world The astronomers of the past century proved that the sun not only has the If the sun is _not fixed_, the system of Copernicus falls to ground. the motion proper to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, or sun cannot be rendered motionless_, and if astronomers and men of Naturally astronomers and men of science have never asked themselves the science have imagined to be the truth regarding the heaven and the theory or a law is to be set up, the sun is at once _very firmly fixed_ sun, would have set up the same system, the same laws and theories, _as id = 39142 author = Todd, David P. (David Peck) title = Astronomy: The Science of the Heavenly Bodies date = keywords = Galaxy; Galileo; Halley; Jupiter; Kepler; Mars; Mercury; Milky; Mount; Newton; Observatory; Saturn; Sir; Venus; Way; Wilson; chapter; earth; great; illustration; moon; motion; planet; star; sun summary = the origin, nature, and destinies of planets, sun, and star; observe sun, moon, and stars, because all the bodies of the cosmos were of three bodies (sun, earth, and moon) under the Newtonian law of the horizon, whether the sun was observed or moon or stars. planets were displaced among the stars by the annual motion of the earth measures of the position of sun, moon, and stars. the moon in Newton''s time was better known in terms of the earth''s size stars with the annual motion of the earth round the sun affords the spectrum of sun or star, and the position of these dark lines will first star was photographed, in 1851 the first total eclipse of the sun; Knowing thus the relation of sun, moon, and stars, and the number of the Evidently the earth by its motion round the sun makes every star id = 33337 author = Turner, H. H. (Herbert Hall) title = Astronomical Discovery date = keywords = Adams; Airy; Bradley; Cambridge; Chandler; Greenwich; Mr.; Observatory; Oxford; Professor; Royal; Uranus; Verrier; illustration; sidenote summary = number to a planet until it was quite certain that the discovery was new, accuracy, from observing the time of her revolution round the sun; the recorded by different observers were compared with the true time, which stars, it is not easy to directly observe the place of the sun among the new determinations of the sun''s distance, using three of the minor planets ordinary star, by Flamsteed, Lemonnier, Bradley, and Mayer, all observers [Sidenote: Adams'' announcement of the new planet.] [Sidenote: Airy announces the likelihood of a new planet, and suggests a [Sidenote: He finds too late that he had observed the planet.] [Sidenote: Curious difference between actual and supposed planet.] that time, Bradley made that long and wonderful series of observations [Sidenote: The Oxford new star found during work on Astrographic Chart.] Generally these stars have been noted by eye observation, as in the case [Sidenote: Bradley''s observations.] id = 10855 author = Wallace, Alfred Russel title = Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell''s book "Mars and its canals," with an alternative explanation date = keywords = Lowell; Mars; Mr.; Professor; canal; heat; surface; temperature summary = Percival Lowell''s book, _Mars and its Canals_, with the object of lines on Mars are on the solid surface of the planet. existence of water-vapour in the atmosphere of Mars, but of late years Temperature of Mars_, by Professor Percival Lowell; and in this paper, _Mr. Lowell''s Mode of Estimating the Surface-temperature of Mars._ assume identity of atmospheric conditions of Mars and the Earth. heat actually received by Mars and the Earth, dependent on their very sun-heat that Mars receives reaches the surface and determines its surface temperature, he reaches the final result that the actual heating power at the surface of Mars is considerably _more_ than on the Earth, The temperature of Mars, with Professor Lowell''s data, still One of the features of the surface of Mars that Mr. Lowell describes atmosphere of Mars that it allows more sun-heat to reach the surface; id = 39928 author = Wallace, Alfred Russel title = Man''s Place in the Universe A Study of the Results of Scientific Research in Relation to the Unity or Plurality of Worlds, 3rd Edition date = keywords = Dr.; Galaxy; Herschel; Milky; Mr.; Newcomb; Proctor; Professor; Sir; Venus; Way; distance; earth; form; great; life; star; sun; system summary = part of the heavens remote from the Milky Way. Nebulæ were for a long time confounded with star-clusters, because it was stars; and all these objects are most frequent in or near the Milky Way. Their spectra show a green line not produced by any terrestrial element. DISTANCE OF THE STARS--THE SUN''S MOTION THROUGH SPACE that great luminous circle of stars a distance of about 500 light years. times the diameter of the sun; and as the stars of this type are probably star-density in different regions at equal distances from the Milky Way'' sun now occupied a nearly central position in the great star-system, it was stars in the stellar universe each five times the mass of our sun, and in a universe of 100 million stars, each five times the mass of our sun, Universe of stars, how its form has affected our sun and earth, 308. id = 15620 author = Warren, Henry White title = Recreations in Astronomy With Directions for Practical Experiments and Telescopic Work date = keywords = God; Jupiter; Mars; Mercury; Neptune; November; Professor; Saturn; Venus; distance; earth; fig; illustration; light; mile; moon; page; planet; star; sun; symbol summary = the force of condensation it flamed like a sun, and not only lighted The heat of the sun, by its intense vibrations, comes to the earth by the rolling over of the earth [Page 65] the star will come into stars the earth''s enormous orbit, if lying like a blazing ring in star Vega in the west, touching our [Page 71] earth''s orbit on one D (Fig. 29), the distance of the moon and [Page 72] star is A E, light of the sun of the world into bodies, and vivify them according [Illustration: Fig. 42.--Showing the Sun''s Movement among the Stars.] earth the centre, and that the sun, moon, and stars were carried When Mercury comes between the earth and the sun, near the line The moon''s day, caused by the sun''s light, is 29-1/2 times as long earth received light from the sun. id = 36288 author = Whewell, William title = The Plurality of Worlds date = keywords = Chalmers; Creator; Divine; Earth; God; Herschel; Jupiter; Law; Mars; Moon; Religion; Saturn; Solar; Sun; System; Universe; Venus; man; planet; star summary = But he regards the creation of man as the great event of our world. of our earth, as all these stars are of the nature of our sun:--all Earth is so large, the number of its inhabitants so great, its form so the existence of animal life on other planets, as well as on the earth, possibility of mere animal life existing in other parts of the Universe, are led by the supposition of mere animal life, existing in other worlds first placing of the race of man upon the earth, it was his purpose to view of man''s condition, which appears to thoughtful men to be the life of man upon the earth; and that in reasoning concerning the space and time, of earth and stars, of life in brutes and in man, have know how long man will continue to inhabit the earth, we cannot reason id = 27477 author = William Gaertner and Company title = Astronomical Instruments and Accessories date = keywords = illustration; price; telescope summary = #Note.#--All our astronomical telescope have objectives of the standard Portable Equatorial Mounting with Driving Clock.# This instrument The instrument is mounted on strong hardwood tripod fitted with iron shoes. A slow motion adjustment independent of the clock is fitted to With the instrument are furnished three celestial eye pieces giving a instruments friction rollers are fitted to the polar axis. #Note.#--We are equipped to construct larger instruments and are glad to Position Micrometers for 6" to 8" Telescopes.# Circle 15 cm. Small Position Micrometer for 3" to 4" Telescopes.# Circle reads plate, which is fitted with azimuth adjustment (not shown in cut). Universal Instrument.# Telescope with objective prism. fitted with a divided circle reading to single degrees. diameter, reading to degrees, is fitted to the instrument. The micrometer is fitted with sliding eye piece eye piece is fitted to the instrument. is fitted to the instrument.