mv: ‘./input-file.zip’ and ‘./input-file.zip’ are the same file Creating study carrel named classification-QB-gutenberg Initializing database Unzipping Archive: input-file.zip creating: ./tmp/input/input-file/ inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15636.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/15620.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16227.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/19309.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/19395.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/28853.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29031.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/28247.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/28752.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/28613.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/28570.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/29281.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/16767.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/17759.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/17712.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/18431.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/23300.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27378.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/27477.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/25992.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24236.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/25267.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/26556.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/2298.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/4065.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/10202.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/10855.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/12406.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/12340.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/6630.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/35937.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/33337.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/35744.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/35613.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/36288.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/36495.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/36741.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/39070.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/39142.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/40240.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/40439.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/39928.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/41606.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/48218.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/35375.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/36470.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/44167.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/43715.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/45356.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/45112.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/44270.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/58810.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/55387.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/56302.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/24883.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/10655.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/34711.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/32598.txt inflating: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv caution: excluded filename not matched: *MACOSX* === DIRECTORIES: ./tmp/input === DIRECTORY: ./tmp/input/input-file === metadata file: ./tmp/input/input-file/metadata.csv === found metadata file === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named classification-QB-gutenberg FILE: cache/19395.txt OUTPUT: txt/19395.txt FILE: cache/15636.txt OUTPUT: txt/15636.txt FILE: cache/29281.txt OUTPUT: txt/29281.txt FILE: cache/23300.txt OUTPUT: txt/23300.txt FILE: cache/16227.txt OUTPUT: txt/16227.txt FILE: cache/19309.txt OUTPUT: txt/19309.txt FILE: cache/33337.txt OUTPUT: txt/33337.txt FILE: cache/10855.txt OUTPUT: txt/10855.txt FILE: cache/39070.txt OUTPUT: txt/39070.txt FILE: cache/2298.txt OUTPUT: txt/2298.txt FILE: cache/28247.txt OUTPUT: txt/28247.txt FILE: cache/35375.txt OUTPUT: txt/35375.txt FILE: cache/12406.txt OUTPUT: txt/12406.txt FILE: cache/28613.txt OUTPUT: txt/28613.txt FILE: cache/17759.txt OUTPUT: txt/17759.txt FILE: cache/40439.txt OUTPUT: txt/40439.txt FILE: cache/27378.txt OUTPUT: txt/27378.txt FILE: cache/27477.txt OUTPUT: txt/27477.txt FILE: cache/4065.txt OUTPUT: txt/4065.txt FILE: cache/36470.txt OUTPUT: txt/36470.txt FILE: cache/48218.txt OUTPUT: txt/48218.txt FILE: cache/35744.txt OUTPUT: txt/35744.txt FILE: cache/35937.txt OUTPUT: txt/35937.txt FILE: cache/28752.txt OUTPUT: txt/28752.txt FILE: cache/17712.txt OUTPUT: txt/17712.txt FILE: cache/41606.txt OUTPUT: txt/41606.txt FILE: cache/25992.txt OUTPUT: txt/25992.txt FILE: cache/36741.txt OUTPUT: txt/36741.txt FILE: cache/12340.txt OUTPUT: txt/12340.txt FILE: cache/28853.txt OUTPUT: txt/28853.txt FILE: cache/25267.txt OUTPUT: txt/25267.txt FILE: cache/36288.txt OUTPUT: txt/36288.txt FILE: cache/39142.txt OUTPUT: txt/39142.txt FILE: cache/44167.txt OUTPUT: txt/44167.txt FILE: cache/39928.txt OUTPUT: txt/39928.txt FILE: cache/26556.txt OUTPUT: txt/26556.txt FILE: cache/16767.txt OUTPUT: txt/16767.txt FILE: cache/10202.txt OUTPUT: txt/10202.txt FILE: cache/15620.txt OUTPUT: txt/15620.txt FILE: cache/44270.txt OUTPUT: txt/44270.txt FILE: cache/55387.txt OUTPUT: txt/55387.txt FILE: cache/36495.txt OUTPUT: txt/36495.txt FILE: cache/56302.txt OUTPUT: txt/56302.txt FILE: cache/24883.txt OUTPUT: txt/24883.txt FILE: cache/35613.txt OUTPUT: txt/35613.txt FILE: cache/18431.txt OUTPUT: txt/18431.txt FILE: cache/32598.txt OUTPUT: txt/32598.txt FILE: cache/28570.txt OUTPUT: txt/28570.txt FILE: cache/34711.txt OUTPUT: txt/34711.txt FILE: cache/45112.txt OUTPUT: txt/45112.txt FILE: cache/45356.txt OUTPUT: txt/45356.txt FILE: cache/10655.txt OUTPUT: txt/10655.txt FILE: cache/6630.txt OUTPUT: txt/6630.txt FILE: cache/43715.txt OUTPUT: txt/43715.txt FILE: cache/40240.txt OUTPUT: txt/40240.txt FILE: cache/29031.txt OUTPUT: txt/29031.txt FILE: cache/24236.txt OUTPUT: txt/24236.txt FILE: cache/58810.txt OUTPUT: txt/58810.txt 25267 txt/../wrd/25267.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 25267 txt/../ent/25267.ent 25267 txt/../pos/25267.pos 15636 txt/../pos/15636.pos 27477 txt/../pos/27477.pos 27477 txt/../wrd/27477.wrd 15636 txt/../wrd/15636.wrd 15636 txt/../ent/15636.ent 27477 txt/../ent/27477.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 15636 author: Pickering, Edward C. (Edward Charles) title: The Future of Astronomy date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15636.txt cache: ./cache/15636.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'15636.txt' 29281 txt/../pos/29281.pos 29281 txt/../wrd/29281.wrd 29281 txt/../ent/29281.ent 23300 txt/../wrd/23300.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 29281 author: King, Edward title: Remarks Concerning Stones Said to Have Fallen from the Clouds, Both in These Days, and in Antient Times date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29281.txt cache: ./cache/29281.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'29281.txt' 23300 txt/../pos/23300.pos 19395 txt/../pos/19395.pos 19395 txt/../wrd/19395.wrd 23300 txt/../ent/23300.ent 16227 txt/../ent/16227.ent 16227 txt/../pos/16227.pos 19395 txt/../ent/19395.ent 16227 txt/../wrd/16227.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 19395 author: Hale, George Ellery title: The New Heavens date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/19395.txt cache: ./cache/19395.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'19395.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 16227 author: Everett, Edward title: The Uses of Astronomy An Oration Delivered at Albany on the 28th of July, 1856 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16227.txt cache: ./cache/16227.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'16227.txt' 10855 txt/../pos/10855.pos 12406 txt/../pos/12406.pos 12406 txt/../wrd/12406.wrd 10855 txt/../wrd/10855.wrd 10855 txt/../ent/10855.ent 12406 txt/../ent/12406.ent 29031 txt/../pos/29031.pos 25992 txt/../pos/25992.pos 29031 txt/../wrd/29031.wrd 25992 txt/../wrd/25992.wrd 25992 txt/../ent/25992.ent 15620 txt/../pos/15620.pos 29031 txt/../ent/29031.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 16767 author: Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title: Half-hours with the Telescope Being a Popular Guide to the Use of the Telescope as a Means of Amusement and Instruction. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/16767.txt cache: ./cache/16767.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'16767.txt' 15620 txt/../wrd/15620.wrd 39070 txt/../pos/39070.pos 39070 txt/../wrd/39070.wrd 28853 txt/../pos/28853.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 23300 author: Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title: Half-Hours with the Stars A Plain and Easy Guide to the Knowledge of the Constellations date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/23300.txt cache: ./cache/23300.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'23300.txt' 15620 txt/../ent/15620.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 28853 author: Mitton, G. E. (Geraldine Edith) title: The Children's Book of Stars date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/28853.txt cache: ./cache/28853.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'28853.txt' 17759 txt/../pos/17759.pos 33337 txt/../wrd/33337.wrd 19309 txt/../pos/19309.pos 33337 txt/../pos/33337.pos 4065 txt/../pos/4065.pos 39070 txt/../ent/39070.ent 2298 txt/../pos/2298.pos 28613 txt/../wrd/28613.wrd 28853 txt/../wrd/28853.wrd 17759 txt/../wrd/17759.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 27477 author: William Gaertner and Company title: Astronomical Instruments and Accessories date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27477.txt cache: ./cache/27477.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'27477.txt' 28613 txt/../pos/28613.pos 4065 txt/../wrd/4065.wrd 36288 txt/../pos/36288.pos 19309 txt/../wrd/19309.wrd 33337 txt/../ent/33337.ent 28853 txt/../ent/28853.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 28752 author: Serviss, Garrett Putman title: Pleasures of the telescope An Illustrated Guide for Amateur Astronomers and a Popular Description of the Chief Wonders of the Heavens for General Readers date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/28752.txt cache: ./cache/28752.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'28752.txt' 36288 txt/../wrd/36288.wrd 2298 txt/../wrd/2298.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 24236 author: Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title: Time and Tide: A Romance of the Moon date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24236.txt cache: ./cache/24236.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'24236.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' === file2bib.sh === id: 29031 author: Holden, Edward S. (Edward Singleton) title: Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/29031.txt cache: ./cache/29031.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'29031.txt' 19309 txt/../ent/19309.ent 4065 txt/../ent/4065.ent 40439 txt/../pos/40439.pos 17759 txt/../ent/17759.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 25267 author: Flammarion, Camille title: Astronomy for Amateurs date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/25267.txt cache: ./cache/25267.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'25267.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' 40439 txt/../wrd/40439.wrd 2298 txt/../ent/2298.ent 36288 txt/../ent/36288.ent 28613 txt/../ent/28613.ent 36470 txt/../pos/36470.pos 41606 txt/../pos/41606.pos 48218 txt/../pos/48218.pos 36470 txt/../wrd/36470.wrd 40439 txt/../ent/40439.ent 41606 txt/../wrd/41606.wrd 36495 txt/../pos/36495.pos 48218 txt/../wrd/48218.wrd 36470 txt/../ent/36470.ent 39928 txt/../pos/39928.pos 27378 txt/../pos/27378.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 18431 author: Serviss, Garrett Putman title: Other Worlds Their Nature, Possibilities and Habitability in the Light of the Latest Discoveries date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/18431.txt cache: ./cache/18431.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'18431.txt' 36495 txt/../wrd/36495.wrd 35744 txt/../pos/35744.pos 17712 txt/../pos/17712.pos 16767 txt/../pos/16767.pos 41606 txt/../ent/41606.ent 35744 txt/../wrd/35744.wrd 48218 txt/../ent/48218.ent 35937 txt/../pos/35937.pos 27378 txt/../wrd/27378.wrd 36495 txt/../ent/36495.ent 17712 txt/../wrd/17712.wrd 39928 txt/../wrd/39928.wrd 16767 txt/../wrd/16767.wrd 35375 txt/../pos/35375.pos 44167 txt/../pos/44167.pos 35744 txt/../ent/35744.ent 28570 txt/../pos/28570.pos 35937 txt/../wrd/35937.wrd 35375 txt/../wrd/35375.wrd 39142 txt/../pos/39142.pos 44167 txt/../wrd/44167.wrd 36741 txt/../pos/36741.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 15620 author: Warren, Henry White title: Recreations in Astronomy With Directions for Practical Experiments and Telescopic Work date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/15620.txt cache: ./cache/15620.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'15620.txt' 16767 txt/../ent/16767.ent 28570 txt/../wrd/28570.wrd 39928 txt/../ent/39928.ent 17712 txt/../ent/17712.ent 18431 txt/../pos/18431.pos 44167 txt/../ent/44167.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 17759 author: International Meridian Conference (1884 : Washington, D.C.) title: International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the Proceedings date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/17759.txt cache: ./cache/17759.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'17759.txt' 55387 txt/../pos/55387.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 25992 author: Brewster, David title: The Martyrs of Science, or, The lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/25992.txt cache: ./cache/25992.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'25992.txt' 27378 txt/../ent/27378.ent 24883 txt/../pos/24883.pos 39142 txt/../wrd/39142.wrd 6630 txt/../pos/6630.pos 35937 txt/../ent/35937.ent 43715 txt/../pos/43715.pos 44270 txt/../pos/44270.pos 28247 txt/../pos/28247.pos 10202 txt/../pos/10202.pos 36741 txt/../wrd/36741.wrd 35375 txt/../ent/35375.ent 24236 txt/../pos/24236.pos 34711 txt/../pos/34711.pos 28247 txt/../wrd/28247.wrd 18431 txt/../wrd/18431.wrd 55387 txt/../wrd/55387.wrd 35613 txt/../pos/35613.pos 10202 txt/../wrd/10202.wrd 28752 txt/../pos/28752.pos 43715 txt/../wrd/43715.wrd 24883 txt/../wrd/24883.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 44270 txt/../wrd/44270.wrd 56302 txt/../pos/56302.pos 12340 txt/../pos/12340.pos 39142 txt/../ent/39142.ent 6630 txt/../wrd/6630.wrd 24236 txt/../wrd/24236.wrd Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/txt2keywords.py", line 54, in for keyword, score in ( yake( doc, ngrams=NGRAMS, topn=TOPN ) ) : File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 96, in yake word_scores = _compute_word_scores(doc, word_occ_vals, word_freqs, stop_words) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/ke/yake.py", line 205, in _compute_word_scores freq_baseline = statistics.mean(freqs_nsw) + statistics.stdev(freqs_nsw) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/statistics.py", line 315, in mean raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point') statistics.StatisticsError: mean requires at least one data point 34711 txt/../wrd/34711.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 17712 author: Elger, Thomas Gwyn title: The Moon: A Full Description and Map of its Principal Physical Features date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/17712.txt cache: ./cache/17712.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'17712.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 12406 author: Bryant, Walter W. (Walter William) title: Kepler date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/12406.txt cache: ./cache/12406.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'12406.txt' 28570 txt/../ent/28570.ent 26556 txt/../pos/26556.pos 35613 txt/../wrd/35613.wrd 36741 txt/../ent/36741.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 10855 author: Wallace, Alfred Russel title: Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell's book "Mars and its canals," with an alternative explanation date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/10855.txt cache: ./cache/10855.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'10855.txt' 28752 txt/../wrd/28752.wrd 6630 txt/../ent/6630.ent 12340 txt/../wrd/12340.wrd 18431 txt/../ent/18431.ent 44270 txt/../ent/44270.ent 45112 txt/../pos/45112.pos 43715 txt/../ent/43715.ent 24883 txt/../ent/24883.ent 26556 txt/../wrd/26556.wrd 55387 txt/../ent/55387.ent 56302 txt/../wrd/56302.wrd 32598 txt/../pos/32598.pos 26556 txt/../ent/26556.ent 56302 txt/../ent/56302.ent 58810 txt/../pos/58810.pos 10202 txt/../ent/10202.ent 34711 txt/../ent/34711.ent 24236 txt/../ent/24236.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 12340 author: Anonymous title: The Story of the Herschels, a Family of Astronomers Sir William Herschel, Sir John Herschel, Caroline Herschel date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/12340.txt cache: ./cache/12340.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'12340.txt' 28752 txt/../ent/28752.ent 12340 txt/../ent/12340.ent 45112 txt/../wrd/45112.wrd 35613 txt/../ent/35613.ent 32598 txt/../wrd/32598.wrd 58810 txt/../wrd/58810.wrd 28247 txt/../ent/28247.ent 45112 txt/../ent/45112.ent 45356 txt/../pos/45356.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 35937 author: Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title: Are the Planets Inhabited? date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/35937.txt cache: ./cache/35937.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'35937.txt' 32598 txt/../ent/32598.ent 40240 txt/../pos/40240.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 28570 author: Dolmage, Cecil Goodrich Julius title: Astronomy of To-day: A Popular Introduction in Non-Technical Language date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/28570.txt cache: ./cache/28570.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'28570.txt' 10655 txt/../pos/10655.pos === file2bib.sh === id: 35613 author: Pickering, Edward C. (Edward Charles) title: A Plan for Securing Observations of the Variable Stars date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/35613.txt cache: ./cache/35613.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'35613.txt' 40240 txt/../wrd/40240.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 6630 author: Serviss, Garrett Putman title: Curiosities of the Sky date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/6630.txt cache: ./cache/6630.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'6630.txt' 58810 txt/../ent/58810.ent 10655 txt/../wrd/10655.wrd 45356 txt/../wrd/45356.wrd === file2bib.sh === id: 19309 author: Newcomb, Simon title: The Reminiscences of an Astronomer date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/19309.txt cache: ./cache/19309.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'19309.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 28613 author: Lodge, Oliver, Sir title: Pioneers of Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/28613.txt cache: ./cache/28613.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'28613.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 39070 author: Tischner, August title: The Sun changes its position in space therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/39070.txt cache: ./cache/39070.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'39070.txt' 45356 txt/../ent/45356.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 2298 author: Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title: Great Astronomers date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/2298.txt cache: ./cache/2298.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'2298.txt' 40240 txt/../ent/40240.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 10202 author: Mitchell, Maria title: Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/10202.txt cache: ./cache/10202.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'10202.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 33337 author: Turner, H. H. (Herbert Hall) title: Astronomical Discovery date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/33337.txt cache: ./cache/33337.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'33337.txt' 10655 txt/../ent/10655.ent === file2bib.sh === id: 40439 author: Grote, George title: Plato's Doctrine Respecting the Rotation of the Earth and Aristotle's Comment Upon That Doctrine date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/40439.txt cache: ./cache/40439.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'40439.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 35744 author: Stimson, Dorothy title: The gradual acceptance of the Copernican theory of the universe date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/35744.txt cache: ./cache/35744.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'35744.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 4065 author: Newcomb, Simon title: Side-Lights on Astronomy and Kindred Fields of Popular Science date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/4065.txt cache: ./cache/4065.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'4065.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 41606 author: Kirkwood, Daniel title: Comets and Meteors Their phenomena in all ages; their mutual relations; and the theory of their origin. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/41606.txt cache: ./cache/41606.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'41606.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 36741 author: Serviss, Garrett Putman title: Astronomy with an Opera-glass A Popular Introduction to the Study of the Starry Heavens with the Simplest of Optical Instruments date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/36741.txt cache: ./cache/36741.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'36741.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 35375 author: Ashe, E. D. (Edward David) title: The proceedings of the Canadian Eclipse Party, 1869 date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/35375.txt cache: ./cache/35375.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'35375.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 48218 author: Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title: The Science of the Stars date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/48218.txt cache: ./cache/48218.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'48218.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 36470 author: Keeler, James Edward title: Photographs of Nebulæ and Clusters, Made with the Crossley Reflector date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/36470.txt cache: ./cache/36470.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'36470.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 26556 author: Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title: Myths and Marvels of Astronomy date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/26556.txt cache: ./cache/26556.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'26556.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 43715 author: Kirkwood, Daniel title: Meteoric astronomy: A treatise on shooting-stars, fire-balls, and aerolites date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/43715.txt cache: ./cache/43715.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'43715.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 36288 author: Whewell, William title: The Plurality of Worlds date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/36288.txt cache: ./cache/36288.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'36288.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 44270 author: Morse, Edward Sylvester title: Mars and Its Mystery date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/44270.txt cache: ./cache/44270.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'44270.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 36495 author: Flammarion, Camille title: Astronomical Myths: Based on Flammarions's "History of the Heavens" date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/36495.txt cache: ./cache/36495.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'36495.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 44167 author: Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title: The Royal Observatory, Greenwich: A Glance at Its History and Work date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/44167.txt cache: ./cache/44167.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'44167.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 24883 author: Rogers, Henry Raymond title: New and Original Theories of the Great Physical Forces date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/24883.txt cache: ./cache/24883.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'24883.txt' Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-classic/bin/file2bib.py", line 107, in text = textacy.preprocessing.normalize.normalize_quotation_marks( text ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/textacy/preprocessing/normalize.py", line 32, in normalize_quotation_marks return text.translate(QUOTE_TRANSLATION_TABLE) AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'translate' === file2bib.sh === id: 55387 author: Carpenter, William title: One Hundred Proofs That the Earth Is Not a Globe date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/55387.txt cache: ./cache/55387.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'55387.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 39928 author: Wallace, Alfred Russel title: Man's Place in the Universe A Study of the Results of Scientific Research in Relation to the Unity or Plurality of Worlds, 3rd Edition date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/39928.txt cache: ./cache/39928.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'39928.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 45112 author: Lewis, Isabel Martin title: Astronomy for Young Folks date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/45112.txt cache: ./cache/45112.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'45112.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 34711 author: Langdon, Ellen title: The Life of Roger Langdon, Told by himself. With additions by his daughter Ellen. date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/34711.txt cache: ./cache/34711.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'34711.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 39142 author: Todd, David P. (David Peck) title: Astronomy: The Science of the Heavenly Bodies date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/39142.txt cache: ./cache/39142.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'39142.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 58810 author: Rolfe, W. J. (William James) title: The Heavens Above: A Popular Handbook of Astronomy date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/58810.txt cache: ./cache/58810.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'58810.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 32598 author: Rogers, Julia Ellen title: Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/32598.txt cache: ./cache/32598.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'32598.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 56302 author: Heysinger, Isaac W. (Isaac Winter) title: The Source and Mode of Solar Energy Throughout the Universe date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/56302.txt cache: ./cache/56302.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'56302.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 45356 author: Stirling, William title: New Theories in Astronomy date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/45356.txt cache: ./cache/45356.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'45356.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 40240 author: Olmsted, Denison title: Letters on Astronomy in which the Elements of the Science are Familiarly Explained in Connection with Biographical Sketches of the Most Eminent Astronomers date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/40240.txt cache: ./cache/40240.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'40240.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 27378 author: Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title: The Story of the Heavens date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/27378.txt cache: ./cache/27378.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'27378.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 10655 author: Airy, George Biddell title: Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/10655.txt cache: ./cache/10655.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'10655.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: 28247 author: Clerke, Agnes M. (Agnes Mary) title: A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition date: pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/28247.txt cache: ./cache/28247.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 21 resourceName b'28247.txt' Done mapping. Reducing classification-QB-gutenberg === reduce.pl bib === id = 15636 author = Pickering, Edward C. (Edward Charles) title = The Future of Astronomy date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5682 sentences = 261 flesch = 64 summary = One might expect that the practical results of a science like The second great advance in astronomy originated in America, and was in The first photographic image of a star was obtained The third great advance in astronomy is in photographing the spectra of receiving at the present time, in nearly all the great observatories in An astronomer who would aid them in this work, by A second method of aiding astronomy is through the large observatories. astronomy is by securing the united work of the leading astronomers of measure the positions of all the stars in these zones. living astronomers, each in his own special line of work, and the latter could not get such an instrument, he measured the positions of the stars one of the great telescopes of the world, photographing the spectrum of consider the next great advance, which perhaps will be a method of cache = ./cache/15636.txt txt = ./txt/15636.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 15620 author = Warren, Henry White title = Recreations in Astronomy With Directions for Practical Experiments and Telescopic Work date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 68848 sentences = 4605 flesch = 79 summary = the force of condensation it flamed like a sun, and not only lighted The heat of the sun, by its intense vibrations, comes to the earth by the rolling over of the earth [Page 65] the star will come into stars the earth's enormous orbit, if lying like a blazing ring in star Vega in the west, touching our [Page 71] earth's orbit on one D (Fig. 29), the distance of the moon and [Page 72] star is A E, light of the sun of the world into bodies, and vivify them according [Illustration: Fig. 42.--Showing the Sun's Movement among the Stars.] earth the centre, and that the sun, moon, and stars were carried When Mercury comes between the earth and the sun, near the line The moon's day, caused by the sun's light, is 29-1/2 times as long earth received light from the sun. cache = ./cache/15620.txt txt = ./txt/15620.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16227 author = Everett, Edward title = The Uses of Astronomy An Oration Delivered at Albany on the 28th of July, 1856 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20048 sentences = 791 flesch = 57 summary = DEDICATION OF NEW YORK STATE GEOLOGICAL HALL. the New State Geological Hall, at Albany,--in the hope that the marked feature in the ceremonies was the magnificent Oration of the Hon. EDWARD EVERETT, inaugurating the Dudley Observatory of Albany; and it is Of the New York State Survey he said:-of the motions of all the heavenly bodies; and the eye of science, reflect honor on the science of any country and any age; I mean the instrumental power; but the want was generally felt by men of science, 2. The second great practical use of an Astronomical Observatory is instrumental power, and of the means of ascertaining the ship's time At the second dawn of science, the great fact again beamed into the mind There are occasions in life in which a great mind lives years of rapt NEW PERIODS IN ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE. the advancement of science, to the increase of instrumental power. cache = ./cache/16227.txt txt = ./txt/16227.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 19395 author = Hale, George Ellery title = The New Heavens date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16807 sentences = 793 flesch = 61 summary = The sun, 865,000 miles in diameter, from a direct photograph showing Twenty-foot Michelson interferometer for measuring star diameters, four stars, on the average, were seen in the field of the telescope. of stars, are on so great a scale (according to Shapley) that light, the 100-inch telescope, on its way up Mount Wilson.] the 100-inch Hooker telescope to follow the stars.] In less powerful telescopes the stars at the centre of the great laboratories, in which the sun and stars are examined by powerful measurement of star diameters if a sufficiently large interferometer angular diameter is perhaps as great as that of any other star. Hooker telescope, and path of the two pencils of light from a star of measuring the diameter of a star, and the 20-foot interferometer by the great distance of the star, which is about 160 light-years. An image of the sun about 16 inches in diameter is formed in the cache = ./cache/19395.txt txt = ./txt/19395.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 28752 author = Serviss, Garrett Putman title = Pleasures of the telescope An Illustrated Guide for Amateur Astronomers and a Popular Description of the Chief Wonders of the Heavens for General Readers date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 53129 sentences = 3011 flesch = 74 summary = eighth-magnitude star, a short distance northeast of the Great Nebula, three-inch, as it consists of a light-yellow star of magnitude three and 627, a double star, magnitude six and a half and seven, distance 21", p. magnitude star is again double, distance 4", p. Burnham has seen a star of thirteen and a half magnitude, distance remarkable for array of small stars near it; 38, double, magnitudes six of larger star blue--try with the five-inch; epsilon, double, magnitudes Other objects in Cancer are: Sigma 1223, double star, magnitudes six and seen shining with the light of a tenth-magnitude star, _but presenting six-inch telescope it would be a waste of time to attack the double star double, both stars being of the sixth magnitude, distance 5", p. double, both stars being of the sixth magnitude, distance 5", p. beautiful star are of magnitudes three and six, distance 10", colors cache = ./cache/28752.txt txt = ./txt/28752.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 28247 author = Clerke, Agnes M. (Agnes Mary) title = A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 223867 sentences = 15877 flesch = 68 summary = discoveries of sun-spot and magnetic periodicity and of spectrum Early Views as to the Nature of Sun-spots--Wilson's Observations and Period of Magnetic Disturbance--Sun-spots and Weather--Spectrum 1901--Movements of Sun and Stars--List of Great Telescopes--List of the "apex," or point of direction of the sun's motion, close to the star for if the earth really travelled in a vast orbit round the sun, objects were observed for the first time, besides 3,347 double stars discovered [Footnote 117: _Results of Astronomical Observations made during the [Footnote 204: Observations on Uranus, as a supposed fixed star, went Newton showed that the bodies known as "comets," or _hirsute_ stars, records of sun-spot observations, from the time of Galileo and Scheiner dark-line solar spectrum, certain differences were perceiving, showing Sir John Herschel showed that heat-rays at the sun's surface must [Footnote 755: _The Distance of the Sun from the Earth determined by the cache = ./cache/28247.txt txt = ./txt/28247.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 28570 author = Dolmage, Cecil Goodrich Julius title = Astronomy of To-day: A Popular Introduction in Non-Technical Language date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 103966 sentences = 6121 flesch = 75 summary = order outwards the Moon, the planets Mercury and Venus, the Sun, and The sun, of course, occults planets and stars in exactly the same manner sun's face is hidden as a consequence of the moon's body coming directly place when the moon comes between the sun and the earth, in such a called a partial eclipse, because from the earth's surface the sun is by one nearer coming in the way, a total eclipse of the sun is far the whereas an eclipse of the sun can only take place at _new_ moon. nights by the changing positions of the sun, the moon, and the stars; of the planets around the sun, and of the moon around the earth, were course of the year the distance of the earth from the sun varies. distance of forty-eight times that of the earth from the sun. cache = ./cache/28570.txt txt = ./txt/28570.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29031 author = Holden, Edward S. (Edward Singleton) title = Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 49158 sentences = 3192 flesch = 75 summary = In the following account of the life and works of Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL, on the Periodical Star in Collo Ceti_, by Mr. WILLIAM HERSCHEL, of Bath. For some years HERSCHEL has observed the heavens every hour The memoir on the forty-foot telescope shows throughout that HERSCHEL'S general catalogue existed before HERSCHEL'S time, and led by the In the prosecution of this work HERSCHEL found stars whose light was The double stars were the subject of HERSCHEL'S earliest and of his The question of determining the parallax of stars first brought HERSCHEL case of one of HERSCHEL'S double stars, in much the same order in which HERSCHEL himself lived to see some of his double stars perform observed (by Sir JOHN HERSCHEL) with a telescope of twenty feet, similar Sun and Fixed Stars_ (1795), HERSCHEL recounts what was known of the of each double star [observed by HERSCHEL], brought together on cache = ./cache/29031.txt txt = ./txt/29031.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 28613 author = Lodge, Oliver, Sir title = Pioneers of Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 112983 sentences = 5904 flesch = 72 summary = all-important body in the universe, if the sun and planets and stars planets and stars revolve round our insignificant earth was too great to The length of the earth's year is 365·256 days; its mean distance from uniform motion in each circle round the earth as a fixed body. planet's year depends on the 3/2th power of its distance from the sun. By this time Newton was only forty-five years old, but his main work was moon, which is 60 times as far from the centre of the earth, drops 16 the earth revolved round the sun, how came it that the fixed stars light must be 10,000 times as great as the velocity of the earth in its Newton of the observed facts of the motion of the moon, the way he Now consider the earth and moon revolving round each other like a man cache = ./cache/28613.txt txt = ./txt/28613.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 28853 author = Mitton, G. E. (Geraldine Edith) title = The Children's Book of Stars date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 46781 sentences = 1852 flesch = 76 summary = The sun, as we all know, appears to cross the sky every day; he gets up think: 'Here is the great solid earth standing still, and the sun and marvellous truth is that, instead of the sun and moon and stars rolling days it was supposed that the sun went round the earth. the earth and all the planets as if they were swinging round the sun, earth-child was going round the sun, so that in a year's time the moon caused by the earth's shadow falling upon the moon; and that of the sun own light is the sun; all the rest, the planets and their moons, shine His year--the time he takes to go round the sun and come back to the sun, and can only sometimes be seen as a small star by people who know these other great suns which we call stars have also planets circling cache = ./cache/28853.txt txt = ./txt/28853.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 29281 author = King, Edward title = Remarks Concerning Stones Said to Have Fallen from the Clouds, Both in These Days, and in Antient Times date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8856 sentences = 450 flesch = 75 summary = inserted, an Account of an extraordinary Hail-stone, that fell, with curious _manuscript_ accounts, concerning a surprising shower of stones; The testimony, concerning the falling of the stones from it, appears to sand-stone, with various small particles of iron, and bright metallic Professor Soldani saw another stone, said to have fallen from the cloud, And, in like manner; of stones, and of strata of rocks, formed by means And now, I must add; that such kind of _falling of stones from the his account, described the cloud, from which this stone was said to just as they appeared in the great hail-stone itself originally. To what has been said, therefore, concerning the fall of stones in (somewhat like the stones said to have fallen in Italy) of sand and After describing two other stones, said to have fallen from the clouds: The substance of the account of the fall of stones, in Hungary, as given cache = ./cache/29281.txt txt = ./txt/29281.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 19309 author = Newcomb, Simon title = The Reminiscences of an Astronomer date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 109172 sentences = 5291 flesch = 68 summary = order to learn in a moment what great astronomers of recent times had experience in the use of astronomical instruments, went at his work not only a great interest in scientific work, especially astronomy, way could keep the exact time necessary in the work of an astronomer. to have charge of the astronomical work of the observatory, which that the astronomical work of the observatory has not been prosecuted Of our leading astronomical observers of the present day--of such In astronomical observations all work is at the mercy of the elements. that up to a quite recent time no work on scientific method appeared Before his time the working force of an observatory time the trained astronomer worked with instruments of very delicate and the work of the Paris Observatory, so far as observations of of protection, but for some years I had not time to read their works, cache = ./cache/19309.txt txt = ./txt/19309.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 16767 author = Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title = Half-hours with the Telescope Being a Popular Guide to the Use of the Telescope as a Means of Amusement and Instruction. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33645 sentences = 1795 flesch = 72 summary = he turns his telescope towards a difficult double star. observer to direct a telescope of moderate power to the examination of way that a simple object-glass forms a telescope, a circumstance we of view of a Galilean Telescope depend on the size of the object-glass, _positive_ eye-piece, because the real image formed by the object-glass For observing objects at great elevations the diagonal eye-tube is view, if the telescope, once directed to the star, be made to revolve applied to the observation of close double or multiple stars, but for neighbouring stream of the Milky Way. Let our observer now direct his telescope to the star [epsilon] Lyræ. ring; and in Lord Rosse's great Telescope "wisps of stars" are seen towards E.S.E. It is seen as a double star with very moderate telescopic [alpha]^1 of the 4th magnitude; in a good telescope five stars are seen, cache = ./cache/16767.txt txt = ./txt/16767.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 17759 author = International Meridian Conference (1884 : Washington, D.C.) title = International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the Proceedings date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 67787 sentences = 3200 flesch = 61 summary = The Delegates to the International Meridian Conference, who assembled General STRACHEY, Delegate of Great Britain, stated that he thought it Professor ADAMS, Delegate of Great Britain, said that the Conference resolution seemed to him out of order, and that his colleague, Mr. Janssen, desired to address the Conference on the subject. The resolution offered by the Delegate of the United States, Commander further stated that, having heard that the Delegates of France, Mr. LEFAIVRE and Mr. JANSSEN, desired to present certain propositions, he adoption of the meridian of Greenwich, we, the Delegates of France, States, has presented a motion proposing the adoption of the meridian If the resolution for a neutral meridian had been adopted, all nations of the resolutions proposed by the Hon. Delegate of the United States, Great Britain the time of the Observatory at Greenwich is adopted for The adoption of the universal day or any system of time-reckoning cache = ./cache/17759.txt txt = ./txt/17759.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 17712 author = Elger, Thomas Gwyn title = The Moon: A Full Description and Map of its Principal Physical Features date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 70387 sentences = 3743 flesch = 71 summary = Originating at a little crater under the northeast wall of great ring-plain Posidonius, it follows a winding course HAHN.--A ring-plain, 46 miles in diameter, with a fine central mountain GAUSS.--A large, and nearly circular walled-plain, 111 miles in diameter, MOIGNO.--A ring-plain with a dark floor, adjoining the last on the N.E. There is a conspicuous little crater in the interior. the floor, which contains a large bright central mountain and two craters TIMAEUS.--A very bright ring-plain, 22 miles in diameter, with walls BIANCHINI.--A fine ring-plain, about 18 miles in diameter, on the N.E. side of the Sinus Iridum, surrounded by the lofty mountains defining the ring-plain, nearly central, and a large number of little craters and There is a small crater a few miles S.E. of it, among the bright little mountains which flank this formation. wall is a bright ring-plain with a lofty border and a central mountain. cache = ./cache/17712.txt txt = ./txt/17712.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 18431 author = Serviss, Garrett Putman title = Other Worlds Their Nature, Possibilities and Habitability in the Light of the Latest Discoveries date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 52803 sentences = 2289 flesch = 65 summary = facts about the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc., as well moon?--Lunar day and night--The earth as seen from the planet Venus, when viewed with a telescope, shows phases like those of at different rates, among them; the nearer planets, Venus and the earth, Being, like Mercury, nearer to the sun than the earth is, Venus also is earth, being an outer planet, is visible at times in that part of the Mars is the fourth planet in the order of distance from the sun, and the the sun as seen from the earth--Mars's average distance from us is about be nearer than 744,000,000 miles to the earth, or eight times the sun's the sun, so that the distance of the moon from the earth is continually orbit about the sun is more curved than the moon's, and the earth is planets--Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc. cache = ./cache/18431.txt txt = ./txt/18431.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 23300 author = Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title = Half-Hours with the Stars A Plain and Easy Guide to the Knowledge of the Constellations date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8395 sentences = 680 flesch = 85 summary = THE LITTLE BEAR, URSA MINOR (a, the _Pole Star_; b, g, _the Guardians_). whose head is below the horizon, curves round the Little Bear to Pole Star, (a of the Little Bear _Ursa Minor_). _Cepheus_ lies north, low down, _Cassiopeia_ on his left, the Camelopard A line from the Pole Star, (a of the Little Bear, Below the Little Bear we find _Cepheus_ low down to the east of direct us to the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa Minor_). left we see, low down, two stars marking the head of the Sea Goat Star, (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa Minor_). near the point overhead, its head, with the bright stars b and g, A line from the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa A line from the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa The Dipper lies low, the Pointers a little east of north. cache = ./cache/23300.txt txt = ./txt/23300.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27378 author = Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title = The Story of the Heavens date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 201258 sentences = 9180 flesch = 67 summary = watches the moon, or star, or planet enter the field of view; and he fixed stars, the sun, the moon, and the planets. The actual distance of the sun from the earth is about 92,900,000 miles; directly between the earth and the sun, and the dark body of the moon Planets, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, and Mars--Velocity of the Earth--The Outer Planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune--Light The sun and the moon, the planets and the comets, the attraction every planet must revolve in an elliptic orbit round the sun, In the case of our own planet, the earth rotates twenty-seven times for globe, and that the earth and all the other planets were small bodies hands, when he observed a small star-like object near the planet. to our position on the earth, we observe the stars from a point of view herself ardently in observing the moon, planets, and stars; and more cache = ./cache/27378.txt txt = ./txt/27378.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 27477 author = William Gaertner and Company title = Astronomical Instruments and Accessories date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4887 sentences = 523 flesch = 74 summary = #Note.#--All our astronomical telescope have objectives of the standard Portable Equatorial Mounting with Driving Clock.# This instrument The instrument is mounted on strong hardwood tripod fitted with iron shoes. A slow motion adjustment independent of the clock is fitted to With the instrument are furnished three celestial eye pieces giving a instruments friction rollers are fitted to the polar axis. #Note.#--We are equipped to construct larger instruments and are glad to Position Micrometers for 6" to 8" Telescopes.# Circle 15 cm. Small Position Micrometer for 3" to 4" Telescopes.# Circle reads plate, which is fitted with azimuth adjustment (not shown in cut). Universal Instrument.# Telescope with objective prism. fitted with a divided circle reading to single degrees. diameter, reading to degrees, is fitted to the instrument. The micrometer is fitted with sliding eye piece eye piece is fitted to the instrument. is fitted to the instrument. cache = ./cache/27477.txt txt = ./txt/27477.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 25992 author = Brewster, David title = The Martyrs of Science, or, The lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 51775 sentences = 2134 flesch = 60 summary = GALILEO, TYCHO BRAHE, AND KEPLER. Sun--Galileo visits Rome--Is summoned before the Inquisition--And The early years of Galileo were, like those of almost all great Galileo observed a remarkable difference in the appearance of their the new planets several times, along with Galileo, at Pisa; and when he The discovery of Jupiter's satellites suggested to Galileo a new method Having overcome all these difficulties, Galileo's work was published in Although Galileo had for a long time abandoned his astronomical studies, Benach as a Residence and an Observatory--Kepler visits Tycho--Who Benach as a Residence and an Observatory--Kepler visits Tycho--Who _Tycho resumes his Astronomical Observations--Is attacked with a Although Tycho continued in this new position to observe the planets distinguished men as Tycho, Kepler, and Galileo. 54th year of his age, was observing the heavens at Prague, Kepler, only Galileo and Tycho, whose Tables were calculated by Kepler from the Observations of Tycho, and are cache = ./cache/25992.txt txt = ./txt/25992.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 26556 author = Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title = Myths and Marvels of Astronomy date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 120195 sentences = 4421 flesch = 61 summary = Though we can understand that in old times the planets and stars were the positions of the various planets, signs, stars, etc., at the time of to the horizon that if the astronomers of the pyramid times had observed year, the ring reflects no light during the night time, the sun being on well known to the learned world,' he says, 'that every star is a sun in star, like the sun of our system, has around it planets which are sun, and moon, and stars had been set in the heavens for its use and star a sun like him, about which many planets revolve. the formation of the earth and heavens, sun, and moon, and stars; while observation (by which time the new star had faded from the second to the observe the sun for this purpose until the present time. cache = ./cache/26556.txt txt = ./txt/26556.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 2298 author = Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title = Great Astronomers date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 92019 sentences = 3802 flesch = 62 summary = movement, by which the stars and all other celestial bodies appear to Ptolemy's astronomical works had appeared a few years before the observations of the new star as those which Tycho made, possessed, places of the moon, the planets, and the stars on the celestial The last of Galileo's great astronomical discoveries related to the fact, the great observer himself did not accept the new views of as the circumstances of astronomical observation would at that time At the present day, astronomers of the great national observatories illustrious friend's great work, so that in the same year he was in a movement of the earth around the sun, the star must appear to have great French astronomer sketched for the first time that remarkable earth, the sun, and the five great planets with which Laplace was When he was twenty-eight years old, his first great astronomical cache = ./cache/2298.txt txt = ./txt/2298.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 4065 author = Newcomb, Simon title = Side-Lights on Astronomy and Kindred Fields of Popular Science date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 100253 sentences = 4115 flesch = 65 summary = space and all time, as we are forced to believe, then each moving star becomes of the great flood of heat and light which the sun and stars comparative number in the region of the Milky Way. Of the stars visible Let us next count the number of stars visible in a powerful telescope galactic pole, and increases in every direction towards the Milky Way. Without such counts of the stars we might imagine our stellar system to constellations as the Southern Cross, all lie in or near the Milky Way. Schiaparelli has extended the investigation to all the stars visible to astronomer is to determine what stars have proper motions large enough Up to the present time, two stars have been found whose proper motions form a general idea of their average distance, though a great number of present time is that the number of stars in any of these spheres will cache = ./cache/4065.txt txt = ./txt/4065.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 10202 author = Mitchell, Maria title = Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 80727 sentences = 4568 flesch = 79 summary = they talked Miss Mitchell closed her book and took up her knitting, for When Miss Mitchell went to Europe she took her Almanac work with her, day;' another said, 'They took a walk.' It came to Hawthorne's turn, and "One day Mrs. Hawthorne came to my room, held up an inkstand, and said, "Mrs. Airy said to me, 'Although we are invited to be guests of Dr. Whewell, he is quite too mighty a man to come to meet us." Her sons, "I turned to the young American girl who sat next to me, and said, 'Miss "Miss Southey said that her father felt that he knew as many Americans "I asked after the children, and Miss Southey said that the little boy "He told me that a fine-looking, white-headed, good-featured old man was In her life at Vassar College there was a great deal for Miss Mitchell cache = ./cache/10202.txt txt = ./txt/10202.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 10855 author = Wallace, Alfred Russel title = Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell's book "Mars and its canals," with an alternative explanation date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26049 sentences = 1023 flesch = 60 summary = Percival Lowell's book, _Mars and its Canals_, with the object of lines on Mars are on the solid surface of the planet. existence of water-vapour in the atmosphere of Mars, but of late years Temperature of Mars_, by Professor Percival Lowell; and in this paper, _Mr. Lowell's Mode of Estimating the Surface-temperature of Mars._ assume identity of atmospheric conditions of Mars and the Earth. heat actually received by Mars and the Earth, dependent on their very sun-heat that Mars receives reaches the surface and determines its surface temperature, he reaches the final result that the actual heating power at the surface of Mars is considerably _more_ than on the Earth, The temperature of Mars, with Professor Lowell's data, still One of the features of the surface of Mars that Mr. Lowell describes atmosphere of Mars that it allows more sun-heat to reach the surface; cache = ./cache/10855.txt txt = ./txt/10855.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 12406 author = Bryant, Walter W. (Walter William) title = Kepler date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17755 sentences = 646 flesch = 59 summary = planets revolved not about the earth but about the sun, but the idea apses of the sun's orbit, where its distance from the earth is greatest centre of the earth's orbit, instead of through the sun, thus of Tycho's great work "Introduction to the New Astronomy". observations, leaving those of Mars for Kepler. observations would not have come into Kepler's hands, and their great the Mars observations to Kepler, but instead of working at the new lunar earth's orbit, such that the centre bisected the distance from the sun FIGURES EXPLANATORY OF KEPLER'S THEORY OF THE MOTION OF MARS. Kepler's improved determination of the earth's orbit was obtained by these the date of the year would give the angle MSE (Mars-Sun-Earth), at a complete edition of Kepler's works was made for a long time. Ecliptic: The plane of the earth's orbital motion about the sun, which cache = ./cache/12406.txt txt = ./txt/12406.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 12340 author = Anonymous title = The Story of the Herschels, a Family of Astronomers Sir William Herschel, Sir John Herschel, Caroline Herschel date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22132 sentences = 981 flesch = 66 summary = Herschel's parents--The two brothers--A musical family--An inventive genius--The brothers in England--Herschel as an planet--Herschel's combined musical and astronomical pursuits--A at Datchet--Herschel's astronomical observations--Testing and strength--Herschel removes to Bath--Last days of an reputation--The forty-foot telescope--Herschel's observations on Caroline Herschel's devotion to her brother William--Her grief and gold medal--South on Sir William's discoveries--On Miss Herschel's duty--Sir John's visit to Miss Herschel--Reminiscences of early brothers," says Caroline Herschel, "were often introduced as solo In July 1783 Herschel began his observations with his large twenty-foot telescope, had, prior to Herschel's time, felt his curiosity excited by great was the importance, of Herschel's labours, and in how remarkable "My brother left Slough, accompanied by Lady Herschel, for Herschel, says a brother astronomer, will never cease to occupy an view the results of all the observations Sir William Herschel had made received and read Sir John Herschel's great work, "Cape the Herschels--brother, sister, nephew--in all the bright and lovely cache = ./cache/12340.txt txt = ./txt/12340.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 6630 author = Serviss, Garrett Putman title = Curiosities of the Sky date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 53325 sentences = 1914 flesch = 60 summary = with stars, our sun and his relatively few neighbors being placed near far more closely related to one another than is our sun to the stars could be turned into a new course by a close approach to a great sun, course, the earth, piloted by the sun, has come from the Milky Way in formed by chance combinations of conspicuous stars, like figures in a motions of the sun and stars, and have seen that they are so swift of the earth's orbit, the close approach of a great star to the sun of planets, and the distances of the stars which appear to have been space and appear around the sun like the clouds of dust around a mill. some forming stars that perhaps have no planets, and will have none; planet like the earth; it has an atmosphere, though one of great cache = ./cache/6630.txt txt = ./txt/6630.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 35937 author = Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title = Are the Planets Inhabited? date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 40729 sentences = 1783 flesch = 68 summary = times that at the surface of the Earth, where a body falls 16·1 feet in on the Earth and known by their spectral lines to be present on the Sun. The stars, therefore, cannot themselves be inhabited worlds any more than they are not seen under a low Sun. The changes which appear to take place in the lunar formations owing to The Moon is at the same mean distance from the Sun as the Earth, and As Mars, in its progress round the Sun, receded from the Earth, the time the planet is nearest to the Earth and its general features are its greater distance from the Sun, Mars receives per unit of surface only If so great a change were to take place in the Sun, life would be of the different planets; and even on our Earth, life in the unfavoured cache = ./cache/35937.txt txt = ./txt/35937.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 33337 author = Turner, H. H. (Herbert Hall) title = Astronomical Discovery date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 58928 sentences = 2903 flesch = 66 summary = number to a planet until it was quite certain that the discovery was new, accuracy, from observing the time of her revolution round the sun; the recorded by different observers were compared with the true time, which stars, it is not easy to directly observe the place of the sun among the new determinations of the sun's distance, using three of the minor planets ordinary star, by Flamsteed, Lemonnier, Bradley, and Mayer, all observers [Sidenote: Adams' announcement of the new planet.] [Sidenote: Airy announces the likelihood of a new planet, and suggests a [Sidenote: He finds too late that he had observed the planet.] [Sidenote: Curious difference between actual and supposed planet.] that time, Bradley made that long and wonderful series of observations [Sidenote: The Oxford new star found during work on Astrographic Chart.] Generally these stars have been noted by eye observation, as in the case [Sidenote: Bradley's observations.] cache = ./cache/33337.txt txt = ./txt/33337.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 35744 author = Stimson, Dorothy title = The gradual acceptance of the Copernican theory of the universe date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 50040 sentences = 3995 flesch = 74 summary = observing the work of God's hand, he appears at the same time to be another work, the book of Hammarmunah the Old, stating that "the earth [Footnote 41: By the will of God the earth remains motionless and earth's motion around the sun a hundred years before Copernicus; but a work." But the Cardinal stated these views of the earth's motions in a [Footnote 102: Copernicus: _De Revolutionibus_, Thorn edit., 444. [Footnote 113: As the earth moves, the position in the heavens of a sun at the center of the universe rather than in the earth, in order heavens, and believed the earth was at the center of the universe admit new positions, for he never mentioned the motion of the earth the Scriptures that the earth is the principal body of the universe, moves the earth could not at the same time and with like motion move cache = ./cache/35744.txt txt = ./txt/35744.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 35613 author = Pickering, Edward C. (Edward Charles) title = A Plan for Securing Observations of the Variable Stars date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4563 sentences = 242 flesch = 67 summary = other work or at times unsuitable for the observations to which he Short period variables, or stars whose light is continually many of them need observation, especially to determine their light determinations of the light of a constant star by the method given in light is usually so great in these stars that the change will 2. To observe the stars whose variability is suspected and prove A useful exercise for an observer is to select two stars of known star he is observing at the moment, and never try to compare two of the two stars, each observation lasting for a few seconds, will time, the condition of the air, and the brightness of the stars. On the other hand, especially when observing stars not very skilled observers would be a work of no less value than the results anticipated from the observation of the variable stars. cache = ./cache/35613.txt txt = ./txt/35613.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 36288 author = Whewell, William title = The Plurality of Worlds date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 97227 sentences = 3485 flesch = 60 summary = But he regards the creation of man as the great event of our world. of our earth, as all these stars are of the nature of our sun:--all Earth is so large, the number of its inhabitants so great, its form so the existence of animal life on other planets, as well as on the earth, possibility of mere animal life existing in other parts of the Universe, are led by the supposition of mere animal life, existing in other worlds first placing of the race of man upon the earth, it was his purpose to view of man's condition, which appears to thoughtful men to be the life of man upon the earth; and that in reasoning concerning the space and time, of earth and stars, of life in brutes and in man, have know how long man will continue to inhabit the earth, we cannot reason cache = ./cache/36288.txt txt = ./txt/36288.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 36495 author = Flammarion, Camille title = Astronomical Myths: Based on Flammarions's "History of the Heavens" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 95884 sentences = 4070 flesch = 68 summary = age, the sun and moon and stars, with all the planets, seemed absolutely sun every night, and, therefore, a different set of stars are seen in universal power, governing the heavens, the earth, fire, water, day and years and had seen the course of the sun change four times, and the days of the year by the stars which first appeared in the evening--as we place, like the motion of the earth in modern astronomy, round an saying that Vulcan's anvil took seven days to fall from heaven to earth, turned about the earth in the same time, 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 doubt place the earth immovable in the centre of world, according to the Brahmins placed the earth in the centre, and said that the stars moved _On the Heavens and the Earth, On the Sun and Moon, the Stars, and Times cache = ./cache/36495.txt txt = ./txt/36495.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 36741 author = Serviss, Garrett Putman title = Astronomy with an Opera-glass A Popular Introduction to the Study of the Starry Heavens with the Simplest of Optical Instruments date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 48768 sentences = 2476 flesch = 73 summary = brilliant views of scattered star-clusters as an opera-glass does. opera-glass and begin with the constellation Leo and the star Regulus. stars are marked with their Greek-letter names on our little map, you opera-glass can get a fine view of a celebrated star-cluster known in of Procyon is a third-magnitude star, called Gomelza, and the glass will field-glass not only makes the two stars appear brighter, and their little group of stars near the end of the handle of the Great Dipper, see eight or ten times as many stars, and with a field-glass still more Turn your glass upon the star shown in the map just above Mu ([mu]) and interesting to watch the star with an opera-glass. Near the little star Kappa ([kappa]) in the map will be seen These stars were best seen with a field-glass, although an Opera-glass, views of the stars with, 3. cache = ./cache/36741.txt txt = ./txt/36741.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 39070 author = Tischner, August title = The Sun changes its position in space therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest" date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4370 sentences = 262 flesch = 69 summary = Astronomical science, at the present day insists upon the system of fact, that the sun changes its position; endeavouring to explain away the motion of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know thoroughly Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, and the scientific world The astronomers of the past century proved that the sun not only has the If the sun is _not fixed_, the system of Copernicus falls to ground. the motion proper to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, or sun cannot be rendered motionless_, and if astronomers and men of Naturally astronomers and men of science have never asked themselves the science have imagined to be the truth regarding the heaven and the theory or a law is to be set up, the sun is at once _very firmly fixed_ sun, would have set up the same system, the same laws and theories, _as cache = ./cache/39070.txt txt = ./txt/39070.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 39142 author = Todd, David P. (David Peck) title = Astronomy: The Science of the Heavenly Bodies date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 100360 sentences = 4143 flesch = 60 summary = the origin, nature, and destinies of planets, sun, and star; observe sun, moon, and stars, because all the bodies of the cosmos were of three bodies (sun, earth, and moon) under the Newtonian law of the horizon, whether the sun was observed or moon or stars. planets were displaced among the stars by the annual motion of the earth measures of the position of sun, moon, and stars. the moon in Newton's time was better known in terms of the earth's size stars with the annual motion of the earth round the sun affords the spectrum of sun or star, and the position of these dark lines will first star was photographed, in 1851 the first total eclipse of the sun; Knowing thus the relation of sun, moon, and stars, and the number of the Evidently the earth by its motion round the sun makes every star cache = ./cache/39142.txt txt = ./txt/39142.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 40240 author = Olmsted, Denison title = Letters on Astronomy in which the Elements of the Science are Familiarly Explained in Connection with Biographical Sketches of the Most Eminent Astronomers date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 141513 sentences = 5138 flesch = 62 summary = sun, in the moon, in the planets, and especially in the fixed stars, are that the sun, moon, and stars, revolve about it, every day, from east to a _year_ is the period of the revolution of the earth around the sun. motion of the sun around the earth once a year, and occasions the change The motion of the earth in its orbit is nearly seventy times as great as Were a body to fall from a great distance,--suppose a thousand times We have thus far taken the earth's orbit around the sun as a great twenty-seven days while the moon has been going round the earth, the sun the sun's apparent revolution round the earth once a year he is situation of the sun, the moon, and the earth, at the time of a solar the earth's periodic time is one year, and that of the planet Jupiter cache = ./cache/40240.txt txt = ./txt/40240.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 40439 author = Grote, George title = Plato's Doctrine Respecting the Rotation of the Earth and Aristotle's Comment Upon That Doctrine date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13501 sentences = 922 flesch = 70 summary = Platonic words, he calls the earth [Greek: ê(me/ras phu/lax kai\ first, in the rotation of the earth round its own axis, next, at believe that the earth revolves round its own axis in twenty-four the diurnal rotation of the earth round the centre of the cosmical earth packed round it, by the Platonic Timæus.] Now the function which Plato ascribes to the earth in the passage the cosmical axis is to revolve, the earth, being closely packed earth is packed close or fastened round the cosmical axis, so, if affirmation of Plato--that the earth was fastened round the affirming that the earth revolved round the cosmical axis. question thus--"Does Plato in the Timæus conceive the earth as rotation of the earth round the solid cosmical axis, which he that Aristotle ascribed to Plato the doctrine of the rotation of holds that the Platonic Timæus affirms the rotation of the earth, cache = ./cache/40439.txt txt = ./txt/40439.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 39928 author = Wallace, Alfred Russel title = Man's Place in the Universe A Study of the Results of Scientific Research in Relation to the Unity or Plurality of Worlds, 3rd Edition date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 90976 sentences = 3127 flesch = 58 summary = part of the heavens remote from the Milky Way. Nebulæ were for a long time confounded with star-clusters, because it was stars; and all these objects are most frequent in or near the Milky Way. Their spectra show a green line not produced by any terrestrial element. DISTANCE OF THE STARS--THE SUN'S MOTION THROUGH SPACE that great luminous circle of stars a distance of about 500 light years. times the diameter of the sun; and as the stars of this type are probably star-density in different regions at equal distances from the Milky Way' sun now occupied a nearly central position in the great star-system, it was stars in the stellar universe each five times the mass of our sun, and in a universe of 100 million stars, each five times the mass of our sun, Universe of stars, how its form has affected our sun and earth, 308. cache = ./cache/39928.txt txt = ./txt/39928.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 41606 author = Kirkwood, Daniel title = Comets and Meteors Their phenomena in all ages; their mutual relations; and the theory of their origin. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20970 sentences = 1501 flesch = 74 summary = years before our era, a large comet was observed not far from the sun. years, Halley announced this as the time of the comet's revolution, and comets per century[5] were observed during the same period. the remarkable fact that the orbits of the earth and comet intersect COMETS WHOSE ELEMENTS INDICATE PERIODICITY, BUT WHOSE RETURNS HAVE NOT periodic comets are near the orbits of the major planets. the two bodies will occur in 1985, when the form of the comet's orbit years, in an orbit somewhat more eccentric than that of Halley's comet. 4. That the orbits of some meteors and periodic comets have been The fact, then, that meteors move in the same orbits with comets is but great number of meteoric stones fell to the earth, generally penetrating discovery that comets and meteors are actually moving in the same orbits Neither the period of the meteors nor that of the comet can yet be cache = ./cache/41606.txt txt = ./txt/41606.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 48218 author = Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title = The Science of the Stars date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26190 sentences = 1433 flesch = 77 summary = light, the Sun, was not seen with the stars; the brightness of his had worked out some means for determining what stars the Sun is near at west to east; the Moon moves much slower than the stars, so her motion the deviations from regularity in the planetary motions round the Sun. The Earth having been abandoned as the centre of the universe, a Earth is deflected in the same time, Mercury falling towards the Sun by the Sun amongst the stars gave a yet longer division of time, the year, light of Sun, Moon, or stars, according to the object to which the To observe the motions of the Moon, Sun, and planets, and to determine same size, but since the Sun is 400 times as far off as the Moon it the nearest star to us is nearly 300,000 times as far as the Sun, yet cache = ./cache/48218.txt txt = ./txt/48218.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 35375 author = Ashe, E. D. (Edward David) title = The proceedings of the Canadian Eclipse Party, 1869 date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9067 sentences = 432 flesch = 76 summary = Mr. Douglas shut himself up in the dark room; I took charge of the We took the partial eclipse with an eye-piece, giving a With regard to the bright band on the sun, bordering the moon, in that we took before totality, shews the cusps and edge of the moon to be double, giving the appearance of a band surrounding the moon. Before giving a description of the photograms of the Total Eclipse, from the telescope, observing the general appearance of the eclipse evident that Mr. Vail saw with a telescope what I photographed; and photograms of the eclipse were taken, and directly totality finished band surrounding the moon's limb in photograms of the partial whether it was the limb of the moon, indenting the edge of the sun, places, on the edge of the moon; their position your photograph will when totality took place, all became comparatively dark; every cache = ./cache/35375.txt txt = ./txt/35375.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 36470 author = Keeler, James Edward title = Photographs of Nebulæ and Clusters, Made with the Crossley Reflector date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26112 sentences = 4934 flesch = 100 summary = several years to photographing the brighter nebulæ and star clusters, with double-slide plate-holder, like the one used with the Crossley reflector, photographic telescope, says that a star should remain bisected by a axis of the large mirror cuts the photographic plate is not then a matter For photographing stars and nebulæ the Crossley reflector is provided with [Illustration: DOUBLE-SLIDE PLATE-HOLDER OF THE CROSSLEY REFLECTOR.] In making the photographs of nebulæ for which the Crossley telescope is at star on the upper edge of the plate (which, when the telescope is north of At present the Crossley reflector is being used for photographing nebulæ, which have been photographed with the Crossley telescope are most of the was made from a photograph taken with the Crossley reflector on July 6, "New Nebulæ discovered photographically with the Crossley Reflector of the "Use of the Crossley Reflector for Photographic Measurements of Position," cache = ./cache/36470.txt txt = ./txt/36470.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 44167 author = Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title = The Royal Observatory, Greenwich: A Glance at Its History and Work date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 65509 sentences = 2702 flesch = 64 summary = THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY IN FLAMSTEED'S TIME 44 DOUBLE-STAR OBSERVATION WITH THE SOUTH-EAST EQUATORIAL 308 obtain his own local time by observations of the height of the sun. from a number of given stars at definite times for long periods in stars that Greenwich Observatory was founded, whilst the _Nautical or 'mean time.' He drew up a catalogue of seventy stars, computing Greenwich Observatory, and for John Flamsteed's observations made more accurate observations of the place of a star could be obtained As Astronomer Royal his great work was the systematic observation determine the distance of the sun by observations of the transit of in the Astronomer Royal's house, and the present transit circle room. observations of places of moon, stars, and planets is likewise important duty of the Royal Observatory; and the Time Department, There is a great difference between the work of the observer with instrument is called, and the work of the transit observer. cache = ./cache/44167.txt txt = ./txt/44167.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 43715 author = Kirkwood, Daniel title = Meteoric astronomy: A treatise on shooting-stars, fire-balls, and aerolites date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30553 sentences = 2127 flesch = 72 summary = the great discovery that _shooting-stars, fire-balls, and meteoric "Meteors, Aerolites, and Falling-stars." The author has had that work The _period_ of a planet, comet, or meteor is the time which it nearly 100 known bodies which revolve about the sun in orbits of small backward motion of a meteoric ring, in an orbit almost circular, and is probably a dense meteoric ring, or rather, perhaps, a number of the fall of meteoric stones in some part of the earth, either singly or Immediately after a great number of meteoric stones fell to the number of meteoric stones are observed to fall by day than by night. The following falls of meteoric stones have occurred at this epoch: number of very small meteoric stones penetrate beneath the earth's If shooting-stars and aerolites are derived from meteoric rings if not all, of the meteoric rings, and a large number of comets. cache = ./cache/43715.txt txt = ./txt/43715.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 45356 author = Stirling, William title = New Theories in Astronomy date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 133636 sentences = 5681 flesch = 70 summary = a given time, because the attractive force of the earth increases--up mass of heat sticking to the surface of a block of matter of any kind. cubic miles for the ring at the same density as the nebula; so, the volume of the earth nebula, which at 234,620,000 miles in diameter miles alone of solid matter to be 2·25 times that of water. 7918 miles, and mean density at 5·66 times that of water, as already 190 Density of inner half of earth at 3000 miles diameter. 190 Density of inner half of earth at 3000 miles diameter. our estimate of 3 times the density of water, at 9 miles deep, was far period of time before the nebula forming the earth came to have even miles diameter, with density equal to air at atmospheric pressure, and measure, the sun's attraction of the matter of the nebula towards his cache = ./cache/45356.txt txt = ./txt/45356.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 45112 author = Lewis, Isabel Martin title = Astronomy for Young Folks date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 65367 sentences = 3172 flesch = 72 summary = knowledge of the sun, moon, stars and planets, their motions and cluster of faint stars known as The Pleiades, lying a short distance brighter stars in the group surpass the sun many times in brightness. thirty-three light-years, the sun would appear as a star of the fifth earth and the sun, all the planets have moons or satellites of their That is, the moon, as well as the sun, stars and planets, rises in This star is about ten light-years distant from the earth, which the sun and the stars as well as the planets were in motion. or Orion star is about one hundred times more luminous than the sun, sixty-three thousand times the distance from the earth to the sun or sixty-three thousand times the distance from the earth to the sun or The nearest star is about 275,000 times more distant than the sun, cache = ./cache/45112.txt txt = ./txt/45112.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 44270 author = Morse, Edward Sylvester title = Mars and Its Mystery date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 40417 sentences = 1783 flesch = 62 summary = Earth, a similar intelligence may also be marking the face of Mars. and discuss the nature of the markings of Mars as the astronomer. how the world would look from Mars; and if similar kinds of astronomers Lowell's work on Mars, though of a kind with Schiaparelli, is, in every Nineteenth Century," says: "The canals of Mars are an existent and sixty-three drawings of Mars in which a great many canals are shown, a book on Mars he has presented the results of his observations in so studies of an astronomer is the interpretation of the canals of Mars, of seeing, Sir Robert, in the same book, says: "Observers of Mars are canals in Mars and other surface markings of that planet in consequence the surface features of Mars by different observers do vary in respect various observers exist on the surface of Mars? Drawings of Mars by different observers, 98. cache = ./cache/44270.txt txt = ./txt/44270.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 58810 author = Rolfe, W. J. (William James) title = The Heavens Above: A Popular Handbook of Astronomy date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 83826 sentences = 5763 flesch = 77 summary = _sun_, _planets_, _moons_, _comets_, and _meteors_. line joining the sun and the planet, in these equal times, would all be shows the earth as it would appear to an observer at the sun during each the earth, as seen from the sun at the time of the summer solstice, of The great circle which passes through the centre of the sun and moon side of the moon, a star might be seen at the earth, although really inferior planet as seen from the earth are shown in Fig. 144, in which earth as to the sun: hence, near these parts of its orbit, the planet of the sun as compared with the moon's orbit is shown in Fig. 154. lines seen on the centre of the sun's disk often appear more or less shown in Fig. 240, according to the varying distance of the sun and moon cache = ./cache/58810.txt txt = ./txt/58810.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 55387 author = Carpenter, William title = One Hundred Proofs That the Earth Is Not a Globe date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21894 sentences = 1223 flesch = 79 summary = "plane sailing," a practical proof that Earth is not a globe. pointed proof that the Earth is not a globe. If the Earth were a globe, the distance round its surface at, common sense proof that the Earth is not a globe. proof that the Earth is a globe:" just as though anything in the world of the fact, and form a practical proof that Earth is not a globe. at all:--an evident proof that the Earth is not a globe. the thing which is called a "proof" of the Earth's roundness, and thing is a delusion, and we have a proof that the Earth is not a globe. day and give us a proof that Earth is not a globe. to stand down, and make way for a proof that the Earth is not a globe. standing before us a proof that Earth is not a globe. cache = ./cache/55387.txt txt = ./txt/55387.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 56302 author = Heysinger, Isaac W. (Isaac Winter) title = The Source and Mode of Solar Energy Throughout the Universe date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 86289 sentences = 2932 flesch = 55 summary = The light and heat of the sun, dispersed through space, energy of the sun, must constantly add to its mass in like proportion, globe like the sun, when it parts with its heat, observes laws of a least, be likely to observe the sun-spots and other solar phenomena the sun will produce great changes in the heat of that body and of of solar light and heat as they actually appear, such as sun-spots, pass from the planets to the sun and the constitution of space which and the electric current between the earth and the sun the same, The sun, the fixed stars, the comets, the nebulæ, solar bodies having cores like that of our sun, but each of different sun with a dark planet, just as our solar system presents. sun and a single planet, forming a solar system like that of Algol, of the present work, by the planetary electric currents, the sun cache = ./cache/56302.txt txt = ./txt/56302.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = 10655 author = Airy, George Biddell title = Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 138294 sentences = 8937 flesch = 69 summary = survey work, the establishment of time-balls at different places, his time was also given to Lectures, generally on current astronomical Herschel.--On Nov. 13th I gave the Royal Astronomical Society a Paper Greenwich Observatory this year.--I was at this time pressing Tulley, Observatory, visiting Greenwich once a week (at least for some time), Greenwich, and worked for a long time in the Computing Room.--And in Observatory, and a great deal of correspondence followed: the plans time-signals, moved by an original clock at the Royal Observatory; and great value of the Greenwich Lunar Observations to Prof. observed at the Royal Observatory of Greenwich. Observatory which has occupied any of my time within the last year is the Planetary Observations made at the Royal Observatory in the years Lunar Theory, the great work which for some years had occupied much of Observations made at Cambridge Observatory Observations made at the Royal Observatory, cache = ./cache/10655.txt txt = ./txt/10655.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 34711 author = Langdon, Ellen title = The Life of Roger Langdon, Told by himself. With additions by his daughter Ellen. date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26707 sentences = 1255 flesch = 80 summary = Long hours of duty at a little country station, the support and clothing As soon as old Nanny had gone out of the house, I asked my mother if it My sister got well in time, but of course the small-pox left Great Judge say, 'Come, ye blessed of my Father, and inherit the Kingdom it in." And without another word old Nanny went away, and from that day school, saying she would go round and ask the fathers and mothers to church doors when the time was up by Miss Brown's great gold watch, and know it was the first time I had been called a good boy except by my four shillings and sixpence a week, which was good wages at that time; Jim Drake in my place, because his father was dead, and he was a poor, Many a time after his day's work was done he would take his cache = ./cache/34711.txt txt = ./txt/34711.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = 32598 author = Rogers, Julia Ellen title = Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place date = pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 56790 sentences = 3466 flesch = 83 summary = The leaves of this great stone book are the layers of rock, laid down Surface water sinks into porous soils and rocks, and accumulates in scale the work of water in cutting away rock walls] water back to the surface, by forming cracks in the earth, and fine, Sand mixed with clay makes a mellow soil, which lets water and air pass The hard water, that comes through limestone rocks, adds lime in river water muddy, accumulates on the sea bottom as banks of mud, which water-formed rocks there were often created chimney-like openings, into the river has little to do but to carry away the surface water that In some places the water cuts away the soft rock and forms a called _metamorphic_ rocks, formed by water, then transformed by heat. The lowest forms of life, plant and animal, live in water to-day. cache = ./cache/32598.txt txt = ./txt/32598.txt Building ./etc/reader.txt 27378 28247 40240 39928 27378 45112 number of items: 58 sum of words: 3,401,169 average size in words: 61,839 average readability score: 69 nouns: sun; earth; stars; time; star; moon; light; planet; years; miles; distance; system; planets; telescope; surface; part; motion; work; day; observations; times; place; life; comet; year; matter; p.; fact; bodies; point; way; water; body; heat; space; number; man; case; orbit; side; atmosphere; line; diameter; theory; centre; illustration; position; period; object; world verbs: is; be; was; are; have; been; had; were; has; made; seen; being; see; found; do; known; find; called; said; know; make; did; say; does; having; given; appear; seems; take; observed; come; taken; shown; show; give; discovered; supposed; seem; according; appears; think; formed; came; fixed; become; let; used; appeared; brought; following adjectives: other; great; same; such; many; first; more; solar; little; small; new; different; large; own; few; certain; bright; much; present; greater; whole; visible; possible; several; long; dark; less; true; general; astronomical; last; good; various; second; remarkable; high; old; necessary; double; equal; similar; celestial; scientific; apparent; full; able; larger; greatest; important; vast adverbs: not; so; very; only; more; then; now; as; most; even; also; far; out; about; up; thus; however; much; well; still; nearly; therefore; again; just; here; almost; first; never; yet; perhaps; once; always; down; indeed; too; ever; all; probably; quite; on; away; long; already; there; less; together; sometimes; rather; really; no pronouns: it; we; he; his; its; i; they; their; our; them; us; him; my; you; her; me; she; itself; himself; your; themselves; one; myself; ourselves; ours; herself; yourself; yours; thy; theirs; mine; thee; ''s; thyself; je; hers; oneself; ye; u; ib; |651|13; |304|11; |272|10; |246|10; |239|10; |169|; |154; yourselves; venus._--next; us:-- proper nouns: _; |; mr.; mars; jupiter; footnote; observatory; herschel; professor; fig; .; heavens; venus; saturn; sir; earth; sun; royal; vol; galileo; mercury; kepler; greenwich; dr.; tycho; newton; w.; c.; s.; moon; e.; de; milky; way; june; neptune; airy; william; great; cambridge; november; god; new; m.; john; england; mr; london; star; august keywords: star; earth; jupiter; mars; sun; mr.; illustration; venus; saturn; professor; great; moon; sir; planet; mercury; observatory; herschel; dr.; time; milky; kepler; fig; way; tycho; telescope; royal; november; newton; neptune; greenwich; god; galileo; copernicus; year; rome; light; halley; england; chapter; ptolemy; prof.; plate; new; lowell; london; john; form; distance; comet; cambridge one topic; one dimension: sun file(s): ./cache/15636.txt titles(s): The Future of Astronomy three topics; one dimension: sun; time; star file(s): ./cache/45356.txt, ./cache/10655.txt, ./cache/17712.txt titles(s): New Theories in Astronomy | Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy | The Moon: A Full Description and Map of its Principal Physical Features five topics; three dimensions: sun earth stars; earth time great; footnote mr time; earth sun star; miles ring crater file(s): ./cache/45356.txt, ./cache/25992.txt, ./cache/17759.txt, ./cache/40439.txt, ./cache/17712.txt titles(s): New Theories in Astronomy | The Martyrs of Science, or, The lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler | International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the Proceedings | Plato''s Doctrine Respecting the Rotation of the Earth and Aristotle''s Comment Upon That Doctrine | The Moon: A Full Description and Map of its Principal Physical Features Type: gutenberg title: classification-QB-gutenberg date: 2021-05-28 time: 14:05 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: classification:"QB" ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: 10655 author: Airy, George Biddell title: Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy date: words: 138294.0 sentences: 8937.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/10655.txt txt: ./txt/10655.txt summary: survey work, the establishment of time-balls at different places, his time was also given to Lectures, generally on current astronomical Herschel.--On Nov. 13th I gave the Royal Astronomical Society a Paper Greenwich Observatory this year.--I was at this time pressing Tulley, Observatory, visiting Greenwich once a week (at least for some time), Greenwich, and worked for a long time in the Computing Room.--And in Observatory, and a great deal of correspondence followed: the plans time-signals, moved by an original clock at the Royal Observatory; and great value of the Greenwich Lunar Observations to Prof. observed at the Royal Observatory of Greenwich. Observatory which has occupied any of my time within the last year is the Planetary Observations made at the Royal Observatory in the years Lunar Theory, the great work which for some years had occupied much of Observations made at Cambridge Observatory Observations made at the Royal Observatory, id: 12340 author: Anonymous title: The Story of the Herschels, a Family of Astronomers Sir William Herschel, Sir John Herschel, Caroline Herschel date: words: 22132.0 sentences: 981.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/12340.txt txt: ./txt/12340.txt summary: Herschel''s parents--The two brothers--A musical family--An inventive genius--The brothers in England--Herschel as an planet--Herschel''s combined musical and astronomical pursuits--A at Datchet--Herschel''s astronomical observations--Testing and strength--Herschel removes to Bath--Last days of an reputation--The forty-foot telescope--Herschel''s observations on Caroline Herschel''s devotion to her brother William--Her grief and gold medal--South on Sir William''s discoveries--On Miss Herschel''s duty--Sir John''s visit to Miss Herschel--Reminiscences of early brothers," says Caroline Herschel, "were often introduced as solo In July 1783 Herschel began his observations with his large twenty-foot telescope, had, prior to Herschel''s time, felt his curiosity excited by great was the importance, of Herschel''s labours, and in how remarkable "My brother left Slough, accompanied by Lady Herschel, for Herschel, says a brother astronomer, will never cease to occupy an view the results of all the observations Sir William Herschel had made received and read Sir John Herschel''s great work, "Cape the Herschels--brother, sister, nephew--in all the bright and lovely id: 35375 author: Ashe, E. D. (Edward David) title: The proceedings of the Canadian Eclipse Party, 1869 date: words: 9067.0 sentences: 432.0 pages: flesch: 76.0 cache: ./cache/35375.txt txt: ./txt/35375.txt summary: Mr. Douglas shut himself up in the dark room; I took charge of the We took the partial eclipse with an eye-piece, giving a With regard to the bright band on the sun, bordering the moon, in that we took before totality, shews the cusps and edge of the moon to be double, giving the appearance of a band surrounding the moon. Before giving a description of the photograms of the Total Eclipse, from the telescope, observing the general appearance of the eclipse evident that Mr. Vail saw with a telescope what I photographed; and photograms of the eclipse were taken, and directly totality finished band surrounding the moon''s limb in photograms of the partial whether it was the limb of the moon, indenting the edge of the sun, places, on the edge of the moon; their position your photograph will when totality took place, all became comparatively dark; every id: 27378 author: Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title: The Story of the Heavens date: words: 201258.0 sentences: 9180.0 pages: flesch: 67.0 cache: ./cache/27378.txt txt: ./txt/27378.txt summary: watches the moon, or star, or planet enter the field of view; and he fixed stars, the sun, the moon, and the planets. The actual distance of the sun from the earth is about 92,900,000 miles; directly between the earth and the sun, and the dark body of the moon Planets, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, and Mars--Velocity of the Earth--The Outer Planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune--Light The sun and the moon, the planets and the comets, the attraction every planet must revolve in an elliptic orbit round the sun, In the case of our own planet, the earth rotates twenty-seven times for globe, and that the earth and all the other planets were small bodies hands, when he observed a small star-like object near the planet. to our position on the earth, we observe the stars from a point of view herself ardently in observing the moon, planets, and stars; and more id: 24236 author: Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title: Time and Tide: A Romance of the Moon date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 2298 author: Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell) title: Great Astronomers date: words: 92019.0 sentences: 3802.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/2298.txt txt: ./txt/2298.txt summary: movement, by which the stars and all other celestial bodies appear to Ptolemy''s astronomical works had appeared a few years before the observations of the new star as those which Tycho made, possessed, places of the moon, the planets, and the stars on the celestial The last of Galileo''s great astronomical discoveries related to the fact, the great observer himself did not accept the new views of as the circumstances of astronomical observation would at that time At the present day, astronomers of the great national observatories illustrious friend''s great work, so that in the same year he was in a movement of the earth around the sun, the star must appear to have great French astronomer sketched for the first time that remarkable earth, the sun, and the five great planets with which Laplace was When he was twenty-eight years old, his first great astronomical id: 25992 author: Brewster, David title: The Martyrs of Science, or, The lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler date: words: 51775.0 sentences: 2134.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/25992.txt txt: ./txt/25992.txt summary: GALILEO, TYCHO BRAHE, AND KEPLER. Sun--Galileo visits Rome--Is summoned before the Inquisition--And The early years of Galileo were, like those of almost all great Galileo observed a remarkable difference in the appearance of their the new planets several times, along with Galileo, at Pisa; and when he The discovery of Jupiter''s satellites suggested to Galileo a new method Having overcome all these difficulties, Galileo''s work was published in Although Galileo had for a long time abandoned his astronomical studies, Benach as a Residence and an Observatory--Kepler visits Tycho--Who Benach as a Residence and an Observatory--Kepler visits Tycho--Who _Tycho resumes his Astronomical Observations--Is attacked with a Although Tycho continued in this new position to observe the planets distinguished men as Tycho, Kepler, and Galileo. 54th year of his age, was observing the heavens at Prague, Kepler, only Galileo and Tycho, whose Tables were calculated by Kepler from the Observations of Tycho, and are id: 12406 author: Bryant, Walter W. (Walter William) title: Kepler date: words: 17755.0 sentences: 646.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/12406.txt txt: ./txt/12406.txt summary: planets revolved not about the earth but about the sun, but the idea apses of the sun''s orbit, where its distance from the earth is greatest centre of the earth''s orbit, instead of through the sun, thus of Tycho''s great work "Introduction to the New Astronomy". observations, leaving those of Mars for Kepler. observations would not have come into Kepler''s hands, and their great the Mars observations to Kepler, but instead of working at the new lunar earth''s orbit, such that the centre bisected the distance from the sun FIGURES EXPLANATORY OF KEPLER''S THEORY OF THE MOTION OF MARS. Kepler''s improved determination of the earth''s orbit was obtained by these the date of the year would give the angle MSE (Mars-Sun-Earth), at a complete edition of Kepler''s works was made for a long time. Ecliptic: The plane of the earth''s orbital motion about the sun, which id: 55387 author: Carpenter, William title: One Hundred Proofs That the Earth Is Not a Globe date: words: 21894.0 sentences: 1223.0 pages: flesch: 79.0 cache: ./cache/55387.txt txt: ./txt/55387.txt summary: "plane sailing," a practical proof that Earth is not a globe. pointed proof that the Earth is not a globe. If the Earth were a globe, the distance round its surface at, common sense proof that the Earth is not a globe. proof that the Earth is a globe:" just as though anything in the world of the fact, and form a practical proof that Earth is not a globe. at all:--an evident proof that the Earth is not a globe. the thing which is called a "proof" of the Earth''s roundness, and thing is a delusion, and we have a proof that the Earth is not a globe. day and give us a proof that Earth is not a globe. to stand down, and make way for a proof that the Earth is not a globe. standing before us a proof that Earth is not a globe. id: 28247 author: Clerke, Agnes M. (Agnes Mary) title: A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition date: words: 223867.0 sentences: 15877.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/28247.txt txt: ./txt/28247.txt summary: discoveries of sun-spot and magnetic periodicity and of spectrum Early Views as to the Nature of Sun-spots--Wilson''s Observations and Period of Magnetic Disturbance--Sun-spots and Weather--Spectrum 1901--Movements of Sun and Stars--List of Great Telescopes--List of the "apex," or point of direction of the sun''s motion, close to the star for if the earth really travelled in a vast orbit round the sun, objects were observed for the first time, besides 3,347 double stars discovered [Footnote 117: _Results of Astronomical Observations made during the [Footnote 204: Observations on Uranus, as a supposed fixed star, went Newton showed that the bodies known as "comets," or _hirsute_ stars, records of sun-spot observations, from the time of Galileo and Scheiner dark-line solar spectrum, certain differences were perceiving, showing Sir John Herschel showed that heat-rays at the sun''s surface must [Footnote 755: _The Distance of the Sun from the Earth determined by the id: 28570 author: Dolmage, Cecil Goodrich Julius title: Astronomy of To-day: A Popular Introduction in Non-Technical Language date: words: 103966.0 sentences: 6121.0 pages: flesch: 75.0 cache: ./cache/28570.txt txt: ./txt/28570.txt summary: order outwards the Moon, the planets Mercury and Venus, the Sun, and The sun, of course, occults planets and stars in exactly the same manner sun''s face is hidden as a consequence of the moon''s body coming directly place when the moon comes between the sun and the earth, in such a called a partial eclipse, because from the earth''s surface the sun is by one nearer coming in the way, a total eclipse of the sun is far the whereas an eclipse of the sun can only take place at _new_ moon. nights by the changing positions of the sun, the moon, and the stars; of the planets around the sun, and of the moon around the earth, were course of the year the distance of the earth from the sun varies. distance of forty-eight times that of the earth from the sun. id: 17712 author: Elger, Thomas Gwyn title: The Moon: A Full Description and Map of its Principal Physical Features date: words: 70387.0 sentences: 3743.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/17712.txt txt: ./txt/17712.txt summary: Originating at a little crater under the northeast wall of great ring-plain Posidonius, it follows a winding course HAHN.--A ring-plain, 46 miles in diameter, with a fine central mountain GAUSS.--A large, and nearly circular walled-plain, 111 miles in diameter, MOIGNO.--A ring-plain with a dark floor, adjoining the last on the N.E. There is a conspicuous little crater in the interior. the floor, which contains a large bright central mountain and two craters TIMAEUS.--A very bright ring-plain, 22 miles in diameter, with walls BIANCHINI.--A fine ring-plain, about 18 miles in diameter, on the N.E. side of the Sinus Iridum, surrounded by the lofty mountains defining the ring-plain, nearly central, and a large number of little craters and There is a small crater a few miles S.E. of it, among the bright little mountains which flank this formation. wall is a bright ring-plain with a lofty border and a central mountain. id: 16227 author: Everett, Edward title: The Uses of Astronomy An Oration Delivered at Albany on the 28th of July, 1856 date: words: 20048.0 sentences: 791.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/16227.txt txt: ./txt/16227.txt summary: DEDICATION OF NEW YORK STATE GEOLOGICAL HALL. the New State Geological Hall, at Albany,--in the hope that the marked feature in the ceremonies was the magnificent Oration of the Hon. EDWARD EVERETT, inaugurating the Dudley Observatory of Albany; and it is Of the New York State Survey he said:-of the motions of all the heavenly bodies; and the eye of science, reflect honor on the science of any country and any age; I mean the instrumental power; but the want was generally felt by men of science, 2. The second great practical use of an Astronomical Observatory is instrumental power, and of the means of ascertaining the ship''s time At the second dawn of science, the great fact again beamed into the mind There are occasions in life in which a great mind lives years of rapt NEW PERIODS IN ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE. the advancement of science, to the increase of instrumental power. id: 25267 author: Flammarion, Camille title: Astronomy for Amateurs date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 36495 author: Flammarion, Camille title: Astronomical Myths: Based on Flammarions''s "History of the Heavens" date: words: 95884.0 sentences: 4070.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/36495.txt txt: ./txt/36495.txt summary: age, the sun and moon and stars, with all the planets, seemed absolutely sun every night, and, therefore, a different set of stars are seen in universal power, governing the heavens, the earth, fire, water, day and years and had seen the course of the sun change four times, and the days of the year by the stars which first appeared in the evening--as we place, like the motion of the earth in modern astronomy, round an saying that Vulcan''s anvil took seven days to fall from heaven to earth, turned about the earth in the same time, 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 doubt place the earth immovable in the centre of world, according to the Brahmins placed the earth in the centre, and said that the stars moved _On the Heavens and the Earth, On the Sun and Moon, the Stars, and Times id: 40439 author: Grote, George title: Plato''s Doctrine Respecting the Rotation of the Earth and Aristotle''s Comment Upon That Doctrine date: words: 13501.0 sentences: 922.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/40439.txt txt: ./txt/40439.txt summary: Platonic words, he calls the earth [Greek: ê(me/ras phu/lax kai\ first, in the rotation of the earth round its own axis, next, at believe that the earth revolves round its own axis in twenty-four the diurnal rotation of the earth round the centre of the cosmical earth packed round it, by the Platonic Timæus.] Now the function which Plato ascribes to the earth in the passage the cosmical axis is to revolve, the earth, being closely packed earth is packed close or fastened round the cosmical axis, so, if affirmation of Plato--that the earth was fastened round the affirming that the earth revolved round the cosmical axis. question thus--"Does Plato in the Timæus conceive the earth as rotation of the earth round the solid cosmical axis, which he that Aristotle ascribed to Plato the doctrine of the rotation of holds that the Platonic Timæus affirms the rotation of the earth, id: 19395 author: Hale, George Ellery title: The New Heavens date: words: 16807.0 sentences: 793.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/19395.txt txt: ./txt/19395.txt summary: The sun, 865,000 miles in diameter, from a direct photograph showing Twenty-foot Michelson interferometer for measuring star diameters, four stars, on the average, were seen in the field of the telescope. of stars, are on so great a scale (according to Shapley) that light, the 100-inch telescope, on its way up Mount Wilson.] the 100-inch Hooker telescope to follow the stars.] In less powerful telescopes the stars at the centre of the great laboratories, in which the sun and stars are examined by powerful measurement of star diameters if a sufficiently large interferometer angular diameter is perhaps as great as that of any other star. Hooker telescope, and path of the two pencils of light from a star of measuring the diameter of a star, and the 20-foot interferometer by the great distance of the star, which is about 160 light-years. An image of the sun about 16 inches in diameter is formed in the id: 56302 author: Heysinger, Isaac W. (Isaac Winter) title: The Source and Mode of Solar Energy Throughout the Universe date: words: 86289.0 sentences: 2932.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/56302.txt txt: ./txt/56302.txt summary: The light and heat of the sun, dispersed through space, energy of the sun, must constantly add to its mass in like proportion, globe like the sun, when it parts with its heat, observes laws of a least, be likely to observe the sun-spots and other solar phenomena the sun will produce great changes in the heat of that body and of of solar light and heat as they actually appear, such as sun-spots, pass from the planets to the sun and the constitution of space which and the electric current between the earth and the sun the same, The sun, the fixed stars, the comets, the nebulæ, solar bodies having cores like that of our sun, but each of different sun with a dark planet, just as our solar system presents. sun and a single planet, forming a solar system like that of Algol, of the present work, by the planetary electric currents, the sun id: 29031 author: Holden, Edward S. (Edward Singleton) title: Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works date: words: 49158.0 sentences: 3192.0 pages: flesch: 75.0 cache: ./cache/29031.txt txt: ./txt/29031.txt summary: In the following account of the life and works of Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL, on the Periodical Star in Collo Ceti_, by Mr. WILLIAM HERSCHEL, of Bath. For some years HERSCHEL has observed the heavens every hour The memoir on the forty-foot telescope shows throughout that HERSCHEL''S general catalogue existed before HERSCHEL''S time, and led by the In the prosecution of this work HERSCHEL found stars whose light was The double stars were the subject of HERSCHEL''S earliest and of his The question of determining the parallax of stars first brought HERSCHEL case of one of HERSCHEL''S double stars, in much the same order in which HERSCHEL himself lived to see some of his double stars perform observed (by Sir JOHN HERSCHEL) with a telescope of twenty feet, similar Sun and Fixed Stars_ (1795), HERSCHEL recounts what was known of the of each double star [observed by HERSCHEL], brought together on id: 17759 author: International Meridian Conference (1884 : Washington, D.C.) title: International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the Proceedings date: words: 67787.0 sentences: 3200.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/17759.txt txt: ./txt/17759.txt summary: The Delegates to the International Meridian Conference, who assembled General STRACHEY, Delegate of Great Britain, stated that he thought it Professor ADAMS, Delegate of Great Britain, said that the Conference resolution seemed to him out of order, and that his colleague, Mr. Janssen, desired to address the Conference on the subject. The resolution offered by the Delegate of the United States, Commander further stated that, having heard that the Delegates of France, Mr. LEFAIVRE and Mr. JANSSEN, desired to present certain propositions, he adoption of the meridian of Greenwich, we, the Delegates of France, States, has presented a motion proposing the adoption of the meridian If the resolution for a neutral meridian had been adopted, all nations of the resolutions proposed by the Hon. Delegate of the United States, Great Britain the time of the Observatory at Greenwich is adopted for The adoption of the universal day or any system of time-reckoning id: 36470 author: Keeler, James Edward title: Photographs of Nebulæ and Clusters, Made with the Crossley Reflector date: words: 26112.0 sentences: 4934.0 pages: flesch: 100.0 cache: ./cache/36470.txt txt: ./txt/36470.txt summary: several years to photographing the brighter nebulæ and star clusters, with double-slide plate-holder, like the one used with the Crossley reflector, photographic telescope, says that a star should remain bisected by a axis of the large mirror cuts the photographic plate is not then a matter For photographing stars and nebulæ the Crossley reflector is provided with [Illustration: DOUBLE-SLIDE PLATE-HOLDER OF THE CROSSLEY REFLECTOR.] In making the photographs of nebulæ for which the Crossley telescope is at star on the upper edge of the plate (which, when the telescope is north of At present the Crossley reflector is being used for photographing nebulæ, which have been photographed with the Crossley telescope are most of the was made from a photograph taken with the Crossley reflector on July 6, "New Nebulæ discovered photographically with the Crossley Reflector of the "Use of the Crossley Reflector for Photographic Measurements of Position," id: 29281 author: King, Edward title: Remarks Concerning Stones Said to Have Fallen from the Clouds, Both in These Days, and in Antient Times date: words: 8856.0 sentences: 450.0 pages: flesch: 75.0 cache: ./cache/29281.txt txt: ./txt/29281.txt summary: inserted, an Account of an extraordinary Hail-stone, that fell, with curious _manuscript_ accounts, concerning a surprising shower of stones; The testimony, concerning the falling of the stones from it, appears to sand-stone, with various small particles of iron, and bright metallic Professor Soldani saw another stone, said to have fallen from the cloud, And, in like manner; of stones, and of strata of rocks, formed by means And now, I must add; that such kind of _falling of stones from the his account, described the cloud, from which this stone was said to just as they appeared in the great hail-stone itself originally. To what has been said, therefore, concerning the fall of stones in (somewhat like the stones said to have fallen in Italy) of sand and After describing two other stones, said to have fallen from the clouds: The substance of the account of the fall of stones, in Hungary, as given id: 41606 author: Kirkwood, Daniel title: Comets and Meteors Their phenomena in all ages; their mutual relations; and the theory of their origin. date: words: 20970.0 sentences: 1501.0 pages: flesch: 74.0 cache: ./cache/41606.txt txt: ./txt/41606.txt summary: years before our era, a large comet was observed not far from the sun. years, Halley announced this as the time of the comet''s revolution, and comets per century[5] were observed during the same period. the remarkable fact that the orbits of the earth and comet intersect COMETS WHOSE ELEMENTS INDICATE PERIODICITY, BUT WHOSE RETURNS HAVE NOT periodic comets are near the orbits of the major planets. the two bodies will occur in 1985, when the form of the comet''s orbit years, in an orbit somewhat more eccentric than that of Halley''s comet. 4. That the orbits of some meteors and periodic comets have been The fact, then, that meteors move in the same orbits with comets is but great number of meteoric stones fell to the earth, generally penetrating discovery that comets and meteors are actually moving in the same orbits Neither the period of the meteors nor that of the comet can yet be id: 43715 author: Kirkwood, Daniel title: Meteoric astronomy: A treatise on shooting-stars, fire-balls, and aerolites date: words: 30553.0 sentences: 2127.0 pages: flesch: 72.0 cache: ./cache/43715.txt txt: ./txt/43715.txt summary: the great discovery that _shooting-stars, fire-balls, and meteoric "Meteors, Aerolites, and Falling-stars." The author has had that work The _period_ of a planet, comet, or meteor is the time which it nearly 100 known bodies which revolve about the sun in orbits of small backward motion of a meteoric ring, in an orbit almost circular, and is probably a dense meteoric ring, or rather, perhaps, a number of the fall of meteoric stones in some part of the earth, either singly or Immediately after a great number of meteoric stones fell to the number of meteoric stones are observed to fall by day than by night. The following falls of meteoric stones have occurred at this epoch: number of very small meteoric stones penetrate beneath the earth''s If shooting-stars and aerolites are derived from meteoric rings if not all, of the meteoric rings, and a large number of comets. id: 34711 author: Langdon, Ellen title: The Life of Roger Langdon, Told by himself. With additions by his daughter Ellen. date: words: 26707.0 sentences: 1255.0 pages: flesch: 80.0 cache: ./cache/34711.txt txt: ./txt/34711.txt summary: Long hours of duty at a little country station, the support and clothing As soon as old Nanny had gone out of the house, I asked my mother if it My sister got well in time, but of course the small-pox left Great Judge say, ''Come, ye blessed of my Father, and inherit the Kingdom it in." And without another word old Nanny went away, and from that day school, saying she would go round and ask the fathers and mothers to church doors when the time was up by Miss Brown''s great gold watch, and know it was the first time I had been called a good boy except by my four shillings and sixpence a week, which was good wages at that time; Jim Drake in my place, because his father was dead, and he was a poor, Many a time after his day''s work was done he would take his id: 45112 author: Lewis, Isabel Martin title: Astronomy for Young Folks date: words: 65367.0 sentences: 3172.0 pages: flesch: 72.0 cache: ./cache/45112.txt txt: ./txt/45112.txt summary: knowledge of the sun, moon, stars and planets, their motions and cluster of faint stars known as The Pleiades, lying a short distance brighter stars in the group surpass the sun many times in brightness. thirty-three light-years, the sun would appear as a star of the fifth earth and the sun, all the planets have moons or satellites of their That is, the moon, as well as the sun, stars and planets, rises in This star is about ten light-years distant from the earth, which the sun and the stars as well as the planets were in motion. or Orion star is about one hundred times more luminous than the sun, sixty-three thousand times the distance from the earth to the sun or sixty-three thousand times the distance from the earth to the sun or The nearest star is about 275,000 times more distant than the sun, id: 28613 author: Lodge, Oliver, Sir title: Pioneers of Science date: words: 112983.0 sentences: 5904.0 pages: flesch: 72.0 cache: ./cache/28613.txt txt: ./txt/28613.txt summary: all-important body in the universe, if the sun and planets and stars planets and stars revolve round our insignificant earth was too great to The length of the earth''s year is 365·256 days; its mean distance from uniform motion in each circle round the earth as a fixed body. planet''s year depends on the 3/2th power of its distance from the sun. By this time Newton was only forty-five years old, but his main work was moon, which is 60 times as far from the centre of the earth, drops 16 the earth revolved round the sun, how came it that the fixed stars light must be 10,000 times as great as the velocity of the earth in its Newton of the observed facts of the motion of the moon, the way he Now consider the earth and moon revolving round each other like a man id: 35937 author: Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title: Are the Planets Inhabited? date: words: 40729.0 sentences: 1783.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/35937.txt txt: ./txt/35937.txt summary: times that at the surface of the Earth, where a body falls 16·1 feet in on the Earth and known by their spectral lines to be present on the Sun. The stars, therefore, cannot themselves be inhabited worlds any more than they are not seen under a low Sun. The changes which appear to take place in the lunar formations owing to The Moon is at the same mean distance from the Sun as the Earth, and As Mars, in its progress round the Sun, receded from the Earth, the time the planet is nearest to the Earth and its general features are its greater distance from the Sun, Mars receives per unit of surface only If so great a change were to take place in the Sun, life would be of the different planets; and even on our Earth, life in the unfavoured id: 48218 author: Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title: The Science of the Stars date: words: 26190.0 sentences: 1433.0 pages: flesch: 77.0 cache: ./cache/48218.txt txt: ./txt/48218.txt summary: light, the Sun, was not seen with the stars; the brightness of his had worked out some means for determining what stars the Sun is near at west to east; the Moon moves much slower than the stars, so her motion the deviations from regularity in the planetary motions round the Sun. The Earth having been abandoned as the centre of the universe, a Earth is deflected in the same time, Mercury falling towards the Sun by the Sun amongst the stars gave a yet longer division of time, the year, light of Sun, Moon, or stars, according to the object to which the To observe the motions of the Moon, Sun, and planets, and to determine same size, but since the Sun is 400 times as far off as the Moon it the nearest star to us is nearly 300,000 times as far as the Sun, yet id: 44167 author: Maunder, E. Walter (Edward Walter) title: The Royal Observatory, Greenwich: A Glance at Its History and Work date: words: 65509.0 sentences: 2702.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/44167.txt txt: ./txt/44167.txt summary: THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY IN FLAMSTEED''S TIME 44 DOUBLE-STAR OBSERVATION WITH THE SOUTH-EAST EQUATORIAL 308 obtain his own local time by observations of the height of the sun. from a number of given stars at definite times for long periods in stars that Greenwich Observatory was founded, whilst the _Nautical or ''mean time.'' He drew up a catalogue of seventy stars, computing Greenwich Observatory, and for John Flamsteed''s observations made more accurate observations of the place of a star could be obtained As Astronomer Royal his great work was the systematic observation determine the distance of the sun by observations of the transit of in the Astronomer Royal''s house, and the present transit circle room. observations of places of moon, stars, and planets is likewise important duty of the Royal Observatory; and the Time Department, There is a great difference between the work of the observer with instrument is called, and the work of the transit observer. id: 10202 author: Mitchell, Maria title: Maria Mitchell: Life, Letters, and Journals date: words: 80727.0 sentences: 4568.0 pages: flesch: 79.0 cache: ./cache/10202.txt txt: ./txt/10202.txt summary: they talked Miss Mitchell closed her book and took up her knitting, for When Miss Mitchell went to Europe she took her Almanac work with her, day;'' another said, ''They took a walk.'' It came to Hawthorne''s turn, and "One day Mrs. Hawthorne came to my room, held up an inkstand, and said, "Mrs. Airy said to me, ''Although we are invited to be guests of Dr. Whewell, he is quite too mighty a man to come to meet us." Her sons, "I turned to the young American girl who sat next to me, and said, ''Miss "Miss Southey said that her father felt that he knew as many Americans "I asked after the children, and Miss Southey said that the little boy "He told me that a fine-looking, white-headed, good-featured old man was In her life at Vassar College there was a great deal for Miss Mitchell id: 28853 author: Mitton, G. E. (Geraldine Edith) title: The Children''s Book of Stars date: words: 46781.0 sentences: 1852.0 pages: flesch: 76.0 cache: ./cache/28853.txt txt: ./txt/28853.txt summary: The sun, as we all know, appears to cross the sky every day; he gets up think: ''Here is the great solid earth standing still, and the sun and marvellous truth is that, instead of the sun and moon and stars rolling days it was supposed that the sun went round the earth. the earth and all the planets as if they were swinging round the sun, earth-child was going round the sun, so that in a year''s time the moon caused by the earth''s shadow falling upon the moon; and that of the sun own light is the sun; all the rest, the planets and their moons, shine His year--the time he takes to go round the sun and come back to the sun, and can only sometimes be seen as a small star by people who know these other great suns which we call stars have also planets circling id: 44270 author: Morse, Edward Sylvester title: Mars and Its Mystery date: words: 40417.0 sentences: 1783.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/44270.txt txt: ./txt/44270.txt summary: Earth, a similar intelligence may also be marking the face of Mars. and discuss the nature of the markings of Mars as the astronomer. how the world would look from Mars; and if similar kinds of astronomers Lowell''s work on Mars, though of a kind with Schiaparelli, is, in every Nineteenth Century," says: "The canals of Mars are an existent and sixty-three drawings of Mars in which a great many canals are shown, a book on Mars he has presented the results of his observations in so studies of an astronomer is the interpretation of the canals of Mars, of seeing, Sir Robert, in the same book, says: "Observers of Mars are canals in Mars and other surface markings of that planet in consequence the surface features of Mars by different observers do vary in respect various observers exist on the surface of Mars? Drawings of Mars by different observers, 98. id: 19309 author: Newcomb, Simon title: The Reminiscences of an Astronomer date: words: 109172.0 sentences: 5291.0 pages: flesch: 68.0 cache: ./cache/19309.txt txt: ./txt/19309.txt summary: order to learn in a moment what great astronomers of recent times had experience in the use of astronomical instruments, went at his work not only a great interest in scientific work, especially astronomy, way could keep the exact time necessary in the work of an astronomer. to have charge of the astronomical work of the observatory, which that the astronomical work of the observatory has not been prosecuted Of our leading astronomical observers of the present day--of such In astronomical observations all work is at the mercy of the elements. that up to a quite recent time no work on scientific method appeared Before his time the working force of an observatory time the trained astronomer worked with instruments of very delicate and the work of the Paris Observatory, so far as observations of of protection, but for some years I had not time to read their works, id: 4065 author: Newcomb, Simon title: Side-Lights on Astronomy and Kindred Fields of Popular Science date: words: 100253.0 sentences: 4115.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/4065.txt txt: ./txt/4065.txt summary: space and all time, as we are forced to believe, then each moving star becomes of the great flood of heat and light which the sun and stars comparative number in the region of the Milky Way. Of the stars visible Let us next count the number of stars visible in a powerful telescope galactic pole, and increases in every direction towards the Milky Way. Without such counts of the stars we might imagine our stellar system to constellations as the Southern Cross, all lie in or near the Milky Way. Schiaparelli has extended the investigation to all the stars visible to astronomer is to determine what stars have proper motions large enough Up to the present time, two stars have been found whose proper motions form a general idea of their average distance, though a great number of present time is that the number of stars in any of these spheres will id: 40240 author: Olmsted, Denison title: Letters on Astronomy in which the Elements of the Science are Familiarly Explained in Connection with Biographical Sketches of the Most Eminent Astronomers date: words: 141513.0 sentences: 5138.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/40240.txt txt: ./txt/40240.txt summary: sun, in the moon, in the planets, and especially in the fixed stars, are that the sun, moon, and stars, revolve about it, every day, from east to a _year_ is the period of the revolution of the earth around the sun. motion of the sun around the earth once a year, and occasions the change The motion of the earth in its orbit is nearly seventy times as great as Were a body to fall from a great distance,--suppose a thousand times We have thus far taken the earth''s orbit around the sun as a great twenty-seven days while the moon has been going round the earth, the sun the sun''s apparent revolution round the earth once a year he is situation of the sun, the moon, and the earth, at the time of a solar the earth''s periodic time is one year, and that of the planet Jupiter id: 15636 author: Pickering, Edward C. (Edward Charles) title: The Future of Astronomy date: words: 5682.0 sentences: 261.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/15636.txt txt: ./txt/15636.txt summary: One might expect that the practical results of a science like The second great advance in astronomy originated in America, and was in The first photographic image of a star was obtained The third great advance in astronomy is in photographing the spectra of receiving at the present time, in nearly all the great observatories in An astronomer who would aid them in this work, by A second method of aiding astronomy is through the large observatories. astronomy is by securing the united work of the leading astronomers of measure the positions of all the stars in these zones. living astronomers, each in his own special line of work, and the latter could not get such an instrument, he measured the positions of the stars one of the great telescopes of the world, photographing the spectrum of consider the next great advance, which perhaps will be a method of id: 35613 author: Pickering, Edward C. (Edward Charles) title: A Plan for Securing Observations of the Variable Stars date: words: 4563.0 sentences: 242.0 pages: flesch: 67.0 cache: ./cache/35613.txt txt: ./txt/35613.txt summary: other work or at times unsuitable for the observations to which he Short period variables, or stars whose light is continually many of them need observation, especially to determine their light determinations of the light of a constant star by the method given in light is usually so great in these stars that the change will 2. To observe the stars whose variability is suspected and prove A useful exercise for an observer is to select two stars of known star he is observing at the moment, and never try to compare two of the two stars, each observation lasting for a few seconds, will time, the condition of the air, and the brightness of the stars. On the other hand, especially when observing stars not very skilled observers would be a work of no less value than the results anticipated from the observation of the variable stars. id: 16767 author: Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title: Half-hours with the Telescope Being a Popular Guide to the Use of the Telescope as a Means of Amusement and Instruction. date: words: 33645.0 sentences: 1795.0 pages: flesch: 72.0 cache: ./cache/16767.txt txt: ./txt/16767.txt summary: he turns his telescope towards a difficult double star. observer to direct a telescope of moderate power to the examination of way that a simple object-glass forms a telescope, a circumstance we of view of a Galilean Telescope depend on the size of the object-glass, _positive_ eye-piece, because the real image formed by the object-glass For observing objects at great elevations the diagonal eye-tube is view, if the telescope, once directed to the star, be made to revolve applied to the observation of close double or multiple stars, but for neighbouring stream of the Milky Way. Let our observer now direct his telescope to the star [epsilon] Lyræ. ring; and in Lord Rosse''s great Telescope "wisps of stars" are seen towards E.S.E. It is seen as a double star with very moderate telescopic [alpha]^1 of the 4th magnitude; in a good telescope five stars are seen, id: 23300 author: Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title: Half-Hours with the Stars A Plain and Easy Guide to the Knowledge of the Constellations date: words: 8395.0 sentences: 680.0 pages: flesch: 85.0 cache: ./cache/23300.txt txt: ./txt/23300.txt summary: THE LITTLE BEAR, URSA MINOR (a, the _Pole Star_; b, g, _the Guardians_). whose head is below the horizon, curves round the Little Bear to Pole Star, (a of the Little Bear _Ursa Minor_). _Cepheus_ lies north, low down, _Cassiopeia_ on his left, the Camelopard A line from the Pole Star, (a of the Little Bear, Below the Little Bear we find _Cepheus_ low down to the east of direct us to the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa Minor_). left we see, low down, two stars marking the head of the Sea Goat Star, (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa Minor_). near the point overhead, its head, with the bright stars b and g, A line from the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa A line from the Pole Star (a of the Little Bear, _Ursa The Dipper lies low, the Pointers a little east of north. id: 26556 author: Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony) title: Myths and Marvels of Astronomy date: words: 120195.0 sentences: 4421.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/26556.txt txt: ./txt/26556.txt summary: Though we can understand that in old times the planets and stars were the positions of the various planets, signs, stars, etc., at the time of to the horizon that if the astronomers of the pyramid times had observed year, the ring reflects no light during the night time, the sun being on well known to the learned world,'' he says, ''that every star is a sun in star, like the sun of our system, has around it planets which are sun, and moon, and stars had been set in the heavens for its use and star a sun like him, about which many planets revolve. the formation of the earth and heavens, sun, and moon, and stars; while observation (by which time the new star had faded from the second to the observe the sun for this purpose until the present time. id: 24883 author: Rogers, Henry Raymond title: New and Original Theories of the Great Physical Forces date: words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: id: 32598 author: Rogers, Julia Ellen title: Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place date: words: 56790.0 sentences: 3466.0 pages: flesch: 83.0 cache: ./cache/32598.txt txt: ./txt/32598.txt summary: The leaves of this great stone book are the layers of rock, laid down Surface water sinks into porous soils and rocks, and accumulates in scale the work of water in cutting away rock walls] water back to the surface, by forming cracks in the earth, and fine, Sand mixed with clay makes a mellow soil, which lets water and air pass The hard water, that comes through limestone rocks, adds lime in river water muddy, accumulates on the sea bottom as banks of mud, which water-formed rocks there were often created chimney-like openings, into the river has little to do but to carry away the surface water that In some places the water cuts away the soft rock and forms a called _metamorphic_ rocks, formed by water, then transformed by heat. The lowest forms of life, plant and animal, live in water to-day. id: 58810 author: Rolfe, W. J. (William James) title: The Heavens Above: A Popular Handbook of Astronomy date: words: 83826.0 sentences: 5763.0 pages: flesch: 77.0 cache: ./cache/58810.txt txt: ./txt/58810.txt summary: _sun_, _planets_, _moons_, _comets_, and _meteors_. line joining the sun and the planet, in these equal times, would all be shows the earth as it would appear to an observer at the sun during each the earth, as seen from the sun at the time of the summer solstice, of The great circle which passes through the centre of the sun and moon side of the moon, a star might be seen at the earth, although really inferior planet as seen from the earth are shown in Fig. 144, in which earth as to the sun: hence, near these parts of its orbit, the planet of the sun as compared with the moon''s orbit is shown in Fig. 154. lines seen on the centre of the sun''s disk often appear more or less shown in Fig. 240, according to the varying distance of the sun and moon id: 28752 author: Serviss, Garrett Putman title: Pleasures of the telescope An Illustrated Guide for Amateur Astronomers and a Popular Description of the Chief Wonders of the Heavens for General Readers date: words: 53129.0 sentences: 3011.0 pages: flesch: 74.0 cache: ./cache/28752.txt txt: ./txt/28752.txt summary: eighth-magnitude star, a short distance northeast of the Great Nebula, three-inch, as it consists of a light-yellow star of magnitude three and 627, a double star, magnitude six and a half and seven, distance 21", p. magnitude star is again double, distance 4", p. Burnham has seen a star of thirteen and a half magnitude, distance remarkable for array of small stars near it; 38, double, magnitudes six of larger star blue--try with the five-inch; epsilon, double, magnitudes Other objects in Cancer are: Sigma 1223, double star, magnitudes six and seen shining with the light of a tenth-magnitude star, _but presenting six-inch telescope it would be a waste of time to attack the double star double, both stars being of the sixth magnitude, distance 5", p. double, both stars being of the sixth magnitude, distance 5", p. beautiful star are of magnitudes three and six, distance 10", colors id: 18431 author: Serviss, Garrett Putman title: Other Worlds Their Nature, Possibilities and Habitability in the Light of the Latest Discoveries date: words: 52803.0 sentences: 2289.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/18431.txt txt: ./txt/18431.txt summary: facts about the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc., as well moon?--Lunar day and night--The earth as seen from the planet Venus, when viewed with a telescope, shows phases like those of at different rates, among them; the nearer planets, Venus and the earth, Being, like Mercury, nearer to the sun than the earth is, Venus also is earth, being an outer planet, is visible at times in that part of the Mars is the fourth planet in the order of distance from the sun, and the the sun as seen from the earth--Mars''s average distance from us is about be nearer than 744,000,000 miles to the earth, or eight times the sun''s the sun, so that the distance of the moon from the earth is continually orbit about the sun is more curved than the moon''s, and the earth is planets--Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc. id: 6630 author: Serviss, Garrett Putman title: Curiosities of the Sky date: words: 53325.0 sentences: 1914.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/6630.txt txt: ./txt/6630.txt summary: with stars, our sun and his relatively few neighbors being placed near far more closely related to one another than is our sun to the stars could be turned into a new course by a close approach to a great sun, course, the earth, piloted by the sun, has come from the Milky Way in formed by chance combinations of conspicuous stars, like figures in a motions of the sun and stars, and have seen that they are so swift of the earth''s orbit, the close approach of a great star to the sun of planets, and the distances of the stars which appear to have been space and appear around the sun like the clouds of dust around a mill. some forming stars that perhaps have no planets, and will have none; planet like the earth; it has an atmosphere, though one of great id: 36741 author: Serviss, Garrett Putman title: Astronomy with an Opera-glass A Popular Introduction to the Study of the Starry Heavens with the Simplest of Optical Instruments date: words: 48768.0 sentences: 2476.0 pages: flesch: 73.0 cache: ./cache/36741.txt txt: ./txt/36741.txt summary: brilliant views of scattered star-clusters as an opera-glass does. opera-glass and begin with the constellation Leo and the star Regulus. stars are marked with their Greek-letter names on our little map, you opera-glass can get a fine view of a celebrated star-cluster known in of Procyon is a third-magnitude star, called Gomelza, and the glass will field-glass not only makes the two stars appear brighter, and their little group of stars near the end of the handle of the Great Dipper, see eight or ten times as many stars, and with a field-glass still more Turn your glass upon the star shown in the map just above Mu ([mu]) and interesting to watch the star with an opera-glass. Near the little star Kappa ([kappa]) in the map will be seen These stars were best seen with a field-glass, although an Opera-glass, views of the stars with, 3. id: 35744 author: Stimson, Dorothy title: The gradual acceptance of the Copernican theory of the universe date: words: 50040.0 sentences: 3995.0 pages: flesch: 74.0 cache: ./cache/35744.txt txt: ./txt/35744.txt summary: observing the work of God''s hand, he appears at the same time to be another work, the book of Hammarmunah the Old, stating that "the earth [Footnote 41: By the will of God the earth remains motionless and earth''s motion around the sun a hundred years before Copernicus; but a work." But the Cardinal stated these views of the earth''s motions in a [Footnote 102: Copernicus: _De Revolutionibus_, Thorn edit., 444. [Footnote 113: As the earth moves, the position in the heavens of a sun at the center of the universe rather than in the earth, in order heavens, and believed the earth was at the center of the universe admit new positions, for he never mentioned the motion of the earth the Scriptures that the earth is the principal body of the universe, moves the earth could not at the same time and with like motion move id: 45356 author: Stirling, William title: New Theories in Astronomy date: words: 133636.0 sentences: 5681.0 pages: flesch: 70.0 cache: ./cache/45356.txt txt: ./txt/45356.txt summary: a given time, because the attractive force of the earth increases--up mass of heat sticking to the surface of a block of matter of any kind. cubic miles for the ring at the same density as the nebula; so, the volume of the earth nebula, which at 234,620,000 miles in diameter miles alone of solid matter to be 2·25 times that of water. 7918 miles, and mean density at 5·66 times that of water, as already 190 Density of inner half of earth at 3000 miles diameter. 190 Density of inner half of earth at 3000 miles diameter. our estimate of 3 times the density of water, at 9 miles deep, was far period of time before the nebula forming the earth came to have even miles diameter, with density equal to air at atmospheric pressure, and measure, the sun''s attraction of the matter of the nebula towards his id: 39070 author: Tischner, August title: The Sun changes its position in space therefore it cannot be regarded as being "in a condition of rest" date: words: 4370.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/39070.txt txt: ./txt/39070.txt summary: Astronomical science, at the present day insists upon the system of fact, that the sun changes its position; endeavouring to explain away the motion of the sun is ignored, it is impossible to know thoroughly Copernicus makes the sun _to be motionless_, and the scientific world The astronomers of the past century proved that the sun not only has the If the sun is _not fixed_, the system of Copernicus falls to ground. the motion proper to the sun with all its inevitable consequences, or sun cannot be rendered motionless_, and if astronomers and men of Naturally astronomers and men of science have never asked themselves the science have imagined to be the truth regarding the heaven and the theory or a law is to be set up, the sun is at once _very firmly fixed_ sun, would have set up the same system, the same laws and theories, _as id: 39142 author: Todd, David P. (David Peck) title: Astronomy: The Science of the Heavenly Bodies date: words: 100360.0 sentences: 4143.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/39142.txt txt: ./txt/39142.txt summary: the origin, nature, and destinies of planets, sun, and star; observe sun, moon, and stars, because all the bodies of the cosmos were of three bodies (sun, earth, and moon) under the Newtonian law of the horizon, whether the sun was observed or moon or stars. planets were displaced among the stars by the annual motion of the earth measures of the position of sun, moon, and stars. the moon in Newton''s time was better known in terms of the earth''s size stars with the annual motion of the earth round the sun affords the spectrum of sun or star, and the position of these dark lines will first star was photographed, in 1851 the first total eclipse of the sun; Knowing thus the relation of sun, moon, and stars, and the number of the Evidently the earth by its motion round the sun makes every star id: 33337 author: Turner, H. H. (Herbert Hall) title: Astronomical Discovery date: words: 58928.0 sentences: 2903.0 pages: flesch: 66.0 cache: ./cache/33337.txt txt: ./txt/33337.txt summary: number to a planet until it was quite certain that the discovery was new, accuracy, from observing the time of her revolution round the sun; the recorded by different observers were compared with the true time, which stars, it is not easy to directly observe the place of the sun among the new determinations of the sun''s distance, using three of the minor planets ordinary star, by Flamsteed, Lemonnier, Bradley, and Mayer, all observers [Sidenote: Adams'' announcement of the new planet.] [Sidenote: Airy announces the likelihood of a new planet, and suggests a [Sidenote: He finds too late that he had observed the planet.] [Sidenote: Curious difference between actual and supposed planet.] that time, Bradley made that long and wonderful series of observations [Sidenote: The Oxford new star found during work on Astrographic Chart.] Generally these stars have been noted by eye observation, as in the case [Sidenote: Bradley''s observations.] id: 10855 author: Wallace, Alfred Russel title: Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell''s book "Mars and its canals," with an alternative explanation date: words: 26049.0 sentences: 1023.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/10855.txt txt: ./txt/10855.txt summary: Percival Lowell''s book, _Mars and its Canals_, with the object of lines on Mars are on the solid surface of the planet. existence of water-vapour in the atmosphere of Mars, but of late years Temperature of Mars_, by Professor Percival Lowell; and in this paper, _Mr. Lowell''s Mode of Estimating the Surface-temperature of Mars._ assume identity of atmospheric conditions of Mars and the Earth. heat actually received by Mars and the Earth, dependent on their very sun-heat that Mars receives reaches the surface and determines its surface temperature, he reaches the final result that the actual heating power at the surface of Mars is considerably _more_ than on the Earth, The temperature of Mars, with Professor Lowell''s data, still One of the features of the surface of Mars that Mr. Lowell describes atmosphere of Mars that it allows more sun-heat to reach the surface; id: 39928 author: Wallace, Alfred Russel title: Man''s Place in the Universe A Study of the Results of Scientific Research in Relation to the Unity or Plurality of Worlds, 3rd Edition date: words: 90976.0 sentences: 3127.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/39928.txt txt: ./txt/39928.txt summary: part of the heavens remote from the Milky Way. Nebulæ were for a long time confounded with star-clusters, because it was stars; and all these objects are most frequent in or near the Milky Way. Their spectra show a green line not produced by any terrestrial element. DISTANCE OF THE STARS--THE SUN''S MOTION THROUGH SPACE that great luminous circle of stars a distance of about 500 light years. times the diameter of the sun; and as the stars of this type are probably star-density in different regions at equal distances from the Milky Way'' sun now occupied a nearly central position in the great star-system, it was stars in the stellar universe each five times the mass of our sun, and in a universe of 100 million stars, each five times the mass of our sun, Universe of stars, how its form has affected our sun and earth, 308. id: 15620 author: Warren, Henry White title: Recreations in Astronomy With Directions for Practical Experiments and Telescopic Work date: words: 68848.0 sentences: 4605.0 pages: flesch: 79.0 cache: ./cache/15620.txt txt: ./txt/15620.txt summary: the force of condensation it flamed like a sun, and not only lighted The heat of the sun, by its intense vibrations, comes to the earth by the rolling over of the earth [Page 65] the star will come into stars the earth''s enormous orbit, if lying like a blazing ring in star Vega in the west, touching our [Page 71] earth''s orbit on one D (Fig. 29), the distance of the moon and [Page 72] star is A E, light of the sun of the world into bodies, and vivify them according [Illustration: Fig. 42.--Showing the Sun''s Movement among the Stars.] earth the centre, and that the sun, moon, and stars were carried When Mercury comes between the earth and the sun, near the line The moon''s day, caused by the sun''s light, is 29-1/2 times as long earth received light from the sun. id: 36288 author: Whewell, William title: The Plurality of Worlds date: words: 97227.0 sentences: 3485.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/36288.txt txt: ./txt/36288.txt summary: But he regards the creation of man as the great event of our world. of our earth, as all these stars are of the nature of our sun:--all Earth is so large, the number of its inhabitants so great, its form so the existence of animal life on other planets, as well as on the earth, possibility of mere animal life existing in other parts of the Universe, are led by the supposition of mere animal life, existing in other worlds first placing of the race of man upon the earth, it was his purpose to view of man''s condition, which appears to thoughtful men to be the life of man upon the earth; and that in reasoning concerning the space and time, of earth and stars, of life in brutes and in man, have know how long man will continue to inhabit the earth, we cannot reason id: 27477 author: William Gaertner and Company title: Astronomical Instruments and Accessories date: words: 4887.0 sentences: 523.0 pages: flesch: 74.0 cache: ./cache/27477.txt txt: ./txt/27477.txt summary: #Note.#--All our astronomical telescope have objectives of the standard Portable Equatorial Mounting with Driving Clock.# This instrument The instrument is mounted on strong hardwood tripod fitted with iron shoes. A slow motion adjustment independent of the clock is fitted to With the instrument are furnished three celestial eye pieces giving a instruments friction rollers are fitted to the polar axis. #Note.#--We are equipped to construct larger instruments and are glad to Position Micrometers for 6" to 8" Telescopes.# Circle 15 cm. Small Position Micrometer for 3" to 4" Telescopes.# Circle reads plate, which is fitted with azimuth adjustment (not shown in cut). Universal Instrument.# Telescope with objective prism. fitted with a divided circle reading to single degrees. diameter, reading to degrees, is fitted to the instrument. The micrometer is fitted with sliding eye piece eye piece is fitted to the instrument. is fitted to the instrument. ==== make-pages.sh questions ==== make-pages.sh search ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel