id sid tid token lemma pos 22599 1 1 from from IN 22599 1 2 the the DT 22599 1 3 Cornell Cornell NNP 22599 1 4 University University NNP 22599 1 5 Library Library NNP 22599 1 6 : : : 22599 1 7 Historical Historical NNP 22599 1 8 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 1 9 Monographs Monographs NNP 22599 1 10 collection collection NN 22599 1 11 . . . 22599 1 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2 1 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 22599 2 2 's 's POS 22599 2 3 Note note NN 22599 2 4 : : : 22599 2 5 The the DT 22599 2 6 following follow VBG 22599 2 7 codes code NNS 22599 2 8 are be VBP 22599 2 9 used use VBN 22599 2 10 for for IN 22599 2 11 characters character NNS 22599 2 12 that that WDT 22599 2 13 are be VBP 22599 2 14 not not RB 22599 2 15 present present JJ 22599 2 16 in in IN 22599 2 17 the the DT 22599 2 18 character character NN 22599 2 19 set set VBN 22599 2 20 used use VBN 22599 2 21 for for IN 22599 2 22 this this DT 22599 2 23 version version NN 22599 2 24 of of IN 22599 2 25 the the DT 22599 2 26 book book NN 22599 2 27 . . . 22599 3 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3 2 = = SYM 22599 3 3 a a LS 22599 3 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3 5 a a DT 22599 3 6 with with IN 22599 3 7 macron macron NNP 22599 3 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3 9 etc etc FW 22599 3 10 . . . 22599 3 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 4 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 4 2 .g .g NFP 22599 4 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 4 4 g g NN 22599 4 5 with with IN 22599 4 6 dot dot NN 22599 4 7 above above IN 22599 4 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 4 9 etc etc FW 22599 4 10 . . . 22599 4 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 5 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 5 2 's 's POS 22599 5 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 5 4 s s NN 22599 5 5 with with IN 22599 5 6 acute acute JJ 22599 5 7 accent accent NN 22599 5 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 5 9 d. d. NNP 22599 5 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 5 11 d d NN 22599 5 12 with with IN 22599 5 13 dot dot NN 22599 5 14 below below IN 22599 5 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 5 16 etc etc FW 22599 5 17 . . . 22599 5 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 6 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 6 2 d= d= NNP 22599 6 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 6 4 d d NN 22599 6 5 with with IN 22599 6 6 line line NN 22599 6 7 below below IN 22599 6 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 6 9 H h NN 22599 6 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 6 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 6 12 H h NN 22599 6 13 with with IN 22599 6 14 breve breve NN 22599 6 15 below below IN 22599 6 16 THE the DT 22599 6 17 HINDU HINDU NNP 22599 6 18 - - HYPH 22599 6 19 ARABIC ARABIC NNP 22599 6 20 NUMERALS NUMERALS NNPS 22599 6 21 BY by IN 22599 6 22 DAVID david NN 22599 6 23 EUGENE EUGENE NNP 22599 6 24 SMITH SMITH NNP 22599 6 25 AND and CC 22599 6 26 LOUIS LOUIS NNP 22599 6 27 CHARLES CHARLES NNP 22599 6 28 KARPINSKI KARPINSKI NNP 22599 6 29 BOSTON BOSTON NNP 22599 6 30 AND and CC 22599 6 31 LONDON LONDON NNP 22599 6 32 GINN GINN NNP 22599 6 33 AND and CC 22599 6 34 COMPANY COMPANY NNP 22599 6 35 , , , 22599 6 36 PUBLISHERS PUBLISHERS NNP 22599 6 37 1911 1911 CD 22599 6 38 COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT NNS 22599 6 39 , , , 22599 6 40 1911 1911 CD 22599 6 41 , , , 22599 6 42 BY by IN 22599 6 43 DAVID DAVID NNP 22599 6 44 EUGENE EUGENE NNP 22599 6 45 SMITH SMITH NNP 22599 6 46 AND and CC 22599 6 47 LOUIS LOUIS NNP 22599 6 48 CHARLES CHARLES NNP 22599 6 49 KARPINSKI karpinski VBP 22599 6 50 ALL all DT 22599 6 51 RIGHTS right NNS 22599 6 52 RESERVED reserve VBN 22599 6 53 811.7 811.7 CD 22599 6 54 THE the DT 22599 6 55 ATHENÆUM ATHENÆUM NNP 22599 6 56 PRESS PRESS NNP 22599 6 57 GINN GINN NNP 22599 6 58 AND and CC 22599 6 59 COMPANY COMPANY NNP 22599 6 60 · · NFP 22599 6 61 PROPRIETORS PROPRIETORS NNP 22599 6 62 BOSTON BOSTON NNP 22599 6 63 · · NFP 22599 6 64 U.S.A. u.s.a. NN 22599 6 65 * * NFP 22599 6 66 * * NFP 22599 6 67 * * NFP 22599 6 68 * * NFP 22599 6 69 * * NFP 22599 6 70 { { -LRB- 22599 6 71 iii iii NNP 22599 6 72 } } -RRB- 22599 6 73 PREFACE PREFACE NNP 22599 6 74 So so RB 22599 6 75 familiar familiar JJ 22599 6 76 are be VBP 22599 6 77 we -PRON- PRP 22599 6 78 with with IN 22599 6 79 the the DT 22599 6 80 numerals numeral NNS 22599 6 81 that that WDT 22599 6 82 bear bear VBP 22599 6 83 the the DT 22599 6 84 misleading misleading JJ 22599 6 85 name name NN 22599 6 86 of of IN 22599 6 87 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 6 88 , , , 22599 6 89 and and CC 22599 6 90 so so RB 22599 6 91 extensive extensive JJ 22599 6 92 is be VBZ 22599 6 93 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 6 94 use use NN 22599 6 95 in in IN 22599 6 96 Europe Europe NNP 22599 6 97 and and CC 22599 6 98 the the DT 22599 6 99 Americas Americas NNPS 22599 6 100 , , , 22599 6 101 that that IN 22599 6 102 it -PRON- PRP 22599 6 103 is be VBZ 22599 6 104 difficult difficult JJ 22599 6 105 for for IN 22599 6 106 us -PRON- PRP 22599 6 107 to to TO 22599 6 108 realize realize VB 22599 6 109 that that IN 22599 6 110 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 6 111 general general JJ 22599 6 112 acceptance acceptance NN 22599 6 113 in in IN 22599 6 114 the the DT 22599 6 115 transactions transaction NNS 22599 6 116 of of IN 22599 6 117 commerce commerce NN 22599 6 118 is be VBZ 22599 6 119 a a DT 22599 6 120 matter matter NN 22599 6 121 of of IN 22599 6 122 only only RB 22599 6 123 the the DT 22599 6 124 last last JJ 22599 6 125 four four CD 22599 6 126 centuries century NNS 22599 6 127 , , , 22599 6 128 and and CC 22599 6 129 that that IN 22599 6 130 they -PRON- PRP 22599 6 131 are be VBP 22599 6 132 unknown unknown JJ 22599 6 133 to to IN 22599 6 134 a a DT 22599 6 135 very very RB 22599 6 136 large large JJ 22599 6 137 part part NN 22599 6 138 of of IN 22599 6 139 the the DT 22599 6 140 human human JJ 22599 6 141 race race NN 22599 6 142 to to IN 22599 6 143 - - HYPH 22599 6 144 day day NN 22599 6 145 . . . 22599 7 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 7 2 seems seem VBZ 22599 7 3 strange strange JJ 22599 7 4 that that IN 22599 7 5 such such PDT 22599 7 6 a a DT 22599 7 7 labor labor NN 22599 7 8 - - HYPH 22599 7 9 saving save VBG 22599 7 10 device device NN 22599 7 11 should should MD 22599 7 12 have have VB 22599 7 13 struggled struggle VBN 22599 7 14 for for IN 22599 7 15 nearly nearly RB 22599 7 16 a a DT 22599 7 17 thousand thousand CD 22599 7 18 years year NNS 22599 7 19 after after IN 22599 7 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 7 21 system system NN 22599 7 22 of of IN 22599 7 23 place place NN 22599 7 24 value value NN 22599 7 25 was be VBD 22599 7 26 perfected perfect VBN 22599 7 27 before before IN 22599 7 28 it -PRON- PRP 22599 7 29 replaced replace VBD 22599 7 30 such such JJ 22599 7 31 crude crude JJ 22599 7 32 notations notation NNS 22599 7 33 as as IN 22599 7 34 the the DT 22599 7 35 one one NN 22599 7 36 that that WDT 22599 7 37 the the DT 22599 7 38 Roman roman JJ 22599 7 39 conqueror conqueror NN 22599 7 40 made make VBD 22599 7 41 substantially substantially RB 22599 7 42 universal universal JJ 22599 7 43 in in IN 22599 7 44 Europe Europe NNP 22599 7 45 . . . 22599 8 1 Such such JJ 22599 8 2 , , , 22599 8 3 however however RB 22599 8 4 , , , 22599 8 5 is be VBZ 22599 8 6 the the DT 22599 8 7 case case NN 22599 8 8 , , , 22599 8 9 and and CC 22599 8 10 there there EX 22599 8 11 is be VBZ 22599 8 12 probably probably RB 22599 8 13 no no DT 22599 8 14 one one NN 22599 8 15 who who WP 22599 8 16 has have VBZ 22599 8 17 not not RB 22599 8 18 at at IN 22599 8 19 least least JJS 22599 8 20 some some DT 22599 8 21 slight slight JJ 22599 8 22 passing pass VBG 22599 8 23 interest interest NN 22599 8 24 in in IN 22599 8 25 the the DT 22599 8 26 story story NN 22599 8 27 of of IN 22599 8 28 this this DT 22599 8 29 struggle struggle NN 22599 8 30 . . . 22599 9 1 To to IN 22599 9 2 the the DT 22599 9 3 mathematician mathematician NN 22599 9 4 and and CC 22599 9 5 the the DT 22599 9 6 student student NN 22599 9 7 of of IN 22599 9 8 civilization civilization NN 22599 9 9 the the DT 22599 9 10 interest interest NN 22599 9 11 is be VBZ 22599 9 12 generally generally RB 22599 9 13 a a DT 22599 9 14 deep deep JJ 22599 9 15 one one NN 22599 9 16 ; ; : 22599 9 17 to to IN 22599 9 18 the the DT 22599 9 19 teacher teacher NN 22599 9 20 of of IN 22599 9 21 the the DT 22599 9 22 elements element NNS 22599 9 23 of of IN 22599 9 24 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 9 25 the the DT 22599 9 26 interest interest NN 22599 9 27 may may MD 22599 9 28 be be VB 22599 9 29 less less RBR 22599 9 30 marked mark VBN 22599 9 31 , , , 22599 9 32 but but CC 22599 9 33 nevertheless nevertheless RB 22599 9 34 it -PRON- PRP 22599 9 35 is be VBZ 22599 9 36 real real JJ 22599 9 37 ; ; : 22599 9 38 and and CC 22599 9 39 even even RB 22599 9 40 the the DT 22599 9 41 business business NN 22599 9 42 man man NN 22599 9 43 who who WP 22599 9 44 makes make VBZ 22599 9 45 daily daily JJ 22599 9 46 use use NN 22599 9 47 of of IN 22599 9 48 the the DT 22599 9 49 curious curious JJ 22599 9 50 symbols symbol NNS 22599 9 51 by by IN 22599 9 52 which which WDT 22599 9 53 we -PRON- PRP 22599 9 54 express express VBP 22599 9 55 the the DT 22599 9 56 numbers number NNS 22599 9 57 of of IN 22599 9 58 commerce commerce NN 22599 9 59 , , , 22599 9 60 can can MD 22599 9 61 not not RB 22599 9 62 fail fail VB 22599 9 63 to to TO 22599 9 64 have have VB 22599 9 65 some some DT 22599 9 66 appreciation appreciation NN 22599 9 67 for for IN 22599 9 68 the the DT 22599 9 69 story story NN 22599 9 70 of of IN 22599 9 71 the the DT 22599 9 72 rise rise NN 22599 9 73 and and CC 22599 9 74 progress progress NN 22599 9 75 of of IN 22599 9 76 these these DT 22599 9 77 tools tool NNS 22599 9 78 of of IN 22599 9 79 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 9 80 trade trade NN 22599 9 81 . . . 22599 10 1 This this DT 22599 10 2 story story NN 22599 10 3 has have VBZ 22599 10 4 often often RB 22599 10 5 been be VBN 22599 10 6 told tell VBN 22599 10 7 in in IN 22599 10 8 part part NN 22599 10 9 , , , 22599 10 10 but but CC 22599 10 11 it -PRON- PRP 22599 10 12 is be VBZ 22599 10 13 a a DT 22599 10 14 long long JJ 22599 10 15 time time NN 22599 10 16 since since IN 22599 10 17 any any DT 22599 10 18 effort effort NN 22599 10 19 has have VBZ 22599 10 20 been be VBN 22599 10 21 made make VBN 22599 10 22 to to TO 22599 10 23 bring bring VB 22599 10 24 together together RB 22599 10 25 the the DT 22599 10 26 fragmentary fragmentary JJ 22599 10 27 narrations narration NNS 22599 10 28 and and CC 22599 10 29 to to TO 22599 10 30 set set VB 22599 10 31 forth forth RP 22599 10 32 the the DT 22599 10 33 general general JJ 22599 10 34 problem problem NN 22599 10 35 of of IN 22599 10 36 the the DT 22599 10 37 origin origin NN 22599 10 38 and and CC 22599 10 39 development development NN 22599 10 40 of of IN 22599 10 41 these these DT 22599 10 42 { { -LRB- 22599 10 43 iv iv NNP 22599 10 44 } } -RRB- 22599 10 45 numerals numeral NNS 22599 10 46 . . . 22599 11 1 In in IN 22599 11 2 this this DT 22599 11 3 little little JJ 22599 11 4 work work NN 22599 11 5 we -PRON- PRP 22599 11 6 have have VBP 22599 11 7 attempted attempt VBN 22599 11 8 to to TO 22599 11 9 state state VB 22599 11 10 the the DT 22599 11 11 history history NN 22599 11 12 of of IN 22599 11 13 these these DT 22599 11 14 forms form NNS 22599 11 15 in in IN 22599 11 16 small small JJ 22599 11 17 compass compass NN 22599 11 18 , , , 22599 11 19 to to TO 22599 11 20 place place VB 22599 11 21 before before IN 22599 11 22 the the DT 22599 11 23 student student NN 22599 11 24 materials material NNS 22599 11 25 for for IN 22599 11 26 the the DT 22599 11 27 investigation investigation NN 22599 11 28 of of IN 22599 11 29 the the DT 22599 11 30 problems problem NNS 22599 11 31 involved involve VBN 22599 11 32 , , , 22599 11 33 and and CC 22599 11 34 to to TO 22599 11 35 express express VB 22599 11 36 as as RB 22599 11 37 clearly clearly RB 22599 11 38 as as IN 22599 11 39 possible possible JJ 22599 11 40 the the DT 22599 11 41 results result NNS 22599 11 42 of of IN 22599 11 43 the the DT 22599 11 44 labors labor NNS 22599 11 45 of of IN 22599 11 46 scholars scholar NNS 22599 11 47 who who WP 22599 11 48 have have VBP 22599 11 49 studied study VBN 22599 11 50 the the DT 22599 11 51 subject subject NN 22599 11 52 in in IN 22599 11 53 different different JJ 22599 11 54 parts part NNS 22599 11 55 of of IN 22599 11 56 the the DT 22599 11 57 world world NN 22599 11 58 . . . 22599 12 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 12 2 have have VBP 22599 12 3 had have VBN 22599 12 4 no no DT 22599 12 5 theory theory NN 22599 12 6 to to TO 22599 12 7 exploit exploit VB 22599 12 8 , , , 22599 12 9 for for IN 22599 12 10 the the DT 22599 12 11 history history NN 22599 12 12 of of IN 22599 12 13 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 12 14 has have VBZ 22599 12 15 seen see VBN 22599 12 16 too too RB 22599 12 17 much much JJ 22599 12 18 of of IN 22599 12 19 this this DT 22599 12 20 tendency tendency NN 22599 12 21 already already RB 22599 12 22 , , , 22599 12 23 but but CC 22599 12 24 as as RB 22599 12 25 far far RB 22599 12 26 as as IN 22599 12 27 possible possible JJ 22599 12 28 we -PRON- PRP 22599 12 29 have have VBP 22599 12 30 weighed weigh VBN 22599 12 31 the the DT 22599 12 32 testimony testimony NN 22599 12 33 and and CC 22599 12 34 have have VBP 22599 12 35 set set VBN 22599 12 36 forth forth RP 22599 12 37 what what WP 22599 12 38 seem seem VBP 22599 12 39 to to TO 22599 12 40 be be VB 22599 12 41 the the DT 22599 12 42 reasonable reasonable JJ 22599 12 43 conclusions conclusion NNS 22599 12 44 from from IN 22599 12 45 the the DT 22599 12 46 evidence evidence NN 22599 12 47 at at IN 22599 12 48 hand hand NN 22599 12 49 . . . 22599 13 1 To to TO 22599 13 2 facilitate facilitate VB 22599 13 3 the the DT 22599 13 4 work work NN 22599 13 5 of of IN 22599 13 6 students student NNS 22599 13 7 an an DT 22599 13 8 index index NN 22599 13 9 has have VBZ 22599 13 10 been be VBN 22599 13 11 prepared prepare VBN 22599 13 12 which which WDT 22599 13 13 we -PRON- PRP 22599 13 14 hope hope VBP 22599 13 15 may may MD 22599 13 16 be be VB 22599 13 17 serviceable serviceable JJ 22599 13 18 . . . 22599 14 1 In in IN 22599 14 2 this this DT 22599 14 3 the the DT 22599 14 4 names name NNS 22599 14 5 of of IN 22599 14 6 authors author NNS 22599 14 7 appear appear VBP 22599 14 8 only only RB 22599 14 9 when when WRB 22599 14 10 some some DT 22599 14 11 use use NN 22599 14 12 has have VBZ 22599 14 13 been be VBN 22599 14 14 made make VBN 22599 14 15 of of IN 22599 14 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 14 17 opinions opinion NNS 22599 14 18 or or CC 22599 14 19 when when WRB 22599 14 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 14 21 works work NNS 22599 14 22 are be VBP 22599 14 23 first first RB 22599 14 24 mentioned mention VBN 22599 14 25 in in IN 22599 14 26 full full JJ 22599 14 27 in in IN 22599 14 28 a a DT 22599 14 29 footnote footnote NN 22599 14 30 . . . 22599 15 1 If if IN 22599 15 2 this this DT 22599 15 3 work work NN 22599 15 4 shall shall MD 22599 15 5 show show VB 22599 15 6 more more RBR 22599 15 7 clearly clearly RB 22599 15 8 the the DT 22599 15 9 value value NN 22599 15 10 of of IN 22599 15 11 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 15 12 number number NN 22599 15 13 system system NN 22599 15 14 , , , 22599 15 15 and and CC 22599 15 16 shall shall MD 22599 15 17 make make VB 22599 15 18 the the DT 22599 15 19 study study NN 22599 15 20 of of IN 22599 15 21 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 15 22 seem seem VBP 22599 15 23 more more RBR 22599 15 24 real real JJ 22599 15 25 to to IN 22599 15 26 the the DT 22599 15 27 teacher teacher NN 22599 15 28 and and CC 22599 15 29 student student NN 22599 15 30 , , , 22599 15 31 and and CC 22599 15 32 shall shall MD 22599 15 33 offer offer VB 22599 15 34 material material NN 22599 15 35 for for IN 22599 15 36 interesting interest VBG 22599 15 37 some some DT 22599 15 38 pupil pupil NN 22599 15 39 more more RBR 22599 15 40 fully fully RB 22599 15 41 in in IN 22599 15 42 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 15 43 work work NN 22599 15 44 with with IN 22599 15 45 numbers number NNS 22599 15 46 , , , 22599 15 47 the the DT 22599 15 48 authors author NNS 22599 15 49 will will MD 22599 15 50 feel feel VB 22599 15 51 that that IN 22599 15 52 the the DT 22599 15 53 considerable considerable JJ 22599 15 54 labor labor NN 22599 15 55 involved involve VBN 22599 15 56 in in IN 22599 15 57 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 15 58 preparation preparation NN 22599 15 59 has have VBZ 22599 15 60 not not RB 22599 15 61 been be VBN 22599 15 62 in in IN 22599 15 63 vain vain JJ 22599 15 64 . . . 22599 16 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 16 2 desire desire VBP 22599 16 3 to to TO 22599 16 4 acknowledge acknowledge VB 22599 16 5 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 16 6 especial especial JJ 22599 16 7 indebtedness indebtedness NN 22599 16 8 to to IN 22599 16 9 Professor Professor NNP 22599 16 10 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 16 11 Ziwet Ziwet NNP 22599 16 12 for for IN 22599 16 13 reading read VBG 22599 16 14 all all PDT 22599 16 15 the the DT 22599 16 16 proof proof NN 22599 16 17 , , , 22599 16 18 as as RB 22599 16 19 well well RB 22599 16 20 as as IN 22599 16 21 for for IN 22599 16 22 the the DT 22599 16 23 digest digest NN 22599 16 24 of of IN 22599 16 25 a a DT 22599 16 26 Russian russian JJ 22599 16 27 work work NN 22599 16 28 , , , 22599 16 29 to to IN 22599 16 30 Professor Professor NNP 22599 16 31 Clarence Clarence NNP 22599 16 32 L. L. NNP 22599 16 33 Meader Meader NNP 22599 16 34 for for IN 22599 16 35 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 16 36 transliterations transliteration NNS 22599 16 37 , , , 22599 16 38 and and CC 22599 16 39 to to IN 22599 16 40 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 16 41 Steven Steven NNP 22599 16 42 T. T. NNP 22599 16 43 Byington Byington NNP 22599 16 44 for for IN 22599 16 45 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 16 46 transliterations transliteration NNS 22599 16 47 and and CC 22599 16 48 the the DT 22599 16 49 scheme scheme NN 22599 16 50 of of IN 22599 16 51 pronunciation pronunciation NN 22599 16 52 of of IN 22599 16 53 Oriental oriental JJ 22599 16 54 names name NNS 22599 16 55 , , , 22599 16 56 and and CC 22599 16 57 also also RB 22599 16 58 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 16 59 indebtedness indebtedness NN 22599 16 60 to to IN 22599 16 61 other other JJ 22599 16 62 scholars scholar NNS 22599 16 63 in in IN 22599 16 64 Oriental oriental JJ 22599 16 65 learning learning NN 22599 16 66 for for IN 22599 16 67 information information NN 22599 16 68 . . . 22599 17 1 DAVID DAVID NNP 22599 17 2 EUGENE EUGENE NNP 22599 17 3 SMITH SMITH NNP 22599 17 4 LOUIS LOUIS NNP 22599 17 5 CHARLES CHARLES NNP 22599 17 6 KARPINSKI KARPINSKI NNP 22599 17 7 * * NFP 22599 17 8 * * NFP 22599 17 9 * * NFP 22599 17 10 * * NFP 22599 17 11 * * NFP 22599 17 12 { { -LRB- 22599 17 13 v v NN 22599 17 14 } } -RRB- 22599 17 15 CONTENTS CONTENTS NNP 22599 17 16 CHAPTER chapter NN 22599 17 17 PRONUNCIATION pronunciation NN 22599 17 18 OF of IN 22599 17 19 ORIENTAL ORIENTAL NNP 22599 17 20 NAMES NAMES NNP 22599 17 21 vi vi NNP 22599 17 22 I. i. NN 22599 18 1 EARLY early JJ 22599 18 2 IDEAS ideas NN 22599 18 3 OF of IN 22599 18 4 THEIR THEIR NNP 22599 18 5 ORIGIN ORIGIN NNP 22599 18 6 1 1 CD 22599 18 7 II ii CD 22599 18 8 . . . 22599 19 1 EARLY EARLY NNP 22599 19 2 HINDU HINDU NNP 22599 19 3 FORMS FORMS NNP 22599 19 4 WITH with IN 22599 19 5 NO no DT 22599 19 6 PLACE PLACE NNP 22599 19 7 VALUE value NN 22599 19 8 12 12 CD 22599 19 9 III iii CD 22599 19 10 . . . 22599 20 1 LATER LATER NNP 22599 20 2 HINDU HINDU NNP 22599 20 3 FORMS FORMS NNP 22599 20 4 , , , 22599 20 5 WITH with IN 22599 20 6 A a DT 22599 20 7 PLACE place NN 22599 20 8 VALUE value NN 22599 20 9 38 38 CD 22599 20 10 IV IV NNP 22599 20 11 . . . 22599 21 1 THE the DT 22599 21 2 SYMBOL SYMBOL NNP 22599 21 3 ZERO ZERO NNP 22599 21 4 51 51 CD 22599 21 5 V. V. NNP 22599 21 6 THE the DT 22599 21 7 QUESTION question NN 22599 21 8 OF of IN 22599 21 9 THE the DT 22599 21 10 INTRODUCTION introduction NN 22599 21 11 OF of IN 22599 21 12 THE the DT 22599 21 13 NUMERALS numeral NNS 22599 21 14 INTO into VBP 22599 21 15 EUROPE europe NN 22599 21 16 BY by IN 22599 21 17 BOETHIUS BOETHIUS NNP 22599 21 18 63 63 CD 22599 21 19 VI VI NNP 22599 21 20 . . . 22599 22 1 THE the DT 22599 22 2 DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT NNP 22599 22 3 OF of IN 22599 22 4 THE the DT 22599 22 5 NUMERALS numeral NNS 22599 22 6 AMONG among IN 22599 22 7 THE the DT 22599 22 8 ARABS arabs JJ 22599 22 9 91 91 CD 22599 22 10 VII vii NN 22599 22 11 . . . 22599 23 1 THE the DT 22599 23 2 DEFINITE DEFINITE NNP 22599 23 3 INTRODUCTION introduction NN 22599 23 4 OF of IN 22599 23 5 THE the DT 22599 23 6 NUMERALS numeral NNS 22599 23 7 INTO into VBP 22599 23 8 EUROPE europe NN 22599 23 9 99 99 CD 22599 23 10 VIII viii NN 22599 23 11 . . . 22599 24 1 THE the DT 22599 24 2 SPREAD SPREAD NNP 22599 24 3 OF of IN 22599 24 4 THE the DT 22599 24 5 NUMERALS NUMERALS NNP 22599 24 6 IN in IN 22599 24 7 EUROPE EUROPE NNP 22599 24 8 128 128 CD 22599 24 9 INDEX index NN 22599 24 10 153 153 CD 22599 24 11 * * NFP 22599 24 12 * * NFP 22599 24 13 * * NFP 22599 24 14 * * NFP 22599 24 15 * * NFP 22599 24 16 { { -LRB- 22599 24 17 vi vi NN 22599 24 18 } } -RRB- 22599 24 19 PRONUNCIATION pronunciation NN 22599 24 20 OF of IN 22599 24 21 ORIENTAL ORIENTAL NNP 22599 24 22 NAMES NAMES NNP 22599 24 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 24 24 S S NNP 22599 24 25 ) ) -RRB- 22599 24 26 = = NFP 22599 24 27 in in IN 22599 24 28 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 24 29 names name NNS 22599 24 30 and and CC 22599 24 31 words word NNS 22599 24 32 ; ; : 22599 24 33 ( ( -LRB- 22599 24 34 A a NN 22599 24 35 ) ) -RRB- 22599 24 36 = = NFP 22599 24 37 in in IN 22599 24 38 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 24 39 names name NNS 22599 24 40 and and CC 22599 24 41 words word NNS 22599 24 42 . . . 22599 25 1 B b NN 22599 25 2 , , , 22599 25 3 D D NNP 22599 25 4 , , , 22599 25 5 F F NNP 22599 25 6 , , , 22599 25 7 G G NNP 22599 25 8 , , , 22599 25 9 H H NNP 22599 25 10 , , , 22599 25 11 J J NNP 22599 25 12 , , , 22599 25 13 L L NNP 22599 25 14 , , , 22599 25 15 M M NNP 22599 25 16 , , , 22599 25 17 N N NNP 22599 25 18 , , , 22599 25 19 P p NN 22599 25 20 , , , 22599 25 21 SH SH NNP 22599 25 22 ( ( -LRB- 22599 25 23 A a NN 22599 25 24 ) ) -RRB- 22599 25 25 , , , 22599 25 26 T t NN 22599 25 27 , , , 22599 25 28 TH TH NNP 22599 25 29 ( ( -LRB- 22599 25 30 A a NN 22599 25 31 ) ) -RRB- 22599 25 32 , , , 22599 25 33 V v NN 22599 25 34 , , , 22599 25 35 W W NNP 22599 25 36 , , , 22599 25 37 X x NN 22599 25 38 , , , 22599 25 39 Z z NN 22599 25 40 , , , 22599 25 41 as as IN 22599 25 42 in in IN 22599 25 43 English English NNP 22599 25 44 . . . 22599 26 1 A a DT 22599 26 2 , , , 22599 26 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 26 4 S s NN 22599 26 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 26 6 like like IN 22599 26 7 _ _ NNP 22599 26 8 u u NNP 22599 26 9 _ _ NNP 22599 26 10 in in IN 22599 26 11 _ _ NNP 22599 26 12 but but CC 22599 26 13 _ _ NNP 22599 26 14 : : : 22599 26 15 thus thus RB 22599 26 16 _ _ NNP 22599 26 17 pandit pandit NN 22599 26 18 _ _ NNP 22599 26 19 , , , 22599 26 20 pronounced pronounce VBN 22599 26 21 _ _ NNP 22599 26 22 pundit pundit NN 22599 26 23 _ _ NNP 22599 26 24 . . . 22599 27 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 27 2 A a NN 22599 27 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 27 4 like like UH 22599 27 5 _ _ NNP 22599 27 6 a a DT 22599 27 7 _ _ NNP 22599 27 8 in in IN 22599 27 9 _ _ NNP 22599 27 10 ask ask VBP 22599 27 11 _ _ NNP 22599 27 12 or or CC 22599 27 13 in in IN 22599 27 14 _ _ NNP 22599 27 15 man man NN 22599 27 16 _ _ NNP 22599 27 17 . . . 22599 28 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 28 2 = = FW 22599 28 3 A a NN 22599 28 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 28 5 , , , 22599 28 6 as as IN 22599 28 7 in in IN 22599 28 8 _ _ NNP 22599 28 9 father father NN 22599 28 10 _ _ NNP 22599 28 11 . . . 22599 29 1 C C NNP 22599 29 2 , , , 22599 29 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 29 4 S S NNP 22599 29 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 29 6 like like IN 22599 29 7 _ _ NNP 22599 29 8 ch ch NNP 22599 29 9 _ _ NNP 22599 29 10 in in IN 22599 29 11 _ _ NNP 22599 29 12 church church NN 22599 29 13 _ _ NNP 22599 29 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 29 15 Italian Italian NNP 22599 29 16 _ _ NNP 22599 29 17 c c NNP 22599 29 18 _ _ NNP 22599 29 19 in in IN 22599 29 20 _ _ NNP 22599 29 21 cento cento NN 22599 29 22 _ _ NNP 22599 29 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 29 24 . . . 22599 30 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 30 2 D. D. NNP 22599 30 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 30 4 , , , 22599 30 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 30 6 N. n. NN 22599 30 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 30 8 , , , 22599 30 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 30 10 S. S. NNP 22599 30 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 30 12 , , , 22599 30 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 30 14 T. t. NN 22599 30 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 30 16 , , , 22599 30 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 30 18 S S NNP 22599 30 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 30 20 _ _ NNP 22599 30 21 d d NNP 22599 30 22 _ _ NNP 22599 30 23 , , , 22599 30 24 _ _ NNP 22599 30 25 n n NNP 22599 30 26 _ _ NNP 22599 30 27 , , , 22599 30 28 _ _ NNP 22599 30 29 sh sh NNP 22599 30 30 _ _ NNP 22599 30 31 , , , 22599 30 32 _ _ NNP 22599 30 33 t t NNP 22599 30 34 _ _ NNP 22599 30 35 , , , 22599 30 36 made make VBN 22599 30 37 with with IN 22599 30 38 the the DT 22599 30 39 tip tip NN 22599 30 40 of of IN 22599 30 41 the the DT 22599 30 42 tongue tongue NN 22599 30 43 turned turn VBD 22599 30 44 up up RP 22599 30 45 and and CC 22599 30 46 back back RB 22599 30 47 into into IN 22599 30 48 the the DT 22599 30 49 dome dome NN 22599 30 50 of of IN 22599 30 51 the the DT 22599 30 52 palate palate NN 22599 30 53 . . . 22599 31 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 31 2 D. D. NNP 22599 31 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 31 4 , , , 22599 31 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 31 6 S. S. NNP 22599 31 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 31 8 , , , 22599 31 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 31 10 T. t. NN 22599 31 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 31 12 , , , 22599 31 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 31 14 Z. Z. NNP 22599 32 1 ] ] -RRB- 22599 32 2 , , , 22599 32 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 32 4 A a NN 22599 32 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 32 6 _ _ NNP 22599 32 7 d d NNP 22599 32 8 _ _ NNP 22599 32 9 , , , 22599 32 10 _ _ NNP 22599 32 11 s s NNP 22599 32 12 _ _ NNP 22599 32 13 , , , 22599 32 14 _ _ NNP 22599 32 15 t t NNP 22599 32 16 _ _ NNP 22599 32 17 , , , 22599 32 18 _ _ NNP 22599 32 19 z z NNP 22599 32 20 _ _ NNP 22599 32 21 , , , 22599 32 22 made make VBN 22599 32 23 with with IN 22599 32 24 the the DT 22599 32 25 tongue tongue NN 22599 32 26 spread spread NN 22599 32 27 so so IN 22599 32 28 that that IN 22599 32 29 the the DT 22599 32 30 sounds sound NNS 22599 32 31 are be VBP 22599 32 32 produced produce VBN 22599 32 33 largely largely RB 22599 32 34 against against IN 22599 32 35 the the DT 22599 32 36 side side NN 22599 32 37 teeth tooth NNS 22599 32 38 . . . 22599 33 1 Europeans european NNS 22599 33 2 commonly commonly RB 22599 33 3 pronounce pronounce VBP 22599 33 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 33 5 D. D. NNP 22599 33 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 33 7 , , , 22599 33 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 33 9 N. n. NN 22599 33 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 33 11 , , , 22599 33 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 33 13 S. S. NNP 22599 33 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 33 15 , , , 22599 33 16 [ [ -LRB- 22599 33 17 T. t. NN 22599 33 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 33 19 , , , 22599 33 20 [ [ -LRB- 22599 33 21 Z. Z. NNP 22599 34 1 ] ] -RRB- 22599 34 2 , , , 22599 34 3 both both DT 22599 34 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 34 5 S s NN 22599 34 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 34 7 and and CC 22599 34 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 34 9 A a NN 22599 34 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 34 11 , , , 22599 34 12 as as IN 22599 34 13 simple simple JJ 22599 34 14 _ _ NNP 22599 34 15 d d NNP 22599 34 16 _ _ NNP 22599 34 17 , , , 22599 34 18 _ _ NNP 22599 34 19 n n NNP 22599 34 20 _ _ NNP 22599 34 21 , , , 22599 34 22 _ _ NNP 22599 34 23 sh sh NNP 22599 34 24 _ _ NNP 22599 34 25 ( ( -LRB- 22599 34 26 S S NNP 22599 34 27 ) ) -RRB- 22599 34 28 or or CC 22599 34 29 _ _ NNP 22599 34 30 s s NNP 22599 34 31 _ _ NNP 22599 34 32 ( ( -LRB- 22599 34 33 A A NNP 22599 34 34 ) ) -RRB- 22599 34 35 , , , 22599 34 36 _ _ NNP 22599 34 37 t t NNP 22599 34 38 _ _ NNP 22599 34 39 , , , 22599 34 40 _ _ NNP 22599 34 41 z z NNP 22599 34 42 _ _ NNP 22599 34 43 . . . 22599 35 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 35 2 D= D= NNP 22599 35 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 35 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 35 5 A a NN 22599 35 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 35 7 , , , 22599 35 8 like like IN 22599 35 9 _ _ NNP 22599 35 10 th th XX 22599 35 11 _ _ NNP 22599 35 12 in in IN 22599 35 13 _ _ NNP 22599 35 14 this this DT 22599 35 15 _ _ NNP 22599 35 16 . . . 22599 36 1 E E NNP 22599 36 2 , , , 22599 36 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 36 4 S S NNP 22599 36 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 36 6 as as IN 22599 36 7 in in IN 22599 36 8 _ _ NNP 22599 36 9 they -PRON- PRP 22599 36 10 _ _ NNP 22599 36 11 . . . 22599 37 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 37 2 A a NN 22599 37 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 37 4 as as IN 22599 37 5 in in IN 22599 37 6 _ _ NNP 22599 37 7 bed bed NN 22599 37 8 _ _ NNP 22599 37 9 . . . 22599 38 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 38 2 .G .G NFP 22599 38 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 38 4 , , , 22599 38 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 38 6 A a NN 22599 38 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 38 8 a a DT 22599 38 9 voiced voiced JJ 22599 38 10 consonant consonant NN 22599 38 11 formed form VBN 22599 38 12 below below IN 22599 38 13 the the DT 22599 38 14 vocal vocal JJ 22599 38 15 cords cord NNS 22599 38 16 ; ; : 22599 38 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 38 18 sound sound NN 22599 38 19 is be VBZ 22599 38 20 compared compare VBN 22599 38 21 by by IN 22599 38 22 some some DT 22599 38 23 to to IN 22599 38 24 a a DT 22599 38 25 _ _ NNP 22599 38 26 g g NNP 22599 38 27 _ _ NNP 22599 38 28 , , , 22599 38 29 by by IN 22599 38 30 others other NNS 22599 38 31 to to IN 22599 38 32 a a DT 22599 38 33 guttural guttural JJ 22599 38 34 _ _ NNP 22599 38 35 r r NNP 22599 38 36 _ _ NNP 22599 38 37 ; ; : 22599 38 38 in in IN 22599 38 39 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 38 40 words word NNS 22599 38 41 adopted adopt VBN 22599 38 42 into into IN 22599 38 43 English English NNP 22599 38 44 it -PRON- PRP 22599 38 45 is be VBZ 22599 38 46 represented represent VBN 22599 38 47 by by IN 22599 38 48 _ _ NNP 22599 38 49 gh gh NNP 22599 38 50 _ _ NNP 22599 38 51 ( ( -LRB- 22599 38 52 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 39 1 _ _ NNP 22599 39 2 ghoul ghoul NNP 22599 39 3 _ _ NNP 22599 39 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 39 5 , , , 22599 39 6 less less RBR 22599 39 7 often often RB 22599 39 8 _ _ NNP 22599 39 9 r r NNP 22599 39 10 _ _ NNP 22599 39 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 39 12 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 40 1 _ _ NNP 22599 40 2 razzia razzia NNP 22599 40 3 _ _ NNP 22599 40 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 40 5 . . . 22599 41 1 H h NN 22599 41 2 preceded precede VBN 22599 41 3 by by IN 22599 41 4 _ _ NNP 22599 41 5 b b NNP 22599 41 6 _ _ NNP 22599 41 7 , , , 22599 41 8 _ _ NNP 22599 41 9 c c NNP 22599 41 10 _ _ NNP 22599 41 11 , , , 22599 41 12 _ _ NNP 22599 41 13 t t NNP 22599 41 14 _ _ NNP 22599 41 15 , , , 22599 41 16 _ _ NNP 22599 41 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 41 18 t. t. NN 22599 41 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 41 20 _ _ NNP 22599 41 21 , , , 22599 41 22 etc etc FW 22599 41 23 . . . 22599 42 1 does do VBZ 22599 42 2 not not RB 22599 42 3 form form VB 22599 42 4 a a DT 22599 42 5 single single JJ 22599 42 6 sound sound NN 22599 42 7 with with IN 22599 42 8 these these DT 22599 42 9 letters letter NNS 22599 42 10 , , , 22599 42 11 but but CC 22599 42 12 is be VBZ 22599 42 13 a a DT 22599 42 14 more more RBR 22599 42 15 or or CC 22599 42 16 less less RBR 22599 42 17 distinct distinct JJ 22599 42 18 _ _ NNP 22599 42 19 h h NNP 22599 42 20 _ _ NNP 22599 42 21 sound sound NN 22599 42 22 following follow VBG 22599 42 23 them -PRON- PRP 22599 42 24 ; ; : 22599 42 25 cf cf NNP 22599 42 26 . . . 22599 43 1 the the DT 22599 43 2 sounds sound NNS 22599 43 3 in in IN 22599 43 4 _ _ NNP 22599 43 5 abhor abhor NN 22599 43 6 , , , 22599 43 7 boathook boathook NNP 22599 43 8 _ _ NNP 22599 43 9 , , , 22599 43 10 etc etc FW 22599 43 11 . . FW 22599 43 12 , , , 22599 43 13 or or CC 22599 43 14 , , , 22599 43 15 more more RBR 22599 43 16 accurately accurately RB 22599 43 17 for for IN 22599 43 18 ( ( -LRB- 22599 43 19 S S NNP 22599 43 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 43 21 , , , 22599 43 22 the the DT 22599 43 23 " " `` 22599 43 24 bhoys bhoy NNS 22599 43 25 " " '' 22599 43 26 etc etc FW 22599 43 27 . . . 22599 44 1 of of IN 22599 44 2 Irish irish JJ 22599 44 3 brogue brogue NN 22599 44 4 . . . 22599 45 1 H h NN 22599 45 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 45 3 A a NN 22599 45 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 45 5 retains retain VBZ 22599 45 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 45 7 consonant consonant JJ 22599 45 8 sound sound NN 22599 45 9 at at IN 22599 45 10 the the DT 22599 45 11 end end NN 22599 45 12 of of IN 22599 45 13 a a DT 22599 45 14 word word NN 22599 45 15 . . . 22599 46 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 46 2 H. H. NNP 22599 46 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 46 4 , , , 22599 46 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 46 6 A a NN 22599 46 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 46 8 an an DT 22599 46 9 unvoiced unvoiced JJ 22599 46 10 consonant consonant NN 22599 46 11 formed form VBN 22599 46 12 below below IN 22599 46 13 the the DT 22599 46 14 vocal vocal JJ 22599 46 15 cords cord NNS 22599 46 16 ; ; : 22599 46 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 46 18 sound sound NN 22599 46 19 is be VBZ 22599 46 20 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 46 21 compared compare VBN 22599 46 22 to to IN 22599 46 23 German german JJ 22599 46 24 hard hard RB 22599 46 25 _ _ NNP 22599 46 26 ch ch NNP 22599 46 27 _ _ NNP 22599 46 28 , , , 22599 46 29 and and CC 22599 46 30 may may MD 22599 46 31 be be VB 22599 46 32 represented represent VBN 22599 46 33 by by IN 22599 46 34 an an DT 22599 46 35 _ _ NNP 22599 46 36 h h NN 22599 46 37 _ _ NNP 22599 46 38 as as RB 22599 46 39 strong strong JJ 22599 46 40 as as IN 22599 46 41 possible possible JJ 22599 46 42 . . . 22599 47 1 In in IN 22599 47 2 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 47 3 words word NNS 22599 47 4 adopted adopt VBN 22599 47 5 into into IN 22599 47 6 English English NNP 22599 47 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 47 8 is be VBZ 22599 47 9 represented represent VBN 22599 47 10 by by IN 22599 47 11 _ _ NNP 22599 47 12 h h NNP 22599 47 13 _ _ NNP 22599 47 14 , , , 22599 47 15 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 48 1 in in IN 22599 48 2 _ _ NNP 22599 48 3 sahib sahib NNP 22599 48 4 _ _ NNP 22599 48 5 , , , 22599 48 6 _ _ NNP 22599 48 7 hakeem hakeem NN 22599 48 8 _ _ NNP 22599 48 9 . . . 22599 49 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 49 2 H. H. NNP 22599 49 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 49 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 49 5 S s NN 22599 49 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 49 7 is be VBZ 22599 49 8 final final JJ 22599 49 9 consonant consonant NN 22599 49 10 _ _ NNP 22599 49 11 h h NNP 22599 49 12 _ _ NNP 22599 49 13 , , , 22599 49 14 like like IN 22599 49 15 final final JJ 22599 49 16 _ _ NNP 22599 49 17 h h NNP 22599 49 18 _ _ NNP 22599 49 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 49 20 A a NN 22599 49 21 ) ) -RRB- 22599 49 22 . . . 22599 50 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 50 2 , , , 22599 50 3 as as IN 22599 50 4 in in IN 22599 50 5 _ _ NNP 22599 50 6 pin pin NNP 22599 50 7 _ _ NNP 22599 50 8 . . . 22599 51 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 51 2 = = NFP 22599 51 3 I i NN 22599 51 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 51 5 , , , 22599 51 6 as as IN 22599 51 7 in in IN 22599 51 8 _ _ NNP 22599 51 9 pique pique NN 22599 51 10 _ _ NNP 22599 51 11 . . . 22599 52 1 K K NNP 22599 52 2 , , , 22599 52 3 as as IN 22599 52 4 in in IN 22599 52 5 _ _ NNP 22599 52 6 kick kick NN 22599 52 7 _ _ NNP 22599 52 8 . . . 22599 53 1 KH KH NNP 22599 53 2 , , , 22599 53 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 53 4 A a NN 22599 53 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 53 6 the the DT 22599 53 7 hard hard JJ 22599 53 8 _ _ NNP 22599 53 9 ch ch NNP 22599 53 10 _ _ NNP 22599 53 11 of of IN 22599 53 12 Scotch Scotch NNP 22599 53 13 _ _ NNP 22599 53 14 loch loch NNP 22599 53 15 _ _ NNP 22599 53 16 , , , 22599 53 17 German German NNP 22599 53 18 _ _ NNP 22599 53 19 ach ach NN 22599 53 20 _ _ NNP 22599 53 21 , , , 22599 53 22 especially especially RB 22599 53 23 of of IN 22599 53 24 German German NNP 22599 53 25 as as IN 22599 53 26 pronounced pronounce VBN 22599 53 27 by by IN 22599 53 28 the the DT 22599 53 29 Swiss Swiss NNP 22599 53 30 . . . 22599 54 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 54 2 .M .M NFP 22599 54 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 54 4 , , , 22599 54 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 54 6 .N .N NFP 22599 54 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 54 8 , , , 22599 54 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 54 10 S s NN 22599 54 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 54 12 like like IN 22599 54 13 French french JJ 22599 54 14 final final JJ 22599 54 15 _ _ NNP 22599 54 16 m m NNP 22599 54 17 _ _ NNP 22599 54 18 or or CC 22599 54 19 _ _ NNP 22599 54 20 n n CC 22599 54 21 _ _ NNP 22599 54 22 , , , 22599 54 23 nasalizing nasalize VBG 22599 54 24 the the DT 22599 54 25 preceding precede VBG 22599 54 26 vowel vowel NN 22599 54 27 . . . 22599 55 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 55 2 N. N. NNP 22599 55 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 55 4 , , , 22599 55 5 see see VB 22599 55 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 55 7 D. D. NNP 22599 55 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 55 9 . . . 22599 56 1 Ñ Ñ NNP 22599 56 2 , , , 22599 56 3 like like IN 22599 56 4 _ _ NNP 22599 56 5 ng ng NNP 22599 56 6 _ _ NNP 22599 56 7 in in IN 22599 56 8 _ _ NNP 22599 56 9 singing singe VBG 22599 56 10 _ _ NNP 22599 56 11 . . . 22599 57 1 O o UH 22599 57 2 , , , 22599 57 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 57 4 S S NNP 22599 57 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 57 6 as as IN 22599 57 7 in in IN 22599 57 8 _ _ NNP 22599 57 9 so so RB 22599 57 10 _ _ NNP 22599 57 11 . . . 22599 58 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 58 2 A a NN 22599 58 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 58 4 as as IN 22599 58 5 in in IN 22599 58 6 _ _ NNP 22599 58 7 obey obey NN 22599 58 8 _ _ NNP 22599 58 9 . . . 22599 59 1 Q Q NNP 22599 59 2 , , , 22599 59 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 59 4 A a NN 22599 59 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 59 6 like like IN 22599 59 7 _ _ NNP 22599 59 8 k k NNP 22599 59 9 _ _ NNP 22599 59 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 59 11 or or CC 22599 59 12 _ _ NNP 22599 59 13 c c NNP 22599 59 14 _ _ NNP 22599 59 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 59 16 in in IN 22599 59 17 _ _ NNP 22599 59 18 cook cook NNP 22599 59 19 _ _ NNP 22599 59 20 ; ; : 22599 59 21 further further RB 22599 59 22 back back RB 22599 59 23 in in IN 22599 59 24 the the DT 22599 59 25 mouth mouth NN 22599 59 26 than than IN 22599 59 27 in in IN 22599 59 28 _ _ NNP 22599 59 29 kick kick NN 22599 59 30 _ _ NNP 22599 59 31 . . . 22599 60 1 R r UH 22599 60 2 , , , 22599 60 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 60 4 S S NNP 22599 60 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 60 6 English English NNP 22599 60 7 _ _ NNP 22599 60 8 r r NNP 22599 60 9 _ _ NNP 22599 60 10 , , , 22599 60 11 smooth smooth JJ 22599 60 12 and and CC 22599 60 13 untrilled untrilled JJ 22599 60 14 . . . 22599 61 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 61 2 A a NN 22599 61 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 61 4 stronger strong JJR 22599 61 5 . . . 22599 62 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 62 2 R. R. NNP 22599 62 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 62 4 , , , 22599 62 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 62 6 S S NNP 22599 62 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 62 8 r r NN 22599 62 9 used use VBD 22599 62 10 as as IN 22599 62 11 vowel vowel NN 22599 62 12 , , , 22599 62 13 as as IN 22599 62 14 in in IN 22599 62 15 _ _ NNP 22599 62 16 apron apron NN 22599 62 17 _ _ NNP 22599 62 18 when when WRB 22599 62 19 pronounced pronounce VBN 22599 62 20 _ _ NNP 22599 62 21 aprn aprn VBZ 22599 62 22 _ _ NNP 22599 62 23 and and CC 22599 62 24 not not RB 22599 62 25 _ _ NNP 22599 62 26 apern apern NN 22599 62 27 _ _ NNP 22599 62 28 ; ; : 22599 62 29 modern modern JJ 22599 62 30 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 62 31 say say VBP 22599 62 32 _ _ NNP 22599 62 33 ri ri NNP 22599 62 34 _ _ NNP 22599 62 35 , , , 22599 62 36 hence hence RB 22599 62 37 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 62 38 _ _ NNP 22599 62 39 amrita amrita NN 22599 62 40 _ _ NNP 22599 62 41 , , , 22599 62 42 _ _ NNP 22599 62 43 Krishna Krishna NNP 22599 62 44 _ _ NNP 22599 62 45 , , , 22599 62 46 for for IN 22599 62 47 _ _ NNP 22599 62 48 a a DT 22599 62 49 - - HYPH 22599 62 50 m[r.]ta m[r.]ta NNP 22599 62 51 , , , 22599 62 52 K[r.][s.][n.]a K[r.][s.][n.]a NNP 22599 62 53 _ _ NNP 22599 62 54 . . . 22599 63 1 S S NNP 22599 63 2 , , , 22599 63 3 as as IN 22599 63 4 in in IN 22599 63 5 _ _ NNP 22599 63 6 same same JJ 22599 63 7 _ _ NNP 22599 63 8 . . . 22599 64 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 64 2 S. S. NNP 22599 64 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 64 4 , , , 22599 64 5 see see VB 22599 64 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 64 7 D. D. NNP 22599 64 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 64 9 . . . 22599 65 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 65 2 'S 's NNP 22599 65 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 65 4 , , , 22599 65 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 65 6 S S NNP 22599 65 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 65 8 English English NNP 22599 65 9 _ _ NNP 22599 65 10 sh sh NNP 22599 65 11 _ _ NNP 22599 65 12 ( ( -LRB- 22599 65 13 German German NNP 22599 65 14 _ _ NNP 22599 65 15 sch sch NN 22599 65 16 _ _ NNP 22599 65 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 65 18 . . . 22599 66 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 66 2 T. t. NN 22599 66 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 66 4 , , , 22599 66 5 see see VB 22599 66 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 66 7 D. D. NNP 22599 66 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 66 9 . . . 22599 67 1 U U NNP 22599 67 2 , , , 22599 67 3 as as IN 22599 67 4 in in IN 22599 67 5 _ _ NNP 22599 67 6 put put VBD 22599 67 7 _ _ NNP 22599 67 8 . . . 22599 68 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 68 2 = = NFP 22599 68 3 U u NN 22599 68 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 68 5 , , , 22599 68 6 as as IN 22599 68 7 in in IN 22599 68 8 _ _ NNP 22599 68 9 rule rule NN 22599 68 10 _ _ NNP 22599 68 11 . . . 22599 69 1 Y Y NNP 22599 69 2 , , , 22599 69 3 as as IN 22599 69 4 in in IN 22599 69 5 _ _ NNP 22599 69 6 you -PRON- PRP 22599 69 7 _ _ NNP 22599 69 8 . . . 22599 70 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 70 2 Z. Z. NNP 22599 71 1 ] ] -RRB- 22599 71 2 , , , 22599 71 3 see see VB 22599 71 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 71 5 D. D. NNP 22599 71 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 71 7 . . . 22599 72 1 ` ` '' 22599 72 2 , , , 22599 72 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 72 4 A a NN 22599 72 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 72 6 a a DT 22599 72 7 sound sound NN 22599 72 8 kindred kindre VBN 22599 72 9 to to IN 22599 72 10 the the DT 22599 72 11 spiritus spiritus NN 22599 72 12 lenis lenis NNP 22599 72 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 72 14 that that RB 22599 72 15 is is RB 22599 72 16 , , , 22599 72 17 to to IN 22599 72 18 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 72 19 ears ear NNS 22599 72 20 , , , 22599 72 21 the the DT 22599 72 22 mere mere JJ 22599 72 23 distinct distinct JJ 22599 72 24 separation separation NN 22599 72 25 of of IN 22599 72 26 a a DT 22599 72 27 vowel vowel NN 22599 72 28 from from IN 22599 72 29 the the DT 22599 72 30 preceding precede VBG 22599 72 31 sound sound NN 22599 72 32 , , , 22599 72 33 as as IN 22599 72 34 at at IN 22599 72 35 the the DT 22599 72 36 beginning beginning NN 22599 72 37 of of IN 22599 72 38 a a DT 22599 72 39 word word NN 22599 72 40 in in IN 22599 72 41 German German NNP 22599 72 42 ) ) -RRB- 22599 72 43 and and CC 22599 72 44 to to IN 22599 72 45 _ _ NNP 22599 72 46 [ [ -LRB- 22599 72 47 h. h. NNP 22599 72 48 ] ] -RRB- 22599 72 49 _ _ NNP 22599 72 50 . . . 22599 73 1 The the DT 22599 73 2 ` ` '' 22599 73 3 is be VBZ 22599 73 4 a a DT 22599 73 5 very very RB 22599 73 6 distinct distinct JJ 22599 73 7 sound sound NN 22599 73 8 in in IN 22599 73 9 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 73 10 , , , 22599 73 11 but but CC 22599 73 12 is be VBZ 22599 73 13 more more RBR 22599 73 14 nearly nearly RB 22599 73 15 represented represent VBN 22599 73 16 by by IN 22599 73 17 the the DT 22599 73 18 spiritus spiritus NN 22599 73 19 lenis lenis NN 22599 73 20 than than IN 22599 73 21 by by IN 22599 73 22 any any DT 22599 73 23 sound sound NN 22599 73 24 that that IN 22599 73 25 we -PRON- PRP 22599 73 26 can can MD 22599 73 27 produce produce VB 22599 73 28 without without IN 22599 73 29 much much JJ 22599 73 30 special special JJ 22599 73 31 training training NN 22599 73 32 . . . 22599 74 1 That that RB 22599 74 2 is is RB 22599 74 3 , , , 22599 74 4 it -PRON- PRP 22599 74 5 should should MD 22599 74 6 be be VB 22599 74 7 treated treat VBN 22599 74 8 as as IN 22599 74 9 silent silent JJ 22599 74 10 , , , 22599 74 11 but but CC 22599 74 12 the the DT 22599 74 13 sounds sound NNS 22599 74 14 that that WDT 22599 74 15 precede precede VBP 22599 74 16 and and CC 22599 74 17 follow follow VB 22599 74 18 it -PRON- PRP 22599 74 19 should should MD 22599 74 20 not not RB 22599 74 21 run run VB 22599 74 22 together together RB 22599 74 23 . . . 22599 75 1 In in IN 22599 75 2 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 75 3 words word NNS 22599 75 4 adopted adopt VBN 22599 75 5 into into IN 22599 75 6 English English NNP 22599 75 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 75 8 is be VBZ 22599 75 9 treated treat VBN 22599 75 10 as as IN 22599 75 11 silent silent JJ 22599 75 12 , , , 22599 75 13 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 76 1 in in IN 22599 76 2 _ _ NNP 22599 76 3 Arab Arab NNP 22599 76 4 _ _ NNP 22599 76 5 , , , 22599 76 6 _ _ NNP 22599 76 7 amber amber NN 22599 76 8 _ _ NNP 22599 76 9 , , , 22599 76 10 _ _ NNP 22599 76 11 Caaba Caaba NNP 22599 76 12 _ _ NNP 22599 76 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 76 14 _ _ NNP 22599 76 15 ` ` '' 22599 76 16 Arab Arab NNP 22599 76 17 _ _ NNP 22599 76 18 , , , 22599 76 19 _ _ NNP 22599 76 20 ` ` '' 22599 76 21 anbar anbar NNP 22599 76 22 _ _ NNP 22599 76 23 , , , 22599 76 24 _ _ NNP 22599 76 25 ka`abah ka`abah NNP 22599 76 26 _ _ NNP 22599 76 27 ) ) -RRB- 22599 76 28 . . . 22599 77 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 77 2 A a NN 22599 77 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 77 4 A a DT 22599 77 5 final final JJ 22599 77 6 long long JJ 22599 77 7 vowel vowel NN 22599 77 8 is be VBZ 22599 77 9 shortened shorten VBN 22599 77 10 before before IN 22599 77 11 _ _ NNP 22599 77 12 al al NNP 22599 77 13 _ _ NNP 22599 77 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 77 15 _ _ NNP 22599 77 16 ' ' '' 22599 77 17 l l NNP 22599 77 18 _ _ NNP 22599 77 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 77 20 or or CC 22599 77 21 _ _ NNP 22599 77 22 ibn ibn NNP 22599 77 23 _ _ NNP 22599 77 24 ( ( -LRB- 22599 77 25 whose whose WP$ 22599 77 26 _ _ NNP 22599 77 27 i i PRP 22599 77 28 _ _ NNP 22599 77 29 is be VBZ 22599 77 30 then then RB 22599 77 31 silent silent JJ 22599 77 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 77 33 . . . 22599 78 1 Accent accent NN 22599 78 2 : : : 22599 78 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 78 4 S s NN 22599 78 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 78 6 as as IN 22599 78 7 if if IN 22599 78 8 Latin Latin NNP 22599 78 9 ; ; : 22599 78 10 in in IN 22599 78 11 determining determine VBG 22599 78 12 the the DT 22599 78 13 place place NN 22599 78 14 of of IN 22599 78 15 the the DT 22599 78 16 accent accent NN 22599 78 17 _ _ NNP 22599 78 18 [ [ -LRB- 22599 78 19 .m .m NFP 22599 78 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 78 21 _ _ NNP 22599 78 22 and and CC 22599 78 23 _ _ NNP 22599 78 24 [ [ -LRB- 22599 78 25 .n .n . 22599 78 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 78 27 _ _ NNP 22599 78 28 count count NN 22599 78 29 as as IN 22599 78 30 consonants consonant NNS 22599 78 31 , , , 22599 78 32 but but CC 22599 78 33 _ _ NNP 22599 78 34 h h NNP 22599 78 35 _ _ NNP 22599 78 36 after after IN 22599 78 37 another another DT 22599 78 38 consonant consonant NN 22599 78 39 does do VBZ 22599 78 40 not not RB 22599 78 41 . . . 22599 79 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 79 2 A a NN 22599 79 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 79 4 , , , 22599 79 5 on on IN 22599 79 6 the the DT 22599 79 7 last last JJ 22599 79 8 syllable syllable NN 22599 79 9 that that WDT 22599 79 10 contains contain VBZ 22599 79 11 a a DT 22599 79 12 long long JJ 22599 79 13 vowel vowel NN 22599 79 14 or or CC 22599 79 15 a a DT 22599 79 16 vowel vowel NN 22599 79 17 followed follow VBN 22599 79 18 by by IN 22599 79 19 two two CD 22599 79 20 consonants consonant NNS 22599 79 21 , , , 22599 79 22 except except IN 22599 79 23 that that IN 22599 79 24 a a DT 22599 79 25 final final JJ 22599 79 26 long long JJ 22599 79 27 vowel vowel NN 22599 79 28 is be VBZ 22599 79 29 not not RB 22599 79 30 ordinarily ordinarily RB 22599 79 31 accented accented JJ 22599 79 32 ; ; : 22599 79 33 if if IN 22599 79 34 there there EX 22599 79 35 is be VBZ 22599 79 36 no no DT 22599 79 37 long long JJ 22599 79 38 vowel vowel NN 22599 79 39 nor nor CC 22599 79 40 two two CD 22599 79 41 consecutive consecutive JJ 22599 79 42 consonants consonant NNS 22599 79 43 , , , 22599 79 44 the the DT 22599 79 45 accent accent NN 22599 79 46 falls fall VBZ 22599 79 47 on on IN 22599 79 48 the the DT 22599 79 49 first first JJ 22599 79 50 syllable syllable NN 22599 79 51 . . . 22599 80 1 The the DT 22599 80 2 words word NNS 22599 80 3 _ _ NNP 22599 80 4 al al NNP 22599 80 5 _ _ NNP 22599 80 6 and and CC 22599 80 7 _ _ NNP 22599 80 8 ibn ibn NNP 22599 80 9 _ _ NNP 22599 80 10 are be VBP 22599 80 11 never never RB 22599 80 12 accented accent VBN 22599 80 13 . . . 22599 81 1 * * NFP 22599 81 2 * * NFP 22599 81 3 * * NFP 22599 81 4 * * NFP 22599 81 5 * * NFP 22599 81 6 { { -LRB- 22599 81 7 1 1 CD 22599 81 8 } } -RRB- 22599 81 9 THE the DT 22599 81 10 HINDU HINDU NNP 22599 81 11 - - HYPH 22599 81 12 ARABIC ARABIC NNP 22599 81 13 NUMERALS NUMERALS NNP 22599 81 14 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 22599 81 15 I -PRON- PRP 22599 81 16 EARLY early VBP 22599 81 17 IDEAS ideas NN 22599 81 18 OF of IN 22599 81 19 THEIR THEIR NNP 22599 81 20 ORIGIN ORIGIN NNS 22599 81 21 It -PRON- PRP 22599 81 22 has have VBZ 22599 81 23 long long RB 22599 81 24 been be VBN 22599 81 25 recognized recognize VBN 22599 81 26 that that IN 22599 81 27 the the DT 22599 81 28 common common JJ 22599 81 29 numerals numeral NNS 22599 81 30 used use VBN 22599 81 31 in in IN 22599 81 32 daily daily JJ 22599 81 33 life life NN 22599 81 34 are be VBP 22599 81 35 of of IN 22599 81 36 comparatively comparatively RB 22599 81 37 recent recent JJ 22599 81 38 origin origin NN 22599 81 39 . . . 22599 82 1 The the DT 22599 82 2 number number NN 22599 82 3 of of IN 22599 82 4 systems system NNS 22599 82 5 of of IN 22599 82 6 notation notation NN 22599 82 7 employed employ VBN 22599 82 8 before before IN 22599 82 9 the the DT 22599 82 10 Christian christian JJ 22599 82 11 era era NN 22599 82 12 was be VBD 22599 82 13 about about IN 22599 82 14 the the DT 22599 82 15 same same JJ 22599 82 16 as as IN 22599 82 17 the the DT 22599 82 18 number number NN 22599 82 19 of of IN 22599 82 20 written write VBN 22599 82 21 languages language NNS 22599 82 22 , , , 22599 82 23 and and CC 22599 82 24 in in IN 22599 82 25 some some DT 22599 82 26 cases case NNS 22599 82 27 a a DT 22599 82 28 single single JJ 22599 82 29 language language NN 22599 82 30 had have VBD 22599 82 31 several several JJ 22599 82 32 systems system NNS 22599 82 33 . . . 22599 83 1 The the DT 22599 83 2 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS 22599 83 3 , , , 22599 83 4 for for IN 22599 83 5 example example NN 22599 83 6 , , , 22599 83 7 had have VBD 22599 83 8 three three CD 22599 83 9 systems system NNS 22599 83 10 of of IN 22599 83 11 writing writing NN 22599 83 12 , , , 22599 83 13 with with IN 22599 83 14 a a DT 22599 83 15 numerical numerical JJ 22599 83 16 notation notation NN 22599 83 17 for for IN 22599 83 18 each each DT 22599 83 19 ; ; : 22599 83 20 the the DT 22599 83 21 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 83 22 had have VBD 22599 83 23 two two CD 22599 83 24 well well RB 22599 83 25 - - HYPH 22599 83 26 defined define VBN 22599 83 27 sets set NNS 22599 83 28 of of IN 22599 83 29 numerals numeral NNS 22599 83 30 , , , 22599 83 31 and and CC 22599 83 32 the the DT 22599 83 33 Roman roman JJ 22599 83 34 symbols symbol NNS 22599 83 35 for for IN 22599 83 36 number number NN 22599 83 37 changed change VBD 22599 83 38 more more RBR 22599 83 39 or or CC 22599 83 40 less less RBR 22599 83 41 from from IN 22599 83 42 century century NN 22599 83 43 to to IN 22599 83 44 century century NN 22599 83 45 . . . 22599 84 1 Even even RB 22599 84 2 to to TO 22599 84 3 - - HYPH 22599 84 4 day day NN 22599 84 5 the the DT 22599 84 6 number number NN 22599 84 7 of of IN 22599 84 8 methods method NNS 22599 84 9 of of IN 22599 84 10 expressing express VBG 22599 84 11 numerical numerical JJ 22599 84 12 concepts concept NNS 22599 84 13 is be VBZ 22599 84 14 much much RB 22599 84 15 greater great JJR 22599 84 16 than than IN 22599 84 17 one one PRP 22599 84 18 would would MD 22599 84 19 believe believe VB 22599 84 20 before before IN 22599 84 21 making make VBG 22599 84 22 a a DT 22599 84 23 study study NN 22599 84 24 of of IN 22599 84 25 the the DT 22599 84 26 subject subject NN 22599 84 27 , , , 22599 84 28 for for IN 22599 84 29 the the DT 22599 84 30 idea idea NN 22599 84 31 that that IN 22599 84 32 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 84 33 common common JJ 22599 84 34 numerals numeral NNS 22599 84 35 are be VBP 22599 84 36 universal universal JJ 22599 84 37 is be VBZ 22599 84 38 far far RB 22599 84 39 from from IN 22599 84 40 being be VBG 22599 84 41 correct correct JJ 22599 84 42 . . . 22599 85 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 85 2 will will MD 22599 85 3 be be VB 22599 85 4 well well JJ 22599 85 5 , , , 22599 85 6 then then RB 22599 85 7 , , , 22599 85 8 to to TO 22599 85 9 think think VB 22599 85 10 of of IN 22599 85 11 the the DT 22599 85 12 numerals numeral NNS 22599 85 13 that that WDT 22599 85 14 we -PRON- PRP 22599 85 15 still still RB 22599 85 16 commonly commonly RB 22599 85 17 call call VBP 22599 85 18 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 85 19 , , , 22599 85 20 as as IN 22599 85 21 only only RB 22599 85 22 one one CD 22599 85 23 of of IN 22599 85 24 many many JJ 22599 85 25 systems system NNS 22599 85 26 in in IN 22599 85 27 use use NN 22599 85 28 just just RB 22599 85 29 before before IN 22599 85 30 the the DT 22599 85 31 Christian christian JJ 22599 85 32 era era NN 22599 85 33 . . . 22599 86 1 As as IN 22599 86 2 it -PRON- PRP 22599 86 3 then then RB 22599 86 4 existed exist VBD 22599 86 5 the the DT 22599 86 6 system system NN 22599 86 7 was be VBD 22599 86 8 no no RB 22599 86 9 better well JJR 22599 86 10 than than IN 22599 86 11 many many JJ 22599 86 12 others other NNS 22599 86 13 , , , 22599 86 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 86 15 was be VBD 22599 86 16 of of IN 22599 86 17 late late JJ 22599 86 18 origin origin NN 22599 86 19 , , , 22599 86 20 it -PRON- PRP 22599 86 21 contained contain VBD 22599 86 22 no no DT 22599 86 23 zero zero CD 22599 86 24 , , , 22599 86 25 it -PRON- PRP 22599 86 26 was be VBD 22599 86 27 cumbersome cumbersome JJ 22599 86 28 and and CC 22599 86 29 little little JJ 22599 86 30 used used JJ 22599 86 31 , , , 22599 86 32 { { -LRB- 22599 86 33 2 2 CD 22599 86 34 } } -RRB- 22599 86 35 and and CC 22599 86 36 it -PRON- PRP 22599 86 37 had have VBD 22599 86 38 no no DT 22599 86 39 particular particular JJ 22599 86 40 promise promise NN 22599 86 41 . . . 22599 87 1 Not not RB 22599 87 2 until until IN 22599 87 3 centuries century NNS 22599 87 4 later later RB 22599 87 5 did do VBD 22599 87 6 the the DT 22599 87 7 system system NN 22599 87 8 have have VB 22599 87 9 any any DT 22599 87 10 standing standing NN 22599 87 11 in in IN 22599 87 12 the the DT 22599 87 13 world world NN 22599 87 14 of of IN 22599 87 15 business business NN 22599 87 16 and and CC 22599 87 17 science science NN 22599 87 18 ; ; , 22599 87 19 and and CC 22599 87 20 had have VBD 22599 87 21 the the DT 22599 87 22 place place NN 22599 87 23 value value NN 22599 87 24 which which WDT 22599 87 25 now now RB 22599 87 26 characterizes characterize VBZ 22599 87 27 it -PRON- PRP 22599 87 28 , , , 22599 87 29 and and CC 22599 87 30 which which WDT 22599 87 31 requires require VBZ 22599 87 32 a a DT 22599 87 33 zero zero CD 22599 87 34 , , , 22599 87 35 been be VBN 22599 87 36 worked work VBN 22599 87 37 out out RP 22599 87 38 in in IN 22599 87 39 Greece Greece NNP 22599 87 40 , , , 22599 87 41 we -PRON- PRP 22599 87 42 might may MD 22599 87 43 have have VB 22599 87 44 been be VBN 22599 87 45 using use VBG 22599 87 46 Greek Greek NNP 22599 87 47 numerals numeral NNS 22599 87 48 to to IN 22599 87 49 - - HYPH 22599 87 50 day day NN 22599 87 51 instead instead RB 22599 87 52 of of IN 22599 87 53 the the DT 22599 87 54 ones one NNS 22599 87 55 with with IN 22599 87 56 which which WDT 22599 87 57 we -PRON- PRP 22599 87 58 are be VBP 22599 87 59 familiar familiar JJ 22599 87 60 . . . 22599 88 1 Of of IN 22599 88 2 the the DT 22599 88 3 first first JJ 22599 88 4 number number NN 22599 88 5 forms form NNS 22599 88 6 that that IN 22599 88 7 the the DT 22599 88 8 world world NN 22599 88 9 used use VBD 22599 88 10 this this DT 22599 88 11 is be VBZ 22599 88 12 not not RB 22599 88 13 the the DT 22599 88 14 place place NN 22599 88 15 to to TO 22599 88 16 speak speak VB 22599 88 17 . . . 22599 89 1 Many many JJ 22599 89 2 of of IN 22599 89 3 them -PRON- PRP 22599 89 4 are be VBP 22599 89 5 interesting interesting JJ 22599 89 6 , , , 22599 89 7 but but CC 22599 89 8 none none NN 22599 89 9 had have VBD 22599 89 10 much much JJ 22599 89 11 scientific scientific JJ 22599 89 12 value value NN 22599 89 13 . . . 22599 90 1 In in IN 22599 90 2 Europe Europe NNP 22599 90 3 the the DT 22599 90 4 invention invention NN 22599 90 5 of of IN 22599 90 6 notation notation NN 22599 90 7 was be VBD 22599 90 8 generally generally RB 22599 90 9 assigned assign VBN 22599 90 10 to to IN 22599 90 11 the the DT 22599 90 12 eastern eastern JJ 22599 90 13 shores shore NNS 22599 90 14 of of IN 22599 90 15 the the DT 22599 90 16 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 90 17 until until IN 22599 90 18 the the DT 22599 90 19 critical critical JJ 22599 90 20 period period NN 22599 90 21 of of IN 22599 90 22 about about RB 22599 90 23 a a DT 22599 90 24 century century NN 22599 90 25 ago,--sometimes ago,--sometime VBZ 22599 90 26 to to IN 22599 90 27 the the DT 22599 90 28 Hebrews Hebrews NNPS 22599 90 29 , , , 22599 90 30 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 90 31 to to IN 22599 90 32 the the DT 22599 90 33 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS 22599 90 34 , , , 22599 90 35 but but CC 22599 90 36 more more RBR 22599 90 37 often often RB 22599 90 38 to to IN 22599 90 39 the the DT 22599 90 40 early early JJ 22599 90 41 trading trading NN 22599 90 42 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS 22599 90 43 . . . 22599 91 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 91 2 1 1 LS 22599 91 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 91 4 The the DT 22599 91 5 idea idea NN 22599 91 6 that that IN 22599 91 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 91 8 common common JJ 22599 91 9 numerals numeral NNS 22599 91 10 are be VBP 22599 91 11 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 91 12 in in IN 22599 91 13 origin origin NN 22599 91 14 is be VBZ 22599 91 15 not not RB 22599 91 16 an an DT 22599 91 17 old old JJ 22599 91 18 one one CD 22599 91 19 . . . 22599 92 1 The the DT 22599 92 2 mediæval mediæval NN 22599 92 3 and and CC 22599 92 4 Renaissance Renaissance NNP 22599 92 5 writers writer NNS 22599 92 6 generally generally RB 22599 92 7 recognized recognize VBD 22599 92 8 them -PRON- PRP 22599 92 9 as as IN 22599 92 10 Indian indian JJ 22599 92 11 , , , 22599 92 12 and and CC 22599 92 13 many many JJ 22599 92 14 of of IN 22599 92 15 them -PRON- PRP 22599 92 16 expressly expressly RB 22599 92 17 stated state VBD 22599 92 18 that that IN 22599 92 19 they -PRON- PRP 22599 92 20 were be VBD 22599 92 21 of of IN 22599 92 22 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 92 23 origin origin NN 22599 92 24 . . . 22599 93 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 93 2 2 2 CD 22599 93 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 93 4 { { -LRB- 22599 93 5 3 3 CD 22599 93 6 } } -RRB- 22599 93 7 Others other NNS 22599 93 8 argued argue VBD 22599 93 9 that that IN 22599 93 10 they -PRON- PRP 22599 93 11 were be VBD 22599 93 12 probably probably RB 22599 93 13 invented invent VBN 22599 93 14 by by IN 22599 93 15 the the DT 22599 93 16 Chaldeans Chaldeans NNPS 22599 93 17 or or CC 22599 93 18 the the DT 22599 93 19 Jews Jews NNPS 22599 93 20 because because IN 22599 93 21 they -PRON- PRP 22599 93 22 increased increase VBD 22599 93 23 in in IN 22599 93 24 value value NN 22599 93 25 from from IN 22599 93 26 right right NN 22599 93 27 to to IN 22599 93 28 left left NN 22599 93 29 , , , 22599 93 30 an an DT 22599 93 31 argument argument NN 22599 93 32 that that WDT 22599 93 33 would would MD 22599 93 34 apply apply VB 22599 93 35 quite quite RB 22599 93 36 as as RB 22599 93 37 well well RB 22599 93 38 to to IN 22599 93 39 the the DT 22599 93 40 Roman roman JJ 22599 93 41 and and CC 22599 93 42 Greek Greek NNP 22599 93 43 systems system NNS 22599 93 44 , , , 22599 93 45 or or CC 22599 93 46 to to IN 22599 93 47 any any DT 22599 93 48 other other JJ 22599 93 49 . . . 22599 94 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 94 2 was be VBD 22599 94 3 , , , 22599 94 4 indeed indeed RB 22599 94 5 , , , 22599 94 6 to to IN 22599 94 7 the the DT 22599 94 8 general general JJ 22599 94 9 idea idea NN 22599 94 10 of of IN 22599 94 11 notation notation NN 22599 94 12 that that IN 22599 94 13 many many JJ 22599 94 14 of of IN 22599 94 15 these these DT 22599 94 16 writers writer NNS 22599 94 17 referred refer VBD 22599 94 18 , , , 22599 94 19 as as IN 22599 94 20 is be VBZ 22599 94 21 evident evident JJ 22599 94 22 from from IN 22599 94 23 the the DT 22599 94 24 words word NNS 22599 94 25 of of IN 22599 94 26 England England NNP 22599 94 27 's 's POS 22599 94 28 earliest early JJS 22599 94 29 arithmetical arithmetical JJ 22599 94 30 textbook textbook NN 22599 94 31 - - HYPH 22599 94 32 maker maker NN 22599 94 33 , , , 22599 94 34 Robert Robert NNP 22599 94 35 Recorde Recorde NNP 22599 94 36 ( ( -LRB- 22599 94 37 c. c. NNP 22599 94 38 1542 1542 CD 22599 94 39 ) ) -RRB- 22599 94 40 : : : 22599 94 41 " " `` 22599 94 42 In in IN 22599 94 43 that that DT 22599 94 44 thinge thinge NN 22599 94 45 all all DT 22599 94 46 men man NNS 22599 94 47 do do VBP 22599 94 48 agree agree VB 22599 94 49 , , , 22599 94 50 that that IN 22599 94 51 the the DT 22599 94 52 Chaldays Chaldays NNPS 22599 94 53 , , , 22599 94 54 whiche whiche NN 22599 94 55 fyrste fyrste NNP 22599 94 56 inuented inuente VBD 22599 94 57 thys thys IN 22599 94 58 arte arte NNP 22599 94 59 , , , 22599 94 60 did do VBD 22599 94 61 set set VB 22599 94 62 these these DT 22599 94 63 figures figure NNS 22599 94 64 as as IN 22599 94 65 thei thei NN 22599 94 66 set set VBD 22599 94 67 all all PDT 22599 94 68 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 94 69 letters letter NNS 22599 94 70 . . . 22599 95 1 for for IN 22599 95 2 they -PRON- PRP 22599 95 3 wryte wryte VBP 22599 95 4 backwarde backwarde NNP 22599 95 5 as as IN 22599 95 6 you -PRON- PRP 22599 95 7 tearme tearme VBP 22599 95 8 it -PRON- PRP 22599 95 9 , , , 22599 95 10 and and CC 22599 95 11 so so RB 22599 95 12 doo doo UH 22599 95 13 they -PRON- PRP 22599 95 14 reade reade VBP 22599 95 15 . . . 22599 96 1 And and CC 22599 96 2 that that DT 22599 96 3 may may MD 22599 96 4 appeare appeare VB 22599 96 5 in in IN 22599 96 6 all all DT 22599 96 7 Hebrewe Hebrewe NNP 22599 96 8 , , , 22599 96 9 Chaldaye Chaldaye NNP 22599 96 10 and and CC 22599 96 11 Arabike Arabike NNP 22599 96 12 bookes booke NNS 22599 96 13 ... ... NFP 22599 96 14 where where WRB 22599 96 15 as as IN 22599 96 16 the the DT 22599 96 17 Greekes Greekes NNPS 22599 96 18 , , , 22599 96 19 Latines Latines NNP 22599 96 20 , , , 22599 96 21 and and CC 22599 96 22 all all DT 22599 96 23 nations nation NNS 22599 96 24 of of IN 22599 96 25 Europe Europe NNP 22599 96 26 , , , 22599 96 27 do do VBP 22599 96 28 wryte wryte VB 22599 96 29 and and CC 22599 96 30 reade reade VB 22599 96 31 from from IN 22599 96 32 the the DT 22599 96 33 lefte lefte NNP 22599 96 34 hand hand NN 22599 96 35 towarde towarde NNP 22599 96 36 the the DT 22599 96 37 ryghte ryghte NN 22599 96 38 . . . 22599 97 1 " " `` 22599 97 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 97 3 3 3 LS 22599 97 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 97 5 Others other NNS 22599 97 6 , , , 22599 97 7 and and CC 22599 97 8 { { -LRB- 22599 97 9 4 4 CD 22599 97 10 } } -RRB- 22599 97 11 among among IN 22599 97 12 them -PRON- PRP 22599 97 13 such such JJ 22599 97 14 influential influential JJ 22599 97 15 writers writer NNS 22599 97 16 as as IN 22599 97 17 Tartaglia[4 tartaglia[4 NN 22599 97 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 97 19 in in IN 22599 97 20 Italy Italy NNP 22599 97 21 and and CC 22599 97 22 Köbel[5 Köbel[5 NNP 22599 97 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 97 24 in in IN 22599 97 25 Germany Germany NNP 22599 97 26 , , , 22599 97 27 asserted assert VBD 22599 97 28 the the DT 22599 97 29 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 97 30 origin origin NN 22599 97 31 of of IN 22599 97 32 the the DT 22599 97 33 numerals numeral NNS 22599 97 34 , , , 22599 97 35 while while IN 22599 97 36 still still RB 22599 97 37 others other NNS 22599 97 38 left leave VBD 22599 97 39 the the DT 22599 97 40 matter matter NN 22599 97 41 undecided[6 undecided[6 JJ 22599 97 42 ] ] -RRB- 22599 97 43 or or CC 22599 97 44 simply simply RB 22599 97 45 dismissed dismiss VBD 22599 97 46 them -PRON- PRP 22599 97 47 as as IN 22599 97 48 " " `` 22599 97 49 barbaric barbaric JJ 22599 97 50 . . . 22599 98 1 " " `` 22599 98 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 98 3 7 7 CD 22599 98 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 98 5 Of of RB 22599 98 6 course course RB 22599 98 7 the the DT 22599 98 8 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 98 9 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 98 10 never never RB 22599 98 11 laid lay VBD 22599 98 12 claim claim NN 22599 98 13 to to IN 22599 98 14 the the DT 22599 98 15 invention invention NN 22599 98 16 , , , 22599 98 17 always always RB 22599 98 18 recognizing recognize VBG 22599 98 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 98 20 indebtedness indebtedness NN 22599 98 21 to to IN 22599 98 22 the the DT 22599 98 23 Hindus Hindus NNP 22599 98 24 both both DT 22599 98 25 for for IN 22599 98 26 the the DT 22599 98 27 numeral numeral JJ 22599 98 28 forms form NNS 22599 98 29 and and CC 22599 98 30 for for IN 22599 98 31 the the DT 22599 98 32 distinguishing distinguish VBG 22599 98 33 feature feature NN 22599 98 34 of of IN 22599 98 35 place place NN 22599 98 36 value value NN 22599 98 37 . . . 22599 99 1 Foremost foremost RB 22599 99 2 among among IN 22599 99 3 these these DT 22599 99 4 writers writer NNS 22599 99 5 was be VBD 22599 99 6 the the DT 22599 99 7 great great JJ 22599 99 8 master master NN 22599 99 9 of of IN 22599 99 10 the the DT 22599 99 11 golden golden JJ 22599 99 12 age age NN 22599 99 13 of of IN 22599 99 14 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 99 15 , , , 22599 99 16 one one CD 22599 99 17 of of IN 22599 99 18 the the DT 22599 99 19 first first JJ 22599 99 20 of of IN 22599 99 21 the the DT 22599 99 22 Arab arab JJ 22599 99 23 writers writer NNS 22599 99 24 to to TO 22599 99 25 collect collect VB 22599 99 26 the the DT 22599 99 27 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 99 28 classics classic NNS 22599 99 29 of of IN 22599 99 30 both both CC 22599 99 31 the the DT 22599 99 32 East East NNP 22599 99 33 and and CC 22599 99 34 the the DT 22599 99 35 West West NNP 22599 99 36 , , , 22599 99 37 preserving preserve VBG 22599 99 38 them -PRON- PRP 22599 99 39 and and CC 22599 99 40 finally finally RB 22599 99 41 passing pass VBG 22599 99 42 them -PRON- PRP 22599 99 43 on on RP 22599 99 44 to to IN 22599 99 45 awakening awaken VBG 22599 99 46 Europe Europe NNP 22599 99 47 . . . 22599 100 1 This this DT 22599 100 2 man man NN 22599 100 3 was be VBD 22599 100 4 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]amme VBN 22599 100 5 the the DT 22599 100 6 Son Son NNP 22599 100 7 of of IN 22599 100 8 Moses Moses NNP 22599 100 9 , , , 22599 100 10 from from IN 22599 100 11 Khow[=a]rezm khow[=a]rezm CD 22599 100 12 , , , 22599 100 13 or or CC 22599 100 14 , , , 22599 100 15 more more JJR 22599 100 16 after after IN 22599 100 17 the the DT 22599 100 18 manner manner NN 22599 100 19 of of IN 22599 100 20 the the DT 22599 100 21 Arab Arab NNP 22599 100 22 , , , 22599 100 23 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]ammed JJ 22599 100 24 ibn ibn NNP 22599 100 25 M[=u]s[=a M[=u]s[=a NNP 22599 100 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 100 27 al al NNP 22599 100 28 - - HYPH 22599 100 29 Khow[=a]razm[=i],[8 Khow[=a]razm[=i],[8 NNP 22599 100 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 100 31 a a DT 22599 100 32 man man NN 22599 100 33 of of IN 22599 100 34 great great JJ 22599 100 35 { { -LRB- 22599 100 36 5 5 CD 22599 100 37 } } -RRB- 22599 100 38 learning learning NN 22599 100 39 and and CC 22599 100 40 one one CD 22599 100 41 to to TO 22599 100 42 whom whom WP 22599 100 43 the the DT 22599 100 44 world world NN 22599 100 45 is be VBZ 22599 100 46 much much RB 22599 100 47 indebted indebted JJ 22599 100 48 for for IN 22599 100 49 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 100 50 present present JJ 22599 100 51 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 100 52 of of IN 22599 100 53 algebra[9 algebra[9 NNP 22599 100 54 ] ] -RRB- 22599 100 55 and and CC 22599 100 56 of of IN 22599 100 57 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 100 58 . . . 22599 101 1 Of of IN 22599 101 2 him -PRON- PRP 22599 101 3 there there EX 22599 101 4 will will MD 22599 101 5 often often RB 22599 101 6 be be VB 22599 101 7 occasion occasion NN 22599 101 8 to to TO 22599 101 9 speak speak VB 22599 101 10 ; ; : 22599 101 11 and and CC 22599 101 12 in in IN 22599 101 13 the the DT 22599 101 14 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 101 15 which which WDT 22599 101 16 he -PRON- PRP 22599 101 17 wrote write VBD 22599 101 18 , , , 22599 101 19 and and CC 22599 101 20 of of IN 22599 101 21 which which WDT 22599 101 22 Adelhard Adelhard NNP 22599 101 23 of of IN 22599 101 24 Bath[10 Bath[10 NNP 22599 101 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 101 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 101 27 c. c. NNP 22599 101 28 1130 1130 CD 22599 101 29 ) ) -RRB- 22599 101 30 may may MD 22599 101 31 have have VB 22599 101 32 made make VBN 22599 101 33 the the DT 22599 101 34 translation translation NN 22599 101 35 or or CC 22599 101 36 paraphrase,[11 paraphrase,[11 LS 22599 101 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 101 38 he -PRON- PRP 22599 101 39 stated state VBD 22599 101 40 distinctly distinctly RB 22599 101 41 that that IN 22599 101 42 the the DT 22599 101 43 numerals numeral NNS 22599 101 44 were be VBD 22599 101 45 due due JJ 22599 101 46 to to IN 22599 101 47 the the DT 22599 101 48 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 101 49 . . . 22599 102 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 102 2 12 12 CD 22599 102 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 102 4 This this DT 22599 102 5 is be VBZ 22599 102 6 as as RB 22599 102 7 plainly plainly RB 22599 102 8 asserted assert VBN 22599 102 9 by by IN 22599 102 10 later later JJ 22599 102 11 Arab arab JJ 22599 102 12 { { -LRB- 22599 102 13 6 6 CD 22599 102 14 } } -RRB- 22599 102 15 writers writer NNS 22599 102 16 , , , 22599 102 17 even even RB 22599 102 18 to to IN 22599 102 19 the the DT 22599 102 20 present present JJ 22599 102 21 day day NN 22599 102 22 . . . 22599 103 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 103 2 13 13 CD 22599 103 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 103 4 Indeed indeed RB 22599 103 5 the the DT 22599 103 6 phrase phrase NN 22599 103 7 _ _ NNP 22599 103 8 ` ` '' 22599 103 9 ilm ilm NNP 22599 103 10 hind[=i hind[=i NNP 22599 103 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 103 12 _ _ NNP 22599 103 13 , , , 22599 103 14 " " `` 22599 103 15 Indian indian JJ 22599 103 16 science science NN 22599 103 17 , , , 22599 103 18 " " '' 22599 103 19 is be VBZ 22599 103 20 used use VBN 22599 103 21 by by IN 22599 103 22 them -PRON- PRP 22599 103 23 for for IN 22599 103 24 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 103 25 , , , 22599 103 26 as as RB 22599 103 27 also also RB 22599 103 28 the the DT 22599 103 29 adjective adjective NN 22599 103 30 _ _ NNP 22599 103 31 hind[=i hind[=i NNP 22599 103 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 103 33 _ _ NNP 22599 103 34 alone alone RB 22599 103 35 . . . 22599 104 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 104 2 14 14 CD 22599 104 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 104 4 Probably probably RB 22599 104 5 the the DT 22599 104 6 most most RBS 22599 104 7 striking striking JJ 22599 104 8 testimony testimony NN 22599 104 9 from from IN 22599 104 10 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 104 11 sources source NNS 22599 104 12 is be VBZ 22599 104 13 that that IN 22599 104 14 given give VBN 22599 104 15 by by IN 22599 104 16 the the DT 22599 104 17 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 104 18 traveler traveler NN 22599 104 19 and and CC 22599 104 20 scholar scholar NN 22599 104 21 Mohammed Mohammed NNP 22599 104 22 ibn ibn NNP 22599 104 23 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 104 24 , , , 22599 104 25 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 104 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 104 27 ' ' `` 22599 104 28 l l NNP 22599 104 29 - - HYPH 22599 104 30 R[=i][h.][=a]n R[=i][h.][=a]n NNP 22599 104 31 al al NNP 22599 104 32 - - HYPH 22599 104 33 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 104 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 104 35 ( ( -LRB- 22599 104 36 973 973 CD 22599 104 37 - - SYM 22599 104 38 1048 1048 CD 22599 104 39 ) ) -RRB- 22599 104 40 , , , 22599 104 41 who who WP 22599 104 42 spent spend VBD 22599 104 43 many many JJ 22599 104 44 years year NNS 22599 104 45 in in IN 22599 104 46 Hindustan Hindustan NNP 22599 104 47 . . . 22599 105 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 105 2 wrote write VBD 22599 105 3 a a DT 22599 105 4 large large JJ 22599 105 5 work work NN 22599 105 6 on on IN 22599 105 7 India,[15 India,[15 NNP 22599 105 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 105 9 one one CD 22599 105 10 on on IN 22599 105 11 ancient ancient JJ 22599 105 12 chronology,[16 chronology,[16 NNP 22599 105 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 105 14 the the DT 22599 105 15 " " `` 22599 105 16 Book Book NNP 22599 105 17 of of IN 22599 105 18 the the DT 22599 105 19 Ciphers Ciphers NNPS 22599 105 20 , , , 22599 105 21 " " '' 22599 105 22 unfortunately unfortunately RB 22599 105 23 lost lose VBN 22599 105 24 , , , 22599 105 25 which which WDT 22599 105 26 treated treat VBD 22599 105 27 doubtless doubtless RB 22599 105 28 of of IN 22599 105 29 the the DT 22599 105 30 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 105 31 art art NN 22599 105 32 of of IN 22599 105 33 calculating calculating NN 22599 105 34 , , , 22599 105 35 and and CC 22599 105 36 was be VBD 22599 105 37 the the DT 22599 105 38 author author NN 22599 105 39 of of IN 22599 105 40 numerous numerous JJ 22599 105 41 other other JJ 22599 105 42 works work NNS 22599 105 43 . . . 22599 106 1 Al Al NNP 22599 106 2 - - HYPH 22599 106 3 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 106 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 106 5 was be VBD 22599 106 6 a a DT 22599 106 7 man man NN 22599 106 8 of of IN 22599 106 9 unusual unusual JJ 22599 106 10 attainments attainment NNS 22599 106 11 , , , 22599 106 12 being be VBG 22599 106 13 versed verse VBN 22599 106 14 in in IN 22599 106 15 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 106 16 , , , 22599 106 17 Persian Persian NNP 22599 106 18 , , , 22599 106 19 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 106 20 , , , 22599 106 21 Hebrew Hebrew NNP 22599 106 22 , , , 22599 106 23 and and CC 22599 106 24 Syriac Syriac NNP 22599 106 25 , , , 22599 106 26 as as RB 22599 106 27 well well RB 22599 106 28 as as IN 22599 106 29 in in IN 22599 106 30 astronomy astronomy NN 22599 106 31 , , , 22599 106 32 chronology chronology NN 22599 106 33 , , , 22599 106 34 and and CC 22599 106 35 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 106 36 . . . 22599 107 1 In in IN 22599 107 2 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 107 3 work work NN 22599 107 4 on on IN 22599 107 5 India India NNP 22599 107 6 he -PRON- PRP 22599 107 7 gives give VBZ 22599 107 8 detailed detailed JJ 22599 107 9 information information NN 22599 107 10 concerning concern VBG 22599 107 11 the the DT 22599 107 12 language language NN 22599 107 13 and and CC 22599 107 14 { { -LRB- 22599 107 15 7 7 CD 22599 107 16 } } -RRB- 22599 107 17 customs custom NNS 22599 107 18 of of IN 22599 107 19 the the DT 22599 107 20 people people NNS 22599 107 21 of of IN 22599 107 22 that that DT 22599 107 23 country country NN 22599 107 24 , , , 22599 107 25 and and CC 22599 107 26 states state VBZ 22599 107 27 explicitly[17 explicitly[17 LS 22599 107 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 107 29 that that IN 22599 107 30 the the DT 22599 107 31 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 107 32 of of IN 22599 107 33 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 107 34 time time NN 22599 107 35 did do VBD 22599 107 36 not not RB 22599 107 37 use use VB 22599 107 38 the the DT 22599 107 39 letters letter NNS 22599 107 40 of of IN 22599 107 41 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 107 42 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 107 43 for for IN 22599 107 44 numerical numerical JJ 22599 107 45 notation notation NN 22599 107 46 , , , 22599 107 47 as as IN 22599 107 48 the the DT 22599 107 49 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 107 50 did do VBD 22599 107 51 . . . 22599 108 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 108 2 also also RB 22599 108 3 states state VBZ 22599 108 4 that that IN 22599 108 5 the the DT 22599 108 6 numeral numeral JJ 22599 108 7 signs sign NNS 22599 108 8 called call VBD 22599 108 9 _ _ NNP 22599 108 10 a[.n]ka_[18 a[.n]ka_[18 NNP 22599 108 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 108 12 had have VBD 22599 108 13 different different JJ 22599 108 14 shapes shape NNS 22599 108 15 in in IN 22599 108 16 various various JJ 22599 108 17 parts part NNS 22599 108 18 of of IN 22599 108 19 India India NNP 22599 108 20 , , , 22599 108 21 as as IN 22599 108 22 was be VBD 22599 108 23 the the DT 22599 108 24 case case NN 22599 108 25 with with IN 22599 108 26 the the DT 22599 108 27 letters letter NNS 22599 108 28 . . . 22599 109 1 In in IN 22599 109 2 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 109 3 _ _ NNP 22599 109 4 Chronology Chronology NNP 22599 109 5 of of IN 22599 109 6 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 109 7 Nations Nations NNPS 22599 109 8 _ _ NNP 22599 109 9 he -PRON- PRP 22599 109 10 gives give VBZ 22599 109 11 the the DT 22599 109 12 sum sum NN 22599 109 13 of of IN 22599 109 14 a a DT 22599 109 15 geometric geometric JJ 22599 109 16 progression progression NN 22599 109 17 and and CC 22599 109 18 shows show VBZ 22599 109 19 how how WRB 22599 109 20 , , , 22599 109 21 in in IN 22599 109 22 order order NN 22599 109 23 to to TO 22599 109 24 avoid avoid VB 22599 109 25 any any DT 22599 109 26 possibility possibility NN 22599 109 27 of of IN 22599 109 28 error error NN 22599 109 29 , , , 22599 109 30 the the DT 22599 109 31 number number NN 22599 109 32 may may MD 22599 109 33 be be VB 22599 109 34 expressed express VBN 22599 109 35 in in IN 22599 109 36 three three CD 22599 109 37 different different JJ 22599 109 38 systems system NNS 22599 109 39 : : : 22599 109 40 with with IN 22599 109 41 Indian indian JJ 22599 109 42 symbols symbol NNS 22599 109 43 , , , 22599 109 44 in in IN 22599 109 45 sexagesimal sexagesimal JJ 22599 109 46 notation notation NN 22599 109 47 , , , 22599 109 48 and and CC 22599 109 49 by by IN 22599 109 50 an an DT 22599 109 51 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 109 52 system system NN 22599 109 53 which which WDT 22599 109 54 will will MD 22599 109 55 be be VB 22599 109 56 touched touch VBN 22599 109 57 upon upon IN 22599 109 58 later later RB 22599 109 59 . . . 22599 110 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 110 2 also also RB 22599 110 3 speaks[19 speaks[19 VBP 22599 110 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 110 5 of of IN 22599 110 6 " " `` 22599 110 7 179 179 CD 22599 110 8 , , , 22599 110 9 876 876 CD 22599 110 10 , , , 22599 110 11 755 755 CD 22599 110 12 , , , 22599 110 13 expressed express VBN 22599 110 14 in in IN 22599 110 15 Indian indian JJ 22599 110 16 ciphers cipher NNS 22599 110 17 , , , 22599 110 18 " " '' 22599 110 19 thus thus RB 22599 110 20 again again RB 22599 110 21 attributing attribute VBG 22599 110 22 these these DT 22599 110 23 forms form NNS 22599 110 24 to to IN 22599 110 25 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 110 26 sources source NNS 22599 110 27 . . . 22599 111 1 Preceding precede VBG 22599 111 2 Al Al NNP 22599 111 3 - - HYPH 22599 111 4 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 111 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 111 6 there there EX 22599 111 7 was be VBD 22599 111 8 another another DT 22599 111 9 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 111 10 writer writer NN 22599 111 11 of of IN 22599 111 12 the the DT 22599 111 13 tenth tenth JJ 22599 111 14 century century NN 22599 111 15 , , , 22599 111 16 Mo[t.]ahhar Mo[t.]ahhar NNP 22599 111 17 ibn ibn NNP 22599 111 18 [ [ -LRB- 22599 111 19 T.][=a]hir,[20 t.][=a]hir,[20 NN 22599 111 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 111 21 author author NN 22599 111 22 of of IN 22599 111 23 the the DT 22599 111 24 _ _ NNP 22599 111 25 Book Book NNP 22599 111 26 of of IN 22599 111 27 the the DT 22599 111 28 Creation Creation NNP 22599 111 29 and and CC 22599 111 30 of of IN 22599 111 31 History History NNP 22599 111 32 _ _ NNP 22599 111 33 , , , 22599 111 34 who who WP 22599 111 35 gave give VBD 22599 111 36 as as IN 22599 111 37 a a DT 22599 111 38 curiosity curiosity NN 22599 111 39 , , , 22599 111 40 in in IN 22599 111 41 Indian Indian NNP 22599 111 42 ( ( -LRB- 22599 111 43 N[=a]gar[=i n[=a]gar[=i FW 22599 111 44 ] ] -RRB- 22599 111 45 ) ) -RRB- 22599 111 46 symbols symbol NNS 22599 111 47 , , , 22599 111 48 a a DT 22599 111 49 large large JJ 22599 111 50 number number NN 22599 111 51 asserted assert VBN 22599 111 52 by by IN 22599 111 53 the the DT 22599 111 54 people people NNS 22599 111 55 of of IN 22599 111 56 India India NNP 22599 111 57 to to TO 22599 111 58 represent represent VB 22599 111 59 the the DT 22599 111 60 duration duration NN 22599 111 61 of of IN 22599 111 62 the the DT 22599 111 63 world world NN 22599 111 64 . . . 22599 112 1 Huart Huart NNP 22599 112 2 feels feel VBZ 22599 112 3 positive positive JJ 22599 112 4 that that IN 22599 112 5 in in IN 22599 112 6 Mo[t.]ahhar Mo[t.]ahhar NNP 22599 112 7 's 's POS 22599 112 8 time time NN 22599 112 9 the the DT 22599 112 10 present present JJ 22599 112 11 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 112 12 symbols symbol NNS 22599 112 13 had have VBD 22599 112 14 not not RB 22599 112 15 yet yet RB 22599 112 16 come come VBN 22599 112 17 into into IN 22599 112 18 use use NN 22599 112 19 , , , 22599 112 20 and and CC 22599 112 21 that that IN 22599 112 22 the the DT 22599 112 23 Indian indian JJ 22599 112 24 symbols symbol NNS 22599 112 25 , , , 22599 112 26 although although IN 22599 112 27 known know VBN 22599 112 28 to to IN 22599 112 29 scholars scholar NNS 22599 112 30 , , , 22599 112 31 were be VBD 22599 112 32 not not RB 22599 112 33 current current JJ 22599 112 34 . . . 22599 113 1 Unless unless IN 22599 113 2 this this DT 22599 113 3 were be VBD 22599 113 4 the the DT 22599 113 5 case case NN 22599 113 6 , , , 22599 113 7 neither neither CC 22599 113 8 the the DT 22599 113 9 author author NN 22599 113 10 nor nor CC 22599 113 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 113 12 readers reader NNS 22599 113 13 would would MD 22599 113 14 have have VB 22599 113 15 found find VBN 22599 113 16 anything anything NN 22599 113 17 extraordinary extraordinary JJ 22599 113 18 in in IN 22599 113 19 the the DT 22599 113 20 appearance appearance NN 22599 113 21 of of IN 22599 113 22 the the DT 22599 113 23 number number NN 22599 113 24 which which WDT 22599 113 25 he -PRON- PRP 22599 113 26 cites cite VBZ 22599 113 27 . . . 22599 114 1 Mention mention NN 22599 114 2 should should MD 22599 114 3 also also RB 22599 114 4 be be VB 22599 114 5 made make VBN 22599 114 6 of of IN 22599 114 7 a a DT 22599 114 8 widely widely RB 22599 114 9 - - HYPH 22599 114 10 traveled travel VBN 22599 114 11 student student NN 22599 114 12 , , , 22599 114 13 Al Al NNP 22599 114 14 - - HYPH 22599 114 15 Mas`[=u]d[=i Mas`[=u]d[=i NNP 22599 114 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 114 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 114 18 885?-956 885?-956 CD 22599 114 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 114 20 , , , 22599 114 21 whose whose WP$ 22599 114 22 journeys journey NNS 22599 114 23 carried carry VBD 22599 114 24 him -PRON- PRP 22599 114 25 from from IN 22599 114 26 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 114 27 to to IN 22599 114 28 Persia Persia NNP 22599 114 29 , , , 22599 114 30 India India NNP 22599 114 31 , , , 22599 114 32 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 114 33 , , , 22599 114 34 and and CC 22599 114 35 even even RB 22599 114 36 { { -LRB- 22599 114 37 8 8 CD 22599 114 38 } } -RRB- 22599 114 39 across across IN 22599 114 40 the the DT 22599 114 41 China China NNP 22599 114 42 sea sea NN 22599 114 43 , , , 22599 114 44 and and CC 22599 114 45 at at IN 22599 114 46 other other JJ 22599 114 47 times time NNS 22599 114 48 to to IN 22599 114 49 Madagascar Madagascar NNP 22599 114 50 , , , 22599 114 51 Syria Syria NNP 22599 114 52 , , , 22599 114 53 and and CC 22599 114 54 Palestine Palestine NNP 22599 114 55 . . . 22599 115 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 115 2 21 21 CD 22599 115 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 115 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 115 5 seems seem VBZ 22599 115 6 to to TO 22599 115 7 have have VB 22599 115 8 neglected neglect VBN 22599 115 9 no no DT 22599 115 10 accessible accessible JJ 22599 115 11 sources source NNS 22599 115 12 of of IN 22599 115 13 information information NN 22599 115 14 , , , 22599 115 15 examining examine VBG 22599 115 16 also also RB 22599 115 17 the the DT 22599 115 18 history history NN 22599 115 19 of of IN 22599 115 20 the the DT 22599 115 21 Persians Persians NNPS 22599 115 22 , , , 22599 115 23 the the DT 22599 115 24 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 115 25 , , , 22599 115 26 and and CC 22599 115 27 the the DT 22599 115 28 Romans Romans NNPS 22599 115 29 . . . 22599 116 1 Touching touch VBG 22599 116 2 the the DT 22599 116 3 period period NN 22599 116 4 of of IN 22599 116 5 the the DT 22599 116 6 Caliphs Caliphs NNP 22599 116 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 116 8 work work NN 22599 116 9 entitled entitle VBN 22599 116 10 _ _ NNP 22599 116 11 Meadows Meadows NNPS 22599 116 12 of of IN 22599 116 13 Gold Gold NNP 22599 116 14 _ _ NNP 22599 116 15 furnishes furnish VBZ 22599 116 16 a a DT 22599 116 17 most most RBS 22599 116 18 entertaining entertaining JJ 22599 116 19 fund fund NN 22599 116 20 of of IN 22599 116 21 information information NN 22599 116 22 . . . 22599 117 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 117 2 states[22 states[22 VBD 22599 117 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 117 4 that that IN 22599 117 5 the the DT 22599 117 6 wise wise JJ 22599 117 7 men man NNS 22599 117 8 of of IN 22599 117 9 India India NNP 22599 117 10 , , , 22599 117 11 assembled assemble VBN 22599 117 12 by by IN 22599 117 13 the the DT 22599 117 14 king king NN 22599 117 15 , , , 22599 117 16 composed compose VBD 22599 117 17 the the DT 22599 117 18 _ _ NNP 22599 117 19 Sindhind Sindhind NNP 22599 117 20 _ _ NNP 22599 117 21 . . . 22599 118 1 Further further JJ 22599 118 2 on[23 on[23 NNP 22599 118 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 118 4 he -PRON- PRP 22599 118 5 states state VBZ 22599 118 6 , , , 22599 118 7 upon upon IN 22599 118 8 the the DT 22599 118 9 authority authority NN 22599 118 10 of of IN 22599 118 11 the the DT 22599 118 12 historian historian NNP 22599 118 13 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]amme VBN 22599 118 14 ibn ibn NNP 22599 118 15 ` ` '' 22599 118 16 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 118 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 118 18 ` ` '' 22599 118 19 Abd[=i abd[=i NN 22599 118 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 118 21 , , , 22599 118 22 that that IN 22599 118 23 by by IN 22599 118 24 order order NN 22599 118 25 of of IN 22599 118 26 Al Al NNP 22599 118 27 - - HYPH 22599 118 28 Man[s.][=u]r man[s.][=u]r JJ 22599 118 29 many many JJ 22599 118 30 works work NNS 22599 118 31 of of IN 22599 118 32 science science NN 22599 118 33 and and CC 22599 118 34 astrology astrology NN 22599 118 35 were be VBD 22599 118 36 translated translate VBN 22599 118 37 into into IN 22599 118 38 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 118 39 , , , 22599 118 40 notably notably RB 22599 118 41 the the DT 22599 118 42 _ _ NNP 22599 118 43 Sindhind Sindhind NNP 22599 118 44 _ _ NNP 22599 118 45 ( ( -LRB- 22599 118 46 _ _ NNP 22599 118 47 Siddh[=a]nta Siddh[=a]nta NNP 22599 118 48 _ _ NNP 22599 118 49 ) ) -RRB- 22599 118 50 . . . 22599 119 1 Concerning concern VBG 22599 119 2 the the DT 22599 119 3 meaning meaning NN 22599 119 4 and and CC 22599 119 5 spelling spelling NN 22599 119 6 of of IN 22599 119 7 this this DT 22599 119 8 name name NN 22599 119 9 there there EX 22599 119 10 is be VBZ 22599 119 11 considerable considerable JJ 22599 119 12 diversity diversity NN 22599 119 13 of of IN 22599 119 14 opinion opinion NN 22599 119 15 . . . 22599 120 1 Colebrooke[24 Colebrooke[24 NFP 22599 120 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 120 3 first first RB 22599 120 4 pointed point VBD 22599 120 5 out out RP 22599 120 6 the the DT 22599 120 7 connection connection NN 22599 120 8 between between IN 22599 120 9 _ _ NNP 22599 120 10 Siddh[=a]nta Siddh[=a]nta NNP 22599 120 11 _ _ NNP 22599 120 12 and and CC 22599 120 13 _ _ NNP 22599 120 14 Sindhind Sindhind NNP 22599 120 15 _ _ NNP 22599 120 16 . . . 22599 121 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 121 2 ascribes ascribe VBZ 22599 121 3 to to IN 22599 121 4 the the DT 22599 121 5 word word NN 22599 121 6 the the DT 22599 121 7 meaning meaning NN 22599 121 8 " " `` 22599 121 9 the the DT 22599 121 10 revolving revolve VBG 22599 121 11 ages age NNS 22599 121 12 . . . 22599 122 1 " " `` 22599 122 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 122 3 25 25 CD 22599 122 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 122 5 Similar similar JJ 22599 122 6 designations designation NNS 22599 122 7 are be VBP 22599 122 8 collected collect VBN 22599 122 9 by by IN 22599 122 10 Sédillot,[26 Sédillot,[26 NNP 22599 122 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 122 12 who who WP 22599 122 13 inclined incline VBD 22599 122 14 to to IN 22599 122 15 the the DT 22599 122 16 Greek greek JJ 22599 122 17 origin origin NN 22599 122 18 of of IN 22599 122 19 the the DT 22599 122 20 sciences science NNS 22599 122 21 commonly commonly RB 22599 122 22 attributed attribute VBN 22599 122 23 to to IN 22599 122 24 the the DT 22599 122 25 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 122 26 . . . 22599 123 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 123 2 27 27 CD 22599 123 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 123 4 Casiri,[28 Casiri,[28 NNP 22599 123 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 123 6 citing cite VBG 22599 123 7 the the DT 22599 123 8 _ _ NNP 22599 123 9 T[=a]r[=i]kh T[=a]r[=i]kh NNP 22599 123 10 al-[h.]okam[=a al-[h.]okam[=a NNP 22599 123 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 123 12 _ _ NNP 22599 123 13 or or CC 22599 123 14 _ _ NNP 22599 123 15 Chronicles Chronicles NNPS 22599 123 16 of of IN 22599 123 17 the the DT 22599 123 18 Learned_,[29 Learned_,[29 NNP 22599 123 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 123 20 refers refer VBZ 22599 123 21 to to IN 22599 123 22 the the DT 22599 123 23 work work NN 22599 123 24 { { -LRB- 22599 123 25 9 9 CD 22599 123 26 } } -RRB- 22599 123 27 as as IN 22599 123 28 the the DT 22599 123 29 _ _ NNP 22599 123 30 Sindum Sindum NNP 22599 123 31 - - HYPH 22599 123 32 Indum Indum NNP 22599 123 33 _ _ NNP 22599 123 34 with with IN 22599 123 35 the the DT 22599 123 36 meaning meaning NN 22599 123 37 " " `` 22599 123 38 perpetuum perpetuum NN 22599 123 39 æternumque æternumque NN 22599 123 40 . . . 22599 123 41 " " '' 22599 124 1 The the DT 22599 124 2 reference[30 reference[30 NNP 22599 124 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 124 4 in in IN 22599 124 5 this this DT 22599 124 6 ancient ancient JJ 22599 124 7 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 124 8 work work NN 22599 124 9 to to IN 22599 124 10 Al Al NNP 22599 124 11 - - HYPH 22599 124 12 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 124 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 124 14 is be VBZ 22599 124 15 worthy worthy JJ 22599 124 16 of of IN 22599 124 17 note note NN 22599 124 18 . . . 22599 125 1 This this DT 22599 125 2 _ _ NNP 22599 125 3 Sindhind Sindhind NNP 22599 125 4 _ _ NNP 22599 125 5 is be VBZ 22599 125 6 the the DT 22599 125 7 book book NN 22599 125 8 , , , 22599 125 9 says say VBZ 22599 125 10 Mas`[=u]d[=i],[31 Mas`[=u]d[=i],[31 NNP 22599 125 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 125 12 which which WDT 22599 125 13 gives give VBZ 22599 125 14 all all DT 22599 125 15 that that WDT 22599 125 16 the the DT 22599 125 17 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 125 18 know know VBP 22599 125 19 of of IN 22599 125 20 the the DT 22599 125 21 spheres sphere NNS 22599 125 22 , , , 22599 125 23 the the DT 22599 125 24 stars star NNS 22599 125 25 , , , 22599 125 26 arithmetic,[32 arithmetic,[32 CD 22599 125 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 125 28 and and CC 22599 125 29 the the DT 22599 125 30 other other JJ 22599 125 31 branches branch NNS 22599 125 32 of of IN 22599 125 33 science science NN 22599 125 34 . . . 22599 126 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 126 2 mentions mention VBZ 22599 126 3 also also RB 22599 126 4 Al Al NNP 22599 126 5 - - HYPH 22599 126 6 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 126 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 126 8 and and CC 22599 126 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 126 10 H.]abash[33 H.]abash[33 NNP 22599 126 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 126 12 as as IN 22599 126 13 translators translator NNS 22599 126 14 of of IN 22599 126 15 the the DT 22599 126 16 tables table NNS 22599 126 17 of of IN 22599 126 18 the the DT 22599 126 19 _ _ NNP 22599 126 20 Sindhind Sindhind NNP 22599 126 21 _ _ NNP 22599 126 22 . . . 22599 127 1 Al Al NNP 22599 127 2 - - HYPH 22599 127 3 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i][34 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i][34 NNP 22599 127 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 127 5 refers refer VBZ 22599 127 6 to to IN 22599 127 7 two two CD 22599 127 8 other other JJ 22599 127 9 translations translation NNS 22599 127 10 from from IN 22599 127 11 a a DT 22599 127 12 work work NN 22599 127 13 furnished furnish VBN 22599 127 14 by by IN 22599 127 15 a a DT 22599 127 16 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 127 17 who who WP 22599 127 18 came come VBD 22599 127 19 to to IN 22599 127 20 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 127 21 as as IN 22599 127 22 a a DT 22599 127 23 member member NN 22599 127 24 of of IN 22599 127 25 the the DT 22599 127 26 political political JJ 22599 127 27 mission mission NN 22599 127 28 which which WDT 22599 127 29 Sindh Sindh NNP 22599 127 30 sent send VBD 22599 127 31 to to IN 22599 127 32 the the DT 22599 127 33 caliph caliph NNS 22599 127 34 Al Al NNP 22599 127 35 - - HYPH 22599 127 36 Man[s.][=u]r Man[s.][=u]r NNP 22599 127 37 , , , 22599 127 38 in in IN 22599 127 39 the the DT 22599 127 40 year year NN 22599 127 41 of of IN 22599 127 42 the the DT 22599 127 43 Hejira Hejira NNP 22599 127 44 154 154 CD 22599 127 45 ( ( -LRB- 22599 127 46 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 127 47 771 771 CD 22599 127 48 ) ) -RRB- 22599 127 49 . . . 22599 128 1 The the DT 22599 128 2 oldest old JJS 22599 128 3 work work NN 22599 128 4 , , , 22599 128 5 in in IN 22599 128 6 any any DT 22599 128 7 sense sense NN 22599 128 8 complete complete JJ 22599 128 9 , , , 22599 128 10 on on IN 22599 128 11 the the DT 22599 128 12 history history NN 22599 128 13 of of IN 22599 128 14 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 128 15 literature literature NN 22599 128 16 and and CC 22599 128 17 history history NN 22599 128 18 is be VBZ 22599 128 19 the the DT 22599 128 20 _ _ NNP 22599 128 21 Kit[=a]b Kit[=a]b NNP 22599 128 22 al al NNP 22599 128 23 - - HYPH 22599 128 24 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 128 25 _ _ NNP 22599 128 26 , , , 22599 128 27 written write VBN 22599 128 28 in in IN 22599 128 29 the the DT 22599 128 30 year year NN 22599 128 31 987 987 CD 22599 128 32 A.D. a.d. NN 22599 128 33 , , , 22599 128 34 by by IN 22599 128 35 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 128 36 Ab[=i Ab[=i NNP 22599 128 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 128 38 Ya`q[=u]b Ya`q[=u]b NNP 22599 128 39 al al NNP 22599 128 40 - - HYPH 22599 128 41 Nad[=i]m Nad[=i]m NNP 22599 128 42 . . . 22599 128 43 It -PRON- PRP 22599 128 44 is be VBZ 22599 128 45 of of IN 22599 128 46 fundamental fundamental JJ 22599 128 47 importance importance NN 22599 128 48 for for IN 22599 128 49 the the DT 22599 128 50 history history NN 22599 128 51 of of IN 22599 128 52 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 128 53 culture culture NN 22599 128 54 . . . 22599 129 1 Of of IN 22599 129 2 the the DT 22599 129 3 ten ten CD 22599 129 4 chief chief JJ 22599 129 5 divisions division NNS 22599 129 6 of of IN 22599 129 7 the the DT 22599 129 8 work work NN 22599 129 9 , , , 22599 129 10 the the DT 22599 129 11 seventh seventh JJ 22599 129 12 demands demand NNS 22599 129 13 attention attention NN 22599 129 14 in in IN 22599 129 15 this this DT 22599 129 16 discussion discussion NN 22599 129 17 for for IN 22599 129 18 the the DT 22599 129 19 reason reason NN 22599 129 20 that that IN 22599 129 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 129 22 second second JJ 22599 129 23 subdivision subdivision NN 22599 129 24 treats treat NNS 22599 129 25 of of IN 22599 129 26 mathematicians mathematician NNS 22599 129 27 and and CC 22599 129 28 astronomers astronomer NNS 22599 129 29 . . . 22599 130 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 130 2 35 35 CD 22599 130 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 130 4 { { -LRB- 22599 130 5 10 10 CD 22599 130 6 } } -RRB- 22599 130 7 The the DT 22599 130 8 first first JJ 22599 130 9 of of IN 22599 130 10 the the DT 22599 130 11 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 130 12 writers writer NNS 22599 130 13 mentioned mention VBN 22599 130 14 is be VBZ 22599 130 15 Al Al NNP 22599 130 16 - - HYPH 22599 130 17 Kind[=i Kind[=i NNP 22599 130 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 130 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 130 20 800 800 CD 22599 130 21 - - SYM 22599 130 22 870 870 CD 22599 130 23 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 130 24 ) ) -RRB- 22599 130 25 , , , 22599 130 26 who who WP 22599 130 27 wrote write VBD 22599 130 28 five five CD 22599 130 29 books book NNS 22599 130 30 on on IN 22599 130 31 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 130 32 and and CC 22599 130 33 four four CD 22599 130 34 books book NNS 22599 130 35 on on IN 22599 130 36 the the DT 22599 130 37 use use NN 22599 130 38 of of IN 22599 130 39 the the DT 22599 130 40 Indian indian JJ 22599 130 41 method method NN 22599 130 42 of of IN 22599 130 43 reckoning reckon VBG 22599 130 44 . . . 22599 131 1 Sened sene VBN 22599 131 2 ibn ibn NNP 22599 131 3 ` ` '' 22599 131 4 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 131 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 131 6 , , , 22599 131 7 the the DT 22599 131 8 Jew Jew NNP 22599 131 9 , , , 22599 131 10 who who WP 22599 131 11 was be VBD 22599 131 12 converted convert VBN 22599 131 13 to to IN 22599 131 14 Islam Islam NNP 22599 131 15 under under IN 22599 131 16 the the DT 22599 131 17 caliph caliph NN 22599 131 18 Al Al NNP 22599 131 19 - - HYPH 22599 131 20 M[=a]m[=u]n M[=a]m[=u]n NNP 22599 131 21 , , , 22599 131 22 is be VBZ 22599 131 23 also also RB 22599 131 24 given give VBN 22599 131 25 as as IN 22599 131 26 the the DT 22599 131 27 author author NN 22599 131 28 of of IN 22599 131 29 a a DT 22599 131 30 work work NN 22599 131 31 on on IN 22599 131 32 the the DT 22599 131 33 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 131 34 method method NN 22599 131 35 of of IN 22599 131 36 reckoning reckon VBG 22599 131 37 . . . 22599 132 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB 22599 132 2 , , , 22599 132 3 there there EX 22599 132 4 is be VBZ 22599 132 5 a a DT 22599 132 6 possibility[36 possibility[36 NN 22599 132 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 132 8 that that IN 22599 132 9 some some DT 22599 132 10 of of IN 22599 132 11 the the DT 22599 132 12 works work NNS 22599 132 13 ascribed ascribe VBN 22599 132 14 to to IN 22599 132 15 Sened sene VBN 22599 132 16 ibn ibn NNP 22599 132 17 ` ` '' 22599 132 18 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 132 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 132 20 are be VBP 22599 132 21 really really RB 22599 132 22 works work NNS 22599 132 23 of of IN 22599 132 24 Al Al NNP 22599 132 25 - - HYPH 22599 132 26 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 132 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 132 28 , , , 22599 132 29 whose whose WP$ 22599 132 30 name name NN 22599 132 31 immediately immediately RB 22599 132 32 precedes precede VBZ 22599 132 33 his -PRON- PRP 22599 132 34 . . . 22599 133 1 However however RB 22599 133 2 , , , 22599 133 3 it -PRON- PRP 22599 133 4 is be VBZ 22599 133 5 to to TO 22599 133 6 be be VB 22599 133 7 noted note VBN 22599 133 8 in in IN 22599 133 9 this this DT 22599 133 10 connection connection NN 22599 133 11 that that IN 22599 133 12 Casiri[37 Casiri[37 NNP 22599 133 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 133 14 also also RB 22599 133 15 mentions mention VBZ 22599 133 16 the the DT 22599 133 17 same same JJ 22599 133 18 writer writer NN 22599 133 19 as as IN 22599 133 20 the the DT 22599 133 21 author author NN 22599 133 22 of of IN 22599 133 23 a a DT 22599 133 24 most most RBS 22599 133 25 celebrated celebrated JJ 22599 133 26 work work NN 22599 133 27 on on IN 22599 133 28 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 133 29 . . . 22599 134 1 To to IN 22599 134 2 Al-[S.][=u]f[=i al-[s.][=u]f[=i CD 22599 134 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 134 4 , , , 22599 134 5 who who WP 22599 134 6 died die VBD 22599 134 7 in in IN 22599 134 8 986 986 CD 22599 134 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 134 10 , , , 22599 134 11 is be VBZ 22599 134 12 also also RB 22599 134 13 credited credit VBN 22599 134 14 a a DT 22599 134 15 large large JJ 22599 134 16 work work NN 22599 134 17 on on IN 22599 134 18 the the DT 22599 134 19 same same JJ 22599 134 20 subject subject NN 22599 134 21 , , , 22599 134 22 and and CC 22599 134 23 similar similar JJ 22599 134 24 treatises treatise NNS 22599 134 25 by by IN 22599 134 26 other other JJ 22599 134 27 writers writer NNS 22599 134 28 are be VBP 22599 134 29 mentioned mention VBN 22599 134 30 . . . 22599 135 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 135 2 are be VBP 22599 135 3 therefore therefore RB 22599 135 4 forced force VBN 22599 135 5 to to IN 22599 135 6 the the DT 22599 135 7 conclusion conclusion NN 22599 135 8 that that IN 22599 135 9 the the DT 22599 135 10 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 135 11 from from IN 22599 135 12 the the DT 22599 135 13 early early JJ 22599 135 14 ninth ninth JJ 22599 135 15 century century NN 22599 135 16 on on IN 22599 135 17 fully fully RB 22599 135 18 recognized recognize VBN 22599 135 19 the the DT 22599 135 20 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 135 21 origin origin NN 22599 135 22 of of IN 22599 135 23 the the DT 22599 135 24 new new JJ 22599 135 25 numerals numeral NNS 22599 135 26 . . . 22599 136 1 Leonard Leonard NNP 22599 136 2 of of IN 22599 136 3 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 136 4 , , , 22599 136 5 of of IN 22599 136 6 whom whom WP 22599 136 7 we -PRON- PRP 22599 136 8 shall shall MD 22599 136 9 speak speak VB 22599 136 10 at at IN 22599 136 11 length length NN 22599 136 12 in in IN 22599 136 13 the the DT 22599 136 14 chapter chapter NN 22599 136 15 on on IN 22599 136 16 the the DT 22599 136 17 Introduction Introduction NNP 22599 136 18 of of IN 22599 136 19 the the DT 22599 136 20 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 136 21 into into IN 22599 136 22 Europe Europe NNP 22599 136 23 , , , 22599 136 24 wrote write VBD 22599 136 25 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 136 26 _ _ NNP 22599 136 27 Liber Liber NNP 22599 136 28 Abbaci_[38 Abbaci_[38 , 22599 136 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 136 30 in in IN 22599 136 31 1202 1202 CD 22599 136 32 . . . 22599 137 1 In in IN 22599 137 2 this this DT 22599 137 3 work work NN 22599 137 4 he -PRON- PRP 22599 137 5 refers refer VBZ 22599 137 6 frequently frequently RB 22599 137 7 to to IN 22599 137 8 the the DT 22599 137 9 nine nine CD 22599 137 10 Indian Indian NNP 22599 137 11 figures,[39 figures,[39 NNP 22599 137 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 137 13 thus thus RB 22599 137 14 showing show VBG 22599 137 15 again again RB 22599 137 16 the the DT 22599 137 17 general general JJ 22599 137 18 consensus consensus NN 22599 137 19 of of IN 22599 137 20 opinion opinion NN 22599 137 21 in in IN 22599 137 22 the the DT 22599 137 23 Middle Middle NNP 22599 137 24 Ages Ages NNPS 22599 137 25 that that IN 22599 137 26 the the DT 22599 137 27 numerals numeral NNS 22599 137 28 were be VBD 22599 137 29 of of IN 22599 137 30 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 137 31 origin origin NN 22599 137 32 . . . 22599 138 1 Some some DT 22599 138 2 interest interest NN 22599 138 3 also also RB 22599 138 4 attaches attach VBZ 22599 138 5 to to IN 22599 138 6 the the DT 22599 138 7 oldest old JJS 22599 138 8 documents document NNS 22599 138 9 on on IN 22599 138 10 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 138 11 in in IN 22599 138 12 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 138 13 own own JJ 22599 138 14 language language NN 22599 138 15 . . . 22599 139 1 One one CD 22599 139 2 of of IN 22599 139 3 the the DT 22599 139 4 earliest early JJS 22599 139 5 { { -LRB- 22599 139 6 11 11 CD 22599 139 7 } } -RRB- 22599 139 8 treatises treatise NNS 22599 139 9 on on IN 22599 139 10 algorism algorism NN 22599 139 11 is be VBZ 22599 139 12 a a DT 22599 139 13 commentary[40 commentary[40 NN 22599 139 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 139 15 on on IN 22599 139 16 a a DT 22599 139 17 set set NN 22599 139 18 of of IN 22599 139 19 verses verse NNS 22599 139 20 called call VBN 22599 139 21 the the DT 22599 139 22 _ _ NNP 22599 139 23 Carmen Carmen NNP 22599 139 24 de de NNP 22599 139 25 Algorismo Algorismo NNP 22599 139 26 _ _ NNP 22599 139 27 , , , 22599 139 28 written write VBN 22599 139 29 by by IN 22599 139 30 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 139 31 de de NNP 22599 139 32 Villa Villa NNP 22599 139 33 Dei Dei NNP 22599 139 34 ( ( -LRB- 22599 139 35 Alexandra Alexandra NNP 22599 139 36 de de NNP 22599 139 37 Ville Ville NNP 22599 139 38 - - HYPH 22599 139 39 Dieu Dieu NNP 22599 139 40 ) ) -RRB- 22599 139 41 , , , 22599 139 42 a a DT 22599 139 43 Minorite Minorite NNP 22599 139 44 monk monk NN 22599 139 45 of of IN 22599 139 46 about about RB 22599 139 47 1240 1240 CD 22599 139 48 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 140 1 The the DT 22599 140 2 text text NN 22599 140 3 of of IN 22599 140 4 the the DT 22599 140 5 first first JJ 22599 140 6 few few JJ 22599 140 7 lines line NNS 22599 140 8 is be VBZ 22599 140 9 as as IN 22599 140 10 follows follow VBZ 22599 140 11 : : : 22599 140 12 " " `` 22599 140 13 Hec hec NN 22599 140 14 algorism algorism NN 22599 140 15 ' ' '' 22599 140 16 ars ars CC 22599 140 17 p'sens p'sens NNP 22599 140 18 dicit dicit NN 22599 140 19 ' ' '' 22599 140 20 in in IN 22599 140 21 qua qua NNP 22599 140 22 Talib Talib NNS 22599 140 23 ; ; : 22599 140 24 indor[um indor[um NN 22599 140 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 140 26 fruim fruim NN 22599 140 27 bis bis NN 22599 140 28 quinq quinq NNP 22599 140 29 ; ; : 22599 140 30 figuris figuris NNP 22599 140 31 . . . 22599 141 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 141 2 41 41 CD 22599 141 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 141 4 " " `` 22599 141 5 This this DT 22599 141 6 boke boke NN 22599 141 7 is be VBZ 22599 141 8 called call VBN 22599 141 9 the the DT 22599 141 10 boke boke NN 22599 141 11 of of IN 22599 141 12 algorim algorim JJ 22599 141 13 or or CC 22599 141 14 augrym augrym NN 22599 141 15 after after IN 22599 141 16 lewder lewder NNP 22599 141 17 use use NN 22599 141 18 . . . 22599 142 1 And and CC 22599 142 2 this this DT 22599 142 3 boke boke JJ 22599 142 4 tretys tretys NN 22599 142 5 of of IN 22599 142 6 the the DT 22599 142 7 Craft Craft NNP 22599 142 8 of of IN 22599 142 9 Nombryng Nombryng NNP 22599 142 10 , , , 22599 142 11 the the DT 22599 142 12 quych quych NNP 22599 142 13 crafte crafte NNP 22599 142 14 is be VBZ 22599 142 15 called call VBN 22599 142 16 also also RB 22599 142 17 Algorym Algorym NNP 22599 142 18 . . . 22599 143 1 Ther Ther NNP 22599 143 2 was be VBD 22599 143 3 a a DT 22599 143 4 kyng kyng NN 22599 143 5 of of IN 22599 143 6 Inde Inde NNP 22599 143 7 the the DT 22599 143 8 quich quich NN 22599 143 9 heyth heyth FW 22599 143 10 Algor Algor NNP 22599 143 11 & & CC 22599 143 12 he -PRON- PRP 22599 143 13 made make VBD 22599 143 14 this this DT 22599 143 15 craft craft NN 22599 143 16 .... .... . 22599 143 17 Algorisms algorism NNS 22599 143 18 , , , 22599 143 19 in in IN 22599 143 20 the the DT 22599 143 21 quych quych NN 22599 143 22 we -PRON- PRP 22599 143 23 use use VBP 22599 143 24 teen teen NN 22599 143 25 figurys figury NNS 22599 143 26 of of IN 22599 143 27 Inde Inde NNP 22599 143 28 . . . 22599 143 29 " " '' 22599 144 1 * * NFP 22599 144 2 * * NFP 22599 144 3 * * NFP 22599 144 4 * * NFP 22599 144 5 * * NFP 22599 144 6 { { -LRB- 22599 144 7 12 12 CD 22599 144 8 } } -RRB- 22599 144 9 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 22599 144 10 II II NNP 22599 144 11 EARLY EARLY NNP 22599 144 12 HINDU HINDU NNP 22599 144 13 FORMS FORMS NNP 22599 144 14 WITH with IN 22599 144 15 NO no DT 22599 144 16 PLACE place NN 22599 144 17 VALUE value NN 22599 144 18 While while IN 22599 144 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 144 20 is be VBZ 22599 144 21 generally generally RB 22599 144 22 conceded concede VBN 22599 144 23 that that IN 22599 144 24 the the DT 22599 144 25 scientific scientific JJ 22599 144 26 development development NN 22599 144 27 of of IN 22599 144 28 astronomy astronomy NN 22599 144 29 among among IN 22599 144 30 the the DT 22599 144 31 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 144 32 towards towards IN 22599 144 33 the the DT 22599 144 34 beginning beginning NN 22599 144 35 of of IN 22599 144 36 the the DT 22599 144 37 Christian christian JJ 22599 144 38 era era NN 22599 144 39 rested rest VBD 22599 144 40 upon upon IN 22599 144 41 Greek[42 greek[42 ADD 22599 144 42 ] ] -RRB- 22599 144 43 or or CC 22599 144 44 Chinese[43 Chinese[43 NNP 22599 144 45 ] ] -RRB- 22599 144 46 sources source NNS 22599 144 47 , , , 22599 144 48 yet yet CC 22599 144 49 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 144 50 ancient ancient JJ 22599 144 51 literature literature NN 22599 144 52 testifies testify VBZ 22599 144 53 to to IN 22599 144 54 a a DT 22599 144 55 high high JJ 22599 144 56 state state NN 22599 144 57 of of IN 22599 144 58 civilization civilization NN 22599 144 59 , , , 22599 144 60 and and CC 22599 144 61 to to IN 22599 144 62 a a DT 22599 144 63 considerable considerable JJ 22599 144 64 advance advance NN 22599 144 65 in in IN 22599 144 66 sciences science NNS 22599 144 67 , , , 22599 144 68 in in IN 22599 144 69 philosophy philosophy NN 22599 144 70 , , , 22599 144 71 and and CC 22599 144 72 along along IN 22599 144 73 literary literary JJ 22599 144 74 lines line NNS 22599 144 75 , , , 22599 144 76 long long RB 22599 144 77 before before IN 22599 144 78 the the DT 22599 144 79 golden golden JJ 22599 144 80 age age NN 22599 144 81 of of IN 22599 144 82 Greece Greece NNP 22599 144 83 . . . 22599 145 1 From from IN 22599 145 2 the the DT 22599 145 3 earliest early JJS 22599 145 4 times time NNS 22599 145 5 even even RB 22599 145 6 up up IN 22599 145 7 to to IN 22599 145 8 the the DT 22599 145 9 present present JJ 22599 145 10 day day NN 22599 145 11 the the DT 22599 145 12 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 145 13 has have VBZ 22599 145 14 been be VBN 22599 145 15 wo will MD 22599 145 16 nt not RB 22599 145 17 to to TO 22599 145 18 put put VB 22599 145 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 145 20 thought thought NN 22599 145 21 into into IN 22599 145 22 rhythmic rhythmic JJ 22599 145 23 form form NN 22599 145 24 . . . 22599 146 1 The the DT 22599 146 2 first first JJ 22599 146 3 of of IN 22599 146 4 this this DT 22599 146 5 poetry poetry NN 22599 146 6 -- -- : 22599 146 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 146 8 well well RB 22599 146 9 deserves deserve VBZ 22599 146 10 this this DT 22599 146 11 name name NN 22599 146 12 , , , 22599 146 13 being be VBG 22599 146 14 also also RB 22599 146 15 worthy worthy JJ 22599 146 16 from from IN 22599 146 17 a a DT 22599 146 18 metaphysical metaphysical JJ 22599 146 19 point point NN 22599 146 20 of of IN 22599 146 21 view[44]--consists view[44]--consist NNS 22599 146 22 of of IN 22599 146 23 the the DT 22599 146 24 Vedas Vedas NNP 22599 146 25 , , , 22599 146 26 hymns hymn NNS 22599 146 27 of of IN 22599 146 28 praise praise NN 22599 146 29 and and CC 22599 146 30 poems poem NNS 22599 146 31 of of IN 22599 146 32 worship worship NN 22599 146 33 , , , 22599 146 34 collected collect VBN 22599 146 35 during during IN 22599 146 36 the the DT 22599 146 37 Vedic vedic JJ 22599 146 38 period period NN 22599 146 39 which which WDT 22599 146 40 dates date VBZ 22599 146 41 from from IN 22599 146 42 approximately approximately RB 22599 146 43 2000 2000 CD 22599 146 44 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 147 1 to to IN 22599 147 2 1400 1400 CD 22599 147 3 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 148 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 148 2 45 45 CD 22599 148 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 148 4 Following follow VBG 22599 148 5 this this DT 22599 148 6 work work NN 22599 148 7 , , , 22599 148 8 or or CC 22599 148 9 possibly possibly RB 22599 148 10 contemporary contemporary JJ 22599 148 11 with with IN 22599 148 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 148 13 , , , 22599 148 14 is be VBZ 22599 148 15 the the DT 22599 148 16 Brahmanic Brahmanic NNP 22599 148 17 literature literature NN 22599 148 18 , , , 22599 148 19 which which WDT 22599 148 20 is be VBZ 22599 148 21 partly partly RB 22599 148 22 ritualistic ritualistic JJ 22599 148 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 148 24 the the DT 22599 148 25 Br[=a]hma[n.]as br[=a]hma[n.]as NN 22599 148 26 ) ) -RRB- 22599 148 27 , , , 22599 148 28 and and CC 22599 148 29 partly partly RB 22599 148 30 philosophical philosophical JJ 22599 148 31 ( ( -LRB- 22599 148 32 the the DT 22599 148 33 Upanishads Upanishads NNP 22599 148 34 ) ) -RRB- 22599 148 35 . . . 22599 149 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 149 2 especial especial JJ 22599 149 3 interest interest NN 22599 149 4 is be VBZ 22599 149 5 { { -LRB- 22599 149 6 13 13 CD 22599 149 7 } } -RRB- 22599 149 8 in in IN 22599 149 9 the the DT 22599 149 10 S[=u]tras S[=u]tras NNP 22599 149 11 , , , 22599 149 12 versified versify VBD 22599 149 13 abridgments abridgment NNS 22599 149 14 of of IN 22599 149 15 the the DT 22599 149 16 ritual ritual NN 22599 149 17 and and CC 22599 149 18 of of IN 22599 149 19 ceremonial ceremonial JJ 22599 149 20 rules rule NNS 22599 149 21 , , , 22599 149 22 which which WDT 22599 149 23 contain contain VBP 22599 149 24 considerable considerable JJ 22599 149 25 geometric geometric JJ 22599 149 26 material material NN 22599 149 27 used use VBN 22599 149 28 in in IN 22599 149 29 connection connection NN 22599 149 30 with with IN 22599 149 31 altar altar JJ 22599 149 32 construction construction NN 22599 149 33 , , , 22599 149 34 and and CC 22599 149 35 also also RB 22599 149 36 numerous numerous JJ 22599 149 37 examples example NNS 22599 149 38 of of IN 22599 149 39 rational rational JJ 22599 149 40 numbers number NNS 22599 149 41 the the DT 22599 149 42 sum sum NN 22599 149 43 of of IN 22599 149 44 whose whose WP$ 22599 149 45 squares square NNS 22599 149 46 is be VBZ 22599 149 47 also also RB 22599 149 48 a a DT 22599 149 49 square square NN 22599 149 50 , , , 22599 149 51 i.e. i.e. FW 22599 150 1 " " `` 22599 150 2 Pythagorean pythagorean JJ 22599 150 3 numbers number NNS 22599 150 4 , , , 22599 150 5 " " '' 22599 150 6 although although IN 22599 150 7 this this DT 22599 150 8 was be VBD 22599 150 9 long long RB 22599 150 10 before before IN 22599 150 11 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNP 22599 150 12 lived live VBD 22599 150 13 . . . 22599 151 1 Whitney[46 whitney[46 LS 22599 151 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 151 3 places place VBZ 22599 151 4 the the DT 22599 151 5 whole whole NN 22599 151 6 of of IN 22599 151 7 the the DT 22599 151 8 Veda Veda NNP 22599 151 9 literature literature NN 22599 151 10 , , , 22599 151 11 including include VBG 22599 151 12 the the DT 22599 151 13 Vedas Vedas NNP 22599 151 14 , , , 22599 151 15 the the DT 22599 151 16 Br[=a]hma[n.]as br[=a]hma[n.]as NN 22599 151 17 , , , 22599 151 18 and and CC 22599 151 19 the the DT 22599 151 20 S[=u]tras S[=u]tras NNPS 22599 151 21 , , , 22599 151 22 between between IN 22599 151 23 1500 1500 CD 22599 151 24 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 152 1 and and CC 22599 152 2 800 800 CD 22599 152 3 B.C. B.C. NNS 22599 152 4 , , , 22599 152 5 thus thus RB 22599 152 6 agreeing agree VBG 22599 152 7 with with IN 22599 152 8 Bürk[47 Bürk[47 NNP 22599 152 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 152 10 who who WP 22599 152 11 holds hold VBZ 22599 152 12 that that IN 22599 152 13 the the DT 22599 152 14 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 152 15 of of IN 22599 152 16 the the DT 22599 152 17 Pythagorean pythagorean JJ 22599 152 18 theorem theorem NN 22599 152 19 revealed reveal VBD 22599 152 20 in in IN 22599 152 21 the the DT 22599 152 22 S[=u]tras S[=u]tras NNP 22599 152 23 goes go VBZ 22599 152 24 back back RB 22599 152 25 to to IN 22599 152 26 the the DT 22599 152 27 eighth eighth JJ 22599 152 28 century century NN 22599 152 29 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 153 1 The the DT 22599 153 2 importance importance NN 22599 153 3 of of IN 22599 153 4 the the DT 22599 153 5 S[=u]tras S[=u]tras NNP 22599 153 6 as as IN 22599 153 7 showing show VBG 22599 153 8 an an DT 22599 153 9 independent independent JJ 22599 153 10 origin origin NN 22599 153 11 of of IN 22599 153 12 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 153 13 geometry geometry NN 22599 153 14 , , , 22599 153 15 contrary contrary JJ 22599 153 16 to to IN 22599 153 17 the the DT 22599 153 18 opinion opinion NN 22599 153 19 long long RB 22599 153 20 held hold VBN 22599 153 21 by by IN 22599 153 22 Cantor[48 cantor[48 CD 22599 153 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 153 24 of of IN 22599 153 25 a a DT 22599 153 26 Greek greek JJ 22599 153 27 origin origin NN 22599 153 28 , , , 22599 153 29 has have VBZ 22599 153 30 been be VBN 22599 153 31 repeatedly repeatedly RB 22599 153 32 emphasized emphasize VBN 22599 153 33 in in IN 22599 153 34 recent recent JJ 22599 153 35 literature,[49 literature,[49 CD 22599 153 36 ] ] -RRB- 22599 153 37 especially especially RB 22599 153 38 since since IN 22599 153 39 the the DT 22599 153 40 appearance appearance NN 22599 153 41 of of IN 22599 153 42 the the DT 22599 153 43 important important JJ 22599 153 44 work work NN 22599 153 45 of of IN 22599 153 46 Von Von NNP 22599 153 47 Schroeder Schroeder NNP 22599 153 48 . . . 22599 154 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 154 2 50 50 CD 22599 154 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 154 4 Further further JJ 22599 154 5 fundamental fundamental JJ 22599 154 6 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 154 7 notions notion NNS 22599 154 8 such such JJ 22599 154 9 as as IN 22599 154 10 the the DT 22599 154 11 conception conception NN 22599 154 12 of of IN 22599 154 13 irrationals irrational NNS 22599 154 14 and and CC 22599 154 15 the the DT 22599 154 16 use use NN 22599 154 17 of of IN 22599 154 18 gnomons gnomon NNS 22599 154 19 , , , 22599 154 20 as as RB 22599 154 21 well well RB 22599 154 22 as as IN 22599 154 23 the the DT 22599 154 24 philosophical philosophical JJ 22599 154 25 doctrine doctrine NN 22599 154 26 of of IN 22599 154 27 the the DT 22599 154 28 transmigration transmigration NN 22599 154 29 of of IN 22599 154 30 souls,--all souls,--all DT 22599 154 31 of of IN 22599 154 32 these these DT 22599 154 33 having have VBG 22599 154 34 long long RB 22599 154 35 been be VBN 22599 154 36 attributed attribute VBN 22599 154 37 to to IN 22599 154 38 the the DT 22599 154 39 Greeks,--are greeks,--are NN 22599 154 40 shown show VBN 22599 154 41 in in IN 22599 154 42 these these DT 22599 154 43 works work NNS 22599 154 44 to to TO 22599 154 45 be be VB 22599 154 46 native native JJ 22599 154 47 to to IN 22599 154 48 India India NNP 22599 154 49 . . . 22599 155 1 Although although IN 22599 155 2 this this DT 22599 155 3 discussion discussion NN 22599 155 4 does do VBZ 22599 155 5 not not RB 22599 155 6 bear bear VB 22599 155 7 directly directly RB 22599 155 8 upon upon IN 22599 155 9 the the DT 22599 155 10 { { -LRB- 22599 155 11 14 14 CD 22599 155 12 } } -RRB- 22599 155 13 origin origin NN 22599 155 14 of of IN 22599 155 15 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 155 16 numerals numeral NNS 22599 155 17 , , , 22599 155 18 yet yet CC 22599 155 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 155 20 is be VBZ 22599 155 21 highly highly RB 22599 155 22 pertinent pertinent JJ 22599 155 23 as as IN 22599 155 24 showing show VBG 22599 155 25 the the DT 22599 155 26 aptitude aptitude NN 22599 155 27 of of IN 22599 155 28 the the DT 22599 155 29 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 155 30 for for IN 22599 155 31 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 155 32 and and CC 22599 155 33 mental mental JJ 22599 155 34 work work NN 22599 155 35 , , , 22599 155 36 a a DT 22599 155 37 fact fact NN 22599 155 38 further further RB 22599 155 39 attested attest VBN 22599 155 40 by by IN 22599 155 41 the the DT 22599 155 42 independent independent JJ 22599 155 43 development development NN 22599 155 44 of of IN 22599 155 45 the the DT 22599 155 46 drama drama NN 22599 155 47 and and CC 22599 155 48 of of IN 22599 155 49 epic epic NN 22599 155 50 and and CC 22599 155 51 lyric lyric NN 22599 155 52 poetry poetry NN 22599 155 53 . . . 22599 156 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 156 2 should should MD 22599 156 3 be be VB 22599 156 4 stated state VBN 22599 156 5 definitely definitely RB 22599 156 6 at at IN 22599 156 7 the the DT 22599 156 8 outset outset NN 22599 156 9 , , , 22599 156 10 however however RB 22599 156 11 , , , 22599 156 12 that that IN 22599 156 13 we -PRON- PRP 22599 156 14 are be VBP 22599 156 15 not not RB 22599 156 16 at at RB 22599 156 17 all all RB 22599 156 18 sure sure JJ 22599 156 19 that that IN 22599 156 20 the the DT 22599 156 21 most most RBS 22599 156 22 ancient ancient JJ 22599 156 23 forms form NNS 22599 156 24 of of IN 22599 156 25 the the DT 22599 156 26 numerals numeral NNS 22599 156 27 commonly commonly RB 22599 156 28 known know VBN 22599 156 29 as as IN 22599 156 30 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 156 31 had have VBD 22599 156 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 156 33 origin origin NN 22599 156 34 in in IN 22599 156 35 India India NNP 22599 156 36 . . . 22599 157 1 As as IN 22599 157 2 will will MD 22599 157 3 presently presently RB 22599 157 4 be be VB 22599 157 5 seen see VBN 22599 157 6 , , , 22599 157 7 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 157 8 forms form NNS 22599 157 9 may may MD 22599 157 10 have have VB 22599 157 11 been be VBN 22599 157 12 suggested suggest VBN 22599 157 13 by by IN 22599 157 14 those those DT 22599 157 15 used use VBN 22599 157 16 in in IN 22599 157 17 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 157 18 , , , 22599 157 19 or or CC 22599 157 20 in in IN 22599 157 21 Eastern Eastern NNP 22599 157 22 Persia Persia NNP 22599 157 23 , , , 22599 157 24 or or CC 22599 157 25 in in IN 22599 157 26 China China NNP 22599 157 27 , , , 22599 157 28 or or CC 22599 157 29 on on IN 22599 157 30 the the DT 22599 157 31 plains plain NNS 22599 157 32 of of IN 22599 157 33 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP 22599 157 34 . . . 22599 158 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 158 2 are be VBP 22599 158 3 quite quite RB 22599 158 4 in in IN 22599 158 5 the the DT 22599 158 6 dark dark NN 22599 158 7 as as IN 22599 158 8 to to IN 22599 158 9 these these DT 22599 158 10 early early JJ 22599 158 11 steps step NNS 22599 158 12 ; ; : 22599 158 13 but but CC 22599 158 14 as as IN 22599 158 15 to to IN 22599 158 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 158 17 development development NN 22599 158 18 in in IN 22599 158 19 India India NNP 22599 158 20 , , , 22599 158 21 the the DT 22599 158 22 approximate approximate JJ 22599 158 23 period period NN 22599 158 24 of of IN 22599 158 25 the the DT 22599 158 26 rise rise NN 22599 158 27 of of IN 22599 158 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 158 29 essential essential JJ 22599 158 30 feature feature NN 22599 158 31 of of IN 22599 158 32 place place NN 22599 158 33 value value NN 22599 158 34 , , , 22599 158 35 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 158 36 introduction introduction NN 22599 158 37 into into IN 22599 158 38 the the DT 22599 158 39 Arab arab JJ 22599 158 40 civilization civilization NN 22599 158 41 , , , 22599 158 42 and and CC 22599 158 43 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 158 44 spread spread NN 22599 158 45 to to IN 22599 158 46 the the DT 22599 158 47 West West NNP 22599 158 48 , , , 22599 158 49 we -PRON- PRP 22599 158 50 have have VBP 22599 158 51 more more RBR 22599 158 52 or or CC 22599 158 53 less less RBR 22599 158 54 definite definite JJ 22599 158 55 information information NN 22599 158 56 . . . 22599 159 1 When when WRB 22599 159 2 , , , 22599 159 3 therefore therefore RB 22599 159 4 , , , 22599 159 5 we -PRON- PRP 22599 159 6 consider consider VBP 22599 159 7 the the DT 22599 159 8 rise rise NN 22599 159 9 of of IN 22599 159 10 the the DT 22599 159 11 numerals numeral NNS 22599 159 12 in in IN 22599 159 13 the the DT 22599 159 14 land land NN 22599 159 15 of of IN 22599 159 16 the the DT 22599 159 17 Sindhu,[51 sindhu,[51 NN 22599 159 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 159 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 159 20 must must MD 22599 159 21 be be VB 22599 159 22 understood understand VBN 22599 159 23 that that IN 22599 159 24 it -PRON- PRP 22599 159 25 is be VBZ 22599 159 26 only only RB 22599 159 27 the the DT 22599 159 28 large large JJ 22599 159 29 movement movement NN 22599 159 30 that that WDT 22599 159 31 is be VBZ 22599 159 32 meant mean VBN 22599 159 33 , , , 22599 159 34 and and CC 22599 159 35 that that IN 22599 159 36 there there EX 22599 159 37 must must MD 22599 159 38 further further RB 22599 159 39 be be VB 22599 159 40 considered consider VBN 22599 159 41 the the DT 22599 159 42 numerous numerous JJ 22599 159 43 possible possible JJ 22599 159 44 sources source NNS 22599 159 45 outside outside IN 22599 159 46 of of IN 22599 159 47 India India NNP 22599 159 48 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 159 49 and and CC 22599 159 50 long long JJ 22599 159 51 anterior anterior NN 22599 159 52 to to IN 22599 159 53 the the DT 22599 159 54 first first JJ 22599 159 55 prominent prominent JJ 22599 159 56 appearance appearance NN 22599 159 57 of of IN 22599 159 58 the the DT 22599 159 59 number number NN 22599 159 60 symbols symbol NNS 22599 159 61 . . . 22599 160 1 No no DT 22599 160 2 one one NN 22599 160 3 attempts attempt VBZ 22599 160 4 to to TO 22599 160 5 examine examine VB 22599 160 6 any any DT 22599 160 7 detail detail NN 22599 160 8 in in IN 22599 160 9 the the DT 22599 160 10 history history NN 22599 160 11 of of IN 22599 160 12 ancient ancient JJ 22599 160 13 India India NNP 22599 160 14 without without IN 22599 160 15 being be VBG 22599 160 16 struck strike VBN 22599 160 17 with with IN 22599 160 18 the the DT 22599 160 19 great great JJ 22599 160 20 dearth dearth NN 22599 160 21 of of IN 22599 160 22 reliable reliable JJ 22599 160 23 material material NN 22599 160 24 . . . 22599 161 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 161 2 52 52 CD 22599 161 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 161 4 So so RB 22599 161 5 little little JJ 22599 161 6 sympathy sympathy NN 22599 161 7 have have VBP 22599 161 8 the the DT 22599 161 9 people people NNS 22599 161 10 with with IN 22599 161 11 any any DT 22599 161 12 save save NN 22599 161 13 those those DT 22599 161 14 of of IN 22599 161 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 161 16 own own JJ 22599 161 17 caste caste NN 22599 161 18 that that IN 22599 161 19 a a DT 22599 161 20 general general JJ 22599 161 21 literature literature NN 22599 161 22 is be VBZ 22599 161 23 wholly wholly RB 22599 161 24 lacking lacking JJ 22599 161 25 , , , 22599 161 26 and and CC 22599 161 27 it -PRON- PRP 22599 161 28 is be VBZ 22599 161 29 only only RB 22599 161 30 in in IN 22599 161 31 the the DT 22599 161 32 observations observation NNS 22599 161 33 of of IN 22599 161 34 strangers stranger NNS 22599 161 35 that that WDT 22599 161 36 any any DT 22599 161 37 all all RB 22599 161 38 - - HYPH 22599 161 39 round round JJ 22599 161 40 view view NN 22599 161 41 of of IN 22599 161 42 scientific scientific JJ 22599 161 43 progress progress NN 22599 161 44 is be VBZ 22599 161 45 to to TO 22599 161 46 be be VB 22599 161 47 found find VBN 22599 161 48 . . . 22599 162 1 There there EX 22599 162 2 is be VBZ 22599 162 3 evidence evidence NN 22599 162 4 that that IN 22599 162 5 primary primary JJ 22599 162 6 schools school NNS 22599 162 7 { { -LRB- 22599 162 8 15 15 CD 22599 162 9 } } -RRB- 22599 162 10 existed exist VBD 22599 162 11 in in IN 22599 162 12 earliest early JJS 22599 162 13 times time NNS 22599 162 14 , , , 22599 162 15 and and CC 22599 162 16 of of IN 22599 162 17 the the DT 22599 162 18 seventy seventy CD 22599 162 19 - - HYPH 22599 162 20 two two CD 22599 162 21 recognized recognize VBN 22599 162 22 sciences science NNS 22599 162 23 writing writing NN 22599 162 24 and and CC 22599 162 25 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 162 26 were be VBD 22599 162 27 the the DT 22599 162 28 most most RBS 22599 162 29 prized prized JJ 22599 162 30 . . . 22599 163 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 163 2 53 53 CD 22599 163 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 163 4 In in IN 22599 163 5 the the DT 22599 163 6 Vedic vedic JJ 22599 163 7 period period NN 22599 163 8 , , , 22599 163 9 say say VBP 22599 163 10 from from IN 22599 163 11 2000 2000 CD 22599 163 12 to to IN 22599 163 13 1400 1400 CD 22599 163 14 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 163 15 , , , 22599 163 16 there there EX 22599 163 17 was be VBD 22599 163 18 the the DT 22599 163 19 same same JJ 22599 163 20 attention attention NN 22599 163 21 to to IN 22599 163 22 astronomy astronomy NN 22599 163 23 that that WDT 22599 163 24 was be VBD 22599 163 25 found find VBN 22599 163 26 in in IN 22599 163 27 the the DT 22599 163 28 earlier early JJR 22599 163 29 civilizations civilization NNS 22599 163 30 of of IN 22599 163 31 Babylon Babylon NNP 22599 163 32 , , , 22599 163 33 China China NNP 22599 163 34 , , , 22599 163 35 and and CC 22599 163 36 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 163 37 , , , 22599 163 38 a a DT 22599 163 39 fact fact NN 22599 163 40 attested attest VBN 22599 163 41 by by IN 22599 163 42 the the DT 22599 163 43 Vedas Vedas NNP 22599 163 44 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 163 45 . . . 22599 164 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 164 2 54 54 CD 22599 164 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 164 4 Such such JJ 22599 164 5 advance advance NN 22599 164 6 in in IN 22599 164 7 science science NN 22599 164 8 presupposes presuppose VBZ 22599 164 9 a a DT 22599 164 10 fair fair JJ 22599 164 11 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 164 12 of of IN 22599 164 13 calculation calculation NN 22599 164 14 , , , 22599 164 15 but but CC 22599 164 16 of of IN 22599 164 17 the the DT 22599 164 18 manner manner NN 22599 164 19 of of IN 22599 164 20 calculating calculate VBG 22599 164 21 we -PRON- PRP 22599 164 22 are be VBP 22599 164 23 quite quite RB 22599 164 24 ignorant ignorant JJ 22599 164 25 and and CC 22599 164 26 probably probably RB 22599 164 27 always always RB 22599 164 28 shall shall MD 22599 164 29 be be VB 22599 164 30 . . . 22599 165 1 One one CD 22599 165 2 of of IN 22599 165 3 the the DT 22599 165 4 Buddhist buddhist JJ 22599 165 5 sacred sacred JJ 22599 165 6 books book NNS 22599 165 7 , , , 22599 165 8 the the DT 22599 165 9 _ _ NNP 22599 165 10 Lalitavistara Lalitavistara NNP 22599 165 11 _ _ NNP 22599 165 12 , , , 22599 165 13 relates relate VBZ 22599 165 14 that that IN 22599 165 15 when when WRB 22599 165 16 the the DT 22599 165 17 B[=o]dhisattva[55 B[=o]dhisattva[55 NNP 22599 165 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 165 19 was be VBD 22599 165 20 of of IN 22599 165 21 age age NN 22599 165 22 to to TO 22599 165 23 marry marry VB 22599 165 24 , , , 22599 165 25 the the DT 22599 165 26 father father NN 22599 165 27 of of IN 22599 165 28 Gopa Gopa NNP 22599 165 29 , , , 22599 165 30 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 165 31 intended intend VBN 22599 165 32 bride bride NN 22599 165 33 , , , 22599 165 34 demanded demand VBD 22599 165 35 an an DT 22599 165 36 examination examination NN 22599 165 37 of of IN 22599 165 38 the the DT 22599 165 39 five five CD 22599 165 40 hundred hundred CD 22599 165 41 suitors suitor NNS 22599 165 42 , , , 22599 165 43 the the DT 22599 165 44 subjects subject NNS 22599 165 45 including include VBG 22599 165 46 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 165 47 , , , 22599 165 48 writing write VBG 22599 165 49 , , , 22599 165 50 the the DT 22599 165 51 lute lute NN 22599 165 52 , , , 22599 165 53 and and CC 22599 165 54 archery archery NN 22599 165 55 . . . 22599 166 1 Having have VBG 22599 166 2 vanquished vanquish VBN 22599 166 3 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 166 4 rivals rival NNS 22599 166 5 in in IN 22599 166 6 all all DT 22599 166 7 else else RB 22599 166 8 , , , 22599 166 9 he -PRON- PRP 22599 166 10 is be VBZ 22599 166 11 matched match VBN 22599 166 12 against against IN 22599 166 13 Arjuna Arjuna NNP 22599 166 14 the the DT 22599 166 15 great great JJ 22599 166 16 arithmetician arithmetician NN 22599 166 17 and and CC 22599 166 18 is be VBZ 22599 166 19 asked ask VBN 22599 166 20 to to TO 22599 166 21 express express VB 22599 166 22 numbers number NNS 22599 166 23 greater great JJR 22599 166 24 than than IN 22599 166 25 100 100 CD 22599 166 26 kotis kotis NN 22599 166 27 . . . 22599 167 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 167 2 56 56 CD 22599 167 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 167 4 In in IN 22599 167 5 reply reply NN 22599 167 6 he -PRON- PRP 22599 167 7 gave give VBD 22599 167 8 a a DT 22599 167 9 scheme scheme NN 22599 167 10 of of IN 22599 167 11 number number NN 22599 167 12 names name NNS 22599 167 13 as as RB 22599 167 14 high high JJ 22599 167 15 as as IN 22599 167 16 10^{53 10^{53 CD 22599 167 17 } } -RRB- 22599 167 18 , , , 22599 167 19 adding add VBG 22599 167 20 that that IN 22599 167 21 he -PRON- PRP 22599 167 22 could could MD 22599 167 23 proceed proceed VB 22599 167 24 as as RB 22599 167 25 far far RB 22599 167 26 as as IN 22599 167 27 10^{421},[57 10^{421},[57 LS 22599 167 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 167 29 all all DT 22599 167 30 of of IN 22599 167 31 which which WDT 22599 167 32 suggests suggest VBZ 22599 167 33 the the DT 22599 167 34 system system NN 22599 167 35 of of IN 22599 167 36 Archimedes Archimedes NNP 22599 167 37 and and CC 22599 167 38 the the DT 22599 167 39 unsettled unsettled JJ 22599 167 40 question question NN 22599 167 41 of of IN 22599 167 42 the the DT 22599 167 43 indebtedness indebtedness NN 22599 167 44 of of IN 22599 167 45 the the DT 22599 167 46 West West NNP 22599 167 47 to to IN 22599 167 48 the the DT 22599 167 49 East East NNP 22599 167 50 in in IN 22599 167 51 the the DT 22599 167 52 realm realm NN 22599 167 53 of of IN 22599 167 54 ancient ancient JJ 22599 167 55 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 167 56 . . . 22599 168 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 168 2 58 58 CD 22599 168 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 168 4 Sir Sir NNP 22599 168 5 Edwin Edwin NNP 22599 168 6 Arnold Arnold NNP 22599 168 7 , , , 22599 168 8 { { -LRB- 22599 168 9 16 16 CD 22599 168 10 } } -RRB- 22599 168 11 in in IN 22599 168 12 _ _ NNP 22599 168 13 The the DT 22599 168 14 Light Light NNP 22599 168 15 of of IN 22599 168 16 Asia Asia NNP 22599 168 17 _ _ NNP 22599 168 18 , , , 22599 168 19 does do VBZ 22599 168 20 not not RB 22599 168 21 mention mention VB 22599 168 22 this this DT 22599 168 23 part part NN 22599 168 24 of of IN 22599 168 25 the the DT 22599 168 26 contest contest NN 22599 168 27 , , , 22599 168 28 but but CC 22599 168 29 he -PRON- PRP 22599 168 30 speaks speak VBZ 22599 168 31 of of IN 22599 168 32 Buddha Buddha NNP 22599 168 33 's 's POS 22599 168 34 training training NN 22599 168 35 at at IN 22599 168 36 the the DT 22599 168 37 hands hand NNS 22599 168 38 of of IN 22599 168 39 the the DT 22599 168 40 learned learn VBN 22599 168 41 Vi[s.]vamitra vi[s.]vamitra NN 22599 168 42 : : : 22599 168 43 " " `` 22599 168 44 And and CC 22599 168 45 Viswamitra Viswamitra NNP 22599 168 46 said say VBD 22599 168 47 , , , 22599 168 48 ' ' '' 22599 168 49 It -PRON- PRP 22599 168 50 is be VBZ 22599 168 51 enough enough JJ 22599 168 52 , , , 22599 168 53 Let let VB 22599 168 54 us -PRON- PRP 22599 168 55 to to IN 22599 168 56 numbers number NNS 22599 168 57 . . . 22599 169 1 After after IN 22599 169 2 me -PRON- PRP 22599 169 3 repeat repeat VBP 22599 169 4 Your -PRON- PRP$ 22599 169 5 numeration numeration NN 22599 169 6 till till IN 22599 169 7 we -PRON- PRP 22599 169 8 reach reach VBP 22599 169 9 the the DT 22599 169 10 lakh,[59 lakh,[59 NN 22599 169 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 169 12 One one CD 22599 169 13 , , , 22599 169 14 two two CD 22599 169 15 , , , 22599 169 16 three three CD 22599 169 17 , , , 22599 169 18 four four CD 22599 169 19 , , , 22599 169 20 to to IN 22599 169 21 ten ten CD 22599 169 22 , , , 22599 169 23 and and CC 22599 169 24 then then RB 22599 169 25 by by IN 22599 169 26 tens ten NNS 22599 169 27 To to IN 22599 169 28 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 169 29 , , , 22599 169 30 thousands thousand NNS 22599 169 31 . . . 22599 169 32 ' ' '' 22599 170 1 After after IN 22599 170 2 him -PRON- PRP 22599 170 3 the the DT 22599 170 4 child child NN 22599 170 5 Named name VBN 22599 170 6 digits digit NNS 22599 170 7 , , , 22599 170 8 decads decad NNS 22599 170 9 , , , 22599 170 10 centuries century NNS 22599 170 11 , , , 22599 170 12 nor nor CC 22599 170 13 paused pause VBN 22599 170 14 , , , 22599 170 15 The the DT 22599 170 16 round round JJ 22599 170 17 lakh lakh NN 22599 170 18 reached reach VBD 22599 170 19 , , , 22599 170 20 but but CC 22599 170 21 softly softly RB 22599 170 22 murmured murmur VBN 22599 170 23 on on RP 22599 170 24 , , , 22599 170 25 Then then RB 22599 170 26 comes come VBZ 22599 170 27 the the DT 22599 170 28 k[=o]ti k[=o]ti NNS 22599 170 29 , , , 22599 170 30 nahut nahut NNP 22599 170 31 , , , 22599 170 32 ninnahut ninnahut NNP 22599 170 33 , , , 22599 170 34 Khamba Khamba NNP 22599 170 35 , , , 22599 170 36 viskhamba viskhamba NN 22599 170 37 , , , 22599 170 38 abab abab NNP 22599 170 39 , , , 22599 170 40 attata attata NNP 22599 170 41 , , , 22599 170 42 To to IN 22599 170 43 kumuds kumuds NNP 22599 170 44 , , , 22599 170 45 gundhikas gundhikas NN 22599 170 46 , , , 22599 170 47 and and CC 22599 170 48 utpalas utpala NNS 22599 170 49 , , , 22599 170 50 By by IN 22599 170 51 pundar[=i]kas pundar[=i]kas NN 22599 170 52 into into IN 22599 170 53 padumas paduma NNS 22599 170 54 , , , 22599 170 55 Which which WDT 22599 170 56 last last RB 22599 170 57 is be VBZ 22599 170 58 how how WRB 22599 170 59 you -PRON- PRP 22599 170 60 count count VBP 22599 170 61 the the DT 22599 170 62 utmost utmost JJ 22599 170 63 grains grain NNS 22599 170 64 Of of IN 22599 170 65 Hastagiri Hastagiri NNP 22599 170 66 ground ground NN 22599 170 67 to to IN 22599 170 68 finest fine JJS 22599 170 69 dust;[60 dust;[60 NN 22599 170 70 ] ] -RRB- 22599 170 71 But but CC 22599 170 72 beyond beyond IN 22599 170 73 that that DT 22599 170 74 a a DT 22599 170 75 numeration numeration NN 22599 170 76 is be VBZ 22599 170 77 , , , 22599 170 78 The the DT 22599 170 79 K[=a]tha K[=a]tha NNP 22599 170 80 , , , 22599 170 81 used use VBD 22599 170 82 to to TO 22599 170 83 count count VB 22599 170 84 the the DT 22599 170 85 stars star NNS 22599 170 86 of of IN 22599 170 87 night night NN 22599 170 88 , , , 22599 170 89 The the DT 22599 170 90 K[=o]ti K[=o]ti NNP 22599 170 91 - - HYPH 22599 170 92 K[=a]tha K[=a]tha NNP 22599 170 93 , , , 22599 170 94 for for IN 22599 170 95 the the DT 22599 170 96 ocean ocean NN 22599 170 97 drops drop VBZ 22599 170 98 ; ; : 22599 170 99 Ingga Ingga NNP 22599 170 100 , , , 22599 170 101 the the DT 22599 170 102 calculus calculus NN 22599 170 103 of of IN 22599 170 104 circulars circular NNS 22599 170 105 ; ; : 22599 170 106 Sarvanikchepa Sarvanikchepa NNP 22599 170 107 , , , 22599 170 108 by by IN 22599 170 109 the the DT 22599 170 110 which which WDT 22599 170 111 you -PRON- PRP 22599 170 112 deal deal VBP 22599 170 113 With with IN 22599 170 114 all all PDT 22599 170 115 the the DT 22599 170 116 sands sand NNS 22599 170 117 of of IN 22599 170 118 Gunga Gunga NNP 22599 170 119 , , , 22599 170 120 till till IN 22599 170 121 we -PRON- PRP 22599 170 122 come come VBP 22599 170 123 To to IN 22599 170 124 Antah Antah NNP 22599 170 125 - - HYPH 22599 170 126 Kalpas Kalpas NNP 22599 170 127 , , , 22599 170 128 where where WRB 22599 170 129 the the DT 22599 170 130 unit unit NN 22599 170 131 is be VBZ 22599 170 132 The the DT 22599 170 133 sands sand NNS 22599 170 134 of of IN 22599 170 135 the the DT 22599 170 136 ten ten CD 22599 170 137 crore crore CD 22599 170 138 Gungas Gungas NNP 22599 170 139 . . . 22599 171 1 If if IN 22599 171 2 one one PRP 22599 171 3 seeks seek VBZ 22599 171 4 More more RBR 22599 171 5 comprehensive comprehensive JJ 22599 171 6 scale scale NN 22599 171 7 , , , 22599 171 8 th th XX 22599 171 9 ' ' POS 22599 171 10 arithmic arithmic JJ 22599 171 11 mounts mount NNS 22599 171 12 By by IN 22599 171 13 the the DT 22599 171 14 Asankya Asankya NNP 22599 171 15 , , , 22599 171 16 which which WDT 22599 171 17 is be VBZ 22599 171 18 the the DT 22599 171 19 tale tale NN 22599 171 20 Of of IN 22599 171 21 all all PDT 22599 171 22 the the DT 22599 171 23 drops drop NNS 22599 171 24 that that IN 22599 171 25 in in IN 22599 171 26 ten ten CD 22599 171 27 thousand thousand CD 22599 171 28 years year NNS 22599 171 29 Would Would MD 22599 171 30 fall fall VB 22599 171 31 on on IN 22599 171 32 all all PDT 22599 171 33 the the DT 22599 171 34 worlds world NNS 22599 171 35 by by IN 22599 171 36 daily daily JJ 22599 171 37 rain rain NN 22599 171 38 ; ; : 22599 171 39 Thence Thence NNP 22599 171 40 unto unto IN 22599 171 41 Maha Maha NNP 22599 171 42 Kalpas Kalpas NNP 22599 171 43 , , , 22599 171 44 by by IN 22599 171 45 the the DT 22599 171 46 which which WDT 22599 171 47 The the DT 22599 171 48 gods god NNS 22599 171 49 compute compute VBP 22599 171 50 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 171 51 future future NN 22599 171 52 and and CC 22599 171 53 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 171 54 past past NN 22599 171 55 . . . 22599 171 56 ' ' '' 22599 171 57 " " '' 22599 172 1 { { -LRB- 22599 172 2 17 17 CD 22599 172 3 } } -RRB- 22599 172 4 Thereupon thereupon NN 22599 172 5 Vi[s.]vamitra Vi[s.]vamitra NNS 22599 172 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 172 7 = = SYM 22599 172 8 A]c[=a]rya[61 A]c[=a]rya[61 NNP 22599 172 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 172 10 expresses express VBZ 22599 172 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 172 12 approval approval NN 22599 172 13 of of IN 22599 172 14 the the DT 22599 172 15 task task NN 22599 172 16 , , , 22599 172 17 and and CC 22599 172 18 asks ask VBZ 22599 172 19 to to TO 22599 172 20 hear hear VB 22599 172 21 the the DT 22599 172 22 " " `` 22599 172 23 measure measure NN 22599 172 24 of of IN 22599 172 25 the the DT 22599 172 26 line line NN 22599 172 27 " " '' 22599 172 28 as as RB 22599 172 29 far far RB 22599 172 30 as as IN 22599 172 31 y[=o]jana y[=o]jana NNP 22599 172 32 , , , 22599 172 33 the the DT 22599 172 34 longest long JJS 22599 172 35 measure measure NN 22599 172 36 bearing bear VBG 22599 172 37 name name NN 22599 172 38 . . . 22599 173 1 This this DT 22599 173 2 given give VBN 22599 173 3 , , , 22599 173 4 Buddha Buddha NNP 22599 173 5 adds add VBZ 22599 173 6 : : : 22599 173 7 ... ... : 22599 173 8 " " `` 22599 173 9 ' ' '' 22599 173 10 And and CC 22599 173 11 master master NN 22599 173 12 ! ! . 22599 174 1 if if IN 22599 174 2 it -PRON- PRP 22599 174 3 please please UH 22599 174 4 , , , 22599 174 5 I -PRON- PRP 22599 174 6 shall shall MD 22599 174 7 recite recite VB 22599 174 8 how how WRB 22599 174 9 many many JJ 22599 174 10 sun sun NN 22599 174 11 - - HYPH 22599 174 12 motes mote NNS 22599 174 13 lie lie VBP 22599 174 14 From from IN 22599 174 15 end end NN 22599 174 16 to to IN 22599 174 17 end end NN 22599 174 18 within within IN 22599 174 19 a a DT 22599 174 20 y[=o]jana y[=o]jana NN 22599 174 21 . . . 22599 174 22 ' ' '' 22599 175 1 Thereat thereat UH 22599 175 2 , , , 22599 175 3 with with IN 22599 175 4 instant instant JJ 22599 175 5 skill skill NN 22599 175 6 , , , 22599 175 7 the the DT 22599 175 8 little little JJ 22599 175 9 prince prince NN 22599 175 10 Pronounced pronounce VBD 22599 175 11 the the DT 22599 175 12 total total NN 22599 175 13 of of IN 22599 175 14 the the DT 22599 175 15 atoms atom NNS 22599 175 16 true true JJ 22599 175 17 . . . 22599 176 1 But but CC 22599 176 2 Viswamitra Viswamitra NNP 22599 176 3 heard hear VBD 22599 176 4 it -PRON- PRP 22599 176 5 on on IN 22599 176 6 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 176 7 face face NN 22599 176 8 Prostrate Prostrate NNP 22599 176 9 before before IN 22599 176 10 the the DT 22599 176 11 boy boy NN 22599 176 12 ; ; : 22599 176 13 ' ' '' 22599 176 14 For for IN 22599 176 15 thou thou NNP 22599 176 16 , , , 22599 176 17 ' ' '' 22599 176 18 he -PRON- PRP 22599 176 19 cried cry VBD 22599 176 20 , , , 22599 176 21 ' ' '' 22599 176 22 Art art NN 22599 176 23 Teacher teacher NN 22599 176 24 of of IN 22599 176 25 thy thy NN 22599 176 26 teachers teacher NNS 22599 176 27 -- -- : 22599 176 28 thou thou NNP 22599 176 29 , , , 22599 176 30 not not RB 22599 176 31 I -PRON- PRP 22599 176 32 , , , 22599 176 33 Art Art NNP 22599 176 34 G[=u]r[=u G[=u]r[=u NNP 22599 176 35 ] ] -RRB- 22599 176 36 . . . 22599 176 37 ' ' '' 22599 176 38 " " '' 22599 177 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 177 2 is be VBZ 22599 177 3 needless needless JJ 22599 177 4 to to TO 22599 177 5 say say VB 22599 177 6 that that IN 22599 177 7 this this DT 22599 177 8 is be VBZ 22599 177 9 far far RB 22599 177 10 from from IN 22599 177 11 being be VBG 22599 177 12 history history NN 22599 177 13 . . . 22599 178 1 And and CC 22599 178 2 yet yet RB 22599 178 3 it -PRON- PRP 22599 178 4 puts put VBZ 22599 178 5 in in RP 22599 178 6 charming charming JJ 22599 178 7 rhythm rhythm NN 22599 178 8 only only RB 22599 178 9 what what WP 22599 178 10 the the DT 22599 178 11 ancient ancient JJ 22599 178 12 _ _ NNP 22599 178 13 Lalitavistara Lalitavistara NNP 22599 178 14 _ _ NNP 22599 178 15 relates relate VBZ 22599 178 16 of of IN 22599 178 17 the the DT 22599 178 18 number number NN 22599 178 19 - - HYPH 22599 178 20 series series NN 22599 178 21 of of IN 22599 178 22 the the DT 22599 178 23 Buddha Buddha NNP 22599 178 24 's 's POS 22599 178 25 time time NN 22599 178 26 . . . 22599 179 1 While while IN 22599 179 2 it -PRON- PRP 22599 179 3 extends extend VBZ 22599 179 4 beyond beyond IN 22599 179 5 all all DT 22599 179 6 reason reason NN 22599 179 7 , , , 22599 179 8 nevertheless nevertheless RB 22599 179 9 it -PRON- PRP 22599 179 10 reveals reveal VBZ 22599 179 11 a a DT 22599 179 12 condition condition NN 22599 179 13 that that WDT 22599 179 14 would would MD 22599 179 15 have have VB 22599 179 16 been be VBN 22599 179 17 impossible impossible JJ 22599 179 18 unless unless IN 22599 179 19 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 179 20 had have VBD 22599 179 21 attained attain VBN 22599 179 22 a a DT 22599 179 23 considerable considerable JJ 22599 179 24 degree degree NN 22599 179 25 of of IN 22599 179 26 advancement advancement NN 22599 179 27 . . . 22599 180 1 To to IN 22599 180 2 this this DT 22599 180 3 pre pre JJ 22599 180 4 - - JJ 22599 180 5 Christian christian JJ 22599 180 6 period period NN 22599 180 7 belong belong VBP 22599 180 8 also also RB 22599 180 9 the the DT 22599 180 10 _ _ NNP 22599 180 11 Ved[=a][.n]gas ved[=a][.n]gas NN 22599 180 12 _ _ NNP 22599 180 13 , , , 22599 180 14 or or CC 22599 180 15 " " `` 22599 180 16 limbs limb NNS 22599 180 17 for for IN 22599 180 18 supporting support VBG 22599 180 19 the the DT 22599 180 20 Veda Veda NNP 22599 180 21 , , , 22599 180 22 " " '' 22599 180 23 part part NN 22599 180 24 of of IN 22599 180 25 that that DT 22599 180 26 great great JJ 22599 180 27 branch branch NN 22599 180 28 of of IN 22599 180 29 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 180 30 literature literature NN 22599 180 31 known know VBN 22599 180 32 as as IN 22599 180 33 _ _ NNP 22599 180 34 Sm[r.]iti Sm[r.]iti NNP 22599 180 35 _ _ NNP 22599 180 36 ( ( -LRB- 22599 180 37 recollection recollection NN 22599 180 38 ) ) -RRB- 22599 180 39 , , , 22599 180 40 that that WDT 22599 180 41 which which WDT 22599 180 42 was be VBD 22599 180 43 to to TO 22599 180 44 be be VB 22599 180 45 handed hand VBN 22599 180 46 down down RP 22599 180 47 by by IN 22599 180 48 tradition tradition NN 22599 180 49 . . . 22599 181 1 Of of IN 22599 181 2 these these DT 22599 181 3 the the DT 22599 181 4 sixth sixth JJ 22599 181 5 is be VBZ 22599 181 6 known know VBN 22599 181 7 as as IN 22599 181 8 _ _ NNP 22599 181 9 Jyoti[s.]a Jyoti[s.]a NNP 22599 181 10 _ _ NNP 22599 181 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 181 12 astronomy astronomy NNP 22599 181 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 181 14 , , , 22599 181 15 a a DT 22599 181 16 short short JJ 22599 181 17 treatise treatise NN 22599 181 18 of of IN 22599 181 19 only only RB 22599 181 20 thirty thirty CD 22599 181 21 - - HYPH 22599 181 22 six six CD 22599 181 23 verses verse NNS 22599 181 24 , , , 22599 181 25 written write VBN 22599 181 26 not not RB 22599 181 27 earlier early JJR 22599 181 28 than than IN 22599 181 29 300 300 CD 22599 181 30 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 181 31 , , , 22599 181 32 and and CC 22599 181 33 affording afford VBG 22599 181 34 us -PRON- PRP 22599 181 35 some some DT 22599 181 36 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 181 37 of of IN 22599 181 38 the the DT 22599 181 39 extent extent NN 22599 181 40 of of IN 22599 181 41 number number NN 22599 181 42 work work NN 22599 181 43 in in IN 22599 181 44 that that DT 22599 181 45 period period NN 22599 181 46 . . . 22599 182 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 182 2 62 62 CD 22599 182 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 182 4 The the DT 22599 182 5 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 182 6 { { -LRB- 22599 182 7 18 18 CD 22599 182 8 } } -RRB- 22599 182 9 also also RB 22599 182 10 speak speak VBP 22599 182 11 of of IN 22599 182 12 eighteen eighteen CD 22599 182 13 ancient ancient JJ 22599 182 14 Siddh[=a]ntas Siddh[=a]ntas , 22599 182 15 or or CC 22599 182 16 astronomical astronomical JJ 22599 182 17 works work NNS 22599 182 18 , , , 22599 182 19 which which WDT 22599 182 20 , , , 22599 182 21 though though IN 22599 182 22 mostly mostly RB 22599 182 23 lost lose VBN 22599 182 24 , , , 22599 182 25 confirm confirm VB 22599 182 26 this this DT 22599 182 27 evidence evidence NN 22599 182 28 . . . 22599 183 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 183 2 63 63 CD 22599 183 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 183 4 As as IN 22599 183 5 to to IN 22599 183 6 authentic authentic JJ 22599 183 7 histories history NNS 22599 183 8 , , , 22599 183 9 however however RB 22599 183 10 , , , 22599 183 11 there there EX 22599 183 12 exist exist VBP 22599 183 13 in in IN 22599 183 14 India India NNP 22599 183 15 none none NN 22599 183 16 relating relate VBG 22599 183 17 to to IN 22599 183 18 the the DT 22599 183 19 period period NN 22599 183 20 before before IN 22599 183 21 the the DT 22599 183 22 Mohammedan Mohammedan NNP 22599 183 23 era era NN 22599 183 24 ( ( -LRB- 22599 183 25 622 622 CD 22599 183 26 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 183 27 ) ) -RRB- 22599 183 28 . . . 22599 184 1 About about IN 22599 184 2 all all DT 22599 184 3 that that WDT 22599 184 4 we -PRON- PRP 22599 184 5 know know VBP 22599 184 6 of of IN 22599 184 7 the the DT 22599 184 8 earlier early JJR 22599 184 9 civilization civilization NN 22599 184 10 is be VBZ 22599 184 11 what what WP 22599 184 12 we -PRON- PRP 22599 184 13 glean glean VBP 22599 184 14 from from IN 22599 184 15 the the DT 22599 184 16 two two CD 22599 184 17 great great JJ 22599 184 18 epics epic NNS 22599 184 19 , , , 22599 184 20 the the DT 22599 184 21 Mah[=a]bh[=a]rata[64 Mah[=a]bh[=a]rata[64 NNP 22599 184 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 184 23 and and CC 22599 184 24 the the DT 22599 184 25 R[=a]m[=a]yana R[=a]m[=a]yana NNP 22599 184 26 , , , 22599 184 27 from from IN 22599 184 28 coins coin NNS 22599 184 29 , , , 22599 184 30 and and CC 22599 184 31 from from IN 22599 184 32 a a DT 22599 184 33 few few JJ 22599 184 34 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 184 35 . . . 22599 185 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 185 2 65 65 CD 22599 185 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 185 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 185 5 is be VBZ 22599 185 6 with with IN 22599 185 7 this this DT 22599 185 8 unsatisfactory unsatisfactory JJ 22599 185 9 material material NN 22599 185 10 , , , 22599 185 11 then then RB 22599 185 12 , , , 22599 185 13 that that IN 22599 185 14 we -PRON- PRP 22599 185 15 have have VBP 22599 185 16 to to TO 22599 185 17 deal deal VB 22599 185 18 in in IN 22599 185 19 searching search VBG 22599 185 20 for for IN 22599 185 21 the the DT 22599 185 22 early early JJ 22599 185 23 history history NN 22599 185 24 of of IN 22599 185 25 the the DT 22599 185 26 Hindu hindu JJ 22599 185 27 - - HYPH 22599 185 28 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 185 29 numerals numeral NNS 22599 185 30 , , , 22599 185 31 and and CC 22599 185 32 the the DT 22599 185 33 fact fact NN 22599 185 34 that that IN 22599 185 35 many many JJ 22599 185 36 unsolved unsolved JJ 22599 185 37 problems problem NNS 22599 185 38 exist exist VBP 22599 185 39 and and CC 22599 185 40 will will MD 22599 185 41 continue continue VB 22599 185 42 to to TO 22599 185 43 exist exist VB 22599 185 44 is be VBZ 22599 185 45 no no DT 22599 185 46 longer longer RB 22599 185 47 strange strange JJ 22599 185 48 when when WRB 22599 185 49 we -PRON- PRP 22599 185 50 consider consider VBP 22599 185 51 the the DT 22599 185 52 conditions condition NNS 22599 185 53 . . . 22599 186 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 186 2 is be VBZ 22599 186 3 rather rather RB 22599 186 4 surprising surprising JJ 22599 186 5 that that IN 22599 186 6 so so RB 22599 186 7 much much JJ 22599 186 8 has have VBZ 22599 186 9 been be VBN 22599 186 10 discovered discover VBN 22599 186 11 within within IN 22599 186 12 a a DT 22599 186 13 century century NN 22599 186 14 , , , 22599 186 15 than than IN 22599 186 16 that that IN 22599 186 17 we -PRON- PRP 22599 186 18 are be VBP 22599 186 19 so so RB 22599 186 20 uncertain uncertain JJ 22599 186 21 as as IN 22599 186 22 to to IN 22599 186 23 origins origin NNS 22599 186 24 and and CC 22599 186 25 dates date NNS 22599 186 26 and and CC 22599 186 27 the the DT 22599 186 28 early early JJ 22599 186 29 spread spread NN 22599 186 30 of of IN 22599 186 31 the the DT 22599 186 32 system system NN 22599 186 33 . . . 22599 187 1 The the DT 22599 187 2 probability probability NN 22599 187 3 being be VBG 22599 187 4 that that IN 22599 187 5 writing writing NN 22599 187 6 was be VBD 22599 187 7 not not RB 22599 187 8 introduced introduce VBN 22599 187 9 into into IN 22599 187 10 India India NNP 22599 187 11 before before IN 22599 187 12 the the DT 22599 187 13 close close NN 22599 187 14 of of IN 22599 187 15 the the DT 22599 187 16 fourth fourth JJ 22599 187 17 century century NN 22599 187 18 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 187 19 , , , 22599 187 20 and and CC 22599 187 21 literature literature NN 22599 187 22 existing exist VBG 22599 187 23 only only RB 22599 187 24 in in IN 22599 187 25 spoken speak VBN 22599 187 26 form form NN 22599 187 27 prior prior RB 22599 187 28 to to IN 22599 187 29 that that DT 22599 187 30 period,[66 period,[66 CD 22599 187 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 187 32 the the DT 22599 187 33 number number NN 22599 187 34 work work NN 22599 187 35 was be VBD 22599 187 36 doubtless doubtless JJ 22599 187 37 that that DT 22599 187 38 of of IN 22599 187 39 all all DT 22599 187 40 primitive primitive JJ 22599 187 41 peoples people NNS 22599 187 42 , , , 22599 187 43 palpable palpable JJ 22599 187 44 , , , 22599 187 45 merely merely RB 22599 187 46 a a DT 22599 187 47 matter matter NN 22599 187 48 of of IN 22599 187 49 placing place VBG 22599 187 50 sticks stick NNS 22599 187 51 or or CC 22599 187 52 cowries cowrie NNS 22599 187 53 or or CC 22599 187 54 pebbles pebble NNS 22599 187 55 on on IN 22599 187 56 the the DT 22599 187 57 ground ground NN 22599 187 58 , , , 22599 187 59 of of IN 22599 187 60 marking mark VBG 22599 187 61 a a DT 22599 187 62 sand sand NN 22599 187 63 - - HYPH 22599 187 64 covered cover VBN 22599 187 65 board board NN 22599 187 66 , , , 22599 187 67 or or CC 22599 187 68 of of IN 22599 187 69 cutting cut VBG 22599 187 70 notches notch NNS 22599 187 71 or or CC 22599 187 72 tying tie VBG 22599 187 73 cords cord NNS 22599 187 74 as as IN 22599 187 75 is be VBZ 22599 187 76 still still RB 22599 187 77 done do VBN 22599 187 78 in in IN 22599 187 79 parts part NNS 22599 187 80 of of IN 22599 187 81 Southern Southern NNP 22599 187 82 India India NNP 22599 187 83 to to IN 22599 187 84 - - HYPH 22599 187 85 day day NN 22599 187 86 . . . 22599 188 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 188 2 67 67 CD 22599 188 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 188 4 { { -LRB- 22599 188 5 19 19 CD 22599 188 6 } } -RRB- 22599 188 7 The the DT 22599 188 8 early early JJ 22599 188 9 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 188 10 numerals[68 numerals[68 NNP 22599 188 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 188 12 may may MD 22599 188 13 be be VB 22599 188 14 classified classify VBN 22599 188 15 into into IN 22599 188 16 three three CD 22599 188 17 great great JJ 22599 188 18 groups group NNS 22599 188 19 , , , 22599 188 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 188 21 1 1 LS 22599 188 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 188 23 the the DT 22599 188 24 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 188 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 188 26 , , , 22599 188 27 ( ( -LRB- 22599 188 28 2 2 LS 22599 188 29 ) ) -RRB- 22599 188 30 the the DT 22599 188 31 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 188 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 188 33 , , , 22599 188 34 and and CC 22599 188 35 ( ( -LRB- 22599 188 36 3 3 LS 22599 188 37 ) ) -RRB- 22599 188 38 the the DT 22599 188 39 word word NN 22599 188 40 and and CC 22599 188 41 letter letter NN 22599 188 42 forms form NNS 22599 188 43 ; ; : 22599 188 44 and and CC 22599 188 45 these these DT 22599 188 46 will will MD 22599 188 47 be be VB 22599 188 48 considered consider VBN 22599 188 49 in in IN 22599 188 50 order order NN 22599 188 51 . . . 22599 189 1 The the DT 22599 189 2 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 189 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 189 4 numerals numeral NNS 22599 189 5 are be VBP 22599 189 6 found find VBN 22599 189 7 in in IN 22599 189 8 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 189 9 formerly formerly RB 22599 189 10 known know VBN 22599 189 11 as as IN 22599 189 12 Bactrian Bactrian NNP 22599 189 13 , , , 22599 189 14 Indo Indo NNP 22599 189 15 - - HYPH 22599 189 16 Bactrian Bactrian NNP 22599 189 17 , , , 22599 189 18 and and CC 22599 189 19 Aryan Aryan NNP 22599 189 20 , , , 22599 189 21 and and CC 22599 189 22 appearing appear VBG 22599 189 23 in in IN 22599 189 24 ancient ancient JJ 22599 189 25 Gandh[=a]ra Gandh[=a]ra NNS 22599 189 26 , , , 22599 189 27 now now RB 22599 189 28 eastern eastern JJ 22599 189 29 Afghanistan Afghanistan NNP 22599 189 30 and and CC 22599 189 31 northern northern JJ 22599 189 32 Punjab Punjab NNP 22599 189 33 . . . 22599 190 1 The the DT 22599 190 2 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 190 3 of of IN 22599 190 4 the the DT 22599 190 5 language language NN 22599 190 6 is be VBZ 22599 190 7 found find VBN 22599 190 8 in in IN 22599 190 9 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 190 10 dating date VBG 22599 190 11 from from IN 22599 190 12 the the DT 22599 190 13 fourth fourth JJ 22599 190 14 century century NN 22599 190 15 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 191 1 to to IN 22599 191 2 the the DT 22599 191 3 third third JJ 22599 191 4 century century NN 22599 191 5 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 191 6 , , , 22599 191 7 and and CC 22599 191 8 from from IN 22599 191 9 the the DT 22599 191 10 fact fact NN 22599 191 11 that that IN 22599 191 12 the the DT 22599 191 13 words word NNS 22599 191 14 are be VBP 22599 191 15 written write VBN 22599 191 16 from from IN 22599 191 17 right right NN 22599 191 18 to to IN 22599 191 19 left leave VBD 22599 191 20 it -PRON- PRP 22599 191 21 is be VBZ 22599 191 22 assumed assume VBN 22599 191 23 to to TO 22599 191 24 be be VB 22599 191 25 of of IN 22599 191 26 Semitic semitic JJ 22599 191 27 origin origin NN 22599 191 28 . . . 22599 192 1 No no DT 22599 192 2 numerals numeral NNS 22599 192 3 , , , 22599 192 4 however however RB 22599 192 5 , , , 22599 192 6 have have VBP 22599 192 7 been be VBN 22599 192 8 found find VBN 22599 192 9 in in IN 22599 192 10 the the DT 22599 192 11 earliest early JJS 22599 192 12 of of IN 22599 192 13 these these DT 22599 192 14 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 192 15 , , , 22599 192 16 number number NN 22599 192 17 - - HYPH 22599 192 18 names name NNS 22599 192 19 probably probably RB 22599 192 20 having have VBG 22599 192 21 been be VBN 22599 192 22 written write VBN 22599 192 23 out out RP 22599 192 24 in in IN 22599 192 25 words word NNS 22599 192 26 as as IN 22599 192 27 was be VBD 22599 192 28 the the DT 22599 192 29 custom custom NN 22599 192 30 with with IN 22599 192 31 many many JJ 22599 192 32 ancient ancient JJ 22599 192 33 peoples people NNS 22599 192 34 . . . 22599 193 1 Not not RB 22599 193 2 until until IN 22599 193 3 the the DT 22599 193 4 time time NN 22599 193 5 of of IN 22599 193 6 the the DT 22599 193 7 powerful powerful JJ 22599 193 8 King King NNP 22599 193 9 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 193 10 , , , 22599 193 11 in in IN 22599 193 12 the the DT 22599 193 13 third third JJ 22599 193 14 century century NN 22599 193 15 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 193 16 , , , 22599 193 17 do do VBP 22599 193 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 193 19 appear appear VB 22599 193 20 in in IN 22599 193 21 any any DT 22599 193 22 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 193 23 thus thus RB 22599 193 24 far far RB 22599 193 25 discovered discover VBN 22599 193 26 ; ; : 22599 193 27 and and CC 22599 193 28 then then RB 22599 193 29 only only RB 22599 193 30 in in IN 22599 193 31 the the DT 22599 193 32 primitive primitive JJ 22599 193 33 form form NN 22599 193 34 of of IN 22599 193 35 marks mark NNS 22599 193 36 , , , 22599 193 37 quite quite RB 22599 193 38 as as IN 22599 193 39 they -PRON- PRP 22599 193 40 would would MD 22599 193 41 be be VB 22599 193 42 found find VBN 22599 193 43 in in IN 22599 193 44 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 193 45 , , , 22599 193 46 Greece Greece NNP 22599 193 47 , , , 22599 193 48 Rome Rome NNP 22599 193 49 , , , 22599 193 50 or or CC 22599 193 51 in in IN 22599 193 52 { { -LRB- 22599 193 53 20 20 CD 22599 193 54 } } -RRB- 22599 193 55 various various JJ 22599 193 56 other other JJ 22599 193 57 parts part NNS 22599 193 58 of of IN 22599 193 59 the the DT 22599 193 60 world world NN 22599 193 61 . . . 22599 194 1 These these DT 22599 194 2 A['s]oka[69 A['s]oka[69 NNP 22599 194 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 194 4 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 194 5 , , , 22599 194 6 some some DT 22599 194 7 thirty thirty CD 22599 194 8 in in RB 22599 194 9 all all DT 22599 194 10 , , , 22599 194 11 are be VBP 22599 194 12 found find VBN 22599 194 13 in in IN 22599 194 14 widely widely RB 22599 194 15 separated separated JJ 22599 194 16 parts part NNS 22599 194 17 of of IN 22599 194 18 India India NNP 22599 194 19 , , , 22599 194 20 often often RB 22599 194 21 on on IN 22599 194 22 columns column NNS 22599 194 23 , , , 22599 194 24 and and CC 22599 194 25 are be VBP 22599 194 26 in in IN 22599 194 27 the the DT 22599 194 28 various various JJ 22599 194 29 vernaculars vernacular NNS 22599 194 30 that that WDT 22599 194 31 were be VBD 22599 194 32 familiar familiar JJ 22599 194 33 to to IN 22599 194 34 the the DT 22599 194 35 people people NNS 22599 194 36 . . . 22599 195 1 Two two CD 22599 195 2 are be VBP 22599 195 3 in in IN 22599 195 4 the the DT 22599 195 5 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 195 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 195 7 characters character NNS 22599 195 8 , , , 22599 195 9 and and CC 22599 195 10 the the DT 22599 195 11 rest rest NN 22599 195 12 in in IN 22599 195 13 some some DT 22599 195 14 form form NN 22599 195 15 of of IN 22599 195 16 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 195 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 195 18 . . . 22599 196 1 In in IN 22599 196 2 the the DT 22599 196 3 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 196 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 196 5 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 196 6 only only RB 22599 196 7 four four CD 22599 196 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 196 9 have have VBP 22599 196 10 been be VBN 22599 196 11 found find VBN 22599 196 12 , , , 22599 196 13 and and CC 22599 196 14 these these DT 22599 196 15 are be VBP 22599 196 16 merely merely RB 22599 196 17 vertical vertical JJ 22599 196 18 marks mark NNS 22599 196 19 for for IN 22599 196 20 one one CD 22599 196 21 , , , 22599 196 22 two two CD 22599 196 23 , , , 22599 196 24 four four CD 22599 196 25 , , , 22599 196 26 and and CC 22599 196 27 five five CD 22599 196 28 , , , 22599 196 29 thus thus RB 22599 196 30 : : : 22599 196 31 | | CD 22599 196 32 || || NNP 22599 196 33 ||| ||| CD 22599 196 34 |||| |||| NN 22599 196 35 In in IN 22599 196 36 the the DT 22599 196 37 so so RB 22599 196 38 - - HYPH 22599 196 39 called call VBN 22599 196 40 [ [ -LRB- 22599 196 41 ' ' POS 22599 196 42 S]aka s]aka NN 22599 196 43 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 196 44 , , , 22599 196 45 possibly possibly RB 22599 196 46 of of IN 22599 196 47 the the DT 22599 196 48 first first JJ 22599 196 49 century century NN 22599 196 50 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 196 51 , , , 22599 196 52 more more JJR 22599 196 53 numerals numeral NNS 22599 196 54 are be VBP 22599 196 55 found find VBN 22599 196 56 , , , 22599 196 57 and and CC 22599 196 58 in in IN 22599 196 59 more more RBR 22599 196 60 highly highly RB 22599 196 61 developed develop VBN 22599 196 62 form form NN 22599 196 63 , , , 22599 196 64 the the DT 22599 196 65 right right NN 22599 196 66 - - HYPH 22599 196 67 to to IN 22599 196 68 - - HYPH 22599 196 69 left left JJ 22599 196 70 system system NN 22599 196 71 appearing appear VBG 22599 196 72 , , , 22599 196 73 together together RB 22599 196 74 with with IN 22599 196 75 evidences evidence NNS 22599 196 76 of of IN 22599 196 77 three three CD 22599 196 78 different different JJ 22599 196 79 scales scale NNS 22599 196 80 of of IN 22599 196 81 counting,--four counting,--four NNP 22599 196 82 , , , 22599 196 83 ten ten CD 22599 196 84 , , , 22599 196 85 and and CC 22599 196 86 twenty twenty CD 22599 196 87 . . . 22599 197 1 The the DT 22599 197 2 numerals numeral NNS 22599 197 3 of of IN 22599 197 4 this this DT 22599 197 5 period period NN 22599 197 6 are be VBP 22599 197 7 as as IN 22599 197 8 follows follow VBZ 22599 197 9 : : : 22599 197 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 197 11 Illustration illustration NN 22599 197 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 197 13 There there EX 22599 197 14 are be VBP 22599 197 15 several several JJ 22599 197 16 noteworthy noteworthy JJ 22599 197 17 points point NNS 22599 197 18 to to TO 22599 197 19 be be VB 22599 197 20 observed observe VBN 22599 197 21 in in IN 22599 197 22 studying study VBG 22599 197 23 this this DT 22599 197 24 system system NN 22599 197 25 . . . 22599 198 1 In in IN 22599 198 2 the the DT 22599 198 3 first first JJ 22599 198 4 place place NN 22599 198 5 , , , 22599 198 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 198 7 is be VBZ 22599 198 8 probably probably RB 22599 198 9 not not RB 22599 198 10 as as RB 22599 198 11 early early RB 22599 198 12 as as IN 22599 198 13 that that DT 22599 198 14 shown show VBN 22599 198 15 in in IN 22599 198 16 the the DT 22599 198 17 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 198 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 198 19 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t VBP 22599 198 20 forms form NNS 22599 198 21 hereafter hereafter RB 22599 198 22 given give VBN 22599 198 23 , , , 22599 198 24 although although IN 22599 198 25 the the DT 22599 198 26 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 198 27 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 198 28 at at IN 22599 198 29 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 198 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 198 31 Gh[=a]t Gh[=a]t NNS 22599 198 32 are be VBP 22599 198 33 later late JJR 22599 198 34 than than IN 22599 198 35 those those DT 22599 198 36 of of IN 22599 198 37 the the DT 22599 198 38 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 198 39 period period NN 22599 198 40 . . . 22599 199 1 The the DT 22599 199 2 { { -LRB- 22599 199 3 21 21 CD 22599 199 4 } } -RRB- 22599 199 5 four four CD 22599 199 6 is be VBZ 22599 199 7 to to IN 22599 199 8 this this DT 22599 199 9 system system NN 22599 199 10 what what WP 22599 199 11 the the DT 22599 199 12 X x NN 22599 199 13 was be VBD 22599 199 14 to to IN 22599 199 15 the the DT 22599 199 16 Roman Roman NNP 22599 199 17 , , , 22599 199 18 probably probably RB 22599 199 19 a a DT 22599 199 20 canceling canceling NN 22599 199 21 of of IN 22599 199 22 three three CD 22599 199 23 marks mark NNS 22599 199 24 as as IN 22599 199 25 a a DT 22599 199 26 workman workman NN 22599 199 27 does do VBZ 22599 199 28 to to NN 22599 199 29 - - HYPH 22599 199 30 day day NN 22599 199 31 for for IN 22599 199 32 five five CD 22599 199 33 , , , 22599 199 34 or or CC 22599 199 35 a a DT 22599 199 36 laying laying NN 22599 199 37 of of IN 22599 199 38 one one CD 22599 199 39 stick stick NN 22599 199 40 across across IN 22599 199 41 three three CD 22599 199 42 others other NNS 22599 199 43 . . . 22599 200 1 The the DT 22599 200 2 ten ten NN 22599 200 3 has have VBZ 22599 200 4 never never RB 22599 200 5 been be VBN 22599 200 6 satisfactorily satisfactorily RB 22599 200 7 explained explain VBN 22599 200 8 . . . 22599 201 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 201 2 is be VBZ 22599 201 3 similar similar JJ 22599 201 4 to to IN 22599 201 5 the the DT 22599 201 6 A a NN 22599 201 7 of of IN 22599 201 8 the the DT 22599 201 9 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 201 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 201 11 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 201 12 , , , 22599 201 13 but but CC 22599 201 14 we -PRON- PRP 22599 201 15 have have VBP 22599 201 16 no no DT 22599 201 17 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 201 18 as as IN 22599 201 19 to to IN 22599 201 20 why why WRB 22599 201 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 201 22 was be VBD 22599 201 23 chosen choose VBN 22599 201 24 . . . 22599 202 1 The the DT 22599 202 2 twenty twenty CD 22599 202 3 is be VBZ 22599 202 4 evidently evidently RB 22599 202 5 a a DT 22599 202 6 ligature ligature NN 22599 202 7 of of IN 22599 202 8 two two CD 22599 202 9 tens ten NNS 22599 202 10 , , , 22599 202 11 and and CC 22599 202 12 this this DT 22599 202 13 in in IN 22599 202 14 turn turn NN 22599 202 15 suggested suggest VBD 22599 202 16 a a DT 22599 202 17 kind kind NN 22599 202 18 of of IN 22599 202 19 radix radix NNS 22599 202 20 , , , 22599 202 21 so so IN 22599 202 22 that that IN 22599 202 23 ninety ninety CD 22599 202 24 was be VBD 22599 202 25 probably probably RB 22599 202 26 written write VBN 22599 202 27 in in IN 22599 202 28 a a DT 22599 202 29 way way NN 22599 202 30 reminding remind VBG 22599 202 31 one one CD 22599 202 32 of of IN 22599 202 33 the the DT 22599 202 34 quatre quatre NNP 22599 202 35 - - HYPH 22599 202 36 vingt vingt NN 22599 202 37 - - HYPH 22599 202 38 dix dix NN 22599 202 39 of of IN 22599 202 40 the the DT 22599 202 41 French French NNP 22599 202 42 . . . 22599 203 1 The the DT 22599 203 2 hundred hundred CD 22599 203 3 is be VBZ 22599 203 4 unexplained unexplained JJ 22599 203 5 , , , 22599 203 6 although although IN 22599 203 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 203 8 resembles resemble VBZ 22599 203 9 the the DT 22599 203 10 letter letter NN 22599 203 11 _ _ NNP 22599 203 12 ta ta NNP 22599 203 13 _ _ NNP 22599 203 14 or or CC 22599 203 15 _ _ NNP 22599 203 16 tra tra NNP 22599 203 17 _ _ NNP 22599 203 18 of of IN 22599 203 19 the the DT 22599 203 20 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 203 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 203 22 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 203 23 with with IN 22599 203 24 1 1 CD 22599 203 25 before before RB 22599 203 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 203 27 to to IN 22599 203 28 the the DT 22599 203 29 right right NN 22599 203 30 of of IN 22599 203 31 ) ) -RRB- 22599 203 32 it -PRON- PRP 22599 203 33 . . . 22599 204 1 The the DT 22599 204 2 two two CD 22599 204 3 hundred hundred CD 22599 204 4 is be VBZ 22599 204 5 only only RB 22599 204 6 a a DT 22599 204 7 variant variant NN 22599 204 8 of of IN 22599 204 9 the the DT 22599 204 10 symbol symbol NN 22599 204 11 for for IN 22599 204 12 hundred hundred CD 22599 204 13 , , , 22599 204 14 with with IN 22599 204 15 two two CD 22599 204 16 vertical vertical JJ 22599 204 17 marks mark NNS 22599 204 18 . . . 22599 205 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 205 2 70 70 CD 22599 205 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 205 4 This this DT 22599 205 5 system system NN 22599 205 6 has have VBZ 22599 205 7 many many JJ 22599 205 8 points point NNS 22599 205 9 of of IN 22599 205 10 similarity similarity NN 22599 205 11 with with IN 22599 205 12 the the DT 22599 205 13 Nabatean Nabatean NNP 22599 205 14 numerals[71 numerals[71 NNP 22599 205 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 205 16 in in IN 22599 205 17 use use NN 22599 205 18 in in IN 22599 205 19 the the DT 22599 205 20 first first JJ 22599 205 21 centuries century NNS 22599 205 22 of of IN 22599 205 23 the the DT 22599 205 24 Christian christian JJ 22599 205 25 era era NN 22599 205 26 . . . 22599 206 1 The the DT 22599 206 2 cross cross NN 22599 206 3 is be VBZ 22599 206 4 here here RB 22599 206 5 used use VBN 22599 206 6 for for IN 22599 206 7 four four CD 22599 206 8 , , , 22599 206 9 and and CC 22599 206 10 the the DT 22599 206 11 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 206 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 206 13 form form NN 22599 206 14 is be VBZ 22599 206 15 employed employ VBN 22599 206 16 for for IN 22599 206 17 twenty twenty CD 22599 206 18 . . . 22599 207 1 In in IN 22599 207 2 addition addition NN 22599 207 3 to to IN 22599 207 4 this this DT 22599 207 5 there there EX 22599 207 6 is be VBZ 22599 207 7 a a DT 22599 207 8 trace trace NN 22599 207 9 of of IN 22599 207 10 an an DT 22599 207 11 analogous analogous JJ 22599 207 12 use use NN 22599 207 13 of of IN 22599 207 14 a a DT 22599 207 15 scale scale NN 22599 207 16 of of IN 22599 207 17 twenty twenty CD 22599 207 18 . . . 22599 208 1 While while IN 22599 208 2 the the DT 22599 208 3 symbol symbol NN 22599 208 4 for for IN 22599 208 5 100 100 CD 22599 208 6 is be VBZ 22599 208 7 quite quite RB 22599 208 8 different different JJ 22599 208 9 , , , 22599 208 10 the the DT 22599 208 11 method method NN 22599 208 12 of of IN 22599 208 13 forming form VBG 22599 208 14 the the DT 22599 208 15 other other JJ 22599 208 16 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 208 17 is be VBZ 22599 208 18 the the DT 22599 208 19 same same JJ 22599 208 20 . . . 22599 209 1 The the DT 22599 209 2 correspondence correspondence NN 22599 209 3 seems seem VBZ 22599 209 4 to to TO 22599 209 5 be be VB 22599 209 6 too too RB 22599 209 7 marked mark VBN 22599 209 8 to to TO 22599 209 9 be be VB 22599 209 10 wholly wholly RB 22599 209 11 accidental accidental JJ 22599 209 12 . . . 22599 210 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 210 2 is be VBZ 22599 210 3 not not RB 22599 210 4 in in IN 22599 210 5 the the DT 22599 210 6 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 210 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 210 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 210 9 , , , 22599 210 10 therefore therefore RB 22599 210 11 , , , 22599 210 12 that that IN 22599 210 13 we -PRON- PRP 22599 210 14 can can MD 22599 210 15 hope hope VB 22599 210 16 to to TO 22599 210 17 find find VB 22599 210 18 the the DT 22599 210 19 origin origin NN 22599 210 20 of of IN 22599 210 21 those those DT 22599 210 22 used use VBN 22599 210 23 by by IN 22599 210 24 us -PRON- PRP 22599 210 25 , , , 22599 210 26 and and CC 22599 210 27 we -PRON- PRP 22599 210 28 turn turn VBP 22599 210 29 to to IN 22599 210 30 the the DT 22599 210 31 second second JJ 22599 210 32 of of IN 22599 210 33 the the DT 22599 210 34 Indian indian JJ 22599 210 35 types type NNS 22599 210 36 , , , 22599 210 37 the the DT 22599 210 38 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 210 39 ] ] -RRB- 22599 210 40 characters character NNS 22599 210 41 . . . 22599 211 1 The the DT 22599 211 2 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 211 3 attributed attribute VBD 22599 211 4 to to IN 22599 211 5 Brahm[=a Brahm[=a NNP 22599 211 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 211 7 is be VBZ 22599 211 8 the the DT 22599 211 9 oldest old JJS 22599 211 10 of of IN 22599 211 11 the the DT 22599 211 12 several several JJ 22599 211 13 known know VBN 22599 211 14 in in IN 22599 211 15 India India NNP 22599 211 16 , , , 22599 211 17 and and CC 22599 211 18 was be VBD 22599 211 19 used use VBN 22599 211 20 from from IN 22599 211 21 the the DT 22599 211 22 earliest early JJS 22599 211 23 historic historic JJ 22599 211 24 times time NNS 22599 211 25 . . . 22599 212 1 There there EX 22599 212 2 are be VBP 22599 212 3 various various JJ 22599 212 4 theories theory NNS 22599 212 5 of of IN 22599 212 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 212 7 origin origin NN 22599 212 8 , , , 22599 212 9 { { -LRB- 22599 212 10 22 22 CD 22599 212 11 } } -RRB- 22599 212 12 none none NN 22599 212 13 of of IN 22599 212 14 which which WDT 22599 212 15 has have VBZ 22599 212 16 as as RB 22599 212 17 yet yet RB 22599 212 18 any any DT 22599 212 19 wide wide JJ 22599 212 20 acceptance,[72 acceptance,[72 CD 22599 212 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 212 22 although although IN 22599 212 23 the the DT 22599 212 24 problem problem NN 22599 212 25 offers offer VBZ 22599 212 26 hope hope NN 22599 212 27 of of IN 22599 212 28 solution solution NN 22599 212 29 in in IN 22599 212 30 due due JJ 22599 212 31 time time NN 22599 212 32 . . . 22599 213 1 The the DT 22599 213 2 numerals numeral NNS 22599 213 3 are be VBP 22599 213 4 not not RB 22599 213 5 as as RB 22599 213 6 old old JJ 22599 213 7 as as IN 22599 213 8 the the DT 22599 213 9 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 213 10 , , , 22599 213 11 or or CC 22599 213 12 at at IN 22599 213 13 least least JJS 22599 213 14 they -PRON- PRP 22599 213 15 have have VBP 22599 213 16 not not RB 22599 213 17 as as RB 22599 213 18 yet yet RB 22599 213 19 been be VBN 22599 213 20 found find VBN 22599 213 21 in in IN 22599 213 22 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 213 23 earlier early RBR 22599 213 24 than than IN 22599 213 25 those those DT 22599 213 26 in in IN 22599 213 27 which which WDT 22599 213 28 the the DT 22599 213 29 edicts edict NNS 22599 213 30 of of IN 22599 213 31 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 213 32 appear appear VBP 22599 213 33 , , , 22599 213 34 some some DT 22599 213 35 of of IN 22599 213 36 these these DT 22599 213 37 having have VBG 22599 213 38 been be VBN 22599 213 39 incised incise VBN 22599 213 40 in in IN 22599 213 41 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 213 42 ] ] -RRB- 22599 213 43 as as RB 22599 213 44 well well RB 22599 213 45 as as IN 22599 213 46 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 213 47 ] ] -RRB- 22599 213 48 . . . 22599 214 1 As as IN 22599 214 2 already already RB 22599 214 3 stated state VBN 22599 214 4 , , , 22599 214 5 the the DT 22599 214 6 older old JJR 22599 214 7 writers writer NNS 22599 214 8 probably probably RB 22599 214 9 wrote write VBD 22599 214 10 the the DT 22599 214 11 numbers number NNS 22599 214 12 in in IN 22599 214 13 words word NNS 22599 214 14 , , , 22599 214 15 as as IN 22599 214 16 seems seem VBZ 22599 214 17 to to TO 22599 214 18 have have VB 22599 214 19 been be VBN 22599 214 20 the the DT 22599 214 21 case case NN 22599 214 22 in in IN 22599 214 23 the the DT 22599 214 24 earliest early JJS 22599 214 25 Pali pali JJ 22599 214 26 writings writing NNS 22599 214 27 of of IN 22599 214 28 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 214 29 . . . 22599 215 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 215 2 73 73 CD 22599 215 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 215 4 The the DT 22599 215 5 following follow VBG 22599 215 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 215 7 are be VBP 22599 215 8 , , , 22599 215 9 as as RB 22599 215 10 far far RB 22599 215 11 as as IN 22599 215 12 known know VBN 22599 215 13 , , , 22599 215 14 the the DT 22599 215 15 only only JJ 22599 215 16 ones one NNS 22599 215 17 to to TO 22599 215 18 appear appear VB 22599 215 19 in in IN 22599 215 20 the the DT 22599 215 21 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 215 22 edicts:[74 edicts:[74 VB 22599 215 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 215 24 [ [ -LRB- 22599 215 25 Illustration illustration NN 22599 215 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 215 27 These these DT 22599 215 28 fragments fragment NNS 22599 215 29 from from IN 22599 215 30 the the DT 22599 215 31 third third JJ 22599 215 32 century century NN 22599 215 33 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 215 34 , , , 22599 215 35 crude crude NN 22599 215 36 and and CC 22599 215 37 unsatisfactory unsatisfactory JJ 22599 215 38 as as IN 22599 215 39 they -PRON- PRP 22599 215 40 are be VBP 22599 215 41 , , , 22599 215 42 are be VBP 22599 215 43 the the DT 22599 215 44 undoubted undoubted JJ 22599 215 45 early early JJ 22599 215 46 forms form NNS 22599 215 47 from from IN 22599 215 48 which which WDT 22599 215 49 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 215 50 present present JJ 22599 215 51 system system NN 22599 215 52 developed develop VBD 22599 215 53 . . . 22599 216 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 216 2 next next RB 22599 216 3 appear appear VBP 22599 216 4 in in IN 22599 216 5 the the DT 22599 216 6 second second JJ 22599 216 7 century century NN 22599 216 8 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 217 1 in in IN 22599 217 2 some some DT 22599 217 3 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 217 4 in in IN 22599 217 5 the the DT 22599 217 6 cave cave NN 22599 217 7 on on IN 22599 217 8 the the DT 22599 217 9 top top NN 22599 217 10 of of IN 22599 217 11 the the DT 22599 217 12 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 217 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 217 14 Gh[=a]t Gh[=a]t NNP 22599 217 15 hill hill NN 22599 217 16 , , , 22599 217 17 about about RB 22599 217 18 seventy seventy CD 22599 217 19 - - HYPH 22599 217 20 five five CD 22599 217 21 miles mile NNS 22599 217 22 from from IN 22599 217 23 Poona Poona NNP 22599 217 24 in in IN 22599 217 25 central central JJ 22599 217 26 India India NNP 22599 217 27 . . . 22599 218 1 These these DT 22599 218 2 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 218 3 may may MD 22599 218 4 be be VB 22599 218 5 memorials memorial NNS 22599 218 6 of of IN 22599 218 7 the the DT 22599 218 8 early early JJ 22599 218 9 Andhra Andhra NNP 22599 218 10 dynasty dynasty NN 22599 218 11 of of IN 22599 218 12 southern southern JJ 22599 218 13 India India NNP 22599 218 14 , , , 22599 218 15 but but CC 22599 218 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 218 17 chief chief JJ 22599 218 18 interest interest NN 22599 218 19 lies lie VBZ 22599 218 20 in in IN 22599 218 21 the the DT 22599 218 22 numerals numeral NNS 22599 218 23 which which WDT 22599 218 24 they -PRON- PRP 22599 218 25 contain contain VBP 22599 218 26 . . . 22599 219 1 The the DT 22599 219 2 cave cave NN 22599 219 3 was be VBD 22599 219 4 made make VBN 22599 219 5 as as IN 22599 219 6 a a DT 22599 219 7 resting resting NN 22599 219 8 - - HYPH 22599 219 9 place place NN 22599 219 10 for for IN 22599 219 11 travelers traveler NNS 22599 219 12 ascending ascend VBG 22599 219 13 the the DT 22599 219 14 hill hill NN 22599 219 15 , , , 22599 219 16 which which WDT 22599 219 17 lies lie VBZ 22599 219 18 on on IN 22599 219 19 the the DT 22599 219 20 road road NN 22599 219 21 from from IN 22599 219 22 Kaly[=a]na Kaly[=a]na NNP 22599 219 23 to to IN 22599 219 24 Junar Junar NNP 22599 219 25 . . . 22599 220 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 220 2 seems seem VBZ 22599 220 3 to to TO 22599 220 4 have have VB 22599 220 5 been be VBN 22599 220 6 cut cut VBN 22599 220 7 out out RP 22599 220 8 by by IN 22599 220 9 a a DT 22599 220 10 descendant descendant NN 22599 220 11 { { -LRB- 22599 220 12 23 23 CD 22599 220 13 } } -RRB- 22599 220 14 of of IN 22599 220 15 King King NNP 22599 220 16 [ [ -LRB- 22599 220 17 ' ' '' 22599 220 18 S][=a]tav[=a]hana,[75 S][=a]tav[=a]hana,[75 '' 22599 220 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 220 20 for for IN 22599 220 21 inside inside IN 22599 220 22 the the DT 22599 220 23 wall wall NN 22599 220 24 opposite opposite IN 22599 220 25 the the DT 22599 220 26 entrance entrance NN 22599 220 27 are be VBP 22599 220 28 representations representation NNS 22599 220 29 of of IN 22599 220 30 the the DT 22599 220 31 members member NNS 22599 220 32 of of IN 22599 220 33 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 220 34 family family NN 22599 220 35 , , , 22599 220 36 much much RB 22599 220 37 defaced deface VBD 22599 220 38 , , , 22599 220 39 but but CC 22599 220 40 with with IN 22599 220 41 the the DT 22599 220 42 names name NNS 22599 220 43 still still RB 22599 220 44 legible legible JJ 22599 220 45 . . . 22599 221 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 221 2 would would MD 22599 221 3 seem seem VB 22599 221 4 that that IN 22599 221 5 the the DT 22599 221 6 excavation excavation NN 22599 221 7 was be VBD 22599 221 8 made make VBN 22599 221 9 by by IN 22599 221 10 order order NN 22599 221 11 of of IN 22599 221 12 a a DT 22599 221 13 king king NN 22599 221 14 named name VBN 22599 221 15 Vedisiri Vedisiri NNP 22599 221 16 , , , 22599 221 17 and and CC 22599 221 18 " " `` 22599 221 19 the the DT 22599 221 20 inscription inscription NN 22599 221 21 contains contain VBZ 22599 221 22 a a DT 22599 221 23 list list NN 22599 221 24 of of IN 22599 221 25 gifts gift NNS 22599 221 26 made make VBN 22599 221 27 on on IN 22599 221 28 the the DT 22599 221 29 occasion occasion NN 22599 221 30 of of IN 22599 221 31 the the DT 22599 221 32 performance performance NN 22599 221 33 of of IN 22599 221 34 several several JJ 22599 221 35 _ _ NNP 22599 221 36 yagnas yagnas NNP 22599 221 37 _ _ NNP 22599 221 38 or or CC 22599 221 39 religious religious JJ 22599 221 40 sacrifices sacrifice NNS 22599 221 41 , , , 22599 221 42 " " '' 22599 221 43 and and CC 22599 221 44 numerals numeral NNS 22599 221 45 are be VBP 22599 221 46 to to TO 22599 221 47 be be VB 22599 221 48 seen see VBN 22599 221 49 in in IN 22599 221 50 no no DT 22599 221 51 less less JJR 22599 221 52 than than IN 22599 221 53 thirty thirty CD 22599 221 54 places place NNS 22599 221 55 . . . 22599 222 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 222 2 76 76 CD 22599 222 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 222 4 There there EX 22599 222 5 is be VBZ 22599 222 6 considerable considerable JJ 22599 222 7 dispute dispute NN 22599 222 8 as as IN 22599 222 9 to to IN 22599 222 10 what what WP 22599 222 11 numerals numeral NNS 22599 222 12 are be VBP 22599 222 13 really really RB 22599 222 14 found find VBN 22599 222 15 in in IN 22599 222 16 these these DT 22599 222 17 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 222 18 , , , 22599 222 19 owing owe VBG 22599 222 20 to to IN 22599 222 21 the the DT 22599 222 22 difficulty difficulty NN 22599 222 23 of of IN 22599 222 24 deciphering decipher VBG 22599 222 25 them -PRON- PRP 22599 222 26 ; ; : 22599 222 27 but but CC 22599 222 28 the the DT 22599 222 29 following following NN 22599 222 30 , , , 22599 222 31 which which WDT 22599 222 32 have have VBP 22599 222 33 been be VBN 22599 222 34 copied copy VBN 22599 222 35 from from IN 22599 222 36 a a DT 22599 222 37 rubbing rubbing NN 22599 222 38 , , , 22599 222 39 are be VBP 22599 222 40 probably probably RB 22599 222 41 number number NN 22599 222 42 forms:[77 forms:[77 VBN 22599 222 43 ] ] -RRB- 22599 222 44 [ [ -LRB- 22599 222 45 Illustration illustration NN 22599 222 46 ] ] -RRB- 22599 222 47 The the DT 22599 222 48 inscription inscription NN 22599 222 49 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 222 50 , , , 22599 222 51 so so RB 22599 222 52 important important JJ 22599 222 53 as as IN 22599 222 54 containing contain VBG 22599 222 55 the the DT 22599 222 56 earliest early JJS 22599 222 57 considerable considerable JJ 22599 222 58 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 222 59 numeral numeral JJ 22599 222 60 system system NN 22599 222 61 connected connect VBN 22599 222 62 with with IN 22599 222 63 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 222 64 own own JJ 22599 222 65 , , , 22599 222 66 is be VBZ 22599 222 67 of of IN 22599 222 68 sufficient sufficient JJ 22599 222 69 interest interest NN 22599 222 70 to to TO 22599 222 71 warrant warrant VB 22599 222 72 reproducing reproduce VBG 22599 222 73 part part NN 22599 222 74 of of IN 22599 222 75 it -PRON- PRP 22599 222 76 in in IN 22599 222 77 facsimile facsimile NN 22599 222 78 , , , 22599 222 79 as as IN 22599 222 80 is be VBZ 22599 222 81 done do VBN 22599 222 82 on on IN 22599 222 83 page page NN 22599 222 84 24 24 CD 22599 222 85 . . . 22599 223 1 { { -LRB- 22599 223 2 24 24 CD 22599 223 3 } } -RRB- 22599 223 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 223 5 Illustration illustration NN 22599 223 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 223 7 The the DT 22599 223 8 next next JJ 22599 223 9 very very RB 22599 223 10 noteworthy noteworthy JJ 22599 223 11 evidence evidence NN 22599 223 12 of of IN 22599 223 13 the the DT 22599 223 14 numerals numeral NNS 22599 223 15 , , , 22599 223 16 and and CC 22599 223 17 this this DT 22599 223 18 quite quite RB 22599 223 19 complete complete JJ 22599 223 20 as as IN 22599 223 21 will will MD 22599 223 22 be be VB 22599 223 23 seen see VBN 22599 223 24 , , , 22599 223 25 is be VBZ 22599 223 26 found find VBN 22599 223 27 in in IN 22599 223 28 certain certain JJ 22599 223 29 other other JJ 22599 223 30 cave cave NN 22599 223 31 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 223 32 dating date VBG 22599 223 33 back back RB 22599 223 34 to to IN 22599 223 35 the the DT 22599 223 36 first first JJ 22599 223 37 or or CC 22599 223 38 second second JJ 22599 223 39 century century NN 22599 223 40 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 224 1 In in IN 22599 224 2 these these DT 22599 224 3 , , , 22599 224 4 the the DT 22599 224 5 Nasik[78 nasik[78 ADD 22599 224 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 224 7 cave cave NN 22599 224 8 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 224 9 , , , 22599 224 10 the the DT 22599 224 11 forms form NNS 22599 224 12 are be VBP 22599 224 13 as as IN 22599 224 14 follows follow VBZ 22599 224 15 : : : 22599 224 16 [ [ -LRB- 22599 224 17 Illustration illustration NN 22599 224 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 224 19 From from IN 22599 224 20 this this DT 22599 224 21 time time NN 22599 224 22 on on RP 22599 224 23 , , , 22599 224 24 until until IN 22599 224 25 the the DT 22599 224 26 decimal decimal JJ 22599 224 27 system system NN 22599 224 28 finally finally RB 22599 224 29 adopted adopt VBD 22599 224 30 the the DT 22599 224 31 first first JJ 22599 224 32 nine nine CD 22599 224 33 characters character NNS 22599 224 34 and and CC 22599 224 35 replaced replace VBD 22599 224 36 the the DT 22599 224 37 rest rest NN 22599 224 38 of of IN 22599 224 39 the the DT 22599 224 40 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 224 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 224 42 notation notation NN 22599 224 43 by by IN 22599 224 44 adding add VBG 22599 224 45 the the DT 22599 224 46 zero zero CD 22599 224 47 , , , 22599 224 48 the the DT 22599 224 49 progress progress NN 22599 224 50 of of IN 22599 224 51 these these DT 22599 224 52 forms form NNS 22599 224 53 is be VBZ 22599 224 54 well well RB 22599 224 55 marked mark VBN 22599 224 56 . . . 22599 225 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 225 2 is be VBZ 22599 225 3 therefore therefore RB 22599 225 4 well well JJ 22599 225 5 to to TO 22599 225 6 present present VB 22599 225 7 synoptically synoptically RB 22599 225 8 the the DT 22599 225 9 best well RBS 22599 225 10 - - HYPH 22599 225 11 known know VBN 22599 225 12 specimens specimen NNS 22599 225 13 that that WDT 22599 225 14 have have VBP 22599 225 15 come come VBN 22599 225 16 down down RP 22599 225 17 to to IN 22599 225 18 us -PRON- PRP 22599 225 19 , , , 22599 225 20 and and CC 22599 225 21 this this DT 22599 225 22 is be VBZ 22599 225 23 done do VBN 22599 225 24 in in IN 22599 225 25 the the DT 22599 225 26 table table NN 22599 225 27 on on IN 22599 225 28 page page NN 22599 225 29 25 25 CD 22599 225 30 . . . 22599 226 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 2 79 79 CD 22599 226 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 4 { { -LRB- 22599 226 5 25 25 CD 22599 226 6 } } -RRB- 22599 226 7 TABLE TABLE NNS 22599 226 8 SHOWING show VBG 22599 226 9 THE the DT 22599 226 10 PROGRESS progress NN 22599 226 11 OF of IN 22599 226 12 NUMBER number NN 22599 226 13 FORMS FORMS NNPS 22599 226 14 IN in IN 22599 226 15 INDIA INDIA NNP 22599 226 16 NUMERALS NUMERALS NNP 22599 226 17 1 1 CD 22599 226 18 2 2 CD 22599 226 19 3 3 CD 22599 226 20 4 4 CD 22599 226 21 5 5 CD 22599 226 22 6 6 CD 22599 226 23 7 7 CD 22599 226 24 8 8 CD 22599 226 25 9 9 CD 22599 226 26 10 10 CD 22599 226 27 20 20 CD 22599 226 28 30 30 CD 22599 226 29 40 40 CD 22599 226 30 50 50 CD 22599 226 31 60 60 CD 22599 226 32 70 70 CD 22599 226 33 80 80 CD 22599 226 34 90 90 CD 22599 226 35 100 100 CD 22599 226 36 200 200 CD 22599 226 37 1000 1000 CD 22599 226 38 A['s]oka[80 A['s]oka[80 NNS 22599 226 39 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 40 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 41 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 42 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 43 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 44 ' ' `` 22599 226 45 S]aka[81 s]aka[81 NN 22599 226 46 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 47 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 48 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 49 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 50 A['s]oka[82 A['s]oka[82 NNP 22599 226 51 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 52 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 53 Illustration Illustration NNP 22599 226 54 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 55 N[=a]gar[=i][83 N[=a]gar[=i][83 NNP 22599 226 56 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 57 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 58 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 59 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 60 Nasik[84 Nasik[84 NNP 22599 226 61 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 62 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 63 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 64 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 65 K[s.]atrapa[85 K[s.]atrapa[85 NNP 22599 226 66 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 67 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 68 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 69 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 70 Ku[s.]ana Ku[s.]ana NNP 22599 226 71 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 72 86 86 CD 22599 226 73 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 74 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 75 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 76 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 77 Gupta[87 gupta[87 CD 22599 226 78 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 79 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 80 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 81 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 82 Valhab[=i][88 valhab[=i][88 NN 22599 226 83 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 84 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 85 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 86 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 87 Nepal Nepal NNP 22599 226 88 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 89 89 89 CD 22599 226 90 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 91 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 92 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 93 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 94 Kali[.n]ga[90 Kali[.n]ga[90 NNP 22599 226 95 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 96 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 97 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 98 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 99 V[=a]k[=a][t.]aka[91 V[=a]k[=a][t.]aka[91 NNP 22599 226 100 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 101 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 102 Illustration illustration NN 22599 226 103 ] ] -RRB- 22599 226 104 [ [ -LRB- 22599 226 105 Most Most JJS 22599 226 106 of of IN 22599 226 107 these these DT 22599 226 108 numerals numeral NNS 22599 226 109 are be VBP 22599 226 110 given give VBN 22599 226 111 by by IN 22599 226 112 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 226 113 , , , 22599 226 114 loc loc NNP 22599 226 115 . . . 22599 227 1 cit cit NNP 22599 227 2 . . . 22599 227 3 , , , 22599 227 4 Tafel Tafel NNP 22599 227 5 IX IX NNP 22599 227 6 . . . 22599 227 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 228 1 { { -LRB- 22599 228 2 26 26 CD 22599 228 3 } } -RRB- 22599 228 4 With with IN 22599 228 5 respect respect NN 22599 228 6 to to IN 22599 228 7 these these DT 22599 228 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 228 9 it -PRON- PRP 22599 228 10 should should MD 22599 228 11 first first RB 22599 228 12 be be VB 22599 228 13 noted note VBN 22599 228 14 that that IN 22599 228 15 no no DT 22599 228 16 zero zero NN 22599 228 17 appears appear VBZ 22599 228 18 in in IN 22599 228 19 the the DT 22599 228 20 table table NN 22599 228 21 , , , 22599 228 22 and and CC 22599 228 23 as as IN 22599 228 24 a a DT 22599 228 25 matter matter NN 22599 228 26 of of IN 22599 228 27 fact fact NN 22599 228 28 none none NN 22599 228 29 existed exist VBD 22599 228 30 in in IN 22599 228 31 any any DT 22599 228 32 of of IN 22599 228 33 the the DT 22599 228 34 cases case NNS 22599 228 35 cited cite VBN 22599 228 36 . . . 22599 229 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 229 2 was be VBD 22599 229 3 therefore therefore RB 22599 229 4 impossible impossible JJ 22599 229 5 to to TO 22599 229 6 have have VB 22599 229 7 any any DT 22599 229 8 place place NN 22599 229 9 value value NN 22599 229 10 , , , 22599 229 11 and and CC 22599 229 12 the the DT 22599 229 13 numbers number NNS 22599 229 14 like like IN 22599 229 15 twenty twenty CD 22599 229 16 , , , 22599 229 17 thirty thirty CD 22599 229 18 , , , 22599 229 19 and and CC 22599 229 20 other other JJ 22599 229 21 multiples multiple NNS 22599 229 22 of of IN 22599 229 23 ten ten CD 22599 229 24 , , , 22599 229 25 one one CD 22599 229 26 hundred hundred CD 22599 229 27 , , , 22599 229 28 and and CC 22599 229 29 so so RB 22599 229 30 on on RB 22599 229 31 , , , 22599 229 32 required require VBN 22599 229 33 separate separate JJ 22599 229 34 symbols symbol NNS 22599 229 35 except except IN 22599 229 36 where where WRB 22599 229 37 they -PRON- PRP 22599 229 38 were be VBD 22599 229 39 written write VBN 22599 229 40 out out RP 22599 229 41 in in IN 22599 229 42 words word NNS 22599 229 43 . . . 22599 230 1 The the DT 22599 230 2 ancient ancient JJ 22599 230 3 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 230 4 had have VBD 22599 230 5 no no DT 22599 230 6 less less JJR 22599 230 7 than than IN 22599 230 8 twenty twenty CD 22599 230 9 of of IN 22599 230 10 these these DT 22599 230 11 symbols,[92 symbols,[92 CD 22599 230 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 230 13 a a DT 22599 230 14 number number NN 22599 230 15 that that WDT 22599 230 16 was be VBD 22599 230 17 afterward afterward RB 22599 230 18 greatly greatly RB 22599 230 19 increased increase VBN 22599 230 20 . . . 22599 231 1 The the DT 22599 231 2 following follow VBG 22599 231 3 are be VBP 22599 231 4 examples example NNS 22599 231 5 of of IN 22599 231 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 231 7 method method NN 22599 231 8 of of IN 22599 231 9 indicating indicate VBG 22599 231 10 certain certain JJ 22599 231 11 numbers number NNS 22599 231 12 between between IN 22599 231 13 one one CD 22599 231 14 hundred hundred CD 22599 231 15 and and CC 22599 231 16 one one CD 22599 231 17 thousand thousand CD 22599 231 18 : : : 22599 231 19 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 20 93 93 CD 22599 231 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 22 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 23 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 231 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 25 for for IN 22599 231 26 174 174 CD 22599 231 27 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 28 94 94 CD 22599 231 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 30 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 31 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 231 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 33 for for IN 22599 231 34 191 191 CD 22599 231 35 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 36 95 95 CD 22599 231 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 38 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 39 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 231 40 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 41 for for IN 22599 231 42 269 269 CD 22599 231 43 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 44 96 96 CD 22599 231 45 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 46 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 47 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 231 48 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 49 for for IN 22599 231 50 252 252 CD 22599 231 51 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 52 97 97 CD 22599 231 53 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 54 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 55 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 231 56 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 57 for for IN 22599 231 58 400 400 CD 22599 231 59 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 60 98 98 CD 22599 231 61 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 62 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 63 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 231 64 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 65 for for IN 22599 231 66 356 356 CD 22599 231 67 { { -LRB- 22599 231 68 27 27 CD 22599 231 69 } } -RRB- 22599 231 70 To to IN 22599 231 71 these these DT 22599 231 72 may may MD 22599 231 73 be be VB 22599 231 74 added add VBN 22599 231 75 the the DT 22599 231 76 following follow VBG 22599 231 77 numerals numeral NNS 22599 231 78 below below IN 22599 231 79 one one CD 22599 231 80 hundred hundred CD 22599 231 81 , , , 22599 231 82 similar similar JJ 22599 231 83 to to IN 22599 231 84 those those DT 22599 231 85 in in IN 22599 231 86 the the DT 22599 231 87 table table NN 22599 231 88 : : : 22599 231 89 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 90 Numerals][99 numerals][99 NN 22599 231 91 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 92 for for IN 22599 231 93 90 90 CD 22599 231 94 [ [ -LRB- 22599 231 95 Numerals][100 Numerals][100 NNP 22599 231 96 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 97 for for IN 22599 231 98 70 70 CD 22599 231 99 We -PRON- PRP 22599 231 100 have have VBP 22599 231 101 thus thus RB 22599 231 102 far far RB 22599 231 103 spoken speak VBN 22599 231 104 of of IN 22599 231 105 the the DT 22599 231 106 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 231 107 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 108 and and CC 22599 231 109 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 231 110 ] ] -RRB- 22599 231 111 numerals numeral NNS 22599 231 112 , , , 22599 231 113 and and CC 22599 231 114 it -PRON- PRP 22599 231 115 remains remain VBZ 22599 231 116 to to TO 22599 231 117 mention mention VB 22599 231 118 the the DT 22599 231 119 third third JJ 22599 231 120 type type NN 22599 231 121 , , , 22599 231 122 the the DT 22599 231 123 word word NN 22599 231 124 and and CC 22599 231 125 letter letter NN 22599 231 126 forms form NNS 22599 231 127 . . . 22599 232 1 These these DT 22599 232 2 are be VBP 22599 232 3 , , , 22599 232 4 however however RB 22599 232 5 , , , 22599 232 6 so so RB 22599 232 7 closely closely RB 22599 232 8 connected connected JJ 22599 232 9 with with IN 22599 232 10 the the DT 22599 232 11 perfecting perfecting NN 22599 232 12 of of IN 22599 232 13 the the DT 22599 232 14 system system NN 22599 232 15 by by IN 22599 232 16 the the DT 22599 232 17 invention invention NN 22599 232 18 of of IN 22599 232 19 the the DT 22599 232 20 zero zero CD 22599 232 21 that that IN 22599 232 22 they -PRON- PRP 22599 232 23 are be VBP 22599 232 24 more more RBR 22599 232 25 appropriately appropriately RB 22599 232 26 considered consider VBN 22599 232 27 in in IN 22599 232 28 the the DT 22599 232 29 next next JJ 22599 232 30 chapter chapter NN 22599 232 31 , , , 22599 232 32 particularly particularly RB 22599 232 33 as as IN 22599 232 34 they -PRON- PRP 22599 232 35 have have VBP 22599 232 36 little little JJ 22599 232 37 relation relation NN 22599 232 38 to to IN 22599 232 39 the the DT 22599 232 40 problem problem NN 22599 232 41 of of IN 22599 232 42 the the DT 22599 232 43 origin origin NN 22599 232 44 of of IN 22599 232 45 the the DT 22599 232 46 forms form NNS 22599 232 47 known know VBN 22599 232 48 as as IN 22599 232 49 the the DT 22599 232 50 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 232 51 . . . 22599 233 1 Having have VBG 22599 233 2 now now RB 22599 233 3 examined examine VBN 22599 233 4 types type NNS 22599 233 5 of of IN 22599 233 6 the the DT 22599 233 7 early early JJ 22599 233 8 forms form NNS 22599 233 9 it -PRON- PRP 22599 233 10 is be VBZ 22599 233 11 appropriate appropriate JJ 22599 233 12 to to TO 22599 233 13 turn turn VB 22599 233 14 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 233 15 attention attention NN 22599 233 16 to to IN 22599 233 17 the the DT 22599 233 18 question question NN 22599 233 19 of of IN 22599 233 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 233 21 origin origin NN 22599 233 22 . . . 22599 234 1 As as IN 22599 234 2 to to IN 22599 234 3 the the DT 22599 234 4 first first JJ 22599 234 5 three three CD 22599 234 6 there there EX 22599 234 7 is be VBZ 22599 234 8 no no DT 22599 234 9 question question NN 22599 234 10 . . . 22599 235 1 The the DT 22599 235 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 235 3 1 1 CD 22599 235 4 vertical vertical JJ 22599 235 5 stroke stroke NN 22599 235 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 235 7 or or CC 22599 235 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 235 9 1 1 CD 22599 235 10 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 235 11 stroke stroke NN 22599 235 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 235 13 is be VBZ 22599 235 14 simply simply RB 22599 235 15 one one CD 22599 235 16 stroke stroke NN 22599 235 17 , , , 22599 235 18 or or CC 22599 235 19 one one CD 22599 235 20 stick stick NN 22599 235 21 laid lay VBN 22599 235 22 down down RP 22599 235 23 by by IN 22599 235 24 the the DT 22599 235 25 computer computer NN 22599 235 26 . . . 22599 236 1 The the DT 22599 236 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 236 3 2 2 CD 22599 236 4 vertical vertical JJ 22599 236 5 strokes stroke NNS 22599 236 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 236 7 or or CC 22599 236 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 236 9 2 2 CD 22599 236 10 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 236 11 strokes stroke NNS 22599 236 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 236 13 represents represent VBZ 22599 236 14 two two CD 22599 236 15 strokes stroke NNS 22599 236 16 or or CC 22599 236 17 two two CD 22599 236 18 sticks stick NNS 22599 236 19 , , , 22599 236 20 and and CC 22599 236 21 so so RB 22599 236 22 for for IN 22599 236 23 the the DT 22599 236 24 [ [ -LRB- 22599 236 25 3 3 CD 22599 236 26 vertical vertical JJ 22599 236 27 strokes stroke NNS 22599 236 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 236 29 and and CC 22599 236 30 [ [ -LRB- 22599 236 31 3 3 CD 22599 236 32 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 236 33 strokes stroke NNS 22599 236 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 236 35 . . . 22599 237 1 From from IN 22599 237 2 some some DT 22599 237 3 primitive primitive JJ 22599 237 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 237 5 2 2 CD 22599 237 6 vertical vertical JJ 22599 237 7 strokes stroke NNS 22599 237 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 237 9 came come VBD 22599 237 10 the the DT 22599 237 11 two two CD 22599 237 12 of of IN 22599 237 13 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 237 14 , , , 22599 237 15 of of IN 22599 237 16 Rome Rome NNP 22599 237 17 , , , 22599 237 18 of of IN 22599 237 19 early early JJ 22599 237 20 Greece Greece NNP 22599 237 21 , , , 22599 237 22 and and CC 22599 237 23 of of IN 22599 237 24 various various JJ 22599 237 25 other other JJ 22599 237 26 civilizations civilization NNS 22599 237 27 . . . 22599 238 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 238 2 appears appear VBZ 22599 238 3 in in IN 22599 238 4 the the DT 22599 238 5 three three CD 22599 238 6 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 238 7 numeral numeral JJ 22599 238 8 systems system NNS 22599 238 9 in in IN 22599 238 10 the the DT 22599 238 11 following follow VBG 22599 238 12 forms form NNS 22599 238 13 : : : 22599 238 14 Hieroglyphic hieroglyphic VB 22599 238 15 [ [ -LRB- 22599 238 16 2 2 CD 22599 238 17 vertical vertical JJ 22599 238 18 strokes stroke NNS 22599 238 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 238 20 Hieratic hieratic JJ 22599 238 21 [ [ -LRB- 22599 238 22 Hieratic hieratic NN 22599 238 23 2 2 CD 22599 238 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 238 25 Demotic demotic NN 22599 238 26 [ [ -LRB- 22599 238 27 Demotic demotic NN 22599 238 28 2 2 CD 22599 238 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 238 30 The the DT 22599 238 31 last last JJ 22599 238 32 of of IN 22599 238 33 these these DT 22599 238 34 is be VBZ 22599 238 35 merely merely RB 22599 238 36 a a DT 22599 238 37 cursive cursive JJ 22599 238 38 form form NN 22599 238 39 as as IN 22599 238 40 in in IN 22599 238 41 the the DT 22599 238 42 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 238 43 [ [ -LRB- 22599 238 44 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 238 45 2 2 CD 22599 238 46 ] ] -RRB- 22599 238 47 , , , 22599 238 48 which which WDT 22599 238 49 becomes become VBZ 22599 238 50 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 238 51 2 2 CD 22599 238 52 if if IN 22599 238 53 tipped tip VBN 22599 238 54 through through IN 22599 238 55 a a DT 22599 238 56 right right JJ 22599 238 57 angle angle NN 22599 238 58 . . . 22599 239 1 From from IN 22599 239 2 some some DT 22599 239 3 primitive primitive JJ 22599 239 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 239 5 2 2 CD 22599 239 6 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 239 7 strokes stroke NNS 22599 239 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 239 9 came come VBD 22599 239 10 the the DT 22599 239 11 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 239 12 { { -LRB- 22599 239 13 28 28 CD 22599 239 14 } } -RRB- 22599 239 15 symbol symbol NN 22599 239 16 , , , 22599 239 17 which which WDT 22599 239 18 is be VBZ 22599 239 19 practically practically RB 22599 239 20 identical identical JJ 22599 239 21 with with IN 22599 239 22 the the DT 22599 239 23 symbols symbol NNS 22599 239 24 found find VBN 22599 239 25 commonly commonly RB 22599 239 26 in in IN 22599 239 27 India India NNP 22599 239 28 from from IN 22599 239 29 150 150 CD 22599 239 30 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 240 1 to to IN 22599 240 2 700 700 CD 22599 240 3 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 241 1 In in IN 22599 241 2 the the DT 22599 241 3 cursive cursive JJ 22599 241 4 form form NN 22599 241 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 241 6 becomes become VBZ 22599 241 7 [ [ -LRB- 22599 241 8 2 2 CD 22599 241 9 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 241 10 strokes stroke NNS 22599 241 11 joined join VBN 22599 241 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 241 13 , , , 22599 241 14 and and CC 22599 241 15 this this DT 22599 241 16 was be VBD 22599 241 17 frequently frequently RB 22599 241 18 used use VBN 22599 241 19 for for IN 22599 241 20 two two CD 22599 241 21 in in IN 22599 241 22 Germany Germany NNP 22599 241 23 until until IN 22599 241 24 the the DT 22599 241 25 18th 18th JJ 22599 241 26 century century NN 22599 241 27 . . . 22599 242 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 242 2 finally finally RB 22599 242 3 went go VBD 22599 242 4 into into IN 22599 242 5 the the DT 22599 242 6 modern modern JJ 22599 242 7 form form NN 22599 242 8 2 2 CD 22599 242 9 , , , 22599 242 10 and and CC 22599 242 11 the the DT 22599 242 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 242 13 3 3 CD 22599 242 14 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 242 15 strokes stroke NNS 22599 242 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 242 17 in in IN 22599 242 18 the the DT 22599 242 19 same same JJ 22599 242 20 way way NN 22599 242 21 became become VBD 22599 242 22 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 242 23 3 3 CD 22599 242 24 . . . 22599 243 1 There there EX 22599 243 2 is be VBZ 22599 243 3 , , , 22599 243 4 however however RB 22599 243 5 , , , 22599 243 6 considerable considerable JJ 22599 243 7 ground ground NN 22599 243 8 for for IN 22599 243 9 interesting interesting JJ 22599 243 10 speculation speculation NN 22599 243 11 with with IN 22599 243 12 respect respect NN 22599 243 13 to to IN 22599 243 14 these these DT 22599 243 15 first first JJ 22599 243 16 three three CD 22599 243 17 numerals numeral NNS 22599 243 18 . . . 22599 244 1 The the DT 22599 244 2 earliest early JJS 22599 244 3 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 244 4 forms form NNS 22599 244 5 were be VBD 22599 244 6 perpendicular perpendicular JJ 22599 244 7 . . . 22599 245 1 In in IN 22599 245 2 the the DT 22599 245 3 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 245 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 245 5 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t NN 22599 245 6 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 245 7 they -PRON- PRP 22599 245 8 are be VBP 22599 245 9 vertical vertical JJ 22599 245 10 . . . 22599 246 1 But but CC 22599 246 2 long long RB 22599 246 3 before before IN 22599 246 4 either either CC 22599 246 5 the the DT 22599 246 6 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 246 7 or or CC 22599 246 8 the the DT 22599 246 9 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 246 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 246 11 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t VBP 22599 246 12 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 246 13 the the DT 22599 246 14 Chinese Chinese NNPS 22599 246 15 were be VBD 22599 246 16 using use VBG 22599 246 17 the the DT 22599 246 18 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 246 19 forms form NNS 22599 246 20 for for IN 22599 246 21 the the DT 22599 246 22 first first JJ 22599 246 23 three three CD 22599 246 24 numerals numeral NNS 22599 246 25 , , , 22599 246 26 but but CC 22599 246 27 a a DT 22599 246 28 vertical vertical JJ 22599 246 29 arrangement arrangement NN 22599 246 30 for for IN 22599 246 31 four four CD 22599 246 32 . . . 22599 247 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 247 2 101 101 CD 22599 247 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 247 4 Now now RB 22599 247 5 where where WRB 22599 247 6 did do VBD 22599 247 7 China China NNP 22599 247 8 get get VB 22599 247 9 these these DT 22599 247 10 forms form NNS 22599 247 11 ? ? . 22599 248 1 Surely surely RB 22599 248 2 not not RB 22599 248 3 from from IN 22599 248 4 India India NNP 22599 248 5 , , , 22599 248 6 for for IN 22599 248 7 she -PRON- PRP 22599 248 8 had have VBD 22599 248 9 them -PRON- PRP 22599 248 10 , , , 22599 248 11 as as IN 22599 248 12 her -PRON- PRP$ 22599 248 13 monuments monument NNS 22599 248 14 and and CC 22599 248 15 literature[102 literature[102 LS 22599 248 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 248 17 show show NN 22599 248 18 , , , 22599 248 19 long long RB 22599 248 20 before before IN 22599 248 21 the the DT 22599 248 22 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 248 23 knew know VBD 22599 248 24 them -PRON- PRP 22599 248 25 . . . 22599 249 1 The the DT 22599 249 2 tradition tradition NN 22599 249 3 is be VBZ 22599 249 4 that that IN 22599 249 5 China China NNP 22599 249 6 brought bring VBD 22599 249 7 her -PRON- PRP$ 22599 249 8 civilization civilization NN 22599 249 9 around around IN 22599 249 10 the the DT 22599 249 11 north north NN 22599 249 12 of of IN 22599 249 13 Tibet Tibet NNP 22599 249 14 , , , 22599 249 15 from from IN 22599 249 16 Mongolia Mongolia NNP 22599 249 17 , , , 22599 249 18 the the DT 22599 249 19 primitive primitive JJ 22599 249 20 habitat habitat NN 22599 249 21 being be VBG 22599 249 22 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP 22599 249 23 , , , 22599 249 24 or or CC 22599 249 25 possibly possibly RB 22599 249 26 the the DT 22599 249 27 oases oasis NNS 22599 249 28 of of IN 22599 249 29 Turkestan Turkestan NNP 22599 249 30 . . . 22599 250 1 Now now RB 22599 250 2 what what WP 22599 250 3 numerals numeral NNS 22599 250 4 did do VBD 22599 250 5 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP 22599 250 6 use use VB 22599 250 7 ? ? . 22599 251 1 The the DT 22599 251 2 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 251 3 system system NN 22599 251 4 , , , 22599 251 5 simple simple JJ 22599 251 6 in in IN 22599 251 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 251 8 general general JJ 22599 251 9 principles principle NNS 22599 251 10 but but CC 22599 251 11 very very RB 22599 251 12 complicated complicated JJ 22599 251 13 in in IN 22599 251 14 many many JJ 22599 251 15 of of IN 22599 251 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 251 17 details detail NNS 22599 251 18 , , , 22599 251 19 is be VBZ 22599 251 20 now now RB 22599 251 21 well well RB 22599 251 22 known known JJ 22599 251 23 . . . 22599 252 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 252 2 103 103 CD 22599 252 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 252 4 In in IN 22599 252 5 particular particular JJ 22599 252 6 , , , 22599 252 7 one one CD 22599 252 8 , , , 22599 252 9 two two CD 22599 252 10 , , , 22599 252 11 and and CC 22599 252 12 three three CD 22599 252 13 were be VBD 22599 252 14 represented represent VBN 22599 252 15 by by IN 22599 252 16 vertical vertical JJ 22599 252 17 arrow arrow NN 22599 252 18 - - HYPH 22599 252 19 heads head NNS 22599 252 20 . . . 22599 253 1 Why why WRB 22599 253 2 , , , 22599 253 3 then then RB 22599 253 4 , , , 22599 253 5 did do VBD 22599 253 6 the the DT 22599 253 7 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 253 8 write write VB 22599 253 9 { { -LRB- 22599 253 10 29 29 CD 22599 253 11 } } -RRB- 22599 253 12 theirs -PRON- PRP 22599 253 13 horizontally horizontally RB 22599 253 14 ? ? . 22599 254 1 The the DT 22599 254 2 problem problem NN 22599 254 3 now now RB 22599 254 4 takes take VBZ 22599 254 5 a a DT 22599 254 6 new new JJ 22599 254 7 interest interest NN 22599 254 8 when when WRB 22599 254 9 we -PRON- PRP 22599 254 10 find find VBP 22599 254 11 that that IN 22599 254 12 these these DT 22599 254 13 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 254 14 forms form NNS 22599 254 15 were be VBD 22599 254 16 not not RB 22599 254 17 the the DT 22599 254 18 primitive primitive JJ 22599 254 19 ones one NNS 22599 254 20 of of IN 22599 254 21 this this DT 22599 254 22 region region NN 22599 254 23 , , , 22599 254 24 but but CC 22599 254 25 that that IN 22599 254 26 the the DT 22599 254 27 early early JJ 22599 254 28 Sumerian sumerian JJ 22599 254 29 forms form NNS 22599 254 30 were be VBD 22599 254 31 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 254 32 . . . 22599 255 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 255 2 104 104 CD 22599 255 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 255 4 What what WP 22599 255 5 interpretation interpretation NN 22599 255 6 shall shall MD 22599 255 7 be be VB 22599 255 8 given give VBN 22599 255 9 to to IN 22599 255 10 these these DT 22599 255 11 facts fact NNS 22599 255 12 ? ? . 22599 256 1 Shall Shall MD 22599 256 2 we -PRON- PRP 22599 256 3 say say VB 22599 256 4 that that IN 22599 256 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 256 6 was be VBD 22599 256 7 mere mere JJ 22599 256 8 accident accident NN 22599 256 9 that that IN 22599 256 10 one one CD 22599 256 11 people people NNS 22599 256 12 wrote write VBD 22599 256 13 " " `` 22599 256 14 one one CD 22599 256 15 " " '' 22599 256 16 vertically vertically RB 22599 256 17 and and CC 22599 256 18 that that IN 22599 256 19 another another DT 22599 256 20 wrote write VBD 22599 256 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 256 22 horizontally horizontally RB 22599 256 23 ? ? . 22599 257 1 This this DT 22599 257 2 may may MD 22599 257 3 be be VB 22599 257 4 the the DT 22599 257 5 case case NN 22599 257 6 ; ; : 22599 257 7 but but CC 22599 257 8 it -PRON- PRP 22599 257 9 may may MD 22599 257 10 also also RB 22599 257 11 be be VB 22599 257 12 the the DT 22599 257 13 case case NN 22599 257 14 that that IN 22599 257 15 the the DT 22599 257 16 tribal tribal JJ 22599 257 17 migrations migration NNS 22599 257 18 that that WDT 22599 257 19 ended end VBD 22599 257 20 in in IN 22599 257 21 the the DT 22599 257 22 Mongol Mongol NNP 22599 257 23 invasion invasion NN 22599 257 24 of of IN 22599 257 25 China China NNP 22599 257 26 started start VBD 22599 257 27 from from IN 22599 257 28 the the DT 22599 257 29 Euphrates Euphrates NNP 22599 257 30 while while IN 22599 257 31 yet yet RB 22599 257 32 the the DT 22599 257 33 Sumerian sumerian JJ 22599 257 34 civilization civilization NN 22599 257 35 was be VBD 22599 257 36 prominent prominent JJ 22599 257 37 , , , 22599 257 38 or or CC 22599 257 39 from from IN 22599 257 40 some some DT 22599 257 41 common common JJ 22599 257 42 source source NN 22599 257 43 in in IN 22599 257 44 Turkestan Turkestan NNP 22599 257 45 , , , 22599 257 46 and and CC 22599 257 47 that that IN 22599 257 48 they -PRON- PRP 22599 257 49 carried carry VBD 22599 257 50 to to IN 22599 257 51 the the DT 22599 257 52 East East NNP 22599 257 53 the the DT 22599 257 54 primitive primitive JJ 22599 257 55 numerals numeral NNS 22599 257 56 of of IN 22599 257 57 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 257 58 ancient ancient JJ 22599 257 59 home home NN 22599 257 60 , , , 22599 257 61 the the DT 22599 257 62 first first JJ 22599 257 63 three three CD 22599 257 64 , , , 22599 257 65 these these DT 22599 257 66 being be VBG 22599 257 67 all all DT 22599 257 68 that that WDT 22599 257 69 the the DT 22599 257 70 people people NNS 22599 257 71 as as IN 22599 257 72 a a DT 22599 257 73 whole whole NN 22599 257 74 knew know VBD 22599 257 75 or or CC 22599 257 76 needed need VBN 22599 257 77 . . . 22599 258 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 258 2 is be VBZ 22599 258 3 equally equally RB 22599 258 4 possible possible JJ 22599 258 5 that that IN 22599 258 6 these these DT 22599 258 7 three three CD 22599 258 8 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 258 9 forms form NNS 22599 258 10 represent represent VBP 22599 258 11 primitive primitive JJ 22599 258 12 stick stick NN 22599 258 13 - - HYPH 22599 258 14 laying laying NN 22599 258 15 , , , 22599 258 16 the the DT 22599 258 17 most most RBS 22599 258 18 natural natural JJ 22599 258 19 position position NN 22599 258 20 of of IN 22599 258 21 a a DT 22599 258 22 stick stick NN 22599 258 23 placed place VBN 22599 258 24 in in IN 22599 258 25 front front NN 22599 258 26 of of IN 22599 258 27 a a DT 22599 258 28 calculator calculator NN 22599 258 29 being be VBG 22599 258 30 the the DT 22599 258 31 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 258 32 one one CD 22599 258 33 . . . 22599 259 1 When when WRB 22599 259 2 , , , 22599 259 3 however however RB 22599 259 4 , , , 22599 259 5 the the DT 22599 259 6 cuneiform cuneiform NN 22599 259 7 writing writing NN 22599 259 8 developed develop VBD 22599 259 9 more more RBR 22599 259 10 fully fully RB 22599 259 11 , , , 22599 259 12 the the DT 22599 259 13 vertical vertical JJ 22599 259 14 form form NN 22599 259 15 may may MD 22599 259 16 have have VB 22599 259 17 been be VBN 22599 259 18 proved prove VBN 22599 259 19 the the DT 22599 259 20 easier easy JJR 22599 259 21 to to TO 22599 259 22 make make VB 22599 259 23 , , , 22599 259 24 so so IN 22599 259 25 that that IN 22599 259 26 by by IN 22599 259 27 the the DT 22599 259 28 time time NN 22599 259 29 the the DT 22599 259 30 migrations migration NNS 22599 259 31 to to IN 22599 259 32 the the DT 22599 259 33 West West NNP 22599 259 34 began begin VBD 22599 259 35 these these DT 22599 259 36 were be VBD 22599 259 37 in in IN 22599 259 38 use use NN 22599 259 39 , , , 22599 259 40 and and CC 22599 259 41 from from IN 22599 259 42 them -PRON- PRP 22599 259 43 came come VBD 22599 259 44 the the DT 22599 259 45 upright upright JJ 22599 259 46 forms form NNS 22599 259 47 of of IN 22599 259 48 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 259 49 , , , 22599 259 50 Greece Greece NNP 22599 259 51 , , , 22599 259 52 Rome Rome NNP 22599 259 53 , , , 22599 259 54 and and CC 22599 259 55 other other JJ 22599 259 56 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 259 57 lands land NNS 22599 259 58 , , , 22599 259 59 and and CC 22599 259 60 those those DT 22599 259 61 of of IN 22599 259 62 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 259 63 's 's POS 22599 259 64 time time NN 22599 259 65 in in IN 22599 259 66 India India NNP 22599 259 67 . . . 22599 260 1 After after IN 22599 260 2 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 260 3 , , , 22599 260 4 and and CC 22599 260 5 perhaps perhaps RB 22599 260 6 among among IN 22599 260 7 the the DT 22599 260 8 merchants merchant NNS 22599 260 9 of of IN 22599 260 10 earlier early JJR 22599 260 11 centuries century NNS 22599 260 12 , , , 22599 260 13 the the DT 22599 260 14 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 260 15 forms form NNS 22599 260 16 may may MD 22599 260 17 have have VB 22599 260 18 come come VBN 22599 260 19 down down RP 22599 260 20 into into IN 22599 260 21 India India NNP 22599 260 22 from from IN 22599 260 23 China China NNP 22599 260 24 , , , 22599 260 25 thus thus RB 22599 260 26 giving give VBG 22599 260 27 those those DT 22599 260 28 of of IN 22599 260 29 the the DT 22599 260 30 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 260 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 260 32 Gh[=a]t Gh[=a]t VBD 22599 260 33 cave cave NN 22599 260 34 and and CC 22599 260 35 of of IN 22599 260 36 later later JJ 22599 260 37 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 260 38 . . . 22599 261 1 This this DT 22599 261 2 is be VBZ 22599 261 3 in in IN 22599 261 4 the the DT 22599 261 5 realm realm NN 22599 261 6 of of IN 22599 261 7 speculation speculation NN 22599 261 8 , , , 22599 261 9 but but CC 22599 261 10 it -PRON- PRP 22599 261 11 is be VBZ 22599 261 12 not not RB 22599 261 13 improbable improbable JJ 22599 261 14 that that IN 22599 261 15 further further JJ 22599 261 16 epigraphical epigraphical JJ 22599 261 17 studies study NNS 22599 261 18 may may MD 22599 261 19 confirm confirm VB 22599 261 20 the the DT 22599 261 21 hypothesis hypothesis NN 22599 261 22 . . . 22599 262 1 { { -LRB- 22599 262 2 30 30 CD 22599 262 3 } } -RRB- 22599 262 4 As as IN 22599 262 5 to to IN 22599 262 6 the the DT 22599 262 7 numerals numeral NNS 22599 262 8 above above IN 22599 262 9 three three CD 22599 262 10 there there EX 22599 262 11 have have VBP 22599 262 12 been be VBN 22599 262 13 very very RB 22599 262 14 many many JJ 22599 262 15 conjectures conjecture NNS 22599 262 16 . . . 22599 263 1 The the DT 22599 263 2 figure figure NN 22599 263 3 one one CD 22599 263 4 of of IN 22599 263 5 the the DT 22599 263 6 Demotic Demotic NNP 22599 263 7 looks look VBZ 22599 263 8 like like IN 22599 263 9 the the DT 22599 263 10 one one CD 22599 263 11 of of IN 22599 263 12 the the DT 22599 263 13 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 263 14 , , , 22599 263 15 the the DT 22599 263 16 two two CD 22599 263 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 263 18 reversed reversed JJ 22599 263 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 263 20 like like IN 22599 263 21 that that DT 22599 263 22 of of IN 22599 263 23 the the DT 22599 263 24 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 263 25 , , , 22599 263 26 the the DT 22599 263 27 four four CD 22599 263 28 has have VBZ 22599 263 29 some some DT 22599 263 30 resemblance resemblance NN 22599 263 31 to to IN 22599 263 32 that that DT 22599 263 33 in in IN 22599 263 34 the the DT 22599 263 35 Nasik Nasik NNP 22599 263 36 caves cave NNS 22599 263 37 , , , 22599 263 38 the the DT 22599 263 39 five five CD 22599 263 40 ( ( -LRB- 22599 263 41 reversed reverse VBN 22599 263 42 ) ) -RRB- 22599 263 43 to to IN 22599 263 44 that that DT 22599 263 45 on on IN 22599 263 46 the the DT 22599 263 47 K[s.]atrapa K[s.]atrapa NNP 22599 263 48 coins coin NNS 22599 263 49 , , , 22599 263 50 the the DT 22599 263 51 nine nine CD 22599 263 52 to to IN 22599 263 53 that that DT 22599 263 54 of of IN 22599 263 55 the the DT 22599 263 56 Ku[s.]ana Ku[s.]ana NNP 22599 263 57 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 263 58 , , , 22599 263 59 and and CC 22599 263 60 other other JJ 22599 263 61 points point NNS 22599 263 62 of of IN 22599 263 63 similarity similarity NN 22599 263 64 have have VBP 22599 263 65 been be VBN 22599 263 66 imagined imagine VBN 22599 263 67 . . . 22599 264 1 Some some DT 22599 264 2 have have VBP 22599 264 3 traced trace VBN 22599 264 4 resemblance resemblance NN 22599 264 5 between between IN 22599 264 6 the the DT 22599 264 7 Hieratic Hieratic NNP 22599 264 8 five five CD 22599 264 9 and and CC 22599 264 10 seven seven CD 22599 264 11 and and CC 22599 264 12 those those DT 22599 264 13 of of IN 22599 264 14 the the DT 22599 264 15 Indian indian JJ 22599 264 16 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 264 17 . . . 22599 265 1 There there EX 22599 265 2 have have VBP 22599 265 3 not not RB 22599 265 4 , , , 22599 265 5 therefore therefore RB 22599 265 6 , , , 22599 265 7 been be VBN 22599 265 8 wanting want VBG 22599 265 9 those those DT 22599 265 10 who who WP 22599 265 11 asserted assert VBD 22599 265 12 an an DT 22599 265 13 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 265 14 origin origin NN 22599 265 15 for for IN 22599 265 16 these these DT 22599 265 17 numerals numeral NNS 22599 265 18 . . . 22599 266 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 266 2 105 105 CD 22599 266 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 266 4 There there EX 22599 266 5 has have VBZ 22599 266 6 already already RB 22599 266 7 been be VBN 22599 266 8 mentioned mention VBN 22599 266 9 the the DT 22599 266 10 fact fact NN 22599 266 11 that that IN 22599 266 12 the the DT 22599 266 13 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 266 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 266 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 266 16 were be VBD 22599 266 17 formerly formerly RB 22599 266 18 known know VBN 22599 266 19 as as IN 22599 266 20 Bactrian Bactrian NNP 22599 266 21 , , , 22599 266 22 Indo Indo NNP 22599 266 23 - - HYPH 22599 266 24 Bactrian Bactrian NNP 22599 266 25 , , , 22599 266 26 and and CC 22599 266 27 Aryan Aryan NNP 22599 266 28 . . . 22599 267 1 Cunningham[106 Cunningham[106 NNP 22599 267 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 267 3 was be VBD 22599 267 4 the the DT 22599 267 5 first first JJ 22599 267 6 to to TO 22599 267 7 suggest suggest VB 22599 267 8 that that IN 22599 267 9 these these DT 22599 267 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 267 11 were be VBD 22599 267 12 derived derive VBN 22599 267 13 from from IN 22599 267 14 the the DT 22599 267 15 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 267 16 of of IN 22599 267 17 the the DT 22599 267 18 Bactrian bactrian JJ 22599 267 19 civilization civilization NN 22599 267 20 of of IN 22599 267 21 Eastern Eastern NNP 22599 267 22 Persia Persia NNP 22599 267 23 , , , 22599 267 24 perhaps perhaps RB 22599 267 25 a a DT 22599 267 26 thousand thousand CD 22599 267 27 years year NNS 22599 267 28 before before IN 22599 267 29 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 267 30 era era NN 22599 267 31 , , , 22599 267 32 and and CC 22599 267 33 in in IN 22599 267 34 this this DT 22599 267 35 he -PRON- PRP 22599 267 36 was be VBD 22599 267 37 supported support VBN 22599 267 38 by by IN 22599 267 39 the the DT 22599 267 40 scholarly scholarly JJ 22599 267 41 work work NN 22599 267 42 of of IN 22599 267 43 Sir Sir NNP 22599 267 44 E. E. NNP 22599 267 45 Clive Clive NNP 22599 267 46 Bayley,[107 Bayley,[107 NNP 22599 267 47 ] ] -RRB- 22599 267 48 who who WP 22599 267 49 in in IN 22599 267 50 turn turn NN 22599 267 51 was be VBD 22599 267 52 followed follow VBN 22599 267 53 by by IN 22599 267 54 Canon Canon NNP 22599 267 55 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 267 56 . . . 22599 268 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 268 2 108 108 CD 22599 268 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 268 4 The the DT 22599 268 5 resemblance resemblance NN 22599 268 6 has have VBZ 22599 268 7 not not RB 22599 268 8 proved prove VBN 22599 268 9 convincing convincing JJ 22599 268 10 , , , 22599 268 11 however however RB 22599 268 12 , , , 22599 268 13 and and CC 22599 268 14 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 268 15 's 's POS 22599 268 16 drawings drawing NNS 22599 268 17 { { -LRB- 22599 268 18 31 31 CD 22599 268 19 } } -RRB- 22599 268 20 have have VBP 22599 268 21 been be VBN 22599 268 22 criticized criticize VBN 22599 268 23 as as IN 22599 268 24 being be VBG 22599 268 25 affected affect VBN 22599 268 26 by by IN 22599 268 27 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 268 28 theory theory NN 22599 268 29 . . . 22599 269 1 The the DT 22599 269 2 following follow VBG 22599 269 3 is be VBZ 22599 269 4 part part NN 22599 269 5 of of IN 22599 269 6 the the DT 22599 269 7 hypothesis:[109 hypothesis:[109 NNP 22599 269 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 269 9 _ _ NNP 22599 269 10 Numeral Numeral NNP 22599 269 11 _ _ NNP 22599 269 12 _ _ NNP 22599 269 13 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 269 14 _ _ NNP 22599 269 15 _ _ NNP 22599 269 16 Bactrian Bactrian NNP 22599 269 17 _ _ NNP 22599 269 18 _ _ NNP 22599 269 19 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 269 20 _ _ NNP 22599 269 21 4 4 CD 22599 269 22 [ [ -LRB- 22599 269 23 Symbol symbol NN 22599 269 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 269 25 [ [ -LRB- 22599 269 26 Symbol symbol NN 22599 269 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 269 28 = = NFP 22599 269 29 ch ch NNP 22599 269 30 chatur chatur NN 22599 269 31 , , , 22599 269 32 Lat Lat NNP 22599 269 33 . . . 22599 270 1 quattuor quattuor CC 22599 270 2 5 5 CD 22599 270 3 [ [ -LRB- 22599 270 4 Symbol symbol NN 22599 270 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 270 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 270 7 Symbol symbol NN 22599 270 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 270 9 = = NFP 22599 270 10 p p NN 22599 270 11 pancha pancha NNS 22599 270 12 , , , 22599 270 13 Gk Gk NNP 22599 270 14 . . . 22599 271 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 271 2 Greek Greek NNP 22599 271 3 : : : 22599 271 4 p p NN 22599 271 5 / / SYM 22599 271 6 ente ente NN 22599 271 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 8 6 6 CD 22599 271 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 271 10 Symbol symbol NN 22599 271 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 271 13 Symbol symbol NN 22599 271 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 15 = = FW 22599 271 16 s s NNP 22599 271 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 271 18 s.]a[s s.]a[s NN 22599 271 19 . . . 22599 271 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 21 7 7 CD 22599 271 22 [ [ -LRB- 22599 271 23 Symbol symbol NN 22599 271 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 25 [ [ -LRB- 22599 271 26 Symbol symbol NN 22599 271 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 28 = = NFP 22599 271 29 [ [ -LRB- 22599 271 30 s. s. NNP 22599 271 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 32 sapta sapta NNP 22599 271 33 ( ( -LRB- 22599 271 34 the the DT 22599 271 35 s s NNPS 22599 271 36 and and CC 22599 271 37 [ [ -LRB- 22599 271 38 s. s. NNP 22599 271 39 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 40 are be VBP 22599 271 41 interchanged interchange VBN 22599 271 42 as as RB 22599 271 43 occasionally occasionally RB 22599 271 44 in in IN 22599 271 45 N. N. NNP 22599 271 46 W. W. NNP 22599 271 47 India India NNP 22599 271 48 ) ) -RRB- 22599 271 49 Bühler[110 bühler[110 FW 22599 271 50 ] ] -RRB- 22599 271 51 rejects reject VBZ 22599 271 52 this this DT 22599 271 53 hypothesis hypothesis NN 22599 271 54 , , , 22599 271 55 stating state VBG 22599 271 56 that that IN 22599 271 57 in in IN 22599 271 58 four four CD 22599 271 59 cases case NNS 22599 271 60 ( ( -LRB- 22599 271 61 four four CD 22599 271 62 , , , 22599 271 63 six six CD 22599 271 64 , , , 22599 271 65 seven seven CD 22599 271 66 , , , 22599 271 67 and and CC 22599 271 68 ten ten CD 22599 271 69 ) ) -RRB- 22599 271 70 the the DT 22599 271 71 facts fact NNS 22599 271 72 are be VBP 22599 271 73 absolutely absolutely RB 22599 271 74 against against IN 22599 271 75 it -PRON- PRP 22599 271 76 . . . 22599 272 1 While while IN 22599 272 2 the the DT 22599 272 3 relation relation NN 22599 272 4 to to IN 22599 272 5 ancient ancient JJ 22599 272 6 Bactrian bactrian JJ 22599 272 7 forms form NNS 22599 272 8 has have VBZ 22599 272 9 been be VBN 22599 272 10 generally generally RB 22599 272 11 doubted doubt VBN 22599 272 12 , , , 22599 272 13 it -PRON- PRP 22599 272 14 is be VBZ 22599 272 15 agreed agree VBN 22599 272 16 that that IN 22599 272 17 most most JJS 22599 272 18 of of IN 22599 272 19 the the DT 22599 272 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 272 21 resemble resemble JJ 22599 272 22 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 272 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 272 24 letters letter NNS 22599 272 25 , , , 22599 272 26 and and CC 22599 272 27 we -PRON- PRP 22599 272 28 would would MD 22599 272 29 naturally naturally RB 22599 272 30 expect expect VB 22599 272 31 them -PRON- PRP 22599 272 32 to to TO 22599 272 33 be be VB 22599 272 34 initials initial NNS 22599 272 35 . . . 22599 273 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 273 2 111 111 CD 22599 273 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 273 4 But but CC 22599 273 5 , , , 22599 273 6 knowing know VBG 22599 273 7 the the DT 22599 273 8 ancient ancient JJ 22599 273 9 pronunciation pronunciation NN 22599 273 10 of of IN 22599 273 11 most most JJS 22599 273 12 of of IN 22599 273 13 the the DT 22599 273 14 number number NN 22599 273 15 names,[112 names,[112 NN 22599 273 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 273 17 we -PRON- PRP 22599 273 18 find find VBP 22599 273 19 this this DT 22599 273 20 not not RB 22599 273 21 to to TO 22599 273 22 be be VB 22599 273 23 the the DT 22599 273 24 case case NN 22599 273 25 . . . 22599 274 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 274 2 next next RB 22599 274 3 fall fall VBP 22599 274 4 back back RB 22599 274 5 upon upon IN 22599 274 6 the the DT 22599 274 7 hypothesis hypothesis NN 22599 274 8 { { -LRB- 22599 274 9 32 32 CD 22599 274 10 } } -RRB- 22599 274 11 that that WDT 22599 274 12 they -PRON- PRP 22599 274 13 represent represent VBP 22599 274 14 the the DT 22599 274 15 order order NN 22599 274 16 of of IN 22599 274 17 letters[113 letters[113 NNP 22599 274 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 274 19 in in IN 22599 274 20 the the DT 22599 274 21 ancient ancient JJ 22599 274 22 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 274 23 . . . 22599 275 1 From from IN 22599 275 2 what what WP 22599 275 3 we -PRON- PRP 22599 275 4 know know VBP 22599 275 5 of of IN 22599 275 6 this this DT 22599 275 7 order order NN 22599 275 8 , , , 22599 275 9 however however RB 22599 275 10 , , , 22599 275 11 there there EX 22599 275 12 seems seem VBZ 22599 275 13 also also RB 22599 275 14 no no DT 22599 275 15 basis basis NN 22599 275 16 for for IN 22599 275 17 this this DT 22599 275 18 assumption assumption NN 22599 275 19 . . . 22599 276 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 276 2 have have VBP 22599 276 3 , , , 22599 276 4 therefore therefore RB 22599 276 5 , , , 22599 276 6 to to TO 22599 276 7 confess confess VB 22599 276 8 that that IN 22599 276 9 we -PRON- PRP 22599 276 10 are be VBP 22599 276 11 not not RB 22599 276 12 certain certain JJ 22599 276 13 that that IN 22599 276 14 the the DT 22599 276 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 276 16 were be VBD 22599 276 17 alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 276 18 at at RB 22599 276 19 all all RB 22599 276 20 , , , 22599 276 21 and and CC 22599 276 22 if if IN 22599 276 23 they -PRON- PRP 22599 276 24 were be VBD 22599 276 25 alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 276 26 we -PRON- PRP 22599 276 27 have have VBP 22599 276 28 no no DT 22599 276 29 evidence evidence NN 22599 276 30 at at IN 22599 276 31 present present JJ 22599 276 32 as as IN 22599 276 33 to to IN 22599 276 34 the the DT 22599 276 35 basis basis NN 22599 276 36 of of IN 22599 276 37 selection selection NN 22599 276 38 . . . 22599 277 1 The the DT 22599 277 2 later later JJ 22599 277 3 forms form NNS 22599 277 4 may may MD 22599 277 5 possibly possibly RB 22599 277 6 have have VB 22599 277 7 been be VBN 22599 277 8 alphabetical alphabetical JJ 22599 277 9 expressions expression NNS 22599 277 10 of of IN 22599 277 11 certain certain JJ 22599 277 12 syllables syllable NNS 22599 277 13 called call VBN 22599 277 14 _ _ NNP 22599 277 15 ak[s.]aras ak[s.]aras NNP 22599 277 16 _ _ NNP 22599 277 17 , , , 22599 277 18 which which WDT 22599 277 19 possessed possess VBD 22599 277 20 in in IN 22599 277 21 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 277 22 fixed fix VBN 22599 277 23 numerical numerical JJ 22599 277 24 values,[114 values,[114 NN 22599 277 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 277 26 but but CC 22599 277 27 this this DT 22599 277 28 is be VBZ 22599 277 29 equally equally RB 22599 277 30 uncertain uncertain JJ 22599 277 31 with with IN 22599 277 32 the the DT 22599 277 33 rest rest NN 22599 277 34 . . . 22599 278 1 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 278 2 also also RB 22599 278 3 thought[115 thought[115 VBZ 22599 278 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 278 5 that that IN 22599 278 6 some some DT 22599 278 7 of of IN 22599 278 8 the the DT 22599 278 9 forms form NNS 22599 278 10 were be VBD 22599 278 11 Phoenician phoenician JJ 22599 278 12 , , , 22599 278 13 as as RB 22599 278 14 notably notably RB 22599 278 15 the the DT 22599 278 16 use use NN 22599 278 17 of of IN 22599 278 18 a a DT 22599 278 19 circle circle NN 22599 278 20 for for IN 22599 278 21 twenty twenty CD 22599 278 22 , , , 22599 278 23 but but CC 22599 278 24 the the DT 22599 278 25 resemblance resemblance NN 22599 278 26 is be VBZ 22599 278 27 in in IN 22599 278 28 general general JJ 22599 278 29 too too RB 22599 278 30 remote remote JJ 22599 278 31 to to TO 22599 278 32 be be VB 22599 278 33 convincing convincing JJ 22599 278 34 . . . 22599 279 1 There there EX 22599 279 2 is be VBZ 22599 279 3 also also RB 22599 279 4 some some DT 22599 279 5 slight slight JJ 22599 279 6 possibility possibility NN 22599 279 7 that that IN 22599 279 8 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 279 9 influence influence NN 22599 279 10 is be VBZ 22599 279 11 to to TO 22599 279 12 be be VB 22599 279 13 seen see VBN 22599 279 14 in in IN 22599 279 15 certain certain JJ 22599 279 16 of of IN 22599 279 17 the the DT 22599 279 18 early early JJ 22599 279 19 forms form NNS 22599 279 20 of of IN 22599 279 21 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 279 22 numerals numeral NNS 22599 279 23 . . . 22599 280 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 280 2 116 116 CD 22599 280 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 280 4 { { -LRB- 22599 280 5 33 33 CD 22599 280 6 } } -RRB- 22599 280 7 More more RBR 22599 280 8 absurd absurd JJ 22599 280 9 is be VBZ 22599 280 10 the the DT 22599 280 11 hypothesis hypothesis NN 22599 280 12 of of IN 22599 280 13 a a DT 22599 280 14 Greek greek JJ 22599 280 15 origin origin NN 22599 280 16 , , , 22599 280 17 supposedly supposedly RB 22599 280 18 supported support VBN 22599 280 19 by by IN 22599 280 20 derivation derivation NN 22599 280 21 of of IN 22599 280 22 the the DT 22599 280 23 current current JJ 22599 280 24 symbols symbol NNS 22599 280 25 from from IN 22599 280 26 the the DT 22599 280 27 first first JJ 22599 280 28 nine nine CD 22599 280 29 letters letter NNS 22599 280 30 of of IN 22599 280 31 the the DT 22599 280 32 Greek greek JJ 22599 280 33 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 280 34 . . . 22599 281 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 281 2 117 117 CD 22599 281 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 281 4 This this DT 22599 281 5 difficult difficult JJ 22599 281 6 feat feat NN 22599 281 7 is be VBZ 22599 281 8 accomplished accomplish VBN 22599 281 9 by by IN 22599 281 10 twisting twist VBG 22599 281 11 some some DT 22599 281 12 of of IN 22599 281 13 the the DT 22599 281 14 letters letter NNS 22599 281 15 , , , 22599 281 16 cutting cut VBG 22599 281 17 off off RP 22599 281 18 , , , 22599 281 19 adding add VBG 22599 281 20 on on RP 22599 281 21 , , , 22599 281 22 and and CC 22599 281 23 effecting effect VBG 22599 281 24 other other JJ 22599 281 25 changes change NNS 22599 281 26 to to TO 22599 281 27 make make VB 22599 281 28 the the DT 22599 281 29 letters letter NNS 22599 281 30 fit fit VB 22599 281 31 the the DT 22599 281 32 theory theory NN 22599 281 33 . . . 22599 282 1 This this DT 22599 282 2 peculiar peculiar JJ 22599 282 3 theory theory NN 22599 282 4 was be VBD 22599 282 5 first first RB 22599 282 6 set set VBN 22599 282 7 up up RP 22599 282 8 by by IN 22599 282 9 Dasypodius[118 dasypodius[118 CD 22599 282 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 282 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 282 12 Conrad Conrad NNP 22599 282 13 Rauhfuss Rauhfuss NNP 22599 282 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 282 15 , , , 22599 282 16 and and CC 22599 282 17 was be VBD 22599 282 18 later later RB 22599 282 19 elaborated elaborate VBN 22599 282 20 by by IN 22599 282 21 Huet Huet NNP 22599 282 22 . . . 22599 283 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 283 2 119 119 CD 22599 283 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 283 4 { { -LRB- 22599 283 5 34 34 CD 22599 283 6 } } -RRB- 22599 283 7 A a DT 22599 283 8 bizarre bizarre JJ 22599 283 9 derivation derivation NN 22599 283 10 based base VBN 22599 283 11 upon upon IN 22599 283 12 early early JJ 22599 283 13 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 283 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 283 15 c. c. NNP 22599 283 16 1040 1040 CD 22599 283 17 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 283 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 283 19 sources source NNS 22599 283 20 is be VBZ 22599 283 21 given give VBN 22599 283 22 by by IN 22599 283 23 Kircher Kircher NNP 22599 283 24 in in IN 22599 283 25 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 283 26 work[120 work[120 NN 22599 283 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 283 28 on on IN 22599 283 29 number number NN 22599 283 30 mysticism mysticism NN 22599 283 31 . . . 22599 284 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 284 2 quotes quote VBZ 22599 284 3 from from IN 22599 284 4 Abenragel,[121 abenragel,[121 CD 22599 284 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 284 6 giving give VBG 22599 284 7 the the DT 22599 284 8 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 284 9 and and CC 22599 284 10 a a DT 22599 284 11 Latin latin JJ 22599 284 12 translation[122 translation[122 NN 22599 284 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 284 14 and and CC 22599 284 15 stating state VBG 22599 284 16 that that IN 22599 284 17 the the DT 22599 284 18 ordinary ordinary JJ 22599 284 19 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 284 20 forms form NNS 22599 284 21 are be VBP 22599 284 22 derived derive VBN 22599 284 23 from from IN 22599 284 24 sectors sector NNS 22599 284 25 of of IN 22599 284 26 a a DT 22599 284 27 circle circle NN 22599 284 28 , , , 22599 284 29 [ [ -LRB- 22599 284 30 circle circle NN 22599 284 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 284 32 . . . 22599 285 1 Out out IN 22599 285 2 of of IN 22599 285 3 all all PDT 22599 285 4 these these DT 22599 285 5 conflicting conflict VBG 22599 285 6 theories theory NNS 22599 285 7 , , , 22599 285 8 and and CC 22599 285 9 from from IN 22599 285 10 all all PDT 22599 285 11 the the DT 22599 285 12 resemblances resemblance NNS 22599 285 13 seen see VBN 22599 285 14 or or CC 22599 285 15 imagined imagine VBN 22599 285 16 between between IN 22599 285 17 the the DT 22599 285 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 285 19 of of IN 22599 285 20 the the DT 22599 285 21 West West NNP 22599 285 22 and and CC 22599 285 23 those those DT 22599 285 24 of of IN 22599 285 25 the the DT 22599 285 26 East East NNP 22599 285 27 , , , 22599 285 28 what what WDT 22599 285 29 conclusions conclusion NNS 22599 285 30 are be VBP 22599 285 31 we -PRON- PRP 22599 285 32 prepared prepared JJ 22599 285 33 to to TO 22599 285 34 draw draw VB 22599 285 35 as as IN 22599 285 36 the the DT 22599 285 37 evidence evidence NN 22599 285 38 now now RB 22599 285 39 stands stand VBZ 22599 285 40 ? ? . 22599 286 1 Probably probably RB 22599 286 2 none none NN 22599 286 3 that that WDT 22599 286 4 is be VBZ 22599 286 5 satisfactory satisfactory JJ 22599 286 6 . . . 22599 287 1 Indeed indeed RB 22599 287 2 , , , 22599 287 3 upon upon IN 22599 287 4 the the DT 22599 287 5 evidence evidence NN 22599 287 6 at at IN 22599 287 7 { { -LRB- 22599 287 8 35 35 CD 22599 287 9 } } -RRB- 22599 287 10 hand hand NN 22599 287 11 we -PRON- PRP 22599 287 12 might may MD 22599 287 13 properly properly RB 22599 287 14 feel feel VB 22599 287 15 that that IN 22599 287 16 everything everything NN 22599 287 17 points point NNS 22599 287 18 to to IN 22599 287 19 the the DT 22599 287 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 287 21 as as IN 22599 287 22 being be VBG 22599 287 23 substantially substantially RB 22599 287 24 indigenous indigenous JJ 22599 287 25 to to IN 22599 287 26 India India NNP 22599 287 27 . . . 22599 288 1 And and CC 22599 288 2 why why WRB 22599 288 3 should should MD 22599 288 4 this this DT 22599 288 5 not not RB 22599 288 6 be be VB 22599 288 7 the the DT 22599 288 8 case case NN 22599 288 9 ? ? . 22599 289 1 If if IN 22599 289 2 the the DT 22599 289 3 king king NN 22599 289 4 Srong Srong NNP 22599 289 5 - - HYPH 22599 289 6 tsan tsan NNP 22599 289 7 - - HYPH 22599 289 8 Gampo Gampo NNP 22599 289 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 289 10 639 639 CD 22599 289 11 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 289 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 289 13 , , , 22599 289 14 the the DT 22599 289 15 founder founder NN 22599 289 16 of of IN 22599 289 17 Lh[=a]sa,[123 Lh[=a]sa,[123 NNP 22599 289 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 289 19 could could MD 22599 289 20 have have VB 22599 289 21 set set VBN 22599 289 22 about about RP 22599 289 23 to to TO 22599 289 24 devise devise VB 22599 289 25 a a DT 22599 289 26 new new JJ 22599 289 27 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 289 28 for for IN 22599 289 29 Tibet Tibet NNP 22599 289 30 , , , 22599 289 31 and and CC 22599 289 32 if if IN 22599 289 33 the the DT 22599 289 34 Siamese Siamese NNP 22599 289 35 , , , 22599 289 36 and and CC 22599 289 37 the the DT 22599 289 38 Singhalese Singhalese NNPS 22599 289 39 , , , 22599 289 40 and and CC 22599 289 41 the the DT 22599 289 42 Burmese Burmese NNP 22599 289 43 , , , 22599 289 44 and and CC 22599 289 45 other other JJ 22599 289 46 peoples people NNS 22599 289 47 in in IN 22599 289 48 the the DT 22599 289 49 East East NNP 22599 289 50 , , , 22599 289 51 could could MD 22599 289 52 have have VB 22599 289 53 created create VBN 22599 289 54 alphabets alphabet NNS 22599 289 55 of of IN 22599 289 56 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 289 57 own own JJ 22599 289 58 , , , 22599 289 59 why why WRB 22599 289 60 should should MD 22599 289 61 not not RB 22599 289 62 the the DT 22599 289 63 numerals numeral NNS 22599 289 64 also also RB 22599 289 65 have have VBP 22599 289 66 been be VBN 22599 289 67 fashioned fashion VBN 22599 289 68 by by IN 22599 289 69 some some DT 22599 289 70 temple temple NNP 22599 289 71 school school NN 22599 289 72 , , , 22599 289 73 or or CC 22599 289 74 some some DT 22599 289 75 king king NN 22599 289 76 , , , 22599 289 77 or or CC 22599 289 78 some some DT 22599 289 79 merchant merchant NN 22599 289 80 guild guild NN 22599 289 81 ? ? . 22599 290 1 By by IN 22599 290 2 way way NN 22599 290 3 of of IN 22599 290 4 illustration illustration NN 22599 290 5 , , , 22599 290 6 there there EX 22599 290 7 are be VBP 22599 290 8 shown show VBN 22599 290 9 in in IN 22599 290 10 the the DT 22599 290 11 table table NN 22599 290 12 on on IN 22599 290 13 page page NN 22599 290 14 36 36 CD 22599 290 15 certain certain JJ 22599 290 16 systems system NNS 22599 290 17 of of IN 22599 290 18 the the DT 22599 290 19 East East NNP 22599 290 20 , , , 22599 290 21 and and CC 22599 290 22 while while IN 22599 290 23 a a DT 22599 290 24 few few JJ 22599 290 25 resemblances resemblance NNS 22599 290 26 are be VBP 22599 290 27 evident evident JJ 22599 290 28 , , , 22599 290 29 it -PRON- PRP 22599 290 30 is be VBZ 22599 290 31 also also RB 22599 290 32 evident evident JJ 22599 290 33 that that IN 22599 290 34 the the DT 22599 290 35 creators creator NNS 22599 290 36 of of IN 22599 290 37 each each DT 22599 290 38 system system NN 22599 290 39 endeavored endeavor VBD 22599 290 40 to to TO 22599 290 41 find find VB 22599 290 42 original original JJ 22599 290 43 forms form NNS 22599 290 44 that that WDT 22599 290 45 should should MD 22599 290 46 not not RB 22599 290 47 be be VB 22599 290 48 found find VBN 22599 290 49 in in IN 22599 290 50 other other JJ 22599 290 51 systems system NNS 22599 290 52 . . . 22599 291 1 This this DT 22599 291 2 , , , 22599 291 3 then then RB 22599 291 4 , , , 22599 291 5 would would MD 22599 291 6 seem seem VB 22599 291 7 to to TO 22599 291 8 be be VB 22599 291 9 a a DT 22599 291 10 fair fair JJ 22599 291 11 interpretation interpretation NN 22599 291 12 of of IN 22599 291 13 the the DT 22599 291 14 evidence evidence NN 22599 291 15 . . . 22599 292 1 A a DT 22599 292 2 human human JJ 22599 292 3 mind mind NN 22599 292 4 can can MD 22599 292 5 not not RB 22599 292 6 readily readily RB 22599 292 7 create create VB 22599 292 8 simple simple JJ 22599 292 9 forms form NNS 22599 292 10 that that WDT 22599 292 11 are be VBP 22599 292 12 absolutely absolutely RB 22599 292 13 new new JJ 22599 292 14 ; ; : 22599 292 15 what what WP 22599 292 16 it -PRON- PRP 22599 292 17 fashions fashion VBZ 22599 292 18 will will MD 22599 292 19 naturally naturally RB 22599 292 20 resemble resemble VB 22599 292 21 what what WDT 22599 292 22 other other JJ 22599 292 23 minds mind NNS 22599 292 24 have have VBP 22599 292 25 fashioned fashion VBN 22599 292 26 , , , 22599 292 27 or or CC 22599 292 28 what what WP 22599 292 29 it -PRON- PRP 22599 292 30 has have VBZ 22599 292 31 known know VBN 22599 292 32 through through IN 22599 292 33 hearsay hearsay NNP 22599 292 34 or or CC 22599 292 35 through through IN 22599 292 36 sight sight NN 22599 292 37 . . . 22599 293 1 A a DT 22599 293 2 circle circle NN 22599 293 3 is be VBZ 22599 293 4 one one CD 22599 293 5 of of IN 22599 293 6 the the DT 22599 293 7 world world NN 22599 293 8 's 's POS 22599 293 9 common common JJ 22599 293 10 stock stock NN 22599 293 11 of of IN 22599 293 12 figures figure NNS 22599 293 13 , , , 22599 293 14 and and CC 22599 293 15 that that IN 22599 293 16 it -PRON- PRP 22599 293 17 should should MD 22599 293 18 mean mean VB 22599 293 19 twenty twenty CD 22599 293 20 in in IN 22599 293 21 Phoenicia Phoenicia NNP 22599 293 22 and and CC 22599 293 23 in in IN 22599 293 24 India India NNP 22599 293 25 is be VBZ 22599 293 26 hardly hardly RB 22599 293 27 more more RBR 22599 293 28 surprising surprising JJ 22599 293 29 than than IN 22599 293 30 that that IN 22599 293 31 it -PRON- PRP 22599 293 32 signified signify VBD 22599 293 33 ten ten CD 22599 293 34 at at IN 22599 293 35 one one CD 22599 293 36 time time NN 22599 293 37 in in IN 22599 293 38 Babylon Babylon NNP 22599 293 39 . . . 22599 294 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 294 2 124 124 CD 22599 294 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 294 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 294 5 is be VBZ 22599 294 6 therefore therefore RB 22599 294 7 quite quite RB 22599 294 8 probable probable JJ 22599 294 9 that that IN 22599 294 10 an an DT 22599 294 11 extraneous extraneous JJ 22599 294 12 origin origin NN 22599 294 13 can can MD 22599 294 14 not not RB 22599 294 15 be be VB 22599 294 16 found find VBN 22599 294 17 for for IN 22599 294 18 the the DT 22599 294 19 very very RB 22599 294 20 sufficient sufficient JJ 22599 294 21 reason reason NN 22599 294 22 that that WDT 22599 294 23 none none NN 22599 294 24 exists exist VBZ 22599 294 25 . . . 22599 295 1 Of of IN 22599 295 2 absolute absolute JJ 22599 295 3 nonsense nonsense NN 22599 295 4 about about IN 22599 295 5 the the DT 22599 295 6 origin origin NN 22599 295 7 of of IN 22599 295 8 the the DT 22599 295 9 symbols symbol NNS 22599 295 10 which which WDT 22599 295 11 we -PRON- PRP 22599 295 12 use use VBP 22599 295 13 much much JJ 22599 295 14 has have VBZ 22599 295 15 been be VBN 22599 295 16 written write VBN 22599 295 17 . . . 22599 296 1 Conjectures conjecture NNS 22599 296 2 , , , 22599 296 3 { { -LRB- 22599 296 4 36 36 CD 22599 296 5 } } -RRB- 22599 296 6 however however RB 22599 296 7 , , , 22599 296 8 without without IN 22599 296 9 any any DT 22599 296 10 historical historical JJ 22599 296 11 evidence evidence NN 22599 296 12 for for IN 22599 296 13 support support NN 22599 296 14 , , , 22599 296 15 have have VBP 22599 296 16 no no DT 22599 296 17 place place NN 22599 296 18 in in IN 22599 296 19 a a DT 22599 296 20 serious serious JJ 22599 296 21 discussion discussion NN 22599 296 22 of of IN 22599 296 23 the the DT 22599 296 24 gradual gradual JJ 22599 296 25 evolution evolution NN 22599 296 26 of of IN 22599 296 27 the the DT 22599 296 28 present present JJ 22599 296 29 numeral numeral JJ 22599 296 30 forms form NNS 22599 296 31 . . . 22599 297 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 297 2 125 125 CD 22599 297 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 4 TABLE TABLE NNS 22599 297 5 OF of IN 22599 297 6 CERTAIN certain JJ 22599 297 7 EASTERN EASTERN NNS 22599 297 8 SYSTEMS system NNS 22599 297 9 Siam siam JJ 22599 297 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 297 11 Illustration illustration NN 22599 297 12 : : : 22599 297 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 297 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 15 Burma[126 Burma[126 NNP 22599 297 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 297 18 Illustration illustration NN 22599 297 19 : : : 22599 297 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 297 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 22 Malabar[127 malabar[127 CD 22599 297 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 24 [ [ -LRB- 22599 297 25 Illustration illustration NN 22599 297 26 : : : 22599 297 27 numerals numeral NNS 22599 297 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 29 Tibet[128 tibet[128 CD 22599 297 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 31 [ [ -LRB- 22599 297 32 Illustration illustration NN 22599 297 33 : : : 22599 297 34 numerals numeral NNS 22599 297 35 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 36 Ceylon[129 ceylon[129 NN 22599 297 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 38 [ [ -LRB- 22599 297 39 Illustration illustration NN 22599 297 40 : : : 22599 297 41 numerals numeral NNS 22599 297 42 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 43 Malayalam[129 malayalam[129 NN 22599 297 44 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 45 [ [ -LRB- 22599 297 46 Illustration illustration NN 22599 297 47 : : : 22599 297 48 numerals numeral NNS 22599 297 49 ] ] -RRB- 22599 297 50 { { -LRB- 22599 297 51 37 37 CD 22599 297 52 } } -RRB- 22599 297 53 We -PRON- PRP 22599 297 54 may may MD 22599 297 55 summarize summarize VB 22599 297 56 this this DT 22599 297 57 chapter chapter NN 22599 297 58 by by IN 22599 297 59 saying say VBG 22599 297 60 that that IN 22599 297 61 no no DT 22599 297 62 one one NN 22599 297 63 knows know VBZ 22599 297 64 what what WP 22599 297 65 suggested suggest VBD 22599 297 66 certain certain JJ 22599 297 67 of of IN 22599 297 68 the the DT 22599 297 69 early early JJ 22599 297 70 numeral numeral JJ 22599 297 71 forms form NNS 22599 297 72 used use VBN 22599 297 73 in in IN 22599 297 74 India India NNP 22599 297 75 . . . 22599 298 1 The the DT 22599 298 2 origin origin NN 22599 298 3 of of IN 22599 298 4 some some DT 22599 298 5 is be VBZ 22599 298 6 evident evident JJ 22599 298 7 , , , 22599 298 8 but but CC 22599 298 9 the the DT 22599 298 10 origin origin NN 22599 298 11 of of IN 22599 298 12 others other NNS 22599 298 13 will will MD 22599 298 14 probably probably RB 22599 298 15 never never RB 22599 298 16 be be VB 22599 298 17 known know VBN 22599 298 18 . . . 22599 299 1 There there EX 22599 299 2 is be VBZ 22599 299 3 no no DT 22599 299 4 reason reason NN 22599 299 5 why why WRB 22599 299 6 they -PRON- PRP 22599 299 7 should should MD 22599 299 8 not not RB 22599 299 9 have have VB 22599 299 10 been be VBN 22599 299 11 invented invent VBN 22599 299 12 by by IN 22599 299 13 some some DT 22599 299 14 priest priest NN 22599 299 15 or or CC 22599 299 16 teacher teacher NN 22599 299 17 or or CC 22599 299 18 guild guild NN 22599 299 19 , , , 22599 299 20 by by IN 22599 299 21 the the DT 22599 299 22 order order NN 22599 299 23 of of IN 22599 299 24 some some DT 22599 299 25 king king NN 22599 299 26 , , , 22599 299 27 or or CC 22599 299 28 as as IN 22599 299 29 part part NN 22599 299 30 of of IN 22599 299 31 the the DT 22599 299 32 mysticism mysticism NN 22599 299 33 of of IN 22599 299 34 some some DT 22599 299 35 temple temple NN 22599 299 36 . . . 22599 300 1 Whatever whatever WDT 22599 300 2 the the DT 22599 300 3 origin origin NN 22599 300 4 , , , 22599 300 5 they -PRON- PRP 22599 300 6 were be VBD 22599 300 7 no no RB 22599 300 8 better well JJR 22599 300 9 than than IN 22599 300 10 scores score NNS 22599 300 11 of of IN 22599 300 12 other other JJ 22599 300 13 ancient ancient JJ 22599 300 14 systems system NNS 22599 300 15 and and CC 22599 300 16 no no RB 22599 300 17 better better RB 22599 300 18 than than IN 22599 300 19 the the DT 22599 300 20 present present JJ 22599 300 21 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 300 22 system system NN 22599 300 23 when when WRB 22599 300 24 written write VBN 22599 300 25 without without IN 22599 300 26 the the DT 22599 300 27 zero zero CD 22599 300 28 , , , 22599 300 29 and and CC 22599 300 30 there there EX 22599 300 31 would would MD 22599 300 32 never never RB 22599 300 33 have have VB 22599 300 34 been be VBN 22599 300 35 any any DT 22599 300 36 chance chance NN 22599 300 37 of of IN 22599 300 38 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 300 39 triumphal triumphal NN 22599 300 40 progress progress NN 22599 300 41 westward westward RB 22599 300 42 had have VBD 22599 300 43 it -PRON- PRP 22599 300 44 not not RB 22599 300 45 been be VBN 22599 300 46 for for IN 22599 300 47 this this DT 22599 300 48 relatively relatively RB 22599 300 49 late late JJ 22599 300 50 symbol symbol NN 22599 300 51 . . . 22599 301 1 There there EX 22599 301 2 could could MD 22599 301 3 hardly hardly RB 22599 301 4 be be VB 22599 301 5 demanded demand VBN 22599 301 6 a a DT 22599 301 7 stronger strong JJR 22599 301 8 proof proof NN 22599 301 9 of of IN 22599 301 10 the the DT 22599 301 11 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 301 12 origin origin NN 22599 301 13 of of IN 22599 301 14 the the DT 22599 301 15 character character NN 22599 301 16 for for IN 22599 301 17 zero zero CD 22599 301 18 than than IN 22599 301 19 this this DT 22599 301 20 , , , 22599 301 21 and and CC 22599 301 22 to to IN 22599 301 23 it -PRON- PRP 22599 301 24 further further JJ 22599 301 25 reference reference NN 22599 301 26 will will MD 22599 301 27 be be VB 22599 301 28 made make VBN 22599 301 29 in in IN 22599 301 30 Chapter Chapter NNP 22599 301 31 IV IV NNP 22599 301 32 . . . 22599 302 1 * * NFP 22599 302 2 * * NFP 22599 302 3 * * NFP 22599 302 4 * * NFP 22599 302 5 * * NFP 22599 302 6 { { -LRB- 22599 302 7 38 38 CD 22599 302 8 } } -RRB- 22599 302 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 22599 302 10 III iii CD 22599 302 11 LATER later NN 22599 302 12 HINDU HINDU NNP 22599 302 13 FORMS FORMS NNP 22599 302 14 , , , 22599 302 15 WITH with IN 22599 302 16 A a DT 22599 302 17 PLACE place NN 22599 302 18 VALUE value NN 22599 302 19 Before before IN 22599 302 20 speaking speak VBG 22599 302 21 of of IN 22599 302 22 the the DT 22599 302 23 perfected perfect VBN 22599 302 24 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 302 25 numerals numeral NNS 22599 302 26 with with IN 22599 302 27 the the DT 22599 302 28 zero zero CD 22599 302 29 and and CC 22599 302 30 the the DT 22599 302 31 place place NN 22599 302 32 value value NN 22599 302 33 , , , 22599 302 34 it -PRON- PRP 22599 302 35 is be VBZ 22599 302 36 necessary necessary JJ 22599 302 37 to to TO 22599 302 38 consider consider VB 22599 302 39 the the DT 22599 302 40 third third JJ 22599 302 41 system system NN 22599 302 42 mentioned mention VBN 22599 302 43 on on IN 22599 302 44 page page NN 22599 302 45 19,--the 19,--the CD 22599 302 46 word word NN 22599 302 47 and and CC 22599 302 48 letter letter NN 22599 302 49 forms form NNS 22599 302 50 . . . 22599 303 1 The the DT 22599 303 2 use use NN 22599 303 3 of of IN 22599 303 4 words word NNS 22599 303 5 with with IN 22599 303 6 place place NN 22599 303 7 value value NN 22599 303 8 began begin VBD 22599 303 9 at at IN 22599 303 10 least least JJS 22599 303 11 as as RB 22599 303 12 early early RB 22599 303 13 as as IN 22599 303 14 the the DT 22599 303 15 6th 6th JJ 22599 303 16 century century NN 22599 303 17 of of IN 22599 303 18 the the DT 22599 303 19 Christian christian JJ 22599 303 20 era era NN 22599 303 21 . . . 22599 304 1 In in IN 22599 304 2 many many JJ 22599 304 3 of of IN 22599 304 4 the the DT 22599 304 5 manuals manual NNS 22599 304 6 of of IN 22599 304 7 astronomy astronomy NN 22599 304 8 and and CC 22599 304 9 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 304 10 , , , 22599 304 11 and and CC 22599 304 12 often often RB 22599 304 13 in in IN 22599 304 14 other other JJ 22599 304 15 works work NNS 22599 304 16 in in IN 22599 304 17 mentioning mention VBG 22599 304 18 dates date NNS 22599 304 19 , , , 22599 304 20 numbers number NNS 22599 304 21 are be VBP 22599 304 22 represented represent VBN 22599 304 23 by by IN 22599 304 24 the the DT 22599 304 25 names name NNS 22599 304 26 of of IN 22599 304 27 certain certain JJ 22599 304 28 objects object NNS 22599 304 29 or or CC 22599 304 30 ideas idea NNS 22599 304 31 . . . 22599 305 1 For for IN 22599 305 2 example example NN 22599 305 3 , , , 22599 305 4 zero zero CD 22599 305 5 is be VBZ 22599 305 6 represented represent VBN 22599 305 7 by by IN 22599 305 8 " " `` 22599 305 9 the the DT 22599 305 10 void void NN 22599 305 11 " " '' 22599 305 12 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 13 _ _ NNP 22599 305 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 305 15 ' ' '' 22599 305 16 s][=u]nya s][=u]nya NFP 22599 305 17 _ _ NNP 22599 305 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 19 , , , 22599 305 20 or or CC 22599 305 21 " " `` 22599 305 22 heaven heaven JJ 22599 305 23 - - HYPH 22599 305 24 space space NN 22599 305 25 " " '' 22599 305 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 27 _ _ NNP 22599 305 28 ambara ambara NNP 22599 305 29 [ [ -LRB- 22599 305 30 = = SYM 22599 305 31 a]k[=a]['s]a a]k[=a]['s]a NNP 22599 305 32 _ _ NNP 22599 305 33 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 34 ; ; : 22599 305 35 one one CD 22599 305 36 by by IN 22599 305 37 " " `` 22599 305 38 stick stick NN 22599 305 39 " " '' 22599 305 40 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 41 _ _ NNP 22599 305 42 rupa rupa NNP 22599 305 43 _ _ NNP 22599 305 44 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 45 , , , 22599 305 46 " " `` 22599 305 47 moon moon NN 22599 305 48 " " '' 22599 305 49 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 50 _ _ NNP 22599 305 51 indu indu NNP 22599 305 52 [ [ -LRB- 22599 305 53 ' ' '' 22599 305 54 s]a['s]in s]a['s]in NNP 22599 305 55 _ _ NNP 22599 305 56 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 57 , , , 22599 305 58 " " `` 22599 305 59 earth earth NN 22599 305 60 " " '' 22599 305 61 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 62 _ _ NNP 22599 305 63 bh[=u bh[=u NN 22599 305 64 ] ] -RRB- 22599 305 65 _ _ NNP 22599 305 66 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 67 , , , 22599 305 68 " " `` 22599 305 69 beginning begin VBG 22599 305 70 " " '' 22599 305 71 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 72 _ _ NNP 22599 305 73 [ [ -LRB- 22599 305 74 = = SYM 22599 305 75 a]di a]di : 22599 305 76 _ _ NNP 22599 305 77 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 78 , , , 22599 305 79 " " `` 22599 305 80 Brahma Brahma NNP 22599 305 81 , , , 22599 305 82 " " '' 22599 305 83 or or CC 22599 305 84 , , , 22599 305 85 in in IN 22599 305 86 general general JJ 22599 305 87 , , , 22599 305 88 by by IN 22599 305 89 anything anything NN 22599 305 90 markedly markedly RB 22599 305 91 unique unique JJ 22599 305 92 ; ; : 22599 305 93 two two CD 22599 305 94 by by IN 22599 305 95 " " `` 22599 305 96 the the DT 22599 305 97 twins twin NNS 22599 305 98 " " '' 22599 305 99 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 100 _ _ NNP 22599 305 101 yama yama NNP 22599 305 102 _ _ NNP 22599 305 103 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 104 , , , 22599 305 105 " " `` 22599 305 106 hands hand NNS 22599 305 107 " " '' 22599 305 108 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 109 _ _ NNP 22599 305 110 kara kara NNP 22599 305 111 _ _ NNP 22599 305 112 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 113 , , , 22599 305 114 " " `` 22599 305 115 eyes eye NNS 22599 305 116 " " '' 22599 305 117 ( ( -LRB- 22599 305 118 _ _ NNP 22599 305 119 nayana nayana NNP 22599 305 120 _ _ NNP 22599 305 121 ) ) -RRB- 22599 305 122 , , , 22599 305 123 etc etc FW 22599 305 124 . . . 22599 306 1 ; ; : 22599 306 2 four four CD 22599 306 3 by by IN 22599 306 4 " " `` 22599 306 5 oceans ocean NNS 22599 306 6 , , , 22599 306 7 " " '' 22599 306 8 five five CD 22599 306 9 by by IN 22599 306 10 " " `` 22599 306 11 senses sense NNS 22599 306 12 " " '' 22599 306 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 306 14 _ _ NNP 22599 306 15 vi[s.]aya vi[s.]aya NNP 22599 306 16 _ _ NNP 22599 306 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 306 18 or or CC 22599 306 19 " " `` 22599 306 20 arrows arrow NNS 22599 306 21 " " '' 22599 306 22 ( ( -LRB- 22599 306 23 the the DT 22599 306 24 five five CD 22599 306 25 arrows arrow NNS 22599 306 26 of of IN 22599 306 27 K[=a]mad[=e]va k[=a]mad[=e]va NN 22599 306 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 306 29 ; ; : 22599 306 30 six six CD 22599 306 31 by by IN 22599 306 32 " " `` 22599 306 33 seasons season NNS 22599 306 34 " " '' 22599 306 35 or or CC 22599 306 36 " " `` 22599 306 37 flavors flavor NNS 22599 306 38 " " '' 22599 306 39 ; ; : 22599 306 40 seven seven CD 22599 306 41 by by IN 22599 306 42 " " `` 22599 306 43 mountain mountain NN 22599 306 44 " " '' 22599 306 45 ( ( -LRB- 22599 306 46 _ _ NNP 22599 306 47 aga aga DT 22599 306 48 _ _ NNP 22599 306 49 ) ) -RRB- 22599 306 50 , , , 22599 306 51 and and CC 22599 306 52 so so RB 22599 306 53 on on RB 22599 306 54 . . . 22599 307 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 307 2 130 130 CD 22599 307 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 307 4 These these DT 22599 307 5 names name NNS 22599 307 6 , , , 22599 307 7 accommodating accommodate VBG 22599 307 8 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 307 9 to to IN 22599 307 10 the the DT 22599 307 11 verse verse NN 22599 307 12 in in IN 22599 307 13 which which WDT 22599 307 14 scientific scientific JJ 22599 307 15 works work NNS 22599 307 16 were be VBD 22599 307 17 written write VBN 22599 307 18 , , , 22599 307 19 had have VBD 22599 307 20 the the DT 22599 307 21 additional additional JJ 22599 307 22 advantage advantage NN 22599 307 23 of of IN 22599 307 24 not not RB 22599 307 25 admitting admit VBG 22599 307 26 , , , 22599 307 27 as as IN 22599 307 28 did do VBD 22599 307 29 the the DT 22599 307 30 figures figure NNS 22599 307 31 , , , 22599 307 32 easy easy JJ 22599 307 33 alteration alteration NN 22599 307 34 , , , 22599 307 35 since since IN 22599 307 36 any any DT 22599 307 37 change change NN 22599 307 38 would would MD 22599 307 39 tend tend VB 22599 307 40 to to TO 22599 307 41 disturb disturb VB 22599 307 42 the the DT 22599 307 43 meter meter NN 22599 307 44 . . . 22599 308 1 { { -LRB- 22599 308 2 39 39 CD 22599 308 3 } } -RRB- 22599 308 4 As as IN 22599 308 5 an an DT 22599 308 6 example example NN 22599 308 7 of of IN 22599 308 8 this this DT 22599 308 9 system system NN 22599 308 10 , , , 22599 308 11 the the DT 22599 308 12 date date NN 22599 308 13 " " `` 22599 308 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 308 15 ' ' POS 22599 308 16 S]aka s]aka NN 22599 308 17 Sa[m.]vat Sa[m.]vat NNP 22599 308 18 , , , 22599 308 19 867 867 CD 22599 308 20 " " '' 22599 308 21 ( ( -LRB- 22599 308 22 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 308 23 945 945 CD 22599 308 24 or or CC 22599 308 25 946 946 CD 22599 308 26 ) ) -RRB- 22599 308 27 , , , 22599 308 28 is be VBZ 22599 308 29 given give VBN 22599 308 30 by by IN 22599 308 31 " " `` 22599 308 32 _ _ NNP 22599 308 33 giri giri NN 22599 308 34 - - HYPH 22599 308 35 ra[s.]a ra[s.]a NN 22599 308 36 - - HYPH 22599 308 37 vasu vasu NNP 22599 308 38 _ _ NNP 22599 308 39 , , , 22599 308 40 " " '' 22599 308 41 meaning mean VBG 22599 308 42 " " '' 22599 308 43 the the DT 22599 308 44 mountains mountain NNS 22599 308 45 " " '' 22599 308 46 ( ( -LRB- 22599 308 47 seven seven CD 22599 308 48 ) ) -RRB- 22599 308 49 , , , 22599 308 50 " " '' 22599 308 51 the the DT 22599 308 52 flavors flavor NNS 22599 308 53 " " '' 22599 308 54 ( ( -LRB- 22599 308 55 six six CD 22599 308 56 ) ) -RRB- 22599 308 57 , , , 22599 308 58 and and CC 22599 308 59 the the DT 22599 308 60 gods god NNS 22599 308 61 " " `` 22599 308 62 _ _ NNP 22599 308 63 Vasu Vasu NNP 22599 308 64 _ _ NNP 22599 308 65 " " '' 22599 308 66 of of IN 22599 308 67 which which WDT 22599 308 68 there there EX 22599 308 69 were be VBD 22599 308 70 eight eight CD 22599 308 71 . . . 22599 309 1 In in IN 22599 309 2 reading read VBG 22599 309 3 the the DT 22599 309 4 date date NN 22599 309 5 these these DT 22599 309 6 are be VBP 22599 309 7 read read VBN 22599 309 8 from from IN 22599 309 9 right right NN 22599 309 10 to to IN 22599 309 11 left left NN 22599 309 12 . . . 22599 310 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 310 2 131 131 CD 22599 310 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 310 4 The the DT 22599 310 5 period period NN 22599 310 6 of of IN 22599 310 7 invention invention NN 22599 310 8 of of IN 22599 310 9 this this DT 22599 310 10 system system NN 22599 310 11 is be VBZ 22599 310 12 uncertain uncertain JJ 22599 310 13 . . . 22599 311 1 The the DT 22599 311 2 first first JJ 22599 311 3 trace trace NN 22599 311 4 seems seem VBZ 22599 311 5 to to TO 22599 311 6 be be VB 22599 311 7 in in IN 22599 311 8 the the DT 22599 311 9 _ _ NNP 22599 311 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 311 11 ' ' '' 22599 311 12 S]rautas[=u]tra S]rautas[=u]tra NNP 22599 311 13 _ _ NNP 22599 311 14 of of IN 22599 311 15 K[=a]ty[=a]yana K[=a]ty[=a]yana NNP 22599 311 16 and and CC 22599 311 17 L[=a][t.]y[=a]yana L[=a][t.]y[=a]yana NNP 22599 311 18 . . . 22599 312 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 312 2 132 132 CD 22599 312 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 312 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 312 5 was be VBD 22599 312 6 certainly certainly RB 22599 312 7 known know VBN 22599 312 8 to to IN 22599 312 9 Var[=a]ha Var[=a]ha NNP 22599 312 10 - - HYPH 22599 312 11 Mihira Mihira NNP 22599 312 12 ( ( -LRB- 22599 312 13 d. d. NNP 22599 312 14 587),[133 587),[133 NNP 22599 312 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 312 16 for for IN 22599 312 17 he -PRON- PRP 22599 312 18 used use VBD 22599 312 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 312 20 in in IN 22599 312 21 the the DT 22599 312 22 _ _ NNP 22599 312 23 B[r.]hat B[r.]hat NNP 22599 312 24 - - HYPH 22599 312 25 Sa[m.]hit[=a]._[134 Sa[m.]hit[=a]._[134 NNP 22599 312 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 312 27 It -PRON- PRP 22599 312 28 has have VBZ 22599 312 29 also also RB 22599 312 30 been be VBN 22599 312 31 asserted[135 asserted[135 VBN 22599 312 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 312 33 that that IN 22599 312 34 [ [ -LRB- 22599 312 35 = = NFP 22599 312 36 A]ryabha[t.]a A]ryabha[t.]a NNP 22599 312 37 ( ( -LRB- 22599 312 38 c. c. NNP 22599 312 39 500 500 CD 22599 312 40 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 312 41 ) ) -RRB- 22599 312 42 was be VBD 22599 312 43 familiar familiar JJ 22599 312 44 with with IN 22599 312 45 this this DT 22599 312 46 system system NN 22599 312 47 , , , 22599 312 48 but but CC 22599 312 49 there there EX 22599 312 50 is be VBZ 22599 312 51 nothing nothing NN 22599 312 52 to to TO 22599 312 53 prove prove VB 22599 312 54 the the DT 22599 312 55 statement statement NN 22599 312 56 . . . 22599 313 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 313 2 136 136 CD 22599 313 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 313 4 The the DT 22599 313 5 earliest early JJS 22599 313 6 epigraphical epigraphical JJ 22599 313 7 examples example NNS 22599 313 8 of of IN 22599 313 9 the the DT 22599 313 10 system system NN 22599 313 11 are be VBP 22599 313 12 found find VBN 22599 313 13 in in IN 22599 313 14 the the DT 22599 313 15 Bayang Bayang NNP 22599 313 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 313 17 Cambodia Cambodia NNP 22599 313 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 313 19 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 313 20 of of IN 22599 313 21 604 604 CD 22599 313 22 and and CC 22599 313 23 624 624 CD 22599 313 24 A.D.[137 A.D.[137 NNP 22599 313 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 313 26 Mention Mention NNP 22599 313 27 should should MD 22599 313 28 also also RB 22599 313 29 be be VB 22599 313 30 made make VBN 22599 313 31 , , , 22599 313 32 in in IN 22599 313 33 this this DT 22599 313 34 connection connection NN 22599 313 35 , , , 22599 313 36 of of IN 22599 313 37 a a DT 22599 313 38 curious curious JJ 22599 313 39 system system NN 22599 313 40 of of IN 22599 313 41 alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 313 42 numerals numeral NNS 22599 313 43 that that WDT 22599 313 44 sprang spring VBD 22599 313 45 up up RP 22599 313 46 in in IN 22599 313 47 southern southern JJ 22599 313 48 India India NNP 22599 313 49 . . . 22599 314 1 In in IN 22599 314 2 this this DT 22599 314 3 we -PRON- PRP 22599 314 4 have have VBP 22599 314 5 the the DT 22599 314 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 314 7 represented represent VBN 22599 314 8 by by IN 22599 314 9 the the DT 22599 314 10 letters letter NNS 22599 314 11 as as IN 22599 314 12 given give VBN 22599 314 13 in in IN 22599 314 14 the the DT 22599 314 15 following follow VBG 22599 314 16 table table NN 22599 314 17 : : : 22599 314 18 1 1 CD 22599 314 19 2 2 CD 22599 314 20 3 3 CD 22599 314 21 4 4 CD 22599 314 22 5 5 CD 22599 314 23 6 6 CD 22599 314 24 7 7 CD 22599 314 25 8 8 CD 22599 314 26 9 9 CD 22599 314 27 0 0 CD 22599 314 28 k k NN 22599 314 29 kh kh NNP 22599 314 30 g g NNP 22599 314 31 gh gh NNP 22599 314 32 [ [ -LRB- 22599 314 33 .n .n . 22599 314 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 314 35 c c NNP 22599 314 36 ch ch NNP 22599 314 37 j j NNP 22599 314 38 jh jh NNP 22599 314 39 ñ ñ NNP 22599 314 40 [ [ -LRB- 22599 314 41 t. t. NN 22599 314 42 ] ] -RRB- 22599 314 43 [ [ -LRB- 22599 314 44 t.]h t.]h NNP 22599 314 45 [ [ -LRB- 22599 314 46 d. d. NNP 22599 314 47 ] ] -RRB- 22599 314 48 [ [ -LRB- 22599 314 49 d.]h d.]h NNP 22599 314 50 [ [ -LRB- 22599 314 51 n. n. NNP 22599 314 52 ] ] -RRB- 22599 314 53 t t NNP 22599 314 54 th th NNP 22599 314 55 d d NNP 22599 314 56 th th NNP 22599 314 57 n n NNP 22599 314 58 p p NNP 22599 314 59 ph ph NNP 22599 314 60 b b NNP 22599 314 61 bh bh NNP 22599 314 62 m m NNP 22599 314 63 y y NNP 22599 314 64 r r NNP 22599 314 65 l l NN 22599 314 66 v v NN 22599 314 67 [ [ -LRB- 22599 314 68 's 's POS 22599 314 69 ] ] -RRB- 22599 314 70 [ [ -LRB- 22599 314 71 s. s. NNP 22599 314 72 ] ] -RRB- 22599 314 73 s s NNP 22599 314 74 h h NNP 22599 314 75 l l NN 22599 314 76 { { -LRB- 22599 314 77 40 40 CD 22599 314 78 } } -RRB- 22599 314 79 By by IN 22599 314 80 this this DT 22599 314 81 plan plan NN 22599 314 82 a a DT 22599 314 83 numeral numeral JJ 22599 314 84 might may MD 22599 314 85 be be VB 22599 314 86 represented represent VBN 22599 314 87 by by IN 22599 314 88 any any DT 22599 314 89 one one CD 22599 314 90 of of IN 22599 314 91 several several JJ 22599 314 92 letters letter NNS 22599 314 93 , , , 22599 314 94 as as IN 22599 314 95 shown show VBN 22599 314 96 in in IN 22599 314 97 the the DT 22599 314 98 preceding precede VBG 22599 314 99 table table NN 22599 314 100 , , , 22599 314 101 and and CC 22599 314 102 thus thus RB 22599 314 103 it -PRON- PRP 22599 314 104 could could MD 22599 314 105 the the DT 22599 314 106 more more RBR 22599 314 107 easily easily RB 22599 314 108 be be VB 22599 314 109 formed form VBN 22599 314 110 into into IN 22599 314 111 a a DT 22599 314 112 word word NN 22599 314 113 for for IN 22599 314 114 mnemonic mnemonic JJ 22599 314 115 purposes purpose NNS 22599 314 116 . . . 22599 315 1 For for IN 22599 315 2 example example NN 22599 315 3 , , , 22599 315 4 the the DT 22599 315 5 word word NN 22599 315 6 2 2 CD 22599 315 7 3 3 CD 22599 315 8 1 1 CD 22599 315 9 5 5 CD 22599 315 10 6 6 CD 22599 315 11 5 5 CD 22599 315 12 1 1 CD 22599 315 13 _ _ NNP 22599 315 14 kha kha NNP 22599 315 15 _ _ NNP 22599 315 16 _ _ NNP 22599 315 17 gont gont NN 22599 315 18 _ _ NNP 22599 315 19 _ _ NNP 22599 315 20 yan yan NNP 22599 315 21 _ _ NNP 22599 315 22 _ _ NNP 22599 315 23 me -PRON- PRP 22599 315 24 _ _ NNP 22599 315 25 _ _ NNP 22599 315 26 [ [ -LRB- 22599 315 27 s.]a s.]a NNP 22599 315 28 _ _ NNP 22599 315 29 _ _ NNP 22599 315 30 m[=a m[=a NN 22599 315 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 315 32 _ _ NNP 22599 315 33 _ _ NNP 22599 315 34 pa pa NNP 22599 315 35 _ _ NNP 22599 315 36 has have VBZ 22599 315 37 the the DT 22599 315 38 value value NN 22599 315 39 1,565,132 1,565,132 CD 22599 315 40 , , , 22599 315 41 reading read VBG 22599 315 42 from from IN 22599 315 43 right right NN 22599 315 44 to to IN 22599 315 45 left left NN 22599 315 46 . . . 22599 316 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 316 2 138 138 CD 22599 316 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 316 4 This this DT 22599 316 5 , , , 22599 316 6 the the DT 22599 316 7 oldest old JJS 22599 316 8 specimen speciman NNS 22599 316 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 316 10 1184 1184 CD 22599 316 11 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 316 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 316 13 known know VBN 22599 316 14 of of IN 22599 316 15 this this DT 22599 316 16 notation notation NN 22599 316 17 , , , 22599 316 18 is be VBZ 22599 316 19 given give VBN 22599 316 20 in in IN 22599 316 21 a a DT 22599 316 22 commentary commentary NN 22599 316 23 on on IN 22599 316 24 the the DT 22599 316 25 Rigveda Rigveda NNP 22599 316 26 , , , 22599 316 27 representing represent VBG 22599 316 28 the the DT 22599 316 29 number number NN 22599 316 30 of of IN 22599 316 31 days day NNS 22599 316 32 that that WDT 22599 316 33 had have VBD 22599 316 34 elapsed elapse VBN 22599 316 35 from from IN 22599 316 36 the the DT 22599 316 37 beginning beginning NN 22599 316 38 of of IN 22599 316 39 the the DT 22599 316 40 Kaliyuga Kaliyuga NNP 22599 316 41 . . . 22599 317 1 Burnell[139 burnell[139 LS 22599 317 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 317 3 states state VBZ 22599 317 4 that that IN 22599 317 5 this this DT 22599 317 6 system system NN 22599 317 7 is be VBZ 22599 317 8 even even RB 22599 317 9 yet yet RB 22599 317 10 in in IN 22599 317 11 use use NN 22599 317 12 for for IN 22599 317 13 remembering remember VBG 22599 317 14 rules rule NNS 22599 317 15 to to TO 22599 317 16 calculate calculate VB 22599 317 17 horoscopes horoscope NNS 22599 317 18 , , , 22599 317 19 and and CC 22599 317 20 for for IN 22599 317 21 astronomical astronomical JJ 22599 317 22 tables table NNS 22599 317 23 . . . 22599 318 1 A a DT 22599 318 2 second second JJ 22599 318 3 system system NN 22599 318 4 of of IN 22599 318 5 this this DT 22599 318 6 kind kind NN 22599 318 7 is be VBZ 22599 318 8 still still RB 22599 318 9 used use VBN 22599 318 10 in in IN 22599 318 11 the the DT 22599 318 12 pagination pagination NN 22599 318 13 of of IN 22599 318 14 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 318 15 in in IN 22599 318 16 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 318 17 , , , 22599 318 18 Siam Siam NNP 22599 318 19 , , , 22599 318 20 and and CC 22599 318 21 Burma Burma NNP 22599 318 22 , , , 22599 318 23 having have VBG 22599 318 24 also also RB 22599 318 25 had have VBN 22599 318 26 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 318 27 rise rise NN 22599 318 28 in in IN 22599 318 29 southern southern JJ 22599 318 30 India India NNP 22599 318 31 . . . 22599 319 1 In in IN 22599 319 2 this this DT 22599 319 3 the the DT 22599 319 4 thirty thirty CD 22599 319 5 - - HYPH 22599 319 6 four four CD 22599 319 7 consonants consonant NNS 22599 319 8 when when WRB 22599 319 9 followed follow VBN 22599 319 10 by by IN 22599 319 11 _ _ NNP 22599 319 12 a a DT 22599 319 13 _ _ NNP 22599 319 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 319 15 as as IN 22599 319 16 _ _ NNP 22599 319 17 ka ka NNP 22599 319 18 _ _ NNP 22599 319 19 ... ... : 22599 319 20 _ _ NNP 22599 319 21 la la NNP 22599 319 22 _ _ NNP 22599 319 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 319 24 designate designate VB 22599 319 25 the the DT 22599 319 26 numbers number NNS 22599 319 27 1 1 CD 22599 319 28 - - SYM 22599 319 29 34 34 CD 22599 319 30 ; ; : 22599 319 31 by by IN 22599 319 32 _ _ NNP 22599 319 33 [ [ -LRB- 22599 319 34 = = SYM 22599 319 35 a a LS 22599 319 36 ] ] -RRB- 22599 319 37 _ _ NNP 22599 319 38 ( ( -LRB- 22599 319 39 as as IN 22599 319 40 _ _ NNP 22599 319 41 k[=a k[=a NN 22599 319 42 ] ] -RRB- 22599 319 43 _ _ NNP 22599 319 44 ... ... : 22599 319 45 _ _ NNP 22599 319 46 l[=a l[=a NNP 22599 319 47 ] ] -RRB- 22599 319 48 _ _ NNP 22599 319 49 ) ) -RRB- 22599 319 50 , , , 22599 319 51 those those DT 22599 319 52 from from IN 22599 319 53 35 35 CD 22599 319 54 to to IN 22599 319 55 68 68 CD 22599 319 56 ; ; : 22599 319 57 by by IN 22599 319 58 _ _ NNP 22599 319 59 i i PRP 22599 319 60 _ _ NNP 22599 319 61 ( ( -LRB- 22599 319 62 _ _ NNP 22599 319 63 ki ki NNP 22599 319 64 _ _ NNP 22599 319 65 ... ... : 22599 319 66 _ _ NNP 22599 319 67 li li NNP 22599 319 68 _ _ NNP 22599 319 69 ) ) -RRB- 22599 319 70 , , , 22599 319 71 those those DT 22599 319 72 from from IN 22599 319 73 69 69 CD 22599 319 74 to to IN 22599 319 75 102 102 CD 22599 319 76 , , , 22599 319 77 inclusive inclusive JJ 22599 319 78 ; ; : 22599 319 79 and and CC 22599 319 80 so so RB 22599 319 81 on on RB 22599 319 82 . . . 22599 320 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 320 2 140 140 CD 22599 320 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 320 4 As as IN 22599 320 5 already already RB 22599 320 6 stated state VBN 22599 320 7 , , , 22599 320 8 however however RB 22599 320 9 , , , 22599 320 10 the the DT 22599 320 11 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 320 12 system system NN 22599 320 13 as as IN 22599 320 14 thus thus RB 22599 320 15 far far RB 22599 320 16 described describe VBN 22599 320 17 was be VBD 22599 320 18 no no DT 22599 320 19 improvement improvement NN 22599 320 20 upon upon IN 22599 320 21 many many JJ 22599 320 22 others other NNS 22599 320 23 of of IN 22599 320 24 the the DT 22599 320 25 ancients ancient NNS 22599 320 26 , , , 22599 320 27 such such JJ 22599 320 28 as as IN 22599 320 29 those those DT 22599 320 30 used use VBN 22599 320 31 by by IN 22599 320 32 the the DT 22599 320 33 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 320 34 and and CC 22599 320 35 the the DT 22599 320 36 Hebrews Hebrews NNPS 22599 320 37 . . . 22599 321 1 Having have VBG 22599 321 2 no no DT 22599 321 3 zero zero CD 22599 321 4 , , , 22599 321 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 321 6 was be VBD 22599 321 7 impracticable impracticable JJ 22599 321 8 to to TO 22599 321 9 designate designate VB 22599 321 10 the the DT 22599 321 11 tens ten NNS 22599 321 12 , , , 22599 321 13 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 321 14 , , , 22599 321 15 and and CC 22599 321 16 other other JJ 22599 321 17 units unit NNS 22599 321 18 of of IN 22599 321 19 higher high JJR 22599 321 20 order order NN 22599 321 21 by by IN 22599 321 22 the the DT 22599 321 23 same same JJ 22599 321 24 symbols symbol NNS 22599 321 25 used use VBN 22599 321 26 for for IN 22599 321 27 the the DT 22599 321 28 units unit NNS 22599 321 29 from from IN 22599 321 30 one one CD 22599 321 31 to to IN 22599 321 32 nine nine CD 22599 321 33 . . . 22599 322 1 In in IN 22599 322 2 other other JJ 22599 322 3 words word NNS 22599 322 4 , , , 22599 322 5 there there EX 22599 322 6 was be VBD 22599 322 7 no no DT 22599 322 8 possibility possibility NN 22599 322 9 of of IN 22599 322 10 place place NN 22599 322 11 value value NN 22599 322 12 without without IN 22599 322 13 some some DT 22599 322 14 further further JJ 22599 322 15 improvement improvement NN 22599 322 16 . . . 22599 323 1 So so RB 22599 323 2 the the DT 22599 323 3 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 323 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 323 5 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t NN 22599 323 6 { { -LRB- 22599 323 7 41 41 CD 22599 323 8 } } -RRB- 22599 323 9 symbols symbol NNS 22599 323 10 required require VBD 22599 323 11 the the DT 22599 323 12 writing writing NN 22599 323 13 of of IN 22599 323 14 " " `` 22599 323 15 thousand thousand CD 22599 323 16 seven seven CD 22599 323 17 twenty twenty CD 22599 323 18 - - HYPH 22599 323 19 four four CD 22599 323 20 " " '' 22599 323 21 about about RB 22599 323 22 like like UH 22599 323 23 T T NNP 22599 323 24 7 7 CD 22599 323 25 , , , 22599 323 26 tw tw NNP 22599 323 27 , , , 22599 323 28 4 4 CD 22599 323 29 in in IN 22599 323 30 modern modern JJ 22599 323 31 symbols symbol NNS 22599 323 32 , , , 22599 323 33 instead instead RB 22599 323 34 of of IN 22599 323 35 7024 7024 CD 22599 323 36 , , , 22599 323 37 in in IN 22599 323 38 which which WDT 22599 323 39 the the DT 22599 323 40 seven seven CD 22599 323 41 of of IN 22599 323 42 the the DT 22599 323 43 thousands thousand NNS 22599 323 44 , , , 22599 323 45 the the DT 22599 323 46 two two CD 22599 323 47 of of IN 22599 323 48 the the DT 22599 323 49 tens ten NNS 22599 323 50 ( ( -LRB- 22599 323 51 concealed conceal VBN 22599 323 52 in in IN 22599 323 53 the the DT 22599 323 54 word word NN 22599 323 55 twenty twenty CD 22599 323 56 , , , 22599 323 57 being be VBG 22599 323 58 originally originally RB 22599 323 59 " " `` 22599 323 60 twain twain NN 22599 323 61 of of IN 22599 323 62 tens ten NNS 22599 323 63 , , , 22599 323 64 " " '' 22599 323 65 the the DT 22599 323 66 _ _ NNP 22599 323 67 -ty -ty HYPH 22599 323 68 _ _ NNP 22599 323 69 signifying signify VBG 22599 323 70 ten ten CD 22599 323 71 ) ) -RRB- 22599 323 72 , , , 22599 323 73 and and CC 22599 323 74 the the DT 22599 323 75 four four CD 22599 323 76 of of IN 22599 323 77 the the DT 22599 323 78 units unit NNS 22599 323 79 are be VBP 22599 323 80 given give VBN 22599 323 81 as as IN 22599 323 82 spoken speak VBN 22599 323 83 and and CC 22599 323 84 the the DT 22599 323 85 order order NN 22599 323 86 of of IN 22599 323 87 the the DT 22599 323 88 unit unit NN 22599 323 89 ( ( -LRB- 22599 323 90 tens ten NNS 22599 323 91 , , , 22599 323 92 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 323 93 , , , 22599 323 94 etc etc FW 22599 323 95 . . . 22599 323 96 ) ) -RRB- 22599 324 1 is be VBZ 22599 324 2 given give VBN 22599 324 3 by by IN 22599 324 4 the the DT 22599 324 5 place place NN 22599 324 6 . . . 22599 325 1 To to TO 22599 325 2 complete complete VB 22599 325 3 the the DT 22599 325 4 system system NN 22599 325 5 only only RB 22599 325 6 the the DT 22599 325 7 zero zero CD 22599 325 8 was be VBD 22599 325 9 needed need VBN 22599 325 10 ; ; : 22599 325 11 but but CC 22599 325 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 325 13 was be VBD 22599 325 14 probably probably RB 22599 325 15 eight eight CD 22599 325 16 centuries century NNS 22599 325 17 after after IN 22599 325 18 the the DT 22599 325 19 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 325 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 325 21 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t NN 22599 325 22 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 325 23 were be VBD 22599 325 24 cut cut VBN 22599 325 25 , , , 22599 325 26 before before IN 22599 325 27 this this DT 22599 325 28 important important JJ 22599 325 29 symbol symbol NN 22599 325 30 appeared appear VBD 22599 325 31 ; ; : 22599 325 32 and and CC 22599 325 33 not not RB 22599 325 34 until until IN 22599 325 35 a a DT 22599 325 36 considerably considerably RB 22599 325 37 later later JJ 22599 325 38 period period NN 22599 325 39 did do VBD 22599 325 40 it -PRON- PRP 22599 325 41 become become VB 22599 325 42 well well RB 22599 325 43 known known JJ 22599 325 44 . . . 22599 326 1 Who who WP 22599 326 2 it -PRON- PRP 22599 326 3 was be VBD 22599 326 4 to to TO 22599 326 5 whom whom WP 22599 326 6 the the DT 22599 326 7 invention invention NN 22599 326 8 is be VBZ 22599 326 9 due due JJ 22599 326 10 , , , 22599 326 11 or or CC 22599 326 12 where where WRB 22599 326 13 he -PRON- PRP 22599 326 14 lived live VBD 22599 326 15 , , , 22599 326 16 or or CC 22599 326 17 even even RB 22599 326 18 in in IN 22599 326 19 what what WDT 22599 326 20 century century NN 22599 326 21 , , , 22599 326 22 will will MD 22599 326 23 probably probably RB 22599 326 24 always always RB 22599 326 25 remain remain VB 22599 326 26 a a DT 22599 326 27 mystery mystery NN 22599 326 28 . . . 22599 327 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 327 2 141 141 CD 22599 327 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 327 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 327 5 is be VBZ 22599 327 6 possible possible JJ 22599 327 7 that that IN 22599 327 8 one one CD 22599 327 9 of of IN 22599 327 10 the the DT 22599 327 11 forms form NNS 22599 327 12 of of IN 22599 327 13 ancient ancient JJ 22599 327 14 abacus abacus NN 22599 327 15 suggested suggest VBD 22599 327 16 to to IN 22599 327 17 some some DT 22599 327 18 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 327 19 astronomer astronomer NN 22599 327 20 or or CC 22599 327 21 mathematician mathematician JJ 22599 327 22 the the DT 22599 327 23 use use NN 22599 327 24 of of IN 22599 327 25 a a DT 22599 327 26 symbol symbol NN 22599 327 27 to to TO 22599 327 28 stand stand VB 22599 327 29 for for IN 22599 327 30 the the DT 22599 327 31 vacant vacant JJ 22599 327 32 line line NN 22599 327 33 when when WRB 22599 327 34 the the DT 22599 327 35 counters counter NNS 22599 327 36 were be VBD 22599 327 37 removed remove VBN 22599 327 38 . . . 22599 328 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 328 2 is be VBZ 22599 328 3 well well RB 22599 328 4 established establish VBN 22599 328 5 that that IN 22599 328 6 in in IN 22599 328 7 different different JJ 22599 328 8 parts part NNS 22599 328 9 of of IN 22599 328 10 India India NNP 22599 328 11 the the DT 22599 328 12 names name NNS 22599 328 13 of of IN 22599 328 14 the the DT 22599 328 15 higher high JJR 22599 328 16 powers power NNS 22599 328 17 took take VBD 22599 328 18 different different JJ 22599 328 19 forms form NNS 22599 328 20 , , , 22599 328 21 even even RB 22599 328 22 the the DT 22599 328 23 order order NN 22599 328 24 being be VBG 22599 328 25 interchanged interchange VBN 22599 328 26 . . . 22599 329 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 329 2 142 142 CD 22599 329 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 329 4 Nevertheless nevertheless RB 22599 329 5 , , , 22599 329 6 as as IN 22599 329 7 the the DT 22599 329 8 significance significance NN 22599 329 9 of of IN 22599 329 10 the the DT 22599 329 11 name name NN 22599 329 12 of of IN 22599 329 13 the the DT 22599 329 14 unit unit NN 22599 329 15 was be VBD 22599 329 16 given give VBN 22599 329 17 by by IN 22599 329 18 the the DT 22599 329 19 order order NN 22599 329 20 in in IN 22599 329 21 reading reading NN 22599 329 22 , , , 22599 329 23 these these DT 22599 329 24 variations variation NNS 22599 329 25 did do VBD 22599 329 26 not not RB 22599 329 27 lead lead VB 22599 329 28 to to IN 22599 329 29 error error NN 22599 329 30 . . . 22599 330 1 Indeed indeed RB 22599 330 2 the the DT 22599 330 3 variation variation NN 22599 330 4 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 330 5 may may MD 22599 330 6 have have VB 22599 330 7 necessitated necessitate VBN 22599 330 8 the the DT 22599 330 9 introduction introduction NN 22599 330 10 of of IN 22599 330 11 a a DT 22599 330 12 word word NN 22599 330 13 to to TO 22599 330 14 signify signify VB 22599 330 15 a a DT 22599 330 16 vacant vacant JJ 22599 330 17 place place NN 22599 330 18 or or CC 22599 330 19 lacking lack VBG 22599 330 20 unit unit NN 22599 330 21 , , , 22599 330 22 with with IN 22599 330 23 the the DT 22599 330 24 ultimate ultimate JJ 22599 330 25 introduction introduction NN 22599 330 26 of of IN 22599 330 27 a a DT 22599 330 28 zero zero CD 22599 330 29 symbol symbol NN 22599 330 30 for for IN 22599 330 31 this this DT 22599 330 32 word word NN 22599 330 33 . . . 22599 331 1 To to TO 22599 331 2 enable enable VB 22599 331 3 us -PRON- PRP 22599 331 4 to to TO 22599 331 5 appreciate appreciate VB 22599 331 6 the the DT 22599 331 7 force force NN 22599 331 8 of of IN 22599 331 9 this this DT 22599 331 10 argument argument NN 22599 331 11 a a DT 22599 331 12 large large JJ 22599 331 13 number number NN 22599 331 14 , , , 22599 331 15 8,443,682,155 8,443,682,155 CD 22599 331 16 , , , 22599 331 17 may may MD 22599 331 18 be be VB 22599 331 19 considered consider VBN 22599 331 20 as as IN 22599 331 21 the the DT 22599 331 22 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 331 23 wrote write VBD 22599 331 24 and and CC 22599 331 25 read read VBD 22599 331 26 it -PRON- PRP 22599 331 27 , , , 22599 331 28 and and CC 22599 331 29 then then RB 22599 331 30 , , , 22599 331 31 by by IN 22599 331 32 way way NN 22599 331 33 of of IN 22599 331 34 contrast contrast NN 22599 331 35 , , , 22599 331 36 as as IN 22599 331 37 the the DT 22599 331 38 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 331 39 and and CC 22599 331 40 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 331 41 would would MD 22599 331 42 have have VB 22599 331 43 read read VBN 22599 331 44 it -PRON- PRP 22599 331 45 . . . 22599 332 1 { { -LRB- 22599 332 2 42 42 CD 22599 332 3 } } -RRB- 22599 332 4 _ _ NNP 22599 332 5 Modern modern JJ 22599 332 6 American american JJ 22599 332 7 reading reading NN 22599 332 8 _ _ NNP 22599 332 9 , , , 22599 332 10 8 8 CD 22599 332 11 billion billion CD 22599 332 12 , , , 22599 332 13 443 443 CD 22599 332 14 million million CD 22599 332 15 , , , 22599 332 16 682 682 CD 22599 332 17 thousand thousand CD 22599 332 18 , , , 22599 332 19 155 155 CD 22599 332 20 . . . 22599 333 1 _ _ NNP 22599 333 2 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 333 3 _ _ NNP 22599 333 4 , , , 22599 333 5 8 8 CD 22599 333 6 padmas padmas NN 22599 333 7 , , , 22599 333 8 4 4 CD 22599 333 9 vyarbudas vyarbudas NN 22599 333 10 , , , 22599 333 11 4 4 CD 22599 333 12 k[=o][t.]is k[=o][t.]is NNP 22599 333 13 , , , 22599 333 14 3 3 CD 22599 333 15 prayutas prayuta NNS 22599 333 16 , , , 22599 333 17 6 6 CD 22599 333 18 lak[s.]as lak[s.]as NNP 22599 333 19 , , , 22599 333 20 8 8 CD 22599 333 21 ayutas ayuta NNS 22599 333 22 , , , 22599 333 23 2 2 CD 22599 333 24 sahasra sahasra NN 22599 333 25 , , , 22599 333 26 1 1 CD 22599 333 27 [ [ -LRB- 22599 333 28 ' ' `` 22599 333 29 s]ata s]ata NNP 22599 333 30 , , , 22599 333 31 5 5 CD 22599 333 32 da['s]an da['s]an NNS 22599 333 33 , , , 22599 333 34 5 5 CD 22599 333 35 . . . 22599 334 1 _ _ NNP 22599 334 2 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 334 3 and and CC 22599 334 4 early early JJ 22599 334 5 German german JJ 22599 334 6 _ _ NNP 22599 334 7 , , , 22599 334 8 eight eight CD 22599 334 9 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 10 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 11 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 12 and and CC 22599 334 13 four four CD 22599 334 14 hundred hundred CD 22599 334 15 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 16 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 17 and and CC 22599 334 18 forty forty CD 22599 334 19 - - HYPH 22599 334 20 three three CD 22599 334 21 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 22 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 23 , , , 22599 334 24 and and CC 22599 334 25 six six CD 22599 334 26 hundred hundred CD 22599 334 27 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 28 and and CC 22599 334 29 eighty eighty CD 22599 334 30 - - HYPH 22599 334 31 two two CD 22599 334 32 thousand thousand CD 22599 334 33 and and CC 22599 334 34 one one CD 22599 334 35 hundred hundred CD 22599 334 36 fifty fifty CD 22599 334 37 - - HYPH 22599 334 38 five five CD 22599 334 39 ( ( -LRB- 22599 334 40 or or CC 22599 334 41 five five CD 22599 334 42 and and CC 22599 334 43 fifty fifty CD 22599 334 44 ) ) -RRB- 22599 334 45 . . . 22599 335 1 _ _ NNP 22599 335 2 Greek Greek NNP 22599 335 3 _ _ NNP 22599 335 4 , , , 22599 335 5 eighty eighty CD 22599 335 6 - - HYPH 22599 335 7 four four CD 22599 335 8 myriads myriad NNS 22599 335 9 of of IN 22599 335 10 myriads myriad NNS 22599 335 11 and and CC 22599 335 12 four four CD 22599 335 13 thousand thousand CD 22599 335 14 three three CD 22599 335 15 hundred hundred CD 22599 335 16 sixty sixty CD 22599 335 17 - - HYPH 22599 335 18 eight eight CD 22599 335 19 myriads myriad NNS 22599 335 20 and and CC 22599 335 21 two two CD 22599 335 22 thousand thousand CD 22599 335 23 and and CC 22599 335 24 one one CD 22599 335 25 hundred hundred CD 22599 335 26 fifty fifty CD 22599 335 27 - - HYPH 22599 335 28 five five CD 22599 335 29 . . . 22599 336 1 As as IN 22599 336 2 Woepcke[143 woepcke[143 XX 22599 336 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 336 4 pointed point VBD 22599 336 5 out out RP 22599 336 6 , , , 22599 336 7 the the DT 22599 336 8 reading reading NN 22599 336 9 of of IN 22599 336 10 numbers number NNS 22599 336 11 of of IN 22599 336 12 this this DT 22599 336 13 kind kind NN 22599 336 14 shows show VBZ 22599 336 15 that that IN 22599 336 16 the the DT 22599 336 17 notation notation NN 22599 336 18 adopted adopt VBN 22599 336 19 by by IN 22599 336 20 the the DT 22599 336 21 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 336 22 tended tend VBD 22599 336 23 to to TO 22599 336 24 bring bring VB 22599 336 25 out out RP 22599 336 26 the the DT 22599 336 27 place place NN 22599 336 28 idea idea NN 22599 336 29 . . . 22599 337 1 No no DT 22599 337 2 other other JJ 22599 337 3 language language NN 22599 337 4 than than IN 22599 337 5 the the DT 22599 337 6 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 337 7 has have VBZ 22599 337 8 made make VBN 22599 337 9 such such JJ 22599 337 10 consistent consistent JJ 22599 337 11 application application NN 22599 337 12 , , , 22599 337 13 in in IN 22599 337 14 numeration numeration NN 22599 337 15 , , , 22599 337 16 of of IN 22599 337 17 the the DT 22599 337 18 decimal decimal JJ 22599 337 19 system system NN 22599 337 20 of of IN 22599 337 21 numbers number NNS 22599 337 22 . . . 22599 338 1 The the DT 22599 338 2 introduction introduction NN 22599 338 3 of of IN 22599 338 4 myriads myriad NNS 22599 338 5 as as IN 22599 338 6 in in IN 22599 338 7 the the DT 22599 338 8 Greek Greek NNP 22599 338 9 , , , 22599 338 10 and and CC 22599 338 11 thousands thousand NNS 22599 338 12 as as IN 22599 338 13 in in IN 22599 338 14 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 338 15 and and CC 22599 338 16 in in IN 22599 338 17 modern modern JJ 22599 338 18 numeration numeration NN 22599 338 19 , , , 22599 338 20 is be VBZ 22599 338 21 really really RB 22599 338 22 a a DT 22599 338 23 step step NN 22599 338 24 away away RB 22599 338 25 from from IN 22599 338 26 a a DT 22599 338 27 decimal decimal JJ 22599 338 28 scheme scheme NN 22599 338 29 . . . 22599 339 1 So so RB 22599 339 2 in in IN 22599 339 3 the the DT 22599 339 4 numbers number NNS 22599 339 5 below below IN 22599 339 6 one one CD 22599 339 7 hundred hundred CD 22599 339 8 , , , 22599 339 9 in in IN 22599 339 10 English English NNP 22599 339 11 , , , 22599 339 12 eleven eleven CD 22599 339 13 and and CC 22599 339 14 twelve twelve CD 22599 339 15 are be VBP 22599 339 16 out out IN 22599 339 17 of of IN 22599 339 18 harmony harmony NN 22599 339 19 with with IN 22599 339 20 the the DT 22599 339 21 rest rest NN 22599 339 22 of of IN 22599 339 23 the the DT 22599 339 24 -teens -teen NNS 22599 339 25 , , , 22599 339 26 while while IN 22599 339 27 the the DT 22599 339 28 naming naming NN 22599 339 29 of of IN 22599 339 30 all all PDT 22599 339 31 the the DT 22599 339 32 numbers number NNS 22599 339 33 between between IN 22599 339 34 ten ten CD 22599 339 35 and and CC 22599 339 36 twenty twenty CD 22599 339 37 is be VBZ 22599 339 38 not not RB 22599 339 39 analogous analogous JJ 22599 339 40 to to IN 22599 339 41 the the DT 22599 339 42 naming naming NN 22599 339 43 of of IN 22599 339 44 the the DT 22599 339 45 numbers number NNS 22599 339 46 above above IN 22599 339 47 twenty twenty CD 22599 339 48 . . . 22599 340 1 To to TO 22599 340 2 conform conform VB 22599 340 3 to to IN 22599 340 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 340 5 written write VBN 22599 340 6 system system NN 22599 340 7 we -PRON- PRP 22599 340 8 should should MD 22599 340 9 have have VB 22599 340 10 ten ten CD 22599 340 11 - - HYPH 22599 340 12 one one CD 22599 340 13 , , , 22599 340 14 ten ten CD 22599 340 15 - - HYPH 22599 340 16 two two CD 22599 340 17 , , , 22599 340 18 ten ten CD 22599 340 19 - - HYPH 22599 340 20 three three CD 22599 340 21 , , , 22599 340 22 and and CC 22599 340 23 so so RB 22599 340 24 on on RB 22599 340 25 , , , 22599 340 26 as as IN 22599 340 27 we -PRON- PRP 22599 340 28 have have VBP 22599 340 29 twenty twenty CD 22599 340 30 - - HYPH 22599 340 31 one one CD 22599 340 32 , , , 22599 340 33 twenty twenty CD 22599 340 34 - - HYPH 22599 340 35 two two CD 22599 340 36 , , , 22599 340 37 and and CC 22599 340 38 the the DT 22599 340 39 like like JJ 22599 340 40 . . . 22599 341 1 The the DT 22599 341 2 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 341 3 is be VBZ 22599 341 4 consistent consistent JJ 22599 341 5 , , , 22599 341 6 the the DT 22599 341 7 units unit NNS 22599 341 8 , , , 22599 341 9 however however RB 22599 341 10 , , , 22599 341 11 preceding precede VBG 22599 341 12 the the DT 22599 341 13 tens ten NNS 22599 341 14 and and CC 22599 341 15 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 341 16 . . . 22599 342 1 Nor nor CC 22599 342 2 did do VBD 22599 342 3 any any DT 22599 342 4 other other JJ 22599 342 5 ancient ancient JJ 22599 342 6 people people NNS 22599 342 7 carry carry VBP 22599 342 8 the the DT 22599 342 9 numeration numeration NN 22599 342 10 as as RB 22599 342 11 far far RB 22599 342 12 as as IN 22599 342 13 did do VBD 22599 342 14 the the DT 22599 342 15 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 342 16 . . . 22599 343 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 343 2 144 144 CD 22599 343 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 343 4 { { -LRB- 22599 343 5 43 43 CD 22599 343 6 } } -RRB- 22599 343 7 When when WRB 22599 343 8 the the DT 22599 343 9 _ _ NNP 22599 343 10 a[.n]kapalli_,[145 a[.n]kapalli_,[145 , 22599 343 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 343 12 the the DT 22599 343 13 decimal decimal JJ 22599 343 14 - - HYPH 22599 343 15 place place NN 22599 343 16 system system NN 22599 343 17 of of IN 22599 343 18 writing write VBG 22599 343 19 numbers number NNS 22599 343 20 , , , 22599 343 21 was be VBD 22599 343 22 perfected perfect VBN 22599 343 23 , , , 22599 343 24 the the DT 22599 343 25 tenth tenth JJ 22599 343 26 symbol symbol NN 22599 343 27 was be VBD 22599 343 28 called call VBN 22599 343 29 the the DT 22599 343 30 _ _ NNP 22599 343 31 [ [ -LRB- 22599 343 32 ' ' '' 22599 343 33 s][=u]nyabindu s][=u]nyabindu CD 22599 343 34 _ _ NNP 22599 343 35 , , , 22599 343 36 generally generally RB 22599 343 37 shortened shorten VBN 22599 343 38 to to IN 22599 343 39 _ _ NNP 22599 343 40 [ [ -LRB- 22599 343 41 ' ' '' 22599 343 42 s][=u]nya s][=u]nya NFP 22599 343 43 _ _ NNP 22599 343 44 ( ( -LRB- 22599 343 45 the the DT 22599 343 46 void void NN 22599 343 47 ) ) -RRB- 22599 343 48 . . . 22599 344 1 Brockhaus[146 Brockhaus[146 NNP 22599 344 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 344 3 has have VBZ 22599 344 4 well well RB 22599 344 5 said say VBN 22599 344 6 that that IN 22599 344 7 if if IN 22599 344 8 there there EX 22599 344 9 was be VBD 22599 344 10 any any DT 22599 344 11 invention invention NN 22599 344 12 for for IN 22599 344 13 which which WDT 22599 344 14 the the DT 22599 344 15 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 344 16 , , , 22599 344 17 by by IN 22599 344 18 all all DT 22599 344 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 344 20 philosophy philosophy NN 22599 344 21 and and CC 22599 344 22 religion religion NN 22599 344 23 , , , 22599 344 24 were be VBD 22599 344 25 well well RB 22599 344 26 fitted fit VBN 22599 344 27 , , , 22599 344 28 it -PRON- PRP 22599 344 29 was be VBD 22599 344 30 the the DT 22599 344 31 invention invention NN 22599 344 32 of of IN 22599 344 33 a a DT 22599 344 34 symbol symbol NN 22599 344 35 for for IN 22599 344 36 zero zero CD 22599 344 37 . . . 22599 345 1 This this DT 22599 345 2 making making NN 22599 345 3 of of IN 22599 345 4 nothingness nothingness NN 22599 345 5 the the DT 22599 345 6 crux crux NN 22599 345 7 of of IN 22599 345 8 a a DT 22599 345 9 tremendous tremendous JJ 22599 345 10 achievement achievement NN 22599 345 11 was be VBD 22599 345 12 a a DT 22599 345 13 step step NN 22599 345 14 in in IN 22599 345 15 complete complete JJ 22599 345 16 harmony harmony NN 22599 345 17 with with IN 22599 345 18 the the DT 22599 345 19 genius genius NN 22599 345 20 of of IN 22599 345 21 the the DT 22599 345 22 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 345 23 . . . 22599 346 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 346 2 is be VBZ 22599 346 3 generally generally RB 22599 346 4 thought think VBN 22599 346 5 that that IN 22599 346 6 this this DT 22599 346 7 _ _ NNP 22599 346 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 346 9 ' ' '' 22599 346 10 s][=u]nya s][=u]nya : 22599 346 11 _ _ NNP 22599 346 12 as as IN 22599 346 13 a a DT 22599 346 14 symbol symbol NN 22599 346 15 was be VBD 22599 346 16 not not RB 22599 346 17 used use VBN 22599 346 18 before before IN 22599 346 19 about about RB 22599 346 20 500 500 CD 22599 346 21 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 346 22 , , , 22599 346 23 although although IN 22599 346 24 some some DT 22599 346 25 writers writer NNS 22599 346 26 have have VBP 22599 346 27 placed place VBN 22599 346 28 it -PRON- PRP 22599 346 29 earlier early RBR 22599 346 30 . . . 22599 347 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 347 2 147 147 CD 22599 347 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 347 4 Since since IN 22599 347 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 347 6 = = SYM 22599 347 7 A]ryabha[t.]a A]ryabha[t.]a NNP 22599 347 8 gives give VBZ 22599 347 9 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 347 10 common common JJ 22599 347 11 method method NN 22599 347 12 of of IN 22599 347 13 extracting extract VBG 22599 347 14 roots root NNS 22599 347 15 , , , 22599 347 16 it -PRON- PRP 22599 347 17 would would MD 22599 347 18 seem seem VB 22599 347 19 that that IN 22599 347 20 he -PRON- PRP 22599 347 21 may may MD 22599 347 22 have have VB 22599 347 23 known know VBN 22599 347 24 a a DT 22599 347 25 decimal decimal JJ 22599 347 26 notation,[148 notation,[148 NNS 22599 347 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 347 28 although although IN 22599 347 29 he -PRON- PRP 22599 347 30 did do VBD 22599 347 31 not not RB 22599 347 32 use use VB 22599 347 33 the the DT 22599 347 34 characters character NNS 22599 347 35 from from IN 22599 347 36 which which WDT 22599 347 37 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 347 38 numerals numeral NNS 22599 347 39 are be VBP 22599 347 40 derived derive VBN 22599 347 41 . . . 22599 348 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 348 2 149 149 CD 22599 348 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 348 4 Moreover moreover RB 22599 348 5 , , , 22599 348 6 he -PRON- PRP 22599 348 7 frequently frequently RB 22599 348 8 speaks speak VBZ 22599 348 9 of of IN 22599 348 10 the the DT 22599 348 11 { { -LRB- 22599 348 12 44 44 CD 22599 348 13 } } -RRB- 22599 348 14 void void NN 22599 348 15 . . . 22599 349 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 349 2 150 150 CD 22599 349 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 349 4 If if IN 22599 349 5 he -PRON- PRP 22599 349 6 refers refer VBZ 22599 349 7 to to IN 22599 349 8 a a DT 22599 349 9 symbol symbol NN 22599 349 10 this this DT 22599 349 11 would would MD 22599 349 12 put put VB 22599 349 13 the the DT 22599 349 14 zero zero CD 22599 349 15 as as RB 22599 349 16 far far RB 22599 349 17 back back RB 22599 349 18 as as IN 22599 349 19 500 500 CD 22599 349 20 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 349 21 , , , 22599 349 22 but but CC 22599 349 23 of of IN 22599 349 24 course course RB 22599 349 25 he -PRON- PRP 22599 349 26 may may MD 22599 349 27 have have VB 22599 349 28 referred refer VBN 22599 349 29 merely merely RB 22599 349 30 to to IN 22599 349 31 the the DT 22599 349 32 concept concept NN 22599 349 33 of of IN 22599 349 34 nothingness nothingness NN 22599 349 35 . . . 22599 350 1 A a DT 22599 350 2 little little JJ 22599 350 3 later later RB 22599 350 4 , , , 22599 350 5 but but CC 22599 350 6 also also RB 22599 350 7 in in IN 22599 350 8 the the DT 22599 350 9 sixth sixth JJ 22599 350 10 century century NN 22599 350 11 , , , 22599 350 12 Var[=a]ha Var[=a]ha NNP 22599 350 13 - - HYPH 22599 350 14 Mihira[151 Mihira[151 NNP 22599 350 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 350 16 wrote write VBD 22599 350 17 a a DT 22599 350 18 work work NN 22599 350 19 entitled entitle VBN 22599 350 20 _ _ NNP 22599 350 21 B[r.]hat B[r.]hat NNP 22599 350 22 Sa[m.]hit[=a]_[152 Sa[m.]hit[=a]_[152 NNP 22599 350 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 350 24 in in IN 22599 350 25 which which WDT 22599 350 26 he -PRON- PRP 22599 350 27 frequently frequently RB 22599 350 28 uses use VBZ 22599 350 29 _ _ NNP 22599 350 30 [ [ -LRB- 22599 350 31 ' ' '' 22599 350 32 s][=u]nya s][=u]nya : 22599 350 33 _ _ NNP 22599 350 34 in in IN 22599 350 35 speaking speak VBG 22599 350 36 of of IN 22599 350 37 numerals numeral NNS 22599 350 38 , , , 22599 350 39 so so IN 22599 350 40 that that IN 22599 350 41 it -PRON- PRP 22599 350 42 has have VBZ 22599 350 43 been be VBN 22599 350 44 thought think VBN 22599 350 45 that that IN 22599 350 46 he -PRON- PRP 22599 350 47 was be VBD 22599 350 48 referring refer VBG 22599 350 49 to to IN 22599 350 50 a a DT 22599 350 51 definite definite JJ 22599 350 52 symbol symbol NN 22599 350 53 . . . 22599 351 1 This this DT 22599 351 2 , , , 22599 351 3 of of IN 22599 351 4 course course NN 22599 351 5 , , , 22599 351 6 would would MD 22599 351 7 add add VB 22599 351 8 to to IN 22599 351 9 the the DT 22599 351 10 probability probability NN 22599 351 11 that that WDT 22599 351 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 351 13 = = SYM 22599 351 14 A]ryabha[t.]a A]ryabha[t.]a NNP 22599 351 15 was be VBD 22599 351 16 doing do VBG 22599 351 17 the the DT 22599 351 18 same same JJ 22599 351 19 . . . 22599 352 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 352 2 should should MD 22599 352 3 also also RB 22599 352 4 be be VB 22599 352 5 mentioned mention VBN 22599 352 6 as as IN 22599 352 7 a a DT 22599 352 8 matter matter NN 22599 352 9 of of IN 22599 352 10 interest interest NN 22599 352 11 , , , 22599 352 12 and and CC 22599 352 13 somewhat somewhat RB 22599 352 14 related related JJ 22599 352 15 to to IN 22599 352 16 the the DT 22599 352 17 question question NN 22599 352 18 at at IN 22599 352 19 issue issue NN 22599 352 20 , , , 22599 352 21 that that IN 22599 352 22 Var[=a]ha Var[=a]ha NNP 22599 352 23 - - HYPH 22599 352 24 Mihira Mihira NNP 22599 352 25 used use VBD 22599 352 26 the the DT 22599 352 27 word word NN 22599 352 28 - - HYPH 22599 352 29 system system NN 22599 352 30 with with IN 22599 352 31 place place NN 22599 352 32 value[153 value[153 VBZ 22599 352 33 ] ] -RRB- 22599 352 34 as as IN 22599 352 35 explained explain VBN 22599 352 36 above above RB 22599 352 37 . . . 22599 353 1 The the DT 22599 353 2 first first JJ 22599 353 3 kind kind NN 22599 353 4 of of IN 22599 353 5 alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 353 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 353 7 and and CC 22599 353 8 also also RB 22599 353 9 the the DT 22599 353 10 word word NN 22599 353 11 - - HYPH 22599 353 12 system system NN 22599 353 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 353 14 in in IN 22599 353 15 both both DT 22599 353 16 of of IN 22599 353 17 which which WDT 22599 353 18 the the DT 22599 353 19 place place NN 22599 353 20 value value NN 22599 353 21 is be VBZ 22599 353 22 used use VBN 22599 353 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 353 24 are be VBP 22599 353 25 plays play NNS 22599 353 26 upon upon IN 22599 353 27 , , , 22599 353 28 or or CC 22599 353 29 variations variation NNS 22599 353 30 of of IN 22599 353 31 , , , 22599 353 32 position position NN 22599 353 33 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 353 34 , , , 22599 353 35 which which WDT 22599 353 36 would would MD 22599 353 37 be be VB 22599 353 38 most most RBS 22599 353 39 likely likely JJ 22599 353 40 to to TO 22599 353 41 occur occur VB 22599 353 42 in in IN 22599 353 43 the the DT 22599 353 44 country country NN 22599 353 45 of of IN 22599 353 46 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 353 47 origin origin NN 22599 353 48 . . . 22599 354 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 354 2 154 154 CD 22599 354 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 354 4 At at IN 22599 354 5 the the DT 22599 354 6 opening opening NN 22599 354 7 of of IN 22599 354 8 the the DT 22599 354 9 next next JJ 22599 354 10 century century NN 22599 354 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 354 12 c. c. NNP 22599 354 13 620 620 CD 22599 354 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 354 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 354 16 B[=a][n.]a[155 B[=a][n.]a[155 NNP 22599 354 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 354 18 wrote write VBD 22599 354 19 of of IN 22599 354 20 Subandhus Subandhus NNP 22599 354 21 's 's POS 22599 354 22 _ _ NNP 22599 354 23 V[=a]savadatt[=a V[=a]savadatt[=a NNP 22599 354 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 354 25 _ _ NNP 22599 354 26 as as IN 22599 354 27 a a DT 22599 354 28 celebrated celebrated JJ 22599 354 29 work work NN 22599 354 30 , , , 22599 354 31 { { -LRB- 22599 354 32 45 45 CD 22599 354 33 } } -RRB- 22599 354 34 and and CC 22599 354 35 mentioned mention VBD 22599 354 36 that that IN 22599 354 37 the the DT 22599 354 38 stars star NNS 22599 354 39 dotting dot VBG 22599 354 40 the the DT 22599 354 41 sky sky NN 22599 354 42 are be VBP 22599 354 43 here here RB 22599 354 44 compared compare VBN 22599 354 45 with with IN 22599 354 46 zeros zero NNS 22599 354 47 , , , 22599 354 48 these these DT 22599 354 49 being be VBG 22599 354 50 points point NNS 22599 354 51 as as IN 22599 354 52 in in IN 22599 354 53 the the DT 22599 354 54 modern modern JJ 22599 354 55 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 354 56 system system NN 22599 354 57 . . . 22599 355 1 On on IN 22599 355 2 the the DT 22599 355 3 other other JJ 22599 355 4 hand hand NN 22599 355 5 , , , 22599 355 6 a a DT 22599 355 7 strong strong JJ 22599 355 8 argument argument NN 22599 355 9 against against IN 22599 355 10 any any DT 22599 355 11 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 355 12 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 355 13 of of IN 22599 355 14 the the DT 22599 355 15 symbol symbol NN 22599 355 16 zero zero CD 22599 355 17 at at IN 22599 355 18 this this DT 22599 355 19 time time NN 22599 355 20 is be VBZ 22599 355 21 the the DT 22599 355 22 fact fact NN 22599 355 23 that that IN 22599 355 24 about about RB 22599 355 25 700 700 CD 22599 355 26 A.D. a.d. NN 22599 355 27 the the DT 22599 355 28 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 355 29 overran overrun VBD 22599 355 30 the the DT 22599 355 31 province province NN 22599 355 32 of of IN 22599 355 33 Sind Sind NNP 22599 355 34 and and CC 22599 355 35 thus thus RB 22599 355 36 had have VBD 22599 355 37 an an DT 22599 355 38 opportunity opportunity NN 22599 355 39 of of IN 22599 355 40 knowing know VBG 22599 355 41 the the DT 22599 355 42 common common JJ 22599 355 43 methods method NNS 22599 355 44 used use VBN 22599 355 45 there there RB 22599 355 46 for for IN 22599 355 47 writing write VBG 22599 355 48 numbers number NNS 22599 355 49 . . . 22599 356 1 And and CC 22599 356 2 yet yet RB 22599 356 3 , , , 22599 356 4 when when WRB 22599 356 5 they -PRON- PRP 22599 356 6 received receive VBD 22599 356 7 the the DT 22599 356 8 complete complete JJ 22599 356 9 system system NN 22599 356 10 in in IN 22599 356 11 776 776 CD 22599 356 12 they -PRON- PRP 22599 356 13 looked look VBD 22599 356 14 upon upon IN 22599 356 15 it -PRON- PRP 22599 356 16 as as IN 22599 356 17 something something NN 22599 356 18 new new JJ 22599 356 19 . . . 22599 357 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 357 2 156 156 CD 22599 357 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 357 4 Such such JJ 22599 357 5 evidence evidence NN 22599 357 6 is be VBZ 22599 357 7 not not RB 22599 357 8 conclusive conclusive JJ 22599 357 9 , , , 22599 357 10 but but CC 22599 357 11 it -PRON- PRP 22599 357 12 tends tend VBZ 22599 357 13 to to TO 22599 357 14 show show VB 22599 357 15 that that IN 22599 357 16 the the DT 22599 357 17 complete complete JJ 22599 357 18 system system NN 22599 357 19 was be VBD 22599 357 20 probably probably RB 22599 357 21 not not RB 22599 357 22 in in IN 22599 357 23 common common JJ 22599 357 24 use use NN 22599 357 25 in in IN 22599 357 26 India India NNP 22599 357 27 at at IN 22599 357 28 the the DT 22599 357 29 beginning beginning NN 22599 357 30 of of IN 22599 357 31 the the DT 22599 357 32 eighth eighth JJ 22599 357 33 century century NN 22599 357 34 . . . 22599 358 1 On on IN 22599 358 2 the the DT 22599 358 3 other other JJ 22599 358 4 hand hand NN 22599 358 5 , , , 22599 358 6 we -PRON- PRP 22599 358 7 must must MD 22599 358 8 bear bear VB 22599 358 9 in in IN 22599 358 10 mind mind NN 22599 358 11 the the DT 22599 358 12 fact fact NN 22599 358 13 that that IN 22599 358 14 a a DT 22599 358 15 traveler traveler NN 22599 358 16 in in IN 22599 358 17 Germany Germany NNP 22599 358 18 in in IN 22599 358 19 the the DT 22599 358 20 year year NN 22599 358 21 1700 1700 CD 22599 358 22 would would MD 22599 358 23 probably probably RB 22599 358 24 have have VB 22599 358 25 heard hear VBN 22599 358 26 or or CC 22599 358 27 seen see VBN 22599 358 28 nothing nothing NN 22599 358 29 of of IN 22599 358 30 decimal decimal JJ 22599 358 31 fractions fraction NNS 22599 358 32 , , , 22599 358 33 although although IN 22599 358 34 these these DT 22599 358 35 were be VBD 22599 358 36 perfected perfect VBN 22599 358 37 a a DT 22599 358 38 century century NN 22599 358 39 before before IN 22599 358 40 that that DT 22599 358 41 date date NN 22599 358 42 . . . 22599 359 1 The the DT 22599 359 2 élite élite NN 22599 359 3 of of IN 22599 359 4 the the DT 22599 359 5 mathematicians mathematicians NNPS 22599 359 6 may may MD 22599 359 7 have have VB 22599 359 8 known know VBN 22599 359 9 the the DT 22599 359 10 zero zero CD 22599 359 11 even even RB 22599 359 12 in in IN 22599 359 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 359 14 = = SYM 22599 359 15 A]ryabha[t.]a A]ryabha[t.]a NNP 22599 359 16 's 's POS 22599 359 17 time time NN 22599 359 18 , , , 22599 359 19 while while IN 22599 359 20 the the DT 22599 359 21 merchants merchant NNS 22599 359 22 and and CC 22599 359 23 the the DT 22599 359 24 common common JJ 22599 359 25 people people NNS 22599 359 26 may may MD 22599 359 27 not not RB 22599 359 28 have have VB 22599 359 29 grasped grasp VBN 22599 359 30 the the DT 22599 359 31 significance significance NN 22599 359 32 of of IN 22599 359 33 the the DT 22599 359 34 novelty novelty NN 22599 359 35 until until IN 22599 359 36 a a DT 22599 359 37 long long JJ 22599 359 38 time time NN 22599 359 39 after after IN 22599 359 40 . . . 22599 360 1 On on IN 22599 360 2 the the DT 22599 360 3 whole whole NN 22599 360 4 , , , 22599 360 5 the the DT 22599 360 6 evidence evidence NN 22599 360 7 seems seem VBZ 22599 360 8 to to TO 22599 360 9 point point VB 22599 360 10 to to IN 22599 360 11 the the DT 22599 360 12 west west JJ 22599 360 13 coast coast NN 22599 360 14 of of IN 22599 360 15 India India NNP 22599 360 16 as as IN 22599 360 17 the the DT 22599 360 18 region region NN 22599 360 19 where where WRB 22599 360 20 the the DT 22599 360 21 complete complete JJ 22599 360 22 system system NN 22599 360 23 was be VBD 22599 360 24 first first RB 22599 360 25 seen see VBN 22599 360 26 . . . 22599 361 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 361 2 157 157 CD 22599 361 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 361 4 As as IN 22599 361 5 mentioned mention VBN 22599 361 6 above above RB 22599 361 7 , , , 22599 361 8 traces trace NNS 22599 361 9 of of IN 22599 361 10 the the DT 22599 361 11 numeral numeral JJ 22599 361 12 words word NNS 22599 361 13 with with IN 22599 361 14 place place NN 22599 361 15 value value NN 22599 361 16 , , , 22599 361 17 which which WDT 22599 361 18 do do VBP 22599 361 19 not not RB 22599 361 20 , , , 22599 361 21 however however RB 22599 361 22 , , , 22599 361 23 absolutely absolutely RB 22599 361 24 require require VBP 22599 361 25 a a DT 22599 361 26 decimal decimal JJ 22599 361 27 place place NN 22599 361 28 - - HYPH 22599 361 29 system system NN 22599 361 30 of of IN 22599 361 31 symbols symbol NNS 22599 361 32 , , , 22599 361 33 are be VBP 22599 361 34 found find VBN 22599 361 35 very very RB 22599 361 36 early early RB 22599 361 37 in in IN 22599 361 38 Cambodia Cambodia NNP 22599 361 39 , , , 22599 361 40 as as RB 22599 361 41 well well RB 22599 361 42 as as IN 22599 361 43 in in IN 22599 361 44 India India NNP 22599 361 45 . . . 22599 362 1 Concerning concern VBG 22599 362 2 the the DT 22599 362 3 earliest early JJS 22599 362 4 epigraphical epigraphical JJ 22599 362 5 instances instance NNS 22599 362 6 of of IN 22599 362 7 the the DT 22599 362 8 use use NN 22599 362 9 of of IN 22599 362 10 the the DT 22599 362 11 nine nine CD 22599 362 12 symbols symbol NNS 22599 362 13 , , , 22599 362 14 plus plus CC 22599 362 15 the the DT 22599 362 16 zero zero CD 22599 362 17 , , , 22599 362 18 with with IN 22599 362 19 place place NN 22599 362 20 value value NN 22599 362 21 , , , 22599 362 22 there there RB 22599 362 23 { { -LRB- 22599 362 24 46 46 CD 22599 362 25 } } -RRB- 22599 362 26 is be VBZ 22599 362 27 some some DT 22599 362 28 question question NN 22599 362 29 . . . 22599 363 1 Colebrooke[158 Colebrooke[158 NNP 22599 363 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 363 3 in in IN 22599 363 4 1807 1807 CD 22599 363 5 warned warn VBD 22599 363 6 against against IN 22599 363 7 the the DT 22599 363 8 possibility possibility NN 22599 363 9 of of IN 22599 363 10 forgery forgery NN 22599 363 11 in in IN 22599 363 12 many many JJ 22599 363 13 of of IN 22599 363 14 the the DT 22599 363 15 ancient ancient JJ 22599 363 16 copper copper NN 22599 363 17 - - HYPH 22599 363 18 plate plate NN 22599 363 19 land land NN 22599 363 20 grants grant NNS 22599 363 21 . . . 22599 364 1 On on IN 22599 364 2 this this DT 22599 364 3 account account NN 22599 364 4 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 364 5 , , , 22599 364 6 in in IN 22599 364 7 the the DT 22599 364 8 _ _ NNP 22599 364 9 Indian Indian NNP 22599 364 10 Antiquary_,[159 Antiquary_,[159 NNP 22599 364 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 364 12 discusses discuss VBZ 22599 364 13 at at IN 22599 364 14 length length NN 22599 364 15 this this DT 22599 364 16 phase phase NN 22599 364 17 of of IN 22599 364 18 the the DT 22599 364 19 work work NN 22599 364 20 of of IN 22599 364 21 the the DT 22599 364 22 epigraphists epigraphist NNS 22599 364 23 in in IN 22599 364 24 India India NNP 22599 364 25 , , , 22599 364 26 holding hold VBG 22599 364 27 that that IN 22599 364 28 many many JJ 22599 364 29 of of IN 22599 364 30 these these DT 22599 364 31 forgeries forgery NNS 22599 364 32 were be VBD 22599 364 33 made make VBN 22599 364 34 about about IN 22599 364 35 the the DT 22599 364 36 end end NN 22599 364 37 of of IN 22599 364 38 the the DT 22599 364 39 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 364 40 century century NN 22599 364 41 . . . 22599 365 1 Colebrooke[160 Colebrooke[160 NNP 22599 365 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 365 3 takes take VBZ 22599 365 4 a a DT 22599 365 5 more more RBR 22599 365 6 rational rational JJ 22599 365 7 view view NN 22599 365 8 of of IN 22599 365 9 these these DT 22599 365 10 forgeries forgery NNS 22599 365 11 than than IN 22599 365 12 does do VBZ 22599 365 13 Kaye Kaye NNP 22599 365 14 , , , 22599 365 15 who who WP 22599 365 16 seems seem VBZ 22599 365 17 to to TO 22599 365 18 hold hold VB 22599 365 19 that that IN 22599 365 20 they -PRON- PRP 22599 365 21 tend tend VBP 22599 365 22 to to TO 22599 365 23 invalidate invalidate VB 22599 365 24 the the DT 22599 365 25 whole whole JJ 22599 365 26 Indian indian JJ 22599 365 27 hypothesis hypothesis NN 22599 365 28 . . . 22599 366 1 " " `` 22599 366 2 But but CC 22599 366 3 even even RB 22599 366 4 where where WRB 22599 366 5 that that DT 22599 366 6 may may MD 22599 366 7 be be VB 22599 366 8 suspected suspect VBN 22599 366 9 , , , 22599 366 10 the the DT 22599 366 11 historical historical JJ 22599 366 12 uses use NNS 22599 366 13 of of IN 22599 366 14 a a DT 22599 366 15 monument monument NN 22599 366 16 fabricated fabricate VBN 22599 366 17 so so RB 22599 366 18 much much JJ 22599 366 19 nearer nearer NN 22599 366 20 to to IN 22599 366 21 the the DT 22599 366 22 times time NNS 22599 366 23 to to TO 22599 366 24 which which WDT 22599 366 25 it -PRON- PRP 22599 366 26 assumes assume VBZ 22599 366 27 to to TO 22599 366 28 belong belong VB 22599 366 29 , , , 22599 366 30 will will MD 22599 366 31 not not RB 22599 366 32 be be VB 22599 366 33 entirely entirely RB 22599 366 34 superseded superseded JJ 22599 366 35 . . . 22599 367 1 The the DT 22599 367 2 necessity necessity NN 22599 367 3 of of IN 22599 367 4 rendering render VBG 22599 367 5 the the DT 22599 367 6 forged forge VBN 22599 367 7 grant grant NN 22599 367 8 credible credible JJ 22599 367 9 would would MD 22599 367 10 compel compel VB 22599 367 11 a a DT 22599 367 12 fabricator fabricator NN 22599 367 13 to to TO 22599 367 14 adhere adhere VB 22599 367 15 to to IN 22599 367 16 history history NN 22599 367 17 , , , 22599 367 18 and and CC 22599 367 19 conform conform VB 22599 367 20 to to IN 22599 367 21 established established JJ 22599 367 22 notions notion NNS 22599 367 23 : : : 22599 367 24 and and CC 22599 367 25 the the DT 22599 367 26 tradition tradition NN 22599 367 27 , , , 22599 367 28 which which WDT 22599 367 29 prevailed prevail VBD 22599 367 30 in in IN 22599 367 31 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 367 32 time time NN 22599 367 33 , , , 22599 367 34 and and CC 22599 367 35 by by IN 22599 367 36 which which WDT 22599 367 37 he -PRON- PRP 22599 367 38 must must MD 22599 367 39 be be VB 22599 367 40 guided guide VBN 22599 367 41 , , , 22599 367 42 would would MD 22599 367 43 probably probably RB 22599 367 44 be be VB 22599 367 45 so so RB 22599 367 46 much much JJ 22599 367 47 nearer nearer RB 22599 367 48 to to IN 22599 367 49 the the DT 22599 367 50 truth truth NN 22599 367 51 , , , 22599 367 52 as as IN 22599 367 53 it -PRON- PRP 22599 367 54 was be VBD 22599 367 55 less less RBR 22599 367 56 remote remote JJ 22599 367 57 from from IN 22599 367 58 the the DT 22599 367 59 period period NN 22599 367 60 which which WDT 22599 367 61 it -PRON- PRP 22599 367 62 concerned concern VBD 22599 367 63 . . . 22599 368 1 " " `` 22599 368 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 368 3 161 161 CD 22599 368 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 368 5 Bühler[162 bühler[162 CD 22599 368 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 368 7 gives give VBZ 22599 368 8 the the DT 22599 368 9 copper copper NN 22599 368 10 - - HYPH 22599 368 11 plate plate NN 22599 368 12 Gurjara Gurjara NNP 22599 368 13 inscription inscription NN 22599 368 14 of of IN 22599 368 15 Cedi Cedi NNP 22599 368 16 - - HYPH 22599 368 17 sa[m.]vat sa[m.]vat CD 22599 368 18 346 346 CD 22599 368 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 368 20 595 595 CD 22599 368 21 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 368 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 368 23 as as IN 22599 368 24 the the DT 22599 368 25 oldest old JJS 22599 368 26 epigraphical epigraphical JJ 22599 368 27 use use NN 22599 368 28 of of IN 22599 368 29 the the DT 22599 368 30 numerals[163 numerals[163 NN 22599 368 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 368 32 " " `` 22599 368 33 in in IN 22599 368 34 which which WDT 22599 368 35 the the DT 22599 368 36 symbols symbol NNS 22599 368 37 correspond correspond VBP 22599 368 38 to to IN 22599 368 39 the the DT 22599 368 40 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 368 41 numerals numeral NNS 22599 368 42 of of IN 22599 368 43 the the DT 22599 368 44 period period NN 22599 368 45 and and CC 22599 368 46 the the DT 22599 368 47 place place NN 22599 368 48 . . . 22599 368 49 " " '' 22599 369 1 Vincent Vincent NNP 22599 369 2 A. A. NNP 22599 369 3 Smith[164 Smith[164 NNP 22599 369 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 369 5 quotes quote VBZ 22599 369 6 a a DT 22599 369 7 stone stone NN 22599 369 8 inscription inscription NN 22599 369 9 of of IN 22599 369 10 815 815 CD 22599 369 11 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 369 12 , , , 22599 369 13 dated dated JJ 22599 369 14 Sa[m.]vat Sa[m.]vat NNP 22599 369 15 872 872 CD 22599 369 16 . . . 22599 370 1 So so RB 22599 370 2 F. F. NNP 22599 370 3 Kielhorn Kielhorn NNP 22599 370 4 in in IN 22599 370 5 the the DT 22599 370 6 _ _ NNP 22599 370 7 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 370 8 Indica_[165 Indica_[165 NNP 22599 370 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 370 10 gives give VBZ 22599 370 11 a a DT 22599 370 12 Pathari Pathari NNP 22599 370 13 pillar pillar NN 22599 370 14 inscription inscription NN 22599 370 15 of of IN 22599 370 16 Parabala Parabala NNP 22599 370 17 , , , 22599 370 18 dated date VBN 22599 370 19 Vikrama Vikrama NNP 22599 370 20 - - HYPH 22599 370 21 sa[m.]vat sa[m.]vat NNP 22599 370 22 917 917 CD 22599 370 23 , , , 22599 370 24 which which WDT 22599 370 25 corresponds correspond VBZ 22599 370 26 to to IN 22599 370 27 861 861 CD 22599 370 28 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 370 29 , , , 22599 370 30 { { -LRB- 22599 370 31 47 47 CD 22599 370 32 } } -RRB- 22599 370 33 and and CC 22599 370 34 refers refer VBZ 22599 370 35 also also RB 22599 370 36 to to IN 22599 370 37 another another DT 22599 370 38 copper copper NN 22599 370 39 - - HYPH 22599 370 40 plate plate NN 22599 370 41 inscription inscription NN 22599 370 42 dated date VBN 22599 370 43 Vikrama Vikrama NNP 22599 370 44 - - HYPH 22599 370 45 sa[m.]vat sa[m.]vat NNP 22599 370 46 813 813 CD 22599 370 47 ( ( -LRB- 22599 370 48 756 756 CD 22599 370 49 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 370 50 ) ) -RRB- 22599 370 51 . . . 22599 371 1 The the DT 22599 371 2 inscription inscription NN 22599 371 3 quoted quote VBN 22599 371 4 by by IN 22599 371 5 V. V. NNP 22599 371 6 A. A. NNP 22599 371 7 Smith Smith NNP 22599 371 8 above above IN 22599 371 9 is be VBZ 22599 371 10 that that DT 22599 371 11 given give VBN 22599 371 12 by by IN 22599 371 13 D. D. NNP 22599 371 14 R. R. NNP 22599 371 15 Bhandarkar,[166 Bhandarkar,[166 NNP 22599 371 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 371 17 and and CC 22599 371 18 another another DT 22599 371 19 is be VBZ 22599 371 20 given give VBN 22599 371 21 by by IN 22599 371 22 the the DT 22599 371 23 same same JJ 22599 371 24 writer writer NN 22599 371 25 as as IN 22599 371 26 of of IN 22599 371 27 date date NN 22599 371 28 Saka Saka NNP 22599 371 29 - - HYPH 22599 371 30 sa[m.]vat sa[m.]vat NNP 22599 371 31 715 715 CD 22599 371 32 ( ( -LRB- 22599 371 33 798 798 CD 22599 371 34 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 371 35 ) ) -RRB- 22599 371 36 , , , 22599 371 37 being be VBG 22599 371 38 incised incise VBN 22599 371 39 on on IN 22599 371 40 a a DT 22599 371 41 pilaster pilaster NN 22599 371 42 . . . 22599 372 1 Kielhorn[167 Kielhorn[167 NNP 22599 372 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 372 3 also also RB 22599 372 4 gives give VBZ 22599 372 5 two two CD 22599 372 6 copper copper NN 22599 372 7 - - HYPH 22599 372 8 plate plate NN 22599 372 9 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 372 10 of of IN 22599 372 11 the the DT 22599 372 12 time time NN 22599 372 13 of of IN 22599 372 14 Mahendrapala Mahendrapala NNP 22599 372 15 of of IN 22599 372 16 Kanauj Kanauj NNP 22599 372 17 , , , 22599 372 18 Valhab[=i]-sa[m.]vat Valhab[=i]-sa[m.]vat NNP 22599 372 19 574 574 CD 22599 372 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 372 21 893 893 CD 22599 372 22 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 372 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 372 24 and and CC 22599 372 25 Vikrama Vikrama NNP 22599 372 26 - - HYPH 22599 372 27 sa[m.]vat sa[m.]vat CD 22599 372 28 956 956 CD 22599 372 29 ( ( -LRB- 22599 372 30 899 899 CD 22599 372 31 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 372 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 372 33 . . . 22599 373 1 That that IN 22599 373 2 there there EX 22599 373 3 should should MD 22599 373 4 be be VB 22599 373 5 any any DT 22599 373 6 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 373 7 of of IN 22599 373 8 date date NN 22599 373 9 as as RB 22599 373 10 early early RB 22599 373 11 even even RB 22599 373 12 as as IN 22599 373 13 750 750 CD 22599 373 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 373 15 , , , 22599 373 16 would would MD 22599 373 17 tend tend VB 22599 373 18 to to TO 22599 373 19 show show VB 22599 373 20 that that IN 22599 373 21 the the DT 22599 373 22 system system NN 22599 373 23 was be VBD 22599 373 24 at at IN 22599 373 25 least least JJS 22599 373 26 a a DT 22599 373 27 century century NN 22599 373 28 older old JJR 22599 373 29 . . . 22599 374 1 As as IN 22599 374 2 will will MD 22599 374 3 be be VB 22599 374 4 shown show VBN 22599 374 5 in in IN 22599 374 6 the the DT 22599 374 7 further further JJ 22599 374 8 development development NN 22599 374 9 , , , 22599 374 10 it -PRON- PRP 22599 374 11 was be VBD 22599 374 12 more more JJR 22599 374 13 than than IN 22599 374 14 two two CD 22599 374 15 centuries century NNS 22599 374 16 after after IN 22599 374 17 the the DT 22599 374 18 introduction introduction NN 22599 374 19 of of IN 22599 374 20 the the DT 22599 374 21 numerals numeral NNS 22599 374 22 into into IN 22599 374 23 Europe Europe NNP 22599 374 24 that that IN 22599 374 25 they -PRON- PRP 22599 374 26 appeared appear VBD 22599 374 27 there there RB 22599 374 28 upon upon IN 22599 374 29 coins coin NNS 22599 374 30 and and CC 22599 374 31 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 374 32 . . . 22599 375 1 While while IN 22599 375 2 Thibaut[168 thibaut[168 CD 22599 375 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 375 4 does do VBZ 22599 375 5 not not RB 22599 375 6 consider consider VB 22599 375 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 375 8 necessary necessary JJ 22599 375 9 to to TO 22599 375 10 quote quote VB 22599 375 11 any any DT 22599 375 12 specific specific JJ 22599 375 13 instances instance NNS 22599 375 14 of of IN 22599 375 15 the the DT 22599 375 16 use use NN 22599 375 17 of of IN 22599 375 18 the the DT 22599 375 19 numerals numeral NNS 22599 375 20 , , , 22599 375 21 he -PRON- PRP 22599 375 22 states state VBZ 22599 375 23 that that IN 22599 375 24 traces trace NNS 22599 375 25 are be VBP 22599 375 26 found find VBN 22599 375 27 from from IN 22599 375 28 590 590 CD 22599 375 29 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 375 30 on on IN 22599 375 31 . . . 22599 376 1 " " `` 22599 376 2 That that IN 22599 376 3 the the DT 22599 376 4 system system NN 22599 376 5 now now RB 22599 376 6 in in IN 22599 376 7 use use NN 22599 376 8 by by IN 22599 376 9 all all DT 22599 376 10 civilized civilized JJ 22599 376 11 nations nation NNS 22599 376 12 is be VBZ 22599 376 13 of of IN 22599 376 14 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 376 15 origin origin NN 22599 376 16 can can MD 22599 376 17 not not RB 22599 376 18 be be VB 22599 376 19 doubted doubt VBN 22599 376 20 ; ; : 22599 376 21 no no DT 22599 376 22 other other JJ 22599 376 23 nation nation NN 22599 376 24 has have VBZ 22599 376 25 any any DT 22599 376 26 claim claim NN 22599 376 27 upon upon IN 22599 376 28 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 376 29 discovery discovery NN 22599 376 30 , , , 22599 376 31 especially especially RB 22599 376 32 since since IN 22599 376 33 the the DT 22599 376 34 references reference NNS 22599 376 35 to to IN 22599 376 36 the the DT 22599 376 37 origin origin NN 22599 376 38 of of IN 22599 376 39 the the DT 22599 376 40 system system NN 22599 376 41 which which WDT 22599 376 42 are be VBP 22599 376 43 found find VBN 22599 376 44 in in IN 22599 376 45 the the DT 22599 376 46 nations nation NNS 22599 376 47 of of IN 22599 376 48 western western JJ 22599 376 49 Asia Asia NNP 22599 376 50 point point NN 22599 376 51 unanimously unanimously RB 22599 376 52 towards towards IN 22599 376 53 India India NNP 22599 376 54 . . . 22599 377 1 " " `` 22599 377 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 377 3 169 169 CD 22599 377 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 377 5 The the DT 22599 377 6 testimony testimony NN 22599 377 7 and and CC 22599 377 8 opinions opinion NNS 22599 377 9 of of IN 22599 377 10 men man NNS 22599 377 11 like like IN 22599 377 12 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 377 13 , , , 22599 377 14 Kielhorn Kielhorn NNP 22599 377 15 , , , 22599 377 16 V. V. NNP 22599 377 17 A. a. NN 22599 377 18 Smith Smith NNP 22599 377 19 , , , 22599 377 20 Bhandarkar Bhandarkar NNP 22599 377 21 , , , 22599 377 22 and and CC 22599 377 23 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 377 24 are be VBP 22599 377 25 entitled entitle VBN 22599 377 26 to to IN 22599 377 27 the the DT 22599 377 28 most most RBS 22599 377 29 serious serious JJ 22599 377 30 consideration consideration NN 22599 377 31 . . . 22599 378 1 As as IN 22599 378 2 authorities authority NNS 22599 378 3 on on IN 22599 378 4 ancient ancient JJ 22599 378 5 Indian indian JJ 22599 378 6 epigraphy epigraphy NN 22599 378 7 no no DT 22599 378 8 others other NNS 22599 378 9 rank rank VBP 22599 378 10 higher higher RBR 22599 378 11 . . . 22599 379 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 379 2 work work NN 22599 379 3 is be VBZ 22599 379 4 accepted accept VBN 22599 379 5 by by IN 22599 379 6 Indian indian JJ 22599 379 7 scholars scholar NNS 22599 379 8 the the DT 22599 379 9 world world NN 22599 379 10 over over RP 22599 379 11 , , , 22599 379 12 and and CC 22599 379 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 379 14 united united JJ 22599 379 15 judgment judgment NN 22599 379 16 as as IN 22599 379 17 to to IN 22599 379 18 the the DT 22599 379 19 rise rise NN 22599 379 20 of of IN 22599 379 21 the the DT 22599 379 22 system system NN 22599 379 23 with with IN 22599 379 24 a a DT 22599 379 25 place place NN 22599 379 26 value value NN 22599 379 27 -- -- : 22599 379 28 that that IN 22599 379 29 it -PRON- PRP 22599 379 30 took take VBD 22599 379 31 place place NN 22599 379 32 in in IN 22599 379 33 India India NNP 22599 379 34 as as RB 22599 379 35 early early RB 22599 379 36 as as IN 22599 379 37 the the DT 22599 379 38 { { -LRB- 22599 379 39 48 48 CD 22599 379 40 } } -RRB- 22599 379 41 sixth sixth JJ 22599 379 42 century century NN 22599 379 43 A.D.--must A.D.--must NNS 22599 379 44 stand stand NN 22599 379 45 unless unless IN 22599 379 46 new new JJ 22599 379 47 evidence evidence NN 22599 379 48 of of IN 22599 379 49 great great JJ 22599 379 50 weight weight NN 22599 379 51 can can MD 22599 379 52 be be VB 22599 379 53 submitted submit VBN 22599 379 54 to to IN 22599 379 55 the the DT 22599 379 56 contrary contrary NN 22599 379 57 . . . 22599 380 1 Many many JJ 22599 380 2 early early JJ 22599 380 3 writers writer NNS 22599 380 4 remarked remark VBD 22599 380 5 upon upon IN 22599 380 6 the the DT 22599 380 7 diversity diversity NN 22599 380 8 of of IN 22599 380 9 Indian indian JJ 22599 380 10 numeral numeral JJ 22599 380 11 forms form NNS 22599 380 12 . . . 22599 381 1 Al Al NNP 22599 381 2 - - HYPH 22599 381 3 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 381 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 381 5 was be VBD 22599 381 6 probably probably RB 22599 381 7 the the DT 22599 381 8 first first JJ 22599 381 9 ; ; : 22599 381 10 noteworthy noteworthy JJ 22599 381 11 is be VBZ 22599 381 12 also also RB 22599 381 13 Johannes Johannes NNP 22599 381 14 Hispalensis,[170 Hispalensis,[170 NNP 22599 381 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 381 16 who who WP 22599 381 17 gives give VBZ 22599 381 18 the the DT 22599 381 19 variant variant JJ 22599 381 20 forms form NNS 22599 381 21 for for IN 22599 381 22 seven seven CD 22599 381 23 and and CC 22599 381 24 four four CD 22599 381 25 . . . 22599 382 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 382 2 insert insert VBP 22599 382 3 on on IN 22599 382 4 p. p. NN 22599 382 5 49 49 CD 22599 382 6 a a DT 22599 382 7 table table NN 22599 382 8 of of IN 22599 382 9 numerals numeral NNS 22599 382 10 used use VBN 22599 382 11 with with IN 22599 382 12 place place NN 22599 382 13 value value NN 22599 382 14 . . . 22599 383 1 While while IN 22599 383 2 the the DT 22599 383 3 chief chief JJ 22599 383 4 authority authority NN 22599 383 5 for for IN 22599 383 6 this this DT 22599 383 7 is be VBZ 22599 383 8 Bühler,[171 Bühler,[171 NNP 22599 383 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 383 10 several several JJ 22599 383 11 specimens specimen NNS 22599 383 12 are be VBP 22599 383 13 given give VBN 22599 383 14 which which WDT 22599 383 15 are be VBP 22599 383 16 not not RB 22599 383 17 found find VBN 22599 383 18 in in IN 22599 383 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 383 20 work work NN 22599 383 21 and and CC 22599 383 22 which which WDT 22599 383 23 are be VBP 22599 383 24 of of IN 22599 383 25 unusual unusual JJ 22599 383 26 interest interest NN 22599 383 27 . . . 22599 384 1 The the DT 22599 384 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 384 3 ' ' `` 22599 384 4 S][=a]rad[=a S][=a]rad[=a NNP 22599 384 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 384 6 forms form NNS 22599 384 7 given give VBN 22599 384 8 in in IN 22599 384 9 the the DT 22599 384 10 table table NN 22599 384 11 use use VBP 22599 384 12 the the DT 22599 384 13 circle circle NN 22599 384 14 as as IN 22599 384 15 a a DT 22599 384 16 symbol symbol NN 22599 384 17 for for IN 22599 384 18 1 1 CD 22599 384 19 and and CC 22599 384 20 the the DT 22599 384 21 dot dot NN 22599 384 22 for for IN 22599 384 23 zero zero CD 22599 384 24 . . . 22599 385 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 385 2 are be VBP 22599 385 3 taken take VBN 22599 385 4 from from IN 22599 385 5 the the DT 22599 385 6 paging paging NN 22599 385 7 and and CC 22599 385 8 text text NN 22599 385 9 of of IN 22599 385 10 _ _ NNP 22599 385 11 The the DT 22599 385 12 Kashmirian Kashmirian NNP 22599 385 13 Atharva Atharva NNP 22599 385 14 - - HYPH 22599 385 15 Veda_[172 Veda_[172 NNP 22599 385 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 385 17 , , , 22599 385 18 of of IN 22599 385 19 which which WDT 22599 385 20 the the DT 22599 385 21 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 385 22 used use VBN 22599 385 23 is be VBZ 22599 385 24 certainly certainly RB 22599 385 25 four four CD 22599 385 26 hundred hundred CD 22599 385 27 years year NNS 22599 385 28 old old JJ 22599 385 29 . . . 22599 386 1 Similar similar JJ 22599 386 2 forms form NNS 22599 386 3 are be VBP 22599 386 4 found find VBN 22599 386 5 in in IN 22599 386 6 a a DT 22599 386 7 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 386 8 belonging belong VBG 22599 386 9 to to IN 22599 386 10 the the DT 22599 386 11 University University NNP 22599 386 12 of of IN 22599 386 13 Tübingen Tübingen NNP 22599 386 14 . . . 22599 387 1 Two two CD 22599 387 2 other other JJ 22599 387 3 series series NN 22599 387 4 presented present VBN 22599 387 5 are be VBP 22599 387 6 from from IN 22599 387 7 Tibetan tibetan JJ 22599 387 8 books book NNS 22599 387 9 in in IN 22599 387 10 the the DT 22599 387 11 library library NN 22599 387 12 of of IN 22599 387 13 one one CD 22599 387 14 of of IN 22599 387 15 the the DT 22599 387 16 authors author NNS 22599 387 17 . . . 22599 388 1 For for IN 22599 388 2 purposes purpose NNS 22599 388 3 of of IN 22599 388 4 comparison comparison NN 22599 388 5 the the DT 22599 388 6 modern modern JJ 22599 388 7 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 388 8 and and CC 22599 388 9 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 388 10 numeral numeral JJ 22599 388 11 forms form NNS 22599 388 12 are be VBP 22599 388 13 added add VBN 22599 388 14 . . . 22599 389 1 Sanskrit sanskrit NN 22599 389 2 , , , 22599 389 3 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 4 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 6 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 389 7 , , , 22599 389 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 9 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 11 { { -LRB- 22599 389 12 49 49 CD 22599 389 13 } } -RRB- 22599 389 14 NUMERALS NUMERALS NNP 22599 389 15 USED use VBN 22599 389 16 WITH with IN 22599 389 17 PLACE place NN 22599 389 18 VALUE value NN 22599 389 19 1 1 CD 22599 389 20 2 2 CD 22599 389 21 3 3 CD 22599 389 22 4 4 CD 22599 389 23 5 5 CD 22599 389 24 6 6 CD 22599 389 25 7 7 CD 22599 389 26 8 8 CD 22599 389 27 9 9 CD 22599 389 28 0 0 CD 22599 389 29 a[173 a[173 NN 22599 389 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 31 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 32 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 33 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 34 b[174 b[174 NNP 22599 389 35 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 36 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 37 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 38 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 39 c[175 c[175 NNP 22599 389 40 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 41 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 42 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 43 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 44 d[176 d[176 NNP 22599 389 45 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 46 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 47 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 48 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 49 e[177 e[177 NNP 22599 389 50 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 51 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 52 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 53 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 54 f[178 f[178 NNP 22599 389 55 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 56 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 57 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 58 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 59 g[179 g[179 NN 22599 389 60 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 61 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 62 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 63 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 64 h[180 h[180 NNP 22599 389 65 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 66 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 67 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 68 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 69 i[180 i[180 NNP 22599 389 70 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 71 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 72 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 73 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 74 j[181 j[181 NNP 22599 389 75 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 76 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 77 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 78 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 79 k[181 k[181 NNP 22599 389 80 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 81 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 82 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 83 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 84 l[182 l[182 NNP 22599 389 85 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 86 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 87 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 88 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 89 m[183 m[183 NNP 22599 389 90 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 91 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 92 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 93 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 94 n[184 n[184 NNP 22599 389 95 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 96 [ [ -LRB- 22599 389 97 Illustration illustration NN 22599 389 98 ] ] -RRB- 22599 389 99 * * NFP 22599 389 100 * * NFP 22599 389 101 * * NFP 22599 389 102 * * NFP 22599 389 103 * * NFP 22599 389 104 { { -LRB- 22599 389 105 51 51 CD 22599 389 106 } } -RRB- 22599 389 107 CHAPTER CHAPTER NNP 22599 389 108 IV IV NNP 22599 389 109 THE the DT 22599 389 110 SYMBOL SYMBOL NNP 22599 389 111 ZERO ZERO . 22599 389 112 What what WP 22599 389 113 has have VBZ 22599 389 114 been be VBN 22599 389 115 said say VBN 22599 389 116 of of IN 22599 389 117 the the DT 22599 389 118 improved improve VBN 22599 389 119 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 389 120 system system NN 22599 389 121 with with IN 22599 389 122 a a DT 22599 389 123 place place NN 22599 389 124 value value NN 22599 389 125 does do VBZ 22599 389 126 not not RB 22599 389 127 touch touch VB 22599 389 128 directly directly RB 22599 389 129 the the DT 22599 389 130 origin origin NN 22599 389 131 of of IN 22599 389 132 a a DT 22599 389 133 symbol symbol NN 22599 389 134 for for IN 22599 389 135 zero zero CD 22599 389 136 , , , 22599 389 137 although although IN 22599 389 138 it -PRON- PRP 22599 389 139 assumes assume VBZ 22599 389 140 that that IN 22599 389 141 such such PDT 22599 389 142 a a DT 22599 389 143 symbol symbol NN 22599 389 144 exists exist VBZ 22599 389 145 . . . 22599 390 1 The the DT 22599 390 2 importance importance NN 22599 390 3 of of IN 22599 390 4 such such PDT 22599 390 5 a a DT 22599 390 6 sign sign NN 22599 390 7 , , , 22599 390 8 the the DT 22599 390 9 fact fact NN 22599 390 10 that that IN 22599 390 11 it -PRON- PRP 22599 390 12 is be VBZ 22599 390 13 a a DT 22599 390 14 prerequisite prerequisite NN 22599 390 15 to to IN 22599 390 16 a a DT 22599 390 17 place place NN 22599 390 18 - - HYPH 22599 390 19 value value NN 22599 390 20 system system NN 22599 390 21 , , , 22599 390 22 and and CC 22599 390 23 the the DT 22599 390 24 further further JJ 22599 390 25 fact fact NN 22599 390 26 that that IN 22599 390 27 without without IN 22599 390 28 it -PRON- PRP 22599 390 29 the the DT 22599 390 30 Hindu hindu JJ 22599 390 31 - - HYPH 22599 390 32 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 390 33 numerals numeral NNS 22599 390 34 would would MD 22599 390 35 never never RB 22599 390 36 have have VB 22599 390 37 dominated dominate VBN 22599 390 38 the the DT 22599 390 39 computation computation NN 22599 390 40 system system NN 22599 390 41 of of IN 22599 390 42 the the DT 22599 390 43 western western JJ 22599 390 44 world world NN 22599 390 45 , , , 22599 390 46 make make VB 22599 390 47 it -PRON- PRP 22599 390 48 proper proper JJ 22599 390 49 to to TO 22599 390 50 devote devote VB 22599 390 51 a a DT 22599 390 52 chapter chapter NN 22599 390 53 to to IN 22599 390 54 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 390 55 origin origin NN 22599 390 56 and and CC 22599 390 57 history history NN 22599 390 58 . . . 22599 391 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 391 2 was be VBD 22599 391 3 some some DT 22599 391 4 centuries century NNS 22599 391 5 after after IN 22599 391 6 the the DT 22599 391 7 primitive primitive JJ 22599 391 8 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 391 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 391 10 and and CC 22599 391 11 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 391 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 391 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 391 14 had have VBD 22599 391 15 made make VBN 22599 391 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 391 17 appearance appearance NN 22599 391 18 in in IN 22599 391 19 India India NNP 22599 391 20 that that IN 22599 391 21 the the DT 22599 391 22 zero zero CD 22599 391 23 first first RB 22599 391 24 appeared appear VBD 22599 391 25 there there RB 22599 391 26 , , , 22599 391 27 although although IN 22599 391 28 such such PDT 22599 391 29 a a DT 22599 391 30 character character NN 22599 391 31 was be VBD 22599 391 32 used use VBN 22599 391 33 by by IN 22599 391 34 the the DT 22599 391 35 Babylonians[185 Babylonians[185 NNP 22599 391 36 ] ] -RRB- 22599 391 37 in in IN 22599 391 38 the the DT 22599 391 39 centuries century NNS 22599 391 40 immediately immediately RB 22599 391 41 preceding precede VBG 22599 391 42 the the DT 22599 391 43 Christian christian JJ 22599 391 44 era era NN 22599 391 45 . . . 22599 392 1 The the DT 22599 392 2 symbol symbol NN 22599 392 3 is be VBZ 22599 392 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 392 5 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 392 6 zero zero CD 22599 392 7 symbol symbol NN 22599 392 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 392 9 or or CC 22599 392 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 392 11 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 392 12 zero zero CD 22599 392 13 symbol symbol NN 22599 392 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 392 15 , , , 22599 392 16 and and CC 22599 392 17 apparently apparently RB 22599 392 18 it -PRON- PRP 22599 392 19 was be VBD 22599 392 20 not not RB 22599 392 21 used use VBN 22599 392 22 in in IN 22599 392 23 calculation calculation NN 22599 392 24 . . . 22599 393 1 Nor nor CC 22599 393 2 does do VBZ 22599 393 3 it -PRON- PRP 22599 393 4 always always RB 22599 393 5 occur occur VB 22599 393 6 when when WRB 22599 393 7 units unit NNS 22599 393 8 of of IN 22599 393 9 any any DT 22599 393 10 order order NN 22599 393 11 are be VBP 22599 393 12 lacking lack VBG 22599 393 13 ; ; : 22599 393 14 thus thus RB 22599 393 15 180 180 CD 22599 393 16 is be VBZ 22599 393 17 written write VBN 22599 393 18 [ [ -LRB- 22599 393 19 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 393 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 393 21 180 180 CD 22599 393 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 393 23 with with IN 22599 393 24 the the DT 22599 393 25 meaning meaning NN 22599 393 26 three three CD 22599 393 27 sixties sixty NNS 22599 393 28 and and CC 22599 393 29 no no DT 22599 393 30 units unit NNS 22599 393 31 , , , 22599 393 32 since since IN 22599 393 33 181 181 CD 22599 393 34 immediately immediately RB 22599 393 35 following follow VBG 22599 393 36 is be VBZ 22599 393 37 [ [ -LRB- 22599 393 38 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 393 39 numerals numeral NNS 22599 393 40 181 181 CD 22599 393 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 393 42 , , , 22599 393 43 three three CD 22599 393 44 sixties sixty NNS 22599 393 45 and and CC 22599 393 46 one one CD 22599 393 47 unit unit NN 22599 393 48 . . . 22599 394 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 394 2 186 186 CD 22599 394 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 394 4 The the DT 22599 394 5 main main JJ 22599 394 6 { { -LRB- 22599 394 7 52 52 CD 22599 394 8 } } -RRB- 22599 394 9 use use NN 22599 394 10 of of IN 22599 394 11 this this DT 22599 394 12 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 394 13 symbol symbol NN 22599 394 14 seems seem VBZ 22599 394 15 to to TO 22599 394 16 have have VB 22599 394 17 been be VBN 22599 394 18 in in IN 22599 394 19 the the DT 22599 394 20 fractions fraction NNS 22599 394 21 , , , 22599 394 22 60ths 60th NNS 22599 394 23 , , , 22599 394 24 3600ths 3600th NNS 22599 394 25 , , , 22599 394 26 etc etc FW 22599 394 27 . . FW 22599 394 28 , , , 22599 394 29 and and CC 22599 394 30 somewhat somewhat RB 22599 394 31 similar similar JJ 22599 394 32 to to IN 22599 394 33 the the DT 22599 394 34 Greek greek JJ 22599 394 35 use use NN 22599 394 36 of of IN 22599 394 37 [ [ -LRB- 22599 394 38 Greek Greek NNP 22599 394 39 : : : 22599 394 40 o o NN 22599 394 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 394 42 , , , 22599 394 43 for for IN 22599 394 44 [ [ -LRB- 22599 394 45 Greek Greek NNP 22599 394 46 : : : 22599 394 47 ouden ouden NN 22599 394 48 ] ] -RRB- 22599 394 49 , , , 22599 394 50 with with IN 22599 394 51 the the DT 22599 394 52 meaning meaning NN 22599 394 53 _ _ NNP 22599 394 54 vacant vacant JJ 22599 394 55 _ _ NNP 22599 394 56 . . . 22599 395 1 " " `` 22599 395 2 The the DT 22599 395 3 earliest early JJS 22599 395 4 undoubted undoubted JJ 22599 395 5 occurrence occurrence NN 22599 395 6 of of IN 22599 395 7 a a DT 22599 395 8 zero zero CD 22599 395 9 in in IN 22599 395 10 India India NNP 22599 395 11 is be VBZ 22599 395 12 an an DT 22599 395 13 inscription inscription NN 22599 395 14 at at IN 22599 395 15 Gwalior Gwalior NNP 22599 395 16 , , , 22599 395 17 dated date VBN 22599 395 18 Samvat Samvat NNP 22599 395 19 933 933 CD 22599 395 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 395 21 876 876 CD 22599 395 22 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 395 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 395 24 . . . 22599 396 1 Where where WRB 22599 396 2 50 50 CD 22599 396 3 garlands garland NNS 22599 396 4 are be VBP 22599 396 5 mentioned mention VBN 22599 396 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 396 7 line line NN 22599 396 8 20 20 CD 22599 396 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 396 10 , , , 22599 396 11 50 50 CD 22599 396 12 is be VBZ 22599 396 13 written write VBN 22599 396 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 396 15 Gwalior Gwalior NNP 22599 396 16 numerals numeral NNS 22599 396 17 50 50 CD 22599 396 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 396 19 . . . 22599 397 1 270 270 CD 22599 397 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 397 3 line line NN 22599 397 4 4 4 CD 22599 397 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 397 6 is be VBZ 22599 397 7 written write VBN 22599 397 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 397 9 Gwalior Gwalior NNP 22599 397 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 397 11 270 270 CD 22599 397 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 397 13 . . . 22599 398 1 " " `` 22599 398 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 398 3 187 187 CD 22599 398 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 398 5 The the DT 22599 398 6 Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i NNP 22599 398 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 398 8 Manuscript[188 Manuscript[188 NNP 22599 398 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 398 10 probably probably RB 22599 398 11 antedates antedate VBZ 22599 398 12 this this DT 22599 398 13 , , , 22599 398 14 using use VBG 22599 398 15 the the DT 22599 398 16 point point NN 22599 398 17 or or CC 22599 398 18 dot dot NN 22599 398 19 as as IN 22599 398 20 a a DT 22599 398 21 zero zero CD 22599 398 22 symbol symbol NN 22599 398 23 . . . 22599 399 1 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 399 2 mentions mention VBZ 22599 399 3 a a DT 22599 399 4 grant grant NN 22599 399 5 of of IN 22599 399 6 Jaika Jaika NNP 22599 399 7 Rashtrakúta Rashtrakúta NNP 22599 399 8 of of IN 22599 399 9 Bharuj Bharuj NNP 22599 399 10 , , , 22599 399 11 found find VBD 22599 399 12 at at IN 22599 399 13 Okamandel Okamandel NNP 22599 399 14 , , , 22599 399 15 of of IN 22599 399 16 date date NN 22599 399 17 738 738 CD 22599 399 18 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 399 19 , , , 22599 399 20 which which WDT 22599 399 21 contains contain VBZ 22599 399 22 a a DT 22599 399 23 zero zero CD 22599 399 24 , , , 22599 399 25 and and CC 22599 399 26 also also RB 22599 399 27 a a DT 22599 399 28 coin coin NN 22599 399 29 with with IN 22599 399 30 indistinct indistinct NNP 22599 399 31 Gupta Gupta NNP 22599 399 32 date date NN 22599 399 33 707 707 CD 22599 399 34 ( ( -LRB- 22599 399 35 897 897 CD 22599 399 36 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 399 37 ) ) -RRB- 22599 399 38 , , , 22599 399 39 but but CC 22599 399 40 the the DT 22599 399 41 reliability reliability NN 22599 399 42 of of IN 22599 399 43 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 399 44 's 's POS 22599 399 45 work work NN 22599 399 46 is be VBZ 22599 399 47 questioned question VBN 22599 399 48 . . . 22599 400 1 As as IN 22599 400 2 has have VBZ 22599 400 3 been be VBN 22599 400 4 noted note VBN 22599 400 5 , , , 22599 400 6 the the DT 22599 400 7 appearance appearance NN 22599 400 8 of of IN 22599 400 9 the the DT 22599 400 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 400 11 in in IN 22599 400 12 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 400 13 and and CC 22599 400 14 on on IN 22599 400 15 coins coin NNS 22599 400 16 would would MD 22599 400 17 be be VB 22599 400 18 of of IN 22599 400 19 much much JJ 22599 400 20 later late JJR 22599 400 21 occurrence occurrence NN 22599 400 22 than than IN 22599 400 23 the the DT 22599 400 24 origin origin NN 22599 400 25 and and CC 22599 400 26 written write VBN 22599 400 27 exposition exposition NN 22599 400 28 of of IN 22599 400 29 the the DT 22599 400 30 system system NN 22599 400 31 . . . 22599 401 1 From from IN 22599 401 2 the the DT 22599 401 3 period period NN 22599 401 4 mentioned mention VBD 22599 401 5 the the DT 22599 401 6 spread spread NN 22599 401 7 was be VBD 22599 401 8 rapid rapid JJ 22599 401 9 over over IN 22599 401 10 all all DT 22599 401 11 of of IN 22599 401 12 India India NNP 22599 401 13 , , , 22599 401 14 save save VB 22599 401 15 the the DT 22599 401 16 southern southern JJ 22599 401 17 part part NN 22599 401 18 , , , 22599 401 19 where where WRB 22599 401 20 the the DT 22599 401 21 Tamil Tamil NNP 22599 401 22 and and CC 22599 401 23 Malayalam Malayalam NNP 22599 401 24 people people NNS 22599 401 25 retain retain VBP 22599 401 26 the the DT 22599 401 27 old old JJ 22599 401 28 system system NN 22599 401 29 even even RB 22599 401 30 to to IN 22599 401 31 the the DT 22599 401 32 present present JJ 22599 401 33 day day NN 22599 401 34 . . . 22599 402 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 402 2 189 189 CD 22599 402 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 402 4 Aside aside RB 22599 402 5 from from IN 22599 402 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 402 7 appearance appearance NN 22599 402 8 in in IN 22599 402 9 early early JJ 22599 402 10 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 402 11 , , , 22599 402 12 there there EX 22599 402 13 is be VBZ 22599 402 14 still still RB 22599 402 15 another another DT 22599 402 16 indication indication NN 22599 402 17 of of IN 22599 402 18 the the DT 22599 402 19 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 402 20 origin origin NN 22599 402 21 of of IN 22599 402 22 the the DT 22599 402 23 symbol symbol NN 22599 402 24 in in IN 22599 402 25 the the DT 22599 402 26 special special JJ 22599 402 27 treatment treatment NN 22599 402 28 of of IN 22599 402 29 the the DT 22599 402 30 concept concept NN 22599 402 31 zero zero CD 22599 402 32 in in IN 22599 402 33 the the DT 22599 402 34 early early JJ 22599 402 35 works work NNS 22599 402 36 on on IN 22599 402 37 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 402 38 . . . 22599 403 1 Brahmagupta Brahmagupta NNP 22599 403 2 , , , 22599 403 3 who who WP 22599 403 4 lived live VBD 22599 403 5 in in IN 22599 403 6 Ujjain Ujjain NNP 22599 403 7 , , , 22599 403 8 the the DT 22599 403 9 center center NN 22599 403 10 of of IN 22599 403 11 Indian Indian NNP 22599 403 12 astronomy,[190 astronomy,[190 NNP 22599 403 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 403 14 in in IN 22599 403 15 the the DT 22599 403 16 early early JJ 22599 403 17 part part NN 22599 403 18 { { -LRB- 22599 403 19 53 53 CD 22599 403 20 } } -RRB- 22599 403 21 of of IN 22599 403 22 the the DT 22599 403 23 seventh seventh JJ 22599 403 24 century century NN 22599 403 25 , , , 22599 403 26 gives give VBZ 22599 403 27 in in IN 22599 403 28 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 403 29 arithmetic[191 arithmetic[191 NN 22599 403 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 403 31 a a DT 22599 403 32 distinct distinct JJ 22599 403 33 treatment treatment NN 22599 403 34 of of IN 22599 403 35 the the DT 22599 403 36 properties property NNS 22599 403 37 of of IN 22599 403 38 zero zero CD 22599 403 39 . . . 22599 404 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 404 2 does do VBZ 22599 404 3 not not RB 22599 404 4 discuss discuss VB 22599 404 5 a a DT 22599 404 6 symbol symbol NN 22599 404 7 , , , 22599 404 8 but but CC 22599 404 9 he -PRON- PRP 22599 404 10 shows show VBZ 22599 404 11 by by IN 22599 404 12 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 404 13 treatment treatment NN 22599 404 14 that that IN 22599 404 15 in in IN 22599 404 16 some some DT 22599 404 17 way way NN 22599 404 18 zero zero CD 22599 404 19 had have VBD 22599 404 20 acquired acquire VBN 22599 404 21 a a DT 22599 404 22 special special JJ 22599 404 23 significance significance NN 22599 404 24 not not RB 22599 404 25 found find VBN 22599 404 26 in in IN 22599 404 27 the the DT 22599 404 28 Greek greek JJ 22599 404 29 or or CC 22599 404 30 other other JJ 22599 404 31 ancient ancient JJ 22599 404 32 arithmetics arithmetic NNS 22599 404 33 . . . 22599 405 1 A a DT 22599 405 2 still still RB 22599 405 3 more more RBR 22599 405 4 scientific scientific JJ 22599 405 5 treatment treatment NN 22599 405 6 is be VBZ 22599 405 7 given give VBN 22599 405 8 by by IN 22599 405 9 Bh[=a]skara,[192 Bh[=a]skara,[192 NNP 22599 405 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 405 11 although although IN 22599 405 12 in in IN 22599 405 13 one one CD 22599 405 14 place place NN 22599 405 15 he -PRON- PRP 22599 405 16 permits permit VBZ 22599 405 17 himself -PRON- PRP 22599 405 18 an an DT 22599 405 19 unallowed unallowed JJ 22599 405 20 liberty liberty NN 22599 405 21 in in IN 22599 405 22 dividing divide VBG 22599 405 23 by by IN 22599 405 24 zero zero CD 22599 405 25 . . . 22599 406 1 The the DT 22599 406 2 most most RBS 22599 406 3 recently recently RB 22599 406 4 discovered discover VBN 22599 406 5 work work NN 22599 406 6 of of IN 22599 406 7 ancient ancient JJ 22599 406 8 Indian indian JJ 22599 406 9 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 406 10 lore lore NN 22599 406 11 , , , 22599 406 12 the the DT 22599 406 13 Ganita Ganita NNP 22599 406 14 - - HYPH 22599 406 15 S[=a]ra S[=a]ra NNP 22599 406 16 - - HYPH 22599 406 17 Sa[.n]graha[193 Sa[.n]graha[193 -LRB- 22599 406 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 406 19 of of IN 22599 406 20 Mah[=a]v[=i]r[=a]c[=a]rya Mah[=a]v[=i]r[=a]c[=a]rya NNP 22599 406 21 ( ( -LRB- 22599 406 22 c. c. NNP 22599 406 23 830 830 CD 22599 406 24 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 406 25 ) ) -RRB- 22599 406 26 , , , 22599 406 27 while while IN 22599 406 28 it -PRON- PRP 22599 406 29 does do VBZ 22599 406 30 not not RB 22599 406 31 use use VB 22599 406 32 the the DT 22599 406 33 numerals numeral NNS 22599 406 34 with with IN 22599 406 35 place place NN 22599 406 36 value value NN 22599 406 37 , , , 22599 406 38 has have VBZ 22599 406 39 a a DT 22599 406 40 similar similar JJ 22599 406 41 discussion discussion NN 22599 406 42 of of IN 22599 406 43 the the DT 22599 406 44 calculation calculation NN 22599 406 45 with with IN 22599 406 46 zero zero CD 22599 406 47 . . . 22599 407 1 What what WP 22599 407 2 suggested suggest VBD 22599 407 3 the the DT 22599 407 4 form form NN 22599 407 5 for for IN 22599 407 6 the the DT 22599 407 7 zero zero CD 22599 407 8 is be VBZ 22599 407 9 , , , 22599 407 10 of of IN 22599 407 11 course course NN 22599 407 12 , , , 22599 407 13 purely purely RB 22599 407 14 a a DT 22599 407 15 matter matter NN 22599 407 16 of of IN 22599 407 17 conjecture conjecture NN 22599 407 18 . . . 22599 408 1 The the DT 22599 408 2 dot dot NN 22599 408 3 , , , 22599 408 4 which which WDT 22599 408 5 the the DT 22599 408 6 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 408 7 used use VBD 22599 408 8 to to TO 22599 408 9 fill fill VB 22599 408 10 up up RP 22599 408 11 lacunæ lacunæ NN 22599 408 12 in in IN 22599 408 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 408 14 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 408 15 , , , 22599 408 16 much much RB 22599 408 17 as as IN 22599 408 18 we -PRON- PRP 22599 408 19 indicate indicate VBP 22599 408 20 a a DT 22599 408 21 break break NN 22599 408 22 in in IN 22599 408 23 a a DT 22599 408 24 sentence,[194 sentence,[194 NN 22599 408 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 408 26 would would MD 22599 408 27 have have VB 22599 408 28 been be VBN 22599 408 29 a a DT 22599 408 30 more more RBR 22599 408 31 natural natural JJ 22599 408 32 symbol symbol NN 22599 408 33 ; ; , 22599 408 34 and and CC 22599 408 35 this this DT 22599 408 36 is be VBZ 22599 408 37 the the DT 22599 408 38 one one CD 22599 408 39 which which WDT 22599 408 40 the the DT 22599 408 41 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 408 42 first first JJ 22599 408 43 used[195 used[195 XX 22599 408 44 ] ] -RRB- 22599 408 45 and and CC 22599 408 46 which which WDT 22599 408 47 most most JJS 22599 408 48 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 408 49 use use VBP 22599 408 50 to to IN 22599 408 51 - - HYPH 22599 408 52 day day NN 22599 408 53 . . . 22599 409 1 There there EX 22599 409 2 was be VBD 22599 409 3 also also RB 22599 409 4 used use VBN 22599 409 5 for for IN 22599 409 6 this this DT 22599 409 7 purpose purpose NN 22599 409 8 a a DT 22599 409 9 cross cross NN 22599 409 10 , , , 22599 409 11 like like IN 22599 409 12 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 409 13 X x NN 22599 409 14 , , , 22599 409 15 and and CC 22599 409 16 this this DT 22599 409 17 is be VBZ 22599 409 18 occasionally occasionally RB 22599 409 19 found find VBN 22599 409 20 as as IN 22599 409 21 a a DT 22599 409 22 zero zero CD 22599 409 23 symbol symbol NN 22599 409 24 . . . 22599 410 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 410 2 196 196 CD 22599 410 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 410 4 In in IN 22599 410 5 the the DT 22599 410 6 Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i NNP 22599 410 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 410 8 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 410 9 above above IN 22599 410 10 mentioned mention VBN 22599 410 11 , , , 22599 410 12 the the DT 22599 410 13 word word NN 22599 410 14 _ _ NNP 22599 410 15 [ [ -LRB- 22599 410 16 ' ' '' 22599 410 17 s][=u]nya s][=u]nya NFP 22599 410 18 _ _ NNP 22599 410 19 , , , 22599 410 20 with with IN 22599 410 21 the the DT 22599 410 22 dot dot NN 22599 410 23 as as IN 22599 410 24 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 410 25 symbol symbol NN 22599 410 26 , , , 22599 410 27 is be VBZ 22599 410 28 used use VBN 22599 410 29 to to TO 22599 410 30 denote denote VB 22599 410 31 the the DT 22599 410 32 unknown unknown JJ 22599 410 33 quantity quantity NN 22599 410 34 , , , 22599 410 35 as as RB 22599 410 36 well well RB 22599 410 37 as as IN 22599 410 38 to to TO 22599 410 39 denote denote VB 22599 410 40 zero zero CD 22599 410 41 . . . 22599 411 1 An an DT 22599 411 2 analogous analogous JJ 22599 411 3 use use NN 22599 411 4 of of IN 22599 411 5 the the DT 22599 411 6 { { -LRB- 22599 411 7 54 54 CD 22599 411 8 } } -RRB- 22599 411 9 zero zero CD 22599 411 10 , , , 22599 411 11 for for IN 22599 411 12 the the DT 22599 411 13 unknown unknown JJ 22599 411 14 quantity quantity NN 22599 411 15 in in IN 22599 411 16 a a DT 22599 411 17 proportion proportion NN 22599 411 18 , , , 22599 411 19 appears appear VBZ 22599 411 20 in in IN 22599 411 21 a a DT 22599 411 22 Latin Latin NNP 22599 411 23 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 411 24 of of IN 22599 411 25 some some DT 22599 411 26 lectures lecture NNS 22599 411 27 by by IN 22599 411 28 Gottfried Gottfried NNP 22599 411 29 Wolack Wolack NNP 22599 411 30 in in IN 22599 411 31 the the DT 22599 411 32 University University NNP 22599 411 33 of of IN 22599 411 34 Erfurt Erfurt NNP 22599 411 35 in in IN 22599 411 36 1467 1467 CD 22599 411 37 and and CC 22599 411 38 1468 1468 CD 22599 411 39 . . . 22599 412 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 412 2 197 197 CD 22599 412 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 412 4 The the DT 22599 412 5 usage usage NN 22599 412 6 was be VBD 22599 412 7 noted note VBN 22599 412 8 even even RB 22599 412 9 as as RB 22599 412 10 early early RB 22599 412 11 as as IN 22599 412 12 the the DT 22599 412 13 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 22599 412 14 century century NN 22599 412 15 . . . 22599 413 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 413 2 198 198 CD 22599 413 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 413 4 The the DT 22599 413 5 small small JJ 22599 413 6 circle circle NN 22599 413 7 was be VBD 22599 413 8 possibly possibly RB 22599 413 9 suggested suggest VBN 22599 413 10 by by IN 22599 413 11 the the DT 22599 413 12 spurred spurred JJ 22599 413 13 circle circle NN 22599 413 14 which which WDT 22599 413 15 was be VBD 22599 413 16 used use VBN 22599 413 17 for for IN 22599 413 18 ten ten CD 22599 413 19 . . . 22599 414 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 414 2 199 199 CD 22599 414 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 414 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 414 5 has have VBZ 22599 414 6 also also RB 22599 414 7 been be VBN 22599 414 8 thought think VBN 22599 414 9 that that IN 22599 414 10 the the DT 22599 414 11 omicron omicron NN 22599 414 12 used use VBN 22599 414 13 by by IN 22599 414 14 Ptolemy Ptolemy NNP 22599 414 15 in in IN 22599 414 16 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 414 17 _ _ NNP 22599 414 18 Almagest Almagest NNP 22599 414 19 _ _ NNP 22599 414 20 , , , 22599 414 21 to to TO 22599 414 22 mark mark VB 22599 414 23 accidental accidental JJ 22599 414 24 blanks blank NNS 22599 414 25 in in IN 22599 414 26 the the DT 22599 414 27 sexagesimal sexagesimal JJ 22599 414 28 system system NN 22599 414 29 which which WDT 22599 414 30 he -PRON- PRP 22599 414 31 employed employ VBD 22599 414 32 , , , 22599 414 33 may may MD 22599 414 34 have have VB 22599 414 35 influenced influence VBN 22599 414 36 the the DT 22599 414 37 Indian indian JJ 22599 414 38 writers writer NNS 22599 414 39 . . . 22599 415 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 415 2 200 200 CD 22599 415 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 415 4 This this DT 22599 415 5 symbol symbol NN 22599 415 6 was be VBD 22599 415 7 used use VBN 22599 415 8 quite quite RB 22599 415 9 generally generally RB 22599 415 10 in in IN 22599 415 11 Europe Europe NNP 22599 415 12 and and CC 22599 415 13 Asia Asia NNP 22599 415 14 , , , 22599 415 15 and and CC 22599 415 16 the the DT 22599 415 17 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 415 18 astronomer astronomer NN 22599 415 19 Al Al NNP 22599 415 20 - - HYPH 22599 415 21 Batt[=a]n[=i][201 Batt[=a]n[=i][201 NNP 22599 415 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 415 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 415 24 died die VBN 22599 415 25 929 929 CD 22599 415 26 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 415 27 ) ) -RRB- 22599 415 28 used use VBD 22599 415 29 a a DT 22599 415 30 similar similar JJ 22599 415 31 symbol symbol NN 22599 415 32 in in IN 22599 415 33 connection connection NN 22599 415 34 with with IN 22599 415 35 the the DT 22599 415 36 alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 415 37 system system NN 22599 415 38 of of IN 22599 415 39 numerals numeral NNS 22599 415 40 . . . 22599 416 1 The the DT 22599 416 2 occasional occasional JJ 22599 416 3 use use NN 22599 416 4 by by IN 22599 416 5 Al Al NNP 22599 416 6 - - HYPH 22599 416 7 Batt[=a]n[=i Batt[=a]n[=i NNP 22599 416 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 416 9 of of IN 22599 416 10 the the DT 22599 416 11 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 416 12 negative negative NN 22599 416 13 , , , 22599 416 14 _ _ NNP 22599 416 15 l[=a l[=a NNP 22599 416 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 416 17 _ _ NNP 22599 416 18 , , , 22599 416 19 to to TO 22599 416 20 indicate indicate VB 22599 416 21 the the DT 22599 416 22 absence absence NN 22599 416 23 of of IN 22599 416 24 minutes minute NNS 22599 416 25 { { -LRB- 22599 416 26 55 55 CD 22599 416 27 } } -RRB- 22599 416 28 ( ( -LRB- 22599 416 29 or or CC 22599 416 30 seconds second NNS 22599 416 31 ) ) -RRB- 22599 416 32 , , , 22599 416 33 is be VBZ 22599 416 34 noted note VBN 22599 416 35 by by IN 22599 416 36 Nallino Nallino NNP 22599 416 37 . . . 22599 417 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 417 2 202 202 CD 22599 417 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 417 4 Noteworthy noteworthy JJ 22599 417 5 is be VBZ 22599 417 6 also also RB 22599 417 7 the the DT 22599 417 8 use use NN 22599 417 9 of of IN 22599 417 10 the the DT 22599 417 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 417 12 Circle Circle NNP 22599 417 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 417 14 for for IN 22599 417 15 unity unity NN 22599 417 16 in in IN 22599 417 17 the the DT 22599 417 18 [ [ -LRB- 22599 417 19 ' ' `` 22599 417 20 S][=a]rad[=a S][=a]rad[=a NNPS 22599 417 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 417 22 characters character NNS 22599 417 23 of of IN 22599 417 24 the the DT 22599 417 25 Kashmirian Kashmirian NNP 22599 417 26 Atharva Atharva NNP 22599 417 27 - - HYPH 22599 417 28 Veda Veda NNP 22599 417 29 , , , 22599 417 30 the the DT 22599 417 31 writing writing NN 22599 417 32 being be VBG 22599 417 33 at at RB 22599 417 34 least least RBS 22599 417 35 400 400 CD 22599 417 36 years year NNS 22599 417 37 old old JJ 22599 417 38 . . . 22599 418 1 Bh[=a]skara Bh[=a]skara NNP 22599 418 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 418 3 c. c. NNP 22599 418 4 1150 1150 CD 22599 418 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 418 6 used use VBD 22599 418 7 a a DT 22599 418 8 small small JJ 22599 418 9 circle circle NN 22599 418 10 above above IN 22599 418 11 a a DT 22599 418 12 number number NN 22599 418 13 to to TO 22599 418 14 indicate indicate VB 22599 418 15 subtraction subtraction NN 22599 418 16 , , , 22599 418 17 and and CC 22599 418 18 in in IN 22599 418 19 the the DT 22599 418 20 Tartar Tartar NNP 22599 418 21 writing write VBG 22599 418 22 a a DT 22599 418 23 redundant redundant JJ 22599 418 24 word word NN 22599 418 25 is be VBZ 22599 418 26 removed remove VBN 22599 418 27 by by IN 22599 418 28 drawing draw VBG 22599 418 29 an an DT 22599 418 30 oval oval NN 22599 418 31 around around IN 22599 418 32 it -PRON- PRP 22599 418 33 . . . 22599 419 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 419 2 would would MD 22599 419 3 be be VB 22599 419 4 interesting interesting JJ 22599 419 5 to to TO 22599 419 6 know know VB 22599 419 7 whether whether IN 22599 419 8 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 419 9 score score NN 22599 419 10 mark mark NN 22599 419 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 419 12 score score NN 22599 419 13 mark mark NNP 22599 419 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 419 15 , , , 22599 419 16 read read VB 22599 419 17 " " `` 22599 419 18 four four CD 22599 419 19 in in IN 22599 419 20 the the DT 22599 419 21 hole hole NN 22599 419 22 , , , 22599 419 23 " " '' 22599 419 24 could could MD 22599 419 25 trace trace VB 22599 419 26 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 419 27 pedigree pedigree NN 22599 419 28 to to IN 22599 419 29 the the DT 22599 419 30 same same JJ 22599 419 31 sources source NNS 22599 419 32 . . . 22599 420 1 O'Creat[203 o'creat[203 LS 22599 420 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 420 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 420 4 c. c. NNP 22599 420 5 1130 1130 CD 22599 420 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 420 7 , , , 22599 420 8 in in IN 22599 420 9 a a DT 22599 420 10 letter letter NN 22599 420 11 to to IN 22599 420 12 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 420 13 teacher teacher NN 22599 420 14 , , , 22599 420 15 Adelhard Adelhard NNP 22599 420 16 of of IN 22599 420 17 Bath Bath NNP 22599 420 18 , , , 22599 420 19 uses use VBZ 22599 420 20 [ [ -LRB- 22599 420 21 Greek Greek NNP 22599 420 22 : : : 22599 420 23 t t LS 22599 420 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 420 25 for for IN 22599 420 26 zero zero CD 22599 420 27 , , , 22599 420 28 being be VBG 22599 420 29 an an DT 22599 420 30 abbreviation abbreviation NN 22599 420 31 for for IN 22599 420 32 the the DT 22599 420 33 word word NN 22599 420 34 _ _ NNP 22599 420 35 teca teca NNP 22599 420 36 _ _ NNP 22599 420 37 which which WDT 22599 420 38 we -PRON- PRP 22599 420 39 shall shall MD 22599 420 40 see see VB 22599 420 41 was be VBD 22599 420 42 one one CD 22599 420 43 of of IN 22599 420 44 the the DT 22599 420 45 names name NNS 22599 420 46 used use VBN 22599 420 47 for for IN 22599 420 48 zero zero CD 22599 420 49 , , , 22599 420 50 although although IN 22599 420 51 it -PRON- PRP 22599 420 52 could could MD 22599 420 53 quite quite RB 22599 420 54 as as RB 22599 420 55 well well RB 22599 420 56 be be VB 22599 420 57 from from IN 22599 420 58 [ [ -LRB- 22599 420 59 Greek Greek NNP 22599 420 60 : : : 22599 420 61 tziphra tziphra NN 22599 420 62 ] ] -RRB- 22599 420 63 . . . 22599 421 1 More more RBR 22599 421 2 rarely rarely RB 22599 421 3 O'Creat O'Creat NNP 22599 421 4 uses use VBZ 22599 421 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 421 6 circle circle NN 22599 421 7 with with IN 22599 421 8 bar bar NN 22599 421 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 421 10 , , , 22599 421 11 applying apply VBG 22599 421 12 the the DT 22599 421 13 name name NN 22599 421 14 _ _ NNP 22599 421 15 cyfra cyfra NN 22599 421 16 _ _ NNP 22599 421 17 to to IN 22599 421 18 both both DT 22599 421 19 forms form NNS 22599 421 20 . . . 22599 422 1 Frater Frater NNP 22599 422 2 Sigsboto[204 sigsboto[204 CD 22599 422 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 422 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 422 5 c. c. NNP 22599 422 6 1150 1150 CD 22599 422 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 422 8 uses use VBZ 22599 422 9 the the DT 22599 422 10 same same JJ 22599 422 11 symbol symbol NN 22599 422 12 . . . 22599 423 1 Other other JJ 22599 423 2 peculiar peculiar JJ 22599 423 3 forms form NNS 22599 423 4 are be VBP 22599 423 5 noted note VBN 22599 423 6 by by IN 22599 423 7 Heiberg[205 heiberg[205 CD 22599 423 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 423 9 as as IN 22599 423 10 being be VBG 22599 423 11 in in IN 22599 423 12 use use NN 22599 423 13 among among IN 22599 423 14 the the DT 22599 423 15 Byzantine Byzantine NNP 22599 423 16 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 423 17 in in IN 22599 423 18 the the DT 22599 423 19 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 423 20 century century NN 22599 423 21 . . . 22599 424 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 424 2 is be VBZ 22599 424 3 evident evident JJ 22599 424 4 from from IN 22599 424 5 the the DT 22599 424 6 text text NN 22599 424 7 that that WDT 22599 424 8 some some DT 22599 424 9 of of IN 22599 424 10 these these DT 22599 424 11 writers writer NNS 22599 424 12 did do VBD 22599 424 13 not not RB 22599 424 14 understand understand VB 22599 424 15 the the DT 22599 424 16 import import NN 22599 424 17 of of IN 22599 424 18 the the DT 22599 424 19 new new JJ 22599 424 20 system system NN 22599 424 21 . . . 22599 425 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 425 2 206 206 CD 22599 425 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 425 4 Although although IN 22599 425 5 the the DT 22599 425 6 dot dot NN 22599 425 7 was be VBD 22599 425 8 used use VBN 22599 425 9 at at IN 22599 425 10 first first RB 22599 425 11 in in IN 22599 425 12 India India NNP 22599 425 13 , , , 22599 425 14 as as IN 22599 425 15 noted note VBN 22599 425 16 above above IN 22599 425 17 , , , 22599 425 18 the the DT 22599 425 19 small small JJ 22599 425 20 circle circle NN 22599 425 21 later later RB 22599 425 22 replaced replace VBD 22599 425 23 it -PRON- PRP 22599 425 24 and and CC 22599 425 25 continues continue VBZ 22599 425 26 in in IN 22599 425 27 use use NN 22599 425 28 to to IN 22599 425 29 this this DT 22599 425 30 day day NN 22599 425 31 . . . 22599 426 1 The the DT 22599 426 2 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 426 3 , , , 22599 426 4 however however RB 22599 426 5 , , , 22599 426 6 did do VBD 22599 426 7 not not RB 22599 426 8 adopt adopt VB 22599 426 9 the the DT 22599 426 10 { { -LRB- 22599 426 11 56 56 CD 22599 426 12 } } -RRB- 22599 426 13 circle circle NN 22599 426 14 , , , 22599 426 15 since since IN 22599 426 16 it -PRON- PRP 22599 426 17 bore bear VBD 22599 426 18 some some DT 22599 426 19 resemblance resemblance NN 22599 426 20 to to IN 22599 426 21 the the DT 22599 426 22 letter letter NN 22599 426 23 which which WDT 22599 426 24 expressed express VBD 22599 426 25 the the DT 22599 426 26 number number NN 22599 426 27 five five CD 22599 426 28 in in IN 22599 426 29 the the DT 22599 426 30 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 426 31 system system NN 22599 426 32 . . . 22599 427 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 427 2 207 207 CD 22599 427 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 427 4 The the DT 22599 427 5 earliest early JJS 22599 427 6 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 427 7 zero zero CD 22599 427 8 known know VBN 22599 427 9 is be VBZ 22599 427 10 the the DT 22599 427 11 dot dot NN 22599 427 12 , , , 22599 427 13 used use VBN 22599 427 14 in in IN 22599 427 15 a a DT 22599 427 16 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 427 17 of of IN 22599 427 18 873 873 CD 22599 427 19 A.D.[208 A.D.[208 NNS 22599 427 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 427 21 Sometimes sometimes RB 22599 427 22 both both CC 22599 427 23 the the DT 22599 427 24 dot dot NN 22599 427 25 and and CC 22599 427 26 the the DT 22599 427 27 circle circle NN 22599 427 28 are be VBP 22599 427 29 used use VBN 22599 427 30 in in IN 22599 427 31 the the DT 22599 427 32 same same JJ 22599 427 33 work work NN 22599 427 34 , , , 22599 427 35 having have VBG 22599 427 36 the the DT 22599 427 37 same same JJ 22599 427 38 meaning meaning NN 22599 427 39 , , , 22599 427 40 which which WDT 22599 427 41 is be VBZ 22599 427 42 the the DT 22599 427 43 case case NN 22599 427 44 in in IN 22599 427 45 an an DT 22599 427 46 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 427 47 MS MS NNP 22599 427 48 . . NNP 22599 427 49 , , , 22599 427 50 an an DT 22599 427 51 abridged abridge VBN 22599 427 52 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 427 53 of of IN 22599 427 54 Jamshid,[209 Jamshid,[209 NNP 22599 427 55 ] ] -RRB- 22599 427 56 982 982 CD 22599 427 57 A.H. A.H. NNP 22599 427 58 ( ( -LRB- 22599 427 59 1575 1575 CD 22599 427 60 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 427 61 ) ) -RRB- 22599 427 62 . . . 22599 428 1 As as IN 22599 428 2 given give VBN 22599 428 3 in in IN 22599 428 4 this this DT 22599 428 5 work work NN 22599 428 6 the the DT 22599 428 7 numerals numeral NNS 22599 428 8 are be VBP 22599 428 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 428 10 symbols symbol NNS 22599 428 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 428 12 . . . 22599 429 1 The the DT 22599 429 2 form form NN 22599 429 3 for for IN 22599 429 4 5 5 CD 22599 429 5 varies varie NNS 22599 429 6 , , , 22599 429 7 in in IN 22599 429 8 some some DT 22599 429 9 works work NNS 22599 429 10 becoming become VBG 22599 429 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 429 12 symbol symbol NN 22599 429 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 429 14 or or CC 22599 429 15 [ [ -LRB- 22599 429 16 symbol symbol NN 22599 429 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 429 18 ; ; : 22599 429 19 [ [ -LRB- 22599 429 20 symbol symbol NN 22599 429 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 429 22 is be VBZ 22599 429 23 found find VBN 22599 429 24 in in IN 22599 429 25 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 429 26 and and CC 22599 429 27 [ [ -LRB- 22599 429 28 symbol symbol NN 22599 429 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 429 30 appears appear VBZ 22599 429 31 in in IN 22599 429 32 some some DT 22599 429 33 fonts font NNS 22599 429 34 of of IN 22599 429 35 type type NN 22599 429 36 . . . 22599 430 1 To to IN 22599 430 2 - - HYPH 22599 430 3 day day NN 22599 430 4 the the DT 22599 430 5 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 430 6 use use VBP 22599 430 7 the the DT 22599 430 8 0 0 CD 22599 430 9 only only RB 22599 430 10 when when WRB 22599 430 11 , , , 22599 430 12 under under IN 22599 430 13 European european JJ 22599 430 14 influence influence NN 22599 430 15 , , , 22599 430 16 they -PRON- PRP 22599 430 17 adopt adopt VBP 22599 430 18 the the DT 22599 430 19 ordinary ordinary JJ 22599 430 20 system system NN 22599 430 21 . . . 22599 431 1 Among among IN 22599 431 2 the the DT 22599 431 3 Chinese Chinese NNPS 22599 431 4 the the DT 22599 431 5 first first JJ 22599 431 6 definite definite JJ 22599 431 7 trace trace NN 22599 431 8 of of IN 22599 431 9 zero zero CD 22599 431 10 is be VBZ 22599 431 11 in in IN 22599 431 12 the the DT 22599 431 13 work work NN 22599 431 14 of of IN 22599 431 15 Tsin[210 tsin[210 CD 22599 431 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 431 17 of of IN 22599 431 18 1247 1247 CD 22599 431 19 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 432 1 The the DT 22599 432 2 form form NN 22599 432 3 is be VBZ 22599 432 4 the the DT 22599 432 5 circular circular JJ 22599 432 6 one one CD 22599 432 7 of of IN 22599 432 8 the the DT 22599 432 9 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 432 10 , , , 22599 432 11 and and CC 22599 432 12 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 22599 432 13 was be VBD 22599 432 14 brought bring VBN 22599 432 15 to to IN 22599 432 16 China China NNP 22599 432 17 by by IN 22599 432 18 some some DT 22599 432 19 traveler traveler NN 22599 432 20 . . . 22599 433 1 The the DT 22599 433 2 name name NN 22599 433 3 of of IN 22599 433 4 this this DT 22599 433 5 all all RB 22599 433 6 - - HYPH 22599 433 7 important important JJ 22599 433 8 symbol symbol NN 22599 433 9 also also RB 22599 433 10 demands demand VBZ 22599 433 11 some some DT 22599 433 12 attention attention NN 22599 433 13 , , , 22599 433 14 especially especially RB 22599 433 15 as as IN 22599 433 16 we -PRON- PRP 22599 433 17 are be VBP 22599 433 18 even even RB 22599 433 19 yet yet RB 22599 433 20 quite quite RB 22599 433 21 undecided undecided JJ 22599 433 22 as as IN 22599 433 23 to to IN 22599 433 24 what what WP 22599 433 25 to to TO 22599 433 26 call call VB 22599 433 27 it -PRON- PRP 22599 433 28 . . . 22599 434 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 434 2 speak speak VBP 22599 434 3 of of IN 22599 434 4 it -PRON- PRP 22599 434 5 to to IN 22599 434 6 - - HYPH 22599 434 7 day day NN 22599 434 8 as as IN 22599 434 9 _ _ NNP 22599 434 10 zero zero CD 22599 434 11 , , , 22599 434 12 naught naught JJ 22599 434 13 _ _ NNP 22599 434 14 , , , 22599 434 15 and and CC 22599 434 16 even even RB 22599 434 17 _ _ NNP 22599 434 18 cipher cipher NN 22599 434 19 _ _ NNP 22599 434 20 ; ; : 22599 434 21 the the DT 22599 434 22 telephone telephone NN 22599 434 23 operator operator NN 22599 434 24 often often RB 22599 434 25 calls call VBZ 22599 434 26 it -PRON- PRP 22599 434 27 _ _ NNP 22599 434 28 O o UH 22599 434 29 _ _ NNP 22599 434 30 , , , 22599 434 31 and and CC 22599 434 32 the the DT 22599 434 33 illiterate illiterate JJ 22599 434 34 or or CC 22599 434 35 careless careless JJ 22599 434 36 person person NN 22599 434 37 calls call VBZ 22599 434 38 it -PRON- PRP 22599 434 39 _ _ NNP 22599 434 40 aught aught VBD 22599 434 41 _ _ NNP 22599 434 42 . . . 22599 435 1 In in IN 22599 435 2 view view NN 22599 435 3 of of IN 22599 435 4 all all PDT 22599 435 5 this this DT 22599 435 6 uncertainty uncertainty NN 22599 435 7 we -PRON- PRP 22599 435 8 may may MD 22599 435 9 well well RB 22599 435 10 inquire inquire VB 22599 435 11 what what WP 22599 435 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 435 13 has have VBZ 22599 435 14 been be VBN 22599 435 15 called call VBN 22599 435 16 in in IN 22599 435 17 the the DT 22599 435 18 past past NN 22599 435 19 . . . 22599 436 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 436 2 211 211 CD 22599 436 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 436 4 { { -LRB- 22599 436 5 57 57 CD 22599 436 6 } } -RRB- 22599 436 7 As as IN 22599 436 8 already already RB 22599 436 9 stated state VBN 22599 436 10 , , , 22599 436 11 the the DT 22599 436 12 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 436 13 called call VBD 22599 436 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 436 15 _ _ NNP 22599 436 16 [ [ -LRB- 22599 436 17 ' ' '' 22599 436 18 s][=u]nya s][=u]nya : 22599 436 19 _ _ NNP 22599 436 20 , , , 22599 436 21 " " '' 22599 436 22 void void JJ 22599 436 23 . . . 22599 437 1 " " `` 22599 437 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 437 3 212 212 CD 22599 437 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 437 5 This this DT 22599 437 6 passed pass VBD 22599 437 7 over over RP 22599 437 8 into into IN 22599 437 9 the the DT 22599 437 10 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 437 11 as as IN 22599 437 12 _ _ NNP 22599 437 13 a[s.]-[s.]ifr a[s.]-[s.]ifr NNP 22599 437 14 _ _ NNP 22599 437 15 or or CC 22599 437 16 _ _ NNP 22599 437 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 437 18 s.]ifr s.]ifr NN 22599 437 19 _ _ NNP 22599 437 20 . . . 22599 438 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 438 2 213 213 CD 22599 438 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 438 4 When when WRB 22599 438 5 Leonard Leonard NNP 22599 438 6 of of IN 22599 438 7 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 438 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 438 9 1202 1202 CD 22599 438 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 438 11 wrote write VBD 22599 438 12 upon upon IN 22599 438 13 the the DT 22599 438 14 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 438 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 438 16 he -PRON- PRP 22599 438 17 spoke speak VBD 22599 438 18 of of IN 22599 438 19 this this DT 22599 438 20 character character NN 22599 438 21 as as IN 22599 438 22 _ _ NNP 22599 438 23 zephirum zephirum NNP 22599 438 24 _ _ NNP 22599 438 25 . . . 22599 439 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 439 2 214 214 CD 22599 439 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 439 4 Maximus Maximus NNP 22599 439 5 Planudes Planudes NNP 22599 439 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 439 7 1330 1330 CD 22599 439 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 439 9 , , , 22599 439 10 writing write VBG 22599 439 11 under under IN 22599 439 12 both both CC 22599 439 13 the the DT 22599 439 14 Greek Greek NNP 22599 439 15 and and CC 22599 439 16 the the DT 22599 439 17 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 439 18 influence influence NN 22599 439 19 , , , 22599 439 20 called call VBD 22599 439 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 439 22 _ _ NNP 22599 439 23 tziphra tziphra NNP 22599 439 24 _ _ NNP 22599 439 25 . . . 22599 440 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 440 2 215 215 CD 22599 440 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 440 4 In in IN 22599 440 5 a a DT 22599 440 6 treatise treatise NN 22599 440 7 on on IN 22599 440 8 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 440 9 written write VBN 22599 440 10 in in IN 22599 440 11 the the DT 22599 440 12 Italian italian JJ 22599 440 13 language language NN 22599 440 14 by by IN 22599 440 15 Jacob Jacob NNP 22599 440 16 of of IN 22599 440 17 Florence[216 Florence[216 NNP 22599 440 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 440 19 { { -LRB- 22599 440 20 58 58 CD 22599 440 21 } } -RRB- 22599 440 22 ( ( -LRB- 22599 440 23 1307 1307 CD 22599 440 24 ) ) -RRB- 22599 440 25 it -PRON- PRP 22599 440 26 is be VBZ 22599 440 27 called call VBN 22599 440 28 _ _ NNP 22599 440 29 zeuero_,[217 zeuero_,[217 NNP 22599 440 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 440 31 while while IN 22599 440 32 in in IN 22599 440 33 an an DT 22599 440 34 arithmetic arithmetic NN 22599 440 35 of of IN 22599 440 36 Giovanni Giovanni NNP 22599 440 37 di di FW 22599 440 38 Danti Danti NNP 22599 440 39 of of IN 22599 440 40 Arezzo Arezzo NNP 22599 440 41 ( ( -LRB- 22599 440 42 1370 1370 CD 22599 440 43 ) ) -RRB- 22599 440 44 the the DT 22599 440 45 word word NN 22599 440 46 appears appear VBZ 22599 440 47 as as IN 22599 440 48 _ _ NNP 22599 440 49 çeuero çeuero NNP 22599 440 50 _ _ NNP 22599 440 51 . . . 22599 441 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 441 2 218 218 CD 22599 441 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 441 4 Another another DT 22599 441 5 form form NN 22599 441 6 is be VBZ 22599 441 7 _ _ NNP 22599 441 8 zepiro_,[219 zepiro_,[219 NNP 22599 441 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 441 10 which which WDT 22599 441 11 was be VBD 22599 441 12 also also RB 22599 441 13 a a DT 22599 441 14 step step NN 22599 441 15 from from IN 22599 441 16 _ _ NNP 22599 441 17 zephirum zephirum NNP 22599 441 18 _ _ NNP 22599 441 19 to to IN 22599 441 20 zero zero CD 22599 441 21 . . . 22599 442 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 442 2 220 220 CD 22599 442 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 442 4 Of of RB 22599 442 5 course course RB 22599 442 6 the the DT 22599 442 7 English English NNP 22599 442 8 _ _ NNP 22599 442 9 cipher cipher NN 22599 442 10 _ _ NNP 22599 442 11 , , , 22599 442 12 French French NNP 22599 442 13 _ _ NNP 22599 442 14 chiffre chiffre NNP 22599 442 15 _ _ NNP 22599 442 16 , , , 22599 442 17 is be VBZ 22599 442 18 derived derive VBN 22599 442 19 from from IN 22599 442 20 the the DT 22599 442 21 same same JJ 22599 442 22 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 442 23 word word NN 22599 442 24 , , , 22599 442 25 _ _ NNP 22599 442 26 a[s.]-[s.]ifr a[s.]-[s.]ifr NNP 22599 442 27 _ _ NNP 22599 442 28 , , , 22599 442 29 but but CC 22599 442 30 in in IN 22599 442 31 several several JJ 22599 442 32 languages language NNS 22599 442 33 it -PRON- PRP 22599 442 34 has have VBZ 22599 442 35 come come VBN 22599 442 36 to to TO 22599 442 37 mean mean VB 22599 442 38 the the DT 22599 442 39 numeral numeral JJ 22599 442 40 figures figure NNS 22599 442 41 in in IN 22599 442 42 general general JJ 22599 442 43 . . . 22599 443 1 A a DT 22599 443 2 trace trace NN 22599 443 3 of of IN 22599 443 4 this this DT 22599 443 5 appears appear VBZ 22599 443 6 in in IN 22599 443 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 443 8 word word NN 22599 443 9 _ _ NNP 22599 443 10 ciphering cipher VBG 22599 443 11 _ _ NNP 22599 443 12 , , , 22599 443 13 meaning mean VBG 22599 443 14 figuring figuring NN 22599 443 15 or or CC 22599 443 16 computing compute VBG 22599 443 17 . . . 22599 444 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 444 2 221 221 CD 22599 444 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 444 4 Johann Johann NNP 22599 444 5 Huswirt[222 Huswirt[222 NNP 22599 444 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 444 7 uses use VBZ 22599 444 8 the the DT 22599 444 9 word word NN 22599 444 10 with with IN 22599 444 11 both both DT 22599 444 12 meanings meaning NNS 22599 444 13 ; ; : 22599 444 14 he -PRON- PRP 22599 444 15 gives give VBZ 22599 444 16 for for IN 22599 444 17 the the DT 22599 444 18 tenth tenth JJ 22599 444 19 character character NN 22599 444 20 the the DT 22599 444 21 four four CD 22599 444 22 names name NNS 22599 444 23 _ _ NNP 22599 444 24 theca theca NNP 22599 444 25 , , , 22599 444 26 circulus circulus NNP 22599 444 27 , , , 22599 444 28 cifra cifra NNP 22599 444 29 _ _ NNP 22599 444 30 , , , 22599 444 31 and and CC 22599 444 32 _ _ NNP 22599 444 33 figura figura NNP 22599 444 34 nihili nihili NNP 22599 444 35 _ _ NNP 22599 444 36 . . . 22599 445 1 In in IN 22599 445 2 this this DT 22599 445 3 statement statement NN 22599 445 4 Huswirt huswirt NN 22599 445 5 probably probably RB 22599 445 6 follows follow VBZ 22599 445 7 , , , 22599 445 8 as as IN 22599 445 9 did do VBD 22599 445 10 many many JJ 22599 445 11 writers writer NNS 22599 445 12 of of IN 22599 445 13 that that DT 22599 445 14 period period NN 22599 445 15 , , , 22599 445 16 the the DT 22599 445 17 _ _ NNP 22599 445 18 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 445 19 _ _ NNP 22599 445 20 of of IN 22599 445 21 Johannes Johannes NNP 22599 445 22 de de NNP 22599 445 23 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 445 24 ( ( -LRB- 22599 445 25 c. c. NNP 22599 445 26 1250 1250 CD 22599 445 27 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 445 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 445 29 , , , 22599 445 30 who who WP 22599 445 31 was be VBD 22599 445 32 also also RB 22599 445 33 known know VBN 22599 445 34 as as IN 22599 445 35 John John NNP 22599 445 36 of of IN 22599 445 37 Halifax Halifax NNP 22599 445 38 or or CC 22599 445 39 John John NNP 22599 445 40 of of IN 22599 445 41 Holywood Holywood NNP 22599 445 42 . . . 22599 446 1 The the DT 22599 446 2 commentary commentary NN 22599 446 3 of of IN 22599 446 4 { { -LRB- 22599 446 5 59 59 CD 22599 446 6 } } -RRB- 22599 446 7 Petrus Petrus NNP 22599 446 8 de de NNP 22599 446 9 Dacia[223 Dacia[223 NNP 22599 446 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 446 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 446 12 c. c. NNP 22599 446 13 1291 1291 CD 22599 446 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 446 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 446 16 on on IN 22599 446 17 the the DT 22599 446 18 _ _ NNP 22599 446 19 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 446 20 vulgaris vulgaris NN 22599 446 21 _ _ NNP 22599 446 22 of of IN 22599 446 23 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 446 24 was be VBD 22599 446 25 also also RB 22599 446 26 widely widely RB 22599 446 27 used use VBN 22599 446 28 . . . 22599 447 1 The the DT 22599 447 2 widespread widespread JJ 22599 447 3 use use NN 22599 447 4 of of IN 22599 447 5 this this DT 22599 447 6 Englishman Englishman NNP 22599 447 7 's 's POS 22599 447 8 work work NN 22599 447 9 on on IN 22599 447 10 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 447 11 in in IN 22599 447 12 the the DT 22599 447 13 universities university NNS 22599 447 14 of of IN 22599 447 15 that that DT 22599 447 16 time time NN 22599 447 17 is be VBZ 22599 447 18 attested attest VBN 22599 447 19 by by IN 22599 447 20 the the DT 22599 447 21 large large JJ 22599 447 22 number[224 number[224 NN 22599 447 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 447 24 of of IN 22599 447 25 MSS MSS NNP 22599 447 26 . . . 22599 448 1 from from IN 22599 448 2 the the DT 22599 448 3 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 448 4 to to IN 22599 448 5 the the DT 22599 448 6 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 448 7 century century NN 22599 448 8 still still RB 22599 448 9 extant extant JJ 22599 448 10 , , , 22599 448 11 twenty twenty CD 22599 448 12 in in IN 22599 448 13 Munich Munich NNP 22599 448 14 , , , 22599 448 15 twelve twelve CD 22599 448 16 in in IN 22599 448 17 Vienna Vienna NNP 22599 448 18 , , , 22599 448 19 thirteen thirteen CD 22599 448 20 in in IN 22599 448 21 Erfurt Erfurt NNP 22599 448 22 , , , 22599 448 23 several several JJ 22599 448 24 in in IN 22599 448 25 England England NNP 22599 448 26 given give VBN 22599 448 27 by by IN 22599 448 28 Halliwell,[225 Halliwell,[225 NNP 22599 448 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 448 30 ten ten CD 22599 448 31 listed list VBN 22599 448 32 in in IN 22599 448 33 Coxe Coxe NNP 22599 448 34 's 's POS 22599 448 35 _ _ NNP 22599 448 36 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 22599 448 37 of of IN 22599 448 38 the the DT 22599 448 39 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 448 40 College College NNP 22599 448 41 Library Library NNP 22599 448 42 _ _ NNP 22599 448 43 , , , 22599 448 44 one one CD 22599 448 45 in in IN 22599 448 46 the the DT 22599 448 47 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 448 48 collection,[226 collection,[226 NN 22599 448 49 ] ] -RRB- 22599 448 50 one one CD 22599 448 51 in in IN 22599 448 52 the the DT 22599 448 53 Columbia Columbia NNP 22599 448 54 University University NNP 22599 448 55 Library Library NNP 22599 448 56 , , , 22599 448 57 and and CC 22599 448 58 , , , 22599 448 59 of of IN 22599 448 60 course course NN 22599 448 61 , , , 22599 448 62 many many JJ 22599 448 63 others other NNS 22599 448 64 . . . 22599 449 1 From from IN 22599 449 2 _ _ NNP 22599 449 3 a[s.]-[s.]ifr a[s.]-[s.]ifr NNP 22599 449 4 _ _ NNP 22599 449 5 has have VBZ 22599 449 6 come come VBN 22599 449 7 _ _ NNP 22599 449 8 zephyr zephyr NNP 22599 449 9 , , , 22599 449 10 cipher cipher NN 22599 449 11 , , , 22599 449 12 _ _ NNP 22599 449 13 and and CC 22599 449 14 finally finally RB 22599 449 15 the the DT 22599 449 16 abridged abridge VBN 22599 449 17 form form NN 22599 449 18 _ _ NNP 22599 449 19 zero zero NNP 22599 449 20 _ _ NNP 22599 449 21 . . . 22599 450 1 The the DT 22599 450 2 earliest early JJS 22599 450 3 printed print VBN 22599 450 4 work work NN 22599 450 5 in in IN 22599 450 6 which which WDT 22599 450 7 is be VBZ 22599 450 8 found find VBN 22599 450 9 this this DT 22599 450 10 final final JJ 22599 450 11 form form NN 22599 450 12 appears appear VBZ 22599 450 13 to to TO 22599 450 14 be be VB 22599 450 15 Calandri Calandri NNP 22599 450 16 's 's POS 22599 450 17 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 450 18 of of IN 22599 450 19 1491,[227 1491,[227 NN 22599 450 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 450 21 while while IN 22599 450 22 in in IN 22599 450 23 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 450 24 it -PRON- PRP 22599 450 25 appears appear VBZ 22599 450 26 at at IN 22599 450 27 least least JJS 22599 450 28 as as RB 22599 450 29 early early RB 22599 450 30 as as IN 22599 450 31 the the DT 22599 450 32 middle middle NN 22599 450 33 of of IN 22599 450 34 the the DT 22599 450 35 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 450 36 century century NN 22599 450 37 . . . 22599 451 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 451 2 228 228 CD 22599 451 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 451 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 451 5 also also RB 22599 451 6 appears appear VBZ 22599 451 7 in in IN 22599 451 8 a a DT 22599 451 9 work work NN 22599 451 10 , , , 22599 451 11 _ _ NNP 22599 451 12 Le Le NNP 22599 451 13 Kadran Kadran NNP 22599 451 14 des des NNP 22599 451 15 marchans marchan NNS 22599 451 16 _ _ NNP 22599 451 17 , , , 22599 451 18 by by IN 22599 451 19 Jehan Jehan NNP 22599 451 20 { { -LRB- 22599 451 21 60 60 CD 22599 451 22 } } -RRB- 22599 451 23 Certain,[229 Certain,[229 NNP 22599 451 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 451 25 written write VBN 22599 451 26 in in IN 22599 451 27 1485 1485 CD 22599 451 28 . . . 22599 452 1 This this DT 22599 452 2 word word NN 22599 452 3 soon soon RB 22599 452 4 became become VBD 22599 452 5 fairly fairly RB 22599 452 6 well well RB 22599 452 7 known known JJ 22599 452 8 in in IN 22599 452 9 Spain[230 spain[230 CD 22599 452 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 452 11 and and CC 22599 452 12 France France NNP 22599 452 13 . . . 22599 453 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 453 2 231 231 CD 22599 453 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 453 4 The the DT 22599 453 5 medieval medieval JJ 22599 453 6 writers writer NNS 22599 453 7 also also RB 22599 453 8 spoke speak VBD 22599 453 9 of of IN 22599 453 10 it -PRON- PRP 22599 453 11 as as IN 22599 453 12 the the DT 22599 453 13 _ _ NNP 22599 453 14 sipos_,[232 sipos_,[232 NNP 22599 453 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 453 16 and and CC 22599 453 17 occasionally occasionally RB 22599 453 18 as as IN 22599 453 19 the the DT 22599 453 20 _ _ NNP 22599 453 21 wheel_,[233 wheel_,[233 NNP 22599 453 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 453 23 _ _ NNP 22599 453 24 circulus_[234 circulus_[234 NNP 22599 453 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 453 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 453 27 in in IN 22599 453 28 German german JJ 22599 453 29 _ _ NNP 22599 453 30 das das NNP 22599 453 31 Ringlein_[235 Ringlein_[235 NNP 22599 453 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 453 33 ) ) -RRB- 22599 453 34 , , , 22599 453 35 _ _ NNP 22599 453 36 circular circular JJ 22599 453 37 { { -LRB- 22599 453 38 61 61 CD 22599 453 39 } } -RRB- 22599 453 40 note_,[236 note_,[236 NNP 22599 453 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 453 42 _ _ NNP 22599 453 43 theca_,[237 theca_,[237 NNP 22599 453 44 ] ] -RRB- 22599 453 45 long long RB 22599 453 46 supposed suppose VBN 22599 453 47 to to TO 22599 453 48 be be VB 22599 453 49 from from IN 22599 453 50 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 453 51 resemblance resemblance NN 22599 453 52 to to IN 22599 453 53 the the DT 22599 453 54 Greek greek JJ 22599 453 55 theta theta NN 22599 453 56 , , , 22599 453 57 but but CC 22599 453 58 explained explain VBN 22599 453 59 by by IN 22599 453 60 Petrus Petrus NNP 22599 453 61 de de IN 22599 453 62 Dacia Dacia NNP 22599 453 63 as as IN 22599 453 64 being be VBG 22599 453 65 derived derive VBN 22599 453 66 from from IN 22599 453 67 the the DT 22599 453 68 name name NN 22599 453 69 of of IN 22599 453 70 the the DT 22599 453 71 iron[238 iron[238 NN 22599 453 72 ] ] -RRB- 22599 453 73 used use VBN 22599 453 74 to to TO 22599 453 75 brand brand VB 22599 453 76 thieves thief NNS 22599 453 77 and and CC 22599 453 78 robbers robber NNS 22599 453 79 with with IN 22599 453 80 a a DT 22599 453 81 circular circular JJ 22599 453 82 mark mark NN 22599 453 83 placed place VBN 22599 453 84 on on IN 22599 453 85 the the DT 22599 453 86 forehead forehead NN 22599 453 87 or or CC 22599 453 88 on on IN 22599 453 89 the the DT 22599 453 90 cheek cheek NN 22599 453 91 . . . 22599 454 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 454 2 was be VBD 22599 454 3 also also RB 22599 454 4 called call VBN 22599 454 5 _ _ NNP 22599 454 6 omicron_[239 omicron_[239 NNP 22599 454 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 454 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 454 9 the the DT 22599 454 10 Greek Greek NNP 22599 454 11 _ _ NNP 22599 454 12 o o NNP 22599 454 13 _ _ NNP 22599 454 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 454 15 , , , 22599 454 16 being be VBG 22599 454 17 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 454 18 written write VBN 22599 454 19 õ õ NN 22599 454 20 or or CC 22599 454 21 [ [ -LRB- 22599 454 22 Greek Greek NNP 22599 454 23 : : : 22599 454 24 ph ph LS 22599 454 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 454 26 to to TO 22599 454 27 distinguish distinguish VB 22599 454 28 it -PRON- PRP 22599 454 29 from from IN 22599 454 30 the the DT 22599 454 31 letter letter NN 22599 454 32 _ _ NNP 22599 454 33 o o XX 22599 454 34 _ _ NNP 22599 454 35 . . . 22599 455 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 455 2 also also RB 22599 455 3 went go VBD 22599 455 4 by by IN 22599 455 5 the the DT 22599 455 6 name name NN 22599 455 7 _ _ NNP 22599 455 8 null_[240 null_[240 NNP 22599 455 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 455 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 455 11 in in IN 22599 455 12 the the DT 22599 455 13 Latin latin JJ 22599 455 14 books book NNS 22599 455 15 { { -LRB- 22599 455 16 62 62 CD 22599 455 17 } } -RRB- 22599 455 18 _ _ NNP 22599 455 19 nihil_[241 nihil_[241 NNP 22599 455 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 455 21 or or CC 22599 455 22 _ _ NNP 22599 455 23 nulla_,[242 nulla_,[242 NNP 22599 455 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 455 25 and and CC 22599 455 26 in in IN 22599 455 27 the the DT 22599 455 28 French french JJ 22599 455 29 _ _ NNP 22599 455 30 rien_[243 rien_[243 NNP 22599 455 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 455 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 455 33 , , , 22599 455 34 and and CC 22599 455 35 very very RB 22599 455 36 commonly commonly RB 22599 455 37 by by IN 22599 455 38 the the DT 22599 455 39 name name NN 22599 455 40 _ _ NNP 22599 455 41 cipher cipher NN 22599 455 42 _ _ NNP 22599 455 43 . . . 22599 456 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 456 2 244 244 CD 22599 456 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 456 4 Wallis[245 wallis[245 CD 22599 456 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 456 6 gives give VBZ 22599 456 7 one one CD 22599 456 8 of of IN 22599 456 9 the the DT 22599 456 10 earliest early JJS 22599 456 11 extended extended JJ 22599 456 12 discussions discussion NNS 22599 456 13 of of IN 22599 456 14 the the DT 22599 456 15 various various JJ 22599 456 16 forms form NNS 22599 456 17 of of IN 22599 456 18 the the DT 22599 456 19 word word NN 22599 456 20 , , , 22599 456 21 giving give VBG 22599 456 22 certain certain JJ 22599 456 23 other other JJ 22599 456 24 variations variation NNS 22599 456 25 worthy worthy JJ 22599 456 26 of of IN 22599 456 27 note note NN 22599 456 28 , , , 22599 456 29 as as IN 22599 456 30 _ _ NNP 22599 456 31 ziphra ziphra NNP 22599 456 32 _ _ NNP 22599 456 33 , , , 22599 456 34 _ _ NNP 22599 456 35 zifera zifera NNP 22599 456 36 _ _ NNP 22599 456 37 , , , 22599 456 38 _ _ NNP 22599 456 39 siphra siphra NN 22599 456 40 _ _ NNP 22599 456 41 , , , 22599 456 42 _ _ NNP 22599 456 43 ciphra ciphra NNP 22599 456 44 _ _ NNP 22599 456 45 , , , 22599 456 46 _ _ NNP 22599 456 47 tsiphra tsiphra NN 22599 456 48 _ _ NNP 22599 456 49 , , , 22599 456 50 _ _ NNP 22599 456 51 tziphra tziphra NNP 22599 456 52 , , , 22599 456 53 _ _ NNP 22599 456 54 and and CC 22599 456 55 the the DT 22599 456 56 Greek Greek NNP 22599 456 57 [ [ -LRB- 22599 456 58 Greek Greek NNP 22599 456 59 : : : 22599 456 60 tziphra tziphra NN 22599 456 61 ] ] -RRB- 22599 456 62 . . . 22599 457 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 457 2 246 246 CD 22599 457 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 457 4 * * NFP 22599 457 5 * * NFP 22599 457 6 * * NFP 22599 457 7 * * NFP 22599 457 8 * * NFP 22599 457 9 { { -LRB- 22599 457 10 63 63 CD 22599 457 11 } } -RRB- 22599 457 12 CHAPTER chapter NN 22599 457 13 V v NN 22599 457 14 THE the DT 22599 457 15 QUESTION question NN 22599 457 16 OF of IN 22599 457 17 THE the DT 22599 457 18 INTRODUCTION introduction NN 22599 457 19 OF of IN 22599 457 20 THE the DT 22599 457 21 NUMERALS numeral NNS 22599 457 22 INTO into VBP 22599 457 23 EUROPE europe NN 22599 457 24 BY by IN 22599 457 25 BOETHIUS boethiu NNS 22599 457 26 Just just RB 22599 457 27 as as IN 22599 457 28 we -PRON- PRP 22599 457 29 were be VBD 22599 457 30 quite quite RB 22599 457 31 uncertain uncertain JJ 22599 457 32 as as IN 22599 457 33 to to IN 22599 457 34 the the DT 22599 457 35 origin origin NN 22599 457 36 of of IN 22599 457 37 the the DT 22599 457 38 numeral numeral JJ 22599 457 39 forms form NNS 22599 457 40 , , , 22599 457 41 so so CC 22599 457 42 too too RB 22599 457 43 are be VBP 22599 457 44 we -PRON- PRP 22599 457 45 uncertain uncertain JJ 22599 457 46 as as IN 22599 457 47 to to IN 22599 457 48 the the DT 22599 457 49 time time NN 22599 457 50 and and CC 22599 457 51 place place NN 22599 457 52 of of IN 22599 457 53 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 457 54 introduction introduction NN 22599 457 55 into into IN 22599 457 56 Europe Europe NNP 22599 457 57 . . . 22599 458 1 There there EX 22599 458 2 are be VBP 22599 458 3 two two CD 22599 458 4 general general JJ 22599 458 5 theories theory NNS 22599 458 6 as as IN 22599 458 7 to to IN 22599 458 8 this this DT 22599 458 9 introduction introduction NN 22599 458 10 . . . 22599 459 1 The the DT 22599 459 2 first first JJ 22599 459 3 is be VBZ 22599 459 4 that that IN 22599 459 5 they -PRON- PRP 22599 459 6 were be VBD 22599 459 7 carried carry VBN 22599 459 8 by by IN 22599 459 9 the the DT 22599 459 10 Moors Moors NNPS 22599 459 11 to to IN 22599 459 12 Spain Spain NNP 22599 459 13 in in IN 22599 459 14 the the DT 22599 459 15 eighth eighth JJ 22599 459 16 or or CC 22599 459 17 ninth ninth JJ 22599 459 18 century century NN 22599 459 19 , , , 22599 459 20 and and CC 22599 459 21 thence thence NN 22599 459 22 were be VBD 22599 459 23 transmitted transmit VBN 22599 459 24 to to IN 22599 459 25 Christian Christian NNP 22599 459 26 Europe Europe NNP 22599 459 27 , , , 22599 459 28 a a DT 22599 459 29 theory theory NN 22599 459 30 which which WDT 22599 459 31 will will MD 22599 459 32 be be VB 22599 459 33 considered consider VBN 22599 459 34 later later RB 22599 459 35 . . . 22599 460 1 The the DT 22599 460 2 second second JJ 22599 460 3 , , , 22599 460 4 advanced advance VBN 22599 460 5 by by IN 22599 460 6 Woepcke,[247 Woepcke,[247 NNP 22599 460 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 460 8 is be VBZ 22599 460 9 that that IN 22599 460 10 they -PRON- PRP 22599 460 11 were be VBD 22599 460 12 not not RB 22599 460 13 brought bring VBN 22599 460 14 to to IN 22599 460 15 Spain Spain NNP 22599 460 16 by by IN 22599 460 17 the the DT 22599 460 18 Moors Moors NNPS 22599 460 19 , , , 22599 460 20 but but CC 22599 460 21 that that IN 22599 460 22 they -PRON- PRP 22599 460 23 were be VBD 22599 460 24 already already RB 22599 460 25 in in IN 22599 460 26 Spain Spain NNP 22599 460 27 when when WRB 22599 460 28 the the DT 22599 460 29 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 460 30 arrived arrive VBD 22599 460 31 there there RB 22599 460 32 , , , 22599 460 33 having have VBG 22599 460 34 reached reach VBN 22599 460 35 the the DT 22599 460 36 West West NNP 22599 460 37 through through IN 22599 460 38 the the DT 22599 460 39 Neo Neo NNP 22599 460 40 - - HYPH 22599 460 41 Pythagoreans Pythagoreans NNP 22599 460 42 . . . 22599 461 1 There there EX 22599 461 2 are be VBP 22599 461 3 two two CD 22599 461 4 facts fact NNS 22599 461 5 to to TO 22599 461 6 support support VB 22599 461 7 this this DT 22599 461 8 second second JJ 22599 461 9 theory theory NN 22599 461 10 : : : 22599 461 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 461 12 1 1 LS 22599 461 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 461 14 the the DT 22599 461 15 forms form NNS 22599 461 16 of of IN 22599 461 17 these these DT 22599 461 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 461 19 are be VBP 22599 461 20 characteristic characteristic JJ 22599 461 21 , , , 22599 461 22 differing differ VBG 22599 461 23 materially materially RB 22599 461 24 from from IN 22599 461 25 those those DT 22599 461 26 which which WDT 22599 461 27 were be VBD 22599 461 28 brought bring VBN 22599 461 29 by by IN 22599 461 30 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 461 31 of of IN 22599 461 32 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 461 33 from from IN 22599 461 34 Northern Northern NNP 22599 461 35 Africa Africa NNP 22599 461 36 early early RB 22599 461 37 in in IN 22599 461 38 the the DT 22599 461 39 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 461 40 century century NN 22599 461 41 ( ( -LRB- 22599 461 42 before before IN 22599 461 43 1202 1202 CD 22599 461 44 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 461 45 ) ) -RRB- 22599 461 46 ; ; : 22599 461 47 ( ( -LRB- 22599 461 48 2 2 LS 22599 461 49 ) ) -RRB- 22599 461 50 they -PRON- PRP 22599 461 51 are be VBP 22599 461 52 essentially essentially RB 22599 461 53 those those DT 22599 461 54 which which WDT 22599 461 55 { { -LRB- 22599 461 56 64 64 CD 22599 461 57 } } -RRB- 22599 461 58 tradition tradition NN 22599 461 59 has have VBZ 22599 461 60 so so RB 22599 461 61 persistently persistently RB 22599 461 62 assigned assign VBN 22599 461 63 to to IN 22599 461 64 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 461 65 ( ( -LRB- 22599 461 66 c. c. NNP 22599 461 67 500 500 CD 22599 461 68 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 461 69 ) ) -RRB- 22599 461 70 , , , 22599 461 71 and and CC 22599 461 72 which which WDT 22599 461 73 he -PRON- PRP 22599 461 74 would would MD 22599 461 75 naturally naturally RB 22599 461 76 have have VB 22599 461 77 received receive VBN 22599 461 78 , , , 22599 461 79 if if IN 22599 461 80 at at RB 22599 461 81 all all RB 22599 461 82 , , , 22599 461 83 from from IN 22599 461 84 these these DT 22599 461 85 same same JJ 22599 461 86 Neo Neo NNP 22599 461 87 - - HYPH 22599 461 88 Pythagoreans Pythagoreans NNPS 22599 461 89 or or CC 22599 461 90 from from IN 22599 461 91 the the DT 22599 461 92 sources source NNS 22599 461 93 from from IN 22599 461 94 which which WDT 22599 461 95 they -PRON- PRP 22599 461 96 derived derive VBD 22599 461 97 them -PRON- PRP 22599 461 98 . . . 22599 462 1 Furthermore furthermore RB 22599 462 2 , , , 22599 462 3 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 462 4 points point VBZ 22599 462 5 out out RP 22599 462 6 that that IN 22599 462 7 the the DT 22599 462 8 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 462 9 on on IN 22599 462 10 entering enter VBG 22599 462 11 Spain Spain NNP 22599 462 12 ( ( -LRB- 22599 462 13 711 711 CD 22599 462 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 462 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 462 16 would would MD 22599 462 17 naturally naturally RB 22599 462 18 have have VB 22599 462 19 followed follow VBN 22599 462 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 462 21 custom custom NN 22599 462 22 of of IN 22599 462 23 adopting adopt VBG 22599 462 24 for for IN 22599 462 25 the the DT 22599 462 26 computation computation NN 22599 462 27 of of IN 22599 462 28 taxes taxis NNS 22599 462 29 the the DT 22599 462 30 numerical numerical JJ 22599 462 31 systems system NNS 22599 462 32 of of IN 22599 462 33 the the DT 22599 462 34 countries country NNS 22599 462 35 they -PRON- PRP 22599 462 36 conquered,[248 conquered,[248 VBP 22599 462 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 462 38 so so IN 22599 462 39 that that IN 22599 462 40 the the DT 22599 462 41 numerals numeral NNS 22599 462 42 brought bring VBD 22599 462 43 from from IN 22599 462 44 Spain Spain NNP 22599 462 45 to to IN 22599 462 46 Italy Italy NNP 22599 462 47 , , , 22599 462 48 not not RB 22599 462 49 having have VBG 22599 462 50 undergone undergo VBN 22599 462 51 the the DT 22599 462 52 same same JJ 22599 462 53 modifications modification NNS 22599 462 54 as as IN 22599 462 55 those those DT 22599 462 56 of of IN 22599 462 57 the the DT 22599 462 58 Eastern eastern JJ 22599 462 59 Arab Arab NNP 22599 462 60 empire empire NN 22599 462 61 , , , 22599 462 62 would would MD 22599 462 63 have have VB 22599 462 64 differed differ VBN 22599 462 65 , , , 22599 462 66 as as IN 22599 462 67 they -PRON- PRP 22599 462 68 certainly certainly RB 22599 462 69 did do VBD 22599 462 70 , , , 22599 462 71 from from IN 22599 462 72 those those DT 22599 462 73 that that WDT 22599 462 74 came come VBD 22599 462 75 through through IN 22599 462 76 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 462 77 . . . 22599 463 1 The the DT 22599 463 2 theory theory NN 22599 463 3 is be VBZ 22599 463 4 that that IN 22599 463 5 the the DT 22599 463 6 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 463 7 system system NN 22599 463 8 , , , 22599 463 9 without without IN 22599 463 10 the the DT 22599 463 11 zero zero CD 22599 463 12 , , , 22599 463 13 early early RB 22599 463 14 reached reach VBD 22599 463 15 Alexandria Alexandria NNP 22599 463 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 463 17 say say UH 22599 463 18 450 450 CD 22599 463 19 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 463 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 463 21 , , , 22599 463 22 and and CC 22599 463 23 that that IN 22599 463 24 the the DT 22599 463 25 Neo Neo NNP 22599 463 26 - - HYPH 22599 463 27 Pythagorean pythagorean JJ 22599 463 28 love love NN 22599 463 29 for for IN 22599 463 30 the the DT 22599 463 31 mysterious mysterious JJ 22599 463 32 and and CC 22599 463 33 especially especially RB 22599 463 34 for for IN 22599 463 35 the the DT 22599 463 36 Oriental Oriental NNP 22599 463 37 led lead VBD 22599 463 38 to to IN 22599 463 39 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 463 40 use use NN 22599 463 41 as as IN 22599 463 42 something something NN 22599 463 43 bizarre bizarre JJ 22599 463 44 and and CC 22599 463 45 cabalistic cabalistic JJ 22599 463 46 ; ; : 22599 463 47 that that IN 22599 463 48 it -PRON- PRP 22599 463 49 was be VBD 22599 463 50 then then RB 22599 463 51 passed pass VBN 22599 463 52 along along IN 22599 463 53 the the DT 22599 463 54 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 463 55 , , , 22599 463 56 reaching reach VBG 22599 463 57 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 463 58 in in IN 22599 463 59 Athens Athens NNP 22599 463 60 or or CC 22599 463 61 in in IN 22599 463 62 Rome Rome NNP 22599 463 63 , , , 22599 463 64 and and CC 22599 463 65 to to IN 22599 463 66 the the DT 22599 463 67 schools school NNS 22599 463 68 of of IN 22599 463 69 Spain Spain NNP 22599 463 70 , , , 22599 463 71 being be VBG 22599 463 72 discovered discover VBN 22599 463 73 in in IN 22599 463 74 Africa Africa NNP 22599 463 75 and and CC 22599 463 76 Spain Spain NNP 22599 463 77 by by IN 22599 463 78 the the DT 22599 463 79 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 463 80 even even RB 22599 463 81 before before IN 22599 463 82 they -PRON- PRP 22599 463 83 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 463 84 knew know VBD 22599 463 85 the the DT 22599 463 86 improved improved JJ 22599 463 87 system system NN 22599 463 88 with with IN 22599 463 89 the the DT 22599 463 90 place place NN 22599 463 91 value value NN 22599 463 92 . . . 22599 464 1 { { -LRB- 22599 464 2 65 65 CD 22599 464 3 } } -RRB- 22599 464 4 A a DT 22599 464 5 recent recent JJ 22599 464 6 theory theory NN 22599 464 7 set set VBN 22599 464 8 forth forth RP 22599 464 9 by by IN 22599 464 10 Bubnov[249 Bubnov[249 NNP 22599 464 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 464 12 also also RB 22599 464 13 deserves deserve VBZ 22599 464 14 mention mention NN 22599 464 15 , , , 22599 464 16 chiefly chiefly RB 22599 464 17 because because IN 22599 464 18 of of IN 22599 464 19 the the DT 22599 464 20 seriousness seriousness NN 22599 464 21 of of IN 22599 464 22 purpose purpose NN 22599 464 23 shown show VBN 22599 464 24 by by IN 22599 464 25 this this DT 22599 464 26 well well RB 22599 464 27 - - HYPH 22599 464 28 known know VBN 22599 464 29 writer writer NN 22599 464 30 . . . 22599 465 1 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 465 2 holds hold VBZ 22599 465 3 that that IN 22599 465 4 the the DT 22599 465 5 forms form NNS 22599 465 6 first first RB 22599 465 7 found find VBN 22599 465 8 in in IN 22599 465 9 Europe Europe NNP 22599 465 10 are be VBP 22599 465 11 derived derive VBN 22599 465 12 from from IN 22599 465 13 ancient ancient JJ 22599 465 14 symbols symbol NNS 22599 465 15 used use VBN 22599 465 16 on on IN 22599 465 17 the the DT 22599 465 18 abacus abacus NN 22599 465 19 , , , 22599 465 20 but but CC 22599 465 21 that that IN 22599 465 22 the the DT 22599 465 23 zero zero CD 22599 465 24 is be VBZ 22599 465 25 of of IN 22599 465 26 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 465 27 origin origin NN 22599 465 28 . . . 22599 466 1 This this DT 22599 466 2 theory theory NN 22599 466 3 does do VBZ 22599 466 4 not not RB 22599 466 5 seem seem VB 22599 466 6 tenable tenable JJ 22599 466 7 , , , 22599 466 8 however however RB 22599 466 9 , , , 22599 466 10 in in IN 22599 466 11 the the DT 22599 466 12 light light NN 22599 466 13 of of IN 22599 466 14 the the DT 22599 466 15 evidence evidence NN 22599 466 16 already already RB 22599 466 17 set set VBD 22599 466 18 forth forth RP 22599 466 19 . . . 22599 467 1 Two two CD 22599 467 2 questions question NNS 22599 467 3 are be VBP 22599 467 4 presented present VBN 22599 467 5 by by IN 22599 467 6 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 467 7 's 's POS 22599 467 8 theory theory NN 22599 467 9 : : : 22599 467 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 467 11 1 1 LS 22599 467 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 467 13 What what WP 22599 467 14 was be VBD 22599 467 15 the the DT 22599 467 16 nature nature NN 22599 467 17 of of IN 22599 467 18 these these DT 22599 467 19 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 467 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 467 21 , , , 22599 467 22 and and CC 22599 467 23 how how WRB 22599 467 24 were be VBD 22599 467 25 they -PRON- PRP 22599 467 26 made make VBN 22599 467 27 known known JJ 22599 467 28 to to IN 22599 467 29 Italy Italy NNP 22599 467 30 ? ? . 22599 468 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 468 2 2 2 LS 22599 468 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 468 4 Did do VBD 22599 468 5 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 468 6 know know VB 22599 468 7 them -PRON- PRP 22599 468 8 ? ? . 22599 469 1 The the DT 22599 469 2 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 469 3 forms form NNS 22599 469 4 of of IN 22599 469 5 the the DT 22599 469 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 469 7 were be VBD 22599 469 8 called call VBN 22599 469 9 the the DT 22599 469 10 _ _ NNP 22599 469 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 469 12 h.]ur[=u]f h.]ur[=u]f NNP 22599 469 13 al-[.g]ob[=a]r al-[.g]ob[=a]r NNP 22599 469 14 _ _ NNP 22599 469 15 , , , 22599 469 16 the the DT 22599 469 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 469 18 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 469 19 or or CC 22599 469 20 dust dust NN 22599 469 21 numerals numeral NNS 22599 469 22 , , , 22599 469 23 as as IN 22599 469 24 distinguished distinguish VBN 22599 469 25 from from IN 22599 469 26 the the DT 22599 469 27 _ _ NNP 22599 469 28 [ [ -LRB- 22599 469 29 h.]ur[=u]f h.]ur[=u]f NNP 22599 469 30 al al NNP 22599 469 31 - - HYPH 22599 469 32 jumal jumal NNP 22599 469 33 _ _ NNP 22599 469 34 or or CC 22599 469 35 alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 469 36 numerals numeral NNS 22599 469 37 . . . 22599 470 1 Probably probably RB 22599 470 2 the the DT 22599 470 3 latter latter JJ 22599 470 4 , , , 22599 470 5 under under IN 22599 470 6 the the DT 22599 470 7 influence influence NN 22599 470 8 of of IN 22599 470 9 the the DT 22599 470 10 Syrians Syrians NNPS 22599 470 11 or or CC 22599 470 12 Jews,[250 Jews,[250 NNP 22599 470 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 470 14 were be VBD 22599 470 15 also also RB 22599 470 16 used use VBN 22599 470 17 by by IN 22599 470 18 the the DT 22599 470 19 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 470 20 . . . 22599 471 1 The the DT 22599 471 2 significance significance NN 22599 471 3 of of IN 22599 471 4 the the DT 22599 471 5 term term NN 22599 471 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 471 7 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 471 8 is be VBZ 22599 471 9 doubtless doubtless JJ 22599 471 10 that that IN 22599 471 11 these these DT 22599 471 12 numerals numeral NNS 22599 471 13 were be VBD 22599 471 14 written write VBN 22599 471 15 on on IN 22599 471 16 the the DT 22599 471 17 dust dust NN 22599 471 18 abacus abacus NN 22599 471 19 , , , 22599 471 20 this this DT 22599 471 21 plan plan NN 22599 471 22 being be VBG 22599 471 23 distinct distinct JJ 22599 471 24 from from IN 22599 471 25 the the DT 22599 471 26 counter counter JJ 22599 471 27 method method NN 22599 471 28 of of IN 22599 471 29 representing represent VBG 22599 471 30 numbers number NNS 22599 471 31 . . . 22599 472 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 472 2 is be VBZ 22599 472 3 also also RB 22599 472 4 worthy worthy JJ 22599 472 5 of of IN 22599 472 6 note note NN 22599 472 7 that that IN 22599 472 8 Al Al NNP 22599 472 9 - - HYPH 22599 472 10 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 472 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 472 12 states state VBZ 22599 472 13 that that IN 22599 472 14 the the DT 22599 472 15 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 472 16 often often RB 22599 472 17 performed perform VBD 22599 472 18 numerical numerical JJ 22599 472 19 computations computation NNS 22599 472 20 in in IN 22599 472 21 the the DT 22599 472 22 sand sand NN 22599 472 23 . . . 22599 473 1 The the DT 22599 473 2 term term NN 22599 473 3 is be VBZ 22599 473 4 found find VBN 22599 473 5 as as RB 22599 473 6 early early RB 22599 473 7 as as IN 22599 473 8 c. c. NNP 22599 473 9 950 950 CD 22599 473 10 , , , 22599 473 11 in in IN 22599 473 12 the the DT 22599 473 13 verses verse NNS 22599 473 14 of of IN 22599 473 15 an an DT 22599 473 16 anonymous anonymous JJ 22599 473 17 writer writer NN 22599 473 18 of of IN 22599 473 19 Kairw[=a]n Kairw[=a]n NNP 22599 473 20 , , , 22599 473 21 in in IN 22599 473 22 Tunis Tunis NNP 22599 473 23 , , , 22599 473 24 in in IN 22599 473 25 which which WDT 22599 473 26 the the DT 22599 473 27 author author NN 22599 473 28 speaks speak VBZ 22599 473 29 of of IN 22599 473 30 one one CD 22599 473 31 of of IN 22599 473 32 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 473 33 works work NNS 22599 473 34 on on IN 22599 473 35 [ [ -LRB- 22599 473 36 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 473 37 calculation;[251 calculation;[251 ADD 22599 473 38 ] ] -RRB- 22599 473 39 and and CC 22599 473 40 , , , 22599 473 41 much much RB 22599 473 42 later later RB 22599 473 43 , , , 22599 473 44 the the DT 22599 473 45 Arab arab JJ 22599 473 46 writer writer NN 22599 473 47 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 473 48 ] ] -RRB- 22599 473 49 Bekr Bekr NNP 22599 473 50 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed HYPH 22599 473 51 ibn ibn NNP 22599 473 52 ` ` '' 22599 473 53 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 473 54 , , , 22599 473 55 surnamed surnamed JJ 22599 473 56 al-[H.]a[s.][s.][=a]r al-[H.]a[s.][s.][=a]r NNP 22599 473 57 { { -LRB- 22599 473 58 66 66 CD 22599 473 59 } } -RRB- 22599 473 60 ( ( -LRB- 22599 473 61 the the DT 22599 473 62 arithmetician arithmetician NN 22599 473 63 ) ) -RRB- 22599 473 64 , , , 22599 473 65 wrote write VBD 22599 473 66 a a DT 22599 473 67 work work NN 22599 473 68 of of IN 22599 473 69 which which WDT 22599 473 70 the the DT 22599 473 71 second second JJ 22599 473 72 chapter chapter NN 22599 473 73 was be VBD 22599 473 74 " " `` 22599 473 75 On on IN 22599 473 76 the the DT 22599 473 77 dust dust NN 22599 473 78 figures figure NNS 22599 473 79 . . . 22599 474 1 " " `` 22599 474 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 474 3 252 252 CD 22599 474 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 474 5 The the DT 22599 474 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 474 7 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 474 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 474 9 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 474 10 were be VBD 22599 474 11 first first RB 22599 474 12 made make VBN 22599 474 13 known known JJ 22599 474 14 to to IN 22599 474 15 modern modern JJ 22599 474 16 scholars scholar NNS 22599 474 17 by by IN 22599 474 18 Silvestre Silvestre NNP 22599 474 19 de de NNP 22599 474 20 Sacy Sacy NNP 22599 474 21 , , , 22599 474 22 who who WP 22599 474 23 discovered discover VBD 22599 474 24 them -PRON- PRP 22599 474 25 in in IN 22599 474 26 an an DT 22599 474 27 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 474 28 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 474 29 from from IN 22599 474 30 the the DT 22599 474 31 library library NN 22599 474 32 of of IN 22599 474 33 the the DT 22599 474 34 ancient ancient JJ 22599 474 35 abbey abbey NN 22599 474 36 of of IN 22599 474 37 St.-Germain st.-germain VB 22599 474 38 - - HYPH 22599 474 39 des des FW 22599 474 40 - - HYPH 22599 474 41 Prés Prés NNP 22599 474 42 . . . 22599 475 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 475 2 253 253 CD 22599 475 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 475 4 The the DT 22599 475 5 system system NN 22599 475 6 has have VBZ 22599 475 7 nine nine CD 22599 475 8 characters character NNS 22599 475 9 , , , 22599 475 10 but but CC 22599 475 11 no no DT 22599 475 12 zero zero CD 22599 475 13 . . . 22599 476 1 A a DT 22599 476 2 dot dot NN 22599 476 3 above above IN 22599 476 4 a a DT 22599 476 5 character character NN 22599 476 6 indicates indicate VBZ 22599 476 7 tens ten NNS 22599 476 8 , , , 22599 476 9 two two CD 22599 476 10 dots dot NNS 22599 476 11 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 476 12 , , , 22599 476 13 and and CC 22599 476 14 so so RB 22599 476 15 on on RB 22599 476 16 , , , 22599 476 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 476 18 5 5 CD 22599 476 19 with with IN 22599 476 20 dot dot NN 22599 476 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 476 22 meaning mean VBG 22599 476 23 50 50 CD 22599 476 24 , , , 22599 476 25 and and CC 22599 476 26 [ [ -LRB- 22599 476 27 5 5 CD 22599 476 28 with with IN 22599 476 29 3 3 CD 22599 476 30 dots dot NNS 22599 476 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 476 32 meaning mean VBG 22599 476 33 5000 5000 CD 22599 476 34 . . . 22599 477 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 477 2 has have VBZ 22599 477 3 been be VBN 22599 477 4 suggested suggest VBN 22599 477 5 that that IN 22599 477 6 possibly possibly RB 22599 477 7 these these DT 22599 477 8 dots dot NNS 22599 477 9 , , , 22599 477 10 sprinkled sprinkle VBN 22599 477 11 like like IN 22599 477 12 dust dust NN 22599 477 13 above above IN 22599 477 14 the the DT 22599 477 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 477 16 , , , 22599 477 17 gave give VBD 22599 477 18 rise rise NN 22599 477 19 to to IN 22599 477 20 the the DT 22599 477 21 word word NN 22599 477 22 _ _ NNP 22599 477 23 [ [ -LRB- 22599 477 24 .g]ob[=a]r_,[254 .g]ob[=a]r_,[254 . 22599 477 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 477 26 but but CC 22599 477 27 this this DT 22599 477 28 is be VBZ 22599 477 29 not not RB 22599 477 30 at at RB 22599 477 31 all all RB 22599 477 32 probable probable JJ 22599 477 33 . . . 22599 478 1 This this DT 22599 478 2 system system NN 22599 478 3 of of IN 22599 478 4 dots dot NNS 22599 478 5 is be VBZ 22599 478 6 found find VBN 22599 478 7 in in IN 22599 478 8 Persia Persia NNP 22599 478 9 at at IN 22599 478 10 a a DT 22599 478 11 much much RB 22599 478 12 later later JJ 22599 478 13 date date NN 22599 478 14 with with IN 22599 478 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 478 16 quite quite RB 22599 478 17 like like IN 22599 478 18 the the DT 22599 478 19 modern modern JJ 22599 478 20 Arabic;[255 arabic;[255 NN 22599 478 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 478 22 but but CC 22599 478 23 that that IN 22599 478 24 it -PRON- PRP 22599 478 25 was be VBD 22599 478 26 used use VBN 22599 478 27 at at IN 22599 478 28 all all DT 22599 478 29 is be VBZ 22599 478 30 significant significant JJ 22599 478 31 , , , 22599 478 32 for for IN 22599 478 33 it -PRON- PRP 22599 478 34 is be VBZ 22599 478 35 hardly hardly RB 22599 478 36 likely likely JJ 22599 478 37 that that IN 22599 478 38 the the DT 22599 478 39 western western JJ 22599 478 40 system system NN 22599 478 41 would would MD 22599 478 42 go go VB 22599 478 43 back back RB 22599 478 44 to to IN 22599 478 45 Persia Persia NNP 22599 478 46 , , , 22599 478 47 when when WRB 22599 478 48 the the DT 22599 478 49 perfected perfect VBN 22599 478 50 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 478 51 one one NN 22599 478 52 was be VBD 22599 478 53 near near RB 22599 478 54 at at IN 22599 478 55 hand hand NN 22599 478 56 . . . 22599 479 1 At at IN 22599 479 2 first first JJ 22599 479 3 sight sight NN 22599 479 4 there there EX 22599 479 5 would would MD 22599 479 6 seem seem VB 22599 479 7 to to TO 22599 479 8 be be VB 22599 479 9 some some DT 22599 479 10 reason reason NN 22599 479 11 for for IN 22599 479 12 believing believe VBG 22599 479 13 that that IN 22599 479 14 this this DT 22599 479 15 feature feature NN 22599 479 16 of of IN 22599 479 17 the the DT 22599 479 18 [ [ -LRB- 22599 479 19 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 479 20 system system NN 22599 479 21 was be VBD 22599 479 22 of of IN 22599 479 23 { { -LRB- 22599 479 24 67 67 CD 22599 479 25 } } -RRB- 22599 479 26 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 479 27 origin origin NN 22599 479 28 , , , 22599 479 29 and and CC 22599 479 30 that that IN 22599 479 31 the the DT 22599 479 32 present present JJ 22599 479 33 zero zero CD 22599 479 34 of of IN 22599 479 35 these these DT 22599 479 36 people,[256 people,[256 NN 22599 479 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 479 38 the the DT 22599 479 39 dot dot NN 22599 479 40 , , , 22599 479 41 was be VBD 22599 479 42 derived derive VBN 22599 479 43 from from IN 22599 479 44 it -PRON- PRP 22599 479 45 . . . 22599 480 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 480 2 was be VBD 22599 480 3 entirely entirely RB 22599 480 4 natural natural JJ 22599 480 5 that that IN 22599 480 6 the the DT 22599 480 7 Semitic semitic JJ 22599 480 8 people people NNS 22599 480 9 generally generally RB 22599 480 10 should should MD 22599 480 11 have have VB 22599 480 12 adopted adopt VBN 22599 480 13 such such PDT 22599 480 14 a a DT 22599 480 15 scheme scheme NN 22599 480 16 , , , 22599 480 17 since since IN 22599 480 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 480 19 diacritical diacritical JJ 22599 480 20 marks mark NNS 22599 480 21 would would MD 22599 480 22 suggest suggest VB 22599 480 23 it -PRON- PRP 22599 480 24 , , , 22599 480 25 not not RB 22599 480 26 to to TO 22599 480 27 speak speak VB 22599 480 28 of of IN 22599 480 29 the the DT 22599 480 30 possible possible JJ 22599 480 31 influence influence NN 22599 480 32 of of IN 22599 480 33 the the DT 22599 480 34 Greek greek JJ 22599 480 35 accents accent NNS 22599 480 36 in in IN 22599 480 37 the the DT 22599 480 38 Hellenic hellenic JJ 22599 480 39 number number NN 22599 480 40 system system NN 22599 480 41 . . . 22599 481 1 When when WRB 22599 481 2 we -PRON- PRP 22599 481 3 consider consider VBP 22599 481 4 , , , 22599 481 5 however however RB 22599 481 6 , , , 22599 481 7 that that IN 22599 481 8 the the DT 22599 481 9 dot dot NN 22599 481 10 is be VBZ 22599 481 11 found find VBN 22599 481 12 for for IN 22599 481 13 zero zero CD 22599 481 14 in in IN 22599 481 15 the the DT 22599 481 16 Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i NNP 22599 481 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 481 18 manuscript,[257 manuscript,[257 NN 22599 481 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 481 20 and and CC 22599 481 21 that that IN 22599 481 22 it -PRON- PRP 22599 481 23 was be VBD 22599 481 24 used use VBN 22599 481 25 in in IN 22599 481 26 subscript subscript NN 22599 481 27 form form NN 22599 481 28 in in IN 22599 481 29 the the DT 22599 481 30 _ _ NNP 22599 481 31 Kit[=a]b Kit[=a]b NNP 22599 481 32 al al NNP 22599 481 33 - - HYPH 22599 481 34 Fihrist_[258 Fihrist_[258 NNP 22599 481 35 ] ] -RRB- 22599 481 36 in in IN 22599 481 37 the the DT 22599 481 38 tenth tenth JJ 22599 481 39 century century NN 22599 481 40 , , , 22599 481 41 and and CC 22599 481 42 as as RB 22599 481 43 late late RB 22599 481 44 as as IN 22599 481 45 the the DT 22599 481 46 sixteenth sixteenth NNP 22599 481 47 century,[259 century,[259 NNP 22599 481 48 ] ] -RRB- 22599 481 49 although although IN 22599 481 50 in in IN 22599 481 51 this this DT 22599 481 52 case case NN 22599 481 53 probably probably RB 22599 481 54 under under IN 22599 481 55 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 481 56 influence influence NN 22599 481 57 , , , 22599 481 58 we -PRON- PRP 22599 481 59 are be VBP 22599 481 60 forced force VBN 22599 481 61 to to TO 22599 481 62 believe believe VB 22599 481 63 that that IN 22599 481 64 this this DT 22599 481 65 form form NN 22599 481 66 may may MD 22599 481 67 also also RB 22599 481 68 have have VB 22599 481 69 been be VBN 22599 481 70 of of IN 22599 481 71 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 481 72 origin origin NN 22599 481 73 . . . 22599 482 1 The the DT 22599 482 2 fact fact NN 22599 482 3 seems seem VBZ 22599 482 4 to to TO 22599 482 5 be be VB 22599 482 6 that that IN 22599 482 7 , , , 22599 482 8 as as IN 22599 482 9 already already RB 22599 482 10 stated,[260 stated,[260 VBN 22599 482 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 482 12 the the DT 22599 482 13 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 482 14 did do VBD 22599 482 15 not not RB 22599 482 16 immediately immediately RB 22599 482 17 adopt adopt VB 22599 482 18 the the DT 22599 482 19 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 482 20 zero zero CD 22599 482 21 , , , 22599 482 22 because because IN 22599 482 23 it -PRON- PRP 22599 482 24 resembled resemble VBD 22599 482 25 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 482 26 5 5 CD 22599 482 27 ; ; : 22599 482 28 they -PRON- PRP 22599 482 29 used use VBD 22599 482 30 the the DT 22599 482 31 superscript superscript NN 22599 482 32 dot dot NN 22599 482 33 as as IN 22599 482 34 serving serve VBG 22599 482 35 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 482 36 purposes purpose NNS 22599 482 37 fairly fairly RB 22599 482 38 well well RB 22599 482 39 ; ; : 22599 482 40 they -PRON- PRP 22599 482 41 may may MD 22599 482 42 , , , 22599 482 43 indeed indeed RB 22599 482 44 , , , 22599 482 45 have have VBP 22599 482 46 carried carry VBN 22599 482 47 this this DT 22599 482 48 to to IN 22599 482 49 the the DT 22599 482 50 west west NN 22599 482 51 and and CC 22599 482 52 have have VBP 22599 482 53 added add VBN 22599 482 54 it -PRON- PRP 22599 482 55 to to IN 22599 482 56 the the DT 22599 482 57 [ [ -LRB- 22599 482 58 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 482 59 forms form NNS 22599 482 60 already already RB 22599 482 61 there there RB 22599 482 62 , , , 22599 482 63 just just RB 22599 482 64 as as IN 22599 482 65 they -PRON- PRP 22599 482 66 transmitted transmit VBD 22599 482 67 it -PRON- PRP 22599 482 68 to to IN 22599 482 69 the the DT 22599 482 70 Persians Persians NNPS 22599 482 71 . . . 22599 483 1 Furthermore furthermore RB 22599 483 2 , , , 22599 483 3 the the DT 22599 483 4 Arab arab JJ 22599 483 5 and and CC 22599 483 6 Hebrew hebrew JJ 22599 483 7 scholars scholar NNS 22599 483 8 of of IN 22599 483 9 Northern Northern NNP 22599 483 10 Africa Africa NNP 22599 483 11 in in IN 22599 483 12 the the DT 22599 483 13 tenth tenth JJ 22599 483 14 century century NN 22599 483 15 knew know VBD 22599 483 16 these these DT 22599 483 17 numerals numeral NNS 22599 483 18 as as IN 22599 483 19 Indian indian JJ 22599 483 20 forms form NNS 22599 483 21 , , , 22599 483 22 for for IN 22599 483 23 a a DT 22599 483 24 commentary commentary NN 22599 483 25 on on IN 22599 483 26 the the DT 22599 483 27 _ _ NNP 22599 483 28 S[=e]fer S[=e]fer NNP 22599 483 29 Ye[s.][=i]r[=a]h Ye[s.][=i]r[=a]h NNP 22599 483 30 _ _ NNP 22599 483 31 by by IN 22599 483 32 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 483 33 ] ] -RRB- 22599 483 34 Sahl Sahl NNP 22599 483 35 ibn ibn NNP 22599 483 36 Tamim Tamim NNP 22599 483 37 ( ( -LRB- 22599 483 38 probably probably RB 22599 483 39 composed compose VBN 22599 483 40 at at IN 22599 483 41 Kairw[=a]n Kairw[=a]n NNP 22599 483 42 , , , 22599 483 43 c. c. NNP 22599 483 44 950 950 CD 22599 483 45 ) ) -RRB- 22599 483 46 speaks speak VBZ 22599 483 47 of of IN 22599 483 48 " " `` 22599 483 49 the the DT 22599 483 50 Indian indian JJ 22599 483 51 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 483 52 known know VBN 22599 483 53 under under IN 22599 483 54 the the DT 22599 483 55 name name NN 22599 483 56 of of IN 22599 483 57 _ _ NNP 22599 483 58 [ [ -LRB- 22599 483 59 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 483 60 _ _ NNP 22599 483 61 or or CC 22599 483 62 dust dust NN 22599 483 63 calculation calculation NN 22599 483 64 . . . 22599 484 1 " " `` 22599 484 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 484 3 261 261 CD 22599 484 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 484 5 All all PDT 22599 484 6 this this DT 22599 484 7 suggests suggest VBZ 22599 484 8 that that IN 22599 484 9 the the DT 22599 484 10 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 484 11 may may MD 22599 484 12 very very RB 22599 484 13 { { -LRB- 22599 484 14 68 68 CD 22599 484 15 } } -RRB- 22599 484 16 likely likely RB 22599 484 17 have have VBP 22599 484 18 known know VBN 22599 484 19 the the DT 22599 484 20 [ [ -LRB- 22599 484 21 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 484 22 forms form NNS 22599 484 23 before before IN 22599 484 24 the the DT 22599 484 25 numerals numeral NNS 22599 484 26 reached reach VBD 22599 484 27 them -PRON- PRP 22599 484 28 again again RB 22599 484 29 in in IN 22599 484 30 773 773 CD 22599 484 31 . . . 22599 485 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 485 2 262 262 CD 22599 485 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 485 4 The the DT 22599 485 5 term term NN 22599 485 6 " " `` 22599 485 7 [ [ -LRB- 22599 485 8 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 485 9 numerals numeral NNS 22599 485 10 " " `` 22599 485 11 was be VBD 22599 485 12 also also RB 22599 485 13 used use VBN 22599 485 14 without without IN 22599 485 15 any any DT 22599 485 16 reference reference NN 22599 485 17 to to IN 22599 485 18 the the DT 22599 485 19 peculiar peculiar JJ 22599 485 20 use use NN 22599 485 21 of of IN 22599 485 22 dots dot NNS 22599 485 23 . . . 22599 486 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 486 2 263 263 CD 22599 486 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 486 4 In in IN 22599 486 5 this this DT 22599 486 6 connection connection NN 22599 486 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 486 8 is be VBZ 22599 486 9 worthy worthy JJ 22599 486 10 of of IN 22599 486 11 mention mention NN 22599 486 12 that that IN 22599 486 13 the the DT 22599 486 14 Algerians Algerians NNPS 22599 486 15 employed employ VBD 22599 486 16 two two CD 22599 486 17 different different JJ 22599 486 18 forms form NNS 22599 486 19 of of IN 22599 486 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 486 21 in in IN 22599 486 22 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 486 23 even even RB 22599 486 24 of of IN 22599 486 25 the the DT 22599 486 26 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 486 27 century,[264 century,[264 NNP 22599 486 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 486 29 and and CC 22599 486 30 that that IN 22599 486 31 the the DT 22599 486 32 Moroccans Moroccans NNPS 22599 486 33 of of IN 22599 486 34 to to IN 22599 486 35 - - HYPH 22599 486 36 day day NN 22599 486 37 employ employ VB 22599 486 38 the the DT 22599 486 39 European european JJ 22599 486 40 forms form NNS 22599 486 41 instead instead RB 22599 486 42 of of IN 22599 486 43 the the DT 22599 486 44 present present JJ 22599 486 45 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 486 46 . . . 22599 487 1 The the DT 22599 487 2 Indian indian JJ 22599 487 3 use use NN 22599 487 4 of of IN 22599 487 5 subscript subscript NN 22599 487 6 dots dot NNS 22599 487 7 to to TO 22599 487 8 indicate indicate VB 22599 487 9 the the DT 22599 487 10 tens ten NNS 22599 487 11 , , , 22599 487 12 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 487 13 , , , 22599 487 14 thousands thousand NNS 22599 487 15 , , , 22599 487 16 etc etc FW 22599 487 17 . . FW 22599 487 18 , , , 22599 487 19 is be VBZ 22599 487 20 established establish VBN 22599 487 21 by by IN 22599 487 22 a a DT 22599 487 23 passage passage NN 22599 487 24 in in IN 22599 487 25 the the DT 22599 487 26 _ _ NNP 22599 487 27 Kit[=a]b Kit[=a]b NNP 22599 487 28 al al NNP 22599 487 29 - - HYPH 22599 487 30 Fihrist_[265 Fihrist_[265 NNP 22599 487 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 487 32 ( ( -LRB- 22599 487 33 987 987 CD 22599 487 34 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 487 35 ) ) -RRB- 22599 487 36 in in IN 22599 487 37 which which WDT 22599 487 38 the the DT 22599 487 39 writer writer NN 22599 487 40 discusses discuss VBZ 22599 487 41 the the DT 22599 487 42 written write VBN 22599 487 43 language language NN 22599 487 44 of of IN 22599 487 45 the the DT 22599 487 46 people people NNS 22599 487 47 of of IN 22599 487 48 India India NNP 22599 487 49 . . . 22599 488 1 Notwithstanding notwithstanding IN 22599 488 2 the the DT 22599 488 3 importance importance NN 22599 488 4 of of IN 22599 488 5 this this DT 22599 488 6 reference reference NN 22599 488 7 for for IN 22599 488 8 the the DT 22599 488 9 early early JJ 22599 488 10 history history NN 22599 488 11 of of IN 22599 488 12 the the DT 22599 488 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 488 14 , , , 22599 488 15 it -PRON- PRP 22599 488 16 has have VBZ 22599 488 17 not not RB 22599 488 18 been be VBN 22599 488 19 mentioned mention VBN 22599 488 20 by by IN 22599 488 21 previous previous JJ 22599 488 22 writers writer NNS 22599 488 23 on on IN 22599 488 24 this this DT 22599 488 25 subject subject NN 22599 488 26 . . . 22599 489 1 The the DT 22599 489 2 numeral numeral JJ 22599 489 3 forms form NNS 22599 489 4 given give VBN 22599 489 5 are be VBP 22599 489 6 those those DT 22599 489 7 which which WDT 22599 489 8 have have VBP 22599 489 9 usually usually RB 22599 489 10 been be VBN 22599 489 11 called call VBN 22599 489 12 Indian,[266 Indian,[266 NNP 22599 489 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 489 14 in in IN 22599 489 15 opposition opposition NN 22599 489 16 to to IN 22599 489 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 489 18 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 489 19 . . . 22599 489 20 In in IN 22599 489 21 this this DT 22599 489 22 document document NN 22599 489 23 the the DT 22599 489 24 dots dot NNS 22599 489 25 are be VBP 22599 489 26 placed place VBN 22599 489 27 below below IN 22599 489 28 the the DT 22599 489 29 characters character NNS 22599 489 30 , , , 22599 489 31 instead instead RB 22599 489 32 of of IN 22599 489 33 being be VBG 22599 489 34 superposed superpose VBN 22599 489 35 as as IN 22599 489 36 described describe VBN 22599 489 37 above above RB 22599 489 38 . . . 22599 490 1 The the DT 22599 490 2 significance significance NN 22599 490 3 was be VBD 22599 490 4 the the DT 22599 490 5 same same JJ 22599 490 6 . . . 22599 491 1 In in IN 22599 491 2 form form NN 22599 491 3 these these DT 22599 491 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 491 5 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 491 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 491 7 resemble resemble VBP 22599 491 8 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 491 9 own own JJ 22599 491 10 much much RB 22599 491 11 more more RBR 22599 491 12 closely closely RB 22599 491 13 than than IN 22599 491 14 the the DT 22599 491 15 Arab arab JJ 22599 491 16 numerals numeral NNS 22599 491 17 do do VBP 22599 491 18 . . . 22599 492 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 492 2 varied vary VBD 22599 492 3 more more RBR 22599 492 4 or or CC 22599 492 5 less less RBR 22599 492 6 , , , 22599 492 7 but but CC 22599 492 8 were be VBD 22599 492 9 substantially substantially RB 22599 492 10 as as IN 22599 492 11 follows follow VBZ 22599 492 12 : : : 22599 492 13 { { -LRB- 22599 492 14 69 69 CD 22599 492 15 } } -RRB- 22599 492 16 1[267][Illustration 1[267][Illustration NNP 22599 492 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 492 18 2[268][Illustration 2[268][illustration CD 22599 492 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 492 20 3[269][Illustration 3[269][Illustration NNP 22599 492 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 492 22 4[270][Illustration 4[270][Illustration NNP 22599 492 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 492 24 5[271][Illustration 5[271][illustration CD 22599 492 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 492 26 6[271][Illustration 6[271][illustration NN 22599 492 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 492 28 The the DT 22599 492 29 question question NN 22599 492 30 of of IN 22599 492 31 the the DT 22599 492 32 possible possible JJ 22599 492 33 influence influence NN 22599 492 34 of of IN 22599 492 35 the the DT 22599 492 36 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 492 37 demotic demotic NN 22599 492 38 and and CC 22599 492 39 hieratic hieratic JJ 22599 492 40 ordinal ordinal JJ 22599 492 41 forms form NNS 22599 492 42 has have VBZ 22599 492 43 been be VBN 22599 492 44 so so RB 22599 492 45 often often RB 22599 492 46 suggested suggest VBN 22599 492 47 that that IN 22599 492 48 it -PRON- PRP 22599 492 49 seems seem VBZ 22599 492 50 well well JJ 22599 492 51 to to TO 22599 492 52 introduce introduce VB 22599 492 53 them -PRON- PRP 22599 492 54 at at IN 22599 492 55 this this DT 22599 492 56 point point NN 22599 492 57 , , , 22599 492 58 for for IN 22599 492 59 comparison comparison NN 22599 492 60 with with IN 22599 492 61 the the DT 22599 492 62 [ [ -LRB- 22599 492 63 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 492 64 forms form NNS 22599 492 65 . . . 22599 493 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 493 2 would would MD 22599 493 3 as as RB 22599 493 4 appropriately appropriately RB 22599 493 5 be be VB 22599 493 6 used use VBN 22599 493 7 in in IN 22599 493 8 connection connection NN 22599 493 9 with with IN 22599 493 10 the the DT 22599 493 11 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 493 12 forms form NNS 22599 493 13 , , , 22599 493 14 and and CC 22599 493 15 the the DT 22599 493 16 evidence evidence NN 22599 493 17 of of IN 22599 493 18 a a DT 22599 493 19 relation relation NN 22599 493 20 of of IN 22599 493 21 the the DT 22599 493 22 first first JJ 22599 493 23 three three CD 22599 493 24 with with IN 22599 493 25 all all PDT 22599 493 26 these these DT 22599 493 27 systems system NNS 22599 493 28 is be VBZ 22599 493 29 apparent apparent JJ 22599 493 30 . . . 22599 494 1 The the DT 22599 494 2 only only JJ 22599 494 3 further further JJ 22599 494 4 resemblance resemblance NN 22599 494 5 is be VBZ 22599 494 6 in in IN 22599 494 7 the the DT 22599 494 8 Demotic Demotic NNP 22599 494 9 4 4 CD 22599 494 10 and and CC 22599 494 11 in in IN 22599 494 12 the the DT 22599 494 13 9 9 CD 22599 494 14 , , , 22599 494 15 so so IN 22599 494 16 that that IN 22599 494 17 the the DT 22599 494 18 statement statement NN 22599 494 19 that that IN 22599 494 20 the the DT 22599 494 21 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 494 22 forms form NNS 22599 494 23 in in IN 22599 494 24 general general JJ 22599 494 25 came come VBD 22599 494 26 from from IN 22599 494 27 { { -LRB- 22599 494 28 70 70 CD 22599 494 29 } } -RRB- 22599 494 30 this this DT 22599 494 31 source source NN 22599 494 32 has have VBZ 22599 494 33 no no DT 22599 494 34 foundation foundation NN 22599 494 35 . . . 22599 495 1 The the DT 22599 495 2 first first JJ 22599 495 3 four four CD 22599 495 4 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 495 5 cardinal cardinal JJ 22599 495 6 numerals[272 numerals[272 NN 22599 495 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 495 8 resemble resemble VB 22599 495 9 more more JJR 22599 495 10 the the DT 22599 495 11 modern modern JJ 22599 495 12 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 495 13 . . . 22599 496 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 496 2 Illustration illustration NN 22599 496 3 : : : 22599 496 4 DEMOTIC DEMOTIC NNS 22599 496 5 AND and CC 22599 496 6 HIERATIC HIERATIC NNS 22599 496 7 ORDINALS ordinal NNS 22599 496 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 496 9 This this DT 22599 496 10 theory theory NN 22599 496 11 of of IN 22599 496 12 the the DT 22599 496 13 very very RB 22599 496 14 early early JJ 22599 496 15 introduction introduction NN 22599 496 16 of of IN 22599 496 17 the the DT 22599 496 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 496 19 into into IN 22599 496 20 Europe Europe NNP 22599 496 21 fails fail VBZ 22599 496 22 in in IN 22599 496 23 several several JJ 22599 496 24 points point NNS 22599 496 25 . . . 22599 497 1 In in IN 22599 497 2 the the DT 22599 497 3 first first JJ 22599 497 4 place place NN 22599 497 5 the the DT 22599 497 6 early early JJ 22599 497 7 Western western JJ 22599 497 8 forms form NNS 22599 497 9 are be VBP 22599 497 10 not not RB 22599 497 11 known know VBN 22599 497 12 ; ; : 22599 497 13 in in IN 22599 497 14 the the DT 22599 497 15 second second JJ 22599 497 16 place place NN 22599 497 17 some some DT 22599 497 18 early early JJ 22599 497 19 Eastern eastern JJ 22599 497 20 forms form NNS 22599 497 21 are be VBP 22599 497 22 like like IN 22599 497 23 the the DT 22599 497 24 [ [ -LRB- 22599 497 25 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 497 26 , , , 22599 497 27 as as IN 22599 497 28 is be VBZ 22599 497 29 seen see VBN 22599 497 30 in in IN 22599 497 31 the the DT 22599 497 32 third third JJ 22599 497 33 line line NN 22599 497 34 on on IN 22599 497 35 p. p. NN 22599 497 36 69 69 CD 22599 497 37 , , , 22599 497 38 where where WRB 22599 497 39 the the DT 22599 497 40 forms form NNS 22599 497 41 are be VBP 22599 497 42 from from IN 22599 497 43 a a DT 22599 497 44 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 497 45 written write VBN 22599 497 46 at at IN 22599 497 47 Shiraz Shiraz NNP 22599 497 48 about about RB 22599 497 49 970 970 CD 22599 497 50 A.D. a.d. NN 22599 497 51 , , , 22599 497 52 and and CC 22599 497 53 in in IN 22599 497 54 which which WDT 22599 497 55 some some DT 22599 497 56 western western JJ 22599 497 57 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 497 58 forms form NNS 22599 497 59 , , , 22599 497 60 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 498 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 498 2 symbol symbol NN 22599 498 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 498 4 for for IN 22599 498 5 2 2 CD 22599 498 6 , , , 22599 498 7 are be VBP 22599 498 8 also also RB 22599 498 9 used use VBN 22599 498 10 . . . 22599 499 1 Probably probably RB 22599 499 2 most most RBS 22599 499 3 significant significant JJ 22599 499 4 of of IN 22599 499 5 all all DT 22599 499 6 is be VBZ 22599 499 7 the the DT 22599 499 8 fact fact NN 22599 499 9 that that IN 22599 499 10 the the DT 22599 499 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 499 12 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 499 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 499 14 as as IN 22599 499 15 given give VBN 22599 499 16 by by IN 22599 499 17 Sacy Sacy NNP 22599 499 18 are be VBP 22599 499 19 all all DT 22599 499 20 , , , 22599 499 21 with with IN 22599 499 22 the the DT 22599 499 23 exception exception NN 22599 499 24 of of IN 22599 499 25 the the DT 22599 499 26 symbol symbol NN 22599 499 27 for for IN 22599 499 28 eight eight CD 22599 499 29 , , , 22599 499 30 either either CC 22599 499 31 single single JJ 22599 499 32 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 499 33 letters letter NNS 22599 499 34 or or CC 22599 499 35 combinations combination NNS 22599 499 36 of of IN 22599 499 37 letters letter NNS 22599 499 38 . . . 22599 500 1 So so RB 22599 500 2 much much JJ 22599 500 3 for for IN 22599 500 4 the the DT 22599 500 5 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 500 6 theory theory NN 22599 500 7 and and CC 22599 500 8 the the DT 22599 500 9 meaning meaning NN 22599 500 10 of of IN 22599 500 11 the the DT 22599 500 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 500 13 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 500 14 numerals numeral NNS 22599 500 15 . . . 22599 501 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 501 2 now now RB 22599 501 3 have have VBP 22599 501 4 to to TO 22599 501 5 consider consider VB 22599 501 6 the the DT 22599 501 7 question question NN 22599 501 8 as as IN 22599 501 9 to to IN 22599 501 10 whether whether IN 22599 501 11 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 501 12 knew know VBD 22599 501 13 these these DT 22599 501 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 501 15 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 501 16 forms form NNS 22599 501 17 , , , 22599 501 18 or or CC 22599 501 19 forms form NNS 22599 501 20 akin akin JJ 22599 501 21 to to IN 22599 501 22 them -PRON- PRP 22599 501 23 . . . 22599 502 1 This this DT 22599 502 2 large large JJ 22599 502 3 question[273 question[273 NN 22599 502 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 502 5 suggests suggest VBZ 22599 502 6 several several JJ 22599 502 7 minor minor JJ 22599 502 8 ones one NNS 22599 502 9 : : : 22599 502 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 502 11 1 1 LS 22599 502 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 502 13 Who who WP 22599 502 14 was be VBD 22599 502 15 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 502 16 ? ? . 22599 503 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 503 2 2 2 LS 22599 503 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 503 4 Could Could MD 22599 503 5 he -PRON- PRP 22599 503 6 have have VB 22599 503 7 known know VBN 22599 503 8 these these DT 22599 503 9 numerals numeral NNS 22599 503 10 ? ? . 22599 504 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 504 2 3 3 LS 22599 504 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 504 4 Is be VBZ 22599 504 5 there there EX 22599 504 6 any any DT 22599 504 7 positive positive JJ 22599 504 8 or or CC 22599 504 9 strong strong JJ 22599 504 10 circumstantial circumstantial JJ 22599 504 11 evidence evidence NN 22599 504 12 that that IN 22599 504 13 he -PRON- PRP 22599 504 14 did do VBD 22599 504 15 know know VB 22599 504 16 them -PRON- PRP 22599 504 17 ? ? . 22599 505 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 505 2 4 4 LS 22599 505 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 505 4 What what WP 22599 505 5 are be VBP 22599 505 6 the the DT 22599 505 7 probabilities probability NNS 22599 505 8 in in IN 22599 505 9 the the DT 22599 505 10 case case NN 22599 505 11 ? ? . 22599 506 1 { { -LRB- 22599 506 2 71 71 CD 22599 506 3 } } -RRB- 22599 506 4 First first RB 22599 506 5 , , , 22599 506 6 who who WP 22599 506 7 was be VBD 22599 506 8 Boethius,--Divus[274 Boethius,--Divus[274 NNP 22599 506 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 506 10 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 506 11 as as IN 22599 506 12 he -PRON- PRP 22599 506 13 was be VBD 22599 506 14 called call VBN 22599 506 15 in in IN 22599 506 16 the the DT 22599 506 17 Middle Middle NNP 22599 506 18 Ages Ages NNPS 22599 506 19 ? ? . 22599 507 1 Anicius Anicius NNP 22599 507 2 Manlius Manlius NNP 22599 507 3 Severinus Severinus NNP 22599 507 4 Boethius[275 Boethius[275 NNP 22599 507 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 507 6 was be VBD 22599 507 7 born bear VBN 22599 507 8 at at IN 22599 507 9 Rome Rome NNP 22599 507 10 c. c. NNP 22599 507 11 475 475 CD 22599 507 12 . . . 22599 508 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 508 2 was be VBD 22599 508 3 a a DT 22599 508 4 member member NN 22599 508 5 of of IN 22599 508 6 the the DT 22599 508 7 distinguished distinguished JJ 22599 508 8 family family NN 22599 508 9 of of IN 22599 508 10 the the DT 22599 508 11 Anicii,[276 anicii,[276 NN 22599 508 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 508 13 which which WDT 22599 508 14 had have VBD 22599 508 15 for for IN 22599 508 16 some some DT 22599 508 17 time time NN 22599 508 18 before before IN 22599 508 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 508 20 birth birth NN 22599 508 21 been be VBN 22599 508 22 Christian Christian NNP 22599 508 23 . . . 22599 509 1 Early early RB 22599 509 2 left leave VBD 22599 509 3 an an DT 22599 509 4 orphan orphan NN 22599 509 5 , , , 22599 509 6 the the DT 22599 509 7 tradition tradition NN 22599 509 8 is be VBZ 22599 509 9 that that IN 22599 509 10 he -PRON- PRP 22599 509 11 was be VBD 22599 509 12 taken take VBN 22599 509 13 to to IN 22599 509 14 Athens Athens NNP 22599 509 15 at at IN 22599 509 16 about about IN 22599 509 17 the the DT 22599 509 18 age age NN 22599 509 19 of of IN 22599 509 20 ten ten CD 22599 509 21 , , , 22599 509 22 and and CC 22599 509 23 that that IN 22599 509 24 he -PRON- PRP 22599 509 25 remained remain VBD 22599 509 26 there there RB 22599 509 27 eighteen eighteen CD 22599 509 28 years year NNS 22599 509 29 . . . 22599 510 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 510 2 277 277 CD 22599 510 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 510 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 510 5 married marry VBD 22599 510 6 Rusticiana Rusticiana NNP 22599 510 7 , , , 22599 510 8 daughter daughter NN 22599 510 9 of of IN 22599 510 10 the the DT 22599 510 11 senator senator NNP 22599 510 12 Symmachus Symmachus NNP 22599 510 13 , , , 22599 510 14 and and CC 22599 510 15 this this DT 22599 510 16 union union NN 22599 510 17 of of IN 22599 510 18 two two CD 22599 510 19 such such JJ 22599 510 20 powerful powerful JJ 22599 510 21 families family NNS 22599 510 22 allowed allow VBD 22599 510 23 him -PRON- PRP 22599 510 24 to to TO 22599 510 25 move move VB 22599 510 26 in in IN 22599 510 27 the the DT 22599 510 28 highest high JJS 22599 510 29 circles circle NNS 22599 510 30 . . . 22599 511 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 511 2 278 278 CD 22599 511 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 511 4 Standing stand VBG 22599 511 5 strictly strictly RB 22599 511 6 for for IN 22599 511 7 the the DT 22599 511 8 right right NN 22599 511 9 , , , 22599 511 10 and and CC 22599 511 11 against against IN 22599 511 12 all all DT 22599 511 13 iniquity iniquity NN 22599 511 14 at at IN 22599 511 15 court court NN 22599 511 16 , , , 22599 511 17 he -PRON- PRP 22599 511 18 became become VBD 22599 511 19 the the DT 22599 511 20 object object NN 22599 511 21 of of IN 22599 511 22 hatred hatred NN 22599 511 23 on on IN 22599 511 24 the the DT 22599 511 25 part part NN 22599 511 26 of of IN 22599 511 27 all all PDT 22599 511 28 the the DT 22599 511 29 unscrupulous unscrupulous JJ 22599 511 30 element element NN 22599 511 31 near near IN 22599 511 32 the the DT 22599 511 33 throne throne NN 22599 511 34 , , , 22599 511 35 and and CC 22599 511 36 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 511 37 bold bold JJ 22599 511 38 defense defense NN 22599 511 39 of of IN 22599 511 40 the the DT 22599 511 41 ex ex NN 22599 511 42 - - NN 22599 511 43 consul consul NN 22599 511 44 Albinus Albinus NNP 22599 511 45 , , , 22599 511 46 unjustly unjustly RB 22599 511 47 accused accuse VBN 22599 511 48 of of IN 22599 511 49 treason treason NN 22599 511 50 , , , 22599 511 51 led lead VBD 22599 511 52 to to IN 22599 511 53 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 511 54 imprisonment imprisonment NN 22599 511 55 at at IN 22599 511 56 Pavia[279 pavia[279 CD 22599 511 57 ] ] -RRB- 22599 511 58 and and CC 22599 511 59 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 511 60 execution execution NN 22599 511 61 in in IN 22599 511 62 524 524 CD 22599 511 63 . . . 22599 512 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 512 2 280 280 CD 22599 512 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 512 4 Not not RB 22599 512 5 many many JJ 22599 512 6 generations generation NNS 22599 512 7 after after IN 22599 512 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 512 9 death death NN 22599 512 10 , , , 22599 512 11 the the DT 22599 512 12 period period NN 22599 512 13 being be VBG 22599 512 14 one one CD 22599 512 15 in in IN 22599 512 16 which which WDT 22599 512 17 historical historical JJ 22599 512 18 criticism criticism NN 22599 512 19 was be VBD 22599 512 20 at at IN 22599 512 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 512 22 lowest low JJS 22599 512 23 ebb ebb NN 22599 512 24 , , , 22599 512 25 the the DT 22599 512 26 church church NN 22599 512 27 found find VBD 22599 512 28 it -PRON- PRP 22599 512 29 profitable profitable JJ 22599 512 30 to to TO 22599 512 31 look look VB 22599 512 32 upon upon IN 22599 512 33 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 512 34 execution execution NN 22599 512 35 as as IN 22599 512 36 a a DT 22599 512 37 martyrdom martyrdom NN 22599 512 38 . . . 22599 513 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 513 2 281 281 CD 22599 513 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 513 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 513 5 was be VBD 22599 513 6 { { -LRB- 22599 513 7 72 72 CD 22599 513 8 } } -RRB- 22599 513 9 accordingly accordingly RB 22599 513 10 looked look VBD 22599 513 11 upon upon IN 22599 513 12 as as IN 22599 513 13 a a DT 22599 513 14 saint,[282 saint,[282 NN 22599 513 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 513 16 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 513 17 bones bone NNS 22599 513 18 were be VBD 22599 513 19 enshrined,[283 enshrined,[283 NN 22599 513 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 513 21 and and CC 22599 513 22 as as IN 22599 513 23 a a DT 22599 513 24 natural natural JJ 22599 513 25 consequence consequence NN 22599 513 26 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 513 27 books book NNS 22599 513 28 were be VBD 22599 513 29 among among IN 22599 513 30 the the DT 22599 513 31 classics classic NNS 22599 513 32 in in IN 22599 513 33 the the DT 22599 513 34 church church NN 22599 513 35 schools school NNS 22599 513 36 for for IN 22599 513 37 a a DT 22599 513 38 thousand thousand CD 22599 513 39 years year NNS 22599 513 40 . . . 22599 514 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 514 2 284 284 CD 22599 514 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 514 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 514 5 is be VBZ 22599 514 6 pathetic pathetic JJ 22599 514 7 , , , 22599 514 8 however however RB 22599 514 9 , , , 22599 514 10 to to TO 22599 514 11 think think VB 22599 514 12 of of IN 22599 514 13 the the DT 22599 514 14 medieval medieval JJ 22599 514 15 student student NN 22599 514 16 trying try VBG 22599 514 17 to to TO 22599 514 18 extract extract VB 22599 514 19 mental mental JJ 22599 514 20 nourishment nourishment NN 22599 514 21 from from IN 22599 514 22 a a DT 22599 514 23 work work NN 22599 514 24 so so RB 22599 514 25 abstract abstract JJ 22599 514 26 , , , 22599 514 27 so so RB 22599 514 28 meaningless meaningless JJ 22599 514 29 , , , 22599 514 30 so so RB 22599 514 31 unnecessarily unnecessarily RB 22599 514 32 complicated complicated JJ 22599 514 33 , , , 22599 514 34 as as IN 22599 514 35 the the DT 22599 514 36 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 514 37 of of IN 22599 514 38 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 514 39 . . . 22599 515 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 515 2 was be VBD 22599 515 3 looked look VBN 22599 515 4 upon upon IN 22599 515 5 by by IN 22599 515 6 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 515 7 contemporaries contemporary NNS 22599 515 8 and and CC 22599 515 9 immediate immediate JJ 22599 515 10 successors successor NNS 22599 515 11 as as IN 22599 515 12 a a DT 22599 515 13 master master NN 22599 515 14 , , , 22599 515 15 for for IN 22599 515 16 Cassiodorus[285 Cassiodorus[285 NNP 22599 515 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 515 18 ( ( -LRB- 22599 515 19 c. c. NNP 22599 515 20 490-c 490-c CD 22599 515 21 . . . 22599 515 22 585 585 CD 22599 515 23 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 515 24 ) ) -RRB- 22599 515 25 says say VBZ 22599 515 26 to to IN 22599 515 27 him -PRON- PRP 22599 515 28 : : : 22599 515 29 " " `` 22599 515 30 Through through IN 22599 515 31 your -PRON- PRP$ 22599 515 32 translations translation NNS 22599 515 33 the the DT 22599 515 34 music music NN 22599 515 35 of of IN 22599 515 36 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNP 22599 515 37 and and CC 22599 515 38 the the DT 22599 515 39 astronomy astronomy NN 22599 515 40 of of IN 22599 515 41 Ptolemy Ptolemy NNP 22599 515 42 are be VBP 22599 515 43 read read VBN 22599 515 44 by by IN 22599 515 45 those those DT 22599 515 46 of of IN 22599 515 47 Italy Italy NNP 22599 515 48 , , , 22599 515 49 and and CC 22599 515 50 the the DT 22599 515 51 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 515 52 of of IN 22599 515 53 Nicomachus Nicomachus NNP 22599 515 54 and and CC 22599 515 55 the the DT 22599 515 56 geometry geometry NN 22599 515 57 of of IN 22599 515 58 Euclid Euclid NNP 22599 515 59 are be VBP 22599 515 60 known know VBN 22599 515 61 to to IN 22599 515 62 those those DT 22599 515 63 of of IN 22599 515 64 the the DT 22599 515 65 West West NNP 22599 515 66 . . . 22599 516 1 " " `` 22599 516 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 516 3 286 286 CD 22599 516 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 516 5 Founder Founder NNP 22599 516 6 of of IN 22599 516 7 the the DT 22599 516 8 medieval medieval JJ 22599 516 9 scholasticism scholasticism NN 22599 516 10 , , , 22599 516 11 { { -LRB- 22599 516 12 73 73 CD 22599 516 13 } } -RRB- 22599 516 14 distinguishing distinguish VBG 22599 516 15 the the DT 22599 516 16 trivium trivium NN 22599 516 17 and and CC 22599 516 18 quadrivium,[287 quadrivium,[287 NNP 22599 516 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 516 20 writing write VBG 22599 516 21 the the DT 22599 516 22 only only JJ 22599 516 23 classics classic NNS 22599 516 24 of of IN 22599 516 25 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 516 26 time time NN 22599 516 27 , , , 22599 516 28 Gibbon Gibbon NNP 22599 516 29 well well RB 22599 516 30 called call VBD 22599 516 31 him -PRON- PRP 22599 516 32 " " `` 22599 516 33 the the DT 22599 516 34 last last JJ 22599 516 35 of of IN 22599 516 36 the the DT 22599 516 37 Romans Romans NNPS 22599 516 38 whom whom WP 22599 516 39 Cato Cato NNP 22599 516 40 or or CC 22599 516 41 Tully Tully NNP 22599 516 42 could could MD 22599 516 43 have have VB 22599 516 44 acknowledged acknowledge VBN 22599 516 45 for for IN 22599 516 46 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 516 47 countryman countryman NN 22599 516 48 . . . 22599 517 1 " " `` 22599 517 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 517 3 288 288 CD 22599 517 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 517 5 The the DT 22599 517 6 second second JJ 22599 517 7 question question NN 22599 517 8 relating relate VBG 22599 517 9 to to IN 22599 517 10 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 517 11 is be VBZ 22599 517 12 this this DT 22599 517 13 : : : 22599 517 14 Could Could MD 22599 517 15 he -PRON- PRP 22599 517 16 possibly possibly RB 22599 517 17 have have VB 22599 517 18 known know VBN 22599 517 19 the the DT 22599 517 20 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 517 21 numerals numeral NNS 22599 517 22 ? ? . 22599 518 1 In in IN 22599 518 2 view view NN 22599 518 3 of of IN 22599 518 4 the the DT 22599 518 5 relations relation NNS 22599 518 6 that that WDT 22599 518 7 will will MD 22599 518 8 be be VB 22599 518 9 shown show VBN 22599 518 10 to to TO 22599 518 11 have have VB 22599 518 12 existed exist VBN 22599 518 13 between between IN 22599 518 14 the the DT 22599 518 15 East East NNP 22599 518 16 and and CC 22599 518 17 the the DT 22599 518 18 West West NNP 22599 518 19 , , , 22599 518 20 there there EX 22599 518 21 can can MD 22599 518 22 only only RB 22599 518 23 be be VB 22599 518 24 an an DT 22599 518 25 affirmative affirmative JJ 22599 518 26 answer answer NN 22599 518 27 to to IN 22599 518 28 this this DT 22599 518 29 question question NN 22599 518 30 . . . 22599 519 1 The the DT 22599 519 2 numerals numeral NNS 22599 519 3 had have VBD 22599 519 4 existed exist VBN 22599 519 5 , , , 22599 519 6 without without IN 22599 519 7 the the DT 22599 519 8 zero zero CD 22599 519 9 , , , 22599 519 10 for for IN 22599 519 11 several several JJ 22599 519 12 centuries century NNS 22599 519 13 ; ; : 22599 519 14 they -PRON- PRP 22599 519 15 had have VBD 22599 519 16 been be VBN 22599 519 17 well well RB 22599 519 18 known know VBN 22599 519 19 in in IN 22599 519 20 India India NNP 22599 519 21 ; ; : 22599 519 22 there there EX 22599 519 23 had have VBD 22599 519 24 been be VBN 22599 519 25 a a DT 22599 519 26 continued continue VBN 22599 519 27 interchange interchange NN 22599 519 28 of of IN 22599 519 29 thought thought NN 22599 519 30 between between IN 22599 519 31 the the DT 22599 519 32 East East NNP 22599 519 33 and and CC 22599 519 34 West West NNP 22599 519 35 ; ; , 22599 519 36 and and CC 22599 519 37 warriors warrior NNS 22599 519 38 , , , 22599 519 39 ambassadors ambassador NNS 22599 519 40 , , , 22599 519 41 scholars scholar NNS 22599 519 42 , , , 22599 519 43 and and CC 22599 519 44 the the DT 22599 519 45 restless restless JJ 22599 519 46 trader trader NN 22599 519 47 , , , 22599 519 48 all all DT 22599 519 49 had have VBD 22599 519 50 gone go VBN 22599 519 51 back back RB 22599 519 52 and and CC 22599 519 53 forth forth RB 22599 519 54 , , , 22599 519 55 by by IN 22599 519 56 land land NN 22599 519 57 or or CC 22599 519 58 more more RBR 22599 519 59 frequently frequently RB 22599 519 60 by by IN 22599 519 61 sea sea NN 22599 519 62 , , , 22599 519 63 between between IN 22599 519 64 the the DT 22599 519 65 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 519 66 lands land NNS 22599 519 67 and and CC 22599 519 68 the the DT 22599 519 69 centers center NNS 22599 519 70 of of IN 22599 519 71 Indian indian JJ 22599 519 72 commerce commerce NN 22599 519 73 and and CC 22599 519 74 culture culture NN 22599 519 75 . . . 22599 520 1 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 520 2 could could MD 22599 520 3 very very RB 22599 520 4 well well RB 22599 520 5 have have VB 22599 520 6 learned learn VBN 22599 520 7 one one CD 22599 520 8 or or CC 22599 520 9 more more JJR 22599 520 10 forms form NNS 22599 520 11 of of IN 22599 520 12 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 520 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 520 14 from from IN 22599 520 15 some some DT 22599 520 16 traveler traveler NN 22599 520 17 or or CC 22599 520 18 merchant merchant NN 22599 520 19 . . . 22599 521 1 To to TO 22599 521 2 justify justify VB 22599 521 3 this this DT 22599 521 4 statement statement NN 22599 521 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 521 6 is be VBZ 22599 521 7 necessary necessary JJ 22599 521 8 to to TO 22599 521 9 speak speak VB 22599 521 10 more more RBR 22599 521 11 fully fully RB 22599 521 12 of of IN 22599 521 13 these these DT 22599 521 14 relations relation NNS 22599 521 15 between between IN 22599 521 16 the the DT 22599 521 17 Far Far NNP 22599 521 18 East East NNP 22599 521 19 and and CC 22599 521 20 Europe Europe NNP 22599 521 21 . . . 22599 522 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 522 2 is be VBZ 22599 522 3 true true JJ 22599 522 4 that that IN 22599 522 5 we -PRON- PRP 22599 522 6 have have VBP 22599 522 7 no no DT 22599 522 8 records record NNS 22599 522 9 of of IN 22599 522 10 the the DT 22599 522 11 interchange interchange NN 22599 522 12 of of IN 22599 522 13 learning learning NN 22599 522 14 , , , 22599 522 15 in in IN 22599 522 16 any any DT 22599 522 17 large large JJ 22599 522 18 way way NN 22599 522 19 , , , 22599 522 20 between between IN 22599 522 21 eastern eastern JJ 22599 522 22 Asia Asia NNP 22599 522 23 and and CC 22599 522 24 central central JJ 22599 522 25 Europe Europe NNP 22599 522 26 in in IN 22599 522 27 the the DT 22599 522 28 century century NN 22599 522 29 preceding precede VBG 22599 522 30 the the DT 22599 522 31 time time NN 22599 522 32 of of IN 22599 522 33 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 522 34 . . . 22599 523 1 But but CC 22599 523 2 it -PRON- PRP 22599 523 3 is be VBZ 22599 523 4 one one CD 22599 523 5 of of IN 22599 523 6 the the DT 22599 523 7 mistakes mistake NNS 22599 523 8 of of IN 22599 523 9 scholars scholar NNS 22599 523 10 to to TO 22599 523 11 believe believe VB 22599 523 12 that that IN 22599 523 13 they -PRON- PRP 22599 523 14 are be VBP 22599 523 15 the the DT 22599 523 16 sole sole JJ 22599 523 17 transmitters transmitter NNS 22599 523 18 of of IN 22599 523 19 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 523 20 . . . 22599 524 1 { { -LRB- 22599 524 2 74 74 CD 22599 524 3 } } -RRB- 22599 524 4 As as IN 22599 524 5 a a DT 22599 524 6 matter matter NN 22599 524 7 of of IN 22599 524 8 fact fact NN 22599 524 9 there there EX 22599 524 10 is be VBZ 22599 524 11 abundant abundant JJ 22599 524 12 reason reason NN 22599 524 13 for for IN 22599 524 14 believing believe VBG 22599 524 15 that that IN 22599 524 16 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 524 17 numerals numeral NNS 22599 524 18 would would MD 22599 524 19 naturally naturally RB 22599 524 20 have have VB 22599 524 21 been be VBN 22599 524 22 known know VBN 22599 524 23 to to IN 22599 524 24 the the DT 22599 524 25 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 524 26 , , , 22599 524 27 and and CC 22599 524 28 even even RB 22599 524 29 along along IN 22599 524 30 every every DT 22599 524 31 trade trade NN 22599 524 32 route route NN 22599 524 33 to to IN 22599 524 34 the the DT 22599 524 35 remote remote JJ 22599 524 36 west west NN 22599 524 37 , , , 22599 524 38 long long RB 22599 524 39 before before IN 22599 524 40 the the DT 22599 524 41 zero zero CD 22599 524 42 entered enter VBD 22599 524 43 to to TO 22599 524 44 make make VB 22599 524 45 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 524 46 place place NN 22599 524 47 - - HYPH 22599 524 48 value value NN 22599 524 49 possible possible JJ 22599 524 50 , , , 22599 524 51 and and CC 22599 524 52 that that IN 22599 524 53 the the DT 22599 524 54 characters character NNS 22599 524 55 , , , 22599 524 56 the the DT 22599 524 57 methods method NNS 22599 524 58 of of IN 22599 524 59 calculating calculating NN 22599 524 60 , , , 22599 524 61 the the DT 22599 524 62 improvements improvement NNS 22599 524 63 that that WDT 22599 524 64 took take VBD 22599 524 65 place place NN 22599 524 66 from from IN 22599 524 67 time time NN 22599 524 68 to to IN 22599 524 69 time time NN 22599 524 70 , , , 22599 524 71 the the DT 22599 524 72 zero zero CD 22599 524 73 when when WRB 22599 524 74 it -PRON- PRP 22599 524 75 appeared appear VBD 22599 524 76 , , , 22599 524 77 and and CC 22599 524 78 the the DT 22599 524 79 customs custom NNS 22599 524 80 as as IN 22599 524 81 to to IN 22599 524 82 solving solve VBG 22599 524 83 business business NN 22599 524 84 problems problem NNS 22599 524 85 , , , 22599 524 86 would would MD 22599 524 87 all all DT 22599 524 88 have have VB 22599 524 89 been be VBN 22599 524 90 made make VBN 22599 524 91 known known JJ 22599 524 92 from from IN 22599 524 93 generation generation NN 22599 524 94 to to IN 22599 524 95 generation generation NN 22599 524 96 along along IN 22599 524 97 these these DT 22599 524 98 same same JJ 22599 524 99 trade trade NN 22599 524 100 routes route NNS 22599 524 101 from from IN 22599 524 102 the the DT 22599 524 103 Orient Orient NNP 22599 524 104 to to IN 22599 524 105 the the DT 22599 524 106 Occident Occident NNP 22599 524 107 . . . 22599 525 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 525 2 must must MD 22599 525 3 always always RB 22599 525 4 be be VB 22599 525 5 kept keep VBN 22599 525 6 in in IN 22599 525 7 mind mind NN 22599 525 8 that that IN 22599 525 9 it -PRON- PRP 22599 525 10 was be VBD 22599 525 11 to to IN 22599 525 12 the the DT 22599 525 13 tradesman tradesman NN 22599 525 14 and and CC 22599 525 15 the the DT 22599 525 16 wandering wander VBG 22599 525 17 scholar scholar NN 22599 525 18 that that WDT 22599 525 19 the the DT 22599 525 20 spread spread NN 22599 525 21 of of IN 22599 525 22 such such JJ 22599 525 23 learning learning NN 22599 525 24 was be VBD 22599 525 25 due due JJ 22599 525 26 , , , 22599 525 27 rather rather RB 22599 525 28 than than IN 22599 525 29 to to IN 22599 525 30 the the DT 22599 525 31 school school NN 22599 525 32 man man NN 22599 525 33 . . . 22599 526 1 Indeed indeed RB 22599 526 2 , , , 22599 526 3 Avicenna[289 avicenna[289 CD 22599 526 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 526 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 526 6 980 980 CD 22599 526 7 - - SYM 22599 526 8 1037 1037 CD 22599 526 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 526 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 526 11 in in IN 22599 526 12 a a DT 22599 526 13 short short JJ 22599 526 14 biography biography NN 22599 526 15 of of IN 22599 526 16 himself -PRON- PRP 22599 526 17 relates relate VBZ 22599 526 18 that that IN 22599 526 19 when when WRB 22599 526 20 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 526 21 people people NNS 22599 526 22 were be VBD 22599 526 23 living live VBG 22599 526 24 at at IN 22599 526 25 Bokh[=a]ra Bokh[=a]ra VBG 22599 526 26 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 526 27 father father NN 22599 526 28 sent send VBD 22599 526 29 him -PRON- PRP 22599 526 30 to to IN 22599 526 31 the the DT 22599 526 32 house house NN 22599 526 33 of of IN 22599 526 34 a a DT 22599 526 35 grocer grocer NN 22599 526 36 to to TO 22599 526 37 learn learn VB 22599 526 38 the the DT 22599 526 39 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 526 40 art art NN 22599 526 41 of of IN 22599 526 42 reckoning reckoning NN 22599 526 43 , , , 22599 526 44 in in IN 22599 526 45 which which WDT 22599 526 46 this this DT 22599 526 47 grocer grocer NN 22599 526 48 ( ( -LRB- 22599 526 49 oil oil NN 22599 526 50 dealer dealer NN 22599 526 51 , , , 22599 526 52 possibly possibly RB 22599 526 53 ) ) -RRB- 22599 526 54 was be VBD 22599 526 55 expert expert JJ 22599 526 56 . . . 22599 527 1 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 527 2 of of IN 22599 527 3 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 527 4 , , , 22599 527 5 too too RB 22599 527 6 , , , 22599 527 7 had have VBD 22599 527 8 a a DT 22599 527 9 similar similar JJ 22599 527 10 training training NN 22599 527 11 . . . 22599 528 1 The the DT 22599 528 2 whole whole JJ 22599 528 3 question question NN 22599 528 4 of of IN 22599 528 5 this this DT 22599 528 6 spread spread NN 22599 528 7 of of IN 22599 528 8 mercantile mercantile NN 22599 528 9 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 528 10 along along IN 22599 528 11 the the DT 22599 528 12 trade trade NN 22599 528 13 routes route NNS 22599 528 14 is be VBZ 22599 528 15 so so RB 22599 528 16 connected connected JJ 22599 528 17 with with IN 22599 528 18 the the DT 22599 528 19 [ [ -LRB- 22599 528 20 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 528 21 numerals numeral NNS 22599 528 22 , , , 22599 528 23 the the DT 22599 528 24 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 528 25 question question NN 22599 528 26 , , , 22599 528 27 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 528 28 , , , 22599 528 29 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 528 30 of of IN 22599 528 31 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 528 32 , , , 22599 528 33 and and CC 22599 528 34 other other JJ 22599 528 35 names name NNS 22599 528 36 and and CC 22599 528 37 events event NNS 22599 528 38 , , , 22599 528 39 that that IN 22599 528 40 a a DT 22599 528 41 digression digression NN 22599 528 42 for for IN 22599 528 43 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 528 44 consideration consideration NN 22599 528 45 now now RB 22599 528 46 becomes become VBZ 22599 528 47 necessary necessary JJ 22599 528 48 . . . 22599 529 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 529 2 290 290 CD 22599 529 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 529 4 { { -LRB- 22599 529 5 75 75 CD 22599 529 6 } } -RRB- 22599 529 7 Even even RB 22599 529 8 in in IN 22599 529 9 very very RB 22599 529 10 remote remote JJ 22599 529 11 times time NNS 22599 529 12 , , , 22599 529 13 before before IN 22599 529 14 the the DT 22599 529 15 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 529 16 numerals numeral NNS 22599 529 17 were be VBD 22599 529 18 sculptured sculpture VBN 22599 529 19 in in IN 22599 529 20 the the DT 22599 529 21 cave cave NN 22599 529 22 of of IN 22599 529 23 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 529 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 529 25 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t NN 22599 529 26 , , , 22599 529 27 there there EX 22599 529 28 were be VBD 22599 529 29 trade trade NN 22599 529 30 relations relation NNS 22599 529 31 between between IN 22599 529 32 Arabia Arabia NNP 22599 529 33 and and CC 22599 529 34 India India NNP 22599 529 35 . . . 22599 530 1 Indeed indeed RB 22599 530 2 , , , 22599 530 3 long long RB 22599 530 4 before before IN 22599 530 5 the the DT 22599 530 6 Aryans Aryans NNPS 22599 530 7 went go VBD 22599 530 8 to to IN 22599 530 9 India India NNP 22599 530 10 the the DT 22599 530 11 great great JJ 22599 530 12 Turanian turanian JJ 22599 530 13 race race NN 22599 530 14 had have VBD 22599 530 15 spread spread VBN 22599 530 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 530 17 civilization civilization NN 22599 530 18 from from IN 22599 530 19 the the DT 22599 530 20 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 530 21 to to IN 22599 530 22 the the DT 22599 530 23 Indus Indus NNP 22599 530 24 . . . 22599 531 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 531 2 291 291 CD 22599 531 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 531 4 At at IN 22599 531 5 a a DT 22599 531 6 much much RB 22599 531 7 later later JJ 22599 531 8 period period NN 22599 531 9 the the DT 22599 531 10 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 531 11 were be VBD 22599 531 12 the the DT 22599 531 13 intermediaries intermediary NNS 22599 531 14 between between IN 22599 531 15 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 531 16 and and CC 22599 531 17 Syria Syria NNP 22599 531 18 on on IN 22599 531 19 the the DT 22599 531 20 west west NN 22599 531 21 , , , 22599 531 22 and and CC 22599 531 23 the the DT 22599 531 24 farther farther JJ 22599 531 25 Orient Orient NNP 22599 531 26 . . . 22599 532 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 532 2 292 292 CD 22599 532 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 532 4 In in IN 22599 532 5 the the DT 22599 532 6 sixth sixth JJ 22599 532 7 century century NN 22599 532 8 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 532 9 , , , 22599 532 10 Hecatæus,[293 hecatæus,[293 ADD 22599 532 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 532 12 the the DT 22599 532 13 father father NN 22599 532 14 of of IN 22599 532 15 geography geography NNP 22599 532 16 , , , 22599 532 17 was be VBD 22599 532 18 acquainted acquaint VBN 22599 532 19 not not RB 22599 532 20 only only RB 22599 532 21 with with IN 22599 532 22 the the DT 22599 532 23 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 532 24 lands land NNS 22599 532 25 but but CC 22599 532 26 with with IN 22599 532 27 the the DT 22599 532 28 countries country NNS 22599 532 29 as as RB 22599 532 30 far far RB 22599 532 31 as as IN 22599 532 32 the the DT 22599 532 33 Indus,[294 Indus,[294 NNP 22599 532 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 532 35 and and CC 22599 532 36 in in IN 22599 532 37 Biblical biblical JJ 22599 532 38 times time NNS 22599 532 39 there there EX 22599 532 40 were be VBD 22599 532 41 regular regular JJ 22599 532 42 triennial triennial JJ 22599 532 43 voyages voyage NNS 22599 532 44 to to IN 22599 532 45 India India NNP 22599 532 46 . . . 22599 533 1 Indeed indeed RB 22599 533 2 , , , 22599 533 3 the the DT 22599 533 4 story story NN 22599 533 5 of of IN 22599 533 6 Joseph Joseph NNP 22599 533 7 bears bear VBZ 22599 533 8 witness witness NN 22599 533 9 to to IN 22599 533 10 the the DT 22599 533 11 caravan caravan NNP 22599 533 12 trade trade NN 22599 533 13 from from IN 22599 533 14 India India NNP 22599 533 15 , , , 22599 533 16 across across IN 22599 533 17 Arabia Arabia NNP 22599 533 18 , , , 22599 533 19 and and CC 22599 533 20 on on IN 22599 533 21 to to IN 22599 533 22 the the DT 22599 533 23 banks bank NNS 22599 533 24 of of IN 22599 533 25 the the DT 22599 533 26 Nile Nile NNP 22599 533 27 . . . 22599 534 1 About about RB 22599 534 2 the the DT 22599 534 3 same same JJ 22599 534 4 time time NN 22599 534 5 as as IN 22599 534 6 Hecatæus Hecatæus NNP 22599 534 7 , , , 22599 534 8 Scylax Scylax NNP 22599 534 9 , , , 22599 534 10 a a DT 22599 534 11 Persian persian JJ 22599 534 12 admiral admiral NN 22599 534 13 under under IN 22599 534 14 Darius Darius NNP 22599 534 15 , , , 22599 534 16 from from IN 22599 534 17 Caryanda Caryanda NNP 22599 534 18 on on IN 22599 534 19 the the DT 22599 534 20 coast coast NN 22599 534 21 of of IN 22599 534 22 Asia Asia NNP 22599 534 23 Minor Minor NNP 22599 534 24 , , , 22599 534 25 traveled travel VBD 22599 534 26 to to IN 22599 534 27 { { -LRB- 22599 534 28 76 76 CD 22599 534 29 } } -RRB- 22599 534 30 northwest northwest NN 22599 534 31 India India NNP 22599 534 32 and and CC 22599 534 33 wrote write VBD 22599 534 34 upon upon IN 22599 534 35 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 534 36 ventures venture NNS 22599 534 37 . . . 22599 535 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 535 2 295 295 CD 22599 535 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 535 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 535 5 induced induce VBD 22599 535 6 the the DT 22599 535 7 nations nation NNS 22599 535 8 along along IN 22599 535 9 the the DT 22599 535 10 Indus Indus NNP 22599 535 11 to to TO 22599 535 12 acknowledge acknowledge VB 22599 535 13 the the DT 22599 535 14 Persian persian JJ 22599 535 15 supremacy supremacy NN 22599 535 16 , , , 22599 535 17 and and CC 22599 535 18 such such JJ 22599 535 19 number number NN 22599 535 20 systems system NNS 22599 535 21 as as IN 22599 535 22 there there EX 22599 535 23 were be VBD 22599 535 24 in in IN 22599 535 25 these these DT 22599 535 26 lands land NNS 22599 535 27 would would MD 22599 535 28 naturally naturally RB 22599 535 29 have have VB 22599 535 30 been be VBN 22599 535 31 known know VBN 22599 535 32 to to IN 22599 535 33 a a DT 22599 535 34 man man NN 22599 535 35 of of IN 22599 535 36 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 535 37 attainments attainment NNS 22599 535 38 . . . 22599 536 1 A a DT 22599 536 2 century century NN 22599 536 3 after after IN 22599 536 4 Scylax Scylax NNP 22599 536 5 , , , 22599 536 6 Herodotus Herodotus NNP 22599 536 7 showed show VBD 22599 536 8 considerable considerable JJ 22599 536 9 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 536 10 of of IN 22599 536 11 India India NNP 22599 536 12 , , , 22599 536 13 speaking speak VBG 22599 536 14 of of IN 22599 536 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 536 16 cotton cotton NN 22599 536 17 and and CC 22599 536 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 536 19 gold,[296 gold,[296 NN 22599 536 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 536 21 telling tell VBG 22599 536 22 how how WRB 22599 536 23 Sesostris[297 Sesostris[297 NNS 22599 536 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 536 25 fitted fit VBD 22599 536 26 out out RP 22599 536 27 ships ship NNS 22599 536 28 to to TO 22599 536 29 sail sail VB 22599 536 30 to to IN 22599 536 31 that that DT 22599 536 32 country country NN 22599 536 33 , , , 22599 536 34 and and CC 22599 536 35 mentioning mention VBG 22599 536 36 the the DT 22599 536 37 routes route NNS 22599 536 38 to to IN 22599 536 39 the the DT 22599 536 40 east east NN 22599 536 41 . . . 22599 537 1 These these DT 22599 537 2 routes route NNS 22599 537 3 were be VBD 22599 537 4 generally generally RB 22599 537 5 by by IN 22599 537 6 the the DT 22599 537 7 Red Red NNP 22599 537 8 Sea Sea NNP 22599 537 9 , , , 22599 537 10 and and CC 22599 537 11 had have VBD 22599 537 12 been be VBN 22599 537 13 followed follow VBN 22599 537 14 by by IN 22599 537 15 the the DT 22599 537 16 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS 22599 537 17 and and CC 22599 537 18 the the DT 22599 537 19 Sabæans Sabæans NNPS 22599 537 20 , , , 22599 537 21 and and CC 22599 537 22 later later RB 22599 537 23 were be VBD 22599 537 24 taken take VBN 22599 537 25 by by IN 22599 537 26 the the DT 22599 537 27 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 537 28 and and CC 22599 537 29 Romans Romans NNPS 22599 537 30 . . . 22599 538 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 538 2 298 298 CD 22599 538 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 538 4 In in IN 22599 538 5 the the DT 22599 538 6 fourth fourth JJ 22599 538 7 century century NN 22599 538 8 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 539 1 the the DT 22599 539 2 West West NNP 22599 539 3 and and CC 22599 539 4 East East NNP 22599 539 5 came come VBD 22599 539 6 into into IN 22599 539 7 very very RB 22599 539 8 close close JJ 22599 539 9 relations relation NNS 22599 539 10 . . . 22599 540 1 As as RB 22599 540 2 early early RB 22599 540 3 as as IN 22599 540 4 330 330 CD 22599 540 5 , , , 22599 540 6 Pytheas Pytheas NNPS 22599 540 7 of of IN 22599 540 8 Massilia Massilia NNP 22599 540 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 540 10 Marseilles Marseilles NNP 22599 540 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 540 12 had have VBD 22599 540 13 explored explore VBN 22599 540 14 as as IN 22599 540 15 far far RB 22599 540 16 north north RB 22599 540 17 as as IN 22599 540 18 the the DT 22599 540 19 northern northern JJ 22599 540 20 end end NN 22599 540 21 of of IN 22599 540 22 the the DT 22599 540 23 British british JJ 22599 540 24 Isles Isles NNPS 22599 540 25 and and CC 22599 540 26 the the DT 22599 540 27 coasts coast NNS 22599 540 28 of of IN 22599 540 29 the the DT 22599 540 30 German German NNP 22599 540 31 Sea Sea NNP 22599 540 32 , , , 22599 540 33 while while IN 22599 540 34 Macedon Macedon NNP 22599 540 35 , , , 22599 540 36 in in IN 22599 540 37 close close JJ 22599 540 38 touch touch NN 22599 540 39 with with IN 22599 540 40 southern southern JJ 22599 540 41 France France NNP 22599 540 42 , , , 22599 540 43 was be VBD 22599 540 44 also also RB 22599 540 45 sending send VBG 22599 540 46 her -PRON- PRP$ 22599 540 47 armies army NNS 22599 540 48 under under IN 22599 540 49 Alexander[299 alexander[299 CD 22599 540 50 ] ] -RRB- 22599 540 51 through through IN 22599 540 52 Afghanistan Afghanistan NNP 22599 540 53 as as IN 22599 540 54 far far RB 22599 540 55 east east RB 22599 540 56 as as IN 22599 540 57 the the DT 22599 540 58 Punjab Punjab NNP 22599 540 59 . . . 22599 541 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 541 2 300 300 CD 22599 541 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 541 4 Pliny Pliny NNP 22599 541 5 tells tell VBZ 22599 541 6 us -PRON- PRP 22599 541 7 that that IN 22599 541 8 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 541 9 the the DT 22599 541 10 Great great JJ 22599 541 11 employed employ VBN 22599 541 12 surveyors surveyor NNS 22599 541 13 to to TO 22599 541 14 measure measure VB 22599 541 15 { { -LRB- 22599 541 16 77 77 CD 22599 541 17 } } -RRB- 22599 541 18 the the DT 22599 541 19 roads road NNS 22599 541 20 of of IN 22599 541 21 India India NNP 22599 541 22 ; ; : 22599 541 23 and and CC 22599 541 24 one one CD 22599 541 25 of of IN 22599 541 26 the the DT 22599 541 27 great great JJ 22599 541 28 highways highway NNS 22599 541 29 is be VBZ 22599 541 30 described describe VBN 22599 541 31 by by IN 22599 541 32 Megasthenes Megasthenes NNP 22599 541 33 , , , 22599 541 34 who who WP 22599 541 35 in in IN 22599 541 36 295 295 CD 22599 541 37 B.C. B.C. NNS 22599 541 38 , , , 22599 541 39 as as IN 22599 541 40 the the DT 22599 541 41 ambassador ambassador NN 22599 541 42 of of IN 22599 541 43 Seleucus Seleucus NNP 22599 541 44 , , , 22599 541 45 resided reside VBD 22599 541 46 at at IN 22599 541 47 P[=a]tal[=i]pu[t.]ra P[=a]tal[=i]pu[t.]ra NNP 22599 541 48 , , , 22599 541 49 the the DT 22599 541 50 present present JJ 22599 541 51 Patna Patna NNP 22599 541 52 . . . 22599 542 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 542 2 301 301 CD 22599 542 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 542 4 The the DT 22599 542 5 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 542 6 also also RB 22599 542 7 learned learn VBD 22599 542 8 the the DT 22599 542 9 art art NN 22599 542 10 of of IN 22599 542 11 coining coin VBG 22599 542 12 from from IN 22599 542 13 the the DT 22599 542 14 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 542 15 , , , 22599 542 16 or or CC 22599 542 17 possibly possibly RB 22599 542 18 from from IN 22599 542 19 the the DT 22599 542 20 Chinese Chinese NNPS 22599 542 21 , , , 22599 542 22 and and CC 22599 542 23 the the DT 22599 542 24 stores store NNS 22599 542 25 of of IN 22599 542 26 Greco Greco NNP 22599 542 27 - - HYPH 22599 542 28 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 542 29 coins coin NNS 22599 542 30 still still RB 22599 542 31 found find VBN 22599 542 32 in in IN 22599 542 33 northern northern JJ 22599 542 34 India India NNP 22599 542 35 are be VBP 22599 542 36 a a DT 22599 542 37 constant constant JJ 22599 542 38 source source NN 22599 542 39 of of IN 22599 542 40 historical historical JJ 22599 542 41 information information NN 22599 542 42 . . . 22599 543 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 543 2 302 302 CD 22599 543 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 543 4 The the DT 22599 543 5 R[=a]m[=a]yana R[=a]m[=a]yana NNP 22599 543 6 speaks speak VBZ 22599 543 7 of of IN 22599 543 8 merchants merchant NNS 22599 543 9 traveling travel VBG 22599 543 10 in in IN 22599 543 11 great great JJ 22599 543 12 caravans caravan NNS 22599 543 13 and and CC 22599 543 14 embarking embark VBG 22599 543 15 by by IN 22599 543 16 sea sea NN 22599 543 17 for for IN 22599 543 18 foreign foreign JJ 22599 543 19 lands land NNS 22599 543 20 . . . 22599 544 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 544 2 303 303 CD 22599 544 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 544 4 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 544 5 traded trade VBN 22599 544 6 with with IN 22599 544 7 Malacca Malacca NNP 22599 544 8 and and CC 22599 544 9 Siam Siam NNP 22599 544 10 , , , 22599 544 11 and and CC 22599 544 12 Java Java NNP 22599 544 13 was be VBD 22599 544 14 colonized colonize VBN 22599 544 15 by by IN 22599 544 16 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 544 17 traders trader NNS 22599 544 18 , , , 22599 544 19 so so IN 22599 544 20 that that IN 22599 544 21 mercantile mercantile JJ 22599 544 22 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 544 23 was be VBD 22599 544 24 being be VBG 22599 544 25 spread spread VBN 22599 544 26 about about IN 22599 544 27 the the DT 22599 544 28 Indies Indies NNPS 22599 544 29 during during IN 22599 544 30 all all PDT 22599 544 31 the the DT 22599 544 32 formative formative JJ 22599 544 33 period period NN 22599 544 34 of of IN 22599 544 35 the the DT 22599 544 36 numerals numeral NNS 22599 544 37 . . . 22599 545 1 Moreover moreover RB 22599 545 2 the the DT 22599 545 3 results result NNS 22599 545 4 of of IN 22599 545 5 the the DT 22599 545 6 early early JJ 22599 545 7 Greek greek JJ 22599 545 8 invasion invasion NN 22599 545 9 were be VBD 22599 545 10 embodied embody VBN 22599 545 11 by by IN 22599 545 12 Dicæarchus Dicæarchus NNP 22599 545 13 of of IN 22599 545 14 Messana Messana NNP 22599 545 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 545 16 about about RB 22599 545 17 320 320 CD 22599 545 18 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 545 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 546 1 in in IN 22599 546 2 a a DT 22599 546 3 map map NN 22599 546 4 that that WDT 22599 546 5 long long RB 22599 546 6 remained remain VBD 22599 546 7 a a DT 22599 546 8 standard standard NN 22599 546 9 . . . 22599 547 1 Furthermore furthermore RB 22599 547 2 , , , 22599 547 3 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 547 4 did do VBD 22599 547 5 not not RB 22599 547 6 allow allow VB 22599 547 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 547 8 influence influence NN 22599 547 9 on on IN 22599 547 10 the the DT 22599 547 11 East East NNP 22599 547 12 to to TO 22599 547 13 cease cease VB 22599 547 14 . . . 22599 548 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 548 2 divided divide VBD 22599 548 3 India India NNP 22599 548 4 into into IN 22599 548 5 three three CD 22599 548 6 satrapies,[304 satrapies,[304 NN 22599 548 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 548 8 placing place VBG 22599 548 9 Greek greek JJ 22599 548 10 governors governor NNS 22599 548 11 over over IN 22599 548 12 two two CD 22599 548 13 of of IN 22599 548 14 them -PRON- PRP 22599 548 15 and and CC 22599 548 16 leaving leave VBG 22599 548 17 a a DT 22599 548 18 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 548 19 ruler ruler NN 22599 548 20 in in IN 22599 548 21 charge charge NN 22599 548 22 of of IN 22599 548 23 the the DT 22599 548 24 third third JJ 22599 548 25 , , , 22599 548 26 and and CC 22599 548 27 in in IN 22599 548 28 Bactriana Bactriana NNP 22599 548 29 , , , 22599 548 30 a a DT 22599 548 31 part part NN 22599 548 32 of of IN 22599 548 33 Ariana Ariana NNP 22599 548 34 or or CC 22599 548 35 ancient ancient JJ 22599 548 36 Persia Persia NNP 22599 548 37 , , , 22599 548 38 he -PRON- PRP 22599 548 39 left leave VBD 22599 548 40 governors governor NNS 22599 548 41 ; ; : 22599 548 42 and and CC 22599 548 43 in in IN 22599 548 44 these these DT 22599 548 45 the the DT 22599 548 46 western western JJ 22599 548 47 civilization civilization NN 22599 548 48 was be VBD 22599 548 49 long long JJ 22599 548 50 in in IN 22599 548 51 evidence evidence NN 22599 548 52 . . . 22599 549 1 Some some DT 22599 549 2 of of IN 22599 549 3 the the DT 22599 549 4 Greek Greek NNP 22599 549 5 and and CC 22599 549 6 Roman roman JJ 22599 549 7 metrical metrical JJ 22599 549 8 and and CC 22599 549 9 astronomical astronomical JJ 22599 549 10 terms term NNS 22599 549 11 { { -LRB- 22599 549 12 78 78 CD 22599 549 13 } } -RRB- 22599 549 14 found find VBD 22599 549 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 549 16 way way NN 22599 549 17 , , , 22599 549 18 doubtless doubtless RB 22599 549 19 at at IN 22599 549 20 this this DT 22599 549 21 time time NN 22599 549 22 , , , 22599 549 23 into into IN 22599 549 24 the the DT 22599 549 25 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 549 26 language language NN 22599 549 27 . . . 22599 550 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 550 2 305 305 CD 22599 550 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 550 4 Even even RB 22599 550 5 as as RB 22599 550 6 late late JJ 22599 550 7 as as IN 22599 550 8 from from IN 22599 550 9 the the DT 22599 550 10 second second JJ 22599 550 11 to to IN 22599 550 12 the the DT 22599 550 13 fifth fifth JJ 22599 550 14 centuries century NNS 22599 550 15 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 550 16 , , , 22599 550 17 Indian indian JJ 22599 550 18 coins coin NNS 22599 550 19 showed show VBD 22599 550 20 the the DT 22599 550 21 Hellenic Hellenic NNP 22599 550 22 influence influence NN 22599 550 23 . . . 22599 551 1 The the DT 22599 551 2 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 551 3 astronomical astronomical JJ 22599 551 4 terminology terminology NN 22599 551 5 reveals reveal VBZ 22599 551 6 the the DT 22599 551 7 same same JJ 22599 551 8 relationship relationship NN 22599 551 9 to to IN 22599 551 10 western western JJ 22599 551 11 thought thought NN 22599 551 12 , , , 22599 551 13 for for IN 22599 551 14 Var[=a]ha Var[=a]ha NNP 22599 551 15 - - HYPH 22599 551 16 Mihira Mihira NNP 22599 551 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 551 18 6th 6th JJ 22599 551 19 century century NN 22599 551 20 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 551 21 ) ) -RRB- 22599 551 22 , , , 22599 551 23 a a DT 22599 551 24 contemporary contemporary NN 22599 551 25 of of IN 22599 551 26 [ [ -LRB- 22599 551 27 = = SYM 22599 551 28 A]ryabha[t.]a A]ryabha[t.]a NNP 22599 551 29 , , , 22599 551 30 entitled entitle VBN 22599 551 31 a a DT 22599 551 32 work work NN 22599 551 33 of of IN 22599 551 34 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 551 35 the the DT 22599 551 36 _ _ NNP 22599 551 37 B[r.]hat B[r.]hat NNP 22599 551 38 - - HYPH 22599 551 39 Sa[m.]hit[=a Sa[m.]hit[=a NNP 22599 551 40 ] ] -RRB- 22599 551 41 _ _ NNP 22599 551 42 , , , 22599 551 43 a a DT 22599 551 44 literal literal JJ 22599 551 45 translation translation NN 22599 551 46 of of IN 22599 551 47 [ [ -LRB- 22599 551 48 Greek Greek NNP 22599 551 49 : : : 22599 551 50 megalê megalê NNP 22599 551 51 suntaxis suntaxis NN 22599 551 52 ] ] -RRB- 22599 551 53 of of IN 22599 551 54 Ptolemy;[306 ptolemy;[306 NN 22599 551 55 ] ] -RRB- 22599 551 56 and and CC 22599 551 57 in in IN 22599 551 58 various various JJ 22599 551 59 ways way NNS 22599 551 60 is be VBZ 22599 551 61 this this DT 22599 551 62 interchange interchange NN 22599 551 63 of of IN 22599 551 64 ideas idea NNS 22599 551 65 apparent apparent JJ 22599 551 66 . . . 22599 552 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 552 2 307 307 CD 22599 552 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 552 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 552 5 could could MD 22599 552 6 not not RB 22599 552 7 have have VB 22599 552 8 been be VBN 22599 552 9 at at RB 22599 552 10 all all RB 22599 552 11 unusual unusual JJ 22599 552 12 for for IN 22599 552 13 the the DT 22599 552 14 ancient ancient JJ 22599 552 15 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 552 16 to to TO 22599 552 17 go go VB 22599 552 18 to to IN 22599 552 19 India India NNP 22599 552 20 , , , 22599 552 21 for for IN 22599 552 22 Strabo Strabo NNP 22599 552 23 lays lay VBZ 22599 552 24 down down IN 22599 552 25 the the DT 22599 552 26 route route NN 22599 552 27 , , , 22599 552 28 saying say VBG 22599 552 29 that that IN 22599 552 30 all all DT 22599 552 31 who who WP 22599 552 32 make make VBP 22599 552 33 the the DT 22599 552 34 journey journey NN 22599 552 35 start start NN 22599 552 36 from from IN 22599 552 37 Ephesus Ephesus NNP 22599 552 38 and and CC 22599 552 39 traverse traverse VB 22599 552 40 Phrygia Phrygia NNP 22599 552 41 and and CC 22599 552 42 Cappadocia Cappadocia NNP 22599 552 43 before before IN 22599 552 44 taking take VBG 22599 552 45 the the DT 22599 552 46 direct direct JJ 22599 552 47 road road NN 22599 552 48 . . . 22599 553 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 553 2 308 308 CD 22599 553 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 553 4 The the DT 22599 553 5 products product NNS 22599 553 6 of of IN 22599 553 7 the the DT 22599 553 8 East East NNP 22599 553 9 were be VBD 22599 553 10 always always RB 22599 553 11 finding find VBG 22599 553 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 553 13 way way NN 22599 553 14 to to IN 22599 553 15 the the DT 22599 553 16 West West NNP 22599 553 17 , , , 22599 553 18 the the DT 22599 553 19 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 553 20 getting get VBG 22599 553 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 553 22 ginger[309 ginger[309 NN 22599 553 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 553 24 from from IN 22599 553 25 Malabar Malabar NNP 22599 553 26 , , , 22599 553 27 as as IN 22599 553 28 the the DT 22599 553 29 Phoenicians Phoenicians NNPS 22599 553 30 had have VBD 22599 553 31 long long RB 22599 553 32 before before RB 22599 553 33 brought bring VBN 22599 553 34 gold gold NN 22599 553 35 from from IN 22599 553 36 Malacca Malacca NNP 22599 553 37 . . . 22599 554 1 Greece Greece NNP 22599 554 2 must must MD 22599 554 3 also also RB 22599 554 4 have have VB 22599 554 5 had have VBN 22599 554 6 early early JJ 22599 554 7 relations relation NNS 22599 554 8 with with IN 22599 554 9 China China NNP 22599 554 10 , , , 22599 554 11 for for IN 22599 554 12 there there EX 22599 554 13 is be VBZ 22599 554 14 a a DT 22599 554 15 notable notable JJ 22599 554 16 similarity similarity NN 22599 554 17 between between IN 22599 554 18 the the DT 22599 554 19 Greek greek JJ 22599 554 20 and and CC 22599 554 21 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 554 22 life life NN 22599 554 23 , , , 22599 554 24 as as IN 22599 554 25 is be VBZ 22599 554 26 shown show VBN 22599 554 27 in in IN 22599 554 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 554 29 houses house NNS 22599 554 30 , , , 22599 554 31 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 554 32 domestic domestic JJ 22599 554 33 customs custom NNS 22599 554 34 , , , 22599 554 35 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 554 36 marriage marriage NN 22599 554 37 ceremonies ceremony NNS 22599 554 38 , , , 22599 554 39 the the DT 22599 554 40 public public JJ 22599 554 41 story story NN 22599 554 42 - - HYPH 22599 554 43 tellers teller NNS 22599 554 44 , , , 22599 554 45 the the DT 22599 554 46 puppet puppet NN 22599 554 47 shows show VBZ 22599 554 48 which which WDT 22599 554 49 Herodotus Herodotus NNP 22599 554 50 says say VBZ 22599 554 51 were be VBD 22599 554 52 introduced introduce VBN 22599 554 53 from from IN 22599 554 54 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 554 55 , , , 22599 554 56 the the DT 22599 554 57 street street NN 22599 554 58 jugglers juggler NNS 22599 554 59 , , , 22599 554 60 the the DT 22599 554 61 games game NNS 22599 554 62 of of IN 22599 554 63 dice,[310 dice,[310 NNP 22599 554 64 ] ] -RRB- 22599 554 65 the the DT 22599 554 66 game game NN 22599 554 67 of of IN 22599 554 68 finger finger NNP 22599 554 69 - - HYPH 22599 554 70 guessing,[311 guessing,[311 NNP 22599 554 71 ] ] -RRB- 22599 554 72 the the DT 22599 554 73 water water NN 22599 554 74 clock clock NN 22599 554 75 , , , 22599 554 76 the the DT 22599 554 77 { { -LRB- 22599 554 78 79 79 CD 22599 554 79 } } -RRB- 22599 554 80 music music NN 22599 554 81 system system NN 22599 554 82 , , , 22599 554 83 the the DT 22599 554 84 use use NN 22599 554 85 of of IN 22599 554 86 the the DT 22599 554 87 myriad,[312 myriad,[312 NN 22599 554 88 ] ] -RRB- 22599 554 89 the the DT 22599 554 90 calendars calendar NNS 22599 554 91 , , , 22599 554 92 and and CC 22599 554 93 in in IN 22599 554 94 many many JJ 22599 554 95 other other JJ 22599 554 96 ways way NNS 22599 554 97 . . . 22599 555 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 555 2 313 313 CD 22599 555 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 555 4 In in IN 22599 555 5 passing pass VBG 22599 555 6 through through IN 22599 555 7 the the DT 22599 555 8 suburbs suburb NNS 22599 555 9 of of IN 22599 555 10 Peking Peking NNP 22599 555 11 to to IN 22599 555 12 - - HYPH 22599 555 13 day day NN 22599 555 14 , , , 22599 555 15 on on IN 22599 555 16 the the DT 22599 555 17 way way NN 22599 555 18 to to IN 22599 555 19 the the DT 22599 555 20 Great Great NNP 22599 555 21 Bell Bell NNP 22599 555 22 temple temple NN 22599 555 23 , , , 22599 555 24 one one CD 22599 555 25 is be VBZ 22599 555 26 constantly constantly RB 22599 555 27 reminded remind VBN 22599 555 28 of of IN 22599 555 29 the the DT 22599 555 30 semi semi JJ 22599 555 31 - - JJ 22599 555 32 Greek greek JJ 22599 555 33 architecture architecture NN 22599 555 34 of of IN 22599 555 35 Pompeii Pompeii NNP 22599 555 36 , , , 22599 555 37 so so RB 22599 555 38 closely closely RB 22599 555 39 does do VBZ 22599 555 40 modern modern JJ 22599 555 41 China China NNP 22599 555 42 touch touch VB 22599 555 43 the the DT 22599 555 44 old old JJ 22599 555 45 classical classical JJ 22599 555 46 civilization civilization NN 22599 555 47 of of IN 22599 555 48 the the DT 22599 555 49 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 555 50 . . . 22599 556 1 The the DT 22599 556 2 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 556 3 historians historian NNS 22599 556 4 tell tell VBP 22599 556 5 us -PRON- PRP 22599 556 6 that that IN 22599 556 7 about about RB 22599 556 8 200 200 CD 22599 556 9 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 557 1 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 557 2 arms arm NNS 22599 557 3 were be VBD 22599 557 4 successful successful JJ 22599 557 5 in in IN 22599 557 6 the the DT 22599 557 7 far far NNP 22599 557 8 west west NNP 22599 557 9 , , , 22599 557 10 and and CC 22599 557 11 that that IN 22599 557 12 in in IN 22599 557 13 180 180 CD 22599 557 14 B.C. B.C. NNS 22599 558 1 an an DT 22599 558 2 ambassador ambassador NN 22599 558 3 went go VBD 22599 558 4 to to IN 22599 558 5 Bactria Bactria NNP 22599 558 6 , , , 22599 558 7 then then RB 22599 558 8 a a DT 22599 558 9 Greek greek JJ 22599 558 10 city city NN 22599 558 11 , , , 22599 558 12 and and CC 22599 558 13 reported report VBD 22599 558 14 that that IN 22599 558 15 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 558 16 products product NNS 22599 558 17 were be VBD 22599 558 18 on on IN 22599 558 19 sale sale NN 22599 558 20 in in IN 22599 558 21 the the DT 22599 558 22 markets market NNS 22599 558 23 there there RB 22599 558 24 . . . 22599 559 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 559 2 314 314 CD 22599 559 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 559 4 There there EX 22599 559 5 is be VBZ 22599 559 6 also also RB 22599 559 7 a a DT 22599 559 8 noteworthy noteworthy JJ 22599 559 9 resemblance resemblance NN 22599 559 10 between between IN 22599 559 11 certain certain JJ 22599 559 12 Greek Greek NNP 22599 559 13 and and CC 22599 559 14 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 559 15 words,[315 words,[315 NN 22599 559 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 559 17 showing show VBG 22599 559 18 that that IN 22599 559 19 in in IN 22599 559 20 remote remote JJ 22599 559 21 times time NNS 22599 559 22 there there EX 22599 559 23 must must MD 22599 559 24 have have VB 22599 559 25 been be VBN 22599 559 26 more more RBR 22599 559 27 or or CC 22599 559 28 less less RBR 22599 559 29 interchange interchange NN 22599 559 30 of of IN 22599 559 31 thought thought NN 22599 559 32 . . . 22599 560 1 The the DT 22599 560 2 Romans Romans NNPS 22599 560 3 also also RB 22599 560 4 exchanged exchange VBD 22599 560 5 products product NNS 22599 560 6 with with IN 22599 560 7 the the DT 22599 560 8 East East NNP 22599 560 9 . . . 22599 561 1 Horace Horace NNP 22599 561 2 says say VBZ 22599 561 3 , , , 22599 561 4 " " `` 22599 561 5 A a DT 22599 561 6 busy busy JJ 22599 561 7 trader trader NN 22599 561 8 , , , 22599 561 9 you -PRON- PRP 22599 561 10 hasten hasten VBP 22599 561 11 to to IN 22599 561 12 the the DT 22599 561 13 farthest farth JJS 22599 561 14 Indies Indies NNPS 22599 561 15 , , , 22599 561 16 flying fly VBG 22599 561 17 from from IN 22599 561 18 poverty poverty NN 22599 561 19 over over IN 22599 561 20 sea sea NN 22599 561 21 , , , 22599 561 22 over over IN 22599 561 23 crags crag NNS 22599 561 24 , , , 22599 561 25 over over IN 22599 561 26 fires fire NNS 22599 561 27 . . . 22599 562 1 " " `` 22599 562 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 562 3 316 316 CD 22599 562 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 562 5 The the DT 22599 562 6 products product NNS 22599 562 7 of of IN 22599 562 8 the the DT 22599 562 9 Orient Orient NNP 22599 562 10 , , , 22599 562 11 spices spice NNS 22599 562 12 and and CC 22599 562 13 jewels jewel NNS 22599 562 14 from from IN 22599 562 15 India India NNP 22599 562 16 , , , 22599 562 17 frankincense frankincense NN 22599 562 18 from from IN 22599 562 19 Persia Persia NNP 22599 562 20 , , , 22599 562 21 and and CC 22599 562 22 silks silk NNS 22599 562 23 from from IN 22599 562 24 China China NNP 22599 562 25 , , , 22599 562 26 being be VBG 22599 562 27 more more JJR 22599 562 28 in in IN 22599 562 29 demand demand NN 22599 562 30 than than IN 22599 562 31 the the DT 22599 562 32 exports export NNS 22599 562 33 from from IN 22599 562 34 the the DT 22599 562 35 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 562 36 lands land NNS 22599 562 37 , , , 22599 562 38 the the DT 22599 562 39 balance balance NN 22599 562 40 of of IN 22599 562 41 trade trade NN 22599 562 42 was be VBD 22599 562 43 against against IN 22599 562 44 the the DT 22599 562 45 West West NNP 22599 562 46 , , , 22599 562 47 and and CC 22599 562 48 thus thus RB 22599 562 49 Roman roman JJ 22599 562 50 coin coin NN 22599 562 51 found find VBD 22599 562 52 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 562 53 way way NN 22599 562 54 eastward eastward RB 22599 562 55 . . . 22599 563 1 In in IN 22599 563 2 1898 1898 CD 22599 563 3 , , , 22599 563 4 for for IN 22599 563 5 example example NN 22599 563 6 , , , 22599 563 7 a a DT 22599 563 8 number number NN 22599 563 9 of of IN 22599 563 10 Roman roman JJ 22599 563 11 coins coin NNS 22599 563 12 dating date VBG 22599 563 13 from from IN 22599 563 14 114 114 CD 22599 563 15 B.C. B.C. NNS 22599 564 1 to to IN 22599 564 2 Hadrian Hadrian NNP 22599 564 3 's 's POS 22599 564 4 time time NN 22599 564 5 were be VBD 22599 564 6 found find VBN 22599 564 7 at at IN 22599 564 8 Pakl[=i Pakl[=i NNP 22599 564 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 564 10 , , , 22599 564 11 a a DT 22599 564 12 part part NN 22599 564 13 of of IN 22599 564 14 the the DT 22599 564 15 Haz[=a]ra Haz[=a]ra NNP 22599 564 16 district district NN 22599 564 17 , , , 22599 564 18 sixteen sixteen CD 22599 564 19 miles mile NNS 22599 564 20 north north RB 22599 564 21 of of IN 22599 564 22 Abbott[=a]b[=a]d,[317 Abbott[=a]b[=a]d,[317 NNP 22599 564 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 564 24 and and CC 22599 564 25 numerous numerous JJ 22599 564 26 similar similar JJ 22599 564 27 discoveries discovery NNS 22599 564 28 have have VBP 22599 564 29 been be VBN 22599 564 30 made make VBN 22599 564 31 from from IN 22599 564 32 time time NN 22599 564 33 to to IN 22599 564 34 time time NN 22599 564 35 . . . 22599 565 1 { { -LRB- 22599 565 2 80 80 CD 22599 565 3 } } -RRB- 22599 565 4 Augustus Augustus NNP 22599 565 5 speaks speak VBZ 22599 565 6 of of IN 22599 565 7 envoys envoy NNS 22599 565 8 received receive VBN 22599 565 9 by by IN 22599 565 10 him -PRON- PRP 22599 565 11 from from IN 22599 565 12 India India NNP 22599 565 13 , , , 22599 565 14 a a DT 22599 565 15 thing thing NN 22599 565 16 never never RB 22599 565 17 before before IN 22599 565 18 known,[318 known,[318 NNP 22599 565 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 565 20 and and CC 22599 565 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 565 22 is be VBZ 22599 565 23 not not RB 22599 565 24 improbable improbable JJ 22599 565 25 that that IN 22599 565 26 he -PRON- PRP 22599 565 27 also also RB 22599 565 28 received receive VBD 22599 565 29 an an DT 22599 565 30 embassy embassy NN 22599 565 31 from from IN 22599 565 32 China China NNP 22599 565 33 . . . 22599 566 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 566 2 319 319 CD 22599 566 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 566 4 Suetonius Suetonius NNP 22599 566 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 566 6 first first JJ 22599 566 7 century century NN 22599 566 8 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 566 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 566 10 speaks speak VBZ 22599 566 11 in in IN 22599 566 12 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 566 13 history history NN 22599 566 14 of of IN 22599 566 15 these these DT 22599 566 16 relations,[320 relations,[320 NNS 22599 566 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 566 18 as as IN 22599 566 19 do do VBP 22599 566 20 several several JJ 22599 566 21 of of IN 22599 566 22 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 566 23 contemporaries,[321 contemporaries,[321 NN 22599 566 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 566 25 and and CC 22599 566 26 Vergil[322 Vergil[322 NNS 22599 566 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 566 28 tells tell VBZ 22599 566 29 of of IN 22599 566 30 Augustus Augustus NNP 22599 566 31 doing do VBG 22599 566 32 battle battle NN 22599 566 33 in in IN 22599 566 34 Persia Persia NNP 22599 566 35 . . . 22599 567 1 In in IN 22599 567 2 Pliny Pliny NNP 22599 567 3 's 's POS 22599 567 4 time time NN 22599 567 5 the the DT 22599 567 6 trade trade NN 22599 567 7 of of IN 22599 567 8 the the DT 22599 567 9 Roman Roman NNP 22599 567 10 Empire Empire NNP 22599 567 11 with with IN 22599 567 12 Asia Asia NNP 22599 567 13 amounted amount VBD 22599 567 14 to to IN 22599 567 15 a a DT 22599 567 16 million million CD 22599 567 17 and and CC 22599 567 18 a a DT 22599 567 19 quarter quarter NN 22599 567 20 dollars dollar NNS 22599 567 21 a a DT 22599 567 22 year year NN 22599 567 23 , , , 22599 567 24 a a DT 22599 567 25 sum sum NN 22599 567 26 far far RB 22599 567 27 greater greater RBR 22599 567 28 relatively relatively RB 22599 567 29 then then RB 22599 567 30 than than IN 22599 567 31 now,[323 now,[323 NNP 22599 567 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 567 33 while while IN 22599 567 34 by by IN 22599 567 35 the the DT 22599 567 36 time time NN 22599 567 37 of of IN 22599 567 38 Constantine Constantine NNP 22599 567 39 Europe Europe NNP 22599 567 40 was be VBD 22599 567 41 in in IN 22599 567 42 direct direct JJ 22599 567 43 communication communication NN 22599 567 44 with with IN 22599 567 45 the the DT 22599 567 46 Far Far NNP 22599 567 47 East East NNP 22599 567 48 . . . 22599 568 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 568 2 324 324 CD 22599 568 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 568 4 In in IN 22599 568 5 view view NN 22599 568 6 of of IN 22599 568 7 these these DT 22599 568 8 relations relation NNS 22599 568 9 it -PRON- PRP 22599 568 10 is be VBZ 22599 568 11 not not RB 22599 568 12 beyond beyond IN 22599 568 13 the the DT 22599 568 14 range range NN 22599 568 15 of of IN 22599 568 16 possibility possibility NN 22599 568 17 that that IN 22599 568 18 proof proof NN 22599 568 19 may may MD 22599 568 20 sometime sometime RB 22599 568 21 come come VB 22599 568 22 to to IN 22599 568 23 light light NN 22599 568 24 to to TO 22599 568 25 show show VB 22599 568 26 that that IN 22599 568 27 the the DT 22599 568 28 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 568 29 and and CC 22599 568 30 Romans Romans NNPS 22599 568 31 knew know VBD 22599 568 32 something something NN 22599 568 33 of of IN 22599 568 34 the the DT 22599 568 35 { { -LRB- 22599 568 36 81 81 CD 22599 568 37 } } -RRB- 22599 568 38 number number NN 22599 568 39 system system NN 22599 568 40 of of IN 22599 568 41 India India NNP 22599 568 42 , , , 22599 568 43 as as IN 22599 568 44 several several JJ 22599 568 45 writers writer NNS 22599 568 46 have have VBP 22599 568 47 maintained maintain VBN 22599 568 48 . . . 22599 569 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 569 2 325 325 CD 22599 569 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 569 4 Returning return VBG 22599 569 5 to to IN 22599 569 6 the the DT 22599 569 7 East East NNP 22599 569 8 , , , 22599 569 9 there there EX 22599 569 10 are be VBP 22599 569 11 many many JJ 22599 569 12 evidences evidence NNS 22599 569 13 of of IN 22599 569 14 the the DT 22599 569 15 spread spread NN 22599 569 16 of of IN 22599 569 17 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 569 18 in in IN 22599 569 19 and and CC 22599 569 20 about about IN 22599 569 21 India India NNP 22599 569 22 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 569 23 . . . 22599 570 1 In in IN 22599 570 2 the the DT 22599 570 3 third third JJ 22599 570 4 century century NN 22599 570 5 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 571 1 Buddhism Buddhism NNP 22599 571 2 began begin VBD 22599 571 3 to to TO 22599 571 4 be be VB 22599 571 5 a a DT 22599 571 6 connecting connect VBG 22599 571 7 medium medium NN 22599 571 8 of of IN 22599 571 9 thought thought NN 22599 571 10 . . . 22599 572 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 572 2 had have VBD 22599 572 3 already already RB 22599 572 4 permeated permeate VBN 22599 572 5 the the DT 22599 572 6 Himalaya Himalaya NNP 22599 572 7 territory territory NN 22599 572 8 , , , 22599 572 9 had have VBD 22599 572 10 reached reach VBN 22599 572 11 eastern eastern JJ 22599 572 12 Turkestan Turkestan NNP 22599 572 13 , , , 22599 572 14 and and CC 22599 572 15 had have VBD 22599 572 16 probably probably RB 22599 572 17 gone go VBN 22599 572 18 thence thence NN 22599 572 19 to to IN 22599 572 20 China China NNP 22599 572 21 . . . 22599 573 1 Some some DT 22599 573 2 centuries century NNS 22599 573 3 later later RB 22599 573 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 573 5 in in IN 22599 573 6 62 62 CD 22599 573 7 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 573 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 573 9 the the DT 22599 573 10 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 573 11 emperor emperor NN 22599 573 12 sent send VBD 22599 573 13 an an DT 22599 573 14 ambassador ambassador NN 22599 573 15 to to IN 22599 573 16 India India NNP 22599 573 17 , , , 22599 573 18 and and CC 22599 573 19 in in IN 22599 573 20 67 67 CD 22599 573 21 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 573 22 a a DT 22599 573 23 Buddhist Buddhist NNP 22599 573 24 monk monk NN 22599 573 25 was be VBD 22599 573 26 invited invite VBN 22599 573 27 to to IN 22599 573 28 China China NNP 22599 573 29 . . . 22599 574 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 574 2 326 326 CD 22599 574 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 574 4 Then then RB 22599 574 5 , , , 22599 574 6 too too RB 22599 574 7 , , , 22599 574 8 in in IN 22599 574 9 India India NNP 22599 574 10 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 574 11 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 574 12 , , , 22599 574 13 whose whose WP$ 22599 574 14 name name NN 22599 574 15 has have VBZ 22599 574 16 already already RB 22599 574 17 been be VBN 22599 574 18 mentioned mention VBN 22599 574 19 in in IN 22599 574 20 this this DT 22599 574 21 work work NN 22599 574 22 , , , 22599 574 23 extended extend VBD 22599 574 24 the the DT 22599 574 25 boundaries boundary NNS 22599 574 26 of of IN 22599 574 27 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 574 28 domains domain NNS 22599 574 29 even even RB 22599 574 30 into into IN 22599 574 31 Afghanistan Afghanistan NNP 22599 574 32 , , , 22599 574 33 so so IN 22599 574 34 that that IN 22599 574 35 it -PRON- PRP 22599 574 36 was be VBD 22599 574 37 entirely entirely RB 22599 574 38 possible possible JJ 22599 574 39 for for IN 22599 574 40 the the DT 22599 574 41 numerals numeral NNS 22599 574 42 of of IN 22599 574 43 the the DT 22599 574 44 Punjab Punjab NNP 22599 574 45 to to TO 22599 574 46 have have VB 22599 574 47 worked work VBN 22599 574 48 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 574 49 way way NN 22599 574 50 north north RB 22599 574 51 even even RB 22599 574 52 at at IN 22599 574 53 that that DT 22599 574 54 early early JJ 22599 574 55 date date NN 22599 574 56 . . . 22599 575 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 575 2 327 327 CD 22599 575 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 575 4 Furthermore furthermore RB 22599 575 5 , , , 22599 575 6 the the DT 22599 575 7 influence influence NN 22599 575 8 of of IN 22599 575 9 Persia Persia NNP 22599 575 10 must must MD 22599 575 11 not not RB 22599 575 12 be be VB 22599 575 13 forgotten forget VBN 22599 575 14 in in IN 22599 575 15 considering consider VBG 22599 575 16 this this DT 22599 575 17 transmission transmission NN 22599 575 18 of of IN 22599 575 19 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 575 20 . . . 22599 576 1 In in IN 22599 576 2 the the DT 22599 576 3 fifth fifth JJ 22599 576 4 century century NN 22599 576 5 the the DT 22599 576 6 Persian persian JJ 22599 576 7 medical medical JJ 22599 576 8 school school NN 22599 576 9 at at IN 22599 576 10 Jondi Jondi NNP 22599 576 11 - - HYPH 22599 576 12 Sapur Sapur NNP 22599 576 13 admitted admit VBD 22599 576 14 both both DT 22599 576 15 the the DT 22599 576 16 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 576 17 and and CC 22599 576 18 the the DT 22599 576 19 Greek greek JJ 22599 576 20 doctrines doctrine NNS 22599 576 21 , , , 22599 576 22 and and CC 22599 576 23 Firdus[=i Firdus[=i NNP 22599 576 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 576 25 tells tell VBZ 22599 576 26 us -PRON- PRP 22599 576 27 that that IN 22599 576 28 during during IN 22599 576 29 the the DT 22599 576 30 brilliant brilliant JJ 22599 576 31 reign reign NN 22599 576 32 of of IN 22599 576 33 { { -LRB- 22599 576 34 82 82 CD 22599 576 35 } } -RRB- 22599 576 36 Khosr[=u Khosr[=u NNP 22599 576 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 576 38 I,[328 I,[328 NNP 22599 576 39 ] ] -RRB- 22599 576 40 the the DT 22599 576 41 golden golden JJ 22599 576 42 age age NN 22599 576 43 of of IN 22599 576 44 Pahlav[=i Pahlav[=i NNP 22599 576 45 ] ] -RRB- 22599 576 46 literature literature NN 22599 576 47 , , , 22599 576 48 the the DT 22599 576 49 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 576 50 game game NN 22599 576 51 of of IN 22599 576 52 chess chess NN 22599 576 53 was be VBD 22599 576 54 introduced introduce VBN 22599 576 55 into into IN 22599 576 56 Persia Persia NNP 22599 576 57 , , , 22599 576 58 at at IN 22599 576 59 a a DT 22599 576 60 time time NN 22599 576 61 when when WRB 22599 576 62 wars war NNS 22599 576 63 with with IN 22599 576 64 the the DT 22599 576 65 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 576 66 were be VBD 22599 576 67 bringing bring VBG 22599 576 68 prestige prestige NN 22599 576 69 to to IN 22599 576 70 the the DT 22599 576 71 Sassanid Sassanid NNP 22599 576 72 dynasty dynasty NN 22599 576 73 . . . 22599 577 1 Again again RB 22599 577 2 , , , 22599 577 3 not not RB 22599 577 4 far far RB 22599 577 5 from from IN 22599 577 6 the the DT 22599 577 7 time time NN 22599 577 8 of of IN 22599 577 9 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 577 10 , , , 22599 577 11 in in IN 22599 577 12 the the DT 22599 577 13 sixth sixth JJ 22599 577 14 century century NN 22599 577 15 , , , 22599 577 16 the the DT 22599 577 17 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 577 18 monk monk NN 22599 577 19 Cosmas Cosmas NNP 22599 577 20 , , , 22599 577 21 in in IN 22599 577 22 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 577 23 earlier early JJR 22599 577 24 years year NNS 22599 577 25 as as IN 22599 577 26 a a DT 22599 577 27 trader trader NN 22599 577 28 , , , 22599 577 29 made make VBD 22599 577 30 journeys journey NNS 22599 577 31 to to IN 22599 577 32 Abyssinia Abyssinia NNP 22599 577 33 and and CC 22599 577 34 even even RB 22599 577 35 to to IN 22599 577 36 India India NNP 22599 577 37 and and CC 22599 577 38 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 577 39 , , , 22599 577 40 receiving receive VBG 22599 577 41 the the DT 22599 577 42 name name NN 22599 577 43 _ _ NNP 22599 577 44 Indicopleustes Indicopleustes NNP 22599 577 45 _ _ NNP 22599 577 46 ( ( -LRB- 22599 577 47 the the DT 22599 577 48 Indian indian JJ 22599 577 49 traveler traveler NN 22599 577 50 ) ) -RRB- 22599 577 51 . . . 22599 578 1 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 578 2 map map NN 22599 578 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 578 4 547 547 CD 22599 578 5 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 578 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 578 7 shows show VBZ 22599 578 8 some some DT 22599 578 9 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 578 10 of of IN 22599 578 11 the the DT 22599 578 12 earth earth NN 22599 578 13 from from IN 22599 578 14 the the DT 22599 578 15 Atlantic Atlantic NNP 22599 578 16 to to IN 22599 578 17 India India NNP 22599 578 18 . . . 22599 579 1 Such such PDT 22599 579 2 a a DT 22599 579 3 man man NN 22599 579 4 would would MD 22599 579 5 , , , 22599 579 6 with with IN 22599 579 7 hardly hardly RB 22599 579 8 a a DT 22599 579 9 doubt doubt NN 22599 579 10 , , , 22599 579 11 have have VBP 22599 579 12 observed observe VBN 22599 579 13 every every DT 22599 579 14 numeral numeral JJ 22599 579 15 system system NN 22599 579 16 used use VBN 22599 579 17 by by IN 22599 579 18 the the DT 22599 579 19 people people NNS 22599 579 20 with with IN 22599 579 21 whom whom WP 22599 579 22 he -PRON- PRP 22599 579 23 sojourned,[329 sojourned,[329 VBZ 22599 579 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 579 25 and and CC 22599 579 26 whether whether IN 22599 579 27 or or CC 22599 579 28 not not RB 22599 579 29 he -PRON- PRP 22599 579 30 recorded record VBD 22599 579 31 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 579 32 studies study NNS 22599 579 33 in in IN 22599 579 34 permanent permanent JJ 22599 579 35 form form NN 22599 579 36 he -PRON- PRP 22599 579 37 would would MD 22599 579 38 have have VB 22599 579 39 transmitted transmit VBN 22599 579 40 such such JJ 22599 579 41 scraps scrap NNS 22599 579 42 of of IN 22599 579 43 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 579 44 by by IN 22599 579 45 word word NN 22599 579 46 of of IN 22599 579 47 mouth mouth NN 22599 579 48 . . . 22599 580 1 As as IN 22599 580 2 to to IN 22599 580 3 the the DT 22599 580 4 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 580 5 , , , 22599 580 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 580 7 is be VBZ 22599 580 8 a a DT 22599 580 9 mistake mistake NN 22599 580 10 to to TO 22599 580 11 feel feel VB 22599 580 12 that that IN 22599 580 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 580 14 activities activity NNS 22599 580 15 began begin VBD 22599 580 16 with with IN 22599 580 17 Mohammed Mohammed NNP 22599 580 18 . . . 22599 581 1 Commerce Commerce NNP 22599 581 2 had have VBD 22599 581 3 always always RB 22599 581 4 been be VBN 22599 581 5 held hold VBN 22599 581 6 in in IN 22599 581 7 honor honor NN 22599 581 8 by by IN 22599 581 9 them -PRON- PRP 22599 581 10 , , , 22599 581 11 and and CC 22599 581 12 the the DT 22599 581 13 Qoreish[330 Qoreish[330 NNP 22599 581 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 581 15 had have VBD 22599 581 16 annually annually RB 22599 581 17 for for IN 22599 581 18 many many JJ 22599 581 19 generations generation NNS 22599 581 20 sent send VBD 22599 581 21 caravans caravan NNS 22599 581 22 bearing bear VBG 22599 581 23 the the DT 22599 581 24 spices spice NNS 22599 581 25 and and CC 22599 581 26 textiles textile NNS 22599 581 27 of of IN 22599 581 28 Yemen Yemen NNP 22599 581 29 to to IN 22599 581 30 the the DT 22599 581 31 shores shore NNS 22599 581 32 of of IN 22599 581 33 the the DT 22599 581 34 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 581 35 . . . 22599 582 1 In in IN 22599 582 2 the the DT 22599 582 3 fifth fifth JJ 22599 582 4 century century NN 22599 582 5 they -PRON- PRP 22599 582 6 traded trade VBN 22599 582 7 by by IN 22599 582 8 sea sea NN 22599 582 9 with with IN 22599 582 10 India India NNP 22599 582 11 and and CC 22599 582 12 even even RB 22599 582 13 with with IN 22599 582 14 China China NNP 22599 582 15 , , , 22599 582 16 and and CC 22599 582 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 582 18 H.]ira H.]ira NNP 22599 582 19 was be VBD 22599 582 20 an an DT 22599 582 21 emporium emporium NN 22599 582 22 for for IN 22599 582 23 the the DT 22599 582 24 wares ware NNS 22599 582 25 of of IN 22599 582 26 the the DT 22599 582 27 East,[331 East,[331 NNP 22599 582 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 582 29 so so IN 22599 582 30 that that IN 22599 582 31 any any DT 22599 582 32 numeral numeral JJ 22599 582 33 system system NN 22599 582 34 of of IN 22599 582 35 any any DT 22599 582 36 part part NN 22599 582 37 of of IN 22599 582 38 the the DT 22599 582 39 trading trading NN 22599 582 40 world world NN 22599 582 41 could could MD 22599 582 42 hardly hardly RB 22599 582 43 have have VB 22599 582 44 remained remain VBN 22599 582 45 isolated isolated JJ 22599 582 46 . . . 22599 583 1 Long long RB 22599 583 2 before before IN 22599 583 3 the the DT 22599 583 4 warlike warlike JJS 22599 583 5 activity activity NN 22599 583 6 of of IN 22599 583 7 the the DT 22599 583 8 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 583 9 , , , 22599 583 10 Alexandria Alexandria NNP 22599 583 11 had have VBD 22599 583 12 become become VBN 22599 583 13 the the DT 22599 583 14 great great JJ 22599 583 15 market market NN 22599 583 16 - - HYPH 22599 583 17 place place NN 22599 583 18 of of IN 22599 583 19 the the DT 22599 583 20 world world NN 22599 583 21 . . . 22599 584 1 From from IN 22599 584 2 this this DT 22599 584 3 center center NN 22599 584 4 caravans caravan NNS 22599 584 5 traversed traverse VBD 22599 584 6 Arabia Arabia NNP 22599 584 7 to to IN 22599 584 8 Hadramaut Hadramaut NNP 22599 584 9 , , , 22599 584 10 where where WRB 22599 584 11 they -PRON- PRP 22599 584 12 met meet VBD 22599 584 13 ships ship NNS 22599 584 14 from from IN 22599 584 15 India India NNP 22599 584 16 . . . 22599 585 1 Others other NNS 22599 585 2 went go VBD 22599 585 3 north north RB 22599 585 4 to to IN 22599 585 5 Damascus Damascus NNP 22599 585 6 , , , 22599 585 7 while while IN 22599 585 8 still still RB 22599 585 9 others other NNS 22599 585 10 made make VBD 22599 585 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 585 12 way way NN 22599 585 13 { { -LRB- 22599 585 14 83 83 CD 22599 585 15 } } -RRB- 22599 585 16 along along IN 22599 585 17 the the DT 22599 585 18 southern southern JJ 22599 585 19 shores shore NNS 22599 585 20 of of IN 22599 585 21 the the DT 22599 585 22 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 585 23 . . . 22599 586 1 Ships ship NNS 22599 586 2 sailed sail VBD 22599 586 3 from from IN 22599 586 4 the the DT 22599 586 5 isthmus isthmus NN 22599 586 6 of of IN 22599 586 7 Suez Suez NNP 22599 586 8 to to IN 22599 586 9 all all PDT 22599 586 10 the the DT 22599 586 11 commercial commercial JJ 22599 586 12 ports port NNS 22599 586 13 of of IN 22599 586 14 Southern Southern NNP 22599 586 15 Europe Europe NNP 22599 586 16 and and CC 22599 586 17 up up RB 22599 586 18 into into IN 22599 586 19 the the DT 22599 586 20 Black Black NNP 22599 586 21 Sea Sea NNP 22599 586 22 . . . 22599 587 1 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 587 2 were be VBD 22599 587 3 found find VBN 22599 587 4 among among IN 22599 587 5 the the DT 22599 587 6 merchants[332 merchants[332 NN 22599 587 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 587 8 who who WP 22599 587 9 frequented frequent VBD 22599 587 10 the the DT 22599 587 11 bazaars bazaar NNS 22599 587 12 of of IN 22599 587 13 Alexandria Alexandria NNP 22599 587 14 , , , 22599 587 15 and and CC 22599 587 16 Brahmins Brahmins NNPS 22599 587 17 were be VBD 22599 587 18 reported report VBN 22599 587 19 even even RB 22599 587 20 in in IN 22599 587 21 Byzantium Byzantium NNP 22599 587 22 . . . 22599 588 1 Such such JJ 22599 588 2 is be VBZ 22599 588 3 a a DT 22599 588 4 very very RB 22599 588 5 brief brief JJ 22599 588 6 résumé résumé NN 22599 588 7 of of IN 22599 588 8 the the DT 22599 588 9 evidence evidence NN 22599 588 10 showing show VBG 22599 588 11 that that IN 22599 588 12 the the DT 22599 588 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 588 14 of of IN 22599 588 15 the the DT 22599 588 16 Punjab Punjab NNP 22599 588 17 and and CC 22599 588 18 of of IN 22599 588 19 other other JJ 22599 588 20 parts part NNS 22599 588 21 of of IN 22599 588 22 India India NNP 22599 588 23 as as RB 22599 588 24 well well RB 22599 588 25 , , , 22599 588 26 and and CC 22599 588 27 indeed indeed RB 22599 588 28 those those DT 22599 588 29 of of IN 22599 588 30 China China NNP 22599 588 31 and and CC 22599 588 32 farther farth JJR 22599 588 33 Persia Persia NNP 22599 588 34 , , , 22599 588 35 of of IN 22599 588 36 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 588 37 and and CC 22599 588 38 the the DT 22599 588 39 Malay malay JJ 22599 588 40 peninsula peninsula NN 22599 588 41 , , , 22599 588 42 might may MD 22599 588 43 well well RB 22599 588 44 have have VB 22599 588 45 been be VBN 22599 588 46 known know VBN 22599 588 47 to to IN 22599 588 48 the the DT 22599 588 49 merchants merchant NNS 22599 588 50 of of IN 22599 588 51 Alexandria Alexandria NNP 22599 588 52 , , , 22599 588 53 and and CC 22599 588 54 even even RB 22599 588 55 to to IN 22599 588 56 those those DT 22599 588 57 of of IN 22599 588 58 any any DT 22599 588 59 other other JJ 22599 588 60 seaport seaport NN 22599 588 61 of of IN 22599 588 62 the the DT 22599 588 63 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 588 64 , , , 22599 588 65 in in IN 22599 588 66 the the DT 22599 588 67 time time NN 22599 588 68 of of IN 22599 588 69 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 588 70 . . . 22599 589 1 The the DT 22599 589 2 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 589 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 589 4 numerals numeral NNS 22599 589 5 would would MD 22599 589 6 not not RB 22599 589 7 have have VB 22599 589 8 attracted attract VBN 22599 589 9 the the DT 22599 589 10 attention attention NN 22599 589 11 of of IN 22599 589 12 scholars scholar NNS 22599 589 13 , , , 22599 589 14 for for IN 22599 589 15 they -PRON- PRP 22599 589 16 had have VBD 22599 589 17 no no DT 22599 589 18 zero zero CD 22599 589 19 so so RB 22599 589 20 far far RB 22599 589 21 as as IN 22599 589 22 we -PRON- PRP 22599 589 23 know know VBP 22599 589 24 , , , 22599 589 25 and and CC 22599 589 26 therefore therefore RB 22599 589 27 they -PRON- PRP 22599 589 28 were be VBD 22599 589 29 no no RB 22599 589 30 better well JJR 22599 589 31 and and CC 22599 589 32 no no RB 22599 589 33 worse bad JJR 22599 589 34 than than IN 22599 589 35 those those DT 22599 589 36 of of IN 22599 589 37 dozens dozen NNS 22599 589 38 of of IN 22599 589 39 other other JJ 22599 589 40 systems system NNS 22599 589 41 . . . 22599 590 1 If if IN 22599 590 2 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 590 3 was be VBD 22599 590 4 attracted attract VBN 22599 590 5 to to IN 22599 590 6 them -PRON- PRP 22599 590 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 590 8 was be VBD 22599 590 9 probably probably RB 22599 590 10 exactly exactly RB 22599 590 11 as as IN 22599 590 12 any any DT 22599 590 13 one one NN 22599 590 14 is be VBZ 22599 590 15 naturally naturally RB 22599 590 16 attracted attract VBN 22599 590 17 to to IN 22599 590 18 the the DT 22599 590 19 bizarre bizarre JJ 22599 590 20 or or CC 22599 590 21 the the DT 22599 590 22 mystic mystic NN 22599 590 23 , , , 22599 590 24 and and CC 22599 590 25 he -PRON- PRP 22599 590 26 would would MD 22599 590 27 have have VB 22599 590 28 mentioned mention VBN 22599 590 29 them -PRON- PRP 22599 590 30 in in IN 22599 590 31 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 590 32 works work NNS 22599 590 33 only only RB 22599 590 34 incidentally incidentally RB 22599 590 35 , , , 22599 590 36 as as RB 22599 590 37 indeed indeed RB 22599 590 38 they -PRON- PRP 22599 590 39 are be VBP 22599 590 40 mentioned mention VBN 22599 590 41 in in IN 22599 590 42 the the DT 22599 590 43 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 590 44 in in IN 22599 590 45 which which WDT 22599 590 46 they -PRON- PRP 22599 590 47 occur occur VBP 22599 590 48 . . . 22599 591 1 In in IN 22599 591 2 answer answer NN 22599 591 3 therefore therefore RB 22599 591 4 to to IN 22599 591 5 the the DT 22599 591 6 second second JJ 22599 591 7 question question NN 22599 591 8 , , , 22599 591 9 Could Could MD 22599 591 10 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 591 11 have have VB 22599 591 12 known know VBN 22599 591 13 the the DT 22599 591 14 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 591 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 591 16 ? ? . 22599 592 1 the the DT 22599 592 2 reply reply NN 22599 592 3 must must MD 22599 592 4 be be VB 22599 592 5 , , , 22599 592 6 without without IN 22599 592 7 the the DT 22599 592 8 slightest slight JJS 22599 592 9 doubt doubt NN 22599 592 10 , , , 22599 592 11 that that IN 22599 592 12 he -PRON- PRP 22599 592 13 could could MD 22599 592 14 easily easily RB 22599 592 15 have have VB 22599 592 16 known know VBN 22599 592 17 them -PRON- PRP 22599 592 18 , , , 22599 592 19 and and CC 22599 592 20 that that IN 22599 592 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 592 22 would would MD 22599 592 23 have have VB 22599 592 24 been be VBN 22599 592 25 strange strange JJ 22599 592 26 if if IN 22599 592 27 a a DT 22599 592 28 man man NN 22599 592 29 of of IN 22599 592 30 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 592 31 inquiring inquire VBG 22599 592 32 mind mind NN 22599 592 33 did do VBD 22599 592 34 not not RB 22599 592 35 pick pick VB 22599 592 36 up up RP 22599 592 37 many many JJ 22599 592 38 curious curious JJ 22599 592 39 bits bit NNS 22599 592 40 of of IN 22599 592 41 information information NN 22599 592 42 of of IN 22599 592 43 this this DT 22599 592 44 kind kind NN 22599 592 45 even even RB 22599 592 46 though though IN 22599 592 47 he -PRON- PRP 22599 592 48 never never RB 22599 592 49 thought think VBD 22599 592 50 of of IN 22599 592 51 making make VBG 22599 592 52 use use NN 22599 592 53 of of IN 22599 592 54 them -PRON- PRP 22599 592 55 . . . 22599 593 1 Let let VB 22599 593 2 us -PRON- PRP 22599 593 3 now now RB 22599 593 4 consider consider VB 22599 593 5 the the DT 22599 593 6 third third JJ 22599 593 7 question question NN 22599 593 8 , , , 22599 593 9 Is be VBZ 22599 593 10 there there EX 22599 593 11 any any DT 22599 593 12 positive positive JJ 22599 593 13 or or CC 22599 593 14 strong strong JJ 22599 593 15 circumstantial circumstantial JJ 22599 593 16 evidence evidence NN 22599 593 17 that that WDT 22599 593 18 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 593 19 did do VBD 22599 593 20 know know VB 22599 593 21 these these DT 22599 593 22 numerals numeral NNS 22599 593 23 ? ? . 22599 594 1 The the DT 22599 594 2 question question NN 22599 594 3 is be VBZ 22599 594 4 not not RB 22599 594 5 new new JJ 22599 594 6 , , , 22599 594 7 { { -LRB- 22599 594 8 84 84 CD 22599 594 9 } } -RRB- 22599 594 10 nor nor CC 22599 594 11 is be VBZ 22599 594 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 594 13 much much JJ 22599 594 14 nearer near JJR 22599 594 15 being be VBG 22599 594 16 answered answer VBN 22599 594 17 than than IN 22599 594 18 it -PRON- PRP 22599 594 19 was be VBD 22599 594 20 over over IN 22599 594 21 two two CD 22599 594 22 centuries century NNS 22599 594 23 ago ago RB 22599 594 24 when when WRB 22599 594 25 Wallis Wallis NNP 22599 594 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 594 27 1693 1693 CD 22599 594 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 594 29 expressed express VBD 22599 594 30 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 594 31 doubts doubt NNS 22599 594 32 about about IN 22599 594 33 it[333 it[333 NNP 22599 594 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 594 35 soon soon RB 22599 594 36 after after IN 22599 594 37 Vossius Vossius NNP 22599 594 38 ( ( -LRB- 22599 594 39 1658 1658 CD 22599 594 40 ) ) -RRB- 22599 594 41 had have VBD 22599 594 42 called call VBN 22599 594 43 attention attention NN 22599 594 44 to to IN 22599 594 45 the the DT 22599 594 46 matter matter NN 22599 594 47 . . . 22599 595 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 595 2 334 334 CD 22599 595 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 595 4 Stated state VBN 22599 595 5 briefly briefly RB 22599 595 6 , , , 22599 595 7 there there EX 22599 595 8 are be VBP 22599 595 9 three three CD 22599 595 10 works work NNS 22599 595 11 on on IN 22599 595 12 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 595 13 attributed attribute VBN 22599 595 14 to to IN 22599 595 15 Boethius:[335 Boethius:[335 NNP 22599 595 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 595 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 595 18 1 1 LS 22599 595 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 595 20 the the DT 22599 595 21 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 595 22 , , , 22599 595 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 595 24 2 2 LS 22599 595 25 ) ) -RRB- 22599 595 26 a a DT 22599 595 27 work work NN 22599 595 28 on on IN 22599 595 29 music music NN 22599 595 30 , , , 22599 595 31 and and CC 22599 595 32 ( ( -LRB- 22599 595 33 3 3 LS 22599 595 34 ) ) -RRB- 22599 595 35 the the DT 22599 595 36 geometry geometry NN 22599 595 37 . . . 22599 596 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 596 2 336 336 CD 22599 596 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 596 4 The the DT 22599 596 5 genuineness genuineness NN 22599 596 6 of of IN 22599 596 7 the the DT 22599 596 8 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 596 9 and and CC 22599 596 10 the the DT 22599 596 11 treatise treatise NN 22599 596 12 on on IN 22599 596 13 music music NN 22599 596 14 is be VBZ 22599 596 15 generally generally RB 22599 596 16 recognized recognize VBN 22599 596 17 , , , 22599 596 18 but but CC 22599 596 19 the the DT 22599 596 20 geometry geometry NN 22599 596 21 , , , 22599 596 22 which which WDT 22599 596 23 contains contain VBZ 22599 596 24 the the DT 22599 596 25 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 596 26 numerals numeral NNS 22599 596 27 with with IN 22599 596 28 the the DT 22599 596 29 zero zero CD 22599 596 30 , , , 22599 596 31 is be VBZ 22599 596 32 under under IN 22599 596 33 suspicion suspicion NN 22599 596 34 . . . 22599 597 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 597 2 337 337 CD 22599 597 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 597 4 There there EX 22599 597 5 are be VBP 22599 597 6 plenty plenty JJ 22599 597 7 of of IN 22599 597 8 supporters supporter NNS 22599 597 9 of of IN 22599 597 10 the the DT 22599 597 11 idea idea NN 22599 597 12 that that IN 22599 597 13 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 597 14 knew know VBD 22599 597 15 the the DT 22599 597 16 numerals numeral NNS 22599 597 17 and and CC 22599 597 18 included include VBD 22599 597 19 them -PRON- PRP 22599 597 20 in in IN 22599 597 21 this this DT 22599 597 22 book,[338 book,[338 NNS 22599 597 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 597 24 and and CC 22599 597 25 on on IN 22599 597 26 the the DT 22599 597 27 other other JJ 22599 597 28 hand hand NN 22599 597 29 there there EX 22599 597 30 are be VBP 22599 597 31 as as RB 22599 597 32 many many JJ 22599 597 33 who who WP 22599 597 34 { { -LRB- 22599 597 35 85 85 CD 22599 597 36 } } -RRB- 22599 597 37 feel feel VBP 22599 597 38 that that IN 22599 597 39 the the DT 22599 597 40 geometry geometry NN 22599 597 41 , , , 22599 597 42 or or CC 22599 597 43 at at IN 22599 597 44 least least JJS 22599 597 45 the the DT 22599 597 46 part part NN 22599 597 47 mentioning mention VBG 22599 597 48 the the DT 22599 597 49 numerals numeral NNS 22599 597 50 , , , 22599 597 51 is be VBZ 22599 597 52 spurious spurious JJ 22599 597 53 . . . 22599 598 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 598 2 339 339 CD 22599 598 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 598 4 The the DT 22599 598 5 argument argument NN 22599 598 6 of of IN 22599 598 7 those those DT 22599 598 8 who who WP 22599 598 9 deny deny VBP 22599 598 10 the the DT 22599 598 11 authenticity authenticity NN 22599 598 12 of of IN 22599 598 13 the the DT 22599 598 14 particular particular JJ 22599 598 15 passage passage NN 22599 598 16 in in IN 22599 598 17 question question NN 22599 598 18 may may MD 22599 598 19 briefly briefly RB 22599 598 20 be be VB 22599 598 21 stated state VBN 22599 598 22 thus thus RB 22599 598 23 : : : 22599 598 24 1 1 CD 22599 598 25 . . . 22599 599 1 The the DT 22599 599 2 falsification falsification NN 22599 599 3 of of IN 22599 599 4 texts text NNS 22599 599 5 has have VBZ 22599 599 6 always always RB 22599 599 7 been be VBN 22599 599 8 the the DT 22599 599 9 subject subject NN 22599 599 10 of of IN 22599 599 11 complaint complaint NN 22599 599 12 . . . 22599 600 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 600 2 was be VBD 22599 600 3 so so RB 22599 600 4 with with IN 22599 600 5 the the DT 22599 600 6 Romans,[340 romans,[340 NN 22599 600 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 600 8 it -PRON- PRP 22599 600 9 was be VBD 22599 600 10 common common JJ 22599 600 11 in in IN 22599 600 12 the the DT 22599 600 13 Middle Middle NNP 22599 600 14 Ages,[341 Ages,[341 NNP 22599 600 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 600 16 and and CC 22599 600 17 it -PRON- PRP 22599 600 18 is be VBZ 22599 600 19 much much RB 22599 600 20 more more RBR 22599 600 21 prevalent prevalent JJ 22599 600 22 { { -LRB- 22599 600 23 86 86 CD 22599 600 24 } } -RRB- 22599 600 25 to to IN 22599 600 26 - - HYPH 22599 600 27 day day NN 22599 600 28 than than IN 22599 600 29 we -PRON- PRP 22599 600 30 commonly commonly RB 22599 600 31 think think VBP 22599 600 32 . . . 22599 601 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 601 2 have have VBP 22599 601 3 but but CC 22599 601 4 to to TO 22599 601 5 see see VB 22599 601 6 how how WRB 22599 601 7 every every DT 22599 601 8 hymn hymn NN 22599 601 9 - - HYPH 22599 601 10 book book NN 22599 601 11 compiler compiler NN 22599 601 12 feels feel VBZ 22599 601 13 himself -PRON- PRP 22599 601 14 authorized authorize VBN 22599 601 15 to to TO 22599 601 16 change change VB 22599 601 17 at at IN 22599 601 18 will will MD 22599 601 19 the the DT 22599 601 20 classics classic NNS 22599 601 21 of of IN 22599 601 22 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 601 23 language language NN 22599 601 24 , , , 22599 601 25 and and CC 22599 601 26 how how WRB 22599 601 27 unknown unknown JJ 22599 601 28 editors editor NNS 22599 601 29 have have VBP 22599 601 30 mutilated mutilate VBN 22599 601 31 Shakespeare Shakespeare NNP 22599 601 32 , , , 22599 601 33 to to TO 22599 601 34 see see VB 22599 601 35 how how WRB 22599 601 36 much much RB 22599 601 37 more more RBR 22599 601 38 easy easy JJ 22599 601 39 it -PRON- PRP 22599 601 40 was be VBD 22599 601 41 for for IN 22599 601 42 medieval medieval JJ 22599 601 43 scribes scribe NNS 22599 601 44 to to TO 22599 601 45 insert insert VB 22599 601 46 or or CC 22599 601 47 eliminate eliminate VB 22599 601 48 paragraphs paragraph NNS 22599 601 49 without without IN 22599 601 50 any any DT 22599 601 51 protest protest NN 22599 601 52 from from IN 22599 601 53 critics critic NNS 22599 601 54 . . . 22599 602 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 602 2 342 342 CD 22599 602 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 602 4 2 2 CD 22599 602 5 . . . 22599 603 1 If if IN 22599 603 2 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 603 3 had have VBD 22599 603 4 known know VBN 22599 603 5 these these DT 22599 603 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 603 7 he -PRON- PRP 22599 603 8 would would MD 22599 603 9 have have VB 22599 603 10 mentioned mention VBN 22599 603 11 them -PRON- PRP 22599 603 12 in in IN 22599 603 13 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 603 14 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 603 15 , , , 22599 603 16 but but CC 22599 603 17 he -PRON- PRP 22599 603 18 does do VBZ 22599 603 19 not not RB 22599 603 20 do do VB 22599 603 21 so so RB 22599 603 22 . . . 22599 604 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 604 2 343 343 CD 22599 604 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 604 4 3 3 CD 22599 604 5 . . . 22599 605 1 If if IN 22599 605 2 he -PRON- PRP 22599 605 3 had have VBD 22599 605 4 known know VBN 22599 605 5 them -PRON- PRP 22599 605 6 , , , 22599 605 7 and and CC 22599 605 8 had have VBD 22599 605 9 mentioned mention VBN 22599 605 10 them -PRON- PRP 22599 605 11 in in IN 22599 605 12 any any DT 22599 605 13 of of IN 22599 605 14 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 605 15 works work NNS 22599 605 16 , , , 22599 605 17 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 605 18 contemporaries contemporary NNS 22599 605 19 , , , 22599 605 20 disciples disciple NNS 22599 605 21 , , , 22599 605 22 and and CC 22599 605 23 successors successor NNS 22599 605 24 would would MD 22599 605 25 have have VB 22599 605 26 known know VBN 22599 605 27 and and CC 22599 605 28 mentioned mention VBN 22599 605 29 them -PRON- PRP 22599 605 30 . . . 22599 606 1 But but CC 22599 606 2 neither neither DT 22599 606 3 Capella Capella NNP 22599 606 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 606 5 c. c. NNP 22599 606 6 475)[344 475)[344 CD 22599 606 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 606 8 nor nor CC 22599 606 9 any any DT 22599 606 10 of of IN 22599 606 11 the the DT 22599 606 12 numerous numerous JJ 22599 606 13 medieval medieval JJ 22599 606 14 writers writer NNS 22599 606 15 who who WP 22599 606 16 knew know VBD 22599 606 17 the the DT 22599 606 18 works work NNS 22599 606 19 of of IN 22599 606 20 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 606 21 makes make VBZ 22599 606 22 any any DT 22599 606 23 reference reference NN 22599 606 24 to to IN 22599 606 25 the the DT 22599 606 26 system system NN 22599 606 27 . . . 22599 607 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 607 2 345 345 CD 22599 607 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 607 4 { { -LRB- 22599 607 5 87 87 CD 22599 607 6 } } -RRB- 22599 607 7 4 4 CD 22599 607 8 . . . 22599 608 1 The the DT 22599 608 2 passage passage NN 22599 608 3 in in IN 22599 608 4 question question NN 22599 608 5 has have VBZ 22599 608 6 all all PDT 22599 608 7 the the DT 22599 608 8 appearance appearance NN 22599 608 9 of of IN 22599 608 10 an an DT 22599 608 11 interpolation interpolation NN 22599 608 12 by by IN 22599 608 13 some some DT 22599 608 14 scribe scribe NN 22599 608 15 . . . 22599 609 1 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 609 2 is be VBZ 22599 609 3 speaking speak VBG 22599 609 4 of of IN 22599 609 5 angles angle NNS 22599 609 6 , , , 22599 609 7 in in IN 22599 609 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 609 9 work work NN 22599 609 10 on on IN 22599 609 11 geometry geometry NN 22599 609 12 , , , 22599 609 13 when when WRB 22599 609 14 the the DT 22599 609 15 text text NN 22599 609 16 suddenly suddenly RB 22599 609 17 changes change VBZ 22599 609 18 to to IN 22599 609 19 a a DT 22599 609 20 discussion discussion NN 22599 609 21 of of IN 22599 609 22 classes class NNS 22599 609 23 of of IN 22599 609 24 numbers number NNS 22599 609 25 . . . 22599 610 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 610 2 346 346 CD 22599 610 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 610 4 This this DT 22599 610 5 is be VBZ 22599 610 6 followed follow VBN 22599 610 7 by by IN 22599 610 8 a a DT 22599 610 9 chapter chapter NN 22599 610 10 in in IN 22599 610 11 explanation explanation NN 22599 610 12 of of IN 22599 610 13 the the DT 22599 610 14 abacus,[347 abacus,[347 NN 22599 610 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 610 16 in in IN 22599 610 17 which which WDT 22599 610 18 are be VBP 22599 610 19 described describe VBN 22599 610 20 those those DT 22599 610 21 numeral numeral JJ 22599 610 22 forms form NNS 22599 610 23 which which WDT 22599 610 24 are be VBP 22599 610 25 called call VBN 22599 610 26 _ _ NNP 22599 610 27 apices apex NNS 22599 610 28 _ _ NNP 22599 610 29 or or CC 22599 610 30 _ _ NNP 22599 610 31 caracteres caractere VBZ 22599 610 32 _ _ NNP 22599 610 33 . . . 22599 611 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 611 2 348 348 CD 22599 611 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 611 4 The the DT 22599 611 5 forms[349 forms[349 NNP 22599 611 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 611 7 of of IN 22599 611 8 these these DT 22599 611 9 characters character NNS 22599 611 10 vary vary VBP 22599 611 11 in in IN 22599 611 12 different different JJ 22599 611 13 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 611 14 , , , 22599 611 15 but but CC 22599 611 16 in in IN 22599 611 17 general general JJ 22599 611 18 are be VBP 22599 611 19 about about IN 22599 611 20 as as IN 22599 611 21 shown show VBN 22599 611 22 on on IN 22599 611 23 page page NN 22599 611 24 88 88 CD 22599 611 25 . . . 22599 612 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 612 2 are be VBP 22599 612 3 commonly commonly RB 22599 612 4 written write VBN 22599 612 5 with with IN 22599 612 6 the the DT 22599 612 7 9 9 CD 22599 612 8 at at IN 22599 612 9 the the DT 22599 612 10 left left NN 22599 612 11 , , , 22599 612 12 decreasing decrease VBG 22599 612 13 to to IN 22599 612 14 the the DT 22599 612 15 unit unit NN 22599 612 16 at at IN 22599 612 17 the the DT 22599 612 18 right right JJ 22599 612 19 , , , 22599 612 20 numerous numerous JJ 22599 612 21 writers writer NNS 22599 612 22 stating state VBG 22599 612 23 that that IN 22599 612 24 this this DT 22599 612 25 was be VBD 22599 612 26 because because IN 22599 612 27 they -PRON- PRP 22599 612 28 were be VBD 22599 612 29 derived derive VBN 22599 612 30 from from IN 22599 612 31 Semitic semitic JJ 22599 612 32 sources source NNS 22599 612 33 in in IN 22599 612 34 which which WDT 22599 612 35 the the DT 22599 612 36 direction direction NN 22599 612 37 of of IN 22599 612 38 writing writing NN 22599 612 39 is be VBZ 22599 612 40 the the DT 22599 612 41 opposite opposite NN 22599 612 42 of of IN 22599 612 43 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 612 44 own own JJ 22599 612 45 . . . 22599 613 1 This this DT 22599 613 2 practice practice NN 22599 613 3 continued continue VBD 22599 613 4 until until IN 22599 613 5 the the DT 22599 613 6 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 613 7 century century NN 22599 613 8 . . . 22599 614 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 614 2 350 350 CD 22599 614 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 614 4 The the DT 22599 614 5 writer writer NN 22599 614 6 then then RB 22599 614 7 leaves leave VBZ 22599 614 8 the the DT 22599 614 9 subject subject NN 22599 614 10 entirely entirely RB 22599 614 11 , , , 22599 614 12 using use VBG 22599 614 13 the the DT 22599 614 14 Roman roman JJ 22599 614 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 614 16 for for IN 22599 614 17 the the DT 22599 614 18 rest rest NN 22599 614 19 of of IN 22599 614 20 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 614 21 discussion discussion NN 22599 614 22 , , , 22599 614 23 a a DT 22599 614 24 proceeding proceeding NN 22599 614 25 so so RB 22599 614 26 foreign foreign JJ 22599 614 27 to to IN 22599 614 28 the the DT 22599 614 29 method method NN 22599 614 30 of of IN 22599 614 31 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 614 32 as as IN 22599 614 33 to to TO 22599 614 34 be be VB 22599 614 35 inexplicable inexplicable JJ 22599 614 36 on on IN 22599 614 37 the the DT 22599 614 38 hypothesis hypothesis NN 22599 614 39 of of IN 22599 614 40 authenticity authenticity NN 22599 614 41 . . . 22599 615 1 Why why WRB 22599 615 2 should should MD 22599 615 3 such such PDT 22599 615 4 a a DT 22599 615 5 scholarly scholarly JJ 22599 615 6 writer writer NN 22599 615 7 have have VBP 22599 615 8 given give VBN 22599 615 9 them -PRON- PRP 22599 615 10 with with IN 22599 615 11 no no DT 22599 615 12 mention mention NN 22599 615 13 of of IN 22599 615 14 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 615 15 origin origin NN 22599 615 16 or or CC 22599 615 17 use use NN 22599 615 18 ? ? . 22599 616 1 Either either CC 22599 616 2 he -PRON- PRP 22599 616 3 would would MD 22599 616 4 have have VB 22599 616 5 mentioned mention VBN 22599 616 6 some some DT 22599 616 7 historical historical JJ 22599 616 8 interest interest NN 22599 616 9 attaching attach VBG 22599 616 10 to to IN 22599 616 11 them -PRON- PRP 22599 616 12 , , , 22599 616 13 or or CC 22599 616 14 he -PRON- PRP 22599 616 15 would would MD 22599 616 16 have have VB 22599 616 17 used use VBN 22599 616 18 them -PRON- PRP 22599 616 19 in in IN 22599 616 20 some some DT 22599 616 21 discussion discussion NN 22599 616 22 ; ; : 22599 616 23 he -PRON- PRP 22599 616 24 certainly certainly RB 22599 616 25 would would MD 22599 616 26 not not RB 22599 616 27 have have VB 22599 616 28 left leave VBN 22599 616 29 the the DT 22599 616 30 passage passage NN 22599 616 31 as as IN 22599 616 32 it -PRON- PRP 22599 616 33 is be VBZ 22599 616 34 . . . 22599 617 1 { { -LRB- 22599 617 2 88 88 CD 22599 617 3 } } -RRB- 22599 617 4 FORMS form NNS 22599 617 5 OF of IN 22599 617 6 THE the DT 22599 617 7 NUMERALS NUMERALS NNP 22599 617 8 , , , 22599 617 9 LARGELY largely NN 22599 617 10 FROM from IN 22599 617 11 WORKS WORKS NNP 22599 617 12 ON on IN 22599 617 13 THE the DT 22599 617 14 ABACUS[351 abacus[351 NN 22599 617 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 16 a[352 a[352 NNP 22599 617 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 18 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 19 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 21 b[353 b[353 NNP 22599 617 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 23 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 24 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 26 c[354 c[354 NNP 22599 617 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 28 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 29 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 31 d[355 d[355 NNP 22599 617 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 33 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 34 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 35 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 36 e[356 e[356 NNP 22599 617 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 38 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 39 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 40 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 41 f[357 f[357 NNP 22599 617 42 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 43 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 44 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 45 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 46 g[358 g[358 NNP 22599 617 47 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 48 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 49 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 50 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 51 h[359 h[359 NNP 22599 617 52 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 53 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 54 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 55 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 56 i[360 i[360 NN 22599 617 57 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 58 [ [ -LRB- 22599 617 59 Illustration illustration NN 22599 617 60 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 61 { { -LRB- 22599 617 62 89 89 CD 22599 617 63 } } -RRB- 22599 617 64 Sir Sir NNP 22599 617 65 E. E. NNP 22599 617 66 Clive Clive NNP 22599 617 67 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 617 68 has have VBZ 22599 617 69 added[361 added[361 : 22599 617 70 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 71 a a DT 22599 617 72 further further JJ 22599 617 73 reason reason NN 22599 617 74 for for IN 22599 617 75 believing believe VBG 22599 617 76 them -PRON- PRP 22599 617 77 spurious spurious JJ 22599 617 78 , , , 22599 617 79 namely namely RB 22599 617 80 that that IN 22599 617 81 the the DT 22599 617 82 4 4 CD 22599 617 83 is be VBZ 22599 617 84 not not RB 22599 617 85 of of IN 22599 617 86 the the DT 22599 617 87 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 617 88 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 89 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t NN 22599 617 90 type type NN 22599 617 91 , , , 22599 617 92 but but CC 22599 617 93 of of IN 22599 617 94 the the DT 22599 617 95 Kabul Kabul NNP 22599 617 96 form form NN 22599 617 97 which which WDT 22599 617 98 the the DT 22599 617 99 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 617 100 did do VBD 22599 617 101 not not RB 22599 617 102 receive receive VB 22599 617 103 until until IN 22599 617 104 776;[362 776;[362 NNP 22599 617 105 ] ] -RRB- 22599 617 106 so so IN 22599 617 107 that that IN 22599 617 108 it -PRON- PRP 22599 617 109 is be VBZ 22599 617 110 not not RB 22599 617 111 likely likely JJ 22599 617 112 , , , 22599 617 113 even even RB 22599 617 114 if if IN 22599 617 115 the the DT 22599 617 116 characters character NNS 22599 617 117 were be VBD 22599 617 118 known know VBN 22599 617 119 in in IN 22599 617 120 Europe Europe NNP 22599 617 121 in in IN 22599 617 122 the the DT 22599 617 123 time time NN 22599 617 124 of of IN 22599 617 125 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 617 126 , , , 22599 617 127 that that IN 22599 617 128 this this DT 22599 617 129 particular particular JJ 22599 617 130 form form NN 22599 617 131 was be VBD 22599 617 132 recognized recognize VBN 22599 617 133 . . . 22599 618 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 618 2 is be VBZ 22599 618 3 worthy worthy JJ 22599 618 4 of of IN 22599 618 5 mention mention NN 22599 618 6 , , , 22599 618 7 also also RB 22599 618 8 , , , 22599 618 9 that that IN 22599 618 10 in in IN 22599 618 11 the the DT 22599 618 12 six six CD 22599 618 13 abacus abacus JJ 22599 618 14 forms form NNS 22599 618 15 from from IN 22599 618 16 the the DT 22599 618 17 chief chief JJ 22599 618 18 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 618 19 as as IN 22599 618 20 given give VBN 22599 618 21 by by IN 22599 618 22 Friedlein,[363 friedlein,[363 CD 22599 618 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 618 24 each each DT 22599 618 25 contains contain VBZ 22599 618 26 some some DT 22599 618 27 form form NN 22599 618 28 of of IN 22599 618 29 zero zero CD 22599 618 30 , , , 22599 618 31 which which WDT 22599 618 32 symbol symbol NN 22599 618 33 probably probably RB 22599 618 34 originated originate VBD 22599 618 35 in in IN 22599 618 36 India India NNP 22599 618 37 about about IN 22599 618 38 this this DT 22599 618 39 time time NN 22599 618 40 or or CC 22599 618 41 later later RB 22599 618 42 . . . 22599 619 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 619 2 could could MD 22599 619 3 hardly hardly RB 22599 619 4 have have VB 22599 619 5 reached reach VBN 22599 619 6 Europe Europe NNP 22599 619 7 so so RB 22599 619 8 soon soon RB 22599 619 9 . . . 22599 620 1 As as IN 22599 620 2 to to IN 22599 620 3 the the DT 22599 620 4 fourth fourth JJ 22599 620 5 question question NN 22599 620 6 , , , 22599 620 7 Did do VBD 22599 620 8 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 620 9 probably probably RB 22599 620 10 know know VBP 22599 620 11 the the DT 22599 620 12 numerals numeral NNS 22599 620 13 ? ? . 22599 621 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 621 2 seems seem VBZ 22599 621 3 to to TO 22599 621 4 be be VB 22599 621 5 a a DT 22599 621 6 fair fair JJ 22599 621 7 conclusion conclusion NN 22599 621 8 , , , 22599 621 9 according accord VBG 22599 621 10 to to IN 22599 621 11 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 621 12 present present JJ 22599 621 13 evidence evidence NN 22599 621 14 , , , 22599 621 15 that that IN 22599 621 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 621 17 1 1 LS 22599 621 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 621 19 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 621 20 might may MD 22599 621 21 very very RB 22599 621 22 easily easily RB 22599 621 23 have have VB 22599 621 24 known know VBN 22599 621 25 these these DT 22599 621 26 numerals numeral NNS 22599 621 27 without without IN 22599 621 28 the the DT 22599 621 29 zero zero CD 22599 621 30 , , , 22599 621 31 but but CC 22599 621 32 , , , 22599 621 33 ( ( -LRB- 22599 621 34 2 2 LS 22599 621 35 ) ) -RRB- 22599 621 36 there there EX 22599 621 37 is be VBZ 22599 621 38 no no DT 22599 621 39 reliable reliable JJ 22599 621 40 evidence evidence NN 22599 621 41 that that IN 22599 621 42 he -PRON- PRP 22599 621 43 did do VBD 22599 621 44 know know VB 22599 621 45 them -PRON- PRP 22599 621 46 . . . 22599 622 1 And and CC 22599 622 2 just just RB 22599 622 3 as as IN 22599 622 4 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 622 5 might may MD 22599 622 6 have have VB 22599 622 7 come come VBN 22599 622 8 in in IN 22599 622 9 contact contact NN 22599 622 10 with with IN 22599 622 11 them -PRON- PRP 22599 622 12 , , , 22599 622 13 so so CC 22599 622 14 any any DT 22599 622 15 other other JJ 22599 622 16 inquiring inquire VBG 22599 622 17 mind mind NN 22599 622 18 might may MD 22599 622 19 have have VB 22599 622 20 done do VBN 22599 622 21 so so RB 22599 622 22 either either CC 22599 622 23 in in IN 22599 622 24 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 622 25 time time NN 22599 622 26 or or CC 22599 622 27 at at IN 22599 622 28 any any DT 22599 622 29 time time NN 22599 622 30 before before IN 22599 622 31 they -PRON- PRP 22599 622 32 definitely definitely RB 22599 622 33 appeared appear VBD 22599 622 34 in in IN 22599 622 35 the the DT 22599 622 36 tenth tenth JJ 22599 622 37 century century NN 22599 622 38 . . . 22599 623 1 These these DT 22599 623 2 centuries century NNS 22599 623 3 , , , 22599 623 4 five five CD 22599 623 5 in in IN 22599 623 6 number number NN 22599 623 7 , , , 22599 623 8 represented represent VBD 22599 623 9 the the DT 22599 623 10 darkest dark JJS 22599 623 11 of of IN 22599 623 12 the the DT 22599 623 13 Dark Dark NNP 22599 623 14 Ages Ages NNPS 22599 623 15 , , , 22599 623 16 and and CC 22599 623 17 even even RB 22599 623 18 if if IN 22599 623 19 these these DT 22599 623 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 623 21 were be VBD 22599 623 22 occasionally occasionally RB 22599 623 23 met meet VBN 22599 623 24 and and CC 22599 623 25 studied studied JJ 22599 623 26 , , , 22599 623 27 no no DT 22599 623 28 trace trace NN 22599 623 29 of of IN 22599 623 30 them -PRON- PRP 22599 623 31 would would MD 22599 623 32 be be VB 22599 623 33 likely likely JJ 22599 623 34 to to TO 22599 623 35 show show VB 22599 623 36 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 623 37 in in IN 22599 623 38 the the DT 22599 623 39 { { -LRB- 22599 623 40 90 90 CD 22599 623 41 } } -RRB- 22599 623 42 literature literature NN 22599 623 43 of of IN 22599 623 44 the the DT 22599 623 45 period period NN 22599 623 46 , , , 22599 623 47 unless unless IN 22599 623 48 by by IN 22599 623 49 chance chance NN 22599 623 50 it -PRON- PRP 22599 623 51 should should MD 22599 623 52 get get VB 22599 623 53 into into IN 22599 623 54 the the DT 22599 623 55 writings writing NNS 22599 623 56 of of IN 22599 623 57 some some DT 22599 623 58 man man NN 22599 623 59 like like IN 22599 623 60 Alcuin Alcuin NNP 22599 623 61 . . . 22599 624 1 As as IN 22599 624 2 a a DT 22599 624 3 matter matter NN 22599 624 4 of of IN 22599 624 5 fact fact NN 22599 624 6 , , , 22599 624 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 624 8 was be VBD 22599 624 9 not not RB 22599 624 10 until until IN 22599 624 11 the the DT 22599 624 12 ninth ninth JJ 22599 624 13 or or CC 22599 624 14 tenth tenth JJ 22599 624 15 century century NN 22599 624 16 that that IN 22599 624 17 there there EX 22599 624 18 is be VBZ 22599 624 19 any any DT 22599 624 20 tangible tangible JJ 22599 624 21 evidence evidence NN 22599 624 22 of of IN 22599 624 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 624 24 presence presence NN 22599 624 25 in in IN 22599 624 26 Christendom Christendom NNP 22599 624 27 . . . 22599 625 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 625 2 were be VBD 22599 625 3 probably probably RB 22599 625 4 known know VBN 22599 625 5 to to IN 22599 625 6 merchants merchant NNS 22599 625 7 here here RB 22599 625 8 and and CC 22599 625 9 there there RB 22599 625 10 , , , 22599 625 11 but but CC 22599 625 12 in in IN 22599 625 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 625 14 incomplete incomplete JJ 22599 625 15 state state NN 22599 625 16 they -PRON- PRP 22599 625 17 were be VBD 22599 625 18 not not RB 22599 625 19 of of IN 22599 625 20 sufficient sufficient JJ 22599 625 21 importance importance NN 22599 625 22 to to TO 22599 625 23 attract attract VB 22599 625 24 any any DT 22599 625 25 considerable considerable JJ 22599 625 26 attention attention NN 22599 625 27 . . . 22599 626 1 As as IN 22599 626 2 a a DT 22599 626 3 result result NN 22599 626 4 of of IN 22599 626 5 this this DT 22599 626 6 brief brief JJ 22599 626 7 survey survey NN 22599 626 8 of of IN 22599 626 9 the the DT 22599 626 10 evidence evidence NN 22599 626 11 several several JJ 22599 626 12 conclusions conclusion NNS 22599 626 13 seem seem VBP 22599 626 14 reasonable reasonable JJ 22599 626 15 : : : 22599 626 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 626 17 1 1 LS 22599 626 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 626 19 commerce commerce NN 22599 626 20 , , , 22599 626 21 and and CC 22599 626 22 travel travel NN 22599 626 23 for for IN 22599 626 24 travel travel NN 22599 626 25 's 's POS 22599 626 26 sake sake NN 22599 626 27 , , , 22599 626 28 never never RB 22599 626 29 died die VBD 22599 626 30 out out RP 22599 626 31 between between IN 22599 626 32 the the DT 22599 626 33 East East NNP 22599 626 34 and and CC 22599 626 35 the the DT 22599 626 36 West West NNP 22599 626 37 ; ; : 22599 626 38 ( ( -LRB- 22599 626 39 2 2 LS 22599 626 40 ) ) -RRB- 22599 626 41 merchants merchant NNS 22599 626 42 had have VBD 22599 626 43 every every DT 22599 626 44 opportunity opportunity NN 22599 626 45 of of IN 22599 626 46 knowing know VBG 22599 626 47 , , , 22599 626 48 and and CC 22599 626 49 would would MD 22599 626 50 have have VB 22599 626 51 been be VBN 22599 626 52 unreasonably unreasonably RB 22599 626 53 stupid stupid JJ 22599 626 54 if if IN 22599 626 55 they -PRON- PRP 22599 626 56 had have VBD 22599 626 57 not not RB 22599 626 58 known know VBN 22599 626 59 , , , 22599 626 60 the the DT 22599 626 61 elementary elementary JJ 22599 626 62 number number NN 22599 626 63 systems system NNS 22599 626 64 of of IN 22599 626 65 the the DT 22599 626 66 peoples people NNS 22599 626 67 with with IN 22599 626 68 whom whom WP 22599 626 69 they -PRON- PRP 22599 626 70 were be VBD 22599 626 71 trading trade VBG 22599 626 72 , , , 22599 626 73 but but CC 22599 626 74 they -PRON- PRP 22599 626 75 would would MD 22599 626 76 not not RB 22599 626 77 have have VB 22599 626 78 put put VBN 22599 626 79 this this DT 22599 626 80 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 626 81 in in IN 22599 626 82 permanent permanent JJ 22599 626 83 written write VBN 22599 626 84 form form NN 22599 626 85 ; ; : 22599 626 86 ( ( -LRB- 22599 626 87 3 3 LS 22599 626 88 ) ) -RRB- 22599 626 89 wandering wander VBG 22599 626 90 scholars scholar NNS 22599 626 91 would would MD 22599 626 92 have have VB 22599 626 93 known know VBN 22599 626 94 many many JJ 22599 626 95 and and CC 22599 626 96 strange strange JJ 22599 626 97 things thing NNS 22599 626 98 about about IN 22599 626 99 the the DT 22599 626 100 peoples people NNS 22599 626 101 they -PRON- PRP 22599 626 102 met meet VBD 22599 626 103 , , , 22599 626 104 but but CC 22599 626 105 they -PRON- PRP 22599 626 106 too too RB 22599 626 107 were be VBD 22599 626 108 not not RB 22599 626 109 , , , 22599 626 110 as as IN 22599 626 111 a a DT 22599 626 112 class class NN 22599 626 113 , , , 22599 626 114 writers writer NNS 22599 626 115 ; ; : 22599 626 116 ( ( -LRB- 22599 626 117 4 4 LS 22599 626 118 ) ) -RRB- 22599 626 119 there there EX 22599 626 120 is be VBZ 22599 626 121 every every DT 22599 626 122 reason reason NN 22599 626 123 a a FW 22599 626 124 priori priori FW 22599 626 125 for for IN 22599 626 126 believing believe VBG 22599 626 127 that that IN 22599 626 128 the the DT 22599 626 129 [ [ -LRB- 22599 626 130 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 626 131 numerals numeral NNS 22599 626 132 would would MD 22599 626 133 have have VB 22599 626 134 been be VBN 22599 626 135 known know VBN 22599 626 136 to to IN 22599 626 137 merchants merchant NNS 22599 626 138 , , , 22599 626 139 and and CC 22599 626 140 probably probably RB 22599 626 141 to to IN 22599 626 142 some some DT 22599 626 143 of of IN 22599 626 144 the the DT 22599 626 145 wandering wandering NN 22599 626 146 scholars scholar NNS 22599 626 147 , , , 22599 626 148 long long RB 22599 626 149 before before IN 22599 626 150 the the DT 22599 626 151 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 626 152 conquered conquer VBD 22599 626 153 northern northern JJ 22599 626 154 Africa Africa NNP 22599 626 155 ; ; : 22599 626 156 ( ( -LRB- 22599 626 157 5 5 LS 22599 626 158 ) ) -RRB- 22599 626 159 the the DT 22599 626 160 wonder wonder NN 22599 626 161 is be VBZ 22599 626 162 not not RB 22599 626 163 that that IN 22599 626 164 the the DT 22599 626 165 Hindu hindu JJ 22599 626 166 - - HYPH 22599 626 167 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 626 168 numerals numeral NNS 22599 626 169 were be VBD 22599 626 170 known know VBN 22599 626 171 about about IN 22599 626 172 1000 1000 CD 22599 626 173 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 626 174 , , , 22599 626 175 and and CC 22599 626 176 that that IN 22599 626 177 they -PRON- PRP 22599 626 178 were be VBD 22599 626 179 the the DT 22599 626 180 subject subject NN 22599 626 181 of of IN 22599 626 182 an an DT 22599 626 183 elaborate elaborate JJ 22599 626 184 work work NN 22599 626 185 in in IN 22599 626 186 1202 1202 CD 22599 626 187 by by IN 22599 626 188 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP 22599 626 189 , , , 22599 626 190 but but CC 22599 626 191 rather rather RB 22599 626 192 that that IN 22599 626 193 more more RBR 22599 626 194 extended extended JJ 22599 626 195 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 626 196 evidence evidence NN 22599 626 197 of of IN 22599 626 198 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 626 199 appearance appearance NN 22599 626 200 before before IN 22599 626 201 that that DT 22599 626 202 time time NN 22599 626 203 has have VBZ 22599 626 204 not not RB 22599 626 205 been be VBN 22599 626 206 found find VBN 22599 626 207 . . . 22599 627 1 That that IN 22599 627 2 they -PRON- PRP 22599 627 3 were be VBD 22599 627 4 more more RBR 22599 627 5 or or CC 22599 627 6 less less RBR 22599 627 7 known know VBN 22599 627 8 early early RB 22599 627 9 in in IN 22599 627 10 the the DT 22599 627 11 Middle Middle NNP 22599 627 12 Ages Ages NNPS 22599 627 13 , , , 22599 627 14 certainly certainly RB 22599 627 15 to to IN 22599 627 16 many many JJ 22599 627 17 merchants merchant NNS 22599 627 18 of of IN 22599 627 19 Christian Christian NNP 22599 627 20 Europe Europe NNP 22599 627 21 , , , 22599 627 22 and and CC 22599 627 23 probably probably RB 22599 627 24 to to IN 22599 627 25 several several JJ 22599 627 26 scholars scholar NNS 22599 627 27 , , , 22599 627 28 but but CC 22599 627 29 without without IN 22599 627 30 the the DT 22599 627 31 zero zero CD 22599 627 32 , , , 22599 627 33 is be VBZ 22599 627 34 hardly hardly RB 22599 627 35 to to TO 22599 627 36 be be VB 22599 627 37 doubted doubt VBN 22599 627 38 . . . 22599 628 1 The the DT 22599 628 2 lack lack NN 22599 628 3 of of IN 22599 628 4 documentary documentary JJ 22599 628 5 evidence evidence NN 22599 628 6 is be VBZ 22599 628 7 not not RB 22599 628 8 at at RB 22599 628 9 all all RB 22599 628 10 strange strange JJ 22599 628 11 , , , 22599 628 12 in in IN 22599 628 13 view view NN 22599 628 14 of of IN 22599 628 15 all all DT 22599 628 16 of of IN 22599 628 17 the the DT 22599 628 18 circumstances circumstance NNS 22599 628 19 . . . 22599 629 1 * * NFP 22599 629 2 * * NFP 22599 629 3 * * NFP 22599 629 4 * * NFP 22599 629 5 * * NFP 22599 629 6 { { -LRB- 22599 629 7 91 91 CD 22599 629 8 } } -RRB- 22599 629 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 22599 629 10 VI VI NNP 22599 629 11 THE the DT 22599 629 12 DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT NNP 22599 629 13 OF of IN 22599 629 14 THE the DT 22599 629 15 NUMERALS numeral NNS 22599 629 16 AMONG among IN 22599 629 17 THE the DT 22599 629 18 ARABS arabs NN 22599 629 19 If if IN 22599 629 20 the the DT 22599 629 21 numerals numeral NNS 22599 629 22 had have VBD 22599 629 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 629 24 origin origin NN 22599 629 25 in in IN 22599 629 26 India India NNP 22599 629 27 , , , 22599 629 28 as as IN 22599 629 29 seems seem VBZ 22599 629 30 most most RBS 22599 629 31 probable probable JJ 22599 629 32 , , , 22599 629 33 when when WRB 22599 629 34 did do VBD 22599 629 35 the the DT 22599 629 36 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 629 37 come come VB 22599 629 38 to to TO 22599 629 39 know know VB 22599 629 40 of of IN 22599 629 41 them -PRON- PRP 22599 629 42 ? ? . 22599 630 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 630 2 is be VBZ 22599 630 3 customary customary JJ 22599 630 4 to to TO 22599 630 5 say say VB 22599 630 6 that that IN 22599 630 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 630 8 was be VBD 22599 630 9 due due JJ 22599 630 10 to to IN 22599 630 11 the the DT 22599 630 12 influence influence NN 22599 630 13 of of IN 22599 630 14 Mohammedanism Mohammedanism NNP 22599 630 15 that that IN 22599 630 16 learning learning NN 22599 630 17 spread spread VBD 22599 630 18 through through IN 22599 630 19 Persia Persia NNP 22599 630 20 and and CC 22599 630 21 Arabia Arabia NNP 22599 630 22 ; ; : 22599 630 23 and and CC 22599 630 24 so so RB 22599 630 25 it -PRON- PRP 22599 630 26 was be VBD 22599 630 27 , , , 22599 630 28 in in IN 22599 630 29 part part NN 22599 630 30 . . . 22599 631 1 But but CC 22599 631 2 learning learning NN 22599 631 3 was be VBD 22599 631 4 already already RB 22599 631 5 respected respect VBN 22599 631 6 in in IN 22599 631 7 these these DT 22599 631 8 countries country NNS 22599 631 9 long long RB 22599 631 10 before before IN 22599 631 11 Mohammed Mohammed NNP 22599 631 12 appeared appear VBD 22599 631 13 , , , 22599 631 14 and and CC 22599 631 15 commerce commerce NNP 22599 631 16 flourished flourish VBD 22599 631 17 all all RB 22599 631 18 through through IN 22599 631 19 this this DT 22599 631 20 region region NN 22599 631 21 . . . 22599 632 1 In in IN 22599 632 2 Persia Persia NNP 22599 632 3 , , , 22599 632 4 for for IN 22599 632 5 example example NN 22599 632 6 , , , 22599 632 7 the the DT 22599 632 8 reign reign NN 22599 632 9 of of IN 22599 632 10 Khosr[=u Khosr[=u NNP 22599 632 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 632 12 Nu['s][=i]rw[=a]n,[364 Nu['s][=i]rw[=a]n,[364 NNP 22599 632 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 632 14 the the DT 22599 632 15 great great JJ 22599 632 16 contemporary contemporary NN 22599 632 17 of of IN 22599 632 18 Justinian Justinian NNP 22599 632 19 the the DT 22599 632 20 law law NN 22599 632 21 - - HYPH 22599 632 22 maker maker NN 22599 632 23 , , , 22599 632 24 was be VBD 22599 632 25 characterized characterize VBN 22599 632 26 not not RB 22599 632 27 only only RB 22599 632 28 by by IN 22599 632 29 an an DT 22599 632 30 improvement improvement NN 22599 632 31 in in IN 22599 632 32 social social JJ 22599 632 33 and and CC 22599 632 34 economic economic JJ 22599 632 35 conditions condition NNS 22599 632 36 , , , 22599 632 37 but but CC 22599 632 38 by by IN 22599 632 39 the the DT 22599 632 40 cultivation cultivation NN 22599 632 41 of of IN 22599 632 42 letters letter NNS 22599 632 43 . . . 22599 633 1 Khosr[=u Khosr[=u NNP 22599 633 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 633 3 fostered foster VBD 22599 633 4 learning learning NN 22599 633 5 , , , 22599 633 6 inviting invite VBG 22599 633 7 to to IN 22599 633 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 633 9 court court NN 22599 633 10 scholars scholar NNS 22599 633 11 from from IN 22599 633 12 Greece Greece NNP 22599 633 13 , , , 22599 633 14 and and CC 22599 633 15 encouraging encourage VBG 22599 633 16 the the DT 22599 633 17 introduction introduction NN 22599 633 18 of of IN 22599 633 19 culture culture NN 22599 633 20 from from IN 22599 633 21 the the DT 22599 633 22 West West NNP 22599 633 23 as as RB 22599 633 24 well well RB 22599 633 25 as as IN 22599 633 26 from from IN 22599 633 27 the the DT 22599 633 28 East East NNP 22599 633 29 . . . 22599 634 1 At at IN 22599 634 2 this this DT 22599 634 3 time time NN 22599 634 4 Aristotle Aristotle NNP 22599 634 5 and and CC 22599 634 6 Plato Plato NNP 22599 634 7 were be VBD 22599 634 8 translated translate VBN 22599 634 9 , , , 22599 634 10 and and CC 22599 634 11 portions portion NNS 22599 634 12 of of IN 22599 634 13 the the DT 22599 634 14 _ _ NNP 22599 634 15 Hito Hito NNP 22599 634 16 - - HYPH 22599 634 17 pad[=e]['s]a pad[=e]['s]a NNP 22599 634 18 _ _ NNP 22599 634 19 , , , 22599 634 20 or or CC 22599 634 21 Fables Fables NNP 22599 634 22 of of IN 22599 634 23 Pilpay Pilpay NNP 22599 634 24 , , , 22599 634 25 were be VBD 22599 634 26 rendered render VBN 22599 634 27 from from IN 22599 634 28 the the DT 22599 634 29 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 634 30 into into IN 22599 634 31 Persian Persian NNP 22599 634 32 . . . 22599 635 1 All all PDT 22599 635 2 this this DT 22599 635 3 means mean VBZ 22599 635 4 that that IN 22599 635 5 some some DT 22599 635 6 three three CD 22599 635 7 centuries century NNS 22599 635 8 before before IN 22599 635 9 the the DT 22599 635 10 great great JJ 22599 635 11 intellectual intellectual JJ 22599 635 12 ascendancy ascendancy NN 22599 635 13 of of IN 22599 635 14 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 635 15 a a DT 22599 635 16 similar similar JJ 22599 635 17 fostering fostering NN 22599 635 18 of of IN 22599 635 19 learning learning NN 22599 635 20 was be VBD 22599 635 21 taking take VBG 22599 635 22 place place NN 22599 635 23 in in IN 22599 635 24 Persia Persia NNP 22599 635 25 , , , 22599 635 26 and and CC 22599 635 27 under under IN 22599 635 28 pre pre JJ 22599 635 29 - - JJ 22599 635 30 Mohammedan mohammedan JJ 22599 635 31 influences influence NNS 22599 635 32 . . . 22599 636 1 { { -LRB- 22599 636 2 92 92 CD 22599 636 3 } } -RRB- 22599 636 4 The the DT 22599 636 5 first first JJ 22599 636 6 definite definite JJ 22599 636 7 trace trace NN 22599 636 8 that that WDT 22599 636 9 we -PRON- PRP 22599 636 10 have have VBP 22599 636 11 of of IN 22599 636 12 the the DT 22599 636 13 introduction introduction NN 22599 636 14 of of IN 22599 636 15 the the DT 22599 636 16 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 636 17 system system NN 22599 636 18 into into IN 22599 636 19 Arabia Arabia NNP 22599 636 20 dates date VBZ 22599 636 21 from from IN 22599 636 22 773 773 CD 22599 636 23 A.D.,[365 A.D.,[365 NNS 22599 636 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 636 25 when when WRB 22599 636 26 an an DT 22599 636 27 Indian indian JJ 22599 636 28 astronomer astronomer NN 22599 636 29 visited visit VBD 22599 636 30 the the DT 22599 636 31 court court NN 22599 636 32 of of IN 22599 636 33 the the DT 22599 636 34 caliph caliph NNP 22599 636 35 , , , 22599 636 36 bringing bring VBG 22599 636 37 with with IN 22599 636 38 him -PRON- PRP 22599 636 39 astronomical astronomical JJ 22599 636 40 tables table NNS 22599 636 41 which which WDT 22599 636 42 at at IN 22599 636 43 the the DT 22599 636 44 caliph caliph NNP 22599 636 45 's 's POS 22599 636 46 command command NN 22599 636 47 were be VBD 22599 636 48 translated translate VBN 22599 636 49 into into IN 22599 636 50 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 636 51 by by IN 22599 636 52 Al Al NNP 22599 636 53 - - HYPH 22599 636 54 Faz[=a]r[=i Faz[=a]r[=i NNP 22599 636 55 ] ] -RRB- 22599 636 56 . . . 22599 637 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 637 2 366 366 CD 22599 637 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 637 4 Al Al NNP 22599 637 5 - - HYPH 22599 637 6 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 637 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 637 8 and and CC 22599 637 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 637 10 H.]abash H.]abash NNP 22599 637 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 637 12 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 637 13 ibn ibn NNP 22599 637 14 ` ` '' 22599 637 15 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 637 16 , , , 22599 637 17 died die VBD 22599 637 18 c. c. NNP 22599 637 19 870 870 CD 22599 637 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 637 21 based base VBD 22599 637 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 637 23 well well RB 22599 637 24 - - HYPH 22599 637 25 known know VBN 22599 637 26 tables table NNS 22599 637 27 upon upon IN 22599 637 28 the the DT 22599 637 29 work work NN 22599 637 30 of of IN 22599 637 31 Al Al NNP 22599 637 32 - - HYPH 22599 637 33 F[=a]zar[=i F[=a]zar[=i NNP 22599 637 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 637 35 . . . 22599 638 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 638 2 may may MD 22599 638 3 be be VB 22599 638 4 asserted assert VBN 22599 638 5 as as RB 22599 638 6 highly highly RB 22599 638 7 probable probable JJ 22599 638 8 that that IN 22599 638 9 the the DT 22599 638 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 638 11 came come VBD 22599 638 12 at at IN 22599 638 13 the the DT 22599 638 14 same same JJ 22599 638 15 time time NN 22599 638 16 as as IN 22599 638 17 the the DT 22599 638 18 tables table NNS 22599 638 19 . . . 22599 639 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 639 2 were be VBD 22599 639 3 certainly certainly RB 22599 639 4 known know VBN 22599 639 5 a a DT 22599 639 6 few few JJ 22599 639 7 decades decade NNS 22599 639 8 later later RB 22599 639 9 , , , 22599 639 10 and and CC 22599 639 11 before before IN 22599 639 12 825 825 CD 22599 639 13 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 639 14 , , , 22599 639 15 about about IN 22599 639 16 which which WDT 22599 639 17 time time NN 22599 639 18 the the DT 22599 639 19 original original NN 22599 639 20 of of IN 22599 639 21 the the DT 22599 639 22 _ _ NNP 22599 639 23 Algoritmi Algoritmi NNP 22599 639 24 de de NNP 22599 639 25 numero numero NNP 22599 639 26 Indorum Indorum NNP 22599 639 27 _ _ NNP 22599 639 28 was be VBD 22599 639 29 written write VBN 22599 639 30 , , , 22599 639 31 as as IN 22599 639 32 that that DT 22599 639 33 work work NN 22599 639 34 makes make VBZ 22599 639 35 no no DT 22599 639 36 pretense pretense NN 22599 639 37 of of IN 22599 639 38 being be VBG 22599 639 39 the the DT 22599 639 40 first first JJ 22599 639 41 work work NN 22599 639 42 to to TO 22599 639 43 treat treat VB 22599 639 44 of of IN 22599 639 45 the the DT 22599 639 46 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 639 47 numerals numeral NNS 22599 639 48 . . . 22599 640 1 The the DT 22599 640 2 three three CD 22599 640 3 writers writer NNS 22599 640 4 mentioned mention VBD 22599 640 5 cover cover VBP 22599 640 6 the the DT 22599 640 7 period period NN 22599 640 8 from from IN 22599 640 9 the the DT 22599 640 10 end end NN 22599 640 11 of of IN 22599 640 12 the the DT 22599 640 13 eighth eighth JJ 22599 640 14 to to IN 22599 640 15 the the DT 22599 640 16 end end NN 22599 640 17 of of IN 22599 640 18 the the DT 22599 640 19 ninth ninth JJ 22599 640 20 century century NN 22599 640 21 . . . 22599 641 1 While while IN 22599 641 2 the the DT 22599 641 3 historians historian NNS 22599 641 4 Al Al NNP 22599 641 5 - - HYPH 22599 641 6 Ma['s]`[=u]d[=i Ma['s]`[=u]d[=i NNP 22599 641 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 641 8 and and CC 22599 641 9 Al Al NNP 22599 641 10 - - HYPH 22599 641 11 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 641 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 641 13 follow follow VB 22599 641 14 quite quite RB 22599 641 15 closely closely RB 22599 641 16 upon upon IN 22599 641 17 the the DT 22599 641 18 men man NNS 22599 641 19 mentioned mention VBD 22599 641 20 , , , 22599 641 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 641 22 is be VBZ 22599 641 23 well well JJ 22599 641 24 to to TO 22599 641 25 note note VB 22599 641 26 again again RB 22599 641 27 the the DT 22599 641 28 Arab arab JJ 22599 641 29 writers writer NNS 22599 641 30 on on IN 22599 641 31 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 641 32 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 641 33 , , , 22599 641 34 contemporary contemporary JJ 22599 641 35 with with IN 22599 641 36 Al Al NNP 22599 641 37 - - HYPH 22599 641 38 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 641 39 ] ] -RRB- 22599 641 40 , , , 22599 641 41 who who WP 22599 641 42 were be VBD 22599 641 43 mentioned mention VBN 22599 641 44 in in IN 22599 641 45 chapter chapter NN 22599 641 46 I -PRON- PRP 22599 641 47 , , , 22599 641 48 viz viz NN 22599 641 49 . . . 22599 642 1 Al Al NNP 22599 642 2 - - HYPH 22599 642 3 Kind[=i Kind[=i NNP 22599 642 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 642 5 , , , 22599 642 6 Sened sene VBN 22599 642 7 ibn ibn NNP 22599 642 8 ` ` '' 22599 642 9 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 642 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 642 11 , , , 22599 642 12 and and CC 22599 642 13 Al-[S.][=u]f[=i al-[s.][=u]f[=i CD 22599 642 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 642 15 . . . 22599 643 1 For for IN 22599 643 2 over over RB 22599 643 3 five five CD 22599 643 4 hundred hundred CD 22599 643 5 years year NNS 22599 643 6 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 643 7 writers writer NNS 22599 643 8 and and CC 22599 643 9 others other NNS 22599 643 10 continued continue VBD 22599 643 11 to to TO 22599 643 12 apply apply VB 22599 643 13 to to IN 22599 643 14 works work NNS 22599 643 15 on on IN 22599 643 16 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 643 17 the the DT 22599 643 18 name name NN 22599 643 19 " " `` 22599 643 20 Indian Indian NNP 22599 643 21 . . . 22599 643 22 " " '' 22599 644 1 In in IN 22599 644 2 the the DT 22599 644 3 tenth tenth JJ 22599 644 4 century century NN 22599 644 5 such such JJ 22599 644 6 writers writer NNS 22599 644 7 are be VBP 22599 644 8 ` ` '' 22599 644 9 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 644 10 ibn ibn NNP 22599 644 11 al-[H.]asan al-[H.]asan NNP 22599 644 12 , , , 22599 644 13 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 644 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 644 15 ' ' `` 22599 644 16 l l NN 22599 644 17 - - HYPH 22599 644 18 Q[=a]sim[367 Q[=a]sim[367 NNP 22599 644 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 644 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 644 21 died die VBN 22599 644 22 987 987 CD 22599 644 23 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 644 24 ) ) -RRB- 22599 644 25 of of IN 22599 644 26 Antioch Antioch NNP 22599 644 27 , , , 22599 644 28 and and CC 22599 644 29 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 644 30 ibn ibn NNP 22599 644 31 ` ` '' 22599 644 32 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 644 33 , , , 22599 644 34 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 644 35 ] ] -RRB- 22599 644 36 Na[s.]r[368 Na[s.]r[368 NNP 22599 644 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 644 38 ( ( -LRB- 22599 644 39 c. c. NNP 22599 644 40 982 982 CD 22599 644 41 ) ) -RRB- 22599 644 42 , , , 22599 644 43 of of IN 22599 644 44 Kalw[=a]d[=a Kalw[=a]d[=a NNP 22599 644 45 ] ] -RRB- 22599 644 46 near near IN 22599 644 47 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 644 48 . . . 22599 645 1 Others other NNS 22599 645 2 of of IN 22599 645 3 the the DT 22599 645 4 same same JJ 22599 645 5 period period NN 22599 645 6 or or CC 22599 645 7 { { -LRB- 22599 645 8 93 93 CD 22599 645 9 } } -RRB- 22599 645 10 earlier early JJR 22599 645 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 645 12 since since IN 22599 645 13 they -PRON- PRP 22599 645 14 are be VBP 22599 645 15 mentioned mention VBN 22599 645 16 in in IN 22599 645 17 the the DT 22599 645 18 _ _ NNP 22599 645 19 Fihrist_,[369 Fihrist_,[369 NNP 22599 645 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 645 21 987 987 CD 22599 645 22 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 645 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 645 24 , , , 22599 645 25 who who WP 22599 645 26 explicitly explicitly RB 22599 645 27 use use VBP 22599 645 28 the the DT 22599 645 29 word word NN 22599 645 30 " " `` 22599 645 31 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 645 32 " " '' 22599 645 33 or or CC 22599 645 34 " " `` 22599 645 35 Indian indian JJ 22599 645 36 , , , 22599 645 37 " " '' 22599 645 38 are be VBP 22599 645 39 Sin[=a]n Sin[=a]n VBN 22599 645 40 ibn ibn NNP 22599 645 41 al al NNP 22599 645 42 - - HYPH 22599 645 43 Fat[h.][370 Fat[h.][370 NNP 22599 645 44 ] ] -RRB- 22599 645 45 of of IN 22599 645 46 [ [ -LRB- 22599 645 47 H.]arr[=a]n H.]arr[=a]n NNP 22599 645 48 , , , 22599 645 49 and and CC 22599 645 50 Ahmed Ahmed NNP 22599 645 51 ibn ibn NNP 22599 645 52 ` ` '' 22599 645 53 Omar Omar NNP 22599 645 54 , , , 22599 645 55 al al NNP 22599 645 56 - - HYPH 22599 645 57 Kar[=a]b[=i]s[=i Kar[=a]b[=i]s[=i NNP 22599 645 58 ] ] -RRB- 22599 645 59 . . . 22599 646 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 646 2 371 371 CD 22599 646 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 646 4 In in IN 22599 646 5 the the DT 22599 646 6 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 646 7 century century NN 22599 646 8 come come VBN 22599 646 9 Al Al NNP 22599 646 10 - - HYPH 22599 646 11 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i][372 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i][372 NNP 22599 646 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 646 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 646 14 973 973 CD 22599 646 15 - - SYM 22599 646 16 1048 1048 CD 22599 646 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 646 18 and and CC 22599 646 19 ` ` '' 22599 646 20 Ali Ali NNP 22599 646 21 ibn ibn NNP 22599 646 22 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 646 23 , , , 22599 646 24 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 646 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 646 26 ' ' '' 22599 646 27 l-[H.]asan l-[h.]asan NN 22599 646 28 , , , 22599 646 29 Al Al NNP 22599 646 30 - - HYPH 22599 646 31 Nasaw[=i][373 Nasaw[=i][373 NNP 22599 646 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 646 33 ( ( -LRB- 22599 646 34 c. c. NNP 22599 646 35 1030 1030 CD 22599 646 36 ) ) -RRB- 22599 646 37 . . . 22599 647 1 The the DT 22599 647 2 following follow VBG 22599 647 3 century century NN 22599 647 4 brings bring VBZ 22599 647 5 similar similar JJ 22599 647 6 works work NNS 22599 647 7 by by IN 22599 647 8 Ish[=a]q Ish[=a]q NNP 22599 647 9 ibn ibn NNP 22599 647 10 Y[=u]suf Y[=u]suf NNP 22599 647 11 al-[S.]ardaf[=i][374 al-[S.]ardaf[=i][374 NNP 22599 647 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 647 13 and and CC 22599 647 14 Sam[=u]'[=i]l sam[=u]'[=i]l CD 22599 647 15 ibn ibn NNP 22599 647 16 Ya[h.]y[=a Ya[h.]y[=a NNP 22599 647 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 647 18 ibn ibn NNP 22599 647 19 ` ` '' 22599 647 20 Abb[=a]s Abb[=a]s NNP 22599 647 21 al al NNP 22599 647 22 - - HYPH 22599 647 23 Ma[.g]reb[=i Ma[.g]reb[=i NNP 22599 647 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 647 25 al al NNP 22599 647 26 - - HYPH 22599 647 27 Andalus[=i][375 Andalus[=i][375 NNP 22599 647 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 647 29 ( ( -LRB- 22599 647 30 c. c. NNP 22599 647 31 1174 1174 CD 22599 647 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 647 33 , , , 22599 647 34 and and CC 22599 647 35 in in IN 22599 647 36 the the DT 22599 647 37 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 647 38 century century NN 22599 647 39 are be VBP 22599 647 40 ` ` '' 22599 647 41 Abdallat[=i]f Abdallat[=i]f NNP 22599 647 42 ibn ibn NNP 22599 647 43 Y[=u]suf Y[=u]suf NNP 22599 647 44 ibn ibn NNP 22599 647 45 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 647 46 , , , 22599 647 47 Muwaffaq Muwaffaq NNP 22599 647 48 al al NNP 22599 647 49 - - HYPH 22599 647 50 D[=i]n D[=i]n NNP 22599 647 51 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 647 52 ] ] -RRB- 22599 647 53 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 647 54 al al NNP 22599 647 55 - - HYPH 22599 647 56 Ba[.g]d[=a]d[=i][376 Ba[.g]d[=a]d[=i][376 NNP 22599 647 57 ] ] -RRB- 22599 647 58 ( ( -LRB- 22599 647 59 c. c. NNP 22599 647 60 1231 1231 CD 22599 647 61 ) ) -RRB- 22599 647 62 , , , 22599 647 63 and and CC 22599 647 64 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 647 65 al al NNP 22599 647 66 - - HYPH 22599 647 67 Bann[=a Bann[=a NNP 22599 647 68 ] ] -RRB- 22599 647 69 . . . 22599 648 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 648 2 377 377 CD 22599 648 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 648 4 The the DT 22599 648 5 Greek greek JJ 22599 648 6 monk monk NN 22599 648 7 Maximus Maximus NNP 22599 648 8 Planudes Planudes NNP 22599 648 9 , , , 22599 648 10 writing write VBG 22599 648 11 in in IN 22599 648 12 the the DT 22599 648 13 first first JJ 22599 648 14 half half NN 22599 648 15 of of IN 22599 648 16 the the DT 22599 648 17 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 648 18 century century NN 22599 648 19 , , , 22599 648 20 followed follow VBD 22599 648 21 the the DT 22599 648 22 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 648 23 usage usage NN 22599 648 24 in in IN 22599 648 25 calling call VBG 22599 648 26 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 648 27 work work NN 22599 648 28 _ _ NNP 22599 648 29 Indian Indian NNP 22599 648 30 Arithmetic Arithmetic NNP 22599 648 31 _ _ NNP 22599 648 32 . . . 22599 649 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 649 2 378 378 CD 22599 649 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 649 4 There there EX 22599 649 5 were be VBD 22599 649 6 numerous numerous JJ 22599 649 7 other other JJ 22599 649 8 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 649 9 writers writer NNS 22599 649 10 upon upon IN 22599 649 11 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 649 12 , , , 22599 649 13 as as IN 22599 649 14 that that DT 22599 649 15 subject subject NN 22599 649 16 occupied occupy VBD 22599 649 17 one one CD 22599 649 18 of of IN 22599 649 19 the the DT 22599 649 20 high high JJ 22599 649 21 places place NNS 22599 649 22 among among IN 22599 649 23 the the DT 22599 649 24 sciences science NNS 22599 649 25 , , , 22599 649 26 but but CC 22599 649 27 most most JJS 22599 649 28 of of IN 22599 649 29 them -PRON- PRP 22599 649 30 did do VBD 22599 649 31 not not RB 22599 649 32 feel feel VB 22599 649 33 it -PRON- PRP 22599 649 34 necessary necessary JJ 22599 649 35 to to TO 22599 649 36 refer refer VB 22599 649 37 to to IN 22599 649 38 the the DT 22599 649 39 origin origin NN 22599 649 40 of of IN 22599 649 41 the the DT 22599 649 42 symbols symbol NNS 22599 649 43 , , , 22599 649 44 the the DT 22599 649 45 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 649 46 of of IN 22599 649 47 which which WDT 22599 649 48 might may MD 22599 649 49 well well RB 22599 649 50 have have VB 22599 649 51 been be VBN 22599 649 52 taken take VBN 22599 649 53 for for IN 22599 649 54 granted grant VBN 22599 649 55 . . . 22599 650 1 { { -LRB- 22599 650 2 94 94 CD 22599 650 3 } } -RRB- 22599 650 4 One one CD 22599 650 5 document document NN 22599 650 6 , , , 22599 650 7 cited cite VBN 22599 650 8 by by IN 22599 650 9 Woepcke,[379 woepcke,[379 CD 22599 650 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 650 11 is be VBZ 22599 650 12 of of IN 22599 650 13 special special JJ 22599 650 14 interest interest NN 22599 650 15 since since IN 22599 650 16 it -PRON- PRP 22599 650 17 shows show VBZ 22599 650 18 at at IN 22599 650 19 an an DT 22599 650 20 early early JJ 22599 650 21 period period NN 22599 650 22 , , , 22599 650 23 970 970 CD 22599 650 24 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 650 25 , , , 22599 650 26 the the DT 22599 650 27 use use NN 22599 650 28 of of IN 22599 650 29 the the DT 22599 650 30 ordinary ordinary JJ 22599 650 31 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 650 32 forms form NNS 22599 650 33 alongside alongside IN 22599 650 34 the the DT 22599 650 35 [ [ -LRB- 22599 650 36 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 650 37 . . . 22599 650 38 The the DT 22599 650 39 title title NN 22599 650 40 of of IN 22599 650 41 the the DT 22599 650 42 work work NN 22599 650 43 is be VBZ 22599 650 44 _ _ NNP 22599 650 45 Interesting Interesting NNP 22599 650 46 and and CC 22599 650 47 Beautiful Beautiful NNP 22599 650 48 Problems Problems NNPS 22599 650 49 on on IN 22599 650 50 Numbers Numbers NNPS 22599 650 51 _ _ NNP 22599 650 52 copied copy VBN 22599 650 53 by by IN 22599 650 54 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 650 55 ibn ibn NNP 22599 650 56 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 650 57 ibn ibn NNP 22599 650 58 ` ` '' 22599 650 59 Abdaljal[=i]l Abdaljal[=i]l NNP 22599 650 60 , , , 22599 650 61 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 650 62 ] ] -RRB- 22599 650 63 Sa`[=i]d Sa`[=i]d NNP 22599 650 64 , , , 22599 650 65 al al NNP 22599 650 66 - - HYPH 22599 650 67 Sijz[=i],[380 Sijz[=i],[380 NNP 22599 650 68 ] ] -RRB- 22599 650 69 ( ( -LRB- 22599 650 70 951 951 CD 22599 650 71 - - SYM 22599 650 72 1024 1024 CD 22599 650 73 ) ) -RRB- 22599 650 74 from from IN 22599 650 75 a a DT 22599 650 76 work work NN 22599 650 77 by by IN 22599 650 78 a a DT 22599 650 79 priest priest NN 22599 650 80 and and CC 22599 650 81 physician physician NN 22599 650 82 , , , 22599 650 83 Na[z Na[z NNP 22599 650 84 . . . 22599 651 1 ] ] -RRB- 22599 651 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 651 3 = = NFP 22599 651 4 i]f i]f NNP 22599 651 5 ibn ibn NNP 22599 651 6 Yumn,[381 Yumn,[381 NNP 22599 651 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 651 8 al al NNP 22599 651 9 - - HYPH 22599 651 10 Qass Qass NNP 22599 651 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 651 12 died die VBN 22599 651 13 c. c. NNP 22599 651 14 990 990 CD 22599 651 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 651 16 . . . 22599 652 1 Suter suter NN 22599 652 2 does do VBZ 22599 652 3 not not RB 22599 652 4 mention mention VB 22599 652 5 this this DT 22599 652 6 work work NN 22599 652 7 of of IN 22599 652 8 Na[z.][=i]f Na[z.][=i]f NNP 22599 652 9 . . . 22599 653 1 The the DT 22599 653 2 second second JJ 22599 653 3 reason reason NN 22599 653 4 for for IN 22599 653 5 not not RB 22599 653 6 ascribing ascribe VBG 22599 653 7 too too RB 22599 653 8 much much JJ 22599 653 9 credit credit NN 22599 653 10 to to IN 22599 653 11 the the DT 22599 653 12 purely purely RB 22599 653 13 Arab arab JJ 22599 653 14 influence influence NN 22599 653 15 is be VBZ 22599 653 16 that that IN 22599 653 17 the the DT 22599 653 18 Arab Arab NNP 22599 653 19 by by IN 22599 653 20 himself -PRON- PRP 22599 653 21 never never RB 22599 653 22 showed show VBD 22599 653 23 any any DT 22599 653 24 intellectual intellectual JJ 22599 653 25 strength strength NN 22599 653 26 . . . 22599 654 1 What what WP 22599 654 2 took take VBD 22599 654 3 place place NN 22599 654 4 after after IN 22599 654 5 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 654 6 had have VBD 22599 654 7 lighted light VBN 22599 654 8 the the DT 22599 654 9 fire fire NN 22599 654 10 in in IN 22599 654 11 the the DT 22599 654 12 hearts heart NNS 22599 654 13 of of IN 22599 654 14 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 654 15 people people NNS 22599 654 16 was be VBD 22599 654 17 just just RB 22599 654 18 what what WP 22599 654 19 always always RB 22599 654 20 takes take VBZ 22599 654 21 place place NN 22599 654 22 when when WRB 22599 654 23 different different JJ 22599 654 24 types type NNS 22599 654 25 of of IN 22599 654 26 strong strong JJ 22599 654 27 races race NNS 22599 654 28 blend,--a blend,--a NNP 22599 654 29 great great JJ 22599 654 30 renaissance renaissance NN 22599 654 31 in in IN 22599 654 32 divers diver NNS 22599 654 33 lines line NNS 22599 654 34 . . . 22599 655 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 655 2 was be VBD 22599 655 3 seen see VBN 22599 655 4 in in IN 22599 655 5 the the DT 22599 655 6 blending blending NN 22599 655 7 of of IN 22599 655 8 such such JJ 22599 655 9 types type NNS 22599 655 10 at at IN 22599 655 11 Miletus Miletus NNP 22599 655 12 in in IN 22599 655 13 the the DT 22599 655 14 time time NN 22599 655 15 of of IN 22599 655 16 Thales Thales NNPS 22599 655 17 , , , 22599 655 18 at at IN 22599 655 19 Rome Rome NNP 22599 655 20 in in IN 22599 655 21 the the DT 22599 655 22 days day NNS 22599 655 23 of of IN 22599 655 24 the the DT 22599 655 25 early early JJ 22599 655 26 invaders invader NNS 22599 655 27 , , , 22599 655 28 at at IN 22599 655 29 Alexandria Alexandria NNP 22599 655 30 when when WRB 22599 655 31 the the DT 22599 655 32 Greek Greek NNP 22599 655 33 set set VBD 22599 655 34 firm firm JJ 22599 655 35 foot foot NN 22599 655 36 on on IN 22599 655 37 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 655 38 soil soil NN 22599 655 39 , , , 22599 655 40 and and CC 22599 655 41 we -PRON- PRP 22599 655 42 see see VBP 22599 655 43 it -PRON- PRP 22599 655 44 now now RB 22599 655 45 when when WRB 22599 655 46 all all PDT 22599 655 47 the the DT 22599 655 48 nations nation NNS 22599 655 49 mingle mingle VBP 22599 655 50 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 655 51 vitality vitality NN 22599 655 52 in in IN 22599 655 53 the the DT 22599 655 54 New New NNP 22599 655 55 World World NNP 22599 655 56 . . . 22599 656 1 So so RB 22599 656 2 when when WRB 22599 656 3 the the DT 22599 656 4 Arab arab JJ 22599 656 5 culture culture NN 22599 656 6 joined join VBD 22599 656 7 with with IN 22599 656 8 the the DT 22599 656 9 Persian Persian NNP 22599 656 10 , , , 22599 656 11 a a DT 22599 656 12 new new JJ 22599 656 13 civilization civilization NN 22599 656 14 rose rise VBD 22599 656 15 and and CC 22599 656 16 flourished flourish VBD 22599 656 17 . . . 22599 657 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 657 2 382 382 CD 22599 657 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 657 4 The the DT 22599 657 5 Arab arab JJ 22599 657 6 influence influence NN 22599 657 7 came come VBD 22599 657 8 not not RB 22599 657 9 from from IN 22599 657 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 657 11 purity purity NN 22599 657 12 , , , 22599 657 13 but but CC 22599 657 14 from from IN 22599 657 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 657 16 intermingling intermingling NN 22599 657 17 with with IN 22599 657 18 an an DT 22599 657 19 influence influence NN 22599 657 20 more more RBR 22599 657 21 cultured cultured JJ 22599 657 22 if if IN 22599 657 23 less less RBR 22599 657 24 virile virile JJ 22599 657 25 . . . 22599 658 1 As as IN 22599 658 2 a a DT 22599 658 3 result result NN 22599 658 4 of of IN 22599 658 5 this this DT 22599 658 6 interactivity interactivity NN 22599 658 7 among among IN 22599 658 8 peoples people NNS 22599 658 9 of of IN 22599 658 10 diverse diverse JJ 22599 658 11 interests interest NNS 22599 658 12 and and CC 22599 658 13 powers power NNS 22599 658 14 , , , 22599 658 15 Mohammedanism Mohammedanism NNP 22599 658 16 was be VBD 22599 658 17 to to IN 22599 658 18 the the DT 22599 658 19 world world NN 22599 658 20 from from IN 22599 658 21 the the DT 22599 658 22 eighth eighth JJ 22599 658 23 to to IN 22599 658 24 the the DT 22599 658 25 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 658 26 century century NN 22599 658 27 what what WP 22599 658 28 Rome Rome NNP 22599 658 29 and and CC 22599 658 30 Athens Athens NNP 22599 658 31 and and CC 22599 658 32 the the DT 22599 658 33 Italo Italo NNP 22599 658 34 - - HYPH 22599 658 35 Hellenic Hellenic NNP 22599 658 36 influence influence NN 22599 658 37 generally generally RB 22599 658 38 had have VBD 22599 658 39 { { -LRB- 22599 658 40 95 95 CD 22599 658 41 } } -RRB- 22599 658 42 been be VBN 22599 658 43 to to IN 22599 658 44 the the DT 22599 658 45 ancient ancient JJ 22599 658 46 civilization civilization NN 22599 658 47 . . . 22599 659 1 " " `` 22599 659 2 If if IN 22599 659 3 they -PRON- PRP 22599 659 4 did do VBD 22599 659 5 not not RB 22599 659 6 possess possess VB 22599 659 7 the the DT 22599 659 8 spirit spirit NN 22599 659 9 of of IN 22599 659 10 invention invention NN 22599 659 11 which which WDT 22599 659 12 distinguished distinguish VBD 22599 659 13 the the DT 22599 659 14 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 659 15 and and CC 22599 659 16 the the DT 22599 659 17 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 659 18 , , , 22599 659 19 if if IN 22599 659 20 they -PRON- PRP 22599 659 21 did do VBD 22599 659 22 not not RB 22599 659 23 show show VB 22599 659 24 the the DT 22599 659 25 perseverance perseverance NN 22599 659 26 in in IN 22599 659 27 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 659 28 observations observation NNS 22599 659 29 that that WDT 22599 659 30 characterized characterize VBD 22599 659 31 the the DT 22599 659 32 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 659 33 astronomers astronomer NNS 22599 659 34 , , , 22599 659 35 they -PRON- PRP 22599 659 36 at at IN 22599 659 37 least least RBS 22599 659 38 possessed possess VBD 22599 659 39 the the DT 22599 659 40 virility virility NN 22599 659 41 of of IN 22599 659 42 a a DT 22599 659 43 new new JJ 22599 659 44 and and CC 22599 659 45 victorious victorious JJ 22599 659 46 people people NNS 22599 659 47 , , , 22599 659 48 with with IN 22599 659 49 a a DT 22599 659 50 desire desire NN 22599 659 51 to to TO 22599 659 52 understand understand VB 22599 659 53 what what WP 22599 659 54 others other NNS 22599 659 55 had have VBD 22599 659 56 accomplished accomplish VBN 22599 659 57 , , , 22599 659 58 and and CC 22599 659 59 a a DT 22599 659 60 taste taste NN 22599 659 61 which which WDT 22599 659 62 led lead VBD 22599 659 63 them -PRON- PRP 22599 659 64 with with IN 22599 659 65 equal equal JJ 22599 659 66 ardor ardor NN 22599 659 67 to to IN 22599 659 68 the the DT 22599 659 69 study study NN 22599 659 70 of of IN 22599 659 71 algebra algebra NN 22599 659 72 and and CC 22599 659 73 of of IN 22599 659 74 poetry poetry NN 22599 659 75 , , , 22599 659 76 of of IN 22599 659 77 philosophy philosophy NN 22599 659 78 and and CC 22599 659 79 of of IN 22599 659 80 language language NN 22599 659 81 . . . 22599 660 1 " " `` 22599 660 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 660 3 383 383 CD 22599 660 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 660 5 It -PRON- PRP 22599 660 6 was be VBD 22599 660 7 in in IN 22599 660 8 622 622 CD 22599 660 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 660 10 that that WDT 22599 660 11 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]amme VBN 22599 660 12 fled flee VBN 22599 660 13 from from IN 22599 660 14 Mecca Mecca NNP 22599 660 15 , , , 22599 660 16 and and CC 22599 660 17 within within IN 22599 660 18 a a DT 22599 660 19 century century NN 22599 660 20 from from IN 22599 660 21 that that DT 22599 660 22 time time NN 22599 660 23 the the DT 22599 660 24 crescent crescent NN 22599 660 25 had have VBD 22599 660 26 replaced replace VBN 22599 660 27 the the DT 22599 660 28 cross cross NN 22599 660 29 in in IN 22599 660 30 Christian Christian NNP 22599 660 31 Asia Asia NNP 22599 660 32 , , , 22599 660 33 in in IN 22599 660 34 Northern Northern NNP 22599 660 35 Africa Africa NNP 22599 660 36 , , , 22599 660 37 and and CC 22599 660 38 in in IN 22599 660 39 a a DT 22599 660 40 goodly goodly JJ 22599 660 41 portion portion NN 22599 660 42 of of IN 22599 660 43 Spain Spain NNP 22599 660 44 . . . 22599 661 1 The the DT 22599 661 2 Arab arab JJ 22599 661 3 empire empire NN 22599 661 4 was be VBD 22599 661 5 an an DT 22599 661 6 ellipse ellipse NN 22599 661 7 of of IN 22599 661 8 learning learn VBG 22599 661 9 with with IN 22599 661 10 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 661 11 foci foci NN 22599 661 12 at at IN 22599 661 13 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 661 14 and and CC 22599 661 15 Cordova Cordova NNP 22599 661 16 , , , 22599 661 17 and and CC 22599 661 18 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 661 19 rulers ruler NNS 22599 661 20 not not RB 22599 661 21 infrequently infrequently RB 22599 661 22 took take VBD 22599 661 23 pride pride NN 22599 661 24 in in IN 22599 661 25 demanding demand VBG 22599 661 26 intellectual intellectual JJ 22599 661 27 rather rather RB 22599 661 28 than than IN 22599 661 29 commercial commercial JJ 22599 661 30 treasure treasure NN 22599 661 31 as as IN 22599 661 32 the the DT 22599 661 33 result result NN 22599 661 34 of of IN 22599 661 35 conquest conquest NN 22599 661 36 . . . 22599 662 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 662 2 384 384 CD 22599 662 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 662 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 662 5 was be VBD 22599 662 6 under under IN 22599 662 7 these these DT 22599 662 8 influences influence NNS 22599 662 9 , , , 22599 662 10 either either CC 22599 662 11 pre pre JJ 22599 662 12 - - JJ 22599 662 13 Mohammedan Mohammedan NNP 22599 662 14 or or CC 22599 662 15 later later RB 22599 662 16 , , , 22599 662 17 that that IN 22599 662 18 the the DT 22599 662 19 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 662 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 662 21 found find VBD 22599 662 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 662 23 way way NN 22599 662 24 to to IN 22599 662 25 the the DT 22599 662 26 North North NNP 22599 662 27 . . . 22599 663 1 If if IN 22599 663 2 they -PRON- PRP 22599 663 3 were be VBD 22599 663 4 known know VBN 22599 663 5 before before IN 22599 663 6 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 663 7 's 's POS 22599 663 8 time time NN 22599 663 9 , , , 22599 663 10 the the DT 22599 663 11 proof proof NN 22599 663 12 of of IN 22599 663 13 this this DT 22599 663 14 fact fact NN 22599 663 15 is be VBZ 22599 663 16 now now RB 22599 663 17 lost lose VBN 22599 663 18 . . . 22599 664 1 This this DT 22599 664 2 much much JJ 22599 664 3 , , , 22599 664 4 however however RB 22599 664 5 , , , 22599 664 6 is be VBZ 22599 664 7 known know VBN 22599 664 8 , , , 22599 664 9 that that IN 22599 664 10 in in IN 22599 664 11 the the DT 22599 664 12 eighth eighth JJ 22599 664 13 century century NN 22599 664 14 they -PRON- PRP 22599 664 15 were be VBD 22599 664 16 taken take VBN 22599 664 17 to to IN 22599 664 18 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 664 19 . . . 22599 665 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 665 2 was be VBD 22599 665 3 early early JJ 22599 665 4 in in IN 22599 665 5 that that DT 22599 665 6 century century NN 22599 665 7 that that WDT 22599 665 8 the the DT 22599 665 9 Mohammedans Mohammedans NNPS 22599 665 10 obtained obtain VBD 22599 665 11 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 665 12 first first JJ 22599 665 13 foothold foothold NN 22599 665 14 in in IN 22599 665 15 northern northern JJ 22599 665 16 India India NNP 22599 665 17 , , , 22599 665 18 thus thus RB 22599 665 19 foreshadowing foreshadow VBG 22599 665 20 an an DT 22599 665 21 epoch epoch NN 22599 665 22 of of IN 22599 665 23 supremacy supremacy NN 22599 665 24 that that WDT 22599 665 25 endured endure VBD 22599 665 26 with with IN 22599 665 27 varied varied JJ 22599 665 28 fortunes fortune NNS 22599 665 29 until until IN 22599 665 30 after after IN 22599 665 31 the the DT 22599 665 32 golden golden JJ 22599 665 33 age age NN 22599 665 34 of of IN 22599 665 35 Akbar Akbar NNP 22599 665 36 the the DT 22599 665 37 Great great JJ 22599 665 38 ( ( -LRB- 22599 665 39 1542 1542 CD 22599 665 40 - - SYM 22599 665 41 1605 1605 CD 22599 665 42 ) ) -RRB- 22599 665 43 and and CC 22599 665 44 Shah Shah NNP 22599 665 45 Jehan Jehan NNP 22599 665 46 . . . 22599 666 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 666 2 also also RB 22599 666 3 conquered conquer VBD 22599 666 4 Khorassan Khorassan NNP 22599 666 5 and and CC 22599 666 6 Afghanistan Afghanistan NNP 22599 666 7 , , , 22599 666 8 so so IN 22599 666 9 that that IN 22599 666 10 the the DT 22599 666 11 learning learning NN 22599 666 12 and and CC 22599 666 13 the the DT 22599 666 14 commercial commercial JJ 22599 666 15 customs custom NNS 22599 666 16 of of IN 22599 666 17 India India NNP 22599 666 18 at at IN 22599 666 19 once once RB 22599 666 20 found find VBN 22599 666 21 easy easy JJ 22599 666 22 { { -LRB- 22599 666 23 96 96 CD 22599 666 24 } } -RRB- 22599 666 25 access access NN 22599 666 26 to to IN 22599 666 27 the the DT 22599 666 28 newly newly RB 22599 666 29 - - HYPH 22599 666 30 established establish VBN 22599 666 31 schools school NNS 22599 666 32 and and CC 22599 666 33 the the DT 22599 666 34 bazaars bazaar NNS 22599 666 35 of of IN 22599 666 36 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP 22599 666 37 and and CC 22599 666 38 western western JJ 22599 666 39 Asia Asia NNP 22599 666 40 . . . 22599 667 1 The the DT 22599 667 2 particular particular JJ 22599 667 3 paths path NNS 22599 667 4 of of IN 22599 667 5 conquest conquest NN 22599 667 6 and and CC 22599 667 7 of of IN 22599 667 8 commerce commerce NN 22599 667 9 were be VBD 22599 667 10 either either CC 22599 667 11 by by IN 22599 667 12 way way NN 22599 667 13 of of IN 22599 667 14 the the DT 22599 667 15 Khyber Khyber NNP 22599 667 16 Pass Pass NNP 22599 667 17 and and CC 22599 667 18 through through IN 22599 667 19 Kabul Kabul NNP 22599 667 20 , , , 22599 667 21 Herat Herat NNP 22599 667 22 and and CC 22599 667 23 Khorassan Khorassan NNP 22599 667 24 , , , 22599 667 25 or or CC 22599 667 26 by by IN 22599 667 27 sea sea NN 22599 667 28 through through IN 22599 667 29 the the DT 22599 667 30 strait strait NN 22599 667 31 of of IN 22599 667 32 Ormuz Ormuz NNP 22599 667 33 to to IN 22599 667 34 Basra Basra NNP 22599 667 35 ( ( -LRB- 22599 667 36 Busra Busra NNP 22599 667 37 ) ) -RRB- 22599 667 38 at at IN 22599 667 39 the the DT 22599 667 40 head head NN 22599 667 41 of of IN 22599 667 42 the the DT 22599 667 43 Persian Persian NNP 22599 667 44 Gulf Gulf NNP 22599 667 45 , , , 22599 667 46 and and CC 22599 667 47 thence thence NN 22599 667 48 to to IN 22599 667 49 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 667 50 . . . 22599 668 1 As as IN 22599 668 2 a a DT 22599 668 3 matter matter NN 22599 668 4 of of IN 22599 668 5 fact fact NN 22599 668 6 , , , 22599 668 7 one one CD 22599 668 8 form form NN 22599 668 9 of of IN 22599 668 10 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 668 11 numerals numeral NNS 22599 668 12 , , , 22599 668 13 the the DT 22599 668 14 one one NN 22599 668 15 now now RB 22599 668 16 in in IN 22599 668 17 use use NN 22599 668 18 by by IN 22599 668 19 the the DT 22599 668 20 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 668 21 , , , 22599 668 22 is be VBZ 22599 668 23 attributed attribute VBN 22599 668 24 to to IN 22599 668 25 the the DT 22599 668 26 influence influence NN 22599 668 27 of of IN 22599 668 28 Kabul Kabul NNP 22599 668 29 , , , 22599 668 30 while while IN 22599 668 31 the the DT 22599 668 32 other other JJ 22599 668 33 , , , 22599 668 34 which which WDT 22599 668 35 eventually eventually RB 22599 668 36 became become VBD 22599 668 37 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 668 38 numerals numeral NNS 22599 668 39 , , , 22599 668 40 may may MD 22599 668 41 very very RB 22599 668 42 likely likely RB 22599 668 43 have have VB 22599 668 44 reached reach VBN 22599 668 45 Arabia Arabia NNP 22599 668 46 by by IN 22599 668 47 the the DT 22599 668 48 other other JJ 22599 668 49 route route NN 22599 668 50 . . . 22599 669 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 669 2 is be VBZ 22599 669 3 in in IN 22599 669 4 Bagdad,[385 Bagdad,[385 NNP 22599 669 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 669 6 D[=a]r D[=a]r NNP 22599 669 7 al al NNP 22599 669 8 - - HYPH 22599 669 9 Sal[=a]m--"the Sal[=a]m--"the NNP 22599 669 10 Abode Abode NNP 22599 669 11 of of IN 22599 669 12 Peace Peace NNP 22599 669 13 , , , 22599 669 14 " " '' 22599 669 15 that that IN 22599 669 16 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 669 17 special special JJ 22599 669 18 interest interest NN 22599 669 19 in in IN 22599 669 20 the the DT 22599 669 21 introduction introduction NN 22599 669 22 of of IN 22599 669 23 the the DT 22599 669 24 numerals numeral NNS 22599 669 25 centers center NNS 22599 669 26 . . . 22599 670 1 Built build VBN 22599 670 2 upon upon IN 22599 670 3 the the DT 22599 670 4 ruins ruin NNS 22599 670 5 of of IN 22599 670 6 an an DT 22599 670 7 ancient ancient JJ 22599 670 8 town town NN 22599 670 9 by by IN 22599 670 10 Al Al NNP 22599 670 11 - - HYPH 22599 670 12 Man[s.][=u]r[386 Man[s.][=u]r[386 NNP 22599 670 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 670 14 in in IN 22599 670 15 the the DT 22599 670 16 second second JJ 22599 670 17 half half NN 22599 670 18 of of IN 22599 670 19 the the DT 22599 670 20 eighth eighth JJ 22599 670 21 century century NN 22599 670 22 , , , 22599 670 23 it -PRON- PRP 22599 670 24 lies lie VBZ 22599 670 25 in in IN 22599 670 26 one one CD 22599 670 27 of of IN 22599 670 28 those those DT 22599 670 29 regions region NNS 22599 670 30 where where WRB 22599 670 31 the the DT 22599 670 32 converging converge VBG 22599 670 33 routes route NNS 22599 670 34 of of IN 22599 670 35 trade trade NN 22599 670 36 give give VBP 22599 670 37 rise rise NN 22599 670 38 to to IN 22599 670 39 large large JJ 22599 670 40 cities city NNS 22599 670 41 . . . 22599 671 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 671 2 387 387 CD 22599 671 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 671 4 Quite quite RB 22599 671 5 as as RB 22599 671 6 well well RB 22599 671 7 of of IN 22599 671 8 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 671 9 as as IN 22599 671 10 of of IN 22599 671 11 Athens Athens NNP 22599 671 12 might may MD 22599 671 13 Cardinal Cardinal NNP 22599 671 14 Newman Newman NNP 22599 671 15 have have VB 22599 671 16 said:[388 said:[388 NNP 22599 671 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 671 18 " " `` 22599 671 19 What what WP 22599 671 20 it -PRON- PRP 22599 671 21 lost lose VBD 22599 671 22 in in IN 22599 671 23 conveniences convenience NNS 22599 671 24 of of IN 22599 671 25 approach approach NN 22599 671 26 , , , 22599 671 27 it -PRON- PRP 22599 671 28 gained gain VBD 22599 671 29 in in IN 22599 671 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 671 31 neighborhood neighborhood NN 22599 671 32 to to IN 22599 671 33 the the DT 22599 671 34 traditions tradition NNS 22599 671 35 of of IN 22599 671 36 the the DT 22599 671 37 mysterious mysterious JJ 22599 671 38 East East NNP 22599 671 39 , , , 22599 671 40 and and CC 22599 671 41 in in IN 22599 671 42 the the DT 22599 671 43 loveliness loveliness NN 22599 671 44 of of IN 22599 671 45 the the DT 22599 671 46 region region NN 22599 671 47 in in IN 22599 671 48 which which WDT 22599 671 49 it -PRON- PRP 22599 671 50 lay lie VBD 22599 671 51 . . . 22599 672 1 Hither hither NN 22599 672 2 , , , 22599 672 3 then then RB 22599 672 4 , , , 22599 672 5 as as IN 22599 672 6 to to IN 22599 672 7 a a DT 22599 672 8 sort sort NN 22599 672 9 of of IN 22599 672 10 ideal ideal JJ 22599 672 11 land land NN 22599 672 12 , , , 22599 672 13 where where WRB 22599 672 14 all all DT 22599 672 15 archetypes archetype NNS 22599 672 16 of of IN 22599 672 17 the the DT 22599 672 18 great great JJ 22599 672 19 and and CC 22599 672 20 the the DT 22599 672 21 fair fair NN 22599 672 22 were be VBD 22599 672 23 found find VBN 22599 672 24 in in IN 22599 672 25 substantial substantial JJ 22599 672 26 being being NN 22599 672 27 , , , 22599 672 28 and and CC 22599 672 29 all all DT 22599 672 30 departments department NNS 22599 672 31 of of IN 22599 672 32 truth truth NN 22599 672 33 explored explore VBN 22599 672 34 , , , 22599 672 35 and and CC 22599 672 36 all all DT 22599 672 37 diversities diversity NNS 22599 672 38 of of IN 22599 672 39 intellectual intellectual JJ 22599 672 40 power power NN 22599 672 41 exhibited exhibit VBN 22599 672 42 , , , 22599 672 43 where where WRB 22599 672 44 taste taste NN 22599 672 45 and and CC 22599 672 46 philosophy philosophy NN 22599 672 47 were be VBD 22599 672 48 majestically majestically RB 22599 672 49 enthroned enthrone VBN 22599 672 50 as as IN 22599 672 51 in in IN 22599 672 52 a a DT 22599 672 53 royal royal JJ 22599 672 54 court court NN 22599 672 55 , , , 22599 672 56 where where WRB 22599 672 57 there there EX 22599 672 58 was be VBD 22599 672 59 no no DT 22599 672 60 sovereignty sovereignty NN 22599 672 61 but but CC 22599 672 62 that that DT 22599 672 63 of of IN 22599 672 64 mind mind NN 22599 672 65 , , , 22599 672 66 and and CC 22599 672 67 no no DT 22599 672 68 nobility nobility NN 22599 672 69 but but CC 22599 672 70 that that DT 22599 672 71 of of IN 22599 672 72 genius genius NN 22599 672 73 , , , 22599 672 74 where where WRB 22599 672 75 professors professor NNS 22599 672 76 were be VBD 22599 672 77 { { -LRB- 22599 672 78 97 97 CD 22599 672 79 } } -RRB- 22599 672 80 rulers ruler NNS 22599 672 81 , , , 22599 672 82 and and CC 22599 672 83 princes prince NNS 22599 672 84 did do VBD 22599 672 85 homage homage NN 22599 672 86 , , , 22599 672 87 thither thither NN 22599 672 88 flocked flock VBD 22599 672 89 continually continually RB 22599 672 90 from from IN 22599 672 91 the the DT 22599 672 92 very very JJ 22599 672 93 corners corner NNS 22599 672 94 of of IN 22599 672 95 the the DT 22599 672 96 _ _ NNP 22599 672 97 orbis orbis NNP 22599 672 98 terrarum terrarum NN 22599 672 99 _ _ NNP 22599 672 100 the the DT 22599 672 101 many many JJ 22599 672 102 - - HYPH 22599 672 103 tongued tongue VBN 22599 672 104 generation generation NN 22599 672 105 , , , 22599 672 106 just just RB 22599 672 107 rising rise VBG 22599 672 108 , , , 22599 672 109 or or CC 22599 672 110 just just RB 22599 672 111 risen rise VBN 22599 672 112 into into IN 22599 672 113 manhood manhood NN 22599 672 114 , , , 22599 672 115 in in IN 22599 672 116 order order NN 22599 672 117 to to TO 22599 672 118 gain gain VB 22599 672 119 wisdom wisdom NN 22599 672 120 . . . 22599 672 121 " " '' 22599 673 1 For for IN 22599 673 2 here here RB 22599 673 3 it -PRON- PRP 22599 673 4 was be VBD 22599 673 5 that that IN 22599 673 6 Al Al NNP 22599 673 7 - - HYPH 22599 673 8 Man[s.][=u]r Man[s.][=u]r NNP 22599 673 9 and and CC 22599 673 10 Al Al NNP 22599 673 11 - - HYPH 22599 673 12 M[=a]m[=u]n M[=a]m[=u]n NNP 22599 673 13 and and CC 22599 673 14 H[=a]r[=u]n H[=a]r[=u]n NNP 22599 673 15 al al NNP 22599 673 16 - - HYPH 22599 673 17 Rash[=i]d Rash[=i]d NNP 22599 673 18 ( ( -LRB- 22599 673 19 Aaron Aaron NNP 22599 673 20 the the DT 22599 673 21 Just just RB 22599 673 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 673 23 made make VBN 22599 673 24 for for IN 22599 673 25 a a DT 22599 673 26 time time NN 22599 673 27 the the DT 22599 673 28 world world NN 22599 673 29 's 's POS 22599 673 30 center center NN 22599 673 31 of of IN 22599 673 32 intellectual intellectual JJ 22599 673 33 activity activity NN 22599 673 34 in in IN 22599 673 35 general general JJ 22599 673 36 and and CC 22599 673 37 in in IN 22599 673 38 the the DT 22599 673 39 domain domain NN 22599 673 40 of of IN 22599 673 41 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 673 42 in in IN 22599 673 43 particular particular JJ 22599 673 44 . . . 22599 674 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 674 2 389 389 CD 22599 674 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 674 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 674 5 was be VBD 22599 674 6 just just RB 22599 674 7 after after IN 22599 674 8 the the DT 22599 674 9 _ _ NNP 22599 674 10 Sindhind Sindhind NNP 22599 674 11 _ _ NNP 22599 674 12 was be VBD 22599 674 13 brought bring VBN 22599 674 14 to to IN 22599 674 15 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 674 16 that that IN 22599 674 17 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]amme VBN 22599 674 18 ibn ibn NNP 22599 674 19 M[=u]s[=a M[=u]s[=a NNP 22599 674 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 674 21 al al NNP 22599 674 22 - - HYPH 22599 674 23 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 674 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 674 25 , , , 22599 674 26 whose whose WP$ 22599 674 27 name name NN 22599 674 28 has have VBZ 22599 674 29 already already RB 22599 674 30 been be VBN 22599 674 31 mentioned,[390 mentioned,[390 NNP 22599 674 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 674 33 was be VBD 22599 674 34 called call VBN 22599 674 35 to to IN 22599 674 36 that that DT 22599 674 37 city city NN 22599 674 38 . . . 22599 675 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 675 2 was be VBD 22599 675 3 the the DT 22599 675 4 most most RBS 22599 675 5 celebrated celebrated JJ 22599 675 6 mathematician mathematician NN 22599 675 7 of of IN 22599 675 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 675 9 time time NN 22599 675 10 , , , 22599 675 11 either either CC 22599 675 12 in in IN 22599 675 13 the the DT 22599 675 14 East East NNP 22599 675 15 or or CC 22599 675 16 West West NNP 22599 675 17 , , , 22599 675 18 writing write VBG 22599 675 19 treatises treatise NNS 22599 675 20 on on IN 22599 675 21 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 675 22 , , , 22599 675 23 the the DT 22599 675 24 sundial sundial NN 22599 675 25 , , , 22599 675 26 the the DT 22599 675 27 astrolabe astrolabe NNP 22599 675 28 , , , 22599 675 29 chronology chronology NN 22599 675 30 , , , 22599 675 31 geometry geometry NN 22599 675 32 , , , 22599 675 33 and and CC 22599 675 34 algebra algebra NN 22599 675 35 , , , 22599 675 36 and and CC 22599 675 37 giving give VBG 22599 675 38 through through IN 22599 675 39 the the DT 22599 675 40 Latin Latin NNP 22599 675 41 transliteration transliteration NN 22599 675 42 of of IN 22599 675 43 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 675 44 name name NN 22599 675 45 , , , 22599 675 46 _ _ NNP 22599 675 47 algoritmi algoritmi NNP 22599 675 48 _ _ NNP 22599 675 49 , , , 22599 675 50 the the DT 22599 675 51 name name NN 22599 675 52 of of IN 22599 675 53 algorism algorism NN 22599 675 54 to to IN 22599 675 55 the the DT 22599 675 56 early early JJ 22599 675 57 arithmetics arithmetic NNS 22599 675 58 using use VBG 22599 675 59 the the DT 22599 675 60 new new JJ 22599 675 61 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 675 62 numerals numeral NNS 22599 675 63 . . . 22599 676 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 676 2 391 391 CD 22599 676 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 676 4 Appreciating appreciate VBG 22599 676 5 at at IN 22599 676 6 once once IN 22599 676 7 the the DT 22599 676 8 value value NN 22599 676 9 of of IN 22599 676 10 the the DT 22599 676 11 position position NN 22599 676 12 system system NN 22599 676 13 so so RB 22599 676 14 recently recently RB 22599 676 15 brought bring VBD 22599 676 16 from from IN 22599 676 17 India India NNP 22599 676 18 , , , 22599 676 19 he -PRON- PRP 22599 676 20 wrote write VBD 22599 676 21 an an DT 22599 676 22 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 676 23 based base VBN 22599 676 24 upon upon IN 22599 676 25 these these DT 22599 676 26 numerals numeral NNS 22599 676 27 , , , 22599 676 28 and and CC 22599 676 29 this this DT 22599 676 30 was be VBD 22599 676 31 translated translate VBN 22599 676 32 into into IN 22599 676 33 Latin Latin NNP 22599 676 34 in in IN 22599 676 35 the the DT 22599 676 36 time time NN 22599 676 37 of of IN 22599 676 38 Adelhard Adelhard NNP 22599 676 39 of of IN 22599 676 40 Bath Bath NNP 22599 676 41 ( ( -LRB- 22599 676 42 c. c. NNP 22599 676 43 1180 1180 CD 22599 676 44 ) ) -RRB- 22599 676 45 , , , 22599 676 46 although although IN 22599 676 47 possibly possibly RB 22599 676 48 by by IN 22599 676 49 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 676 50 contemporary contemporary JJ 22599 676 51 countryman countryman NN 22599 676 52 Robert Robert NNP 22599 676 53 Cestrensis Cestrensis NNP 22599 676 54 . . . 22599 677 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 677 2 392 392 CD 22599 677 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 677 4 This this DT 22599 677 5 translation translation NN 22599 677 6 was be VBD 22599 677 7 found find VBN 22599 677 8 in in IN 22599 677 9 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 22599 677 10 and and CC 22599 677 11 was be VBD 22599 677 12 published publish VBN 22599 677 13 by by IN 22599 677 14 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 677 15 in in IN 22599 677 16 1857 1857 CD 22599 677 17 . . . 22599 678 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 678 2 393 393 CD 22599 678 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 678 4 Contemporary Contemporary NNP 22599 678 5 with with IN 22599 678 6 Al Al NNP 22599 678 7 - - HYPH 22599 678 8 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 678 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 678 10 , , , 22599 678 11 and and CC 22599 678 12 working work VBG 22599 678 13 also also RB 22599 678 14 under under IN 22599 678 15 Al Al NNP 22599 678 16 - - HYPH 22599 678 17 M[=a]m[=u]n M[=a]m[=u]n NNP 22599 678 18 , , , 22599 678 19 was be VBD 22599 678 20 a a DT 22599 678 21 Jewish jewish JJ 22599 678 22 astronomer astronomer NN 22599 678 23 , , , 22599 678 24 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 678 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 678 26 ' ' `` 22599 678 27 l-[T.]eiyib l-[t.]eiyib NN 22599 678 28 , , , 22599 678 29 { { -LRB- 22599 678 30 98 98 CD 22599 678 31 } } -RRB- 22599 678 32 Sened sene VBN 22599 678 33 ibn ibn NNP 22599 678 34 ` ` '' 22599 678 35 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 678 36 ] ] -RRB- 22599 678 37 , , , 22599 678 38 who who WP 22599 678 39 is be VBZ 22599 678 40 said say VBN 22599 678 41 to to TO 22599 678 42 have have VB 22599 678 43 adopted adopt VBN 22599 678 44 the the DT 22599 678 45 Mohammedan Mohammedan NNP 22599 678 46 religion religion NN 22599 678 47 at at IN 22599 678 48 the the DT 22599 678 49 caliph caliph NNP 22599 678 50 's 's POS 22599 678 51 request request NN 22599 678 52 . . . 22599 679 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 679 2 also also RB 22599 679 3 wrote write VBD 22599 679 4 a a DT 22599 679 5 work work NN 22599 679 6 on on IN 22599 679 7 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 679 8 arithmetic,[394 arithmetic,[394 NN 22599 679 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 679 10 so so IN 22599 679 11 that that IN 22599 679 12 the the DT 22599 679 13 subject subject NN 22599 679 14 must must MD 22599 679 15 have have VB 22599 679 16 been be VBN 22599 679 17 attracting attract VBG 22599 679 18 considerable considerable JJ 22599 679 19 attention attention NN 22599 679 20 at at IN 22599 679 21 that that DT 22599 679 22 time time NN 22599 679 23 . . . 22599 680 1 Indeed indeed RB 22599 680 2 , , , 22599 680 3 the the DT 22599 680 4 struggle struggle NN 22599 680 5 to to TO 22599 680 6 have have VB 22599 680 7 the the DT 22599 680 8 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 680 9 numerals numeral NNS 22599 680 10 replace replace VB 22599 680 11 the the DT 22599 680 12 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 680 13 did do VBD 22599 680 14 not not RB 22599 680 15 cease cease VB 22599 680 16 for for IN 22599 680 17 a a DT 22599 680 18 long long JJ 22599 680 19 time time NN 22599 680 20 thereafter thereafter RB 22599 680 21 . . . 22599 681 1 ` ` '' 22599 681 2 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 681 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 681 4 ibn ibn NNP 22599 681 5 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 681 6 al al NNP 22599 681 7 - - HYPH 22599 681 8 Nasaw[=i Nasaw[=i NNP 22599 681 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 681 10 , , , 22599 681 11 in in IN 22599 681 12 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 681 13 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 681 14 of of IN 22599 681 15 c. c. NNP 22599 681 16 1025 1025 CD 22599 681 17 , , , 22599 681 18 tells tell VBZ 22599 681 19 us -PRON- PRP 22599 681 20 that that IN 22599 681 21 the the DT 22599 681 22 symbolism symbolism NN 22599 681 23 of of IN 22599 681 24 number number NN 22599 681 25 was be VBD 22599 681 26 still still RB 22599 681 27 unsettled unsettle VBN 22599 681 28 in in IN 22599 681 29 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 681 30 day day NN 22599 681 31 , , , 22599 681 32 although although IN 22599 681 33 most most JJS 22599 681 34 people people NNS 22599 681 35 preferred prefer VBD 22599 681 36 the the DT 22599 681 37 strictly strictly RB 22599 681 38 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 681 39 forms form NNS 22599 681 40 . . . 22599 682 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 682 2 395 395 CD 22599 682 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 682 4 We -PRON- PRP 22599 682 5 thus thus RB 22599 682 6 have have VBP 22599 682 7 the the DT 22599 682 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 682 9 in in IN 22599 682 10 Arabia Arabia NNP 22599 682 11 , , , 22599 682 12 in in IN 22599 682 13 two two CD 22599 682 14 forms form NNS 22599 682 15 : : : 22599 682 16 one one CD 22599 682 17 the the DT 22599 682 18 form form NN 22599 682 19 now now RB 22599 682 20 used use VBN 22599 682 21 there there RB 22599 682 22 , , , 22599 682 23 and and CC 22599 682 24 the the DT 22599 682 25 other other JJ 22599 682 26 the the DT 22599 682 27 one one NN 22599 682 28 used use VBN 22599 682 29 by by IN 22599 682 30 Al Al NNP 22599 682 31 - - HYPH 22599 682 32 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 682 33 ] ] -RRB- 22599 682 34 . . . 22599 683 1 The the DT 22599 683 2 question question NN 22599 683 3 then then RB 22599 683 4 remains remain VBZ 22599 683 5 , , , 22599 683 6 how how WRB 22599 683 7 did do VBD 22599 683 8 this this DT 22599 683 9 second second JJ 22599 683 10 form form NN 22599 683 11 find find VB 22599 683 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 683 13 way way NN 22599 683 14 into into IN 22599 683 15 Europe Europe NNP 22599 683 16 ? ? . 22599 684 1 and and CC 22599 684 2 this this DT 22599 684 3 question question NN 22599 684 4 will will MD 22599 684 5 be be VB 22599 684 6 considered consider VBN 22599 684 7 in in IN 22599 684 8 the the DT 22599 684 9 next next JJ 22599 684 10 chapter chapter NN 22599 684 11 . . . 22599 685 1 * * NFP 22599 685 2 * * NFP 22599 685 3 * * NFP 22599 685 4 * * NFP 22599 685 5 * * NFP 22599 685 6 { { -LRB- 22599 685 7 99 99 CD 22599 685 8 } } -RRB- 22599 685 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 22599 685 10 VII vii NN 22599 685 11 THE the DT 22599 685 12 DEFINITE DEFINITE NNP 22599 685 13 INTRODUCTION introduction NN 22599 685 14 OF of IN 22599 685 15 THE the DT 22599 685 16 NUMERALS numeral NNS 22599 685 17 INTO into VBP 22599 685 18 EUROPE europe NN 22599 685 19 It -PRON- PRP 22599 685 20 being be VBG 22599 685 21 doubtful doubtful JJ 22599 685 22 whether whether IN 22599 685 23 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 685 24 ever ever RB 22599 685 25 knew know VBD 22599 685 26 the the DT 22599 685 27 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 685 28 numeral numeral JJ 22599 685 29 forms form NNS 22599 685 30 , , , 22599 685 31 certainly certainly RB 22599 685 32 without without IN 22599 685 33 the the DT 22599 685 34 zero zero CD 22599 685 35 in in IN 22599 685 36 any any DT 22599 685 37 case case NN 22599 685 38 , , , 22599 685 39 it -PRON- PRP 22599 685 40 becomes become VBZ 22599 685 41 necessary necessary JJ 22599 685 42 now now RB 22599 685 43 to to TO 22599 685 44 consider consider VB 22599 685 45 the the DT 22599 685 46 question question NN 22599 685 47 of of IN 22599 685 48 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 685 49 definite definite JJ 22599 685 50 introduction introduction NN 22599 685 51 into into IN 22599 685 52 Europe Europe NNP 22599 685 53 . . . 22599 686 1 From from IN 22599 686 2 what what WP 22599 686 3 has have VBZ 22599 686 4 been be VBN 22599 686 5 said say VBN 22599 686 6 of of IN 22599 686 7 the the DT 22599 686 8 trade trade NN 22599 686 9 relations relation NNS 22599 686 10 between between IN 22599 686 11 the the DT 22599 686 12 East East NNP 22599 686 13 and and CC 22599 686 14 the the DT 22599 686 15 West West NNP 22599 686 16 , , , 22599 686 17 and and CC 22599 686 18 of of IN 22599 686 19 the the DT 22599 686 20 probability probability NN 22599 686 21 that that IN 22599 686 22 it -PRON- PRP 22599 686 23 was be VBD 22599 686 24 the the DT 22599 686 25 trader trader NN 22599 686 26 rather rather RB 22599 686 27 than than IN 22599 686 28 the the DT 22599 686 29 scholar scholar NN 22599 686 30 who who WP 22599 686 31 carried carry VBD 22599 686 32 these these DT 22599 686 33 numerals numeral NNS 22599 686 34 from from IN 22599 686 35 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 686 36 original original JJ 22599 686 37 habitat habitat NN 22599 686 38 to to IN 22599 686 39 various various JJ 22599 686 40 commercial commercial JJ 22599 686 41 centers center NNS 22599 686 42 , , , 22599 686 43 it -PRON- PRP 22599 686 44 is be VBZ 22599 686 45 evident evident JJ 22599 686 46 that that IN 22599 686 47 we -PRON- PRP 22599 686 48 shall shall MD 22599 686 49 never never RB 22599 686 50 know know VB 22599 686 51 when when WRB 22599 686 52 they -PRON- PRP 22599 686 53 first first RB 22599 686 54 made make VBD 22599 686 55 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 686 56 inconspicuous inconspicuous JJ 22599 686 57 entrance entrance NN 22599 686 58 into into IN 22599 686 59 Europe Europe NNP 22599 686 60 . . . 22599 687 1 Curious curious JJ 22599 687 2 customs custom NNS 22599 687 3 from from IN 22599 687 4 the the DT 22599 687 5 East East NNP 22599 687 6 and and CC 22599 687 7 from from IN 22599 687 8 the the DT 22599 687 9 tropics,--concerning tropics,--concerning NNP 22599 687 10 games game NNS 22599 687 11 , , , 22599 687 12 social social JJ 22599 687 13 peculiarities peculiarity NNS 22599 687 14 , , , 22599 687 15 oddities oddity NNS 22599 687 16 of of IN 22599 687 17 dress dress NN 22599 687 18 , , , 22599 687 19 and and CC 22599 687 20 the the DT 22599 687 21 like,--are like,--are NN 22599 687 22 continually continually RB 22599 687 23 being be VBG 22599 687 24 related relate VBN 22599 687 25 by by IN 22599 687 26 sailors sailor NNS 22599 687 27 and and CC 22599 687 28 traders trader NNS 22599 687 29 in in IN 22599 687 30 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 687 31 resorts resort NNS 22599 687 32 in in IN 22599 687 33 New New NNP 22599 687 34 York York NNP 22599 687 35 , , , 22599 687 36 London London NNP 22599 687 37 , , , 22599 687 38 Hamburg Hamburg NNP 22599 687 39 , , , 22599 687 40 and and CC 22599 687 41 Rotterdam Rotterdam NNP 22599 687 42 to to IN 22599 687 43 - - HYPH 22599 687 44 day day NN 22599 687 45 , , , 22599 687 46 customs custom VBZ 22599 687 47 that that IN 22599 687 48 no no DT 22599 687 49 scholar scholar NN 22599 687 50 has have VBZ 22599 687 51 yet yet RB 22599 687 52 described describe VBN 22599 687 53 in in IN 22599 687 54 print print NN 22599 687 55 and and CC 22599 687 56 that that WDT 22599 687 57 may may MD 22599 687 58 not not RB 22599 687 59 become become VB 22599 687 60 known know VBN 22599 687 61 for for IN 22599 687 62 many many JJ 22599 687 63 years year NNS 22599 687 64 , , , 22599 687 65 if if IN 22599 687 66 ever ever RB 22599 687 67 . . . 22599 688 1 And and CC 22599 688 2 if if IN 22599 688 3 this this DT 22599 688 4 be be VB 22599 688 5 so so RB 22599 688 6 now now RB 22599 688 7 , , , 22599 688 8 how how WRB 22599 688 9 much much RB 22599 688 10 more more JJR 22599 688 11 would would MD 22599 688 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 688 13 have have VB 22599 688 14 been be VBN 22599 688 15 true true JJ 22599 688 16 a a DT 22599 688 17 thousand thousand CD 22599 688 18 years year NNS 22599 688 19 before before IN 22599 688 20 the the DT 22599 688 21 invention invention NN 22599 688 22 of of IN 22599 688 23 printing printing NN 22599 688 24 , , , 22599 688 25 when when WRB 22599 688 26 learning learning NN 22599 688 27 was be VBD 22599 688 28 at at IN 22599 688 29 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 688 30 lowest low JJS 22599 688 31 ebb ebb NN 22599 688 32 . . . 22599 689 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 689 2 was be VBD 22599 689 3 at at IN 22599 689 4 this this DT 22599 689 5 period period NN 22599 689 6 of of IN 22599 689 7 low low JJ 22599 689 8 esteem esteem NN 22599 689 9 of of IN 22599 689 10 culture culture NN 22599 689 11 that that WDT 22599 689 12 the the DT 22599 689 13 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 689 14 numerals numeral NNS 22599 689 15 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 22599 689 16 made make VBD 22599 689 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 689 18 first first JJ 22599 689 19 appearance appearance NN 22599 689 20 in in IN 22599 689 21 Europe Europe NNP 22599 689 22 . . . 22599 690 1 There there EX 22599 690 2 were be VBD 22599 690 3 many many JJ 22599 690 4 opportunities opportunity NNS 22599 690 5 for for IN 22599 690 6 such such JJ 22599 690 7 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 690 8 to to TO 22599 690 9 reach reach VB 22599 690 10 Spain Spain NNP 22599 690 11 and and CC 22599 690 12 Italy Italy NNP 22599 690 13 . . . 22599 691 1 In in IN 22599 691 2 the the DT 22599 691 3 first first JJ 22599 691 4 place place NN 22599 691 5 the the DT 22599 691 6 Moors Moors NNPS 22599 691 7 went go VBD 22599 691 8 into into IN 22599 691 9 Spain Spain NNP 22599 691 10 as as IN 22599 691 11 helpers helper NNS 22599 691 12 of of IN 22599 691 13 a a DT 22599 691 14 claimant claimant NN 22599 691 15 of of IN 22599 691 16 the the DT 22599 691 17 throne throne NN 22599 691 18 , , , 22599 691 19 and and CC 22599 691 20 { { -LRB- 22599 691 21 100 100 CD 22599 691 22 } } -RRB- 22599 691 23 remained remain VBD 22599 691 24 as as IN 22599 691 25 conquerors conqueror NNS 22599 691 26 . . . 22599 692 1 The the DT 22599 692 2 power power NN 22599 692 3 of of IN 22599 692 4 the the DT 22599 692 5 Goths Goths NNPS 22599 692 6 , , , 22599 692 7 who who WP 22599 692 8 had have VBD 22599 692 9 held hold VBN 22599 692 10 Spain Spain NNP 22599 692 11 for for IN 22599 692 12 three three CD 22599 692 13 centuries century NNS 22599 692 14 , , , 22599 692 15 was be VBD 22599 692 16 shattered shatter VBN 22599 692 17 at at IN 22599 692 18 the the DT 22599 692 19 battle battle NN 22599 692 20 of of IN 22599 692 21 Jerez Jerez NNP 22599 692 22 de de NNP 22599 692 23 la la NNP 22599 692 24 Frontera Frontera NNP 22599 692 25 in in IN 22599 692 26 711 711 CD 22599 692 27 , , , 22599 692 28 and and CC 22599 692 29 almost almost RB 22599 692 30 immediately immediately RB 22599 692 31 the the DT 22599 692 32 Moors Moors NNP 22599 692 33 became become VBD 22599 692 34 masters master NNS 22599 692 35 of of IN 22599 692 36 Spain Spain NNP 22599 692 37 and and CC 22599 692 38 so so RB 22599 692 39 remained remain VBD 22599 692 40 for for IN 22599 692 41 five five CD 22599 692 42 hundred hundred CD 22599 692 43 years year NNS 22599 692 44 , , , 22599 692 45 and and CC 22599 692 46 masters master NNS 22599 692 47 of of IN 22599 692 48 Granada Granada NNP 22599 692 49 for for IN 22599 692 50 a a DT 22599 692 51 much much RB 22599 692 52 longer long JJR 22599 692 53 period period NN 22599 692 54 . . . 22599 693 1 Until until IN 22599 693 2 850 850 CD 22599 693 3 the the DT 22599 693 4 Christians Christians NNPS 22599 693 5 were be VBD 22599 693 6 absolutely absolutely RB 22599 693 7 free free JJ 22599 693 8 as as IN 22599 693 9 to to IN 22599 693 10 religion religion NN 22599 693 11 and and CC 22599 693 12 as as IN 22599 693 13 to to IN 22599 693 14 holding hold VBG 22599 693 15 political political JJ 22599 693 16 office office NN 22599 693 17 , , , 22599 693 18 so so IN 22599 693 19 that that IN 22599 693 20 priests priest NNS 22599 693 21 and and CC 22599 693 22 monks monk NNS 22599 693 23 were be VBD 22599 693 24 not not RB 22599 693 25 infrequently infrequently RB 22599 693 26 skilled skilled JJ 22599 693 27 both both CC 22599 693 28 in in IN 22599 693 29 Latin Latin NNP 22599 693 30 and and CC 22599 693 31 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 693 32 , , , 22599 693 33 acting act VBG 22599 693 34 as as IN 22599 693 35 official official JJ 22599 693 36 translators translator NNS 22599 693 37 , , , 22599 693 38 and and CC 22599 693 39 naturally naturally RB 22599 693 40 reporting report VBG 22599 693 41 directly directly RB 22599 693 42 or or CC 22599 693 43 indirectly indirectly RB 22599 693 44 to to IN 22599 693 45 Rome Rome NNP 22599 693 46 . . . 22599 694 1 There there EX 22599 694 2 was be VBD 22599 694 3 indeed indeed RB 22599 694 4 at at IN 22599 694 5 this this DT 22599 694 6 time time NN 22599 694 7 a a DT 22599 694 8 complaint complaint NN 22599 694 9 that that IN 22599 694 10 Christian christian JJ 22599 694 11 youths youth NNS 22599 694 12 cultivated cultivate VBN 22599 694 13 too too RB 22599 694 14 assiduously assiduously RB 22599 694 15 a a DT 22599 694 16 love love NN 22599 694 17 for for IN 22599 694 18 the the DT 22599 694 19 literature literature NN 22599 694 20 of of IN 22599 694 21 the the DT 22599 694 22 Saracen Saracen NNP 22599 694 23 , , , 22599 694 24 and and CC 22599 694 25 married marry VBD 22599 694 26 too too RB 22599 694 27 frequently frequently RB 22599 694 28 the the DT 22599 694 29 daughters daughter NNS 22599 694 30 of of IN 22599 694 31 the the DT 22599 694 32 infidel infidel NN 22599 694 33 . . . 22599 695 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 695 2 396 396 CD 22599 695 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 695 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 695 5 is be VBZ 22599 695 6 true true JJ 22599 695 7 that that IN 22599 695 8 this this DT 22599 695 9 happy happy JJ 22599 695 10 state state NN 22599 695 11 of of IN 22599 695 12 affairs affair NNS 22599 695 13 was be VBD 22599 695 14 not not RB 22599 695 15 permanent permanent JJ 22599 695 16 , , , 22599 695 17 but but CC 22599 695 18 while while IN 22599 695 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 695 20 lasted last VBD 22599 695 21 the the DT 22599 695 22 learning learning NN 22599 695 23 and and CC 22599 695 24 the the DT 22599 695 25 customs custom NNS 22599 695 26 of of IN 22599 695 27 the the DT 22599 695 28 East East NNP 22599 695 29 must must MD 22599 695 30 have have VB 22599 695 31 become become VBN 22599 695 32 more more RBR 22599 695 33 or or CC 22599 695 34 less less RBR 22599 695 35 the the DT 22599 695 36 property property NN 22599 695 37 of of IN 22599 695 38 Christian Christian NNP 22599 695 39 Spain Spain NNP 22599 695 40 . . . 22599 696 1 At at IN 22599 696 2 this this DT 22599 696 3 time time NN 22599 696 4 the the DT 22599 696 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 696 6 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 696 7 numerals numeral NNS 22599 696 8 were be VBD 22599 696 9 probably probably RB 22599 696 10 in in IN 22599 696 11 that that DT 22599 696 12 country country NN 22599 696 13 , , , 22599 696 14 and and CC 22599 696 15 these these DT 22599 696 16 may may MD 22599 696 17 well well RB 22599 696 18 have have VB 22599 696 19 made make VBN 22599 696 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 696 21 way way NN 22599 696 22 into into IN 22599 696 23 Europe Europe NNP 22599 696 24 from from IN 22599 696 25 the the DT 22599 696 26 schools school NNS 22599 696 27 of of IN 22599 696 28 Cordova Cordova NNP 22599 696 29 , , , 22599 696 30 Granada Granada NNP 22599 696 31 , , , 22599 696 32 and and CC 22599 696 33 Toledo Toledo NNP 22599 696 34 . . . 22599 697 1 Furthermore furthermore RB 22599 697 2 , , , 22599 697 3 there there EX 22599 697 4 was be VBD 22599 697 5 abundant abundant JJ 22599 697 6 opportunity opportunity NN 22599 697 7 for for IN 22599 697 8 the the DT 22599 697 9 numerals numeral NNS 22599 697 10 of of IN 22599 697 11 the the DT 22599 697 12 East East NNP 22599 697 13 to to TO 22599 697 14 reach reach VB 22599 697 15 Europe Europe NNP 22599 697 16 through through IN 22599 697 17 the the DT 22599 697 18 journeys journey NNS 22599 697 19 of of IN 22599 697 20 travelers traveler NNS 22599 697 21 and and CC 22599 697 22 ambassadors ambassador NNS 22599 697 23 . . . 22599 698 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 698 2 was be VBD 22599 698 3 from from IN 22599 698 4 the the DT 22599 698 5 records record NNS 22599 698 6 of of IN 22599 698 7 Suleim[=a]n Suleim[=a]n NNP 22599 698 8 the the DT 22599 698 9 Merchant merchant NN 22599 698 10 , , , 22599 698 11 a a DT 22599 698 12 well well RB 22599 698 13 - - HYPH 22599 698 14 known know VBN 22599 698 15 Arab arab JJ 22599 698 16 trader trader NN 22599 698 17 of of IN 22599 698 18 the the DT 22599 698 19 ninth ninth JJ 22599 698 20 century century NN 22599 698 21 , , , 22599 698 22 that that DT 22599 698 23 part part NN 22599 698 24 of of IN 22599 698 25 the the DT 22599 698 26 story story NN 22599 698 27 of of IN 22599 698 28 Sindb[=a]d Sindb[=a]d NNP 22599 698 29 the the DT 22599 698 30 Sailor Sailor NNP 22599 698 31 was be VBD 22599 698 32 taken take VBN 22599 698 33 . . . 22599 699 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 699 2 397 397 CD 22599 699 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 699 4 Such such PDT 22599 699 5 a a DT 22599 699 6 merchant merchant NN 22599 699 7 would would MD 22599 699 8 have have VB 22599 699 9 been be VBN 22599 699 10 particularly particularly RB 22599 699 11 likely likely JJ 22599 699 12 to to TO 22599 699 13 know know VB 22599 699 14 the the DT 22599 699 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 699 16 of of IN 22599 699 17 the the DT 22599 699 18 people people NNS 22599 699 19 whom whom WP 22599 699 20 he -PRON- PRP 22599 699 21 met meet VBD 22599 699 22 , , , 22599 699 23 and and CC 22599 699 24 he -PRON- PRP 22599 699 25 is be VBZ 22599 699 26 a a DT 22599 699 27 type type NN 22599 699 28 of of IN 22599 699 29 man man NN 22599 699 30 that that WDT 22599 699 31 may may MD 22599 699 32 well well RB 22599 699 33 have have VB 22599 699 34 taken take VBN 22599 699 35 such such JJ 22599 699 36 symbols symbol NNS 22599 699 37 to to IN 22599 699 38 European european JJ 22599 699 39 markets market NNS 22599 699 40 . . . 22599 700 1 A a DT 22599 700 2 little little JJ 22599 700 3 later later RB 22599 700 4 , , , 22599 700 5 { { -LRB- 22599 700 6 101 101 CD 22599 700 7 } } -RRB- 22599 700 8 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 700 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 700 10 ' ' `` 22599 700 11 l-[H.]asan l-[h.]asan NN 22599 700 12 ` ` '' 22599 700 13 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 700 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 700 15 al al NNP 22599 700 16 - - HYPH 22599 700 17 Mas`[=u]d[=i Mas`[=u]d[=i NNP 22599 700 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 700 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 700 20 d. d. NNP 22599 700 21 956 956 CD 22599 700 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 700 23 of of IN 22599 700 24 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 700 25 traveled travel VBD 22599 700 26 to to IN 22599 700 27 the the DT 22599 700 28 China China NNP 22599 700 29 Sea Sea NNP 22599 700 30 on on IN 22599 700 31 the the DT 22599 700 32 east east NN 22599 700 33 , , , 22599 700 34 at at IN 22599 700 35 least least JJS 22599 700 36 as as IN 22599 700 37 far far RB 22599 700 38 south south RB 22599 700 39 as as IN 22599 700 40 Zanzibar Zanzibar NNP 22599 700 41 , , , 22599 700 42 and and CC 22599 700 43 to to IN 22599 700 44 the the DT 22599 700 45 Atlantic Atlantic NNP 22599 700 46 on on IN 22599 700 47 the the DT 22599 700 48 west,[398 west,[398 NNS 22599 700 49 ] ] -RRB- 22599 700 50 and and CC 22599 700 51 he -PRON- PRP 22599 700 52 speaks speak VBZ 22599 700 53 of of IN 22599 700 54 the the DT 22599 700 55 nine nine CD 22599 700 56 figures figure NNS 22599 700 57 with with IN 22599 700 58 which which WDT 22599 700 59 the the DT 22599 700 60 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 700 61 reckoned reckon VBD 22599 700 62 . . . 22599 701 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 701 2 399 399 CD 22599 701 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 701 4 There there EX 22599 701 5 was be VBD 22599 701 6 also also RB 22599 701 7 a a DT 22599 701 8 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 701 9 merchant merchant NN 22599 701 10 , , , 22599 701 11 one one CD 22599 701 12 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 701 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 701 14 ' ' `` 22599 701 15 l l NNP 22599 701 16 - - HYPH 22599 701 17 Q[=a]sim Q[=a]sim NNP 22599 701 18 ` ` '' 22599 701 19 Obeidall[=a]h Obeidall[=a]h NNP 22599 701 20 ibn ibn NNP 22599 701 21 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 701 22 , , , 22599 701 23 better well RBR 22599 701 24 known know VBN 22599 701 25 by by IN 22599 701 26 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 701 27 Persian persian JJ 22599 701 28 name name NN 22599 701 29 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 701 30 Khord[=a][d.]beh,[400 Khord[=a][d.]beh,[400 NNP 22599 701 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 701 32 who who WP 22599 701 33 wrote write VBD 22599 701 34 about about IN 22599 701 35 850 850 CD 22599 701 36 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 701 37 a a DT 22599 701 38 work work NN 22599 701 39 entitled entitle VBN 22599 701 40 _ _ NNP 22599 701 41 Book Book NNP 22599 701 42 of of IN 22599 701 43 Roads Roads NNPS 22599 701 44 and and CC 22599 701 45 Provinces_[401 Provinces_[401 NNP 22599 701 46 ] ] -RRB- 22599 701 47 in in IN 22599 701 48 which which WDT 22599 701 49 the the DT 22599 701 50 following follow VBG 22599 701 51 graphic graphic JJ 22599 701 52 account account NN 22599 701 53 appears:[402 appears:[402 NNP 22599 701 54 ] ] -RRB- 22599 701 55 " " `` 22599 701 56 The the DT 22599 701 57 Jewish jewish JJ 22599 701 58 merchants merchant NNS 22599 701 59 speak speak VBP 22599 701 60 Persian Persian NNP 22599 701 61 , , , 22599 701 62 Roman roman JJ 22599 701 63 ( ( -LRB- 22599 701 64 Greek Greek NNP 22599 701 65 and and CC 22599 701 66 Latin Latin NNP 22599 701 67 ) ) -RRB- 22599 701 68 , , , 22599 701 69 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 701 70 , , , 22599 701 71 French french JJ 22599 701 72 , , , 22599 701 73 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 701 74 , , , 22599 701 75 and and CC 22599 701 76 Slavic slavic JJ 22599 701 77 . . . 22599 702 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 702 2 travel travel VBP 22599 702 3 from from IN 22599 702 4 the the DT 22599 702 5 West West NNP 22599 702 6 to to IN 22599 702 7 the the DT 22599 702 8 East East NNP 22599 702 9 , , , 22599 702 10 and and CC 22599 702 11 from from IN 22599 702 12 the the DT 22599 702 13 East East NNP 22599 702 14 to to IN 22599 702 15 the the DT 22599 702 16 West West NNP 22599 702 17 , , , 22599 702 18 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 702 19 by by IN 22599 702 20 land land NN 22599 702 21 , , , 22599 702 22 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 702 23 by by IN 22599 702 24 sea sea NN 22599 702 25 . . . 22599 703 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 703 2 take take VBP 22599 703 3 ship ship NN 22599 703 4 from from IN 22599 703 5 France France NNP 22599 703 6 on on IN 22599 703 7 the the DT 22599 703 8 Western Western NNP 22599 703 9 Sea Sea NNP 22599 703 10 , , , 22599 703 11 and and CC 22599 703 12 they -PRON- PRP 22599 703 13 voyage voyage VBP 22599 703 14 to to IN 22599 703 15 Farama Farama NNP 22599 703 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 703 17 near near IN 22599 703 18 the the DT 22599 703 19 ruins ruin NNS 22599 703 20 of of IN 22599 703 21 the the DT 22599 703 22 ancient ancient JJ 22599 703 23 Pelusium Pelusium NNP 22599 703 24 ) ) -RRB- 22599 703 25 ; ; : 22599 703 26 there there RB 22599 703 27 they -PRON- PRP 22599 703 28 transfer transfer VBP 22599 703 29 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 703 30 goods good NNS 22599 703 31 to to IN 22599 703 32 caravans caravan NNS 22599 703 33 and and CC 22599 703 34 go go VB 22599 703 35 by by IN 22599 703 36 land land NN 22599 703 37 to to IN 22599 703 38 Colzom Colzom NNP 22599 703 39 ( ( -LRB- 22599 703 40 on on IN 22599 703 41 the the DT 22599 703 42 Red Red NNP 22599 703 43 Sea Sea NNP 22599 703 44 ) ) -RRB- 22599 703 45 . . . 22599 704 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 704 2 there there RB 22599 704 3 reëmbark reëmbark VBP 22599 704 4 on on IN 22599 704 5 the the DT 22599 704 6 Oriental oriental JJ 22599 704 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 704 8 Red Red NNP 22599 704 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 704 10 Sea Sea NNP 22599 704 11 and and CC 22599 704 12 go go VB 22599 704 13 to to IN 22599 704 14 Hejaz Hejaz NNP 22599 704 15 and and CC 22599 704 16 to to IN 22599 704 17 Jiddah Jiddah NNP 22599 704 18 , , , 22599 704 19 and and CC 22599 704 20 thence thence NN 22599 704 21 to to IN 22599 704 22 the the DT 22599 704 23 Sind Sind NNP 22599 704 24 , , , 22599 704 25 India India NNP 22599 704 26 , , , 22599 704 27 and and CC 22599 704 28 China China NNP 22599 704 29 . . . 22599 705 1 Returning return VBG 22599 705 2 , , , 22599 705 3 they -PRON- PRP 22599 705 4 bring bring VBP 22599 705 5 back back RB 22599 705 6 the the DT 22599 705 7 products product NNS 22599 705 8 of of IN 22599 705 9 the the DT 22599 705 10 oriental oriental JJ 22599 705 11 lands land NNS 22599 705 12 .... .... . 22599 706 1 These these DT 22599 706 2 journeys journey NNS 22599 706 3 are be VBP 22599 706 4 also also RB 22599 706 5 made make VBN 22599 706 6 by by IN 22599 706 7 land land NN 22599 706 8 . . . 22599 707 1 The the DT 22599 707 2 merchants merchant NNS 22599 707 3 , , , 22599 707 4 leaving leave VBG 22599 707 5 France France NNP 22599 707 6 and and CC 22599 707 7 Spain Spain NNP 22599 707 8 , , , 22599 707 9 cross cross NN 22599 707 10 to to IN 22599 707 11 Tangier Tangier NNP 22599 707 12 and and CC 22599 707 13 thence thence NN 22599 707 14 pass pass VB 22599 707 15 through through IN 22599 707 16 the the DT 22599 707 17 African african JJ 22599 707 18 provinces province NNS 22599 707 19 and and CC 22599 707 20 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 707 21 . . . 22599 708 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 708 2 then then RB 22599 708 3 go go VBP 22599 708 4 to to IN 22599 708 5 Ramleh Ramleh NNP 22599 708 6 , , , 22599 708 7 visit visit VB 22599 708 8 Damascus Damascus NNP 22599 708 9 , , , 22599 708 10 Kufa Kufa NNP 22599 708 11 , , , 22599 708 12 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 708 13 , , , 22599 708 14 and and CC 22599 708 15 Basra Basra NNP 22599 708 16 , , , 22599 708 17 penetrate penetrate VBP 22599 708 18 into into IN 22599 708 19 Ahwaz Ahwaz NNP 22599 708 20 , , , 22599 708 21 Fars Fars NNPS 22599 708 22 , , , 22599 708 23 Kerman Kerman NNP 22599 708 24 , , , 22599 708 25 Sind Sind NNP 22599 708 26 , , , 22599 708 27 and and CC 22599 708 28 thus thus RB 22599 708 29 reach reach VB 22599 708 30 India India NNP 22599 708 31 and and CC 22599 708 32 China China NNP 22599 708 33 . . . 22599 708 34 " " '' 22599 709 1 Such such JJ 22599 709 2 travelers traveler NNS 22599 709 3 , , , 22599 709 4 about about RB 22599 709 5 900 900 CD 22599 709 6 A.D. a.d. NN 22599 709 7 , , , 22599 709 8 must must MD 22599 709 9 necessarily necessarily RB 22599 709 10 have have VB 22599 709 11 spread spread VBN 22599 709 12 abroad abroad RB 22599 709 13 a a DT 22599 709 14 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 709 15 of of IN 22599 709 16 all all DT 22599 709 17 number number NN 22599 709 18 { { -LRB- 22599 709 19 102 102 CD 22599 709 20 } } -RRB- 22599 709 21 systems system NNS 22599 709 22 used use VBN 22599 709 23 in in IN 22599 709 24 recording record VBG 22599 709 25 prices price NNS 22599 709 26 or or CC 22599 709 27 in in IN 22599 709 28 the the DT 22599 709 29 computations computation NNS 22599 709 30 of of IN 22599 709 31 the the DT 22599 709 32 market market NN 22599 709 33 . . . 22599 710 1 There there EX 22599 710 2 is be VBZ 22599 710 3 an an DT 22599 710 4 interesting interesting JJ 22599 710 5 witness witness NN 22599 710 6 to to IN 22599 710 7 this this DT 22599 710 8 movement movement NN 22599 710 9 , , , 22599 710 10 a a DT 22599 710 11 cruciform cruciform NN 22599 710 12 brooch brooch NN 22599 710 13 now now RB 22599 710 14 in in IN 22599 710 15 the the DT 22599 710 16 British British NNP 22599 710 17 Museum Museum NNP 22599 710 18 . . . 22599 711 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 711 2 is be VBZ 22599 711 3 English English NNP 22599 711 4 , , , 22599 711 5 certainly certainly RB 22599 711 6 as as RB 22599 711 7 early early RB 22599 711 8 as as IN 22599 711 9 the the DT 22599 711 10 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 711 11 century century NN 22599 711 12 , , , 22599 711 13 but but CC 22599 711 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 711 15 is be VBZ 22599 711 16 inlaid inlaid JJ 22599 711 17 with with IN 22599 711 18 a a DT 22599 711 19 piece piece NN 22599 711 20 of of IN 22599 711 21 paste paste NN 22599 711 22 on on IN 22599 711 23 which which WDT 22599 711 24 is be VBZ 22599 711 25 the the DT 22599 711 26 Mohammedan Mohammedan NNP 22599 711 27 inscription inscription NN 22599 711 28 , , , 22599 711 29 in in IN 22599 711 30 Kufic Kufic NNP 22599 711 31 characters character NNS 22599 711 32 , , , 22599 711 33 " " `` 22599 711 34 There there EX 22599 711 35 is be VBZ 22599 711 36 no no DT 22599 711 37 God God NNP 22599 711 38 but but IN 22599 711 39 God God NNP 22599 711 40 . . . 22599 711 41 " " '' 22599 712 1 How how WRB 22599 712 2 did do VBD 22599 712 3 such such PDT 22599 712 4 an an DT 22599 712 5 inscription inscription NN 22599 712 6 find find VB 22599 712 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 712 8 way way NN 22599 712 9 , , , 22599 712 10 perhaps perhaps RB 22599 712 11 in in IN 22599 712 12 the the DT 22599 712 13 time time NN 22599 712 14 of of IN 22599 712 15 Alcuin Alcuin NNP 22599 712 16 of of IN 22599 712 17 York York NNP 22599 712 18 , , , 22599 712 19 to to IN 22599 712 20 England England NNP 22599 712 21 ? ? . 22599 713 1 And and CC 22599 713 2 if if IN 22599 713 3 these these DT 22599 713 4 Kufic Kufic NNP 22599 713 5 characters character NNS 22599 713 6 reached reach VBD 22599 713 7 there there RB 22599 713 8 , , , 22599 713 9 then then RB 22599 713 10 why why WRB 22599 713 11 not not RB 22599 713 12 the the DT 22599 713 13 numeral numeral JJ 22599 713 14 forms form NNS 22599 713 15 as as RB 22599 713 16 well well RB 22599 713 17 ? ? . 22599 714 1 Even even RB 22599 714 2 in in IN 22599 714 3 literature literature NN 22599 714 4 of of IN 22599 714 5 the the DT 22599 714 6 better well JJR 22599 714 7 class class NN 22599 714 8 there there EX 22599 714 9 appears appear VBZ 22599 714 10 now now RB 22599 714 11 and and CC 22599 714 12 then then RB 22599 714 13 some some DT 22599 714 14 stray stray JJ 22599 714 15 proof proof NN 22599 714 16 of of IN 22599 714 17 the the DT 22599 714 18 important important JJ 22599 714 19 fact fact NN 22599 714 20 that that IN 22599 714 21 the the DT 22599 714 22 great great JJ 22599 714 23 trade trade NN 22599 714 24 routes route NNS 22599 714 25 to to IN 22599 714 26 the the DT 22599 714 27 far far JJ 22599 714 28 East East NNP 22599 714 29 were be VBD 22599 714 30 never never RB 22599 714 31 closed close VBN 22599 714 32 for for IN 22599 714 33 long long JJ 22599 714 34 , , , 22599 714 35 and and CC 22599 714 36 that that IN 22599 714 37 the the DT 22599 714 38 customs custom NNS 22599 714 39 and and CC 22599 714 40 marks mark NNS 22599 714 41 of of IN 22599 714 42 trade trade NN 22599 714 43 endured endure VBN 22599 714 44 from from IN 22599 714 45 generation generation NN 22599 714 46 to to IN 22599 714 47 generation generation NN 22599 714 48 . . . 22599 715 1 The the DT 22599 715 2 _ _ NNP 22599 715 3 Gulist[=a]n Gulist[=a]n NNP 22599 715 4 _ _ NNP 22599 715 5 of of IN 22599 715 6 the the DT 22599 715 7 Persian persian JJ 22599 715 8 poet poet NN 22599 715 9 Sa`d[=i][403 Sa`d[=i][403 NNP 22599 715 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 715 11 contains contain VBZ 22599 715 12 such such PDT 22599 715 13 a a DT 22599 715 14 passage passage NN 22599 715 15 : : : 22599 715 16 " " `` 22599 715 17 I -PRON- PRP 22599 715 18 met meet VBD 22599 715 19 a a DT 22599 715 20 merchant merchant NN 22599 715 21 who who WP 22599 715 22 owned own VBD 22599 715 23 one one CD 22599 715 24 hundred hundred CD 22599 715 25 and and CC 22599 715 26 forty forty CD 22599 715 27 camels camel NNS 22599 715 28 , , , 22599 715 29 and and CC 22599 715 30 fifty fifty CD 22599 715 31 slaves slave NNS 22599 715 32 and and CC 22599 715 33 porters porter NNS 22599 715 34 .... .... . 22599 716 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 716 2 answered answer VBD 22599 716 3 to to IN 22599 716 4 me -PRON- PRP 22599 716 5 : : : 22599 716 6 ' ' '' 22599 716 7 I -PRON- PRP 22599 716 8 want want VBP 22599 716 9 to to TO 22599 716 10 carry carry VB 22599 716 11 sulphur sulphur NN 22599 716 12 of of IN 22599 716 13 Persia Persia NNP 22599 716 14 to to IN 22599 716 15 China China NNP 22599 716 16 , , , 22599 716 17 which which WDT 22599 716 18 in in IN 22599 716 19 that that DT 22599 716 20 country country NN 22599 716 21 , , , 22599 716 22 as as IN 22599 716 23 I -PRON- PRP 22599 716 24 hear hear VBP 22599 716 25 , , , 22599 716 26 bears bear VBZ 22599 716 27 a a DT 22599 716 28 high high JJ 22599 716 29 price price NN 22599 716 30 ; ; : 22599 716 31 and and CC 22599 716 32 thence thence NN 22599 716 33 to to TO 22599 716 34 take take VB 22599 716 35 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 716 36 ware ware NN 22599 716 37 to to IN 22599 716 38 Roum Roum NNP 22599 716 39 ; ; : 22599 716 40 and and CC 22599 716 41 from from IN 22599 716 42 Roum Roum NNP 22599 716 43 to to TO 22599 716 44 load load VB 22599 716 45 up up RP 22599 716 46 with with IN 22599 716 47 brocades brocade NNS 22599 716 48 for for IN 22599 716 49 Hind hind NN 22599 716 50 ; ; : 22599 716 51 and and CC 22599 716 52 so so RB 22599 716 53 to to TO 22599 716 54 trade trade VB 22599 716 55 Indian indian JJ 22599 716 56 steel steel NN 22599 716 57 ( ( -LRB- 22599 716 58 _ _ NNP 22599 716 59 pûlab pûlab NN 22599 716 60 _ _ NNP 22599 716 61 ) ) -RRB- 22599 716 62 to to IN 22599 716 63 Halib Halib NNP 22599 716 64 . . . 22599 717 1 From from IN 22599 717 2 Halib Halib NNP 22599 717 3 I -PRON- PRP 22599 717 4 will will MD 22599 717 5 convey convey VB 22599 717 6 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 717 7 glass glass NN 22599 717 8 to to IN 22599 717 9 Yeman Yeman NNP 22599 717 10 , , , 22599 717 11 and and CC 22599 717 12 carry carry VB 22599 717 13 the the DT 22599 717 14 painted paint VBN 22599 717 15 cloths cloth NNS 22599 717 16 of of IN 22599 717 17 Yeman yeman NN 22599 717 18 back back RB 22599 717 19 to to IN 22599 717 20 Persia Persia NNP 22599 717 21 . . . 22599 718 1 ' ' `` 22599 718 2 " " `` 22599 718 3 [ [ -LRB- 22599 718 4 404 404 CD 22599 718 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 718 6 On on IN 22599 718 7 the the DT 22599 718 8 other other JJ 22599 718 9 hand hand NN 22599 718 10 , , , 22599 718 11 these these DT 22599 718 12 men man NNS 22599 718 13 were be VBD 22599 718 14 not not RB 22599 718 15 of of IN 22599 718 16 the the DT 22599 718 17 learned learn VBN 22599 718 18 class class NN 22599 718 19 , , , 22599 718 20 nor nor CC 22599 718 21 would would MD 22599 718 22 they -PRON- PRP 22599 718 23 preserve preserve VB 22599 718 24 in in IN 22599 718 25 treatises treatise NNS 22599 718 26 any any DT 22599 718 27 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 718 28 that that IN 22599 718 29 they -PRON- PRP 22599 718 30 might may MD 22599 718 31 have have VB 22599 718 32 , , , 22599 718 33 although although IN 22599 718 34 this this DT 22599 718 35 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 718 36 would would MD 22599 718 37 occasionally occasionally RB 22599 718 38 reach reach VB 22599 718 39 the the DT 22599 718 40 ears ear NNS 22599 718 41 of of IN 22599 718 42 the the DT 22599 718 43 learned learn VBN 22599 718 44 as as IN 22599 718 45 bits bit NNS 22599 718 46 of of IN 22599 718 47 curious curious JJ 22599 718 48 information information NN 22599 718 49 . . . 22599 719 1 { { -LRB- 22599 719 2 103 103 CD 22599 719 3 } } -RRB- 22599 719 4 There there EX 22599 719 5 were be VBD 22599 719 6 also also RB 22599 719 7 ambassadors ambassador NNS 22599 719 8 passing pass VBG 22599 719 9 back back RB 22599 719 10 and and CC 22599 719 11 forth forth RB 22599 719 12 from from IN 22599 719 13 time time NN 22599 719 14 to to IN 22599 719 15 time time NN 22599 719 16 , , , 22599 719 17 between between IN 22599 719 18 the the DT 22599 719 19 East East NNP 22599 719 20 and and CC 22599 719 21 the the DT 22599 719 22 West West NNP 22599 719 23 , , , 22599 719 24 and and CC 22599 719 25 in in IN 22599 719 26 particular particular JJ 22599 719 27 during during IN 22599 719 28 the the DT 22599 719 29 period period NN 22599 719 30 when when WRB 22599 719 31 these these DT 22599 719 32 numerals numeral NNS 22599 719 33 probably probably RB 22599 719 34 began begin VBD 22599 719 35 to to TO 22599 719 36 enter enter VB 22599 719 37 Europe Europe NNP 22599 719 38 . . . 22599 720 1 Thus thus RB 22599 720 2 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP 22599 720 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 720 4 c. c. NNP 22599 720 5 800 800 CD 22599 720 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 720 7 sent send VBD 22599 720 8 emissaries emissary NNS 22599 720 9 to to IN 22599 720 10 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 720 11 just just RB 22599 720 12 at at IN 22599 720 13 the the DT 22599 720 14 time time NN 22599 720 15 of of IN 22599 720 16 the the DT 22599 720 17 opening opening NN 22599 720 18 of of IN 22599 720 19 the the DT 22599 720 20 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 720 21 activity activity NN 22599 720 22 there there RB 22599 720 23 . . . 22599 721 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 721 2 405 405 CD 22599 721 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 721 4 And and CC 22599 721 5 with with IN 22599 721 6 such such JJ 22599 721 7 ambassadors ambassador NNS 22599 721 8 must must MD 22599 721 9 have have VB 22599 721 10 gone go VBN 22599 721 11 the the DT 22599 721 12 adventurous adventurous JJ 22599 721 13 scholar scholar NN 22599 721 14 , , , 22599 721 15 inspired inspire VBD 22599 721 16 , , , 22599 721 17 as as IN 22599 721 18 Alcuin Alcuin NNP 22599 721 19 says say VBZ 22599 721 20 of of IN 22599 721 21 Archbishop Archbishop NNP 22599 721 22 Albert Albert NNP 22599 721 23 of of IN 22599 721 24 York York NNP 22599 721 25 ( ( -LRB- 22599 721 26 766 766 CD 22599 721 27 - - HYPH 22599 721 28 780),[406 780),[406 NNP 22599 721 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 721 30 to to TO 22599 721 31 seek seek VB 22599 721 32 the the DT 22599 721 33 learning learning NN 22599 721 34 of of IN 22599 721 35 other other JJ 22599 721 36 lands land NNS 22599 721 37 . . . 22599 722 1 Furthermore furthermore RB 22599 722 2 , , , 22599 722 3 the the DT 22599 722 4 Nestorian nestorian JJ 22599 722 5 communities community NNS 22599 722 6 , , , 22599 722 7 established establish VBN 22599 722 8 in in IN 22599 722 9 Eastern Eastern NNP 22599 722 10 Asia Asia NNP 22599 722 11 and and CC 22599 722 12 in in IN 22599 722 13 India India NNP 22599 722 14 at at IN 22599 722 15 this this DT 22599 722 16 time time NN 22599 722 17 , , , 22599 722 18 were be VBD 22599 722 19 favored favor VBN 22599 722 20 both both CC 22599 722 21 by by IN 22599 722 22 the the DT 22599 722 23 Persians Persians NNPS 22599 722 24 and and CC 22599 722 25 by by IN 22599 722 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 722 27 Mohammedan Mohammedan NNP 22599 722 28 conquerors conqueror NNS 22599 722 29 . . . 22599 723 1 The the DT 22599 723 2 Nestorian Nestorian NNP 22599 723 3 Patriarch Patriarch NNP 22599 723 4 of of IN 22599 723 5 Syria Syria NNP 22599 723 6 , , , 22599 723 7 Timotheus Timotheus NNP 22599 723 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 723 9 778 778 CD 22599 723 10 - - SYM 22599 723 11 820 820 CD 22599 723 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 723 13 , , , 22599 723 14 sent send VBD 22599 723 15 missionaries missionary NNS 22599 723 16 both both DT 22599 723 17 to to IN 22599 723 18 India India NNP 22599 723 19 and and CC 22599 723 20 to to IN 22599 723 21 China China NNP 22599 723 22 , , , 22599 723 23 and and CC 22599 723 24 a a DT 22599 723 25 bishop bishop NN 22599 723 26 was be VBD 22599 723 27 appointed appoint VBN 22599 723 28 for for IN 22599 723 29 the the DT 22599 723 30 latter latter JJ 22599 723 31 field field NN 22599 723 32 . . . 22599 724 1 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 724 2 Wahab Wahab NNP 22599 724 3 , , , 22599 724 4 who who WP 22599 724 5 traveled travel VBD 22599 724 6 to to IN 22599 724 7 China China NNP 22599 724 8 in in IN 22599 724 9 the the DT 22599 724 10 ninth ninth JJ 22599 724 11 century century NN 22599 724 12 , , , 22599 724 13 found find VBD 22599 724 14 images image NNS 22599 724 15 of of IN 22599 724 16 Christ Christ NNP 22599 724 17 and and CC 22599 724 18 the the DT 22599 724 19 apostles apostle NNS 22599 724 20 in in IN 22599 724 21 the the DT 22599 724 22 Emperor Emperor NNP 22599 724 23 's 's POS 22599 724 24 court court NN 22599 724 25 . . . 22599 725 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 725 2 407 407 CD 22599 725 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 725 4 Such such PDT 22599 725 5 a a DT 22599 725 6 learned learn VBN 22599 725 7 body body NN 22599 725 8 of of IN 22599 725 9 men man NNS 22599 725 10 , , , 22599 725 11 knowing know VBG 22599 725 12 intimately intimately RB 22599 725 13 the the DT 22599 725 14 countries country NNS 22599 725 15 in in IN 22599 725 16 which which WDT 22599 725 17 they -PRON- PRP 22599 725 18 labored labor VBD 22599 725 19 , , , 22599 725 20 could could MD 22599 725 21 hardly hardly RB 22599 725 22 have have VB 22599 725 23 failed fail VBN 22599 725 24 to to TO 22599 725 25 make make VB 22599 725 26 strange strange JJ 22599 725 27 customs custom NNS 22599 725 28 known know VBN 22599 725 29 as as IN 22599 725 30 they -PRON- PRP 22599 725 31 returned return VBD 22599 725 32 to to IN 22599 725 33 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 725 34 home home NN 22599 725 35 stations station NNS 22599 725 36 . . . 22599 726 1 Then then RB 22599 726 2 , , , 22599 726 3 too too RB 22599 726 4 , , , 22599 726 5 in in IN 22599 726 6 Alfred Alfred NNP 22599 726 7 's 's POS 22599 726 8 time time NN 22599 726 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 726 10 849 849 CD 22599 726 11 - - SYM 22599 726 12 901 901 CD 22599 726 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 726 14 emissaries emissary NNS 22599 726 15 went go VBD 22599 726 16 { { -LRB- 22599 726 17 104 104 CD 22599 726 18 } } -RRB- 22599 726 19 from from IN 22599 726 20 England England NNP 22599 726 21 as as RB 22599 726 22 far far RB 22599 726 23 as as IN 22599 726 24 India,[408 india,[408 CD 22599 726 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 726 26 and and CC 22599 726 27 generally generally RB 22599 726 28 in in IN 22599 726 29 the the DT 22599 726 30 Middle Middle NNP 22599 726 31 Ages Ages NNP 22599 726 32 groceries grocery NNS 22599 726 33 came come VBD 22599 726 34 to to IN 22599 726 35 Europe Europe NNP 22599 726 36 from from IN 22599 726 37 Asia Asia NNP 22599 726 38 as as IN 22599 726 39 now now RB 22599 726 40 they -PRON- PRP 22599 726 41 come come VBP 22599 726 42 from from IN 22599 726 43 the the DT 22599 726 44 colonies colony NNS 22599 726 45 and and CC 22599 726 46 from from IN 22599 726 47 America America NNP 22599 726 48 . . . 22599 727 1 Syria Syria NNP 22599 727 2 , , , 22599 727 3 Asia Asia NNP 22599 727 4 Minor Minor NNP 22599 727 5 , , , 22599 727 6 and and CC 22599 727 7 Cyprus Cyprus NNP 22599 727 8 furnished furnish VBD 22599 727 9 sugar sugar NN 22599 727 10 and and CC 22599 727 11 wool wool NN 22599 727 12 , , , 22599 727 13 and and CC 22599 727 14 India India NNP 22599 727 15 yielded yield VBD 22599 727 16 her -PRON- PRP$ 22599 727 17 perfumes perfume NNS 22599 727 18 and and CC 22599 727 19 spices spice NNS 22599 727 20 , , , 22599 727 21 while while IN 22599 727 22 rich rich JJ 22599 727 23 tapestries tapestry NNS 22599 727 24 for for IN 22599 727 25 the the DT 22599 727 26 courts court NNS 22599 727 27 and and CC 22599 727 28 the the DT 22599 727 29 wealthy wealthy JJ 22599 727 30 burghers burgher NNS 22599 727 31 came come VBD 22599 727 32 from from IN 22599 727 33 Persia Persia NNP 22599 727 34 and and CC 22599 727 35 from from IN 22599 727 36 China China NNP 22599 727 37 . . . 22599 728 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 728 2 409 409 CD 22599 728 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 728 4 Even even RB 22599 728 5 in in IN 22599 728 6 the the DT 22599 728 7 time time NN 22599 728 8 of of IN 22599 728 9 Justinian Justinian NNP 22599 728 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 728 11 c. c. NNP 22599 728 12 550 550 CD 22599 728 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 728 14 there there EX 22599 728 15 seems seem VBZ 22599 728 16 to to TO 22599 728 17 have have VB 22599 728 18 been be VBN 22599 728 19 a a DT 22599 728 20 silk silk NN 22599 728 21 trade trade NN 22599 728 22 with with IN 22599 728 23 China China NNP 22599 728 24 , , , 22599 728 25 which which WDT 22599 728 26 country country NN 22599 728 27 in in IN 22599 728 28 turn turn NN 22599 728 29 carried carry VBN 22599 728 30 on on IN 22599 728 31 commerce commerce NN 22599 728 32 with with IN 22599 728 33 Ceylon,[410 ceylon,[410 CD 22599 728 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 728 35 and and CC 22599 728 36 reached reach VBD 22599 728 37 out out RP 22599 728 38 to to IN 22599 728 39 Turkestan Turkestan NNP 22599 728 40 where where WRB 22599 728 41 other other JJ 22599 728 42 merchants merchant NNS 22599 728 43 transmitted transmit VBD 22599 728 44 the the DT 22599 728 45 Eastern eastern JJ 22599 728 46 products product NNS 22599 728 47 westward westward RB 22599 728 48 . . . 22599 729 1 In in IN 22599 729 2 the the DT 22599 729 3 seventh seventh JJ 22599 729 4 century century NN 22599 729 5 there there EX 22599 729 6 was be VBD 22599 729 7 a a DT 22599 729 8 well well RB 22599 729 9 - - HYPH 22599 729 10 defined define VBN 22599 729 11 commerce commerce NN 22599 729 12 between between IN 22599 729 13 Persia Persia NNP 22599 729 14 and and CC 22599 729 15 India India NNP 22599 729 16 , , , 22599 729 17 as as RB 22599 729 18 well well RB 22599 729 19 as as IN 22599 729 20 between between IN 22599 729 21 Persia Persia NNP 22599 729 22 and and CC 22599 729 23 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 729 24 . . . 22599 730 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 730 2 411 411 CD 22599 730 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 730 4 The the DT 22599 730 5 Byzantine Byzantine NNP 22599 730 6 _ _ NNP 22599 730 7 commerciarii commerciarii NNS 22599 730 8 _ _ NNP 22599 730 9 were be VBD 22599 730 10 stationed station VBN 22599 730 11 at at IN 22599 730 12 the the DT 22599 730 13 outposts outpost NNS 22599 730 14 not not RB 22599 730 15 merely merely RB 22599 730 16 as as IN 22599 730 17 customs custom NNS 22599 730 18 officers officer NNS 22599 730 19 but but CC 22599 730 20 as as IN 22599 730 21 government government NN 22599 730 22 purchasing purchasing NN 22599 730 23 agents agent NNS 22599 730 24 . . . 22599 731 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 731 2 412 412 CD 22599 731 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 731 4 Occasionally occasionally RB 22599 731 5 there there EX 22599 731 6 went go VBD 22599 731 7 along along IN 22599 731 8 these these DT 22599 731 9 routes route NNS 22599 731 10 of of IN 22599 731 11 trade trade NN 22599 731 12 men man NNS 22599 731 13 of of IN 22599 731 14 real real JJ 22599 731 15 learning learning NN 22599 731 16 , , , 22599 731 17 and and CC 22599 731 18 such such JJ 22599 731 19 would would MD 22599 731 20 surely surely RB 22599 731 21 have have VB 22599 731 22 carried carry VBN 22599 731 23 the the DT 22599 731 24 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 731 25 of of IN 22599 731 26 many many JJ 22599 731 27 customs custom NNS 22599 731 28 back back RB 22599 731 29 and and CC 22599 731 30 forth forth RB 22599 731 31 . . . 22599 732 1 Thus thus RB 22599 732 2 at at IN 22599 732 3 a a DT 22599 732 4 period period NN 22599 732 5 when when WRB 22599 732 6 the the DT 22599 732 7 numerals numeral NNS 22599 732 8 are be VBP 22599 732 9 known know VBN 22599 732 10 to to TO 22599 732 11 have have VB 22599 732 12 been be VBN 22599 732 13 partly partly RB 22599 732 14 understood understand VBN 22599 732 15 in in IN 22599 732 16 Italy Italy NNP 22599 732 17 , , , 22599 732 18 at at IN 22599 732 19 the the DT 22599 732 20 opening opening NN 22599 732 21 of of IN 22599 732 22 the the DT 22599 732 23 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 732 24 century century NN 22599 732 25 , , , 22599 732 26 one one CD 22599 732 27 Constantine Constantine NNP 22599 732 28 , , , 22599 732 29 an an DT 22599 732 30 African African NNP 22599 732 31 , , , 22599 732 32 traveled travel VBD 22599 732 33 from from IN 22599 732 34 Italy Italy NNP 22599 732 35 through through IN 22599 732 36 a a DT 22599 732 37 great great JJ 22599 732 38 part part NN 22599 732 39 of of IN 22599 732 40 Africa Africa NNP 22599 732 41 and and CC 22599 732 42 Asia Asia NNP 22599 732 43 , , , 22599 732 44 even even RB 22599 732 45 on on IN 22599 732 46 to to IN 22599 732 47 India India NNP 22599 732 48 , , , 22599 732 49 for for IN 22599 732 50 the the DT 22599 732 51 purpose purpose NN 22599 732 52 of of IN 22599 732 53 learning learn VBG 22599 732 54 the the DT 22599 732 55 sciences science NNS 22599 732 56 of of IN 22599 732 57 the the DT 22599 732 58 Orient Orient NNP 22599 732 59 . . . 22599 733 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 733 2 spent spend VBD 22599 733 3 thirty thirty CD 22599 733 4 - - HYPH 22599 733 5 nine nine CD 22599 733 6 years year NNS 22599 733 7 in in IN 22599 733 8 travel travel NN 22599 733 9 , , , 22599 733 10 having have VBG 22599 733 11 been be VBN 22599 733 12 hospitably hospitably RB 22599 733 13 received receive VBN 22599 733 14 in in IN 22599 733 15 Babylon Babylon NNP 22599 733 16 , , , 22599 733 17 and and CC 22599 733 18 upon upon IN 22599 733 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 733 20 return return NN 22599 733 21 he -PRON- PRP 22599 733 22 was be VBD 22599 733 23 welcomed welcome VBN 22599 733 24 with with IN 22599 733 25 great great JJ 22599 733 26 honor honor NN 22599 733 27 at at IN 22599 733 28 Salerno Salerno NNP 22599 733 29 . . . 22599 734 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 734 2 413 413 CD 22599 734 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 734 4 A a DT 22599 734 5 very very RB 22599 734 6 interesting interesting JJ 22599 734 7 illustration illustration NN 22599 734 8 of of IN 22599 734 9 this this DT 22599 734 10 intercourse intercourse NN 22599 734 11 also also RB 22599 734 12 appears appear VBZ 22599 734 13 in in IN 22599 734 14 the the DT 22599 734 15 tenth tenth JJ 22599 734 16 century century NN 22599 734 17 , , , 22599 734 18 when when WRB 22599 734 19 the the DT 22599 734 20 son son NN 22599 734 21 of of IN 22599 734 22 Otto Otto NNP 22599 734 23 I -PRON- PRP 22599 734 24 { { -LRB- 22599 734 25 105 105 CD 22599 734 26 } } -RRB- 22599 734 27 ( ( -LRB- 22599 734 28 936 936 CD 22599 734 29 - - SYM 22599 734 30 973 973 CD 22599 734 31 ) ) -RRB- 22599 734 32 married marry VBD 22599 734 33 a a DT 22599 734 34 princess princess NN 22599 734 35 from from IN 22599 734 36 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 734 37 . . . 22599 735 1 This this DT 22599 735 2 monarch monarch NN 22599 735 3 was be VBD 22599 735 4 in in IN 22599 735 5 touch touch NN 22599 735 6 with with IN 22599 735 7 the the DT 22599 735 8 Moors Moors NNP 22599 735 9 of of IN 22599 735 10 Spain Spain NNP 22599 735 11 and and CC 22599 735 12 invited invite VBD 22599 735 13 to to IN 22599 735 14 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 735 15 court court NN 22599 735 16 numerous numerous JJ 22599 735 17 scholars scholar NNS 22599 735 18 from from IN 22599 735 19 abroad,[414 abroad,[414 NNP 22599 735 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 735 21 and and CC 22599 735 22 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 735 23 intercourse intercourse NN 22599 735 24 with with IN 22599 735 25 the the DT 22599 735 26 East East NNP 22599 735 27 as as RB 22599 735 28 well well RB 22599 735 29 as as IN 22599 735 30 the the DT 22599 735 31 West West NNP 22599 735 32 must must MD 22599 735 33 have have VB 22599 735 34 brought bring VBN 22599 735 35 together together RB 22599 735 36 much much JJ 22599 735 37 of of IN 22599 735 38 the the DT 22599 735 39 learning learning NN 22599 735 40 of of IN 22599 735 41 each each DT 22599 735 42 . . . 22599 736 1 Another another DT 22599 736 2 powerful powerful JJ 22599 736 3 means mean NNS 22599 736 4 for for IN 22599 736 5 the the DT 22599 736 6 circulation circulation NN 22599 736 7 of of IN 22599 736 8 mysticism mysticism NN 22599 736 9 and and CC 22599 736 10 philosophy philosophy NN 22599 736 11 , , , 22599 736 12 and and CC 22599 736 13 more more RBR 22599 736 14 or or CC 22599 736 15 less less JJR 22599 736 16 of of IN 22599 736 17 culture culture NN 22599 736 18 , , , 22599 736 19 took take VBD 22599 736 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 736 21 start start NN 22599 736 22 just just RB 22599 736 23 before before IN 22599 736 24 the the DT 22599 736 25 conversion conversion NN 22599 736 26 of of IN 22599 736 27 Constantine Constantine NNP 22599 736 28 ( ( -LRB- 22599 736 29 c. c. NNP 22599 736 30 312 312 CD 22599 736 31 ) ) -RRB- 22599 736 32 , , , 22599 736 33 in in IN 22599 736 34 the the DT 22599 736 35 form form NN 22599 736 36 of of IN 22599 736 37 Christian christian JJ 22599 736 38 pilgrim pilgrim JJ 22599 736 39 travel travel NN 22599 736 40 . . . 22599 737 1 This this DT 22599 737 2 was be VBD 22599 737 3 a a DT 22599 737 4 feature feature NN 22599 737 5 peculiar peculiar JJ 22599 737 6 to to IN 22599 737 7 the the DT 22599 737 8 zealots zealot NNS 22599 737 9 of of IN 22599 737 10 early early JJ 22599 737 11 Christianity Christianity NNP 22599 737 12 , , , 22599 737 13 found find VBN 22599 737 14 in in IN 22599 737 15 only only RB 22599 737 16 a a DT 22599 737 17 slight slight JJ 22599 737 18 degree degree NN 22599 737 19 among among IN 22599 737 20 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 737 21 Jewish jewish JJ 22599 737 22 predecessors predecessor NNS 22599 737 23 in in IN 22599 737 24 the the DT 22599 737 25 annual annual JJ 22599 737 26 pilgrimage pilgrimage NN 22599 737 27 to to IN 22599 737 28 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP 22599 737 29 , , , 22599 737 30 and and CC 22599 737 31 almost almost RB 22599 737 32 wholly wholly RB 22599 737 33 wanting want VBG 22599 737 34 in in IN 22599 737 35 other other JJ 22599 737 36 pre pre JJ 22599 737 37 - - JJ 22599 737 38 Christian christian JJ 22599 737 39 peoples people NNS 22599 737 40 . . . 22599 738 1 Chief chief NN 22599 738 2 among among IN 22599 738 3 these these DT 22599 738 4 early early JJ 22599 738 5 pilgrims pilgrim NNS 22599 738 6 were be VBD 22599 738 7 the the DT 22599 738 8 two two CD 22599 738 9 Placentians Placentians NNPS 22599 738 10 , , , 22599 738 11 John John NNP 22599 738 12 and and CC 22599 738 13 Antonine antonine VB 22599 738 14 the the DT 22599 738 15 Elder elder NN 22599 738 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 738 17 c. c. NNP 22599 738 18 303 303 CD 22599 738 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 738 20 , , , 22599 738 21 who who WP 22599 738 22 , , , 22599 738 23 in in IN 22599 738 24 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 738 25 wanderings wandering NNS 22599 738 26 to to IN 22599 738 27 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP 22599 738 28 , , , 22599 738 29 seem seem VBP 22599 738 30 to to TO 22599 738 31 have have VB 22599 738 32 started start VBN 22599 738 33 a a DT 22599 738 34 movement movement NN 22599 738 35 which which WDT 22599 738 36 culminated culminate VBD 22599 738 37 centuries century NNS 22599 738 38 later later RB 22599 738 39 in in IN 22599 738 40 the the DT 22599 738 41 crusades crusade NNS 22599 738 42 . . . 22599 739 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 739 2 415 415 CD 22599 739 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 739 4 In in IN 22599 739 5 333 333 CD 22599 739 6 a a DT 22599 739 7 Bordeaux Bordeaux NNP 22599 739 8 pilgrim pilgrim NN 22599 739 9 compiled compile VBD 22599 739 10 the the DT 22599 739 11 first first JJ 22599 739 12 Christian christian JJ 22599 739 13 guide guide NN 22599 739 14 - - HYPH 22599 739 15 book book NN 22599 739 16 , , , 22599 739 17 the the DT 22599 739 18 _ _ NNP 22599 739 19 Itinerary Itinerary NNP 22599 739 20 from from IN 22599 739 21 Bordeaux Bordeaux NNP 22599 739 22 to to IN 22599 739 23 Jerusalem_,[416 Jerusalem_,[416 NNP 22599 739 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 739 25 and and CC 22599 739 26 from from IN 22599 739 27 this this DT 22599 739 28 time time NN 22599 739 29 on on IN 22599 739 30 the the DT 22599 739 31 holy holy JJ 22599 739 32 pilgrimage pilgrimage NN 22599 739 33 never never RB 22599 739 34 entirely entirely RB 22599 739 35 ceased cease VBD 22599 739 36 . . . 22599 740 1 Still still RB 22599 740 2 another another DT 22599 740 3 certain certain JJ 22599 740 4 route route NN 22599 740 5 for for IN 22599 740 6 the the DT 22599 740 7 entrance entrance NN 22599 740 8 of of IN 22599 740 9 the the DT 22599 740 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 740 11 into into IN 22599 740 12 Christian Christian NNP 22599 740 13 Europe Europe NNP 22599 740 14 was be VBD 22599 740 15 through through IN 22599 740 16 the the DT 22599 740 17 pillaging pillaging NN 22599 740 18 and and CC 22599 740 19 trading trading NN 22599 740 20 carried carry VBN 22599 740 21 on on RP 22599 740 22 by by IN 22599 740 23 the the DT 22599 740 24 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 740 25 on on IN 22599 740 26 the the DT 22599 740 27 northern northern JJ 22599 740 28 shores shore NNS 22599 740 29 of of IN 22599 740 30 the the DT 22599 740 31 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 740 32 . . . 22599 741 1 As as RB 22599 741 2 early early RB 22599 741 3 as as IN 22599 741 4 652 652 CD 22599 741 5 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 741 6 , , , 22599 741 7 in in IN 22599 741 8 the the DT 22599 741 9 thirtieth thirtieth JJ 22599 741 10 year year NN 22599 741 11 of of IN 22599 741 12 the the DT 22599 741 13 Hejira Hejira NNP 22599 741 14 , , , 22599 741 15 the the DT 22599 741 16 Mohammedans Mohammedans NNPS 22599 741 17 descended descend VBD 22599 741 18 upon upon IN 22599 741 19 the the DT 22599 741 20 shores shore NNS 22599 741 21 of of IN 22599 741 22 Sicily Sicily NNP 22599 741 23 and and CC 22599 741 24 took take VBD 22599 741 25 much much JJ 22599 741 26 spoil spoil NN 22599 741 27 . . . 22599 742 1 Hardly hardly RB 22599 742 2 had have VBD 22599 742 3 the the DT 22599 742 4 wretched wretched JJ 22599 742 5 Constans Constans NNPS 22599 742 6 given give VBN 22599 742 7 place place NN 22599 742 8 to to IN 22599 742 9 the the DT 22599 742 10 { { -LRB- 22599 742 11 106 106 CD 22599 742 12 } } -RRB- 22599 742 13 young young JJ 22599 742 14 Constantine Constantine NNP 22599 742 15 IV IV NNP 22599 742 16 when when WRB 22599 742 17 they -PRON- PRP 22599 742 18 again again RB 22599 742 19 attacked attack VBD 22599 742 20 the the DT 22599 742 21 island island NN 22599 742 22 and and CC 22599 742 23 plundered plunder VBN 22599 742 24 ancient ancient JJ 22599 742 25 Syracuse Syracuse NNP 22599 742 26 . . . 22599 743 1 Again again RB 22599 743 2 in in IN 22599 743 3 827 827 CD 22599 743 4 , , , 22599 743 5 under under IN 22599 743 6 Asad Asad NNP 22599 743 7 , , , 22599 743 8 they -PRON- PRP 22599 743 9 ravaged ravage VBD 22599 743 10 the the DT 22599 743 11 coasts coast NNS 22599 743 12 . . . 22599 744 1 Although although IN 22599 744 2 at at IN 22599 744 3 this this DT 22599 744 4 time time NN 22599 744 5 they -PRON- PRP 22599 744 6 failed fail VBD 22599 744 7 to to TO 22599 744 8 conquer conquer VB 22599 744 9 Syracuse Syracuse NNP 22599 744 10 , , , 22599 744 11 they -PRON- PRP 22599 744 12 soon soon RB 22599 744 13 held hold VBD 22599 744 14 a a DT 22599 744 15 good good JJ 22599 744 16 part part NN 22599 744 17 of of IN 22599 744 18 the the DT 22599 744 19 island island NN 22599 744 20 , , , 22599 744 21 and and CC 22599 744 22 a a DT 22599 744 23 little little JJ 22599 744 24 later later RB 22599 744 25 they -PRON- PRP 22599 744 26 successfully successfully RB 22599 744 27 besieged besiege VBD 22599 744 28 the the DT 22599 744 29 city city NN 22599 744 30 . . . 22599 745 1 Before before IN 22599 745 2 Syracuse Syracuse NNP 22599 745 3 fell fall VBD 22599 745 4 , , , 22599 745 5 however however RB 22599 745 6 , , , 22599 745 7 they -PRON- PRP 22599 745 8 had have VBD 22599 745 9 plundered plunder VBN 22599 745 10 the the DT 22599 745 11 shores shore NNS 22599 745 12 of of IN 22599 745 13 Italy Italy NNP 22599 745 14 , , , 22599 745 15 even even RB 22599 745 16 to to IN 22599 745 17 the the DT 22599 745 18 walls wall NNS 22599 745 19 of of IN 22599 745 20 Rome Rome NNP 22599 745 21 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 745 22 ; ; : 22599 745 23 and and CC 22599 745 24 had have VBD 22599 745 25 not not RB 22599 745 26 Leo Leo NNP 22599 745 27 IV IV NNP 22599 745 28 , , , 22599 745 29 in in IN 22599 745 30 849 849 CD 22599 745 31 , , , 22599 745 32 repaired repair VBD 22599 745 33 the the DT 22599 745 34 neglected neglected JJ 22599 745 35 fortifications fortification NNS 22599 745 36 , , , 22599 745 37 the the DT 22599 745 38 effects effect NNS 22599 745 39 of of IN 22599 745 40 the the DT 22599 745 41 Moslem Moslem NNP 22599 745 42 raid raid NN 22599 745 43 of of IN 22599 745 44 that that DT 22599 745 45 year year NN 22599 745 46 might may MD 22599 745 47 have have VB 22599 745 48 been be VBN 22599 745 49 very very RB 22599 745 50 far far RB 22599 745 51 - - HYPH 22599 745 52 reaching reaching JJ 22599 745 53 . . . 22599 746 1 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 746 2 Khord[=a][d.]beh Khord[=a][d.]beh NNP 22599 746 3 , , , 22599 746 4 who who WP 22599 746 5 left leave VBD 22599 746 6 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 746 7 in in IN 22599 746 8 the the DT 22599 746 9 latter latter JJ 22599 746 10 part part NN 22599 746 11 of of IN 22599 746 12 the the DT 22599 746 13 ninth ninth JJ 22599 746 14 century century NN 22599 746 15 , , , 22599 746 16 gives give VBZ 22599 746 17 a a DT 22599 746 18 picture picture NN 22599 746 19 of of IN 22599 746 20 the the DT 22599 746 21 great great JJ 22599 746 22 commercial commercial JJ 22599 746 23 activity activity NN 22599 746 24 at at IN 22599 746 25 that that DT 22599 746 26 time time NN 22599 746 27 in in IN 22599 746 28 the the DT 22599 746 29 Saracen Saracen NNP 22599 746 30 city city NN 22599 746 31 of of IN 22599 746 32 Palermo Palermo NNP 22599 746 33 . . . 22599 747 1 In in IN 22599 747 2 this this DT 22599 747 3 same same JJ 22599 747 4 century century NN 22599 747 5 they -PRON- PRP 22599 747 6 had have VBD 22599 747 7 established establish VBN 22599 747 8 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 747 9 in in IN 22599 747 10 Piedmont Piedmont NNP 22599 747 11 , , , 22599 747 12 and and CC 22599 747 13 in in IN 22599 747 14 906 906 CD 22599 747 15 they -PRON- PRP 22599 747 16 pillaged pillage VBD 22599 747 17 Turin Turin NNP 22599 747 18 . . . 22599 748 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 748 2 417 417 CD 22599 748 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 748 4 On on IN 22599 748 5 the the DT 22599 748 6 Sorrento Sorrento NNP 22599 748 7 peninsula peninsula NN 22599 748 8 the the DT 22599 748 9 traveler traveler NN 22599 748 10 who who WP 22599 748 11 climbs climb VBZ 22599 748 12 the the DT 22599 748 13 hill hill NN 22599 748 14 to to IN 22599 748 15 the the DT 22599 748 16 beautiful beautiful JJ 22599 748 17 Ravello Ravello NNP 22599 748 18 sees see VBZ 22599 748 19 still still RB 22599 748 20 several several JJ 22599 748 21 traces trace NNS 22599 748 22 of of IN 22599 748 23 the the DT 22599 748 24 Arab arab JJ 22599 748 25 architecture architecture NN 22599 748 26 , , , 22599 748 27 reminding remind VBG 22599 748 28 him -PRON- PRP 22599 748 29 of of IN 22599 748 30 the the DT 22599 748 31 fact fact NN 22599 748 32 that that IN 22599 748 33 about about RB 22599 748 34 900 900 CD 22599 748 35 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 748 36 Amalfi Amalfi NNP 22599 748 37 was be VBD 22599 748 38 a a DT 22599 748 39 commercial commercial JJ 22599 748 40 center center NN 22599 748 41 of of IN 22599 748 42 the the DT 22599 748 43 Moors Moors NNPS 22599 748 44 . . . 22599 749 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 749 2 418 418 CD 22599 749 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 749 4 Not not RB 22599 749 5 only only RB 22599 749 6 at at IN 22599 749 7 this this DT 22599 749 8 time time NN 22599 749 9 , , , 22599 749 10 but but CC 22599 749 11 even even RB 22599 749 12 a a DT 22599 749 13 century century NN 22599 749 14 earlier early RBR 22599 749 15 , , , 22599 749 16 the the DT 22599 749 17 artists artist NNS 22599 749 18 of of IN 22599 749 19 northern northern JJ 22599 749 20 India India NNP 22599 749 21 sold sell VBD 22599 749 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 749 23 wares ware NNS 22599 749 24 at at IN 22599 749 25 such such JJ 22599 749 26 centers center NNS 22599 749 27 , , , 22599 749 28 and and CC 22599 749 29 in in IN 22599 749 30 the the DT 22599 749 31 courts court NNS 22599 749 32 both both DT 22599 749 33 of of IN 22599 749 34 H[=a]r[=u]n H[=a]r[=u]n NNP 22599 749 35 al al NNP 22599 749 36 - - HYPH 22599 749 37 Rash[=i]d Rash[=i]d NNP 22599 749 38 and and CC 22599 749 39 of of IN 22599 749 40 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP 22599 749 41 . . . 22599 750 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 750 2 419 419 CD 22599 750 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 750 4 Thus thus RB 22599 750 5 the the DT 22599 750 6 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 750 7 dominated dominate VBD 22599 750 8 the the DT 22599 750 9 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 750 10 Sea Sea NNP 22599 750 11 long long RB 22599 750 12 before before IN 22599 750 13 Venice Venice NNP 22599 750 14 " " '' 22599 750 15 held hold VBD 22599 750 16 the the DT 22599 750 17 gorgeous gorgeous JJ 22599 750 18 East East NNP 22599 750 19 in in IN 22599 750 20 fee fee NN 22599 750 21 And and CC 22599 750 22 was be VBD 22599 750 23 the the DT 22599 750 24 safeguard safeguard NN 22599 750 25 of of IN 22599 750 26 the the DT 22599 750 27 West West NNP 22599 750 28 , , , 22599 750 29 " " '' 22599 750 30 and and CC 22599 750 31 long long RB 22599 750 32 before before IN 22599 750 33 Genoa Genoa NNP 22599 750 34 had have VBD 22599 750 35 become become VBN 22599 750 36 her -PRON- PRP 22599 750 37 powerful powerful JJ 22599 750 38 rival rival NN 22599 750 39 . . . 22599 751 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 751 2 420 420 CD 22599 751 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 751 4 { { -LRB- 22599 751 5 107 107 CD 22599 751 6 } } -RRB- 22599 751 7 Only only RB 22599 751 8 a a DT 22599 751 9 little little JJ 22599 751 10 later later RB 22599 751 11 than than IN 22599 751 12 this this DT 22599 751 13 the the DT 22599 751 14 brothers brother NNS 22599 751 15 Nicolo Nicolo NNP 22599 751 16 and and CC 22599 751 17 Maffeo Maffeo NNP 22599 751 18 Polo Polo NNP 22599 751 19 entered enter VBD 22599 751 20 upon upon IN 22599 751 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 751 22 famous famous JJ 22599 751 23 wanderings wandering NNS 22599 751 24 . . . 22599 752 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 752 2 421 421 CD 22599 752 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 752 4 Leaving leave VBG 22599 752 5 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 752 6 in in IN 22599 752 7 1260 1260 CD 22599 752 8 , , , 22599 752 9 they -PRON- PRP 22599 752 10 went go VBD 22599 752 11 by by IN 22599 752 12 the the DT 22599 752 13 Sea Sea NNP 22599 752 14 of of IN 22599 752 15 Azov Azov NNP 22599 752 16 to to IN 22599 752 17 Bokhara Bokhara NNP 22599 752 18 , , , 22599 752 19 and and CC 22599 752 20 thence thence NN 22599 752 21 to to IN 22599 752 22 the the DT 22599 752 23 court court NN 22599 752 24 of of IN 22599 752 25 Kublai Kublai NNP 22599 752 26 Khan Khan NNP 22599 752 27 , , , 22599 752 28 penetrating penetrate VBG 22599 752 29 China China NNP 22599 752 30 , , , 22599 752 31 and and CC 22599 752 32 returning return VBG 22599 752 33 by by IN 22599 752 34 way way NN 22599 752 35 of of IN 22599 752 36 Acre Acre NNP 22599 752 37 in in IN 22599 752 38 1269 1269 CD 22599 752 39 with with IN 22599 752 40 a a DT 22599 752 41 commission commission NN 22599 752 42 which which WDT 22599 752 43 required require VBD 22599 752 44 them -PRON- PRP 22599 752 45 to to TO 22599 752 46 go go VB 22599 752 47 back back RB 22599 752 48 to to IN 22599 752 49 China China NNP 22599 752 50 two two CD 22599 752 51 years year NNS 22599 752 52 later later RB 22599 752 53 . . . 22599 753 1 This this DT 22599 753 2 time time NN 22599 753 3 they -PRON- PRP 22599 753 4 took take VBD 22599 753 5 with with IN 22599 753 6 them -PRON- PRP 22599 753 7 Nicolo Nicolo NNP 22599 753 8 's 's POS 22599 753 9 son son NN 22599 753 10 Marco Marco NNP 22599 753 11 , , , 22599 753 12 the the DT 22599 753 13 historian historian NN 22599 753 14 of of IN 22599 753 15 the the DT 22599 753 16 journey journey NN 22599 753 17 , , , 22599 753 18 and and CC 22599 753 19 went go VBD 22599 753 20 across across IN 22599 753 21 the the DT 22599 753 22 plateau plateau NN 22599 753 23 of of IN 22599 753 24 Pamir Pamir NNP 22599 753 25 ; ; : 22599 753 26 they -PRON- PRP 22599 753 27 spent spend VBD 22599 753 28 about about RB 22599 753 29 twenty twenty CD 22599 753 30 years year NNS 22599 753 31 in in IN 22599 753 32 China China NNP 22599 753 33 , , , 22599 753 34 and and CC 22599 753 35 came come VBD 22599 753 36 back back RB 22599 753 37 by by IN 22599 753 38 sea sea NN 22599 753 39 from from IN 22599 753 40 China China NNP 22599 753 41 to to IN 22599 753 42 Persia Persia NNP 22599 753 43 . . . 22599 754 1 The the DT 22599 754 2 ventures venture NNS 22599 754 3 of of IN 22599 754 4 the the DT 22599 754 5 Poli Poli NNP 22599 754 6 were be VBD 22599 754 7 not not RB 22599 754 8 long long RB 22599 754 9 unique unique JJ 22599 754 10 , , , 22599 754 11 however however RB 22599 754 12 : : : 22599 754 13 the the DT 22599 754 14 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 754 15 century century NN 22599 754 16 had have VBD 22599 754 17 not not RB 22599 754 18 closed close VBN 22599 754 19 before before IN 22599 754 20 Roman roman JJ 22599 754 21 missionaries missionary NNS 22599 754 22 and and CC 22599 754 23 the the DT 22599 754 24 merchant merchant NN 22599 754 25 Petrus Petrus NNP 22599 754 26 de de NNP 22599 754 27 Lucolongo Lucolongo NNP 22599 754 28 had have VBD 22599 754 29 penetrated penetrate VBN 22599 754 30 China China NNP 22599 754 31 . . . 22599 755 1 Before before IN 22599 755 2 1350 1350 CD 22599 755 3 the the DT 22599 755 4 company company NN 22599 755 5 of of IN 22599 755 6 missionaries missionary NNS 22599 755 7 was be VBD 22599 755 8 large large JJ 22599 755 9 , , , 22599 755 10 converts convert NNS 22599 755 11 were be VBD 22599 755 12 numerous numerous JJ 22599 755 13 , , , 22599 755 14 churches church NNS 22599 755 15 and and CC 22599 755 16 Franciscan franciscan JJ 22599 755 17 convents convent NNS 22599 755 18 had have VBD 22599 755 19 been be VBN 22599 755 20 organized organize VBN 22599 755 21 in in IN 22599 755 22 the the DT 22599 755 23 East East NNP 22599 755 24 , , , 22599 755 25 travelers traveler NNS 22599 755 26 were be VBD 22599 755 27 appealing appeal VBG 22599 755 28 for for IN 22599 755 29 the the DT 22599 755 30 truth truth NN 22599 755 31 of of IN 22599 755 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 755 33 accounts account NNS 22599 755 34 to to IN 22599 755 35 the the DT 22599 755 36 " " `` 22599 755 37 many many JJ 22599 755 38 " " '' 22599 755 39 persons person NNS 22599 755 40 in in IN 22599 755 41 Venice Venice NNP 22599 755 42 who who WP 22599 755 43 had have VBD 22599 755 44 been be VBN 22599 755 45 in in IN 22599 755 46 China China NNP 22599 755 47 , , , 22599 755 48 Tsuan Tsuan NNP 22599 755 49 - - HYPH 22599 755 50 chau chau NNP 22599 755 51 - - HYPH 22599 755 52 fu fu NNP 22599 755 53 had have VBD 22599 755 54 a a DT 22599 755 55 European european JJ 22599 755 56 merchant merchant NN 22599 755 57 community community NN 22599 755 58 , , , 22599 755 59 and and CC 22599 755 60 Italian italian JJ 22599 755 61 trade trade NN 22599 755 62 and and CC 22599 755 63 travel travel NN 22599 755 64 to to IN 22599 755 65 China China NNP 22599 755 66 was be VBD 22599 755 67 a a DT 22599 755 68 thing thing NN 22599 755 69 that that WDT 22599 755 70 occupied occupy VBD 22599 755 71 two two CD 22599 755 72 chapters chapter NNS 22599 755 73 of of IN 22599 755 74 a a DT 22599 755 75 commercial commercial NN 22599 755 76 handbook handbook NN 22599 755 77 . . . 22599 756 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 756 2 422 422 CD 22599 756 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 756 4 { { -LRB- 22599 756 5 108 108 CD 22599 756 6 } } -RRB- 22599 756 7 It -PRON- PRP 22599 756 8 is be VBZ 22599 756 9 therefore therefore RB 22599 756 10 reasonable reasonable JJ 22599 756 11 to to TO 22599 756 12 conclude conclude VB 22599 756 13 that that IN 22599 756 14 in in IN 22599 756 15 the the DT 22599 756 16 Middle Middle NNP 22599 756 17 Ages Ages NNPS 22599 756 18 , , , 22599 756 19 as as IN 22599 756 20 in in IN 22599 756 21 the the DT 22599 756 22 time time NN 22599 756 23 of of IN 22599 756 24 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 756 25 , , , 22599 756 26 it -PRON- PRP 22599 756 27 was be VBD 22599 756 28 a a DT 22599 756 29 simple simple JJ 22599 756 30 matter matter NN 22599 756 31 for for IN 22599 756 32 any any DT 22599 756 33 inquiring inquire VBG 22599 756 34 scholar scholar NN 22599 756 35 to to TO 22599 756 36 become become VB 22599 756 37 acquainted acquaint VBN 22599 756 38 with with IN 22599 756 39 such such JJ 22599 756 40 numerals numeral NNS 22599 756 41 of of IN 22599 756 42 the the DT 22599 756 43 Orient Orient NNP 22599 756 44 as as IN 22599 756 45 merchants merchant NNS 22599 756 46 may may MD 22599 756 47 have have VB 22599 756 48 used use VBN 22599 756 49 for for IN 22599 756 50 warehouse warehouse NN 22599 756 51 or or CC 22599 756 52 price price NN 22599 756 53 marks mark NNS 22599 756 54 . . . 22599 757 1 And and CC 22599 757 2 the the DT 22599 757 3 fact fact NN 22599 757 4 that that IN 22599 757 5 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 757 6 seems seem VBZ 22599 757 7 to to TO 22599 757 8 have have VB 22599 757 9 known know VBN 22599 757 10 only only RB 22599 757 11 the the DT 22599 757 12 forms form NNS 22599 757 13 of of IN 22599 757 14 the the DT 22599 757 15 simplest simple JJS 22599 757 16 of of IN 22599 757 17 these these DT 22599 757 18 , , , 22599 757 19 not not RB 22599 757 20 comprehending comprehend VBG 22599 757 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 757 22 full full JJ 22599 757 23 significance significance NN 22599 757 24 , , , 22599 757 25 seems seem VBZ 22599 757 26 to to TO 22599 757 27 prove prove VB 22599 757 28 that that IN 22599 757 29 he -PRON- PRP 22599 757 30 picked pick VBD 22599 757 31 them -PRON- PRP 22599 757 32 up up RP 22599 757 33 in in IN 22599 757 34 just just RB 22599 757 35 this this DT 22599 757 36 way way NN 22599 757 37 . . . 22599 758 1 Even even RB 22599 758 2 if if IN 22599 758 3 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 758 4 did do VBD 22599 758 5 not not RB 22599 758 6 bring bring VB 22599 758 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 758 8 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 758 9 of of IN 22599 758 10 the the DT 22599 758 11 Oriental oriental JJ 22599 758 12 numerals numeral NNS 22599 758 13 from from IN 22599 758 14 Spain Spain NNP 22599 758 15 , , , 22599 758 16 he -PRON- PRP 22599 758 17 may may MD 22599 758 18 easily easily RB 22599 758 19 have have VB 22599 758 20 obtained obtain VBN 22599 758 21 them -PRON- PRP 22599 758 22 from from IN 22599 758 23 the the DT 22599 758 24 marks mark NNS 22599 758 25 on on IN 22599 758 26 merchant merchant NN 22599 758 27 's 's POS 22599 758 28 goods good NNS 22599 758 29 , , , 22599 758 30 had have VBD 22599 758 31 he -PRON- PRP 22599 758 32 been be VBN 22599 758 33 so so RB 22599 758 34 inclined inclined JJ 22599 758 35 . . . 22599 759 1 Such such JJ 22599 759 2 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 759 3 was be VBD 22599 759 4 probably probably RB 22599 759 5 obtainable obtainable JJ 22599 759 6 in in IN 22599 759 7 various various JJ 22599 759 8 parts part NNS 22599 759 9 of of IN 22599 759 10 Italy Italy NNP 22599 759 11 , , , 22599 759 12 though though IN 22599 759 13 as as IN 22599 759 14 parts part NNS 22599 759 15 of of IN 22599 759 16 mere mere JJ 22599 759 17 mercantile mercantile NN 22599 759 18 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 759 19 the the DT 22599 759 20 forms form NNS 22599 759 21 might may MD 22599 759 22 soon soon RB 22599 759 23 have have VB 22599 759 24 been be VBN 22599 759 25 lost lose VBN 22599 759 26 , , , 22599 759 27 it -PRON- PRP 22599 759 28 needing need VBG 22599 759 29 the the DT 22599 759 30 pen pen NN 22599 759 31 of of IN 22599 759 32 the the DT 22599 759 33 scholar scholar NN 22599 759 34 to to TO 22599 759 35 preserve preserve VB 22599 759 36 them -PRON- PRP 22599 759 37 . . . 22599 760 1 Trade trade NN 22599 760 2 at at IN 22599 760 3 this this DT 22599 760 4 time time NN 22599 760 5 was be VBD 22599 760 6 not not RB 22599 760 7 stagnant stagnant JJ 22599 760 8 . . . 22599 761 1 During during IN 22599 761 2 the the DT 22599 761 3 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 761 4 and and CC 22599 761 5 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 761 6 centuries century NNS 22599 761 7 the the DT 22599 761 8 Slavs Slavs NNP 22599 761 9 , , , 22599 761 10 for for IN 22599 761 11 example example NN 22599 761 12 , , , 22599 761 13 had have VBD 22599 761 14 very very RB 22599 761 15 great great JJ 22599 761 16 commercial commercial JJ 22599 761 17 interests interest NNS 22599 761 18 , , , 22599 761 19 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 761 20 trade trade NN 22599 761 21 reaching reach VBG 22599 761 22 to to IN 22599 761 23 Kiev Kiev NNP 22599 761 24 and and CC 22599 761 25 Novgorod Novgorod NNP 22599 761 26 , , , 22599 761 27 and and CC 22599 761 28 thence thence NN 22599 761 29 to to IN 22599 761 30 the the DT 22599 761 31 East East NNP 22599 761 32 . . . 22599 762 1 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 762 2 was be VBD 22599 762 3 a a DT 22599 762 4 great great JJ 22599 762 5 clearing clearing NN 22599 762 6 - - HYPH 22599 762 7 house house NN 22599 762 8 of of IN 22599 762 9 commerce commerce NNP 22599 762 10 with with IN 22599 762 11 the the DT 22599 762 12 Orient,[423 Orient,[423 NNP 22599 762 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 762 14 and and CC 22599 762 15 the the DT 22599 762 16 Byzantine byzantine JJ 22599 762 17 merchants merchant NNS 22599 762 18 must must MD 22599 762 19 have have VB 22599 762 20 been be VBN 22599 762 21 entirely entirely RB 22599 762 22 familiar familiar JJ 22599 762 23 with with IN 22599 762 24 the the DT 22599 762 25 various various JJ 22599 762 26 numerals numeral NNS 22599 762 27 of of IN 22599 762 28 the the DT 22599 762 29 Eastern eastern JJ 22599 762 30 peoples people NNS 22599 762 31 . . . 22599 763 1 In in IN 22599 763 2 the the DT 22599 763 3 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 763 4 century century NN 22599 763 5 the the DT 22599 763 6 Italian italian JJ 22599 763 7 town town NN 22599 763 8 of of IN 22599 763 9 Amalfi Amalfi NNP 22599 763 10 established establish VBD 22599 763 11 a a DT 22599 763 12 factory[424 factory[424 NN 22599 763 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 763 14 in in IN 22599 763 15 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 763 16 , , , 22599 763 17 and and CC 22599 763 18 had have VBD 22599 763 19 trade trade NN 22599 763 20 relations relation NNS 22599 763 21 with with IN 22599 763 22 Antioch Antioch NNP 22599 763 23 and and CC 22599 763 24 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 763 25 . . . 22599 764 1 Venice Venice NNP 22599 764 2 , , , 22599 764 3 as as RB 22599 764 4 early early RB 22599 764 5 as as IN 22599 764 6 the the DT 22599 764 7 ninth ninth JJ 22599 764 8 century century NN 22599 764 9 , , , 22599 764 10 had have VBD 22599 764 11 a a DT 22599 764 12 valuable valuable JJ 22599 764 13 trade trade NN 22599 764 14 with with IN 22599 764 15 Syria Syria NNP 22599 764 16 and and CC 22599 764 17 Cairo Cairo NNP 22599 764 18 . . . 22599 765 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 765 2 425 425 CD 22599 765 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 765 4 Fifty fifty CD 22599 765 5 years year NNS 22599 765 6 after after IN 22599 765 7 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 765 8 died die VBD 22599 765 9 , , , 22599 765 10 in in IN 22599 765 11 the the DT 22599 765 12 time time NN 22599 765 13 of of IN 22599 765 14 Cnut Cnut NNP 22599 765 15 , , , 22599 765 16 the the DT 22599 765 17 Dane Dane NNP 22599 765 18 and and CC 22599 765 19 the the DT 22599 765 20 Norwegian Norwegian NNP 22599 765 21 pushed push VBD 22599 765 22 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 765 23 commerce commerce NN 22599 765 24 far far RB 22599 765 25 beyond beyond IN 22599 765 26 the the DT 22599 765 27 northern northern JJ 22599 765 28 seas sea NNS 22599 765 29 , , , 22599 765 30 both both CC 22599 765 31 by by IN 22599 765 32 caravans caravan NNS 22599 765 33 through through IN 22599 765 34 Russia Russia NNP 22599 765 35 to to IN 22599 765 36 the the DT 22599 765 37 Orient Orient NNP 22599 765 38 , , , 22599 765 39 and and CC 22599 765 40 by by IN 22599 765 41 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 765 42 venturesome venturesome JJ 22599 765 43 barks bark NNS 22599 765 44 which which WDT 22599 765 45 { { -LRB- 22599 765 46 109 109 CD 22599 765 47 } } -RRB- 22599 765 48 sailed sail VBD 22599 765 49 through through IN 22599 765 50 the the DT 22599 765 51 Strait Strait NNP 22599 765 52 of of IN 22599 765 53 Gibraltar Gibraltar NNP 22599 765 54 into into IN 22599 765 55 the the DT 22599 765 56 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 765 57 . . . 22599 766 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 766 2 426 426 CD 22599 766 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 766 4 Only only RB 22599 766 5 a a DT 22599 766 6 little little JJ 22599 766 7 later later RB 22599 766 8 , , , 22599 766 9 probably probably RB 22599 766 10 before before IN 22599 766 11 1200 1200 CD 22599 766 12 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 766 13 , , , 22599 766 14 a a DT 22599 766 15 clerk clerk NN 22599 766 16 in in IN 22599 766 17 the the DT 22599 766 18 service service NN 22599 766 19 of of IN 22599 766 20 Thomas Thomas NNP 22599 766 21 à à NNP 22599 766 22 Becket Becket NNP 22599 766 23 , , , 22599 766 24 present present JJ 22599 766 25 at at IN 22599 766 26 the the DT 22599 766 27 latter latter NN 22599 766 28 's 's POS 22599 766 29 death death NN 22599 766 30 , , , 22599 766 31 wrote write VBD 22599 766 32 a a DT 22599 766 33 life life NN 22599 766 34 of of IN 22599 766 35 the the DT 22599 766 36 martyr martyr NN 22599 766 37 , , , 22599 766 38 to to TO 22599 766 39 which which WDT 22599 766 40 ( ( -LRB- 22599 766 41 fortunately fortunately RB 22599 766 42 for for IN 22599 766 43 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 766 44 purposes purpose NNS 22599 766 45 ) ) -RRB- 22599 766 46 he -PRON- PRP 22599 766 47 prefixed prefix VBD 22599 766 48 a a DT 22599 766 49 brief brief JJ 22599 766 50 eulogy eulogy NN 22599 766 51 of of IN 22599 766 52 the the DT 22599 766 53 city city NN 22599 766 54 of of IN 22599 766 55 London London NNP 22599 766 56 . . . 22599 767 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 767 2 427 427 CD 22599 767 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 767 4 This this DT 22599 767 5 clerk clerk NN 22599 767 6 , , , 22599 767 7 William William NNP 22599 767 8 Fitz Fitz NNP 22599 767 9 Stephen Stephen NNP 22599 767 10 by by IN 22599 767 11 name name NN 22599 767 12 , , , 22599 767 13 thus thus RB 22599 767 14 speaks speak VBZ 22599 767 15 of of IN 22599 767 16 the the DT 22599 767 17 British british JJ 22599 767 18 capital capital NN 22599 767 19 : : : 22599 767 20 Aurum aurum JJ 22599 767 21 mittit mittit NN 22599 767 22 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 767 23 : : : 22599 767 24 species specie NNS 22599 767 25 et et NN 22599 767 26 thura thura NN 22599 767 27 Sabæus Sabæus NNP 22599 767 28 : : : 22599 767 29 Arma Arma NNP 22599 767 30 Sythes sythe NNS 22599 767 31 : : : 22599 767 32 oleum oleum NNP 22599 767 33 palmarum palmarum NNP 22599 767 34 divite divite NNP 22599 767 35 sylva sylva NNP 22599 767 36 Pingue Pingue NNP 22599 767 37 solum solum NN 22599 767 38 Babylon Babylon NNP 22599 767 39 : : : 22599 767 40 Nilus Nilus NNP 22599 767 41 lapides lapide NNS 22599 767 42 pretiosos pretioso NNS 22599 767 43 : : : 22599 767 44 Norwegi Norwegi NNP 22599 767 45 , , , 22599 767 46 Russi Russi NNP 22599 767 47 , , , 22599 767 48 varium varium NN 22599 767 49 grisum grisum NN 22599 767 50 , , , 22599 767 51 sabdinas sabdina NNS 22599 767 52 : : : 22599 767 53 Seres sere NNS 22599 767 54 , , , 22599 767 55 purpureas purpurea NNS 22599 767 56 vestes veste NNS 22599 767 57 : : : 22599 767 58 Galli Galli NNP 22599 767 59 , , , 22599 767 60 sua sua NN 22599 767 61 vina vina NNP 22599 767 62 . . . 22599 768 1 Although although IN 22599 768 2 , , , 22599 768 3 as as IN 22599 768 4 a a DT 22599 768 5 matter matter NN 22599 768 6 of of IN 22599 768 7 fact fact NN 22599 768 8 , , , 22599 768 9 the the DT 22599 768 10 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 768 11 had have VBD 22599 768 12 no no DT 22599 768 13 gold gold NN 22599 768 14 to to TO 22599 768 15 send send VB 22599 768 16 , , , 22599 768 17 and and CC 22599 768 18 the the DT 22599 768 19 Scythians Scythians NNPS 22599 768 20 no no DT 22599 768 21 arms arm NNS 22599 768 22 , , , 22599 768 23 and and CC 22599 768 24 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 768 25 no no DT 22599 768 26 precious precious JJ 22599 768 27 stones stone NNS 22599 768 28 save save VBP 22599 768 29 only only RB 22599 768 30 the the DT 22599 768 31 turquoise turquoise NN 22599 768 32 , , , 22599 768 33 the the DT 22599 768 34 Chinese Chinese NNPS 22599 768 35 ( ( -LRB- 22599 768 36 _ _ NNP 22599 768 37 Seres Seres NNPS 22599 768 38 _ _ NNP 22599 768 39 ) ) -RRB- 22599 768 40 may may MD 22599 768 41 have have VB 22599 768 42 sent send VBN 22599 768 43 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 768 44 purple purple JJ 22599 768 45 vestments vestment NNS 22599 768 46 , , , 22599 768 47 and and CC 22599 768 48 the the DT 22599 768 49 north north JJ 22599 768 50 her -PRON- PRP$ 22599 768 51 sables sable NNS 22599 768 52 and and CC 22599 768 53 other other JJ 22599 768 54 furs fur NNS 22599 768 55 , , , 22599 768 56 and and CC 22599 768 57 France France NNP 22599 768 58 her -PRON- PRP$ 22599 768 59 wines wine NNS 22599 768 60 . . . 22599 769 1 At at IN 22599 769 2 any any DT 22599 769 3 rate rate NN 22599 769 4 the the DT 22599 769 5 verses verse NNS 22599 769 6 show show VBP 22599 769 7 very very RB 22599 769 8 clearly clearly RB 22599 769 9 an an DT 22599 769 10 extensive extensive JJ 22599 769 11 foreign foreign JJ 22599 769 12 trade trade NN 22599 769 13 . . . 22599 770 1 Then then RB 22599 770 2 there there EX 22599 770 3 were be VBD 22599 770 4 the the DT 22599 770 5 Crusades Crusades NNP 22599 770 6 , , , 22599 770 7 which which WDT 22599 770 8 in in IN 22599 770 9 these these DT 22599 770 10 times time NNS 22599 770 11 brought bring VBD 22599 770 12 the the DT 22599 770 13 East East NNP 22599 770 14 in in IN 22599 770 15 touch touch NN 22599 770 16 with with IN 22599 770 17 the the DT 22599 770 18 West West NNP 22599 770 19 . . . 22599 771 1 The the DT 22599 771 2 spirit spirit NN 22599 771 3 of of IN 22599 771 4 the the DT 22599 771 5 Orient Orient NNP 22599 771 6 showed show VBD 22599 771 7 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 771 8 in in IN 22599 771 9 the the DT 22599 771 10 songs song NNS 22599 771 11 of of IN 22599 771 12 the the DT 22599 771 13 troubadours troubadour NNS 22599 771 14 , , , 22599 771 15 and and CC 22599 771 16 the the DT 22599 771 17 _ _ NNP 22599 771 18 baudekin_,[428 baudekin_,[428 NNP 22599 771 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 771 20 the the DT 22599 771 21 canopy canopy NN 22599 771 22 of of IN 22599 771 23 Bagdad,[429 Bagdad,[429 NNP 22599 771 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 771 25 became become VBD 22599 771 26 common common JJ 22599 771 27 in in IN 22599 771 28 the the DT 22599 771 29 churches church NNS 22599 771 30 of of IN 22599 771 31 Italy Italy NNP 22599 771 32 . . . 22599 772 1 In in IN 22599 772 2 Sicily Sicily NNP 22599 772 3 and and CC 22599 772 4 in in IN 22599 772 5 Venice Venice NNP 22599 772 6 the the DT 22599 772 7 textile textile NN 22599 772 8 industries industry NNS 22599 772 9 of of IN 22599 772 10 the the DT 22599 772 11 East East NNP 22599 772 12 found find VBD 22599 772 13 place place NN 22599 772 14 , , , 22599 772 15 and and CC 22599 772 16 made make VBD 22599 772 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 772 18 way way NN 22599 772 19 even even RB 22599 772 20 to to IN 22599 772 21 the the DT 22599 772 22 Scandinavian scandinavian JJ 22599 772 23 peninsula peninsula NN 22599 772 24 . . . 22599 773 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 773 2 430 430 CD 22599 773 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 773 4 We -PRON- PRP 22599 773 5 therefore therefore RB 22599 773 6 have have VBP 22599 773 7 this this DT 22599 773 8 state state NN 22599 773 9 of of IN 22599 773 10 affairs affair NNS 22599 773 11 : : : 22599 773 12 There there EX 22599 773 13 was be VBD 22599 773 14 abundant abundant JJ 22599 773 15 intercourse intercourse NN 22599 773 16 between between IN 22599 773 17 the the DT 22599 773 18 East East NNP 22599 773 19 and and CC 22599 773 20 West West NNP 22599 773 21 for for IN 22599 773 22 { { -LRB- 22599 773 23 110 110 CD 22599 773 24 } } -RRB- 22599 773 25 some some DT 22599 773 26 centuries century NNS 22599 773 27 before before IN 22599 773 28 the the DT 22599 773 29 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 773 30 numerals numeral NNS 22599 773 31 appear appear VBP 22599 773 32 in in IN 22599 773 33 any any DT 22599 773 34 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 773 35 in in IN 22599 773 36 Christian Christian NNP 22599 773 37 Europe Europe NNP 22599 773 38 . . . 22599 774 1 The the DT 22599 774 2 numerals numeral NNS 22599 774 3 must must MD 22599 774 4 of of IN 22599 774 5 necessity necessity NN 22599 774 6 have have VBP 22599 774 7 been be VBN 22599 774 8 known know VBN 22599 774 9 to to IN 22599 774 10 many many JJ 22599 774 11 traders trader NNS 22599 774 12 in in IN 22599 774 13 a a DT 22599 774 14 country country NN 22599 774 15 like like IN 22599 774 16 Italy Italy NNP 22599 774 17 at at IN 22599 774 18 least least JJS 22599 774 19 as as RB 22599 774 20 early early RB 22599 774 21 as as IN 22599 774 22 the the DT 22599 774 23 ninth ninth JJ 22599 774 24 century century NN 22599 774 25 , , , 22599 774 26 and and CC 22599 774 27 probably probably RB 22599 774 28 even even RB 22599 774 29 earlier early RBR 22599 774 30 , , , 22599 774 31 but but CC 22599 774 32 there there EX 22599 774 33 was be VBD 22599 774 34 no no DT 22599 774 35 reason reason NN 22599 774 36 for for IN 22599 774 37 preserving preserve VBG 22599 774 38 them -PRON- PRP 22599 774 39 in in IN 22599 774 40 treatises treatise NNS 22599 774 41 . . . 22599 775 1 Therefore therefore RB 22599 775 2 when when WRB 22599 775 3 a a DT 22599 775 4 man man NN 22599 775 5 like like IN 22599 775 6 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 775 7 made make VBD 22599 775 8 them -PRON- PRP 22599 775 9 known know VBN 22599 775 10 to to IN 22599 775 11 the the DT 22599 775 12 scholarly scholarly JJ 22599 775 13 circles circle NNS 22599 775 14 , , , 22599 775 15 he -PRON- PRP 22599 775 16 was be VBD 22599 775 17 merely merely RB 22599 775 18 describing describe VBG 22599 775 19 what what WP 22599 775 20 had have VBD 22599 775 21 been be VBN 22599 775 22 familiar familiar JJ 22599 775 23 in in IN 22599 775 24 a a DT 22599 775 25 small small JJ 22599 775 26 way way NN 22599 775 27 to to IN 22599 775 28 many many JJ 22599 775 29 people people NNS 22599 775 30 in in IN 22599 775 31 a a DT 22599 775 32 different different JJ 22599 775 33 walk walk NN 22599 775 34 of of IN 22599 775 35 life life NN 22599 775 36 . . . 22599 776 1 Since since IN 22599 776 2 Gerbert[431 Gerbert[431 NNP 22599 776 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 776 4 was be VBD 22599 776 5 for for IN 22599 776 6 a a DT 22599 776 7 long long JJ 22599 776 8 time time NN 22599 776 9 thought think VBN 22599 776 10 to to TO 22599 776 11 have have VB 22599 776 12 been be VBN 22599 776 13 the the DT 22599 776 14 one one CD 22599 776 15 to to TO 22599 776 16 introduce introduce VB 22599 776 17 the the DT 22599 776 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 776 19 into into IN 22599 776 20 Italy,[432 italy,[432 CD 22599 776 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 776 22 a a DT 22599 776 23 brief brief JJ 22599 776 24 sketch sketch NN 22599 776 25 of of IN 22599 776 26 this this DT 22599 776 27 unique unique JJ 22599 776 28 character character NN 22599 776 29 is be VBZ 22599 776 30 proper proper JJ 22599 776 31 . . . 22599 777 1 Born bear VBN 22599 777 2 of of IN 22599 777 3 humble humble JJ 22599 777 4 parents,[433 parents,[433 NN 22599 777 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 777 6 this this DT 22599 777 7 remarkable remarkable JJ 22599 777 8 man man NN 22599 777 9 became become VBD 22599 777 10 the the DT 22599 777 11 counselor counselor NN 22599 777 12 and and CC 22599 777 13 companion companion NN 22599 777 14 of of IN 22599 777 15 kings king NNS 22599 777 16 , , , 22599 777 17 and and CC 22599 777 18 finally finally RB 22599 777 19 wore wear VBD 22599 777 20 the the DT 22599 777 21 papal papal JJ 22599 777 22 tiara tiara NNP 22599 777 23 as as IN 22599 777 24 Sylvester Sylvester NNP 22599 777 25 II II NNP 22599 777 26 , , , 22599 777 27 from from IN 22599 777 28 999 999 CD 22599 777 29 until until IN 22599 777 30 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 777 31 death death NN 22599 777 32 in in IN 22599 777 33 1003 1003 CD 22599 777 34 . . . 22599 778 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 778 2 434 434 CD 22599 778 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 778 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 778 5 was be VBD 22599 778 6 early early RB 22599 778 7 brought bring VBN 22599 778 8 under under IN 22599 778 9 the the DT 22599 778 10 influence influence NN 22599 778 11 of of IN 22599 778 12 the the DT 22599 778 13 monks monk NNS 22599 778 14 at at IN 22599 778 15 Aurillac Aurillac NNP 22599 778 16 , , , 22599 778 17 and and CC 22599 778 18 particularly particularly RB 22599 778 19 of of IN 22599 778 20 Raimund Raimund NNP 22599 778 21 , , , 22599 778 22 who who WP 22599 778 23 had have VBD 22599 778 24 been be VBN 22599 778 25 a a DT 22599 778 26 pupil pupil NN 22599 778 27 of of IN 22599 778 28 Odo Odo NNP 22599 778 29 of of IN 22599 778 30 Cluny Cluny NNP 22599 778 31 , , , 22599 778 32 and and CC 22599 778 33 there there RB 22599 778 34 in in IN 22599 778 35 due due JJ 22599 778 36 time time NN 22599 778 37 he -PRON- PRP 22599 778 38 himself -PRON- PRP 22599 778 39 took take VBD 22599 778 40 holy holy JJ 22599 778 41 orders order NNS 22599 778 42 . . . 22599 779 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 779 2 visited visit VBD 22599 779 3 Spain Spain NNP 22599 779 4 in in IN 22599 779 5 about about RB 22599 779 6 967 967 CD 22599 779 7 in in IN 22599 779 8 company company NN 22599 779 9 with with IN 22599 779 10 Count Count NNP 22599 779 11 Borel,[435 Borel,[435 NNP 22599 779 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 779 13 remaining remain VBG 22599 779 14 there there RB 22599 779 15 three three CD 22599 779 16 years year NNS 22599 779 17 , , , 22599 779 18 { { -LRB- 22599 779 19 111 111 CD 22599 779 20 } } -RRB- 22599 779 21 and and CC 22599 779 22 studying study VBG 22599 779 23 under under IN 22599 779 24 Bishop Bishop NNP 22599 779 25 Hatto Hatto NNP 22599 779 26 of of IN 22599 779 27 Vich,[436 Vich,[436 NNP 22599 779 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 779 29 a a DT 22599 779 30 city city NN 22599 779 31 in in IN 22599 779 32 the the DT 22599 779 33 province province NN 22599 779 34 of of IN 22599 779 35 Barcelona,[437 Barcelona,[437 NNP 22599 779 36 ] ] -RRB- 22599 779 37 then then RB 22599 779 38 entirely entirely RB 22599 779 39 under under IN 22599 779 40 Christian christian JJ 22599 779 41 rule rule NN 22599 779 42 . . . 22599 780 1 Indeed indeed RB 22599 780 2 , , , 22599 780 3 all all DT 22599 780 4 of of IN 22599 780 5 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 780 6 's 's POS 22599 780 7 testimony testimony NN 22599 780 8 is be VBZ 22599 780 9 as as IN 22599 780 10 to to IN 22599 780 11 the the DT 22599 780 12 influence influence NN 22599 780 13 of of IN 22599 780 14 the the DT 22599 780 15 Christian christian JJ 22599 780 16 civilization civilization NN 22599 780 17 upon upon IN 22599 780 18 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 780 19 education education NN 22599 780 20 . . . 22599 781 1 Thus thus RB 22599 781 2 he -PRON- PRP 22599 781 3 speaks speak VBZ 22599 781 4 often often RB 22599 781 5 of of IN 22599 781 6 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 781 7 study study NN 22599 781 8 of of IN 22599 781 9 Boethius,[438 Boethius,[438 NNP 22599 781 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 781 11 so so IN 22599 781 12 that that IN 22599 781 13 if if IN 22599 781 14 the the DT 22599 781 15 latter latter NN 22599 781 16 knew know VBD 22599 781 17 the the DT 22599 781 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 781 19 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 781 20 would would MD 22599 781 21 have have VB 22599 781 22 learned learn VBN 22599 781 23 them -PRON- PRP 22599 781 24 from from IN 22599 781 25 him -PRON- PRP 22599 781 26 . . . 22599 782 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 782 2 439 439 CD 22599 782 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 782 4 If if IN 22599 782 5 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 782 6 had have VBD 22599 782 7 studied study VBN 22599 782 8 in in IN 22599 782 9 any any DT 22599 782 10 Moorish moorish JJ 22599 782 11 schools school NNS 22599 782 12 he -PRON- PRP 22599 782 13 would would MD 22599 782 14 , , , 22599 782 15 under under IN 22599 782 16 the the DT 22599 782 17 decree decree NN 22599 782 18 of of IN 22599 782 19 the the DT 22599 782 20 emir emir NN 22599 782 21 Hish[=a]m hish[=a]m NN 22599 782 22 ( ( -LRB- 22599 782 23 787 787 CD 22599 782 24 - - SYM 22599 782 25 822 822 CD 22599 782 26 ) ) -RRB- 22599 782 27 , , , 22599 782 28 have have VBP 22599 782 29 been be VBN 22599 782 30 obliged oblige VBN 22599 782 31 to to TO 22599 782 32 know know VB 22599 782 33 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 782 34 , , , 22599 782 35 which which WDT 22599 782 36 would would MD 22599 782 37 have have VB 22599 782 38 taken take VBN 22599 782 39 most most JJS 22599 782 40 of of IN 22599 782 41 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 782 42 three three CD 22599 782 43 years year NNS 22599 782 44 in in IN 22599 782 45 Spain Spain NNP 22599 782 46 , , , 22599 782 47 and and CC 22599 782 48 of of IN 22599 782 49 which which WDT 22599 782 50 study study NN 22599 782 51 we -PRON- PRP 22599 782 52 have have VBP 22599 782 53 not not RB 22599 782 54 the the DT 22599 782 55 slightest slight JJS 22599 782 56 hint hint NN 22599 782 57 in in IN 22599 782 58 any any DT 22599 782 59 of of IN 22599 782 60 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 782 61 letters letter NNS 22599 782 62 . . . 22599 783 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 783 2 440 440 CD 22599 783 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 783 4 On on IN 22599 783 5 the the DT 22599 783 6 other other JJ 22599 783 7 hand hand NN 22599 783 8 , , , 22599 783 9 Barcelona Barcelona NNP 22599 783 10 was be VBD 22599 783 11 the the DT 22599 783 12 only only JJ 22599 783 13 Christian christian JJ 22599 783 14 province province NN 22599 783 15 in in IN 22599 783 16 immediate immediate JJ 22599 783 17 touch touch NN 22599 783 18 with with IN 22599 783 19 the the DT 22599 783 20 Moorish moorish JJ 22599 783 21 civilization civilization NN 22599 783 22 at at IN 22599 783 23 that that DT 22599 783 24 time time NN 22599 783 25 . . . 22599 784 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 784 2 441 441 CD 22599 784 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 784 4 Furthermore furthermore RB 22599 784 5 we -PRON- PRP 22599 784 6 know know VBP 22599 784 7 that that IN 22599 784 8 earlier early RBR 22599 784 9 in in IN 22599 784 10 the the DT 22599 784 11 same same JJ 22599 784 12 century century NN 22599 784 13 King King NNP 22599 784 14 Alonzo Alonzo NNP 22599 784 15 of of IN 22599 784 16 Asturias Asturias NNP 22599 784 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 784 18 d. d. NNP 22599 784 19 910 910 CD 22599 784 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 784 21 confided confide VBD 22599 784 22 the the DT 22599 784 23 education education NN 22599 784 24 of of IN 22599 784 25 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 784 26 son son NN 22599 784 27 Ordoño Ordoño NNP 22599 784 28 to to IN 22599 784 29 the the DT 22599 784 30 Arab arab JJ 22599 784 31 scholars scholar NNS 22599 784 32 of of IN 22599 784 33 the the DT 22599 784 34 court court NN 22599 784 35 of of IN 22599 784 36 the the DT 22599 784 37 { { -LRB- 22599 784 38 112 112 CD 22599 784 39 } } -RRB- 22599 784 40 w[=a]l[=i w[=a]l[=i NN 22599 784 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 784 42 of of IN 22599 784 43 Saragossa,[442 saragossa,[442 NN 22599 784 44 ] ] -RRB- 22599 784 45 so so IN 22599 784 46 that that IN 22599 784 47 there there EX 22599 784 48 was be VBD 22599 784 49 more more RBR 22599 784 50 or or CC 22599 784 51 less less JJR 22599 784 52 of of IN 22599 784 53 friendly friendly JJ 22599 784 54 relation relation NN 22599 784 55 between between IN 22599 784 56 Christian Christian NNP 22599 784 57 and and CC 22599 784 58 Moor Moor NNP 22599 784 59 . . . 22599 785 1 After after IN 22599 785 2 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 785 3 three three CD 22599 785 4 years year NNS 22599 785 5 in in IN 22599 785 6 Spain Spain NNP 22599 785 7 , , , 22599 785 8 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 785 9 went go VBD 22599 785 10 to to IN 22599 785 11 Italy Italy NNP 22599 785 12 , , , 22599 785 13 about about RB 22599 785 14 970 970 CD 22599 785 15 , , , 22599 785 16 where where WRB 22599 785 17 he -PRON- PRP 22599 785 18 met meet VBD 22599 785 19 Pope Pope NNP 22599 785 20 John John NNP 22599 785 21 XIII XIII NNP 22599 785 22 , , , 22599 785 23 being be VBG 22599 785 24 by by IN 22599 785 25 him -PRON- PRP 22599 785 26 presented present VBD 22599 785 27 to to IN 22599 785 28 the the DT 22599 785 29 emperor emperor NN 22599 785 30 Otto Otto NNP 22599 785 31 I. I. NNP 22599 786 1 Two two CD 22599 786 2 years year NNS 22599 786 3 later later RB 22599 786 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 786 5 972 972 CD 22599 786 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 786 7 , , , 22599 786 8 at at IN 22599 786 9 the the DT 22599 786 10 emperor emperor NN 22599 786 11 's 's POS 22599 786 12 request request NN 22599 786 13 , , , 22599 786 14 he -PRON- PRP 22599 786 15 went go VBD 22599 786 16 to to IN 22599 786 17 Rheims Rheims NNP 22599 786 18 , , , 22599 786 19 where where WRB 22599 786 20 he -PRON- PRP 22599 786 21 studied study VBD 22599 786 22 philosophy philosophy NN 22599 786 23 , , , 22599 786 24 assisting assist VBG 22599 786 25 to to TO 22599 786 26 make make VB 22599 786 27 of of IN 22599 786 28 that that DT 22599 786 29 place place NN 22599 786 30 an an DT 22599 786 31 educational educational JJ 22599 786 32 center center NN 22599 786 33 ; ; : 22599 786 34 and and CC 22599 786 35 in in IN 22599 786 36 983 983 CD 22599 786 37 he -PRON- PRP 22599 786 38 became become VBD 22599 786 39 abbot abbot NN 22599 786 40 at at IN 22599 786 41 Bobbio Bobbio NNP 22599 786 42 . . . 22599 787 1 The the DT 22599 787 2 next next JJ 22599 787 3 year year NN 22599 787 4 he -PRON- PRP 22599 787 5 returned return VBD 22599 787 6 to to IN 22599 787 7 Rheims Rheims NNP 22599 787 8 , , , 22599 787 9 and and CC 22599 787 10 became become VBD 22599 787 11 archbishop archbishop NN 22599 787 12 of of IN 22599 787 13 that that DT 22599 787 14 diocese diocese NN 22599 787 15 in in IN 22599 787 16 991 991 CD 22599 787 17 . . . 22599 788 1 For for IN 22599 788 2 political political JJ 22599 788 3 reasons reason NNS 22599 788 4 he -PRON- PRP 22599 788 5 returned return VBD 22599 788 6 to to IN 22599 788 7 Italy Italy NNP 22599 788 8 in in IN 22599 788 9 996 996 CD 22599 788 10 , , , 22599 788 11 became become VBD 22599 788 12 archbishop archbishop NN 22599 788 13 of of IN 22599 788 14 Ravenna Ravenna NNP 22599 788 15 in in IN 22599 788 16 998 998 CD 22599 788 17 , , , 22599 788 18 and and CC 22599 788 19 the the DT 22599 788 20 following follow VBG 22599 788 21 year year NN 22599 788 22 was be VBD 22599 788 23 elected elect VBN 22599 788 24 to to IN 22599 788 25 the the DT 22599 788 26 papal papal JJ 22599 788 27 chair chair NN 22599 788 28 . . . 22599 789 1 Far far RB 22599 789 2 ahead ahead RB 22599 789 3 of of IN 22599 789 4 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 789 5 age age NN 22599 789 6 in in IN 22599 789 7 wisdom wisdom NN 22599 789 8 , , , 22599 789 9 he -PRON- PRP 22599 789 10 suffered suffer VBD 22599 789 11 as as IN 22599 789 12 many many JJ 22599 789 13 such such JJ 22599 789 14 scholars scholar NNS 22599 789 15 have have VBP 22599 789 16 even even RB 22599 789 17 in in IN 22599 789 18 times time NNS 22599 789 19 not not RB 22599 789 20 so so RB 22599 789 21 remote remote JJ 22599 789 22 by by IN 22599 789 23 being be VBG 22599 789 24 accused accuse VBN 22599 789 25 of of IN 22599 789 26 heresy heresy NN 22599 789 27 and and CC 22599 789 28 witchcraft witchcraft NN 22599 789 29 . . . 22599 790 1 As as RB 22599 790 2 late late RB 22599 790 3 as as IN 22599 790 4 1522 1522 CD 22599 790 5 , , , 22599 790 6 in in IN 22599 790 7 a a DT 22599 790 8 biography biography NN 22599 790 9 published publish VBN 22599 790 10 at at IN 22599 790 11 Venice Venice NNP 22599 790 12 , , , 22599 790 13 it -PRON- PRP 22599 790 14 is be VBZ 22599 790 15 related relate VBN 22599 790 16 that that IN 22599 790 17 by by IN 22599 790 18 black black JJ 22599 790 19 art art NN 22599 790 20 he -PRON- PRP 22599 790 21 attained attain VBD 22599 790 22 the the DT 22599 790 23 papacy papacy NN 22599 790 24 , , , 22599 790 25 after after IN 22599 790 26 having have VBG 22599 790 27 given give VBN 22599 790 28 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 790 29 soul soul NN 22599 790 30 to to IN 22599 790 31 the the DT 22599 790 32 devil devil NN 22599 790 33 . . . 22599 791 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 791 2 443 443 CD 22599 791 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 791 4 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 791 5 was be VBD 22599 791 6 , , , 22599 791 7 however however RB 22599 791 8 , , , 22599 791 9 interested interested JJ 22599 791 10 in in IN 22599 791 11 astrology,[444 astrology,[444 NNP 22599 791 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 791 13 although although IN 22599 791 14 this this DT 22599 791 15 was be VBD 22599 791 16 merely merely RB 22599 791 17 the the DT 22599 791 18 astronomy astronomy NN 22599 791 19 of of IN 22599 791 20 that that DT 22599 791 21 time time NN 22599 791 22 and and CC 22599 791 23 was be VBD 22599 791 24 such such PDT 22599 791 25 a a DT 22599 791 26 science science NN 22599 791 27 as as IN 22599 791 28 any any DT 22599 791 29 learned learned JJ 22599 791 30 man man NN 22599 791 31 would would MD 22599 791 32 wish wish VB 22599 791 33 to to TO 22599 791 34 know know VB 22599 791 35 , , , 22599 791 36 even even RB 22599 791 37 as as IN 22599 791 38 to to IN 22599 791 39 - - HYPH 22599 791 40 day day NN 22599 791 41 we -PRON- PRP 22599 791 42 wish wish VBP 22599 791 43 to to TO 22599 791 44 be be VB 22599 791 45 reasonably reasonably RB 22599 791 46 familiar familiar JJ 22599 791 47 with with IN 22599 791 48 physics physics NN 22599 791 49 and and CC 22599 791 50 chemistry chemistry NN 22599 791 51 . . . 22599 792 1 That that DT 22599 792 2 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 792 3 and and CC 22599 792 4 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 792 5 pupils pupil NNS 22599 792 6 knew know VBD 22599 792 7 the the DT 22599 792 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 792 9 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 792 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 792 11 is be VBZ 22599 792 12 a a DT 22599 792 13 fact fact NN 22599 792 14 no no RB 22599 792 15 longer longer RB 22599 792 16 open open JJ 22599 792 17 to to IN 22599 792 18 controversy controversy NN 22599 792 19 . . . 22599 793 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 793 2 445 445 CD 22599 793 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 793 4 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 793 5 and and CC 22599 793 6 Richer[446 Richer[446 NNP 22599 793 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 793 8 call call VBP 22599 793 9 them -PRON- PRP 22599 793 10 by by IN 22599 793 11 the the DT 22599 793 12 well well RB 22599 793 13 - - HYPH 22599 793 14 known know VBN 22599 793 15 name name NN 22599 793 16 of of IN 22599 793 17 { { -LRB- 22599 793 18 113 113 CD 22599 793 19 } } -RRB- 22599 793 20 " " `` 22599 793 21 caracteres caractere NNS 22599 793 22 , , , 22599 793 23 " " '' 22599 793 24 a a DT 22599 793 25 word word NN 22599 793 26 used use VBN 22599 793 27 by by IN 22599 793 28 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 793 29 of of IN 22599 793 30 Laon Laon NNP 22599 793 31 in in IN 22599 793 32 the the DT 22599 793 33 same same JJ 22599 793 34 sense sense NN 22599 793 35 a a DT 22599 793 36 century century NN 22599 793 37 later later RB 22599 793 38 . . . 22599 794 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 794 2 447 447 CD 22599 794 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 794 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 794 5 is be VBZ 22599 794 6 probable probable JJ 22599 794 7 that that IN 22599 794 8 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 794 9 was be VBD 22599 794 10 the the DT 22599 794 11 first first JJ 22599 794 12 to to TO 22599 794 13 describe describe VB 22599 794 14 these these DT 22599 794 15 [ [ -LRB- 22599 794 16 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 794 17 numerals numeral NNS 22599 794 18 in in IN 22599 794 19 any any DT 22599 794 20 scientific scientific JJ 22599 794 21 way way NN 22599 794 22 in in IN 22599 794 23 Christian Christian NNP 22599 794 24 Europe Europe NNP 22599 794 25 , , , 22599 794 26 but but CC 22599 794 27 without without IN 22599 794 28 the the DT 22599 794 29 zero zero CD 22599 794 30 . . . 22599 795 1 If if IN 22599 795 2 he -PRON- PRP 22599 795 3 knew know VBD 22599 795 4 the the DT 22599 795 5 latter latter JJ 22599 795 6 he -PRON- PRP 22599 795 7 certainly certainly RB 22599 795 8 did do VBD 22599 795 9 not not RB 22599 795 10 understand understand VB 22599 795 11 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 795 12 use use NN 22599 795 13 . . . 22599 796 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 796 2 448 448 CD 22599 796 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 796 4 The the DT 22599 796 5 question question NN 22599 796 6 still still RB 22599 796 7 to to TO 22599 796 8 be be VB 22599 796 9 settled settle VBN 22599 796 10 is be VBZ 22599 796 11 as as IN 22599 796 12 to to IN 22599 796 13 where where WRB 22599 796 14 he -PRON- PRP 22599 796 15 found find VBD 22599 796 16 these these DT 22599 796 17 numerals numeral NNS 22599 796 18 . . . 22599 797 1 That that IN 22599 797 2 he -PRON- PRP 22599 797 3 did do VBD 22599 797 4 not not RB 22599 797 5 bring bring VB 22599 797 6 them -PRON- PRP 22599 797 7 from from IN 22599 797 8 Spain Spain NNP 22599 797 9 is be VBZ 22599 797 10 the the DT 22599 797 11 opinion opinion NN 22599 797 12 of of IN 22599 797 13 a a DT 22599 797 14 number number NN 22599 797 15 of of IN 22599 797 16 careful careful JJ 22599 797 17 investigators investigator NNS 22599 797 18 . . . 22599 798 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 798 2 449 449 CD 22599 798 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 798 4 This this DT 22599 798 5 is be VBZ 22599 798 6 thought think VBN 22599 798 7 to to TO 22599 798 8 be be VB 22599 798 9 the the DT 22599 798 10 more more RBR 22599 798 11 probable probable JJ 22599 798 12 because because IN 22599 798 13 most most JJS 22599 798 14 of of IN 22599 798 15 the the DT 22599 798 16 men man NNS 22599 798 17 who who WP 22599 798 18 made make VBD 22599 798 19 Spain Spain NNP 22599 798 20 famous famous JJ 22599 798 21 for for IN 22599 798 22 learning learning NN 22599 798 23 lived live VBN 22599 798 24 after after IN 22599 798 25 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 798 26 was be VBD 22599 798 27 there there RB 22599 798 28 . . . 22599 799 1 Such such JJ 22599 799 2 were be VBD 22599 799 3 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 799 4 S[=i]n[=a S[=i]n[=a NNP 22599 799 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 799 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 799 7 Avicenna Avicenna NNP 22599 799 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 799 9 who who WP 22599 799 10 lived live VBD 22599 799 11 at at IN 22599 799 12 the the DT 22599 799 13 beginning beginning NN 22599 799 14 , , , 22599 799 15 and and CC 22599 799 16 Gerber Gerber NNP 22599 799 17 of of IN 22599 799 18 Seville Seville NNP 22599 799 19 who who WP 22599 799 20 flourished flourish VBD 22599 799 21 in in IN 22599 799 22 the the DT 22599 799 23 middle middle NN 22599 799 24 , , , 22599 799 25 of of IN 22599 799 26 the the DT 22599 799 27 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 799 28 century century NN 22599 799 29 , , , 22599 799 30 and and CC 22599 799 31 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 799 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 799 33 Roshd Roshd NNP 22599 799 34 ( ( -LRB- 22599 799 35 Averroës Averroës NNP 22599 799 36 ) ) -RRB- 22599 799 37 who who WP 22599 799 38 lived live VBD 22599 799 39 at at IN 22599 799 40 the the DT 22599 799 41 end end NN 22599 799 42 of of IN 22599 799 43 the the DT 22599 799 44 twelfth twelfth NN 22599 799 45 . . . 22599 800 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 800 2 450 450 CD 22599 800 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 800 4 Others other NNS 22599 800 5 hold hold VBP 22599 800 6 that that IN 22599 800 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 800 8 proximity proximity NN 22599 800 9 to to IN 22599 800 10 { { -LRB- 22599 800 11 114 114 CD 22599 800 12 } } -RRB- 22599 800 13 the the DT 22599 800 14 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 800 15 for for IN 22599 800 16 three three CD 22599 800 17 years year NNS 22599 800 18 makes make VBZ 22599 800 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 800 20 probable probable JJ 22599 800 21 that that IN 22599 800 22 he -PRON- PRP 22599 800 23 assimilated assimilate VBD 22599 800 24 some some DT 22599 800 25 of of IN 22599 800 26 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 800 27 learning learning NN 22599 800 28 , , , 22599 800 29 in in IN 22599 800 30 spite spite NN 22599 800 31 of of IN 22599 800 32 the the DT 22599 800 33 fact fact NN 22599 800 34 that that IN 22599 800 35 the the DT 22599 800 36 lines line NNS 22599 800 37 between between IN 22599 800 38 Christian Christian NNP 22599 800 39 and and CC 22599 800 40 Moor Moor NNP 22599 800 41 at at IN 22599 800 42 that that DT 22599 800 43 time time NN 22599 800 44 were be VBD 22599 800 45 sharply sharply RB 22599 800 46 drawn draw VBN 22599 800 47 . . . 22599 801 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 801 2 451 451 CD 22599 801 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 801 4 Writers writer NNS 22599 801 5 fail fail VBP 22599 801 6 , , , 22599 801 7 however however RB 22599 801 8 , , , 22599 801 9 to to TO 22599 801 10 recognize recognize VB 22599 801 11 that that IN 22599 801 12 a a DT 22599 801 13 commercial commercial JJ 22599 801 14 numeral numeral JJ 22599 801 15 system system NN 22599 801 16 would would MD 22599 801 17 have have VB 22599 801 18 been be VBN 22599 801 19 more more RBR 22599 801 20 likely likely JJ 22599 801 21 to to TO 22599 801 22 be be VB 22599 801 23 made make VBN 22599 801 24 known known JJ 22599 801 25 by by IN 22599 801 26 merchants merchant NNS 22599 801 27 than than IN 22599 801 28 by by IN 22599 801 29 scholars scholar NNS 22599 801 30 . . . 22599 802 1 The the DT 22599 802 2 itinerant itinerant JJ 22599 802 3 peddler peddler NN 22599 802 4 knew know VBD 22599 802 5 no no DT 22599 802 6 forbidden forbid VBN 22599 802 7 pale pale NN 22599 802 8 in in IN 22599 802 9 Spain Spain NNP 22599 802 10 , , , 22599 802 11 any any DT 22599 802 12 more more RBR 22599 802 13 than than IN 22599 802 14 he -PRON- PRP 22599 802 15 has have VBZ 22599 802 16 known know VBN 22599 802 17 one one CD 22599 802 18 in in IN 22599 802 19 other other JJ 22599 802 20 lands land NNS 22599 802 21 . . . 22599 803 1 If if IN 22599 803 2 the the DT 22599 803 3 [ [ -LRB- 22599 803 4 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 803 5 numerals numeral NNS 22599 803 6 were be VBD 22599 803 7 used use VBN 22599 803 8 for for IN 22599 803 9 marking mark VBG 22599 803 10 wares ware NNS 22599 803 11 or or CC 22599 803 12 keeping keep VBG 22599 803 13 simple simple JJ 22599 803 14 accounts account NNS 22599 803 15 , , , 22599 803 16 it -PRON- PRP 22599 803 17 was be VBD 22599 803 18 he -PRON- PRP 22599 803 19 who who WP 22599 803 20 would would MD 22599 803 21 have have VB 22599 803 22 known know VBN 22599 803 23 them -PRON- PRP 22599 803 24 , , , 22599 803 25 and and CC 22599 803 26 who who WP 22599 803 27 would would MD 22599 803 28 have have VB 22599 803 29 been be VBN 22599 803 30 the the DT 22599 803 31 one one NN 22599 803 32 rather rather RB 22599 803 33 than than IN 22599 803 34 any any DT 22599 803 35 Arab arab JJ 22599 803 36 scholar scholar NN 22599 803 37 to to TO 22599 803 38 bring bring VB 22599 803 39 them -PRON- PRP 22599 803 40 to to IN 22599 803 41 the the DT 22599 803 42 inquiring inquire VBG 22599 803 43 mind mind NN 22599 803 44 of of IN 22599 803 45 the the DT 22599 803 46 young young JJ 22599 803 47 French french JJ 22599 803 48 monk monk NN 22599 803 49 . . . 22599 804 1 The the DT 22599 804 2 facts fact NNS 22599 804 3 that that WDT 22599 804 4 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 804 5 knew know VBD 22599 804 6 them -PRON- PRP 22599 804 7 only only RB 22599 804 8 imperfectly imperfectly RB 22599 804 9 , , , 22599 804 10 that that IN 22599 804 11 he -PRON- PRP 22599 804 12 used use VBD 22599 804 13 them -PRON- PRP 22599 804 14 solely solely RB 22599 804 15 for for IN 22599 804 16 calculations calculation NNS 22599 804 17 , , , 22599 804 18 and and CC 22599 804 19 that that IN 22599 804 20 the the DT 22599 804 21 forms form NNS 22599 804 22 are be VBP 22599 804 23 evidently evidently RB 22599 804 24 like like IN 22599 804 25 the the DT 22599 804 26 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 804 27 [ [ -LRB- 22599 804 28 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 804 29 , , , 22599 804 30 make make VB 22599 804 31 it -PRON- PRP 22599 804 32 all all PDT 22599 804 33 the the DT 22599 804 34 more more RBR 22599 804 35 probable probable JJ 22599 804 36 that that IN 22599 804 37 it -PRON- PRP 22599 804 38 was be VBD 22599 804 39 through through IN 22599 804 40 the the DT 22599 804 41 small small JJ 22599 804 42 tradesman tradesman NN 22599 804 43 of of IN 22599 804 44 the the DT 22599 804 45 Moors Moors NNPS 22599 804 46 that that IN 22599 804 47 this this DT 22599 804 48 versatile versatile JJ 22599 804 49 scholar scholar NN 22599 804 50 derived derive VBD 22599 804 51 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 804 52 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 804 53 . . . 22599 805 1 Moreover moreover RB 22599 805 2 the the DT 22599 805 3 part part NN 22599 805 4 of of IN 22599 805 5 the the DT 22599 805 6 geometry geometry NN 22599 805 7 bearing bear VBG 22599 805 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 805 9 name name NN 22599 805 10 , , , 22599 805 11 and and CC 22599 805 12 that that DT 22599 805 13 seems seem VBZ 22599 805 14 unquestionably unquestionably RB 22599 805 15 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 805 16 , , , 22599 805 17 shows show VBZ 22599 805 18 the the DT 22599 805 19 Arab arab JJ 22599 805 20 influence influence NN 22599 805 21 , , , 22599 805 22 proving prove VBG 22599 805 23 that that IN 22599 805 24 he -PRON- PRP 22599 805 25 at at RB 22599 805 26 least least RBS 22599 805 27 came come VBD 22599 805 28 into into IN 22599 805 29 contact contact NN 22599 805 30 with with IN 22599 805 31 the the DT 22599 805 32 transplanted transplanted JJ 22599 805 33 Oriental oriental JJ 22599 805 34 learning learning NN 22599 805 35 , , , 22599 805 36 even even RB 22599 805 37 though though IN 22599 805 38 imperfectly imperfectly RB 22599 805 39 . . . 22599 806 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 806 2 452 452 CD 22599 806 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 806 4 There there EX 22599 806 5 was be VBD 22599 806 6 also also RB 22599 806 7 the the DT 22599 806 8 persistent persistent JJ 22599 806 9 Jewish jewish JJ 22599 806 10 merchant merchant NN 22599 806 11 trading trade VBG 22599 806 12 with with IN 22599 806 13 both both DT 22599 806 14 peoples people NNS 22599 806 15 then then RB 22599 806 16 as as IN 22599 806 17 now now RB 22599 806 18 , , , 22599 806 19 always always RB 22599 806 20 alive alive JJ 22599 806 21 to to IN 22599 806 22 the the DT 22599 806 23 acquiring acquire VBG 22599 806 24 of of IN 22599 806 25 useful useful JJ 22599 806 26 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 806 27 , , , 22599 806 28 and and CC 22599 806 29 it -PRON- PRP 22599 806 30 would would MD 22599 806 31 be be VB 22599 806 32 very very RB 22599 806 33 natural natural JJ 22599 806 34 for for IN 22599 806 35 a a DT 22599 806 36 man man NN 22599 806 37 like like IN 22599 806 38 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 806 39 to to TO 22599 806 40 welcome welcome VB 22599 806 41 learning learn VBG 22599 806 42 from from IN 22599 806 43 such such PDT 22599 806 44 a a DT 22599 806 45 source source NN 22599 806 46 . . . 22599 807 1 On on IN 22599 807 2 the the DT 22599 807 3 other other JJ 22599 807 4 hand hand NN 22599 807 5 , , , 22599 807 6 the the DT 22599 807 7 two two CD 22599 807 8 leading lead VBG 22599 807 9 sources source NNS 22599 807 10 of of IN 22599 807 11 information information NN 22599 807 12 as as IN 22599 807 13 to to IN 22599 807 14 the the DT 22599 807 15 life life NN 22599 807 16 of of IN 22599 807 17 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 807 18 reveal reveal VB 22599 807 19 practically practically RB 22599 807 20 nothing nothing NN 22599 807 21 to to TO 22599 807 22 show show VB 22599 807 23 that that IN 22599 807 24 he -PRON- PRP 22599 807 25 came come VBD 22599 807 26 within within IN 22599 807 27 the the DT 22599 807 28 Moorish moorish JJ 22599 807 29 sphere sphere NN 22599 807 30 of of IN 22599 807 31 influence influence NN 22599 807 32 during during IN 22599 807 33 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 807 34 sojourn sojourn NN 22599 807 35 in in IN 22599 807 36 Spain Spain NNP 22599 807 37 . . . 22599 808 1 These these DT 22599 808 2 sources source NNS 22599 808 3 { { -LRB- 22599 808 4 115 115 CD 22599 808 5 } } -RRB- 22599 808 6 are be VBP 22599 808 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 808 8 letters letter NNS 22599 808 9 and and CC 22599 808 10 the the DT 22599 808 11 history history NN 22599 808 12 written write VBN 22599 808 13 by by IN 22599 808 14 Richer Richer NNP 22599 808 15 . . . 22599 809 1 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 809 2 was be VBD 22599 809 3 a a DT 22599 809 4 master master NN 22599 809 5 of of IN 22599 809 6 the the DT 22599 809 7 epistolary epistolary JJ 22599 809 8 art art NN 22599 809 9 , , , 22599 809 10 and and CC 22599 809 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 809 12 exalted exalted JJ 22599 809 13 position position NN 22599 809 14 led lead VBD 22599 809 15 to to IN 22599 809 16 the the DT 22599 809 17 preservation preservation NN 22599 809 18 of of IN 22599 809 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 809 20 letters letter NNS 22599 809 21 to to IN 22599 809 22 a a DT 22599 809 23 degree degree NN 22599 809 24 that that WDT 22599 809 25 would would MD 22599 809 26 not not RB 22599 809 27 have have VB 22599 809 28 been be VBN 22599 809 29 vouchsafed vouchsafe VBN 22599 809 30 even even RB 22599 809 31 by by IN 22599 809 32 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 809 33 classic classic JJ 22599 809 34 excellence excellence NN 22599 809 35 . . . 22599 810 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 810 2 453 453 CD 22599 810 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 810 4 Richer Richer NNP 22599 810 5 was be VBD 22599 810 6 a a DT 22599 810 7 monk monk NN 22599 810 8 at at IN 22599 810 9 St. St. NNP 22599 810 10 Remi Remi NNP 22599 810 11 de de NNP 22599 810 12 Rheims Rheims NNP 22599 810 13 , , , 22599 810 14 and and CC 22599 810 15 was be VBD 22599 810 16 doubtless doubtless RB 22599 810 17 a a DT 22599 810 18 pupil pupil NN 22599 810 19 of of IN 22599 810 20 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 810 21 . . . 22599 811 1 The the DT 22599 811 2 latter latter JJ 22599 811 3 , , , 22599 811 4 when when WRB 22599 811 5 archbishop archbishop NN 22599 811 6 of of IN 22599 811 7 Rheims Rheims NNP 22599 811 8 , , , 22599 811 9 asked ask VBD 22599 811 10 Richer Richer NNPS 22599 811 11 to to TO 22599 811 12 write write VB 22599 811 13 a a DT 22599 811 14 history history NN 22599 811 15 of of IN 22599 811 16 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 811 17 times time NNS 22599 811 18 , , , 22599 811 19 and and CC 22599 811 20 this this DT 22599 811 21 was be VBD 22599 811 22 done do VBN 22599 811 23 . . . 22599 812 1 The the DT 22599 812 2 work work NN 22599 812 3 lay lie VBD 22599 812 4 in in IN 22599 812 5 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 812 6 , , , 22599 812 7 entirely entirely RB 22599 812 8 forgotten forget VBN 22599 812 9 until until IN 22599 812 10 Pertz Pertz NNP 22599 812 11 discovered discover VBD 22599 812 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 812 13 at at IN 22599 812 14 Bamberg Bamberg NNP 22599 812 15 in in IN 22599 812 16 1833 1833 CD 22599 812 17 . . . 22599 813 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 813 2 454 454 CD 22599 813 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 813 4 The the DT 22599 813 5 work work NN 22599 813 6 is be VBZ 22599 813 7 dedicated dedicate VBN 22599 813 8 to to IN 22599 813 9 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 813 10 as as IN 22599 813 11 archbishop archbishop NN 22599 813 12 of of IN 22599 813 13 Rheims,[455 Rheims,[455 NNP 22599 813 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 813 15 and and CC 22599 813 16 would would MD 22599 813 17 assuredly assuredly RB 22599 813 18 have have VB 22599 813 19 testified testify VBN 22599 813 20 to to IN 22599 813 21 such such JJ 22599 813 22 efforts effort NNS 22599 813 23 as as IN 22599 813 24 he -PRON- PRP 22599 813 25 may may MD 22599 813 26 have have VB 22599 813 27 made make VBN 22599 813 28 to to TO 22599 813 29 secure secure VB 22599 813 30 the the DT 22599 813 31 learning learning NN 22599 813 32 of of IN 22599 813 33 the the DT 22599 813 34 Moors Moors NNPS 22599 813 35 . . . 22599 814 1 Now now RB 22599 814 2 it -PRON- PRP 22599 814 3 is be VBZ 22599 814 4 a a DT 22599 814 5 fact fact NN 22599 814 6 that that IN 22599 814 7 neither neither CC 22599 814 8 the the DT 22599 814 9 letters letter NNS 22599 814 10 nor nor CC 22599 814 11 this this DT 22599 814 12 history history NN 22599 814 13 makes make VBZ 22599 814 14 any any DT 22599 814 15 statement statement NN 22599 814 16 as as IN 22599 814 17 to to IN 22599 814 18 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 814 19 's 's POS 22599 814 20 contact contact NN 22599 814 21 with with IN 22599 814 22 the the DT 22599 814 23 Saracens Saracens NNP 22599 814 24 . . . 22599 815 1 The the DT 22599 815 2 letters letter NNS 22599 815 3 do do VBP 22599 815 4 not not RB 22599 815 5 speak speak VB 22599 815 6 of of IN 22599 815 7 the the DT 22599 815 8 Moors Moors NNPS 22599 815 9 , , , 22599 815 10 of of IN 22599 815 11 the the DT 22599 815 12 Arab arab JJ 22599 815 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 815 14 , , , 22599 815 15 nor nor CC 22599 815 16 of of IN 22599 815 17 Cordova Cordova NNP 22599 815 18 . . . 22599 816 1 Spain Spain NNP 22599 816 2 is be VBZ 22599 816 3 not not RB 22599 816 4 referred refer VBN 22599 816 5 to to IN 22599 816 6 by by IN 22599 816 7 that that DT 22599 816 8 name name NN 22599 816 9 , , , 22599 816 10 and and CC 22599 816 11 only only RB 22599 816 12 one one CD 22599 816 13 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 816 14 scholar scholar NN 22599 816 15 is be VBZ 22599 816 16 mentioned mention VBN 22599 816 17 . . . 22599 817 1 In in IN 22599 817 2 one one CD 22599 817 3 of of IN 22599 817 4 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 817 5 letters letter NNS 22599 817 6 he -PRON- PRP 22599 817 7 speaks speak VBZ 22599 817 8 of of IN 22599 817 9 Joseph Joseph NNP 22599 817 10 Ispanus,[456 Ispanus,[456 NNP 22599 817 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 817 12 or or CC 22599 817 13 Joseph Joseph NNP 22599 817 14 Sapiens Sapiens NNP 22599 817 15 , , , 22599 817 16 but but CC 22599 817 17 who who WP 22599 817 18 this this DT 22599 817 19 Joseph Joseph NNP 22599 817 20 the the DT 22599 817 21 Wise Wise NNP 22599 817 22 of of IN 22599 817 23 Spain Spain NNP 22599 817 24 may may MD 22599 817 25 have have VB 22599 817 26 been be VBN 22599 817 27 we -PRON- PRP 22599 817 28 do do VBP 22599 817 29 not not RB 22599 817 30 know know VB 22599 817 31 . . . 22599 818 1 Possibly possibly RB 22599 818 2 { { -LRB- 22599 818 3 116 116 CD 22599 818 4 } } -RRB- 22599 818 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 818 6 was be VBD 22599 818 7 he -PRON- PRP 22599 818 8 who who WP 22599 818 9 contributed contribute VBD 22599 818 10 the the DT 22599 818 11 morsel morsel NN 22599 818 12 of of IN 22599 818 13 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 818 14 so so RB 22599 818 15 imperfectly imperfectly RB 22599 818 16 assimilated assimilate VBN 22599 818 17 by by IN 22599 818 18 the the DT 22599 818 19 young young JJ 22599 818 20 French french JJ 22599 818 21 monk monk NN 22599 818 22 . . . 22599 819 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 819 2 457 457 CD 22599 819 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 819 4 Within within IN 22599 819 5 a a DT 22599 819 6 few few JJ 22599 819 7 years year NNS 22599 819 8 after after IN 22599 819 9 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 819 10 's 's POS 22599 819 11 visit visit NN 22599 819 12 two two CD 22599 819 13 young young JJ 22599 819 14 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 819 15 monks monk NNS 22599 819 16 of of IN 22599 819 17 lesser less JJR 22599 819 18 fame fame NN 22599 819 19 , , , 22599 819 20 and and CC 22599 819 21 doubtless doubtless RB 22599 819 22 with with IN 22599 819 23 not not RB 22599 819 24 that that DT 22599 819 25 keen keen JJ 22599 819 26 interest interest NN 22599 819 27 in in IN 22599 819 28 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 819 29 matters matter NNS 22599 819 30 which which WDT 22599 819 31 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 819 32 had have VBD 22599 819 33 , , , 22599 819 34 regarded regard VBN 22599 819 35 the the DT 22599 819 36 apparently apparently RB 22599 819 37 slight slight JJ 22599 819 38 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 819 39 which which WDT 22599 819 40 they -PRON- PRP 22599 819 41 had have VBD 22599 819 42 of of IN 22599 819 43 the the DT 22599 819 44 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 819 45 numeral numeral JJ 22599 819 46 forms form NNS 22599 819 47 as as IN 22599 819 48 worthy worthy JJ 22599 819 49 of of IN 22599 819 50 somewhat somewhat RB 22599 819 51 permanent permanent JJ 22599 819 52 record[458 record[458 NN 22599 819 53 ] ] -RRB- 22599 819 54 in in IN 22599 819 55 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 819 56 which which WDT 22599 819 57 they -PRON- PRP 22599 819 58 were be VBD 22599 819 59 transcribing transcribe VBG 22599 819 60 . . . 22599 820 1 The the DT 22599 820 2 fact fact NN 22599 820 3 that that IN 22599 820 4 such such JJ 22599 820 5 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 820 6 had have VBD 22599 820 7 penetrated penetrate VBN 22599 820 8 to to IN 22599 820 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 820 10 modest modest JJ 22599 820 11 cloisters cloister NNS 22599 820 12 in in IN 22599 820 13 northern northern JJ 22599 820 14 Spain Spain NNP 22599 820 15 -- -- : 22599 820 16 the the DT 22599 820 17 one one CD 22599 820 18 Albelda Albelda NNP 22599 820 19 or or CC 22599 820 20 Albaida Albaida NNP 22599 820 21 -- -- : 22599 820 22 indicates indicate VBZ 22599 820 23 that that IN 22599 820 24 it -PRON- PRP 22599 820 25 was be VBD 22599 820 26 rather rather RB 22599 820 27 widely widely RB 22599 820 28 diffused diffuse VBN 22599 820 29 . . . 22599 821 1 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 821 2 's 's POS 22599 821 3 treatise treatise NN 22599 821 4 _ _ NNP 22599 821 5 Libellus Libellus NNP 22599 821 6 de de NNP 22599 821 7 numerorum numerorum NNP 22599 821 8 divisione_[459 divisione_[459 , 22599 821 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 821 10 is be VBZ 22599 821 11 characterized characterize VBN 22599 821 12 by by IN 22599 821 13 Chasles chasle NNS 22599 821 14 as as IN 22599 821 15 " " `` 22599 821 16 one one CD 22599 821 17 of of IN 22599 821 18 the the DT 22599 821 19 most most RBS 22599 821 20 obscure obscure JJ 22599 821 21 documents document NNS 22599 821 22 in in IN 22599 821 23 the the DT 22599 821 24 history history NN 22599 821 25 of of IN 22599 821 26 science science NN 22599 821 27 . . . 22599 822 1 " " `` 22599 822 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 822 3 460 460 CD 22599 822 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 822 5 The the DT 22599 822 6 most most RBS 22599 822 7 complete complete JJ 22599 822 8 information information NN 22599 822 9 in in IN 22599 822 10 regard regard NN 22599 822 11 to to IN 22599 822 12 this this DT 22599 822 13 and and CC 22599 822 14 the the DT 22599 822 15 other other JJ 22599 822 16 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 822 17 works work NNS 22599 822 18 of of IN 22599 822 19 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 822 20 is be VBZ 22599 822 21 given give VBN 22599 822 22 by by IN 22599 822 23 Bubnov,[461 Bubnov,[461 NNP 22599 822 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 822 25 who who WP 22599 822 26 considers consider VBZ 22599 822 27 this this DT 22599 822 28 work work NN 22599 822 29 to to TO 22599 822 30 be be VB 22599 822 31 genuine genuine JJ 22599 822 32 . . . 22599 823 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 823 2 462 462 CD 22599 823 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 823 4 { { -LRB- 22599 823 5 117 117 CD 22599 823 6 } } -RRB- 22599 823 7 So so RB 22599 823 8 little little JJ 22599 823 9 did do VBD 22599 823 10 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 823 11 appreciate appreciate VB 22599 823 12 these these DT 22599 823 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 823 14 that that WDT 22599 823 15 in in IN 22599 823 16 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 823 17 works work NNS 22599 823 18 known know VBN 22599 823 19 as as IN 22599 823 20 the the DT 22599 823 21 _ _ NNP 22599 823 22 Regula Regula NNP 22599 823 23 de de NNP 22599 823 24 abaco abaco NNP 22599 823 25 computi computi NNP 22599 823 26 _ _ NNP 22599 823 27 and and CC 22599 823 28 the the DT 22599 823 29 _ _ NNP 22599 823 30 Libellus Libellus NNP 22599 823 31 _ _ NNP 22599 823 32 he -PRON- PRP 22599 823 33 makes make VBZ 22599 823 34 no no DT 22599 823 35 use use NN 22599 823 36 of of IN 22599 823 37 them -PRON- PRP 22599 823 38 at at RB 22599 823 39 all all RB 22599 823 40 , , , 22599 823 41 employing employ VBG 22599 823 42 only only RB 22599 823 43 the the DT 22599 823 44 Roman roman JJ 22599 823 45 forms form NNS 22599 823 46 . . . 22599 824 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 824 2 463 463 CD 22599 824 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 824 4 Nevertheless nevertheless RB 22599 824 5 Bernelinus[464 bernelinus[464 NN 22599 824 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 824 7 refers refer VBZ 22599 824 8 to to IN 22599 824 9 the the DT 22599 824 10 nine nine CD 22599 824 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 824 12 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 824 13 characters character NNS 22599 824 14 . . . 22599 825 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 825 2 465 465 CD 22599 825 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 825 4 These these DT 22599 825 5 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 825 6 had have VBD 22599 825 7 marked mark VBN 22599 825 8 on on IN 22599 825 9 a a DT 22599 825 10 thousand thousand CD 22599 825 11 _ _ NNP 22599 825 12 jetons jeton NNS 22599 825 13 _ _ NNP 22599 825 14 or or CC 22599 825 15 counters,[466 counters,[466 NNP 22599 825 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 825 17 using use VBG 22599 825 18 the the DT 22599 825 19 latter latter NN 22599 825 20 on on IN 22599 825 21 an an DT 22599 825 22 abacus abacus NN 22599 825 23 which which WDT 22599 825 24 he -PRON- PRP 22599 825 25 had have VBD 22599 825 26 a a DT 22599 825 27 sign sign NN 22599 825 28 - - HYPH 22599 825 29 maker maker NN 22599 825 30 prepare prepare NN 22599 825 31 for for IN 22599 825 32 him -PRON- PRP 22599 825 33 . . . 22599 826 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 826 2 467 467 CD 22599 826 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 826 4 Instead instead RB 22599 826 5 of of IN 22599 826 6 putting put VBG 22599 826 7 eight eight CD 22599 826 8 counters counter NNS 22599 826 9 in in IN 22599 826 10 say say VBP 22599 826 11 the the DT 22599 826 12 tens ten NNS 22599 826 13 ' ' POS 22599 826 14 column column NN 22599 826 15 , , , 22599 826 16 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 826 17 would would MD 22599 826 18 put put VB 22599 826 19 a a DT 22599 826 20 single single JJ 22599 826 21 counter counter NN 22599 826 22 marked mark VBD 22599 826 23 8 8 CD 22599 826 24 , , , 22599 826 25 and and CC 22599 826 26 so so RB 22599 826 27 for for IN 22599 826 28 the the DT 22599 826 29 other other JJ 22599 826 30 places place NNS 22599 826 31 , , , 22599 826 32 leaving leave VBG 22599 826 33 the the DT 22599 826 34 column column NN 22599 826 35 empty empty JJ 22599 826 36 where where WRB 22599 826 37 we -PRON- PRP 22599 826 38 would would MD 22599 826 39 place place VB 22599 826 40 a a DT 22599 826 41 zero zero CD 22599 826 42 , , , 22599 826 43 but but CC 22599 826 44 where where WRB 22599 826 45 he -PRON- PRP 22599 826 46 , , , 22599 826 47 lacking lack VBG 22599 826 48 the the DT 22599 826 49 zero zero CD 22599 826 50 , , , 22599 826 51 had have VBD 22599 826 52 no no DT 22599 826 53 counter counter NN 22599 826 54 to to IN 22599 826 55 place place NN 22599 826 56 . . . 22599 827 1 These these DT 22599 827 2 counters counter NNS 22599 827 3 he -PRON- PRP 22599 827 4 possibly possibly RB 22599 827 5 called call VBD 22599 827 6 _ _ NNP 22599 827 7 caracteres caractere VBZ 22599 827 8 _ _ NNP 22599 827 9 , , , 22599 827 10 a a DT 22599 827 11 name name NN 22599 827 12 which which WDT 22599 827 13 adhered adhere VBD 22599 827 14 also also RB 22599 827 15 to to IN 22599 827 16 the the DT 22599 827 17 figures figure NNS 22599 827 18 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 827 19 . . . 22599 828 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 828 2 is be VBZ 22599 828 3 an an DT 22599 828 4 interesting interesting JJ 22599 828 5 speculation speculation NN 22599 828 6 to to TO 22599 828 7 consider consider VB 22599 828 8 whether whether IN 22599 828 9 these these DT 22599 828 10 _ _ NNP 22599 828 11 apices apex NNS 22599 828 12 _ _ NNP 22599 828 13 , , , 22599 828 14 as as IN 22599 828 15 they -PRON- PRP 22599 828 16 are be VBP 22599 828 17 called call VBN 22599 828 18 in in IN 22599 828 19 the the DT 22599 828 20 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 828 21 interpolations interpolation NNS 22599 828 22 , , , 22599 828 23 were be VBD 22599 828 24 in in IN 22599 828 25 any any DT 22599 828 26 way way NN 22599 828 27 suggested suggest VBN 22599 828 28 by by IN 22599 828 29 those those DT 22599 828 30 Roman roman JJ 22599 828 31 jetons jeton NNS 22599 828 32 generally generally RB 22599 828 33 known know VBN 22599 828 34 in in IN 22599 828 35 numismatics numismatic NNS 22599 828 36 as as IN 22599 828 37 _ _ NNP 22599 828 38 tesserae tessera NNS 22599 828 39 _ _ NNP 22599 828 40 , , , 22599 828 41 and and CC 22599 828 42 bearing bear VBG 22599 828 43 the the DT 22599 828 44 figures figure NNS 22599 828 45 I -PRON- PRP 22599 828 46 - - HYPH 22599 828 47 XVI XVI NNP 22599 828 48 , , , 22599 828 49 the the DT 22599 828 50 sixteen sixteen CD 22599 828 51 referring refer VBG 22599 828 52 to to IN 22599 828 53 the the DT 22599 828 54 number number NN 22599 828 55 of of IN 22599 828 56 _ _ NNP 22599 828 57 assi assi NNP 22599 828 58 _ _ NNP 22599 828 59 in in IN 22599 828 60 a a DT 22599 828 61 _ _ NNP 22599 828 62 sestertius sestertius NN 22599 828 63 _ _ NNP 22599 828 64 . . . 22599 829 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 829 2 468 468 CD 22599 829 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 829 4 The the DT 22599 829 5 { { -LRB- 22599 829 6 118 118 CD 22599 829 7 } } -RRB- 22599 829 8 name name NN 22599 829 9 _ _ NNP 22599 829 10 apices apex NNS 22599 829 11 _ _ NNP 22599 829 12 adhered adhere VBD 22599 829 13 to to IN 22599 829 14 the the DT 22599 829 15 Hindu hindu JJ 22599 829 16 - - HYPH 22599 829 17 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 829 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 829 19 until until IN 22599 829 20 the the DT 22599 829 21 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 829 22 century century NN 22599 829 23 . . . 22599 830 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 830 2 469 469 CD 22599 830 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 830 4 To to IN 22599 830 5 the the DT 22599 830 6 figures figure NNS 22599 830 7 on on IN 22599 830 8 the the DT 22599 830 9 _ _ NNP 22599 830 10 apices apex NNS 22599 830 11 _ _ NNP 22599 830 12 were be VBD 22599 830 13 given give VBN 22599 830 14 the the DT 22599 830 15 names name NNS 22599 830 16 Igin Igin NNP 22599 830 17 , , , 22599 830 18 andras andras NNP 22599 830 19 , , , 22599 830 20 ormis ormis NNP 22599 830 21 , , , 22599 830 22 arbas arbas NNP 22599 830 23 , , , 22599 830 24 quimas quimas NNP 22599 830 25 , , , 22599 830 26 calctis calctis NN 22599 830 27 or or CC 22599 830 28 caltis caltis NNP 22599 830 29 , , , 22599 830 30 zenis zenis NNP 22599 830 31 , , , 22599 830 32 temenias temenias NNP 22599 830 33 , , , 22599 830 34 celentis celentis NN 22599 830 35 , , , 22599 830 36 sipos,[470 sipos,[470 NN 22599 830 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 830 38 the the DT 22599 830 39 origin origin NN 22599 830 40 and and CC 22599 830 41 meaning meaning NN 22599 830 42 of of IN 22599 830 43 which which WDT 22599 830 44 still still RB 22599 830 45 remain remain VBP 22599 830 46 a a DT 22599 830 47 mystery mystery NN 22599 830 48 . . . 22599 831 1 The the DT 22599 831 2 Semitic semitic JJ 22599 831 3 origin origin NN 22599 831 4 of of IN 22599 831 5 several several JJ 22599 831 6 of of IN 22599 831 7 the the DT 22599 831 8 words word NNS 22599 831 9 seems seem VBZ 22599 831 10 probable probable JJ 22599 831 11 . . . 22599 832 1 _ _ NNP 22599 832 2 Wahud Wahud NNP 22599 832 3 _ _ NNP 22599 832 4 , , , 22599 832 5 _ _ NNP 22599 832 6 thaneine thaneine NN 22599 832 7 _ _ NNP 22599 832 8 , , , 22599 832 9 { { -LRB- 22599 832 10 119 119 CD 22599 832 11 } } -RRB- 22599 832 12 _ _ NNP 22599 832 13 thalata thalata NN 22599 832 14 _ _ NNP 22599 832 15 , , , 22599 832 16 _ _ NNP 22599 832 17 arba arba NNP 22599 832 18 _ _ NNP 22599 832 19 , , , 22599 832 20 _ _ NNP 22599 832 21 kumsa kumsa NNP 22599 832 22 _ _ NNP 22599 832 23 , , , 22599 832 24 _ _ NNP 22599 832 25 setta setta NNP 22599 832 26 _ _ NNP 22599 832 27 , , , 22599 832 28 _ _ NNP 22599 832 29 sebba sebba NNP 22599 832 30 _ _ NNP 22599 832 31 , , , 22599 832 32 _ _ NNP 22599 832 33 timinia timinia NNP 22599 832 34 _ _ NNP 22599 832 35 , , , 22599 832 36 _ _ NNP 22599 832 37 taseud taseud NN 22599 832 38 _ _ NNP 22599 832 39 are be VBP 22599 832 40 given give VBN 22599 832 41 by by IN 22599 832 42 the the DT 22599 832 43 Rev. Rev. NNP 22599 833 1 R. R. NNP 22599 833 2 Patrick[471 Patrick[471 NNP 22599 833 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 833 4 as as IN 22599 833 5 the the DT 22599 833 6 names name NNS 22599 833 7 , , , 22599 833 8 in in IN 22599 833 9 an an DT 22599 833 10 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 833 11 dialect dialect NN 22599 833 12 used use VBN 22599 833 13 in in IN 22599 833 14 Morocco Morocco NNP 22599 833 15 , , , 22599 833 16 for for IN 22599 833 17 the the DT 22599 833 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 833 19 from from IN 22599 833 20 one one CD 22599 833 21 to to IN 22599 833 22 nine nine CD 22599 833 23 . . . 22599 834 1 Of of IN 22599 834 2 these these DT 22599 834 3 the the DT 22599 834 4 words word NNS 22599 834 5 for for IN 22599 834 6 four four CD 22599 834 7 , , , 22599 834 8 five five CD 22599 834 9 , , , 22599 834 10 and and CC 22599 834 11 eight eight CD 22599 834 12 are be VBP 22599 834 13 strikingly strikingly RB 22599 834 14 like like IN 22599 834 15 those those DT 22599 834 16 given give VBN 22599 834 17 above above RB 22599 834 18 . . . 22599 835 1 The the DT 22599 835 2 name name NN 22599 835 3 _ _ NNP 22599 835 4 apices apex NNS 22599 835 5 _ _ NNP 22599 835 6 was be VBD 22599 835 7 not not RB 22599 835 8 , , , 22599 835 9 however however RB 22599 835 10 , , , 22599 835 11 a a DT 22599 835 12 common common JJ 22599 835 13 one one NN 22599 835 14 in in IN 22599 835 15 later later JJ 22599 835 16 times time NNS 22599 835 17 . . . 22599 836 1 _ _ NNP 22599 836 2 Notae Notae NNP 22599 836 3 _ _ NNP 22599 836 4 was be VBD 22599 836 5 more more RBR 22599 836 6 often often RB 22599 836 7 used use VBN 22599 836 8 , , , 22599 836 9 and and CC 22599 836 10 it -PRON- PRP 22599 836 11 finally finally RB 22599 836 12 gave give VBD 22599 836 13 the the DT 22599 836 14 name name NN 22599 836 15 to to IN 22599 836 16 notation notation NN 22599 836 17 . . . 22599 837 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 837 2 472 472 CD 22599 837 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 837 4 Still still RB 22599 837 5 more more RBR 22599 837 6 common common JJ 22599 837 7 were be VBD 22599 837 8 the the DT 22599 837 9 names name NNS 22599 837 10 _ _ NNP 22599 837 11 figures figure NNS 22599 837 12 _ _ NNP 22599 837 13 , , , 22599 837 14 _ _ NNP 22599 837 15 ciphers cipher NNS 22599 837 16 _ _ NNP 22599 837 17 , , , 22599 837 18 _ _ NNP 22599 837 19 signs sign NNS 22599 837 20 _ _ NNP 22599 837 21 , , , 22599 837 22 _ _ NNP 22599 837 23 elements element NNS 22599 837 24 _ _ NNP 22599 837 25 , , , 22599 837 26 and and CC 22599 837 27 _ _ NNP 22599 837 28 characters character NNS 22599 837 29 _ _ NNP 22599 837 30 . . . 22599 838 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 838 2 473 473 CD 22599 838 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 838 4 So so RB 22599 838 5 little little JJ 22599 838 6 effect effect NN 22599 838 7 did do VBD 22599 838 8 the the DT 22599 838 9 teachings teaching NNS 22599 838 10 of of IN 22599 838 11 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 838 12 have have VBP 22599 838 13 in in IN 22599 838 14 making make VBG 22599 838 15 known know VBN 22599 838 16 the the DT 22599 838 17 new new JJ 22599 838 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 838 19 , , , 22599 838 20 that that WDT 22599 838 21 O'Creat O'Creat NNP 22599 838 22 , , , 22599 838 23 who who WP 22599 838 24 lived live VBD 22599 838 25 a a DT 22599 838 26 century century NN 22599 838 27 later later RB 22599 838 28 , , , 22599 838 29 a a DT 22599 838 30 friend friend NN 22599 838 31 and and CC 22599 838 32 pupil pupil NN 22599 838 33 of of IN 22599 838 34 Adelhard Adelhard NNP 22599 838 35 { { -LRB- 22599 838 36 120 120 CD 22599 838 37 } } -RRB- 22599 838 38 of of IN 22599 838 39 Bath Bath NNP 22599 838 40 , , , 22599 838 41 used use VBD 22599 838 42 the the DT 22599 838 43 zero zero CD 22599 838 44 with with IN 22599 838 45 the the DT 22599 838 46 Roman roman JJ 22599 838 47 characters character NNS 22599 838 48 , , , 22599 838 49 in in IN 22599 838 50 contrast contrast NN 22599 838 51 to to IN 22599 838 52 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 838 53 's 's POS 22599 838 54 use use NN 22599 838 55 of of IN 22599 838 56 the the DT 22599 838 57 [ [ -LRB- 22599 838 58 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 838 59 forms form NNS 22599 838 60 without without IN 22599 838 61 the the DT 22599 838 62 zero zero CD 22599 838 63 . . . 22599 839 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 839 2 474 474 CD 22599 839 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 839 4 O'Creat O'Creat NNP 22599 839 5 uses use VBZ 22599 839 6 three three CD 22599 839 7 forms form NNS 22599 839 8 for for IN 22599 839 9 zero zero CD 22599 839 10 , , , 22599 839 11 o o NN 22599 839 12 , , , 22599 839 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 839 14 = = NFP 22599 839 15 o o NN 22599 839 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 839 17 , , , 22599 839 18 and and CC 22599 839 19 [ [ -LRB- 22599 839 20 Greek Greek NNP 22599 839 21 : : : 22599 839 22 t t NN 22599 839 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 839 24 , , , 22599 839 25 as as IN 22599 839 26 in in IN 22599 839 27 Maximus Maximus NNP 22599 839 28 Planudes Planudes NNP 22599 839 29 . . . 22599 840 1 With with IN 22599 840 2 this this DT 22599 840 3 use use NN 22599 840 4 of of IN 22599 840 5 the the DT 22599 840 6 zero zero CD 22599 840 7 goes go VBZ 22599 840 8 , , , 22599 840 9 naturally naturally RB 22599 840 10 , , , 22599 840 11 a a DT 22599 840 12 place place NN 22599 840 13 value value NN 22599 840 14 , , , 22599 840 15 for for IN 22599 840 16 he -PRON- PRP 22599 840 17 writes write VBZ 22599 840 18 III III NNP 22599 840 19 III iii CD 22599 840 20 for for IN 22599 840 21 33 33 CD 22599 840 22 , , , 22599 840 23 ICCOO ICCOO NNP 22599 840 24 and and CC 22599 840 25 I. I. NNP 22599 840 26 II II NNP 22599 840 27 . . . 22599 841 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 841 2 tau tau NNP 22599 841 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 841 4 . . . 22599 842 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 842 2 tau tau NNP 22599 842 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 842 4 for for IN 22599 842 5 1200 1200 CD 22599 842 6 , , , 22599 842 7 I. I. NNP 22599 842 8 O. O. NNP 22599 842 9 VIII VIII NNP 22599 842 10 . . . 22599 843 1 IX ix NN 22599 843 2 for for IN 22599 843 3 1089 1089 CD 22599 843 4 , , , 22599 843 5 and and CC 22599 843 6 I. I. NNP 22599 843 7 IIII IIII NNP 22599 843 8 . . . 22599 844 1 IIII IIII NNP 22599 844 2 . . . 22599 845 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 845 2 tau][tau][tau][tau tau][tau][tau][tau NN 22599 845 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 845 4 for for IN 22599 845 5 the the DT 22599 845 6 square square NN 22599 845 7 of of IN 22599 845 8 1200 1200 CD 22599 845 9 . . . 22599 846 1 The the DT 22599 846 2 period period NN 22599 846 3 from from IN 22599 846 4 the the DT 22599 846 5 time time NN 22599 846 6 of of IN 22599 846 7 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 846 8 until until IN 22599 846 9 after after IN 22599 846 10 the the DT 22599 846 11 appearance appearance NN 22599 846 12 of of IN 22599 846 13 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 846 14 's 's POS 22599 846 15 monumental monumental JJ 22599 846 16 work work NN 22599 846 17 may may MD 22599 846 18 be be VB 22599 846 19 called call VBN 22599 846 20 the the DT 22599 846 21 period period NN 22599 846 22 of of IN 22599 846 23 the the DT 22599 846 24 abacists abacist NNS 22599 846 25 . . . 22599 847 1 Even even RB 22599 847 2 for for IN 22599 847 3 many many JJ 22599 847 4 years year NNS 22599 847 5 after after IN 22599 847 6 the the DT 22599 847 7 appearance appearance NN 22599 847 8 early early RB 22599 847 9 in in IN 22599 847 10 the the DT 22599 847 11 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 847 12 century century NN 22599 847 13 of of IN 22599 847 14 the the DT 22599 847 15 books book NNS 22599 847 16 explaining explain VBG 22599 847 17 the the DT 22599 847 18 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 847 19 art art NN 22599 847 20 of of IN 22599 847 21 reckoning reckoning NN 22599 847 22 , , , 22599 847 23 there there EX 22599 847 24 was be VBD 22599 847 25 strife strife NN 22599 847 26 between between IN 22599 847 27 the the DT 22599 847 28 abacists abacist NNS 22599 847 29 , , , 22599 847 30 the the DT 22599 847 31 advocates advocate NNS 22599 847 32 of of IN 22599 847 33 the the DT 22599 847 34 abacus abacus NN 22599 847 35 , , , 22599 847 36 and and CC 22599 847 37 the the DT 22599 847 38 algorists algorist NNS 22599 847 39 , , , 22599 847 40 those those DT 22599 847 41 who who WP 22599 847 42 favored favor VBD 22599 847 43 the the DT 22599 847 44 new new JJ 22599 847 45 numerals numeral NNS 22599 847 46 . . . 22599 848 1 The the DT 22599 848 2 words word NNS 22599 848 3 _ _ NNP 22599 848 4 cifra cifra NN 22599 848 5 _ _ NNP 22599 848 6 and and CC 22599 848 7 _ _ NNP 22599 848 8 algorismus algorismus NNP 22599 848 9 cifra cifra NNP 22599 848 10 _ _ NNP 22599 848 11 were be VBD 22599 848 12 used use VBN 22599 848 13 with with IN 22599 848 14 a a DT 22599 848 15 somewhat somewhat RB 22599 848 16 derisive derisive JJ 22599 848 17 significance significance NN 22599 848 18 , , , 22599 848 19 indicative indicative JJ 22599 848 20 of of IN 22599 848 21 absolute absolute JJ 22599 848 22 uselessness uselessness NN 22599 848 23 , , , 22599 848 24 as as IN 22599 848 25 indeed indeed RB 22599 848 26 the the DT 22599 848 27 zero zero CD 22599 848 28 is be VBZ 22599 848 29 useless useless JJ 22599 848 30 on on IN 22599 848 31 an an DT 22599 848 32 abacus abacus NN 22599 848 33 in in IN 22599 848 34 which which WDT 22599 848 35 the the DT 22599 848 36 value value NN 22599 848 37 of of IN 22599 848 38 any any DT 22599 848 39 unit unit NN 22599 848 40 is be VBZ 22599 848 41 given give VBN 22599 848 42 by by IN 22599 848 43 the the DT 22599 848 44 column column NN 22599 848 45 which which WDT 22599 848 46 it -PRON- PRP 22599 848 47 occupies occupy VBZ 22599 848 48 . . . 22599 849 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 849 2 475 475 CD 22599 849 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 849 4 So so RB 22599 849 5 Gautier Gautier NNP 22599 849 6 de de NNP 22599 849 7 Coincy Coincy NNP 22599 849 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 849 9 1177 1177 CD 22599 849 10 - - SYM 22599 849 11 1236 1236 CD 22599 849 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 849 13 in in IN 22599 849 14 a a DT 22599 849 15 work work NN 22599 849 16 on on IN 22599 849 17 the the DT 22599 849 18 miracles miracle NNS 22599 849 19 of of IN 22599 849 20 Mary Mary NNP 22599 849 21 says say VBZ 22599 849 22 : : : 22599 849 23 A a DT 22599 849 24 horned horned JJ 22599 849 25 beast beast NN 22599 849 26 , , , 22599 849 27 a a DT 22599 849 28 sheep sheep NN 22599 849 29 , , , 22599 849 30 An an DT 22599 849 31 algorismus algorismus NN 22599 849 32 - - HYPH 22599 849 33 cipher cipher NN 22599 849 34 , , , 22599 849 35 Is be VBZ 22599 849 36 a a DT 22599 849 37 priest priest NN 22599 849 38 , , , 22599 849 39 who who WP 22599 849 40 on on IN 22599 849 41 such such PDT 22599 849 42 a a DT 22599 849 43 feast feast NN 22599 849 44 day day NN 22599 849 45 Does do VBZ 22599 849 46 not not RB 22599 849 47 celebrate celebrate VB 22599 849 48 the the DT 22599 849 49 holy holy NNP 22599 849 50 Mother Mother NNP 22599 849 51 . . . 22599 850 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 850 2 476 476 CD 22599 850 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 850 4 So so RB 22599 850 5 the the DT 22599 850 6 abacus abacus NN 22599 850 7 held hold VBD 22599 850 8 the the DT 22599 850 9 field field NN 22599 850 10 for for IN 22599 850 11 a a DT 22599 850 12 long long JJ 22599 850 13 time time NN 22599 850 14 , , , 22599 850 15 even even RB 22599 850 16 against against IN 22599 850 17 the the DT 22599 850 18 new new JJ 22599 850 19 algorism algorism NN 22599 850 20 employing employ VBG 22599 850 21 the the DT 22599 850 22 new new JJ 22599 850 23 numerals numeral NNS 22599 850 24 . . . 22599 851 1 { { -LRB- 22599 851 2 121 121 CD 22599 851 3 } } -RRB- 22599 851 4 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP 22599 851 5 Chaucer[477 Chaucer[477 NNP 22599 851 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 851 7 describes describe VBZ 22599 851 8 in in IN 22599 851 9 _ _ NNP 22599 851 10 The the DT 22599 851 11 Miller Miller NNP 22599 851 12 's 's POS 22599 851 13 Tale Tale NNP 22599 851 14 _ _ NNP 22599 851 15 the the DT 22599 851 16 clerk clerk NN 22599 851 17 with with IN 22599 851 18 " " `` 22599 851 19 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 851 20 Almageste almageste NN 22599 851 21 and and CC 22599 851 22 bokes boke VBZ 22599 851 23 grete grete JJ 22599 851 24 and and CC 22599 851 25 smale smale JJ 22599 851 26 , , , 22599 851 27 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 851 28 astrelabie astrelabie NN 22599 851 29 , , , 22599 851 30 longinge longinge NN 22599 851 31 for for IN 22599 851 32 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 851 33 art art NN 22599 851 34 , , , 22599 851 35 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 851 36 augrim augrim NN 22599 851 37 - - HYPH 22599 851 38 stones stone NNS 22599 851 39 layen layen NN 22599 851 40 faire faire VBP 22599 851 41 apart apart RB 22599 851 42 On on IN 22599 851 43 shelves shelf NNS 22599 851 44 couched couch VBN 22599 851 45 at at IN 22599 851 46 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 851 47 beddes bedde NNS 22599 851 48 heed heed VBP 22599 851 49 . . . 22599 851 50 " " '' 22599 852 1 So so RB 22599 852 2 , , , 22599 852 3 too too RB 22599 852 4 , , , 22599 852 5 in in IN 22599 852 6 Chaucer Chaucer NNP 22599 852 7 's 's POS 22599 852 8 explanation explanation NN 22599 852 9 of of IN 22599 852 10 the the DT 22599 852 11 astrolabe,[478 astrolabe,[478 NN 22599 852 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 852 13 written write VBN 22599 852 14 for for IN 22599 852 15 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 852 16 son son NN 22599 852 17 Lewis Lewis NNP 22599 852 18 , , , 22599 852 19 the the DT 22599 852 20 number number NN 22599 852 21 of of IN 22599 852 22 degrees degree NNS 22599 852 23 is be VBZ 22599 852 24 expressed express VBN 22599 852 25 on on IN 22599 852 26 the the DT 22599 852 27 instrument instrument NN 22599 852 28 in in IN 22599 852 29 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 852 30 - - HYPH 22599 852 31 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 852 32 numerals numeral NNS 22599 852 33 : : : 22599 852 34 " " `` 22599 852 35 Over over IN 22599 852 36 the the DT 22599 852 37 whiche whiche NN 22599 852 38 degrees degree NNS 22599 852 39 ther ther CC 22599 852 40 ben ben NNP 22599 852 41 noumbres noumbres NNPS 22599 852 42 of of IN 22599 852 43 augrim augrim NNP 22599 852 44 , , , 22599 852 45 that that WDT 22599 852 46 devyden devyden VBP 22599 852 47 thilke thilke NNP 22599 852 48 same same NNP 22599 852 49 degrees degree NNS 22599 852 50 fro fro NNP 22599 852 51 fyve fyve NN 22599 852 52 to to TO 22599 852 53 fyve fyve VB 22599 852 54 , , , 22599 852 55 " " '' 22599 852 56 and and CC 22599 852 57 " " `` 22599 852 58 ... ... NFP 22599 852 59 the the DT 22599 852 60 nombres nombre NNS 22599 852 61 ... ... : 22599 852 62 ben ben NNP 22599 852 63 writen writen VBN 22599 852 64 in in IN 22599 852 65 augrim augrim NNP 22599 852 66 , , , 22599 852 67 " " '' 22599 852 68 meaning mean VBG 22599 852 69 in in IN 22599 852 70 the the DT 22599 852 71 way way NN 22599 852 72 of of IN 22599 852 73 the the DT 22599 852 74 algorism algorism NN 22599 852 75 . . . 22599 853 1 Thomas Thomas NNP 22599 853 2 Usk Usk NNP 22599 853 3 about about IN 22599 853 4 1387 1387 CD 22599 853 5 writes:[479 writes:[479 NN 22599 853 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 853 7 " " `` 22599 853 8 a a DT 22599 853 9 sypher sypher NN 22599 853 10 in in IN 22599 853 11 augrim augrim NNP 22599 853 12 have have VBP 22599 853 13 no no DT 22599 853 14 might might NN 22599 853 15 in in IN 22599 853 16 signification signification NN 22599 853 17 of of IN 22599 853 18 it -PRON- PRP 22599 853 19 - - HYPH 22599 853 20 selve selve VB 22599 853 21 , , , 22599 853 22 yet yet CC 22599 853 23 he -PRON- PRP 22599 853 24 yeveth yeveth NNP 22599 853 25 power power NNP 22599 853 26 in in IN 22599 853 27 signification signification NN 22599 853 28 to to IN 22599 853 29 other other JJ 22599 853 30 . . . 22599 853 31 " " '' 22599 854 1 So so RB 22599 854 2 slow slow JJ 22599 854 3 and and CC 22599 854 4 so so RB 22599 854 5 painful painful JJ 22599 854 6 is be VBZ 22599 854 7 the the DT 22599 854 8 assimilation assimilation NN 22599 854 9 of of IN 22599 854 10 new new JJ 22599 854 11 ideas idea NNS 22599 854 12 . . . 22599 855 1 Bernelinus[480 Bernelinus[480 NNS 22599 855 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 855 3 states state VBZ 22599 855 4 that that IN 22599 855 5 the the DT 22599 855 6 abacus abacus NN 22599 855 7 is be VBZ 22599 855 8 a a DT 22599 855 9 well well RB 22599 855 10 - - HYPH 22599 855 11 polished polish VBN 22599 855 12 board board NN 22599 855 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 855 14 or or CC 22599 855 15 table table NN 22599 855 16 ) ) -RRB- 22599 855 17 , , , 22599 855 18 which which WDT 22599 855 19 is be VBZ 22599 855 20 covered cover VBN 22599 855 21 with with IN 22599 855 22 blue blue JJ 22599 855 23 sand sand NN 22599 855 24 and and CC 22599 855 25 used use VBN 22599 855 26 by by IN 22599 855 27 geometers geometer NNS 22599 855 28 in in IN 22599 855 29 drawing draw VBG 22599 855 30 geometrical geometrical JJ 22599 855 31 figures figure NNS 22599 855 32 . . . 22599 856 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 856 2 have have VBP 22599 856 3 previously previously RB 22599 856 4 mentioned mention VBN 22599 856 5 the the DT 22599 856 6 fact fact NN 22599 856 7 that that IN 22599 856 8 the the DT 22599 856 9 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 856 10 also also RB 22599 856 11 performed perform VBD 22599 856 12 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 856 13 computations computation NNS 22599 856 14 in in IN 22599 856 15 the the DT 22599 856 16 sand sand NN 22599 856 17 , , , 22599 856 18 although although IN 22599 856 19 there there EX 22599 856 20 is be VBZ 22599 856 21 no no DT 22599 856 22 evidence evidence NN 22599 856 23 to to TO 22599 856 24 show show VB 22599 856 25 that that IN 22599 856 26 they -PRON- PRP 22599 856 27 had have VBD 22599 856 28 any any DT 22599 856 29 column column NN 22599 856 30 abacus abacus NN 22599 856 31 . . . 22599 857 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 857 2 481 481 CD 22599 857 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 857 4 For for IN 22599 857 5 the the DT 22599 857 6 purposes purpose NNS 22599 857 7 of of IN 22599 857 8 computation computation NN 22599 857 9 , , , 22599 857 10 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 857 11 continues continue VBZ 22599 857 12 , , , 22599 857 13 the the DT 22599 857 14 board board NN 22599 857 15 is be VBZ 22599 857 16 divided divide VBN 22599 857 17 into into IN 22599 857 18 thirty thirty CD 22599 857 19 vertical vertical JJ 22599 857 20 columns column NNS 22599 857 21 , , , 22599 857 22 three three CD 22599 857 23 of of IN 22599 857 24 which which WDT 22599 857 25 are be VBP 22599 857 26 reserved reserve VBN 22599 857 27 for for IN 22599 857 28 fractions fraction NNS 22599 857 29 . . . 22599 858 1 Beginning begin VBG 22599 858 2 with with IN 22599 858 3 the the DT 22599 858 4 units unit NNS 22599 858 5 columns column NNS 22599 858 6 , , , 22599 858 7 each each DT 22599 858 8 set set NN 22599 858 9 of of IN 22599 858 10 { { -LRB- 22599 858 11 122 122 CD 22599 858 12 } } -RRB- 22599 858 13 three three CD 22599 858 14 columns column NNS 22599 858 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 858 16 _ _ NNP 22599 858 17 lineae lineae NNP 22599 858 18 _ _ NNP 22599 858 19 is be VBZ 22599 858 20 the the DT 22599 858 21 word word NN 22599 858 22 which which WDT 22599 858 23 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 858 24 uses use VBZ 22599 858 25 ) ) -RRB- 22599 858 26 is be VBZ 22599 858 27 grouped group VBN 22599 858 28 together together RB 22599 858 29 by by IN 22599 858 30 a a DT 22599 858 31 semicircular semicircular JJ 22599 858 32 arc arc NN 22599 858 33 placed place VBN 22599 858 34 above above IN 22599 858 35 them -PRON- PRP 22599 858 36 , , , 22599 858 37 while while IN 22599 858 38 a a DT 22599 858 39 smaller small JJR 22599 858 40 arc arc NN 22599 858 41 is be VBZ 22599 858 42 placed place VBN 22599 858 43 over over IN 22599 858 44 the the DT 22599 858 45 units unit NNS 22599 858 46 column column NN 22599 858 47 and and CC 22599 858 48 another another DT 22599 858 49 joins join VBZ 22599 858 50 the the DT 22599 858 51 tens ten NNS 22599 858 52 and and CC 22599 858 53 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 858 54 columns column NNS 22599 858 55 . . . 22599 859 1 Thus thus RB 22599 859 2 arose arise VBD 22599 859 3 the the DT 22599 859 4 designation designation NN 22599 859 5 _ _ NNP 22599 859 6 arcus arcus NN 22599 859 7 pictagore_[482 pictagore_[482 NNP 22599 859 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 859 9 or or CC 22599 859 10 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 859 11 simply simply RB 22599 859 12 _ _ NNP 22599 859 13 arcus arcus NN 22599 859 14 _ _ NNP 22599 859 15 . . . 22599 860 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 860 2 483 483 CD 22599 860 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 860 4 The the DT 22599 860 5 operations operation NNS 22599 860 6 of of IN 22599 860 7 addition addition NN 22599 860 8 , , , 22599 860 9 subtraction subtraction NN 22599 860 10 , , , 22599 860 11 and and CC 22599 860 12 multiplication multiplication NN 22599 860 13 upon upon IN 22599 860 14 this this DT 22599 860 15 form form NN 22599 860 16 of of IN 22599 860 17 the the DT 22599 860 18 abacus abacus NN 22599 860 19 required require VBD 22599 860 20 little little JJ 22599 860 21 explanation explanation NN 22599 860 22 , , , 22599 860 23 although although IN 22599 860 24 they -PRON- PRP 22599 860 25 were be VBD 22599 860 26 rather rather RB 22599 860 27 extensively extensively RB 22599 860 28 treated treat VBN 22599 860 29 , , , 22599 860 30 especially especially RB 22599 860 31 the the DT 22599 860 32 multiplication multiplication NN 22599 860 33 of of IN 22599 860 34 different different JJ 22599 860 35 orders order NNS 22599 860 36 of of IN 22599 860 37 numbers number NNS 22599 860 38 . . . 22599 861 1 But but CC 22599 861 2 the the DT 22599 861 3 operation operation NN 22599 861 4 of of IN 22599 861 5 division division NN 22599 861 6 was be VBD 22599 861 7 effected effect VBN 22599 861 8 with with IN 22599 861 9 some some DT 22599 861 10 difficulty difficulty NN 22599 861 11 . . . 22599 862 1 For for IN 22599 862 2 the the DT 22599 862 3 explanation explanation NN 22599 862 4 of of IN 22599 862 5 the the DT 22599 862 6 method method NN 22599 862 7 of of IN 22599 862 8 division division NN 22599 862 9 by by IN 22599 862 10 the the DT 22599 862 11 use use NN 22599 862 12 of of IN 22599 862 13 the the DT 22599 862 14 complementary complementary JJ 22599 862 15 difference,[484 difference,[484 NN 22599 862 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 862 17 long long RB 22599 862 18 the the DT 22599 862 19 stumbling stumbling JJ 22599 862 20 - - HYPH 22599 862 21 block block NN 22599 862 22 in in IN 22599 862 23 the the DT 22599 862 24 way way NN 22599 862 25 of of IN 22599 862 26 the the DT 22599 862 27 medieval medieval JJ 22599 862 28 arithmetician arithmetician NN 22599 862 29 , , , 22599 862 30 the the DT 22599 862 31 reader reader NN 22599 862 32 is be VBZ 22599 862 33 referred refer VBN 22599 862 34 to to IN 22599 862 35 works work NNS 22599 862 36 on on IN 22599 862 37 the the DT 22599 862 38 history history NN 22599 862 39 of of IN 22599 862 40 mathematics[485 mathematics[485 NNP 22599 862 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 862 42 and and CC 22599 862 43 to to IN 22599 862 44 works work NNS 22599 862 45 relating relate VBG 22599 862 46 particularly particularly RB 22599 862 47 to to IN 22599 862 48 the the DT 22599 862 49 abacus abacus NN 22599 862 50 . . . 22599 863 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 863 2 486 486 CD 22599 863 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 863 4 Among among IN 22599 863 5 the the DT 22599 863 6 writers writer NNS 22599 863 7 on on IN 22599 863 8 the the DT 22599 863 9 subject subject NN 22599 863 10 may may MD 22599 863 11 be be VB 22599 863 12 mentioned mention VBN 22599 863 13 Abbo[487 abbo[487 CD 22599 863 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 863 15 of of IN 22599 863 16 Fleury Fleury NNP 22599 863 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 863 18 c. c. NNP 22599 863 19 970 970 CD 22599 863 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 863 21 , , , 22599 863 22 Heriger[488 heriger[488 CD 22599 863 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 863 24 of of IN 22599 863 25 Lobbes Lobbes NNPS 22599 863 26 or or CC 22599 863 27 Laubach Laubach NNP 22599 863 28 { { -LRB- 22599 863 29 123 123 CD 22599 863 30 } } -RRB- 22599 863 31 ( ( -LRB- 22599 863 32 c. c. NNP 22599 863 33 950 950 CD 22599 863 34 - - SYM 22599 863 35 1007 1007 CD 22599 863 36 ) ) -RRB- 22599 863 37 , , , 22599 863 38 and and CC 22599 863 39 Hermannus Hermannus NNP 22599 863 40 Contractus[489 Contractus[489 NNP 22599 863 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 863 42 ( ( -LRB- 22599 863 43 1013 1013 CD 22599 863 44 - - SYM 22599 863 45 1054 1054 CD 22599 863 46 ) ) -RRB- 22599 863 47 , , , 22599 863 48 all all DT 22599 863 49 of of IN 22599 863 50 whom whom WP 22599 863 51 employed employ VBD 22599 863 52 only only RB 22599 863 53 the the DT 22599 863 54 Roman roman JJ 22599 863 55 numerals numeral NNS 22599 863 56 . . . 22599 864 1 Similarly similarly RB 22599 864 2 Adelhard Adelhard NNP 22599 864 3 of of IN 22599 864 4 Bath Bath NNP 22599 864 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 864 6 c. c. NNP 22599 864 7 1130 1130 CD 22599 864 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 864 9 , , , 22599 864 10 in in IN 22599 864 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 864 12 work work NN 22599 864 13 _ _ NNP 22599 864 14 Regulae Regulae NNP 22599 864 15 Abaci_,[490 Abaci_,[490 NNP 22599 864 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 864 17 gives give VBZ 22599 864 18 no no DT 22599 864 19 reference reference NN 22599 864 20 to to IN 22599 864 21 the the DT 22599 864 22 new new JJ 22599 864 23 numerals numeral NNS 22599 864 24 , , , 22599 864 25 although although IN 22599 864 26 it -PRON- PRP 22599 864 27 is be VBZ 22599 864 28 certain certain JJ 22599 864 29 that that IN 22599 864 30 he -PRON- PRP 22599 864 31 knew know VBD 22599 864 32 them -PRON- PRP 22599 864 33 . . . 22599 865 1 Other other JJ 22599 865 2 writers writer NNS 22599 865 3 on on IN 22599 865 4 the the DT 22599 865 5 abacus abacus NN 22599 865 6 who who WP 22599 865 7 used use VBD 22599 865 8 some some DT 22599 865 9 form form NN 22599 865 10 of of IN 22599 865 11 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 865 12 numerals numeral NNS 22599 865 13 were be VBD 22599 865 14 Gerland[491 gerland[491 CD 22599 865 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 865 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 865 17 first first RB 22599 865 18 half half NN 22599 865 19 of of IN 22599 865 20 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 865 21 century century NN 22599 865 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 865 23 and and CC 22599 865 24 Turchill[492 turchill[492 LS 22599 865 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 865 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 865 27 c. c. NNP 22599 865 28 1200 1200 CD 22599 865 29 ) ) -RRB- 22599 865 30 . . . 22599 866 1 For for IN 22599 866 2 the the DT 22599 866 3 forms form NNS 22599 866 4 used use VBN 22599 866 5 at at IN 22599 866 6 this this DT 22599 866 7 period period NN 22599 866 8 the the DT 22599 866 9 reader reader NN 22599 866 10 is be VBZ 22599 866 11 referred refer VBN 22599 866 12 to to IN 22599 866 13 the the DT 22599 866 14 plate plate NN 22599 866 15 on on IN 22599 866 16 page page NN 22599 866 17 88 88 CD 22599 866 18 . . . 22599 867 1 After after IN 22599 867 2 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 867 3 's 's POS 22599 867 4 death death NN 22599 867 5 , , , 22599 867 6 little little JJ 22599 867 7 by by IN 22599 867 8 little little JJ 22599 867 9 the the DT 22599 867 10 scholars scholar NNS 22599 867 11 of of IN 22599 867 12 Europe Europe NNP 22599 867 13 came come VBD 22599 867 14 to to TO 22599 867 15 know know VB 22599 867 16 the the DT 22599 867 17 new new JJ 22599 867 18 figures figure NNS 22599 867 19 , , , 22599 867 20 chiefly chiefly RB 22599 867 21 through through IN 22599 867 22 the the DT 22599 867 23 introduction introduction NN 22599 867 24 of of IN 22599 867 25 Arab arab JJ 22599 867 26 learning learning NN 22599 867 27 . . . 22599 868 1 The the DT 22599 868 2 Dark Dark NNP 22599 868 3 Ages Ages NNPS 22599 868 4 had have VBD 22599 868 5 passed pass VBN 22599 868 6 , , , 22599 868 7 although although IN 22599 868 8 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 868 9 did do VBD 22599 868 10 not not RB 22599 868 11 find find VB 22599 868 12 another another DT 22599 868 13 advocate advocate NN 22599 868 14 as as RB 22599 868 15 prominent prominent JJ 22599 868 16 as as IN 22599 868 17 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 868 18 for for IN 22599 868 19 two two CD 22599 868 20 centuries century NNS 22599 868 21 . . . 22599 869 1 Speaking speak VBG 22599 869 2 of of IN 22599 869 3 this this DT 22599 869 4 great great JJ 22599 869 5 revival revival NN 22599 869 6 , , , 22599 869 7 Raoul Raoul NNP 22599 869 8 Glaber[493 Glaber[493 NNP 22599 869 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 869 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 869 11 985-c 985-c CD 22599 869 12 . . . 22599 869 13 1046 1046 CD 22599 869 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 869 15 , , , 22599 869 16 a a DT 22599 869 17 monk monk NN 22599 869 18 of of IN 22599 869 19 the the DT 22599 869 20 great great JJ 22599 869 21 Benedictine benedictine JJ 22599 869 22 abbey abbey NN 22599 869 23 of of IN 22599 869 24 Cluny Cluny NNP 22599 869 25 , , , 22599 869 26 of of IN 22599 869 27 the the DT 22599 869 28 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 869 29 century century NN 22599 869 30 , , , 22599 869 31 says say VBZ 22599 869 32 : : : 22599 869 33 " " `` 22599 869 34 It -PRON- PRP 22599 869 35 was be VBD 22599 869 36 as as IN 22599 869 37 though though IN 22599 869 38 the the DT 22599 869 39 world world NN 22599 869 40 had have VBD 22599 869 41 arisen arise VBN 22599 869 42 and and CC 22599 869 43 tossed toss VBD 22599 869 44 aside aside RB 22599 869 45 the the DT 22599 869 46 worn wear VBN 22599 869 47 - - HYPH 22599 869 48 out out RP 22599 869 49 garments garment NNS 22599 869 50 of of IN 22599 869 51 ancient ancient JJ 22599 869 52 time time NN 22599 869 53 , , , 22599 869 54 and and CC 22599 869 55 wished wish VBD 22599 869 56 to to TO 22599 869 57 apparel apparel VB 22599 869 58 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 869 59 in in IN 22599 869 60 a a DT 22599 869 61 white white JJ 22599 869 62 robe robe NN 22599 869 63 of of IN 22599 869 64 churches church NNS 22599 869 65 . . . 22599 869 66 " " '' 22599 870 1 And and CC 22599 870 2 with with IN 22599 870 3 this this DT 22599 870 4 activity activity NN 22599 870 5 in in IN 22599 870 6 religion religion NN 22599 870 7 came come VBD 22599 870 8 a a DT 22599 870 9 corresponding corresponding JJ 22599 870 10 interest interest NN 22599 870 11 in in IN 22599 870 12 other other JJ 22599 870 13 lines line NNS 22599 870 14 . . . 22599 871 1 Algorisms algorism NNS 22599 871 2 began begin VBD 22599 871 3 to to TO 22599 871 4 appear appear VB 22599 871 5 , , , 22599 871 6 and and CC 22599 871 7 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 871 8 from from IN 22599 871 9 the the DT 22599 871 10 outside outside JJ 22599 871 11 world world NN 22599 871 12 found find VBD 22599 871 13 { { -LRB- 22599 871 14 124 124 CD 22599 871 15 } } -RRB- 22599 871 16 interested interested JJ 22599 871 17 listeners listener NNS 22599 871 18 . . . 22599 872 1 Another another DT 22599 872 2 Raoul Raoul NNP 22599 872 3 , , , 22599 872 4 or or CC 22599 872 5 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 872 6 , , , 22599 872 7 to to IN 22599 872 8 whom whom WP 22599 872 9 we -PRON- PRP 22599 872 10 have have VBP 22599 872 11 referred refer VBN 22599 872 12 as as IN 22599 872 13 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 872 14 of of IN 22599 872 15 Laon,[494 Laon,[494 NNP 22599 872 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 872 17 a a DT 22599 872 18 teacher teacher NN 22599 872 19 in in IN 22599 872 20 the the DT 22599 872 21 cloister cloister NN 22599 872 22 school school NNP 22599 872 23 of of IN 22599 872 24 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 872 25 city city NN 22599 872 26 , , , 22599 872 27 and and CC 22599 872 28 the the DT 22599 872 29 brother brother NN 22599 872 30 of of IN 22599 872 31 Anselm Anselm NNP 22599 872 32 of of IN 22599 872 33 Laon[495 laon[495 JJ 22599 872 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 872 35 the the DT 22599 872 36 celebrated celebrate VBN 22599 872 37 theologian theologian NN 22599 872 38 , , , 22599 872 39 wrote write VBD 22599 872 40 a a DT 22599 872 41 treatise treatise NN 22599 872 42 on on IN 22599 872 43 music music NN 22599 872 44 , , , 22599 872 45 extant extant JJ 22599 872 46 but but CC 22599 872 47 unpublished unpublished JJ 22599 872 48 , , , 22599 872 49 and and CC 22599 872 50 an an DT 22599 872 51 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 872 52 which which WDT 22599 872 53 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 872 54 first first RB 22599 872 55 published publish VBN 22599 872 56 in in IN 22599 872 57 1890 1890 CD 22599 872 58 . . . 22599 873 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 873 2 496 496 CD 22599 873 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 873 4 The the DT 22599 873 5 latter latter JJ 22599 873 6 work work NN 22599 873 7 , , , 22599 873 8 preserved preserve VBN 22599 873 9 to to IN 22599 873 10 us -PRON- PRP 22599 873 11 in in IN 22599 873 12 a a DT 22599 873 13 parchment parchment NN 22599 873 14 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 873 15 of of IN 22599 873 16 seventy seventy CD 22599 873 17 - - HYPH 22599 873 18 seven seven CD 22599 873 19 leaves leave NNS 22599 873 20 , , , 22599 873 21 contains contain VBZ 22599 873 22 a a DT 22599 873 23 curious curious JJ 22599 873 24 mixture mixture NN 22599 873 25 of of IN 22599 873 26 Roman roman JJ 22599 873 27 and and CC 22599 873 28 [ [ -LRB- 22599 873 29 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 873 30 numerals numeral NNS 22599 873 31 , , , 22599 873 32 the the DT 22599 873 33 former former JJ 22599 873 34 for for IN 22599 873 35 expressing express VBG 22599 873 36 large large JJ 22599 873 37 results result NNS 22599 873 38 , , , 22599 873 39 the the DT 22599 873 40 latter latter JJ 22599 873 41 for for IN 22599 873 42 practical practical JJ 22599 873 43 calculation calculation NN 22599 873 44 . . . 22599 874 1 These these DT 22599 874 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 874 3 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 874 4 " " `` 22599 874 5 caracteres caractere NNS 22599 874 6 " " '' 22599 874 7 include include VBP 22599 874 8 the the DT 22599 874 9 sipos sipos NN 22599 874 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 874 11 zero zero CD 22599 874 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 874 13 , , , 22599 874 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 874 15 Symbol symbol NN 22599 874 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 874 17 , , , 22599 874 18 of of IN 22599 874 19 which which WDT 22599 874 20 , , , 22599 874 21 however however RB 22599 874 22 , , , 22599 874 23 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 874 24 did do VBD 22599 874 25 not not RB 22599 874 26 know know VB 22599 874 27 the the DT 22599 874 28 full full JJ 22599 874 29 significance significance NN 22599 874 30 ; ; : 22599 874 31 showing show VBG 22599 874 32 that that IN 22599 874 33 at at IN 22599 874 34 the the DT 22599 874 35 opening opening NN 22599 874 36 of of IN 22599 874 37 the the DT 22599 874 38 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 874 39 century century NN 22599 874 40 the the DT 22599 874 41 system system NN 22599 874 42 was be VBD 22599 874 43 still still RB 22599 874 44 uncertain uncertain JJ 22599 874 45 in in IN 22599 874 46 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 874 47 status status NN 22599 874 48 in in IN 22599 874 49 the the DT 22599 874 50 church church NN 22599 874 51 schools school NNS 22599 874 52 of of IN 22599 874 53 central central JJ 22599 874 54 France France NNP 22599 874 55 . . . 22599 875 1 At at IN 22599 875 2 the the DT 22599 875 3 same same JJ 22599 875 4 time time NN 22599 875 5 the the DT 22599 875 6 words word NNS 22599 875 7 _ _ NNP 22599 875 8 algorismus algorismus NNP 22599 875 9 _ _ NNP 22599 875 10 and and CC 22599 875 11 _ _ NNP 22599 875 12 cifra cifra NN 22599 875 13 _ _ NNP 22599 875 14 were be VBD 22599 875 15 coming come VBG 22599 875 16 into into IN 22599 875 17 general general JJ 22599 875 18 use use NN 22599 875 19 even even RB 22599 875 20 in in IN 22599 875 21 non non JJ 22599 875 22 - - JJ 22599 875 23 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 875 24 literature literature NN 22599 875 25 . . . 22599 876 1 Jordan Jordan NNP 22599 876 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 876 3 497 497 CD 22599 876 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 876 5 cites cite VBZ 22599 876 6 numerous numerous JJ 22599 876 7 instances instance NNS 22599 876 8 of of IN 22599 876 9 such such JJ 22599 876 10 use use NN 22599 876 11 from from IN 22599 876 12 the the DT 22599 876 13 works work NNS 22599 876 14 of of IN 22599 876 15 Alanus Alanus NNP 22599 876 16 ab ab NNP 22599 876 17 Insulis[498 Insulis[498 NNP 22599 876 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 876 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 876 20 Alain Alain NNP 22599 876 21 de de FW 22599 876 22 Lille Lille NNP 22599 876 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 876 24 , , , 22599 876 25 Gautier Gautier NNP 22599 876 26 de de NNP 22599 876 27 Coincy Coincy NNP 22599 876 28 ( ( -LRB- 22599 876 29 1177 1177 CD 22599 876 30 - - SYM 22599 876 31 1236 1236 CD 22599 876 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 876 33 , , , 22599 876 34 and and CC 22599 876 35 others other NNS 22599 876 36 . . . 22599 877 1 Another another DT 22599 877 2 contributor contributor NN 22599 877 3 to to TO 22599 877 4 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 877 5 during during IN 22599 877 6 this this DT 22599 877 7 interesting interesting JJ 22599 877 8 period period NN 22599 877 9 was be VBD 22599 877 10 a a DT 22599 877 11 prominent prominent JJ 22599 877 12 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 877 13 Jew Jew NNP 22599 877 14 called call VBD 22599 877 15 variously variously RB 22599 877 16 John John NNP 22599 877 17 of of IN 22599 877 18 Luna Luna NNP 22599 877 19 , , , 22599 877 20 John John NNP 22599 877 21 of of IN 22599 877 22 Seville Seville NNP 22599 877 23 , , , 22599 877 24 Johannes Johannes NNP 22599 877 25 Hispalensis Hispalensis NNP 22599 877 26 , , , 22599 877 27 Johannes Johannes NNP 22599 877 28 Toletanus Toletanus NNP 22599 877 29 , , , 22599 877 30 and and CC 22599 877 31 Johannes Johannes NNP 22599 877 32 Hispanensis Hispanensis NNP 22599 877 33 de de NNP 22599 877 34 Luna Luna NNP 22599 877 35 . . . 22599 878 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 878 2 499 499 CD 22599 878 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 878 4 { { -LRB- 22599 878 5 125 125 CD 22599 878 6 } } -RRB- 22599 878 7 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 878 8 date date NN 22599 878 9 is be VBZ 22599 878 10 rather rather RB 22599 878 11 closely closely RB 22599 878 12 fixed fix VBN 22599 878 13 by by IN 22599 878 14 the the DT 22599 878 15 fact fact NN 22599 878 16 that that IN 22599 878 17 he -PRON- PRP 22599 878 18 dedicated dedicate VBD 22599 878 19 a a DT 22599 878 20 work work NN 22599 878 21 to to IN 22599 878 22 Raimund Raimund NNP 22599 878 23 who who WP 22599 878 24 was be VBD 22599 878 25 archbishop archbishop NN 22599 878 26 of of IN 22599 878 27 Toledo Toledo NNP 22599 878 28 between between IN 22599 878 29 1130 1130 CD 22599 878 30 and and CC 22599 878 31 1150 1150 CD 22599 878 32 . . . 22599 879 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 879 2 500 500 CD 22599 879 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 879 4 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 879 5 interests interest NNS 22599 879 6 were be VBD 22599 879 7 chiefly chiefly RB 22599 879 8 in in IN 22599 879 9 the the DT 22599 879 10 translation translation NN 22599 879 11 of of IN 22599 879 12 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 879 13 works work NNS 22599 879 14 , , , 22599 879 15 especially especially RB 22599 879 16 such such JJ 22599 879 17 as as IN 22599 879 18 bore bore NN 22599 879 19 upon upon IN 22599 879 20 the the DT 22599 879 21 Aristotelian aristotelian JJ 22599 879 22 philosophy philosophy NN 22599 879 23 . . . 22599 880 1 From from IN 22599 880 2 the the DT 22599 880 3 standpoint standpoint NN 22599 880 4 of of IN 22599 880 5 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 880 6 , , , 22599 880 7 however however RB 22599 880 8 , , , 22599 880 9 the the DT 22599 880 10 chief chief JJ 22599 880 11 interest interest NN 22599 880 12 centers center VBZ 22599 880 13 about about IN 22599 880 14 a a DT 22599 880 15 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 880 16 entitled entitle VBN 22599 880 17 _ _ NNP 22599 880 18 Joannis Joannis NNP 22599 880 19 Hispalensis Hispalensis NNP 22599 880 20 liber liber NN 22599 880 21 Algorismi Algorismi NNP 22599 880 22 de de IN 22599 880 23 Practica Practica NNP 22599 880 24 Arismetrice Arismetrice NNP 22599 880 25 _ _ NNP 22599 880 26 which which WDT 22599 880 27 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 880 28 found find VBD 22599 880 29 in in IN 22599 880 30 what what WP 22599 880 31 is be VBZ 22599 880 32 now now RB 22599 880 33 the the DT 22599 880 34 _ _ NNP 22599 880 35 Bibliothèque Bibliothèque NNP 22599 880 36 nationale nationale NN 22599 880 37 _ _ NNP 22599 880 38 at at IN 22599 880 39 Paris Paris NNP 22599 880 40 . . . 22599 881 1 Although although IN 22599 881 2 this this DT 22599 881 3 distinctly distinctly RB 22599 881 4 lays lay VBZ 22599 881 5 claim claim NN 22599 881 6 to to IN 22599 881 7 being be VBG 22599 881 8 Al Al NNP 22599 881 9 - - HYPH 22599 881 10 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 881 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 881 12 's 's POS 22599 881 13 work,[501 work,[501 NN 22599 881 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 881 15 the the DT 22599 881 16 evidence evidence NN 22599 881 17 is be VBZ 22599 881 18 altogether altogether RB 22599 881 19 against against IN 22599 881 20 the the DT 22599 881 21 statement,[502 statement,[502 NN 22599 881 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 881 23 but but CC 22599 881 24 the the DT 22599 881 25 book book NN 22599 881 26 is be VBZ 22599 881 27 quite quite RB 22599 881 28 as as RB 22599 881 29 valuable valuable JJ 22599 881 30 , , , 22599 881 31 since since IN 22599 881 32 it -PRON- PRP 22599 881 33 represents represent VBZ 22599 881 34 the the DT 22599 881 35 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 881 36 of of IN 22599 881 37 the the DT 22599 881 38 time time NN 22599 881 39 in in IN 22599 881 40 which which WDT 22599 881 41 it -PRON- PRP 22599 881 42 was be VBD 22599 881 43 written write VBN 22599 881 44 . . . 22599 882 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 882 2 relates relate VBZ 22599 882 3 to to IN 22599 882 4 the the DT 22599 882 5 operations operation NNS 22599 882 6 with with IN 22599 882 7 integers integer NNS 22599 882 8 and and CC 22599 882 9 sexagesimal sexagesimal JJ 22599 882 10 fractions fraction NNS 22599 882 11 , , , 22599 882 12 including include VBG 22599 882 13 roots root NNS 22599 882 14 , , , 22599 882 15 and and CC 22599 882 16 contains contain VBZ 22599 882 17 no no DT 22599 882 18 applications application NNS 22599 882 19 . . . 22599 883 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 883 2 503 503 CD 22599 883 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 883 4 Contemporary Contemporary NNP 22599 883 5 with with IN 22599 883 6 John John NNP 22599 883 7 of of IN 22599 883 8 Luna Luna NNP 22599 883 9 , , , 22599 883 10 and and CC 22599 883 11 also also RB 22599 883 12 living live VBG 22599 883 13 in in IN 22599 883 14 Toledo Toledo NNP 22599 883 15 , , , 22599 883 16 was be VBD 22599 883 17 Gherard Gherard NNP 22599 883 18 of of IN 22599 883 19 Cremona,[504 Cremona,[504 NNP 22599 883 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 883 21 who who WP 22599 883 22 has have VBZ 22599 883 23 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 883 24 been be VBN 22599 883 25 identified identify VBN 22599 883 26 , , , 22599 883 27 but but CC 22599 883 28 erroneously erroneously RB 22599 883 29 , , , 22599 883 30 with with IN 22599 883 31 Gernardus,[505 Gernardus,[505 NNP 22599 883 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 883 33 the the DT 22599 883 34 { { -LRB- 22599 883 35 126 126 CD 22599 883 36 } } -RRB- 22599 883 37 author author NN 22599 883 38 of of IN 22599 883 39 a a DT 22599 883 40 work work NN 22599 883 41 on on IN 22599 883 42 algorism algorism NN 22599 883 43 . . . 22599 884 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 884 2 was be VBD 22599 884 3 a a DT 22599 884 4 physician physician NN 22599 884 5 , , , 22599 884 6 an an DT 22599 884 7 astronomer astronomer NN 22599 884 8 , , , 22599 884 9 and and CC 22599 884 10 a a DT 22599 884 11 mathematician mathematician NN 22599 884 12 , , , 22599 884 13 translating translate VBG 22599 884 14 from from IN 22599 884 15 the the DT 22599 884 16 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 884 17 both both DT 22599 884 18 in in IN 22599 884 19 Italy Italy NNP 22599 884 20 and and CC 22599 884 21 in in IN 22599 884 22 Spain Spain NNP 22599 884 23 . . . 22599 885 1 In in IN 22599 885 2 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 885 3 he -PRON- PRP 22599 885 4 was be VBD 22599 885 5 influential influential JJ 22599 885 6 in in IN 22599 885 7 spreading spread VBG 22599 885 8 the the DT 22599 885 9 ideas idea NNS 22599 885 10 of of IN 22599 885 11 algorism algorism NN 22599 885 12 . . . 22599 886 1 Four four CD 22599 886 2 Englishmen Englishmen NNPS 22599 886 3 -- -- : 22599 886 4 Adelhard Adelhard NNP 22599 886 5 of of IN 22599 886 6 Bath Bath NNP 22599 886 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 886 8 c. c. NNP 22599 886 9 1130 1130 CD 22599 886 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 886 11 , , , 22599 886 12 Robert Robert NNP 22599 886 13 of of IN 22599 886 14 Chester Chester NNP 22599 886 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 886 16 Robertus Robertus NNP 22599 886 17 Cestrensis Cestrensis NNP 22599 886 18 , , , 22599 886 19 c. c. NN 22599 886 20 1143 1143 CD 22599 886 21 ) ) -RRB- 22599 886 22 , , , 22599 886 23 William William NNP 22599 886 24 Shelley Shelley NNP 22599 886 25 , , , 22599 886 26 and and CC 22599 886 27 Daniel Daniel NNP 22599 886 28 Morley Morley NNP 22599 886 29 ( ( -LRB- 22599 886 30 1180)--are 1180)--are NNP 22599 886 31 known[506 known[506 NN 22599 886 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 886 33 to to TO 22599 886 34 have have VB 22599 886 35 journeyed journey VBN 22599 886 36 to to IN 22599 886 37 Spain Spain NNP 22599 886 38 in in IN 22599 886 39 the the DT 22599 886 40 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 886 41 century century NN 22599 886 42 for for IN 22599 886 43 the the DT 22599 886 44 purpose purpose NN 22599 886 45 of of IN 22599 886 46 studying study VBG 22599 886 47 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 886 48 and and CC 22599 886 49 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 886 50 . . . 22599 887 1 Adelhard adelhard NN 22599 887 2 of of IN 22599 887 3 Bath Bath NNP 22599 887 4 made make VBD 22599 887 5 translations translation NNS 22599 887 6 from from IN 22599 887 7 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 887 8 into into IN 22599 887 9 Latin Latin NNP 22599 887 10 of of IN 22599 887 11 Al Al NNP 22599 887 12 - - HYPH 22599 887 13 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 887 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 887 15 's be VBZ 22599 887 16 astronomical astronomical JJ 22599 887 17 tables[507 tables[507 NN 22599 887 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 887 19 and and CC 22599 887 20 of of IN 22599 887 21 Euclid Euclid NNP 22599 887 22 's 's POS 22599 887 23 Elements,[508 elements,[508 NN 22599 887 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 887 25 while while IN 22599 887 26 Robert Robert NNP 22599 887 27 of of IN 22599 887 28 Chester Chester NNP 22599 887 29 is be VBZ 22599 887 30 known know VBN 22599 887 31 as as IN 22599 887 32 the the DT 22599 887 33 translator translator NN 22599 887 34 of of IN 22599 887 35 Al Al NNP 22599 887 36 - - HYPH 22599 887 37 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 887 38 ] ] -RRB- 22599 887 39 's 's POS 22599 887 40 algebra algebra NN 22599 887 41 . . . 22599 888 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 888 2 509 509 CD 22599 888 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 888 4 There there EX 22599 888 5 is be VBZ 22599 888 6 no no DT 22599 888 7 reason reason NN 22599 888 8 to to TO 22599 888 9 doubt doubt VB 22599 888 10 that that IN 22599 888 11 all all DT 22599 888 12 of of IN 22599 888 13 these these DT 22599 888 14 men man NNS 22599 888 15 , , , 22599 888 16 and and CC 22599 888 17 others other NNS 22599 888 18 , , , 22599 888 19 were be VBD 22599 888 20 familiar familiar JJ 22599 888 21 with with IN 22599 888 22 the the DT 22599 888 23 numerals numeral NNS 22599 888 24 which which WDT 22599 888 25 the the DT 22599 888 26 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 888 27 were be VBD 22599 888 28 using use VBG 22599 888 29 . . . 22599 889 1 The the DT 22599 889 2 earliest early JJS 22599 889 3 trace trace NN 22599 889 4 we -PRON- PRP 22599 889 5 have have VBP 22599 889 6 of of IN 22599 889 7 computation computation NN 22599 889 8 with with IN 22599 889 9 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 889 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 889 11 in in IN 22599 889 12 Germany Germany NNP 22599 889 13 is be VBZ 22599 889 14 in in IN 22599 889 15 an an DT 22599 889 16 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 889 17 of of IN 22599 889 18 1143 1143 CD 22599 889 19 , , , 22599 889 20 now now RB 22599 889 21 in in IN 22599 889 22 the the DT 22599 889 23 Hofbibliothek Hofbibliothek NNP 22599 889 24 in in IN 22599 889 25 Vienna Vienna NNP 22599 889 26 . . . 22599 890 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 890 2 510 510 CD 22599 890 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 890 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 890 5 is be VBZ 22599 890 6 bound bind VBN 22599 890 7 in in RP 22599 890 8 with with IN 22599 890 9 a a DT 22599 890 10 { { -LRB- 22599 890 11 127 127 CD 22599 890 12 } } -RRB- 22599 890 13 _ _ NNP 22599 890 14 Computus Computus NNP 22599 890 15 _ _ NNP 22599 890 16 by by IN 22599 890 17 the the DT 22599 890 18 same same JJ 22599 890 19 author author NN 22599 890 20 and and CC 22599 890 21 bearing bear VBG 22599 890 22 the the DT 22599 890 23 date date NN 22599 890 24 given give VBN 22599 890 25 . . . 22599 891 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 891 2 contains contain VBZ 22599 891 3 chapters chapter NNS 22599 891 4 " " `` 22599 891 5 De De NNP 22599 891 6 additione additione NNP 22599 891 7 , , , 22599 891 8 " " '' 22599 891 9 " " `` 22599 891 10 De De NNP 22599 891 11 diminutione diminutione NNP 22599 891 12 , , , 22599 891 13 " " '' 22599 891 14 " " `` 22599 891 15 De De NNP 22599 891 16 mediatione mediatione NN 22599 891 17 , , , 22599 891 18 " " '' 22599 891 19 " " `` 22599 891 20 De De NNP 22599 891 21 divisione divisione NN 22599 891 22 , , , 22599 891 23 " " `` 22599 891 24 and and CC 22599 891 25 part part NN 22599 891 26 of of IN 22599 891 27 a a DT 22599 891 28 chapter chapter NN 22599 891 29 on on IN 22599 891 30 multiplication multiplication NN 22599 891 31 . . . 22599 892 1 The the DT 22599 892 2 numerals numeral NNS 22599 892 3 are be VBP 22599 892 4 in in IN 22599 892 5 the the DT 22599 892 6 usual usual JJ 22599 892 7 medieval medieval JJ 22599 892 8 forms form NNS 22599 892 9 except except IN 22599 892 10 the the DT 22599 892 11 2 2 CD 22599 892 12 which which WDT 22599 892 13 , , , 22599 892 14 as as IN 22599 892 15 will will MD 22599 892 16 be be VB 22599 892 17 seen see VBN 22599 892 18 from from IN 22599 892 19 the the DT 22599 892 20 illustration,[511 illustration,[511 NNP 22599 892 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 892 22 is be VBZ 22599 892 23 somewhat somewhat RB 22599 892 24 different different JJ 22599 892 25 , , , 22599 892 26 and and CC 22599 892 27 the the DT 22599 892 28 3 3 CD 22599 892 29 , , , 22599 892 30 which which WDT 22599 892 31 takes take VBZ 22599 892 32 the the DT 22599 892 33 peculiar peculiar JJ 22599 892 34 shape shape NN 22599 892 35 [ [ -LRB- 22599 892 36 Symbol symbol NN 22599 892 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 892 38 , , , 22599 892 39 a a DT 22599 892 40 form form NN 22599 892 41 characteristic characteristic NN 22599 892 42 of of IN 22599 892 43 the the DT 22599 892 44 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 892 45 century century NN 22599 892 46 . . . 22599 893 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 893 2 was be VBD 22599 893 3 about about IN 22599 893 4 the the DT 22599 893 5 same same JJ 22599 893 6 time time NN 22599 893 7 that that WDT 22599 893 8 the the DT 22599 893 9 _ _ NNP 22599 893 10 Sefer Sefer NNP 22599 893 11 ha ha NNP 22599 893 12 - - HYPH 22599 893 13 Mispar_,[512 Mispar_,[512 NNP 22599 893 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 893 15 the the DT 22599 893 16 Book Book NNP 22599 893 17 of of IN 22599 893 18 Number Number NNP 22599 893 19 , , , 22599 893 20 appeared appear VBD 22599 893 21 in in IN 22599 893 22 the the DT 22599 893 23 Hebrew hebrew JJ 22599 893 24 language language NN 22599 893 25 . . . 22599 894 1 The the DT 22599 894 2 author author NN 22599 894 3 , , , 22599 894 4 Rabbi Rabbi NNP 22599 894 5 Abraham Abraham NNP 22599 894 6 ibn ibn NNP 22599 894 7 Meïr Meïr NNP 22599 894 8 ibn ibn NNP 22599 894 9 Ezra,[513 Ezra,[513 NNP 22599 894 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 894 11 was be VBD 22599 894 12 born bear VBN 22599 894 13 in in IN 22599 894 14 Toledo Toledo NNP 22599 894 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 894 16 c. c. NNP 22599 894 17 1092 1092 CD 22599 894 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 894 19 . . . 22599 895 1 In in IN 22599 895 2 1139 1139 CD 22599 895 3 he -PRON- PRP 22599 895 4 went go VBD 22599 895 5 to to IN 22599 895 6 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 895 7 , , , 22599 895 8 Palestine Palestine NNP 22599 895 9 , , , 22599 895 10 and and CC 22599 895 11 the the DT 22599 895 12 Orient Orient NNP 22599 895 13 , , , 22599 895 14 spending spend VBG 22599 895 15 also also RB 22599 895 16 some some DT 22599 895 17 years year NNS 22599 895 18 in in IN 22599 895 19 Italy Italy NNP 22599 895 20 . . . 22599 896 1 Later later RBR 22599 896 2 he -PRON- PRP 22599 896 3 lived live VBD 22599 896 4 in in IN 22599 896 5 southern southern JJ 22599 896 6 France France NNP 22599 896 7 and and CC 22599 896 8 in in IN 22599 896 9 England England NNP 22599 896 10 . . . 22599 897 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 897 2 died die VBD 22599 897 3 in in IN 22599 897 4 1167 1167 CD 22599 897 5 . . . 22599 898 1 The the DT 22599 898 2 probability probability NN 22599 898 3 is be VBZ 22599 898 4 that that IN 22599 898 5 he -PRON- PRP 22599 898 6 acquired acquire VBD 22599 898 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 898 8 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 898 9 of of IN 22599 898 10 the the DT 22599 898 11 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 898 12 arithmetic[514 arithmetic[514 NN 22599 898 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 898 14 in in IN 22599 898 15 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 898 16 native native JJ 22599 898 17 town town NN 22599 898 18 of of IN 22599 898 19 Toledo Toledo NNP 22599 898 20 , , , 22599 898 21 but but CC 22599 898 22 it -PRON- PRP 22599 898 23 is be VBZ 22599 898 24 also also RB 22599 898 25 likely likely JJ 22599 898 26 that that IN 22599 898 27 the the DT 22599 898 28 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 898 29 of of IN 22599 898 30 other other JJ 22599 898 31 systems system NNS 22599 898 32 which which WDT 22599 898 33 he -PRON- PRP 22599 898 34 acquired acquire VBD 22599 898 35 on on IN 22599 898 36 travels travel NNS 22599 898 37 increased increase VBD 22599 898 38 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 898 39 appreciation appreciation NN 22599 898 40 of of IN 22599 898 41 this this DT 22599 898 42 one one NN 22599 898 43 . . . 22599 899 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 899 2 have have VBP 22599 899 3 mentioned mention VBN 22599 899 4 the the DT 22599 899 5 fact fact NN 22599 899 6 that that IN 22599 899 7 he -PRON- PRP 22599 899 8 used use VBD 22599 899 9 the the DT 22599 899 10 first first JJ 22599 899 11 letters letter NNS 22599 899 12 of of IN 22599 899 13 the the DT 22599 899 14 Hebrew hebrew JJ 22599 899 15 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 899 16 , , , 22599 899 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 899 18 Hebrew Hebrew VBN 22599 899 19 : : : 22599 899 20 A a NN 22599 899 21 B b NN 22599 899 22 G g NN 22599 899 23 D d NN 22599 899 24 H h NN 22599 899 25 W w NN 22599 899 26 Z z NN 22599 899 27 CH CH NNP 22599 899 28 T T NNP 22599 899 29 ` ` '' 22599 899 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 899 31 , , , 22599 899 32 for for IN 22599 899 33 the the DT 22599 899 34 numerals numeral NNS 22599 899 35 9 9 CD 22599 899 36 8 8 CD 22599 899 37 7 7 CD 22599 899 38 6 6 CD 22599 899 39 5 5 CD 22599 899 40 4 4 CD 22599 899 41 3 3 CD 22599 899 42 2 2 CD 22599 899 43 1 1 CD 22599 899 44 , , , 22599 899 45 and and CC 22599 899 46 a a DT 22599 899 47 circle circle NN 22599 899 48 for for IN 22599 899 49 the the DT 22599 899 50 zero zero CD 22599 899 51 . . . 22599 900 1 The the DT 22599 900 2 quotation quotation NN 22599 900 3 in in IN 22599 900 4 the the DT 22599 900 5 note note NN 22599 900 6 given give VBN 22599 900 7 below below RB 22599 900 8 shows show NNS 22599 900 9 that that IN 22599 900 10 he -PRON- PRP 22599 900 11 knew know VBD 22599 900 12 of of IN 22599 900 13 the the DT 22599 900 14 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 900 15 origin origin NN 22599 900 16 ; ; : 22599 900 17 but but CC 22599 900 18 in in IN 22599 900 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 900 20 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 900 21 , , , 22599 900 22 although although IN 22599 900 23 he -PRON- PRP 22599 900 24 set set VBD 22599 900 25 down down RP 22599 900 26 the the DT 22599 900 27 Hindu hindu JJ 22599 900 28 forms form NNS 22599 900 29 , , , 22599 900 30 he -PRON- PRP 22599 900 31 used use VBD 22599 900 32 the the DT 22599 900 33 above above JJ 22599 900 34 nine nine CD 22599 900 35 Hebrew hebrew JJ 22599 900 36 letters letter NNS 22599 900 37 with with IN 22599 900 38 place place NN 22599 900 39 value value NN 22599 900 40 for for IN 22599 900 41 all all DT 22599 900 42 computations computation NNS 22599 900 43 . . . 22599 901 1 * * NFP 22599 901 2 * * NFP 22599 901 3 * * NFP 22599 901 4 * * NFP 22599 901 5 * * NFP 22599 901 6 { { -LRB- 22599 901 7 128 128 CD 22599 901 8 } } -RRB- 22599 901 9 CHAPTER chapter NN 22599 901 10 VIII viii VB 22599 901 11 THE the DT 22599 901 12 SPREAD SPREAD NNP 22599 901 13 OF of IN 22599 901 14 THE the DT 22599 901 15 NUMERALS NUMERALS NNP 22599 901 16 IN in IN 22599 901 17 EUROPE EUROPE NNP 22599 901 18 Of of IN 22599 901 19 all all PDT 22599 901 20 the the DT 22599 901 21 medieval medieval JJ 22599 901 22 writers writer NNS 22599 901 23 , , , 22599 901 24 probably probably RB 22599 901 25 the the DT 22599 901 26 one one CD 22599 901 27 most most RBS 22599 901 28 influential influential JJ 22599 901 29 in in IN 22599 901 30 introducing introduce VBG 22599 901 31 the the DT 22599 901 32 new new JJ 22599 901 33 numerals numeral NNS 22599 901 34 to to IN 22599 901 35 the the DT 22599 901 36 scholars scholar NNS 22599 901 37 of of IN 22599 901 38 Europe Europe NNP 22599 901 39 was be VBD 22599 901 40 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 901 41 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP 22599 901 42 , , , 22599 901 43 of of IN 22599 901 44 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 901 45 . . . 22599 902 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 902 2 515 515 CD 22599 902 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 902 4 This this DT 22599 902 5 remarkable remarkable JJ 22599 902 6 man man NN 22599 902 7 , , , 22599 902 8 the the DT 22599 902 9 most most RBS 22599 902 10 noteworthy noteworthy JJ 22599 902 11 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 902 12 genius genius NN 22599 902 13 of of IN 22599 902 14 the the DT 22599 902 15 Middle Middle NNP 22599 902 16 Ages Ages NNP 22599 902 17 , , , 22599 902 18 was be VBD 22599 902 19 born bear VBN 22599 902 20 at at IN 22599 902 21 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 902 22 about about IN 22599 902 23 1175 1175 CD 22599 902 24 . . . 22599 903 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 903 2 516 516 CD 22599 903 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 903 4 The the DT 22599 903 5 traveler traveler NN 22599 903 6 of of IN 22599 903 7 to to IN 22599 903 8 - - HYPH 22599 903 9 day day NN 22599 903 10 may may MD 22599 903 11 cross cross VB 22599 903 12 the the DT 22599 903 13 Via Via NNP 22599 903 14 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP 22599 903 15 on on IN 22599 903 16 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 903 17 way way NN 22599 903 18 to to IN 22599 903 19 the the DT 22599 903 20 Campo Campo NNP 22599 903 21 Santo Santo NNP 22599 903 22 , , , 22599 903 23 and and CC 22599 903 24 there there RB 22599 903 25 he -PRON- PRP 22599 903 26 may may MD 22599 903 27 see see VB 22599 903 28 at at IN 22599 903 29 the the DT 22599 903 30 end end NN 22599 903 31 of of IN 22599 903 32 the the DT 22599 903 33 long long JJ 22599 903 34 corridor corridor NN 22599 903 35 , , , 22599 903 36 across across IN 22599 903 37 the the DT 22599 903 38 quadrangle quadrangle NN 22599 903 39 , , , 22599 903 40 the the DT 22599 903 41 statue statue NN 22599 903 42 of of IN 22599 903 43 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 903 44 in in IN 22599 903 45 scholars scholar NNS 22599 903 46 garb garb NN 22599 903 47 . . . 22599 904 1 Few few JJ 22599 904 2 towns town NNS 22599 904 3 have have VBP 22599 904 4 honored honor VBN 22599 904 5 a a DT 22599 904 6 mathematician mathematician NN 22599 904 7 more more JJR 22599 904 8 , , , 22599 904 9 and and CC 22599 904 10 few few JJ 22599 904 11 mathematicians mathematician NNS 22599 904 12 have have VBP 22599 904 13 so so RB 22599 904 14 distinctly distinctly RB 22599 904 15 honored honor VBN 22599 904 16 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 904 17 birthplace birthplace NN 22599 904 18 . . . 22599 905 1 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 905 2 was be VBD 22599 905 3 born bear VBN 22599 905 4 in in IN 22599 905 5 the the DT 22599 905 6 golden golden JJ 22599 905 7 age age NN 22599 905 8 of of IN 22599 905 9 this this DT 22599 905 10 city city NN 22599 905 11 , , , 22599 905 12 the the DT 22599 905 13 period period NN 22599 905 14 of of IN 22599 905 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 905 16 commercial commercial JJ 22599 905 17 , , , 22599 905 18 religious religious JJ 22599 905 19 , , , 22599 905 20 and and CC 22599 905 21 intellectual intellectual JJ 22599 905 22 prosperity prosperity NN 22599 905 23 . . . 22599 906 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 906 2 517 517 CD 22599 906 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 906 4 { { -LRB- 22599 906 5 129 129 CD 22599 906 6 } } -RRB- 22599 906 7 Situated situate VBN 22599 906 8 practically practically RB 22599 906 9 at at IN 22599 906 10 the the DT 22599 906 11 mouth mouth NN 22599 906 12 of of IN 22599 906 13 the the DT 22599 906 14 Arno Arno NNP 22599 906 15 , , , 22599 906 16 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 906 17 formed form VBD 22599 906 18 with with IN 22599 906 19 Genoa Genoa NNP 22599 906 20 and and CC 22599 906 21 Venice Venice NNP 22599 906 22 the the DT 22599 906 23 trio trio NN 22599 906 24 of of IN 22599 906 25 the the DT 22599 906 26 greatest great JJS 22599 906 27 commercial commercial JJ 22599 906 28 centers center NNS 22599 906 29 of of IN 22599 906 30 Italy Italy NNP 22599 906 31 at at IN 22599 906 32 the the DT 22599 906 33 opening opening NN 22599 906 34 of of IN 22599 906 35 the the DT 22599 906 36 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 906 37 century century NN 22599 906 38 . . . 22599 907 1 Even even RB 22599 907 2 before before IN 22599 907 3 Venice Venice NNP 22599 907 4 had have VBD 22599 907 5 captured capture VBN 22599 907 6 the the DT 22599 907 7 Levantine Levantine NNP 22599 907 8 trade trade NN 22599 907 9 , , , 22599 907 10 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 907 11 had have VBD 22599 907 12 close close JJ 22599 907 13 relations relation NNS 22599 907 14 with with IN 22599 907 15 the the DT 22599 907 16 East East NNP 22599 907 17 . . . 22599 908 1 An an DT 22599 908 2 old old JJ 22599 908 3 Latin latin JJ 22599 908 4 chronicle chronicle NN 22599 908 5 relates relate VBZ 22599 908 6 that that IN 22599 908 7 in in IN 22599 908 8 1005 1005 CD 22599 908 9 " " `` 22599 908 10 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 908 11 was be VBD 22599 908 12 captured capture VBN 22599 908 13 by by IN 22599 908 14 the the DT 22599 908 15 Saracens Saracens NNP 22599 908 16 , , , 22599 908 17 " " '' 22599 908 18 that that IN 22599 908 19 in in IN 22599 908 20 the the DT 22599 908 21 following following JJ 22599 908 22 year year NN 22599 908 23 " " `` 22599 908 24 the the DT 22599 908 25 Pisans Pisans NNPS 22599 908 26 overthrew overthrew VBP 22599 908 27 the the DT 22599 908 28 Saracens Saracens NNP 22599 908 29 at at IN 22599 908 30 Reggio Reggio NNP 22599 908 31 , , , 22599 908 32 " " '' 22599 908 33 and and CC 22599 908 34 that that IN 22599 908 35 in in IN 22599 908 36 1012 1012 CD 22599 908 37 " " `` 22599 908 38 the the DT 22599 908 39 Saracens Saracens NNP 22599 908 40 came come VBD 22599 908 41 to to IN 22599 908 42 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 908 43 and and CC 22599 908 44 destroyed destroy VBD 22599 908 45 it -PRON- PRP 22599 908 46 . . . 22599 908 47 " " '' 22599 909 1 The the DT 22599 909 2 city city NN 22599 909 3 soon soon RB 22599 909 4 recovered recover VBD 22599 909 5 , , , 22599 909 6 however however RB 22599 909 7 , , , 22599 909 8 sending send VBG 22599 909 9 no no DT 22599 909 10 fewer few JJR 22599 909 11 than than IN 22599 909 12 a a DT 22599 909 13 hundred hundred CD 22599 909 14 and and CC 22599 909 15 twenty twenty CD 22599 909 16 ships ship NNS 22599 909 17 to to IN 22599 909 18 Syria Syria NNP 22599 909 19 in in IN 22599 909 20 1099,[518 1099,[518 NNP 22599 909 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 909 22 founding found VBG 22599 909 23 a a DT 22599 909 24 merchant merchant NN 22599 909 25 colony colony NN 22599 909 26 in in IN 22599 909 27 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 909 28 a a DT 22599 909 29 few few JJ 22599 909 30 years year NNS 22599 909 31 later,[519 later,[519 NNP 22599 909 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 909 33 and and CC 22599 909 34 meanwhile meanwhile RB 22599 909 35 carrying carry VBG 22599 909 36 on on IN 22599 909 37 an an DT 22599 909 38 interurban interurban JJ 22599 909 39 warfare warfare NN 22599 909 40 in in IN 22599 909 41 Italy Italy NNP 22599 909 42 that that WDT 22599 909 43 seemed seem VBD 22599 909 44 to to TO 22599 909 45 stimulate stimulate VB 22599 909 46 it -PRON- PRP 22599 909 47 to to IN 22599 909 48 great great JJ 22599 909 49 activity activity NN 22599 909 50 . . . 22599 910 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 910 2 520 520 CD 22599 910 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 910 4 A a DT 22599 910 5 writer writer NN 22599 910 6 of of IN 22599 910 7 1114 1114 CD 22599 910 8 tells tell VBZ 22599 910 9 us -PRON- PRP 22599 910 10 that that IN 22599 910 11 at at IN 22599 910 12 that that DT 22599 910 13 time time NN 22599 910 14 there there EX 22599 910 15 were be VBD 22599 910 16 many many JJ 22599 910 17 heathen heathen NN 22599 910 18 people people NNS 22599 910 19 -- -- : 22599 910 20 Turks Turks NNPS 22599 910 21 , , , 22599 910 22 Libyans Libyans NNPS 22599 910 23 , , , 22599 910 24 Parthians Parthians NNPS 22599 910 25 , , , 22599 910 26 and and CC 22599 910 27 Chaldeans Chaldeans NNPS 22599 910 28 -- -- : 22599 910 29 to to TO 22599 910 30 be be VB 22599 910 31 found find VBN 22599 910 32 in in IN 22599 910 33 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 910 34 . . . 22599 911 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 911 2 was be VBD 22599 911 3 in in IN 22599 911 4 the the DT 22599 911 5 midst midst NN 22599 911 6 of of IN 22599 911 7 such such JJ 22599 911 8 wars war NNS 22599 911 9 , , , 22599 911 10 in in IN 22599 911 11 a a DT 22599 911 12 cosmopolitan cosmopolitan JJ 22599 911 13 and and CC 22599 911 14 commercial commercial JJ 22599 911 15 town town NN 22599 911 16 , , , 22599 911 17 in in IN 22599 911 18 a a DT 22599 911 19 center center NN 22599 911 20 where where WRB 22599 911 21 literary literary JJ 22599 911 22 work work NN 22599 911 23 was be VBD 22599 911 24 not not RB 22599 911 25 appreciated,[521 appreciated,[521 JJ 22599 911 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 911 27 that that IN 22599 911 28 the the DT 22599 911 29 genius genius NN 22599 911 30 of of IN 22599 911 31 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 911 32 appears appear VBZ 22599 911 33 as as IN 22599 911 34 one one CD 22599 911 35 of of IN 22599 911 36 the the DT 22599 911 37 surprises surprise NNS 22599 911 38 of of IN 22599 911 39 history history NN 22599 911 40 , , , 22599 911 41 warning warn VBG 22599 911 42 us -PRON- PRP 22599 911 43 again again RB 22599 911 44 that that IN 22599 911 45 " " `` 22599 911 46 we -PRON- PRP 22599 911 47 should should MD 22599 911 48 draw draw VB 22599 911 49 no no DT 22599 911 50 horoscope horoscope NN 22599 911 51 ; ; : 22599 911 52 that that IN 22599 911 53 we -PRON- PRP 22599 911 54 should should MD 22599 911 55 expect expect VB 22599 911 56 little little JJ 22599 911 57 , , , 22599 911 58 for for IN 22599 911 59 what what WP 22599 911 60 we -PRON- PRP 22599 911 61 expect expect VBP 22599 911 62 will will MD 22599 911 63 not not RB 22599 911 64 come come VB 22599 911 65 to to TO 22599 911 66 pass pass VB 22599 911 67 . . . 22599 912 1 " " `` 22599 912 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 912 3 522 522 CD 22599 912 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 912 5 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 912 6 's 's POS 22599 912 7 father father NN 22599 912 8 was be VBD 22599 912 9 one one CD 22599 912 10 William,[523 William,[523 NNP 22599 912 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 912 12 and and CC 22599 912 13 he -PRON- PRP 22599 912 14 had have VBD 22599 912 15 a a DT 22599 912 16 brother brother NN 22599 912 17 named name VBN 22599 912 18 Bonaccingus,[524 Bonaccingus,[524 NNP 22599 912 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 912 20 but but CC 22599 912 21 nothing nothing NN 22599 912 22 further further RB 22599 912 23 is be VBZ 22599 912 24 { { -LRB- 22599 912 25 130 130 CD 22599 912 26 } } -RRB- 22599 912 27 known know VBN 22599 912 28 of of IN 22599 912 29 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 912 30 family family NN 22599 912 31 . . . 22599 913 1 As as IN 22599 913 2 to to IN 22599 913 3 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP 22599 913 4 , , , 22599 913 5 most most JJS 22599 913 6 writers[525 writers[525 JJ 22599 913 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 913 8 have have VBP 22599 913 9 assumed assume VBN 22599 913 10 that that IN 22599 913 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 913 12 father father NN 22599 913 13 's 's POS 22599 913 14 name name NN 22599 913 15 was be VBD 22599 913 16 Bonaccio,[526 Bonaccio,[526 NNP 22599 913 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 913 18 whence whence NN 22599 913 19 _ _ NNP 22599 913 20 filius filius NNP 22599 913 21 Bonaccii Bonaccii NNP 22599 913 22 _ _ NNP 22599 913 23 , , , 22599 913 24 or or CC 22599 913 25 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP 22599 913 26 . . . 22599 914 1 Others[527 others[527 LS 22599 914 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 914 3 believe believe VBP 22599 914 4 that that IN 22599 914 5 the the DT 22599 914 6 name name NN 22599 914 7 , , , 22599 914 8 even even RB 22599 914 9 in in IN 22599 914 10 the the DT 22599 914 11 Latin latin JJ 22599 914 12 form form NN 22599 914 13 of of IN 22599 914 14 _ _ NNP 22599 914 15 filius filius NNP 22599 914 16 Bonaccii Bonaccii NNP 22599 914 17 _ _ NNP 22599 914 18 as as IN 22599 914 19 used use VBN 22599 914 20 in in IN 22599 914 21 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 914 22 's 's POS 22599 914 23 work work NN 22599 914 24 , , , 22599 914 25 was be VBD 22599 914 26 simply simply RB 22599 914 27 a a DT 22599 914 28 general general JJ 22599 914 29 one one NN 22599 914 30 , , , 22599 914 31 like like IN 22599 914 32 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 914 33 Johnson Johnson NNP 22599 914 34 or or CC 22599 914 35 Bronson Bronson NNP 22599 914 36 ( ( -LRB- 22599 914 37 Brown Brown NNP 22599 914 38 's 's POS 22599 914 39 son son NN 22599 914 40 ) ) -RRB- 22599 914 41 ; ; : 22599 914 42 and and CC 22599 914 43 the the DT 22599 914 44 only only JJ 22599 914 45 contemporary contemporary JJ 22599 914 46 evidence evidence NN 22599 914 47 that that IN 22599 914 48 we -PRON- PRP 22599 914 49 have have VBP 22599 914 50 bears bear NNS 22599 914 51 out out RP 22599 914 52 this this DT 22599 914 53 view view NN 22599 914 54 . . . 22599 915 1 As as IN 22599 915 2 to to IN 22599 915 3 the the DT 22599 915 4 name name NN 22599 915 5 Bigollo Bigollo NNP 22599 915 6 , , , 22599 915 7 used use VBN 22599 915 8 by by IN 22599 915 9 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 915 10 , , , 22599 915 11 some some DT 22599 915 12 have have VBP 22599 915 13 thought think VBN 22599 915 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 915 15 a a DT 22599 915 16 self self NN 22599 915 17 - - HYPH 22599 915 18 assumed assume VBN 22599 915 19 one one CD 22599 915 20 meaning meaning NN 22599 915 21 blockhead blockhead NN 22599 915 22 , , , 22599 915 23 a a DT 22599 915 24 term term NN 22599 915 25 that that WDT 22599 915 26 had have VBD 22599 915 27 been be VBN 22599 915 28 applied apply VBN 22599 915 29 to to IN 22599 915 30 him -PRON- PRP 22599 915 31 by by IN 22599 915 32 the the DT 22599 915 33 commercial commercial JJ 22599 915 34 world world NN 22599 915 35 or or CC 22599 915 36 possibly possibly RB 22599 915 37 by by IN 22599 915 38 the the DT 22599 915 39 university university NN 22599 915 40 circle circle NN 22599 915 41 , , , 22599 915 42 and and CC 22599 915 43 taken take VBN 22599 915 44 by by IN 22599 915 45 him -PRON- PRP 22599 915 46 that that IN 22599 915 47 he -PRON- PRP 22599 915 48 might may MD 22599 915 49 prove prove VB 22599 915 50 what what WP 22599 915 51 a a DT 22599 915 52 blockhead blockhead NN 22599 915 53 could could MD 22599 915 54 do do VB 22599 915 55 . . . 22599 916 1 Milanesi,[528 milanesi,[528 UH 22599 916 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 916 3 however however RB 22599 916 4 , , , 22599 916 5 has have VBZ 22599 916 6 shown show VBN 22599 916 7 that that IN 22599 916 8 the the DT 22599 916 9 word word NN 22599 916 10 Bigollo Bigollo NNP 22599 916 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 916 12 or or CC 22599 916 13 Pigollo Pigollo NNP 22599 916 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 916 15 was be VBD 22599 916 16 used use VBN 22599 916 17 in in IN 22599 916 18 Tuscany Tuscany NNP 22599 916 19 to to TO 22599 916 20 mean mean VB 22599 916 21 a a DT 22599 916 22 traveler traveler NN 22599 916 23 , , , 22599 916 24 and and CC 22599 916 25 was be VBD 22599 916 26 naturally naturally RB 22599 916 27 assumed assume VBN 22599 916 28 by by IN 22599 916 29 one one CD 22599 916 30 who who WP 22599 916 31 had have VBD 22599 916 32 studied study VBN 22599 916 33 , , , 22599 916 34 as as IN 22599 916 35 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 916 36 had have VBD 22599 916 37 , , , 22599 916 38 in in IN 22599 916 39 foreign foreign JJ 22599 916 40 lands land NNS 22599 916 41 . . . 22599 917 1 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 917 2 's 's POS 22599 917 3 father father NN 22599 917 4 was be VBD 22599 917 5 a a DT 22599 917 6 commercial commercial JJ 22599 917 7 agent agent NN 22599 917 8 at at IN 22599 917 9 Bugia Bugia NNP 22599 917 10 , , , 22599 917 11 the the DT 22599 917 12 modern modern JJ 22599 917 13 Bougie,[529 Bougie,[529 NNP 22599 917 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 917 15 the the DT 22599 917 16 ancient ancient JJ 22599 917 17 Saldae Saldae NNP 22599 917 18 on on IN 22599 917 19 the the DT 22599 917 20 coast coast NN 22599 917 21 of of IN 22599 917 22 Barbary,[530 Barbary,[530 NNP 22599 917 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 917 24 a a DT 22599 917 25 royal royal JJ 22599 917 26 capital capital NN 22599 917 27 under under IN 22599 917 28 the the DT 22599 917 29 Vandals vandal NNS 22599 917 30 and and CC 22599 917 31 again again RB 22599 917 32 , , , 22599 917 33 a a DT 22599 917 34 century century NN 22599 917 35 before before IN 22599 917 36 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 917 37 , , , 22599 917 38 under under IN 22599 917 39 the the DT 22599 917 40 Beni Beni NNP 22599 917 41 Hammad Hammad NNP 22599 917 42 . . . 22599 918 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 918 2 had have VBD 22599 918 3 one one CD 22599 918 4 of of IN 22599 918 5 the the DT 22599 918 6 best good JJS 22599 918 7 harbors harbor NNS 22599 918 8 on on IN 22599 918 9 the the DT 22599 918 10 coast coast NN 22599 918 11 , , , 22599 918 12 sheltered shelter VBN 22599 918 13 as as IN 22599 918 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 918 15 is be VBZ 22599 918 16 by by IN 22599 918 17 Mt. Mount NNP 22599 919 1 Lalla Lalla NNP 22599 919 2 Guraia,[531 guraia,[531 CD 22599 919 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 919 4 and and CC 22599 919 5 at at IN 22599 919 6 the the DT 22599 919 7 close close NN 22599 919 8 of of IN 22599 919 9 the the DT 22599 919 10 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 919 11 century century NN 22599 919 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 919 13 was be VBD 22599 919 14 a a DT 22599 919 15 center center NN 22599 919 16 of of IN 22599 919 17 African african JJ 22599 919 18 commerce commerce NN 22599 919 19 . . . 22599 920 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 920 2 was be VBD 22599 920 3 here here RB 22599 920 4 that that IN 22599 920 5 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 920 6 was be VBD 22599 920 7 taken take VBN 22599 920 8 as as IN 22599 920 9 a a DT 22599 920 10 child child NN 22599 920 11 , , , 22599 920 12 and and CC 22599 920 13 here here RB 22599 920 14 he -PRON- PRP 22599 920 15 went go VBD 22599 920 16 to to IN 22599 920 17 school school NN 22599 920 18 to to IN 22599 920 19 a a DT 22599 920 20 Moorish moorish JJ 22599 920 21 master master NN 22599 920 22 . . . 22599 921 1 When when WRB 22599 921 2 he -PRON- PRP 22599 921 3 reached reach VBD 22599 921 4 the the DT 22599 921 5 years year NNS 22599 921 6 of of IN 22599 921 7 young young JJ 22599 921 8 manhood manhood NN 22599 921 9 he -PRON- PRP 22599 921 10 started start VBD 22599 921 11 on on IN 22599 921 12 a a DT 22599 921 13 tour tour NN 22599 921 14 of of IN 22599 921 15 the the DT 22599 921 16 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP 22599 921 17 Sea Sea NNP 22599 921 18 , , , 22599 921 19 and and CC 22599 921 20 visited visit VBD 22599 921 21 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 921 22 , , , 22599 921 23 Syria Syria NNP 22599 921 24 , , , 22599 921 25 Greece Greece NNP 22599 921 26 , , , 22599 921 27 Sicily Sicily NNP 22599 921 28 , , , 22599 921 29 and and CC 22599 921 30 Provence Provence NNP 22599 921 31 , , , 22599 921 32 meeting meet VBG 22599 921 33 with with IN 22599 921 34 scholars scholar NNS 22599 921 35 as as RB 22599 921 36 well well RB 22599 921 37 as as IN 22599 921 38 with with IN 22599 921 39 { { -LRB- 22599 921 40 131 131 CD 22599 921 41 } } -RRB- 22599 921 42 merchants merchant NNS 22599 921 43 , , , 22599 921 44 and and CC 22599 921 45 imbibing imbibe VBG 22599 921 46 a a DT 22599 921 47 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 921 48 of of IN 22599 921 49 the the DT 22599 921 50 various various JJ 22599 921 51 systems system NNS 22599 921 52 of of IN 22599 921 53 numbers number NNS 22599 921 54 in in IN 22599 921 55 use use NN 22599 921 56 in in IN 22599 921 57 the the DT 22599 921 58 centers center NNS 22599 921 59 of of IN 22599 921 60 trade trade NN 22599 921 61 . . . 22599 922 1 All all PDT 22599 922 2 these these DT 22599 922 3 systems system NNS 22599 922 4 , , , 22599 922 5 however however RB 22599 922 6 , , , 22599 922 7 he -PRON- PRP 22599 922 8 says say VBZ 22599 922 9 he -PRON- PRP 22599 922 10 counted count VBD 22599 922 11 almost almost RB 22599 922 12 as as IN 22599 922 13 errors error NNS 22599 922 14 compared compare VBN 22599 922 15 with with IN 22599 922 16 that that DT 22599 922 17 of of IN 22599 922 18 the the DT 22599 922 19 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 922 20 . . . 22599 923 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 923 2 532 532 CD 22599 923 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 923 4 Returning return VBG 22599 923 5 to to IN 22599 923 6 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 923 7 , , , 22599 923 8 he -PRON- PRP 22599 923 9 wrote write VBD 22599 923 10 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 923 11 _ _ NNP 22599 923 12 Liber Liber NNP 22599 923 13 Abaci_[533 Abaci_[533 NNP 22599 923 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 923 15 in in IN 22599 923 16 1202 1202 CD 22599 923 17 , , , 22599 923 18 rewriting rewrite VBG 22599 923 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 923 20 in in IN 22599 923 21 1228 1228 CD 22599 923 22 . . . 22599 924 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 924 2 534 534 CD 22599 924 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 924 4 In in IN 22599 924 5 this this DT 22599 924 6 work work NN 22599 924 7 the the DT 22599 924 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 924 9 are be VBP 22599 924 10 explained explain VBN 22599 924 11 and and CC 22599 924 12 are be VBP 22599 924 13 used use VBN 22599 924 14 in in IN 22599 924 15 the the DT 22599 924 16 usual usual JJ 22599 924 17 computations computation NNS 22599 924 18 of of IN 22599 924 19 business business NN 22599 924 20 . . . 22599 925 1 Such such PDT 22599 925 2 a a DT 22599 925 3 treatise treatise NN 22599 925 4 was be VBD 22599 925 5 not not RB 22599 925 6 destined destine VBN 22599 925 7 to to TO 22599 925 8 be be VB 22599 925 9 popular popular JJ 22599 925 10 , , , 22599 925 11 however however RB 22599 925 12 , , , 22599 925 13 because because IN 22599 925 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 925 15 was be VBD 22599 925 16 too too RB 22599 925 17 advanced advanced JJ 22599 925 18 for for IN 22599 925 19 the the DT 22599 925 20 mercantile mercantile NN 22599 925 21 class class NN 22599 925 22 , , , 22599 925 23 and and CC 22599 925 24 too too RB 22599 925 25 novel novel JJ 22599 925 26 for for IN 22599 925 27 the the DT 22599 925 28 conservative conservative JJ 22599 925 29 university university NN 22599 925 30 circles circle NNS 22599 925 31 . . . 22599 926 1 Indeed indeed RB 22599 926 2 , , , 22599 926 3 at at IN 22599 926 4 this this DT 22599 926 5 time time NN 22599 926 6 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 926 7 had have VBD 22599 926 8 only only RB 22599 926 9 slight slight JJ 22599 926 10 place place NN 22599 926 11 in in IN 22599 926 12 the the DT 22599 926 13 newly newly RB 22599 926 14 established establish VBN 22599 926 15 universities university NNS 22599 926 16 , , , 22599 926 17 as as IN 22599 926 18 witness witness NN 22599 926 19 the the DT 22599 926 20 oldest oldest RBS 22599 926 21 known know VBN 22599 926 22 statute statute NN 22599 926 23 of of IN 22599 926 24 the the DT 22599 926 25 Sorbonne Sorbonne NNP 22599 926 26 at at IN 22599 926 27 Paris Paris NNP 22599 926 28 , , , 22599 926 29 dated date VBN 22599 926 30 1215 1215 CD 22599 926 31 , , , 22599 926 32 where where WRB 22599 926 33 the the DT 22599 926 34 subject subject NN 22599 926 35 is be VBZ 22599 926 36 referred refer VBN 22599 926 37 to to IN 22599 926 38 only only RB 22599 926 39 in in IN 22599 926 40 an an DT 22599 926 41 incidental incidental JJ 22599 926 42 way way NN 22599 926 43 . . . 22599 927 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 927 2 535 535 CD 22599 927 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 927 4 The the DT 22599 927 5 period period NN 22599 927 6 was be VBD 22599 927 7 one one CD 22599 927 8 of of IN 22599 927 9 great great JJ 22599 927 10 commercial commercial JJ 22599 927 11 activity activity NN 22599 927 12 , , , 22599 927 13 and and CC 22599 927 14 on on IN 22599 927 15 this this DT 22599 927 16 very very RB 22599 927 17 { { -LRB- 22599 927 18 132 132 CD 22599 927 19 } } -RRB- 22599 927 20 account account NN 22599 927 21 such such PDT 22599 927 22 a a DT 22599 927 23 book book NN 22599 927 24 would would MD 22599 927 25 attract attract VB 22599 927 26 even even RB 22599 927 27 less less JJR 22599 927 28 attention attention NN 22599 927 29 than than IN 22599 927 30 usual usual JJ 22599 927 31 . . . 22599 928 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 928 2 536 536 CD 22599 928 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 928 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 928 5 would would MD 22599 928 6 now now RB 22599 928 7 be be VB 22599 928 8 thought think VBN 22599 928 9 that that IN 22599 928 10 the the DT 22599 928 11 western western JJ 22599 928 12 world world NN 22599 928 13 would would MD 22599 928 14 at at IN 22599 928 15 once once RB 22599 928 16 adopt adopt VB 22599 928 17 the the DT 22599 928 18 new new JJ 22599 928 19 numerals numeral NNS 22599 928 20 which which WDT 22599 928 21 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 928 22 had have VBD 22599 928 23 made make VBN 22599 928 24 known known JJ 22599 928 25 , , , 22599 928 26 and and CC 22599 928 27 which which WDT 22599 928 28 were be VBD 22599 928 29 so so RB 22599 928 30 much much JJ 22599 928 31 superior superior JJ 22599 928 32 to to IN 22599 928 33 anything anything NN 22599 928 34 that that WDT 22599 928 35 had have VBD 22599 928 36 been be VBN 22599 928 37 in in IN 22599 928 38 use use NN 22599 928 39 in in IN 22599 928 40 Christian Christian NNP 22599 928 41 Europe Europe NNP 22599 928 42 . . . 22599 929 1 The the DT 22599 929 2 antagonism antagonism NN 22599 929 3 of of IN 22599 929 4 the the DT 22599 929 5 universities university NNS 22599 929 6 would would MD 22599 929 7 avail avail VB 22599 929 8 but but CC 22599 929 9 little little JJ 22599 929 10 , , , 22599 929 11 it -PRON- PRP 22599 929 12 would would MD 22599 929 13 seem seem VB 22599 929 14 , , , 22599 929 15 against against IN 22599 929 16 such such PDT 22599 929 17 an an DT 22599 929 18 improvement improvement NN 22599 929 19 . . . 22599 930 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 930 2 must must MD 22599 930 3 be be VB 22599 930 4 remembered remember VBN 22599 930 5 , , , 22599 930 6 however however RB 22599 930 7 , , , 22599 930 8 that that IN 22599 930 9 there there EX 22599 930 10 was be VBD 22599 930 11 great great JJ 22599 930 12 difficulty difficulty NN 22599 930 13 in in IN 22599 930 14 spreading spread VBG 22599 930 15 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 930 16 at at IN 22599 930 17 this this DT 22599 930 18 time time NN 22599 930 19 , , , 22599 930 20 some some DT 22599 930 21 two two CD 22599 930 22 hundred hundred CD 22599 930 23 and and CC 22599 930 24 fifty fifty CD 22599 930 25 years year NNS 22599 930 26 before before IN 22599 930 27 printing printing NN 22599 930 28 was be VBD 22599 930 29 invented invent VBN 22599 930 30 . . . 22599 931 1 " " `` 22599 931 2 Popes pope NNS 22599 931 3 and and CC 22599 931 4 princes prince NNS 22599 931 5 and and CC 22599 931 6 even even RB 22599 931 7 great great JJ 22599 931 8 religious religious JJ 22599 931 9 institutions institution NNS 22599 931 10 possessed possess VBD 22599 931 11 far far RB 22599 931 12 fewer few JJR 22599 931 13 books book NNS 22599 931 14 than than IN 22599 931 15 many many JJ 22599 931 16 farmers farmer NNS 22599 931 17 of of IN 22599 931 18 the the DT 22599 931 19 present present JJ 22599 931 20 age age NN 22599 931 21 . . . 22599 932 1 The the DT 22599 932 2 library library NN 22599 932 3 belonging belong VBG 22599 932 4 to to IN 22599 932 5 the the DT 22599 932 6 Cathedral Cathedral NNP 22599 932 7 Church Church NNP 22599 932 8 of of IN 22599 932 9 San San NNP 22599 932 10 Martino Martino NNP 22599 932 11 at at IN 22599 932 12 Lucca Lucca NNP 22599 932 13 in in IN 22599 932 14 the the DT 22599 932 15 ninth ninth JJ 22599 932 16 century century NN 22599 932 17 contained contain VBD 22599 932 18 only only RB 22599 932 19 nineteen nineteen CD 22599 932 20 volumes volume NNS 22599 932 21 of of IN 22599 932 22 abridgments abridgment NNS 22599 932 23 from from IN 22599 932 24 ecclesiastical ecclesiastical JJ 22599 932 25 commentaries commentary NNS 22599 932 26 . . . 22599 933 1 " " `` 22599 933 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 933 3 537 537 CD 22599 933 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 933 5 Indeed indeed RB 22599 933 6 , , , 22599 933 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 933 8 was be VBD 22599 933 9 not not RB 22599 933 10 until until IN 22599 933 11 the the DT 22599 933 12 early early JJ 22599 933 13 part part NN 22599 933 14 of of IN 22599 933 15 the the DT 22599 933 16 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 933 17 century century NN 22599 933 18 that that WDT 22599 933 19 Palla Palla NNP 22599 933 20 degli degli NNS 22599 933 21 Strozzi Strozzi NNP 22599 933 22 took take VBD 22599 933 23 steps step NNS 22599 933 24 to to TO 22599 933 25 carry carry VB 22599 933 26 out out RP 22599 933 27 the the DT 22599 933 28 project project NN 22599 933 29 that that WDT 22599 933 30 had have VBD 22599 933 31 been be VBN 22599 933 32 in in IN 22599 933 33 the the DT 22599 933 34 mind mind NN 22599 933 35 of of IN 22599 933 36 Petrarch Petrarch NNP 22599 933 37 , , , 22599 933 38 the the DT 22599 933 39 founding founding NN 22599 933 40 of of IN 22599 933 41 a a DT 22599 933 42 public public JJ 22599 933 43 library library NN 22599 933 44 . . . 22599 934 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 934 2 was be VBD 22599 934 3 largely largely RB 22599 934 4 by by IN 22599 934 5 word word NN 22599 934 6 of of IN 22599 934 7 mouth mouth NN 22599 934 8 , , , 22599 934 9 therefore therefore RB 22599 934 10 , , , 22599 934 11 that that IN 22599 934 12 this this DT 22599 934 13 early early JJ 22599 934 14 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 934 15 had have VBD 22599 934 16 to to TO 22599 934 17 be be VB 22599 934 18 transmitted transmit VBN 22599 934 19 . . . 22599 935 1 Fortunately fortunately RB 22599 935 2 the the DT 22599 935 3 presence presence NN 22599 935 4 of of IN 22599 935 5 foreign foreign JJ 22599 935 6 students student NNS 22599 935 7 in in IN 22599 935 8 Italy Italy NNP 22599 935 9 at at IN 22599 935 10 this this DT 22599 935 11 time time NN 22599 935 12 made make VBD 22599 935 13 this this DT 22599 935 14 transmission transmission NN 22599 935 15 feasible feasible JJ 22599 935 16 . . . 22599 936 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 936 2 If if IN 22599 936 3 human human JJ 22599 936 4 nature nature NN 22599 936 5 was be VBD 22599 936 6 the the DT 22599 936 7 same same JJ 22599 936 8 then then RB 22599 936 9 as as IN 22599 936 10 now now RB 22599 936 11 , , , 22599 936 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 936 13 is be VBZ 22599 936 14 not not RB 22599 936 15 impossible impossible JJ 22599 936 16 that that IN 22599 936 17 the the DT 22599 936 18 very very JJ 22599 936 19 opposition opposition NN 22599 936 20 of of IN 22599 936 21 the the DT 22599 936 22 faculties faculty NNS 22599 936 23 to to IN 22599 936 24 the the DT 22599 936 25 works work NNS 22599 936 26 of of IN 22599 936 27 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 936 28 led lead VBD 22599 936 29 the the DT 22599 936 30 students student NNS 22599 936 31 to to TO 22599 936 32 investigate investigate VB 22599 936 33 { { -LRB- 22599 936 34 133 133 CD 22599 936 35 } } -RRB- 22599 936 36 them -PRON- PRP 22599 936 37 the the DT 22599 936 38 more more RBR 22599 936 39 zealously zealously RB 22599 936 40 . . . 22599 936 41 ) ) -RRB- 22599 937 1 At at IN 22599 937 2 Vicenza Vicenza NNP 22599 937 3 in in IN 22599 937 4 1209 1209 CD 22599 937 5 , , , 22599 937 6 for for IN 22599 937 7 example example NN 22599 937 8 , , , 22599 937 9 there there EX 22599 937 10 were be VBD 22599 937 11 Bohemians bohemian NNS 22599 937 12 , , , 22599 937 13 Poles Poles NNPS 22599 937 14 , , , 22599 937 15 Frenchmen Frenchmen NNPS 22599 937 16 , , , 22599 937 17 Burgundians Burgundians NNPS 22599 937 18 , , , 22599 937 19 Germans Germans NNPS 22599 937 20 , , , 22599 937 21 and and CC 22599 937 22 Spaniards Spaniards NNPS 22599 937 23 , , , 22599 937 24 not not RB 22599 937 25 to to TO 22599 937 26 speak speak VB 22599 937 27 of of IN 22599 937 28 representatives representative NNS 22599 937 29 of of IN 22599 937 30 divers diver NNS 22599 937 31 towns town NNS 22599 937 32 of of IN 22599 937 33 Italy Italy NNP 22599 937 34 ; ; : 22599 937 35 and and CC 22599 937 36 what what WP 22599 937 37 was be VBD 22599 937 38 true true JJ 22599 937 39 there there EX 22599 937 40 was be VBD 22599 937 41 also also RB 22599 937 42 true true JJ 22599 937 43 of of IN 22599 937 44 other other JJ 22599 937 45 intellectual intellectual JJ 22599 937 46 centers center NNS 22599 937 47 . . . 22599 938 1 The the DT 22599 938 2 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 938 3 could could MD 22599 938 4 not not RB 22599 938 5 fail fail VB 22599 938 6 to to TO 22599 938 7 spread spread VB 22599 938 8 , , , 22599 938 9 therefore therefore RB 22599 938 10 , , , 22599 938 11 and and CC 22599 938 12 as as IN 22599 938 13 a a DT 22599 938 14 matter matter NN 22599 938 15 of of IN 22599 938 16 fact fact NN 22599 938 17 we -PRON- PRP 22599 938 18 find find VBP 22599 938 19 numerous numerous JJ 22599 938 20 bits bit NNS 22599 938 21 of of IN 22599 938 22 evidence evidence NN 22599 938 23 that that IN 22599 938 24 this this DT 22599 938 25 was be VBD 22599 938 26 the the DT 22599 938 27 case case NN 22599 938 28 . . . 22599 939 1 Although although IN 22599 939 2 the the DT 22599 939 3 bankers banker NNS 22599 939 4 of of IN 22599 939 5 Florence Florence NNP 22599 939 6 were be VBD 22599 939 7 forbidden forbid VBN 22599 939 8 to to TO 22599 939 9 use use VB 22599 939 10 these these DT 22599 939 11 numerals numeral NNS 22599 939 12 in in IN 22599 939 13 1299 1299 CD 22599 939 14 , , , 22599 939 15 and and CC 22599 939 16 the the DT 22599 939 17 statutes statute NNS 22599 939 18 of of IN 22599 939 19 the the DT 22599 939 20 university university NN 22599 939 21 of of IN 22599 939 22 Padua Padua NNP 22599 939 23 required require VBD 22599 939 24 stationers stationer NNS 22599 939 25 to to TO 22599 939 26 keep keep VB 22599 939 27 the the DT 22599 939 28 price price NN 22599 939 29 lists list NNS 22599 939 30 of of IN 22599 939 31 books book NNS 22599 939 32 " " `` 22599 939 33 non non JJ 22599 939 34 per per IN 22599 939 35 cifras cifra NNS 22599 939 36 , , , 22599 939 37 sed se VBN 22599 939 38 per per IN 22599 939 39 literas literas NNP 22599 939 40 claros,"[538 claros,"[538 NNP 22599 939 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 939 42 the the DT 22599 939 43 numerals numeral NNS 22599 939 44 really really RB 22599 939 45 made make VBD 22599 939 46 much much JJ 22599 939 47 headway headway NN 22599 939 48 from from IN 22599 939 49 about about IN 22599 939 50 1275 1275 CD 22599 939 51 on on IN 22599 939 52 . . . 22599 940 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 940 2 was be VBD 22599 940 3 , , , 22599 940 4 however however RB 22599 940 5 , , , 22599 940 6 rather rather RB 22599 940 7 exceptional exceptional JJ 22599 940 8 for for IN 22599 940 9 the the DT 22599 940 10 common common JJ 22599 940 11 people people NNS 22599 940 12 of of IN 22599 940 13 Germany Germany NNP 22599 940 14 to to TO 22599 940 15 use use VB 22599 940 16 the the DT 22599 940 17 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 940 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 940 19 before before IN 22599 940 20 the the DT 22599 940 21 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 940 22 century century NN 22599 940 23 , , , 22599 940 24 a a DT 22599 940 25 good good JJ 22599 940 26 witness witness NN 22599 940 27 to to IN 22599 940 28 this this DT 22599 940 29 fact fact NN 22599 940 30 being be VBG 22599 940 31 the the DT 22599 940 32 popular popular JJ 22599 940 33 almanacs almanacs NN 22599 940 34 . . . 22599 941 1 Calendars calendar NNS 22599 941 2 of of IN 22599 941 3 1457 1457 CD 22599 941 4 - - SYM 22599 941 5 1496[539 1496[539 CD 22599 941 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 941 7 have have VBP 22599 941 8 generally generally RB 22599 941 9 the the DT 22599 941 10 Roman roman JJ 22599 941 11 numerals numeral NNS 22599 941 12 , , , 22599 941 13 while while IN 22599 941 14 Köbel Köbel NNP 22599 941 15 's 's POS 22599 941 16 calendar calendar NN 22599 941 17 of of IN 22599 941 18 1518 1518 CD 22599 941 19 gives give VBZ 22599 941 20 the the DT 22599 941 21 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 941 22 forms form NNS 22599 941 23 as as RB 22599 941 24 subordinate subordinate JJ 22599 941 25 to to IN 22599 941 26 the the DT 22599 941 27 Roman Roman NNP 22599 941 28 . . . 22599 942 1 In in IN 22599 942 2 the the DT 22599 942 3 register register NN 22599 942 4 of of IN 22599 942 5 the the DT 22599 942 6 Kreuzschule Kreuzschule NNP 22599 942 7 at at IN 22599 942 8 Dresden Dresden NNP 22599 942 9 the the DT 22599 942 10 Roman roman JJ 22599 942 11 forms form NNS 22599 942 12 were be VBD 22599 942 13 used use VBN 22599 942 14 even even RB 22599 942 15 until until IN 22599 942 16 1539 1539 CD 22599 942 17 . . . 22599 943 1 While while IN 22599 943 2 not not RB 22599 943 3 minimizing minimize VBG 22599 943 4 the the DT 22599 943 5 importance importance NN 22599 943 6 of of IN 22599 943 7 the the DT 22599 943 8 scientific scientific JJ 22599 943 9 work work NN 22599 943 10 of of IN 22599 943 11 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 943 12 of of IN 22599 943 13 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 943 14 , , , 22599 943 15 we -PRON- PRP 22599 943 16 may may MD 22599 943 17 note note VB 22599 943 18 that that IN 22599 943 19 the the DT 22599 943 20 more more RBR 22599 943 21 popular popular JJ 22599 943 22 treatises treatise NNS 22599 943 23 by by IN 22599 943 24 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 943 25 de de NNP 22599 943 26 Villa Villa NNP 22599 943 27 Dei Dei NNP 22599 943 28 ( ( -LRB- 22599 943 29 c. c. NNP 22599 943 30 1240 1240 CD 22599 943 31 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 943 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 943 33 and and CC 22599 943 34 John John NNP 22599 943 35 of of IN 22599 943 36 Halifax Halifax NNP 22599 943 37 ( ( -LRB- 22599 943 38 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 943 39 , , , 22599 943 40 c. c. NN 22599 943 41 1250 1250 CD 22599 943 42 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 943 43 ) ) -RRB- 22599 943 44 were be VBD 22599 943 45 much much RB 22599 943 46 more more RBR 22599 943 47 widely widely RB 22599 943 48 used use VBN 22599 943 49 , , , 22599 943 50 and and CC 22599 943 51 doubtless doubtless RB 22599 943 52 contributed contribute VBD 22599 943 53 more more RBR 22599 943 54 to to IN 22599 943 55 the the DT 22599 943 56 spread spread NN 22599 943 57 of of IN 22599 943 58 the the DT 22599 943 59 numerals numeral NNS 22599 943 60 among among IN 22599 943 61 the the DT 22599 943 62 common common JJ 22599 943 63 people people NNS 22599 943 64 . . . 22599 944 1 { { -LRB- 22599 944 2 134 134 CD 22599 944 3 } } -RRB- 22599 944 4 The the DT 22599 944 5 _ _ NNP 22599 944 6 Carmen Carmen NNP 22599 944 7 de de NNP 22599 944 8 Algorismo_[540 Algorismo_[540 NNP 22599 944 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 944 10 of of IN 22599 944 11 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 944 12 de de NNP 22599 944 13 Villa Villa NNP 22599 944 14 Dei Dei NNP 22599 944 15 was be VBD 22599 944 16 written write VBN 22599 944 17 in in IN 22599 944 18 verse verse NN 22599 944 19 , , , 22599 944 20 as as IN 22599 944 21 indeed indeed RB 22599 944 22 were be VBD 22599 944 23 many many JJ 22599 944 24 other other JJ 22599 944 25 textbooks textbook NNS 22599 944 26 of of IN 22599 944 27 that that DT 22599 944 28 time time NN 22599 944 29 . . . 22599 945 1 That that IN 22599 945 2 it -PRON- PRP 22599 945 3 was be VBD 22599 945 4 widely widely RB 22599 945 5 used use VBN 22599 945 6 is be VBZ 22599 945 7 evidenced evidence VBN 22599 945 8 by by IN 22599 945 9 the the DT 22599 945 10 large large JJ 22599 945 11 number number NN 22599 945 12 of of IN 22599 945 13 manuscripts[541 manuscripts[541 NNP 22599 945 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 945 15 extant extant JJ 22599 945 16 in in IN 22599 945 17 European european JJ 22599 945 18 libraries library NNS 22599 945 19 . . . 22599 946 1 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 946 2 's 's POS 22599 946 3 _ _ NNP 22599 946 4 Algorismus_,[542 Algorismus_,[542 NNP 22599 946 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 946 6 in in IN 22599 946 7 which which WDT 22599 946 8 some some DT 22599 946 9 lines line NNS 22599 946 10 from from IN 22599 946 11 the the DT 22599 946 12 Carmen carman NNS 22599 946 13 are be VBP 22599 946 14 quoted quote VBN 22599 946 15 , , , 22599 946 16 enjoyed enjoy VBD 22599 946 17 a a DT 22599 946 18 wide wide JJ 22599 946 19 popularity popularity NN 22599 946 20 as as IN 22599 946 21 a a DT 22599 946 22 textbook textbook NN 22599 946 23 for for IN 22599 946 24 university university NN 22599 946 25 instruction instruction NN 22599 946 26 . . . 22599 947 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 947 2 543 543 CD 22599 947 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 947 4 The the DT 22599 947 5 work work NN 22599 947 6 was be VBD 22599 947 7 evidently evidently RB 22599 947 8 written write VBN 22599 947 9 with with IN 22599 947 10 this this DT 22599 947 11 end end NN 22599 947 12 in in IN 22599 947 13 view view NN 22599 947 14 , , , 22599 947 15 as as IN 22599 947 16 numerous numerous JJ 22599 947 17 commentaries commentary NNS 22599 947 18 by by IN 22599 947 19 university university NN 22599 947 20 lecturers lecturer NNS 22599 947 21 are be VBP 22599 947 22 found find VBN 22599 947 23 . . . 22599 948 1 Probably probably RB 22599 948 2 the the DT 22599 948 3 most most RBS 22599 948 4 widely widely RB 22599 948 5 used use VBN 22599 948 6 of of IN 22599 948 7 these these DT 22599 948 8 was be VBD 22599 948 9 that that DT 22599 948 10 of of IN 22599 948 11 Petrus Petrus NNP 22599 948 12 de de NNP 22599 948 13 Dacia[544 Dacia[544 NNP 22599 948 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 948 15 written write VBN 22599 948 16 in in IN 22599 948 17 1291 1291 CD 22599 948 18 . . . 22599 949 1 These these DT 22599 949 2 works work NNS 22599 949 3 throw throw VBP 22599 949 4 an an DT 22599 949 5 interesting interesting JJ 22599 949 6 light light NN 22599 949 7 upon upon IN 22599 949 8 the the DT 22599 949 9 method method NN 22599 949 10 of of IN 22599 949 11 instruction instruction NN 22599 949 12 in in IN 22599 949 13 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 949 14 in in IN 22599 949 15 use use NN 22599 949 16 in in IN 22599 949 17 the the DT 22599 949 18 universities university NNS 22599 949 19 from from IN 22599 949 20 the the DT 22599 949 21 thirteenth thirteenth NNP 22599 949 22 even even RB 22599 949 23 to to IN 22599 949 24 the the DT 22599 949 25 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 949 26 century century NN 22599 949 27 . . . 22599 950 1 Evidently evidently RB 22599 950 2 the the DT 22599 950 3 text text NN 22599 950 4 was be VBD 22599 950 5 first first RB 22599 950 6 read read VBN 22599 950 7 and and CC 22599 950 8 copied copy VBN 22599 950 9 by by IN 22599 950 10 students student NNS 22599 950 11 . . . 22599 951 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 951 2 545 545 CD 22599 951 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 951 4 Following follow VBG 22599 951 5 this this DT 22599 951 6 came come VBD 22599 951 7 line line NN 22599 951 8 by by IN 22599 951 9 line line NN 22599 951 10 an an DT 22599 951 11 exposition exposition NN 22599 951 12 of of IN 22599 951 13 the the DT 22599 951 14 text text NN 22599 951 15 , , , 22599 951 16 such such JJ 22599 951 17 as as IN 22599 951 18 is be VBZ 22599 951 19 given give VBN 22599 951 20 in in IN 22599 951 21 Petrus Petrus NNP 22599 951 22 de de IN 22599 951 23 Dacia Dacia NNP 22599 951 24 's 's POS 22599 951 25 commentary commentary NN 22599 951 26 . . . 22599 952 1 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 952 2 's 's POS 22599 952 3 work work NN 22599 952 4 is be VBZ 22599 952 5 of of IN 22599 952 6 interest interest NN 22599 952 7 also also RB 22599 952 8 because because IN 22599 952 9 it -PRON- PRP 22599 952 10 was be VBD 22599 952 11 probably probably RB 22599 952 12 due due IN 22599 952 13 to to IN 22599 952 14 the the DT 22599 952 15 extended extended JJ 22599 952 16 use use NN 22599 952 17 of of IN 22599 952 18 this this DT 22599 952 19 work work NN 22599 952 20 that that WDT 22599 952 21 the the DT 22599 952 22 { { -LRB- 22599 952 23 135 135 CD 22599 952 24 } } -RRB- 22599 952 25 term term NN 22599 952 26 _ _ NNP 22599 952 27 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 952 28 numerals numeral NNS 22599 952 29 _ _ NNP 22599 952 30 became become VBD 22599 952 31 common common JJ 22599 952 32 . . . 22599 953 1 In in IN 22599 953 2 two two CD 22599 953 3 places place NNS 22599 953 4 there there EX 22599 953 5 is be VBZ 22599 953 6 mention mention NN 22599 953 7 of of IN 22599 953 8 the the DT 22599 953 9 inventors inventor NNS 22599 953 10 of of IN 22599 953 11 this this DT 22599 953 12 system system NN 22599 953 13 . . . 22599 954 1 In in IN 22599 954 2 the the DT 22599 954 3 introduction introduction NN 22599 954 4 it -PRON- PRP 22599 954 5 is be VBZ 22599 954 6 stated state VBN 22599 954 7 that that IN 22599 954 8 this this DT 22599 954 9 science science NN 22599 954 10 of of IN 22599 954 11 reckoning reckoning NN 22599 954 12 was be VBD 22599 954 13 due due JJ 22599 954 14 to to IN 22599 954 15 a a DT 22599 954 16 philosopher philosopher NN 22599 954 17 named name VBN 22599 954 18 Algus Algus NNP 22599 954 19 , , , 22599 954 20 whence whence NN 22599 954 21 the the DT 22599 954 22 name name NN 22599 954 23 _ _ NNP 22599 954 24 algorismus_,[546 algorismus_,[546 NNP 22599 954 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 954 26 and and CC 22599 954 27 in in IN 22599 954 28 the the DT 22599 954 29 section section NN 22599 954 30 on on IN 22599 954 31 numeration numeration NN 22599 954 32 reference reference NN 22599 954 33 is be VBZ 22599 954 34 made make VBN 22599 954 35 to to IN 22599 954 36 the the DT 22599 954 37 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 954 38 as as IN 22599 954 39 the the DT 22599 954 40 inventors inventor NNS 22599 954 41 of of IN 22599 954 42 this this DT 22599 954 43 science science NN 22599 954 44 . . . 22599 955 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 955 2 547 547 CD 22599 955 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 955 4 While while IN 22599 955 5 some some DT 22599 955 6 of of IN 22599 955 7 the the DT 22599 955 8 commentators commentator NNS 22599 955 9 , , , 22599 955 10 Petrus Petrus NNP 22599 955 11 de de NNP 22599 955 12 Dacia[548 Dacia[548 NNP 22599 955 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 955 14 among among IN 22599 955 15 them -PRON- PRP 22599 955 16 , , , 22599 955 17 knew know VBD 22599 955 18 of of IN 22599 955 19 the the DT 22599 955 20 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 955 21 origin origin NN 22599 955 22 , , , 22599 955 23 most most JJS 22599 955 24 of of IN 22599 955 25 them -PRON- PRP 22599 955 26 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 22599 955 27 took take VBD 22599 955 28 the the DT 22599 955 29 text text NN 22599 955 30 as as IN 22599 955 31 it -PRON- PRP 22599 955 32 stood stand VBD 22599 955 33 ; ; : 22599 955 34 and and CC 22599 955 35 so so RB 22599 955 36 the the DT 22599 955 37 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 955 38 were be VBD 22599 955 39 credited credit VBN 22599 955 40 with with IN 22599 955 41 the the DT 22599 955 42 invention invention NN 22599 955 43 of of IN 22599 955 44 the the DT 22599 955 45 system system NN 22599 955 46 . . . 22599 956 1 The the DT 22599 956 2 first first JJ 22599 956 3 definite definite JJ 22599 956 4 trace trace NN 22599 956 5 that that WDT 22599 956 6 we -PRON- PRP 22599 956 7 have have VBP 22599 956 8 of of IN 22599 956 9 an an DT 22599 956 10 algorism algorism NN 22599 956 11 in in IN 22599 956 12 the the DT 22599 956 13 French french JJ 22599 956 14 language language NN 22599 956 15 is be VBZ 22599 956 16 found find VBN 22599 956 17 in in IN 22599 956 18 a a DT 22599 956 19 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 956 20 written write VBN 22599 956 21 about about IN 22599 956 22 1275 1275 CD 22599 956 23 . . . 22599 957 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 957 2 549 549 CD 22599 957 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 957 4 This this DT 22599 957 5 interesting interesting JJ 22599 957 6 leaf leaf NN 22599 957 7 , , , 22599 957 8 for for IN 22599 957 9 the the DT 22599 957 10 part part NN 22599 957 11 on on IN 22599 957 12 algorism algorism NN 22599 957 13 consists consist VBZ 22599 957 14 of of IN 22599 957 15 a a DT 22599 957 16 single single JJ 22599 957 17 folio folio NN 22599 957 18 , , , 22599 957 19 was be VBD 22599 957 20 noticed notice VBN 22599 957 21 by by IN 22599 957 22 the the DT 22599 957 23 Abbé Abbé NNP 22599 957 24 Leboeuf Leboeuf NNP 22599 957 25 as as RB 22599 957 26 early early RB 22599 957 27 as as IN 22599 957 28 1741,[550 1741,[550 CD 22599 957 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 957 30 and and CC 22599 957 31 by by IN 22599 957 32 Daunou Daunou NNP 22599 957 33 in in IN 22599 957 34 1824 1824 CD 22599 957 35 . . . 22599 958 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 958 2 551 551 CD 22599 958 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 958 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 958 5 then then RB 22599 958 6 seems seem VBZ 22599 958 7 to to TO 22599 958 8 have have VB 22599 958 9 been be VBN 22599 958 10 lost lose VBN 22599 958 11 in in IN 22599 958 12 the the DT 22599 958 13 multitude multitude NN 22599 958 14 of of IN 22599 958 15 Paris Paris NNP 22599 958 16 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 958 17 ; ; : 22599 958 18 for for IN 22599 958 19 although although IN 22599 958 20 Chasles[552 chasles[552 CD 22599 958 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 958 22 relates relate VBZ 22599 958 23 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 958 24 vain vain JJ 22599 958 25 search search NN 22599 958 26 for for IN 22599 958 27 it -PRON- PRP 22599 958 28 , , , 22599 958 29 it -PRON- PRP 22599 958 30 was be VBD 22599 958 31 not not RB 22599 958 32 rediscovered rediscover VBN 22599 958 33 until until IN 22599 958 34 1882 1882 CD 22599 958 35 . . . 22599 959 1 In in IN 22599 959 2 that that DT 22599 959 3 year year NN 22599 959 4 M. M. NNP 22599 959 5 Ch Ch NNP 22599 959 6 . . . 22599 960 1 Henry Henry NNP 22599 960 2 found find VBD 22599 960 3 it -PRON- PRP 22599 960 4 , , , 22599 960 5 and and CC 22599 960 6 to to IN 22599 960 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 960 8 care care NN 22599 960 9 we -PRON- PRP 22599 960 10 owe owe VBP 22599 960 11 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 960 12 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 960 13 of of IN 22599 960 14 the the DT 22599 960 15 interesting interesting JJ 22599 960 16 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 960 17 . . . 22599 961 1 The the DT 22599 961 2 work work NN 22599 961 3 is be VBZ 22599 961 4 anonymous anonymous JJ 22599 961 5 and and CC 22599 961 6 is be VBZ 22599 961 7 devoted devote VBN 22599 961 8 almost almost RB 22599 961 9 entirely entirely RB 22599 961 10 to to IN 22599 961 11 geometry geometry NN 22599 961 12 , , , 22599 961 13 only only RB 22599 961 14 { { -LRB- 22599 961 15 136 136 CD 22599 961 16 } } -RRB- 22599 961 17 two two CD 22599 961 18 pages page NNS 22599 961 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 961 20 one one CD 22599 961 21 folio folio NN 22599 961 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 961 23 relating relate VBG 22599 961 24 to to IN 22599 961 25 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 961 26 . . . 22599 962 1 In in IN 22599 962 2 these these DT 22599 962 3 the the DT 22599 962 4 forms form NNS 22599 962 5 of of IN 22599 962 6 the the DT 22599 962 7 numerals numeral NNS 22599 962 8 are be VBP 22599 962 9 given give VBN 22599 962 10 , , , 22599 962 11 and and CC 22599 962 12 a a DT 22599 962 13 very very RB 22599 962 14 brief brief JJ 22599 962 15 statement statement NN 22599 962 16 as as IN 22599 962 17 to to IN 22599 962 18 the the DT 22599 962 19 operations operation NNS 22599 962 20 , , , 22599 962 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 962 22 being be VBG 22599 962 23 evident evident JJ 22599 962 24 that that IN 22599 962 25 the the DT 22599 962 26 writer writer NN 22599 962 27 himself -PRON- PRP 22599 962 28 had have VBD 22599 962 29 only only RB 22599 962 30 the the DT 22599 962 31 slightest slight JJS 22599 962 32 understanding understanding NN 22599 962 33 of of IN 22599 962 34 the the DT 22599 962 35 subject subject NN 22599 962 36 . . . 22599 963 1 Once once IN 22599 963 2 the the DT 22599 963 3 new new JJ 22599 963 4 system system NN 22599 963 5 was be VBD 22599 963 6 known know VBN 22599 963 7 in in IN 22599 963 8 France France NNP 22599 963 9 , , , 22599 963 10 even even RB 22599 963 11 thus thus RB 22599 963 12 superficially superficially RB 22599 963 13 , , , 22599 963 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 963 15 would would MD 22599 963 16 be be VB 22599 963 17 passed pass VBN 22599 963 18 across across IN 22599 963 19 the the DT 22599 963 20 Channel Channel NNP 22599 963 21 to to IN 22599 963 22 England England NNP 22599 963 23 . . . 22599 964 1 Higden,[553 higden,[553 NN 22599 964 2 ] ] -RRB- 22599 964 3 writing writing NN 22599 964 4 soon soon RB 22599 964 5 after after IN 22599 964 6 the the DT 22599 964 7 opening opening NN 22599 964 8 of of IN 22599 964 9 the the DT 22599 964 10 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 964 11 century century NN 22599 964 12 , , , 22599 964 13 speaks speak VBZ 22599 964 14 of of IN 22599 964 15 the the DT 22599 964 16 French french JJ 22599 964 17 influence influence NN 22599 964 18 at at IN 22599 964 19 that that DT 22599 964 20 time time NN 22599 964 21 and and CC 22599 964 22 for for IN 22599 964 23 some some DT 22599 964 24 generations generation NNS 22599 964 25 preceding:[554 preceding:[554 NNP 22599 964 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 964 27 " " `` 22599 964 28 For for IN 22599 964 29 two two CD 22599 964 30 hundred hundred CD 22599 964 31 years year NNS 22599 964 32 children child NNS 22599 964 33 in in IN 22599 964 34 scole scole NN 22599 964 35 , , , 22599 964 36 agenst agenst VB 22599 964 37 the the DT 22599 964 38 usage usage NN 22599 964 39 and and CC 22599 964 40 manir manir NNP 22599 964 41 of of IN 22599 964 42 all all DT 22599 964 43 other other JJ 22599 964 44 nations nation NNS 22599 964 45 beeth beeth NN 22599 964 46 compelled compel VBN 22599 964 47 for for IN 22599 964 48 to to TO 22599 964 49 leave leave VB 22599 964 50 hire hire VB 22599 964 51 own own JJ 22599 964 52 language language NN 22599 964 53 , , , 22599 964 54 and and CC 22599 964 55 for for IN 22599 964 56 to to TO 22599 964 57 construe construe VB 22599 964 58 hir hir JJ 22599 964 59 lessons lesson NNS 22599 964 60 and and CC 22599 964 61 hire hire VB 22599 964 62 thynges thynge NNS 22599 964 63 in in IN 22599 964 64 Frensche Frensche NNP 22599 964 65 .... .... . 22599 964 66 Gentilmen Gentilmen NNP 22599 964 67 children child NNS 22599 964 68 beeth beeth NNP 22599 964 69 taught teach VBN 22599 964 70 to to IN 22599 964 71 speke speke NNP 22599 964 72 Frensche Frensche NNP 22599 964 73 from from IN 22599 964 74 the the DT 22599 964 75 tyme tyme NNS 22599 964 76 that that IN 22599 964 77 they -PRON- PRP 22599 964 78 bith bith RB 22599 964 79 rokked rokke VBD 22599 964 80 in in IN 22599 964 81 hir hir NNP 22599 964 82 cradell cradell NNP 22599 964 83 ; ; : 22599 964 84 and and CC 22599 964 85 uplondissche uplondissche JJ 22599 964 86 men man NNS 22599 964 87 will will MD 22599 964 88 likne likne VB 22599 964 89 himself -PRON- PRP 22599 964 90 to to IN 22599 964 91 gentylmen gentylman NNS 22599 964 92 , , , 22599 964 93 and and CC 22599 964 94 fondeth fondeth JJ 22599 964 95 with with IN 22599 964 96 greet greet NNP 22599 964 97 besynesse besynesse NNP 22599 964 98 for for IN 22599 964 99 to to TO 22599 964 100 speke speke NNP 22599 964 101 Frensche Frensche NNP 22599 964 102 . . . 22599 964 103 " " '' 22599 965 1 The the DT 22599 965 2 question question NN 22599 965 3 is be VBZ 22599 965 4 often often RB 22599 965 5 asked ask VBN 22599 965 6 , , , 22599 965 7 why why WRB 22599 965 8 did do VBD 22599 965 9 not not RB 22599 965 10 these these DT 22599 965 11 new new JJ 22599 965 12 numerals numeral NNS 22599 965 13 attract attract VB 22599 965 14 more more JJR 22599 965 15 immediate immediate JJ 22599 965 16 attention attention NN 22599 965 17 ? ? . 22599 966 1 Why why WRB 22599 966 2 did do VBD 22599 966 3 they -PRON- PRP 22599 966 4 have have VB 22599 966 5 to to TO 22599 966 6 wait wait VB 22599 966 7 until until IN 22599 966 8 the the DT 22599 966 9 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 966 10 century century NN 22599 966 11 to to TO 22599 966 12 be be VB 22599 966 13 generally generally RB 22599 966 14 used use VBN 22599 966 15 in in IN 22599 966 16 business business NN 22599 966 17 and and CC 22599 966 18 in in IN 22599 966 19 the the DT 22599 966 20 schools school NNS 22599 966 21 ? ? . 22599 967 1 In in IN 22599 967 2 reply reply NN 22599 967 3 it -PRON- PRP 22599 967 4 may may MD 22599 967 5 be be VB 22599 967 6 said say VBN 22599 967 7 that that IN 22599 967 8 in in IN 22599 967 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 967 10 elementary elementary JJ 22599 967 11 work work NN 22599 967 12 the the DT 22599 967 13 schools school NNS 22599 967 14 always always RB 22599 967 15 wait wait VBP 22599 967 16 upon upon IN 22599 967 17 the the DT 22599 967 18 demands demand NNS 22599 967 19 of of IN 22599 967 20 trade trade NN 22599 967 21 . . . 22599 968 1 That that DT 22599 968 2 work work NN 22599 968 3 which which WDT 22599 968 4 pretends pretend VBZ 22599 968 5 to to TO 22599 968 6 touch touch VB 22599 968 7 the the DT 22599 968 8 life life NN 22599 968 9 of of IN 22599 968 10 the the DT 22599 968 11 people people NNS 22599 968 12 must must MD 22599 968 13 come come VB 22599 968 14 reasonably reasonably RB 22599 968 15 near near RB 22599 968 16 doing do VBG 22599 968 17 so so RB 22599 968 18 . . . 22599 969 1 Now now RB 22599 969 2 the the DT 22599 969 3 computations computation NNS 22599 969 4 of of IN 22599 969 5 business business NN 22599 969 6 until until IN 22599 969 7 about about IN 22599 969 8 1500 1500 CD 22599 969 9 did do VBD 22599 969 10 not not RB 22599 969 11 demand demand VB 22599 969 12 the the DT 22599 969 13 new new JJ 22599 969 14 figures figure NNS 22599 969 15 , , , 22599 969 16 for for IN 22599 969 17 two two CD 22599 969 18 reasons reason NNS 22599 969 19 : : : 22599 969 20 First first RB 22599 969 21 , , , 22599 969 22 cheap cheap JJ 22599 969 23 paper paper NN 22599 969 24 was be VBD 22599 969 25 not not RB 22599 969 26 known know VBN 22599 969 27 . . . 22599 970 1 Paper paper NN 22599 970 2 - - HYPH 22599 970 3 making making NN 22599 970 4 of of IN 22599 970 5 any any DT 22599 970 6 kind kind NN 22599 970 7 was be VBD 22599 970 8 not not RB 22599 970 9 introduced introduce VBN 22599 970 10 into into IN 22599 970 11 Europe Europe NNP 22599 970 12 until until IN 22599 970 13 { { -LRB- 22599 970 14 137 137 CD 22599 970 15 } } -RRB- 22599 970 16 the the DT 22599 970 17 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 970 18 century century NN 22599 970 19 , , , 22599 970 20 and and CC 22599 970 21 cheap cheap JJ 22599 970 22 paper paper NN 22599 970 23 is be VBZ 22599 970 24 a a DT 22599 970 25 product product NN 22599 970 26 of of IN 22599 970 27 the the DT 22599 970 28 nineteenth nineteenth NN 22599 970 29 . . . 22599 971 1 Pencils pencil NNS 22599 971 2 , , , 22599 971 3 too too RB 22599 971 4 , , , 22599 971 5 of of IN 22599 971 6 the the DT 22599 971 7 modern modern JJ 22599 971 8 type type NN 22599 971 9 , , , 22599 971 10 date date NN 22599 971 11 only only RB 22599 971 12 from from IN 22599 971 13 the the DT 22599 971 14 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 971 15 century century NN 22599 971 16 . . . 22599 972 1 In in IN 22599 972 2 the the DT 22599 972 3 second second JJ 22599 972 4 place place NN 22599 972 5 , , , 22599 972 6 modern modern JJ 22599 972 7 methods method NNS 22599 972 8 of of IN 22599 972 9 operating operating NN 22599 972 10 , , , 22599 972 11 particularly particularly RB 22599 972 12 of of IN 22599 972 13 multiplying multiply VBG 22599 972 14 and and CC 22599 972 15 dividing divide VBG 22599 972 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 972 17 operations operation NNS 22599 972 18 of of IN 22599 972 19 relatively relatively RB 22599 972 20 greater great JJR 22599 972 21 importance importance NN 22599 972 22 when when WRB 22599 972 23 all all DT 22599 972 24 measures measure NNS 22599 972 25 were be VBD 22599 972 26 in in IN 22599 972 27 compound compound JJ 22599 972 28 numbers number NNS 22599 972 29 requiring require VBG 22599 972 30 reductions reduction NNS 22599 972 31 at at IN 22599 972 32 every every DT 22599 972 33 step step NN 22599 972 34 ) ) -RRB- 22599 972 35 , , , 22599 972 36 were be VBD 22599 972 37 not not RB 22599 972 38 yet yet RB 22599 972 39 invented invent VBN 22599 972 40 . . . 22599 973 1 The the DT 22599 973 2 old old JJ 22599 973 3 plan plan NN 22599 973 4 required require VBD 22599 973 5 the the DT 22599 973 6 erasing erasing NN 22599 973 7 of of IN 22599 973 8 figures figure NNS 22599 973 9 after after IN 22599 973 10 they -PRON- PRP 22599 973 11 had have VBD 22599 973 12 served serve VBN 22599 973 13 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 973 14 purpose purpose NN 22599 973 15 , , , 22599 973 16 an an DT 22599 973 17 operation operation NN 22599 973 18 very very RB 22599 973 19 simple simple JJ 22599 973 20 with with IN 22599 973 21 counters counter NNS 22599 973 22 , , , 22599 973 23 since since IN 22599 973 24 they -PRON- PRP 22599 973 25 could could MD 22599 973 26 be be VB 22599 973 27 removed remove VBN 22599 973 28 . . . 22599 974 1 The the DT 22599 974 2 new new JJ 22599 974 3 plan plan NN 22599 974 4 did do VBD 22599 974 5 not not RB 22599 974 6 as as RB 22599 974 7 easily easily RB 22599 974 8 permit permit VB 22599 974 9 this this DT 22599 974 10 . . . 22599 975 1 Hence hence RB 22599 975 2 we -PRON- PRP 22599 975 3 find find VBP 22599 975 4 the the DT 22599 975 5 new new JJ 22599 975 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 975 7 very very RB 22599 975 8 tardily tardily RB 22599 975 9 admitted admit VBD 22599 975 10 to to IN 22599 975 11 the the DT 22599 975 12 counting counting NN 22599 975 13 - - HYPH 22599 975 14 house house NN 22599 975 15 , , , 22599 975 16 and and CC 22599 975 17 not not RB 22599 975 18 welcomed welcome VBN 22599 975 19 with with IN 22599 975 20 any any DT 22599 975 21 enthusiasm enthusiasm NN 22599 975 22 by by IN 22599 975 23 teachers teacher NNS 22599 975 24 . . . 22599 976 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 976 2 555 555 CD 22599 976 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 976 4 Aside aside RB 22599 976 5 from from IN 22599 976 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 976 7 use use NN 22599 976 8 in in IN 22599 976 9 the the DT 22599 976 10 early early JJ 22599 976 11 treatises treatise NNS 22599 976 12 on on IN 22599 976 13 the the DT 22599 976 14 new new JJ 22599 976 15 art art NN 22599 976 16 of of IN 22599 976 17 reckoning reckoning NN 22599 976 18 , , , 22599 976 19 the the DT 22599 976 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 976 21 appeared appear VBD 22599 976 22 from from IN 22599 976 23 time time NN 22599 976 24 to to IN 22599 976 25 time time NN 22599 976 26 in in IN 22599 976 27 the the DT 22599 976 28 dating dating NN 22599 976 29 of of IN 22599 976 30 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 976 31 and and CC 22599 976 32 upon upon IN 22599 976 33 monuments monument NNS 22599 976 34 . . . 22599 977 1 The the DT 22599 977 2 oldest old JJS 22599 977 3 definitely definitely RB 22599 977 4 dated date VBN 22599 977 5 European european JJ 22599 977 6 document document NN 22599 977 7 known know VBN 22599 977 8 { { -LRB- 22599 977 9 138 138 CD 22599 977 10 } } -RRB- 22599 977 11 to to TO 22599 977 12 contain contain VB 22599 977 13 the the DT 22599 977 14 numerals numeral NNS 22599 977 15 is be VBZ 22599 977 16 a a DT 22599 977 17 Latin latin JJ 22599 977 18 manuscript,[556 manuscript,[556 NN 22599 977 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 977 20 the the DT 22599 977 21 Codex Codex NNP 22599 977 22 Vigilanus Vigilanus NNP 22599 977 23 , , , 22599 977 24 written write VBN 22599 977 25 in in IN 22599 977 26 the the DT 22599 977 27 Albelda Albelda NNP 22599 977 28 Cloister Cloister NNP 22599 977 29 not not RB 22599 977 30 far far RB 22599 977 31 from from IN 22599 977 32 Logroño Logroño NNP 22599 977 33 in in IN 22599 977 34 Spain Spain NNP 22599 977 35 , , , 22599 977 36 in in IN 22599 977 37 976 976 CD 22599 977 38 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 978 1 The the DT 22599 978 2 nine nine CD 22599 978 3 characters character NNS 22599 978 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 978 5 of of IN 22599 978 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 978 7 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 978 8 type type NN 22599 978 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 978 10 , , , 22599 978 11 without without IN 22599 978 12 the the DT 22599 978 13 zero zero CD 22599 978 14 , , , 22599 978 15 are be VBP 22599 978 16 given give VBN 22599 978 17 as as IN 22599 978 18 an an DT 22599 978 19 addition addition NN 22599 978 20 to to IN 22599 978 21 the the DT 22599 978 22 first first JJ 22599 978 23 chapters chapter NNS 22599 978 24 of of IN 22599 978 25 the the DT 22599 978 26 third third JJ 22599 978 27 book book NN 22599 978 28 of of IN 22599 978 29 the the DT 22599 978 30 _ _ NNP 22599 978 31 Origines Origines NNPS 22599 978 32 _ _ NNP 22599 978 33 by by IN 22599 978 34 Isidorus Isidorus NNP 22599 978 35 of of IN 22599 978 36 Seville Seville NNP 22599 978 37 , , , 22599 978 38 in in IN 22599 978 39 which which WDT 22599 978 40 the the DT 22599 978 41 Roman roman JJ 22599 978 42 numerals numeral NNS 22599 978 43 are be VBP 22599 978 44 under under IN 22599 978 45 discussion discussion NN 22599 978 46 . . . 22599 979 1 Another another DT 22599 979 2 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 979 3 copy copy NN 22599 979 4 of of IN 22599 979 5 the the DT 22599 979 6 same same JJ 22599 979 7 work work NN 22599 979 8 , , , 22599 979 9 of of IN 22599 979 10 992 992 CD 22599 979 11 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 979 12 , , , 22599 979 13 contains contain VBZ 22599 979 14 the the DT 22599 979 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 979 16 in in IN 22599 979 17 the the DT 22599 979 18 corresponding corresponding JJ 22599 979 19 section section NN 22599 979 20 . . . 22599 980 1 The the DT 22599 980 2 writer writer NN 22599 980 3 ascribes ascribe VBZ 22599 980 4 an an DT 22599 980 5 Indian indian JJ 22599 980 6 origin origin NN 22599 980 7 to to IN 22599 980 8 them -PRON- PRP 22599 980 9 in in IN 22599 980 10 the the DT 22599 980 11 following follow VBG 22599 980 12 words word NNS 22599 980 13 : : : 22599 980 14 " " `` 22599 980 15 Item Item NNP 22599 980 16 de de FW 22599 980 17 figuris figuris NNP 22599 980 18 arithmetic[e arithmetic[e NNP 22599 980 19 , , , 22599 980 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 980 21 . . . 22599 981 1 Scire scire VB 22599 981 2 debemus debemus NN 22599 981 3 in in IN 22599 981 4 Indos Indos NNP 22599 981 5 subtilissimum subtilissimum JJ 22599 981 6 ingenium ingenium NN 22599 981 7 habere habere NNP 22599 981 8 et et NNP 22599 981 9 ceteras ceteras NNP 22599 981 10 gentes gente VBZ 22599 981 11 eis eis NNP 22599 981 12 in in IN 22599 981 13 arithmetica arithmetica NNP 22599 981 14 et et NNP 22599 981 15 geometria geometria NNP 22599 981 16 et et NNP 22599 981 17 ceteris ceteris NNP 22599 981 18 liberalibus liberalibus NNP 22599 981 19 disciplinis disciplinis NNP 22599 981 20 concedere concedere RB 22599 981 21 . . . 22599 982 1 Et Et NNP 22599 982 2 hoc hoc FW 22599 982 3 manifestum manifestum NN 22599 982 4 est est NNP 22599 982 5 in in IN 22599 982 6 nobem nobem NNP 22599 982 7 figuris figuris NNP 22599 982 8 , , , 22599 982 9 quibus quibus NNP 22599 982 10 designant designant NNP 22599 982 11 unumquemque unumquemque NNP 22599 982 12 gradum gradum NNP 22599 982 13 cuiuslibet cuiuslibet NNP 22599 982 14 gradus gradus NNP 22599 982 15 . . . 22599 983 1 Quarum Quarum NNP 22599 983 2 hec hec NN 22599 983 3 sunt sunt NN 22599 983 4 forma forma NN 22599 983 5 . . . 22599 983 6 " " '' 22599 984 1 The the DT 22599 984 2 nine nine CD 22599 984 3 [ [ -LRB- 22599 984 4 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 984 5 characters character NNS 22599 984 6 follow follow VBP 22599 984 7 . . . 22599 985 1 Some some DT 22599 985 2 of of IN 22599 985 3 the the DT 22599 985 4 abacus abacus NN 22599 985 5 forms[557 forms[557 . 22599 985 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 985 7 previously previously RB 22599 985 8 given give VBN 22599 985 9 are be VBP 22599 985 10 doubtless doubtless RB 22599 985 11 also also RB 22599 985 12 of of IN 22599 985 13 the the DT 22599 985 14 tenth tenth JJ 22599 985 15 century century NN 22599 985 16 . . . 22599 986 1 The the DT 22599 986 2 earliest early JJS 22599 986 3 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 986 4 documents document NNS 22599 986 5 containing contain VBG 22599 986 6 the the DT 22599 986 7 numerals numeral NNS 22599 986 8 are be VBP 22599 986 9 two two CD 22599 986 10 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 986 11 of of IN 22599 986 12 874 874 CD 22599 986 13 and and CC 22599 986 14 888 888 CD 22599 986 15 A.D.[558 A.D.[558 NNS 22599 986 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 986 17 They -PRON- PRP 22599 986 18 appear appear VBP 22599 986 19 about about IN 22599 986 20 a a DT 22599 986 21 century century NN 22599 986 22 later later RB 22599 986 23 in in IN 22599 986 24 a a DT 22599 986 25 work[559 work[559 NN 22599 986 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 986 27 written write VBN 22599 986 28 at at IN 22599 986 29 Shiraz Shiraz NNP 22599 986 30 in in IN 22599 986 31 970 970 CD 22599 986 32 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 987 1 There there EX 22599 987 2 is be VBZ 22599 987 3 also also RB 22599 987 4 an an DT 22599 987 5 early early JJ 22599 987 6 trace trace NN 22599 987 7 of of IN 22599 987 8 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 987 9 use use NN 22599 987 10 on on IN 22599 987 11 a a DT 22599 987 12 pillar pillar NN 22599 987 13 recently recently RB 22599 987 14 discovered discover VBN 22599 987 15 in in IN 22599 987 16 a a DT 22599 987 17 church church NN 22599 987 18 apparently apparently RB 22599 987 19 destroyed destroy VBN 22599 987 20 as as RB 22599 987 21 early early RB 22599 987 22 as as IN 22599 987 23 the the DT 22599 987 24 tenth tenth JJ 22599 987 25 century century NN 22599 987 26 , , , 22599 987 27 not not RB 22599 987 28 far far RB 22599 987 29 from from IN 22599 987 30 the the DT 22599 987 31 Jeremias Jeremias NNP 22599 987 32 Monastery Monastery NNP 22599 987 33 , , , 22599 987 34 in in IN 22599 987 35 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 987 36 . . . 22599 988 1 { { -LRB- 22599 988 2 139 139 CD 22599 988 3 } } -RRB- 22599 988 4 A a DT 22599 988 5 graffito graffito NNP 22599 988 6 in in IN 22599 988 7 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 988 8 on on IN 22599 988 9 this this DT 22599 988 10 pillar pillar NN 22599 988 11 has have VBZ 22599 988 12 the the DT 22599 988 13 date date NN 22599 988 14 349 349 CD 22599 988 15 A.H. A.H. NNP 22599 988 16 , , , 22599 988 17 which which WDT 22599 988 18 corresponds correspond VBZ 22599 988 19 to to IN 22599 988 20 961 961 CD 22599 988 21 A.D.[560 A.D.[560 NNP 22599 988 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 988 23 For for IN 22599 988 24 the the DT 22599 988 25 dating dating NN 22599 988 26 of of IN 22599 988 27 Latin latin JJ 22599 988 28 documents document NNS 22599 988 29 the the DT 22599 988 30 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 988 31 forms form NNS 22599 988 32 were be VBD 22599 988 33 used use VBN 22599 988 34 as as RB 22599 988 35 early early RB 22599 988 36 as as IN 22599 988 37 the the DT 22599 988 38 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 988 39 century century NN 22599 988 40 . . . 22599 989 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 989 2 561 561 CD 22599 989 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 989 4 On on IN 22599 989 5 the the DT 22599 989 6 early early JJ 22599 989 7 use use NN 22599 989 8 of of IN 22599 989 9 these these DT 22599 989 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 989 11 in in IN 22599 989 12 Europe Europe NNP 22599 989 13 the the DT 22599 989 14 only only JJ 22599 989 15 scientific scientific JJ 22599 989 16 study study NN 22599 989 17 worthy worthy JJ 22599 989 18 the the DT 22599 989 19 name name NN 22599 989 20 is be VBZ 22599 989 21 that that WDT 22599 989 22 made make VBN 22599 989 23 by by IN 22599 989 24 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 989 25 G. G. NNP 22599 989 26 F. F. NNP 22599 989 27 Hill Hill NNP 22599 989 28 of of IN 22599 989 29 the the DT 22599 989 30 British British NNP 22599 989 31 Museum Museum NNP 22599 989 32 . . . 22599 990 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 990 2 562 562 CD 22599 990 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 990 4 From from IN 22599 990 5 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 990 6 investigations investigation NNS 22599 990 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 990 8 appears appear VBZ 22599 990 9 that that IN 22599 990 10 the the DT 22599 990 11 earliest early JJS 22599 990 12 occurrence occurrence NN 22599 990 13 of of IN 22599 990 14 a a DT 22599 990 15 date date NN 22599 990 16 in in IN 22599 990 17 these these DT 22599 990 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 990 19 on on IN 22599 990 20 a a DT 22599 990 21 coin coin NN 22599 990 22 is be VBZ 22599 990 23 found find VBN 22599 990 24 in in IN 22599 990 25 the the DT 22599 990 26 reign reign NN 22599 990 27 of of IN 22599 990 28 Roger Roger NNP 22599 990 29 of of IN 22599 990 30 Sicily Sicily NNP 22599 990 31 in in IN 22599 990 32 1138 1138 CD 22599 990 33 . . . 22599 991 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 991 2 563 563 CD 22599 991 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 991 4 Until until IN 22599 991 5 recently recently RB 22599 991 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 991 7 was be VBD 22599 991 8 thought think VBN 22599 991 9 that that IN 22599 991 10 the the DT 22599 991 11 earliest early JJS 22599 991 12 such such JJ 22599 991 13 date date NN 22599 991 14 was be VBD 22599 991 15 1217 1217 CD 22599 991 16 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 991 17 for for IN 22599 991 18 an an DT 22599 991 19 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 991 20 piece piece NN 22599 991 21 and and CC 22599 991 22 1388 1388 CD 22599 991 23 for for IN 22599 991 24 a a DT 22599 991 25 Turkish turkish JJ 22599 991 26 one one NN 22599 991 27 . . . 22599 992 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 992 2 564 564 CD 22599 992 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 992 4 Most Most JJS 22599 992 5 of of IN 22599 992 6 the the DT 22599 992 7 seals seal NNS 22599 992 8 and and CC 22599 992 9 medals medal NNS 22599 992 10 containing contain VBG 22599 992 11 dates date NNS 22599 992 12 that that WDT 22599 992 13 were be VBD 22599 992 14 at at IN 22599 992 15 one one CD 22599 992 16 time time NN 22599 992 17 thought think VBN 22599 992 18 to to TO 22599 992 19 be be VB 22599 992 20 very very RB 22599 992 21 early early JJ 22599 992 22 have have VBP 22599 992 23 been be VBN 22599 992 24 shown show VBN 22599 992 25 by by IN 22599 992 26 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 992 27 Hill Hill NNP 22599 992 28 to to TO 22599 992 29 be be VB 22599 992 30 of of IN 22599 992 31 relatively relatively RB 22599 992 32 late late JJ 22599 992 33 workmanship workmanship NN 22599 992 34 . . . 22599 993 1 There there EX 22599 993 2 are be VBP 22599 993 3 , , , 22599 993 4 however however RB 22599 993 5 , , , 22599 993 6 in in IN 22599 993 7 European european JJ 22599 993 8 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 993 9 , , , 22599 993 10 numerous numerous JJ 22599 993 11 instances instance NNS 22599 993 12 of of IN 22599 993 13 the the DT 22599 993 14 use use NN 22599 993 15 of of IN 22599 993 16 these these DT 22599 993 17 numerals numeral NNS 22599 993 18 before before IN 22599 993 19 the the DT 22599 993 20 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 993 21 century century NN 22599 993 22 . . . 22599 994 1 Besides besides IN 22599 994 2 the the DT 22599 994 3 example example NN 22599 994 4 in in IN 22599 994 5 the the DT 22599 994 6 Codex Codex NNP 22599 994 7 Vigilanus Vigilanus NNP 22599 994 8 , , , 22599 994 9 another another DT 22599 994 10 of of IN 22599 994 11 the the DT 22599 994 12 tenth tenth JJ 22599 994 13 century century NN 22599 994 14 has have VBZ 22599 994 15 been be VBN 22599 994 16 found find VBN 22599 994 17 in in IN 22599 994 18 the the DT 22599 994 19 St. St. NNP 22599 994 20 Gall Gall NNP 22599 994 21 MS MS NNP 22599 994 22 . . . 22599 994 23 now now RB 22599 994 24 in in IN 22599 994 25 the the DT 22599 994 26 University University NNP 22599 994 27 Library Library NNP 22599 994 28 at at IN 22599 994 29 Zürich Zürich NNP 22599 994 30 , , , 22599 994 31 the the DT 22599 994 32 forms form NNS 22599 994 33 differing differ VBG 22599 994 34 materially materially RB 22599 994 35 from from IN 22599 994 36 those those DT 22599 994 37 in in IN 22599 994 38 the the DT 22599 994 39 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 994 40 codex codex NN 22599 994 41 . . . 22599 995 1 The the DT 22599 995 2 third third JJ 22599 995 3 specimen speciman NNS 22599 995 4 in in IN 22599 995 5 point point NN 22599 995 6 of of IN 22599 995 7 time time NN 22599 995 8 in in IN 22599 995 9 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 995 10 Hill Hill NNP 22599 995 11 's 's POS 22599 995 12 list list NN 22599 995 13 is be VBZ 22599 995 14 from from IN 22599 995 15 a a DT 22599 995 16 Vatican Vatican NNP 22599 995 17 MS MS NNP 22599 995 18 . . NNP 22599 995 19 of of IN 22599 995 20 1077 1077 CD 22599 995 21 . . . 22599 996 1 The the DT 22599 996 2 fourth fourth JJ 22599 996 3 and and CC 22599 996 4 fifth fifth JJ 22599 996 5 specimens specimen NNS 22599 996 6 are be VBP 22599 996 7 from from IN 22599 996 8 the the DT 22599 996 9 Erlangen Erlangen NNP 22599 996 10 MS MS NNP 22599 996 11 . . NNP 22599 996 12 of of IN 22599 996 13 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 996 14 , , , 22599 996 15 of of IN 22599 996 16 the the DT 22599 996 17 same same JJ 22599 996 18 { { -LRB- 22599 996 19 140 140 CD 22599 996 20 } } -RRB- 22599 996 21 ( ( -LRB- 22599 996 22 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 996 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 996 24 century century NN 22599 996 25 , , , 22599 996 26 and and CC 22599 996 27 the the DT 22599 996 28 sixth sixth JJ 22599 996 29 and and CC 22599 996 30 seventh seventh JJ 22599 996 31 are be VBP 22599 996 32 also also RB 22599 996 33 from from IN 22599 996 34 an an DT 22599 996 35 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 996 36 - - HYPH 22599 996 37 century century NN 22599 996 38 MS MS NNP 22599 996 39 . . NNP 22599 996 40 of of IN 22599 996 41 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 996 42 at at IN 22599 996 43 Chartres Chartres NNP 22599 996 44 . . . 22599 997 1 These these DT 22599 997 2 and and CC 22599 997 3 other other JJ 22599 997 4 early early JJ 22599 997 5 forms form NNS 22599 997 6 are be VBP 22599 997 7 given give VBN 22599 997 8 by by IN 22599 997 9 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 997 10 Hill Hill NNP 22599 997 11 in in IN 22599 997 12 this this DT 22599 997 13 table table NN 22599 997 14 , , , 22599 997 15 which which WDT 22599 997 16 is be VBZ 22599 997 17 reproduced reproduce VBN 22599 997 18 with with IN 22599 997 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 997 20 kind kind NN 22599 997 21 permission permission NN 22599 997 22 . . . 22599 998 1 EARLIEST EARLIEST NNP 22599 998 2 MANUSCRIPT MANUSCRIPT NNP 22599 998 3 FORMS form NNS 22599 998 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 998 5 Illustration illustration NN 22599 998 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 998 7 This this DT 22599 998 8 is be VBZ 22599 998 9 one one CD 22599 998 10 of of IN 22599 998 11 more more JJR 22599 998 12 than than IN 22599 998 13 fifty fifty CD 22599 998 14 tables table NNS 22599 998 15 given give VBN 22599 998 16 in in IN 22599 998 17 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 998 18 Hill Hill NNP 22599 998 19 's 's POS 22599 998 20 valuable valuable JJ 22599 998 21 paper paper NN 22599 998 22 , , , 22599 998 23 and and CC 22599 998 24 to to IN 22599 998 25 this this DT 22599 998 26 monograph monograph NN 22599 998 27 students student NNS 22599 998 28 { { -LRB- 22599 998 29 141 141 CD 22599 998 30 } } -RRB- 22599 998 31 are be VBP 22599 998 32 referred refer VBN 22599 998 33 for for IN 22599 998 34 details detail NNS 22599 998 35 as as IN 22599 998 36 to to IN 22599 998 37 the the DT 22599 998 38 development development NN 22599 998 39 of of IN 22599 998 40 number number NN 22599 998 41 - - HYPH 22599 998 42 forms form NNS 22599 998 43 in in IN 22599 998 44 Europe Europe NNP 22599 998 45 from from IN 22599 998 46 the the DT 22599 998 47 tenth tenth NN 22599 998 48 to to IN 22599 998 49 the the DT 22599 998 50 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 998 51 century century NN 22599 998 52 . . . 22599 999 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 999 2 is be VBZ 22599 999 3 of of IN 22599 999 4 interest interest NN 22599 999 5 to to TO 22599 999 6 add add VB 22599 999 7 that that IN 22599 999 8 he -PRON- PRP 22599 999 9 has have VBZ 22599 999 10 found find VBN 22599 999 11 that that IN 22599 999 12 among among IN 22599 999 13 the the DT 22599 999 14 earliest early JJS 22599 999 15 dates date NNS 22599 999 16 of of IN 22599 999 17 European european JJ 22599 999 18 coins coin NNS 22599 999 19 or or CC 22599 999 20 medals medal NNS 22599 999 21 in in IN 22599 999 22 these these DT 22599 999 23 numerals numeral NNS 22599 999 24 , , , 22599 999 25 after after IN 22599 999 26 the the DT 22599 999 27 Sicilian Sicilian NNP 22599 999 28 one one NN 22599 999 29 already already RB 22599 999 30 mentioned mention VBN 22599 999 31 , , , 22599 999 32 are be VBP 22599 999 33 the the DT 22599 999 34 following follow VBG 22599 999 35 : : : 22599 999 36 Austria Austria NNP 22599 999 37 , , , 22599 999 38 1484 1484 CD 22599 999 39 ; ; : 22599 999 40 Germany Germany NNP 22599 999 41 , , , 22599 999 42 1489 1489 CD 22599 999 43 ( ( -LRB- 22599 999 44 Cologne Cologne NNP 22599 999 45 ) ) -RRB- 22599 999 46 ; ; : 22599 999 47 Switzerland Switzerland NNP 22599 999 48 , , , 22599 999 49 1424 1424 CD 22599 999 50 ( ( -LRB- 22599 999 51 St. St. NNP 22599 999 52 Gall Gall NNP 22599 999 53 ) ) -RRB- 22599 999 54 ; ; : 22599 999 55 Netherlands Netherlands NNP 22599 999 56 , , , 22599 999 57 1474 1474 CD 22599 999 58 ; ; : 22599 999 59 France France NNP 22599 999 60 , , , 22599 999 61 1485 1485 CD 22599 999 62 ; ; : 22599 999 63 Italy Italy NNP 22599 999 64 , , , 22599 999 65 1390 1390 CD 22599 999 66 . . . 22599 1000 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1000 2 565 565 CD 22599 1000 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1000 4 The the DT 22599 1000 5 earliest early JJS 22599 1000 6 English english JJ 22599 1000 7 coin coin NN 22599 1000 8 dated date VBN 22599 1000 9 in in IN 22599 1000 10 these these DT 22599 1000 11 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1000 12 was be VBD 22599 1000 13 struck strike VBN 22599 1000 14 in in IN 22599 1000 15 1551,[566 1551,[566 CD 22599 1000 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1000 17 although although IN 22599 1000 18 there there EX 22599 1000 19 is be VBZ 22599 1000 20 a a DT 22599 1000 21 Scotch Scotch NNP 22599 1000 22 piece piece NN 22599 1000 23 of of IN 22599 1000 24 1539 1539 CD 22599 1000 25 . . . 22599 1001 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1001 2 567 567 CD 22599 1001 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1001 4 In in IN 22599 1001 5 numbering number VBG 22599 1001 6 pages page NNS 22599 1001 7 of of IN 22599 1001 8 a a DT 22599 1001 9 printed print VBN 22599 1001 10 book book NN 22599 1001 11 these these DT 22599 1001 12 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1001 13 were be VBD 22599 1001 14 first first RB 22599 1001 15 used use VBN 22599 1001 16 in in IN 22599 1001 17 a a DT 22599 1001 18 work work NN 22599 1001 19 of of IN 22599 1001 20 Petrarch Petrarch NNP 22599 1001 21 's 's POS 22599 1001 22 published publish VBN 22599 1001 23 at at IN 22599 1001 24 Cologne Cologne NNP 22599 1001 25 in in IN 22599 1001 26 1471 1471 CD 22599 1001 27 . . . 22599 1002 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1002 2 568 568 CD 22599 1002 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1002 4 The the DT 22599 1002 5 date date NN 22599 1002 6 is be VBZ 22599 1002 7 given give VBN 22599 1002 8 in in IN 22599 1002 9 the the DT 22599 1002 10 following follow VBG 22599 1002 11 form form NN 22599 1002 12 in in IN 22599 1002 13 the the DT 22599 1002 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1002 15 Biblia Biblia NNP 22599 1002 16 Pauperum_,[569 Pauperum_,[569 NNP 22599 1002 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1002 18 a a DT 22599 1002 19 block block NN 22599 1002 20 - - HYPH 22599 1002 21 book book NN 22599 1002 22 of of IN 22599 1002 23 1470 1470 CD 22599 1002 24 , , , 22599 1002 25 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1002 26 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1002 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1002 28 while while IN 22599 1002 29 in in IN 22599 1002 30 another another DT 22599 1002 31 block block NN 22599 1002 32 - - HYPH 22599 1002 33 book book NN 22599 1002 34 which which WDT 22599 1002 35 possibly possibly RB 22599 1002 36 goes go VBZ 22599 1002 37 back back RB 22599 1002 38 to to IN 22599 1002 39 c. c. NNP 22599 1002 40 1430[570 1430[570 CD 22599 1002 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1002 42 the the DT 22599 1002 43 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1002 44 appear appear VBP 22599 1002 45 in in IN 22599 1002 46 several several JJ 22599 1002 47 illustrations illustration NNS 22599 1002 48 , , , 22599 1002 49 with with IN 22599 1002 50 forms form NNS 22599 1002 51 as as IN 22599 1002 52 follows follow VBZ 22599 1002 53 : : : 22599 1002 54 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1002 55 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1002 56 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1002 57 Many many JJ 22599 1002 58 printed print VBN 22599 1002 59 works work VBZ 22599 1002 60 anterior anterior NN 22599 1002 61 to to IN 22599 1002 62 1471 1471 CD 22599 1002 63 have have VBP 22599 1002 64 pages page NNS 22599 1002 65 or or CC 22599 1002 66 chapters chapter NNS 22599 1002 67 numbered number VBN 22599 1002 68 by by IN 22599 1002 69 hand hand NN 22599 1002 70 , , , 22599 1002 71 but but CC 22599 1002 72 many many JJ 22599 1002 73 of of IN 22599 1002 74 these these DT 22599 1002 75 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1002 76 are be VBP 22599 1002 77 { { -LRB- 22599 1002 78 142 142 CD 22599 1002 79 } } -RRB- 22599 1002 80 of of IN 22599 1002 81 date date NN 22599 1002 82 much much RB 22599 1002 83 later later RB 22599 1002 84 than than IN 22599 1002 85 the the DT 22599 1002 86 printing printing NN 22599 1002 87 of of IN 22599 1002 88 the the DT 22599 1002 89 work work NN 22599 1002 90 . . . 22599 1003 1 Other other JJ 22599 1003 2 works work NNS 22599 1003 3 were be VBD 22599 1003 4 probably probably RB 22599 1003 5 numbered number VBN 22599 1003 6 directly directly RB 22599 1003 7 after after IN 22599 1003 8 printing print VBG 22599 1003 9 . . . 22599 1004 1 Thus thus RB 22599 1004 2 the the DT 22599 1004 3 chapters chapter NNS 22599 1004 4 2 2 CD 22599 1004 5 , , , 22599 1004 6 3 3 CD 22599 1004 7 , , , 22599 1004 8 4 4 CD 22599 1004 9 , , , 22599 1004 10 5 5 CD 22599 1004 11 , , , 22599 1004 12 6 6 CD 22599 1004 13 in in IN 22599 1004 14 a a DT 22599 1004 15 book book NN 22599 1004 16 of of IN 22599 1004 17 1470[571 1470[571 CD 22599 1004 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1004 19 are be VBP 22599 1004 20 numbered number VBN 22599 1004 21 as as IN 22599 1004 22 follows follow VBZ 22599 1004 23 : : : 22599 1004 24 Capitulem capitulem NN 22599 1004 25 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1004 26 Symbol Symbol NNP 22599 1004 27 2]m 2]m NNP 22599 1004 28 . . . 22599 1004 29 , , , 22599 1004 30 ... ... NFP 22599 1004 31 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1004 32 Symbol Symbol NNP 22599 1004 33 3]m 3]m NNP 22599 1004 34 . . . 22599 1004 35 , , , 22599 1004 36 ... ... : 22599 1005 1 4 4 CD 22599 1005 2 m m NNP 22599 1005 3 . . NNP 22599 1005 4 , , , 22599 1005 5 ... ... . 22599 1006 1 v v LS 22599 1006 2 , , , 22599 1006 3 ... ... : 22599 1006 4 vi vi NNP 22599 1006 5 , , , 22599 1006 6 and and CC 22599 1006 7 followed follow VBN 22599 1006 8 by by IN 22599 1006 9 Roman roman JJ 22599 1006 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1006 11 . . . 22599 1007 1 This this DT 22599 1007 2 appears appear VBZ 22599 1007 3 in in IN 22599 1007 4 the the DT 22599 1007 5 body body NN 22599 1007 6 of of IN 22599 1007 7 the the DT 22599 1007 8 text text NN 22599 1007 9 , , , 22599 1007 10 in in IN 22599 1007 11 spaces space NNS 22599 1007 12 left leave VBN 22599 1007 13 by by IN 22599 1007 14 the the DT 22599 1007 15 printer printer NN 22599 1007 16 to to TO 22599 1007 17 be be VB 22599 1007 18 filled fill VBN 22599 1007 19 in in RP 22599 1007 20 by by IN 22599 1007 21 hand hand NN 22599 1007 22 . . . 22599 1008 1 Another another DT 22599 1008 2 book[572 book[572 NN 22599 1008 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1008 4 of of IN 22599 1008 5 1470 1470 CD 22599 1008 6 has have VBZ 22599 1008 7 pages page NNS 22599 1008 8 numbered number VBN 22599 1008 9 by by IN 22599 1008 10 hand hand NN 22599 1008 11 with with IN 22599 1008 12 a a DT 22599 1008 13 mixture mixture NN 22599 1008 14 of of IN 22599 1008 15 Roman roman JJ 22599 1008 16 and and CC 22599 1008 17 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1008 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1008 19 , , , 22599 1008 20 thus thus RB 22599 1008 21 , , , 22599 1008 22 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1008 23 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1008 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1008 25 for for IN 22599 1008 26 125 125 CD 22599 1008 27 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1008 28 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1008 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1008 30 for for IN 22599 1008 31 150 150 CD 22599 1008 32 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1008 33 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1008 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1008 35 for for IN 22599 1008 36 147 147 CD 22599 1008 37 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1008 38 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1008 39 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1008 40 for for IN 22599 1008 41 202 202 CD 22599 1008 42 As as IN 22599 1008 43 to to IN 22599 1008 44 monumental monumental JJ 22599 1008 45 inscriptions,[573 inscriptions,[573 NN 22599 1008 46 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1008 47 there there EX 22599 1008 48 was be VBD 22599 1008 49 once once RB 22599 1008 50 thought think VBN 22599 1008 51 to to TO 22599 1008 52 be be VB 22599 1008 53 a a DT 22599 1008 54 gravestone gravestone NN 22599 1008 55 at at IN 22599 1008 56 Katharein Katharein NNP 22599 1008 57 , , , 22599 1008 58 near near IN 22599 1008 59 Troppau Troppau NNS 22599 1008 60 , , , 22599 1008 61 with with IN 22599 1008 62 the the DT 22599 1008 63 date date NN 22599 1008 64 1007 1007 CD 22599 1008 65 , , , 22599 1008 66 and and CC 22599 1008 67 one one CD 22599 1008 68 at at IN 22599 1008 69 Biebrich Biebrich NNP 22599 1008 70 of of IN 22599 1008 71 1299 1299 CD 22599 1008 72 . . . 22599 1009 1 There there EX 22599 1009 2 is be VBZ 22599 1009 3 no no DT 22599 1009 4 doubt doubt NN 22599 1009 5 , , , 22599 1009 6 however however RB 22599 1009 7 , , , 22599 1009 8 of of IN 22599 1009 9 one one CD 22599 1009 10 at at IN 22599 1009 11 Pforzheim Pforzheim NNP 22599 1009 12 of of IN 22599 1009 13 1371 1371 CD 22599 1009 14 and and CC 22599 1009 15 one one CD 22599 1009 16 at at IN 22599 1009 17 Ulm Ulm NNP 22599 1009 18 of of IN 22599 1009 19 1388 1388 CD 22599 1009 20 . . . 22599 1010 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1010 2 574 574 CD 22599 1010 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1010 4 Certain certain JJ 22599 1010 5 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1010 6 on on IN 22599 1010 7 Wells Wells NNP 22599 1010 8 Cathedral Cathedral NNP 22599 1010 9 have have VBP 22599 1010 10 been be VBN 22599 1010 11 assigned assign VBN 22599 1010 12 to to IN 22599 1010 13 the the DT 22599 1010 14 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 1010 15 century century NN 22599 1010 16 , , , 22599 1010 17 but but CC 22599 1010 18 they -PRON- PRP 22599 1010 19 are be VBP 22599 1010 20 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB 22599 1010 21 considerably considerably RB 22599 1010 22 later later RB 22599 1010 23 . . . 22599 1011 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1011 2 575 575 CD 22599 1011 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1011 4 The the DT 22599 1011 5 table table NN 22599 1011 6 on on IN 22599 1011 7 page page NN 22599 1011 8 143 143 CD 22599 1011 9 will will MD 22599 1011 10 serve serve VB 22599 1011 11 to to TO 22599 1011 12 supplement supplement VB 22599 1011 13 that that IN 22599 1011 14 from from IN 22599 1011 15 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 1011 16 Hill Hill NNP 22599 1011 17 's 's POS 22599 1011 18 work work NN 22599 1011 19 . . . 22599 1012 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 2 576 576 CD 22599 1012 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 4 { { -LRB- 22599 1012 5 143 143 CD 22599 1012 6 } } -RRB- 22599 1012 7 EARLY early NN 22599 1012 8 MANUSCRIPT MANUSCRIPT NNP 22599 1012 9 FORMS form NNS 22599 1012 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 11 577 577 CD 22599 1012 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 14 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1012 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 16 Twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 1012 17 century century NN 22599 1012 18 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1012 19 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 20 578 578 CD 22599 1012 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 22 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 23 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1012 24 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 25 1197 1197 CD 22599 1012 26 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1012 27 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 28 579 579 CD 22599 1012 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 30 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 31 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1012 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 33 1275 1275 CD 22599 1012 34 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1012 35 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 36 580 580 CD 22599 1012 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 38 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 39 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1012 40 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 41 c. c. NN 22599 1012 42 1294 1294 CD 22599 1012 43 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1012 44 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 45 581 581 CD 22599 1012 46 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 47 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 48 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1012 49 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 50 c. c. NN 22599 1012 51 1303 1303 CD 22599 1012 52 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1012 53 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 54 582 582 CD 22599 1012 55 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 56 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 57 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1012 58 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 59 c. c. NN 22599 1012 60 1360 1360 CD 22599 1012 61 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1012 62 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 63 583 583 CD 22599 1012 64 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 65 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 66 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1012 67 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 68 c. c. NN 22599 1012 69 1442 1442 CD 22599 1012 70 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1012 71 { { -LRB- 22599 1012 72 144 144 CD 22599 1012 73 } } -RRB- 22599 1012 74 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1012 75 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1012 76 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1012 77 For for IN 22599 1012 78 the the DT 22599 1012 79 sake sake NN 22599 1012 80 of of IN 22599 1012 81 further further JJ 22599 1012 82 comparison comparison NN 22599 1012 83 , , , 22599 1012 84 three three CD 22599 1012 85 illustrations illustration NNS 22599 1012 86 from from IN 22599 1012 87 works work NNS 22599 1012 88 in in IN 22599 1012 89 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 1012 90 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 1012 91 's 's POS 22599 1012 92 library library NN 22599 1012 93 , , , 22599 1012 94 reproduced reproduce VBN 22599 1012 95 from from IN 22599 1012 96 the the DT 22599 1012 97 _ _ NNP 22599 1012 98 Rara Rara NNP 22599 1012 99 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 1012 100 _ _ NNP 22599 1012 101 , , , 22599 1012 102 may may MD 22599 1012 103 be be VB 22599 1012 104 considered consider VBN 22599 1012 105 . . . 22599 1013 1 The the DT 22599 1013 2 first first JJ 22599 1013 3 is be VBZ 22599 1013 4 from from IN 22599 1013 5 a a DT 22599 1013 6 Latin Latin NNP 22599 1013 7 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1013 8 on on IN 22599 1013 9 arithmetic,[584 arithmetic,[584 NNP 22599 1013 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1013 11 of of IN 22599 1013 12 which which WDT 22599 1013 13 the the DT 22599 1013 14 original original NN 22599 1013 15 was be VBD 22599 1013 16 written write VBN 22599 1013 17 at at IN 22599 1013 18 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1013 19 in in IN 22599 1013 20 1424 1424 CD 22599 1013 21 by by IN 22599 1013 22 Rollandus Rollandus NNP 22599 1013 23 , , , 22599 1013 24 a a DT 22599 1013 25 Portuguese portuguese JJ 22599 1013 26 physician physician NN 22599 1013 27 , , , 22599 1013 28 who who WP 22599 1013 29 prepared prepare VBD 22599 1013 30 the the DT 22599 1013 31 work work NN 22599 1013 32 at at IN 22599 1013 33 the the DT 22599 1013 34 command command NN 22599 1013 35 of of IN 22599 1013 36 John John NNP 22599 1013 37 of of IN 22599 1013 38 Lancaster Lancaster NNP 22599 1013 39 , , , 22599 1013 40 Duke Duke NNP 22599 1013 41 of of IN 22599 1013 42 Bedford Bedford NNP 22599 1013 43 , , , 22599 1013 44 at at IN 22599 1013 45 one one CD 22599 1013 46 time time NN 22599 1013 47 Protector Protector NNP 22599 1013 48 of of IN 22599 1013 49 England England NNP 22599 1013 50 and and CC 22599 1013 51 Regent Regent NNP 22599 1013 52 of of IN 22599 1013 53 France France NNP 22599 1013 54 , , , 22599 1013 55 to to TO 22599 1013 56 whom whom WP 22599 1013 57 the the DT 22599 1013 58 work work NN 22599 1013 59 is be VBZ 22599 1013 60 dedicated dedicate VBN 22599 1013 61 . . . 22599 1014 1 The the DT 22599 1014 2 figures figure NNS 22599 1014 3 show show VBP 22599 1014 4 the the DT 22599 1014 5 successive successive JJ 22599 1014 6 powers power NNS 22599 1014 7 of of IN 22599 1014 8 2 2 CD 22599 1014 9 . . . 22599 1015 1 The the DT 22599 1015 2 second second JJ 22599 1015 3 illustration illustration NN 22599 1015 4 is be VBZ 22599 1015 5 from from IN 22599 1015 6 Luca Luca NNP 22599 1015 7 da da NNP 22599 1015 8 Firenze Firenze NNP 22599 1015 9 's 's POS 22599 1015 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1015 11 Inprencipio Inprencipio NNP 22599 1015 12 darte darte NN 22599 1015 13 dabacho_,[585 dabacho_,[585 NNP 22599 1015 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1015 15 c. c. NNP 22599 1015 16 1475 1475 CD 22599 1015 17 , , , 22599 1015 18 and and CC 22599 1015 19 the the DT 22599 1015 20 third third JJ 22599 1015 21 is be VBZ 22599 1015 22 from from IN 22599 1015 23 an an DT 22599 1015 24 anonymous anonymous JJ 22599 1015 25 manuscript[586 manuscript[586 . 22599 1015 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1015 27 of of IN 22599 1015 28 about about IN 22599 1015 29 1500 1500 CD 22599 1015 30 . . . 22599 1016 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1016 2 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1016 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1016 4 As as IN 22599 1016 5 to to IN 22599 1016 6 the the DT 22599 1016 7 forms form NNS 22599 1016 8 of of IN 22599 1016 9 the the DT 22599 1016 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1016 11 , , , 22599 1016 12 fashion fashion NN 22599 1016 13 played play VBD 22599 1016 14 a a DT 22599 1016 15 leading lead VBG 22599 1016 16 part part NN 22599 1016 17 until until IN 22599 1016 18 printing printing NN 22599 1016 19 was be VBD 22599 1016 20 invented invent VBN 22599 1016 21 . . . 22599 1017 1 This this DT 22599 1017 2 tended tend VBD 22599 1017 3 to to TO 22599 1017 4 fix fix VB 22599 1017 5 these these DT 22599 1017 6 forms form NNS 22599 1017 7 , , , 22599 1017 8 although although IN 22599 1017 9 in in IN 22599 1017 10 writing writing NN 22599 1017 11 there there EX 22599 1017 12 is be VBZ 22599 1017 13 still still RB 22599 1017 14 a a DT 22599 1017 15 great great JJ 22599 1017 16 variation variation NN 22599 1017 17 , , , 22599 1017 18 as as IN 22599 1017 19 witness witness NN 22599 1017 20 the the DT 22599 1017 21 French French NNP 22599 1017 22 5 5 CD 22599 1017 23 and and CC 22599 1017 24 the the DT 22599 1017 25 German german JJ 22599 1017 26 7 7 CD 22599 1017 27 and and CC 22599 1017 28 9 9 CD 22599 1017 29 . . . 22599 1018 1 Even even RB 22599 1018 2 in in IN 22599 1018 3 printing print VBG 22599 1018 4 there there EX 22599 1018 5 is be VBZ 22599 1018 6 not not RB 22599 1018 7 complete complete JJ 22599 1018 8 uniformity uniformity NN 22599 1018 9 , , , 22599 1018 10 { { -LRB- 22599 1018 11 145 145 CD 22599 1018 12 } } -RRB- 22599 1018 13 and and CC 22599 1018 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1018 15 is be VBZ 22599 1018 16 often often RB 22599 1018 17 difficult difficult JJ 22599 1018 18 for for IN 22599 1018 19 a a DT 22599 1018 20 foreigner foreigner NN 22599 1018 21 to to TO 22599 1018 22 distinguish distinguish VB 22599 1018 23 between between IN 22599 1018 24 the the DT 22599 1018 25 3 3 CD 22599 1018 26 and and CC 22599 1018 27 5 5 CD 22599 1018 28 of of IN 22599 1018 29 the the DT 22599 1018 30 French french JJ 22599 1018 31 types type NNS 22599 1018 32 . . . 22599 1019 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1019 2 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1019 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1019 4 As as IN 22599 1019 5 to to IN 22599 1019 6 the the DT 22599 1019 7 particular particular JJ 22599 1019 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1019 9 , , , 22599 1019 10 the the DT 22599 1019 11 following follow VBG 22599 1019 12 are be VBP 22599 1019 13 some some DT 22599 1019 14 of of IN 22599 1019 15 the the DT 22599 1019 16 forms form NNS 22599 1019 17 to to TO 22599 1019 18 be be VB 22599 1019 19 found find VBN 22599 1019 20 in in IN 22599 1019 21 the the DT 22599 1019 22 later later JJ 22599 1019 23 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 1019 24 and and CC 22599 1019 25 in in IN 22599 1019 26 the the DT 22599 1019 27 early early JJ 22599 1019 28 printed print VBN 22599 1019 29 books book NNS 22599 1019 30 . . . 22599 1020 1 1 1 LS 22599 1020 2 . . . 22599 1021 1 In in IN 22599 1021 2 the the DT 22599 1021 3 early early JJ 22599 1021 4 printed print VBN 22599 1021 5 books book NNS 22599 1021 6 " " `` 22599 1021 7 one one CD 22599 1021 8 " " '' 22599 1021 9 was be VBD 22599 1021 10 often often RB 22599 1021 11 i i PRP 22599 1021 12 , , , 22599 1021 13 perhaps perhaps RB 22599 1021 14 to to TO 22599 1021 15 save save VB 22599 1021 16 types type NNS 22599 1021 17 , , , 22599 1021 18 just just RB 22599 1021 19 as as IN 22599 1021 20 some some DT 22599 1021 21 modern modern JJ 22599 1021 22 typewriters typewriter NNS 22599 1021 23 use use VBP 22599 1021 24 the the DT 22599 1021 25 same same JJ 22599 1021 26 character character NN 22599 1021 27 for for IN 22599 1021 28 l l NN 22599 1021 29 and and CC 22599 1021 30 1 1 CD 22599 1021 31 . . . 22599 1022 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1022 2 587 587 CD 22599 1022 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1022 4 In in IN 22599 1022 5 the the DT 22599 1022 6 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 1022 7 the the DT 22599 1022 8 " " `` 22599 1022 9 one one CD 22599 1022 10 " " '' 22599 1022 11 appears appear VBZ 22599 1022 12 in in IN 22599 1022 13 such such JJ 22599 1022 14 forms form NNS 22599 1022 15 as[588 as[588 NNP 22599 1022 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1022 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1022 18 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1022 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1022 20 2 2 CD 22599 1022 21 . . . 22599 1023 1 " " `` 22599 1023 2 Two two CD 22599 1023 3 " " '' 22599 1023 4 often often RB 22599 1023 5 appears appear VBZ 22599 1023 6 as as IN 22599 1023 7 z z NN 22599 1023 8 in in IN 22599 1023 9 the the DT 22599 1023 10 early early JJ 22599 1023 11 printed print VBN 22599 1023 12 books book NNS 22599 1023 13 , , , 22599 1023 14 12 12 CD 22599 1023 15 appearing appear VBG 22599 1023 16 as as IN 22599 1023 17 iz iz NNP 22599 1023 18 . . . 22599 1024 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1024 2 589 589 CD 22599 1024 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1024 4 In in IN 22599 1024 5 the the DT 22599 1024 6 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1024 7 manuscripts manuscript VBZ 22599 1024 8 the the DT 22599 1024 9 following follow VBG 22599 1024 10 forms form NNS 22599 1024 11 are be VBP 22599 1024 12 common:[590 common:[590 NNP 22599 1024 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1024 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1024 15 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1024 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1024 17 { { -LRB- 22599 1024 18 146 146 CD 22599 1024 19 } } -RRB- 22599 1024 20 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1024 21 is be VBZ 22599 1024 22 evident evident JJ 22599 1024 23 , , , 22599 1024 24 from from IN 22599 1024 25 the the DT 22599 1024 26 early early JJ 22599 1024 27 traces trace NNS 22599 1024 28 , , , 22599 1024 29 that that IN 22599 1024 30 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1024 31 is be VBZ 22599 1024 32 merely merely RB 22599 1024 33 a a DT 22599 1024 34 cursive cursive JJ 22599 1024 35 form form NN 22599 1024 36 for for IN 22599 1024 37 the the DT 22599 1024 38 primitive primitive JJ 22599 1024 39 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1024 40 2 2 CD 22599 1024 41 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 1024 42 strokes stroke NNS 22599 1024 43 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1024 44 , , , 22599 1024 45 just just RB 22599 1024 46 as as IN 22599 1024 47 3 3 CD 22599 1024 48 comes come VBZ 22599 1024 49 from from IN 22599 1024 50 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1024 51 3 3 CD 22599 1024 52 horizontal horizontal JJ 22599 1024 53 strokes stroke NNS 22599 1024 54 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1024 55 , , , 22599 1024 56 as as IN 22599 1024 57 in in IN 22599 1024 58 the the DT 22599 1024 59 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 1024 60 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1024 61 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t VBP 22599 1024 62 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1024 63 . . . 22599 1025 1 3 3 LS 22599 1025 2 . . . 22599 1026 1 " " `` 22599 1026 2 Three three CD 22599 1026 3 " " '' 22599 1026 4 usually usually RB 22599 1026 5 had have VBD 22599 1026 6 a a DT 22599 1026 7 special special JJ 22599 1026 8 type type NN 22599 1026 9 in in IN 22599 1026 10 the the DT 22599 1026 11 first first JJ 22599 1026 12 printed print VBN 22599 1026 13 books book NNS 22599 1026 14 , , , 22599 1026 15 although although IN 22599 1026 16 occasionally occasionally RB 22599 1026 17 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1026 18 appears appear VBZ 22599 1026 19 as as IN 22599 1026 20 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1026 21 Symbol symbol NN 22599 1026 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1026 23 . . . 22599 1027 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1027 2 591 591 CD 22599 1027 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1027 4 In in IN 22599 1027 5 the the DT 22599 1027 6 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1027 7 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 1027 8 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1027 9 varied vary VBD 22599 1027 10 rather rather RB 22599 1027 11 less less JJR 22599 1027 12 than than IN 22599 1027 13 most most JJS 22599 1027 14 of of IN 22599 1027 15 the the DT 22599 1027 16 others other NNS 22599 1027 17 . . . 22599 1028 1 The the DT 22599 1028 2 following follow VBG 22599 1028 3 are be VBP 22599 1028 4 common common JJ 22599 1028 5 forms:[592 forms:[592 NNP 22599 1028 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1028 7 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1028 8 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1028 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1028 10 4 4 CD 22599 1028 11 . . . 22599 1029 1 " " `` 22599 1029 2 Four four CD 22599 1029 3 " " '' 22599 1029 4 has have VBZ 22599 1029 5 changed change VBN 22599 1029 6 greatly greatly RB 22599 1029 7 ; ; : 22599 1029 8 and and CC 22599 1029 9 one one CD 22599 1029 10 of of IN 22599 1029 11 the the DT 22599 1029 12 first first JJ 22599 1029 13 tests test NNS 22599 1029 14 as as IN 22599 1029 15 to to IN 22599 1029 16 the the DT 22599 1029 17 age age NN 22599 1029 18 of of IN 22599 1029 19 a a DT 22599 1029 20 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1029 21 on on IN 22599 1029 22 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1029 23 , , , 22599 1029 24 and and CC 22599 1029 25 the the DT 22599 1029 26 place place NN 22599 1029 27 where where WRB 22599 1029 28 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1029 29 was be VBD 22599 1029 30 written write VBN 22599 1029 31 , , , 22599 1029 32 is be VBZ 22599 1029 33 the the DT 22599 1029 34 examination examination NN 22599 1029 35 of of IN 22599 1029 36 this this DT 22599 1029 37 numeral numeral NN 22599 1029 38 . . . 22599 1030 1 Until until IN 22599 1030 2 the the DT 22599 1030 3 time time NN 22599 1030 4 of of IN 22599 1030 5 printing print VBG 22599 1030 6 the the DT 22599 1030 7 most most RBS 22599 1030 8 common common JJ 22599 1030 9 form form NN 22599 1030 10 was be VBD 22599 1030 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1030 12 Symbol symbol NN 22599 1030 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1030 14 , , , 22599 1030 15 although although IN 22599 1030 16 the the DT 22599 1030 17 Florentine Florentine NNP 22599 1030 18 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1030 19 of of IN 22599 1030 20 Leonard Leonard NNP 22599 1030 21 of of IN 22599 1030 22 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 1030 23 's 's POS 22599 1030 24 work work NN 22599 1030 25 has have VBZ 22599 1030 26 the the DT 22599 1030 27 form form NN 22599 1030 28 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1030 29 Symbol];[593 Symbol];[593 NNP 22599 1030 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1030 31 but but CC 22599 1030 32 the the DT 22599 1030 33 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 1030 34 show show VBP 22599 1030 35 that that IN 22599 1030 36 the the DT 22599 1030 37 Florentine Florentine NNP 22599 1030 38 arithmeticians arithmetician NNS 22599 1030 39 and and CC 22599 1030 40 astronomers astronomer NNS 22599 1030 41 rather rather RB 22599 1030 42 early early RB 22599 1030 43 began begin VBD 22599 1030 44 to to TO 22599 1030 45 straighten straighten VB 22599 1030 46 the the DT 22599 1030 47 first first JJ 22599 1030 48 of of IN 22599 1030 49 these these DT 22599 1030 50 forms form NNS 22599 1030 51 up up RP 22599 1030 52 to to IN 22599 1030 53 forms form NNS 22599 1030 54 like like IN 22599 1030 55 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1030 56 Symbol][594 symbol][594 NN 22599 1030 57 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1030 58 and and CC 22599 1030 59 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1030 60 Symbol][594 symbol][594 NN 22599 1030 61 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1030 62 or or CC 22599 1030 63 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1030 64 Symbol],[595 Symbol],[595 NNP 22599 1030 65 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1030 66 more more RBR 22599 1030 67 closely closely RB 22599 1030 68 resembling resemble VBG 22599 1030 69 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1030 70 own own JJ 22599 1030 71 . . . 22599 1031 1 The the DT 22599 1031 2 first first JJ 22599 1031 3 printed print VBN 22599 1031 4 books book NNS 22599 1031 5 generally generally RB 22599 1031 6 used use VBD 22599 1031 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1031 8 present present NN 22599 1031 9 form[596 form[596 . 22599 1031 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1031 11 with with IN 22599 1031 12 the the DT 22599 1031 13 closed close VBN 22599 1031 14 top top NN 22599 1031 15 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1031 16 Symbol symbol NN 22599 1031 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1031 18 , , , 22599 1031 19 the the DT 22599 1031 20 open open JJ 22599 1031 21 top top NN 22599 1031 22 used use VBN 22599 1031 23 in in IN 22599 1031 24 writing writing NN 22599 1031 25 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1031 26 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1031 27 Symbol symbol NN 22599 1031 28 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1031 29 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1031 30 being be VBG 22599 1031 31 { { -LRB- 22599 1031 32 147 147 CD 22599 1031 33 } } -RRB- 22599 1031 34 purely purely RB 22599 1031 35 modern modern JJ 22599 1031 36 . . . 22599 1032 1 The the DT 22599 1032 2 following follow VBG 22599 1032 3 are be VBP 22599 1032 4 other other JJ 22599 1032 5 forms form NNS 22599 1032 6 of of IN 22599 1032 7 the the DT 22599 1032 8 four four CD 22599 1032 9 , , , 22599 1032 10 from from IN 22599 1032 11 various various JJ 22599 1032 12 manuscripts:[597 manuscripts:[597 NN 22599 1032 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1032 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1032 15 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1032 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1032 17 5 5 CD 22599 1032 18 . . . 22599 1033 1 " " `` 22599 1033 2 Five five CD 22599 1033 3 " " '' 22599 1033 4 also also RB 22599 1033 5 varied vary VBD 22599 1033 6 greatly greatly RB 22599 1033 7 before before IN 22599 1033 8 the the DT 22599 1033 9 time time NN 22599 1033 10 of of IN 22599 1033 11 printing printing NN 22599 1033 12 . . . 22599 1034 1 The the DT 22599 1034 2 following follow VBG 22599 1034 3 are be VBP 22599 1034 4 some some DT 22599 1034 5 of of IN 22599 1034 6 the the DT 22599 1034 7 forms:[598 forms:[598 NNP 22599 1034 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1034 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1034 10 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1034 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1034 12 6 6 CD 22599 1034 13 . . . 22599 1035 1 " " `` 22599 1035 2 Six six CD 22599 1035 3 " " '' 22599 1035 4 has have VBZ 22599 1035 5 changed change VBN 22599 1035 6 rather rather RB 22599 1035 7 less less JJR 22599 1035 8 than than IN 22599 1035 9 most most JJS 22599 1035 10 of of IN 22599 1035 11 the the DT 22599 1035 12 others other NNS 22599 1035 13 . . . 22599 1036 1 The the DT 22599 1036 2 chief chief JJ 22599 1036 3 variation variation NN 22599 1036 4 has have VBZ 22599 1036 5 been be VBN 22599 1036 6 in in IN 22599 1036 7 the the DT 22599 1036 8 slope slope NN 22599 1036 9 of of IN 22599 1036 10 the the DT 22599 1036 11 top top NN 22599 1036 12 , , , 22599 1036 13 as as IN 22599 1036 14 will will MD 22599 1036 15 be be VB 22599 1036 16 seen see VBN 22599 1036 17 in in IN 22599 1036 18 the the DT 22599 1036 19 following:[599 following:[599 NN 22599 1036 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1036 21 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1036 22 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1036 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1036 24 7 7 CD 22599 1036 25 . . . 22599 1037 1 " " `` 22599 1037 2 Seven seven CD 22599 1037 3 , , , 22599 1037 4 " " '' 22599 1037 5 like like IN 22599 1037 6 " " `` 22599 1037 7 four four CD 22599 1037 8 , , , 22599 1037 9 " " '' 22599 1037 10 has have VBZ 22599 1037 11 assumed assume VBN 22599 1037 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1037 13 present present JJ 22599 1037 14 erect erect NN 22599 1037 15 form form NN 22599 1037 16 only only RB 22599 1037 17 since since IN 22599 1037 18 the the DT 22599 1037 19 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 1037 20 century century NN 22599 1037 21 . . . 22599 1038 1 In in IN 22599 1038 2 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1038 3 times time NNS 22599 1038 4 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1038 5 appeared appear VBD 22599 1038 6 as as IN 22599 1038 7 follows:[600 follows:[600 NN 22599 1038 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1038 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1038 10 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1038 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1038 12 { { -LRB- 22599 1038 13 148 148 CD 22599 1038 14 } } -RRB- 22599 1038 15 8 8 CD 22599 1038 16 . . . 22599 1039 1 " " `` 22599 1039 2 Eight eight CD 22599 1039 3 , , , 22599 1039 4 " " '' 22599 1039 5 like like IN 22599 1039 6 " " `` 22599 1039 7 six six CD 22599 1039 8 , , , 22599 1039 9 " " '' 22599 1039 10 has have VBZ 22599 1039 11 changed change VBN 22599 1039 12 but but CC 22599 1039 13 little little JJ 22599 1039 14 . . . 22599 1040 1 In in IN 22599 1040 2 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1040 3 times time NNS 22599 1040 4 there there EX 22599 1040 5 are be VBP 22599 1040 6 a a DT 22599 1040 7 few few JJ 22599 1040 8 variants variant NNS 22599 1040 9 of of IN 22599 1040 10 interest interest NN 22599 1040 11 as as IN 22599 1040 12 follows:[601 follows:[601 NN 22599 1040 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1040 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1040 15 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1040 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1040 17 In in IN 22599 1040 18 the the DT 22599 1040 19 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 1040 20 century century NN 22599 1040 21 , , , 22599 1040 22 however however RB 22599 1040 23 , , , 22599 1040 24 there there EX 22599 1040 25 was be VBD 22599 1040 26 manifested manifest VBN 22599 1040 27 a a DT 22599 1040 28 tendency tendency NN 22599 1040 29 to to TO 22599 1040 30 write write VB 22599 1040 31 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1040 32 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1040 33 Symbol symbol NN 22599 1040 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1040 35 . . . 22599 1041 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1041 2 602 602 CD 22599 1041 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1041 4 9 9 CD 22599 1041 5 . . . 22599 1042 1 " " `` 22599 1042 2 Nine nine CD 22599 1042 3 " " '' 22599 1042 4 has have VBZ 22599 1042 5 not not RB 22599 1042 6 varied vary VBN 22599 1042 7 as as RB 22599 1042 8 much much RB 22599 1042 9 as as IN 22599 1042 10 most most JJS 22599 1042 11 of of IN 22599 1042 12 the the DT 22599 1042 13 others other NNS 22599 1042 14 . . . 22599 1043 1 Among among IN 22599 1043 2 the the DT 22599 1043 3 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1043 4 forms form NNS 22599 1043 5 are be VBP 22599 1043 6 the the DT 22599 1043 7 following:[603 following:[603 NNP 22599 1043 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1043 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1043 10 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1043 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1043 12 0 0 NFP 22599 1043 13 . . . 22599 1044 1 The the DT 22599 1044 2 shape shape NN 22599 1044 3 of of IN 22599 1044 4 the the DT 22599 1044 5 zero zero CD 22599 1044 6 also also RB 22599 1044 7 had have VBD 22599 1044 8 a a DT 22599 1044 9 varied varied JJ 22599 1044 10 history history NN 22599 1044 11 . . . 22599 1045 1 The the DT 22599 1045 2 following follow VBG 22599 1045 3 are be VBP 22599 1045 4 common common JJ 22599 1045 5 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1045 6 forms:[604 forms:[604 NNP 22599 1045 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1045 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1045 9 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1045 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1045 11 The the DT 22599 1045 12 explanation explanation NN 22599 1045 13 of of IN 22599 1045 14 the the DT 22599 1045 15 place place NN 22599 1045 16 value value NN 22599 1045 17 was be VBD 22599 1045 18 a a DT 22599 1045 19 serious serious JJ 22599 1045 20 matter matter NN 22599 1045 21 to to IN 22599 1045 22 most most JJS 22599 1045 23 of of IN 22599 1045 24 the the DT 22599 1045 25 early early JJ 22599 1045 26 writers writer NNS 22599 1045 27 . . . 22599 1046 1 If if IN 22599 1046 2 they -PRON- PRP 22599 1046 3 had have VBD 22599 1046 4 been be VBN 22599 1046 5 using use VBG 22599 1046 6 an an DT 22599 1046 7 abacus abacus NN 22599 1046 8 constructed construct VBN 22599 1046 9 like like IN 22599 1046 10 the the DT 22599 1046 11 Russian russian JJ 22599 1046 12 chotü chotü NN 22599 1046 13 , , , 22599 1046 14 and and CC 22599 1046 15 had have VBD 22599 1046 16 placed place VBN 22599 1046 17 this this DT 22599 1046 18 before before IN 22599 1046 19 all all DT 22599 1046 20 learners learner NNS 22599 1046 21 of of IN 22599 1046 22 the the DT 22599 1046 23 positional positional JJ 22599 1046 24 system system NN 22599 1046 25 , , , 22599 1046 26 there there EX 22599 1046 27 would would MD 22599 1046 28 have have VB 22599 1046 29 been be VBN 22599 1046 30 little little JJ 22599 1046 31 trouble trouble NN 22599 1046 32 . . . 22599 1047 1 But but CC 22599 1047 2 the the DT 22599 1047 3 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1047 4 { { -LRB- 22599 1047 5 149 149 CD 22599 1047 6 } } -RRB- 22599 1047 7 line line NN 22599 1047 8 - - HYPH 22599 1047 9 reckoning reckoning NN 22599 1047 10 , , , 22599 1047 11 where where WRB 22599 1047 12 the the DT 22599 1047 13 lines line NNS 22599 1047 14 stood stand VBD 22599 1047 15 for for IN 22599 1047 16 powers power NNS 22599 1047 17 of of IN 22599 1047 18 10 10 CD 22599 1047 19 and and CC 22599 1047 20 the the DT 22599 1047 21 spaces space NNS 22599 1047 22 for for IN 22599 1047 23 half half NN 22599 1047 24 of of IN 22599 1047 25 such such JJ 22599 1047 26 powers power NNS 22599 1047 27 , , , 22599 1047 28 did do VBD 22599 1047 29 not not RB 22599 1047 30 lend lend VB 22599 1047 31 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 1047 32 to to IN 22599 1047 33 this this DT 22599 1047 34 comparison comparison NN 22599 1047 35 . . . 22599 1048 1 Accordingly accordingly RB 22599 1048 2 we -PRON- PRP 22599 1048 3 find find VBP 22599 1048 4 such such JJ 22599 1048 5 labored labored JJ 22599 1048 6 explanations explanation NNS 22599 1048 7 as as IN 22599 1048 8 the the DT 22599 1048 9 following following NN 22599 1048 10 , , , 22599 1048 11 from from IN 22599 1048 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1048 13 The the DT 22599 1048 14 Crafte Crafte NNP 22599 1048 15 of of IN 22599 1048 16 Nombrynge Nombrynge NNP 22599 1048 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1048 18 : : : 22599 1048 19 " " `` 22599 1048 20 Euery Euery NNP 22599 1048 21 of of IN 22599 1048 22 these these DT 22599 1048 23 figuris figuris NN 22599 1048 24 bitokens bitoken NNS 22599 1048 25 hym hym VBP 22599 1048 26 selfe selfe NNP 22599 1048 27 & & CC 22599 1048 28 no no RB 22599 1048 29 more more JJR 22599 1048 30 , , , 22599 1048 31 yf yf IN 22599 1048 32 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1048 33 stonde stonde VBP 22599 1048 34 in in IN 22599 1048 35 the the DT 22599 1048 36 first first JJ 22599 1048 37 place place NN 22599 1048 38 of of IN 22599 1048 39 the the DT 22599 1048 40 rewele rewele NN 22599 1048 41 .... .... . 22599 1048 42 " " `` 22599 1048 43 If if IN 22599 1048 44 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1048 45 stonde stonde VBP 22599 1048 46 in in IN 22599 1048 47 the the DT 22599 1048 48 secunde secunde NNP 22599 1048 49 place place NN 22599 1048 50 of of IN 22599 1048 51 the the DT 22599 1048 52 rewle rewle NN 22599 1048 53 , , , 22599 1048 54 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1048 55 betokens betoken VBZ 22599 1048 56 ten ten CD 22599 1048 57 tymes tyme NNS 22599 1048 58 hym hym VBP 22599 1048 59 selfe selfe NN 22599 1048 60 , , , 22599 1048 61 as as IN 22599 1048 62 this this DT 22599 1048 63 figure figure NN 22599 1048 64 2 2 CD 22599 1048 65 here here RB 22599 1048 66 20 20 CD 22599 1048 67 tokens token NNS 22599 1048 68 ten ten CD 22599 1048 69 tyme tyme NNS 22599 1048 70 hym hym VBD 22599 1048 71 selfe selfe NNP 22599 1048 72 , , , 22599 1048 73 that that RB 22599 1048 74 is is RB 22599 1048 75 twenty twenty CD 22599 1048 76 , , , 22599 1048 77 for for IN 22599 1048 78 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1048 79 hym hym VBD 22599 1048 80 selfe selfe NNP 22599 1048 81 betokens betokens IN 22599 1048 82 tweyne tweyne NNP 22599 1048 83 , , , 22599 1048 84 & & CC 22599 1048 85 ten ten NNP 22599 1048 86 tymes tyme NNS 22599 1048 87 twene twene NN 22599 1048 88 is be VBZ 22599 1048 89 twenty twenty CD 22599 1048 90 . . . 22599 1049 1 And and CC 22599 1049 2 for for IN 22599 1049 3 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1049 4 stondis stondi VBZ 22599 1049 5 on on IN 22599 1049 6 the the DT 22599 1049 7 lyft lyft JJ 22599 1049 8 side side NN 22599 1049 9 & & CC 22599 1049 10 in in IN 22599 1049 11 the the DT 22599 1049 12 secunde secunde NNP 22599 1049 13 place place NN 22599 1049 14 , , , 22599 1049 15 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1049 16 betokens betoken VBZ 22599 1049 17 ten ten CD 22599 1049 18 tyme tyme NNS 22599 1049 19 hym hym VBD 22599 1049 20 selfe selfe NN 22599 1049 21 . . . 22599 1050 1 And and CC 22599 1050 2 so so RB 22599 1050 3 go go VB 22599 1050 4 forth forth RB 22599 1050 5 .... .... . 22599 1050 6 " " `` 22599 1050 7 Nil Nil NNP 22599 1050 8 cifra cifra JJ 22599 1050 9 significat significat NN 22599 1050 10 sed se VBN 22599 1050 11 dat dat NNP 22599 1050 12 signare signare NN 22599 1050 13 sequenti sequenti NNP 22599 1050 14 . . . 22599 1051 1 Expone expone VB 22599 1051 2 this this DT 22599 1051 3 verse verse NN 22599 1051 4 . . . 22599 1052 1 A a DT 22599 1052 2 cifre cifre NN 22599 1052 3 tokens token VBZ 22599 1052 4 no[gh]t no[gh]t RB 22599 1052 5 , , , 22599 1052 6 bot bot NN 22599 1052 7 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1052 8 makes make VBZ 22599 1052 9 the the DT 22599 1052 10 figure figure NN 22599 1052 11 to to TO 22599 1052 12 betoken betoken VB 22599 1052 13 that that WDT 22599 1052 14 comes come VBZ 22599 1052 15 after after IN 22599 1052 16 hym hym NN 22599 1052 17 more more JJR 22599 1052 18 than than IN 22599 1052 19 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1052 20 shuld shuld MD 22599 1052 21 & & CC 22599 1052 22 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1052 23 were be VBD 22599 1052 24 away away RB 22599 1052 25 , , , 22599 1052 26 as as IN 22599 1052 27 thus thus RB 22599 1052 28 10 10 CD 22599 1052 29 . . . 22599 1052 30 here here RB 22599 1052 31 the the DT 22599 1052 32 figure figure NN 22599 1052 33 of of IN 22599 1052 34 one one CD 22599 1052 35 tokens token NNS 22599 1052 36 ten ten CD 22599 1052 37 , , , 22599 1052 38 & & CC 22599 1052 39 yf yf NNP 22599 1052 40 the the DT 22599 1052 41 cifre cifre NN 22599 1052 42 were be VBD 22599 1052 43 away away RB 22599 1052 44 & & CC 22599 1052 45 no no DT 22599 1052 46 figure figure NN 22599 1052 47 byfore byfore NN 22599 1052 48 hym hym NN 22599 1052 49 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1052 50 schuld schuld MD 22599 1052 51 token token VB 22599 1052 52 bot bot NN 22599 1052 53 one one CD 22599 1052 54 , , , 22599 1052 55 for for IN 22599 1052 56 than than IN 22599 1052 57 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1052 58 schuld schuld MD 22599 1052 59 stonde stonde VB 22599 1052 60 in in IN 22599 1052 61 the the DT 22599 1052 62 first first JJ 22599 1052 63 place place NN 22599 1052 64 .... .... NFP 22599 1052 65 "[605 "[605 LS 22599 1052 66 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1052 67 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1052 68 would would MD 22599 1052 69 seem seem VB 22599 1052 70 that that IN 22599 1052 71 a a DT 22599 1052 72 system system NN 22599 1052 73 that that WDT 22599 1052 74 was be VBD 22599 1052 75 thus thus RB 22599 1052 76 used use VBN 22599 1052 77 for for IN 22599 1052 78 dating date VBG 22599 1052 79 documents document NNS 22599 1052 80 , , , 22599 1052 81 coins coin NNS 22599 1052 82 , , , 22599 1052 83 and and CC 22599 1052 84 monuments monument NNS 22599 1052 85 , , , 22599 1052 86 would would MD 22599 1052 87 have have VB 22599 1052 88 been be VBN 22599 1052 89 generally generally RB 22599 1052 90 adopted adopt VBN 22599 1052 91 much much RB 22599 1052 92 earlier early RBR 22599 1052 93 than than IN 22599 1052 94 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1052 95 was be VBD 22599 1052 96 , , , 22599 1052 97 particularly particularly RB 22599 1052 98 in in IN 22599 1052 99 those those DT 22599 1052 100 countries country NNS 22599 1052 101 north north RB 22599 1052 102 of of IN 22599 1052 103 Italy Italy NNP 22599 1052 104 where where WRB 22599 1052 105 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1052 106 did do VBD 22599 1052 107 not not RB 22599 1052 108 come come VB 22599 1052 109 into into IN 22599 1052 110 general general JJ 22599 1052 111 use use NN 22599 1052 112 until until IN 22599 1052 113 the the DT 22599 1052 114 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 1052 115 century century NN 22599 1052 116 . . . 22599 1053 1 This this DT 22599 1053 2 , , , 22599 1053 3 however however RB 22599 1053 4 , , , 22599 1053 5 has have VBZ 22599 1053 6 been be VBN 22599 1053 7 the the DT 22599 1053 8 fate fate NN 22599 1053 9 of of IN 22599 1053 10 many many JJ 22599 1053 11 inventions invention NNS 22599 1053 12 , , , 22599 1053 13 as as IN 22599 1053 14 witness witness NN 22599 1053 15 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1053 16 neglect neglect NN 22599 1053 17 of of IN 22599 1053 18 logarithms logarithm NNS 22599 1053 19 and and CC 22599 1053 20 of of IN 22599 1053 21 contracted contract VBN 22599 1053 22 processes process NNS 22599 1053 23 to to IN 22599 1053 24 - - HYPH 22599 1053 25 day day NN 22599 1053 26 . . . 22599 1054 1 As as IN 22599 1054 2 to to IN 22599 1054 3 Germany Germany NNP 22599 1054 4 , , , 22599 1054 5 the the DT 22599 1054 6 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 1054 7 century century NN 22599 1054 8 saw see VBD 22599 1054 9 the the DT 22599 1054 10 rise rise NN 22599 1054 11 of of IN 22599 1054 12 the the DT 22599 1054 13 new new JJ 22599 1054 14 symbolism symbolism NN 22599 1054 15 ; ; : 22599 1054 16 the the DT 22599 1054 17 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 1054 18 century century NN 22599 1054 19 saw see VBD 22599 1054 20 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1054 21 slowly slowly RB 22599 1054 22 { { -LRB- 22599 1054 23 150 150 CD 22599 1054 24 } } -RRB- 22599 1054 25 gain gain VBP 22599 1054 26 the the DT 22599 1054 27 mastery mastery NN 22599 1054 28 ; ; : 22599 1054 29 the the DT 22599 1054 30 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 1054 31 century century NN 22599 1054 32 saw see VBD 22599 1054 33 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1054 34 finally finally RB 22599 1054 35 conquer conquer VB 22599 1054 36 the the DT 22599 1054 37 system system NN 22599 1054 38 that that IN 22599 1054 39 for for IN 22599 1054 40 two two CD 22599 1054 41 thousand thousand CD 22599 1054 42 years year NNS 22599 1054 43 had have VBD 22599 1054 44 dominated dominate VBN 22599 1054 45 the the DT 22599 1054 46 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1054 47 of of IN 22599 1054 48 business business NN 22599 1054 49 . . . 22599 1055 1 Not not RB 22599 1055 2 a a DT 22599 1055 3 little little JJ 22599 1055 4 of of IN 22599 1055 5 the the DT 22599 1055 6 success success NN 22599 1055 7 of of IN 22599 1055 8 the the DT 22599 1055 9 new new JJ 22599 1055 10 plan plan NN 22599 1055 11 was be VBD 22599 1055 12 due due JJ 22599 1055 13 to to IN 22599 1055 14 Luther Luther NNP 22599 1055 15 's 's POS 22599 1055 16 demand demand NN 22599 1055 17 that that IN 22599 1055 18 all all DT 22599 1055 19 learning learn VBG 22599 1055 20 should should MD 22599 1055 21 go go VB 22599 1055 22 into into IN 22599 1055 23 the the DT 22599 1055 24 vernacular vernacular JJ 22599 1055 25 . . . 22599 1056 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1056 2 606 606 CD 22599 1056 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1056 4 During during IN 22599 1056 5 the the DT 22599 1056 6 transition transition NN 22599 1056 7 period period NN 22599 1056 8 from from IN 22599 1056 9 the the DT 22599 1056 10 Roman Roman NNP 22599 1056 11 to to IN 22599 1056 12 the the DT 22599 1056 13 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1056 14 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1056 15 , , , 22599 1056 16 various various JJ 22599 1056 17 anomalous anomalous JJ 22599 1056 18 forms form NNS 22599 1056 19 found find VBD 22599 1056 20 place place NN 22599 1056 21 . . . 22599 1057 1 For for IN 22599 1057 2 example example NN 22599 1057 3 , , , 22599 1057 4 we -PRON- PRP 22599 1057 5 have have VBP 22599 1057 6 in in IN 22599 1057 7 the the DT 22599 1057 8 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 1057 9 century century NN 22599 1057 10 c[alpha c[alpha NNP 22599 1057 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1057 12 for for IN 22599 1057 13 104;[607 104;[607 NNP 22599 1057 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1057 15 1000 1000 CD 22599 1057 16 . . . 22599 1058 1 300 300 CD 22599 1058 2 . . . 22599 1059 1 80 80 CD 22599 1059 2 et et NN 22599 1059 3 4 4 CD 22599 1059 4 for for IN 22599 1059 5 1384;[608 1384;[608 NNP 22599 1059 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1059 7 and and CC 22599 1059 8 in in IN 22599 1059 9 a a DT 22599 1059 10 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1059 11 of of IN 22599 1059 12 the the DT 22599 1059 13 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 1059 14 century century NN 22599 1059 15 12901 12901 CD 22599 1059 16 for for IN 22599 1059 17 1291 1291 CD 22599 1059 18 . . . 22599 1060 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1060 2 609 609 CD 22599 1060 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1060 4 In in IN 22599 1060 5 the the DT 22599 1060 6 same same JJ 22599 1060 7 century century NN 22599 1060 8 m. m. NNP 22599 1060 9 cccc cccc NNP 22599 1060 10 . . . 22599 1061 1 8II 8ii CD 22599 1061 2 appears appear VBZ 22599 1061 3 for for IN 22599 1061 4 1482,[610 1482,[610 NN 22599 1061 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1061 6 while while IN 22599 1061 7 M^oCCCC^o50 M^oCCCC^o50 NNP 22599 1061 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1061 9 1450 1450 CD 22599 1061 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1061 11 and and CC 22599 1061 12 MCCCCXL6 MCCCCXL6 NNS 22599 1061 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1061 14 1446 1446 CD 22599 1061 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1061 16 are be VBP 22599 1061 17 used use VBN 22599 1061 18 by by IN 22599 1061 19 Theodoricus Theodoricus NNP 22599 1061 20 Ruffi Ruffi NNP 22599 1061 21 about about IN 22599 1061 22 the the DT 22599 1061 23 same same JJ 22599 1061 24 time time NN 22599 1061 25 . . . 22599 1062 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1062 2 611 611 CD 22599 1062 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1062 4 To to IN 22599 1062 5 the the DT 22599 1062 6 next next JJ 22599 1062 7 century century NN 22599 1062 8 belongs belong VBZ 22599 1062 9 the the DT 22599 1062 10 form form NN 22599 1062 11 1vojj 1vojj NNP 22599 1062 12 for for IN 22599 1062 13 1502 1502 CD 22599 1062 14 . . . 22599 1063 1 Even even RB 22599 1063 2 in in IN 22599 1063 3 Sfortunati Sfortunati NNP 22599 1063 4 's 's POS 22599 1063 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1063 6 Nuovo Nuovo NNP 22599 1063 7 lume_[612 lume_[612 NNP 22599 1063 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1063 9 the the DT 22599 1063 10 use use NN 22599 1063 11 of of IN 22599 1063 12 ordinals ordinal NNS 22599 1063 13 is be VBZ 22599 1063 14 quite quite RB 22599 1063 15 confused confused JJ 22599 1063 16 , , , 22599 1063 17 the the DT 22599 1063 18 propositions proposition NNS 22599 1063 19 on on IN 22599 1063 20 a a DT 22599 1063 21 single single JJ 22599 1063 22 page page NN 22599 1063 23 being be VBG 22599 1063 24 numbered number VBN 22599 1063 25 " " `` 22599 1063 26 tertia tertia NN 22599 1063 27 , , , 22599 1063 28 " " '' 22599 1063 29 " " `` 22599 1063 30 4 4 CD 22599 1063 31 , , , 22599 1063 32 " " '' 22599 1063 33 and and CC 22599 1063 34 " " `` 22599 1063 35 V. V. NNP 22599 1063 36 " " '' 22599 1063 37 Although although IN 22599 1063 38 not not RB 22599 1063 39 connected connect VBN 22599 1063 40 with with IN 22599 1063 41 the the DT 22599 1063 42 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1063 43 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1063 44 in in IN 22599 1063 45 any any DT 22599 1063 46 direct direct JJ 22599 1063 47 way way NN 22599 1063 48 , , , 22599 1063 49 the the DT 22599 1063 50 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1063 51 astrological astrological JJ 22599 1063 52 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1063 53 may may MD 22599 1063 54 here here RB 22599 1063 55 be be VB 22599 1063 56 mentioned mention VBN 22599 1063 57 . . . 22599 1064 1 These these DT 22599 1064 2 are be VBP 22599 1064 3 given give VBN 22599 1064 4 by by IN 22599 1064 5 several several JJ 22599 1064 6 early early JJ 22599 1064 7 writers writer NNS 22599 1064 8 , , , 22599 1064 9 but but CC 22599 1064 10 notably notably RB 22599 1064 11 by by IN 22599 1064 12 Noviomagus Noviomagus NNP 22599 1064 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1064 14 1539),[613 1539),[613 NNP 22599 1064 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1064 16 as as IN 22599 1064 17 follows[614 follows[614 NNP 22599 1064 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1064 19 : : : 22599 1064 20 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1064 21 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1064 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1064 23 { { -LRB- 22599 1064 24 151 151 CD 22599 1064 25 } } -RRB- 22599 1064 26 Thus thus RB 22599 1064 27 we -PRON- PRP 22599 1064 28 find find VBP 22599 1064 29 the the DT 22599 1064 30 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1064 31 gradually gradually RB 22599 1064 32 replacing replace VBG 22599 1064 33 the the DT 22599 1064 34 Roman roman JJ 22599 1064 35 forms form NNS 22599 1064 36 all all RB 22599 1064 37 over over IN 22599 1064 38 Europe Europe NNP 22599 1064 39 , , , 22599 1064 40 from from IN 22599 1064 41 the the DT 22599 1064 42 time time NN 22599 1064 43 of of IN 22599 1064 44 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 1064 45 of of IN 22599 1064 46 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 1064 47 until until IN 22599 1064 48 the the DT 22599 1064 49 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 1064 50 century century NN 22599 1064 51 . . . 22599 1065 1 But but CC 22599 1065 2 in in IN 22599 1065 3 the the DT 22599 1065 4 Far Far NNP 22599 1065 5 East East NNP 22599 1065 6 to to IN 22599 1065 7 - - HYPH 22599 1065 8 day day NN 22599 1065 9 they -PRON- PRP 22599 1065 10 are be VBP 22599 1065 11 quite quite RB 22599 1065 12 unknown unknown JJ 22599 1065 13 in in IN 22599 1065 14 many many JJ 22599 1065 15 countries country NNS 22599 1065 16 , , , 22599 1065 17 and and CC 22599 1065 18 they -PRON- PRP 22599 1065 19 still still RB 22599 1065 20 have have VBP 22599 1065 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1065 22 way way NN 22599 1065 23 to to TO 22599 1065 24 make make VB 22599 1065 25 . . . 22599 1066 1 In in IN 22599 1066 2 many many JJ 22599 1066 3 parts part NNS 22599 1066 4 of of IN 22599 1066 5 India India NNP 22599 1066 6 , , , 22599 1066 7 among among IN 22599 1066 8 the the DT 22599 1066 9 common common JJ 22599 1066 10 people people NNS 22599 1066 11 of of IN 22599 1066 12 Japan Japan NNP 22599 1066 13 and and CC 22599 1066 14 China China NNP 22599 1066 15 , , , 22599 1066 16 in in IN 22599 1066 17 Siam Siam NNP 22599 1066 18 and and CC 22599 1066 19 generally generally RB 22599 1066 20 about about IN 22599 1066 21 the the DT 22599 1066 22 Malay Malay NNP 22599 1066 23 Peninsula Peninsula NNP 22599 1066 24 , , , 22599 1066 25 in in IN 22599 1066 26 Tibet Tibet NNP 22599 1066 27 , , , 22599 1066 28 and and CC 22599 1066 29 among among IN 22599 1066 30 the the DT 22599 1066 31 East East NNP 22599 1066 32 India India NNP 22599 1066 33 islands island NNS 22599 1066 34 , , , 22599 1066 35 the the DT 22599 1066 36 natives native NNS 22599 1066 37 still still RB 22599 1066 38 adhere adhere VBP 22599 1066 39 to to IN 22599 1066 40 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1066 41 own own JJ 22599 1066 42 numeral numeral JJ 22599 1066 43 forms form NNS 22599 1066 44 . . . 22599 1067 1 Only only RB 22599 1067 2 as as IN 22599 1067 3 Western western JJ 22599 1067 4 civilization civilization NN 22599 1067 5 is be VBZ 22599 1067 6 making make VBG 22599 1067 7 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1067 8 way way NN 22599 1067 9 into into IN 22599 1067 10 the the DT 22599 1067 11 commercial commercial JJ 22599 1067 12 life life NN 22599 1067 13 of of IN 22599 1067 14 the the DT 22599 1067 15 East East NNP 22599 1067 16 do do VBP 22599 1067 17 the the DT 22599 1067 18 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1067 19 as as IN 22599 1067 20 used use VBN 22599 1067 21 by by IN 22599 1067 22 us -PRON- PRP 22599 1067 23 find find VB 22599 1067 24 place place NN 22599 1067 25 , , , 22599 1067 26 save save VBP 22599 1067 27 as as IN 22599 1067 28 the the DT 22599 1067 29 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 1067 30 forms form NNS 22599 1067 31 appear appear VBP 22599 1067 32 in in IN 22599 1067 33 parts part NNS 22599 1067 34 of of IN 22599 1067 35 India India NNP 22599 1067 36 . . . 22599 1068 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1068 2 is be VBZ 22599 1068 3 therefore therefore RB 22599 1068 4 with with IN 22599 1068 5 surprise surprise NN 22599 1068 6 that that IN 22599 1068 7 the the DT 22599 1068 8 student student NN 22599 1068 9 of of IN 22599 1068 10 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 1068 11 comes come VBZ 22599 1068 12 to to TO 22599 1068 13 realize realize VB 22599 1068 14 how how WRB 22599 1068 15 modern modern JJ 22599 1068 16 are be VBP 22599 1068 17 these these DT 22599 1068 18 forms form NNS 22599 1068 19 so so RB 22599 1068 20 common common JJ 22599 1068 21 in in IN 22599 1068 22 the the DT 22599 1068 23 West West NNP 22599 1068 24 , , , 22599 1068 25 how how WRB 22599 1068 26 limited limited JJ 22599 1068 27 is be VBZ 22599 1068 28 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1068 29 use use NN 22599 1068 30 even even RB 22599 1068 31 at at IN 22599 1068 32 the the DT 22599 1068 33 present present JJ 22599 1068 34 time time NN 22599 1068 35 , , , 22599 1068 36 and and CC 22599 1068 37 how how WRB 22599 1068 38 slow slow JJ 22599 1068 39 the the DT 22599 1068 40 world world NN 22599 1068 41 has have VBZ 22599 1068 42 been be VBN 22599 1068 43 and and CC 22599 1068 44 is be VBZ 22599 1068 45 in in IN 22599 1068 46 adopting adopt VBG 22599 1068 47 such such PDT 22599 1068 48 a a DT 22599 1068 49 simple simple JJ 22599 1068 50 device device NN 22599 1068 51 as as IN 22599 1068 52 the the DT 22599 1068 53 Hindu hindu JJ 22599 1068 54 - - HYPH 22599 1068 55 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 1068 56 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1068 57 . . . 22599 1069 1 * * NFP 22599 1069 2 * * NFP 22599 1069 3 * * NFP 22599 1069 4 * * NFP 22599 1069 5 * * NFP 22599 1069 6 { { -LRB- 22599 1069 7 153 153 CD 22599 1069 8 } } -RRB- 22599 1069 9 INDEX INDEX NNP 22599 1069 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1069 11 Transcriber Transcriber NNP 22599 1069 12 's 's POS 22599 1069 13 note note NN 22599 1069 14 : : : 22599 1069 15 many many JJ 22599 1069 16 of of IN 22599 1069 17 the the DT 22599 1069 18 entries entry NNS 22599 1069 19 refer refer VBP 22599 1069 20 to to IN 22599 1069 21 footnotes footnote NNS 22599 1069 22 linked link VBN 22599 1069 23 from from IN 22599 1069 24 the the DT 22599 1069 25 page page NN 22599 1069 26 numbers number NNS 22599 1069 27 given give VBN 22599 1069 28 . . . 22599 1069 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1069 30 Abbo Abbo NNP 22599 1069 31 of of IN 22599 1069 32 Fleury Fleury NNP 22599 1069 33 , , , 22599 1069 34 122 122 CD 22599 1069 35 ` ` '' 22599 1069 36 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 1069 37 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 38 al-[H.]asan al-[H.]asan NNP 22599 1069 39 , , , 22599 1069 40 92 92 CD 22599 1069 41 ` ` '' 22599 1069 42 Abdallat[=i]f Abdallat[=i]f NNP 22599 1069 43 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 44 Y[=u]suf Y[=u]suf NNP 22599 1069 45 , , , 22599 1069 46 93 93 CD 22599 1069 47 ` ` '' 22599 1069 48 Abdalq[=a]dir Abdalq[=a]dir NNP 22599 1069 49 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 50 ` ` '' 22599 1069 51 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 1069 52 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 53 al al NNP 22599 1069 54 - - HYPH 22599 1069 55 Sakh[=a]w[=i Sakh[=a]w[=i NNP 22599 1069 56 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 57 , , , 22599 1069 58 6 6 CD 22599 1069 59 Abenragel Abenragel NNP 22599 1069 60 , , , 22599 1069 61 34 34 CD 22599 1069 62 Abraham Abraham NNP 22599 1069 63 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 64 Meïr Meïr NNP 22599 1069 65 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 66 Ezra Ezra NNP 22599 1069 67 , , , 22599 1069 68 _ _ NNP 22599 1069 69 see see VBP 22599 1069 70 _ _ NNP 22599 1069 71 Rabbi Rabbi NNP 22599 1069 72 ben ben NNP 22599 1069 73 Ezra Ezra NNP 22599 1069 74 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 1069 75 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 76 ` ` '' 22599 1069 77 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 1069 78 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 79 al-[H.]osein al-[H.]osein NNP 22599 1069 80 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 81 S[=i]n[=a S[=i]n[=a NNP 22599 1069 82 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 83 , , , 22599 1069 84 74 74 CD 22599 1069 85 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 1069 86 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 87 ' ' '' 22599 1069 88 l-[H.]asan l-[h.]asan NN 22599 1069 89 , , , 22599 1069 90 93 93 CD 22599 1069 91 , , , 22599 1069 92 100 100 CD 22599 1069 93 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 1069 94 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 95 ' ' `` 22599 1069 96 l l NNP 22599 1069 97 - - HYPH 22599 1069 98 Q[=a]sim Q[=a]sim NNP 22599 1069 99 , , , 22599 1069 100 92 92 CD 22599 1069 101 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 1069 102 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 103 ' ' `` 22599 1069 104 l-[T.]eiyib l-[t.]eiyib NN 22599 1069 105 , , , 22599 1069 106 97 97 CD 22599 1069 107 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 1069 108 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 109 Na[s.]r na[s.]r NN 22599 1069 110 , , , 22599 1069 111 92 92 CD 22599 1069 112 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 1069 113 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 114 Roshd Roshd NNP 22599 1069 115 , , , 22599 1069 116 113 113 CD 22599 1069 117 Abu Abu NNP 22599 1069 118 Sahl Sahl NNP 22599 1069 119 Dunash Dunash NNP 22599 1069 120 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 121 Tamim Tamim NNP 22599 1069 122 , , , 22599 1069 123 65 65 CD 22599 1069 124 , , , 22599 1069 125 67 67 CD 22599 1069 126 Adelhard Adelhard NNP 22599 1069 127 of of IN 22599 1069 128 Bath Bath NNP 22599 1069 129 , , , 22599 1069 130 5 5 CD 22599 1069 131 , , , 22599 1069 132 55 55 CD 22599 1069 133 , , , 22599 1069 134 97 97 CD 22599 1069 135 , , , 22599 1069 136 119 119 CD 22599 1069 137 , , , 22599 1069 138 123 123 CD 22599 1069 139 , , , 22599 1069 140 126 126 CD 22599 1069 141 Adhemar Adhemar NNP 22599 1069 142 of of IN 22599 1069 143 Chabanois Chabanois NNP 22599 1069 144 , , , 22599 1069 145 111 111 CD 22599 1069 146 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 1069 147 al al NNP 22599 1069 148 - - HYPH 22599 1069 149 Nasaw[=i Nasaw[=i NNP 22599 1069 150 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 151 , , , 22599 1069 152 98 98 CD 22599 1069 153 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 1069 154 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 155 ` ` '' 22599 1069 156 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 1069 157 , , , 22599 1069 158 9 9 CD 22599 1069 159 , , , 22599 1069 160 92 92 CD 22599 1069 161 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 1069 162 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 163 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 1069 164 , , , 22599 1069 165 94 94 CD 22599 1069 166 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 1069 167 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 168 ` ` '' 22599 1069 169 Omar Omar NNP 22599 1069 170 , , , 22599 1069 171 93 93 CD 22599 1069 172 Ak[s.]aras ak[s.]ara NNS 22599 1069 173 , , , 22599 1069 174 32 32 CD 22599 1069 175 Alanus Alanus NNP 22599 1069 176 ab ab NNP 22599 1069 177 Insulis Insulis NNP 22599 1069 178 , , , 22599 1069 179 124 124 CD 22599 1069 180 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 181 - - HYPH 22599 1069 182 Ba[.g]d[=a]d[=i Ba[.g]d[=a]d[=i NNP 22599 1069 183 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 184 , , , 22599 1069 185 93 93 CD 22599 1069 186 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 187 - - HYPH 22599 1069 188 Batt[=a]n[=i Batt[=a]n[=i NNP 22599 1069 189 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 190 , , , 22599 1069 191 54 54 CD 22599 1069 192 Albelda Albelda NNP 22599 1069 193 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1069 194 Albaida Albaida NNP 22599 1069 195 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1069 196 MS MS NNP 22599 1069 197 . . NNP 22599 1069 198 , , , 22599 1069 199 116 116 CD 22599 1069 200 Albert Albert NNP 22599 1069 201 , , , 22599 1069 202 J. J. NNP 22599 1069 203 , , , 22599 1069 204 62 62 CD 22599 1069 205 Albert Albert NNP 22599 1069 206 of of IN 22599 1069 207 York York NNP 22599 1069 208 , , , 22599 1069 209 103 103 CD 22599 1069 210 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 211 - - HYPH 22599 1069 212 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 1069 213 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 214 , , , 22599 1069 215 6 6 CD 22599 1069 216 , , , 22599 1069 217 41 41 CD 22599 1069 218 , , , 22599 1069 219 49 49 CD 22599 1069 220 , , , 22599 1069 221 65 65 CD 22599 1069 222 , , , 22599 1069 223 92 92 CD 22599 1069 224 , , , 22599 1069 225 93 93 CD 22599 1069 226 Alcuin Alcuin NNP 22599 1069 227 , , , 22599 1069 228 103 103 CD 22599 1069 229 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 1069 230 the the DT 22599 1069 231 Great great JJ 22599 1069 232 , , , 22599 1069 233 76 76 CD 22599 1069 234 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 1069 235 de de NNP 22599 1069 236 Villa Villa NNP 22599 1069 237 Dei Dei NNP 22599 1069 238 , , , 22599 1069 239 11 11 CD 22599 1069 240 , , , 22599 1069 241 133 133 CD 22599 1069 242 Alexandria Alexandria NNP 22599 1069 243 , , , 22599 1069 244 64 64 CD 22599 1069 245 , , , 22599 1069 246 82 82 CD 22599 1069 247 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 248 - - HYPH 22599 1069 249 Faz[=a]r[=i Faz[=a]r[=i NNP 22599 1069 250 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 251 , , , 22599 1069 252 92 92 CD 22599 1069 253 Alfred Alfred NNP 22599 1069 254 , , , 22599 1069 255 103 103 CD 22599 1069 256 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1069 257 , , , 22599 1069 258 etymology etymology NN 22599 1069 259 , , , 22599 1069 260 5 5 CD 22599 1069 261 Algerian algerian JJ 22599 1069 262 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1069 263 , , , 22599 1069 264 68 68 CD 22599 1069 265 Algorism Algorism NNP 22599 1069 266 , , , 22599 1069 267 97 97 CD 22599 1069 268 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 1069 269 , , , 22599 1069 270 124 124 CD 22599 1069 271 , , , 22599 1069 272 126 126 CD 22599 1069 273 , , , 22599 1069 274 135 135 CD 22599 1069 275 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 1069 276 cifra cifra NN 22599 1069 277 , , , 22599 1069 278 120 120 CD 22599 1069 279 Al-[H.]a[s.][s.][=a]r Al-[H.]a[s.][s.][=a]r NNP 22599 1069 280 , , , 22599 1069 281 65 65 CD 22599 1069 282 ` ` '' 22599 1069 283 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 1069 284 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 285 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 286 Ab[=i Ab[=i NNP 22599 1069 287 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 288 Bekr Bekr NNP 22599 1069 289 , , , 22599 1069 290 6 6 CD 22599 1069 291 ` ` '' 22599 1069 292 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 1069 293 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 294 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1069 295 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 1069 296 , , , 22599 1069 297 93 93 CD 22599 1069 298 , , , 22599 1069 299 98 98 CD 22599 1069 300 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 301 - - HYPH 22599 1069 302 Kar[=a]b[=i]s[=i Kar[=a]b[=i]s[=i NNP 22599 1069 303 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 304 , , , 22599 1069 305 93 93 CD 22599 1069 306 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 307 - - HYPH 22599 1069 308 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 1069 309 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 310 , , , 22599 1069 311 4 4 CD 22599 1069 312 , , , 22599 1069 313 9 9 CD 22599 1069 314 , , , 22599 1069 315 10 10 CD 22599 1069 316 , , , 22599 1069 317 92 92 CD 22599 1069 318 , , , 22599 1069 319 97 97 CD 22599 1069 320 , , , 22599 1069 321 98 98 CD 22599 1069 322 , , , 22599 1069 323 125 125 CD 22599 1069 324 , , , 22599 1069 325 126 126 CD 22599 1069 326 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 327 - - HYPH 22599 1069 328 Kind[=i Kind[=i NNP 22599 1069 329 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 330 , , , 22599 1069 331 10 10 CD 22599 1069 332 , , , 22599 1069 333 92 92 CD 22599 1069 334 Almagest Almagest NNP 22599 1069 335 , , , 22599 1069 336 54 54 CD 22599 1069 337 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 338 - - HYPH 22599 1069 339 Ma[.g]reb[=i Ma[.g]reb[=i NNP 22599 1069 340 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 341 , , , 22599 1069 342 93 93 CD 22599 1069 343 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 344 - - HYPH 22599 1069 345 Ma[h.]all[=i Ma[h.]all[=i NNP 22599 1069 346 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 347 , , , 22599 1069 348 6 6 CD 22599 1069 349 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 350 - - HYPH 22599 1069 351 M[=a]m[=u]n M[=a]m[=u]n NNP 22599 1069 352 , , , 22599 1069 353 10 10 CD 22599 1069 354 , , , 22599 1069 355 97 97 CD 22599 1069 356 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 357 - - HYPH 22599 1069 358 Man[s.][=u]r Man[s.][=u]r NNP 22599 1069 359 , , , 22599 1069 360 96 96 CD 22599 1069 361 , , , 22599 1069 362 97 97 CD 22599 1069 363 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 364 - - HYPH 22599 1069 365 Mas`[=u]d[=i Mas`[=u]d[=i NNP 22599 1069 366 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 367 , , , 22599 1069 368 7 7 CD 22599 1069 369 , , , 22599 1069 370 92 92 CD 22599 1069 371 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 372 - - HYPH 22599 1069 373 Nad[=i]m Nad[=i]m NNP 22599 1069 374 , , , 22599 1069 375 9 9 CD 22599 1069 376 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 377 - - HYPH 22599 1069 378 Nasaw[=i Nasaw[=i NNP 22599 1069 379 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 380 , , , 22599 1069 381 93 93 CD 22599 1069 382 , , , 22599 1069 383 98 98 CD 22599 1069 384 Alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 1069 385 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1069 386 , , , 22599 1069 387 39 39 CD 22599 1069 388 , , , 22599 1069 389 40 40 CD 22599 1069 390 , , , 22599 1069 391 43 43 CD 22599 1069 392 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 393 - - HYPH 22599 1069 394 Q[=a]sim Q[=a]sim NNP 22599 1069 395 , , , 22599 1069 396 92 92 CD 22599 1069 397 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 398 - - HYPH 22599 1069 399 Qass Qass NNP 22599 1069 400 , , , 22599 1069 401 94 94 CD 22599 1069 402 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 403 - - HYPH 22599 1069 404 Sakh[=a]w[=i Sakh[=a]w[=i NNP 22599 1069 405 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 406 , , , 22599 1069 407 6 6 CD 22599 1069 408 Al-[S.]ardaf[=i al-[s.]ardaf[=i NN 22599 1069 409 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 410 , , , 22599 1069 411 93 93 CD 22599 1069 412 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 413 - - HYPH 22599 1069 414 Sijz[=i Sijz[=i NNP 22599 1069 415 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 416 , , , 22599 1069 417 94 94 CD 22599 1069 418 Al Al NNP 22599 1069 419 - - HYPH 22599 1069 420 S[=u]f[=i S[=u]f[=i NNP 22599 1069 421 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 422 , , , 22599 1069 423 10 10 CD 22599 1069 424 , , , 22599 1069 425 92 92 CD 22599 1069 426 Ambrosoli Ambrosoli NNP 22599 1069 427 , , , 22599 1069 428 118 118 CD 22599 1069 429 A[.n]kapalli A[.n]kapalli NNP 22599 1069 430 , , , 22599 1069 431 43 43 CD 22599 1069 432 Apices apex NNS 22599 1069 433 , , , 22599 1069 434 87 87 CD 22599 1069 435 , , , 22599 1069 436 117 117 CD 22599 1069 437 , , , 22599 1069 438 118 118 CD 22599 1069 439 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 1069 440 , , , 22599 1069 441 91 91 CD 22599 1069 442 - - SYM 22599 1069 443 98 98 CD 22599 1069 444 Arbuthnot Arbuthnot NNP 22599 1069 445 , , , 22599 1069 446 141 141 CD 22599 1069 447 { { -LRB- 22599 1069 448 154 154 CD 22599 1069 449 } } -RRB- 22599 1069 450 Archimedes archimede NNS 22599 1069 451 , , , 22599 1069 452 15 15 CD 22599 1069 453 , , , 22599 1069 454 16 16 CD 22599 1069 455 Arcus Arcus NNP 22599 1069 456 Pictagore Pictagore NNP 22599 1069 457 , , , 22599 1069 458 122 122 CD 22599 1069 459 Arjuna Arjuna NNP 22599 1069 460 , , , 22599 1069 461 15 15 CD 22599 1069 462 Arnold Arnold NNP 22599 1069 463 , , , 22599 1069 464 E. E. NNP 22599 1069 465 , , , 22599 1069 466 15 15 CD 22599 1069 467 , , , 22599 1069 468 102 102 CD 22599 1069 469 Ars Ars NNP 22599 1069 470 memorandi memorandi NN 22599 1069 471 , , , 22599 1069 472 141 141 CD 22599 1069 473 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1069 474 = = SYM 22599 1069 475 A]ryabha[t.]a A]ryabha[t.]a NNP 22599 1069 476 , , , 22599 1069 477 39 39 CD 22599 1069 478 , , , 22599 1069 479 43 43 CD 22599 1069 480 , , , 22599 1069 481 44 44 CD 22599 1069 482 Aryan aryan JJ 22599 1069 483 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1069 484 , , , 22599 1069 485 19 19 CD 22599 1069 486 Aschbach Aschbach NNP 22599 1069 487 , , , 22599 1069 488 134 134 CD 22599 1069 489 Ashmole Ashmole NNP 22599 1069 490 , , , 22599 1069 491 134 134 CD 22599 1069 492 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 1069 493 , , , 22599 1069 494 19 19 CD 22599 1069 495 , , , 22599 1069 496 20 20 CD 22599 1069 497 , , , 22599 1069 498 22 22 CD 22599 1069 499 , , , 22599 1069 500 81 81 CD 22599 1069 501 A[s.]-[s.]ifr a[s.]-[s.]ifr UH 22599 1069 502 , , , 22599 1069 503 57 57 CD 22599 1069 504 , , , 22599 1069 505 58 58 CD 22599 1069 506 Astrological astrological JJ 22599 1069 507 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1069 508 , , , 22599 1069 509 150 150 CD 22599 1069 510 Atharva Atharva NNP 22599 1069 511 - - HYPH 22599 1069 512 Veda Veda NNP 22599 1069 513 , , , 22599 1069 514 48 48 CD 22599 1069 515 , , , 22599 1069 516 49 49 CD 22599 1069 517 , , , 22599 1069 518 55 55 CD 22599 1069 519 Augustus Augustus NNP 22599 1069 520 , , , 22599 1069 521 80 80 CD 22599 1069 522 Averroës Averroës NNP 22599 1069 523 , , , 22599 1069 524 113 113 CD 22599 1069 525 Avicenna Avicenna NNP 22599 1069 526 , , , 22599 1069 527 58 58 CD 22599 1069 528 , , , 22599 1069 529 74 74 CD 22599 1069 530 , , , 22599 1069 531 113 113 CD 22599 1069 532 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 1069 533 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1069 534 , , , 22599 1069 535 28 28 CD 22599 1069 536 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 1069 537 zero zero CD 22599 1069 538 , , , 22599 1069 539 51 51 CD 22599 1069 540 Bacon Bacon NNP 22599 1069 541 , , , 22599 1069 542 R. R. NNP 22599 1069 543 , , , 22599 1069 544 131 131 CD 22599 1069 545 Bactrian bactrian JJ 22599 1069 546 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1069 547 , , , 22599 1069 548 19 19 CD 22599 1069 549 , , , 22599 1069 550 30 30 CD 22599 1069 551 Bæda Bæda NNP 22599 1069 552 , , , 22599 1069 553 2 2 CD 22599 1069 554 , , , 22599 1069 555 72 72 CD 22599 1069 556 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 1069 557 , , , 22599 1069 558 4 4 CD 22599 1069 559 , , , 22599 1069 560 96 96 CD 22599 1069 561 Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i NNP 22599 1069 562 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1069 563 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1069 564 , , , 22599 1069 565 43 43 CD 22599 1069 566 , , , 22599 1069 567 49 49 CD 22599 1069 568 , , , 22599 1069 569 52 52 CD 22599 1069 570 , , , 22599 1069 571 53 53 CD 22599 1069 572 Ball Ball NNP 22599 1069 573 , , , 22599 1069 574 C. C. NNP 22599 1069 575 J. J. NNP 22599 1069 576 , , , 22599 1069 577 35 35 CD 22599 1069 578 Ball Ball NNP 22599 1069 579 , , , 22599 1069 580 W. W. NNP 22599 1069 581 W. W. NNP 22599 1069 582 R. R. NNP 22599 1069 583 , , , 22599 1069 584 36 36 CD 22599 1069 585 , , , 22599 1069 586 131 131 CD 22599 1069 587 B[=a][n.]a B[=a][n.]a NNP 22599 1069 588 , , , 22599 1069 589 44 44 CD 22599 1069 590 Barth Barth NNP 22599 1069 591 , , , 22599 1069 592 A. A. NNP 22599 1069 593 , , , 22599 1069 594 39 39 CD 22599 1069 595 Bayang Bayang NNP 22599 1069 596 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1069 597 , , , 22599 1069 598 39 39 CD 22599 1069 599 Bayer Bayer NNP 22599 1069 600 , , , 22599 1069 601 33 33 CD 22599 1069 602 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1069 603 , , , 22599 1069 604 E. E. NNP 22599 1069 605 C. C. NNP 22599 1069 606 , , , 22599 1069 607 19 19 CD 22599 1069 608 , , , 22599 1069 609 23 23 CD 22599 1069 610 , , , 22599 1069 611 30 30 CD 22599 1069 612 , , , 22599 1069 613 32 32 CD 22599 1069 614 , , , 22599 1069 615 52 52 CD 22599 1069 616 , , , 22599 1069 617 89 89 CD 22599 1069 618 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 1069 619 , , , 22599 1069 620 75 75 CD 22599 1069 621 Bede Bede NNP 22599 1069 622 , , , 22599 1069 623 _ _ NNP 22599 1069 624 see see VBP 22599 1069 625 _ _ NNP 22599 1069 626 Bæda Bæda NNP 22599 1069 627 Beldomandi Beldomandi NNP 22599 1069 628 , , , 22599 1069 629 137 137 CD 22599 1069 630 Beloch Beloch NNP 22599 1069 631 , , , 22599 1069 632 J. J. NNP 22599 1069 633 , , , 22599 1069 634 77 77 CD 22599 1069 635 Bendall Bendall NNP 22599 1069 636 , , , 22599 1069 637 25 25 CD 22599 1069 638 , , , 22599 1069 639 52 52 CD 22599 1069 640 Benfey Benfey NNP 22599 1069 641 , , , 22599 1069 642 T. T. NNP 22599 1069 643 , , , 22599 1069 644 26 26 CD 22599 1069 645 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 1069 646 , , , 22599 1069 647 88 88 CD 22599 1069 648 , , , 22599 1069 649 112 112 CD 22599 1069 650 , , , 22599 1069 651 117 117 CD 22599 1069 652 , , , 22599 1069 653 121 121 CD 22599 1069 654 Besagne Besagne NNP 22599 1069 655 , , , 22599 1069 656 128 128 CD 22599 1069 657 Besant besant JJ 22599 1069 658 , , , 22599 1069 659 W. W. NNP 22599 1069 660 , , , 22599 1069 661 109 109 CD 22599 1069 662 Bettino Bettino NNP 22599 1069 663 , , , 22599 1069 664 36 36 CD 22599 1069 665 Bhandarkar Bhandarkar NNP 22599 1069 666 , , , 22599 1069 667 18 18 CD 22599 1069 668 , , , 22599 1069 669 47 47 CD 22599 1069 670 , , , 22599 1069 671 49 49 CD 22599 1069 672 Bh[=a]skara Bh[=a]skara NNP 22599 1069 673 , , , 22599 1069 674 53 53 CD 22599 1069 675 , , , 22599 1069 676 55 55 CD 22599 1069 677 Biernatzki Biernatzki NNP 22599 1069 678 , , , 22599 1069 679 32 32 CD 22599 1069 680 Biot Biot NNP 22599 1069 681 , , , 22599 1069 682 32 32 CD 22599 1069 683 Björnbo Björnbo NNP 22599 1069 684 , , , 22599 1069 685 A. A. NNP 22599 1070 1 A. A. NNP 22599 1070 2 , , , 22599 1070 3 125 125 CD 22599 1070 4 , , , 22599 1070 5 126 126 CD 22599 1070 6 Blassière Blassière NNP 22599 1070 7 , , , 22599 1070 8 119 119 CD 22599 1070 9 Bloomfield Bloomfield NNP 22599 1070 10 , , , 22599 1070 11 48 48 CD 22599 1070 12 Blume Blume NNP 22599 1070 13 , , , 22599 1070 14 85 85 CD 22599 1070 15 Boeckh boeckh NN 22599 1070 16 , , , 22599 1070 17 62 62 CD 22599 1070 18 Boehmer boehmer JJ 22599 1070 19 , , , 22599 1070 20 143 143 CD 22599 1070 21 Boeschenstein boeschenstein NN 22599 1070 22 , , , 22599 1070 23 119 119 CD 22599 1070 24 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 1070 25 , , , 22599 1070 26 63 63 CD 22599 1070 27 , , , 22599 1070 28 70 70 CD 22599 1070 29 - - SYM 22599 1070 30 73 73 CD 22599 1070 31 , , , 22599 1070 32 83 83 CD 22599 1070 33 - - SYM 22599 1070 34 90 90 CD 22599 1070 35 Boissière Boissière NNP 22599 1070 36 , , , 22599 1070 37 63 63 CD 22599 1070 38 Bombelli Bombelli NNP 22599 1070 39 , , , 22599 1070 40 81 81 CD 22599 1070 41 Bonaini Bonaini NNP 22599 1070 42 , , , 22599 1070 43 128 128 CD 22599 1070 44 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1070 45 , , , 22599 1070 46 5 5 CD 22599 1070 47 , , , 22599 1070 48 6 6 CD 22599 1070 49 , , , 22599 1070 50 10 10 CD 22599 1070 51 , , , 22599 1070 52 48 48 CD 22599 1070 53 , , , 22599 1070 54 49 49 CD 22599 1070 55 , , , 22599 1070 56 123 123 CD 22599 1070 57 , , , 22599 1070 58 125 125 CD 22599 1070 59 Borghi Borghi NNP 22599 1070 60 , , , 22599 1070 61 59 59 CD 22599 1070 62 Borgo Borgo NNP 22599 1070 63 , , , 22599 1070 64 119 119 CD 22599 1070 65 Bougie Bougie NNP 22599 1070 66 , , , 22599 1070 67 130 130 CD 22599 1070 68 Bowring Bowring NNP 22599 1070 69 , , , 22599 1070 70 J. J. NNP 22599 1070 71 , , , 22599 1070 72 56 56 CD 22599 1070 73 Brahmagupta Brahmagupta NNP 22599 1070 74 , , , 22599 1070 75 52 52 CD 22599 1070 76 Br[=a]hma[n.]as br[=a]hma[n.]as NN 22599 1070 77 , , , 22599 1070 78 12 12 CD 22599 1070 79 , , , 22599 1070 80 13 13 CD 22599 1070 81 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 1070 82 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1070 83 , , , 22599 1070 84 19 19 CD 22599 1070 85 , , , 22599 1070 86 20 20 CD 22599 1070 87 , , , 22599 1070 88 31 31 CD 22599 1070 89 , , , 22599 1070 90 83 83 CD 22599 1070 91 Brandis Brandis NNP 22599 1070 92 , , , 22599 1070 93 J. J. NNP 22599 1070 94 , , , 22599 1070 95 54 54 CD 22599 1070 96 B[r.]hat B[r.]hat NNP 22599 1070 97 - - HYPH 22599 1070 98 Sa[m.]hita Sa[m.]hita NNP 22599 1070 99 , , , 22599 1070 100 39 39 CD 22599 1070 101 , , , 22599 1070 102 44 44 CD 22599 1070 103 , , , 22599 1070 104 78 78 CD 22599 1070 105 Brockhaus Brockhaus NNP 22599 1070 106 , , , 22599 1070 107 43 43 CD 22599 1070 108 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 1070 109 , , , 22599 1070 110 65 65 CD 22599 1070 111 , , , 22599 1070 112 84 84 CD 22599 1070 113 , , , 22599 1070 114 110 110 CD 22599 1070 115 , , , 22599 1070 116 116 116 CD 22599 1070 117 Buddha Buddha NNP 22599 1070 118 , , , 22599 1070 119 education education NN 22599 1070 120 of of IN 22599 1070 121 , , , 22599 1070 122 15 15 CD 22599 1070 123 , , , 22599 1070 124 16 16 CD 22599 1070 125 Büdinger Büdinger NNP 22599 1070 126 , , , 22599 1070 127 110 110 CD 22599 1070 128 Bugia Bugia NNP 22599 1070 129 , , , 22599 1070 130 130 130 CD 22599 1070 131 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1070 132 , , , 22599 1070 133 G. G. NNP 22599 1070 134 , , , 22599 1070 135 15 15 CD 22599 1070 136 , , , 22599 1070 137 19 19 CD 22599 1070 138 , , , 22599 1070 139 22 22 CD 22599 1070 140 , , , 22599 1070 141 31 31 CD 22599 1070 142 , , , 22599 1070 143 44 44 CD 22599 1070 144 , , , 22599 1070 145 49 49 CD 22599 1070 146 Burgess Burgess NNP 22599 1070 147 , , , 22599 1070 148 25 25 CD 22599 1070 149 Bürk Bürk NNP 22599 1070 150 , , , 22599 1070 151 13 13 CD 22599 1070 152 Burmese burmese JJ 22599 1070 153 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1070 154 , , , 22599 1070 155 36 36 CD 22599 1070 156 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1070 157 , , , 22599 1070 158 A. a. NN 22599 1070 159 C. C. NNP 22599 1070 160 , , , 22599 1070 161 18 18 CD 22599 1070 162 , , , 22599 1070 163 40 40 CD 22599 1070 164 Buteo Buteo NNP 22599 1070 165 , , , 22599 1070 166 61 61 CD 22599 1070 167 Calandri Calandri NNP 22599 1070 168 , , , 22599 1070 169 59 59 CD 22599 1070 170 , , , 22599 1070 171 81 81 CD 22599 1070 172 Caldwell Caldwell NNP 22599 1070 173 , , , 22599 1070 174 R. R. NNP 22599 1070 175 , , , 22599 1070 176 19 19 CD 22599 1070 177 Calendars calendar NNS 22599 1070 178 , , , 22599 1070 179 133 133 CD 22599 1070 180 Calmet Calmet NNP 22599 1070 181 , , , 22599 1070 182 34 34 CD 22599 1070 183 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1070 184 , , , 22599 1070 185 M. M. NNP 22599 1070 186 , , , 22599 1070 187 5 5 CD 22599 1070 188 , , , 22599 1070 189 13 13 CD 22599 1070 190 , , , 22599 1070 191 30 30 CD 22599 1070 192 , , , 22599 1070 193 43 43 CD 22599 1070 194 , , , 22599 1070 195 84 84 CD 22599 1070 196 { { -LRB- 22599 1070 197 155 155 CD 22599 1070 198 } } -RRB- 22599 1070 199 Capella Capella NNP 22599 1070 200 , , , 22599 1070 201 86 86 CD 22599 1070 202 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 1070 203 , , , 22599 1070 204 143 143 CD 22599 1070 205 Caracteres Caracteres NNPS 22599 1070 206 , , , 22599 1070 207 87 87 CD 22599 1070 208 , , , 22599 1070 209 113 113 CD 22599 1070 210 , , , 22599 1070 211 117 117 CD 22599 1070 212 , , , 22599 1070 213 119 119 CD 22599 1070 214 Cardan Cardan NNP 22599 1070 215 , , , 22599 1070 216 119 119 CD 22599 1070 217 Carmen carman NNS 22599 1070 218 de de NNP 22599 1070 219 Algorismo Algorismo NNP 22599 1070 220 , , , 22599 1070 221 11 11 CD 22599 1070 222 , , , 22599 1070 223 134 134 CD 22599 1070 224 Casagrandi Casagrandi NNP 22599 1070 225 , , , 22599 1070 226 132 132 CD 22599 1070 227 Casiri Casiri NNP 22599 1070 228 , , , 22599 1070 229 8 8 CD 22599 1070 230 , , , 22599 1070 231 10 10 CD 22599 1070 232 Cassiodorus Cassiodorus NNP 22599 1070 233 , , , 22599 1070 234 72 72 CD 22599 1070 235 Cataldi Cataldi NNP 22599 1070 236 , , , 22599 1070 237 62 62 CD 22599 1070 238 Cataneo Cataneo NNP 22599 1070 239 , , , 22599 1070 240 3 3 CD 22599 1070 241 Caxton Caxton NNP 22599 1070 242 , , , 22599 1070 243 143 143 CD 22599 1070 244 , , , 22599 1070 245 146 146 CD 22599 1070 246 Ceretti Ceretti NNP 22599 1070 247 , , , 22599 1070 248 32 32 CD 22599 1070 249 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 1070 250 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1070 251 , , , 22599 1070 252 36 36 CD 22599 1070 253 Chalfont Chalfont NNP 22599 1070 254 , , , 22599 1070 255 F. F. NNP 22599 1070 256 H. H. NNP 22599 1070 257 , , , 22599 1070 258 28 28 CD 22599 1070 259 Champenois Champenois NNP 22599 1070 260 , , , 22599 1070 261 60 60 CD 22599 1070 262 Characters Characters NNPS 22599 1070 263 , , , 22599 1070 264 _ _ NNP 22599 1070 265 see see VBP 22599 1070 266 _ _ NNP 22599 1070 267 Caracteres Caracteres NNP 22599 1070 268 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP 22599 1070 269 , , , 22599 1070 270 103 103 CD 22599 1070 271 Chasles Chasles NNPS 22599 1070 272 , , , 22599 1070 273 54 54 CD 22599 1070 274 , , , 22599 1070 275 60 60 CD 22599 1070 276 , , , 22599 1070 277 85 85 CD 22599 1070 278 , , , 22599 1070 279 116 116 CD 22599 1070 280 , , , 22599 1070 281 122 122 CD 22599 1070 282 , , , 22599 1070 283 135 135 CD 22599 1070 284 Chassant Chassant NNP 22599 1070 285 , , , 22599 1070 286 L. L. NNP 22599 1070 287 A. a. NN 22599 1070 288 , , , 22599 1070 289 142 142 CD 22599 1070 290 Chaucer Chaucer NNP 22599 1070 291 , , , 22599 1070 292 121 121 CD 22599 1070 293 Chiarini Chiarini NNP 22599 1070 294 , , , 22599 1070 295 145 145 CD 22599 1070 296 , , , 22599 1070 297 146 146 CD 22599 1070 298 Chiffre Chiffre NNP 22599 1070 299 , , , 22599 1070 300 58 58 CD 22599 1070 301 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 1070 302 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1070 303 , , , 22599 1070 304 28 28 CD 22599 1070 305 , , , 22599 1070 306 56 56 CD 22599 1070 307 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 1070 308 zero zero CD 22599 1070 309 , , , 22599 1070 310 56 56 CD 22599 1070 311 Cifra Cifra NNP 22599 1070 312 , , , 22599 1070 313 120 120 CD 22599 1070 314 , , , 22599 1070 315 124 124 CD 22599 1070 316 Cipher Cipher NNP 22599 1070 317 , , , 22599 1070 318 58 58 CD 22599 1070 319 Circulus Circulus NNP 22599 1070 320 , , , 22599 1070 321 58 58 CD 22599 1070 322 , , , 22599 1070 323 60 60 CD 22599 1070 324 Clichtoveus Clichtoveus NNP 22599 1070 325 , , , 22599 1070 326 61 61 CD 22599 1070 327 , , , 22599 1070 328 119 119 CD 22599 1070 329 , , , 22599 1070 330 145 145 CD 22599 1070 331 Codex Codex NNP 22599 1070 332 Vigilanus Vigilanus NNP 22599 1070 333 , , , 22599 1070 334 138 138 CD 22599 1070 335 Codrington Codrington NNP 22599 1070 336 , , , 22599 1070 337 O. O. NNP 22599 1070 338 , , , 22599 1070 339 139 139 CD 22599 1070 340 Coins Coins NNPS 22599 1070 341 dated date VBD 22599 1070 342 , , , 22599 1070 343 141 141 CD 22599 1070 344 Colebrooke Colebrooke NNP 22599 1070 345 , , , 22599 1070 346 8 8 CD 22599 1070 347 , , , 22599 1070 348 26 26 CD 22599 1070 349 , , , 22599 1070 350 46 46 CD 22599 1070 351 , , , 22599 1070 352 53 53 CD 22599 1070 353 Constantine Constantine NNP 22599 1070 354 , , , 22599 1070 355 104 104 CD 22599 1070 356 , , , 22599 1070 357 105 105 CD 22599 1070 358 Cosmas Cosmas NNPS 22599 1070 359 , , , 22599 1070 360 82 82 CD 22599 1070 361 Cossali Cossali NNP 22599 1070 362 , , , 22599 1070 363 5 5 CD 22599 1070 364 Counters Counters NNPS 22599 1070 365 , , , 22599 1070 366 117 117 CD 22599 1070 367 Courteille Courteille NNP 22599 1070 368 , , , 22599 1070 369 8 8 CD 22599 1070 370 Coxe Coxe NNP 22599 1070 371 , , , 22599 1070 372 59 59 CD 22599 1070 373 Crafte Crafte NNP 22599 1070 374 of of IN 22599 1070 375 Nombrynge Nombrynge NNP 22599 1070 376 , , , 22599 1070 377 11 11 CD 22599 1070 378 , , , 22599 1070 379 87 87 CD 22599 1070 380 , , , 22599 1070 381 149 149 CD 22599 1070 382 Crusades crusade NNS 22599 1070 383 , , , 22599 1070 384 109 109 CD 22599 1070 385 Cunningham Cunningham NNP 22599 1070 386 , , , 22599 1070 387 A. a. NN 22599 1070 388 , , , 22599 1070 389 30 30 CD 22599 1070 390 , , , 22599 1070 391 75 75 CD 22599 1070 392 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 1070 393 , , , 22599 1070 394 55 55 CD 22599 1070 395 , , , 22599 1070 396 59 59 CD 22599 1070 397 , , , 22599 1070 398 126 126 CD 22599 1070 399 , , , 22599 1070 400 134 134 CD 22599 1070 401 Cyfra Cyfra NNP 22599 1070 402 , , , 22599 1070 403 55 55 CD 22599 1070 404 Dagomari Dagomari NNP 22599 1070 405 , , , 22599 1070 406 146 146 CD 22599 1070 407 D'Alviella D'Alviella NNP 22599 1070 408 , , , 22599 1070 409 15 15 CD 22599 1070 410 Dante Dante NNP 22599 1070 411 , , , 22599 1070 412 72 72 CD 22599 1070 413 Dasypodius Dasypodius NNP 22599 1070 414 , , , 22599 1070 415 33 33 CD 22599 1070 416 , , , 22599 1070 417 67 67 CD 22599 1070 418 , , , 22599 1070 419 63 63 CD 22599 1070 420 Daunou Daunou NNP 22599 1070 421 , , , 22599 1070 422 135 135 CD 22599 1070 423 Delambre Delambre NNP 22599 1070 424 , , , 22599 1070 425 54 54 CD 22599 1070 426 Devan[=a]gar[=i Devan[=a]gar[=i NNP 22599 1070 427 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1070 428 , , , 22599 1070 429 7 7 CD 22599 1070 430 Devoulx Devoulx NNP 22599 1070 431 , , , 22599 1070 432 A. a. NN 22599 1070 433 , , , 22599 1070 434 68 68 CD 22599 1070 435 Dhruva Dhruva NNP 22599 1070 436 , , , 22599 1070 437 49 49 CD 22599 1070 438 Dicæarchus Dicæarchus NNPS 22599 1070 439 of of IN 22599 1070 440 Messana Messana NNP 22599 1070 441 , , , 22599 1070 442 77 77 CD 22599 1070 443 Digits digit NNS 22599 1070 444 , , , 22599 1070 445 119 119 CD 22599 1070 446 Diodorus Diodorus NNP 22599 1070 447 Siculus Siculus NNP 22599 1070 448 , , , 22599 1070 449 76 76 CD 22599 1070 450 Du Du NNP 22599 1070 451 Cange Cange NNP 22599 1070 452 , , , 22599 1070 453 62 62 CD 22599 1070 454 Dumesnil Dumesnil NNP 22599 1070 455 , , , 22599 1070 456 36 36 CD 22599 1070 457 Dutt Dutt NNP 22599 1070 458 , , , 22599 1070 459 R. R. NNP 22599 1070 460 C. C. NNP 22599 1070 461 , , , 22599 1070 462 12 12 CD 22599 1070 463 , , , 22599 1070 464 15 15 CD 22599 1070 465 , , , 22599 1070 466 18 18 CD 22599 1070 467 , , , 22599 1070 468 75 75 CD 22599 1070 469 Dvived[=i Dvived[=i NNP 22599 1070 470 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1070 471 , , , 22599 1070 472 44 44 CD 22599 1070 473 East East NNP 22599 1070 474 and and CC 22599 1070 475 West West NNP 22599 1070 476 , , , 22599 1070 477 relations relation NNS 22599 1070 478 , , , 22599 1070 479 73 73 CD 22599 1070 480 - - SYM 22599 1070 481 81 81 CD 22599 1070 482 , , , 22599 1070 483 100 100 CD 22599 1070 484 - - HYPH 22599 1070 485 109 109 CD 22599 1070 486 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 1070 487 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1070 488 , , , 22599 1070 489 27 27 CD 22599 1070 490 Eisenlohr Eisenlohr NNP 22599 1070 491 , , , 22599 1070 492 28 28 CD 22599 1070 493 Elia Elia NNP 22599 1070 494 Misrachi Misrachi NNP 22599 1070 495 , , , 22599 1070 496 57 57 CD 22599 1070 497 Enchiridion Enchiridion NNP 22599 1070 498 Algorismi Algorismi NNP 22599 1070 499 , , , 22599 1070 500 58 58 CD 22599 1070 501 Eneström Eneström NNP 22599 1070 502 , , , 22599 1070 503 5 5 CD 22599 1070 504 , , , 22599 1070 505 48 48 CD 22599 1070 506 , , , 22599 1070 507 59 59 CD 22599 1070 508 , , , 22599 1070 509 97 97 CD 22599 1070 510 , , , 22599 1070 511 125 125 CD 22599 1070 512 , , , 22599 1070 513 128 128 CD 22599 1070 514 Europe Europe NNP 22599 1070 515 , , , 22599 1070 516 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1070 517 in in IN 22599 1070 518 , , , 22599 1070 519 63 63 CD 22599 1070 520 , , , 22599 1070 521 99 99 CD 22599 1070 522 , , , 22599 1070 523 128 128 CD 22599 1070 524 , , , 22599 1070 525 136 136 CD 22599 1070 526 Eusebius Eusebius NNP 22599 1070 527 Caesariensis Caesariensis NNP 22599 1070 528 , , , 22599 1070 529 142 142 CD 22599 1070 530 Euting euting NN 22599 1070 531 , , , 22599 1070 532 21 21 CD 22599 1070 533 Ewald Ewald NNP 22599 1070 534 , , , 22599 1070 535 P. P. NNP 22599 1070 536 , , , 22599 1070 537 116 116 CD 22599 1070 538 Fazzari Fazzari NNP 22599 1070 539 , , , 22599 1070 540 53 53 CD 22599 1070 541 , , , 22599 1070 542 54 54 CD 22599 1070 543 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP 22599 1070 544 , , , 22599 1070 545 _ _ NNP 22599 1070 546 see see VBP 22599 1070 547 _ _ NNP 22599 1070 548 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 1070 549 of of IN 22599 1070 550 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 1070 551 Figura Figura NNP 22599 1070 552 nihili nihili NN 22599 1070 553 , , , 22599 1070 554 58 58 CD 22599 1070 555 Figures figure NNS 22599 1070 556 , , , 22599 1070 557 119 119 CD 22599 1070 558 . . . 22599 1071 1 _ _ NNP 22599 1071 2 See See NNP 22599 1071 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1071 4 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1071 5 . . . 22599 1072 1 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 1072 2 , , , 22599 1072 3 67 67 CD 22599 1072 4 , , , 22599 1072 5 68 68 CD 22599 1072 6 , , , 22599 1072 7 93 93 CD 22599 1072 8 Finaeus finaeu NNS 22599 1072 9 , , , 22599 1072 10 57 57 CD 22599 1072 11 Firdus[=i firdus[=i XX 22599 1072 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1072 13 , , , 22599 1072 14 81 81 CD 22599 1072 15 Fitz Fitz NNP 22599 1072 16 Stephen Stephen NNP 22599 1072 17 , , , 22599 1072 18 W. W. NNP 22599 1072 19 , , , 22599 1072 20 109 109 CD 22599 1072 21 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1072 22 , , , 22599 1072 23 J. J. NNP 22599 1072 24 C. C. NNP 22599 1072 25 , , , 22599 1072 26 19 19 CD 22599 1072 27 , , , 22599 1072 28 20 20 CD 22599 1072 29 , , , 22599 1072 30 49 49 CD 22599 1072 31 { { -LRB- 22599 1072 32 156 156 CD 22599 1072 33 } } -RRB- 22599 1072 34 Florus Florus NNP 22599 1072 35 , , , 22599 1072 36 80 80 CD 22599 1072 37 Flügel Flügel NNP 22599 1072 38 , , , 22599 1072 39 G. G. NNP 22599 1072 40 , , , 22599 1072 41 68 68 CD 22599 1072 42 Francisco Francisco NNP 22599 1072 43 de de IN 22599 1072 44 Retza Retza NNP 22599 1072 45 , , , 22599 1072 46 142 142 CD 22599 1072 47 François François NNP 22599 1072 48 , , , 22599 1072 49 58 58 CD 22599 1072 50 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 1072 51 , , , 22599 1072 52 G. G. NNP 22599 1072 53 , , , 22599 1072 54 84 84 CD 22599 1072 55 , , , 22599 1072 56 113 113 CD 22599 1072 57 , , , 22599 1072 58 116 116 CD 22599 1072 59 , , , 22599 1072 60 122 122 CD 22599 1072 61 Froude Froude NNP 22599 1072 62 , , , 22599 1072 63 J. J. NNP 22599 1073 1 A. A. NNP 22599 1073 2 , , , 22599 1073 3 129 129 CD 22599 1073 4 Gandh[=a]ra Gandh[=a]ra NNS 22599 1073 5 , , , 22599 1073 6 19 19 CD 22599 1073 7 Garbe Garbe NNP 22599 1073 8 , , , 22599 1073 9 48 48 CD 22599 1073 10 Gasbarri Gasbarri NNP 22599 1073 11 , , , 22599 1073 12 58 58 CD 22599 1073 13 Gautier Gautier NNP 22599 1073 14 de de NNP 22599 1073 15 Coincy Coincy NNP 22599 1073 16 , , , 22599 1073 17 120 120 CD 22599 1073 18 , , , 22599 1073 19 124 124 CD 22599 1073 20 Gemma Gemma NNP 22599 1073 21 Frisius Frisius NNP 22599 1073 22 , , , 22599 1073 23 2 2 CD 22599 1073 24 , , , 22599 1073 25 3 3 CD 22599 1073 26 , , , 22599 1073 27 119 119 CD 22599 1073 28 Gerber Gerber NNP 22599 1073 29 , , , 22599 1073 30 113 113 CD 22599 1073 31 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 1073 32 , , , 22599 1073 33 108 108 CD 22599 1073 34 , , , 22599 1073 35 110 110 CD 22599 1073 36 - - SYM 22599 1073 37 120 120 CD 22599 1073 38 , , , 22599 1073 39 122 122 CD 22599 1073 40 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 1073 41 , , , 22599 1073 42 C. C. NNP 22599 1073 43 I. I. NNP 22599 1073 44 , , , 22599 1073 45 43 43 CD 22599 1073 46 , , , 22599 1073 47 56 56 CD 22599 1073 48 , , , 22599 1073 49 93 93 CD 22599 1073 50 , , , 22599 1073 51 118 118 CD 22599 1073 52 Gerland Gerland NNP 22599 1073 53 , , , 22599 1073 54 88 88 CD 22599 1073 55 , , , 22599 1073 56 123 123 CD 22599 1073 57 Gherard Gherard NNP 22599 1073 58 of of IN 22599 1073 59 Cremona Cremona NNP 22599 1073 60 , , , 22599 1073 61 125 125 CD 22599 1073 62 Gibbon Gibbon NNP 22599 1073 63 , , , 22599 1073 64 72 72 CD 22599 1073 65 Giles Giles NNPS 22599 1073 66 , , , 22599 1073 67 H. H. NNP 22599 1073 68 A. A. NNP 22599 1073 69 , , , 22599 1073 70 79 79 CD 22599 1073 71 Ginanni Ginanni NNP 22599 1073 72 , , , 22599 1073 73 81 81 CD 22599 1073 74 Giovanni Giovanni NNP 22599 1073 75 di di FW 22599 1073 76 Danti Danti NNP 22599 1073 77 , , , 22599 1073 78 58 58 CD 22599 1073 79 Glareanus Glareanus NNP 22599 1073 80 , , , 22599 1073 81 4 4 CD 22599 1073 82 , , , 22599 1073 83 119 119 CD 22599 1073 84 Gnecchi Gnecchi NNP 22599 1073 85 , , , 22599 1073 86 71 71 CD 22599 1073 87 , , , 22599 1073 88 117 117 CD 22599 1073 89 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1073 90 .G]ob[=a]r .G]ob[=a]r . 22599 1073 91 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1073 92 , , , 22599 1073 93 65 65 CD 22599 1073 94 , , , 22599 1073 95 100 100 CD 22599 1073 96 , , , 22599 1073 97 112 112 CD 22599 1073 98 , , , 22599 1073 99 124 124 CD 22599 1073 100 , , , 22599 1073 101 138 138 CD 22599 1073 102 Gow Gow NNP 22599 1073 103 , , , 22599 1073 104 J. J. NNP 22599 1073 105 , , , 22599 1073 106 81 81 CD 22599 1073 107 Grammateus Grammateus NNP 22599 1073 108 , , , 22599 1073 109 61 61 CD 22599 1073 110 Greek greek JJ 22599 1073 111 origin origin NN 22599 1073 112 , , , 22599 1073 113 33 33 CD 22599 1073 114 Green Green NNP 22599 1073 115 , , , 22599 1073 116 J. J. NNP 22599 1073 117 R. R. NNP 22599 1073 118 , , , 22599 1073 119 109 109 CD 22599 1073 120 Greenwood Greenwood NNP 22599 1073 121 , , , 22599 1073 122 I. I. NNP 22599 1073 123 , , , 22599 1073 124 62 62 CD 22599 1073 125 , , , 22599 1073 126 119 119 CD 22599 1073 127 Guglielmini Guglielmini NNP 22599 1073 128 , , , 22599 1073 129 128 128 CD 22599 1073 130 Gulist[=a]n Gulist[=a]n NNP 22599 1073 131 , , , 22599 1073 132 102 102 CD 22599 1073 133 Günther Günther NNP 22599 1073 134 , , , 22599 1073 135 S. S. NNP 22599 1073 136 , , , 22599 1073 137 131 131 CD 22599 1073 138 Guyard Guyard NNP 22599 1073 139 , , , 22599 1073 140 S. S. NNP 22599 1073 141 , , , 22599 1073 142 82 82 CD 22599 1073 143 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1073 144 H.]abash H.]abash NNP 22599 1073 145 , , , 22599 1073 146 9 9 CD 22599 1073 147 , , , 22599 1073 148 92 92 CD 22599 1073 149 Hager Hager NNP 22599 1073 150 , , , 22599 1073 151 J. J. NNP 22599 1074 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1074 2 G. G. NNP 22599 1074 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1074 4 , , , 22599 1074 5 28 28 CD 22599 1074 6 , , , 22599 1074 7 32 32 CD 22599 1074 8 Halliwell Halliwell NNP 22599 1074 9 , , , 22599 1074 10 59 59 CD 22599 1074 11 , , , 22599 1074 12 85 85 CD 22599 1074 13 Hankel Hankel NNP 22599 1074 14 , , , 22599 1074 15 93 93 CD 22599 1074 16 H[=a]r[=u]n H[=a]r[=u]n NNP 22599 1074 17 al al NNP 22599 1074 18 - - HYPH 22599 1074 19 Rash[=i]d Rash[=i]d NNP 22599 1074 20 , , , 22599 1074 21 97 97 CD 22599 1074 22 , , , 22599 1074 23 106 106 CD 22599 1074 24 Havet Havet NNP 22599 1074 25 , , , 22599 1074 26 110 110 CD 22599 1074 27 Heath Heath NNP 22599 1074 28 , , , 22599 1074 29 T. T. NNP 22599 1074 30 L. L. NNP 22599 1074 31 , , , 22599 1074 32 125 125 CD 22599 1074 33 Hebrew hebrew JJ 22599 1074 34 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1074 35 , , , 22599 1074 36 127 127 CD 22599 1074 37 Hecatæus Hecatæus NNP 22599 1074 38 , , , 22599 1074 39 75 75 CD 22599 1074 40 Heiberg Heiberg NNP 22599 1074 41 , , , 22599 1074 42 J. J. NNP 22599 1074 43 L. L. NNP 22599 1074 44 , , , 22599 1074 45 55 55 CD 22599 1074 46 , , , 22599 1074 47 85 85 CD 22599 1074 48 , , , 22599 1074 49 148 148 CD 22599 1074 50 Heilbronner Heilbronner NNP 22599 1074 51 , , , 22599 1074 52 5 5 CD 22599 1074 53 Henry Henry NNP 22599 1074 54 , , , 22599 1074 55 C. C. NNP 22599 1074 56 , , , 22599 1074 57 5 5 CD 22599 1074 58 , , , 22599 1074 59 31 31 CD 22599 1074 60 , , , 22599 1074 61 55 55 CD 22599 1074 62 , , , 22599 1074 63 87 87 CD 22599 1074 64 , , , 22599 1074 65 120 120 CD 22599 1074 66 , , , 22599 1074 67 135 135 CD 22599 1074 68 Heriger heriger NN 22599 1074 69 , , , 22599 1074 70 122 122 CD 22599 1074 71 Hermannus Hermannus NNP 22599 1074 72 Contractus Contractus NNP 22599 1074 73 , , , 22599 1074 74 123 123 CD 22599 1074 75 Herodotus Herodotus NNP 22599 1074 76 , , , 22599 1074 77 76 76 CD 22599 1074 78 , , , 22599 1074 79 78 78 CD 22599 1074 80 Heyd Heyd NNP 22599 1074 81 , , , 22599 1074 82 75 75 CD 22599 1074 83 Higden Higden NNP 22599 1074 84 , , , 22599 1074 85 136 136 CD 22599 1074 86 Hill Hill NNP 22599 1074 87 , , , 22599 1074 88 G. G. NNP 22599 1074 89 F. F. NNP 22599 1074 90 , , , 22599 1074 91 52 52 CD 22599 1074 92 , , , 22599 1074 93 139 139 CD 22599 1074 94 , , , 22599 1074 95 142 142 CD 22599 1074 96 Hillebrandt Hillebrandt NNP 22599 1074 97 , , , 22599 1074 98 A. a. NN 22599 1074 99 , , , 22599 1074 100 15 15 CD 22599 1074 101 , , , 22599 1074 102 74 74 CD 22599 1074 103 Hilprecht Hilprecht NNP 22599 1074 104 , , , 22599 1074 105 H. H. NNP 22599 1074 106 V. V. NNP 22599 1074 107 , , , 22599 1074 108 28 28 CD 22599 1074 109 Hindu hindu JJ 22599 1074 110 forms form NNS 22599 1074 111 , , , 22599 1074 112 early early RB 22599 1074 113 , , , 22599 1074 114 12 12 CD 22599 1074 115 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1074 116 number number NN 22599 1074 117 names name NNS 22599 1074 118 , , , 22599 1074 119 42 42 CD 22599 1074 120 Hodder hodder NN 22599 1074 121 , , , 22599 1074 122 62 62 CD 22599 1074 123 Hoernle Hoernle NNPS 22599 1074 124 , , , 22599 1074 125 43 43 CD 22599 1074 126 , , , 22599 1074 127 49 49 CD 22599 1074 128 Holywood Holywood NNP 22599 1074 129 , , , 22599 1074 130 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 131 see see VBP 22599 1074 132 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 133 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 1074 134 Hopkins Hopkins NNP 22599 1074 135 , , , 22599 1074 136 E. E. NNP 22599 1074 137 W. W. NNP 22599 1074 138 , , , 22599 1074 139 12 12 CD 22599 1074 140 Horace Horace NNP 22599 1074 141 , , , 22599 1074 142 79 79 CD 22599 1074 143 , , , 22599 1074 144 80 80 CD 22599 1074 145 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1074 146 H.]osein H.]osein NNP 22599 1074 147 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1074 148 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 1074 149 al al NNP 22599 1074 150 - - HYPH 22599 1074 151 Ma[h.]all[=i Ma[h.]all[=i NNP 22599 1074 152 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 153 , , , 22599 1074 154 6 6 CD 22599 1074 155 Hostus Hostus NNP 22599 1074 156 , , , 22599 1074 157 M. M. NNP 22599 1074 158 , , , 22599 1074 159 56 56 CD 22599 1074 160 Howard Howard NNP 22599 1074 161 , , , 22599 1074 162 H. H. NNP 22599 1074 163 H. H. NNP 22599 1074 164 , , , 22599 1074 165 29 29 CD 22599 1074 166 Hrabanus Hrabanus NNP 22599 1074 167 Maurus Maurus NNP 22599 1074 168 , , , 22599 1074 169 72 72 CD 22599 1074 170 Huart Huart NNP 22599 1074 171 , , , 22599 1074 172 7 7 CD 22599 1074 173 Huet Huet NNP 22599 1074 174 , , , 22599 1074 175 33 33 CD 22599 1074 176 Hugo Hugo NNP 22599 1074 177 , , , 22599 1074 178 H. H. NNP 22599 1074 179 , , , 22599 1074 180 57 57 CD 22599 1074 181 Humboldt Humboldt NNP 22599 1074 182 , , , 22599 1074 183 A. A. NNP 22599 1074 184 von von NNP 22599 1074 185 , , , 22599 1074 186 62 62 CD 22599 1074 187 Huswirt Huswirt NNP 22599 1074 188 , , , 22599 1074 189 58 58 CD 22599 1074 190 Iamblichus Iamblichus NNP 22599 1074 191 , , , 22599 1074 192 81 81 CD 22599 1074 193 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 1074 194 Ab[=i Ab[=i NNP 22599 1074 195 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 196 Ya`q[=u]b Ya`q[=u]b NNP 22599 1074 197 , , , 22599 1074 198 9 9 CD 22599 1074 199 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 1074 200 al al NNP 22599 1074 201 - - HYPH 22599 1074 202 Adam[=i Adam[=i NNP 22599 1074 203 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 204 , , , 22599 1074 205 92 92 CD 22599 1074 206 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 1074 207 al al NNP 22599 1074 208 - - HYPH 22599 1074 209 Bann[=a Bann[=a NNP 22599 1074 210 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 211 , , , 22599 1074 212 93 93 CD 22599 1074 213 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 1074 214 Khord[=a][d.]beh Khord[=a][d.]beh NNP 22599 1074 215 , , , 22599 1074 216 101 101 CD 22599 1074 217 , , , 22599 1074 218 106 106 CD 22599 1074 219 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 1074 220 Wahab Wahab NNP 22599 1074 221 , , , 22599 1074 222 103 103 CD 22599 1074 223 India India NNP 22599 1074 224 , , , 22599 1074 225 history history NN 22599 1074 226 of of IN 22599 1074 227 , , , 22599 1074 228 14 14 CD 22599 1074 229 writing write VBG 22599 1074 230 in in RB 22599 1074 231 , , , 22599 1074 232 18 18 CD 22599 1074 233 Indicopleustes Indicopleustes NNPS 22599 1074 234 , , , 22599 1074 235 83 83 CD 22599 1074 236 Indo indo JJ 22599 1074 237 - - HYPH 22599 1074 238 Bactrian Bactrian NNP 22599 1074 239 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1074 240 , , , 22599 1074 241 19 19 CD 22599 1074 242 { { -LRB- 22599 1074 243 157 157 CD 22599 1074 244 } } -RRB- 22599 1074 245 Indr[=a]j[=i Indr[=a]j[=i NNP 22599 1074 246 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 247 , , , 22599 1074 248 23 23 CD 22599 1074 249 Is[h.][=a]q Is[h.][=a]q NNS 22599 1074 250 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1074 251 Y[=u]suf Y[=u]suf NNP 22599 1074 252 al-[S.]ardaf[=i al-[s.]ardaf[=i XX 22599 1074 253 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 254 , , , 22599 1074 255 93 93 CD 22599 1074 256 Jacob Jacob NNP 22599 1074 257 of of IN 22599 1074 258 Florence Florence NNP 22599 1074 259 , , , 22599 1074 260 57 57 CD 22599 1074 261 Jacquet Jacquet NNP 22599 1074 262 , , , 22599 1074 263 E. E. NNP 22599 1074 264 , , , 22599 1074 265 38 38 CD 22599 1074 266 Jamshid Jamshid NNP 22599 1074 267 , , , 22599 1074 268 56 56 CD 22599 1074 269 Jehan Jehan NNP 22599 1074 270 Certain Certain NNP 22599 1074 271 , , , 22599 1074 272 59 59 CD 22599 1074 273 Jetons Jetons NNP 22599 1074 274 , , , 22599 1074 275 58 58 CD 22599 1074 276 , , , 22599 1074 277 117 117 CD 22599 1074 278 Jevons Jevons NNPS 22599 1074 279 , , , 22599 1074 280 F. F. NNP 22599 1074 281 B. B. NNP 22599 1074 282 , , , 22599 1074 283 76 76 CD 22599 1074 284 Johannes Johannes NNP 22599 1074 285 Hispalensis Hispalensis NNP 22599 1074 286 , , , 22599 1074 287 48 48 CD 22599 1074 288 , , , 22599 1074 289 88 88 CD 22599 1074 290 , , , 22599 1074 291 124 124 CD 22599 1074 292 John John NNP 22599 1074 293 of of IN 22599 1074 294 Halifax Halifax NNP 22599 1074 295 , , , 22599 1074 296 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 297 see see VBP 22599 1074 298 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 299 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 1074 300 John John NNP 22599 1074 301 of of IN 22599 1074 302 Luna Luna NNP 22599 1074 303 , , , 22599 1074 304 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 305 see see VBP 22599 1074 306 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 307 Johannes Johannes NNP 22599 1074 308 Hispalensis Hispalensis NNP 22599 1074 309 Jordan Jordan NNP 22599 1074 310 , , , 22599 1074 311 L. L. NNP 22599 1074 312 , , , 22599 1074 313 58 58 CD 22599 1074 314 , , , 22599 1074 315 124 124 CD 22599 1074 316 Joseph Joseph NNP 22599 1074 317 Ispanus Ispanus NNP 22599 1074 318 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1074 319 Joseph Joseph NNP 22599 1074 320 Sapiens Sapiens NNP 22599 1074 321 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1074 322 , , , 22599 1074 323 115 115 CD 22599 1074 324 Justinian justinian JJ 22599 1074 325 , , , 22599 1074 326 104 104 CD 22599 1074 327 Kále Kále NNP 22599 1074 328 , , , 22599 1074 329 M. M. NNP 22599 1074 330 R. R. NNP 22599 1074 331 , , , 22599 1074 332 26 26 CD 22599 1074 333 Karabacek Karabacek NNP 22599 1074 334 , , , 22599 1074 335 56 56 CD 22599 1074 336 Karpinski Karpinski NNP 22599 1074 337 , , , 22599 1074 338 L. L. NNP 22599 1074 339 C. C. NNP 22599 1074 340 , , , 22599 1074 341 126 126 CD 22599 1074 342 , , , 22599 1074 343 134 134 CD 22599 1074 344 , , , 22599 1074 345 138 138 CD 22599 1074 346 K[=a]ty[=a]yana K[=a]ty[=a]yana NNP 22599 1074 347 , , , 22599 1074 348 39 39 CD 22599 1074 349 Kaye Kaye NNP 22599 1074 350 , , , 22599 1074 351 C. C. NNP 22599 1074 352 R. R. NNP 22599 1074 353 , , , 22599 1074 354 6 6 CD 22599 1074 355 , , , 22599 1074 356 16 16 CD 22599 1074 357 , , , 22599 1074 358 43 43 CD 22599 1074 359 , , , 22599 1074 360 46 46 CD 22599 1074 361 , , , 22599 1074 362 121 121 CD 22599 1074 363 Keane Keane NNP 22599 1074 364 , , , 22599 1074 365 J. J. NNP 22599 1074 366 , , , 22599 1074 367 75 75 CD 22599 1074 368 , , , 22599 1074 369 82 82 CD 22599 1074 370 Keene Keene NNP 22599 1074 371 , , , 22599 1074 372 H. H. NNP 22599 1074 373 G. G. NNP 22599 1074 374 , , , 22599 1074 375 15 15 CD 22599 1074 376 Kern Kern NNP 22599 1074 377 , , , 22599 1074 378 44 44 CD 22599 1074 379 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i kharo[s.][t.]h[=i CD 22599 1074 380 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 381 , , , 22599 1074 382 19 19 CD 22599 1074 383 , , , 22599 1074 384 20 20 CD 22599 1074 385 Khosr[=u Khosr[=u NNPS 22599 1074 386 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 387 , , , 22599 1074 388 82 82 CD 22599 1074 389 , , , 22599 1074 390 91 91 CD 22599 1074 391 Kielhorn Kielhorn NNP 22599 1074 392 , , , 22599 1074 393 F. F. NNP 22599 1074 394 , , , 22599 1074 395 46 46 CD 22599 1074 396 , , , 22599 1074 397 47 47 CD 22599 1074 398 Kircher Kircher NNP 22599 1074 399 , , , 22599 1074 400 A. a. NN 22599 1074 401 , , , 22599 1074 402 34 34 CD 22599 1074 403 Kit[=a]b Kit[=a]b NNS 22599 1074 404 al al NNP 22599 1074 405 - - HYPH 22599 1074 406 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 1074 407 , , , 22599 1074 408 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 409 see see VBP 22599 1074 410 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 411 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 1074 412 Kleinwächter Kleinwächter NNP 22599 1074 413 , , , 22599 1074 414 32 32 CD 22599 1074 415 K[=l]os K[=l]os NNP 22599 1074 416 , , , 22599 1074 417 62 62 CD 22599 1074 418 Köbel Köbel NNP 22599 1074 419 , , , 22599 1074 420 4 4 CD 22599 1074 421 , , , 22599 1074 422 58 58 CD 22599 1074 423 , , , 22599 1074 424 60 60 CD 22599 1074 425 , , , 22599 1074 426 119 119 CD 22599 1074 427 , , , 22599 1074 428 123 123 CD 22599 1074 429 Krumbacher Krumbacher NNP 22599 1074 430 , , , 22599 1074 431 K. K. NNP 22599 1074 432 , , , 22599 1074 433 57 57 CD 22599 1074 434 Kuckuck Kuckuck NNP 22599 1074 435 , , , 22599 1074 436 62 62 CD 22599 1074 437 , , , 22599 1074 438 133 133 CD 22599 1074 439 Kugler Kugler NNP 22599 1074 440 , , , 22599 1074 441 F. F. NNP 22599 1074 442 X. X. NNP 22599 1074 443 , , , 22599 1074 444 51 51 CD 22599 1074 445 Lachmann Lachmann NNP 22599 1074 446 , , , 22599 1074 447 85 85 CD 22599 1074 448 Lacouperie Lacouperie NNP 22599 1074 449 , , , 22599 1074 450 33 33 CD 22599 1074 451 , , , 22599 1074 452 35 35 CD 22599 1074 453 Lalitavistara Lalitavistara NNP 22599 1074 454 , , , 22599 1074 455 15 15 CD 22599 1074 456 , , , 22599 1074 457 17 17 CD 22599 1074 458 Lami Lami NNP 22599 1074 459 , , , 22599 1074 460 G. G. NNP 22599 1074 461 , , , 22599 1074 462 57 57 CD 22599 1074 463 La La NNP 22599 1074 464 Roche Roche NNP 22599 1074 465 , , , 22599 1074 466 61 61 CD 22599 1074 467 Lassen Lassen NNP 22599 1074 468 , , , 22599 1074 469 39 39 CD 22599 1074 470 L[=a][t.]y[=a]yana L[=a][t.]y[=a]yana NNP 22599 1074 471 , , , 22599 1074 472 39 39 CD 22599 1074 473 Leboeuf Leboeuf NNP 22599 1074 474 , , , 22599 1074 475 135 135 CD 22599 1074 476 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 1074 477 of of IN 22599 1074 478 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 1074 479 , , , 22599 1074 480 5 5 CD 22599 1074 481 , , , 22599 1074 482 10 10 CD 22599 1074 483 , , , 22599 1074 484 57 57 CD 22599 1074 485 , , , 22599 1074 486 64 64 CD 22599 1074 487 , , , 22599 1074 488 74 74 CD 22599 1074 489 , , , 22599 1074 490 120 120 CD 22599 1074 491 , , , 22599 1074 492 128 128 CD 22599 1074 493 - - SYM 22599 1074 494 133 133 CD 22599 1074 495 Lethaby Lethaby NNP 22599 1074 496 , , , 22599 1074 497 W. W. NNP 22599 1074 498 R. R. NNP 22599 1074 499 , , , 22599 1074 500 142 142 CD 22599 1074 501 Levi Levi NNP 22599 1074 502 , , , 22599 1074 503 B. B. NNP 22599 1074 504 , , , 22599 1074 505 13 13 CD 22599 1074 506 Levias Levias NNP 22599 1074 507 , , , 22599 1074 508 3 3 CD 22599 1074 509 Libri Libri NNPS 22599 1074 510 , , , 22599 1074 511 73 73 CD 22599 1074 512 , , , 22599 1074 513 85 85 CD 22599 1074 514 , , , 22599 1074 515 95 95 CD 22599 1074 516 Light light NN 22599 1074 517 of of IN 22599 1074 518 Asia Asia NNP 22599 1074 519 , , , 22599 1074 520 16 16 CD 22599 1074 521 Luca Luca NNP 22599 1074 522 da da NNP 22599 1074 523 Firenze Firenze NNP 22599 1074 524 , , , 22599 1074 525 144 144 CD 22599 1074 526 Lucas Lucas NNP 22599 1074 527 , , , 22599 1074 528 128 128 CD 22599 1074 529 Mah[=a]bh[=a]rata mah[=a]bh[=a]rata NN 22599 1074 530 , , , 22599 1074 531 18 18 CD 22599 1074 532 Mah[=a]v[=i]r[=a]c[=a]rya Mah[=a]v[=i]r[=a]c[=a]rya NNS 22599 1074 533 , , , 22599 1074 534 53 53 CD 22599 1074 535 Malabar Malabar NNP 22599 1074 536 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1074 537 , , , 22599 1074 538 36 36 CD 22599 1074 539 Malayalam Malayalam NNP 22599 1074 540 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1074 541 , , , 22599 1074 542 36 36 CD 22599 1074 543 Mannert Mannert NNP 22599 1074 544 , , , 22599 1074 545 81 81 CD 22599 1074 546 Margarita Margarita NNP 22599 1074 547 Philosophica Philosophica NNP 22599 1074 548 , , , 22599 1074 549 146 146 CD 22599 1074 550 Marie Marie NNP 22599 1074 551 , , , 22599 1074 552 78 78 CD 22599 1074 553 Marquardt Marquardt NNP 22599 1074 554 , , , 22599 1074 555 J. J. NNP 22599 1074 556 , , , 22599 1074 557 85 85 CD 22599 1074 558 Marshman Marshman NNP 22599 1074 559 , , , 22599 1074 560 J. J. NNP 22599 1074 561 C. C. NNP 22599 1074 562 , , , 22599 1074 563 17 17 CD 22599 1074 564 Martin Martin NNP 22599 1074 565 , , , 22599 1074 566 T. T. NNP 22599 1074 567 H. H. NNP 22599 1074 568 , , , 22599 1074 569 30 30 CD 22599 1074 570 , , , 22599 1074 571 62 62 CD 22599 1074 572 , , , 22599 1074 573 85 85 CD 22599 1074 574 , , , 22599 1074 575 113 113 CD 22599 1074 576 Martines Martines NNPS 22599 1074 577 , , , 22599 1074 578 D. D. NNP 22599 1074 579 C. C. NNP 22599 1074 580 , , , 22599 1074 581 58 58 CD 22599 1074 582 M[=a]sh[=a]ll[=a]h m[=a]sh[=a]ll[=a]h SYM 22599 1074 583 , , , 22599 1074 584 3 3 CD 22599 1074 585 Maspero Maspero NNP 22599 1074 586 , , , 22599 1074 587 28 28 CD 22599 1074 588 Mauch Mauch NNP 22599 1074 589 , , , 22599 1074 590 142 142 CD 22599 1074 591 Maximus Maximus NNP 22599 1074 592 Planudes Planudes NNP 22599 1074 593 , , , 22599 1074 594 2 2 CD 22599 1074 595 , , , 22599 1074 596 57 57 CD 22599 1074 597 , , , 22599 1074 598 66 66 CD 22599 1074 599 , , , 22599 1074 600 93 93 CD 22599 1074 601 , , , 22599 1074 602 120 120 CD 22599 1074 603 Megasthenes Megasthenes NNPS 22599 1074 604 , , , 22599 1074 605 77 77 CD 22599 1074 606 Merchants merchant NNS 22599 1074 607 , , , 22599 1074 608 114 114 CD 22599 1074 609 Meynard Meynard NNP 22599 1074 610 , , , 22599 1074 611 8 8 CD 22599 1074 612 Migne Migne NNP 22599 1074 613 , , , 22599 1074 614 87 87 CD 22599 1074 615 Mikami Mikami NNP 22599 1074 616 , , , 22599 1074 617 Y. Y. NNP 22599 1074 618 , , , 22599 1074 619 56 56 CD 22599 1074 620 Milanesi Milanesi NNP 22599 1074 621 , , , 22599 1074 622 128 128 CD 22599 1074 623 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]ammed JJ 22599 1074 624 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1074 625 ` ` '' 22599 1074 626 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 1074 627 , , , 22599 1074 628 92 92 CD 22599 1074 629 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]ammed JJ 22599 1074 630 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1074 631 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 1074 632 , , , 22599 1074 633 6 6 CD 22599 1074 634 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 1074 635 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1074 636 ` ` '' 22599 1074 637 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 1074 638 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 639 ` ` '' 22599 1074 640 Abd[=i abd[=i NN 22599 1074 641 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 642 , , , 22599 1074 643 8 8 CD 22599 1074 644 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]ammed NN 22599 1074 645 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1074 646 M[=u]s[=a M[=u]s[=a NNP 22599 1074 647 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 648 , , , 22599 1074 649 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 650 see see NN 22599 1074 651 _ _ NNP 22599 1074 652 Al Al NNP 22599 1074 653 - - HYPH 22599 1074 654 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 1074 655 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 656 Molinier Molinier NNP 22599 1074 657 , , , 22599 1074 658 123 123 CD 22599 1074 659 Monier Monier NNP 22599 1074 660 - - HYPH 22599 1074 661 Williams Williams NNP 22599 1074 662 , , , 22599 1074 663 17 17 CD 22599 1074 664 { { -LRB- 22599 1074 665 158 158 CD 22599 1074 666 } } -RRB- 22599 1074 667 Morley Morley NNP 22599 1074 668 , , , 22599 1074 669 D. D. NNP 22599 1074 670 , , , 22599 1074 671 126 126 CD 22599 1074 672 Moroccan moroccan JJ 22599 1074 673 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1074 674 , , , 22599 1074 675 68 68 CD 22599 1074 676 , , , 22599 1074 677 119 119 CD 22599 1074 678 Mortet Mortet NNP 22599 1074 679 , , , 22599 1074 680 V. V. NNP 22599 1074 681 , , , 22599 1074 682 11 11 CD 22599 1074 683 Moseley Moseley NNP 22599 1074 684 , , , 22599 1074 685 C. C. NNP 22599 1074 686 B. B. NNP 22599 1074 687 , , , 22599 1074 688 33 33 CD 22599 1074 689 Mo[t.]ahhar mo[t.]ahhar NN 22599 1074 690 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1074 691 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1074 692 T.][=a]hir T.][=a]hir NNP 22599 1074 693 , , , 22599 1074 694 7 7 CD 22599 1074 695 Mueller Mueller NNP 22599 1074 696 , , , 22599 1074 697 A. a. NN 22599 1074 698 , , , 22599 1074 699 68 68 CD 22599 1074 700 Mumford Mumford NNP 22599 1074 701 , , , 22599 1074 702 J. J. NNP 22599 1074 703 K. K. NNP 22599 1074 704 , , , 22599 1074 705 109 109 CD 22599 1074 706 Muwaffaq Muwaffaq NNP 22599 1074 707 al al NNP 22599 1074 708 - - HYPH 22599 1074 709 D[=i]n D[=i]n NNP 22599 1074 710 , , , 22599 1074 711 93 93 CD 22599 1074 712 Nabatean nabatean JJ 22599 1074 713 forms form NNS 22599 1074 714 , , , 22599 1074 715 21 21 CD 22599 1074 716 Nallino Nallino NNPS 22599 1074 717 , , , 22599 1074 718 4 4 CD 22599 1074 719 , , , 22599 1074 720 54 54 CD 22599 1074 721 , , , 22599 1074 722 55 55 CD 22599 1074 723 Nagl nagl NN 22599 1074 724 , , , 22599 1074 725 A. a. NN 22599 1074 726 , , , 22599 1074 727 55 55 CD 22599 1074 728 , , , 22599 1074 729 110 110 CD 22599 1074 730 , , , 22599 1074 731 113 113 CD 22599 1074 732 , , , 22599 1074 733 126 126 CD 22599 1074 734 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 1074 735 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1074 736 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t NN 22599 1074 737 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1074 738 , , , 22599 1074 739 20 20 CD 22599 1074 740 , , , 22599 1074 741 22 22 CD 22599 1074 742 , , , 22599 1074 743 23 23 CD 22599 1074 744 , , , 22599 1074 745 40 40 CD 22599 1074 746 Narducci Narducci NNP 22599 1074 747 , , , 22599 1074 748 123 123 CD 22599 1074 749 Nasik Nasik NNP 22599 1074 750 cave cave NN 22599 1074 751 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1074 752 , , , 22599 1074 753 24 24 CD 22599 1074 754 Na[z Na[z NNS 22599 1074 755 . . . 22599 1075 1 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1075 3 = = NFP 22599 1075 4 i]f i]f NNP 22599 1075 5 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1075 6 Yumn Yumn NNP 22599 1075 7 , , , 22599 1075 8 94 94 CD 22599 1075 9 Neander Neander NNP 22599 1075 10 , , , 22599 1075 11 A. a. NN 22599 1075 12 , , , 22599 1075 13 75 75 CD 22599 1075 14 Neophytos Neophytos NNP 22599 1075 15 , , , 22599 1075 16 57 57 CD 22599 1075 17 , , , 22599 1075 18 62 62 CD 22599 1075 19 Neo Neo NNP 22599 1075 20 - - HYPH 22599 1075 21 Pythagoreans Pythagoreans NNP 22599 1075 22 , , , 22599 1075 23 64 64 CD 22599 1075 24 Nesselmann Nesselmann NNP 22599 1075 25 , , , 22599 1075 26 58 58 CD 22599 1075 27 Newman Newman NNP 22599 1075 28 , , , 22599 1075 29 Cardinal Cardinal NNP 22599 1075 30 , , , 22599 1075 31 96 96 CD 22599 1075 32 Newman Newman NNP 22599 1075 33 , , , 22599 1075 34 F. F. NNP 22599 1075 35 W. W. NNP 22599 1075 36 , , , 22599 1075 37 131 131 CD 22599 1075 38 Nöldeke Nöldeke NNP 22599 1075 39 , , , 22599 1075 40 Th Th NNP 22599 1075 41 . . NNP 22599 1075 42 , , , 22599 1075 43 91 91 CD 22599 1075 44 Notation Notation NNP 22599 1075 45 , , , 22599 1075 46 61 61 CD 22599 1075 47 Note note NN 22599 1075 48 , , , 22599 1075 49 61 61 CD 22599 1075 50 , , , 22599 1075 51 119 119 CD 22599 1075 52 Noviomagus Noviomagus NNP 22599 1075 53 , , , 22599 1075 54 45 45 CD 22599 1075 55 , , , 22599 1075 56 61 61 CD 22599 1075 57 , , , 22599 1075 58 119 119 CD 22599 1075 59 , , , 22599 1075 60 150 150 CD 22599 1075 61 Null Null NNP 22599 1075 62 , , , 22599 1075 63 61 61 CD 22599 1075 64 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1075 65 , , , 22599 1075 66 Algerian Algerian NNP 22599 1075 67 , , , 22599 1075 68 68 68 CD 22599 1075 69 astrological astrological JJ 22599 1075 70 , , , 22599 1075 71 150 150 CD 22599 1075 72 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 1075 73 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 74 , , , 22599 1075 75 19 19 CD 22599 1075 76 - - SYM 22599 1075 77 22 22 CD 22599 1075 78 , , , 22599 1075 79 83 83 CD 22599 1075 80 early early JJ 22599 1075 81 ideas idea NNS 22599 1075 82 of of IN 22599 1075 83 origin origin NN 22599 1075 84 , , , 22599 1075 85 1 1 CD 22599 1075 86 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1075 87 , , , 22599 1075 88 26 26 CD 22599 1075 89 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1075 90 , , , 22599 1075 91 classified classified JJ 22599 1075 92 , , , 22599 1075 93 19 19 CD 22599 1075 94 , , , 22599 1075 95 38 38 CD 22599 1075 96 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 1075 97 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 98 , , , 22599 1075 99 19 19 CD 22599 1075 100 - - SYM 22599 1075 101 22 22 CD 22599 1075 102 Moroccan Moroccan NNP 22599 1075 103 , , , 22599 1075 104 68 68 CD 22599 1075 105 Nabatean Nabatean NNP 22599 1075 106 , , , 22599 1075 107 21 21 CD 22599 1075 108 origin origin NN 22599 1075 109 , , , 22599 1075 110 27 27 CD 22599 1075 111 , , , 22599 1075 112 30 30 CD 22599 1075 113 , , , 22599 1075 114 31 31 CD 22599 1075 115 , , , 22599 1075 116 37 37 CD 22599 1075 117 supposed suppose VBN 22599 1075 118 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1075 119 origin origin NN 22599 1075 120 , , , 22599 1075 121 2 2 CD 22599 1075 122 supposed suppose VBD 22599 1075 123 Babylonian babylonian JJ 22599 1075 124 origin origin NN 22599 1075 125 , , , 22599 1075 126 28 28 CD 22599 1075 127 supposed suppose VBN 22599 1075 128 Chaldean chaldean JJ 22599 1075 129 and and CC 22599 1075 130 Jewish jewish JJ 22599 1075 131 origin origin NN 22599 1075 132 , , , 22599 1075 133 3 3 CD 22599 1075 134 supposed suppose VBN 22599 1075 135 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 1075 136 origin origin NN 22599 1075 137 , , , 22599 1075 138 28 28 CD 22599 1075 139 , , , 22599 1075 140 32 32 CD 22599 1075 141 supposed suppose VBN 22599 1075 142 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 1075 143 origin origin NN 22599 1075 144 , , , 22599 1075 145 27 27 CD 22599 1075 146 , , , 22599 1075 147 30 30 CD 22599 1075 148 , , , 22599 1075 149 69 69 CD 22599 1075 150 , , , 22599 1075 151 70 70 CD 22599 1075 152 supposed suppose VBD 22599 1075 153 Greek greek JJ 22599 1075 154 origin origin NN 22599 1075 155 , , , 22599 1075 156 33 33 CD 22599 1075 157 supposed suppose VBN 22599 1075 158 Phoenician phoenician JJ 22599 1075 159 origin origin NN 22599 1075 160 , , , 22599 1075 161 32 32 CD 22599 1075 162 tables table NNS 22599 1075 163 of of IN 22599 1075 164 , , , 22599 1075 165 22 22 CD 22599 1075 166 - - SYM 22599 1075 167 27 27 CD 22599 1075 168 , , , 22599 1075 169 36 36 CD 22599 1075 170 , , , 22599 1075 171 48 48 CD 22599 1075 172 , , , 22599 1075 173 49 49 CD 22599 1075 174 , , , 22599 1075 175 69 69 CD 22599 1075 176 , , , 22599 1075 177 88 88 CD 22599 1075 178 , , , 22599 1075 179 140 140 CD 22599 1075 180 , , , 22599 1075 181 143 143 CD 22599 1075 182 , , , 22599 1075 183 145 145 CD 22599 1075 184 - - SYM 22599 1075 185 148 148 CD 22599 1075 186 O'Creat O'Creat NNP 22599 1075 187 , , , 22599 1075 188 5 5 CD 22599 1075 189 , , , 22599 1075 190 55 55 CD 22599 1075 191 , , , 22599 1075 192 119 119 CD 22599 1075 193 , , , 22599 1075 194 120 120 CD 22599 1075 195 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 1075 196 , , , 22599 1075 197 110 110 CD 22599 1075 198 , , , 22599 1075 199 113 113 CD 22599 1075 200 Oppert Oppert NNP 22599 1075 201 , , , 22599 1075 202 G. G. NNP 22599 1075 203 , , , 22599 1075 204 14 14 CD 22599 1075 205 , , , 22599 1075 206 75 75 CD 22599 1075 207 Pali Pali NNP 22599 1075 208 , , , 22599 1075 209 22 22 CD 22599 1075 210 Pañcasiddh[=a]ntik[=a pañcasiddh[=a]ntik[=a NN 22599 1075 211 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 212 , , , 22599 1075 213 44 44 CD 22599 1075 214 Paravey Paravey NNP 22599 1075 215 , , , 22599 1075 216 32 32 CD 22599 1075 217 , , , 22599 1075 218 57 57 CD 22599 1075 219 P[=a]tal[=i]pu[t.]ra P[=a]tal[=i]pu[t.]ra NNP 22599 1075 220 , , , 22599 1075 221 77 77 CD 22599 1075 222 Patna Patna NNP 22599 1075 223 , , , 22599 1075 224 77 77 CD 22599 1075 225 Patrick Patrick NNP 22599 1075 226 , , , 22599 1075 227 R. R. NNP 22599 1075 228 , , , 22599 1075 229 119 119 CD 22599 1075 230 Payne Payne NNP 22599 1075 231 , , , 22599 1075 232 E. E. NNP 22599 1075 233 J. J. NNP 22599 1075 234 , , , 22599 1075 235 106 106 CD 22599 1075 236 Pegolotti Pegolotti NNP 22599 1075 237 , , , 22599 1075 238 107 107 CD 22599 1075 239 Peletier Peletier NNP 22599 1075 240 , , , 22599 1075 241 2 2 CD 22599 1075 242 , , , 22599 1075 243 62 62 CD 22599 1075 244 Perrot Perrot NNP 22599 1075 245 , , , 22599 1075 246 80 80 CD 22599 1075 247 Persia Persia NNP 22599 1075 248 , , , 22599 1075 249 66 66 CD 22599 1075 250 , , , 22599 1075 251 91 91 CD 22599 1075 252 , , , 22599 1075 253 107 107 CD 22599 1075 254 Pertz Pertz NNP 22599 1075 255 , , , 22599 1075 256 115 115 CD 22599 1075 257 Petrus Petrus NNP 22599 1075 258 de de IN 22599 1075 259 Dacia Dacia NNP 22599 1075 260 , , , 22599 1075 261 59 59 CD 22599 1075 262 , , , 22599 1075 263 61 61 CD 22599 1075 264 , , , 22599 1075 265 62 62 CD 22599 1075 266 Pez Pez NNP 22599 1075 267 , , , 22599 1075 268 P. P. NNP 22599 1075 269 B. B. NNP 22599 1075 270 , , , 22599 1075 271 117 117 CD 22599 1075 272 " " `` 22599 1075 273 Philalethes Philalethes NNP 22599 1075 274 , , , 22599 1075 275 " " '' 22599 1075 276 75 75 CD 22599 1075 277 Phillips Phillips NNP 22599 1075 278 , , , 22599 1075 279 G. G. NNP 22599 1075 280 , , , 22599 1075 281 107 107 CD 22599 1075 282 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 1075 283 , , , 22599 1075 284 105 105 CD 22599 1075 285 Pichler Pichler NNP 22599 1075 286 , , , 22599 1075 287 F. F. NNP 22599 1075 288 , , , 22599 1075 289 141 141 CD 22599 1075 290 Pihan Pihan NNP 22599 1075 291 , , , 22599 1075 292 A. A. NNP 22599 1075 293 P. P. NNP 22599 1075 294 , , , 22599 1075 295 36 36 CD 22599 1075 296 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 1075 297 , , , 22599 1075 298 128 128 CD 22599 1075 299 Place Place NNP 22599 1075 300 value value NN 22599 1075 301 , , , 22599 1075 302 26 26 CD 22599 1075 303 , , , 22599 1075 304 42 42 CD 22599 1075 305 , , , 22599 1075 306 46 46 CD 22599 1075 307 , , , 22599 1075 308 48 48 CD 22599 1075 309 Planudes planude NNS 22599 1075 310 , , , 22599 1075 311 _ _ NNP 22599 1075 312 see see VBP 22599 1075 313 _ _ NNP 22599 1075 314 Maximus Maximus NNP 22599 1075 315 Planudes Planudes NNP 22599 1075 316 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 1075 317 , , , 22599 1075 318 G. G. NNP 22599 1075 319 A. A. NNP 22599 1075 320 , , , 22599 1075 321 56 56 CD 22599 1075 322 , , , 22599 1075 323 59 59 CD 22599 1075 324 , , , 22599 1075 325 85 85 CD 22599 1075 326 , , , 22599 1075 327 143 143 CD 22599 1075 328 , , , 22599 1075 329 144 144 CD 22599 1075 330 , , , 22599 1075 331 145 145 CD 22599 1075 332 , , , 22599 1075 333 148 148 CD 22599 1075 334 Pliny Pliny NNP 22599 1075 335 , , , 22599 1075 336 76 76 CD 22599 1075 337 Polo Polo NNP 22599 1075 338 , , , 22599 1075 339 N. N. NNP 22599 1075 340 and and CC 22599 1075 341 M. M. NNP 22599 1075 342 , , , 22599 1075 343 107 107 CD 22599 1075 344 { { -LRB- 22599 1075 345 159 159 CD 22599 1075 346 } } -RRB- 22599 1075 347 Prändel Prändel NNP 22599 1075 348 , , , 22599 1075 349 J. J. NNP 22599 1075 350 G. G. NNP 22599 1075 351 , , , 22599 1075 352 54 54 CD 22599 1075 353 Prinsep Prinsep NNP 22599 1075 354 , , , 22599 1075 355 J. J. NNP 22599 1075 356 , , , 22599 1075 357 20 20 CD 22599 1075 358 , , , 22599 1075 359 31 31 CD 22599 1075 360 Propertius Propertius NNP 22599 1075 361 , , , 22599 1075 362 80 80 CD 22599 1075 363 Prosdocimo Prosdocimo NNP 22599 1075 364 de de IN 22599 1075 365 ' ' '' 22599 1075 366 Beldomandi Beldomandi NNP 22599 1075 367 , , , 22599 1075 368 137 137 CD 22599 1075 369 Prou Prou NNP 22599 1075 370 , , , 22599 1075 371 143 143 CD 22599 1075 372 Ptolemy Ptolemy NNP 22599 1075 373 , , , 22599 1075 374 54 54 CD 22599 1075 375 , , , 22599 1075 376 78 78 CD 22599 1075 377 Putnam Putnam NNP 22599 1075 378 , , , 22599 1075 379 103 103 CD 22599 1075 380 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNPS 22599 1075 381 , , , 22599 1075 382 63 63 CD 22599 1075 383 Pythagorean pythagorean JJ 22599 1075 384 numbers number NNS 22599 1075 385 , , , 22599 1075 386 13 13 CD 22599 1075 387 Pytheas Pytheas NNPS 22599 1075 388 of of IN 22599 1075 389 Massilia Massilia NNP 22599 1075 390 , , , 22599 1075 391 76 76 CD 22599 1075 392 Rabbi Rabbi NNP 22599 1075 393 ben ben NNP 22599 1075 394 Ezra Ezra NNP 22599 1075 395 , , , 22599 1075 396 60 60 CD 22599 1075 397 , , , 22599 1075 398 127 127 CD 22599 1075 399 Radulph Radulph NNS 22599 1075 400 of of IN 22599 1075 401 Laon Laon NNP 22599 1075 402 , , , 22599 1075 403 60 60 CD 22599 1075 404 , , , 22599 1075 405 113 113 CD 22599 1075 406 , , , 22599 1075 407 118 118 CD 22599 1075 408 , , , 22599 1075 409 124 124 CD 22599 1075 410 Raets Raets NNPS 22599 1075 411 , , , 22599 1075 412 62 62 CD 22599 1075 413 Rainer Rainer NNP 22599 1075 414 , , , 22599 1075 415 _ _ NNP 22599 1075 416 see see VBP 22599 1075 417 _ _ NNP 22599 1075 418 Gemma Gemma NNP 22599 1075 419 Frisius Frisius NNP 22599 1075 420 R[=a]m[=a]yana R[=a]m[=a]yana NNP 22599 1075 421 , , , 22599 1075 422 18 18 CD 22599 1075 423 Ramus Ramus NNP 22599 1075 424 , , , 22599 1075 425 2 2 CD 22599 1075 426 , , , 22599 1075 427 41 41 CD 22599 1075 428 , , , 22599 1075 429 60 60 CD 22599 1075 430 , , , 22599 1075 431 61 61 CD 22599 1075 432 Raoul Raoul NNP 22599 1075 433 Glaber Glaber NNP 22599 1075 434 , , , 22599 1075 435 123 123 CD 22599 1075 436 Rapson Rapson NNP 22599 1075 437 , , , 22599 1075 438 77 77 CD 22599 1075 439 Rauhfuss Rauhfuss NNP 22599 1075 440 , , , 22599 1075 441 _ _ NNP 22599 1075 442 see see VBP 22599 1075 443 _ _ NNP 22599 1075 444 Dasypodius Dasypodius NNP 22599 1075 445 Raumer Raumer NNP 22599 1075 446 , , , 22599 1075 447 K. K. NNP 22599 1075 448 von von NNP 22599 1075 449 , , , 22599 1075 450 111 111 CD 22599 1075 451 Reclus Reclus NNP 22599 1075 452 , , , 22599 1075 453 E. E. NNP 22599 1075 454 , , , 22599 1075 455 14 14 CD 22599 1075 456 , , , 22599 1075 457 96 96 CD 22599 1075 458 , , , 22599 1075 459 130 130 CD 22599 1075 460 Recorde Recorde NNP 22599 1075 461 , , , 22599 1075 462 3 3 CD 22599 1075 463 , , , 22599 1075 464 58 58 CD 22599 1075 465 Reinaud Reinaud NNP 22599 1075 466 , , , 22599 1075 467 67 67 CD 22599 1075 468 , , , 22599 1075 469 74 74 CD 22599 1075 470 , , , 22599 1075 471 80 80 CD 22599 1075 472 Reveillaud Reveillaud NNP 22599 1075 473 , , , 22599 1075 474 36 36 CD 22599 1075 475 Richer Richer NNPS 22599 1075 476 , , , 22599 1075 477 110 110 CD 22599 1075 478 , , , 22599 1075 479 112 112 CD 22599 1075 480 , , , 22599 1075 481 115 115 CD 22599 1075 482 Riese Riese NNPS 22599 1075 483 , , , 22599 1075 484 A. a. NN 22599 1075 485 , , , 22599 1075 486 119 119 CD 22599 1075 487 Robertson Robertson NNP 22599 1075 488 , , , 22599 1075 489 81 81 CD 22599 1075 490 Robertus Robertus NNP 22599 1075 491 Cestrensis Cestrensis NNP 22599 1075 492 , , , 22599 1075 493 97 97 CD 22599 1075 494 , , , 22599 1075 495 126 126 CD 22599 1075 496 Rodet Rodet NNP 22599 1075 497 , , , 22599 1075 498 5 5 CD 22599 1075 499 , , , 22599 1075 500 44 44 CD 22599 1075 501 Roediger Roediger NNP 22599 1075 502 , , , 22599 1075 503 J. J. NNP 22599 1075 504 , , , 22599 1075 505 68 68 CD 22599 1075 506 Rollandus Rollandus NNP 22599 1075 507 , , , 22599 1075 508 144 144 CD 22599 1075 509 Romagnosi Romagnosi NNP 22599 1075 510 , , , 22599 1075 511 81 81 CD 22599 1075 512 Rosen Rosen NNP 22599 1075 513 , , , 22599 1075 514 F. F. NNP 22599 1075 515 , , , 22599 1075 516 5 5 CD 22599 1075 517 Rotula Rotula NNP 22599 1075 518 , , , 22599 1075 519 60 60 CD 22599 1075 520 Rudolff Rudolff NNP 22599 1075 521 , , , 22599 1075 522 85 85 CD 22599 1075 523 Rudolph Rudolph NNP 22599 1075 524 , , , 22599 1075 525 62 62 CD 22599 1075 526 , , , 22599 1075 527 67 67 CD 22599 1075 528 Ruffi Ruffi NNP 22599 1075 529 , , , 22599 1075 530 150 150 CD 22599 1075 531 Sachau Sachau NNP 22599 1075 532 , , , 22599 1075 533 6 6 CD 22599 1075 534 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 1075 535 , , , 22599 1075 536 3 3 CD 22599 1075 537 , , , 22599 1075 538 58 58 CD 22599 1075 539 , , , 22599 1075 540 133 133 CD 22599 1075 541 Sacy Sacy NNP 22599 1075 542 , , , 22599 1075 543 S. S. NNP 22599 1075 544 de de NNP 22599 1075 545 , , , 22599 1075 546 66 66 CD 22599 1075 547 , , , 22599 1075 548 70 70 CD 22599 1075 549 Sa`d[=i sa`d[=i NN 22599 1075 550 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 551 , , , 22599 1075 552 102 102 CD 22599 1075 553 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1075 554 ' ' POS 22599 1075 555 S]aka s]aka NN 22599 1075 556 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1075 557 , , , 22599 1075 558 20 20 CD 22599 1075 559 Sam[=u]'[=i]l sam[=u]'[=i]l CD 22599 1075 560 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1075 561 Ya[h.]y[=a Ya[h.]y[=a NNP 22599 1075 562 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 563 , , , 22599 1075 564 93 93 CD 22599 1075 565 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1075 566 ' ' CD 22599 1075 567 S][=a]rad[=a S][=a]rad[=a NNPS 22599 1075 568 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 569 characters character NNS 22599 1075 570 , , , 22599 1075 571 55 55 CD 22599 1075 572 Savonne Savonne NNP 22599 1075 573 , , , 22599 1075 574 60 60 CD 22599 1075 575 Scaliger Scaliger NNP 22599 1075 576 , , , 22599 1075 577 J. J. NNP 22599 1075 578 C. C. NNP 22599 1075 579 , , , 22599 1075 580 73 73 CD 22599 1075 581 Scheubel Scheubel NNP 22599 1075 582 , , , 22599 1075 583 62 62 CD 22599 1075 584 Schlegel Schlegel NNP 22599 1075 585 , , , 22599 1075 586 12 12 CD 22599 1075 587 Schmidt Schmidt NNP 22599 1075 588 , , , 22599 1075 589 133 133 CD 22599 1075 590 Schonerus Schonerus NNP 22599 1075 591 , , , 22599 1075 592 87 87 CD 22599 1075 593 , , , 22599 1075 594 119 119 CD 22599 1075 595 Schroeder Schroeder NNP 22599 1075 596 , , , 22599 1075 597 L. L. NNP 22599 1075 598 von von NNP 22599 1075 599 , , , 22599 1075 600 13 13 CD 22599 1075 601 Scylax Scylax NNP 22599 1075 602 , , , 22599 1075 603 75 75 CD 22599 1075 604 Sedillot Sedillot NNP 22599 1075 605 , , , 22599 1075 606 8 8 CD 22599 1075 607 , , , 22599 1075 608 34 34 CD 22599 1075 609 Senart Senart NNP 22599 1075 610 , , , 22599 1075 611 20 20 CD 22599 1075 612 , , , 22599 1075 613 24 24 CD 22599 1075 614 , , , 22599 1075 615 25 25 CD 22599 1075 616 Sened sene VBN 22599 1075 617 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1075 618 ` ` '' 22599 1075 619 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 1075 620 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 621 , , , 22599 1075 622 10 10 CD 22599 1075 623 , , , 22599 1075 624 98 98 CD 22599 1075 625 Sfortunati Sfortunati NNS 22599 1075 626 , , , 22599 1075 627 62 62 CD 22599 1075 628 , , , 22599 1075 629 150 150 CD 22599 1075 630 Shelley Shelley NNP 22599 1075 631 , , , 22599 1075 632 W. W. NNP 22599 1075 633 , , , 22599 1075 634 126 126 CD 22599 1075 635 Siamese siamese JJ 22599 1075 636 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1075 637 , , , 22599 1075 638 36 36 CD 22599 1075 639 Siddh[=a]nta Siddh[=a]nta NNP 22599 1075 640 , , , 22599 1075 641 8 8 CD 22599 1075 642 , , , 22599 1075 643 18 18 CD 22599 1075 644 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1075 645 S.]ifr s.]ifr NN 22599 1075 646 , , , 22599 1075 647 57 57 CD 22599 1075 648 Sigsboto Sigsboto NNP 22599 1075 649 , , , 22599 1075 650 55 55 CD 22599 1075 651 Sih[=a]b Sih[=a]b NNS 22599 1075 652 al al NNP 22599 1075 653 - - HYPH 22599 1075 654 D[=i]n D[=i]n NNP 22599 1075 655 , , , 22599 1075 656 67 67 CD 22599 1075 657 Silberberg Silberberg NNP 22599 1075 658 , , , 22599 1075 659 60 60 CD 22599 1075 660 Simon Simon NNP 22599 1075 661 , , , 22599 1075 662 13 13 CD 22599 1075 663 Sin[=a]n Sin[=a]n NNP 22599 1075 664 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1075 665 al al NNP 22599 1075 666 - - HYPH 22599 1075 667 Fat[h Fat[h NNP 22599 1075 668 . . . 22599 1075 669 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1075 670 , , , 22599 1075 671 93 93 CD 22599 1075 672 Sindbad Sindbad NNP 22599 1075 673 , , , 22599 1075 674 100 100 CD 22599 1075 675 Sindhind Sindhind NNP 22599 1075 676 , , , 22599 1075 677 97 97 CD 22599 1075 678 Sipos sipos NN 22599 1075 679 , , , 22599 1075 680 60 60 CD 22599 1075 681 Sirr Sirr NNP 22599 1075 682 , , , 22599 1075 683 H. H. NNP 22599 1075 684 C. C. NNP 22599 1075 685 , , , 22599 1075 686 75 75 CD 22599 1075 687 Skeel Skeel NNP 22599 1075 688 , , , 22599 1075 689 C. C. NNP 22599 1075 690 A. A. NNP 22599 1075 691 , , , 22599 1075 692 74 74 CD 22599 1075 693 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1075 694 , , , 22599 1075 695 D. D. NNP 22599 1075 696 E. E. NNP 22599 1075 697 , , , 22599 1075 698 11 11 CD 22599 1075 699 , , , 22599 1075 700 17 17 CD 22599 1075 701 , , , 22599 1075 702 53 53 CD 22599 1075 703 , , , 22599 1075 704 86 86 CD 22599 1075 705 , , , 22599 1075 706 141 141 CD 22599 1075 707 , , , 22599 1075 708 143 143 CD 22599 1075 709 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1075 710 , , , 22599 1075 711 V. V. NNP 22599 1075 712 A. A. NNP 22599 1075 713 , , , 22599 1075 714 20 20 CD 22599 1075 715 , , , 22599 1075 716 35 35 CD 22599 1075 717 , , , 22599 1075 718 46 46 CD 22599 1075 719 , , , 22599 1075 720 47 47 CD 22599 1075 721 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1075 722 , , , 22599 1075 723 Wm Wm NNP 22599 1075 724 . . NNP 22599 1075 725 , , , 22599 1075 726 75 75 CD 22599 1075 727 Sm[r.]ti sm[r.]ti CD 22599 1075 728 , , , 22599 1075 729 17 17 CD 22599 1075 730 Spain Spain NNP 22599 1075 731 , , , 22599 1075 732 64 64 CD 22599 1075 733 , , , 22599 1075 734 65 65 CD 22599 1075 735 , , , 22599 1075 736 100 100 CD 22599 1075 737 Spitta Spitta NNP 22599 1075 738 - - HYPH 22599 1075 739 Bey Bey NNP 22599 1075 740 , , , 22599 1075 741 5 5 CD 22599 1075 742 Sprenger Sprenger NNP 22599 1075 743 , , , 22599 1075 744 94 94 CD 22599 1075 745 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1075 746 ' ' `` 22599 1075 747 S]rautas[=u]tra s]rautas[=u]tra NN 22599 1075 748 , , , 22599 1075 749 39 39 CD 22599 1075 750 Steffens Steffens NNP 22599 1075 751 , , , 22599 1075 752 F. F. NNP 22599 1075 753 , , , 22599 1075 754 116 116 CD 22599 1075 755 Steinschneider Steinschneider NNP 22599 1075 756 , , , 22599 1075 757 5 5 CD 22599 1075 758 , , , 22599 1075 759 57 57 CD 22599 1075 760 , , , 22599 1075 761 65 65 CD 22599 1075 762 , , , 22599 1075 763 66 66 CD 22599 1075 764 , , , 22599 1075 765 98 98 CD 22599 1075 766 , , , 22599 1075 767 126 126 CD 22599 1075 768 Stifel Stifel NNP 22599 1075 769 , , , 22599 1075 770 62 62 CD 22599 1075 771 { { -LRB- 22599 1075 772 160 160 CD 22599 1075 773 } } -RRB- 22599 1075 774 Subandhus Subandhus NNP 22599 1075 775 , , , 22599 1075 776 44 44 CD 22599 1075 777 Suetonius Suetonius NNP 22599 1075 778 , , , 22599 1075 779 80 80 CD 22599 1075 780 Suleim[=a]n Suleim[=a]n NNP 22599 1075 781 , , , 22599 1075 782 100 100 CD 22599 1075 783 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1075 784 ' ' `` 22599 1075 785 S][=u]nya s][=u]nya NN 22599 1075 786 , , , 22599 1075 787 43 43 CD 22599 1075 788 , , , 22599 1075 789 53 53 CD 22599 1075 790 , , , 22599 1075 791 57 57 CD 22599 1075 792 Suter Suter NNP 22599 1075 793 , , , 22599 1075 794 5 5 CD 22599 1075 795 , , , 22599 1075 796 9 9 CD 22599 1075 797 , , , 22599 1075 798 68 68 CD 22599 1075 799 , , , 22599 1075 800 69 69 CD 22599 1075 801 , , , 22599 1075 802 93 93 CD 22599 1075 803 , , , 22599 1075 804 116 116 CD 22599 1075 805 , , , 22599 1075 806 131 131 CD 22599 1075 807 S[=u]tras s[=u]tra NNS 22599 1075 808 , , , 22599 1075 809 13 13 CD 22599 1075 810 Sykes Sykes NNP 22599 1075 811 , , , 22599 1075 812 P. P. NNP 22599 1075 813 M. M. NNP 22599 1075 814 , , , 22599 1075 815 75 75 CD 22599 1075 816 Sylvester Sylvester NNP 22599 1075 817 II II NNP 22599 1075 818 , , , 22599 1075 819 _ _ NNP 22599 1075 820 see see VBP 22599 1075 821 _ _ NNP 22599 1075 822 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 1075 823 Symonds Symonds NNP 22599 1075 824 , , , 22599 1075 825 J. J. NNP 22599 1076 1 A. A. NNP 22599 1076 2 , , , 22599 1076 3 129 129 CD 22599 1076 4 Tannery Tannery NNP 22599 1076 5 , , , 22599 1076 6 P. P. NNP 22599 1076 7 , , , 22599 1076 8 62 62 CD 22599 1076 9 , , , 22599 1076 10 84 84 CD 22599 1076 11 , , , 22599 1076 12 85 85 CD 22599 1076 13 Tartaglia Tartaglia NNP 22599 1076 14 , , , 22599 1076 15 4 4 CD 22599 1076 16 , , , 22599 1076 17 61 61 CD 22599 1076 18 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 1076 19 , , , 22599 1076 20 I. I. NNP 22599 1076 21 , , , 22599 1076 22 19 19 CD 22599 1076 23 , , , 22599 1076 24 30 30 CD 22599 1076 25 Teca Teca NNP 22599 1076 26 , , , 22599 1076 27 55 55 CD 22599 1076 28 , , , 22599 1076 29 61 61 CD 22599 1076 30 Tennent Tennent NNP 22599 1076 31 , , , 22599 1076 32 J. J. NNP 22599 1076 33 E. E. NNP 22599 1076 34 , , , 22599 1076 35 75 75 CD 22599 1076 36 Texada Texada NNP 22599 1076 37 , , , 22599 1076 38 60 60 CD 22599 1076 39 Theca Theca NNP 22599 1076 40 , , , 22599 1076 41 58 58 CD 22599 1076 42 , , , 22599 1076 43 61 61 CD 22599 1076 44 Theophanes Theophanes NNPS 22599 1076 45 , , , 22599 1076 46 64 64 CD 22599 1076 47 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1076 48 , , , 22599 1076 49 G. G. NNP 22599 1076 50 , , , 22599 1076 51 12 12 CD 22599 1076 52 , , , 22599 1076 53 13 13 CD 22599 1076 54 , , , 22599 1076 55 16 16 CD 22599 1076 56 , , , 22599 1076 57 44 44 CD 22599 1076 58 , , , 22599 1076 59 47 47 CD 22599 1076 60 Tibetan tibetan JJ 22599 1076 61 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1076 62 , , , 22599 1076 63 36 36 CD 22599 1076 64 Timotheus Timotheus NNP 22599 1076 65 , , , 22599 1076 66 103 103 CD 22599 1076 67 Tonstall Tonstall NNP 22599 1076 68 , , , 22599 1076 69 C. C. NNP 22599 1076 70 , , , 22599 1076 71 3 3 CD 22599 1076 72 , , , 22599 1076 73 61 61 CD 22599 1076 74 Trenchant Trenchant NNP 22599 1076 75 , , , 22599 1076 76 60 60 CD 22599 1076 77 Treutlein Treutlein NNP 22599 1076 78 , , , 22599 1076 79 5 5 CD 22599 1076 80 , , , 22599 1076 81 63 63 CD 22599 1076 82 , , , 22599 1076 83 123 123 CD 22599 1076 84 Trevisa Trevisa NNP 22599 1076 85 , , , 22599 1076 86 136 136 CD 22599 1076 87 Treviso Treviso NNP 22599 1076 88 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1076 89 , , , 22599 1076 90 145 145 CD 22599 1076 91 Trivium trivium NN 22599 1076 92 and and CC 22599 1076 93 quadrivium quadrivium NN 22599 1076 94 , , , 22599 1076 95 73 73 CD 22599 1076 96 Tsin Tsin NNP 22599 1076 97 , , , 22599 1076 98 56 56 CD 22599 1076 99 Tunis Tunis NNP 22599 1076 100 , , , 22599 1076 101 65 65 CD 22599 1076 102 Turchill Turchill NNP 22599 1076 103 , , , 22599 1076 104 88 88 CD 22599 1076 105 , , , 22599 1076 106 118 118 CD 22599 1076 107 , , , 22599 1076 108 123 123 CD 22599 1076 109 Turnour Turnour NNP 22599 1076 110 , , , 22599 1076 111 G. G. NNP 22599 1076 112 , , , 22599 1076 113 75 75 CD 22599 1076 114 Tziphra Tziphra NNP 22599 1076 115 , , , 22599 1076 116 57 57 CD 22599 1076 117 , , , 22599 1076 118 62 62 CD 22599 1076 119 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1076 120 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1076 121 : : : 22599 1076 122 tziphra tziphra NN 22599 1076 123 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1076 124 , , , 22599 1076 125 55 55 CD 22599 1076 126 , , , 22599 1076 127 57 57 CD 22599 1076 128 , , , 22599 1076 129 62 62 CD 22599 1076 130 Tzwivel Tzwivel NNP 22599 1076 131 , , , 22599 1076 132 61 61 CD 22599 1076 133 , , , 22599 1076 134 118 118 CD 22599 1076 135 , , , 22599 1076 136 145 145 CD 22599 1076 137 Ujjain Ujjain NNP 22599 1076 138 , , , 22599 1076 139 32 32 CD 22599 1076 140 Unger ung JJR 22599 1076 141 , , , 22599 1076 142 133 133 CD 22599 1076 143 Upanishads upanishad NNS 22599 1076 144 , , , 22599 1076 145 12 12 CD 22599 1076 146 Usk Usk NNP 22599 1076 147 , , , 22599 1076 148 121 121 CD 22599 1076 149 Valla Valla NNP 22599 1076 150 , , , 22599 1076 151 G. G. NNP 22599 1076 152 , , , 22599 1076 153 61 61 CD 22599 1076 154 Van Van NNP 22599 1076 155 der der NN 22599 1076 156 Schuere Schuere NNP 22599 1076 157 , , , 22599 1076 158 62 62 CD 22599 1076 159 Var[=a]ha Var[=a]ha NNP 22599 1076 160 - - HYPH 22599 1076 161 Mihira Mihira NNP 22599 1076 162 , , , 22599 1076 163 39 39 CD 22599 1076 164 , , , 22599 1076 165 44 44 CD 22599 1076 166 , , , 22599 1076 167 78 78 CD 22599 1076 168 V[=a]savadatt[=a V[=a]savadatt[=a NNP 22599 1076 169 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1076 170 , , , 22599 1076 171 44 44 CD 22599 1076 172 Vaux Vaux NNP 22599 1076 173 , , , 22599 1076 174 Carra Carra NNP 22599 1076 175 de de NNP 22599 1076 176 , , , 22599 1076 177 9 9 CD 22599 1076 178 , , , 22599 1076 179 74 74 CD 22599 1076 180 Vaux Vaux NNP 22599 1076 181 , , , 22599 1076 182 W. W. NNP 22599 1076 183 S. S. NNP 22599 1076 184 W. W. NNP 22599 1076 185 , , , 22599 1076 186 91 91 CD 22599 1076 187 Ved[=a][.n]gas ved[=a][.n]gas NN 22599 1076 188 , , , 22599 1076 189 17 17 CD 22599 1076 190 Vedas Vedas NNP 22599 1076 191 , , , 22599 1076 192 12 12 CD 22599 1076 193 , , , 22599 1076 194 15 15 CD 22599 1076 195 , , , 22599 1076 196 17 17 CD 22599 1076 197 Vergil Vergil NNP 22599 1076 198 , , , 22599 1076 199 80 80 CD 22599 1076 200 Vincent Vincent NNP 22599 1076 201 , , , 22599 1076 202 A. A. NNP 22599 1076 203 J. J. NNP 22599 1076 204 H. H. NNP 22599 1076 205 , , , 22599 1076 206 57 57 CD 22599 1076 207 Vogt Vogt NNP 22599 1076 208 , , , 22599 1076 209 13 13 CD 22599 1076 210 Voizot Voizot NNP 22599 1076 211 , , , 22599 1076 212 P. P. NNP 22599 1076 213 , , , 22599 1076 214 36 36 CD 22599 1076 215 Vossius Vossius NNP 22599 1076 216 , , , 22599 1076 217 4 4 CD 22599 1076 218 , , , 22599 1076 219 76 76 CD 22599 1076 220 , , , 22599 1076 221 81 81 CD 22599 1076 222 , , , 22599 1076 223 84 84 CD 22599 1076 224 Wallis Wallis NNP 22599 1076 225 , , , 22599 1076 226 3 3 CD 22599 1076 227 , , , 22599 1076 228 62 62 CD 22599 1076 229 , , , 22599 1076 230 84 84 CD 22599 1076 231 , , , 22599 1076 232 116 116 CD 22599 1076 233 Wappler Wappler NNP 22599 1076 234 , , , 22599 1076 235 E. E. NNP 22599 1076 236 , , , 22599 1076 237 54 54 CD 22599 1076 238 , , , 22599 1076 239 126 126 CD 22599 1076 240 Wäschke Wäschke NNP 22599 1076 241 , , , 22599 1076 242 H. H. NNP 22599 1076 243 , , , 22599 1076 244 2 2 CD 22599 1076 245 , , , 22599 1076 246 93 93 CD 22599 1076 247 Wattenbach Wattenbach NNP 22599 1076 248 , , , 22599 1076 249 143 143 CD 22599 1076 250 Weber Weber NNP 22599 1076 251 , , , 22599 1076 252 A. a. NN 22599 1076 253 , , , 22599 1076 254 31 31 CD 22599 1076 255 Weidler Weidler NNP 22599 1076 256 , , , 22599 1076 257 I. I. NNP 22599 1076 258 F. F. NNP 22599 1076 259 , , , 22599 1076 260 34 34 CD 22599 1076 261 , , , 22599 1076 262 66 66 CD 22599 1076 263 Weidler Weidler NNP 22599 1076 264 , , , 22599 1076 265 I. I. NNP 22599 1076 266 F. F. NNP 22599 1076 267 and and CC 22599 1076 268 G. G. NNP 22599 1076 269 I. I. NNP 22599 1076 270 , , , 22599 1076 271 63 63 CD 22599 1076 272 , , , 22599 1076 273 66 66 CD 22599 1076 274 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 1076 275 , , , 22599 1076 276 85 85 CD 22599 1076 277 , , , 22599 1076 278 110 110 CD 22599 1076 279 Wertheim Wertheim NNP 22599 1076 280 , , , 22599 1076 281 G. G. NNP 22599 1076 282 , , , 22599 1076 283 57 57 CD 22599 1076 284 , , , 22599 1076 285 61 61 CD 22599 1076 286 Whitney Whitney NNP 22599 1076 287 , , , 22599 1076 288 W. W. NNP 22599 1076 289 D. D. NNP 22599 1076 290 , , , 22599 1076 291 13 13 CD 22599 1076 292 Wilford Wilford NNP 22599 1076 293 , , , 22599 1076 294 F. F. NNP 22599 1076 295 , , , 22599 1076 296 75 75 CD 22599 1076 297 Wilkens Wilkens NNPS 22599 1076 298 , , , 22599 1076 299 62 62 CD 22599 1076 300 Wilkinson Wilkinson NNP 22599 1076 301 , , , 22599 1076 302 J. J. NNP 22599 1076 303 G. G. NNP 22599 1076 304 , , , 22599 1076 305 70 70 CD 22599 1076 306 Willichius Willichius NNP 22599 1076 307 , , , 22599 1076 308 3 3 CD 22599 1076 309 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1076 310 , , , 22599 1076 311 3 3 CD 22599 1076 312 , , , 22599 1076 313 6 6 CD 22599 1076 314 , , , 22599 1076 315 42 42 CD 22599 1076 316 , , , 22599 1076 317 63 63 CD 22599 1076 318 , , , 22599 1076 319 64 64 CD 22599 1076 320 , , , 22599 1076 321 65 65 CD 22599 1076 322 , , , 22599 1076 323 67 67 CD 22599 1076 324 , , , 22599 1076 325 69 69 CD 22599 1076 326 , , , 22599 1076 327 70 70 CD 22599 1076 328 , , , 22599 1076 329 94 94 CD 22599 1076 330 , , , 22599 1076 331 113 113 CD 22599 1076 332 , , , 22599 1076 333 138 138 CD 22599 1076 334 Wolack Wolack NNP 22599 1076 335 , , , 22599 1076 336 G. G. NNP 22599 1076 337 , , , 22599 1076 338 54 54 CD 22599 1076 339 Woodruff Woodruff NNP 22599 1076 340 , , , 22599 1076 341 C. C. NNP 22599 1076 342 E. E. NNP 22599 1076 343 , , , 22599 1076 344 32 32 CD 22599 1076 345 Word Word NNP 22599 1076 346 and and CC 22599 1076 347 letter letter NN 22599 1076 348 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1076 349 , , , 22599 1076 350 38 38 CD 22599 1076 351 , , , 22599 1076 352 44 44 CD 22599 1076 353 Wüstenfeld Wüstenfeld NNP 22599 1076 354 , , , 22599 1076 355 74 74 CD 22599 1076 356 Yule Yule NNP 22599 1076 357 , , , 22599 1076 358 H. H. NNP 22599 1076 359 , , , 22599 1076 360 107 107 CD 22599 1076 361 Zephirum Zephirum NNP 22599 1076 362 , , , 22599 1076 363 57 57 CD 22599 1076 364 , , , 22599 1076 365 58 58 CD 22599 1076 366 Zephyr Zephyr NNP 22599 1076 367 , , , 22599 1076 368 59 59 CD 22599 1076 369 Zepiro Zepiro NNP 22599 1076 370 , , , 22599 1076 371 58 58 CD 22599 1076 372 Zero zero CD 22599 1076 373 , , , 22599 1076 374 26 26 CD 22599 1076 375 , , , 22599 1076 376 38 38 CD 22599 1076 377 , , , 22599 1076 378 40 40 CD 22599 1076 379 , , , 22599 1076 380 43 43 CD 22599 1076 381 , , , 22599 1076 382 45 45 CD 22599 1076 383 , , , 22599 1076 384 49 49 CD 22599 1076 385 , , , 22599 1076 386 51 51 CD 22599 1076 387 - - SYM 22599 1076 388 62 62 CD 22599 1076 389 , , , 22599 1076 390 67 67 CD 22599 1076 391 Zeuero Zeuero NNP 22599 1076 392 , , , 22599 1076 393 58 58 CD 22599 1076 394 * * NFP 22599 1076 395 * * NFP 22599 1076 396 * * NFP 22599 1076 397 * * NFP 22599 1076 398 * * NFP 22599 1076 399 ANNOUNCEMENTS announcement NNS 22599 1076 400 * * NFP 22599 1076 401 * * NFP 22599 1076 402 * * NFP 22599 1076 403 * * NFP 22599 1076 404 * * NFP 22599 1076 405 WENTWORTH wentworth NN 22599 1076 406 'S 's POS 22599 1076 407 COLLEGE COLLEGE NNP 22599 1076 408 ALGEBRA ALGEBRA NNP 22599 1076 409 REVISED revised NN 22599 1076 410 EDITION EDITION NNP 22599 1076 411 12mo 12mo JJ 22599 1076 412 . . . 22599 1077 1 Half half JJ 22599 1077 2 morocco morocco NN 22599 1077 3 . . . 22599 1078 1 530 530 CD 22599 1078 2 pages page NNS 22599 1078 3 . . . 22599 1079 1 List list NN 22599 1079 2 price price NN 22599 1079 3 , , , 22599 1079 4 $ $ $ 22599 1079 5 1.50 1.50 CD 22599 1079 6 ; ; : 22599 1079 7 mailing mailing NN 22599 1079 8 price price NN 22599 1079 9 , , , 22599 1079 10 $ $ $ 22599 1079 11 1.65 1.65 CD 22599 1079 12 * * NFP 22599 1079 13 * * NFP 22599 1079 14 * * NFP 22599 1079 15 * * NFP 22599 1079 16 * * NFP 22599 1079 17 This this DT 22599 1079 18 book book NN 22599 1079 19 is be VBZ 22599 1079 20 a a DT 22599 1079 21 thorough thorough JJ 22599 1079 22 revision revision NN 22599 1079 23 of of IN 22599 1079 24 the the DT 22599 1079 25 author author NN 22599 1079 26 's 's POS 22599 1079 27 " " `` 22599 1079 28 College College NNP 22599 1079 29 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1079 30 . . . 22599 1079 31 " " '' 22599 1080 1 Some some DT 22599 1080 2 chapters chapter NNS 22599 1080 3 of of IN 22599 1080 4 the the DT 22599 1080 5 old old JJ 22599 1080 6 edition edition NN 22599 1080 7 have have VBP 22599 1080 8 been be VBN 22599 1080 9 wholly wholly RB 22599 1080 10 rewritten rewrite VBN 22599 1080 11 , , , 22599 1080 12 and and CC 22599 1080 13 the the DT 22599 1080 14 other other JJ 22599 1080 15 chapters chapter NNS 22599 1080 16 have have VBP 22599 1080 17 been be VBN 22599 1080 18 rewritten rewrite VBN 22599 1080 19 in in IN 22599 1080 20 part part NN 22599 1080 21 and and CC 22599 1080 22 greatly greatly RB 22599 1080 23 improved improve VBN 22599 1080 24 . . . 22599 1081 1 The the DT 22599 1081 2 order order NN 22599 1081 3 of of IN 22599 1081 4 topics topic NNS 22599 1081 5 has have VBZ 22599 1081 6 been be VBN 22599 1081 7 changed change VBN 22599 1081 8 to to IN 22599 1081 9 a a DT 22599 1081 10 certain certain JJ 22599 1081 11 extent extent NN 22599 1081 12 ; ; : 22599 1081 13 the the DT 22599 1081 14 plan plan NN 22599 1081 15 is be VBZ 22599 1081 16 to to TO 22599 1081 17 have have VB 22599 1081 18 each each DT 22599 1081 19 chapter chapter NN 22599 1081 20 as as IN 22599 1081 21 complete complete JJ 22599 1081 22 in in IN 22599 1081 23 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 1081 24 as as IN 22599 1081 25 possible possible JJ 22599 1081 26 , , , 22599 1081 27 so so IN 22599 1081 28 that that IN 22599 1081 29 the the DT 22599 1081 30 teacher teacher NN 22599 1081 31 may may MD 22599 1081 32 vary vary VB 22599 1081 33 the the DT 22599 1081 34 order order NN 22599 1081 35 of of IN 22599 1081 36 succession succession NN 22599 1081 37 at at IN 22599 1081 38 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1081 39 discretion discretion NN 22599 1081 40 . . . 22599 1082 1 As as IN 22599 1082 2 the the DT 22599 1082 3 name name NN 22599 1082 4 implies imply VBZ 22599 1082 5 , , , 22599 1082 6 the the DT 22599 1082 7 work work NN 22599 1082 8 is be VBZ 22599 1082 9 intended intend VBN 22599 1082 10 for for IN 22599 1082 11 colleges college NNS 22599 1082 12 and and CC 22599 1082 13 scientific scientific JJ 22599 1082 14 schools school NNS 22599 1082 15 . . . 22599 1083 1 The the DT 22599 1083 2 first first JJ 22599 1083 3 part part NN 22599 1083 4 is be VBZ 22599 1083 5 simply simply RB 22599 1083 6 a a DT 22599 1083 7 review review NN 22599 1083 8 of of IN 22599 1083 9 the the DT 22599 1083 10 principles principle NNS 22599 1083 11 of of IN 22599 1083 12 algebra algebra NN 22599 1083 13 preceding precede VBG 22599 1083 14 Quadratic Quadratic NNP 22599 1083 15 Equations Equations NNPS 22599 1083 16 , , , 22599 1083 17 with with IN 22599 1083 18 just just RB 22599 1083 19 enough enough JJ 22599 1083 20 examples example NNS 22599 1083 21 to to TO 22599 1083 22 illustrate illustrate VB 22599 1083 23 and and CC 22599 1083 24 enforce enforce VB 22599 1083 25 these these DT 22599 1083 26 principles principle NNS 22599 1083 27 . . . 22599 1084 1 By by IN 22599 1084 2 this this DT 22599 1084 3 brief brief JJ 22599 1084 4 treatment treatment NN 22599 1084 5 of of IN 22599 1084 6 the the DT 22599 1084 7 first first JJ 22599 1084 8 chapters chapter NNS 22599 1084 9 sufficient sufficient JJ 22599 1084 10 space space NN 22599 1084 11 is be VBZ 22599 1084 12 allowed allow VBN 22599 1084 13 , , , 22599 1084 14 without without IN 22599 1084 15 making make VBG 22599 1084 16 the the DT 22599 1084 17 book book NN 22599 1084 18 cumbersome cumbersome JJ 22599 1084 19 , , , 22599 1084 20 for for IN 22599 1084 21 a a DT 22599 1084 22 full full JJ 22599 1084 23 discussion discussion NN 22599 1084 24 of of IN 22599 1084 25 Quadratic Quadratic NNP 22599 1084 26 Equations Equations NNPS 22599 1084 27 , , , 22599 1084 28 The the DT 22599 1084 29 Binomial Binomial NNP 22599 1084 30 Theorem Theorem NNP 22599 1084 31 , , , 22599 1084 32 Choice Choice NNP 22599 1084 33 Chance Chance NNP 22599 1084 34 , , , 22599 1084 35 Series Series NNP 22599 1084 36 , , , 22599 1084 37 Determinants Determinants NNP 22599 1084 38 , , , 22599 1084 39 and and CC 22599 1084 40 the the DT 22599 1084 41 General General NNP 22599 1084 42 Properties Properties NNPS 22599 1084 43 of of IN 22599 1084 44 Equations Equations NNP 22599 1084 45 . . . 22599 1085 1 Every every DT 22599 1085 2 effort effort NN 22599 1085 3 has have VBZ 22599 1085 4 been be VBN 22599 1085 5 made make VBN 22599 1085 6 to to TO 22599 1085 7 present present VB 22599 1085 8 in in IN 22599 1085 9 the the DT 22599 1085 10 clearest clear JJS 22599 1085 11 light light NN 22599 1085 12 each each DT 22599 1085 13 subject subject NN 22599 1085 14 discussed discuss VBN 22599 1085 15 , , , 22599 1085 16 and and CC 22599 1085 17 to to TO 22599 1085 18 give give VB 22599 1085 19 in in IN 22599 1085 20 matter matter NN 22599 1085 21 and and CC 22599 1085 22 methods method NNS 22599 1085 23 the the DT 22599 1085 24 best good JJS 22599 1085 25 training training NN 22599 1085 26 in in IN 22599 1085 27 algebraic algebraic NNP 22599 1085 28 analysis analysis NN 22599 1085 29 at at IN 22599 1085 30 present present JJ 22599 1085 31 attainable attainable NN 22599 1085 32 . . . 22599 1086 1 ADDITIONAL additional JJ 22599 1086 2 PUBLICATIONS publications NN 22599 1086 3 By by IN 22599 1086 4 G. G. NNP 22599 1086 5 A. A. NNP 22599 1086 6 WENTWORTH WENTWORTH NNP 22599 1086 7 List List NNP 22599 1086 8 Mailing Mailing NNP 22599 1086 9 price price NN 22599 1086 10 price price NN 22599 1086 11 Plane plane NN 22599 1086 12 and and CC 22599 1086 13 Solid Solid NNP 22599 1086 14 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1086 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1086 16 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1086 17 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1086 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1086 19 $ $ $ 22599 1086 20 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1086 21 $ $ $ 22599 1086 22 1.40 1.40 CD 22599 1086 23 Plane plane NN 22599 1086 24 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1086 25 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1086 26 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1086 27 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1086 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1086 29 .75 .75 NFP 22599 1086 30 .85 .85 NFP 22599 1086 31 Solid Solid NNP 22599 1086 32 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1086 33 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1086 34 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1086 35 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1086 36 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1086 37 .75 .75 NFP 22599 1086 38 .85 .85 NFP 22599 1086 39 Analytic Analytic NNP 22599 1086 40 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1086 41 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1086 42 1.35 1.35 CD 22599 1086 43 Trigonometries Trigonometries NNPS 22599 1086 44 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1086 45 Second Second NNP 22599 1086 46 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1086 47 Editions Editions NNPS 22599 1086 48 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1086 49 _ _ NNP 22599 1086 50 A a DT 22599 1086 51 list list NN 22599 1086 52 of of IN 22599 1086 53 the the DT 22599 1086 54 various various JJ 22599 1086 55 editions edition NNS 22599 1086 56 of of IN 22599 1086 57 Wentworth Wentworth NNP 22599 1086 58 's 's POS 22599 1086 59 Trigonometries Trigonometries NNPS 22599 1086 60 will will MD 22599 1086 61 be be VB 22599 1086 62 sent send VBN 22599 1086 63 on on IN 22599 1086 64 request request NN 22599 1086 65 . . . 22599 1086 66 _ _ NNP 22599 1086 67 * * NFP 22599 1086 68 * * NFP 22599 1086 69 * * NFP 22599 1086 70 * * NFP 22599 1086 71 * * NFP 22599 1086 72 GINN GINN NNP 22599 1086 73 AND and CC 22599 1086 74 COMPANY company NN 22599 1086 75 PUBLISHERS PUBLISHERS NNPS 22599 1086 76 * * NFP 22599 1086 77 * * NFP 22599 1086 78 * * NFP 22599 1086 79 * * NFP 22599 1086 80 * * NFP 22599 1086 81 ALGEBRA algebra VBP 22599 1086 82 FOR for IN 22599 1086 83 BEGINNERS beginner NNS 22599 1086 84 By by IN 22599 1086 85 DAVID DAVID NNP 22599 1086 86 EUGENE EUGENE NNP 22599 1086 87 SMITH SMITH NNP 22599 1086 88 , , , 22599 1086 89 Professor Professor NNP 22599 1086 90 of of IN 22599 1086 91 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 1086 92 in in IN 22599 1086 93 Teachers Teachers NNPS 22599 1086 94 College College NNP 22599 1086 95 , , , 22599 1086 96 Columbia Columbia NNP 22599 1086 97 University University NNP 22599 1086 98 * * NFP 22599 1086 99 * * NFP 22599 1086 100 * * NFP 22599 1086 101 * * NFP 22599 1086 102 * * NFP 22599 1086 103 12mo 12mo NN 22599 1086 104 , , , 22599 1086 105 cloth cloth NN 22599 1086 106 , , , 22599 1086 107 154 154 CD 22599 1086 108 pages page NNS 22599 1086 109 , , , 22599 1086 110 50 50 CD 22599 1086 111 cents cent NNS 22599 1086 112 * * NFP 22599 1086 113 * * NFP 22599 1086 114 * * NFP 22599 1086 115 * * NFP 22599 1086 116 * * NFP 22599 1086 117 This this DT 22599 1086 118 work work NN 22599 1086 119 is be VBZ 22599 1086 120 intended intend VBN 22599 1086 121 to to TO 22599 1086 122 serve serve VB 22599 1086 123 as as IN 22599 1086 124 an an DT 22599 1086 125 introduction introduction NN 22599 1086 126 to to IN 22599 1086 127 the the DT 22599 1086 128 study study NN 22599 1086 129 of of IN 22599 1086 130 algebra algebra NN 22599 1086 131 , , , 22599 1086 132 and and CC 22599 1086 133 is be VBZ 22599 1086 134 adapted adapt VBN 22599 1086 135 to to IN 22599 1086 136 the the DT 22599 1086 137 needs need NNS 22599 1086 138 of of IN 22599 1086 139 the the DT 22599 1086 140 seventh seventh JJ 22599 1086 141 or or CC 22599 1086 142 eighth eighth JJ 22599 1086 143 school school NN 22599 1086 144 year year NN 22599 1086 145 . . . 22599 1087 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1087 2 is be VBZ 22599 1087 3 arranged arrange VBN 22599 1087 4 in in IN 22599 1087 5 harmony harmony NN 22599 1087 6 with with IN 22599 1087 7 the the DT 22599 1087 8 leading lead VBG 22599 1087 9 courses course NNS 22599 1087 10 of of IN 22599 1087 11 study study NN 22599 1087 12 that that WDT 22599 1087 13 include include VBP 22599 1087 14 algebra algebra NN 22599 1087 15 in in IN 22599 1087 16 the the DT 22599 1087 17 curriculum curriculum NN 22599 1087 18 of of IN 22599 1087 19 the the DT 22599 1087 20 grades grade NNS 22599 1087 21 . . . 22599 1088 1 The the DT 22599 1088 2 relation relation NN 22599 1088 3 of of IN 22599 1088 4 algebra algebra NN 22599 1088 5 to to IN 22599 1088 6 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1088 7 is be VBZ 22599 1088 8 emphasized emphasize VBN 22599 1088 9 , , , 22599 1088 10 the the DT 22599 1088 11 subject subject NN 22599 1088 12 is be VBZ 22599 1088 13 treated treat VBN 22599 1088 14 topically topically RB 22599 1088 15 , , , 22599 1088 16 and and CC 22599 1088 17 each each DT 22599 1088 18 important important JJ 22599 1088 19 point point NN 22599 1088 20 is be VBZ 22599 1088 21 touched touch VBN 22599 1088 22 at at IN 22599 1088 23 least least RBS 22599 1088 24 twice twice RB 22599 1088 25 . . . 22599 1089 1 The the DT 22599 1089 2 book book NN 22599 1089 3 begins begin VBZ 22599 1089 4 by by IN 22599 1089 5 showing show VBG 22599 1089 6 the the DT 22599 1089 7 uses use NNS 22599 1089 8 of of IN 22599 1089 9 algebra algebra NN 22599 1089 10 , , , 22599 1089 11 employing employ VBG 22599 1089 12 such such JJ 22599 1089 13 practical practical JJ 22599 1089 14 applications application NNS 22599 1089 15 as as IN 22599 1089 16 are be VBP 22599 1089 17 within within IN 22599 1089 18 the the DT 22599 1089 19 pupil pupil NN 22599 1089 20 's 's POS 22599 1089 21 range range NN 22599 1089 22 of of IN 22599 1089 23 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 1089 24 . . . 22599 1090 1 When when WRB 22599 1090 2 an an DT 22599 1090 3 interest interest NN 22599 1090 4 has have VBZ 22599 1090 5 thus thus RB 22599 1090 6 been be VBN 22599 1090 7 awakened awaken VBN 22599 1090 8 in in IN 22599 1090 9 the the DT 22599 1090 10 subject subject NN 22599 1090 11 , , , 22599 1090 12 the the DT 22599 1090 13 fundamental fundamental JJ 22599 1090 14 operations operation NNS 22599 1090 15 are be VBP 22599 1090 16 presented present VBN 22599 1090 17 with with IN 22599 1090 18 the the DT 22599 1090 19 simple simple JJ 22599 1090 20 explanations explanation NNS 22599 1090 21 necessary necessary JJ 22599 1090 22 to to TO 22599 1090 23 make make VB 22599 1090 24 the the DT 22599 1090 25 student student NN 22599 1090 26 independent independent JJ 22599 1090 27 of of IN 22599 1090 28 dogmatic dogmatic JJ 22599 1090 29 rules rule NNS 22599 1090 30 . . . 22599 1091 1 Throughout throughout IN 22599 1091 2 the the DT 22599 1091 3 book book NN 22599 1091 4 abundant abundant JJ 22599 1091 5 oral oral JJ 22599 1091 6 and and CC 22599 1091 7 written write VBN 22599 1091 8 drill drill NN 22599 1091 9 exercises exercise NNS 22599 1091 10 are be VBP 22599 1091 11 provided provide VBN 22599 1091 12 . . . 22599 1092 1 The the DT 22599 1092 2 work work NN 22599 1092 3 includes include VBZ 22599 1092 4 linear linear JJ 22599 1092 5 equations equation NNS 22599 1092 6 with with IN 22599 1092 7 two two CD 22599 1092 8 unknown unknown JJ 22599 1092 9 quantities quantity NNS 22599 1092 10 , , , 22599 1092 11 and and CC 22599 1092 12 easy easy JJ 22599 1092 13 quadratics quadratic NNS 22599 1092 14 . . . 22599 1093 1 The the DT 22599 1093 2 leading lead VBG 22599 1093 3 features feature NNS 22599 1093 4 may may MD 22599 1093 5 be be VB 22599 1093 6 summarized summarize VBN 22599 1093 7 as as IN 22599 1093 8 follows follow VBZ 22599 1093 9 : : : 22599 1093 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1093 11 1 1 LS 22599 1093 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1093 13 an an DT 22599 1093 14 arrangement arrangement NN 22599 1093 15 in in IN 22599 1093 16 harmony harmony NN 22599 1093 17 with with IN 22599 1093 18 existing exist VBG 22599 1093 19 courses course NNS 22599 1093 20 of of IN 22599 1093 21 study study NN 22599 1093 22 ; ; : 22599 1093 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1093 24 2 2 LS 22599 1093 25 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1093 26 a a DT 22599 1093 27 presentation presentation NN 22599 1093 28 designed design VBN 22599 1093 29 to to TO 22599 1093 30 awaken awaken VB 22599 1093 31 the the DT 22599 1093 32 interest interest NN 22599 1093 33 of of IN 22599 1093 34 the the DT 22599 1093 35 pupils pupil NNS 22599 1093 36 ; ; : 22599 1093 37 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1093 38 3 3 LS 22599 1093 39 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1093 40 a a DT 22599 1093 41 topical topical JJ 22599 1093 42 arrangement arrangement NN 22599 1093 43 for for IN 22599 1093 44 each each DT 22599 1093 45 half half NN 22599 1093 46 year year NN 22599 1093 47 , , , 22599 1093 48 every every DT 22599 1093 49 important important JJ 22599 1093 50 topic topic NN 22599 1093 51 being be VBG 22599 1093 52 repeated repeat VBN 22599 1093 53 ; ; : 22599 1093 54 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1093 55 4 4 LS 22599 1093 56 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1093 57 simplicity simplicity NN 22599 1093 58 of of IN 22599 1093 59 explanations explanation NNS 22599 1093 60 ; ; , 22599 1093 61 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1093 62 5 5 LS 22599 1093 63 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1093 64 development development NN 22599 1093 65 of of IN 22599 1093 66 the the DT 22599 1093 67 relation relation NN 22599 1093 68 of of IN 22599 1093 69 algebra algebra NN 22599 1093 70 to to IN 22599 1093 71 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1093 72 both both DT 22599 1093 73 in in IN 22599 1093 74 theory theory NN 22599 1093 75 and and CC 22599 1093 76 in in IN 22599 1093 77 applications application NNS 22599 1093 78 ; ; , 22599 1093 79 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1093 80 6 6 LS 22599 1093 81 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1093 82 emphasis emphasis NN 22599 1093 83 laid lay VBN 22599 1093 84 on on IN 22599 1093 85 the the DT 22599 1093 86 importance importance NN 22599 1093 87 of of IN 22599 1093 88 oral oral JJ 22599 1093 89 as as RB 22599 1093 90 well well RB 22599 1093 91 as as IN 22599 1093 92 written write VBN 22599 1093 93 algebra algebra NN 22599 1093 94 . . . 22599 1094 1 * * NFP 22599 1094 2 * * NFP 22599 1094 3 * * NFP 22599 1094 4 * * NFP 22599 1094 5 * * NFP 22599 1094 6 GINN GINN NNP 22599 1094 7 & & CC 22599 1094 8 COMPANY COMPANY NNP 22599 1094 9 PUBLISHERS PUBLISHERS NNP 22599 1094 10 * * NFP 22599 1094 11 * * NFP 22599 1094 12 * * NFP 22599 1094 13 * * NFP 22599 1094 14 * * NFP 22599 1094 15 BOOKS book NNS 22599 1094 16 FOR for IN 22599 1094 17 TEACHERS teacher NNS 22599 1094 18 * * NFP 22599 1094 19 * * NFP 22599 1094 20 * * NFP 22599 1094 21 * * NFP 22599 1094 22 * * NFP 22599 1094 23 List list NN 22599 1094 24 price price NN 22599 1094 25 Allen Allen NNP 22599 1094 26 : : : 22599 1094 27 Civics Civics NNP 22599 1094 28 and and CC 22599 1094 29 Health Health NNP 22599 1094 30 $ $ $ 22599 1094 31 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1094 32 Brigham brigham NN 22599 1094 33 : : : 22599 1094 34 Geographic Geographic NNP 22599 1094 35 Influences Influences NNPS 22599 1094 36 in in IN 22599 1094 37 American American NNP 22599 1094 38 History History NNP 22599 1094 39 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1094 40 Channing Channing NNP 22599 1094 41 and and CC 22599 1094 42 Hart Hart NNP 22599 1094 43 : : : 22599 1094 44 Guide guide VB 22599 1094 45 to to IN 22599 1094 46 the the DT 22599 1094 47 Study Study NNP 22599 1094 48 of of IN 22599 1094 49 American American NNP 22599 1094 50 History History NNP 22599 1094 51 2.00 2.00 CD 22599 1094 52 Hall Hall NNP 22599 1094 53 : : : 22599 1094 54 Aspects aspect NNS 22599 1094 55 of of IN 22599 1094 56 Child Child NNP 22599 1094 57 Life Life NNP 22599 1094 58 and and CC 22599 1094 59 Education Education NNP 22599 1094 60 1.50 1.50 CD 22599 1094 61 Hodge Hodge NNP 22599 1094 62 : : : 22599 1094 63 Nature Nature NNP 22599 1094 64 Study Study NNP 22599 1094 65 and and CC 22599 1094 66 Life Life NNP 22599 1094 67 1.50 1.50 CD 22599 1094 68 Johnson Johnson NNP 22599 1094 69 : : : 22599 1094 70 Education education NN 22599 1094 71 by by IN 22599 1094 72 Plays Plays NNP 22599 1094 73 and and CC 22599 1094 74 Games Games NNPS 22599 1094 75 .90 .90 SYM 22599 1094 76 Johnson Johnson NNP 22599 1094 77 : : : 22599 1094 78 What what WP 22599 1094 79 to to TO 22599 1094 80 Do do VB 22599 1094 81 at at IN 22599 1094 82 Recess recess NN 22599 1094 83 .25 .25 . 22599 1094 84 Kern Kern NNP 22599 1094 85 : : : 22599 1094 86 Among among IN 22599 1094 87 Country Country NNP 22599 1094 88 Schools Schools NNP 22599 1094 89 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1094 90 Mace mace NN 22599 1094 91 : : : 22599 1094 92 Method method NN 22599 1094 93 in in IN 22599 1094 94 History history NN 22599 1094 95 1.00 1.00 CD 22599 1094 96 MacVicar MacVicar NNP 22599 1094 97 : : : 22599 1094 98 The the DT 22599 1094 99 Principles Principles NNPS 22599 1094 100 of of IN 22599 1094 101 Education Education NNP 22599 1094 102 .60 .60 NFP 22599 1094 103 Moral Moral NNP 22599 1094 104 Training Training NNP 22599 1094 105 in in IN 22599 1094 106 the the DT 22599 1094 107 Public Public NNP 22599 1094 108 Schools Schools NNP 22599 1094 109 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1094 110 Prince Prince NNP 22599 1094 111 : : : 22599 1094 112 Courses course NNS 22599 1094 113 of of IN 22599 1094 114 Studies Studies NNPS 22599 1094 115 and and CC 22599 1094 116 Methods Methods NNPS 22599 1094 117 of of IN 22599 1094 118 Teaching teaching NN 22599 1094 119 .75 .75 . 22599 1094 120 Scott Scott NNP 22599 1094 121 : : : 22599 1094 122 Social Social NNP 22599 1094 123 Education Education NNP 22599 1094 124 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1094 125 Tompkins tompkin NNS 22599 1094 126 : : : 22599 1094 127 Philosophy Philosophy NNP 22599 1094 128 of of IN 22599 1094 129 School School NNP 22599 1094 130 Management Management NNP 22599 1094 131 .75 .75 CD 22599 1094 132 Tompkins tompkin NNS 22599 1094 133 : : : 22599 1094 134 Philosophy philosophy NN 22599 1094 135 of of IN 22599 1094 136 Teaching teaching NN 22599 1094 137 .75 .75 . 22599 1094 138 Wiltse wiltse NN 22599 1094 139 : : : 22599 1094 140 Place place NN 22599 1094 141 of of IN 22599 1094 142 the the DT 22599 1094 143 Story Story NNP 22599 1094 144 in in IN 22599 1094 145 Early Early NNP 22599 1094 146 Education Education NNP 22599 1094 147 , , , 22599 1094 148 and and CC 22599 1094 149 Other other JJ 22599 1094 150 Essays essay NNS 22599 1094 151 . . . 22599 1095 1 A a DT 22599 1095 2 Manual Manual NNP 22599 1095 3 for for IN 22599 1095 4 Teachers teacher NNS 22599 1095 5 .50 .50 NFP 22599 1095 6 FOR for IN 22599 1095 7 CLASS CLASS NNP 22599 1095 8 RECORDS RECORDS NNP 22599 1095 9 Comings coming NNS 22599 1095 10 : : : 22599 1095 11 Complete complete JJ 22599 1095 12 Record record NN 22599 1095 13 -- -- : 22599 1095 14 Attendance attendance NN 22599 1095 15 and and CC 22599 1095 16 Scholarship Scholarship NNP 22599 1095 17 Graded Graded NNP 22599 1095 18 - - HYPH 22599 1095 19 School School NNP 22599 1095 20 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1095 21 .30 .30 . 22599 1095 22 High High NNP 22599 1095 23 - - HYPH 22599 1095 24 School School NNP 22599 1095 25 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1095 26 .30 .30 . 22599 1095 27 Ginn Ginn NNP 22599 1095 28 and and CC 22599 1095 29 Company Company NNP 22599 1095 30 : : : 22599 1095 31 Teacher teacher NN 22599 1095 32 's 's POS 22599 1095 33 Class Class NNP 22599 1095 34 Books book NNS 22599 1095 35 No no NN 22599 1095 36 . . . 22599 1096 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1096 2 .30 .30 . 22599 1096 3 No no UH 22599 1096 4 . . . 22599 1097 1 II ii CD 22599 1097 2 .40 .40 CD 22599 1097 3 Twenty twenty CD 22599 1097 4 Weeks Weeks NNPS 22599 1097 5 ' ' POS 22599 1097 6 Class Class NNP 22599 1097 7 Book Book NNP 22599 1097 8 .30 .30 NFP 22599 1097 9 * * NFP 22599 1097 10 * * NFP 22599 1097 11 * * NFP 22599 1097 12 * * NFP 22599 1097 13 * * NFP 22599 1097 14 GINN GINN NNP 22599 1097 15 AND and CC 22599 1097 16 COMPANY COMPANY NNP 22599 1097 17 Publishers Publishers NNPS 22599 1097 18 * * NFP 22599 1097 19 * * NFP 22599 1097 20 * * NFP 22599 1097 21 * * NFP 22599 1097 22 * * NFP 22599 1097 23 TEXTBOOKS textbooks NN 22599 1097 24 ON on IN 22599 1097 25 MATHEMATICS mathematic NNS 22599 1097 26 FOR for IN 22599 1097 27 HIGHER HIGHER NNP 22599 1097 28 SCHOOLS school NNS 22599 1097 29 AND and CC 22599 1097 30 COLLEGES COLLEGES NNP 22599 1097 31 List List NNP 22599 1097 32 price price NN 22599 1097 33 Bailey Bailey NNP 22599 1097 34 and and CC 22599 1097 35 Woods Woods NNP 22599 1097 36 : : : 22599 1097 37 Analytic Analytic NNP 22599 1097 38 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1097 39 $ $ $ 22599 1097 40 2.00 2.00 CD 22599 1097 41 Beman Beman NNP 22599 1097 42 and and CC 22599 1097 43 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1097 44 : : : 22599 1097 45 Academic Academic NNP 22599 1097 46 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1097 47 1.12 1.12 CD 22599 1097 48 Beman Beman NNP 22599 1097 49 and and CC 22599 1097 50 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1097 51 : : : 22599 1097 52 Higher higher RBR 22599 1097 53 Arithmetic Arithmetic NNP 22599 1097 54 .80 .80 . 22599 1097 55 Beman Beman NNP 22599 1097 56 and and CC 22599 1097 57 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1097 58 : : : 22599 1097 59 New New NNP 22599 1097 60 Plane Plane NNP 22599 1097 61 and and CC 22599 1097 62 Solid Solid NNP 22599 1097 63 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1097 64 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1097 65 Breckenridge Breckenridge NNP 22599 1097 66 , , , 22599 1097 67 Mersereau Mersereau NNP 22599 1097 68 , , , 22599 1097 69 and and CC 22599 1097 70 Moore Moore NNP 22599 1097 71 : : : 22599 1097 72 Shop Shop NNP 22599 1097 73 Problems Problems NNPS 22599 1097 74 in in IN 22599 1097 75 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 1097 76 1.00 1.00 CD 22599 1097 77 Byerly byerly RB 22599 1097 78 : : : 22599 1097 79 Differential differential NN 22599 1097 80 Calculus calculus NN 22599 1097 81 2.00 2.00 CD 22599 1097 82 Byerly byerly RB 22599 1097 83 : : : 22599 1097 84 Integral integral JJ 22599 1097 85 Calculus calculus NN 22599 1097 86 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1097 87 Second Second NNP 22599 1097 88 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1097 89 . . . 22599 1098 1 Revised revise VBN 22599 1098 2 and and CC 22599 1098 3 Enlarged enlarged JJ 22599 1098 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1098 5 2.00 2.00 CD 22599 1098 6 Eisenhart Eisenhart NNP 22599 1098 7 : : : 22599 1098 8 Differential Differential NNP 22599 1098 9 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1098 10 of of IN 22599 1098 11 Curves Curves NNPS 22599 1098 12 and and CC 22599 1098 13 Surfaces Surfaces NNPS 22599 1098 14 4.50 4.50 CD 22599 1098 15 Faunce faunce NN 22599 1098 16 : : : 22599 1098 17 Descriptive Descriptive NNP 22599 1098 18 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1098 19 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1098 20 Fine Fine NNP 22599 1098 21 : : : 22599 1098 22 College College NNP 22599 1098 23 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1098 24 1.50 1.50 CD 22599 1098 25 Granville Granville NNP 22599 1098 26 : : : 22599 1098 27 Plane plane NN 22599 1098 28 and and CC 22599 1098 29 Spherical Spherical NNP 22599 1098 30 Trigonometry Trigonometry NNP 22599 1098 31 and and CC 22599 1098 32 Tables Tables NNP 22599 1098 33 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1098 34 Granville Granville NNP 22599 1098 35 : : : 22599 1098 36 Plane plane NN 22599 1098 37 and and CC 22599 1098 38 Spherical spherical JJ 22599 1098 39 Trigonometry Trigonometry NNP 22599 1098 40 Without without IN 22599 1098 41 Tables Tables NNP 22599 1098 42 1.00 1.00 CD 22599 1098 43 Granville Granville NNP 22599 1098 44 : : : 22599 1098 45 Plane plane NN 22599 1098 46 Trigonometry Trigonometry NNP 22599 1098 47 and and CC 22599 1098 48 Tables Tables NNP 22599 1098 49 1.00 1.00 CD 22599 1098 50 Granville Granville NNP 22599 1098 51 : : : 22599 1098 52 Logarithmic Logarithmic NNP 22599 1098 53 Tables Tables NNPS 22599 1098 54 .50 .50 . 22599 1098 55 Granville Granville NNP 22599 1098 56 and and CC 22599 1098 57 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1098 58 : : : 22599 1098 59 Elements Elements NNP 22599 1098 60 of of IN 22599 1098 61 Differential Differential NNP 22599 1098 62 and and CC 22599 1098 63 Integral Integral NNP 22599 1098 64 Calculus Calculus NNP 22599 1098 65 2.50 2.50 CD 22599 1098 66 Hardy Hardy NNP 22599 1098 67 : : : 22599 1098 68 Analytic Analytic NNP 22599 1098 69 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1098 70 1.50 1.50 CD 22599 1098 71 Hardy Hardy NNP 22599 1098 72 : : : 22599 1098 73 Elements element NNS 22599 1098 74 of of IN 22599 1098 75 the the DT 22599 1098 76 Calculus Calculus NNP 22599 1098 77 1.50 1.50 CD 22599 1098 78 Hawkes hawke NNS 22599 1098 79 : : : 22599 1098 80 Advanced Advanced NNP 22599 1098 81 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1098 82 1.40 1.40 CD 22599 1098 83 Hawkes Hawkes NNP 22599 1098 84 , , , 22599 1098 85 Luby Luby NNP 22599 1098 86 , , , 22599 1098 87 and and CC 22599 1098 88 Touton Touton NNP 22599 1098 89 : : : 22599 1098 90 First first RB 22599 1098 91 Course course NN 22599 1098 92 in in IN 22599 1098 93 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1098 94 1.00 1.00 CD 22599 1098 95 Hedrick Hedrick NNP 22599 1098 96 : : : 22599 1098 97 Goursat Goursat NNP 22599 1098 98 's 's POS 22599 1098 99 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 22599 1098 100 Analysis Analysis NNP 22599 1098 101 . . . 22599 1099 1 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1099 2 . . . 22599 1100 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1100 2 4.00 4.00 CD 22599 1100 3 Hedrick Hedrick NNP 22599 1100 4 and and CC 22599 1100 5 Kellogg Kellogg NNP 22599 1100 6 : : : 22599 1100 7 Applications application NNS 22599 1100 8 of of IN 22599 1100 9 the the DT 22599 1100 10 Calculus calculus NN 22599 1100 11 to to IN 22599 1100 12 Mechanics Mechanics NNP 22599 1100 13 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1100 14 Hooper Hooper NNP 22599 1100 15 and and CC 22599 1100 16 Wells Wells NNP 22599 1100 17 : : : 22599 1100 18 Electrical Electrical NNP 22599 1100 19 Problems problem NNS 22599 1100 20 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1100 21 Lester lester NN 22599 1100 22 : : : 22599 1100 23 Integrals integral NNS 22599 1100 24 of of IN 22599 1100 25 Mechanics Mechanics NNPS 22599 1100 26 .80 .80 SYM 22599 1100 27 Peirce Peirce NNP 22599 1100 28 , , , 22599 1100 29 B. B. NNP 22599 1100 30 O. O. NNP 22599 1100 31 : : : 22599 1100 32 Newtonian newtonian JJ 22599 1100 33 Potential Potential NNP 22599 1100 34 Function Function NNP 22599 1100 35 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1100 36 Third third RB 22599 1100 37 , , , 22599 1100 38 Revised revise VBN 22599 1100 39 , , , 22599 1100 40 and and CC 22599 1100 41 Enlarged Enlarged NNP 22599 1100 42 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1100 43 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1100 44 2.50 2.50 CD 22599 1100 45 Peirce Peirce NNP 22599 1100 46 , , , 22599 1100 47 J. J. NNP 22599 1100 48 M. M. NNP 22599 1100 49 : : : 22599 1100 50 Elements Elements NNP 22599 1100 51 of of IN 22599 1100 52 Logarithms Logarithms NNP 22599 1100 53 .50 .50 NFP 22599 1100 54 Peirce Peirce NNP 22599 1100 55 , , , 22599 1100 56 J. J. NNP 22599 1100 57 M. M. NNP 22599 1100 58 : : : 22599 1100 59 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 22599 1100 60 Tables Tables NNPS 22599 1100 61 .40 .40 SYM 22599 1100 62 Pierpont Pierpont NNP 22599 1100 63 : : : 22599 1100 64 Theory theory NN 22599 1100 65 of of IN 22599 1100 66 Functions function NNS 22599 1100 67 of of IN 22599 1100 68 Real Real NNP 22599 1100 69 Variables Variables NNPS 22599 1100 70 . . . 22599 1101 1 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1101 2 . . . 22599 1102 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1102 2 4.50 4.50 CD 22599 1102 3 Shepard shepard RB 22599 1102 4 : : : 22599 1102 5 Problems problem NNS 22599 1102 6 in in IN 22599 1102 7 the the DT 22599 1102 8 Strength Strength NNP 22599 1102 9 of of IN 22599 1102 10 Materials material NNS 22599 1102 11 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1102 12 Slocum Slocum NNP 22599 1102 13 and and CC 22599 1102 14 Hancock Hancock NNP 22599 1102 15 : : : 22599 1102 16 Textbook Textbook NNP 22599 1102 17 on on IN 22599 1102 18 the the DT 22599 1102 19 Strength Strength NNP 22599 1102 20 of of IN 22599 1102 21 Materials Materials NNP 22599 1102 22 3.00 3.00 CD 22599 1102 23 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1102 24 and and CC 22599 1102 25 Gale Gale NNP 22599 1102 26 : : : 22599 1102 27 Elements element NNS 22599 1102 28 of of IN 22599 1102 29 Analytic Analytic NNP 22599 1102 30 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1102 31 2.00 2.00 CD 22599 1102 32 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1102 33 and and CC 22599 1102 34 Gale Gale NNP 22599 1102 35 : : : 22599 1102 36 Introduction introduction NN 22599 1102 37 to to IN 22599 1102 38 Analytic Analytic NNP 22599 1102 39 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1102 40 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1102 41 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1102 42 and and CC 22599 1102 43 Longley Longley NNP 22599 1102 44 : : : 22599 1102 45 Theoretical Theoretical NNP 22599 1102 46 Mechanics Mechanics NNP 22599 1102 47 2.50 2.50 CD 22599 1102 48 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 1102 49 : : : 22599 1102 50 Elements element NNS 22599 1102 51 of of IN 22599 1102 52 the the DT 22599 1102 53 Calculus calculus NN 22599 1102 54 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 55 Revised revise VBN 22599 1102 56 and and CC 22599 1102 57 Enlarged Enlarged NNP 22599 1102 58 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1102 59 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 60 2.00 2.00 CD 22599 1102 61 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 1102 62 : : : 22599 1102 63 Plane Plane NNP 22599 1102 64 and and CC 22599 1102 65 Spherical Spherical NNP 22599 1102 66 Trigonometry Trigonometry NNP 22599 1102 67 1.00 1.00 CD 22599 1102 68 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 1102 69 : : : 22599 1102 70 Plane Plane NNP 22599 1102 71 Trigonometry Trigonometry NNP 22599 1102 72 .75 .75 . 22599 1102 73 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 1102 74 and and CC 22599 1102 75 Puryear Puryear NNP 22599 1102 76 : : : 22599 1102 77 Elements Elements NNP 22599 1102 78 of of IN 22599 1102 79 Plane Plane NNP 22599 1102 80 and and CC 22599 1102 81 Spherical Spherical NNP 22599 1102 82 Trigonometry Trigonometry NNP 22599 1102 83 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1102 84 Wentworth Wentworth NNP 22599 1102 85 : : : 22599 1102 86 Advanced Advanced NNP 22599 1102 87 Arithmetic Arithmetic NNP 22599 1102 88 1.00 1.00 CD 22599 1102 89 Wentworth Wentworth NNP 22599 1102 90 : : : 22599 1102 91 Analytic Analytic NNP 22599 1102 92 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1102 93 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1102 94 Wentworth Wentworth NNP 22599 1102 95 : : : 22599 1102 96 College College NNP 22599 1102 97 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1102 98 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 99 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1102 100 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1102 101 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 102 1.50 1.50 CD 22599 1102 103 Wentworth Wentworth NNP 22599 1102 104 : : : 22599 1102 105 Elementary Elementary NNP 22599 1102 106 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1102 107 1.12 1.12 CD 22599 1102 108 Wentworth wentworth NN 22599 1102 109 : : : 22599 1102 110 Higher Higher NNP 22599 1102 111 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1102 112 1.40 1.40 CD 22599 1102 113 Wentworth wentworth NN 22599 1102 114 : : : 22599 1102 115 New New NNP 22599 1102 116 School School NNP 22599 1102 117 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1102 118 1.12 1.12 CD 22599 1102 119 Wentworth Wentworth NNP 22599 1102 120 : : : 22599 1102 121 Plane plane NN 22599 1102 122 and and CC 22599 1102 123 Solid Solid NNP 22599 1102 124 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1102 125 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 126 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1102 127 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1102 128 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 129 1.25 1.25 CD 22599 1102 130 Wentworth wentworth NN 22599 1102 131 : : : 22599 1102 132 Plane plane NN 22599 1102 133 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1102 134 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 135 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1102 136 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1102 137 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 138 ; ; : 22599 1102 139 Solid Solid NNP 22599 1102 140 Geometry Geometry NNP 22599 1102 141 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 142 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1102 143 Edition Edition NNP 22599 1102 144 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 145 , , , 22599 1102 146 each each DT 22599 1102 147 .75 .75 . 22599 1102 148 Wentworth wentworth NN 22599 1102 149 : : : 22599 1102 150 Trigonometries trigonometry NNS 22599 1102 151 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 152 Second Second NNP 22599 1102 153 Revised Revised NNP 22599 1102 154 Editions Editions NNPS 22599 1102 155 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 156 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 157 For for IN 22599 1102 158 list list NN 22599 1102 159 , , , 22599 1102 160 see see VB 22599 1102 161 Descriptive Descriptive NNP 22599 1102 162 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 22599 1102 163 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 164 Woods Woods NNP 22599 1102 165 and and CC 22599 1102 166 Bailey Bailey NNP 22599 1102 167 : : : 22599 1102 168 A a DT 22599 1102 169 Course course NN 22599 1102 170 In in IN 22599 1102 171 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 1102 172 Volume volume NN 22599 1102 173 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1102 174 2.25 2.25 CD 22599 1102 175 Volume volume NN 22599 1102 176 II II NNP 22599 1102 177 2.25 2.25 CD 22599 1102 178 * * NFP 22599 1102 179 * * NFP 22599 1102 180 * * NFP 22599 1102 181 * * NFP 22599 1102 182 * * NFP 22599 1102 183 GINN GINN NNP 22599 1102 184 AND and CC 22599 1102 185 COMPANY company NN 22599 1102 186 PUBLISHERS PUBLISHERS NNPS 22599 1102 187 * * NFP 22599 1102 188 * * NFP 22599 1102 189 * * NFP 22599 1102 190 * * NFP 22599 1102 191 * * NFP 22599 1102 192 Notes Notes NNP 22599 1102 193 al al NNP 22599 1102 194 - - HYPH 22599 1102 195 Mekk[=i Mekk[=i NNP 22599 1102 196 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1102 197 on on IN 22599 1102 198 a a DT 22599 1102 199 treatise treatise NN 22599 1102 200 on on IN 22599 1102 201 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1102 202 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 1102 203 arithmetic arithmetic RB 22599 1102 204 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 205 explained explain VBN 22599 1102 206 later later RB 22599 1102 207 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 208 called call VBD 22599 1102 209 _ _ NNP 22599 1102 210 Al Al NNP 22599 1102 211 - - HYPH 22599 1102 212 murshidah murshidah NNP 22599 1102 213 _ _ NNP 22599 1102 214 , , , 22599 1102 215 found find VBN 22599 1102 216 by by IN 22599 1102 217 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1102 218 in in IN 22599 1102 219 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1102 220 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1102 221 _ _ NNP 22599 1102 222 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1102 223 _ _ NNP 22599 1102 224 , , , 22599 1102 225 p. p. NN 22599 1102 226 66 66 CD 22599 1102 227 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1102 228 , , , 22599 1102 229 there there EX 22599 1102 230 is be VBZ 22599 1102 231 mentioned mention VBN 22599 1102 232 the the DT 22599 1102 233 fact fact NN 22599 1102 234 that that IN 22599 1102 235 there there EX 22599 1102 236 are be VBP 22599 1102 237 " " `` 22599 1102 238 nine nine CD 22599 1102 239 Indian indian JJ 22599 1102 240 figures figure NNS 22599 1102 241 " " '' 22599 1102 242 and and CC 22599 1102 243 " " `` 22599 1102 244 a a DT 22599 1102 245 second second JJ 22599 1102 246 kind kind NN 22599 1102 247 of of IN 22599 1102 248 Indian indian JJ 22599 1102 249 figures figure NNS 22599 1102 250 ... ... : 22599 1102 251 although although IN 22599 1102 252 these these DT 22599 1102 253 are be VBP 22599 1102 254 the the DT 22599 1102 255 figures figure NNS 22599 1102 256 of of IN 22599 1102 257 the the DT 22599 1102 258 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1102 259 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r NFP 22599 1102 260 writing writing NN 22599 1102 261 . . . 22599 1102 262 " " '' 22599 1103 1 So so RB 22599 1103 2 in in IN 22599 1103 3 a a DT 22599 1103 4 commentary commentary NN 22599 1103 5 by by IN 22599 1103 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1103 7 H.]osein H.]osein NNP 22599 1103 8 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1103 9 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 1103 10 al al NNP 22599 1103 11 - - HYPH 22599 1103 12 Ma[h.]all[=i Ma[h.]all[=i NNP 22599 1103 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1103 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1103 15 died die VBN 22599 1103 16 in in IN 22599 1103 17 1756 1756 CD 22599 1103 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1103 19 on on IN 22599 1103 20 the the DT 22599 1103 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1103 22 Mokhta[s.]ar Mokhta[s.]ar NNP 22599 1103 23 f[=i]`ilm f[=i]`ilm NNP 22599 1103 24 el-[h.]is[=a]b el-[h.]is[=a]b NN 22599 1103 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1103 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1103 27 Extract extract VB 22599 1103 28 from from IN 22599 1103 29 Arithmetic Arithmetic NNP 22599 1103 30 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1103 31 by by IN 22599 1103 32 ` ` '' 22599 1103 33 Abdalq[=a]dir Abdalq[=a]dir NNP 22599 1103 34 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1103 35 ` ` '' 22599 1103 36 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 1103 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1103 38 al al NNP 22599 1103 39 - - HYPH 22599 1103 40 Sakh[=a]w[=i Sakh[=a]w[=i NNP 22599 1103 41 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1103 42 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1103 43 died die VBN 22599 1103 44 c. c. NNP 22599 1103 45 1000 1000 CD 22599 1103 46 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1103 47 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1103 48 is be VBZ 22599 1103 49 related relate VBN 22599 1103 50 that that IN 22599 1103 51 " " `` 22599 1103 52 the the DT 22599 1103 53 preface preface NN 22599 1103 54 treats treat NNS 22599 1103 55 of of IN 22599 1103 56 the the DT 22599 1103 57 forms form NNS 22599 1103 58 of of IN 22599 1103 59 the the DT 22599 1103 60 figures figure NNS 22599 1103 61 of of IN 22599 1103 62 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1103 63 signs sign NNS 22599 1103 64 , , , 22599 1103 65 such such JJ 22599 1103 66 as as IN 22599 1103 67 were be VBD 22599 1103 68 established establish VBN 22599 1103 69 by by IN 22599 1103 70 the the DT 22599 1103 71 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1103 72 nation nation NN 22599 1103 73 . . . 22599 1103 74 " " '' 22599 1104 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1104 2 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1104 3 , , , 22599 1104 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1104 5 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1104 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1104 7 , , , 22599 1104 8 p. p. NN 22599 1105 1 63 63 CD 22599 1105 2 . . . 22599 1105 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1105 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1106 1 which which WDT 22599 1106 2 , , , 22599 1106 3 of of IN 22599 1106 4 course course NN 22599 1106 5 , , , 22599 1106 6 are be VBP 22599 1106 7 interpolations interpolation NNS 22599 1106 8 . . . 22599 1107 1 An an DT 22599 1107 2 interesting interesting JJ 22599 1107 3 example example NN 22599 1107 4 of of IN 22599 1107 5 a a DT 22599 1107 6 forgery forgery NN 22599 1107 7 in in IN 22599 1107 8 ecclesiastical ecclesiastical JJ 22599 1107 9 matters matter NNS 22599 1107 10 is be VBZ 22599 1107 11 in in IN 22599 1107 12 the the DT 22599 1107 13 charter charter NN 22599 1107 14 said say VBD 22599 1107 15 to to TO 22599 1107 16 have have VB 22599 1107 17 been be VBN 22599 1107 18 given give VBN 22599 1107 19 by by IN 22599 1107 20 St. St. NNP 22599 1107 21 Patrick Patrick NNP 22599 1107 22 , , , 22599 1107 23 granting grant VBG 22599 1107 24 indulgences indulgence NNS 22599 1107 25 to to IN 22599 1107 26 the the DT 22599 1107 27 benefactors benefactor NNS 22599 1107 28 of of IN 22599 1107 29 Glastonbury Glastonbury NNP 22599 1107 30 , , , 22599 1107 31 dated date VBN 22599 1107 32 " " '' 22599 1107 33 In in IN 22599 1107 34 nomine nomine NN 22599 1107 35 domini domini NN 22599 1107 36 nostri nostri NNP 22599 1107 37 Jhesu Jhesu NNP 22599 1107 38 Christi Christi NNP 22599 1107 39 Ego Ego NNP 22599 1107 40 Patricius Patricius NNP 22599 1107 41 humilis humilis NN 22599 1107 42 servunculus servunculus IN 22599 1107 43 Dei Dei NNP 22599 1107 44 anno anno JJ 22599 1107 45 incarnationis incarnationis NNP 22599 1107 46 ejusdem ejusdem VBP 22599 1107 47 ccccxxx ccccxxx NN 22599 1107 48 . . . 22599 1107 49 " " '' 22599 1108 1 Now now RB 22599 1108 2 if if IN 22599 1108 3 the the DT 22599 1108 4 Benedictines Benedictines NNPS 22599 1108 5 are be VBP 22599 1108 6 right right JJ 22599 1108 7 in in IN 22599 1108 8 saying say VBG 22599 1108 9 that that IN 22599 1108 10 Dionysius Dionysius NNP 22599 1108 11 Exiguus Exiguus NNP 22599 1108 12 , , , 22599 1108 13 a a DT 22599 1108 14 Scythian scythian JJ 22599 1108 15 monk monk NN 22599 1108 16 , , , 22599 1108 17 first first RB 22599 1108 18 arranged arrange VBD 22599 1108 19 the the DT 22599 1108 20 Christian christian JJ 22599 1108 21 chronology chronology NN 22599 1108 22 c. c. NN 22599 1108 23 532 532 CD 22599 1108 24 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1108 25 , , , 22599 1108 26 this this DT 22599 1108 27 can can MD 22599 1108 28 hardly hardly RB 22599 1108 29 be be VB 22599 1108 30 other other JJ 22599 1108 31 than than IN 22599 1108 32 spurious spurious JJ 22599 1108 33 . . . 22599 1109 1 See See NNP 22599 1109 2 Arbuthnot Arbuthnot NNP 22599 1109 3 , , , 22599 1109 4 loc loc NNP 22599 1109 5 . . . 22599 1110 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1110 2 . . . 22599 1110 3 , , , 22599 1110 4 p. p. NN 22599 1110 5 38 38 CD 22599 1110 6 . . . 22599 1111 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1111 2 1 1 CD 22599 1111 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1111 4 " " `` 22599 1111 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1111 6 Discipulus Discipulus NNP 22599 1111 7 . . . 22599 1111 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1111 9 Quis Quis NNP 22599 1111 10 primus primus NNP 22599 1111 11 invenit invenit NNP 22599 1111 12 numerum numerum NNP 22599 1111 13 apud apud NNP 22599 1111 14 Hebræos Hebræos NNP 22599 1111 15 et et FW 22599 1111 16 Ægyptios ægyptio NNS 22599 1111 17 ? ? . 22599 1112 1 _ _ NNP 22599 1112 2 Magister Magister NNP 22599 1112 3 . . . 22599 1112 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1112 5 Abraham Abraham NNP 22599 1112 6 primus primus NN 22599 1112 7 invenit invenit NN 22599 1112 8 numerum numerum NNP 22599 1112 9 apud apud NNP 22599 1112 10 Hebræos Hebræos NNP 22599 1112 11 , , , 22599 1112 12 deinde deinde NNP 22599 1112 13 Moses Moses NNP 22599 1112 14 ; ; : 22599 1112 15 et et NNP 22599 1112 16 Abraham Abraham NNP 22599 1112 17 tradidit tradidit VBP 22599 1112 18 istam istam NNS 22599 1112 19 scientiam scientiam NNP 22599 1112 20 numeri numeri NNP 22599 1112 21 ad ad NN 22599 1112 22 Ægyptios Ægyptios NNP 22599 1112 23 , , , 22599 1112 24 et et FW 22599 1112 25 docuit docuit NN 22599 1112 26 eos eos NNP 22599 1112 27 : : : 22599 1112 28 deinde deinde NNP 22599 1112 29 Josephus Josephus NNP 22599 1112 30 . . . 22599 1112 31 " " '' 22599 1113 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1113 2 Bede Bede NNP 22599 1113 3 , , , 22599 1113 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1113 5 De De NNP 22599 1113 6 computo computo NNP 22599 1113 7 dialogus dialogus NNP 22599 1113 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1113 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1113 10 doubtfully doubtfully RB 22599 1113 11 assigned assign VBN 22599 1113 12 to to IN 22599 1113 13 him -PRON- PRP 22599 1113 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1113 15 , , , 22599 1113 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1113 17 Opera Opera NNP 22599 1113 18 omnia omnia NN 22599 1113 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1113 20 , , , 22599 1113 21 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1113 22 , , , 22599 1113 23 1862 1862 CD 22599 1113 24 , , , 22599 1113 25 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1113 26 . . . 22599 1114 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1114 2 , , , 22599 1114 3 p. p. NN 22599 1115 1 650 650 CD 22599 1115 2 . . . 22599 1115 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1116 1 " " `` 22599 1116 2 Alii Alii NNP 22599 1116 3 referunt referunt NN 22599 1116 4 ad ad NN 22599 1116 5 Phoenices phoenice NNS 22599 1116 6 inventores inventore VBZ 22599 1116 7 arithmeticæ arithmeticæ NNP 22599 1116 8 , , , 22599 1116 9 propter propter NNP 22599 1116 10 eandem eandem NNP 22599 1116 11 commerciorum commerciorum NNP 22599 1116 12 caussam caussam NNP 22599 1116 13 : : : 22599 1116 14 Alii Alii NNP 22599 1116 15 ad ad NN 22599 1116 16 Indos Indos NNP 22599 1116 17 : : : 22599 1116 18 Ioannes Ioannes NNP 22599 1116 19 de de NNP 22599 1116 20 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 1116 21 , , , 22599 1116 22 cujus cujus JJ 22599 1116 23 sepulchrum sepulchrum NN 22599 1116 24 est est NNP 22599 1116 25 Lutetiæ Lutetiæ NNP 22599 1116 26 in in IN 22599 1116 27 comitio comitio NN 22599 1116 28 Maturinensi Maturinensi NNP 22599 1116 29 , , , 22599 1116 30 refert refert NN 22599 1116 31 ad ad NN 22599 1116 32 Arabes arabe NNS 22599 1116 33 . . . 22599 1116 34 " " '' 22599 1117 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1117 2 Ramus Ramus NNP 22599 1117 3 , , , 22599 1117 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1117 5 Arithmeticæ Arithmeticæ NNP 22599 1117 6 libri libri NNS 22599 1117 7 dvo dvo NNP 22599 1117 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1117 9 , , , 22599 1117 10 Basel Basel NNP 22599 1117 11 , , , 22599 1117 12 1569 1569 CD 22599 1117 13 , , , 22599 1117 14 p. p. NN 22599 1118 1 112 112 CD 22599 1118 2 . . . 22599 1118 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1119 1 Similar similar JJ 22599 1119 2 notes note NNS 22599 1119 3 are be VBP 22599 1119 4 given give VBN 22599 1119 5 by by IN 22599 1119 6 Peletarius Peletarius NNP 22599 1119 7 in in IN 22599 1119 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1119 9 commentary commentary NN 22599 1119 10 on on IN 22599 1119 11 the the DT 22599 1119 12 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1119 13 of of IN 22599 1119 14 Gemma Gemma NNP 22599 1119 15 Frisius Frisius NNP 22599 1119 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1119 17 1563 1563 CD 22599 1119 18 ed ed NNP 22599 1119 19 . . NNP 22599 1119 20 , , , 22599 1119 21 fol fol NNP 22599 1119 22 . . . 22599 1120 1 77 77 CD 22599 1120 2 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1120 3 , , , 22599 1120 4 and and CC 22599 1120 5 in in IN 22599 1120 6 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1120 7 own own JJ 22599 1120 8 work work NN 22599 1120 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1120 10 1570 1570 CD 22599 1120 11 Lyons Lyons NNP 22599 1120 12 ed ed NNP 22599 1120 13 . . NNP 22599 1120 14 , , , 22599 1120 15 p. p. NN 22599 1120 16 14 14 CD 22599 1120 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1120 18 : : : 22599 1120 19 " " `` 22599 1120 20 La la VB 22599 1120 21 valeur valeur FW 22599 1120 22 des des FW 22599 1120 23 Figures figure NNS 22599 1120 24 commence commence NN 22599 1120 25 au au NNP 22599 1120 26 coste coste NNP 22599 1120 27 dextre dextre NNP 22599 1120 28 tirant tirant NNP 22599 1120 29 vers ver NNS 22599 1120 30 le le NNP 22599 1120 31 coste coste NNP 22599 1120 32 senestre senestre NNP 22599 1120 33 : : : 22599 1120 34 au au NNP 22599 1120 35 rebours rebour VBZ 22599 1120 36 de de FW 22599 1120 37 notre notre NNP 22599 1120 38 maniere maniere NNP 22599 1120 39 d'escrire d'escrire NNP 22599 1120 40 par par NNP 22599 1120 41 ce ce NNP 22599 1120 42 que que NNP 22599 1120 43 la la NNP 22599 1120 44 premiere premiere NNP 22599 1120 45 prattique prattique NNP 22599 1120 46 est e JJS 22599 1120 47 venue venue VBP 22599 1120 48 des des FW 22599 1120 49 Chaldees Chaldees NNP 22599 1120 50 : : : 22599 1120 51 ou ou NNP 22599 1120 52 des des FW 22599 1120 53 Pheniciens Pheniciens NNPS 22599 1120 54 , , , 22599 1120 55 qui qui NNP 22599 1120 56 ont ont NNP 22599 1120 57 été été NNP 22599 1120 58 les les NNP 22599 1120 59 premiers premier VBZ 22599 1120 60 traffiquers traffiquer NNS 22599 1120 61 de de IN 22599 1120 62 marchandise marchandise NNP 22599 1120 63 . . . 22599 1120 64 " " '' 22599 1121 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1121 2 2 2 LS 22599 1121 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1121 4 Maximus Maximus NNP 22599 1121 5 Planudes Planudes NNP 22599 1121 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1121 7 c. c. NNP 22599 1121 8 1330 1330 CD 22599 1121 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1121 10 states state VBZ 22599 1121 11 that that IN 22599 1121 12 " " `` 22599 1121 13 the the DT 22599 1121 14 nine nine CD 22599 1121 15 symbols symbol NNS 22599 1121 16 come come VBN 22599 1121 17 from from IN 22599 1121 18 the the DT 22599 1121 19 Indians Indians NNPS 22599 1121 20 . . . 22599 1121 21 " " '' 22599 1122 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1122 2 Wäschke Wäschke NNP 22599 1122 3 's 's POS 22599 1122 4 German german JJ 22599 1122 5 translation translation NN 22599 1122 6 , , , 22599 1122 7 Halle Halle NNP 22599 1122 8 , , , 22599 1122 9 1878 1878 CD 22599 1122 10 , , , 22599 1122 11 p. p. NN 22599 1123 1 3 3 LS 22599 1123 2 . . . 22599 1123 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1124 1 Willichius Willichius NNP 22599 1124 2 speaks speak VBZ 22599 1124 3 of of IN 22599 1124 4 the the DT 22599 1124 5 " " `` 22599 1124 6 Zyphræ Zyphræ NNP 22599 1124 7 Indicæ Indicæ NNP 22599 1124 8 , , , 22599 1124 9 " " '' 22599 1124 10 in in IN 22599 1124 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1124 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1124 13 Arithmeticæ Arithmeticæ NNP 22599 1124 14 libri libri NNS 22599 1124 15 tres tre VBZ 22599 1124 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1124 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1124 18 Strasburg Strasburg NNP 22599 1124 19 , , , 22599 1124 20 1540 1540 CD 22599 1124 21 , , , 22599 1124 22 p. p. NN 22599 1124 23 93 93 CD 22599 1124 24 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1124 25 , , , 22599 1124 26 and and CC 22599 1124 27 Cataneo Cataneo NNP 22599 1124 28 of of IN 22599 1124 29 " " `` 22599 1124 30 le le NNP 22599 1124 31 noue noue NNP 22599 1124 32 figure figure NN 22599 1124 33 de de FW 22599 1124 34 gli gli FW 22599 1124 35 Indi Indi NNP 22599 1124 36 , , , 22599 1124 37 " " '' 22599 1124 38 in in IN 22599 1124 39 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1124 40 _ _ NNP 22599 1124 41 Le Le NNP 22599 1124 42 pratiche pratiche NNP 22599 1124 43 delle delle NNP 22599 1124 44 dve dve NNP 22599 1124 45 prime prime NNP 22599 1124 46 mathematiche mathematiche NNP 22599 1124 47 _ _ NNP 22599 1124 48 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1124 49 Venice Venice NNP 22599 1124 50 , , , 22599 1124 51 1546 1546 CD 22599 1124 52 , , , 22599 1124 53 fol fol NNP 22599 1124 54 . . . 22599 1125 1 1 1 LS 22599 1125 2 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1125 3 . . . 22599 1126 1 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1126 2 is be VBZ 22599 1126 3 not not RB 22599 1126 4 correct correct JJ 22599 1126 5 , , , 22599 1126 6 therefore therefore RB 22599 1126 7 , , , 22599 1126 8 in in IN 22599 1126 9 saying say VBG 22599 1126 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1126 11 " " `` 22599 1126 12 Mémoire mémoire VB 22599 1126 13 sur sur NN 22599 1126 14 la la FW 22599 1126 15 propagation propagation NN 22599 1126 16 des des NNP 22599 1126 17 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1126 18 indiens indiens NNP 22599 1126 19 , , , 22599 1126 20 " " `` 22599 1126 21 hereafter hereafter RB 22599 1126 22 referred refer VBD 22599 1126 23 to to IN 22599 1126 24 as as IN 22599 1126 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1126 26 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1126 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1126 28 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1126 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1126 30 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1126 31 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 1126 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1126 33 , , , 22599 1126 34 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1126 35 . . . 22599 1127 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1127 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1127 3 6 6 CD 22599 1127 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1127 5 , , , 22599 1127 6 1863 1863 CD 22599 1127 7 , , , 22599 1127 8 p. p. NN 22599 1127 9 34 34 CD 22599 1127 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1127 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1127 12 that that WDT 22599 1127 13 Wallis Wallis NNP 22599 1127 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1127 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1127 16 A A NNP 22599 1127 17 Treatise Treatise NNP 22599 1127 18 on on IN 22599 1127 19 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1127 20 , , , 22599 1127 21 both both CC 22599 1127 22 historical historical JJ 22599 1127 23 and and CC 22599 1127 24 practical practical JJ 22599 1127 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1127 26 , , , 22599 1127 27 London London NNP 22599 1127 28 , , , 22599 1127 29 1685 1685 CD 22599 1127 30 , , , 22599 1127 31 p. p. NN 22599 1127 32 13 13 CD 22599 1127 33 , , , 22599 1127 34 and and CC 22599 1127 35 _ _ NNP 22599 1127 36 De De NNP 22599 1127 37 algebra algebra NN 22599 1127 38 tractatus tractatus NN 22599 1127 39 _ _ NNP 22599 1127 40 , , , 22599 1127 41 Latin Latin NNP 22599 1127 42 edition edition NN 22599 1127 43 in in IN 22599 1127 44 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1127 45 _ _ NNP 22599 1127 46 Opera Opera NNP 22599 1127 47 omnia omnia NN 22599 1127 48 _ _ NNP 22599 1127 49 , , , 22599 1127 50 1693 1693 CD 22599 1127 51 , , , 22599 1127 52 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1127 53 . . . 22599 1128 1 II II NNP 22599 1128 2 , , , 22599 1128 3 p. p. NN 22599 1128 4 10 10 CD 22599 1128 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1128 6 was be VBD 22599 1128 7 one one CD 22599 1128 8 of of IN 22599 1128 9 the the DT 22599 1128 10 first first JJ 22599 1128 11 to to TO 22599 1128 12 give give VB 22599 1128 13 the the DT 22599 1128 14 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1128 15 origin origin NN 22599 1128 16 . . . 22599 1129 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1129 2 3 3 LS 22599 1129 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1129 4 From from IN 22599 1129 5 the the DT 22599 1129 6 1558 1558 CD 22599 1129 7 edition edition NN 22599 1129 8 of of IN 22599 1129 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1129 10 The the DT 22599 1129 11 Grovnd Grovnd NNP 22599 1129 12 of of IN 22599 1129 13 Artes Artes NNP 22599 1129 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1129 15 , , , 22599 1129 16 fol fol NNP 22599 1129 17 . . . 22599 1130 1 C C NNP 22599 1130 2 , , , 22599 1130 3 5 5 CD 22599 1130 4 . . . 22599 1131 1 Similarly similarly RB 22599 1131 2 Bishop Bishop NNP 22599 1131 3 Tonstall Tonstall NNP 22599 1131 4 writes write VBZ 22599 1131 5 : : : 22599 1131 6 " " `` 22599 1131 7 Qui Qui NNP 22599 1131 8 a a DT 22599 1131 9 Chaldeis Chaldeis NNP 22599 1131 10 primum primum NN 22599 1131 11 in in IN 22599 1131 12 finitimos finitimo NNS 22599 1131 13 , , , 22599 1131 14 deinde deinde NNP 22599 1131 15 in in IN 22599 1131 16 omnes omnes NNP 22599 1131 17 pene pene NNP 22599 1131 18 gentes gentes NNPS 22599 1131 19 fluxit fluxit FW 22599 1131 20 .... .... NFP 22599 1131 21 Numerandi numerandi UH 22599 1131 22 artem artem VBP 22599 1131 23 a a DT 22599 1131 24 Chaldeis Chaldeis NNP 22599 1131 25 esse esse NN 22599 1131 26 profectam profectam NNS 22599 1131 27 : : : 22599 1131 28 qui qui NNP 22599 1131 29 dum dum NNP 22599 1131 30 scribunt scribunt NNP 22599 1131 31 , , , 22599 1131 32 a a DT 22599 1131 33 dextra dextra NNP 22599 1131 34 incipiunt incipiunt NN 22599 1131 35 , , , 22599 1131 36 et et FW 22599 1131 37 in in IN 22599 1131 38 leuam leuam NNP 22599 1131 39 progrediuntur progrediuntur NNP 22599 1131 40 . . . 22599 1131 41 " " '' 22599 1132 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1132 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1132 3 De De NNP 22599 1132 4 arte arte NNP 22599 1132 5 supputandi supputandi NNP 22599 1132 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1132 7 , , , 22599 1132 8 London London NNP 22599 1132 9 , , , 22599 1132 10 1522 1522 CD 22599 1132 11 , , , 22599 1132 12 fol fol NNP 22599 1132 13 . . . 22599 1133 1 B b NN 22599 1133 2 , , , 22599 1133 3 3 3 CD 22599 1133 4 . . . 22599 1133 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1134 1 Gemma Gemma NNP 22599 1134 2 Frisius Frisius NNP 22599 1134 3 , , , 22599 1134 4 the the DT 22599 1134 5 great great JJ 22599 1134 6 continental continental JJ 22599 1134 7 rival rival NN 22599 1134 8 of of IN 22599 1134 9 Recorde Recorde NNP 22599 1134 10 , , , 22599 1134 11 had have VBD 22599 1134 12 the the DT 22599 1134 13 same same JJ 22599 1134 14 idea idea NN 22599 1134 15 : : : 22599 1134 16 " " `` 22599 1134 17 Primùm Primùm NNP 22599 1134 18 autem autem NN 22599 1134 19 appellamus appellamus NN 22599 1134 20 dexterum dexterum NN 22599 1134 21 locum locum NNP 22599 1134 22 , , , 22599 1134 23 eo eo NNP 22599 1134 24 quòd quòd NNP 22599 1134 25 haec haec VBZ 22599 1134 26 ars ars NNP 22599 1134 27 vel vel NNP 22599 1134 28 à à NNP 22599 1134 29 Chaldæis Chaldæis NNP 22599 1134 30 , , , 22599 1134 31 vel vel NNP 22599 1134 32 ab ab NNP 22599 1134 33 Hebræis Hebræis NNP 22599 1134 34 ortum ortum NN 22599 1134 35 habere habere NNP 22599 1134 36 credatur credatur NNP 22599 1134 37 , , , 22599 1134 38 qui qui NNP 22599 1134 39 etiam etiam NNP 22599 1134 40 eo eo NNP 22599 1134 41 ordine ordine NNP 22599 1134 42 scribunt scribunt NNP 22599 1134 43 " " '' 22599 1134 44 ; ; : 22599 1134 45 but but CC 22599 1134 46 this this DT 22599 1134 47 refers refer VBZ 22599 1134 48 more more RBR 22599 1134 49 evidently evidently RB 22599 1134 50 to to IN 22599 1134 51 the the DT 22599 1134 52 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1134 53 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1134 54 . . . 22599 1135 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1135 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1135 3 Arithmeticæ Arithmeticæ NNP 22599 1135 4 practicæ practicæ NN 22599 1135 5 methodvs methodvs NNP 22599 1135 6 facilis facilis NNP 22599 1135 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1135 8 , , , 22599 1135 9 Antwerp Antwerp NNP 22599 1135 10 , , , 22599 1135 11 1540 1540 CD 22599 1135 12 , , , 22599 1135 13 fol fol NNP 22599 1135 14 . . . 22599 1136 1 4 4 CD 22599 1136 2 of of IN 22599 1136 3 the the DT 22599 1136 4 1563 1563 CD 22599 1136 5 ed ed NNP 22599 1136 6 . . . 22599 1136 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1137 1 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 1137 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1137 3 c. c. NNP 22599 1137 4 1225 1225 CD 22599 1137 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1137 6 mentions mention VBZ 22599 1137 7 the the DT 22599 1137 8 same same JJ 22599 1137 9 thing thing NN 22599 1137 10 . . . 22599 1138 1 Even even RB 22599 1138 2 the the DT 22599 1138 3 modern modern JJ 22599 1138 4 Jewish jewish JJ 22599 1138 5 writers writer NNS 22599 1138 6 claim claim VBP 22599 1138 7 that that IN 22599 1138 8 one one CD 22599 1138 9 of of IN 22599 1138 10 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1138 11 scholars scholar NNS 22599 1138 12 , , , 22599 1138 13 M[=a]sh[=a]ll[=a]h m[=a]sh[=a]ll[=a]h ADD 22599 1138 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1138 15 c. c. NNP 22599 1138 16 800 800 CD 22599 1138 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1138 18 , , , 22599 1138 19 introduced introduce VBD 22599 1138 20 them -PRON- PRP 22599 1138 21 to to IN 22599 1138 22 the the DT 22599 1138 23 Mohammedan Mohammedan NNP 22599 1138 24 world world NN 22599 1138 25 . . . 22599 1139 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1139 2 C. C. NNP 22599 1139 3 Levias Levias NNP 22599 1139 4 , , , 22599 1139 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1139 6 The the DT 22599 1139 7 Jewish jewish JJ 22599 1139 8 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP 22599 1139 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1139 10 , , , 22599 1139 11 New New NNP 22599 1139 12 York York NNP 22599 1139 13 , , , 22599 1139 14 1905 1905 CD 22599 1139 15 , , , 22599 1139 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1139 17 . . . 22599 1140 1 IX ix NN 22599 1140 2 , , , 22599 1140 3 p. p. NN 22599 1141 1 348 348 CD 22599 1141 2 . . . 22599 1141 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1142 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1142 2 4 4 CD 22599 1142 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1142 4 " " `` 22599 1142 5 ... ... NFP 22599 1142 6 & & CC 22599 1142 7 que que NNP 22599 1142 8 esto esto NNP 22599 1142 9 fu fu NNP 22599 1142 10 trouato trouato NNP 22599 1142 11 di di FW 22599 1142 12 fare fare NNP 22599 1142 13 da da NNP 22599 1142 14 gli gli NNP 22599 1142 15 Arabi Arabi NNP 22599 1142 16 con con NN 22599 1142 17 diece diece NN 22599 1142 18 figure figure NN 22599 1142 19 . . . 22599 1142 20 " " '' 22599 1143 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1143 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1143 3 La La NNP 22599 1143 4 prima prima NNP 22599 1143 5 parte parte NNP 22599 1143 6 del del NNP 22599 1143 7 general general NNP 22599 1143 8 trattato trattato NNP 22599 1143 9 di di NNP 22599 1143 10 nvmeri nvmeri NNP 22599 1143 11 , , , 22599 1143 12 et et NNP 22599 1143 13 misvre misvre NNS 22599 1143 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1143 15 , , , 22599 1143 16 Venice Venice NNP 22599 1143 17 , , , 22599 1143 18 1556 1556 CD 22599 1143 19 , , , 22599 1143 20 fol fol NNP 22599 1143 21 . . . 22599 1144 1 9 9 CD 22599 1144 2 of of IN 22599 1144 3 the the DT 22599 1144 4 1592 1592 CD 22599 1144 5 edition edition NN 22599 1144 6 . . . 22599 1144 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1145 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1145 2 5 5 CD 22599 1145 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1145 4 " " `` 22599 1145 5 Vom Vom NNP 22599 1145 6 welchen welchen NNP 22599 1145 7 Arabischen Arabischen NNP 22599 1145 8 auch auch NN 22599 1145 9 disz disz JJ 22599 1145 10 Kunst Kunst NNP 22599 1145 11 entsprungen entsprungen NN 22599 1145 12 ist ist NN 22599 1145 13 . . . 22599 1145 14 " " '' 22599 1146 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1146 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1146 3 Ain Ain NNP 22599 1146 4 nerv nerv JJ 22599 1146 5 geordnet geordnet NN 22599 1146 6 Rechenbiechlin Rechenbiechlin NNP 22599 1146 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1146 8 , , , 22599 1146 9 Augsburg Augsburg NNP 22599 1146 10 , , , 22599 1146 11 1514 1514 CD 22599 1146 12 , , , 22599 1146 13 fol fol NNP 22599 1146 14 . . . 22599 1147 1 13 13 CD 22599 1147 2 of of IN 22599 1147 3 the the DT 22599 1147 4 1531 1531 CD 22599 1147 5 edition edition NN 22599 1147 6 . . . 22599 1148 1 The the DT 22599 1148 2 printer printer NN 22599 1148 3 used use VBD 22599 1148 4 the the DT 22599 1148 5 letters letter NNS 22599 1148 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1148 7 rv rv NNP 22599 1148 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1148 9 for for IN 22599 1148 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1148 11 w w NNP 22599 1148 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1148 13 in in IN 22599 1148 14 " " `` 22599 1148 15 new new JJ 22599 1148 16 " " '' 22599 1148 17 in in IN 22599 1148 18 the the DT 22599 1148 19 first first JJ 22599 1148 20 edition edition NN 22599 1148 21 , , , 22599 1148 22 as as IN 22599 1148 23 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1148 24 had have VBD 22599 1148 25 no no DT 22599 1148 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1148 27 w w NNP 22599 1148 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1148 29 of of IN 22599 1148 30 the the DT 22599 1148 31 proper proper JJ 22599 1148 32 font font NN 22599 1148 33 . . . 22599 1148 34 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1149 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1149 2 6 6 CD 22599 1149 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1149 4 Among among IN 22599 1149 5 them -PRON- PRP 22599 1149 6 Glareanus Glareanus NNP 22599 1149 7 : : : 22599 1149 8 " " `` 22599 1149 9 Characteres charactere NNS 22599 1149 10 simplices simplice NNS 22599 1149 11 sunt sunt NN 22599 1149 12 nouem nouem NNP 22599 1149 13 significatiui significatiui NNP 22599 1149 14 , , , 22599 1149 15 ab ab NNP 22599 1149 16 Indis Indis NNP 22599 1149 17 usque usque JJ 22599 1149 18 , , , 22599 1149 19 siue siue NNP 22599 1149 20 Chaldæis Chaldæis NNP 22599 1149 21 asciti asciti NNP 22599 1149 22 .1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 .1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9 . 22599 1149 23 . . . 22599 1150 1 Est est NN 22599 1150 2 item item NN 22599 1150 3 unus unus JJ 22599 1150 4 .0 .0 NNP 22599 1150 5 circulus circulus NNP 22599 1150 6 , , , 22599 1150 7 qui qui NNP 22599 1150 8 nihil nihil NNP 22599 1150 9 significat significat NNP 22599 1150 10 . . . 22599 1150 11 " " '' 22599 1151 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1151 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1151 3 De De NNP 22599 1151 4 VI VI NNP 22599 1151 5 . . . 22599 1152 1 Arithmeticae arithmeticae JJ 22599 1152 2 practicae practicae NN 22599 1152 3 speciebvs speciebv NNS 22599 1152 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1152 5 , , , 22599 1152 6 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1152 7 , , , 22599 1152 8 1539 1539 CD 22599 1152 9 , , , 22599 1152 10 fol fol NNP 22599 1152 11 . . . 22599 1153 1 9 9 CD 22599 1153 2 of of IN 22599 1153 3 the the DT 22599 1153 4 1543 1543 CD 22599 1153 5 edition edition NN 22599 1153 6 . . . 22599 1153 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1154 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1154 2 7 7 CD 22599 1154 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1154 4 " " `` 22599 1154 5 Barbarische Barbarische NNP 22599 1154 6 oder oder NN 22599 1154 7 gemeine gemeine NNP 22599 1154 8 Ziffern Ziffern NNP 22599 1154 9 . . . 22599 1154 10 " " '' 22599 1155 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1155 2 Anonymous Anonymous NNP 22599 1155 3 , , , 22599 1155 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1155 5 Das Das NNP 22599 1155 6 Einmahl Einmahl NNP 22599 1155 7 Eins Eins NNP 22599 1155 8 cum cum NNP 22599 1155 9 notis notis NN 22599 1155 10 variorum variorum NNP 22599 1155 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1155 12 , , , 22599 1155 13 Dresden Dresden NNP 22599 1155 14 , , , 22599 1155 15 1703 1703 CD 22599 1155 16 , , , 22599 1155 17 p. p. NN 22599 1156 1 3 3 LS 22599 1156 2 . . . 22599 1156 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1157 1 So so RB 22599 1157 2 Vossius Vossius NNP 22599 1157 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1157 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1157 5 De De NNP 22599 1157 6 universae universae VB 22599 1157 7 matheseos matheseos NNP 22599 1157 8 natura natura NNP 22599 1157 9 et et NNP 22599 1157 10 constitutione constitutione NNP 22599 1157 11 liber liber NNP 22599 1157 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1157 13 , , , 22599 1157 14 Amsterdam Amsterdam NNP 22599 1157 15 , , , 22599 1157 16 1650 1650 CD 22599 1157 17 , , , 22599 1157 18 p. p. NN 22599 1157 19 34 34 CD 22599 1157 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1157 21 calls call VBZ 22599 1157 22 them -PRON- PRP 22599 1157 23 " " `` 22599 1157 24 Barbaras Barbaras NNP 22599 1157 25 numeri numeri NNP 22599 1157 26 notas notas NNP 22599 1157 27 . . . 22599 1157 28 " " '' 22599 1158 1 The the DT 22599 1158 2 word word NN 22599 1158 3 at at IN 22599 1158 4 that that DT 22599 1158 5 time time NN 22599 1158 6 was be VBD 22599 1158 7 possibly possibly RB 22599 1158 8 synonymous synonymous JJ 22599 1158 9 with with IN 22599 1158 10 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 1158 11 . . . 22599 1159 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1159 2 8 8 CD 22599 1159 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1159 4 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1159 5 full full JJ 22599 1159 6 name name NN 22599 1159 7 was be VBD 22599 1159 8 ` ` '' 22599 1159 9 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 1159 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1159 11 ` ` '' 22599 1159 12 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 1159 13 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]amme VBN 22599 1159 14 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1159 15 M[=u]s[=a M[=u]s[=a NNP 22599 1159 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1159 17 al al NNP 22599 1159 18 - - HYPH 22599 1159 19 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 1159 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1159 21 . . . 22599 1160 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 1160 2 was be VBD 22599 1160 3 born bear VBN 22599 1160 4 in in IN 22599 1160 5 Khow[=a]rezm khow[=a]rezm NN 22599 1160 6 , , , 22599 1160 7 " " '' 22599 1160 8 the the DT 22599 1160 9 lowlands lowland NNS 22599 1160 10 , , , 22599 1160 11 " " '' 22599 1160 12 the the DT 22599 1160 13 country country NN 22599 1160 14 about about IN 22599 1160 15 the the DT 22599 1160 16 present present JJ 22599 1160 17 Khiva Khiva NNP 22599 1160 18 and and CC 22599 1160 19 bordering border VBG 22599 1160 20 on on IN 22599 1160 21 the the DT 22599 1160 22 Oxus Oxus NNP 22599 1160 23 , , , 22599 1160 24 and and CC 22599 1160 25 lived live VBD 22599 1160 26 at at IN 22599 1160 27 Bagdad Bagdad NNP 22599 1160 28 under under IN 22599 1160 29 the the DT 22599 1160 30 caliph caliph NNP 22599 1160 31 al al NNP 22599 1160 32 - - HYPH 22599 1160 33 M[=a]m[=u]n M[=a]m[=u]n NNP 22599 1160 34 . . . 22599 1160 35 He -PRON- PRP 22599 1160 36 died die VBD 22599 1160 37 probably probably RB 22599 1160 38 between between IN 22599 1160 39 220 220 CD 22599 1160 40 and and CC 22599 1160 41 230 230 CD 22599 1160 42 of of IN 22599 1160 43 the the DT 22599 1160 44 Mohammedan Mohammedan NNP 22599 1160 45 era era NN 22599 1160 46 , , , 22599 1160 47 that that RB 22599 1160 48 is is RB 22599 1160 49 , , , 22599 1160 50 between between IN 22599 1160 51 835 835 CD 22599 1160 52 and and CC 22599 1160 53 845 845 CD 22599 1160 54 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1160 55 , , , 22599 1160 56 although although IN 22599 1160 57 some some DT 22599 1160 58 put put VBP 22599 1160 59 the the DT 22599 1160 60 date date NN 22599 1160 61 as as RB 22599 1160 62 early early RB 22599 1160 63 as as IN 22599 1160 64 812 812 CD 22599 1160 65 . . . 22599 1161 1 The the DT 22599 1161 2 best good JJS 22599 1161 3 account account NN 22599 1161 4 of of IN 22599 1161 5 this this DT 22599 1161 6 great great JJ 22599 1161 7 scholar scholar NN 22599 1161 8 may may MD 22599 1161 9 be be VB 22599 1161 10 found find VBN 22599 1161 11 in in IN 22599 1161 12 an an DT 22599 1161 13 article article NN 22599 1161 14 by by IN 22599 1161 15 C. C. NNP 22599 1161 16 Nallino Nallino NNP 22599 1161 17 , , , 22599 1161 18 " " '' 22599 1161 19 Al-[H)]uw[=a]rizm[=i Al-[H)]uw[=a]rizm[=i NNP 22599 1161 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1161 21 " " `` 22599 1161 22 in in IN 22599 1161 23 the the DT 22599 1161 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1161 25 Atti Atti NNP 22599 1161 26 della della NN 22599 1161 27 R. R. NNP 22599 1161 28 Accad Accad NNP 22599 1161 29 . . . 22599 1162 1 dei dei NNP 22599 1162 2 Lincei Lincei NNP 22599 1162 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1162 4 , , , 22599 1162 5 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1162 6 , , , 22599 1162 7 1896 1896 CD 22599 1162 8 . . . 22599 1163 1 See see VB 22599 1163 2 also also RB 22599 1163 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1163 4 Verhandlungen Verhandlungen NNP 22599 1163 5 des des NNP 22599 1163 6 5 5 CD 22599 1163 7 . . . 22599 1164 1 Congresses congress NNS 22599 1164 2 der der VBP 22599 1164 3 Orientalisten Orientalisten NNP 22599 1164 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1164 5 , , , 22599 1164 6 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1164 7 , , , 22599 1164 8 1882 1882 CD 22599 1164 9 , , , 22599 1164 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1164 11 . . . 22599 1165 1 II II NNP 22599 1165 2 , , , 22599 1165 3 p. p. NN 22599 1165 4 19 19 CD 22599 1165 5 ; ; : 22599 1165 6 W. W. NNP 22599 1165 7 Spitta Spitta NNP 22599 1165 8 - - HYPH 22599 1165 9 Bey Bey NNP 22599 1165 10 in in IN 22599 1165 11 the the DT 22599 1165 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1165 13 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 1165 14 der der VBD 22599 1165 15 deutschen deutschen RB 22599 1165 16 Morgenländ Morgenländ NNP 22599 1165 17 . . . 22599 1166 1 Gesellschaft Gesellschaft NNP 22599 1166 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1166 3 , , , 22599 1166 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1166 5 . . . 22599 1167 1 XXXIII XXXIII NNP 22599 1167 2 , , , 22599 1167 3 p. p. NN 22599 1167 4 224 224 CD 22599 1167 5 ; ; : 22599 1167 6 Steinschneider steinschneider NN 22599 1167 7 in in IN 22599 1167 8 the the DT 22599 1167 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1167 10 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 1167 11 der der VBD 22599 1167 12 deutschen deutschen RB 22599 1167 13 Morgenländ Morgenländ NNP 22599 1167 14 . . . 22599 1168 1 Gesellschaft Gesellschaft NNP 22599 1168 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1168 3 , , , 22599 1168 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1168 5 . . . 22599 1169 1 L L NNP 22599 1169 2 , , , 22599 1169 3 p. p. NN 22599 1169 4 214 214 CD 22599 1169 5 ; ; : 22599 1169 6 Treutlein Treutlein NNP 22599 1169 7 in in IN 22599 1169 8 the the DT 22599 1169 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1169 10 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1169 11 zur zur NN 22599 1169 12 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1169 13 der der VBD 22599 1169 14 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1169 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1169 16 , , , 22599 1169 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1169 18 . . . 22599 1170 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1170 2 , , , 22599 1170 3 p. p. NN 22599 1170 4 5 5 CD 22599 1170 5 ; ; : 22599 1170 6 Suter Suter NNP 22599 1170 7 , , , 22599 1170 8 " " `` 22599 1170 9 Die die VB 22599 1170 10 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 1170 11 und und JJ 22599 1170 12 Astronomen Astronomen NNP 22599 1170 13 der der VBP 22599 1170 14 Araber Araber NNP 22599 1170 15 und und RB 22599 1170 16 ihre ihre RB 22599 1170 17 Werke werke JJ 22599 1170 18 , , , 22599 1170 19 " " '' 22599 1170 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1170 21 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1170 22 zur zur NN 22599 1170 23 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1170 24 der der VBD 22599 1170 25 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1170 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1170 27 , , , 22599 1170 28 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1170 29 . . . 22599 1171 1 X X NNP 22599 1171 2 , , , 22599 1171 3 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1171 4 , , , 22599 1171 5 1900 1900 CD 22599 1171 6 , , , 22599 1171 7 p. p. NN 22599 1171 8 10 10 CD 22599 1171 9 , , , 22599 1171 10 and and CC 22599 1171 11 " " `` 22599 1171 12 Nachträge Nachträge NNP 22599 1171 13 , , , 22599 1171 14 " " '' 22599 1171 15 in in IN 22599 1171 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1171 17 . . . 22599 1172 1 XIV XIV NNP 22599 1172 2 , , , 22599 1172 3 p. p. NN 22599 1172 4 158 158 CD 22599 1172 5 ; ; : 22599 1172 6 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1172 7 , , , 22599 1172 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1172 9 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1172 10 der der VBD 22599 1172 11 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1172 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1172 13 , , , 22599 1172 14 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1172 15 . . . 22599 1173 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1173 2 , , , 22599 1173 3 3d 3d NNP 22599 1173 4 ed ed NNP 22599 1173 5 . . NNP 22599 1173 6 , , , 22599 1173 7 pp pp NNP 22599 1173 8 . . . 22599 1174 1 712 712 CD 22599 1174 2 - - SYM 22599 1174 3 733 733 CD 22599 1174 4 etc etc NN 22599 1174 5 . . . 22599 1175 1 ; ; : 22599 1175 2 F. F. NNP 22599 1175 3 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1175 4 in in IN 22599 1175 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1175 6 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1175 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1175 8 , , , 22599 1175 9 p. p. NN 22599 1175 10 489 489 CD 22599 1175 11 . . . 22599 1176 1 So so CC 22599 1176 2 recently recently RB 22599 1176 3 has have VBZ 22599 1176 4 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1176 5 become become VB 22599 1176 6 known know VBN 22599 1176 7 that that IN 22599 1176 8 Heilbronner Heilbronner NNP 22599 1176 9 , , , 22599 1176 10 writing write VBG 22599 1176 11 in in IN 22599 1176 12 1742 1742 CD 22599 1176 13 , , , 22599 1176 14 merely merely RB 22599 1176 15 mentions mention VBZ 22599 1176 16 him -PRON- PRP 22599 1176 17 as as IN 22599 1176 18 " " `` 22599 1176 19 Ben Ben NNP 22599 1176 20 - - HYPH 22599 1176 21 Musa Musa NNP 22599 1176 22 , , , 22599 1176 23 inter inter NNP 22599 1176 24 Arabes Arabes NNP 22599 1176 25 celebris celebris NN 22599 1176 26 Geometra Geometra NNP 22599 1176 27 , , , 22599 1176 28 scripsit scripsit NN 22599 1176 29 de de NNP 22599 1176 30 figuris figuris NNP 22599 1176 31 planis planis NNP 22599 1176 32 & & CC 22599 1176 33 sphericis sphericis NNP 22599 1176 34 . . . 22599 1176 35 " " '' 22599 1177 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1177 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1177 3 Historia Historia NNP 22599 1177 4 matheseos matheseos NNP 22599 1177 5 universæ universæ NN 22599 1177 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1177 7 , , , 22599 1177 8 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1177 9 , , , 22599 1177 10 1742 1742 CD 22599 1177 11 , , , 22599 1177 12 p. p. NN 22599 1178 1 438 438 CD 22599 1178 2 . . . 22599 1178 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1179 1 In in IN 22599 1179 2 this this DT 22599 1179 3 work work NN 22599 1179 4 most most JJS 22599 1179 5 of of IN 22599 1179 6 the the DT 22599 1179 7 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1179 8 names name NNS 22599 1179 9 will will MD 22599 1179 10 be be VB 22599 1179 11 transliterated transliterate VBN 22599 1179 12 substantially substantially RB 22599 1179 13 as as RB 22599 1179 14 laid lay VBN 22599 1179 15 down down RP 22599 1179 16 by by IN 22599 1179 17 Suter Suter NNP 22599 1179 18 in in IN 22599 1179 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1179 20 work work NN 22599 1179 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1179 22 Die Die NNP 22599 1179 23 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 1179 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1179 25 etc etc FW 22599 1179 26 . . . 22599 1179 27 , , , 22599 1179 28 except except IN 22599 1179 29 where where WRB 22599 1179 30 this this DT 22599 1179 31 violates violate VBZ 22599 1179 32 English english JJ 22599 1179 33 pronunciation pronunciation NN 22599 1179 34 . . . 22599 1180 1 The the DT 22599 1180 2 scheme scheme NN 22599 1180 3 of of IN 22599 1180 4 pronunciation pronunciation NN 22599 1180 5 of of IN 22599 1180 6 oriental oriental JJ 22599 1180 7 names name NNS 22599 1180 8 is be VBZ 22599 1180 9 set set VBN 22599 1180 10 forth forth RP 22599 1180 11 in in IN 22599 1180 12 the the DT 22599 1180 13 preface preface NN 22599 1180 14 . . . 22599 1181 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1181 2 9 9 CD 22599 1181 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1181 4 Our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1181 5 word word NN 22599 1181 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1181 7 algebra algebra NN 22599 1181 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1181 9 is be VBZ 22599 1181 10 from from IN 22599 1181 11 the the DT 22599 1181 12 title title NN 22599 1181 13 of of IN 22599 1181 14 one one CD 22599 1181 15 of of IN 22599 1181 16 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1181 17 works work NNS 22599 1181 18 , , , 22599 1181 19 Al Al NNP 22599 1181 20 - - HYPH 22599 1181 21 jabr jabr NNP 22599 1181 22 wa'l wa'l NNP 22599 1181 23 - - HYPH 22599 1181 24 muq[=a]balah muq[=a]balah NNP 22599 1181 25 , , , 22599 1181 26 Completion Completion NNP 22599 1181 27 and and CC 22599 1181 28 Comparison Comparison NNP 22599 1181 29 . . . 22599 1182 1 The the DT 22599 1182 2 work work NN 22599 1182 3 was be VBD 22599 1182 4 translated translate VBN 22599 1182 5 into into IN 22599 1182 6 English English NNP 22599 1182 7 by by IN 22599 1182 8 F. F. NNP 22599 1182 9 Rosen Rosen NNP 22599 1182 10 , , , 22599 1182 11 London London NNP 22599 1182 12 , , , 22599 1182 13 1831 1831 CD 22599 1182 14 , , , 22599 1182 15 and and CC 22599 1182 16 treated treat VBN 22599 1182 17 in in IN 22599 1182 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1182 19 L'Algèbre L'Algèbre NNP 22599 1182 20 d'al d'al NNP 22599 1182 21 - - HYPH 22599 1182 22 Kh[=a]rizmi Kh[=a]rizmi NNP 22599 1182 23 et et NNP 22599 1182 24 les les NNP 22599 1182 25 méthodes méthodes NNP 22599 1182 26 indienne indienne NNP 22599 1182 27 et et NNP 22599 1182 28 grecque grecque NNP 22599 1182 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1182 30 , , , 22599 1182 31 Léon Léon NNP 22599 1182 32 Rodet Rodet NNP 22599 1182 33 , , , 22599 1182 34 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1182 35 , , , 22599 1182 36 1878 1878 CD 22599 1182 37 , , , 22599 1182 38 extract extract VBP 22599 1182 39 from from IN 22599 1182 40 the the DT 22599 1182 41 _ _ NNP 22599 1182 42 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1182 43 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 1182 44 _ _ NNP 22599 1182 45 . . . 22599 1183 1 For for IN 22599 1183 2 the the DT 22599 1183 3 derivation derivation NN 22599 1183 4 of of IN 22599 1183 5 the the DT 22599 1183 6 word word NN 22599 1183 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1183 8 algebra algebra NN 22599 1183 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1183 10 , , , 22599 1183 11 see see VB 22599 1183 12 Cossali Cossali NNP 22599 1183 13 , , , 22599 1183 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1183 15 Scritti Scritti NNP 22599 1183 16 Inediti Inediti NNP 22599 1183 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1183 18 , , , 22599 1183 19 pp pp NNP 22599 1183 20 . . . 22599 1184 1 381 381 CD 22599 1184 2 - - SYM 22599 1184 3 383 383 CD 22599 1184 4 , , , 22599 1184 5 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1184 6 , , , 22599 1184 7 1857 1857 CD 22599 1184 8 ; ; : 22599 1184 9 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 1184 10 's 's POS 22599 1184 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1184 12 Liber Liber NNP 22599 1184 13 Abbaci Abbaci NNP 22599 1184 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1184 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1184 16 1202 1202 CD 22599 1184 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1184 18 , , , 22599 1184 19 p. p. NN 22599 1184 20 410 410 CD 22599 1184 21 , , , 22599 1184 22 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1184 23 , , , 22599 1184 24 1857 1857 CD 22599 1184 25 ; ; : 22599 1184 26 both both DT 22599 1184 27 published publish VBN 22599 1184 28 by by IN 22599 1184 29 B. B. NNP 22599 1184 30 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1184 31 . . . 22599 1185 1 " " `` 22599 1185 2 Almuchabala Almuchabala NNP 22599 1185 3 " " '' 22599 1185 4 also also RB 22599 1185 5 was be VBD 22599 1185 6 used use VBN 22599 1185 7 as as IN 22599 1185 8 a a DT 22599 1185 9 name name NN 22599 1185 10 for for IN 22599 1185 11 algebra algebra NN 22599 1185 12 . . . 22599 1186 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1186 2 10 10 CD 22599 1186 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1186 4 This this DT 22599 1186 5 learned learn VBD 22599 1186 6 scholar scholar NN 22599 1186 7 , , , 22599 1186 8 teacher teacher NN 22599 1186 9 of of IN 22599 1186 10 O'Creat O'Creat NNP 22599 1186 11 who who WP 22599 1186 12 wrote write VBD 22599 1186 13 the the DT 22599 1186 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1186 15 Helceph Helceph NNP 22599 1186 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1186 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1186 18 " " `` 22599 1186 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1186 20 Prologus Prologus NNP 22599 1186 21 N. N. NNP 22599 1186 22 Ocreati Ocreati NNP 22599 1186 23 in in IN 22599 1186 24 Helceph Helceph NNP 22599 1186 25 ad ad NN 22599 1186 26 Adelardum Adelardum NNP 22599 1186 27 Batensem Batensem NNP 22599 1186 28 magistrum magistrum NN 22599 1186 29 suum suum NN 22599 1186 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1186 31 " " '' 22599 1186 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1186 33 , , , 22599 1186 34 studied study VBN 22599 1186 35 in in IN 22599 1186 36 Toledo Toledo NNP 22599 1186 37 , , , 22599 1186 38 learned learn VBD 22599 1186 39 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 1186 40 , , , 22599 1186 41 traveled travel VBD 22599 1186 42 as as IN 22599 1186 43 far far RB 22599 1186 44 east east RB 22599 1186 45 as as IN 22599 1186 46 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 1186 47 , , , 22599 1186 48 and and CC 22599 1186 49 brought bring VBD 22599 1186 50 from from IN 22599 1186 51 the the DT 22599 1186 52 Levant levant JJ 22599 1186 53 numerous numerous JJ 22599 1186 54 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 1186 55 for for IN 22599 1186 56 study study NN 22599 1186 57 and and CC 22599 1186 58 translation translation NN 22599 1186 59 . . . 22599 1187 1 See see VB 22599 1187 2 Henry Henry NNP 22599 1187 3 in in IN 22599 1187 4 the the DT 22599 1187 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1187 6 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1187 7 zur zur NN 22599 1187 8 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1187 9 der der VBD 22599 1187 10 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1187 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1187 12 , , , 22599 1187 13 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1187 14 . . . 22599 1188 1 III III NNP 22599 1188 2 , , , 22599 1188 3 p. p. NN 22599 1188 4 131 131 CD 22599 1188 5 ; ; : 22599 1188 6 Woepcke Woepcke VBN 22599 1188 7 in in IN 22599 1188 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1188 9 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1188 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1188 11 , , , 22599 1188 12 p. p. NN 22599 1188 13 518 518 CD 22599 1188 14 . . . 22599 1189 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1189 2 11 11 CD 22599 1189 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1189 4 The the DT 22599 1189 5 title title NN 22599 1189 6 is be VBZ 22599 1189 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1189 8 Algoritmi Algoritmi NNP 22599 1189 9 de de NNP 22599 1189 10 numero numero NNP 22599 1189 11 Indorum Indorum NNP 22599 1189 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1189 13 . . . 22599 1190 1 That that IN 22599 1190 2 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1190 3 did do VBD 22599 1190 4 not not RB 22599 1190 5 make make VB 22599 1190 6 this this DT 22599 1190 7 translation translation NN 22599 1190 8 is be VBZ 22599 1190 9 asserted assert VBN 22599 1190 10 by by IN 22599 1190 11 Eneström eneström NN 22599 1190 12 in in IN 22599 1190 13 the the DT 22599 1190 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1190 15 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1190 16 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1190 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1190 18 , , , 22599 1190 19 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1190 20 . . . 22599 1191 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1191 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1191 3 3 3 CD 22599 1191 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1191 5 , , , 22599 1191 6 p. p. NN 22599 1191 7 520 520 CD 22599 1191 8 . . . 22599 1192 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1192 2 12 12 CD 22599 1192 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1192 4 Thus thus RB 22599 1192 5 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1192 6 speaks speak VBZ 22599 1192 7 " " `` 22599 1192 8 de de NNP 22599 1192 9 numero numero NNP 22599 1192 10 indorum indorum NNP 22599 1192 11 per per IN 22599 1192 12 .IX .IX , 22599 1192 13 . . . 22599 1193 1 literas literas NNP 22599 1193 2 , , , 22599 1193 3 " " '' 22599 1193 4 and and CC 22599 1193 5 proceeds proceed VBZ 22599 1193 6 : : : 22599 1193 7 " " `` 22599 1193 8 Dixit Dixit NNP 22599 1193 9 algoritmi algoritmi NN 22599 1193 10 : : : 22599 1193 11 Cum Cum NNP 22599 1193 12 uidissem uidissem JJ 22599 1193 13 yndos yndos NNP 22599 1193 14 constituisse constituisse NNP 22599 1193 15 .IX .IX . 22599 1193 16 . . . 22599 1194 1 literas literas NNP 22599 1194 2 in in IN 22599 1194 3 uniuerso uniuerso NNP 22599 1194 4 numero numero NNP 22599 1194 5 suo suo NNP 22599 1194 6 , , , 22599 1194 7 propter propter NNP 22599 1194 8 dispositionem dispositionem NNP 22599 1194 9 suam suam NNP 22599 1194 10 quam quam NNP 22599 1194 11 posuerunt posuerunt NNP 22599 1194 12 , , , 22599 1194 13 uolui uolui NNP 22599 1194 14 patefacere patefacere NNP 22599 1194 15 de de NNP 22599 1194 16 opera opera NNP 22599 1194 17 quod quod NN 22599 1194 18 fit fit JJ 22599 1194 19 per per IN 22599 1194 20 eas eas NN 22599 1194 21 aliquid aliquid JJ 22599 1194 22 quod quod NN 22599 1194 23 esset esset NN 22599 1194 24 leuius leuius NNP 22599 1194 25 discentibus discentibus NNP 22599 1194 26 , , , 22599 1194 27 si si NNP 22599 1194 28 deus deus NNP 22599 1194 29 uoluerit uoluerit JJ 22599 1194 30 . . . 22599 1194 31 " " '' 22599 1195 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1195 2 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1195 3 , , , 22599 1195 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1195 5 Trattati Trattati NNP 22599 1195 6 d'Aritmetica d'Aritmetica NNP 22599 1195 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1195 8 , , , 22599 1195 9 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1195 10 , , , 22599 1195 11 1857 1857 CD 22599 1195 12 . . . 22599 1195 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1196 1 Discussed discuss VBN 22599 1196 2 by by IN 22599 1196 3 F. F. NNP 22599 1196 4 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1196 5 , , , 22599 1196 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1196 7 Sur Sur NNP 22599 1196 8 l'introduction l'introduction NNP 22599 1196 9 de de FW 22599 1196 10 l'arithmétique l'arithmétique NNP 22599 1196 11 indienne indienne NNP 22599 1196 12 en en IN 22599 1196 13 Occident Occident NNP 22599 1196 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1196 15 , , , 22599 1196 16 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1196 17 , , , 22599 1196 18 1859 1859 CD 22599 1196 19 . . . 22599 1197 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1197 2 13 13 CD 22599 1197 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1197 4 Thus thus RB 22599 1197 5 in in IN 22599 1197 6 a a DT 22599 1197 7 commentary commentary NN 22599 1197 8 by by IN 22599 1197 9 ` ` '' 22599 1197 10 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 1197 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1197 12 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1197 13 Ab[=i Ab[=i NNP 22599 1197 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1197 15 Bekr Bekr NNP 22599 1197 16 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1197 17 al al NNP 22599 1197 18 - - HYPH 22599 1197 19 Jam[=a]l Jam[=a]l NNP 22599 1197 20 al al NNP 22599 1197 21 - - HYPH 22599 1197 22 An[s.][=a]r[=i An[s.][=a]r[=i NNP 22599 1197 23 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1197 24 14 14 CD 22599 1197 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1197 26 See see VB 22599 1197 27 also also RB 22599 1197 28 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1197 29 , , , 22599 1197 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1197 31 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1197 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1197 33 , , , 22599 1197 34 p. p. NN 22599 1197 35 505 505 CD 22599 1197 36 . . . 22599 1198 1 The the DT 22599 1198 2 origin origin NN 22599 1198 3 is be VBZ 22599 1198 4 discussed discuss VBN 22599 1198 5 at at IN 22599 1198 6 much much JJ 22599 1198 7 length length NN 22599 1198 8 by by IN 22599 1198 9 G. G. NNP 22599 1198 10 R. R. NNP 22599 1198 11 Kaye Kaye NNP 22599 1198 12 , , , 22599 1198 13 " " `` 22599 1198 14 Notes note NNS 22599 1198 15 on on IN 22599 1198 16 Indian indian JJ 22599 1198 17 Mathematics.--Arithmetical Mathematics.--Arithmetical NNP 22599 1198 18 Notation Notation NNP 22599 1198 19 , , , 22599 1198 20 " " '' 22599 1198 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1198 22 Journ Journ NNP 22599 1198 23 . . . 22599 1199 1 and and CC 22599 1199 2 Proc Proc NNP 22599 1199 3 . . . 22599 1200 1 of of IN 22599 1200 2 the the DT 22599 1200 3 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1200 4 Soc Soc NNP 22599 1200 5 . . . 22599 1201 1 of of IN 22599 1201 2 Bengal Bengal NNP 22599 1201 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1201 4 , , , 22599 1201 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1201 6 . . . 22599 1202 1 III iii CD 22599 1202 2 , , , 22599 1202 3 1907 1907 CD 22599 1202 4 , , , 22599 1202 5 p. p. NN 22599 1202 6 489 489 CD 22599 1202 7 . . . 22599 1203 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1203 2 15 15 CD 22599 1203 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1203 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1203 5 Alberuni Alberuni NNP 22599 1203 6 's 's POS 22599 1203 7 India India NNP 22599 1203 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1203 9 , , , 22599 1203 10 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1203 11 version version NN 22599 1203 12 , , , 22599 1203 13 London London NNP 22599 1203 14 , , , 22599 1203 15 1887 1887 CD 22599 1203 16 ; ; : 22599 1203 17 English english JJ 22599 1203 18 translation translation NN 22599 1203 19 , , , 22599 1203 20 ibid ibid NNP 22599 1203 21 . . . 22599 1203 22 , , , 22599 1203 23 1888 1888 CD 22599 1203 24 . . . 22599 1204 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1204 2 16 16 CD 22599 1204 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1204 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1204 5 Chronology Chronology NNP 22599 1204 6 of of IN 22599 1204 7 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 1204 8 Nations Nations NNPS 22599 1204 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1204 10 , , , 22599 1204 11 London London NNP 22599 1204 12 , , , 22599 1204 13 1879 1879 CD 22599 1204 14 . . . 22599 1205 1 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1205 2 and and CC 22599 1205 3 English english JJ 22599 1205 4 versions version NNS 22599 1205 5 , , , 22599 1205 6 by by IN 22599 1205 7 C. C. NNP 22599 1205 8 E. E. NNP 22599 1205 9 Sachau Sachau NNP 22599 1205 10 . . . 22599 1206 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1206 2 17 17 CD 22599 1206 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1206 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1206 5 India India NNP 22599 1206 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1206 7 , , , 22599 1206 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1206 9 . . . 22599 1207 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1207 2 , , , 22599 1207 3 chap chap NNP 22599 1207 4 . . . 22599 1208 1 xvi xvi NNP 22599 1208 2 . . . 22599 1209 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1209 2 18 18 CD 22599 1209 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1209 4 The the DT 22599 1209 5 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1209 6 name name NN 22599 1209 7 for for IN 22599 1209 8 the the DT 22599 1209 9 symbols symbol NNS 22599 1209 10 of of IN 22599 1209 11 the the DT 22599 1209 12 decimal decimal JJ 22599 1209 13 place place NN 22599 1209 14 system system NN 22599 1209 15 . . . 22599 1210 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1210 2 19 19 CD 22599 1210 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1210 4 Sachau Sachau NNP 22599 1210 5 's 's POS 22599 1210 6 English English NNP 22599 1210 7 edition edition NN 22599 1210 8 of of IN 22599 1210 9 the the DT 22599 1210 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1210 11 Chronology Chronology NNP 22599 1210 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1210 13 , , , 22599 1210 14 p. p. NN 22599 1210 15 64 64 CD 22599 1210 16 . . . 22599 1211 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1211 2 20 20 CD 22599 1211 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1211 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1211 5 Littérature Littérature NNP 22599 1211 6 arabe arabe NN 22599 1211 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1211 8 , , , 22599 1211 9 Cl Cl NNP 22599 1211 10 . . . 22599 1212 1 Huart Huart NNP 22599 1212 2 , , , 22599 1212 3 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1212 4 , , , 22599 1212 5 1902 1902 CD 22599 1212 6 . . . 22599 1213 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1213 2 21 21 CD 22599 1213 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1213 4 Huart Huart NNP 22599 1213 5 , , , 22599 1213 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1213 7 History history NN 22599 1213 8 of of IN 22599 1213 9 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 1213 10 Literature Literature NNP 22599 1213 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1213 12 , , , 22599 1213 13 English English NNP 22599 1213 14 ed ed NNP 22599 1213 15 . . NNP 22599 1213 16 , , , 22599 1213 17 New New NNP 22599 1213 18 York York NNP 22599 1213 19 , , , 22599 1213 20 1903 1903 CD 22599 1213 21 , , , 22599 1213 22 p. p. NN 22599 1213 23 182 182 CD 22599 1213 24 seq seq NN 22599 1213 25 . . . 22599 1214 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1214 2 22 22 CD 22599 1214 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1214 4 Al Al NNP 22599 1214 5 - - HYPH 22599 1214 6 Mas`[=u]d[=i Mas`[=u]d[=i NNP 22599 1214 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1214 8 's 's POS 22599 1214 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1214 10 Meadows Meadows NNPS 22599 1214 11 of of IN 22599 1214 12 Gold Gold NNP 22599 1214 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1214 14 , , , 22599 1214 15 translated translate VBN 22599 1214 16 in in IN 22599 1214 17 part part NN 22599 1214 18 by by IN 22599 1214 19 Aloys Aloys NNP 22599 1214 20 Sprenger Sprenger NNP 22599 1214 21 , , , 22599 1214 22 London London NNP 22599 1214 23 , , , 22599 1214 24 1841 1841 CD 22599 1214 25 ; ; : 22599 1214 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1214 27 Les Les NNP 22599 1214 28 prairies prairie VBZ 22599 1214 29 d'or d'or NNP 22599 1214 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1214 31 , , , 22599 1214 32 trad trad NN 22599 1214 33 . . . 22599 1215 1 par par NNP 22599 1215 2 C. C. NNP 22599 1215 3 Barbier Barbier NNP 22599 1215 4 de de NNP 22599 1215 5 Meynard Meynard NNP 22599 1215 6 et et NNP 22599 1215 7 Pavet Pavet NNP 22599 1215 8 de de IN 22599 1215 9 Courteille Courteille NNP 22599 1215 10 , , , 22599 1215 11 Vols Vols NNP 22599 1215 12 . . . 22599 1216 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1216 2 to to IN 22599 1216 3 IX IX NNP 22599 1216 4 , , , 22599 1216 5 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1216 6 , , , 22599 1216 7 1861 1861 CD 22599 1216 8 - - SYM 22599 1216 9 1877 1877 CD 22599 1216 10 . . . 22599 1217 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1217 2 23 23 CD 22599 1217 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1217 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1217 5 Les Les NNP 22599 1217 6 prairies prairie VBZ 22599 1217 7 d'or d'or NNP 22599 1217 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1217 9 , , , 22599 1217 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1217 11 . . . 22599 1218 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 1218 2 , , , 22599 1218 3 p. p. NN 22599 1218 4 289 289 CD 22599 1218 5 seq seq NN 22599 1218 6 . . . 22599 1219 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1219 2 24 24 CD 22599 1219 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1219 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1219 5 Essays Essays NNP 22599 1219 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1219 7 , , , 22599 1219 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1219 9 . . . 22599 1220 1 II II NNP 22599 1220 2 , , , 22599 1220 3 p. p. NN 22599 1220 4 428 428 CD 22599 1220 5 . . . 22599 1221 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1221 2 25 25 CD 22599 1221 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1221 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1221 5 . . . 22599 1222 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1222 2 . . . 22599 1222 3 , , , 22599 1222 4 p. p. NN 22599 1222 5 504 504 CD 22599 1222 6 . . . 22599 1223 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1223 2 26 26 CD 22599 1223 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1223 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1223 5 Matériaux Matériaux NNP 22599 1223 6 pour pour NN 22599 1223 7 servir servir NNP 22599 1223 8 à à NNP 22599 1223 9 l'histoire l'histoire NN 22599 1223 10 comparée comparée NNP 22599 1223 11 des des NNP 22599 1223 12 sciences sciences NNPS 22599 1223 13 mathématiques mathématiques NNP 22599 1223 14 chez chez NNP 22599 1223 15 les les FW 22599 1223 16 Grecs Grecs NNP 22599 1223 17 et et FW 22599 1223 18 les les FW 22599 1223 19 Orientaux Orientaux NNP 22599 1223 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1223 21 , , , 22599 1223 22 2 2 CD 22599 1223 23 vols vol NNS 22599 1223 24 . . . 22599 1223 25 , , , 22599 1223 26 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1223 27 , , , 22599 1223 28 1845 1845 CD 22599 1223 29 - - SYM 22599 1223 30 1849 1849 CD 22599 1223 31 , , , 22599 1223 32 pp pp NNP 22599 1223 33 . . . 22599 1224 1 438 438 CD 22599 1224 2 - - SYM 22599 1224 3 439 439 CD 22599 1224 4 . . . 22599 1225 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1225 2 27 27 CD 22599 1225 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1225 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 1225 5 made make VBD 22599 1225 6 an an DT 22599 1225 7 exception exception NN 22599 1225 8 , , , 22599 1225 9 however however RB 22599 1225 10 , , , 22599 1225 11 in in IN 22599 1225 12 favor favor NN 22599 1225 13 of of IN 22599 1225 14 the the DT 22599 1225 15 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1225 16 , , , 22599 1225 17 loc loc NNP 22599 1225 18 . . . 22599 1226 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1226 2 . . . 22599 1226 3 , , , 22599 1226 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1226 5 . . . 22599 1227 1 II II NNP 22599 1227 2 , , , 22599 1227 3 p. p. NN 22599 1227 4 503 503 CD 22599 1227 5 . . . 22599 1228 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1228 2 28 28 CD 22599 1228 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1228 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1228 5 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1228 6 Arabico Arabico NNP 22599 1228 7 - - HYPH 22599 1228 8 Hispana Hispana NNP 22599 1228 9 Escurialensis Escurialensis NNP 22599 1228 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1228 11 , , , 22599 1228 12 Madrid Madrid NNP 22599 1228 13 , , , 22599 1228 14 1760 1760 CD 22599 1228 15 - - SYM 22599 1228 16 1770 1770 CD 22599 1228 17 , , , 22599 1228 18 pp pp NNP 22599 1228 19 . . . 22599 1229 1 426 426 CD 22599 1229 2 - - SYM 22599 1229 3 427 427 CD 22599 1229 4 . . . 22599 1230 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1230 2 29 29 CD 22599 1230 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1230 4 The the DT 22599 1230 5 author author NN 22599 1230 6 , , , 22599 1230 7 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 1230 8 al al NNP 22599 1230 9 - - HYPH 22599 1230 10 Qif[t.][=i Qif[t.][=i NNP 22599 1230 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1230 12 , , , 22599 1230 13 flourished flourish VBD 22599 1230 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1230 15 1198 1198 CD 22599 1230 16 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1230 17 Colebrooke Colebrooke NNP 22599 1230 18 , , , 22599 1230 19 loc loc NNP 22599 1230 20 . . . 22599 1231 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1231 2 . . . 22599 1231 3 , , , 22599 1231 4 note note VB 22599 1231 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1231 6 . . . 22599 1232 1 II II NNP 22599 1232 2 , , , 22599 1232 3 p. p. NN 22599 1232 4 510 510 CD 22599 1232 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1232 6 . . . 22599 1233 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1233 2 30 30 CD 22599 1233 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1233 4 " " `` 22599 1233 5 Liber Liber NNP 22599 1233 6 Artis Artis NNP 22599 1233 7 Logisticae Logisticae NNP 22599 1233 8 à à NNP 22599 1233 9 Mohamado Mohamado NNP 22599 1233 10 Ben Ben NNP 22599 1233 11 Musa Musa NNP 22599 1233 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1233 13 Alkhuarezmita Alkhuarezmita NNP 22599 1233 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1233 15 exornatus exornatus NN 22599 1233 16 , , , 22599 1233 17 qui qui NNP 22599 1233 18 ceteros ceteros NNP 22599 1233 19 omnes omnes NNPS 22599 1233 20 brevitate brevitate NNP 22599 1233 21 methodi methodi NNP 22599 1233 22 ac ac NNP 22599 1233 23 facilitate facilitate NNP 22599 1233 24 praestat praestat NN 22599 1233 25 , , , 22599 1233 26 Indorum Indorum NNP 22599 1233 27 que que NNP 22599 1233 28 in in IN 22599 1233 29 praeclarissimis praeclarissimis NNP 22599 1233 30 inventis inventis NNP 22599 1233 31 ingenium ingenium NNP 22599 1233 32 & & CC 22599 1233 33 acumen acumen NNP 22599 1233 34 ostendit ostendit NNP 22599 1233 35 . . . 22599 1233 36 " " '' 22599 1234 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1234 2 Casiri Casiri NNP 22599 1234 3 , , , 22599 1234 4 loc loc NN 22599 1234 5 . . . 22599 1235 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1235 2 . . NNP 22599 1235 3 , , , 22599 1235 4 p. p. NN 22599 1236 1 427 427 CD 22599 1236 2 . . . 22599 1236 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1237 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1237 2 31 31 CD 22599 1237 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1237 4 Maçoudi Maçoudi NNP 22599 1237 5 , , , 22599 1237 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1237 7 Le Le NNP 22599 1237 8 livre livre NNP 22599 1237 9 de de NNP 22599 1237 10 l'avertissement l'avertissement NNP 22599 1237 11 et et NNP 22599 1237 12 de de FW 22599 1237 13 la la NNP 22599 1237 14 révision révision NNP 22599 1237 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1237 16 . . . 22599 1238 1 Translation translation NN 22599 1238 2 by by IN 22599 1238 3 B. B. NNP 22599 1238 4 Carra Carra NNP 22599 1238 5 de de NNP 22599 1238 6 Vaux Vaux NNP 22599 1238 7 , , , 22599 1238 8 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1238 9 , , , 22599 1238 10 1896 1896 CD 22599 1238 11 . . . 22599 1239 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1239 2 32 32 CD 22599 1239 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1239 4 Verifying verify VBG 22599 1239 5 the the DT 22599 1239 6 hypothesis hypothesis NN 22599 1239 7 of of IN 22599 1239 8 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1239 9 , , , 22599 1239 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1239 11 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1239 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1239 13 , , , 22599 1239 14 that that IN 22599 1239 15 the the DT 22599 1239 16 Sindhind Sindhind NNP 22599 1239 17 included include VBD 22599 1239 18 a a DT 22599 1239 19 treatment treatment NN 22599 1239 20 of of IN 22599 1239 21 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1239 22 . . . 22599 1240 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1240 2 33 33 CD 22599 1240 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1240 4 A[h.]med A[h.]med NNP 22599 1240 5 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1240 6 ` ` '' 22599 1240 7 Abdall[=a]h Abdall[=a]h NNP 22599 1240 8 , , , 22599 1240 9 Suter Suter NNP 22599 1240 10 , , , 22599 1240 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1240 12 Die Die NNP 22599 1240 13 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 1240 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1240 15 , , , 22599 1240 16 etc etc FW 22599 1240 17 . . FW 22599 1240 18 , , , 22599 1240 19 p. p. NN 22599 1240 20 12 12 CD 22599 1240 21 . . . 22599 1241 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1241 2 34 34 CD 22599 1241 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1241 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1241 5 India India NNP 22599 1241 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1241 7 , , , 22599 1241 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1241 9 . . . 22599 1242 1 II II NNP 22599 1242 2 , , , 22599 1242 3 p. p. NN 22599 1242 4 15 15 CD 22599 1242 5 . . . 22599 1243 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1243 2 35 35 CD 22599 1243 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1243 4 See See NNP 22599 1243 5 H. H. NNP 22599 1243 6 Suter Suter NNP 22599 1243 7 , , , 22599 1243 8 " " `` 22599 1243 9 Das Das NNP 22599 1243 10 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 1243 11 - - HYPH 22599 1243 12 Verzeichniss Verzeichniss NNP 22599 1243 13 i -PRON- PRP 22599 1243 14 m be VBP 22599 1243 15 Fihrist fihrist NN 22599 1243 16 , , , 22599 1243 17 " " '' 22599 1243 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1243 19 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1243 20 zur zur NN 22599 1243 21 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1243 22 der der VBD 22599 1243 23 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1243 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1243 25 , , , 22599 1243 26 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1243 27 . . . 22599 1244 1 VI VI NNP 22599 1244 2 , , , 22599 1244 3 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1244 4 , , , 22599 1244 5 1892 1892 CD 22599 1244 6 . . . 22599 1245 1 For for IN 22599 1245 2 further further JJ 22599 1245 3 references reference NNS 22599 1245 4 to to IN 22599 1245 5 early early JJ 22599 1245 6 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1245 7 writers writer NNS 22599 1245 8 the the DT 22599 1245 9 reader reader NN 22599 1245 10 is be VBZ 22599 1245 11 referred refer VBN 22599 1245 12 to to IN 22599 1245 13 H. H. NNP 22599 1245 14 Suter Suter NNP 22599 1245 15 , , , 22599 1245 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1245 17 Die Die NNP 22599 1245 18 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 1245 19 und und JJ 22599 1245 20 Astronomen Astronomen NNP 22599 1245 21 der der VBP 22599 1245 22 Araber Araber NNP 22599 1245 23 und und RB 22599 1245 24 ihre ihre NN 22599 1245 25 Werke Werke NNP 22599 1245 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1245 27 . . . 22599 1246 1 Also also RB 22599 1246 2 " " `` 22599 1246 3 Nachträge Nachträge NNP 22599 1246 4 und und NN 22599 1246 5 Berichtigungen Berichtigungen NNP 22599 1246 6 " " '' 22599 1246 7 to to IN 22599 1246 8 the the DT 22599 1246 9 same same JJ 22599 1246 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1246 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1246 12 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1246 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1246 14 , , , 22599 1246 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1246 16 . . . 22599 1247 1 XIV XIV NNP 22599 1247 2 , , , 22599 1247 3 1902 1902 CD 22599 1247 4 , , , 22599 1247 5 pp pp NNP 22599 1247 6 . . . 22599 1248 1 155 155 CD 22599 1248 2 - - SYM 22599 1248 3 186 186 CD 22599 1248 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1248 5 . . . 22599 1249 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1249 2 36 36 CD 22599 1249 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1249 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 1249 5 , , , 22599 1249 6 loc loc NN 22599 1249 7 . . . 22599 1250 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1250 2 . . . 22599 1250 3 , , , 22599 1250 4 note note VB 22599 1250 5 165 165 CD 22599 1250 6 , , , 22599 1250 7 pp pp NNP 22599 1250 8 . . . 22599 1251 1 62 62 CD 22599 1251 2 - - SYM 22599 1251 3 63 63 CD 22599 1251 4 . . . 22599 1252 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1252 2 37 37 CD 22599 1252 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1252 4 " " `` 22599 1252 5 Send send VB 22599 1252 6 Ben Ben NNP 22599 1252 7 Ali Ali NNP 22599 1252 8 , , , 22599 1252 9 ... ... . 22599 1252 10 tùm tùm NNP 22599 1252 11 arithmetica arithmetica NNP 22599 1252 12 scripta scripta NNP 22599 1252 13 maximè maximè VBZ 22599 1252 14 celebrata celebrata NNP 22599 1252 15 , , , 22599 1252 16 quae quae NNP 22599 1252 17 publici publici NNP 22599 1252 18 juris juris NNP 22599 1252 19 fecit fecit NN 22599 1252 20 . . . 22599 1252 21 " " '' 22599 1253 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1253 2 Loc loc NN 22599 1253 3 . . . 22599 1254 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1254 2 . . NNP 22599 1254 3 , , , 22599 1254 4 p. p. NN 22599 1255 1 440 440 CD 22599 1255 2 . . . 22599 1255 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1256 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1256 2 38 38 CD 22599 1256 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1256 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1256 5 Scritti Scritti NNP 22599 1256 6 di di NNP 22599 1256 7 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 1256 8 Pisano Pisano NNP 22599 1256 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1256 10 , , , 22599 1256 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1256 12 . . . 22599 1257 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1257 2 , , , 22599 1257 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1257 4 Liber Liber NNP 22599 1257 5 Abbaci Abbaci NNP 22599 1257 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1257 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1257 8 1857 1857 CD 22599 1257 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1257 10 ; ; : 22599 1257 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1257 12 . . . 22599 1258 1 II II NNP 22599 1258 2 , , , 22599 1258 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1258 4 Scritti Scritti NNP 22599 1258 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1258 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1258 7 1862 1862 CD 22599 1258 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1258 9 ; ; , 22599 1258 10 published publish VBN 22599 1258 11 by by IN 22599 1258 12 Baldassarre Baldassarre NNP 22599 1258 13 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1258 14 , , , 22599 1258 15 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1258 16 . . . 22599 1259 1 Also also RB 22599 1259 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1259 3 Tre Tre NNP 22599 1259 4 Scritti Scritti NNP 22599 1259 5 Inediti Inediti NNP 22599 1259 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1259 7 , , , 22599 1259 8 and and CC 22599 1259 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1259 10 Intorno Intorno NNP 22599 1259 11 ad ad NN 22599 1259 12 Opere Opere NNP 22599 1259 13 di di FW 22599 1259 14 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 1259 15 Pisano Pisano NNP 22599 1259 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1259 17 , , , 22599 1259 18 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1259 19 , , , 22599 1259 20 1854 1854 CD 22599 1259 21 . . . 22599 1260 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1260 2 39 39 CD 22599 1260 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1260 4 " " `` 22599 1260 5 Ubi Ubi NNP 22599 1260 6 ex ex NNP 22599 1260 7 mirabili mirabili NNP 22599 1260 8 magisterio magisterio NNP 22599 1260 9 in in IN 22599 1260 10 arte arte NNP 22599 1260 11 per per IN 22599 1260 12 novem novem NNP 22599 1260 13 figuras figuras NNP 22599 1260 14 indorum indorum NNP 22599 1260 15 introductus introductus NNP 22599 1260 16 " " `` 22599 1260 17 etc etc FW 22599 1260 18 . . . 22599 1261 1 In in IN 22599 1261 2 another another DT 22599 1261 3 place place NN 22599 1261 4 , , , 22599 1261 5 as as IN 22599 1261 6 a a DT 22599 1261 7 heading heading NN 22599 1261 8 to to IN 22599 1261 9 a a DT 22599 1261 10 separate separate JJ 22599 1261 11 division division NN 22599 1261 12 , , , 22599 1261 13 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1261 14 writes write VBZ 22599 1261 15 , , , 22599 1261 16 " " `` 22599 1261 17 De De NNP 22599 1261 18 cognitione cognitione NN 22599 1261 19 novem novem NNP 22599 1261 20 figurarum figurarum NNP 22599 1261 21 yndorum yndorum NNP 22599 1261 22 " " `` 22599 1261 23 etc etc FW 22599 1261 24 . . . 22599 1262 1 " " `` 22599 1262 2 Novem Novem NNP 22599 1262 3 figure figure NN 22599 1262 4 indorum indorum NN 22599 1262 5 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1262 6 sunt sunt VBP 22599 1262 7 9 9 CD 22599 1262 8 8 8 CD 22599 1262 9 7 7 CD 22599 1262 10 6 6 CD 22599 1262 11 5 5 CD 22599 1262 12 4 4 CD 22599 1262 13 3 3 CD 22599 1262 14 2 2 CD 22599 1262 15 1 1 CD 22599 1262 16 . . . 22599 1262 17 " " '' 22599 1263 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1263 2 40 40 CD 22599 1263 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1263 4 See see VB 22599 1263 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1263 6 An an DT 22599 1263 7 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 1263 8 English English NNP 22599 1263 9 Algorism Algorism NNP 22599 1263 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1263 11 , , , 22599 1263 12 by by IN 22599 1263 13 David David NNP 22599 1263 14 Eugene Eugene NNP 22599 1263 15 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1263 16 , , , 22599 1263 17 in in IN 22599 1263 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1263 19 Festschrift Festschrift NNP 22599 1263 20 Moritz Moritz NNP 22599 1263 21 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1263 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1263 23 , , , 22599 1263 24 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1263 25 , , , 22599 1263 26 1909 1909 CD 22599 1263 27 . . . 22599 1264 1 See see VB 22599 1264 2 also also RB 22599 1264 3 Victor Victor NNP 22599 1264 4 Mortet Mortet NNP 22599 1264 5 , , , 22599 1264 6 " " '' 22599 1264 7 Le Le NNP 22599 1264 8 plus plus CC 22599 1264 9 ancien ancien NNP 22599 1264 10 traité traité NNP 22599 1264 11 francais francais NNP 22599 1264 12 d'algorisme d'algorisme NNP 22599 1264 13 , , , 22599 1264 14 " " '' 22599 1264 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1264 16 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1264 17 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1264 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1264 19 , , , 22599 1264 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1264 21 . . . 22599 1265 1 IX ix NN 22599 1265 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1265 3 3 3 CD 22599 1265 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1265 5 , , , 22599 1265 6 pp pp NNP 22599 1265 7 . . . 22599 1266 1 55 55 CD 22599 1266 2 - - SYM 22599 1266 3 64 64 CD 22599 1266 4 . . . 22599 1267 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1267 2 41 41 CD 22599 1267 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1267 4 These these DT 22599 1267 5 are be VBP 22599 1267 6 the the DT 22599 1267 7 two two CD 22599 1267 8 opening open VBG 22599 1267 9 lines line NNS 22599 1267 10 of of IN 22599 1267 11 the the DT 22599 1267 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1267 13 Carmen Carmen NNP 22599 1267 14 de de NNP 22599 1267 15 Algorismo Algorismo NNP 22599 1267 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1267 17 that that IN 22599 1267 18 the the DT 22599 1267 19 anonymous anonymous JJ 22599 1267 20 author author NN 22599 1267 21 is be VBZ 22599 1267 22 explaining explain VBG 22599 1267 23 . . . 22599 1268 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 1268 2 should should MD 22599 1268 3 read read VB 22599 1268 4 as as IN 22599 1268 5 follows follow VBZ 22599 1268 6 : : : 22599 1268 7 Haec Haec NNP 22599 1268 8 algorismus algorismus NNP 22599 1268 9 ars ars NNP 22599 1268 10 praesens praesen NNS 22599 1268 11 dicitur dicitur NNP 22599 1268 12 , , , 22599 1268 13 in in IN 22599 1268 14 qua qua NN 22599 1268 15 Talibus Talibus NNP 22599 1268 16 Indorum Indorum NNP 22599 1268 17 fruimur fruimur NN 22599 1268 18 bis bi VBD 22599 1268 19 quinque quinque NNP 22599 1268 20 figuris figuris NNP 22599 1268 21 . . . 22599 1269 1 What what WP 22599 1269 2 follows follow VBZ 22599 1269 3 is be VBZ 22599 1269 4 the the DT 22599 1269 5 translation translation NN 22599 1269 6 . . . 22599 1270 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1270 2 42 42 CD 22599 1270 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1270 4 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1270 5 , , , 22599 1270 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1270 7 Astronomie Astronomie NNP 22599 1270 8 , , , 22599 1270 9 Astrologie Astrologie NNP 22599 1270 10 und und NN 22599 1270 11 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1270 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1270 13 , , , 22599 1270 14 Strassburg Strassburg NNP 22599 1270 15 , , , 22599 1270 16 1899 1899 CD 22599 1270 17 . . . 22599 1271 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1271 2 43 43 CD 22599 1271 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1271 4 Gustave Gustave NNP 22599 1271 5 Schlegel Schlegel NNP 22599 1271 6 , , , 22599 1271 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1271 8 Uranographie Uranographie NNP 22599 1271 9 chinoise chinoise NN 22599 1271 10 ou ou NNP 22599 1271 11 preuves preuve VBZ 22599 1271 12 directes direct VBZ 22599 1271 13 que que NNP 22599 1271 14 l'astronomie l'astronomie NNP 22599 1271 15 primitive primitive NNP 22599 1271 16 est est NNP 22599 1271 17 originaire originaire NNP 22599 1271 18 de de FW 22599 1271 19 la la NNP 22599 1271 20 Chine Chine NNP 22599 1271 21 , , , 22599 1271 22 et et NN 22599 1271 23 qu'elle qu'elle NNP 22599 1271 24 a a DT 22599 1271 25 été été NNP 22599 1271 26 empruntée empruntée NN 22599 1271 27 par par NN 22599 1271 28 les les FW 22599 1271 29 anciens anciens NNP 22599 1271 30 peuples peuple NNS 22599 1271 31 occidentaux occidentaux JJ 22599 1271 32 à à NNP 22599 1271 33 la la NNP 22599 1271 34 sphère sphère NNP 22599 1271 35 chinoise chinoise NNP 22599 1271 36 ; ; , 22599 1271 37 ouvrage ouvrage NN 22599 1271 38 accompagné accompagné NN 22599 1271 39 d'un d'un NNP 22599 1271 40 atlas atlas NNP 22599 1271 41 céleste céleste NN 22599 1271 42 chinois chinois NNP 22599 1271 43 et et NNP 22599 1271 44 grec grec NNP 22599 1271 45 _ _ NNP 22599 1271 46 , , , 22599 1271 47 The the DT 22599 1271 48 Hague Hague NNP 22599 1271 49 and and CC 22599 1271 50 Leyden Leyden NNP 22599 1271 51 , , , 22599 1271 52 1875 1875 CD 22599 1271 53 . . . 22599 1272 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1272 2 44 44 CD 22599 1272 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1272 4 E. E. NNP 22599 1272 5 W. W. NNP 22599 1272 6 Hopkins Hopkins NNP 22599 1272 7 , , , 22599 1272 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1272 9 The the DT 22599 1272 10 Religions Religions NNPS 22599 1272 11 of of IN 22599 1272 12 India India NNP 22599 1272 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1272 14 , , , 22599 1272 15 Boston Boston NNP 22599 1272 16 , , , 22599 1272 17 1898 1898 CD 22599 1272 18 , , , 22599 1272 19 p. p. NN 22599 1272 20 7 7 CD 22599 1272 21 . . . 22599 1273 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1273 2 45 45 CD 22599 1273 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1273 4 R. R. NNP 22599 1273 5 C. C. NNP 22599 1273 6 Dutt Dutt NNP 22599 1273 7 , , , 22599 1273 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1273 9 History history NN 22599 1273 10 of of IN 22599 1273 11 India India NNP 22599 1273 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1273 13 , , , 22599 1273 14 London London NNP 22599 1273 15 , , , 22599 1273 16 1906 1906 CD 22599 1273 17 . . . 22599 1274 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1274 2 46 46 CD 22599 1274 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1274 4 W. W. NNP 22599 1274 5 D. D. NNP 22599 1274 6 Whitney Whitney NNP 22599 1274 7 , , , 22599 1274 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1274 9 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 1274 10 Grammar Grammar NNP 22599 1274 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1274 12 , , , 22599 1274 13 3d 3d NNP 22599 1274 14 ed ed NNP 22599 1274 15 . . NNP 22599 1274 16 , , , 22599 1274 17 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1274 18 , , , 22599 1274 19 1896 1896 CD 22599 1274 20 . . . 22599 1275 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1275 2 47 47 CD 22599 1275 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1275 4 " " `` 22599 1275 5 Das Das NNP 22599 1275 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1275 7 = = SYM 22599 1275 8 A]pastamba-['S]ulba A]pastamba-['S]ulba NNP 22599 1275 9 - - HYPH 22599 1275 10 S[=u]tra S[=u]tra NNP 22599 1275 11 , , , 22599 1275 12 " " '' 22599 1275 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1275 14 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 1275 15 der der VBD 22599 1275 16 deutschen deutschen RB 22599 1275 17 Morgenländischen Morgenländischen NNP 22599 1275 18 Gesellschaft Gesellschaft NNP 22599 1275 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1275 20 , , , 22599 1275 21 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1275 22 . . . 22599 1276 1 LV LV NNP 22599 1276 2 , , , 22599 1276 3 p. p. NN 22599 1276 4 543 543 CD 22599 1276 5 , , , 22599 1276 6 and and CC 22599 1276 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1276 8 . . . 22599 1277 1 LVI LVI NNP 22599 1277 2 , , , 22599 1277 3 p. p. NN 22599 1277 4 327 327 CD 22599 1277 5 . . . 22599 1278 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1278 2 48 48 CD 22599 1278 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1278 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1278 5 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1278 6 der der VBD 22599 1278 7 Math Math NNP 22599 1278 8 . . . 22599 1278 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1278 10 , , , 22599 1278 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1278 12 . . . 22599 1279 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1279 2 , , , 22599 1279 3 2d 2d NNP 22599 1279 4 ed ed NNP 22599 1279 5 . . NNP 22599 1279 6 , , , 22599 1279 7 p. p. NN 22599 1279 8 595 595 CD 22599 1279 9 . . . 22599 1280 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1280 2 49 49 CD 22599 1280 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1280 4 L. L. NNP 22599 1280 5 von von NNP 22599 1280 6 Schroeder Schroeder NNP 22599 1280 7 , , , 22599 1280 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1280 9 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNP 22599 1280 10 und und RB 22599 1280 11 die die VBP 22599 1280 12 Inder Inder NNP 22599 1280 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1280 14 , , , 22599 1280 15 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1280 16 , , , 22599 1280 17 1884 1884 CD 22599 1280 18 ; ; : 22599 1280 19 H. H. NNP 22599 1280 20 Vogt Vogt NNP 22599 1280 21 , , , 22599 1280 22 " " `` 22599 1280 23 Haben Haben NNP 22599 1280 24 die die VBP 22599 1280 25 alten alten VBN 22599 1280 26 Inder Inder NNP 22599 1280 27 den den NN 22599 1280 28 Pythagoreischen Pythagoreischen NNP 22599 1280 29 Lehrsatz Lehrsatz NNP 22599 1280 30 und und VB 22599 1280 31 das das NNP 22599 1280 32 Irrationale Irrationale NNP 22599 1280 33 gekannt gekannt NNS 22599 1280 34 ? ? . 22599 1280 35 " " '' 22599 1281 1 _ _ NNP 22599 1281 2 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1281 3 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1281 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1281 5 , , , 22599 1281 6 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1281 7 . . . 22599 1282 1 VII VII NNP 22599 1282 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1282 3 3 3 CD 22599 1282 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1282 5 , , , 22599 1282 6 pp pp NNP 22599 1282 7 . . . 22599 1283 1 6 6 CD 22599 1283 2 - - SYM 22599 1283 3 20 20 CD 22599 1283 4 ; ; : 22599 1283 5 A. a. NN 22599 1283 6 Bürk Bürk NNP 22599 1283 7 , , , 22599 1283 8 loc loc NNP 22599 1283 9 . . . 22599 1284 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1284 2 . . . 22599 1285 1 ; ; : 22599 1285 2 Max Max NNP 22599 1285 3 Simon Simon NNP 22599 1285 4 , , , 22599 1285 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1285 6 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1285 7 der der VBD 22599 1285 8 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1285 9 i -PRON- PRP 22599 1285 10 m be VBP 22599 1285 11 Altertum Altertum NNP 22599 1285 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1285 13 , , , 22599 1285 14 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1285 15 , , , 22599 1285 16 1909 1909 CD 22599 1285 17 , , , 22599 1285 18 pp pp NNP 22599 1285 19 . . . 22599 1286 1 137 137 CD 22599 1286 2 - - SYM 22599 1286 3 165 165 CD 22599 1286 4 ; ; : 22599 1286 5 three three CD 22599 1286 6 S[=u]tras S[=u]tras NNPS 22599 1286 7 are be VBP 22599 1286 8 translated translate VBN 22599 1286 9 in in IN 22599 1286 10 part part NN 22599 1286 11 by by IN 22599 1286 12 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1286 13 , , , 22599 1286 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1286 15 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1286 16 of of IN 22599 1286 17 the the DT 22599 1286 18 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1286 19 Society Society NNP 22599 1286 20 of of IN 22599 1286 21 Bengal Bengal NNP 22599 1286 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1286 23 , , , 22599 1286 24 1875 1875 CD 22599 1286 25 , , , 22599 1286 26 and and CC 22599 1286 27 one one CD 22599 1286 28 appeared appear VBD 22599 1286 29 in in IN 22599 1286 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1286 31 The The NNP 22599 1286 32 Pandit Pandit NNP 22599 1286 33 _ _ NNP 22599 1286 34 , , , 22599 1286 35 1875 1875 CD 22599 1286 36 ; ; : 22599 1286 37 Beppo Beppo NNP 22599 1286 38 Levi Levi NNP 22599 1286 39 , , , 22599 1286 40 " " `` 22599 1286 41 Osservazioni Osservazioni NNP 22599 1286 42 e e CD 22599 1286 43 congetture congetture NN 22599 1286 44 sopra sopra NNP 22599 1286 45 la la NNP 22599 1286 46 geometria geometria NNP 22599 1286 47 degli degli NNP 22599 1286 48 indiani indiani NNP 22599 1286 49 , , , 22599 1286 50 " " '' 22599 1286 51 _ _ NNP 22599 1286 52 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1286 53 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1286 54 _ _ NNP 22599 1286 55 , , , 22599 1286 56 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1286 57 . . . 22599 1287 1 IX ix NN 22599 1287 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1287 3 3 3 CD 22599 1287 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1287 5 , , , 22599 1287 6 1908 1908 CD 22599 1287 7 , , , 22599 1287 8 pp pp NNP 22599 1287 9 . . . 22599 1288 1 97 97 CD 22599 1288 2 - - SYM 22599 1288 3 105 105 CD 22599 1288 4 . . . 22599 1289 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1289 2 50 50 CD 22599 1289 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1289 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1289 5 . . . 22599 1290 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1290 2 . . . 22599 1291 1 ; ; : 22599 1291 2 also also RB 22599 1291 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1291 4 Indiens Indiens NNP 22599 1291 5 Literatur Literatur NNP 22599 1291 6 und und NN 22599 1291 7 Cultur Cultur NNP 22599 1291 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1291 9 , , , 22599 1291 10 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1291 11 , , , 22599 1291 12 1887 1887 CD 22599 1291 13 . . . 22599 1292 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1292 2 51 51 CD 22599 1292 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1292 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1292 5 is be VBZ 22599 1292 6 generally generally RB 22599 1292 7 agreed agree VBN 22599 1292 8 that that IN 22599 1292 9 the the DT 22599 1292 10 name name NN 22599 1292 11 of of IN 22599 1292 12 the the DT 22599 1292 13 river river NN 22599 1292 14 Sindhu Sindhu NNP 22599 1292 15 , , , 22599 1292 16 corrupted corrupt VBN 22599 1292 17 by by IN 22599 1292 18 western western JJ 22599 1292 19 peoples people NNS 22599 1292 20 to to IN 22599 1292 21 Hindhu Hindhu NNP 22599 1292 22 , , , 22599 1292 23 Indos Indos NNP 22599 1292 24 , , , 22599 1292 25 Indus Indus NNP 22599 1292 26 , , , 22599 1292 27 is be VBZ 22599 1292 28 the the DT 22599 1292 29 root root NN 22599 1292 30 of of IN 22599 1292 31 Hindustan Hindustan NNP 22599 1292 32 and and CC 22599 1292 33 of of IN 22599 1292 34 India India NNP 22599 1292 35 . . . 22599 1293 1 Reclus Reclus NNP 22599 1293 2 , , , 22599 1293 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1293 4 Asia Asia NNP 22599 1293 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1293 6 , , , 22599 1293 7 English English NNP 22599 1293 8 ed ed NNP 22599 1293 9 . . NNP 22599 1293 10 , , , 22599 1293 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1293 12 . . . 22599 1294 1 III III NNP 22599 1294 2 , , , 22599 1294 3 p. p. NN 22599 1294 4 14 14 CD 22599 1294 5 . . . 22599 1295 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1295 2 52 52 CD 22599 1295 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1295 4 See see VB 22599 1295 5 the the DT 22599 1295 6 comments comment NNS 22599 1295 7 of of IN 22599 1295 8 Oppert Oppert NNP 22599 1295 9 , , , 22599 1295 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1295 11 On on IN 22599 1295 12 the the DT 22599 1295 13 Original original JJ 22599 1295 14 Inhabitants inhabitant NNS 22599 1295 15 of of IN 22599 1295 16 Bharatavar[s.]a Bharatavar[s.]a NNP 22599 1295 17 or or CC 22599 1295 18 India India NNP 22599 1295 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1295 20 , , , 22599 1295 21 London London NNP 22599 1295 22 , , , 22599 1295 23 1893 1893 CD 22599 1295 24 , , , 22599 1295 25 p. p. NN 22599 1295 26 1 1 CD 22599 1295 27 . . . 22599 1296 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1296 2 53 53 CD 22599 1296 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1296 4 A. a. NN 22599 1296 5 Hillebrandt Hillebrandt NNP 22599 1296 6 , , , 22599 1296 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1296 8 Alt Alt NNP 22599 1296 9 - - HYPH 22599 1296 10 Indien Indien NNP 22599 1296 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1296 12 , , , 22599 1296 13 Breslau Breslau NNP 22599 1296 14 , , , 22599 1296 15 1899 1899 CD 22599 1296 16 , , , 22599 1296 17 p. p. NN 22599 1296 18 111 111 CD 22599 1296 19 . . . 22599 1297 1 Fragmentary fragmentary JJ 22599 1297 2 records record NNS 22599 1297 3 relate relate VBP 22599 1297 4 that that IN 22599 1297 5 Kh[=a]ravela Kh[=a]ravela NNP 22599 1297 6 , , , 22599 1297 7 king king NN 22599 1297 8 of of IN 22599 1297 9 Kali[.n]ga Kali[.n]ga NNP 22599 1297 10 , , , 22599 1297 11 learned learn VBD 22599 1297 12 as as IN 22599 1297 13 a a DT 22599 1297 14 boy boy NN 22599 1297 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1297 16 lekh[=a lekh[=a NNP 22599 1297 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1297 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1297 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1297 20 writing writing NN 22599 1297 21 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1297 22 , , , 22599 1297 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1297 24 ga[n.]an[=a ga[n.]an[=a NNP 22599 1297 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1297 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1297 27 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1297 28 reckoning reckoning NN 22599 1297 29 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1297 30 , , , 22599 1297 31 and and CC 22599 1297 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1297 33 r[=u]pa r[=u]pa NNP 22599 1297 34 _ _ NNP 22599 1297 35 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1297 36 arithmetic arithmetic NNP 22599 1297 37 applied apply VBN 22599 1297 38 to to IN 22599 1297 39 monetary monetary JJ 22599 1297 40 affairs affair NNS 22599 1297 41 and and CC 22599 1297 42 mensuration mensuration NN 22599 1297 43 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1297 44 , , , 22599 1297 45 probably probably RB 22599 1297 46 in in IN 22599 1297 47 the the DT 22599 1297 48 5th 5th JJ 22599 1297 49 century century NN 22599 1297 50 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 1298 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1298 2 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1298 3 , , , 22599 1298 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1298 5 Indische Indische NNP 22599 1298 6 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 1298 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1298 8 , , , 22599 1298 9 Strassburg Strassburg NNP 22599 1298 10 , , , 22599 1298 11 1896 1896 CD 22599 1298 12 , , , 22599 1298 13 p. p. NN 22599 1299 1 5 5 CD 22599 1299 2 . . . 22599 1299 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1300 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1300 2 54 54 CD 22599 1300 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1300 4 R. R. NNP 22599 1300 5 C. C. NNP 22599 1300 6 Dutt Dutt NNP 22599 1300 7 , , , 22599 1300 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1300 9 A a DT 22599 1300 10 History history NN 22599 1300 11 of of IN 22599 1300 12 Civilization Civilization NNP 22599 1300 13 in in IN 22599 1300 14 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 1300 15 India India NNP 22599 1300 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1300 17 , , , 22599 1300 18 London London NNP 22599 1300 19 , , , 22599 1300 20 1893 1893 CD 22599 1300 21 , , , 22599 1300 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1300 23 . . . 22599 1301 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1301 2 , , , 22599 1301 3 p. p. NN 22599 1301 4 174 174 CD 22599 1301 5 . . . 22599 1302 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1302 2 55 55 CD 22599 1302 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1302 4 The the DT 22599 1302 5 Buddha Buddha NNP 22599 1302 6 . . . 22599 1303 1 The the DT 22599 1303 2 date date NN 22599 1303 3 of of IN 22599 1303 4 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1303 5 birth birth NN 22599 1303 6 is be VBZ 22599 1303 7 uncertain uncertain JJ 22599 1303 8 . . . 22599 1304 1 Sir Sir NNP 22599 1304 2 Edwin Edwin NNP 22599 1304 3 Arnold Arnold NNP 22599 1304 4 put put VBD 22599 1304 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1304 6 c. c. NN 22599 1304 7 620 620 CD 22599 1304 8 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 1305 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1305 2 56 56 CD 22599 1305 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1305 4 I.e. i.e. ADD 22599 1306 1 100·10 100·10 CD 22599 1306 2 ^ ^ NNP 22599 1306 3 7 7 CD 22599 1306 4 . . . 22599 1307 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1307 2 57 57 CD 22599 1307 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1307 4 There there EX 22599 1307 5 is be VBZ 22599 1307 6 some some DT 22599 1307 7 uncertainty uncertainty NN 22599 1307 8 about about IN 22599 1307 9 this this DT 22599 1307 10 limit limit NN 22599 1307 11 . . . 22599 1308 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1308 2 58 58 CD 22599 1308 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1308 4 This this DT 22599 1308 5 problem problem NN 22599 1308 6 deserves deserve VBZ 22599 1308 7 more more JJR 22599 1308 8 study study NN 22599 1308 9 than than IN 22599 1308 10 has have VBZ 22599 1308 11 yet yet RB 22599 1308 12 been be VBN 22599 1308 13 given give VBN 22599 1308 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1308 15 . . . 22599 1309 1 A a DT 22599 1309 2 beginning beginning NN 22599 1309 3 may may MD 22599 1309 4 be be VB 22599 1309 5 made make VBN 22599 1309 6 with with IN 22599 1309 7 Comte Comte NNP 22599 1309 8 Goblet Goblet NNP 22599 1309 9 d'Alviella d'Alviella NNP 22599 1309 10 , , , 22599 1309 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1309 12 Ce Ce NNP 22599 1309 13 que que NNP 22599 1309 14 l'Inde l'Inde NNP 22599 1309 15 doit doit NNP 22599 1309 16 à à NNP 22599 1309 17 la la NNP 22599 1309 18 Grèce Grèce NNP 22599 1309 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1309 20 , , , 22599 1309 21 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1309 22 , , , 22599 1309 23 1897 1897 CD 22599 1309 24 , , , 22599 1309 25 and and CC 22599 1309 26 H. H. NNP 22599 1309 27 G. G. NNP 22599 1309 28 Keene Keene NNP 22599 1309 29 's 's POS 22599 1309 30 review review NN 22599 1309 31 , , , 22599 1309 32 " " `` 22599 1309 33 The the DT 22599 1309 34 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 1309 35 in in IN 22599 1309 36 India India NNP 22599 1309 37 , , , 22599 1309 38 " " '' 22599 1309 39 in in IN 22599 1309 40 the the DT 22599 1309 41 _ _ NNP 22599 1309 42 Calcutta Calcutta NNP 22599 1309 43 Review Review NNP 22599 1309 44 _ _ NNP 22599 1309 45 , , , 22599 1309 46 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1309 47 . . . 22599 1310 1 CXIV CXIV NNP 22599 1310 2 , , , 22599 1310 3 1902 1902 CD 22599 1310 4 , , , 22599 1310 5 p. p. NN 22599 1310 6 1 1 CD 22599 1310 7 . . . 22599 1311 1 See see VB 22599 1311 2 also also RB 22599 1311 3 F. F. NNP 22599 1311 4 Woepeke Woepeke NNP 22599 1311 5 , , , 22599 1311 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1311 7 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1311 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1311 9 , , , 22599 1311 10 p. p. NN 22599 1311 11 253 253 CD 22599 1311 12 ; ; : 22599 1311 13 G. G. NNP 22599 1311 14 R. R. NNP 22599 1311 15 Kaye Kaye NNP 22599 1311 16 , , , 22599 1311 17 loc loc NNP 22599 1311 18 . . . 22599 1312 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1312 2 . . . 22599 1312 3 , , , 22599 1312 4 p. p. NN 22599 1312 5 475 475 CD 22599 1312 6 seq seq NN 22599 1312 7 . . . 22599 1312 8 , , , 22599 1312 9 and and CC 22599 1312 10 " " `` 22599 1312 11 The the DT 22599 1312 12 Source Source NNP 22599 1312 13 of of IN 22599 1312 14 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1312 15 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 1312 16 , , , 22599 1312 17 " " '' 22599 1312 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1312 19 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1312 20 of of IN 22599 1312 21 the the DT 22599 1312 22 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1312 23 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1312 24 Society Society NNP 22599 1312 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1312 26 , , , 22599 1312 27 July July NNP 22599 1312 28 , , , 22599 1312 29 1910 1910 CD 22599 1312 30 , , , 22599 1312 31 pp pp NNP 22599 1312 32 . . . 22599 1313 1 749 749 CD 22599 1313 2 - - SYM 22599 1313 3 760 760 CD 22599 1313 4 ; ; : 22599 1313 5 G. G. NNP 22599 1313 6 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1313 7 , , , 22599 1313 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1313 9 Astronomie Astronomie NNP 22599 1313 10 , , , 22599 1313 11 Astrologie Astrologie NNP 22599 1313 12 und und NN 22599 1313 13 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1313 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1313 15 , , , 22599 1313 16 pp pp NNP 22599 1313 17 . . . 22599 1314 1 43 43 CD 22599 1314 2 - - SYM 22599 1314 3 50 50 CD 22599 1314 4 and and CC 22599 1314 5 76 76 CD 22599 1314 6 - - SYM 22599 1314 7 79 79 CD 22599 1314 8 . . . 22599 1315 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1315 2 will will MD 22599 1315 3 be be VB 22599 1315 4 discussed discuss VBN 22599 1315 5 more more RBR 22599 1315 6 fully fully RB 22599 1315 7 in in IN 22599 1315 8 Chapter Chapter NNP 22599 1315 9 VI VI NNP 22599 1315 10 . . . 22599 1316 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1316 2 59 59 CD 22599 1316 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1316 4 I.e. i.e. ADD 22599 1317 1 to to IN 22599 1317 2 100,000 100,000 CD 22599 1317 3 . . . 22599 1318 1 The the DT 22599 1318 2 lakh lakh NN 22599 1318 3 is be VBZ 22599 1318 4 still still RB 22599 1318 5 the the DT 22599 1318 6 common common JJ 22599 1318 7 large large JJ 22599 1318 8 unit unit NN 22599 1318 9 in in IN 22599 1318 10 India India NNP 22599 1318 11 , , , 22599 1318 12 like like IN 22599 1318 13 the the DT 22599 1318 14 myriad myriad NN 22599 1318 15 in in IN 22599 1318 16 ancient ancient JJ 22599 1318 17 Greece Greece NNP 22599 1318 18 and and CC 22599 1318 19 the the DT 22599 1318 20 million million CD 22599 1318 21 in in IN 22599 1318 22 the the DT 22599 1318 23 West West NNP 22599 1318 24 . . . 22599 1319 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1319 2 60 60 CD 22599 1319 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1319 4 This this DT 22599 1319 5 again again RB 22599 1319 6 suggests suggest VBZ 22599 1319 7 the the DT 22599 1319 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1319 9 Psammites Psammites NNP 22599 1319 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1319 11 , , , 22599 1319 12 or or CC 22599 1319 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1319 14 De De NNP 22599 1319 15 harenae harenae NNP 22599 1319 16 numero numero NNP 22599 1319 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1319 18 as as IN 22599 1319 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1319 20 is be VBZ 22599 1319 21 called call VBN 22599 1319 22 in in IN 22599 1319 23 the the DT 22599 1319 24 1544 1544 CD 22599 1319 25 edition edition NN 22599 1319 26 of of IN 22599 1319 27 the the DT 22599 1319 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1319 29 Opera Opera NNP 22599 1319 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1319 31 of of IN 22599 1319 32 Archimedes Archimedes NNP 22599 1319 33 , , , 22599 1319 34 a a DT 22599 1319 35 work work NN 22599 1319 36 in in IN 22599 1319 37 which which WDT 22599 1319 38 the the DT 22599 1319 39 great great JJ 22599 1319 40 Syracusan Syracusan NNP 22599 1319 41 proposes propose VBZ 22599 1319 42 to to TO 22599 1319 43 show show VB 22599 1319 44 to to IN 22599 1319 45 the the DT 22599 1319 46 king king NN 22599 1319 47 " " '' 22599 1319 48 by by IN 22599 1319 49 geometric geometric JJ 22599 1319 50 proofs proof NNS 22599 1319 51 which which WDT 22599 1319 52 you -PRON- PRP 22599 1319 53 can can MD 22599 1319 54 follow follow VB 22599 1319 55 , , , 22599 1319 56 that that IN 22599 1319 57 the the DT 22599 1319 58 numbers number NNS 22599 1319 59 which which WDT 22599 1319 60 have have VBP 22599 1319 61 been be VBN 22599 1319 62 named name VBN 22599 1319 63 by by IN 22599 1319 64 us -PRON- PRP 22599 1319 65 ... ... : 22599 1319 66 are be VBP 22599 1319 67 sufficient sufficient JJ 22599 1319 68 to to TO 22599 1319 69 exceed exceed VB 22599 1319 70 not not RB 22599 1319 71 only only RB 22599 1319 72 the the DT 22599 1319 73 number number NN 22599 1319 74 of of IN 22599 1319 75 a a DT 22599 1319 76 sand sand NN 22599 1319 77 - - HYPH 22599 1319 78 heap heap NN 22599 1319 79 as as RB 22599 1319 80 large large JJ 22599 1319 81 as as IN 22599 1319 82 the the DT 22599 1319 83 whole whole JJ 22599 1319 84 earth earth NN 22599 1319 85 , , , 22599 1319 86 but but CC 22599 1319 87 one one NN 22599 1319 88 as as RB 22599 1319 89 large large JJ 22599 1319 90 as as IN 22599 1319 91 the the DT 22599 1319 92 universe universe NN 22599 1319 93 . . . 22599 1319 94 " " '' 22599 1320 1 For for IN 22599 1320 2 a a DT 22599 1320 3 list list NN 22599 1320 4 of of IN 22599 1320 5 early early JJ 22599 1320 6 editions edition NNS 22599 1320 7 of of IN 22599 1320 8 this this DT 22599 1320 9 work work NN 22599 1320 10 see see VB 22599 1320 11 D. D. NNP 22599 1320 12 E. E. NNP 22599 1320 13 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1320 14 , , , 22599 1320 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1320 16 Rara Rara NNP 22599 1320 17 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 1320 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1320 19 , , , 22599 1320 20 Boston Boston NNP 22599 1320 21 , , , 22599 1320 22 1909 1909 CD 22599 1320 23 , , , 22599 1320 24 p. p. NN 22599 1320 25 227 227 CD 22599 1320 26 . . . 22599 1321 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1321 2 61 61 CD 22599 1321 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1321 4 I.e. i.e. ADD 22599 1322 1 the the DT 22599 1322 2 Wise Wise NNP 22599 1322 3 . . . 22599 1323 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1323 2 62 62 CD 22599 1323 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1323 4 Sir Sir NNP 22599 1323 5 Monier Monier NNP 22599 1323 6 Monier Monier NNP 22599 1323 7 - - HYPH 22599 1323 8 Williams Williams NNP 22599 1323 9 , , , 22599 1323 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1323 11 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1323 12 Wisdom Wisdom NNP 22599 1323 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1323 14 , , , 22599 1323 15 4th 4th JJ 22599 1323 16 ed ed NNP 22599 1323 17 . . NNP 22599 1323 18 , , , 22599 1323 19 London London NNP 22599 1323 20 , , , 22599 1323 21 1893 1893 CD 22599 1323 22 , , , 22599 1323 23 pp pp NNP 22599 1323 24 . . . 22599 1324 1 144 144 CD 22599 1324 2 , , , 22599 1324 3 177 177 CD 22599 1324 4 . . . 22599 1325 1 See see VB 22599 1325 2 also also RB 22599 1325 3 J. J. NNP 22599 1325 4 C. C. NNP 22599 1325 5 Marshman Marshman NNP 22599 1325 6 , , , 22599 1325 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1325 8 Abridgment Abridgment NNP 22599 1325 9 of of IN 22599 1325 10 the the DT 22599 1325 11 History History NNP 22599 1325 12 of of IN 22599 1325 13 India India NNP 22599 1325 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1325 15 , , , 22599 1325 16 London London NNP 22599 1325 17 , , , 22599 1325 18 1893 1893 CD 22599 1325 19 , , , 22599 1325 20 p. p. NN 22599 1325 21 2 2 CD 22599 1325 22 . . . 22599 1326 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1326 2 63 63 CD 22599 1326 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1326 4 For for IN 22599 1326 5 a a DT 22599 1326 6 list list NN 22599 1326 7 and and CC 22599 1326 8 for for IN 22599 1326 9 some some DT 22599 1326 10 description description NN 22599 1326 11 of of IN 22599 1326 12 these these DT 22599 1326 13 works work NNS 22599 1326 14 see see VBP 22599 1326 15 R. R. NNP 22599 1326 16 C. C. NNP 22599 1326 17 Dutt Dutt NNP 22599 1326 18 , , , 22599 1326 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1326 20 A a DT 22599 1326 21 History history NN 22599 1326 22 of of IN 22599 1326 23 Civilization Civilization NNP 22599 1326 24 in in IN 22599 1326 25 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 1326 26 India India NNP 22599 1326 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1326 28 , , , 22599 1326 29 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1326 30 . . . 22599 1327 1 II II NNP 22599 1327 2 , , , 22599 1327 3 p. p. NN 22599 1327 4 121 121 CD 22599 1327 5 . . . 22599 1328 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1328 2 64 64 CD 22599 1328 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1328 4 Professor Professor NNP 22599 1328 5 Ramkrishna Ramkrishna NNP 22599 1328 6 Gopal Gopal NNP 22599 1328 7 Bhandarkar Bhandarkar NNP 22599 1328 8 fixes fix VBZ 22599 1328 9 the the DT 22599 1328 10 date date NN 22599 1328 11 as as IN 22599 1328 12 the the DT 22599 1328 13 fifth fifth JJ 22599 1328 14 century century NN 22599 1328 15 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 1329 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1329 2 " " `` 22599 1329 3 Consideration consideration NN 22599 1329 4 of of IN 22599 1329 5 the the DT 22599 1329 6 Date Date NNP 22599 1329 7 of of IN 22599 1329 8 the the DT 22599 1329 9 Mah[=a]bh[=a]rata mah[=a]bh[=a]rata NN 22599 1329 10 , , , 22599 1329 11 " " '' 22599 1329 12 in in IN 22599 1329 13 the the DT 22599 1329 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1329 15 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1329 16 of of IN 22599 1329 17 the the DT 22599 1329 18 Bombay Bombay NNP 22599 1329 19 Branch Branch NNP 22599 1329 20 of of IN 22599 1329 21 the the DT 22599 1329 22 R. R. NNP 22599 1329 23 A. A. NNP 22599 1329 24 Soc Soc NNP 22599 1329 25 . . . 22599 1329 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1329 27 , , , 22599 1329 28 Bombay Bombay NNP 22599 1329 29 , , , 22599 1329 30 1873 1873 CD 22599 1329 31 , , , 22599 1329 32 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1329 33 . . . 22599 1330 1 X X NNP 22599 1330 2 , , , 22599 1330 3 p. p. NN 22599 1331 1 2 2 LS 22599 1331 2 . . . 22599 1331 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1331 4 . . . 22599 1332 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1332 2 65 65 CD 22599 1332 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1332 4 Marshman Marshman NNP 22599 1332 5 , , , 22599 1332 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1332 7 . . . 22599 1333 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1333 2 . . NNP 22599 1333 3 , , , 22599 1333 4 p. p. NN 22599 1333 5 2 2 CD 22599 1333 6 . . . 22599 1334 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1334 2 66 66 CD 22599 1334 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1334 4 A. a. NN 22599 1334 5 C. C. NNP 22599 1334 6 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1334 7 , , , 22599 1334 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1334 9 South South NNP 22599 1334 10 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1334 11 Palæography Palæography NNP 22599 1334 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1334 13 , , , 22599 1334 14 2d 2d NNP 22599 1334 15 ed ed NNP 22599 1334 16 . . NNP 22599 1334 17 , , , 22599 1334 18 London London NNP 22599 1334 19 , , , 22599 1334 20 1878 1878 CD 22599 1334 21 , , , 22599 1334 22 p. p. NN 22599 1334 23 1 1 CD 22599 1334 24 , , , 22599 1334 25 seq seq NN 22599 1334 26 . . . 22599 1335 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1335 2 67 67 CD 22599 1335 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1335 4 This this DT 22599 1335 5 extensive extensive JJ 22599 1335 6 subject subject NN 22599 1335 7 of of IN 22599 1335 8 palpable palpable JJ 22599 1335 9 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1335 10 , , , 22599 1335 11 essentially essentially RB 22599 1335 12 the the DT 22599 1335 13 history history NN 22599 1335 14 of of IN 22599 1335 15 the the DT 22599 1335 16 abacus abacus NN 22599 1335 17 , , , 22599 1335 18 deserves deserve VBZ 22599 1335 19 to to TO 22599 1335 20 be be VB 22599 1335 21 treated treat VBN 22599 1335 22 in in IN 22599 1335 23 a a DT 22599 1335 24 work work NN 22599 1335 25 by by IN 22599 1335 26 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 1335 27 . . . 22599 1336 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1336 2 68 68 CD 22599 1336 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1336 4 The the DT 22599 1336 5 following follow VBG 22599 1336 6 are be VBP 22599 1336 7 the the DT 22599 1336 8 leading lead VBG 22599 1336 9 sources source NNS 22599 1336 10 of of IN 22599 1336 11 information information NN 22599 1336 12 upon upon IN 22599 1336 13 this this DT 22599 1336 14 subject subject NN 22599 1336 15 : : : 22599 1336 16 G. G. NNP 22599 1336 17 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1336 18 , , , 22599 1336 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1336 20 Indische Indische NNP 22599 1336 21 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 1336 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1336 23 , , , 22599 1336 24 particularly particularly RB 22599 1336 25 chap chap NNP 22599 1336 26 . . . 22599 1337 1 vi vi NNP 22599 1337 2 ; ; : 22599 1337 3 A. A. NNP 22599 1337 4 C. C. NNP 22599 1337 5 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1337 6 , , , 22599 1337 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1337 8 South South NNP 22599 1337 9 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1337 10 Palæography Palæography NNP 22599 1337 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1337 12 , , , 22599 1337 13 2d 2d NNP 22599 1337 14 ed ed NNP 22599 1337 15 . . NNP 22599 1337 16 , , , 22599 1337 17 London London NNP 22599 1337 18 , , , 22599 1337 19 1878 1878 CD 22599 1337 20 , , , 22599 1337 21 where where WRB 22599 1337 22 tables table NNS 22599 1337 23 of of IN 22599 1337 24 the the DT 22599 1337 25 various various JJ 22599 1337 26 Indian indian JJ 22599 1337 27 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1337 28 are be VBP 22599 1337 29 given give VBN 22599 1337 30 in in IN 22599 1337 31 Plate plate NN 22599 1337 32 XXIII xxiii NN 22599 1337 33 ; ; : 22599 1337 34 E. E. NNP 22599 1337 35 C. C. NNP 22599 1337 36 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1337 37 , , , 22599 1337 38 " " `` 22599 1337 39 On on IN 22599 1337 40 the the DT 22599 1337 41 Genealogy genealogy NN 22599 1337 42 of of IN 22599 1337 43 Modern Modern NNP 22599 1337 44 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1337 45 , , , 22599 1337 46 " " '' 22599 1337 47 _ _ NNP 22599 1337 48 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1337 49 of of IN 22599 1337 50 the the DT 22599 1337 51 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1337 52 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1337 53 Society Society NNP 22599 1337 54 _ _ NNP 22599 1337 55 , , , 22599 1337 56 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1337 57 . . . 22599 1338 1 XIV XIV NNP 22599 1338 2 , , , 22599 1338 3 part part NN 22599 1338 4 3 3 CD 22599 1338 5 , , , 22599 1338 6 and and CC 22599 1338 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1338 8 . . . 22599 1339 1 XV XV NNP 22599 1339 2 , , , 22599 1339 3 part part NN 22599 1339 4 1 1 CD 22599 1339 5 , , , 22599 1339 6 and and CC 22599 1339 7 reprint reprint NN 22599 1339 8 , , , 22599 1339 9 London London NNP 22599 1339 10 , , , 22599 1339 11 1882 1882 CD 22599 1339 12 ; ; : 22599 1339 13 I. I. NNP 22599 1339 14 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 1339 15 , , , 22599 1339 16 in in IN 22599 1339 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1339 18 The The NNP 22599 1339 19 Academy Academy NNP 22599 1339 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1339 21 , , , 22599 1339 22 January January NNP 22599 1339 23 28 28 CD 22599 1339 24 , , , 22599 1339 25 1882 1882 CD 22599 1339 26 , , , 22599 1339 27 with with IN 22599 1339 28 a a DT 22599 1339 29 repetition repetition NN 22599 1339 30 of of IN 22599 1339 31 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1339 32 argument argument NN 22599 1339 33 in in IN 22599 1339 34 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1339 35 work work NN 22599 1339 36 _ _ NNP 22599 1339 37 The the DT 22599 1339 38 Alphabet Alphabet NNP 22599 1339 39 _ _ NNP 22599 1339 40 , , , 22599 1339 41 London London NNP 22599 1339 42 , , , 22599 1339 43 1883 1883 CD 22599 1339 44 , , , 22599 1339 45 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1339 46 . . . 22599 1340 1 II II NNP 22599 1340 2 , , , 22599 1340 3 p. p. NN 22599 1340 4 265 265 CD 22599 1340 5 , , , 22599 1340 6 based base VBN 22599 1340 7 on on IN 22599 1340 8 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1340 9 ; ; : 22599 1340 10 G. G. NNP 22599 1340 11 R. R. NNP 22599 1340 12 Kaye Kaye NNP 22599 1340 13 , , , 22599 1340 14 loc loc NNP 22599 1340 15 . . . 22599 1341 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1341 2 . . . 22599 1341 3 , , , 22599 1341 4 in in IN 22599 1341 5 some some DT 22599 1341 6 respects respect NNS 22599 1341 7 one one CD 22599 1341 8 of of IN 22599 1341 9 the the DT 22599 1341 10 most most RBS 22599 1341 11 critical critical JJ 22599 1341 12 articles article NNS 22599 1341 13 thus thus RB 22599 1341 14 far far RB 22599 1341 15 published publish VBN 22599 1341 16 ; ; : 22599 1341 17 J. J. NNP 22599 1341 18 C. C. NNP 22599 1341 19 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1341 20 , , , 22599 1341 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1341 22 Corpus Corpus NNP 22599 1341 23 inscriptionum inscriptionum NN 22599 1341 24 Indicarum Indicarum NNP 22599 1341 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1341 26 , , , 22599 1341 27 London London NNP 22599 1341 28 , , , 22599 1341 29 1888 1888 CD 22599 1341 30 , , , 22599 1341 31 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1341 32 . . . 22599 1342 1 III III NNP 22599 1342 2 , , , 22599 1342 3 with with IN 22599 1342 4 facsimiles facsimile NNS 22599 1342 5 of of IN 22599 1342 6 many many JJ 22599 1342 7 Indian indian JJ 22599 1342 8 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1342 9 , , , 22599 1342 10 and and CC 22599 1342 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1342 12 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1342 13 Epigraphy Epigraphy NNP 22599 1342 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1342 15 , , , 22599 1342 16 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 1342 17 , , , 22599 1342 18 1907 1907 CD 22599 1342 19 , , , 22599 1342 20 reprinted reprint VBN 22599 1342 21 from from IN 22599 1342 22 the the DT 22599 1342 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1342 24 Imperial Imperial NNP 22599 1342 25 Gazetteer Gazetteer NNP 22599 1342 26 of of IN 22599 1342 27 India India NNP 22599 1342 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1342 29 , , , 22599 1342 30 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1342 31 . . . 22599 1343 1 II II NNP 22599 1343 2 , , , 22599 1343 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1343 4 . . . 22599 1344 1 1 1 CD 22599 1344 2 - - SYM 22599 1344 3 88 88 CD 22599 1344 4 , , , 22599 1344 5 1907 1907 CD 22599 1344 6 ; ; : 22599 1344 7 G. G. NNP 22599 1344 8 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1344 9 , , , 22599 1344 10 loc loc NN 22599 1344 11 . . . 22599 1345 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1345 2 . . . 22599 1345 3 , , , 22599 1345 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1345 5 Astronomie Astronomie NNP 22599 1345 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1345 7 etc etc FW 22599 1345 8 . . . 22599 1346 1 ; ; : 22599 1346 2 R. R. NNP 22599 1346 3 Caldwell Caldwell NNP 22599 1346 4 , , , 22599 1346 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1346 6 Comparative Comparative NNP 22599 1346 7 Grammar Grammar NNP 22599 1346 8 of of IN 22599 1346 9 the the DT 22599 1346 10 Dravidian Dravidian NNP 22599 1346 11 Languages Languages NNPS 22599 1346 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1346 13 , , , 22599 1346 14 London London NNP 22599 1346 15 , , , 22599 1346 16 1856 1856 CD 22599 1346 17 , , , 22599 1346 18 p. p. NN 22599 1346 19 262 262 CD 22599 1346 20 seq seq NN 22599 1346 21 . . . 22599 1347 1 ; ; : 22599 1347 2 and and CC 22599 1347 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1347 4 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1347 5 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1347 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1347 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1347 8 official official JJ 22599 1347 9 publication publication NN 22599 1347 10 of of IN 22599 1347 11 the the DT 22599 1347 12 government government NN 22599 1347 13 of of IN 22599 1347 14 India India NNP 22599 1347 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1347 16 , , , 22599 1347 17 Vols Vols NNP 22599 1347 18 . . . 22599 1348 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1348 2 - - HYPH 22599 1348 3 IX IX NNP 22599 1348 4 . . . 22599 1349 1 Another another DT 22599 1349 2 work work NN 22599 1349 3 of of IN 22599 1349 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1349 5 's 's POS 22599 1349 6 , , , 22599 1349 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1349 8 On On NNP 22599 1349 9 the the DT 22599 1349 10 Origin Origin NNP 22599 1349 11 of of IN 22599 1349 12 the the DT 22599 1349 13 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1349 14 Br[=a]hma Br[=a]hma NNP 22599 1349 15 Alphabet Alphabet NNP 22599 1349 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1349 17 , , , 22599 1349 18 is be VBZ 22599 1349 19 also also RB 22599 1349 20 of of IN 22599 1349 21 value value NN 22599 1349 22 . . . 22599 1350 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1350 2 69 69 CD 22599 1350 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1350 4 The the DT 22599 1350 5 earliest early JJS 22599 1350 6 work work NN 22599 1350 7 on on IN 22599 1350 8 the the DT 22599 1350 9 subject subject NN 22599 1350 10 was be VBD 22599 1350 11 by by IN 22599 1350 12 James James NNP 22599 1350 13 Prinsep Prinsep NNP 22599 1350 14 , , , 22599 1350 15 " " `` 22599 1350 16 On on IN 22599 1350 17 the the DT 22599 1350 18 Inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1350 19 of of IN 22599 1350 20 Piyadasi Piyadasi NNP 22599 1350 21 or or CC 22599 1350 22 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 1350 23 , , , 22599 1350 24 " " '' 22599 1350 25 etc etc FW 22599 1350 26 . . . 22599 1350 27 , , , 22599 1350 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1350 29 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1350 30 of of IN 22599 1350 31 the the DT 22599 1350 32 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1350 33 Society Society NNP 22599 1350 34 of of IN 22599 1350 35 Bengal Bengal NNP 22599 1350 36 _ _ NNP 22599 1350 37 , , , 22599 1350 38 1838 1838 CD 22599 1350 39 , , , 22599 1350 40 following follow VBG 22599 1350 41 a a DT 22599 1350 42 preliminary preliminary JJ 22599 1350 43 suggestion suggestion NN 22599 1350 44 in in IN 22599 1350 45 the the DT 22599 1350 46 same same JJ 22599 1350 47 journal journal NN 22599 1350 48 in in IN 22599 1350 49 1837 1837 CD 22599 1350 50 . . . 22599 1351 1 See see VB 22599 1351 2 also also RB 22599 1351 3 " " `` 22599 1351 4 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 1351 5 Notes Notes NNP 22599 1351 6 , , , 22599 1351 7 " " '' 22599 1351 8 by by IN 22599 1351 9 V. V. NNP 22599 1351 10 A. a. NN 22599 1351 11 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1351 12 , , , 22599 1351 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1351 14 The the DT 22599 1351 15 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1351 16 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1351 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1351 18 , , , 22599 1351 19 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1351 20 . . . 22599 1352 1 XXXVII XXXVII NNP 22599 1352 2 , , , 22599 1352 3 1908 1908 CD 22599 1352 4 , , , 22599 1352 5 p. p. NN 22599 1352 6 24 24 CD 22599 1352 7 seq seq NN 22599 1352 8 . . . 22599 1352 9 , , , 22599 1352 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1352 11 . . . 22599 1353 1 XXXVIII XXXVIII NNP 22599 1353 2 , , , 22599 1353 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1353 4 . . . 22599 1354 1 151 151 CD 22599 1354 2 - - SYM 22599 1354 3 159 159 CD 22599 1354 4 , , , 22599 1354 5 June June NNP 22599 1354 6 , , , 22599 1354 7 1909 1909 CD 22599 1354 8 ; ; : 22599 1354 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1354 10 The the DT 22599 1354 11 Early early JJ 22599 1354 12 History history NN 22599 1354 13 of of IN 22599 1354 14 India India NNP 22599 1354 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1354 16 , , , 22599 1354 17 2d 2d NNP 22599 1354 18 ed ed NNP 22599 1354 19 . . NNP 22599 1354 20 , , , 22599 1354 21 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 1354 22 , , , 22599 1354 23 1908 1908 CD 22599 1354 24 , , , 22599 1354 25 p. p. NN 22599 1354 26 154 154 CD 22599 1354 27 ; ; : 22599 1354 28 J. J. NNP 22599 1354 29 F. F. NNP 22599 1354 30 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1354 31 , , , 22599 1354 32 " " `` 22599 1354 33 The the DT 22599 1354 34 Last last JJ 22599 1354 35 Words word NNS 22599 1354 36 of of IN 22599 1354 37 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 1354 38 , , , 22599 1354 39 " " '' 22599 1354 40 _ _ NNP 22599 1354 41 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1354 42 of of IN 22599 1354 43 the the DT 22599 1354 44 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1354 45 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1354 46 Society Society NNP 22599 1354 47 _ _ NNP 22599 1354 48 , , , 22599 1354 49 October October NNP 22599 1354 50 , , , 22599 1354 51 1909 1909 CD 22599 1354 52 , , , 22599 1354 53 pp pp NNP 22599 1354 54 . . . 22599 1355 1 981 981 CD 22599 1355 2 - - SYM 22599 1355 3 1016 1016 CD 22599 1355 4 ; ; : 22599 1355 5 E. E. NNP 22599 1355 6 Senart Senart NNP 22599 1355 7 , , , 22599 1355 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1355 9 Les Les NNP 22599 1355 10 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1355 11 de de IN 22599 1355 12 Piyadasi Piyadasi NNP 22599 1355 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1355 14 , , , 22599 1355 15 2 2 CD 22599 1355 16 vols vol NNS 22599 1355 17 . . . 22599 1355 18 , , , 22599 1355 19 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1355 20 , , , 22599 1355 21 1887 1887 CD 22599 1355 22 . . . 22599 1356 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1356 2 70 70 CD 22599 1356 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1356 4 For for IN 22599 1356 5 a a DT 22599 1356 6 discussion discussion NN 22599 1356 7 of of IN 22599 1356 8 the the DT 22599 1356 9 minor minor JJ 22599 1356 10 details detail NNS 22599 1356 11 of of IN 22599 1356 12 this this DT 22599 1356 13 system system NN 22599 1356 14 , , , 22599 1356 15 see see VB 22599 1356 16 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1356 17 , , , 22599 1356 18 loc loc NNP 22599 1356 19 . . . 22599 1357 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1357 2 . . . 22599 1357 3 , , , 22599 1357 4 p. p. NN 22599 1357 5 73 73 CD 22599 1357 6 . . . 22599 1358 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1358 2 71 71 CD 22599 1358 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1358 4 Julius Julius NNP 22599 1358 5 Euting Euting NNP 22599 1358 6 , , , 22599 1358 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1358 8 Nabatäische Nabatäische NNP 22599 1358 9 Inschriften Inschriften NNP 22599 1358 10 aus au VBD 22599 1358 11 Arabien Arabien NNP 22599 1358 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1358 13 , , , 22599 1358 14 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1358 15 , , , 22599 1358 16 1885 1885 CD 22599 1358 17 , , , 22599 1358 18 pp pp NNP 22599 1358 19 . . . 22599 1359 1 96 96 CD 22599 1359 2 - - SYM 22599 1359 3 97 97 CD 22599 1359 4 , , , 22599 1359 5 with with IN 22599 1359 6 a a DT 22599 1359 7 table table NN 22599 1359 8 of of IN 22599 1359 9 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1359 10 . . . 22599 1360 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1360 2 72 72 CD 22599 1360 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1360 4 For for IN 22599 1360 5 the the DT 22599 1360 6 five five CD 22599 1360 7 principal principal JJ 22599 1360 8 theories theory NNS 22599 1360 9 see see VBP 22599 1360 10 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1360 11 , , , 22599 1360 12 loc loc NNP 22599 1360 13 . . . 22599 1361 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1361 2 . . . 22599 1361 3 , , , 22599 1361 4 p. p. NN 22599 1361 5 10 10 CD 22599 1361 6 . . . 22599 1362 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1362 2 73 73 CD 22599 1362 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1362 4 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1362 5 , , , 22599 1362 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1362 7 . . . 22599 1363 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1363 2 . . . 22599 1363 3 , , , 22599 1363 4 reprint reprint NNP 22599 1363 5 p. p. NN 22599 1363 6 3 3 CD 22599 1363 7 . . . 22599 1364 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1364 2 74 74 CD 22599 1364 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1364 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1364 5 , , , 22599 1364 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1364 7 . . . 22599 1365 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1365 2 . . . 22599 1366 1 ; ; : 22599 1366 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1366 3 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1366 4 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1366 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1366 6 , , , 22599 1366 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1366 8 . . . 22599 1367 1 III III NNP 22599 1367 2 , , , 22599 1367 3 p. p. NN 22599 1367 4 134 134 CD 22599 1367 5 ; ; : 22599 1367 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1367 7 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1367 8 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1367 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1367 10 , , , 22599 1367 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1367 12 . . . 22599 1368 1 VI VI NNP 22599 1368 2 , , , 22599 1368 3 p. p. NN 22599 1368 4 155 155 CD 22599 1368 5 seq seq NN 22599 1368 6 . . . 22599 1368 7 , , , 22599 1368 8 and and CC 22599 1368 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1368 10 . . . 22599 1369 1 X X NNP 22599 1369 2 , , , 22599 1369 3 p. p. NN 22599 1369 4 107 107 CD 22599 1369 5 . . . 22599 1370 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1370 2 75 75 CD 22599 1370 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1370 4 Pandit pandit NN 22599 1370 5 Bhagav[=a]nl[=a]l bhagav[=a]nl[=a]l NN 22599 1370 6 Indr[=a]j[=i Indr[=a]j[=i NNP 22599 1370 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1370 8 , , , 22599 1370 9 " " `` 22599 1370 10 On on IN 22599 1370 11 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 1370 12 N[=a]g[=a]ri N[=a]g[=a]ri NNP 22599 1370 13 Numeration Numeration NNP 22599 1370 14 ; ; : 22599 1370 15 from from IN 22599 1370 16 an an DT 22599 1370 17 Inscription inscription NN 22599 1370 18 at at IN 22599 1370 19 N[=a]negh[=a]t n[=a]negh[=a]t NN 22599 1370 20 , , , 22599 1370 21 " " '' 22599 1370 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1370 23 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1370 24 of of IN 22599 1370 25 the the DT 22599 1370 26 Bombay Bombay NNP 22599 1370 27 Branch Branch NNP 22599 1370 28 of of IN 22599 1370 29 the the DT 22599 1370 30 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1370 31 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1370 32 Society Society NNP 22599 1370 33 _ _ NNP 22599 1370 34 , , , 22599 1370 35 1876 1876 CD 22599 1370 36 , , , 22599 1370 37 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1370 38 . . . 22599 1371 1 XII XII NNP 22599 1371 2 , , , 22599 1371 3 p. p. NN 22599 1371 4 404 404 CD 22599 1371 5 . . . 22599 1372 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1372 2 76 76 CD 22599 1372 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1372 4 Ib Ib NNP 22599 1372 5 . . . 22599 1372 6 , , , 22599 1372 7 p. p. NN 22599 1372 8 405 405 CD 22599 1372 9 . . . 22599 1373 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 1373 2 gives give VBZ 22599 1373 3 also also RB 22599 1373 4 a a DT 22599 1373 5 plate plate NN 22599 1373 6 and and CC 22599 1373 7 an an DT 22599 1373 8 interpretation interpretation NN 22599 1373 9 of of IN 22599 1373 10 each each DT 22599 1373 11 numeral numeral JJ 22599 1373 12 . . . 22599 1374 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1374 2 77 77 CD 22599 1374 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1374 4 These these DT 22599 1374 5 may may MD 22599 1374 6 be be VB 22599 1374 7 compared compare VBN 22599 1374 8 with with IN 22599 1374 9 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1374 10 's 's POS 22599 1374 11 drawings drawing NNS 22599 1374 12 , , , 22599 1374 13 loc loc NN 22599 1374 14 . . . 22599 1375 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1375 2 . . . 22599 1376 1 ; ; : 22599 1376 2 with with IN 22599 1376 3 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1376 4 , , , 22599 1376 5 loc loc NNP 22599 1376 6 . . . 22599 1377 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1377 2 . . . 22599 1377 3 , , , 22599 1377 4 p. p. NN 22599 1377 5 337 337 CD 22599 1377 6 and and CC 22599 1377 7 plates plate NNS 22599 1377 8 ; ; : 22599 1377 9 and and CC 22599 1377 10 with with IN 22599 1377 11 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1377 12 's 's POS 22599 1377 13 article article NN 22599 1377 14 in in IN 22599 1377 15 the the DT 22599 1377 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1377 17 Encyclopædia Encyclopædia NNP 22599 1377 18 Britannica Britannica NNP 22599 1377 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1377 20 , , , 22599 1377 21 9th 9th NNP 22599 1377 22 ed ed NNP 22599 1377 23 . . NNP 22599 1377 24 , , , 22599 1377 25 art art NN 22599 1377 26 . . . 22599 1378 1 " " `` 22599 1378 2 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 1378 3 . . . 22599 1378 4 " " '' 22599 1379 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1379 2 78 78 CD 22599 1379 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1379 4 E. E. NNP 22599 1379 5 Senart Senart NNP 22599 1379 6 , , , 22599 1379 7 " " `` 22599 1379 8 The the DT 22599 1379 9 Inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1379 10 in in IN 22599 1379 11 the the DT 22599 1379 12 Caves cave NNS 22599 1379 13 at at IN 22599 1379 14 Nasik Nasik NNP 22599 1379 15 , , , 22599 1379 16 " " `` 22599 1379 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1379 18 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1379 19 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1379 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1379 21 , , , 22599 1379 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1379 23 . . . 22599 1380 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 1380 2 , , , 22599 1380 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1380 4 . . . 22599 1381 1 59 59 CD 22599 1381 2 - - SYM 22599 1381 3 96 96 CD 22599 1381 4 ; ; : 22599 1381 5 " " `` 22599 1381 6 The the DT 22599 1381 7 Inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1381 8 in in IN 22599 1381 9 the the DT 22599 1381 10 Cave Cave NNP 22599 1381 11 at at IN 22599 1381 12 Karle Karle NNP 22599 1381 13 , , , 22599 1381 14 " " `` 22599 1381 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1381 16 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1381 17 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1381 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1381 19 , , , 22599 1381 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1381 21 . . . 22599 1382 1 VII VII NNP 22599 1382 2 , , , 22599 1382 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1382 4 . . . 22599 1383 1 47 47 CD 22599 1383 2 - - SYM 22599 1383 3 74 74 CD 22599 1383 4 ; ; : 22599 1383 5 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1383 6 , , , 22599 1383 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1383 8 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 1383 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1383 10 , , , 22599 1383 11 Tafel Tafel NNP 22599 1383 12 IX IX NNP 22599 1383 13 . . . 22599 1384 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1384 2 79 79 CD 22599 1384 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1384 4 See See NNP 22599 1384 5 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1384 6 , , , 22599 1384 7 loc loc NNP 22599 1384 8 . . . 22599 1385 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1385 2 . . . 22599 1386 1 See see VB 22599 1386 2 also also RB 22599 1386 3 T. T. NNP 22599 1386 4 Benfey Benfey NNP 22599 1386 5 , , , 22599 1386 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1386 7 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 1386 8 Grammar Grammar NNP 22599 1386 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1386 10 , , , 22599 1386 11 London London NNP 22599 1386 12 , , , 22599 1386 13 1863 1863 CD 22599 1386 14 , , , 22599 1386 15 p. p. NN 22599 1386 16 217 217 CD 22599 1386 17 ; ; : 22599 1386 18 M. M. NNP 22599 1386 19 R. R. NNP 22599 1386 20 Kále Kále NNP 22599 1386 21 , , , 22599 1386 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1386 23 Higher Higher NNP 22599 1386 24 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 1386 25 Grammar Grammar NNP 22599 1386 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1386 27 , , , 22599 1386 28 2d 2d NNP 22599 1386 29 ed ed NNP 22599 1386 30 . . NNP 22599 1386 31 , , , 22599 1386 32 Bombay Bombay NNP 22599 1386 33 , , , 22599 1386 34 1898 1898 CD 22599 1386 35 , , , 22599 1386 36 p. p. NN 22599 1386 37 110 110 CD 22599 1386 38 , , , 22599 1386 39 and and CC 22599 1386 40 other other JJ 22599 1386 41 authorities authority NNS 22599 1386 42 as as IN 22599 1386 43 cited cite VBN 22599 1386 44 . . . 22599 1387 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1387 2 80 80 CD 22599 1387 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1387 4 Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i Kharo[s.][t.]h[=i NNP 22599 1387 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1387 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1387 7 , , , 22599 1387 8 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 1387 9 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1387 10 , , , 22599 1387 11 c. c. NN 22599 1387 12 250 250 CD 22599 1387 13 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 1388 1 Senart Senart NNP 22599 1388 2 , , , 22599 1388 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1388 4 Notes Notes NNP 22599 1388 5 d'épigraphie d'épigraphie NNP 22599 1388 6 indienne indienne NNP 22599 1388 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1388 8 . . . 22599 1389 1 Given give VBN 22599 1389 2 by by IN 22599 1389 3 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1389 4 , , , 22599 1389 5 loc loc NNP 22599 1389 6 . . . 22599 1390 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1390 2 . . . 22599 1390 3 , , , 22599 1390 4 Tafel Tafel NNP 22599 1390 5 I. I. NNP 22599 1391 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1391 2 81 81 CD 22599 1391 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1391 4 Same same JJ 22599 1391 5 , , , 22599 1391 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1391 7 ' ' POS 22599 1391 8 S]aka s]aka NN 22599 1391 9 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1391 10 , , , 22599 1391 11 probably probably RB 22599 1391 12 of of IN 22599 1391 13 the the DT 22599 1391 14 first first JJ 22599 1391 15 century century NN 22599 1391 16 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 1392 1 Senart Senart NNP 22599 1392 2 , , , 22599 1392 3 loc loc NN 22599 1392 4 . . . 22599 1393 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1393 2 . . . 22599 1394 1 ; ; : 22599 1394 2 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1394 3 , , , 22599 1394 4 loc loc NNP 22599 1394 5 . . . 22599 1395 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1395 2 . . . 22599 1396 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1396 2 82 82 CD 22599 1396 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1396 4 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 1396 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1396 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1396 7 , , , 22599 1396 8 A['s]oka A['s]oka NNP 22599 1396 9 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1396 10 , , , 22599 1396 11 c. c. NN 22599 1396 12 250 250 CD 22599 1396 13 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 1397 1 _ _ NNP 22599 1397 2 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1397 3 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1397 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1397 5 , , , 22599 1397 6 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1397 7 . . . 22599 1398 1 VI VI NNP 22599 1398 2 , , , 22599 1398 3 p. p. NN 22599 1398 4 155 155 CD 22599 1398 5 seq seq NN 22599 1398 6 . . . 22599 1399 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1399 2 83 83 CD 22599 1399 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1399 4 Same same JJ 22599 1399 5 , , , 22599 1399 6 N[=a]n[=a N[=a]n[=a NNP 22599 1399 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1399 8 Gh[=a]t gh[=a]t VBP 22599 1399 9 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1399 10 , , , 22599 1399 11 c. c. NNP 22599 1399 12 150 150 CD 22599 1399 13 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 1400 1 Bhagav[=a]nl[=a]l Bhagav[=a]nl[=a]l NNP 22599 1400 2 Indr[=a]j[=i Indr[=a]j[=i NNP 22599 1400 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1400 4 , , , 22599 1400 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1400 6 On on IN 22599 1400 7 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 1400 8 N[=a]gar[=i n[=a]gar[=i ADD 22599 1400 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1400 10 Numeration Numeration NNP 22599 1400 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1400 12 , , , 22599 1400 13 loc loc NNP 22599 1400 14 . . . 22599 1401 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1401 2 . . . 22599 1402 1 Copied copy VBN 22599 1402 2 from from IN 22599 1402 3 a a DT 22599 1402 4 squeeze squeeze NN 22599 1402 5 of of IN 22599 1402 6 the the DT 22599 1402 7 original original NN 22599 1402 8 . . . 22599 1403 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1403 2 84 84 CD 22599 1403 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1403 4 Same same JJ 22599 1403 5 , , , 22599 1403 6 Nasik Nasik NNP 22599 1403 7 inscription inscription NN 22599 1403 8 , , , 22599 1403 9 c. c. NN 22599 1403 10 100 100 CD 22599 1403 11 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 1404 1 Burgess Burgess NNP 22599 1404 2 , , , 22599 1404 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1404 4 Archeological Archeological NNP 22599 1404 5 Survey Survey NNP 22599 1404 6 Report Report NNP 22599 1404 7 , , , 22599 1404 8 Western Western NNP 22599 1404 9 India India NNP 22599 1404 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1404 11 ; ; : 22599 1404 12 Senart Senart NNP 22599 1404 13 , , , 22599 1404 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1404 15 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1404 16 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1404 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1404 18 , , , 22599 1404 19 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1404 20 . . . 22599 1405 1 VII VII NNP 22599 1405 2 , , , 22599 1405 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1405 4 . . . 22599 1406 1 47 47 CD 22599 1406 2 - - SYM 22599 1406 3 79 79 CD 22599 1406 4 , , , 22599 1406 5 and and CC 22599 1406 6 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1406 7 . . . 22599 1407 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 1407 2 , , , 22599 1407 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1407 4 . . . 22599 1408 1 59 59 CD 22599 1408 2 - - SYM 22599 1408 3 96 96 CD 22599 1408 4 . . . 22599 1409 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1409 2 85 85 CD 22599 1409 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1409 4 K[s.]atrapa K[s.]atrapa NNP 22599 1409 5 coins coin NNS 22599 1409 6 , , , 22599 1409 7 c. c. NNP 22599 1409 8 200 200 CD 22599 1409 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1409 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1409 11 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1409 12 of of IN 22599 1409 13 the the DT 22599 1409 14 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1409 15 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1409 16 Society Society NNP 22599 1409 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1409 18 , , , 22599 1409 19 1890 1890 CD 22599 1409 20 , , , 22599 1409 21 p. p. NN 22599 1409 22 639 639 CD 22599 1409 23 . . . 22599 1410 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1410 2 86 86 CD 22599 1410 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1410 4 Ku[s.]ana Ku[s.]ana NNP 22599 1410 5 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1410 6 , , , 22599 1410 7 c. c. NNP 22599 1410 8 150 150 CD 22599 1410 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1410 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1410 11 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1410 12 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1410 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1410 14 , , , 22599 1410 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1410 16 . . . 22599 1411 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1411 2 , , , 22599 1411 3 p. p. NN 22599 1411 4 381 381 CD 22599 1411 5 , , , 22599 1411 6 and and CC 22599 1411 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1411 8 . . . 22599 1412 1 II II NNP 22599 1412 2 , , , 22599 1412 3 p. p. NN 22599 1412 4 201 201 CD 22599 1412 5 . . . 22599 1413 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1413 2 87 87 CD 22599 1413 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1413 4 Gupta Gupta NNP 22599 1413 5 Inscriptions Inscriptions NNP 22599 1413 6 , , , 22599 1413 7 c. c. NN 22599 1413 8 300 300 CD 22599 1413 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1413 10 to to IN 22599 1413 11 450 450 CD 22599 1413 12 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1413 13 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1413 14 , , , 22599 1413 15 loc loc NNP 22599 1413 16 . . . 22599 1414 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1414 2 . . . 22599 1414 3 , , , 22599 1414 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1414 5 . . . 22599 1415 1 III iii CD 22599 1415 2 . . . 22599 1416 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1416 2 88 88 CD 22599 1416 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1416 4 Valhab[=i valhab[=i FW 22599 1416 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1416 6 , , , 22599 1416 7 c. c. NNP 22599 1416 8 600 600 CD 22599 1416 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1416 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1416 11 Corpus Corpus NNP 22599 1416 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1416 13 , , , 22599 1416 14 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1416 15 . . . 22599 1417 1 III iii CD 22599 1417 2 . . . 22599 1418 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1418 2 89 89 CD 22599 1418 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1418 4 Bendall Bendall NNP 22599 1418 5 's 's POS 22599 1418 6 Table Table NNP 22599 1418 7 of of IN 22599 1418 8 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1418 9 , , , 22599 1418 10 in in IN 22599 1418 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1418 12 Cat Cat NNP 22599 1418 13 . . . 22599 1419 1 Sansk Sansk NNP 22599 1419 2 . . . 22599 1420 1 Budd Budd NNS 22599 1420 2 . . . 22599 1421 1 MSS MSS NNP 22599 1421 2 . . . 22599 1421 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1421 4 , , , 22599 1421 5 British British NNP 22599 1421 6 Museum Museum NNP 22599 1421 7 . . . 22599 1422 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1422 2 90 90 CD 22599 1422 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1422 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1422 5 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1422 6 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1422 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1422 8 , , , 22599 1422 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1422 10 . . . 22599 1423 1 XIII XIII NNP 22599 1423 2 , , , 22599 1423 3 120 120 CD 22599 1423 4 ; ; : 22599 1423 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1423 6 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1423 7 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1423 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1423 9 , , , 22599 1423 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1423 11 . . . 22599 1424 1 III iii CD 22599 1424 2 , , , 22599 1424 3 127 127 CD 22599 1424 4 ff ff NN 22599 1424 5 . . . 22599 1425 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1425 2 91 91 CD 22599 1425 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1425 4 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1425 5 , , , 22599 1425 6 loc loc NN 22599 1425 7 . . . 22599 1426 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1426 2 . . . 22599 1427 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1427 2 92 92 CD 22599 1427 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1427 4 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1427 5 , , , 22599 1427 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1427 7 . . . 22599 1428 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1428 2 . . NNP 22599 1428 3 , , , 22599 1428 4 p. p. NN 22599 1428 5 335 335 CD 22599 1428 6 . . . 22599 1429 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1429 2 93 93 CD 22599 1429 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1429 4 From from IN 22599 1429 5 a a DT 22599 1429 6 copper copper NN 22599 1429 7 plate plate NN 22599 1429 8 of of IN 22599 1429 9 493 493 CD 22599 1429 10 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1429 11 , , , 22599 1429 12 found find VBD 22599 1429 13 at at IN 22599 1429 14 K[=a]r[=i]tal[=a][=i K[=a]r[=i]tal[=a][=i NNP 22599 1429 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1429 16 , , , 22599 1429 17 Central Central NNP 22599 1429 18 India India NNP 22599 1429 19 . . . 22599 1430 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1430 2 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1430 3 , , , 22599 1430 4 loc loc NN 22599 1430 5 . . . 22599 1431 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1431 2 . . . 22599 1431 3 , , , 22599 1431 4 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1431 5 XVI XVI NNP 22599 1431 6 . . . 22599 1431 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1432 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1432 2 should should MD 22599 1432 3 be be VB 22599 1432 4 stated state VBN 22599 1432 5 , , , 22599 1432 6 however however RB 22599 1432 7 , , , 22599 1432 8 that that IN 22599 1432 9 many many JJ 22599 1432 10 of of IN 22599 1432 11 these these DT 22599 1432 12 copper copper NN 22599 1432 13 plates plate NNS 22599 1432 14 , , , 22599 1432 15 being be VBG 22599 1432 16 deeds deed NNS 22599 1432 17 of of IN 22599 1432 18 property property NN 22599 1432 19 , , , 22599 1432 20 have have VBP 22599 1432 21 forged forge VBN 22599 1432 22 dates date NNS 22599 1432 23 so so IN 22599 1432 24 as as IN 22599 1432 25 to to TO 22599 1432 26 give give VB 22599 1432 27 the the DT 22599 1432 28 appearance appearance NN 22599 1432 29 of of IN 22599 1432 30 antiquity antiquity NN 22599 1432 31 of of IN 22599 1432 32 title title NN 22599 1432 33 . . . 22599 1433 1 On on IN 22599 1433 2 the the DT 22599 1433 3 other other JJ 22599 1433 4 hand hand NN 22599 1433 5 , , , 22599 1433 6 as as IN 22599 1433 7 Colebrooke Colebrooke NNP 22599 1433 8 long long RB 22599 1433 9 ago ago RB 22599 1433 10 pointed point VBD 22599 1433 11 out out RP 22599 1433 12 , , , 22599 1433 13 a a DT 22599 1433 14 successful successful JJ 22599 1433 15 forgery forgery NN 22599 1433 16 has have VBZ 22599 1433 17 to to TO 22599 1433 18 imitate imitate VB 22599 1433 19 the the DT 22599 1433 20 writing writing NN 22599 1433 21 of of IN 22599 1433 22 the the DT 22599 1433 23 period period NN 22599 1433 24 in in IN 22599 1433 25 question question NN 22599 1433 26 , , , 22599 1433 27 so so IN 22599 1433 28 that that IN 22599 1433 29 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1433 30 becomes become VBZ 22599 1433 31 evidence evidence NN 22599 1433 32 well well RB 22599 1433 33 worth worth JJ 22599 1433 34 considering consider VBG 22599 1433 35 , , , 22599 1433 36 as as IN 22599 1433 37 shown show VBN 22599 1433 38 in in IN 22599 1433 39 Chapter Chapter NNP 22599 1433 40 III III NNP 22599 1433 41 . . . 22599 1434 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1434 2 94 94 CD 22599 1434 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1434 4 From from IN 22599 1434 5 a a DT 22599 1434 6 copper copper NN 22599 1434 7 plate plate NN 22599 1434 8 of of IN 22599 1434 9 510 510 CD 22599 1434 10 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1434 11 , , , 22599 1434 12 found find VBD 22599 1434 13 at at IN 22599 1434 14 Majhgaw[=a]in Majhgaw[=a]in NNP 22599 1434 15 , , , 22599 1434 16 Central Central NNP 22599 1434 17 India India NNP 22599 1434 18 . . . 22599 1435 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1435 2 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1435 3 , , , 22599 1435 4 loc loc NN 22599 1435 5 . . . 22599 1436 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1436 2 . . . 22599 1436 3 , , , 22599 1436 4 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1436 5 XIV XIV NNP 22599 1436 6 . . . 22599 1436 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1437 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1437 2 95 95 CD 22599 1437 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1437 4 From from IN 22599 1437 5 an an DT 22599 1437 6 inscription inscription NN 22599 1437 7 of of IN 22599 1437 8 588 588 CD 22599 1437 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1437 10 , , , 22599 1437 11 found find VBD 22599 1437 12 at at IN 22599 1437 13 B[=o]dh B[=o]dh NNP 22599 1437 14 - - HYPH 22599 1437 15 Gay[=a Gay[=a -LRB- 22599 1437 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1437 17 , , , 22599 1437 18 Bengal Bengal NNP 22599 1437 19 Presidency Presidency NNP 22599 1437 20 . . . 22599 1438 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1438 2 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1438 3 , , , 22599 1438 4 loc loc NN 22599 1438 5 . . . 22599 1439 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1439 2 . . . 22599 1439 3 , , , 22599 1439 4 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1439 5 XXIV XXIV NNP 22599 1439 6 . . . 22599 1439 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1440 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1440 2 96 96 CD 22599 1440 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1440 4 From from IN 22599 1440 5 a a DT 22599 1440 6 copper copper NN 22599 1440 7 plate plate NN 22599 1440 8 of of IN 22599 1440 9 571 571 CD 22599 1440 10 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1440 11 , , , 22599 1440 12 found find VBD 22599 1440 13 at at IN 22599 1440 14 M[=a]liy[=a M[=a]liy[=a NNS 22599 1440 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1440 16 , , , 22599 1440 17 Bombay Bombay NNP 22599 1440 18 Presidency Presidency NNP 22599 1440 19 . . . 22599 1441 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1441 2 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1441 3 , , , 22599 1441 4 loc loc NN 22599 1441 5 . . . 22599 1442 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1442 2 . . . 22599 1442 3 , , , 22599 1442 4 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1442 5 XXIV XXIV NNP 22599 1442 6 . . . 22599 1442 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1443 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1443 2 97 97 CD 22599 1443 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1443 4 From from IN 22599 1443 5 a a DT 22599 1443 6 Bijayaga[d.]h bijayaga[d.]h JJ 22599 1443 7 pillar pillar NN 22599 1443 8 inscription inscription NN 22599 1443 9 of of IN 22599 1443 10 372 372 CD 22599 1443 11 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1443 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1443 13 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1443 14 , , , 22599 1443 15 loc loc NN 22599 1443 16 . . . 22599 1444 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1444 2 . . . 22599 1444 3 , , , 22599 1444 4 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1444 5 XXXVI XXXVI NNP 22599 1444 6 , , , 22599 1444 7 C. C. NNP 22599 1444 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1444 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1444 10 98 98 CD 22599 1444 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1444 12 From from IN 22599 1444 13 a a DT 22599 1444 14 copper copper NN 22599 1444 15 plate plate NN 22599 1444 16 of of IN 22599 1444 17 434 434 CD 22599 1444 18 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1444 19 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1444 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1444 21 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1444 22 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1444 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1444 24 , , , 22599 1444 25 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1444 26 . . . 22599 1445 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1445 2 , , , 22599 1445 3 p. p. NN 22599 1446 1 60 60 CD 22599 1446 2 . . . 22599 1446 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1447 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1447 2 99 99 CD 22599 1447 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1447 4 Gadhwa Gadhwa NNP 22599 1447 5 inscription inscription NN 22599 1447 6 , , , 22599 1447 7 c. c. NN 22599 1447 8 417 417 CD 22599 1447 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1447 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1447 11 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1447 12 , , , 22599 1447 13 loc loc NN 22599 1447 14 . . . 22599 1448 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1448 2 . . . 22599 1448 3 , , , 22599 1448 4 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1448 5 IV IV NNP 22599 1448 6 , , , 22599 1448 7 D. D. NNP 22599 1448 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1448 9 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1448 10 100 100 CD 22599 1448 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1448 12 K[=a]r[=i]tal[=a][=i K[=a]r[=i]tal[=a][=i NNP 22599 1448 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1448 14 plate plate NN 22599 1448 15 of of IN 22599 1448 16 493 493 CD 22599 1448 17 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1448 18 , , , 22599 1448 19 referred refer VBD 22599 1448 20 to to IN 22599 1448 21 above above RB 22599 1448 22 . . . 22599 1449 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1449 2 101 101 CD 22599 1449 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1449 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1449 5 seems seem VBZ 22599 1449 6 evident evident JJ 22599 1449 7 that that IN 22599 1449 8 the the DT 22599 1449 9 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 1449 10 four four CD 22599 1449 11 , , , 22599 1449 12 curiously curiously RB 22599 1449 13 enough enough RB 22599 1449 14 called call VBN 22599 1449 15 " " `` 22599 1449 16 eight eight CD 22599 1449 17 in in IN 22599 1449 18 the the DT 22599 1449 19 mouth mouth NN 22599 1449 20 , , , 22599 1449 21 " " '' 22599 1449 22 is be VBZ 22599 1449 23 only only RB 22599 1449 24 a a DT 22599 1449 25 cursive cursive JJ 22599 1449 26 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1449 27 4 4 CD 22599 1449 28 vertical vertical JJ 22599 1449 29 strokes stroke NNS 22599 1449 30 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1449 31 . . . 22599 1450 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1450 2 102 102 CD 22599 1450 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1450 4 Chalfont Chalfont NNP 22599 1450 5 , , , 22599 1450 6 F. F. NNP 22599 1450 7 H. H. NNP 22599 1450 8 , , , 22599 1450 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1450 10 Memoirs Memoirs NNP 22599 1450 11 of of IN 22599 1450 12 the the DT 22599 1450 13 Carnegie Carnegie NNP 22599 1450 14 Museum Museum NNP 22599 1450 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1450 16 , , , 22599 1450 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1450 18 . . . 22599 1451 1 IV IV NNP 22599 1451 2 , , , 22599 1451 3 no no UH 22599 1451 4 . . . 22599 1452 1 1 1 LS 22599 1452 2 ; ; : 22599 1452 3 J. J. NNP 22599 1452 4 Hager Hager NNP 22599 1452 5 , , , 22599 1452 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1452 7 An An NNP 22599 1452 8 Explanation Explanation NNP 22599 1452 9 of of IN 22599 1452 10 the the DT 22599 1452 11 Elementary Elementary NNP 22599 1452 12 Characters Characters NNPS 22599 1452 13 of of IN 22599 1452 14 the the DT 22599 1452 15 Chinese Chinese NNP 22599 1452 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1452 17 , , , 22599 1452 18 London London NNP 22599 1452 19 , , , 22599 1452 20 1801 1801 CD 22599 1452 21 . . . 22599 1453 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1453 2 103 103 CD 22599 1453 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1453 4 H. H. NNP 22599 1453 5 V. V. NNP 22599 1453 6 Hilprecht Hilprecht NNP 22599 1453 7 , , , 22599 1453 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1453 9 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 22599 1453 10 , , , 22599 1453 11 Metrological Metrological NNP 22599 1453 12 and and CC 22599 1453 13 Chronological Chronological NNP 22599 1453 14 Tablets Tablets NNPS 22599 1453 15 from from IN 22599 1453 16 the the DT 22599 1453 17 Temple Temple NNP 22599 1453 18 Library Library NNP 22599 1453 19 at at IN 22599 1453 20 Nippur Nippur NNP 22599 1453 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1453 22 , , , 22599 1453 23 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1453 24 . . . 22599 1454 1 XX XX NNP 22599 1454 2 , , , 22599 1454 3 part part NN 22599 1454 4 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1454 5 , , , 22599 1454 6 of of IN 22599 1454 7 Series Series NNP 22599 1454 8 A A NNP 22599 1454 9 , , , 22599 1454 10 Cuneiform Cuneiform NNP 22599 1454 11 Texts Texts NNP 22599 1454 12 Published publish VBN 22599 1454 13 by by IN 22599 1454 14 the the DT 22599 1454 15 Babylonian Babylonian NNP 22599 1454 16 Expedition Expedition NNP 22599 1454 17 of of IN 22599 1454 18 the the DT 22599 1454 19 University University NNP 22599 1454 20 of of IN 22599 1454 21 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania NNP 22599 1454 22 , , , 22599 1454 23 1906 1906 CD 22599 1454 24 ; ; : 22599 1454 25 A. A. NNP 22599 1454 26 Eisenlohr Eisenlohr NNP 22599 1454 27 , , , 22599 1454 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1454 29 Ein Ein NNP 22599 1454 30 altbabylonischer altbabylonischer JJ 22599 1454 31 Felderplan Felderplan NNP 22599 1454 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1454 33 , , , 22599 1454 34 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1454 35 , , , 22599 1454 36 1906 1906 CD 22599 1454 37 ; ; : 22599 1454 38 Maspero Maspero NNP 22599 1454 39 , , , 22599 1454 40 _ _ NNP 22599 1454 41 Dawn Dawn NNP 22599 1454 42 of of IN 22599 1454 43 Civilization Civilization NNP 22599 1454 44 _ _ NNP 22599 1454 45 , , , 22599 1454 46 p. p. NN 22599 1454 47 773 773 CD 22599 1454 48 . . . 22599 1455 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1455 2 104 104 CD 22599 1455 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1455 4 Sir Sir NNP 22599 1455 5 H. H. NNP 22599 1455 6 H. H. NNP 22599 1455 7 Howard Howard NNP 22599 1455 8 , , , 22599 1455 9 " " `` 22599 1455 10 On on IN 22599 1455 11 the the DT 22599 1455 12 Earliest early JJS 22599 1455 13 Inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1455 14 from from IN 22599 1455 15 Chaldea Chaldea NNP 22599 1455 16 , , , 22599 1455 17 " " '' 22599 1455 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1455 19 Proceedings Proceedings NNP 22599 1455 20 of of IN 22599 1455 21 the the DT 22599 1455 22 Society Society NNP 22599 1455 23 of of IN 22599 1455 24 Biblical Biblical NNP 22599 1455 25 Archæology Archæology NNP 22599 1455 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1455 27 , , , 22599 1455 28 XXI XXI NNP 22599 1455 29 , , , 22599 1455 30 p. p. NN 22599 1455 31 301 301 CD 22599 1455 32 , , , 22599 1455 33 London London NNP 22599 1455 34 , , , 22599 1455 35 1899 1899 CD 22599 1455 36 . . . 22599 1456 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1456 2 105 105 CD 22599 1456 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1456 4 For for IN 22599 1456 5 a a DT 22599 1456 6 bibliography bibliography NN 22599 1456 7 of of IN 22599 1456 8 the the DT 22599 1456 9 principal principal JJ 22599 1456 10 hypotheses hypothesis NNS 22599 1456 11 of of IN 22599 1456 12 this this DT 22599 1456 13 nature nature NN 22599 1456 14 see see VBP 22599 1456 15 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1456 16 , , , 22599 1456 17 loc loc NNP 22599 1456 18 . . . 22599 1457 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1457 2 . . NNP 22599 1457 3 , , , 22599 1457 4 p. p. NN 22599 1457 5 77 77 CD 22599 1457 6 . . . 22599 1458 1 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1458 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1458 3 p. p. NN 22599 1458 4 78 78 CD 22599 1458 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1458 6 feels feel VBZ 22599 1458 7 that that DT 22599 1458 8 of of IN 22599 1458 9 all all PDT 22599 1458 10 these these DT 22599 1458 11 hypotheses hypothesis NNS 22599 1458 12 that that WDT 22599 1458 13 which which WDT 22599 1458 14 connects connect VBZ 22599 1458 15 the the DT 22599 1458 16 Br[=a]hm[=i Br[=a]hm[=i NNP 22599 1458 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1458 18 with with IN 22599 1458 19 the the DT 22599 1458 20 Egyptian egyptian JJ 22599 1458 21 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1458 22 is be VBZ 22599 1458 23 the the DT 22599 1458 24 most most RBS 22599 1458 25 plausible plausible JJ 22599 1458 26 , , , 22599 1458 27 although although IN 22599 1458 28 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1458 29 does do VBZ 22599 1458 30 not not RB 22599 1458 31 adduce adduce VB 22599 1458 32 any any DT 22599 1458 33 convincing convincing JJ 22599 1458 34 proof proof NN 22599 1458 35 . . . 22599 1459 1 Th th UH 22599 1459 2 . . . 22599 1460 1 Henri Henri NNP 22599 1460 2 Martin Martin NNP 22599 1460 3 , , , 22599 1460 4 " " `` 22599 1460 5 Les Les NNP 22599 1460 6 signes sign VBZ 22599 1460 7 numéraux numéraux NNP 22599 1460 8 et et FW 22599 1460 9 l'arithmétique l'arithmétique FW 22599 1460 10 chez chez NNP 22599 1460 11 les les FW 22599 1460 12 peuples peuple NNS 22599 1460 13 de de FW 22599 1460 14 l'antiquité l'antiquité NNP 22599 1460 15 et et NNP 22599 1460 16 du du NNP 22599 1460 17 moyen moyen NNP 22599 1460 18 âge âge VB 22599 1460 19 " " '' 22599 1460 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1460 21 being be VBG 22599 1460 22 an an DT 22599 1460 23 examination examination NN 22599 1460 24 of of IN 22599 1460 25 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1460 26 's 's POS 22599 1460 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1460 28 Mathematische Mathematische NNP 22599 1460 29 Beiträge Beiträge NNP 22599 1460 30 zum zum NN 22599 1460 31 Culturleben Culturleben NNP 22599 1460 32 der der NN 22599 1460 33 Völker Völker NNP 22599 1460 34 _ _ NNP 22599 1460 35 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1460 36 , , , 22599 1460 37 _ _ NNP 22599 1460 38 Annali Annali NNP 22599 1460 39 di di NNP 22599 1460 40 matematica matematica NNP 22599 1460 41 pura pura NNP 22599 1460 42 ed ed NNP 22599 1460 43 applicata applicata NNP 22599 1460 44 _ _ NNP 22599 1460 45 , , , 22599 1460 46 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1460 47 . . . 22599 1461 1 V V NNP 22599 1461 2 , , , 22599 1461 3 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1461 4 , , , 22599 1461 5 1864 1864 CD 22599 1461 6 , , , 22599 1461 7 pp pp NNP 22599 1461 8 . . . 22599 1462 1 8 8 CD 22599 1462 2 , , , 22599 1462 3 70 70 CD 22599 1462 4 . . . 22599 1463 1 Also also RB 22599 1463 2 , , , 22599 1463 3 same same JJ 22599 1463 4 author author NN 22599 1463 5 , , , 22599 1463 6 " " '' 22599 1463 7 Recherches recherche NNS 22599 1463 8 nouvelles nouvelle VBZ 22599 1463 9 sur sur NNP 22599 1463 10 l'origine l'origine NNP 22599 1463 11 de de NNP 22599 1463 12 notre notre NNP 22599 1463 13 système système NNP 22599 1463 14 de de NNP 22599 1463 15 numération numération NNP 22599 1463 16 écrite écrite NNP 22599 1463 17 , , , 22599 1463 18 " " '' 22599 1463 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1463 20 Revue Revue NNP 22599 1463 21 Archéologique Archéologique NNP 22599 1463 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1463 23 , , , 22599 1463 24 1857 1857 CD 22599 1463 25 , , , 22599 1463 26 pp pp NNP 22599 1463 27 . . . 22599 1464 1 36 36 CD 22599 1464 2 , , , 22599 1464 3 55 55 CD 22599 1464 4 . . . 22599 1465 1 See see VB 22599 1465 2 also also RB 22599 1465 3 the the DT 22599 1465 4 tables table NNS 22599 1465 5 given give VBN 22599 1465 6 later later RB 22599 1465 7 in in IN 22599 1465 8 this this DT 22599 1465 9 work work NN 22599 1465 10 . . . 22599 1466 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1466 2 106 106 CD 22599 1466 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1466 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1466 5 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1466 6 of of IN 22599 1466 7 the the DT 22599 1466 8 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1466 9 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1466 10 Society Society NNP 22599 1466 11 , , , 22599 1466 12 Bombay Bombay NNP 22599 1466 13 Branch Branch NNP 22599 1466 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1466 15 , , , 22599 1466 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1466 17 . . . 22599 1467 1 XXIII XXIII NNP 22599 1467 2 . . . 22599 1468 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1468 2 107 107 CD 22599 1468 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1468 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1468 5 . . . 22599 1469 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1469 2 . . . 22599 1469 3 , , , 22599 1469 4 reprint reprint NN 22599 1469 5 , , , 22599 1469 6 Part Part NNP 22599 1469 7 I I NNP 22599 1469 8 , , , 22599 1469 9 pp pp NNP 22599 1469 10 . . . 22599 1470 1 12 12 CD 22599 1470 2 , , , 22599 1470 3 17 17 CD 22599 1470 4 . . . 22599 1471 1 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1471 2 's 's POS 22599 1471 3 deductions deduction NNS 22599 1471 4 are be VBP 22599 1471 5 generally generally RB 22599 1471 6 regarded regard VBN 22599 1471 7 as as IN 22599 1471 8 unwarranted unwarranted JJ 22599 1471 9 . . . 22599 1472 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1472 2 108 108 CD 22599 1472 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1472 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1472 5 The the DT 22599 1472 6 Alphabet Alphabet NNP 22599 1472 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1472 8 ; ; : 22599 1472 9 London London NNP 22599 1472 10 , , , 22599 1472 11 1883 1883 CD 22599 1472 12 , , , 22599 1472 13 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1472 14 . . . 22599 1473 1 II II NNP 22599 1473 2 , , , 22599 1473 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1473 4 . . . 22599 1474 1 265 265 CD 22599 1474 2 , , , 22599 1474 3 266 266 CD 22599 1474 4 , , , 22599 1474 5 and and CC 22599 1474 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1474 7 The the DT 22599 1474 8 Academy Academy NNP 22599 1474 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1474 10 of of IN 22599 1474 11 Jan. January NNP 22599 1474 12 28 28 CD 22599 1474 13 , , , 22599 1474 14 1882 1882 CD 22599 1474 15 . . . 22599 1475 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1475 2 109 109 CD 22599 1475 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1475 4 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 1475 5 , , , 22599 1475 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1475 7 The the DT 22599 1475 8 Alphabet Alphabet NNP 22599 1475 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1475 10 , , , 22599 1475 11 loc loc NNP 22599 1475 12 . . . 22599 1476 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1476 2 . . NNP 22599 1476 3 , , , 22599 1476 4 table table NN 22599 1476 5 on on IN 22599 1476 6 p. p. NN 22599 1476 7 266 266 CD 22599 1476 8 . . . 22599 1477 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1477 2 110 110 CD 22599 1477 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1477 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1477 5 , , , 22599 1477 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1477 7 On On NNP 22599 1477 8 the the DT 22599 1477 9 Origin Origin NNP 22599 1477 10 of of IN 22599 1477 11 the the DT 22599 1477 12 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1477 13 Br[=a]hma Br[=a]hma NNP 22599 1477 14 Alphabet Alphabet NNP 22599 1477 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1477 16 , , , 22599 1477 17 Strassburg Strassburg NNP 22599 1477 18 , , , 22599 1477 19 1898 1898 CD 22599 1477 20 , , , 22599 1477 21 footnote footnote NNP 22599 1477 22 , , , 22599 1477 23 pp pp NNP 22599 1477 24 . . . 22599 1478 1 52 52 CD 22599 1478 2 , , , 22599 1478 3 53 53 CD 22599 1478 4 . . . 22599 1479 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1479 2 111 111 CD 22599 1479 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1479 4 Albrecht Albrecht NNP 22599 1479 5 Weber Weber NNP 22599 1479 6 , , , 22599 1479 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1479 8 History history NN 22599 1479 9 of of IN 22599 1479 10 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1479 11 Literature Literature NNP 22599 1479 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1479 13 , , , 22599 1479 14 English English NNP 22599 1479 15 ed ed NNP 22599 1479 16 . . NNP 22599 1479 17 , , , 22599 1479 18 Boston Boston NNP 22599 1479 19 , , , 22599 1479 20 1878 1878 CD 22599 1479 21 , , , 22599 1479 22 p. p. NN 22599 1479 23 256 256 CD 22599 1479 24 : : : 22599 1479 25 " " `` 22599 1479 26 The the DT 22599 1479 27 Indian indian JJ 22599 1479 28 figures figure NNS 22599 1479 29 from from IN 22599 1479 30 1 1 CD 22599 1479 31 - - SYM 22599 1479 32 9 9 CD 22599 1479 33 are be VBP 22599 1479 34 abbreviated abbreviate VBN 22599 1479 35 forms form NNS 22599 1479 36 of of IN 22599 1479 37 the the DT 22599 1479 38 initial initial JJ 22599 1479 39 letters letter NNS 22599 1479 40 of of IN 22599 1479 41 the the DT 22599 1479 42 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1479 43 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 1479 44 ... ... NFP 22599 1479 45 : : : 22599 1479 46 the the DT 22599 1479 47 zero zero CD 22599 1479 48 , , , 22599 1479 49 too too RB 22599 1479 50 , , , 22599 1479 51 has have VBZ 22599 1479 52 arisen arise VBN 22599 1479 53 out out IN 22599 1479 54 of of IN 22599 1479 55 the the DT 22599 1479 56 first first JJ 22599 1479 57 letter letter NN 22599 1479 58 of of IN 22599 1479 59 the the DT 22599 1479 60 word word NN 22599 1479 61 _ _ NNP 22599 1479 62 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1479 63 s.]unya s.]unya NNP 22599 1479 64 _ _ NNP 22599 1479 65 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1479 66 empty empty JJ 22599 1479 67 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1479 68 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1479 69 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1479 70 occurs occur VBZ 22599 1479 71 even even RB 22599 1479 72 in in IN 22599 1479 73 Piñgala Piñgala NNP 22599 1479 74 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1479 75 . . . 22599 1480 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1480 2 is be VBZ 22599 1480 3 the the DT 22599 1480 4 decimal decimal JJ 22599 1480 5 place place NN 22599 1480 6 value value NN 22599 1480 7 of of IN 22599 1480 8 these these DT 22599 1480 9 figures figure NNS 22599 1480 10 which which WDT 22599 1480 11 gives give VBZ 22599 1480 12 them -PRON- PRP 22599 1480 13 significance significance NN 22599 1480 14 . . . 22599 1480 15 " " '' 22599 1481 1 C. C. NNP 22599 1481 2 Henry Henry NNP 22599 1481 3 , , , 22599 1481 4 " " `` 22599 1481 5 Sur Sur NNP 22599 1481 6 l'origine l'origine FW 22599 1481 7 de de NNP 22599 1481 8 quelques quelques NNP 22599 1481 9 notations notations NNP 22599 1481 10 mathématiques mathématique NNS 22599 1481 11 , , , 22599 1481 12 " " '' 22599 1481 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1481 14 Revue Revue NNP 22599 1481 15 Archéologique Archéologique NNP 22599 1481 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1481 17 , , , 22599 1481 18 June June NNP 22599 1481 19 and and CC 22599 1481 20 July July NNP 22599 1481 21 , , , 22599 1481 22 1879 1879 CD 22599 1481 23 , , , 22599 1481 24 attempts attempt VBZ 22599 1481 25 to to TO 22599 1481 26 derive derive VB 22599 1481 27 the the DT 22599 1481 28 Boethian boethian JJ 22599 1481 29 forms form NNS 22599 1481 30 from from IN 22599 1481 31 the the DT 22599 1481 32 initials initial NNS 22599 1481 33 of of IN 22599 1481 34 Latin latin JJ 22599 1481 35 words word NNS 22599 1481 36 . . . 22599 1482 1 See see VB 22599 1482 2 also also RB 22599 1482 3 J. J. NNP 22599 1482 4 Prinsep Prinsep NNP 22599 1482 5 , , , 22599 1482 6 " " `` 22599 1482 7 Examination examination NN 22599 1482 8 of of IN 22599 1482 9 the the DT 22599 1482 10 Inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1482 11 from from IN 22599 1482 12 Girnar Girnar NNP 22599 1482 13 in in IN 22599 1482 14 Gujerat Gujerat NNP 22599 1482 15 , , , 22599 1482 16 and and CC 22599 1482 17 Dhauli Dhauli NNP 22599 1482 18 in in IN 22599 1482 19 Cuttach Cuttach NNP 22599 1482 20 , , , 22599 1482 21 " " '' 22599 1482 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1482 23 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1482 24 of of IN 22599 1482 25 the the DT 22599 1482 26 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1482 27 Society Society NNP 22599 1482 28 of of IN 22599 1482 29 Bengal Bengal NNP 22599 1482 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1482 31 , , , 22599 1482 32 1838 1838 CD 22599 1482 33 , , , 22599 1482 34 especially especially RB 22599 1482 35 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1482 36 XX XX NNP 22599 1482 37 , , , 22599 1482 38 p. p. NN 22599 1482 39 348 348 CD 22599 1482 40 ; ; : 22599 1482 41 this this DT 22599 1482 42 was be VBD 22599 1482 43 the the DT 22599 1482 44 first first JJ 22599 1482 45 work work NN 22599 1482 46 on on IN 22599 1482 47 the the DT 22599 1482 48 subject subject NN 22599 1482 49 . . . 22599 1483 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1483 2 112 112 CD 22599 1483 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1483 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1483 5 , , , 22599 1483 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1483 7 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 1483 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1483 9 , , , 22599 1483 10 p. p. NN 22599 1483 11 75 75 CD 22599 1483 12 , , , 22599 1483 13 gives give VBZ 22599 1483 14 the the DT 22599 1483 15 list list NN 22599 1483 16 , , , 22599 1483 17 with with IN 22599 1483 18 the the DT 22599 1483 19 list list NN 22599 1483 20 of of IN 22599 1483 21 letters letter NNS 22599 1483 22 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1483 23 p. p. NN 22599 1483 24 76 76 CD 22599 1483 25 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1483 26 corresponding correspond VBG 22599 1483 27 to to IN 22599 1483 28 the the DT 22599 1483 29 number number NN 22599 1483 30 symbols symbol NNS 22599 1483 31 . . . 22599 1484 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1484 2 113 113 CD 22599 1484 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1484 4 For for IN 22599 1484 5 a a DT 22599 1484 6 general general JJ 22599 1484 7 discussion discussion NN 22599 1484 8 of of IN 22599 1484 9 the the DT 22599 1484 10 connection connection NN 22599 1484 11 between between IN 22599 1484 12 the the DT 22599 1484 13 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1484 14 and and CC 22599 1484 15 the the DT 22599 1484 16 different different JJ 22599 1484 17 kinds kind NNS 22599 1484 18 of of IN 22599 1484 19 alphabets alphabet NNS 22599 1484 20 , , , 22599 1484 21 see see VB 22599 1484 22 the the DT 22599 1484 23 articles article NNS 22599 1484 24 by by IN 22599 1484 25 U. U. NNP 22599 1484 26 Ceretti Ceretti NNP 22599 1484 27 , , , 22599 1484 28 " " '' 22599 1484 29 Sulla Sulla NNP 22599 1484 30 origine origine NN 22599 1484 31 delle delle NNP 22599 1484 32 cifre cifre NNP 22599 1484 33 numerali numerali NNP 22599 1484 34 moderne moderne NNP 22599 1484 35 , , , 22599 1484 36 " " '' 22599 1484 37 _ _ NNP 22599 1484 38 Rivista Rivista NNP 22599 1484 39 di di NNP 22599 1484 40 fisica fisica NNP 22599 1484 41 , , , 22599 1484 42 matematica matematica NNP 22599 1484 43 e e NNP 22599 1484 44 scienze scienze NNP 22599 1484 45 naturali naturali NNP 22599 1484 46 _ _ NNP 22599 1484 47 , , , 22599 1484 48 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 1484 49 and and CC 22599 1484 50 Pavia Pavia NNP 22599 1484 51 , , , 22599 1484 52 1909 1909 CD 22599 1484 53 , , , 22599 1484 54 anno anno JJ 22599 1484 55 X X NNS 22599 1484 56 , , , 22599 1484 57 numbers number VBZ 22599 1484 58 114 114 CD 22599 1484 59 , , , 22599 1484 60 118 118 CD 22599 1484 61 , , , 22599 1484 62 119 119 CD 22599 1484 63 , , , 22599 1484 64 and and CC 22599 1484 65 120 120 CD 22599 1484 66 , , , 22599 1484 67 and and CC 22599 1484 68 continuation continuation NN 22599 1484 69 in in IN 22599 1484 70 1910 1910 CD 22599 1484 71 . . . 22599 1485 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1485 2 114 114 CD 22599 1485 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1485 4 This this DT 22599 1485 5 is be VBZ 22599 1485 6 one one CD 22599 1485 7 of of IN 22599 1485 8 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1485 9 's 's POS 22599 1485 10 hypotheses hypothesis NNS 22599 1485 11 . . . 22599 1486 1 See see VB 22599 1486 2 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1486 3 , , , 22599 1486 4 loc loc NNP 22599 1486 5 . . . 22599 1487 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1487 2 . . . 22599 1487 3 , , , 22599 1487 4 reprint reprint NNP 22599 1487 5 p. p. NN 22599 1487 6 4 4 CD 22599 1487 7 ; ; : 22599 1487 8 a a DT 22599 1487 9 good good JJ 22599 1487 10 bibliography bibliography NN 22599 1487 11 of of IN 22599 1487 12 original original JJ 22599 1487 13 sources source NNS 22599 1487 14 is be VBZ 22599 1487 15 given give VBN 22599 1487 16 in in IN 22599 1487 17 this this DT 22599 1487 18 work work NN 22599 1487 19 , , , 22599 1487 20 p. p. NN 22599 1487 21 38 38 CD 22599 1487 22 . . . 22599 1488 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1488 2 115 115 CD 22599 1488 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1488 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1488 5 . . . 22599 1489 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1489 2 . . . 22599 1489 3 , , , 22599 1489 4 reprint reprint NN 22599 1489 5 , , , 22599 1489 6 part part NN 22599 1489 7 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1489 8 , , , 22599 1489 9 pp pp NNP 22599 1489 10 . . . 22599 1490 1 12 12 CD 22599 1490 2 , , , 22599 1490 3 17 17 CD 22599 1490 4 . . . 22599 1491 1 See see VB 22599 1491 2 also also RB 22599 1491 3 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1491 4 , , , 22599 1491 5 loc loc NNP 22599 1491 6 . . . 22599 1492 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1492 2 . . . 22599 1492 3 , , , 22599 1492 4 p. p. NN 22599 1492 5 64 64 CD 22599 1492 6 , , , 22599 1492 7 and and CC 22599 1492 8 tables table NNS 22599 1492 9 in in IN 22599 1492 10 plate plate NN 22599 1492 11 XXIII xxiii NN 22599 1492 12 . . . 22599 1493 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1493 2 116 116 CD 22599 1493 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1493 4 This this DT 22599 1493 5 was be VBD 22599 1493 6 asserted assert VBN 22599 1493 7 by by IN 22599 1493 8 G. G. NNP 22599 1493 9 Hager Hager NNP 22599 1493 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1493 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1493 12 Memoria Memoria NNP 22599 1493 13 sulle sulle NNP 22599 1493 14 cifre cifre NNP 22599 1493 15 arabiche arabiche NNP 22599 1493 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1493 17 , , , 22599 1493 18 Milan Milan NNP 22599 1493 19 , , , 22599 1493 20 1813 1813 CD 22599 1493 21 , , , 22599 1493 22 also also RB 22599 1493 23 published publish VBN 22599 1493 24 in in IN 22599 1493 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1493 26 Fundgruben Fundgruben NNP 22599 1493 27 des des NNP 22599 1493 28 Orients Orients NNP 22599 1493 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1493 30 , , , 22599 1493 31 Vienna Vienna NNP 22599 1493 32 , , , 22599 1493 33 1811 1811 CD 22599 1493 34 , , , 22599 1493 35 and and CC 22599 1493 36 in in IN 22599 1493 37 _ _ NNP 22599 1493 38 Bibliothèque Bibliothèque NNP 22599 1493 39 Britannique Britannique NNP 22599 1493 40 _ _ NNP 22599 1493 41 , , , 22599 1493 42 Geneva Geneva NNP 22599 1493 43 , , , 22599 1493 44 1812 1812 CD 22599 1493 45 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1493 46 . . . 22599 1494 1 See see VB 22599 1494 2 also also RB 22599 1494 3 the the DT 22599 1494 4 recent recent JJ 22599 1494 5 article article NN 22599 1494 6 by by IN 22599 1494 7 Major Major NNP 22599 1494 8 Charles Charles NNP 22599 1494 9 E. E. NNP 22599 1494 10 Woodruff Woodruff NNP 22599 1494 11 , , , 22599 1494 12 " " `` 22599 1494 13 The the DT 22599 1494 14 Evolution Evolution NNP 22599 1494 15 of of IN 22599 1494 16 Modern Modern NNP 22599 1494 17 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1494 18 from from IN 22599 1494 19 Tally Tally NNP 22599 1494 20 Marks Marks NNP 22599 1494 21 , , , 22599 1494 22 " " '' 22599 1494 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1494 24 American American NNP 22599 1494 25 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 22599 1494 26 Monthly Monthly NNP 22599 1494 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1494 28 , , , 22599 1494 29 August August NNP 22599 1494 30 - - HYPH 22599 1494 31 September September NNP 22599 1494 32 , , , 22599 1494 33 1909 1909 CD 22599 1494 34 . . . 22599 1495 1 Biernatzki Biernatzki NNP 22599 1495 2 , , , 22599 1495 3 " " '' 22599 1495 4 Die die VB 22599 1495 5 Arithmetik Arithmetik NNP 22599 1495 6 der der VBP 22599 1495 7 Chinesen Chinesen NNP 22599 1495 8 , , , 22599 1495 9 " " `` 22599 1495 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1495 11 Crelle Crelle NNP 22599 1495 12 's 's POS 22599 1495 13 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1495 14 für für NN 22599 1495 15 die die VBP 22599 1495 16 reine reine NN 22599 1495 17 und und NN 22599 1495 18 angewandte angewandte NNS 22599 1495 19 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1495 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1495 21 , , , 22599 1495 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1495 23 . . . 22599 1496 1 LII LII NNP 22599 1496 2 , , , 22599 1496 3 1857 1857 CD 22599 1496 4 , , , 22599 1496 5 pp pp NNP 22599 1496 6 . . . 22599 1497 1 59 59 CD 22599 1497 2 - - SYM 22599 1497 3 96 96 CD 22599 1497 4 , , , 22599 1497 5 also also RB 22599 1497 6 asserts assert VBZ 22599 1497 7 the the DT 22599 1497 8 priority priority NN 22599 1497 9 of of IN 22599 1497 10 the the DT 22599 1497 11 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 1497 12 claim claim NN 22599 1497 13 for for IN 22599 1497 14 a a DT 22599 1497 15 place place NN 22599 1497 16 system system NN 22599 1497 17 and and CC 22599 1497 18 the the DT 22599 1497 19 zero zero CD 22599 1497 20 , , , 22599 1497 21 but but CC 22599 1497 22 upon upon IN 22599 1497 23 the the DT 22599 1497 24 flimsiest flimsy JJS 22599 1497 25 authority authority NN 22599 1497 26 . . . 22599 1498 1 Ch ch NN 22599 1498 2 . . . 22599 1499 1 de de NNP 22599 1499 2 Paravey Paravey NNP 22599 1499 3 , , , 22599 1499 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1499 5 Essai Essai NNP 22599 1499 6 sur sur FW 22599 1499 7 l'origine l'origine NNP 22599 1499 8 unique unique NNP 22599 1499 9 et et NNP 22599 1499 10 hiéroglyphique hiéroglyphique NNP 22599 1499 11 des des NNP 22599 1499 12 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1499 13 et et NNP 22599 1499 14 des des NNP 22599 1499 15 lettres lettres NNP 22599 1499 16 de de NNP 22599 1499 17 tous tous JJ 22599 1499 18 les les NNP 22599 1499 19 peuples peuple NNS 22599 1499 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1499 21 , , , 22599 1499 22 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1499 23 , , , 22599 1499 24 1826 1826 CD 22599 1499 25 ; ; : 22599 1499 26 G. G. NNP 22599 1499 27 Kleinwächter Kleinwächter NNP 22599 1499 28 , , , 22599 1499 29 " " `` 22599 1499 30 The the DT 22599 1499 31 Origin Origin NNP 22599 1499 32 of of IN 22599 1499 33 the the DT 22599 1499 34 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 1499 35 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1499 36 , , , 22599 1499 37 " " '' 22599 1499 38 _ _ NNP 22599 1499 39 China China NNP 22599 1499 40 Review Review NNP 22599 1499 41 _ _ NNP 22599 1499 42 , , , 22599 1499 43 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1499 44 . . . 22599 1500 1 XI XI NNP 22599 1500 2 , , , 22599 1500 3 1882 1882 CD 22599 1500 4 - - SYM 22599 1500 5 1883 1883 CD 22599 1500 6 , , , 22599 1500 7 pp pp NNP 22599 1500 8 . . . 22599 1501 1 379 379 CD 22599 1501 2 - - SYM 22599 1501 3 381 381 CD 22599 1501 4 , , , 22599 1501 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1501 6 . . . 22599 1502 1 XII XII NNP 22599 1502 2 , , , 22599 1502 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1502 4 . . . 22599 1503 1 28 28 CD 22599 1503 2 - - SYM 22599 1503 3 30 30 CD 22599 1503 4 ; ; : 22599 1503 5 Biot Biot NNP 22599 1503 6 , , , 22599 1503 7 " " `` 22599 1503 8 Note note VB 22599 1503 9 sur sur NNP 22599 1503 10 la la NNP 22599 1503 11 connaissance connaissance NN 22599 1503 12 que que NNP 22599 1503 13 les les NNP 22599 1503 14 Chinois Chinois NNP 22599 1503 15 ont ont CC 22599 1503 16 eue eue NNP 22599 1503 17 de de FW 22599 1503 18 la la NNP 22599 1503 19 valeur valeur FW 22599 1503 20 de de FW 22599 1503 21 position position NN 22599 1503 22 des des FW 22599 1503 23 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1503 24 , , , 22599 1503 25 " " '' 22599 1503 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1503 27 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1503 28 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 1503 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1503 30 , , , 22599 1503 31 1839 1839 CD 22599 1503 32 , , , 22599 1503 33 pp pp NNP 22599 1503 34 . . . 22599 1504 1 497 497 CD 22599 1504 2 - - SYM 22599 1504 3 502 502 CD 22599 1504 4 . . . 22599 1505 1 A. A. NNP 22599 1505 2 Terrien Terrien NNP 22599 1505 3 de de NNP 22599 1505 4 Lacouperie Lacouperie NNP 22599 1505 5 , , , 22599 1505 6 " " `` 22599 1505 7 The The NNP 22599 1505 8 Old Old NNP 22599 1505 9 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1505 10 , , , 22599 1505 11 the the DT 22599 1505 12 Counting Counting NNP 22599 1505 13 - - HYPH 22599 1505 14 Rods Rods NNP 22599 1505 15 and and CC 22599 1505 16 the the DT 22599 1505 17 Swan Swan NNP 22599 1505 18 - - HYPH 22599 1505 19 Pan Pan NNP 22599 1505 20 in in IN 22599 1505 21 China China NNP 22599 1505 22 , , , 22599 1505 23 " " '' 22599 1505 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1505 25 Numismatic Numismatic NNP 22599 1505 26 Chronicle Chronicle NNP 22599 1505 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1505 28 , , , 22599 1505 29 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1505 30 . . . 22599 1506 1 III III NNP 22599 1506 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1506 3 3 3 CD 22599 1506 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1506 5 , , , 22599 1506 6 pp pp NNP 22599 1506 7 . . . 22599 1507 1 297 297 CD 22599 1507 2 - - SYM 22599 1507 3 340 340 CD 22599 1507 4 , , , 22599 1507 5 and and CC 22599 1507 6 Crowder Crowder NNP 22599 1507 7 B. B. NNP 22599 1507 8 Moseley Moseley NNP 22599 1507 9 , , , 22599 1507 10 " " `` 22599 1507 11 Numeral numeral JJ 22599 1507 12 Characters character NNS 22599 1507 13 : : : 22599 1507 14 Theory theory NN 22599 1507 15 of of IN 22599 1507 16 Origin Origin NNP 22599 1507 17 and and CC 22599 1507 18 Development Development NNP 22599 1507 19 , , , 22599 1507 20 " " '' 22599 1507 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1507 22 American American NNP 22599 1507 23 Antiquarian Antiquarian NNP 22599 1507 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1507 25 , , , 22599 1507 26 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1507 27 . . . 22599 1508 1 XXII XXII NNP 22599 1508 2 , , , 22599 1508 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1508 4 . . . 22599 1509 1 279 279 CD 22599 1509 2 - - SYM 22599 1509 3 284 284 CD 22599 1509 4 , , , 22599 1509 5 both both DT 22599 1509 6 propose propose VBP 22599 1509 7 to to TO 22599 1509 8 derive derive VB 22599 1509 9 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1509 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1509 11 from from IN 22599 1509 12 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 1509 13 characters character NNS 22599 1509 14 , , , 22599 1509 15 in in IN 22599 1509 16 much much RB 22599 1509 17 the the DT 22599 1509 18 same same JJ 22599 1509 19 way way NN 22599 1509 20 as as IN 22599 1509 21 is be VBZ 22599 1509 22 done do VBN 22599 1509 23 by by IN 22599 1509 24 Major Major NNP 22599 1509 25 Woodruff Woodruff NNP 22599 1509 26 , , , 22599 1509 27 in in IN 22599 1509 28 the the DT 22599 1509 29 article article NN 22599 1509 30 above above IN 22599 1509 31 cited cite VBD 22599 1509 32 . . . 22599 1510 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1510 2 117 117 CD 22599 1510 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1510 4 The the DT 22599 1510 5 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 1510 6 , , , 22599 1510 7 probably probably RB 22599 1510 8 following follow VBG 22599 1510 9 the the DT 22599 1510 10 Semitic semitic JJ 22599 1510 11 custom custom NN 22599 1510 12 , , , 22599 1510 13 used use VBD 22599 1510 14 nine nine CD 22599 1510 15 letters letter NNS 22599 1510 16 of of IN 22599 1510 17 the the DT 22599 1510 18 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 1510 19 for for IN 22599 1510 20 the the DT 22599 1510 21 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1510 22 from from IN 22599 1510 23 1 1 CD 22599 1510 24 to to IN 22599 1510 25 9 9 CD 22599 1510 26 , , , 22599 1510 27 then then RB 22599 1510 28 nine nine CD 22599 1510 29 others other NNS 22599 1510 30 for for IN 22599 1510 31 10 10 CD 22599 1510 32 to to TO 22599 1510 33 90 90 CD 22599 1510 34 , , , 22599 1510 35 and and CC 22599 1510 36 further further JJ 22599 1510 37 letters letter NNS 22599 1510 38 to to TO 22599 1510 39 represent represent VB 22599 1510 40 100 100 CD 22599 1510 41 to to TO 22599 1510 42 900 900 CD 22599 1510 43 . . . 22599 1511 1 As as IN 22599 1511 2 the the DT 22599 1511 3 ordinary ordinary JJ 22599 1511 4 Greek greek JJ 22599 1511 5 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 1511 6 was be VBD 22599 1511 7 insufficient insufficient JJ 22599 1511 8 , , , 22599 1511 9 containing contain VBG 22599 1511 10 only only RB 22599 1511 11 twenty twenty CD 22599 1511 12 - - HYPH 22599 1511 13 four four CD 22599 1511 14 letters letter NNS 22599 1511 15 , , , 22599 1511 16 an an DT 22599 1511 17 alphabet alphabet NN 22599 1511 18 of of IN 22599 1511 19 twenty twenty CD 22599 1511 20 - - HYPH 22599 1511 21 seven seven CD 22599 1511 22 letters letter NNS 22599 1511 23 was be VBD 22599 1511 24 used use VBN 22599 1511 25 . . . 22599 1512 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1512 2 118 118 CD 22599 1512 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1512 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1512 5 Institutiones Institutiones NNP 22599 1512 6 mathematicae mathematicae NN 22599 1512 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1512 8 , , , 22599 1512 9 2 2 CD 22599 1512 10 vols vol NNS 22599 1512 11 . . . 22599 1512 12 , , , 22599 1512 13 Strassburg Strassburg NNP 22599 1512 14 , , , 22599 1512 15 1593 1593 CD 22599 1512 16 - - SYM 22599 1512 17 1596 1596 CD 22599 1512 18 , , , 22599 1512 19 a a DT 22599 1512 20 somewhat somewhat RB 22599 1512 21 rare rare JJ 22599 1512 22 work work NN 22599 1512 23 from from IN 22599 1512 24 which which WDT 22599 1512 25 the the DT 22599 1512 26 following following JJ 22599 1512 27 quotation quotation NN 22599 1512 28 is be VBZ 22599 1512 29 taken take VBN 22599 1512 30 : : : 22599 1512 31 " " `` 22599 1512 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1512 33 Quis Quis NNP 22599 1512 34 est est NNP 22599 1512 35 harum harum NN 22599 1512 36 Cyphrarum Cyphrarum NNP 22599 1512 37 autor autor NN 22599 1512 38 ? ? . 22599 1512 39 _ _ NNP 22599 1512 40 " " `` 22599 1512 41 A a DT 22599 1512 42 quibus quibus NN 22599 1512 43 hae hae FW 22599 1512 44 usitatae usitatae NN 22599 1512 45 syphrarum syphrarum NN 22599 1512 46 notae notae RB 22599 1512 47 sint sint NNP 22599 1512 48 inventae inventae NNP 22599 1512 49 : : : 22599 1512 50 hactenus hactenus NNP 22599 1512 51 incertum incertum NNP 22599 1512 52 fuit fuit NN 22599 1512 53 : : : 22599 1512 54 meo meo NNP 22599 1512 55 tamen tamen NNP 22599 1512 56 iudicio iudicio NNP 22599 1512 57 , , , 22599 1512 58 quod quod NNP 22599 1512 59 exiguum exiguum NNP 22599 1512 60 esse esse NNP 22599 1512 61 fateor fateor NNP 22599 1512 62 : : : 22599 1512 63 a a DT 22599 1512 64 graecis graecis NN 22599 1512 65 librarijs librarijs NN 22599 1512 66 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1512 67 quorum quorum NNP 22599 1512 68 olim olim NNP 22599 1512 69 magna magna NNPS 22599 1512 70 fuit fuit NNP 22599 1512 71 copia copia NNP 22599 1512 72 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1512 73 literae literae NNP 22599 1512 74 Graecorum Graecorum NNP 22599 1512 75 quibus quibus NN 22599 1512 76 veteres vetere VBZ 22599 1512 77 Graeci Graeci NNP 22599 1512 78 tamquam tamquam NNP 22599 1512 79 numerorum numerorum NNP 22599 1512 80 notis notis NNP 22599 1512 81 sunt sunt NNP 22599 1512 82 usi usi NNP 22599 1512 83 : : : 22599 1512 84 fuerunt fuerunt NNP 22599 1512 85 corruptae corruptae NNP 22599 1512 86 . . . 22599 1513 1 vt vt NNP 22599 1513 2 ex ex VB 22599 1513 3 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1513 4 licet licet NN 22599 1513 5 videre videre NNP 22599 1513 6 . . . 22599 1514 1 " " `` 22599 1514 2 Graecorum Graecorum NNP 22599 1514 3 Literae Literae NNP 22599 1514 4 corruptae corruptae NN 22599 1514 5 . . . 22599 1515 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1515 2 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1515 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1515 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1515 5 " " `` 22599 1515 6 Sed Sed NNP 22599 1515 7 qua qua NNP 22599 1515 8 ratione ratione JJ 22599 1515 9 graecorum graecorum NNP 22599 1515 10 literae literae NNP 22599 1515 11 ita ita NNP 22599 1515 12 fuerunt fuerunt NNP 22599 1515 13 corruptae corruptae NNP 22599 1515 14 ? ? . 22599 1515 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1515 16 " " `` 22599 1515 17 Finxerunt Finxerunt NNP 22599 1515 18 has have VBZ 22599 1515 19 corruptas corruptas NN 22599 1515 20 Graecorum Graecorum NNP 22599 1515 21 literarum literarum NNP 22599 1515 22 notas notas NNP 22599 1515 23 : : : 22599 1515 24 vel vel NNP 22599 1515 25 abiectione abiectione NNP 22599 1515 26 vt vt NNP 22599 1515 27 in in IN 22599 1515 28 nota nota NNP 22599 1515 29 binarij binarij NNP 22599 1515 30 numeri numeri NNP 22599 1515 31 , , , 22599 1515 32 vel vel NNP 22599 1515 33 additione additione NNP 22599 1515 34 vt vt NNP 22599 1515 35 in in IN 22599 1515 36 ternarij ternarij NNP 22599 1515 37 , , , 22599 1515 38 vel vel NNP 22599 1515 39 inuersione inuersione NNP 22599 1515 40 vt vt NNP 22599 1515 41 in in IN 22599 1515 42 septenarij septenarij NNP 22599 1515 43 , , , 22599 1515 44 numeri numeri NNP 22599 1515 45 nota nota NNP 22599 1515 46 , , , 22599 1515 47 nostrae nostrae NNP 22599 1515 48 notae notae NNP 22599 1515 49 , , , 22599 1515 50 quibus quibus NNP 22599 1515 51 hodie hodie NNP 22599 1515 52 utimur utimur NNP 22599 1515 53 : : : 22599 1515 54 ab ab NNP 22599 1515 55 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1515 56 sola sola NNP 22599 1515 57 differunt differunt NNP 22599 1515 58 elegantia elegantia NNP 22599 1515 59 , , , 22599 1515 60 vt vt NNP 22599 1515 61 apparet apparet NNP 22599 1515 62 . . . 22599 1515 63 " " '' 22599 1516 1 See see VB 22599 1516 2 also also RB 22599 1516 3 Bayer Bayer NNP 22599 1516 4 , , , 22599 1516 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1516 6 Historia Historia NNP 22599 1516 7 regni regni NN 22599 1516 8 Graecorum Graecorum NNP 22599 1516 9 Bactriani Bactriani NNP 22599 1516 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1516 11 , , , 22599 1516 12 St. St. NNP 22599 1516 13 Petersburg Petersburg NNP 22599 1516 14 , , , 22599 1516 15 1788 1788 CD 22599 1516 16 , , , 22599 1516 17 pp pp NNP 22599 1516 18 . . . 22599 1517 1 129 129 CD 22599 1517 2 - - SYM 22599 1517 3 130 130 CD 22599 1517 4 , , , 22599 1517 5 quoted quote VBN 22599 1517 6 by by IN 22599 1517 7 Martin Martin NNP 22599 1517 8 , , , 22599 1517 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1517 10 Recherches Recherches NNP 22599 1517 11 nouvelles nouvelle VBZ 22599 1517 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1517 13 , , , 22599 1517 14 etc etc FW 22599 1517 15 . . FW 22599 1517 16 , , , 22599 1517 17 loc loc NNP 22599 1517 18 . . . 22599 1518 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1518 2 . . . 22599 1519 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1519 2 119 119 CD 22599 1519 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1519 4 P. P. NNP 22599 1519 5 D. D. NNP 22599 1519 6 Huet Huet NNP 22599 1519 7 , , , 22599 1519 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1519 9 Demonstratio Demonstratio NNP 22599 1519 10 evangelica evangelica NN 22599 1519 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1519 12 , , , 22599 1519 13 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1519 14 , , , 22599 1519 15 1769 1769 CD 22599 1519 16 , , , 22599 1519 17 note note VBP 22599 1519 18 to to IN 22599 1519 19 p. p. NN 22599 1519 20 139 139 CD 22599 1519 21 on on IN 22599 1519 22 p. p. NN 22599 1519 23 647 647 CD 22599 1519 24 : : : 22599 1519 25 " " `` 22599 1519 26 Ab Ab NNP 22599 1519 27 Arabibus Arabibus NNP 22599 1519 28 vel vel NN 22599 1519 29 ab ab NNP 22599 1519 30 Indis Indis NNP 22599 1519 31 inventas inventa VBZ 22599 1519 32 esse esse NNP 22599 1519 33 , , , 22599 1519 34 non non NNP 22599 1519 35 vulgus vulgus NNP 22599 1519 36 eruditorum eruditorum NNP 22599 1519 37 modo modo NNP 22599 1519 38 , , , 22599 1519 39 sed sed NNP 22599 1519 40 doctissimi doctissimi NNP 22599 1519 41 quique quique NNP 22599 1519 42 ad ad NNP 22599 1519 43 hanc hanc NNP 22599 1519 44 diem diem NNP 22599 1519 45 arbitrati arbitrati NNP 22599 1519 46 sunt sunt NNP 22599 1519 47 . . . 22599 1520 1 Ego ego NN 22599 1520 2 vero vero NN 22599 1520 3 falsum falsum NN 22599 1520 4 i -PRON- PRP 22599 1520 5 d d NNP 22599 1520 6 esse esse NNP 22599 1520 7 , , , 22599 1520 8 merosque merosque NN 22599 1520 9 esse esse NNP 22599 1520 10 Graecorum Graecorum NNP 22599 1520 11 characteres character VBZ 22599 1520 12 aio aio RB 22599 1520 13 ; ; : 22599 1520 14 à à LS 22599 1520 15 librariis librariis JJ 22599 1520 16 Graecae Graecae NNP 22599 1520 17 linguae linguae NNP 22599 1520 18 ignaris ignaris NNP 22599 1520 19 interpolatos interpolatos NNP 22599 1520 20 , , , 22599 1520 21 et et NNP 22599 1520 22 diuturna diuturna NNP 22599 1520 23 scribendi scribendi NNP 22599 1520 24 consuetudine consuetudine NNP 22599 1520 25 corruptos corruptos NNP 22599 1520 26 . . . 22599 1521 1 Nam Nam NNP 22599 1521 2 primum primum JJ 22599 1521 3 1 1 CD 22599 1521 4 apex apex NN 22599 1521 5 fuit fuit NN 22599 1521 6 , , , 22599 1521 7 seu seu NNP 22599 1521 8 virgula virgula NNP 22599 1521 9 , , , 22599 1521 10 nota nota NNP 22599 1521 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1521 12 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1521 13 : : : 22599 1521 14 monados monados NNP 22599 1521 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1521 16 . . . 22599 1522 1 2 2 LS 22599 1522 2 , , , 22599 1522 3 est est NNP 22599 1522 4 ipsum ipsum NNP 22599 1522 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1522 6 beta beta NNP 22599 1522 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1522 8 extremis extremis NN 22599 1522 9 suis suis NNP 22599 1522 10 truncatum truncatum NNP 22599 1522 11 . . . 22599 1523 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1523 2 gamma gamma NN 22599 1523 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1523 4 , , , 22599 1523 5 si si NN 22599 1523 6 in in IN 22599 1523 7 sinistram sinistram NNP 22599 1523 8 partem partem NNP 22599 1523 9 inclinaveris inclinaveris NNP 22599 1523 10 & & CC 22599 1523 11 cauda cauda NNP 22599 1523 12 mutilaveris mutilaveris NNP 22599 1523 13 & & CC 22599 1523 14 sinistrum sinistrum NNP 22599 1523 15 cornu cornu NNP 22599 1523 16 sinistrorsum sinistrorsum NNP 22599 1523 17 flexeris flexeris NNP 22599 1523 18 , , , 22599 1523 19 fiet fiet VBP 22599 1523 20 3 3 CD 22599 1523 21 . . . 22599 1524 1 Res Res NNP 22599 1524 2 ipsa ipsa NNP 22599 1524 3 loquitur loquitur NN 22599 1524 4 4 4 CD 22599 1524 5 ipsissimum ipsissimum JJ 22599 1524 6 esse esse NNP 22599 1524 7 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1524 8 Delta Delta NNP 22599 1524 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1524 10 , , , 22599 1524 11 cujus cujus NNP 22599 1524 12 crus crus NNP 22599 1524 13 sinistrum sinistrum NN 22599 1524 14 erigitur erigitur NNP 22599 1524 15 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1524 16 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1524 17 : : : 22599 1524 18 kata kata NNP 22599 1524 19 katheton katheton NNP 22599 1524 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1524 21 , , , 22599 1524 22 & & CC 22599 1524 23 infra infra NNP 22599 1524 24 basim basim NNP 22599 1524 25 descendit descendit NN 22599 1524 26 ; ; : 22599 1524 27 basis basis NN 22599 1524 28 vero vero NNS 22599 1524 29 ipsa ipsa NNP 22599 1524 30 ultra ultra NNP 22599 1524 31 crus crus JJ 22599 1524 32 producta producta NNP 22599 1524 33 eminet eminet NNP 22599 1524 34 . . . 22599 1525 1 Vides vide NNS 22599 1525 2 quam quam NNP 22599 1525 3 5 5 CD 22599 1525 4 simile simile NN 22599 1525 5 sit sit NN 22599 1525 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1525 7 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1525 8 : : : 22599 1525 9 tôi tôi NN 22599 1525 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1525 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1525 12 epsilon epsilon NN 22599 1525 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1525 14 ; ; : 22599 1525 15 infimo infimo VB 22599 1525 16 tantum tantum NNP 22599 1525 17 semicirculo semicirculo NN 22599 1525 18 , , , 22599 1525 19 qui qui NNP 22599 1525 20 sinistrorsum sinistrorsum NNP 22599 1525 21 patebat patebat NNP 22599 1525 22 , , , 22599 1525 23 dextrorsum dextrorsum NNP 22599 1525 24 converso converso NNP 22599 1525 25 . . . 22599 1526 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1526 2 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1526 3 : : : 22599 1526 4 episêmon episêmon NN 22599 1526 5 bau bau NNP 22599 1526 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1526 7 quod quod NNP 22599 1526 8 ita ita NNP 22599 1526 9 notabatur notabatur NNP 22599 1526 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1526 11 digamma digamma NN 22599 1526 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1526 13 , , , 22599 1526 14 rotundato rotundato NNP 22599 1526 15 ventre ventre NNP 22599 1526 16 , , , 22599 1526 17 pede pede NNP 22599 1526 18 detracto detracto NNP 22599 1526 19 , , , 22599 1526 20 peperit peperit NN 22599 1526 21 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1526 22 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1526 23 : : : 22599 1526 24 to to TO 22599 1526 25 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1526 26 6 6 CD 22599 1526 27 . . . 22599 1527 1 Ex Ex NNP 22599 1527 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1527 3 Zeta Zeta NNP 22599 1527 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1527 5 basi basi NNP 22599 1527 6 sua sua NNP 22599 1527 7 mutilato mutilato NNP 22599 1527 8 , , , 22599 1527 9 ortum ortum NN 22599 1527 10 est est IN 22599 1527 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1527 12 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1527 13 : : : 22599 1527 14 to to IN 22599 1527 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1527 16 7 7 CD 22599 1527 17 . . . 22599 1528 1 Si Si NNP 22599 1528 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1528 3 Eta Eta NNP 22599 1528 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1528 5 inflexis inflexis NNP 22599 1528 6 introrsum introrsum NN 22599 1528 7 apicibus apicibus NN 22599 1528 8 in in IN 22599 1528 9 rotundiorem rotundiorem NNP 22599 1528 10 & & CC 22599 1528 11 commodiorem commodiorem NNP 22599 1528 12 formam formam NNP 22599 1528 13 mutaveris mutaveris NNP 22599 1528 14 , , , 22599 1528 15 exurget exurget VB 22599 1528 16 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1528 17 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1528 18 : : : 22599 1528 19 to to TO 22599 1528 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1528 21 8 8 CD 22599 1528 22 . . . 22599 1529 1 At at IN 22599 1529 2 9 9 CD 22599 1529 3 ipsissimum ipsissimum NN 22599 1529 4 est est NNP 22599 1529 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1529 6 alt alt NNP 22599 1529 7 theta theta NN 22599 1529 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1529 9 . . . 22599 1529 10 " " '' 22599 1530 1 I. I. NNP 22599 1530 2 Weidler Weidler NNP 22599 1530 3 , , , 22599 1530 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1530 5 Spicilegium Spicilegium NNP 22599 1530 6 observationum observationum JJ 22599 1530 7 ad ad FW 22599 1530 8 historiam historiam NNP 22599 1530 9 notarum notarum NNP 22599 1530 10 numeralium numeralium NNP 22599 1530 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1530 12 , , , 22599 1530 13 Wittenberg Wittenberg NNP 22599 1530 14 , , , 22599 1530 15 1755 1755 CD 22599 1530 16 , , , 22599 1530 17 derives derive VBZ 22599 1530 18 them -PRON- PRP 22599 1530 19 from from IN 22599 1530 20 the the DT 22599 1530 21 Hebrew hebrew JJ 22599 1530 22 letters letter NNS 22599 1530 23 ; ; : 22599 1530 24 Dom Dom NNP 22599 1530 25 Augustin Augustin NNP 22599 1530 26 Calmet Calmet NNP 22599 1530 27 , , , 22599 1530 28 " " `` 22599 1530 29 Recherches recherche VBZ 22599 1530 30 sur sur NNP 22599 1530 31 l'origine l'origine NNP 22599 1530 32 des des NNP 22599 1530 33 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1530 34 d'arithmétique d'arithmétique NNP 22599 1530 35 , , , 22599 1530 36 " " '' 22599 1530 37 _ _ NNP 22599 1530 38 Mémoires Mémoires NNP 22599 1530 39 pour pour VBP 22599 1530 40 l'histoire l'histoire FW 22599 1530 41 des des FW 22599 1530 42 sciences sciences NNPS 22599 1530 43 et et NNP 22599 1530 44 des des NNP 22599 1530 45 beaux beaux NNP 22599 1530 46 arts art NNS 22599 1530 47 _ _ NNP 22599 1530 48 , , , 22599 1530 49 Trévoux Trévoux NNP 22599 1530 50 , , , 22599 1530 51 1707 1707 CD 22599 1530 52 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1530 53 pp pp NNP 22599 1530 54 . . . 22599 1531 1 1620 1620 CD 22599 1531 2 - - SYM 22599 1531 3 1635 1635 CD 22599 1531 4 , , , 22599 1531 5 with with IN 22599 1531 6 two two CD 22599 1531 7 plates plate NNS 22599 1531 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1531 9 , , , 22599 1531 10 derives derive VBZ 22599 1531 11 the the DT 22599 1531 12 current current JJ 22599 1531 13 symbols symbol NNS 22599 1531 14 from from IN 22599 1531 15 the the DT 22599 1531 16 Romans Romans NNPS 22599 1531 17 , , , 22599 1531 18 stating state VBG 22599 1531 19 that that IN 22599 1531 20 they -PRON- PRP 22599 1531 21 are be VBP 22599 1531 22 relics relic NNS 22599 1531 23 of of IN 22599 1531 24 the the DT 22599 1531 25 ancient ancient NN 22599 1531 26 " " `` 22599 1531 27 Notae Notae NNP 22599 1531 28 Tironianae Tironianae NNP 22599 1531 29 . . . 22599 1531 30 " " '' 22599 1532 1 These these DT 22599 1532 2 " " `` 22599 1532 3 notes note NNS 22599 1532 4 " " '' 22599 1532 5 were be VBD 22599 1532 6 part part NN 22599 1532 7 of of IN 22599 1532 8 a a DT 22599 1532 9 system system NN 22599 1532 10 of of IN 22599 1532 11 shorthand shorthand NN 22599 1532 12 invented invent VBN 22599 1532 13 , , , 22599 1532 14 or or CC 22599 1532 15 at at IN 22599 1532 16 least least JJS 22599 1532 17 perfected perfect VBN 22599 1532 18 , , , 22599 1532 19 by by IN 22599 1532 20 Tiro Tiro NNP 22599 1532 21 , , , 22599 1532 22 a a DT 22599 1532 23 slave slave NN 22599 1532 24 who who WP 22599 1532 25 was be VBD 22599 1532 26 freed free VBN 22599 1532 27 by by IN 22599 1532 28 Cicero Cicero NNP 22599 1532 29 . . . 22599 1533 1 L. L. NNP 22599 1533 2 A. a. NN 22599 1533 3 Sedillot Sedillot NNP 22599 1533 4 , , , 22599 1533 5 " " '' 22599 1533 6 Sur Sur NNP 22599 1533 7 l'origine l'origine NNP 22599 1533 8 de de FW 22599 1533 9 nos nos NNP 22599 1533 10 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1533 11 , , , 22599 1533 12 " " `` 22599 1533 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1533 14 Atti Atti NNP 22599 1533 15 dell dell NN 22599 1533 16 ' ' `` 22599 1533 17 Accademia Accademia NNP 22599 1533 18 pontificia pontificia NN 22599 1533 19 dei dei NNP 22599 1533 20 nuovi nuovi NNP 22599 1533 21 Lincei Lincei NNP 22599 1533 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1533 23 , , , 22599 1533 24 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1533 25 . . . 22599 1534 1 XVIII xviii NN 22599 1534 2 , , , 22599 1534 3 1864 1864 CD 22599 1534 4 - - SYM 22599 1534 5 1865 1865 CD 22599 1534 6 , , , 22599 1534 7 pp pp NNP 22599 1534 8 . . . 22599 1535 1 316 316 CD 22599 1535 2 - - SYM 22599 1535 3 322 322 CD 22599 1535 4 , , , 22599 1535 5 derives derive VBZ 22599 1535 6 the the DT 22599 1535 7 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1535 8 forms form NNS 22599 1535 9 from from IN 22599 1535 10 the the DT 22599 1535 11 Roman roman JJ 22599 1535 12 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1535 13 . . . 22599 1536 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1536 2 120 120 CD 22599 1536 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1536 4 Athanasius Athanasius NNP 22599 1536 5 Kircher Kircher NNP 22599 1536 6 , , , 22599 1536 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1536 8 Arithmologia Arithmologia NNP 22599 1536 9 sive sive JJ 22599 1536 10 De De NNP 22599 1536 11 abditis abditis VB 22599 1536 12 Numerorum Numerorum NNP 22599 1536 13 , , , 22599 1536 14 mysterijs mysterijs NNP 22599 1536 15 qua qua NNP 22599 1536 16 origo origo NNS 22599 1536 17 , , , 22599 1536 18 antiquitas antiquitas NNP 22599 1536 19 & & CC 22599 1536 20 fabrica fabrica NNP 22599 1536 21 Numerorum Numerorum NNP 22599 1536 22 exponitur exponitur NN 22599 1536 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1536 24 , , , 22599 1536 25 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1536 26 , , , 22599 1536 27 1665 1665 CD 22599 1536 28 . . . 22599 1537 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1537 2 121 121 CD 22599 1537 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1537 4 See See NNP 22599 1537 5 Suter Suter NNP 22599 1537 6 , , , 22599 1537 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1537 8 Die Die NNP 22599 1537 9 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 1537 10 und und JJ 22599 1537 11 Astronomen Astronomen NNP 22599 1537 12 der der VBP 22599 1537 13 Araber Araber NNP 22599 1537 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1537 15 , , , 22599 1537 16 p. p. NN 22599 1537 17 100 100 CD 22599 1537 18 . . . 22599 1538 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1538 2 122 122 CD 22599 1538 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1538 4 " " `` 22599 1538 5 Et Et NNP 22599 1538 6 hi hi UH 22599 1538 7 numeri numeri NN 22599 1538 8 sunt sunt NN 22599 1538 9 numeri numeri NNP 22599 1538 10 Indiani Indiani NNP 22599 1538 11 , , , 22599 1538 12 a a DT 22599 1538 13 Brachmanis Brachmanis NNP 22599 1538 14 Indiae Indiae NNP 22599 1538 15 Sapientibus Sapientibus NNP 22599 1538 16 ex ex NNP 22599 1538 17 figura figura NNP 22599 1538 18 circuli circuli NNP 22599 1538 19 secti secti NNP 22599 1538 20 inuenti inuenti NNP 22599 1538 21 . . . 22599 1538 22 " " '' 22599 1539 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1539 2 123 123 CD 22599 1539 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1539 4 V. V. NNP 22599 1539 5 A. a. NN 22599 1539 6 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1539 7 , , , 22599 1539 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1539 9 The the DT 22599 1539 10 Early early JJ 22599 1539 11 History history NN 22599 1539 12 of of IN 22599 1539 13 India India NNP 22599 1539 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1539 15 , , , 22599 1539 16 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 1539 17 , , , 22599 1539 18 2d 2d NNP 22599 1539 19 ed ed NNP 22599 1539 20 . . NNP 22599 1539 21 , , , 22599 1539 22 1908 1908 CD 22599 1539 23 , , , 22599 1539 24 p. p. NN 22599 1539 25 333 333 CD 22599 1539 26 . . . 22599 1540 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1540 2 124 124 CD 22599 1540 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1540 4 C. C. NNP 22599 1540 5 J. J. NNP 22599 1541 1 Ball ball NN 22599 1541 2 , , , 22599 1541 3 " " '' 22599 1541 4 An an DT 22599 1541 5 Inscribed Inscribed NNP 22599 1541 6 Limestone Limestone NNP 22599 1541 7 Tablet Tablet NNP 22599 1541 8 from from IN 22599 1541 9 Sippara Sippara NNP 22599 1541 10 , , , 22599 1541 11 " " '' 22599 1541 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1541 13 Proceedings Proceedings NNP 22599 1541 14 of of IN 22599 1541 15 the the DT 22599 1541 16 Society Society NNP 22599 1541 17 of of IN 22599 1541 18 Biblical Biblical NNP 22599 1541 19 Archæology Archæology NNP 22599 1541 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1541 21 , , , 22599 1541 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1541 23 . . . 22599 1542 1 XX XX NNP 22599 1542 2 , , , 22599 1542 3 p. p. NN 22599 1542 4 25 25 CD 22599 1542 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1542 6 London London NNP 22599 1542 7 , , , 22599 1542 8 1898 1898 CD 22599 1542 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1542 10 . . . 22599 1543 1 Terrien Terrien NNP 22599 1543 2 de de NNP 22599 1543 3 Lacouperie Lacouperie NNP 22599 1543 4 states state VBZ 22599 1543 5 that that IN 22599 1543 6 the the DT 22599 1543 7 Chinese Chinese NNPS 22599 1543 8 used use VBD 22599 1543 9 the the DT 22599 1543 10 circle circle NN 22599 1543 11 for for IN 22599 1543 12 10 10 CD 22599 1543 13 before before IN 22599 1543 14 the the DT 22599 1543 15 beginning beginning NN 22599 1543 16 of of IN 22599 1543 17 the the DT 22599 1543 18 Christian christian JJ 22599 1543 19 era era NN 22599 1543 20 . . . 22599 1544 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1544 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1544 3 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 22599 1544 4 of of IN 22599 1544 5 Chinese Chinese NNP 22599 1544 6 Coins Coins NNPS 22599 1544 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1544 8 , , , 22599 1544 9 London London NNP 22599 1544 10 , , , 22599 1544 11 1892 1892 CD 22599 1544 12 , , , 22599 1544 13 p. p. NN 22599 1545 1 xl xl NNP 22599 1545 2 . . . 22599 1545 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1546 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1546 2 125 125 CD 22599 1546 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1546 4 For for IN 22599 1546 5 a a DT 22599 1546 6 purely purely RB 22599 1546 7 fanciful fanciful JJ 22599 1546 8 derivation derivation NN 22599 1546 9 from from IN 22599 1546 10 the the DT 22599 1546 11 corresponding correspond VBG 22599 1546 12 number number NN 22599 1546 13 of of IN 22599 1546 14 strokes stroke NNS 22599 1546 15 , , , 22599 1546 16 see see VB 22599 1546 17 W. W. NNP 22599 1546 18 W. W. NNP 22599 1546 19 R. R. NNP 22599 1546 20 Ball Ball NNP 22599 1546 21 , , , 22599 1546 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1546 23 A A NNP 22599 1546 24 Short Short NNP 22599 1546 25 Account Account NNP 22599 1546 26 of of IN 22599 1546 27 the the DT 22599 1546 28 History History NNP 22599 1546 29 of of IN 22599 1546 30 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 1546 31 _ _ NNP 22599 1546 32 , , , 22599 1546 33 1st 1st NNP 22599 1546 34 ed ed NNP 22599 1546 35 . . NNP 22599 1546 36 , , , 22599 1546 37 London London NNP 22599 1546 38 , , , 22599 1546 39 1888 1888 CD 22599 1546 40 , , , 22599 1546 41 p. p. NN 22599 1546 42 147 147 CD 22599 1546 43 ; ; : 22599 1546 44 similarly similarly RB 22599 1546 45 J. J. NNP 22599 1547 1 B. B. NNP 22599 1547 2 Reveillaud Reveillaud NNP 22599 1547 3 , , , 22599 1547 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1547 5 Essai Essai NNP 22599 1547 6 sur sur FW 22599 1547 7 les les NNP 22599 1547 8 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1547 9 arabes arabes NNP 22599 1547 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1547 11 , , , 22599 1547 12 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1547 13 , , , 22599 1547 14 1883 1883 CD 22599 1547 15 ; ; : 22599 1547 16 P. P. NNP 22599 1547 17 Voizot Voizot NNP 22599 1547 18 , , , 22599 1547 19 " " `` 22599 1547 20 Les Les NNP 22599 1547 21 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1547 22 arabes arabe VBZ 22599 1547 23 et et NNP 22599 1547 24 leur leur IN 22599 1547 25 origine origine NNP 22599 1547 26 , , , 22599 1547 27 " " '' 22599 1547 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1547 29 La La NNP 22599 1547 30 Nature Nature NNP 22599 1547 31 _ _ NNP 22599 1547 32 , , , 22599 1547 33 1899 1899 CD 22599 1547 34 , , , 22599 1547 35 p. p. NN 22599 1547 36 222 222 CD 22599 1547 37 ; ; : 22599 1547 38 G. G. NNP 22599 1547 39 Dumesnil Dumesnil NNP 22599 1547 40 , , , 22599 1547 41 " " `` 22599 1547 42 De De NNP 22599 1547 43 la la NNP 22599 1547 44 forme forme NNP 22599 1547 45 des des NNP 22599 1547 46 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1547 47 usuels usuel VBZ 22599 1547 48 , , , 22599 1547 49 " " `` 22599 1547 50 _ _ NNP 22599 1547 51 Annales Annales NNP 22599 1547 52 de de NNP 22599 1547 53 l'université l'université NNP 22599 1547 54 de de NNP 22599 1547 55 Grenoble Grenoble NNP 22599 1547 56 _ _ NNP 22599 1547 57 , , , 22599 1547 58 1907 1907 CD 22599 1547 59 , , , 22599 1547 60 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1547 61 . . . 22599 1548 1 XIX XIX NNP 22599 1548 2 , , , 22599 1548 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1548 4 . . . 22599 1549 1 657 657 CD 22599 1549 2 - - SYM 22599 1549 3 674 674 CD 22599 1549 4 , , , 22599 1549 5 also also RB 22599 1549 6 a a DT 22599 1549 7 note note NN 22599 1549 8 in in IN 22599 1549 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1549 10 Revue Revue NNP 22599 1549 11 Archéologique Archéologique NNP 22599 1549 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1549 13 , , , 22599 1549 14 1890 1890 CD 22599 1549 15 , , , 22599 1549 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1549 17 . . . 22599 1550 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 1550 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1550 3 3 3 CD 22599 1550 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1550 5 , , , 22599 1550 6 pp pp NNP 22599 1550 7 . . . 22599 1551 1 342 342 CD 22599 1551 2 - - SYM 22599 1551 3 348 348 CD 22599 1551 4 ; ; : 22599 1551 5 one one CD 22599 1551 6 of of IN 22599 1551 7 the the DT 22599 1551 8 earliest early JJS 22599 1551 9 references reference NNS 22599 1551 10 to to IN 22599 1551 11 a a DT 22599 1551 12 possible possible JJ 22599 1551 13 derivation derivation NN 22599 1551 14 from from IN 22599 1551 15 points point NNS 22599 1551 16 is be VBZ 22599 1551 17 in in IN 22599 1551 18 a a DT 22599 1551 19 work work NN 22599 1551 20 by by IN 22599 1551 21 Bettino Bettino NNP 22599 1551 22 entitled entitle VBN 22599 1551 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1551 24 Apiaria Apiaria NNP 22599 1551 25 universae universae VBP 22599 1551 26 philosophiae philosophiae NNS 22599 1551 27 mathematicae mathematicae NN 22599 1551 28 in in IN 22599 1551 29 quibus quibus NNP 22599 1551 30 paradoxa paradoxa NNP 22599 1551 31 et et NNP 22599 1551 32 noua noua NNP 22599 1551 33 machinamenta machinamenta NNP 22599 1551 34 ad ad NNP 22599 1551 35 usus usus NNP 22599 1551 36 eximios eximios NNP 22599 1551 37 traducta traducta NNP 22599 1551 38 , , , 22599 1551 39 et et NNP 22599 1551 40 facillimis facillimis NNP 22599 1551 41 demonstrationibus demonstrationibus NNP 22599 1551 42 confirmata confirmata NNP 22599 1551 43 _ _ NNP 22599 1551 44 , , , 22599 1551 45 Bologna Bologna NNPS 22599 1551 46 , , , 22599 1551 47 1545 1545 CD 22599 1551 48 , , , 22599 1551 49 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1551 50 . . . 22599 1552 1 II II NNP 22599 1552 2 , , , 22599 1552 3 Apiarium Apiarium NNP 22599 1552 4 XI XI NNP 22599 1552 5 , , , 22599 1552 6 p. p. NN 22599 1552 7 5 5 CD 22599 1552 8 . . . 22599 1553 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1553 2 126 126 CD 22599 1553 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1553 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1553 5 Alphabetum Alphabetum NNP 22599 1553 6 Barmanum Barmanum NNP 22599 1553 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1553 8 , , , 22599 1553 9 Romae Romae NNP 22599 1553 10 , , , 22599 1553 11 MDCCLXXVI mdcclxxvi NN 22599 1553 12 , , , 22599 1553 13 p. p. NN 22599 1553 14 50 50 CD 22599 1553 15 . . . 22599 1554 1 The the DT 22599 1554 2 1 1 CD 22599 1554 3 is be VBZ 22599 1554 4 evidently evidently RB 22599 1554 5 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 1554 6 , , , 22599 1554 7 and and CC 22599 1554 8 the the DT 22599 1554 9 4 4 CD 22599 1554 10 , , , 22599 1554 11 7 7 CD 22599 1554 12 , , , 22599 1554 13 and and CC 22599 1554 14 possibly possibly RB 22599 1554 15 9 9 CD 22599 1554 16 are be VBP 22599 1554 17 from from IN 22599 1554 18 India India NNP 22599 1554 19 . . . 22599 1555 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1555 2 127 127 CD 22599 1555 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1555 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1555 5 Alphabetum Alphabetum NNP 22599 1555 6 Grandonico Grandonico NNP 22599 1555 7 - - HYPH 22599 1555 8 Malabaricum Malabaricum NNP 22599 1555 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1555 10 , , , 22599 1555 11 Romae Romae NNP 22599 1555 12 , , , 22599 1555 13 MDCCLXXII MDCCLXXII NNP 22599 1555 14 , , , 22599 1555 15 p. p. NN 22599 1555 16 90 90 CD 22599 1555 17 . . . 22599 1556 1 The the DT 22599 1556 2 zero zero CD 22599 1556 3 is be VBZ 22599 1556 4 not not RB 22599 1556 5 used use VBN 22599 1556 6 , , , 22599 1556 7 but but CC 22599 1556 8 the the DT 22599 1556 9 symbols symbol NNS 22599 1556 10 for for IN 22599 1556 11 10 10 CD 22599 1556 12 , , , 22599 1556 13 100 100 CD 22599 1556 14 , , , 22599 1556 15 and and CC 22599 1556 16 so so RB 22599 1556 17 on on RB 22599 1556 18 , , , 22599 1556 19 are be VBP 22599 1556 20 joined join VBN 22599 1556 21 to to IN 22599 1556 22 the the DT 22599 1556 23 units unit NNS 22599 1556 24 to to TO 22599 1556 25 make make VB 22599 1556 26 the the DT 22599 1556 27 higher high JJR 22599 1556 28 numbers number NNS 22599 1556 29 . . . 22599 1557 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1557 2 128 128 CD 22599 1557 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1557 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1557 5 Alphabetum Alphabetum NNP 22599 1557 6 Tangutanum Tangutanum NNP 22599 1557 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1557 8 , , , 22599 1557 9 Romae Romae NNP 22599 1557 10 , , , 22599 1557 11 MDCCLXXIII MDCCLXXIII NNP 22599 1557 12 , , , 22599 1557 13 p. p. NN 22599 1557 14 107 107 CD 22599 1557 15 . . . 22599 1558 1 In in IN 22599 1558 2 a a DT 22599 1558 3 Tibetan Tibetan NNP 22599 1558 4 MS MS NNP 22599 1558 5 . . . 22599 1558 6 in in IN 22599 1558 7 the the DT 22599 1558 8 library library NN 22599 1558 9 of of IN 22599 1558 10 Professor Professor NNP 22599 1558 11 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1558 12 , , , 22599 1558 13 probably probably RB 22599 1558 14 of of IN 22599 1558 15 the the DT 22599 1558 16 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 22599 1558 17 century century NN 22599 1558 18 , , , 22599 1558 19 substantially substantially RB 22599 1558 20 these these DT 22599 1558 21 forms form NNS 22599 1558 22 are be VBP 22599 1558 23 given give VBN 22599 1558 24 . . . 22599 1559 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1559 2 129 129 CD 22599 1559 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1559 4 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1559 5 , , , 22599 1559 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1559 7 . . . 22599 1560 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1560 2 . . NNP 22599 1560 3 , , , 22599 1560 4 plate plate NN 22599 1560 5 II ii CD 22599 1560 6 . . . 22599 1561 1 Similar similar JJ 22599 1561 2 forms form NNS 22599 1561 3 to to IN 22599 1561 4 these these DT 22599 1561 5 here here RB 22599 1561 6 shown show VBN 22599 1561 7 , , , 22599 1561 8 and and CC 22599 1561 9 numerous numerous JJ 22599 1561 10 other other JJ 22599 1561 11 forms form NNS 22599 1561 12 found find VBN 22599 1561 13 in in IN 22599 1561 14 India India NNP 22599 1561 15 , , , 22599 1561 16 as as RB 22599 1561 17 well well RB 22599 1561 18 as as IN 22599 1561 19 those those DT 22599 1561 20 of of IN 22599 1561 21 other other JJ 22599 1561 22 oriental oriental JJ 22599 1561 23 countries country NNS 22599 1561 24 , , , 22599 1561 25 are be VBP 22599 1561 26 given give VBN 22599 1561 27 by by IN 22599 1561 28 A. a. NN 22599 1561 29 P. P. NNP 22599 1561 30 Pihan Pihan NNP 22599 1561 31 , , , 22599 1561 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1561 33 Exposé Exposé NNP 22599 1561 34 des des NNP 22599 1561 35 signes sign VBZ 22599 1561 36 de de IN 22599 1561 37 numération numération NNP 22599 1561 38 usités usités JJ 22599 1561 39 chez chez NNP 22599 1561 40 les les FW 22599 1561 41 peuples peuple NNS 22599 1561 42 orientaux orientaux RB 22599 1561 43 anciens ancien VBZ 22599 1561 44 et et NNP 22599 1561 45 modernes moderne NNS 22599 1561 46 _ _ NNP 22599 1561 47 , , , 22599 1561 48 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1561 49 , , , 22599 1561 50 1860 1860 CD 22599 1561 51 . . . 22599 1562 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1562 2 130 130 CD 22599 1562 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1562 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1562 5 , , , 22599 1562 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1562 7 . . . 22599 1563 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1563 2 . . NNP 22599 1563 3 , , , 22599 1563 4 p. p. NN 22599 1563 5 80 80 CD 22599 1563 6 ; ; : 22599 1563 7 J. J. NNP 22599 1563 8 F. F. NNP 22599 1563 9 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1563 10 , , , 22599 1563 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1563 12 Corpus Corpus NNP 22599 1563 13 inscriptionum inscriptionum NN 22599 1563 14 Indicarum Indicarum NNP 22599 1563 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1563 16 , , , 22599 1563 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1563 18 . . . 22599 1564 1 III III NNP 22599 1564 2 , , , 22599 1564 3 Calcutta Calcutta NNP 22599 1564 4 , , , 22599 1564 5 1888 1888 CD 22599 1564 6 . . . 22599 1565 1 Lists list NNS 22599 1565 2 of of IN 22599 1565 3 such such JJ 22599 1565 4 words word NNS 22599 1565 5 are be VBP 22599 1565 6 given give VBN 22599 1565 7 also also RB 22599 1565 8 by by IN 22599 1565 9 Al Al NNP 22599 1565 10 - - HYPH 22599 1565 11 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 1565 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1565 13 in in IN 22599 1565 14 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1565 15 work work NN 22599 1565 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1565 17 India India NNP 22599 1565 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1565 19 ; ; : 22599 1565 20 by by IN 22599 1565 21 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1565 22 , , , 22599 1565 23 loc loc NNP 22599 1565 24 . . . 22599 1566 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1566 2 . . . 22599 1567 1 ; ; : 22599 1567 2 by by IN 22599 1567 3 E. E. NNP 22599 1567 4 Jacquet Jacquet NNP 22599 1567 5 , , , 22599 1567 6 " " `` 22599 1567 7 Mode Mode NNP 22599 1567 8 d'expression d'expression NNP 22599 1567 9 symbolique symbolique NNP 22599 1567 10 des des NNP 22599 1567 11 nombres nombre NNS 22599 1567 12 employé employé VBD 22599 1567 13 par par NN 22599 1567 14 les les FW 22599 1567 15 Indiens Indiens NNP 22599 1567 16 , , , 22599 1567 17 les les NNP 22599 1567 18 Tibétains Tibétains NNP 22599 1567 19 et et NNP 22599 1567 20 les les FW 22599 1567 21 Javanais Javanais NNP 22599 1567 22 , , , 22599 1567 23 " " '' 22599 1567 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1567 25 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1567 26 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 1567 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1567 28 , , , 22599 1567 29 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1567 30 . . . 22599 1568 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 1568 2 , , , 22599 1568 3 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1568 4 , , , 22599 1568 5 1835 1835 CD 22599 1568 6 . . . 22599 1569 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1569 2 131 131 CD 22599 1569 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1569 4 This this DT 22599 1569 5 date date NN 22599 1569 6 is be VBZ 22599 1569 7 given give VBN 22599 1569 8 by by IN 22599 1569 9 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1569 10 , , , 22599 1569 11 loc loc NNP 22599 1569 12 . . . 22599 1570 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1570 2 . . . 22599 1570 3 , , , 22599 1570 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1570 5 . . . 22599 1571 1 III III NNP 22599 1571 2 , , , 22599 1571 3 p. p. NN 22599 1571 4 73 73 CD 22599 1571 5 , , , 22599 1571 6 as as IN 22599 1571 7 the the DT 22599 1571 8 earliest early JJS 22599 1571 9 epigraphical epigraphical JJ 22599 1571 10 instance instance NN 22599 1571 11 of of IN 22599 1571 12 this this DT 22599 1571 13 usage usage NN 22599 1571 14 in in IN 22599 1571 15 India India NNP 22599 1571 16 proper proper JJ 22599 1571 17 . . . 22599 1572 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1572 2 132 132 CD 22599 1572 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1572 4 Weber Weber NNP 22599 1572 5 , , , 22599 1572 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1572 7 Indische Indische NNP 22599 1572 8 Studien Studien NNP 22599 1572 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1572 10 , , , 22599 1572 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1572 12 . . . 22599 1573 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 1573 2 , , , 22599 1573 3 p. p. NN 22599 1573 4 166 166 CD 22599 1573 5 seq seq NN 22599 1573 6 . . . 22599 1574 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1574 2 133 133 CD 22599 1574 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1574 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1574 5 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1574 6 of of IN 22599 1574 7 the the DT 22599 1574 8 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1574 9 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1574 10 Society Society NNP 22599 1574 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1574 12 , , , 22599 1574 13 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1574 14 . . . 22599 1575 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1575 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1575 3 N.S. N.S. NNP 22599 1576 1 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1576 2 , , , 22599 1576 3 p. p. NN 22599 1576 4 407 407 CD 22599 1576 5 . . . 22599 1577 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1577 2 134 134 CD 22599 1577 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1577 4 VIII viii NN 22599 1577 5 , , , 22599 1577 6 20 20 CD 22599 1577 7 , , , 22599 1577 8 21 21 CD 22599 1577 9 . . . 22599 1578 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1578 2 135 135 CD 22599 1578 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1578 4 Th Th NNP 22599 1578 5 . . . 22599 1579 1 H. H. NNP 22599 1579 2 Martin Martin NNP 22599 1579 3 , , , 22599 1579 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1579 5 Les Les NNP 22599 1579 6 signes sign VBZ 22599 1579 7 numéraux numéraux NNP 22599 1579 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1579 9 ... ... : 22599 1579 10 , , , 22599 1579 11 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1579 12 , , , 22599 1579 13 1864 1864 CD 22599 1579 14 ; ; : 22599 1579 15 Lassen Lassen NNP 22599 1579 16 , , , 22599 1579 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1579 18 Indische Indische NNP 22599 1579 19 Alterthumskunde Alterthumskunde NNP 22599 1579 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1579 21 , , , 22599 1579 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1579 23 . . . 22599 1580 1 II II NNP 22599 1580 2 , , , 22599 1580 3 2d 2d NNP 22599 1580 4 ed ed NNP 22599 1580 5 . . NNP 22599 1580 6 , , , 22599 1580 7 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1580 8 and and CC 22599 1580 9 London London NNP 22599 1580 10 , , , 22599 1580 11 1874 1874 CD 22599 1580 12 , , , 22599 1580 13 p. p. NN 22599 1580 14 1153 1153 CD 22599 1580 15 . . . 22599 1581 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1581 2 136 136 CD 22599 1581 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1581 4 But but CC 22599 1581 5 see see VB 22599 1581 6 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1581 7 , , , 22599 1581 8 loc loc NNP 22599 1581 9 . . . 22599 1582 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1582 2 . . . 22599 1582 3 , , , 22599 1582 4 and and CC 22599 1582 5 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1582 6 , , , 22599 1582 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1582 8 Astronomie Astronomie NNP 22599 1582 9 , , , 22599 1582 10 Astrologie Astrologie NNP 22599 1582 11 und und NN 22599 1582 12 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1582 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1582 14 , , , 22599 1582 15 p. p. NN 22599 1582 16 71 71 CD 22599 1582 17 . . . 22599 1583 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1583 2 137 137 CD 22599 1583 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1583 4 A. a. NN 22599 1583 5 Barth Barth NNP 22599 1583 6 , , , 22599 1583 7 " " '' 22599 1583 8 Inscriptions Inscriptions NNP 22599 1583 9 Sanscrites Sanscrites NNPS 22599 1583 10 du du NNP 22599 1583 11 Cambodge Cambodge NNP 22599 1583 12 , , , 22599 1583 13 " " '' 22599 1583 14 in in IN 22599 1583 15 the the DT 22599 1583 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1583 17 Notices Notices NNP 22599 1583 18 et et NNP 22599 1583 19 extraits extrait VBZ 22599 1583 20 des des NNP 22599 1583 21 Mss Mss NNP 22599 1583 22 . . . 22599 1584 1 de de NNP 22599 1584 2 la la NNP 22599 1584 3 Bibliothèque Bibliothèque NNP 22599 1584 4 nationale nationale NN 22599 1584 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1584 6 , , , 22599 1584 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1584 8 . . . 22599 1585 1 XXVII XXVII NNP 22599 1585 2 , , , 22599 1585 3 Part Part NNP 22599 1585 4 I I NNP 22599 1585 5 , , , 22599 1585 6 pp pp NNP 22599 1585 7 . . . 22599 1586 1 1 1 CD 22599 1586 2 - - SYM 22599 1586 3 180 180 CD 22599 1586 4 , , , 22599 1586 5 1885 1885 CD 22599 1586 6 ; ; : 22599 1586 7 see see VB 22599 1586 8 also also RB 22599 1586 9 numerous numerous JJ 22599 1586 10 articles article NNS 22599 1586 11 in in IN 22599 1586 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1586 13 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1586 14 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 1586 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1586 16 , , , 22599 1586 17 by by IN 22599 1586 18 Aymonier Aymonier NNP 22599 1586 19 . . . 22599 1587 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1587 2 138 138 CD 22599 1587 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1587 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1587 5 , , , 22599 1587 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1587 7 . . . 22599 1588 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1588 2 . . NNP 22599 1588 3 , , , 22599 1588 4 p. p. NN 22599 1588 5 82 82 CD 22599 1588 6 . . . 22599 1589 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1589 2 139 139 CD 22599 1589 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1589 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1589 5 . . . 22599 1590 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1590 2 . . . 22599 1590 3 , , , 22599 1590 4 p. p. NN 22599 1590 5 79 79 CD 22599 1590 6 . . . 22599 1591 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1591 2 140 140 CD 22599 1591 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1591 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1591 5 , , , 22599 1591 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1591 7 . . . 22599 1592 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1592 2 . . NNP 22599 1592 3 , , , 22599 1592 4 p. p. NN 22599 1592 5 83 83 CD 22599 1592 6 . . . 22599 1593 1 The the DT 22599 1593 2 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1593 3 astrologers astrologer NNS 22599 1593 4 still still RB 22599 1593 5 use use VBP 22599 1593 6 an an DT 22599 1593 7 alphabetical alphabetical JJ 22599 1593 8 system system NN 22599 1593 9 of of IN 22599 1593 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1593 11 . . . 22599 1594 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1594 2 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1594 3 , , , 22599 1594 4 loc loc NN 22599 1594 5 . . . 22599 1595 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1595 2 . . NNP 22599 1595 3 , , , 22599 1595 4 p. p. NN 22599 1596 1 79 79 CD 22599 1596 2 . . . 22599 1596 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1597 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1597 2 141 141 CD 22599 1597 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1597 4 Well well UH 22599 1597 5 could could MD 22599 1597 6 Ramus Ramus NNP 22599 1597 7 say say VB 22599 1597 8 , , , 22599 1597 9 " " `` 22599 1597 10 Quicunq quicunq NN 22599 1597 11 ; ; : 22599 1597 12 autem autem NN 22599 1597 13 fuerit fuerit NN 22599 1597 14 inventor inventor NN 22599 1597 15 decem decem NNP 22599 1597 16 notarum notarum NNP 22599 1597 17 laudem laudem NNP 22599 1597 18 magnam magnam NNP 22599 1597 19 meruit meruit NNP 22599 1597 20 . . . 22599 1597 21 " " '' 22599 1598 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1598 2 142 142 CD 22599 1598 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1598 4 Al Al NNP 22599 1598 5 - - HYPH 22599 1598 6 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 1598 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1598 8 gives give VBZ 22599 1598 9 lists list NNS 22599 1598 10 . . . 22599 1599 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1599 2 143 143 CD 22599 1599 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1599 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1599 5 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1599 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1599 7 , , , 22599 1599 8 loc loc NNP 22599 1599 9 . . . 22599 1600 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1600 2 . . . 22599 1600 3 , , , 22599 1600 4 p. p. NN 22599 1600 5 443 443 CD 22599 1600 6 . . . 22599 1601 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1601 2 144 144 CD 22599 1601 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1601 4 See see VB 22599 1601 5 the the DT 22599 1601 6 quotation quotation NN 22599 1601 7 from from IN 22599 1601 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1601 9 The the DT 22599 1601 10 Light Light NNP 22599 1601 11 of of IN 22599 1601 12 Asia Asia NNP 22599 1601 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1601 14 in in IN 22599 1601 15 Chapter Chapter NNP 22599 1601 16 II II NNP 22599 1601 17 , , , 22599 1601 18 p. p. NN 22599 1601 19 16 16 CD 22599 1601 20 . . . 22599 1602 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1602 2 145 145 CD 22599 1602 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1602 4 The the DT 22599 1602 5 nine nine CD 22599 1602 6 ciphers cipher NNS 22599 1602 7 were be VBD 22599 1602 8 called call VBN 22599 1602 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1602 10 a[.n]ka a[.n]ka NNP 22599 1602 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1602 12 . . . 22599 1603 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1603 2 146 146 CD 22599 1603 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1603 4 " " `` 22599 1603 5 Zur Zur NNP 22599 1603 6 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1603 7 des des NNP 22599 1603 8 indischen indischen NN 22599 1603 9 Ziffernsystems Ziffernsystems NNP 22599 1603 10 , , , 22599 1603 11 " " '' 22599 1603 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1603 13 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 1603 14 für für NN 22599 1603 15 die die VBP 22599 1603 16 Kunde Kunde NNP 22599 1603 17 des des FW 22599 1603 18 Morgenlandes Morgenlandes NNP 22599 1603 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1603 20 , , , 22599 1603 21 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1603 22 . . . 22599 1604 1 IV IV NNP 22599 1604 2 , , , 22599 1604 3 1842 1842 CD 22599 1604 4 , , , 22599 1604 5 pp pp NNP 22599 1604 6 . . . 22599 1605 1 74 74 CD 22599 1605 2 - - SYM 22599 1605 3 83 83 CD 22599 1605 4 . . . 22599 1606 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1606 2 147 147 CD 22599 1606 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1606 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1606 5 is be VBZ 22599 1606 6 found find VBN 22599 1606 7 in in IN 22599 1606 8 the the DT 22599 1606 9 Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i NNP 22599 1606 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1606 11 MS MS NNP 22599 1606 12 . . NNP 22599 1606 13 of of IN 22599 1606 14 an an DT 22599 1606 15 elementary elementary JJ 22599 1606 16 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1606 17 which which WDT 22599 1606 18 Hoernle Hoernle NNP 22599 1606 19 placed place VBD 22599 1606 20 , , , 22599 1606 21 at at IN 22599 1606 22 first first RB 22599 1606 23 , , , 22599 1606 24 about about IN 22599 1606 25 the the DT 22599 1606 26 beginning beginning NN 22599 1606 27 of of IN 22599 1606 28 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1606 29 era era NN 22599 1606 30 , , , 22599 1606 31 but but CC 22599 1606 32 the the DT 22599 1606 33 date date NN 22599 1606 34 is be VBZ 22599 1606 35 much much JJ 22599 1606 36 in in IN 22599 1606 37 question question NN 22599 1606 38 . . . 22599 1607 1 G. G. NNP 22599 1607 2 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1607 3 , , , 22599 1607 4 loc loc NN 22599 1607 5 . . . 22599 1608 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1608 2 . . . 22599 1608 3 , , , 22599 1608 4 places place VBZ 22599 1608 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1608 6 between between IN 22599 1608 7 700 700 CD 22599 1608 8 and and CC 22599 1608 9 900 900 CD 22599 1608 10 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1608 11 ; ; : 22599 1608 12 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1608 13 places place VBZ 22599 1608 14 the the DT 22599 1608 15 body body NN 22599 1608 16 of of IN 22599 1608 17 the the DT 22599 1608 18 work work NN 22599 1608 19 about about IN 22599 1608 20 the the DT 22599 1608 21 third third JJ 22599 1608 22 or or CC 22599 1608 23 fourth fourth JJ 22599 1608 24 century century NN 22599 1608 25 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1608 26 , , , 22599 1608 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1608 28 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1608 29 der der VBD 22599 1608 30 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1608 31 _ _ NNP 22599 1608 32 , , , 22599 1608 33 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1608 34 . . . 22599 1609 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1609 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1609 3 3 3 CD 22599 1609 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1609 5 , , , 22599 1609 6 p. p. NN 22599 1609 7 598 598 CD 22599 1609 8 . . . 22599 1610 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1610 2 148 148 CD 22599 1610 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1610 4 For for IN 22599 1610 5 the the DT 22599 1610 6 opposite opposite JJ 22599 1610 7 side side NN 22599 1610 8 of of IN 22599 1610 9 the the DT 22599 1610 10 case case NN 22599 1610 11 see see VB 22599 1610 12 G. G. NNP 22599 1610 13 R. R. NNP 22599 1610 14 Kaye Kaye NNP 22599 1610 15 , , , 22599 1610 16 " " `` 22599 1610 17 Notes note NNS 22599 1610 18 on on IN 22599 1610 19 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1610 20 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 1610 21 , , , 22599 1610 22 No no UH 22599 1610 23 . . . 22599 1611 1 2.--[=A]ryabha[t 2.--[=a]ryabha[t LS 22599 1611 2 . . . 22599 1612 1 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1612 2 a a LS 22599 1612 3 , , , 22599 1612 4 " " `` 22599 1612 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1612 6 Journ Journ NNP 22599 1612 7 . . . 22599 1613 1 and and CC 22599 1613 2 Proc Proc NNP 22599 1613 3 . . . 22599 1614 1 of of IN 22599 1614 2 the the DT 22599 1614 3 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1614 4 Soc Soc NNP 22599 1614 5 . . . 22599 1615 1 of of IN 22599 1615 2 Bengal Bengal NNP 22599 1615 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1615 4 , , , 22599 1615 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1615 6 . . . 22599 1616 1 IV IV NNP 22599 1616 2 , , , 22599 1616 3 1908 1908 CD 22599 1616 4 , , , 22599 1616 5 pp pp NNP 22599 1616 6 . . . 22599 1617 1 111 111 CD 22599 1617 2 - - SYM 22599 1617 3 141 141 CD 22599 1617 4 . . . 22599 1618 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1618 2 149 149 CD 22599 1618 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1618 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 1618 5 used use VBD 22599 1618 6 one one CD 22599 1618 7 of of IN 22599 1618 8 the the DT 22599 1618 9 alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 1618 10 systems system NNS 22599 1618 11 explained explain VBD 22599 1618 12 above above RB 22599 1618 13 . . . 22599 1619 1 This this DT 22599 1619 2 ran run VBD 22599 1619 3 up up RP 22599 1619 4 to to IN 22599 1619 5 10^{18 10^{18 NNS 22599 1619 6 } } -RRB- 22599 1619 7 and and CC 22599 1619 8 was be VBD 22599 1619 9 not not RB 22599 1619 10 difficult difficult JJ 22599 1619 11 , , , 22599 1619 12 beginning begin VBG 22599 1619 13 as as IN 22599 1619 14 follows follow VBZ 22599 1619 15 : : : 22599 1619 16 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1619 17 Illustration illustration NN 22599 1619 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1619 19 the the DT 22599 1619 20 same same JJ 22599 1619 21 letter letter NN 22599 1619 22 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1619 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 24 ka ka NNP 22599 1619 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 26 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1619 27 appearing appear VBG 22599 1619 28 in in IN 22599 1619 29 the the DT 22599 1619 30 successive successive JJ 22599 1619 31 consonant consonant NN 22599 1619 32 forms form NNS 22599 1619 33 , , , 22599 1619 34 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 35 ka ka NNP 22599 1619 36 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 37 , , , 22599 1619 38 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 39 kha kha NNP 22599 1619 40 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 41 , , , 22599 1619 42 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 43 ga ga NNP 22599 1619 44 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 45 , , , 22599 1619 46 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 47 gha gha NNP 22599 1619 48 _ _ NNP 22599 1619 49 , , , 22599 1619 50 etc etc FW 22599 1619 51 . . . 22599 1620 1 See see VB 22599 1620 2 C. C. NNP 22599 1620 3 I. I. NNP 22599 1620 4 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 1620 5 , , , 22599 1620 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1620 7 Über Über NNP 22599 1620 8 die die NN 22599 1620 9 Entstehung Entstehung NNP 22599 1620 10 und und NN 22599 1620 11 Ausbreitung Ausbreitung NNP 22599 1620 12 des des NNP 22599 1620 13 dekadischen dekadischen NN 22599 1620 14 Zahlensystems Zahlensystems NNP 22599 1620 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1620 16 , , , 22599 1620 17 Programm Programm NNP 22599 1620 18 , , , 22599 1620 19 p. p. NN 22599 1620 20 17 17 CD 22599 1620 21 , , , 22599 1620 22 Salzwedel Salzwedel NNP 22599 1620 23 , , , 22599 1620 24 1853 1853 CD 22599 1620 25 , , , 22599 1620 26 and and CC 22599 1620 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1620 28 Études Études NNP 22599 1620 29 historiques historique VBZ 22599 1620 30 sur sur NNP 22599 1620 31 l'arithmétique l'arithmétique FW 22599 1620 32 de de FW 22599 1620 33 position position NN 22599 1620 34 _ _ NNP 22599 1620 35 , , , 22599 1620 36 Programm Programm NNP 22599 1620 37 , , , 22599 1620 38 p. p. NN 22599 1620 39 24 24 CD 22599 1620 40 , , , 22599 1620 41 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1620 42 , , , 22599 1620 43 1856 1856 CD 22599 1620 44 ; ; : 22599 1620 45 E. E. NNP 22599 1620 46 Jacquet Jacquet NNP 22599 1620 47 , , , 22599 1620 48 _ _ NNP 22599 1620 49 Mode Mode NNP 22599 1620 50 d'expression d'expression NNP 22599 1620 51 symbolique symbolique NNP 22599 1620 52 des des NNP 22599 1620 53 nombres nombre NNS 22599 1620 54 _ _ NNP 22599 1620 55 , , , 22599 1620 56 loc loc NNP 22599 1620 57 . . . 22599 1621 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1621 2 . . NNP 22599 1621 3 , , , 22599 1621 4 p. p. NN 22599 1621 5 97 97 CD 22599 1621 6 ; ; : 22599 1621 7 L. L. NNP 22599 1621 8 Rodet Rodet NNP 22599 1621 9 , , , 22599 1621 10 " " `` 22599 1621 11 Sur Sur NNP 22599 1621 12 la la NNP 22599 1621 13 véritable véritable JJ 22599 1621 14 signification signification NN 22599 1621 15 de de NNP 22599 1621 16 la la NNP 22599 1621 17 notation notation NNP 22599 1621 18 numérique numérique NNP 22599 1621 19 inventée inventée NNP 22599 1621 20 par par NNP 22599 1621 21 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1621 22 = = SYM 22599 1621 23 A]ryabhata A]ryabhata NNP 22599 1621 24 , , , 22599 1621 25 " " `` 22599 1621 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1621 27 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1621 28 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 1621 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1621 30 , , , 22599 1621 31 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1621 32 . . . 22599 1622 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 1622 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1622 3 7 7 CD 22599 1622 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1622 5 , , , 22599 1622 6 pp pp NNP 22599 1622 7 . . . 22599 1623 1 440 440 CD 22599 1623 2 - - SYM 22599 1623 3 485 485 CD 22599 1623 4 . . . 22599 1624 1 On on IN 22599 1624 2 the the DT 22599 1624 3 two two CD 22599 1624 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1624 5 = = SYM 22599 1624 6 A]ryabha[t.]as a]ryabha[t.]as NN 22599 1624 7 see see VBP 22599 1624 8 Kaye Kaye NNP 22599 1624 9 , , , 22599 1624 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1624 11 Bibl Bibl NNP 22599 1624 12 . . . 22599 1625 1 Math Math NNP 22599 1625 2 . . . 22599 1625 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1625 4 , , , 22599 1625 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1625 6 . . . 22599 1626 1 X X NNP 22599 1626 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1626 3 3 3 CD 22599 1626 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1626 5 , , , 22599 1626 6 p. p. NN 22599 1626 7 289 289 CD 22599 1626 8 . . . 22599 1627 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1627 2 150 150 CD 22599 1627 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1627 4 Using use VBG 22599 1627 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1627 6 kha kha NNP 22599 1627 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1627 8 , , , 22599 1627 9 a a DT 22599 1627 10 synonym synonym NN 22599 1627 11 of of IN 22599 1627 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1627 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1627 14 ' ' '' 22599 1627 15 s][=u]nya s][=u]nya : 22599 1627 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1627 17 . . . 22599 1628 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1628 2 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1628 3 , , , 22599 1628 4 loc loc NNP 22599 1628 5 . . . 22599 1629 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1629 2 . . NNP 22599 1629 3 , , , 22599 1629 4 p. p. NN 22599 1629 5 22 22 CD 22599 1629 6 , , , 22599 1629 7 and and CC 22599 1629 8 L. L. NNP 22599 1629 9 Rodet Rodet NNP 22599 1629 10 , , , 22599 1629 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1629 12 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1629 13 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 1629 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1629 15 , , , 22599 1629 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1629 17 . . . 22599 1630 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 1630 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1630 3 7 7 CD 22599 1630 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1630 5 , , , 22599 1630 6 p. p. NN 22599 1631 1 443 443 CD 22599 1631 2 . . . 22599 1631 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1632 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1632 2 151 151 CD 22599 1632 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1632 4 Var[=a]ha Var[=a]ha NNP 22599 1632 5 - - HYPH 22599 1632 6 Mihira Mihira NNP 22599 1632 7 , , , 22599 1632 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1632 9 Pañcasiddh[=a]ntik[=a Pañcasiddh[=a]ntik[=a NNP 22599 1632 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1632 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1632 12 , , , 22599 1632 13 translated translate VBN 22599 1632 14 by by IN 22599 1632 15 G. G. NNP 22599 1632 16 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1632 17 and and CC 22599 1632 18 M. M. NNP 22599 1632 19 S. S. NNP 22599 1632 20 Dvived[=i Dvived[=i NNP 22599 1632 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1632 22 , , , 22599 1632 23 Benares benare NNS 22599 1632 24 , , , 22599 1632 25 1889 1889 CD 22599 1632 26 ; ; : 22599 1632 27 see see VB 22599 1632 28 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1632 29 , , , 22599 1632 30 loc loc NNP 22599 1632 31 . . . 22599 1633 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1633 2 . . NNP 22599 1633 3 , , , 22599 1633 4 p. p. NN 22599 1633 5 78 78 CD 22599 1633 6 ; ; : 22599 1633 7 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1633 8 , , , 22599 1633 9 loc loc NNP 22599 1633 10 . . . 22599 1634 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1634 2 . . NNP 22599 1634 3 , , , 22599 1634 4 p. p. NN 22599 1634 5 23 23 CD 22599 1634 6 . . . 22599 1635 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1635 2 152 152 CD 22599 1635 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1635 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1635 5 B[r.]hat B[r.]hat NNP 22599 1635 6 Sa[m.]hit[=a Sa[m.]hit[=a NNP 22599 1635 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1635 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1635 9 , , , 22599 1635 10 translated translate VBN 22599 1635 11 by by IN 22599 1635 12 Kern Kern NNP 22599 1635 13 , , , 22599 1635 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1635 15 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1635 16 of of IN 22599 1635 17 the the DT 22599 1635 18 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1635 19 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1635 20 Society Society NNP 22599 1635 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1635 22 , , , 22599 1635 23 1870 1870 CD 22599 1635 24 - - SYM 22599 1635 25 1875 1875 CD 22599 1635 26 . . . 22599 1636 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1636 2 153 153 CD 22599 1636 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1636 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1636 5 is be VBZ 22599 1636 6 stated state VBN 22599 1636 7 by by IN 22599 1636 8 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1636 9 in in IN 22599 1636 10 a a DT 22599 1636 11 personal personal JJ 22599 1636 12 letter letter NN 22599 1636 13 to to IN 22599 1636 14 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1636 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1636 16 loc loc NNP 22599 1636 17 . . . 22599 1637 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1637 2 . . NNP 22599 1637 3 , , , 22599 1637 4 p. p. NN 22599 1637 5 65 65 CD 22599 1637 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1637 7 that that IN 22599 1637 8 there there EX 22599 1637 9 are be VBP 22599 1637 10 hundreds hundred NNS 22599 1637 11 of of IN 22599 1637 12 instances instance NNS 22599 1637 13 of of IN 22599 1637 14 this this DT 22599 1637 15 usage usage NN 22599 1637 16 in in IN 22599 1637 17 the the DT 22599 1637 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1637 19 B[r.]hat B[r.]hat NNP 22599 1637 20 Sa[m.]hit[=a Sa[m.]hit[=a NNP 22599 1637 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1637 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1637 23 . . . 22599 1638 1 The the DT 22599 1638 2 system system NN 22599 1638 3 was be VBD 22599 1638 4 also also RB 22599 1638 5 used use VBN 22599 1638 6 in in IN 22599 1638 7 the the DT 22599 1638 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1638 9 Pañcasiddh[=a]ntik[=a Pañcasiddh[=a]ntik[=a NNP 22599 1638 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1638 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1638 12 as as RB 22599 1638 13 early early RB 22599 1638 14 as as IN 22599 1638 15 505 505 CD 22599 1638 16 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1638 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1638 18 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1638 19 , , , 22599 1638 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1638 21 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 1638 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1638 23 , , , 22599 1638 24 p. p. NN 22599 1638 25 80 80 CD 22599 1638 26 , , , 22599 1638 27 and and CC 22599 1638 28 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1638 29 , , , 22599 1638 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1638 31 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1638 32 of of IN 22599 1638 33 the the DT 22599 1638 34 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1638 35 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1638 36 Society Society NNP 22599 1638 37 _ _ NNP 22599 1638 38 , , , 22599 1638 39 1910 1910 CD 22599 1638 40 , , , 22599 1638 41 p. p. NN 22599 1639 1 819 819 CD 22599 1639 2 . . . 22599 1639 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1640 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1640 2 154 154 CD 22599 1640 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1640 4 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1640 5 , , , 22599 1640 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1640 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1640 8 der der VBD 22599 1640 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1640 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1640 11 , , , 22599 1640 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1640 13 . . . 22599 1641 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1641 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1641 3 3 3 CD 22599 1641 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1641 5 , , , 22599 1641 6 p. p. NN 22599 1641 7 608 608 CD 22599 1641 8 . . . 22599 1642 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1642 2 155 155 CD 22599 1642 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1642 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1642 5 , , , 22599 1642 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1642 7 . . . 22599 1643 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1643 2 . . NNP 22599 1643 3 , , , 22599 1643 4 p. p. NN 22599 1643 5 78 78 CD 22599 1643 6 . . . 22599 1644 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1644 2 156 156 CD 22599 1644 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1644 4 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1644 5 , , , 22599 1644 6 p. p. NN 22599 1644 7 38 38 CD 22599 1644 8 . . . 22599 1645 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1645 2 157 157 CD 22599 1645 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1645 4 Noviomagus Noviomagus NNP 22599 1645 5 , , , 22599 1645 6 in in IN 22599 1645 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1645 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1645 9 De De NNP 22599 1645 10 numeris numeris NNP 22599 1645 11 libri libri NNP 22599 1645 12 duo duo NNP 22599 1645 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1645 14 , , , 22599 1645 15 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1645 16 , , , 22599 1645 17 1539 1539 CD 22599 1645 18 , , , 22599 1645 19 confesses confess VBZ 22599 1645 20 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1645 21 ignorance ignorance NN 22599 1645 22 as as IN 22599 1645 23 to to IN 22599 1645 24 the the DT 22599 1645 25 origin origin NN 22599 1645 26 of of IN 22599 1645 27 the the DT 22599 1645 28 zero zero CD 22599 1645 29 , , , 22599 1645 30 but but CC 22599 1645 31 says say VBZ 22599 1645 32 : : : 22599 1645 33 " " `` 22599 1645 34 D. D. NNP 22599 1645 35 Henricus Henricus NNP 22599 1645 36 Grauius Grauius NNP 22599 1645 37 , , , 22599 1645 38 vir vir NNP 22599 1645 39 Graecè Graecè NNP 22599 1645 40 & & CC 22599 1645 41 Hebraicè Hebraicè NNP 22599 1645 42 eximè eximè VBZ 22599 1645 43 doctus doctus NN 22599 1645 44 , , , 22599 1645 45 Hebraicam Hebraicam NNP 22599 1645 46 originem originem NNP 22599 1645 47 ostendit ostendit NN 22599 1645 48 , , , 22599 1645 49 " " '' 22599 1645 50 adding add VBG 22599 1645 51 that that IN 22599 1645 52 Valla Valla NNP 22599 1645 53 " " `` 22599 1645 54 Indis Indis NNP 22599 1645 55 Orientalibus Orientalibus NNP 22599 1645 56 gentibus gentibus NN 22599 1645 57 inventionem inventionem NNP 22599 1645 58 tribuit tribuit NN 22599 1645 59 . . . 22599 1645 60 " " '' 22599 1646 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1646 2 158 158 CD 22599 1646 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1646 4 See See NNP 22599 1646 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1646 6 Essays Essays NNP 22599 1646 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1646 8 , , , 22599 1646 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1646 10 . . . 22599 1647 1 II II NNP 22599 1647 2 , , , 22599 1647 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1647 4 . . . 22599 1648 1 287 287 CD 22599 1648 2 and and CC 22599 1648 3 288 288 CD 22599 1648 4 . . . 22599 1649 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1649 2 159 159 CD 22599 1649 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1649 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1649 5 . . . 22599 1650 1 XXX XXX NNP 22599 1650 2 , , , 22599 1650 3 p. p. NN 22599 1650 4 205 205 CD 22599 1650 5 seqq seqq NN 22599 1650 6 . . . 22599 1651 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1651 2 160 160 CD 22599 1651 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1651 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1651 5 . . . 22599 1652 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1652 2 . . . 22599 1652 3 , , , 22599 1652 4 p. p. NN 22599 1652 5 284 284 CD 22599 1652 6 seqq seqq NN 22599 1652 7 . . . 22599 1653 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1653 2 161 161 CD 22599 1653 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1653 4 Colebrooke Colebrooke NNP 22599 1653 5 , , , 22599 1653 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1653 7 . . . 22599 1654 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1654 2 . . . 22599 1654 3 , , , 22599 1654 4 p. p. NN 22599 1654 5 288 288 CD 22599 1654 6 . . . 22599 1655 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1655 2 162 162 CD 22599 1655 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1655 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1655 5 . . . 22599 1656 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1656 2 . . NNP 22599 1656 3 , , , 22599 1656 4 p. p. NN 22599 1656 5 78 78 CD 22599 1656 6 . . . 22599 1657 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1657 2 163 163 CD 22599 1657 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1657 4 Hereafter hereafter RB 22599 1657 5 , , , 22599 1657 6 unless unless IN 22599 1657 7 expressly expressly RB 22599 1657 8 stated state VBN 22599 1657 9 to to IN 22599 1657 10 the the DT 22599 1657 11 contrary contrary NN 22599 1657 12 , , , 22599 1657 13 we -PRON- PRP 22599 1657 14 shall shall MD 22599 1657 15 use use VB 22599 1657 16 the the DT 22599 1657 17 word word NN 22599 1657 18 " " `` 22599 1657 19 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1657 20 " " '' 22599 1657 21 to to TO 22599 1657 22 mean mean VB 22599 1657 23 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1657 24 with with IN 22599 1657 25 place place NN 22599 1657 26 value value NN 22599 1657 27 . . . 22599 1658 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1658 2 164 164 CD 22599 1658 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1658 4 " " `` 22599 1658 5 The the DT 22599 1658 6 Gurjaras Gurjaras NNPS 22599 1658 7 of of IN 22599 1658 8 R[=a]jput[=a]na R[=a]jput[=a]na NNP 22599 1658 9 and and CC 22599 1658 10 Kanauj Kanauj NNP 22599 1658 11 , , , 22599 1658 12 " " '' 22599 1658 13 in in IN 22599 1658 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1658 15 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1658 16 of of IN 22599 1658 17 the the DT 22599 1658 18 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1658 19 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1658 20 Society Society NNP 22599 1658 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1658 22 , , , 22599 1658 23 January January NNP 22599 1658 24 and and CC 22599 1658 25 April April NNP 22599 1658 26 , , , 22599 1658 27 1909 1909 CD 22599 1658 28 . . . 22599 1659 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1659 2 165 165 CD 22599 1659 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1659 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1659 5 . . . 22599 1660 1 IX ix NN 22599 1660 2 , , , 22599 1660 3 1908 1908 CD 22599 1660 4 , , , 22599 1660 5 p. p. NN 22599 1660 6 248 248 CD 22599 1660 7 . . . 22599 1661 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1661 2 166 166 CD 22599 1661 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1661 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1661 5 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1661 6 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1661 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1661 8 , , , 22599 1661 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1661 10 . . . 22599 1662 1 IX ix NN 22599 1662 2 , , , 22599 1662 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1662 4 . . . 22599 1663 1 193 193 CD 22599 1663 2 and and CC 22599 1663 3 198 198 CD 22599 1663 4 . . . 22599 1664 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1664 2 167 167 CD 22599 1664 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1664 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1664 5 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1664 6 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1664 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1664 8 , , , 22599 1664 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1664 10 . . . 22599 1665 1 IX ix NN 22599 1665 2 , , , 22599 1665 3 p. p. NN 22599 1665 4 1 1 CD 22599 1665 5 . . . 22599 1666 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1666 2 168 168 CD 22599 1666 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1666 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1666 5 . . . 22599 1667 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1667 2 . . NNP 22599 1667 3 , , , 22599 1667 4 p. p. NN 22599 1667 5 71 71 CD 22599 1667 6 . . . 22599 1668 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1668 2 169 169 CD 22599 1668 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1668 4 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1668 5 , , , 22599 1668 6 p. p. NN 22599 1668 7 71 71 CD 22599 1668 8 . . . 22599 1669 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1669 2 170 170 CD 22599 1669 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1669 4 " " `` 22599 1669 5 Est Est NNP 22599 1669 6 autem autem NN 22599 1669 7 in in IN 22599 1669 8 aliquibus aliquibus NNP 22599 1669 9 figurarum figurarum NNP 22599 1669 10 istaram istaram NNP 22599 1669 11 apud apud NNP 22599 1669 12 multos multos NNP 22599 1669 13 diuersitas diuersitas NNP 22599 1669 14 . . . 22599 1670 1 Quidam Quidam NNP 22599 1670 2 enim enim NNP 22599 1670 3 septimam septimam NNP 22599 1670 4 hanc hanc NNP 22599 1670 5 figuram figuram NNP 22599 1670 6 representant representant NNP 22599 1670 7 , , , 22599 1670 8 " " '' 22599 1670 9 etc etc FW 22599 1670 10 . . . 22599 1671 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1671 2 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1671 3 , , , 22599 1671 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1671 5 Trattati Trattati NNP 22599 1671 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1671 7 , , , 22599 1671 8 p. p. NN 22599 1672 1 28 28 CD 22599 1672 2 . . . 22599 1672 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1673 1 Eneström Eneström NNP 22599 1673 2 has have VBZ 22599 1673 3 shown show VBN 22599 1673 4 that that IN 22599 1673 5 very very RB 22599 1673 6 likely likely RB 22599 1673 7 this this DT 22599 1673 8 work work NN 22599 1673 9 is be VBZ 22599 1673 10 incorrectly incorrectly RB 22599 1673 11 attributed attribute VBN 22599 1673 12 to to IN 22599 1673 13 Johannes Johannes NNP 22599 1673 14 Hispalensis Hispalensis NNP 22599 1673 15 . . . 22599 1674 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1674 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1674 3 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1674 4 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1674 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1674 6 , , , 22599 1674 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1674 8 . . . 22599 1675 1 IX ix NN 22599 1675 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1675 3 3 3 CD 22599 1675 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1675 5 , , , 22599 1675 6 p. p. NN 22599 1676 1 2 2 LS 22599 1676 2 . . . 22599 1676 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1677 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1677 2 171 171 CD 22599 1677 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1677 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1677 5 Indische Indische NNP 22599 1677 6 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 1677 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1677 8 , , , 22599 1677 9 Tafel Tafel NNP 22599 1677 10 IX IX NNP 22599 1677 11 . . . 22599 1678 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1678 2 172 172 CD 22599 1678 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1678 4 Edited edit VBN 22599 1678 5 by by IN 22599 1678 6 Bloomfield Bloomfield NNP 22599 1678 7 and and CC 22599 1678 8 Garbe Garbe NNP 22599 1678 9 , , , 22599 1678 10 Baltimore Baltimore NNP 22599 1678 11 , , , 22599 1678 12 1901 1901 CD 22599 1678 13 , , , 22599 1678 14 containing contain VBG 22599 1678 15 photographic photographic JJ 22599 1678 16 reproductions reproduction NNS 22599 1678 17 of of IN 22599 1678 18 the the DT 22599 1678 19 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1678 20 . . . 22599 1679 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1679 2 173 173 CD 22599 1679 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1679 4 Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i Bakh[s.][=a]l[=i NNP 22599 1679 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1679 6 MS MS NNP 22599 1679 7 . . . 22599 1679 8 See see VB 22599 1679 9 page page NN 22599 1679 10 43 43 CD 22599 1679 11 ; ; : 22599 1679 12 Hoernle Hoernle NNP 22599 1679 13 , , , 22599 1679 14 R. R. NNP 22599 1679 15 , , , 22599 1679 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1679 17 The the DT 22599 1679 18 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1679 19 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1679 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1679 21 , , , 22599 1679 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1679 23 . . . 22599 1680 1 XVII XVII NNP 22599 1680 2 , , , 22599 1680 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1680 4 . . . 22599 1681 1 33 33 CD 22599 1681 2 - - SYM 22599 1681 3 48 48 CD 22599 1681 4 , , , 22599 1681 5 1 1 CD 22599 1681 6 plate plate NN 22599 1681 7 ; ; : 22599 1681 8 Hoernle Hoernle NNP 22599 1681 9 , , , 22599 1681 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1681 11 Verhandlungen Verhandlungen NNP 22599 1681 12 des des NNP 22599 1681 13 VII VII NNP 22599 1681 14 . . . 22599 1682 1 Internationalen Internationalen NNP 22599 1682 2 Orientalisten Orientalisten NNP 22599 1682 3 - - HYPH 22599 1682 4 Congresses Congresses NNPS 22599 1682 5 , , , 22599 1682 6 Arische Arische NNP 22599 1682 7 Section Section NNP 22599 1682 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1682 9 , , , 22599 1682 10 Vienna Vienna NNP 22599 1682 11 , , , 22599 1682 12 1888 1888 CD 22599 1682 13 , , , 22599 1682 14 " " `` 22599 1682 15 On on IN 22599 1682 16 the the DT 22599 1682 17 Baksh[=a]l[=i Baksh[=a]l[=i NNP 22599 1682 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1682 19 Manuscript Manuscript NNP 22599 1682 20 , , , 22599 1682 21 " " '' 22599 1682 22 pp pp NNP 22599 1682 23 . . . 22599 1683 1 127 127 CD 22599 1683 2 - - SYM 22599 1683 3 147 147 CD 22599 1683 4 , , , 22599 1683 5 3 3 CD 22599 1683 6 plates plate NNS 22599 1683 7 ; ; : 22599 1683 8 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1683 9 , , , 22599 1683 10 loc loc NNP 22599 1683 11 . . . 22599 1684 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1684 2 . . . 22599 1685 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1685 2 174 174 CD 22599 1685 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1685 4 3 3 CD 22599 1685 5 , , , 22599 1685 6 4 4 CD 22599 1685 7 , , , 22599 1685 8 6 6 CD 22599 1685 9 , , , 22599 1685 10 from from IN 22599 1685 11 H. H. NNP 22599 1685 12 H. H. NNP 22599 1685 13 Dhruva Dhruva NNP 22599 1685 14 , , , 22599 1685 15 " " `` 22599 1685 16 Three three CD 22599 1685 17 Land Land NNP 22599 1685 18 - - HYPH 22599 1685 19 Grants Grants NNPS 22599 1685 20 from from IN 22599 1685 21 Sankheda Sankheda NNP 22599 1685 22 , , , 22599 1685 23 " " '' 22599 1685 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1685 25 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1685 26 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1685 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1685 28 , , , 22599 1685 29 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1685 30 . . . 22599 1686 1 II II NNP 22599 1686 2 , , , 22599 1686 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1686 4 . . . 22599 1687 1 19 19 CD 22599 1687 2 - - SYM 22599 1687 3 24 24 CD 22599 1687 4 with with IN 22599 1687 5 plates plate NNS 22599 1687 6 ; ; : 22599 1687 7 date date NN 22599 1687 8 595 595 CD 22599 1687 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1687 10 7 7 CD 22599 1687 11 , , , 22599 1687 12 1 1 CD 22599 1687 13 , , , 22599 1687 14 5 5 CD 22599 1687 15 , , , 22599 1687 16 from from IN 22599 1687 17 Bhandarkar Bhandarkar NNP 22599 1687 18 , , , 22599 1687 19 " " '' 22599 1687 20 Daulatabad Daulatabad NNP 22599 1687 21 Plates Plates NNPS 22599 1687 22 , , , 22599 1687 23 " " '' 22599 1687 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1687 25 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1687 26 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1687 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1687 28 , , , 22599 1687 29 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1687 30 . . . 22599 1688 1 IX ix NN 22599 1688 2 , , , 22599 1688 3 part part NN 22599 1688 4 V v NN 22599 1688 5 ; ; : 22599 1688 6 date date NN 22599 1688 7 c. c. NN 22599 1688 8 798 798 CD 22599 1688 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1688 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1688 11 175 175 CD 22599 1688 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1688 13 8 8 CD 22599 1688 14 , , , 22599 1688 15 7 7 CD 22599 1688 16 , , , 22599 1688 17 2 2 CD 22599 1688 18 , , , 22599 1688 19 from from IN 22599 1688 20 " " `` 22599 1688 21 Buckhala Buckhala NNP 22599 1688 22 Inscription Inscription NNP 22599 1688 23 of of IN 22599 1688 24 Nagabhatta Nagabhatta NNP 22599 1688 25 , , , 22599 1688 26 " " '' 22599 1688 27 Bhandarkar Bhandarkar NNP 22599 1688 28 , , , 22599 1688 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1688 30 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1688 31 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1688 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1688 33 , , , 22599 1688 34 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1688 35 . . . 22599 1689 1 IX ix NN 22599 1689 2 , , , 22599 1689 3 part part NN 22599 1689 4 V v NN 22599 1689 5 ; ; : 22599 1689 6 date date NN 22599 1689 7 815 815 CD 22599 1689 8 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1689 9 5 5 CD 22599 1689 10 from from IN 22599 1689 11 " " `` 22599 1689 12 The the DT 22599 1689 13 Morbi Morbi NNP 22599 1689 14 Copper Copper NNP 22599 1689 15 - - HYPH 22599 1689 16 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1689 17 , , , 22599 1689 18 " " '' 22599 1689 19 Bhandarkar Bhandarkar NNP 22599 1689 20 , , , 22599 1689 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1689 22 The the DT 22599 1689 23 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1689 24 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1689 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1689 26 , , , 22599 1689 27 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1689 28 . . . 22599 1690 1 II II NNP 22599 1690 2 , , , 22599 1690 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1690 4 . . . 22599 1691 1 257 257 CD 22599 1691 2 - - SYM 22599 1691 3 258 258 CD 22599 1691 4 , , , 22599 1691 5 with with IN 22599 1691 6 plate plate NN 22599 1691 7 ; ; : 22599 1691 8 date date NN 22599 1691 9 804 804 CD 22599 1691 10 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1691 11 See See NNP 22599 1691 12 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1691 13 , , , 22599 1691 14 loc loc NNP 22599 1691 15 . . . 22599 1692 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1692 2 . . . 22599 1693 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1693 2 176 176 CD 22599 1693 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1693 4 8 8 CD 22599 1693 5 from from IN 22599 1693 6 the the DT 22599 1693 7 above above JJ 22599 1693 8 Morbi Morbi NNP 22599 1693 9 Copper Copper NNP 22599 1693 10 - - HYPH 22599 1693 11 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1693 12 . . . 22599 1694 1 4 4 CD 22599 1694 2 , , , 22599 1694 3 5 5 CD 22599 1694 4 , , , 22599 1694 5 7 7 CD 22599 1694 6 , , , 22599 1694 7 9 9 CD 22599 1694 8 , , , 22599 1694 9 and and CC 22599 1694 10 0 0 CD 22599 1694 11 , , , 22599 1694 12 from from IN 22599 1694 13 " " `` 22599 1694 14 Asni Asni NNP 22599 1694 15 Inscription Inscription NNP 22599 1694 16 of of IN 22599 1694 17 Mahipala Mahipala NNP 22599 1694 18 , , , 22599 1694 19 " " '' 22599 1694 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1694 21 The the DT 22599 1694 22 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1694 23 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1694 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1694 25 , , , 22599 1694 26 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1694 27 . . . 22599 1695 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 1695 2 , , , 22599 1695 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1695 4 . . . 22599 1696 1 174 174 CD 22599 1696 2 - - SYM 22599 1696 3 175 175 CD 22599 1696 4 ; ; : 22599 1696 5 inscription inscription NN 22599 1696 6 is be VBZ 22599 1696 7 on on IN 22599 1696 8 red red JJ 22599 1696 9 sandstone sandstone NN 22599 1696 10 , , , 22599 1696 11 date date NN 22599 1696 12 917 917 CD 22599 1696 13 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1696 14 See See NNP 22599 1696 15 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1696 16 . . . 22599 1697 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1697 2 177 177 CD 22599 1697 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1697 4 8 8 CD 22599 1697 5 , , , 22599 1697 6 9 9 CD 22599 1697 7 , , , 22599 1697 8 4 4 CD 22599 1697 9 , , , 22599 1697 10 from from IN 22599 1697 11 " " `` 22599 1697 12 Rashtrakuta Rashtrakuta NNP 22599 1697 13 Grant Grant NNP 22599 1697 14 of of IN 22599 1697 15 Amoghavarsha Amoghavarsha NNP 22599 1697 16 , , , 22599 1697 17 " " '' 22599 1697 18 J. J. NNP 22599 1697 19 F. F. NNP 22599 1697 20 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1697 21 , , , 22599 1697 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1697 23 The the DT 22599 1697 24 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1697 25 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1697 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1697 27 , , , 22599 1697 28 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1697 29 . . . 22599 1698 1 XII XII NNP 22599 1698 2 , , , 22599 1698 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1698 4 . . . 22599 1699 1 263 263 CD 22599 1699 2 - - SYM 22599 1699 3 272 272 CD 22599 1699 4 ; ; : 22599 1699 5 copper copper NN 22599 1699 6 - - HYPH 22599 1699 7 plate plate NN 22599 1699 8 grant grant NN 22599 1699 9 of of IN 22599 1699 10 date date NN 22599 1699 11 c. c. NNP 22599 1699 12 972 972 CD 22599 1699 13 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1699 14 See See NNP 22599 1699 15 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1699 16 . . . 22599 1700 1 7 7 CD 22599 1700 2 , , , 22599 1700 3 3 3 CD 22599 1700 4 , , , 22599 1700 5 5 5 CD 22599 1700 6 , , , 22599 1700 7 from from IN 22599 1700 8 " " `` 22599 1700 9 Torkhede Torkhede NNP 22599 1700 10 Copper Copper NNP 22599 1700 11 - - HYPH 22599 1700 12 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1700 13 Grant Grant NNP 22599 1700 14 of of IN 22599 1700 15 the the DT 22599 1700 16 Time Time NNP 22599 1700 17 of of IN 22599 1700 18 Govindaraja Govindaraja NNP 22599 1700 19 of of IN 22599 1700 20 Gujerat Gujerat NNP 22599 1700 21 , , , 22599 1700 22 " " '' 22599 1700 23 Fleet Fleet NNP 22599 1700 24 , , , 22599 1700 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1700 26 Epigraphia Epigraphia NNP 22599 1700 27 Indica Indica NNP 22599 1700 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1700 29 , , , 22599 1700 30 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1700 31 . . . 22599 1701 1 III III NNP 22599 1701 2 , , , 22599 1701 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1701 4 . . . 22599 1702 1 53 53 CD 22599 1702 2 - - SYM 22599 1702 3 58 58 CD 22599 1702 4 . . . 22599 1703 1 See see VB 22599 1703 2 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1703 3 . . . 22599 1704 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1704 2 178 178 CD 22599 1704 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1704 4 From from IN 22599 1704 5 " " `` 22599 1704 6 A a DT 22599 1704 7 Copper Copper NNP 22599 1704 8 - - HYPH 22599 1704 9 Plate Plate NNP 22599 1704 10 Grant Grant NNP 22599 1704 11 of of IN 22599 1704 12 King King NNP 22599 1704 13 Tritochanapâla Tritochanapâla NNP 22599 1704 14 Chanlukya Chanlukya NNP 22599 1704 15 of of IN 22599 1704 16 L[=a][t.]ade['s]a L[=a][t.]ade['s]a NNP 22599 1704 17 , , , 22599 1704 18 " " '' 22599 1704 19 H.H. H.H. NNP 22599 1705 1 Dhruva dhruva RB 22599 1705 2 , , , 22599 1705 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1705 4 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1705 5 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1705 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1705 7 , , , 22599 1705 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1705 9 . . . 22599 1706 1 XII XII NNP 22599 1706 2 , , , 22599 1706 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1706 4 . . . 22599 1707 1 196 196 CD 22599 1707 2 - - SYM 22599 1707 3 205 205 CD 22599 1707 4 ; ; : 22599 1707 5 date date NN 22599 1707 6 1050 1050 CD 22599 1707 7 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1707 8 See See NNP 22599 1707 9 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1707 10 . . . 22599 1708 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1708 2 179 179 CD 22599 1708 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1708 4 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1708 5 , , , 22599 1708 6 A. a. NN 22599 1708 7 C. C. NNP 22599 1708 8 , , , 22599 1708 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1708 10 South South NNP 22599 1708 11 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1708 12 Palæography Palæography NNP 22599 1708 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1708 14 , , , 22599 1708 15 plate plate NN 22599 1708 16 XXIII xxiii NN 22599 1708 17 , , , 22599 1708 18 Telugu Telugu NNP 22599 1708 19 - - HYPH 22599 1708 20 Canarese Canarese NNP 22599 1708 21 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1708 22 of of IN 22599 1708 23 the the DT 22599 1708 24 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 1708 25 century century NN 22599 1708 26 . . . 22599 1709 1 See see VB 22599 1709 2 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1709 3 . . . 22599 1710 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1710 2 180 180 CD 22599 1710 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1710 4 From from IN 22599 1710 5 a a DT 22599 1710 6 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1710 7 of of IN 22599 1710 8 the the DT 22599 1710 9 second second JJ 22599 1710 10 half half NN 22599 1710 11 of of IN 22599 1710 12 the the DT 22599 1710 13 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 1710 14 century century NN 22599 1710 15 , , , 22599 1710 16 reproduced reproduce VBN 22599 1710 17 in in IN 22599 1710 18 " " `` 22599 1710 19 Della Della NNP 22599 1710 20 vita vita NNP 22599 1710 21 e e NNP 22599 1710 22 delle delle NNP 22599 1710 23 opere opere NNP 22599 1710 24 di di NNP 22599 1710 25 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 1710 26 Pisano Pisano NNP 22599 1710 27 , , , 22599 1710 28 " " `` 22599 1710 29 Baldassare Baldassare NNP 22599 1710 30 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1710 31 , , , 22599 1710 32 Rome Rome NNP 22599 1710 33 , , , 22599 1710 34 1852 1852 CD 22599 1710 35 , , , 22599 1710 36 in in IN 22599 1710 37 _ _ NNP 22599 1710 38 Atti Atti NNP 22599 1710 39 dell dell NNP 22599 1710 40 ' ' `` 22599 1710 41 Accademia Accademia NNP 22599 1710 42 Pontificia Pontificia NNP 22599 1710 43 dei dei NNP 22599 1710 44 nuovi nuovi VBZ 22599 1710 45 Lincei Lincei NNP 22599 1710 46 _ _ NNP 22599 1710 47 , , , 22599 1710 48 anno anno NNP 22599 1710 49 V. V. NNP 22599 1710 50 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1710 51 181 181 CD 22599 1710 52 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1710 53 From from IN 22599 1710 54 a a DT 22599 1710 55 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 1710 56 - - HYPH 22599 1710 57 century century NN 22599 1710 58 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1710 59 , , , 22599 1710 60 as as IN 22599 1710 61 reproduced reproduce VBN 22599 1710 62 in in IN 22599 1710 63 _ _ NNP 22599 1710 64 Della Della NNP 22599 1710 65 vita vita NNS 22599 1710 66 _ _ NNP 22599 1710 67 etc etc FW 22599 1710 68 . . . 22599 1710 69 , , , 22599 1710 70 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1710 71 , , , 22599 1710 72 loc loc NNP 22599 1710 73 . . . 22599 1711 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1711 2 . . . 22599 1712 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1712 2 182 182 CD 22599 1712 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1712 4 From from IN 22599 1712 5 a a DT 22599 1712 6 Tibetan Tibetan NNP 22599 1712 7 MS MS NNP 22599 1712 8 . . . 22599 1712 9 in in IN 22599 1712 10 the the DT 22599 1712 11 library library NN 22599 1712 12 of of IN 22599 1712 13 D. D. NNP 22599 1712 14 E. E. NNP 22599 1712 15 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1712 16 . . . 22599 1713 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1713 2 183 183 CD 22599 1713 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1713 4 From from IN 22599 1713 5 a a DT 22599 1713 6 Tibetan tibetan JJ 22599 1713 7 block block NN 22599 1713 8 - - HYPH 22599 1713 9 book book NN 22599 1713 10 in in IN 22599 1713 11 the the DT 22599 1713 12 library library NN 22599 1713 13 of of IN 22599 1713 14 D. D. NNP 22599 1713 15 E. E. NNP 22599 1713 16 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1713 17 . . . 22599 1714 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1714 2 184 184 CD 22599 1714 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1714 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1714 5 ' ' `` 22599 1714 6 S][=a]rad[=a s][=a]rad[=a NN 22599 1714 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1714 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1714 9 from from IN 22599 1714 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1714 11 The the DT 22599 1714 12 Kashmirian Kashmirian NNP 22599 1714 13 Atharva Atharva NNP 22599 1714 14 - - HYPH 22599 1714 15 Veda Veda NNP 22599 1714 16 , , , 22599 1714 17 reproduced reproduce VBN 22599 1714 18 by by IN 22599 1714 19 chromophotography chromophotography NN 22599 1714 20 from from IN 22599 1714 21 the the DT 22599 1714 22 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1714 23 in in IN 22599 1714 24 the the DT 22599 1714 25 University University NNP 22599 1714 26 Library Library NNP 22599 1714 27 at at IN 22599 1714 28 Tübingen Tübingen NNP 22599 1714 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1714 30 , , , 22599 1714 31 Bloomfield Bloomfield NNP 22599 1714 32 and and CC 22599 1714 33 Garbe Garbe NNP 22599 1714 34 , , , 22599 1714 35 Baltimore Baltimore NNP 22599 1714 36 , , , 22599 1714 37 1901 1901 CD 22599 1714 38 . . . 22599 1715 1 Somewhat somewhat RB 22599 1715 2 similar similar JJ 22599 1715 3 forms form NNS 22599 1715 4 are be VBP 22599 1715 5 given give VBN 22599 1715 6 under under IN 22599 1715 7 " " `` 22599 1715 8 Numération Numération NNP 22599 1715 9 Cachemirienne Cachemirienne NNP 22599 1715 10 , , , 22599 1715 11 " " '' 22599 1715 12 by by IN 22599 1715 13 Pihan Pihan NNP 22599 1715 14 , , , 22599 1715 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1715 16 Exposé Exposé NNP 22599 1715 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1715 18 etc etc FW 22599 1715 19 . . . 22599 1715 20 , , , 22599 1715 21 p. p. NN 22599 1715 22 84 84 CD 22599 1715 23 . . . 22599 1716 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1716 2 185 185 CD 22599 1716 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1716 4 Franz Franz NNP 22599 1716 5 X. X. NNP 22599 1716 6 Kugler Kugler NNP 22599 1716 7 , , , 22599 1716 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1716 9 Die Die NNP 22599 1716 10 Babylonische Babylonische NNP 22599 1716 11 Mondrechnung Mondrechnung NNP 22599 1716 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1716 13 , , , 22599 1716 14 Freiburg Freiburg NNP 22599 1716 15 i. i. NN 22599 1717 1 Br br UH 22599 1717 2 . . NNP 22599 1717 3 , , , 22599 1717 4 1900 1900 CD 22599 1717 5 , , , 22599 1717 6 in in IN 22599 1717 7 the the DT 22599 1717 8 numerous numerous JJ 22599 1717 9 plates plate NNS 22599 1717 10 at at IN 22599 1717 11 the the DT 22599 1717 12 end end NN 22599 1717 13 of of IN 22599 1717 14 the the DT 22599 1717 15 book book NN 22599 1717 16 ; ; : 22599 1717 17 practically practically RB 22599 1717 18 all all DT 22599 1717 19 of of IN 22599 1717 20 these these DT 22599 1717 21 contain contain VBP 22599 1717 22 the the DT 22599 1717 23 symbol symbol NN 22599 1717 24 to to TO 22599 1717 25 which which WDT 22599 1717 26 reference reference NN 22599 1717 27 is be VBZ 22599 1717 28 made make VBN 22599 1717 29 . . . 22599 1718 1 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1718 2 , , , 22599 1718 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1718 4 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1718 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1718 6 , , , 22599 1718 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1718 8 . . . 22599 1719 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1719 2 , , , 22599 1719 3 p. p. NN 22599 1719 4 31 31 CD 22599 1719 5 . . . 22599 1720 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1720 2 186 186 CD 22599 1720 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1720 4 F. F. NNP 22599 1720 5 X. X. NNP 22599 1720 6 Kugler Kugler NNP 22599 1720 7 , , , 22599 1720 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1720 9 Sternkunde Sternkunde NNP 22599 1720 10 und und VBD 22599 1720 11 Sterndienst Sterndienst NNP 22599 1720 12 in in IN 22599 1720 13 Babel Babel NNP 22599 1720 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1720 15 , , , 22599 1720 16 I. I. NNP 22599 1720 17 Buch Buch NNP 22599 1720 18 , , , 22599 1720 19 from from IN 22599 1720 20 the the DT 22599 1720 21 beginnings beginning NNS 22599 1720 22 to to IN 22599 1720 23 the the DT 22599 1720 24 time time NN 22599 1720 25 of of IN 22599 1720 26 Christ Christ NNP 22599 1720 27 , , , 22599 1720 28 Münster Münster NNP 22599 1720 29 i. i. NNP 22599 1720 30 Westfalen Westfalen NNP 22599 1720 31 , , , 22599 1720 32 1907 1907 CD 22599 1720 33 . . . 22599 1721 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1721 2 also also RB 22599 1721 3 has have VBZ 22599 1721 4 numerous numerous JJ 22599 1721 5 tables table NNS 22599 1721 6 containing contain VBG 22599 1721 7 the the DT 22599 1721 8 above above JJ 22599 1721 9 zero zero CD 22599 1721 10 . . . 22599 1722 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1722 2 187 187 CD 22599 1722 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1722 4 From from IN 22599 1722 5 a a DT 22599 1722 6 letter letter NN 22599 1722 7 to to IN 22599 1722 8 D. D. NNP 22599 1722 9 E. E. NNP 22599 1722 10 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1722 11 , , , 22599 1722 12 from from IN 22599 1722 13 G. G. NNP 22599 1722 14 F. F. NNP 22599 1722 15 Hill Hill NNP 22599 1722 16 of of IN 22599 1722 17 the the DT 22599 1722 18 British British NNP 22599 1722 19 Museum Museum NNP 22599 1722 20 . . . 22599 1723 1 See see VB 22599 1723 2 also also RB 22599 1723 3 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1723 4 monograph monograph NN 22599 1723 5 " " `` 22599 1723 6 On on IN 22599 1723 7 the the DT 22599 1723 8 Early early JJ 22599 1723 9 Use Use NNP 22599 1723 10 of of IN 22599 1723 11 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 1723 12 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1723 13 in in IN 22599 1723 14 Europe Europe NNP 22599 1723 15 , , , 22599 1723 16 " " '' 22599 1723 17 in in IN 22599 1723 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1723 19 Archæologia Archæologia NNP 22599 1723 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1723 21 , , , 22599 1723 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1723 23 . . . 22599 1724 1 LXII LXII NNP 22599 1724 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1724 3 1910 1910 CD 22599 1724 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1724 5 , , , 22599 1724 6 p. p. NN 22599 1724 7 137 137 CD 22599 1724 8 . . . 22599 1725 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1725 2 188 188 CD 22599 1725 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1725 4 R. R. NNP 22599 1725 5 Hoernle Hoernle NNP 22599 1725 6 , , , 22599 1725 7 " " '' 22599 1725 8 The the DT 22599 1725 9 Baksh[=a]l[=i Baksh[=a]l[=i NNP 22599 1725 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1725 11 Manuscript Manuscript NNP 22599 1725 12 , , , 22599 1725 13 " " '' 22599 1725 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1725 15 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1725 16 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 1725 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1725 18 , , , 22599 1725 19 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1725 20 . . . 22599 1726 1 XVII XVII NNP 22599 1726 2 , , , 22599 1726 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1726 4 . . . 22599 1727 1 33 33 CD 22599 1727 2 - - SYM 22599 1727 3 48 48 CD 22599 1727 4 and and CC 22599 1727 5 275 275 CD 22599 1727 6 - - SYM 22599 1727 7 279 279 CD 22599 1727 8 , , , 22599 1727 9 1888 1888 CD 22599 1727 10 ; ; : 22599 1727 11 Thibaut Thibaut NNP 22599 1727 12 , , , 22599 1727 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1727 14 Astronomie Astronomie NNP 22599 1727 15 , , , 22599 1727 16 Astrologie Astrologie NNP 22599 1727 17 und und NN 22599 1727 18 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1727 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1727 20 , , , 22599 1727 21 p. p. NN 22599 1727 22 75 75 CD 22599 1727 23 ; ; : 22599 1727 24 Hoernle Hoernle NNP 22599 1727 25 , , , 22599 1727 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1727 27 Verhandlungen Verhandlungen NNP 22599 1727 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1727 29 , , , 22599 1727 30 loc loc NNP 22599 1727 31 . . . 22599 1728 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1728 2 . . NNP 22599 1728 3 , , , 22599 1728 4 p. p. NN 22599 1728 5 132 132 CD 22599 1728 6 . . . 22599 1729 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1729 2 189 189 CD 22599 1729 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1729 4 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1729 5 , , , 22599 1729 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1729 7 . . . 22599 1730 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1730 2 . . . 22599 1730 3 , , , 22599 1730 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1730 5 . . . 22599 1731 1 XV XV NNP 22599 1731 2 , , , 22599 1731 3 p. p. NN 22599 1731 4 29 29 CD 22599 1731 5 . . . 22599 1732 1 Also also RB 22599 1732 2 Bendall Bendall NNP 22599 1732 3 , , , 22599 1732 4 " " `` 22599 1732 5 On on IN 22599 1732 6 a a DT 22599 1732 7 System System NNP 22599 1732 8 of of IN 22599 1732 9 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1732 10 used use VBN 22599 1732 11 in in IN 22599 1732 12 South South NNP 22599 1732 13 India India NNP 22599 1732 14 , , , 22599 1732 15 " " '' 22599 1732 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1732 17 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1732 18 of of IN 22599 1732 19 the the DT 22599 1732 20 Royal Royal NNP 22599 1732 21 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1732 22 Society Society NNP 22599 1732 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1732 24 , , , 22599 1732 25 1896 1896 CD 22599 1732 26 , , , 22599 1732 27 pp pp NNP 22599 1732 28 . . . 22599 1733 1 789 789 CD 22599 1733 2 - - SYM 22599 1733 3 792 792 CD 22599 1733 4 . . . 22599 1734 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1734 2 190 190 CD 22599 1734 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1734 4 V. V. NNP 22599 1734 5 A. a. NN 22599 1734 6 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1734 7 , , , 22599 1734 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1734 9 The the DT 22599 1734 10 Early early JJ 22599 1734 11 History history NN 22599 1734 12 of of IN 22599 1734 13 India India NNP 22599 1734 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1734 15 , , , 22599 1734 16 2d 2d NNP 22599 1734 17 ed ed NNP 22599 1734 18 . . NNP 22599 1734 19 , , , 22599 1734 20 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 1734 21 , , , 22599 1734 22 1908 1908 CD 22599 1734 23 , , , 22599 1734 24 p. p. NN 22599 1734 25 14 14 CD 22599 1734 26 . . . 22599 1735 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1735 2 191 191 CD 22599 1735 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1735 4 Colebrooke Colebrooke NNP 22599 1735 5 , , , 22599 1735 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1735 7 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1735 8 , , , 22599 1735 9 with with IN 22599 1735 10 Arithmetic Arithmetic NNP 22599 1735 11 and and CC 22599 1735 12 Mensuration Mensuration NNP 22599 1735 13 , , , 22599 1735 14 from from IN 22599 1735 15 the the DT 22599 1735 16 Sanskrit Sanskrit NNP 22599 1735 17 of of IN 22599 1735 18 Brahmegupta Brahmegupta NNP 22599 1735 19 and and CC 22599 1735 20 Bháscara Bháscara NNP 22599 1735 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1735 22 , , , 22599 1735 23 London London NNP 22599 1735 24 , , , 22599 1735 25 1817 1817 CD 22599 1735 26 , , , 22599 1735 27 pp pp NNP 22599 1735 28 . . . 22599 1736 1 339 339 CD 22599 1736 2 - - SYM 22599 1736 3 340 340 CD 22599 1736 4 . . . 22599 1737 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1737 2 192 192 CD 22599 1737 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1737 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 1737 5 . . . 22599 1737 6 , , , 22599 1737 7 p. p. NN 22599 1737 8 138 138 CD 22599 1737 9 . . . 22599 1738 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1738 2 193 193 CD 22599 1738 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1738 4 D. D. NNP 22599 1738 5 E. E. NNP 22599 1738 6 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1738 7 , , , 22599 1738 8 in in IN 22599 1738 9 the the DT 22599 1738 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1738 11 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1738 12 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1738 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1738 14 , , , 22599 1738 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1738 16 . . . 22599 1739 1 IX ix NN 22599 1739 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1739 3 3 3 CD 22599 1739 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1739 5 , , , 22599 1739 6 pp pp NNP 22599 1739 7 . . . 22599 1740 1 106 106 CD 22599 1740 2 - - SYM 22599 1740 3 110 110 CD 22599 1740 4 . . . 22599 1741 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1741 2 194 194 CD 22599 1741 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1741 4 As as IN 22599 1741 5 when when WRB 22599 1741 6 we -PRON- PRP 22599 1741 7 use use VBP 22599 1741 8 three three CD 22599 1741 9 dots dot NNS 22599 1741 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1741 11 ... ... NFP 22599 1741 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1741 13 . . . 22599 1742 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1742 2 195 195 CD 22599 1742 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1742 4 " " `` 22599 1742 5 The the DT 22599 1742 6 Hindus Hindus NNPS 22599 1742 7 call call VBP 22599 1742 8 the the DT 22599 1742 9 nought nought NN 22599 1742 10 explicitly explicitly RB 22599 1742 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1742 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1742 13 ' ' '' 22599 1742 14 s][=u]nyabindu s][=u]nyabindu CD 22599 1742 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1742 16 ' ' '' 22599 1742 17 the the DT 22599 1742 18 dot dot NN 22599 1742 19 marking mark VBG 22599 1742 20 a a DT 22599 1742 21 blank blank JJ 22599 1742 22 , , , 22599 1742 23 ' ' '' 22599 1742 24 and and CC 22599 1742 25 about about RB 22599 1742 26 500 500 CD 22599 1742 27 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1742 28 they -PRON- PRP 22599 1742 29 marked mark VBD 22599 1742 30 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1742 31 by by IN 22599 1742 32 a a DT 22599 1742 33 simple simple JJ 22599 1742 34 dot dot NN 22599 1742 35 , , , 22599 1742 36 which which WDT 22599 1742 37 latter latter NN 22599 1742 38 is be VBZ 22599 1742 39 commonly commonly RB 22599 1742 40 used use VBN 22599 1742 41 in in IN 22599 1742 42 inscriptions inscription NNS 22599 1742 43 and and CC 22599 1742 44 MSS MSS NNP 22599 1742 45 . . . 22599 1743 1 in in IN 22599 1743 2 order order NN 22599 1743 3 to to TO 22599 1743 4 mark mark VB 22599 1743 5 a a DT 22599 1743 6 blank blank JJ 22599 1743 7 , , , 22599 1743 8 and and CC 22599 1743 9 which which WDT 22599 1743 10 was be VBD 22599 1743 11 later later RB 22599 1743 12 converted convert VBN 22599 1743 13 into into IN 22599 1743 14 a a DT 22599 1743 15 small small JJ 22599 1743 16 circle circle NN 22599 1743 17 . . . 22599 1743 18 " " '' 22599 1744 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1744 2 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1744 3 , , , 22599 1744 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1744 5 On On NNP 22599 1744 6 the the DT 22599 1744 7 Origin Origin NNP 22599 1744 8 of of IN 22599 1744 9 the the DT 22599 1744 10 Indian Indian NNP 22599 1744 11 Alphabet Alphabet NNP 22599 1744 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1744 13 , , , 22599 1744 14 p. p. NN 22599 1744 15 53 53 CD 22599 1744 16 , , , 22599 1744 17 note note NN 22599 1744 18 . . . 22599 1744 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1745 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1745 2 196 196 CD 22599 1745 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1745 4 Fazzari Fazzari NNP 22599 1745 5 , , , 22599 1745 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1745 7 Dell Dell NNP 22599 1745 8 ' ' POS 22599 1745 9 origine origine NNP 22599 1745 10 delle delle NNP 22599 1745 11 parole parole NNP 22599 1745 12 zero zero NNP 22599 1745 13 e e NNP 22599 1745 14 cifra cifra NNP 22599 1745 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1745 16 , , , 22599 1745 17 Naples Naples NNP 22599 1745 18 , , , 22599 1745 19 1903 1903 CD 22599 1745 20 . . . 22599 1746 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1746 2 197 197 CD 22599 1746 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1746 4 E. E. NNP 22599 1746 5 Wappler Wappler NNP 22599 1746 6 , , , 22599 1746 7 " " '' 22599 1746 8 Zur Zur NNP 22599 1746 9 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1746 10 der der VBP 22599 1746 11 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1746 12 i -PRON- PRP 22599 1746 13 m be VBP 22599 1746 14 15 15 CD 22599 1746 15 . . . 22599 1747 1 Jahrhundert Jahrhundert NNP 22599 1747 2 , , , 22599 1747 3 " " `` 22599 1747 4 in in IN 22599 1747 5 the the DT 22599 1747 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1747 7 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 1747 8 für für NN 22599 1747 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1747 10 und und VBP 22599 1747 11 Physik Physik NNP 22599 1747 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1747 13 , , , 22599 1747 14 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1747 15 . . . 22599 1748 1 XLV XLV NNP 22599 1748 2 , , , 22599 1748 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1748 4 Hist.-lit Hist.-lit NNP 22599 1748 5 . . . 22599 1749 1 Abt Abt NNP 22599 1749 2 . . . 22599 1749 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1749 4 , , , 22599 1749 5 p. p. NN 22599 1749 6 47 47 CD 22599 1749 7 . . . 22599 1750 1 The the DT 22599 1750 2 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1750 3 is be VBZ 22599 1750 4 No no UH 22599 1750 5 . . . 22599 1751 1 C. C. NNP 22599 1751 2 80 80 CD 22599 1751 3 , , , 22599 1751 4 in in IN 22599 1751 5 the the DT 22599 1751 6 Dresden Dresden NNP 22599 1751 7 library library NN 22599 1751 8 . . . 22599 1752 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1752 2 198 198 CD 22599 1752 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1752 4 J. J. NNP 22599 1752 5 G. G. NNP 22599 1752 6 Prändel Prändel NNP 22599 1752 7 , , , 22599 1752 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1752 9 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1752 10 nebst nebst NN 22599 1752 11 ihrer ihrer NN 22599 1752 12 literarischen literarischen NNP 22599 1752 13 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1752 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1752 15 , , , 22599 1752 16 p. p. NN 22599 1752 17 572 572 CD 22599 1752 18 , , , 22599 1752 19 Munich Munich NNP 22599 1752 20 , , , 22599 1752 21 1795 1795 CD 22599 1752 22 . . . 22599 1753 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1753 2 199 199 CD 22599 1753 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1753 4 See see VB 22599 1753 5 the the DT 22599 1753 6 table table NN 22599 1753 7 , , , 22599 1753 8 p. p. NN 22599 1753 9 23 23 CD 22599 1753 10 . . . 22599 1754 1 Does do VBZ 22599 1754 2 the the DT 22599 1754 3 fact fact NN 22599 1754 4 that that IN 22599 1754 5 the the DT 22599 1754 6 early early JJ 22599 1754 7 European european JJ 22599 1754 8 arithmetics arithmetic NNS 22599 1754 9 , , , 22599 1754 10 following follow VBG 22599 1754 11 the the DT 22599 1754 12 Arab arab JJ 22599 1754 13 custom custom NN 22599 1754 14 , , , 22599 1754 15 always always RB 22599 1754 16 put put VB 22599 1754 17 the the DT 22599 1754 18 0 0 CD 22599 1754 19 after after IN 22599 1754 20 the the DT 22599 1754 21 9 9 CD 22599 1754 22 , , , 22599 1754 23 suggest suggest VBP 22599 1754 24 that that IN 22599 1754 25 the the DT 22599 1754 26 0 0 CD 22599 1754 27 was be VBD 22599 1754 28 derived derive VBN 22599 1754 29 from from IN 22599 1754 30 the the DT 22599 1754 31 old old JJ 22599 1754 32 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 1754 33 symbol symbol NN 22599 1754 34 for for IN 22599 1754 35 10 10 CD 22599 1754 36 ? ? . 22599 1755 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1755 2 200 200 CD 22599 1755 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1755 4 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 1755 5 , , , 22599 1755 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1755 7 . . . 22599 1756 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1756 2 . . . 22599 1756 3 , , , 22599 1756 4 p. p. NN 22599 1756 5 48 48 CD 22599 1756 6 . . . 22599 1757 1 From from IN 22599 1757 2 this this DT 22599 1757 3 fact fact NN 22599 1757 4 Delambre Delambre NNP 22599 1757 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1757 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1757 7 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 1757 8 de de FW 22599 1757 9 l'astronomie l'astronomie NNP 22599 1757 10 ancienne ancienne NNP 22599 1757 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1757 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1757 13 inferred infer VBD 22599 1757 14 that that IN 22599 1757 15 Ptolemy Ptolemy NNP 22599 1757 16 knew know VBD 22599 1757 17 the the DT 22599 1757 18 zero zero CD 22599 1757 19 , , , 22599 1757 20 a a DT 22599 1757 21 theory theory NN 22599 1757 22 accepted accept VBN 22599 1757 23 by by IN 22599 1757 24 Chasles Chasles NNPS 22599 1757 25 , , , 22599 1757 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1757 27 Aperçu Aperçu NNP 22599 1757 28 historique historique NNP 22599 1757 29 sur sur NNP 22599 1757 30 l'origine l'origine FW 22599 1757 31 et et FW 22599 1757 32 le le NNP 22599 1757 33 développement développement JJ 22599 1757 34 des des NNP 22599 1757 35 méthodes méthode VBZ 22599 1757 36 en en IN 22599 1757 37 géométrie géométrie NNP 22599 1757 38 _ _ NNP 22599 1757 39 , , , 22599 1757 40 1875 1875 CD 22599 1757 41 ed ed NNP 22599 1757 42 . . NNP 22599 1757 43 , , , 22599 1757 44 p. p. NN 22599 1757 45 476 476 CD 22599 1757 46 ; ; : 22599 1757 47 Nesselmann Nesselmann NNP 22599 1757 48 , , , 22599 1757 49 however however RB 22599 1757 50 , , , 22599 1757 51 showed show VBD 22599 1757 52 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1757 53 _ _ NNP 22599 1757 54 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1757 55 der der VB 22599 1757 56 Griechen Griechen NNP 22599 1757 57 _ _ NNP 22599 1757 58 , , , 22599 1757 59 1842 1842 CD 22599 1757 60 , , , 22599 1757 61 p. p. NN 22599 1757 62 138 138 CD 22599 1757 63 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1757 64 , , , 22599 1757 65 that that WDT 22599 1757 66 Ptolemy Ptolemy NNP 22599 1757 67 merely merely RB 22599 1757 68 used use VBD 22599 1757 69 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1757 70 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1757 71 : : : 22599 1757 72 o o LS 22599 1757 73 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1757 74 for for IN 22599 1757 75 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1757 76 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1757 77 : : : 22599 1757 78 ouden ouden NN 22599 1757 79 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1757 80 , , , 22599 1757 81 with with IN 22599 1757 82 no no DT 22599 1757 83 notion notion NN 22599 1757 84 of of IN 22599 1757 85 zero zero CD 22599 1757 86 . . . 22599 1758 1 See see VB 22599 1758 2 also also RB 22599 1758 3 G. G. NNP 22599 1758 4 Fazzari Fazzari NNP 22599 1758 5 , , , 22599 1758 6 " " `` 22599 1758 7 Dell Dell NNP 22599 1758 8 ' ' POS 22599 1758 9 origine origine NNP 22599 1758 10 delle delle NNP 22599 1758 11 parole parole NNP 22599 1758 12 zero zero NNP 22599 1758 13 e e NNP 22599 1758 14 cifra cifra NN 22599 1758 15 , , , 22599 1758 16 " " '' 22599 1758 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1758 18 Ateneo Ateneo NNP 22599 1758 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1758 20 , , , 22599 1758 21 Anno Anno NNP 22599 1758 22 I I NNP 22599 1758 23 , , , 22599 1758 24 No no UH 22599 1758 25 . . . 22599 1759 1 11 11 CD 22599 1759 2 , , , 22599 1759 3 reprinted reprint VBN 22599 1759 4 at at IN 22599 1759 5 Naples Naples NNP 22599 1759 6 in in IN 22599 1759 7 1903 1903 CD 22599 1759 8 , , , 22599 1759 9 where where WRB 22599 1759 10 the the DT 22599 1759 11 use use NN 22599 1759 12 of of IN 22599 1759 13 the the DT 22599 1759 14 point point NN 22599 1759 15 and and CC 22599 1759 16 the the DT 22599 1759 17 small small JJ 22599 1759 18 cross cross NN 22599 1759 19 for for IN 22599 1759 20 zero zero CD 22599 1759 21 is be VBZ 22599 1759 22 also also RB 22599 1759 23 mentioned mention VBN 22599 1759 24 . . . 22599 1760 1 Th th UH 22599 1760 2 . . . 22599 1761 1 H. H. NNP 22599 1761 2 Martin Martin NNP 22599 1761 3 , , , 22599 1761 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1761 5 Les Les NNP 22599 1761 6 signes sign VBZ 22599 1761 7 numéraux numéraux NNP 22599 1761 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1761 9 etc etc FW 22599 1761 10 . . . 22599 1761 11 , , , 22599 1761 12 reprint reprint NN 22599 1761 13 p. p. NN 22599 1761 14 30 30 CD 22599 1761 15 , , , 22599 1761 16 and and CC 22599 1761 17 J. J. NNP 22599 1761 18 Brandis Brandis NNP 22599 1761 19 , , , 22599 1761 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1761 21 Das Das NNP 22599 1761 22 Münz- Münz- NNP 22599 1761 23 , , , 22599 1761 24 Mass- Mass- NNP 22599 1761 25 und und VBP 22599 1761 26 Gewichtswesen Gewichtswesen NNP 22599 1761 27 in in IN 22599 1761 28 Vorderasien Vorderasien NNP 22599 1761 29 bis bi VBD 22599 1761 30 auf auf NNP 22599 1761 31 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 1761 32 den den NN 22599 1761 33 Grossen Grossen NNP 22599 1761 34 _ _ NNP 22599 1761 35 , , , 22599 1761 36 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1761 37 , , , 22599 1761 38 1866 1866 CD 22599 1761 39 , , , 22599 1761 40 p. p. NN 22599 1761 41 10 10 CD 22599 1761 42 , , , 22599 1761 43 also also RB 22599 1761 44 discuss discuss VB 22599 1761 45 this this DT 22599 1761 46 usage usage NN 22599 1761 47 of of IN 22599 1761 48 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1761 49 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1761 50 : : : 22599 1761 51 o o NN 22599 1761 52 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1761 53 , , , 22599 1761 54 without without IN 22599 1761 55 the the DT 22599 1761 56 notion notion NN 22599 1761 57 of of IN 22599 1761 58 place place NN 22599 1761 59 value value NN 22599 1761 60 , , , 22599 1761 61 by by IN 22599 1761 62 the the DT 22599 1761 63 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 1761 64 . . . 22599 1762 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1762 2 201 201 CD 22599 1762 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1762 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1762 5 Al Al NNP 22599 1762 6 - - HYPH 22599 1762 7 Batt[=a]n[=i Batt[=a]n[=i NNP 22599 1762 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1762 9 sive sive JJ 22599 1762 10 Albatenii Albatenii NNP 22599 1762 11 opus opus NN 22599 1762 12 astronomicum astronomicum NN 22599 1762 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1762 14 . . . 22599 1763 1 Ad ad NN 22599 1763 2 fidem fidem NN 22599 1763 3 codicis codicis NN 22599 1763 4 escurialensis escurialensis NN 22599 1763 5 arabice arabice NN 22599 1763 6 editum editum NNP 22599 1763 7 , , , 22599 1763 8 latine latine JJ 22599 1763 9 versum versum NN 22599 1763 10 , , , 22599 1763 11 adnotationibus adnotationibu VBG 22599 1763 12 instructum instructum NN 22599 1763 13 a a DT 22599 1763 14 Carolo Carolo NNP 22599 1763 15 Alphonso Alphonso NNP 22599 1763 16 Nallino Nallino NNP 22599 1763 17 , , , 22599 1763 18 1899 1899 CD 22599 1763 19 - - SYM 22599 1763 20 1907 1907 CD 22599 1763 21 . . . 22599 1764 1 Publicazioni Publicazioni NNP 22599 1764 2 del del DT 22599 1764 3 R. R. NNP 22599 1764 4 Osservatorio Osservatorio NNP 22599 1764 5 di di FW 22599 1764 6 Brera Brera NNP 22599 1764 7 in in IN 22599 1764 8 Milano Milano NNP 22599 1764 9 , , , 22599 1764 10 No no UH 22599 1764 11 . . . 22599 1765 1 XL XL NNP 22599 1765 2 . . . 22599 1766 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1766 2 202 202 CD 22599 1766 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1766 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 1766 5 . . . 22599 1767 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1767 2 . . . 22599 1767 3 , , , 22599 1767 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1767 5 . . . 22599 1768 1 II II NNP 22599 1768 2 , , , 22599 1768 3 p. p. NN 22599 1768 4 271 271 CD 22599 1768 5 . . . 22599 1769 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1769 2 203 203 CD 22599 1769 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1769 4 C. C. NNP 22599 1769 5 Henry Henry NNP 22599 1769 6 , , , 22599 1769 7 " " `` 22599 1769 8 Prologus Prologus NNP 22599 1769 9 N. N. NNP 22599 1769 10 Ocreati Ocreati NNP 22599 1769 11 in in IN 22599 1769 12 Helceph Helceph NNP 22599 1769 13 ad ad NN 22599 1769 14 Adelardum Adelardum NNP 22599 1769 15 Batensem Batensem NNP 22599 1769 16 magistrum magistrum NN 22599 1769 17 suum suum NN 22599 1769 18 , , , 22599 1769 19 " " '' 22599 1769 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1769 21 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1769 22 zur zur NN 22599 1769 23 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1769 24 der der VBD 22599 1769 25 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1769 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1769 27 , , , 22599 1769 28 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1769 29 . . . 22599 1770 1 III iii CD 22599 1770 2 , , , 22599 1770 3 1880 1880 CD 22599 1770 4 . . . 22599 1771 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1771 2 204 204 CD 22599 1771 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1771 4 Max Max NNP 22599 1771 5 . . . 22599 1772 1 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 1772 2 , , , 22599 1772 3 " " '' 22599 1772 4 Ueber Ueber NNP 22599 1772 5 eine eine NN 22599 1772 6 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 1772 7 - - HYPH 22599 1772 8 Schrift Schrift NNP 22599 1772 9 des des FW 22599 1772 10 XII xii NN 22599 1772 11 . . . 22599 1773 1 Jahrhunderts jahrhundert NNS 22599 1773 2 , , , 22599 1773 3 " " '' 22599 1773 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1773 5 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1773 6 zur zur NN 22599 1773 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1773 8 der der VBD 22599 1773 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1773 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1773 11 , , , 22599 1773 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1773 13 . . . 22599 1774 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 1774 2 , , , 22599 1774 3 1898 1898 CD 22599 1774 4 , , , 22599 1774 5 pp pp NNP 22599 1774 6 . . . 22599 1775 1 1 1 CD 22599 1775 2 - - SYM 22599 1775 3 27 27 CD 22599 1775 4 ; ; : 22599 1775 5 Alfred Alfred NNP 22599 1775 6 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 1775 7 , , , 22599 1775 8 " " '' 22599 1775 9 Ueber Ueber NNP 22599 1775 10 eine eine NN 22599 1775 11 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 1775 12 - - HYPH 22599 1775 13 Schrift Schrift NNP 22599 1775 14 des des FW 22599 1775 15 XII xii NN 22599 1775 16 . . . 22599 1776 1 Jahrhunderts jahrhundert NNS 22599 1776 2 und und JJ 22599 1776 3 über über NN 22599 1776 4 die die VBP 22599 1776 5 Verbreitung Verbreitung NNP 22599 1776 6 der der NN 22599 1776 7 indisch indisch NNP 22599 1776 8 - - HYPH 22599 1776 9 arabischen arabischen NNP 22599 1776 10 Rechenkunst Rechenkunst NNP 22599 1776 11 und und JJ 22599 1776 12 Zahlzeichen Zahlzeichen NNP 22599 1776 13 i -PRON- PRP 22599 1776 14 m be VBP 22599 1776 15 christl christl NN 22599 1776 16 . . . 22599 1777 1 Abendlande Abendlande NNP 22599 1777 2 , , , 22599 1777 3 " " `` 22599 1777 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1777 5 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 1777 6 für für NN 22599 1777 7 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1777 8 und und VBP 22599 1777 9 Physik Physik NNP 22599 1777 10 , , , 22599 1777 11 Hist.-lit hist.-lit ADD 22599 1777 12 . . . 22599 1778 1 Abth Abth NNP 22599 1778 2 . . . 22599 1778 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1778 4 , , , 22599 1778 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1778 6 . . . 22599 1779 1 XXXIV XXXIV NNP 22599 1779 2 , , , 22599 1779 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1779 4 . . . 22599 1780 1 129 129 CD 22599 1780 2 - - SYM 22599 1780 3 146 146 CD 22599 1780 4 and and CC 22599 1780 5 161 161 CD 22599 1780 6 - - SYM 22599 1780 7 170 170 CD 22599 1780 8 , , , 22599 1780 9 with with IN 22599 1780 10 one one CD 22599 1780 11 plate plate NN 22599 1780 12 . . . 22599 1781 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1781 2 205 205 CD 22599 1781 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1781 4 " " `` 22599 1781 5 Byzantinische Byzantinische NNP 22599 1781 6 Analekten Analekten NNP 22599 1781 7 , , , 22599 1781 8 " " '' 22599 1781 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1781 10 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1781 11 zur zur NN 22599 1781 12 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1781 13 der der VBD 22599 1781 14 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1781 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1781 16 , , , 22599 1781 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1781 18 . . . 22599 1782 1 IX ix NN 22599 1782 2 , , , 22599 1782 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1782 4 . . . 22599 1783 1 161 161 CD 22599 1783 2 - - SYM 22599 1783 3 189 189 CD 22599 1783 4 . . . 22599 1784 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1784 2 206 206 CD 22599 1784 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1784 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1784 5 symbol symbol NN 22599 1784 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1784 7 or or CC 22599 1784 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1784 9 symbol symbol NN 22599 1784 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1784 11 for for IN 22599 1784 12 0 0 CD 22599 1784 13 . . . 22599 1785 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1785 2 symbol symbol NN 22599 1785 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1785 4 also also RB 22599 1785 5 used use VBN 22599 1785 6 for for IN 22599 1785 7 5 5 CD 22599 1785 8 . . . 22599 1786 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1786 2 symbols symbol NNS 22599 1786 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1786 4 for for IN 22599 1786 5 13 13 CD 22599 1786 6 . . . 22599 1787 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1787 2 Heiberg Heiberg NNP 22599 1787 3 , , , 22599 1787 4 loc loc NNP 22599 1787 5 . . . 22599 1788 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1788 2 . . . 22599 1788 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1789 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1789 2 207 207 CD 22599 1789 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1789 4 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 1789 5 , , , 22599 1789 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1789 7 Études Études NNP 22599 1789 8 historiques historique VBZ 22599 1789 9 sur sur NNP 22599 1789 10 l'arithmétique l'arithmétique FW 22599 1789 11 de de FW 22599 1789 12 position position NN 22599 1789 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1789 14 , , , 22599 1789 15 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1789 16 , , , 22599 1789 17 1856 1856 CD 22599 1789 18 , , , 22599 1789 19 p. p. NN 22599 1789 20 12 12 CD 22599 1789 21 ; ; : 22599 1789 22 J. J. NNP 22599 1789 23 Bowring Bowring NNP 22599 1789 24 , , , 22599 1789 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1789 26 The the DT 22599 1789 27 Decimal Decimal NNP 22599 1789 28 System System NNP 22599 1789 29 in in IN 22599 1789 30 Numbers Numbers NNPS 22599 1789 31 , , , 22599 1789 32 Coins Coins NNPS 22599 1789 33 , , , 22599 1789 34 & & CC 22599 1789 35 Accounts Accounts NNP 22599 1789 36 _ _ NNP 22599 1789 37 , , , 22599 1789 38 London London NNP 22599 1789 39 , , , 22599 1789 40 1854 1854 CD 22599 1789 41 , , , 22599 1789 42 p. p. NN 22599 1789 43 33 33 CD 22599 1789 44 . . . 22599 1790 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1790 2 208 208 CD 22599 1790 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1790 4 Karabacek Karabacek NNP 22599 1790 5 , , , 22599 1790 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1790 7 Wiener Wiener NNP 22599 1790 8 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 1790 9 für für NN 22599 1790 10 die die VBP 22599 1790 11 Kunde Kunde NNP 22599 1790 12 des des FW 22599 1790 13 Morgenlandes Morgenlandes NNP 22599 1790 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1790 15 , , , 22599 1790 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1790 17 . . . 22599 1791 1 XI XI NNP 22599 1791 2 , , , 22599 1791 3 p. p. NN 22599 1791 4 13 13 CD 22599 1791 5 ; ; : 22599 1791 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1791 7 Führer Führer NNP 22599 1791 8 durch durch NN 22599 1791 9 die die VBP 22599 1791 10 Papyrus Papyrus NNP 22599 1791 11 - - HYPH 22599 1791 12 Ausstellung Ausstellung NNP 22599 1791 13 Erzherzog Erzherzog NNP 22599 1791 14 Rainer Rainer NNP 22599 1791 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1791 16 , , , 22599 1791 17 Vienna Vienna NNP 22599 1791 18 , , , 22599 1791 19 1894 1894 CD 22599 1791 20 , , , 22599 1791 21 p. p. NN 22599 1791 22 216 216 CD 22599 1791 23 . . . 22599 1792 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1792 2 209 209 CD 22599 1792 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1792 4 In in IN 22599 1792 5 the the DT 22599 1792 6 library library NN 22599 1792 7 of of IN 22599 1792 8 G. G. NNP 22599 1792 9 A. A. NNP 22599 1792 10 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 1792 11 , , , 22599 1792 12 Esq Esq NNP 22599 1792 13 . . . 22599 1793 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1793 2 210 210 CD 22599 1793 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1793 4 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1793 5 , , , 22599 1793 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1793 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1793 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1793 9 , , , 22599 1793 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1793 11 . . . 22599 1794 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1794 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1794 3 3 3 CD 22599 1794 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1794 5 , , , 22599 1794 6 p. p. NN 22599 1794 7 674 674 CD 22599 1794 8 ; ; : 22599 1794 9 Y. Y. NNP 22599 1794 10 Mikami Mikami NNP 22599 1794 11 , , , 22599 1794 12 " " `` 22599 1794 13 A a DT 22599 1794 14 Remark remark NN 22599 1794 15 on on IN 22599 1794 16 the the DT 22599 1794 17 Chinese Chinese NNP 22599 1794 18 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 1794 19 in in IN 22599 1794 20 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1794 21 's 's POS 22599 1794 22 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1794 23 der der VBP 22599 1794 24 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1794 25 , , , 22599 1794 26 " " `` 22599 1794 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1794 28 Archiv Archiv NNP 22599 1794 29 der der VBP 22599 1794 30 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1794 31 und und VBP 22599 1794 32 Physik Physik NNP 22599 1794 33 _ _ NNP 22599 1794 34 , , , 22599 1794 35 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1794 36 . . . 22599 1795 1 XV XV NNP 22599 1795 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1795 3 3 3 CD 22599 1795 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1795 5 , , , 22599 1795 6 pp pp NNP 22599 1795 7 . . . 22599 1796 1 68 68 CD 22599 1796 2 - - SYM 22599 1796 3 70 70 CD 22599 1796 4 . . . 22599 1797 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1797 2 211 211 CD 22599 1797 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1797 4 Of of RB 22599 1797 5 course course RB 22599 1797 6 the the DT 22599 1797 7 earlier early JJR 22599 1797 8 historians historian NNS 22599 1797 9 made make VBD 22599 1797 10 innumerable innumerable JJ 22599 1797 11 guesses guess NNS 22599 1797 12 as as IN 22599 1797 13 to to IN 22599 1797 14 the the DT 22599 1797 15 origin origin NN 22599 1797 16 of of IN 22599 1797 17 the the DT 22599 1797 18 word word NN 22599 1797 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1797 20 cipher cipher NN 22599 1797 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1797 22 . . . 22599 1798 1 E.g. e.g. UH 22599 1799 1 Matthew Matthew NNP 22599 1799 2 Hostus Hostus NNP 22599 1799 3 , , , 22599 1799 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1799 5 De De NNP 22599 1799 6 numeratione numeratione NNP 22599 1799 7 emendata emendata NN 22599 1799 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1799 9 , , , 22599 1799 10 Antwerp Antwerp NNP 22599 1799 11 , , , 22599 1799 12 1582 1582 CD 22599 1799 13 , , , 22599 1799 14 p. p. NN 22599 1799 15 10 10 CD 22599 1799 16 , , , 22599 1799 17 says say VBZ 22599 1799 18 : : : 22599 1799 19 " " `` 22599 1799 20 Siphra Siphra NNP 22599 1799 21 vox vox NNP 22599 1799 22 Hebræam Hebræam NNP 22599 1799 23 originem originem NNP 22599 1799 24 sapit sapit NNP 22599 1799 25 refértque refértque NN 22599 1799 26 : : : 22599 1799 27 & & CC 22599 1799 28 ut ut NNP 22599 1799 29 docti docti NNP 22599 1799 30 arbitrantur arbitrantur NNP 22599 1799 31 , , , 22599 1799 32 à à DT 22599 1799 33 verbo verbo NN 22599 1799 34 saphar saphar NN 22599 1799 35 , , , 22599 1799 36 quod quod NNP 22599 1799 37 Ordine Ordine NNP 22599 1799 38 numerauit numerauit NN 22599 1799 39 significat significat NN 22599 1799 40 . . . 22599 1800 1 Unde Unde NNP 22599 1800 2 Sephar Sephar NNP 22599 1800 3 numerus numerus NNP 22599 1800 4 est est NNP 22599 1800 5 : : : 22599 1800 6 hinc hinc NNP 22599 1800 7 Siphra Siphra NNP 22599 1800 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1800 9 vulgo vulgo NNP 22599 1800 10 corruptius corruptius NN 22599 1800 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1800 12 . . . 22599 1801 1 Etsi Etsi NNP 22599 1801 2 verò verò NN 22599 1801 3 gens gen VBZ 22599 1801 4 Iudaica Iudaica NNP 22599 1801 5 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1801 6 notis notis NN 22599 1801 7 , , , 22599 1801 8 quæ quæ NNP 22599 1801 9 hodie hodie NNP 22599 1801 10 Siphræ Siphræ NNP 22599 1801 11 vocantur vocantur NN 22599 1801 12 , , , 22599 1801 13 usa usa NNP 22599 1801 14 non non NNP 22599 1801 15 fuit fuit NN 22599 1801 16 : : : 22599 1801 17 mansit mansit VB 22599 1801 18 tamen tamen NNP 22599 1801 19 rei rei NNP 22599 1801 20 appellatio appellatio NNP 22599 1801 21 apud apud NNP 22599 1801 22 multas multas NNP 22599 1801 23 gentes gentes NNP 22599 1801 24 . . . 22599 1801 25 " " '' 22599 1802 1 Dasypodius Dasypodius NNP 22599 1802 2 , , , 22599 1802 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1802 4 Institutiones Institutiones NNP 22599 1802 5 mathematicae mathematicae NN 22599 1802 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1802 7 , , , 22599 1802 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1802 9 . . . 22599 1803 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1803 2 , , , 22599 1803 3 1593 1593 CD 22599 1803 4 , , , 22599 1803 5 gives give VBZ 22599 1803 6 a a DT 22599 1803 7 large large JJ 22599 1803 8 part part NN 22599 1803 9 of of IN 22599 1803 10 this this DT 22599 1803 11 quotation quotation NN 22599 1803 12 word word NN 22599 1803 13 for for IN 22599 1803 14 word word NN 22599 1803 15 , , , 22599 1803 16 without without IN 22599 1803 17 any any DT 22599 1803 18 mention mention NN 22599 1803 19 of of IN 22599 1803 20 the the DT 22599 1803 21 source source NN 22599 1803 22 . . . 22599 1804 1 Hermannus Hermannus NNP 22599 1804 2 Hugo Hugo NNP 22599 1804 3 , , , 22599 1804 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1804 5 De De NNP 22599 1804 6 prima prima NNP 22599 1804 7 scribendi scribendi NNP 22599 1804 8 origine origine NNP 22599 1804 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1804 10 , , , 22599 1804 11 Trajecti Trajecti NNP 22599 1804 12 ad ad NN 22599 1804 13 Rhenum Rhenum NNP 22599 1804 14 , , , 22599 1804 15 1738 1738 CD 22599 1804 16 , , , 22599 1804 17 pp pp NNP 22599 1804 18 . . . 22599 1805 1 304 304 CD 22599 1805 2 - - SYM 22599 1805 3 305 305 CD 22599 1805 4 , , , 22599 1805 5 and and CC 22599 1805 6 note note NN 22599 1805 7 , , , 22599 1805 8 p. p. NN 22599 1805 9 305 305 CD 22599 1805 10 ; ; : 22599 1805 11 Karl Karl NNP 22599 1805 12 Krumbacher Krumbacher NNP 22599 1805 13 , , , 22599 1805 14 " " `` 22599 1805 15 Woher woher VB 22599 1805 16 stammt stammt NN 22599 1805 17 das das NNP 22599 1805 18 Wort Wort NNP 22599 1805 19 Ziffer Ziffer NNP 22599 1805 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1805 21 Chiffre Chiffre NNP 22599 1805 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1805 23 ? ? . 22599 1806 1 " " `` 22599 1806 2 , , , 22599 1806 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1806 4 Études Études NNP 22599 1806 5 de de NNP 22599 1806 6 philologie philologie NNP 22599 1806 7 néo néo NNP 22599 1806 8 - - HYPH 22599 1806 9 grecque grecque NNP 22599 1806 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1806 11 , , , 22599 1806 12 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1806 13 , , , 22599 1806 14 1892 1892 CD 22599 1806 15 . . . 22599 1807 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1807 2 212 212 CD 22599 1807 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1807 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 1807 5 , , , 22599 1807 6 loc loc NNP 22599 1807 7 . . . 22599 1808 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1808 2 . . NNP 22599 1808 3 , , , 22599 1808 4 p. p. NN 22599 1808 5 78 78 CD 22599 1808 6 and and CC 22599 1808 7 p. p. NN 22599 1808 8 86 86 CD 22599 1808 9 . . . 22599 1809 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1809 2 213 213 CD 22599 1809 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1809 4 Fazzari Fazzari NNP 22599 1809 5 , , , 22599 1809 6 loc loc NN 22599 1809 7 . . . 22599 1810 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1810 2 . . NNP 22599 1810 3 , , , 22599 1810 4 p. p. NN 22599 1810 5 4 4 CD 22599 1810 6 . . . 22599 1811 1 So so RB 22599 1811 2 Elia Elia NNP 22599 1811 3 Misrachi Misrachi NNP 22599 1811 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1811 5 1455 1455 CD 22599 1811 6 - - SYM 22599 1811 7 1526 1526 CD 22599 1811 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1811 9 in in IN 22599 1811 10 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1811 11 posthumous posthumous JJ 22599 1811 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1811 13 Book Book NNP 22599 1811 14 of of IN 22599 1811 15 Number Number NNP 22599 1811 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1811 17 , , , 22599 1811 18 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 1811 19 , , , 22599 1811 20 1534 1534 CD 22599 1811 21 , , , 22599 1811 22 explains explain VBZ 22599 1811 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1811 24 sifra sifra JJ 22599 1811 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1811 26 as as IN 22599 1811 27 being be VBG 22599 1811 28 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1811 29 . . . 22599 1812 1 See see VB 22599 1812 2 also also RB 22599 1812 3 Steinschneider Steinschneider NNP 22599 1812 4 , , , 22599 1812 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1812 6 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1812 7 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1812 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1812 9 , , , 22599 1812 10 1893 1893 CD 22599 1812 11 , , , 22599 1812 12 p. p. NN 22599 1812 13 69 69 CD 22599 1812 14 , , , 22599 1812 15 and and CC 22599 1812 16 G. G. NNP 22599 1812 17 Wertheim Wertheim NNP 22599 1812 18 , , , 22599 1812 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1812 20 Die Die NNP 22599 1812 21 Arithmetik Arithmetik NNP 22599 1812 22 des des NNP 22599 1812 23 Elia Elia NNP 22599 1812 24 Misrachi Misrachi NNP 22599 1812 25 _ _ NNP 22599 1812 26 , , , 22599 1812 27 Programm Programm NNP 22599 1812 28 , , , 22599 1812 29 Frankfurt Frankfurt NNP 22599 1812 30 , , , 22599 1812 31 1893 1893 CD 22599 1812 32 . . . 22599 1813 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1813 2 214 214 CD 22599 1813 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1813 4 " " `` 22599 1813 5 Cum Cum NNP 22599 1813 6 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1813 7 novem novem NN 22599 1813 8 figuris figuris NNP 22599 1813 9 , , , 22599 1813 10 et et NNP 22599 1813 11 cum cum NNP 22599 1813 12 hoc hoc FW 22599 1813 13 signo signo NNP 22599 1813 14 0 0 CD 22599 1813 15 , , , 22599 1813 16 quod quod NN 22599 1813 17 arabice arabice NNP 22599 1813 18 zephirum zephirum NNP 22599 1813 19 appellatur appellatur NNP 22599 1813 20 , , , 22599 1813 21 scribitur scribitur NNP 22599 1813 22 quilibet quilibet NNP 22599 1813 23 numerus numerus NNP 22599 1813 24 . . . 22599 1813 25 " " '' 22599 1814 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1814 2 215 215 CD 22599 1814 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1814 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1814 5 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1814 6 : : : 22599 1814 7 tziphra tziphra NN 22599 1814 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1814 9 , , , 22599 1814 10 a a DT 22599 1814 11 form form NN 22599 1814 12 also also RB 22599 1814 13 used use VBN 22599 1814 14 by by IN 22599 1814 15 Neophytos Neophytos NNP 22599 1814 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1814 17 date date NN 22599 1814 18 unknown unknown JJ 22599 1814 19 , , , 22599 1814 20 probably probably RB 22599 1814 21 c. c. NNP 22599 1814 22 1330 1330 CD 22599 1814 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1814 24 . . . 22599 1815 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1815 2 is be VBZ 22599 1815 3 curious curious JJ 22599 1815 4 that that IN 22599 1815 5 Finaeus Finaeus NNP 22599 1815 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1815 7 1555 1555 CD 22599 1815 8 ed ed NNP 22599 1815 9 . . NNP 22599 1815 10 , , , 22599 1815 11 f. f. NNP 22599 1815 12 2 2 CD 22599 1815 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1815 14 used use VBD 22599 1815 15 the the DT 22599 1815 16 form form NN 22599 1815 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1815 18 tziphra tziphra NNP 22599 1815 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1815 20 throughout throughout IN 22599 1815 21 . . . 22599 1816 1 A. A. NNP 22599 1816 2 J. J. NNP 22599 1816 3 H. H. NNP 22599 1816 4 Vincent Vincent NNP 22599 1816 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1816 6 " " `` 22599 1816 7 Sur Sur NNP 22599 1816 8 l'origine l'origine FW 22599 1816 9 de de FW 22599 1816 10 nos nos NNP 22599 1816 11 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1816 12 , , , 22599 1816 13 " " `` 22599 1816 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1816 15 Notices Notices NNP 22599 1816 16 et et NNP 22599 1816 17 Extraits Extraits NNP 22599 1816 18 des des NNP 22599 1816 19 MSS MSS NNP 22599 1816 20 . . . 22599 1816 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1816 22 , , , 22599 1816 23 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1816 24 , , , 22599 1816 25 1847 1847 CD 22599 1816 26 , , , 22599 1816 27 pp pp NNP 22599 1816 28 . . . 22599 1817 1 143 143 CD 22599 1817 2 - - SYM 22599 1817 3 150 150 CD 22599 1817 4 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1817 5 says say VBZ 22599 1817 6 : : : 22599 1817 7 " " `` 22599 1817 8 Ce Ce NNP 22599 1817 9 cercle cercle NN 22599 1817 10 fut fut NNP 22599 1817 11 nommé nommé NNP 22599 1817 12 par par NNP 22599 1817 13 les les FW 22599 1817 14 uns uns NNP 22599 1817 15 , , , 22599 1817 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 17 sipos sipos NNP 22599 1817 18 , , , 22599 1817 19 rota rota NNP 22599 1817 20 , , , 22599 1817 21 galgal galgal NNP 22599 1817 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 23 ... ... NFP 22599 1817 24 ; ; : 22599 1817 25 par par NNP 22599 1817 26 les les NNP 22599 1817 27 autres autres NNPS 22599 1817 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 29 tsiphra tsiphra NN 22599 1817 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 31 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1817 32 de de FW 22599 1817 33 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1817 34 Hebrew hebrew JJ 22599 1817 35 : : : 22599 1817 36 TSPR TSPR NNP 22599 1817 37 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1817 38 , , , 22599 1817 39 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 40 couronne couronne NN 22599 1817 41 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 42 ou ou NNP 22599 1817 43 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 44 diadème diadème NNP 22599 1817 45 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 46 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1817 47 ou ou NNP 22599 1817 48 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 49 ciphra ciphra NNP 22599 1817 50 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 51 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1817 52 de de FW 22599 1817 53 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1817 54 Hebrew Hebrew NNP 22599 1817 55 : : : 22599 1817 56 SPR SPR NNP 22599 1817 57 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1817 58 , , , 22599 1817 59 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 60 numération numération NN 22599 1817 61 _ _ NNP 22599 1817 62 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1817 63 . . . 22599 1817 64 " " '' 22599 1818 1 Ch ch NN 22599 1818 2 . . . 22599 1819 1 de de NNP 22599 1819 2 Paravey Paravey NNP 22599 1819 3 , , , 22599 1819 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1819 5 Essai Essai NNP 22599 1819 6 sur sur FW 22599 1819 7 l'origine l'origine NNP 22599 1819 8 unique unique NNP 22599 1819 9 et et NNP 22599 1819 10 hiéroglyphique hiéroglyphique NNP 22599 1819 11 des des NNP 22599 1819 12 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 1819 13 et et NNP 22599 1819 14 des des NNP 22599 1819 15 lettres lettres NNP 22599 1819 16 de de NNP 22599 1819 17 tous tous JJ 22599 1819 18 les les NNP 22599 1819 19 peuples peuple NNS 22599 1819 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1819 21 , , , 22599 1819 22 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1819 23 , , , 22599 1819 24 1826 1826 CD 22599 1819 25 , , , 22599 1819 26 p. p. NN 22599 1819 27 165 165 CD 22599 1819 28 , , , 22599 1819 29 a a DT 22599 1819 30 rather rather RB 22599 1819 31 fanciful fanciful JJ 22599 1819 32 work work NN 22599 1819 33 , , , 22599 1819 34 gives give VBZ 22599 1819 35 " " `` 22599 1819 36 vase vase NN 22599 1819 37 , , , 22599 1819 38 vase vase NNP 22599 1819 39 arrondi arrondi NNP 22599 1819 40 et et NNP 22599 1819 41 fermé fermé NNP 22599 1819 42 par par NNP 22599 1819 43 un un NNP 22599 1819 44 couvercle couvercle NNP 22599 1819 45 , , , 22599 1819 46 qui qui NNP 22599 1819 47 est est NNP 22599 1819 48 le le NNP 22599 1819 49 symbole symbole NNP 22599 1819 50 de de NNP 22599 1819 51 la la NNP 22599 1819 52 10^e 10^e CD 22599 1819 53 Heure Heure NNP 22599 1819 54 , , , 22599 1819 55 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1819 56 symbol symbol NN 22599 1819 57 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1819 58 , , , 22599 1819 59 " " `` 22599 1819 60 among among IN 22599 1819 61 the the DT 22599 1819 62 Chinese Chinese NNPS 22599 1819 63 ; ; : 22599 1819 64 also also RB 22599 1819 65 " " `` 22599 1819 66 Tsiphron Tsiphron NNP 22599 1819 67 Zéron Zéron NNP 22599 1819 68 , , , 22599 1819 69 ou ou NNP 22599 1819 70 tout tout NNP 22599 1819 71 à à NNP 22599 1819 72 fait fait NN 22599 1819 73 vide vide NN 22599 1819 74 en en IN 22599 1819 75 arabe arabe NNP 22599 1819 76 , , , 22599 1819 77 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1819 78 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1819 79 : : : 22599 1819 80 tziphra tziphra NNP 22599 1819 81 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1819 82 en en FW 22599 1819 83 grec grec NN 22599 1819 84 ... ... : 22599 1819 85 d'où d'où NN 22599 1819 86 chiffre chiffre NN 22599 1819 87 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1819 88 qui qui VBD 22599 1819 89 dérive dérive JJ 22599 1819 90 plutôt plutôt NNS 22599 1819 91 , , , 22599 1819 92 suivant suivant JJ 22599 1819 93 nous nous JJ 22599 1819 94 , , , 22599 1819 95 de de NNP 22599 1819 96 l'Hébreu l'Hébreu NNP 22599 1819 97 _ _ NNP 22599 1819 98 Sepher Sepher NNP 22599 1819 99 _ _ NNP 22599 1819 100 , , , 22599 1819 101 compter compter NN 22599 1819 102 . . . 22599 1819 103 " " '' 22599 1819 104 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1820 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1820 2 216 216 CD 22599 1820 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1820 4 " " `` 22599 1820 5 Compilatus Compilatus NNP 22599 1820 6 a a DT 22599 1820 7 Magistro Magistro NNP 22599 1820 8 Jacobo Jacobo NNP 22599 1820 9 de de NNP 22599 1820 10 Florentia Florentia NNP 22599 1820 11 apud apud NNP 22599 1820 12 montem montem NN 22599 1820 13 pesalanum pesalanum NN 22599 1820 14 , , , 22599 1820 15 " " '' 22599 1820 16 and and CC 22599 1820 17 described describe VBN 22599 1820 18 by by IN 22599 1820 19 G. G. NNP 22599 1820 20 Lami Lami NNP 22599 1820 21 in in IN 22599 1820 22 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1820 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1820 24 Catalogus Catalogus NNP 22599 1820 25 codicum codicum NN 22599 1820 26 manuscriptorum manuscriptorum NN 22599 1820 27 qui qui NNP 22599 1820 28 in in IN 22599 1820 29 bibliotheca bibliotheca NNP 22599 1820 30 Riccardiana Riccardiana NNP 22599 1820 31 Florentiæ Florentiæ NNP 22599 1820 32 adservantur adservantur NN 22599 1820 33 _ _ NNP 22599 1820 34 . . . 22599 1821 1 See see VB 22599 1821 2 Fazzari Fazzari NNP 22599 1821 3 , , , 22599 1821 4 loc loc NN 22599 1821 5 . . . 22599 1822 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1822 2 . . NNP 22599 1822 3 , , , 22599 1822 4 p. p. NN 22599 1822 5 5 5 CD 22599 1822 6 . . . 22599 1823 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1823 2 217 217 CD 22599 1823 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1823 4 " " `` 22599 1823 5 Et et NN 22599 1823 6 doveto doveto NN 22599 1823 7 sapere sapere NNP 22599 1823 8 chel chel NN 22599 1823 9 zeuero zeuero NNS 22599 1823 10 per per FW 22599 1823 11 se se FW 22599 1823 12 solo solo NNP 22599 1823 13 non non AFX 22599 1823 14 significa significa NNP 22599 1823 15 nulla nulla NNP 22599 1823 16 ma ma NNP 22599 1823 17 è è NNP 22599 1823 18 potentia potentia NNP 22599 1823 19 di di NNP 22599 1823 20 fare fare NNP 22599 1823 21 significare significare NNP 22599 1823 22 , , , 22599 1823 23 ... ... : 22599 1824 1 Et Et NNP 22599 1824 2 decina decina NNP 22599 1824 3 o o IN 22599 1824 4 centinaia centinaia NNP 22599 1824 5 o o XX 22599 1824 6 migliaia migliaia NNP 22599 1824 7 non non AFX 22599 1824 8 si si NNP 22599 1824 9 puote puote JJ 22599 1824 10 scrivere scrivere NNP 22599 1824 11 senza senza JJ 22599 1824 12 questo questo NNP 22599 1824 13 segno segno NNP 22599 1824 14 0 0 CD 22599 1824 15 . . . 22599 1824 16 la la NNP 22599 1824 17 quale quale NNP 22599 1824 18 si si NNP 22599 1824 19 chiama chiama NNP 22599 1824 20 zeuero zeuero NNP 22599 1824 21 . . . 22599 1824 22 " " '' 22599 1825 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1825 2 Fazzari Fazzari NNP 22599 1825 3 , , , 22599 1825 4 loc loc NN 22599 1825 5 . . . 22599 1826 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1826 2 . . NNP 22599 1826 3 , , , 22599 1826 4 p. p. NN 22599 1827 1 5 5 CD 22599 1827 2 . . . 22599 1827 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1828 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1828 2 218 218 CD 22599 1828 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1828 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 1828 5 . . . 22599 1828 6 , , , 22599 1828 7 p. p. NN 22599 1828 8 6 6 CD 22599 1828 9 . . . 22599 1829 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1829 2 219 219 CD 22599 1829 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1829 4 Avicenna Avicenna NNP 22599 1829 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1829 6 980 980 CD 22599 1829 7 - - HYPH 22599 1829 8 1036 1036 CD 22599 1829 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1829 10 , , , 22599 1829 11 translation translation NN 22599 1829 12 by by IN 22599 1829 13 Gasbarri Gasbarri NNP 22599 1829 14 et et NNP 22599 1829 15 François François NNP 22599 1829 16 , , , 22599 1829 17 " " '' 22599 1829 18 più più NNP 22599 1829 19 il il NNP 22599 1829 20 punto punto NNP 22599 1829 21 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1829 22 gli gli NNP 22599 1829 23 Arabi Arabi NNP 22599 1829 24 adoperavano adoperavano NN 22599 1829 25 il il NNP 22599 1829 26 punto punto NNP 22599 1829 27 in in IN 22599 1829 28 vece vece NNP 22599 1829 29 dello dello NNP 22599 1829 30 zero zero NNP 22599 1829 31 il il NNP 22599 1829 32 cui cui NNP 22599 1829 33 segno segno NNP 22599 1829 34 0 0 CD 22599 1829 35 in in IN 22599 1829 36 arabo arabo NNP 22599 1829 37 si si NNP 22599 1829 38 chiama chiama NNP 22599 1829 39 _ _ NNP 22599 1829 40 zepiro zepiro NNP 22599 1829 41 _ _ NNP 22599 1829 42 donde donde NNP 22599 1829 43 il il NNP 22599 1829 44 vocabolo vocabolo NNP 22599 1829 45 zero zero NNP 22599 1829 46 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1829 47 , , , 22599 1829 48 che che VBD 22599 1829 49 per per IN 22599 1829 50 sè sè PRP$ 22599 1829 51 stesso stesso FW 22599 1829 52 non non AFX 22599 1829 53 esprime esprime NN 22599 1829 54 nessun nessun NNP 22599 1829 55 numero numero NNP 22599 1829 56 . . . 22599 1829 57 " " '' 22599 1830 1 This this DT 22599 1830 2 quotation quotation NN 22599 1830 3 is be VBZ 22599 1830 4 taken take VBN 22599 1830 5 from from IN 22599 1830 6 D. D. NNP 22599 1830 7 C. C. NNP 22599 1830 8 Martines Martines NNP 22599 1830 9 , , , 22599 1830 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1830 11 Origine Origine NNP 22599 1830 12 e e VBZ 22599 1830 13 progressi progressi NNP 22599 1830 14 dell dell NNP 22599 1830 15 ' ' POS 22599 1830 16 aritmetica aritmetica NNP 22599 1830 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1830 18 , , , 22599 1830 19 Messina Messina NNP 22599 1830 20 , , , 22599 1830 21 1865 1865 CD 22599 1830 22 . . . 22599 1831 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1831 2 220 220 CD 22599 1831 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1831 4 Leo Leo NNP 22599 1831 5 Jordan Jordan NNP 22599 1831 6 , , , 22599 1831 7 " " `` 22599 1831 8 Materialien Materialien NNP 22599 1831 9 zur zur NNP 22599 1831 10 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1831 11 der der VBD 22599 1831 12 arabischen arabischen RB 22599 1831 13 Zahlzeichen Zahlzeichen NNP 22599 1831 14 in in IN 22599 1831 15 Frankreich Frankreich NNP 22599 1831 16 , , , 22599 1831 17 " " '' 22599 1831 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1831 19 Archiv Archiv NNP 22599 1831 20 für für NN 22599 1831 21 Kulturgeschichte Kulturgeschichte NNP 22599 1831 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1831 23 , , , 22599 1831 24 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1831 25 , , , 22599 1831 26 1905 1905 CD 22599 1831 27 , , , 22599 1831 28 pp pp NNP 22599 1831 29 . . . 22599 1832 1 155 155 CD 22599 1832 2 - - SYM 22599 1832 3 195 195 CD 22599 1832 4 , , , 22599 1832 5 gives give VBZ 22599 1832 6 the the DT 22599 1832 7 following follow VBG 22599 1832 8 two two CD 22599 1832 9 schemes scheme NNS 22599 1832 10 of of IN 22599 1832 11 derivation derivation NN 22599 1832 12 , , , 22599 1832 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1832 14 1 1 LS 22599 1832 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1832 16 " " `` 22599 1832 17 zefiro zefiro NNP 22599 1832 18 , , , 22599 1832 19 zeviro zeviro NNP 22599 1832 20 , , , 22599 1832 21 zeiro zeiro NNP 22599 1832 22 , , , 22599 1832 23 zero zero CD 22599 1832 24 , , , 22599 1832 25 " " '' 22599 1832 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1832 27 2 2 LS 22599 1832 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1832 29 " " `` 22599 1832 30 zefiro zefiro NNP 22599 1832 31 , , , 22599 1832 32 zefro zefro NNP 22599 1832 33 , , , 22599 1832 34 zevro zevro NNP 22599 1832 35 , , , 22599 1832 36 zero zero CD 22599 1832 37 . . . 22599 1832 38 " " '' 22599 1833 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1833 2 221 221 CD 22599 1833 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1833 4 Köbel Köbel NNP 22599 1833 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1833 6 1518 1518 CD 22599 1833 7 ed ed NNP 22599 1833 8 . . NNP 22599 1833 9 , , , 22599 1833 10 f. f. NNP 22599 1833 11 A_4 A_4 NNP 22599 1833 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1833 13 speaks speak VBZ 22599 1833 14 of of IN 22599 1833 15 the the DT 22599 1833 16 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1833 17 in in IN 22599 1833 18 general general JJ 22599 1833 19 as as IN 22599 1833 20 " " `` 22599 1833 21 die die VB 22599 1833 22 der der NNP 22599 1833 23 gemain gemain NN 22599 1833 24 man man NN 22599 1833 25 Zyfer Zyfer NNP 22599 1833 26 nendt nendt VBD 22599 1833 27 . . . 22599 1833 28 " " '' 22599 1834 1 Recorde Recorde NNP 22599 1834 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1834 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1834 4 Grounde Grounde NNP 22599 1834 5 of of IN 22599 1834 6 Artes Artes NNP 22599 1834 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1834 8 , , , 22599 1834 9 1558 1558 CD 22599 1834 10 ed ed NNP 22599 1834 11 . . NNP 22599 1834 12 , , , 22599 1834 13 f. f. NNP 22599 1834 14 B_6 B_6 NNP 22599 1834 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1834 16 says say VBZ 22599 1834 17 that that IN 22599 1834 18 the the DT 22599 1834 19 zero zero CD 22599 1834 20 is be VBZ 22599 1834 21 " " `` 22599 1834 22 called call VBN 22599 1834 23 priuatly priuatly RB 22599 1834 24 a a DT 22599 1834 25 Cyphar Cyphar NNP 22599 1834 26 , , , 22599 1834 27 though though IN 22599 1834 28 all all PDT 22599 1834 29 the the DT 22599 1834 30 other other JJ 22599 1834 31 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 1834 32 be be VB 22599 1834 33 likewise likewise RB 22599 1834 34 named name VBN 22599 1834 35 . . . 22599 1834 36 " " '' 22599 1835 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1835 2 222 222 CD 22599 1835 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1835 4 " " `` 22599 1835 5 Decimo Decimo NNP 22599 1835 6 X X NNP 22599 1835 7 0 0 CD 22599 1835 8 theca theca NN 22599 1835 9 , , , 22599 1835 10 circul[us circul[us NN 22599 1835 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1835 12 cifra cifra NN 22599 1835 13 sive sive JJ 22599 1835 14 figura figura NNP 22599 1835 15 nihili nihili NNP 22599 1835 16 appelat appelat NNP 22599 1835 17 ' ' '' 22599 1835 18 . . . 22599 1835 19 " " '' 22599 1836 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1836 2 _ _ NNP 22599 1836 3 Enchiridion Enchiridion NNP 22599 1836 4 Algorismi Algorismi NNP 22599 1836 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1836 6 , , , 22599 1836 7 Cologne Cologne NNP 22599 1836 8 , , , 22599 1836 9 1501 1501 CD 22599 1836 10 . . . 22599 1836 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1837 1 Later later RB 22599 1837 2 , , , 22599 1837 3 " " '' 22599 1837 4 quoniam quoniam NNP 22599 1837 5 de de NNP 22599 1837 6 integris integris NNP 22599 1837 7 tam tam NNP 22599 1837 8 in in IN 22599 1837 9 cifris cifris NNP 22599 1837 10 quam quam NNP 22599 1837 11 in in IN 22599 1837 12 proiectilibus,"--the proiectilibus,"--the JJ 22599 1837 13 word word NN 22599 1837 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1837 15 proiectilibus proiectilibus NNP 22599 1837 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1837 17 referring refer VBG 22599 1837 18 to to IN 22599 1837 19 markers marker NNS 22599 1837 20 " " `` 22599 1837 21 thrown throw VBN 22599 1837 22 " " '' 22599 1837 23 and and CC 22599 1837 24 used use VBN 22599 1837 25 on on IN 22599 1837 26 an an DT 22599 1837 27 abacus abacus NN 22599 1837 28 , , , 22599 1837 29 whence whence NN 22599 1837 30 the the DT 22599 1837 31 French French NNP 22599 1837 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1837 33 jetons jeton NNS 22599 1837 34 _ _ NNP 22599 1837 35 and and CC 22599 1837 36 the the DT 22599 1837 37 English english JJ 22599 1837 38 expression expression NN 22599 1837 39 " " '' 22599 1837 40 to to IN 22599 1837 41 _ _ NNP 22599 1837 42 cast cast NN 22599 1837 43 _ _ NNP 22599 1837 44 an an DT 22599 1837 45 account account NN 22599 1837 46 . . . 22599 1837 47 " " '' 22599 1838 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1838 2 223 223 CD 22599 1838 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1838 4 " " `` 22599 1838 5 Decima Decima NNP 22599 1838 6 vero vero NN 22599 1838 7 o o DT 22599 1838 8 dicitur dicitur NNP 22599 1838 9 teca teca NN 22599 1838 10 , , , 22599 1838 11 circulus circulus NNP 22599 1838 12 , , , 22599 1838 13 vel vel NNP 22599 1838 14 cyfra cyfra NNP 22599 1838 15 vel vel NNP 22599 1838 16 figura figura NNP 22599 1838 17 nichili nichili NNP 22599 1838 18 . . . 22599 1838 19 " " '' 22599 1839 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1839 2 Maximilian Maximilian NNP 22599 1839 3 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 1839 4 , , , 22599 1839 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1839 6 Petri Petri NNP 22599 1839 7 Philomeni Philomeni NNP 22599 1839 8 de de IN 22599 1839 9 Dacia Dacia NNP 22599 1839 10 in in IN 22599 1839 11 Algorismum Algorismum NNP 22599 1839 12 Vulgarem Vulgarem NNP 22599 1839 13 Johannis Johannis NNP 22599 1839 14 de de NNP 22599 1839 15 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 1839 16 commentarius commentarius NN 22599 1839 17 , , , 22599 1839 18 una una NNP 22599 1839 19 cum cum NNP 22599 1839 20 Algorismo Algorismo NNP 22599 1839 21 ipso ipso NN 22599 1839 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1839 23 , , , 22599 1839 24 Copenhagen Copenhagen NNP 22599 1839 25 , , , 22599 1839 26 1897 1897 CD 22599 1839 27 , , , 22599 1839 28 p. p. NN 22599 1840 1 2 2 LS 22599 1840 2 . . . 22599 1840 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1841 1 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 1841 2 cites cite VBZ 22599 1841 3 five five CD 22599 1841 4 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 1841 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1841 6 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 1841 7 and and CC 22599 1841 8 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 1841 9 centuries century NNS 22599 1841 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1841 11 of of IN 22599 1841 12 Dacia Dacia NNP 22599 1841 13 's 's POS 22599 1841 14 commentary commentary NN 22599 1841 15 in in IN 22599 1841 16 the the DT 22599 1841 17 libraries library NNS 22599 1841 18 at at IN 22599 1841 19 Erfurt Erfurt NNP 22599 1841 20 , , , 22599 1841 21 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 1841 22 , , , 22599 1841 23 and and CC 22599 1841 24 Salzburg Salzburg NNP 22599 1841 25 , , , 22599 1841 26 in in IN 22599 1841 27 addition addition NN 22599 1841 28 to to IN 22599 1841 29 those those DT 22599 1841 30 given give VBN 22599 1841 31 by by IN 22599 1841 32 Eneström Eneström NNP 22599 1841 33 , , , 22599 1841 34 _ _ NNP 22599 1841 35 Öfversigt Öfversigt NNP 22599 1841 36 af af IN 22599 1841 37 Kongl Kongl NNP 22599 1841 38 . . . 22599 1842 1 Vetenskaps Vetenskaps NNP 22599 1842 2 - - HYPH 22599 1842 3 Akademiens Akademiens NNP 22599 1842 4 Förhandlingar Förhandlingar NNP 22599 1842 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1842 6 , , , 22599 1842 7 1885 1885 CD 22599 1842 8 , , , 22599 1842 9 pp pp NNP 22599 1842 10 . . . 22599 1843 1 15 15 CD 22599 1843 2 - - SYM 22599 1843 3 27 27 CD 22599 1843 4 , , , 22599 1843 5 65 65 CD 22599 1843 6 - - SYM 22599 1843 7 70 70 CD 22599 1843 8 ; ; : 22599 1843 9 1886 1886 CD 22599 1843 10 , , , 22599 1843 11 pp pp NNP 22599 1843 12 . . . 22599 1844 1 57 57 CD 22599 1844 2 - - SYM 22599 1844 3 60 60 CD 22599 1844 4 . . . 22599 1845 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1845 2 224 224 CD 22599 1845 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1845 4 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 1845 5 , , , 22599 1845 6 loc loc NN 22599 1845 7 . . . 22599 1846 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1846 2 . . . 22599 1846 3 , , , 22599 1846 4 p. p. NN 22599 1846 5 VI VI NNP 22599 1846 6 . . . 22599 1847 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1847 2 225 225 CD 22599 1847 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1847 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1847 5 Rara Rara NNP 22599 1847 6 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1847 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1847 8 , , , 22599 1847 9 London London NNP 22599 1847 10 , , , 22599 1847 11 1841 1841 CD 22599 1847 12 , , , 22599 1847 13 chap chap NNP 22599 1847 14 , , , 22599 1847 15 i i PRP 22599 1847 16 , , , 22599 1847 17 " " `` 22599 1847 18 Joannis Joannis NNP 22599 1847 19 de de NNP 22599 1847 20 Sacro Sacro NNP 22599 1847 21 - - HYPH 22599 1847 22 Bosco Bosco NNP 22599 1847 23 Tractatus Tractatus NNP 22599 1847 24 de de NNP 22599 1847 25 Arte Arte NNP 22599 1847 26 Numerandi Numerandi NNP 22599 1847 27 . . . 22599 1847 28 " " '' 22599 1848 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1848 2 226 226 CD 22599 1848 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1848 4 Smith Smith NNP 22599 1848 5 , , , 22599 1848 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1848 7 Rara Rara NNP 22599 1848 8 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 1848 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1848 10 , , , 22599 1848 11 Boston Boston NNP 22599 1848 12 , , , 22599 1848 13 1909 1909 CD 22599 1848 14 . . . 22599 1849 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1849 2 227 227 CD 22599 1849 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1849 4 In in IN 22599 1849 5 the the DT 22599 1849 6 1484 1484 CD 22599 1849 7 edition edition NN 22599 1849 8 , , , 22599 1849 9 Borghi Borghi NNP 22599 1849 10 uses use VBZ 22599 1849 11 the the DT 22599 1849 12 form form NN 22599 1849 13 " " `` 22599 1849 14 çefiro çefiro NNP 22599 1849 15 : : : 22599 1849 16 ouero ouero NNP 22599 1849 17 nulla nulla VBZ 22599 1849 18 : : : 22599 1849 19 " " `` 22599 1849 20 while while IN 22599 1849 21 in in IN 22599 1849 22 the the DT 22599 1849 23 1488 1488 CD 22599 1849 24 edition edition NN 22599 1849 25 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1849 26 uses use VBZ 22599 1849 27 " " `` 22599 1849 28 zefiro zefiro NNP 22599 1849 29 : : : 22599 1849 30 ouero ouero NNP 22599 1849 31 nulla nulla NNP 22599 1849 32 , , , 22599 1849 33 " " '' 22599 1849 34 and and CC 22599 1849 35 in in IN 22599 1849 36 the the DT 22599 1849 37 1540 1540 CD 22599 1849 38 edition edition NN 22599 1849 39 , , , 22599 1849 40 f. f. NNP 22599 1849 41 3 3 CD 22599 1849 42 , , , 22599 1849 43 appears appear VBZ 22599 1849 44 " " `` 22599 1849 45 Chiamata Chiamata NNP 22599 1849 46 zero zero CD 22599 1849 47 , , , 22599 1849 48 ouero ouero NNP 22599 1849 49 nulla nulla NN 22599 1849 50 . . . 22599 1849 51 " " '' 22599 1850 1 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1850 2 asserted assert VBN 22599 1850 3 that that IN 22599 1850 4 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1850 5 first first RB 22599 1850 6 appeared appear VBD 22599 1850 7 in in IN 22599 1850 8 Calandri Calandri NNP 22599 1850 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1850 10 1491 1491 CD 22599 1850 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1850 12 in in IN 22599 1850 13 this this DT 22599 1850 14 sentence sentence NN 22599 1850 15 : : : 22599 1850 16 " " `` 22599 1850 17 Sono sono JJ 22599 1850 18 dieci dieci NNS 22599 1850 19 le le NNP 22599 1850 20 figure figure NN 22599 1850 21 con con FW 22599 1850 22 le le NNP 22599 1850 23 quali quali NNP 22599 1850 24 ciascuno ciascuno NNP 22599 1850 25 numero numero NNP 22599 1850 26 si si NNP 22599 1850 27 può può NNP 22599 1850 28 significare significare NNP 22599 1850 29 : : : 22599 1850 30 delle delle NNP 22599 1850 31 quali quali NNP 22599 1850 32 n'è n'è NNP 22599 1850 33 una una NNP 22599 1850 34 che che NNP 22599 1850 35 si si NNP 22599 1850 36 chiama chiama NNP 22599 1850 37 zero zero CD 22599 1850 38 : : : 22599 1850 39 et et FW 22599 1850 40 per per FW 22599 1850 41 se se FW 22599 1850 42 sola sola NNP 22599 1850 43 nulla nulla NNP 22599 1850 44 significa significa NNP 22599 1850 45 . . . 22599 1850 46 " " '' 22599 1851 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1851 2 f. f. NNP 22599 1851 3 4 4 CD 22599 1851 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1851 5 . . . 22599 1852 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1852 2 See see VB 22599 1852 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1852 4 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1852 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1852 6 , , , 22599 1852 7 p. p. NN 22599 1853 1 522 522 CD 22599 1853 2 . . . 22599 1853 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1854 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1854 2 228 228 CD 22599 1854 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1854 4 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1854 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1854 6 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 1854 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1854 8 , , , 22599 1854 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1854 10 . . . 22599 1855 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 1855 2 , , , 22599 1855 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1855 4 . . . 22599 1856 1 673 673 CD 22599 1856 2 - - SYM 22599 1856 3 685 685 CD 22599 1856 4 . . . 22599 1857 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1857 2 229 229 CD 22599 1857 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1857 4 Leo Leo NNP 22599 1857 5 Jordan Jordan NNP 22599 1857 6 , , , 22599 1857 7 loc loc NNP 22599 1857 8 . . . 22599 1858 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1858 2 . . . 22599 1859 1 In in IN 22599 1859 2 the the DT 22599 1859 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1859 4 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 22599 1859 5 of of IN 22599 1859 6 MSS MSS NNP 22599 1859 7 . . . 22599 1859 8 , , , 22599 1859 9 Bibl Bibl NNP 22599 1859 10 . . . 22599 1860 1 de de NNP 22599 1860 2 l'Arsenal l'Arsenal NNP 22599 1860 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1860 4 , , , 22599 1860 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1860 6 . . . 22599 1861 1 III III NNP 22599 1861 2 , , , 22599 1861 3 pp pp NNP 22599 1861 4 . . . 22599 1862 1 154 154 CD 22599 1862 2 - - SYM 22599 1862 3 156 156 CD 22599 1862 4 , , , 22599 1862 5 this this DT 22599 1862 6 work work NN 22599 1862 7 is be VBZ 22599 1862 8 No no UH 22599 1862 9 . . . 22599 1863 1 2904 2904 CD 22599 1863 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1863 3 184 184 CD 22599 1863 4 S.A.F. S.A.F. NNP 22599 1864 1 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1864 2 , , , 22599 1864 3 Bibl Bibl NNP 22599 1864 4 . . . 22599 1865 1 Nat Nat NNP 22599 1865 2 . . NNP 22599 1865 3 , , , 22599 1865 4 and and CC 22599 1865 5 is be VBZ 22599 1865 6 also also RB 22599 1865 7 called call VBN 22599 1865 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1865 9 Petit Petit NNP 22599 1865 10 traicté traicté NN 22599 1865 11 de de IN 22599 1865 12 algorisme algorisme NNP 22599 1865 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1865 14 . . . 22599 1866 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1866 2 230 230 CD 22599 1866 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1866 4 Texada Texada NNP 22599 1866 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1866 6 1546 1546 CD 22599 1866 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1866 8 says say VBZ 22599 1866 9 that that IN 22599 1866 10 there there EX 22599 1866 11 are be VBP 22599 1866 12 " " `` 22599 1866 13 nueue nueue JJ 22599 1866 14 letros letros NNP 22599 1866 15 yvn yvn UH 22599 1866 16 zero zero CD 22599 1866 17 o o NN 22599 1866 18 cifra cifra NN 22599 1866 19 " " '' 22599 1866 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1866 21 f. f. NNP 22599 1866 22 3 3 CD 22599 1866 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1866 24 . . . 22599 1867 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1867 2 231 231 CD 22599 1867 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1867 4 Savonne Savonne NNP 22599 1867 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1867 6 1563 1563 CD 22599 1867 7 , , , 22599 1867 8 1751 1751 CD 22599 1867 9 ed ed NNP 22599 1867 10 . . NNP 22599 1867 11 , , , 22599 1867 12 f. f. NNP 22599 1867 13 1 1 CD 22599 1867 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1867 15 : : : 22599 1867 16 " " `` 22599 1867 17 Vne vne VB 22599 1867 18 ansi ansi NNP 22599 1867 19 formee formee NNP 22599 1867 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1867 21 o o NN 22599 1867 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1867 23 qui qui NNP 22599 1867 24 s'appelle s'appelle NNP 22599 1867 25 nulle nulle NNP 22599 1867 26 , , , 22599 1867 27 & & CC 22599 1867 28 entre entre NNP 22599 1867 29 marchans marchans NNP 22599 1867 30 zero zero CD 22599 1867 31 , , , 22599 1867 32 " " `` 22599 1867 33 showing show VBG 22599 1867 34 the the DT 22599 1867 35 influence influence NN 22599 1867 36 of of IN 22599 1867 37 Italian italian JJ 22599 1867 38 names name NNS 22599 1867 39 on on IN 22599 1867 40 French french JJ 22599 1867 41 mercantile mercantile NN 22599 1867 42 customs custom NNS 22599 1867 43 . . . 22599 1868 1 Trenchant Trenchant NNP 22599 1868 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1868 3 Lyons Lyons NNP 22599 1868 4 , , , 22599 1868 5 1566 1566 CD 22599 1868 6 , , , 22599 1868 7 1578 1578 CD 22599 1868 8 ed ed NNP 22599 1868 9 . . NNP 22599 1868 10 , , , 22599 1868 11 p. p. NN 22599 1868 12 12 12 CD 22599 1868 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1868 14 also also RB 22599 1868 15 says say VBZ 22599 1868 16 : : : 22599 1868 17 " " `` 22599 1868 18 La La NNP 22599 1868 19 derniere derniere NNP 22599 1868 20 qui qui VBD 22599 1868 21 s'apele s'apele NNP 22599 1868 22 nulle nulle NNP 22599 1868 23 , , , 22599 1868 24 ou ou NNP 22599 1868 25 zero zero CD 22599 1868 26 ; ; : 22599 1868 27 " " '' 22599 1868 28 but but CC 22599 1868 29 Champenois Champenois NNP 22599 1868 30 , , , 22599 1868 31 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1868 32 contemporary contemporary NN 22599 1868 33 , , , 22599 1868 34 writing write VBG 22599 1868 35 in in IN 22599 1868 36 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1868 37 in in IN 22599 1868 38 1577 1577 CD 22599 1868 39 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1868 40 although although IN 22599 1868 41 the the DT 22599 1868 42 work work NN 22599 1868 43 was be VBD 22599 1868 44 not not RB 22599 1868 45 published publish VBN 22599 1868 46 until until IN 22599 1868 47 1578 1578 CD 22599 1868 48 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1868 49 , , , 22599 1868 50 uses use VBZ 22599 1868 51 " " `` 22599 1868 52 cipher cipher NN 22599 1868 53 , , , 22599 1868 54 " " '' 22599 1868 55 the the DT 22599 1868 56 Italian italian JJ 22599 1868 57 influence influence NN 22599 1868 58 showing show VBG 22599 1868 59 itself -PRON- PRP 22599 1868 60 less less RBR 22599 1868 61 in in IN 22599 1868 62 this this DT 22599 1868 63 center center NN 22599 1868 64 of of IN 22599 1868 65 university university NN 22599 1868 66 culture culture NN 22599 1868 67 than than IN 22599 1868 68 in in IN 22599 1868 69 the the DT 22599 1868 70 commercial commercial JJ 22599 1868 71 atmosphere atmosphere NN 22599 1868 72 of of IN 22599 1868 73 Lyons Lyons NNP 22599 1868 74 . . . 22599 1869 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1869 2 232 232 CD 22599 1869 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1869 4 Thus Thus NNP 22599 1869 5 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 1869 6 of of IN 22599 1869 7 Laon Laon NNP 22599 1869 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1869 9 c. c. NNP 22599 1869 10 1100 1100 CD 22599 1869 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1869 12 : : : 22599 1869 13 " " `` 22599 1869 14 Inscribitur Inscribitur NNP 22599 1869 15 in in IN 22599 1869 16 ultimo ultimo NNP 22599 1869 17 ordine ordine NNP 22599 1869 18 et et NNP 22599 1869 19 figura figura NNP 22599 1869 20 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1869 21 symbol symbol NN 22599 1869 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1869 23 sipos sipos NNP 22599 1869 24 nomine nomine NN 22599 1869 25 , , , 22599 1869 26 quae quae UH 22599 1869 27 , , , 22599 1869 28 licet licet NNP 22599 1869 29 numerum numerum NNP 22599 1869 30 nullum nullum NNP 22599 1869 31 signitet signitet NNP 22599 1869 32 , , , 22599 1869 33 tantum tantum NNP 22599 1869 34 ad ad NN 22599 1869 35 alia alia NNS 22599 1869 36 quaedam quaedam VBP 22599 1869 37 utilis utilis NNP 22599 1869 38 , , , 22599 1869 39 ut ut NNP 22599 1869 40 insequentibus insequentibus NNP 22599 1869 41 declarabitur declarabitur NNP 22599 1869 42 . . . 22599 1869 43 " " '' 22599 1870 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1870 2 " " `` 22599 1870 3 Der Der NNP 22599 1870 4 Arithmetische Arithmetische NNP 22599 1870 5 Tractat Tractat NNP 22599 1870 6 des des NNP 22599 1870 7 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 1870 8 von von NNP 22599 1870 9 Laon Laon NNP 22599 1870 10 , , , 22599 1870 11 " " '' 22599 1870 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1870 13 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1870 14 zur zur NN 22599 1870 15 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1870 16 der der VBD 22599 1870 17 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1870 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1870 19 , , , 22599 1870 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1870 21 . . . 22599 1871 1 V V NNP 22599 1871 2 , , , 22599 1871 3 p. p. NN 22599 1871 4 97 97 CD 22599 1871 5 , , , 22599 1871 6 from from IN 22599 1871 7 a a DT 22599 1871 8 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1871 9 of of IN 22599 1871 10 the the DT 22599 1871 11 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 1871 12 century century NN 22599 1871 13 . . . 22599 1871 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1872 1 Chasles chasle NNS 22599 1872 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1872 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1872 4 Comptes Comptes NNP 22599 1872 5 rendus rendus VBP 22599 1872 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1872 7 , , , 22599 1872 8 t. t. NNP 22599 1872 9 16 16 CD 22599 1872 10 , , , 22599 1872 11 1843 1843 CD 22599 1872 12 , , , 22599 1872 13 pp pp NNP 22599 1872 14 . . . 22599 1873 1 1393 1393 CD 22599 1873 2 , , , 22599 1873 3 1408 1408 CD 22599 1873 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1873 5 calls call VBZ 22599 1873 6 attention attention NN 22599 1873 7 to to IN 22599 1873 8 the the DT 22599 1873 9 fact fact NN 22599 1873 10 that that IN 22599 1873 11 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 1873 12 did do VBD 22599 1873 13 not not RB 22599 1873 14 know know VB 22599 1873 15 how how WRB 22599 1873 16 to to TO 22599 1873 17 use use VB 22599 1873 18 the the DT 22599 1873 19 zero zero CD 22599 1873 20 , , , 22599 1873 21 and and CC 22599 1873 22 he -PRON- PRP 22599 1873 23 doubts doubt VBZ 22599 1873 24 if if IN 22599 1873 25 the the DT 22599 1873 26 sipos sipos NN 22599 1873 27 was be VBD 22599 1873 28 really really RB 22599 1873 29 identical identical JJ 22599 1873 30 with with IN 22599 1873 31 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1873 32 . . . 22599 1874 1 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 1874 2 says say VBZ 22599 1874 3 : : : 22599 1874 4 " " `` 22599 1874 5 ... ... : 22599 1874 6 figuram figuram NNP 22599 1874 7 , , , 22599 1874 8 cui cui NNP 22599 1874 9 sipos sipos NNP 22599 1874 10 nomen nomen NNP 22599 1874 11 est est NNP 22599 1874 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1874 13 symbol symbol NN 22599 1874 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1874 15 in in IN 22599 1874 16 motum motum NNP 22599 1874 17 rotulae rotulae NNP 22599 1874 18 formatam formatam NNP 22599 1874 19 nullius nullius NNP 22599 1874 20 numeri numeri NNP 22599 1874 21 significatione significatione NNP 22599 1874 22 inscribi inscribi NNP 22599 1874 23 solere solere NNP 22599 1874 24 praediximus praediximus NNP 22599 1874 25 , , , 22599 1874 26 " " '' 22599 1874 27 and and CC 22599 1874 28 thereafter thereafter RB 22599 1874 29 uses use VBZ 22599 1874 30 _ _ NNP 22599 1874 31 rotula rotula NN 22599 1874 32 _ _ NNP 22599 1874 33 . . . 22599 1875 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 1875 2 uses use VBZ 22599 1875 3 the the DT 22599 1875 4 sipos sipos NN 22599 1875 5 simply simply RB 22599 1875 6 as as IN 22599 1875 7 a a DT 22599 1875 8 kind kind NN 22599 1875 9 of of IN 22599 1875 10 marker marker NN 22599 1875 11 on on IN 22599 1875 12 the the DT 22599 1875 13 abacus abacus NN 22599 1875 14 . . . 22599 1876 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1876 2 233 233 CD 22599 1876 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1876 4 Rabbi Rabbi NNP 22599 1876 5 ben ben NNP 22599 1876 6 Ezra Ezra NNP 22599 1876 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1876 8 1092 1092 CD 22599 1876 9 - - SYM 22599 1876 10 1168 1168 CD 22599 1876 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1876 12 used use VBD 22599 1876 13 both both CC 22599 1876 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1876 15 Hebrew hebrew NN 22599 1876 16 : : : 22599 1876 17 GLGL GLGL NNP 22599 1876 18 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1876 19 , , , 22599 1876 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1876 21 galgal galgal NNP 22599 1876 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1876 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1876 24 the the DT 22599 1876 25 Hebrew Hebrew NNP 22599 1876 26 for for IN 22599 1876 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1876 28 wheel wheel NN 22599 1876 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1876 30 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1876 31 , , , 22599 1876 32 and and CC 22599 1876 33 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1876 34 Hebrew hebrew NN 22599 1876 35 : : : 22599 1876 36 SPR SPR NNP 22599 1876 37 ' ' '' 22599 1876 38 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1876 39 , , , 22599 1876 40 _ _ NNP 22599 1876 41 sifra sifra NNP 22599 1876 42 _ _ NNP 22599 1876 43 . . . 22599 1877 1 See see VB 22599 1877 2 M. M. NNP 22599 1877 3 Steinschneider Steinschneider NNP 22599 1877 4 , , , 22599 1877 5 " " `` 22599 1877 6 Die die VBP 22599 1877 7 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1877 8 bei bei NNP 22599 1877 9 den den NN 22599 1877 10 Juden Juden NNP 22599 1877 11 , , , 22599 1877 12 " " '' 22599 1877 13 in in IN 22599 1877 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1877 15 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1877 16 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1877 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1877 18 , , , 22599 1877 19 1893 1893 CD 22599 1877 20 , , , 22599 1877 21 p. p. NN 22599 1877 22 69 69 CD 22599 1877 23 , , , 22599 1877 24 and and CC 22599 1877 25 Silberberg Silberberg NNP 22599 1877 26 , , , 22599 1877 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1877 28 Das Das NNP 22599 1877 29 Buch Buch NNP 22599 1877 30 der der VBP 22599 1877 31 Zahl Zahl NNP 22599 1877 32 des des NNP 22599 1877 33 R. R. NNP 22599 1877 34 Abraham Abraham NNP 22599 1877 35 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1877 36 Esra Esra NNP 22599 1877 37 _ _ NNP 22599 1877 38 , , , 22599 1877 39 Frankfurt Frankfurt NNP 22599 1877 40 a. a. NN 22599 1877 41 M. M. NNP 22599 1877 42 , , , 22599 1877 43 1895 1895 CD 22599 1877 44 , , , 22599 1877 45 p. p. NN 22599 1877 46 96 96 CD 22599 1877 47 , , , 22599 1877 48 note note VB 22599 1877 49 23 23 CD 22599 1877 50 ; ; : 22599 1877 51 in in IN 22599 1877 52 this this DT 22599 1877 53 work work NN 22599 1877 54 the the DT 22599 1877 55 Hebrew hebrew JJ 22599 1877 56 letters letter NNS 22599 1877 57 are be VBP 22599 1877 58 used use VBN 22599 1877 59 for for IN 22599 1877 60 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1877 61 with with IN 22599 1877 62 place place NN 22599 1877 63 value value NN 22599 1877 64 , , , 22599 1877 65 having have VBG 22599 1877 66 the the DT 22599 1877 67 zero zero CD 22599 1877 68 . . . 22599 1878 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1878 2 234 234 CD 22599 1878 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1878 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 1878 5 , , , 22599 1878 6 in in IN 22599 1878 7 the the DT 22599 1878 8 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 1878 9 - - HYPH 22599 1878 10 century century NN 22599 1878 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1878 12 Liber Liber NNP 22599 1878 13 aligorismi aligorismi NN 22599 1878 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1878 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1878 16 see see VB 22599 1878 17 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 1878 18 's 's POS 22599 1878 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1878 20 Trattati Trattati NNP 22599 1878 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1878 22 , , , 22599 1878 23 II II NNP 22599 1878 24 , , , 22599 1878 25 p. p. NN 22599 1878 26 28 28 CD 22599 1878 27 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1878 28 . . . 22599 1879 1 So so RB 22599 1879 2 Ramus Ramus NNP 22599 1879 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1879 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1879 5 Libri Libri NNP 22599 1879 6 II II NNP 22599 1879 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1879 8 , , , 22599 1879 9 1569 1569 CD 22599 1879 10 ed ed NNP 22599 1879 11 . . NNP 22599 1879 12 , , , 22599 1879 13 p. p. NN 22599 1879 14 1 1 CD 22599 1879 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1879 16 says say VBZ 22599 1879 17 : : : 22599 1879 18 " " `` 22599 1879 19 Circulus Circulus NNP 22599 1879 20 quæ quæ NNP 22599 1879 21 nota nota NNP 22599 1879 22 est est NNP 22599 1879 23 ultima ultima NNP 22599 1879 24 : : : 22599 1879 25 nil nil NNP 22599 1879 26 per per FW 22599 1879 27 se se FW 22599 1879 28 significat significat NN 22599 1879 29 . . . 22599 1879 30 " " '' 22599 1880 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1880 2 See see VB 22599 1880 3 also also RB 22599 1880 4 the the DT 22599 1880 5 Schonerus Schonerus NNP 22599 1880 6 ed ed NN 22599 1880 7 . . . 22599 1881 1 of of IN 22599 1881 2 Ramus Ramus NNP 22599 1881 3 , , , 22599 1881 4 1586 1586 CD 22599 1881 5 , , , 22599 1881 6 p. p. NN 22599 1882 1 1 1 LS 22599 1882 2 . . . 22599 1882 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1883 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1883 2 235 235 CD 22599 1883 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1883 4 " " `` 22599 1883 5 Und Und NNP 22599 1883 6 wirt wirt NN 22599 1883 7 das das NNP 22599 1883 8 ringlein ringlein NNP 22599 1883 9 o. o. NNP 22599 1883 10 die die VB 22599 1883 11 Ziffer Ziffer NNP 22599 1883 12 genant genant JJ 22599 1883 13 die die VBP 22599 1883 14 nichts nicht NNS 22599 1883 15 bedeut bedeut JJ 22599 1883 16 . . . 22599 1883 17 " " '' 22599 1884 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1884 2 Köbel Köbel NNP 22599 1884 3 's 's POS 22599 1884 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1884 5 Rechenbuch Rechenbuch NNP 22599 1884 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1884 7 , , , 22599 1884 8 1549 1549 CD 22599 1884 9 ed ed NNP 22599 1884 10 . . NNP 22599 1884 11 , , , 22599 1884 12 f. f. NNP 22599 1884 13 10 10 CD 22599 1884 14 , , , 22599 1884 15 and and CC 22599 1884 16 other other JJ 22599 1884 17 editions edition NNS 22599 1884 18 . . . 22599 1884 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1885 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1885 2 236 236 CD 22599 1885 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1885 4 I.e. i.e. CD 22599 1886 1 " " `` 22599 1886 2 circular circular JJ 22599 1886 3 figure figure NN 22599 1886 4 , , , 22599 1886 5 " " '' 22599 1886 6 our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1886 7 word word NN 22599 1886 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1886 9 notation notation NN 22599 1886 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1886 11 having have VBG 22599 1886 12 come come VBN 22599 1886 13 from from IN 22599 1886 14 the the DT 22599 1886 15 medieval medieval JJ 22599 1886 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1886 17 nota nota NNP 22599 1886 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1886 19 . . . 22599 1887 1 Thus thus RB 22599 1887 2 Tzwivel Tzwivel NNP 22599 1887 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1887 4 1507 1507 CD 22599 1887 5 , , , 22599 1887 6 f. f. NNP 22599 1887 7 2 2 CD 22599 1887 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1887 9 says say VBZ 22599 1887 10 : : : 22599 1887 11 " " `` 22599 1887 12 Nota Nota NNP 22599 1887 13 autem autem NNP 22599 1887 14 circularis circularis NNP 22599 1887 15 .o .o . 22599 1887 16 . . . 22599 1888 1 per per IN 22599 1888 2 se se FW 22599 1888 3 sumpta sumpta NNP 22599 1888 4 nihil nihil NNP 22599 1888 5 vsus vsus NNP 22599 1888 6 habet habet NNP 22599 1888 7 . . . 22599 1889 1 alijs alijs NNP 22599 1889 2 tamen tamen NNP 22599 1889 3 adiuncta adiuncta NNP 22599 1889 4 earum earum NNP 22599 1889 5 significantiam significantiam NNP 22599 1889 6 et et NNP 22599 1889 7 auget auget NN 22599 1889 8 et et FW 22599 1889 9 ordinem ordinem NNP 22599 1889 10 permutat permutat NNP 22599 1889 11 quantum quantum NNP 22599 1889 12 quo quo NNP 22599 1889 13 ponit ponit NN 22599 1889 14 ordinem ordinem NN 22599 1889 15 . . . 22599 1890 1 vt vt NNP 22599 1890 2 adiuncta adiuncta NNP 22599 1890 3 note note NNP 22599 1890 4 binarij binarij NNP 22599 1890 5 hoc hoc NNP 22599 1890 6 modo modo NNP 22599 1890 7 20 20 CD 22599 1890 8 facit facit JJ 22599 1890 9 eam eam NNP 22599 1890 10 significare significare NN 22599 1890 11 bis bis NNP 22599 1890 12 decem decem NNP 22599 1890 13 etc etc FW 22599 1890 14 . . . 22599 1890 15 " " '' 22599 1891 1 Also also RB 22599 1891 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1891 3 ibid ibid NNP 22599 1891 4 . . . 22599 1891 5 , , , 22599 1891 6 f. f. NNP 22599 1891 7 4 4 CD 22599 1891 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1891 9 , , , 22599 1891 10 " " `` 22599 1891 11 figura figura NNP 22599 1891 12 circularis circularis NNP 22599 1891 13 , , , 22599 1891 14 " " '' 22599 1891 15 " " `` 22599 1891 16 circularis circularis NNP 22599 1891 17 nota nota NNP 22599 1891 18 . . . 22599 1891 19 " " '' 22599 1892 1 Clichtoveus Clichtoveus NNP 22599 1892 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1892 3 1503 1503 CD 22599 1892 4 ed ed NNP 22599 1892 5 . . NNP 22599 1892 6 , , , 22599 1892 7 f. f. NNP 22599 1892 8 XXXVII XXXVII NNP 22599 1892 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1892 10 calls call VBZ 22599 1892 11 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1892 12 " " `` 22599 1892 13 nota nota NNP 22599 1892 14 aut aut NNP 22599 1892 15 circularis circularis NNP 22599 1892 16 o o NNP 22599 1892 17 , , , 22599 1892 18 " " '' 22599 1892 19 " " `` 22599 1892 20 circularis circularis NNP 22599 1892 21 nota nota NNP 22599 1892 22 , , , 22599 1892 23 " " '' 22599 1892 24 and and CC 22599 1892 25 " " `` 22599 1892 26 figura figura NNP 22599 1892 27 circularis circularis NNP 22599 1892 28 . . . 22599 1892 29 " " '' 22599 1893 1 Tonstall Tonstall NNP 22599 1893 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1893 3 1522 1522 CD 22599 1893 4 , , , 22599 1893 5 f. f. NNP 22599 1893 6 B_3 B_3 NNP 22599 1893 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1893 8 says say VBZ 22599 1893 9 of of IN 22599 1893 10 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1893 11 : : : 22599 1893 12 " " `` 22599 1893 13 Decimo Decimo NNP 22599 1893 14 uero uero JJ 22599 1893 15 nota nota NNP 22599 1893 16 ad ad NN 22599 1893 17 formam formam NNP 22599 1893 18 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1893 19 symbol symbol NN 22599 1893 20 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1893 21 litteræ litteræ NNP 22599 1893 22 circulari circulari NNP 22599 1893 23 figura figura NNP 22599 1893 24 est est NNP 22599 1893 25 : : : 22599 1893 26 quam quam NNP 22599 1893 27 alij alij NNP 22599 1893 28 circulum circulum NNP 22599 1893 29 , , , 22599 1893 30 uulgus uulgus NNP 22599 1893 31 cyphram cyphram NNP 22599 1893 32 uocat uocat NNP 22599 1893 33 , , , 22599 1893 34 " " '' 22599 1893 35 and and CC 22599 1893 36 later later RB 22599 1893 37 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1893 38 f. f. NNP 22599 1893 39 C_4 C_4 NNP 22599 1893 40 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1893 41 speaks speak VBZ 22599 1893 42 of of IN 22599 1893 43 the the DT 22599 1893 44 " " `` 22599 1893 45 circulos circulo NNS 22599 1893 46 . . . 22599 1893 47 " " '' 22599 1894 1 Grammateus Grammateus NNP 22599 1894 2 , , , 22599 1894 3 in in IN 22599 1894 4 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1894 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1894 6 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 1894 7 de de NNP 22599 1894 8 integris integris NNP 22599 1894 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1894 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1894 11 Erfurt Erfurt NNP 22599 1894 12 , , , 22599 1894 13 1523 1523 CD 22599 1894 14 , , , 22599 1894 15 f. f. NNP 22599 1894 16 A_2 A_2 NNP 22599 1894 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1894 18 , , , 22599 1894 19 speaking speak VBG 22599 1894 20 of of IN 22599 1894 21 the the DT 22599 1894 22 nine nine CD 22599 1894 23 significant significant JJ 22599 1894 24 figures figure NNS 22599 1894 25 , , , 22599 1894 26 remarks remark VBZ 22599 1894 27 : : : 22599 1894 28 " " `` 22599 1894 29 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1894 30 autem autem NN 22599 1894 31 superadditur superadditur NN 22599 1894 32 decima decima NNP 22599 1894 33 figura figura NNP 22599 1894 34 circularis circularis NNP 22599 1894 35 ut ut UH 22599 1894 36 0 0 CD 22599 1894 37 existens existen VBZ 22599 1894 38 que que NNP 22599 1894 39 ratione ratione NNP 22599 1894 40 sua sua NNP 22599 1894 41 nihil nihil NNP 22599 1894 42 significat significat NNP 22599 1894 43 . . . 22599 1894 44 " " '' 22599 1895 1 Noviomagus Noviomagus NNP 22599 1895 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1895 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1895 4 De De NNP 22599 1895 5 Numeris Numeris NNP 22599 1895 6 libri libri VBZ 22599 1895 7 II II NNP 22599 1895 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1895 9 , , , 22599 1895 10 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1895 11 , , , 22599 1895 12 1539 1539 CD 22599 1895 13 , , , 22599 1895 14 chap chap NNP 22599 1895 15 . . . 22599 1896 1 xvi xvi NNP 22599 1896 2 , , , 22599 1896 3 " " `` 22599 1896 4 De De NNP 22599 1896 5 notis notis NNP 22599 1896 6 numerorum numerorum NN 22599 1896 7 , , , 22599 1896 8 quas quas NNP 22599 1896 9 zyphras zyphras NNP 22599 1896 10 vocant vocant NNP 22599 1896 11 " " '' 22599 1896 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1896 13 calls call VBZ 22599 1896 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1896 15 " " `` 22599 1896 16 circularis circularis NNP 22599 1896 17 nota nota NNP 22599 1896 18 , , , 22599 1896 19 quam quam NNP 22599 1896 20 ex ex NNP 22599 1896 21 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1896 22 solam solam NN 22599 1896 23 , , , 22599 1896 24 alij alij NNP 22599 1896 25 sipheram sipheram NNP 22599 1896 26 , , , 22599 1896 27 Georgius Georgius NNP 22599 1896 28 Valla Valla NNP 22599 1896 29 zyphram zyphram NN 22599 1896 30 . . . 22599 1896 31 " " '' 22599 1897 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1897 2 237 237 CD 22599 1897 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1897 4 Huswirt Huswirt NNP 22599 1897 5 , , , 22599 1897 6 as as IN 22599 1897 7 above above RB 22599 1897 8 . . . 22599 1898 1 Ramus Ramus NNP 22599 1898 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1898 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1898 4 Scholae Scholae NNP 22599 1898 5 mathematicae mathematicae NN 22599 1898 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1898 7 , , , 22599 1898 8 1569 1569 CD 22599 1898 9 ed ed NNP 22599 1898 10 . . NNP 22599 1898 11 , , , 22599 1898 12 p. p. NN 22599 1898 13 112 112 CD 22599 1898 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1898 15 discusses discuss VBZ 22599 1898 16 the the DT 22599 1898 17 name name NN 22599 1898 18 interestingly interestingly RB 22599 1898 19 , , , 22599 1898 20 saying say VBG 22599 1898 21 : : : 22599 1898 22 " " `` 22599 1898 23 Circulum Circulum NNP 22599 1898 24 appellamus appellamus NN 22599 1898 25 cum cum NNP 22599 1898 26 multis multis NNP 22599 1898 27 , , , 22599 1898 28 quam quam NNP 22599 1898 29 alii alii NNP 22599 1898 30 thecam thecam NNP 22599 1898 31 , , , 22599 1898 32 alii alii NNP 22599 1898 33 figuram figuram NNP 22599 1898 34 nihili nihili NNP 22599 1898 35 , , , 22599 1898 36 alii alii NNP 22599 1898 37 figuram figuram NNP 22599 1898 38 privationis privationis NNP 22599 1898 39 , , , 22599 1898 40 seu seu NNP 22599 1898 41 figuram figuram NNP 22599 1898 42 nullam nullam JJ 22599 1898 43 vocant vocant NN 22599 1898 44 , , , 22599 1898 45 alii alii NNP 22599 1898 46 ciphram ciphram NNP 22599 1898 47 , , , 22599 1898 48 cùm cùm NNP 22599 1898 49 tamen tamen NNP 22599 1898 50 hodie hodie NNP 22599 1898 51 omnes omnes NNPS 22599 1898 52 hæ hæ NNP 22599 1898 53 notæ notæ NNP 22599 1898 54 vulgò vulgò NNP 22599 1898 55 ciphræ ciphræ NNP 22599 1898 56 nominentur nominentur NNP 22599 1898 57 , , , 22599 1898 58 & & CC 22599 1898 59 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1898 60 notis notis NN 22599 1898 61 numerare numerare NNP 22599 1898 62 idem idem NN 22599 1898 63 sit sit NNP 22599 1898 64 quod quod NN 22599 1898 65 ciphrare ciphrare NN 22599 1898 66 . . . 22599 1898 67 " " '' 22599 1899 1 Tartaglia Tartaglia NNP 22599 1899 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1899 3 1592 1592 CD 22599 1899 4 ed ed NNP 22599 1899 5 . . NNP 22599 1899 6 , , , 22599 1899 7 f. f. NNP 22599 1899 8 9 9 CD 22599 1899 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1899 10 says say VBZ 22599 1899 11 : : : 22599 1899 12 " " `` 22599 1899 13 si si NNP 22599 1899 14 chiama chiama NNP 22599 1899 15 da da NNP 22599 1899 16 alcuni alcuni NNP 22599 1899 17 tecca tecca NNP 22599 1899 18 , , , 22599 1899 19 da da NNP 22599 1899 20 alcuni alcuni NNP 22599 1899 21 circolo circolo NNP 22599 1899 22 , , , 22599 1899 23 da da NNP 22599 1899 24 altri altri NNP 22599 1899 25 cifra cifra NNP 22599 1899 26 , , , 22599 1899 27 da da NNP 22599 1899 28 altri altri NNP 22599 1899 29 zero zero CD 22599 1899 30 , , , 22599 1899 31 & & CC 22599 1899 32 da da NNP 22599 1899 33 alcuni alcuni NNP 22599 1899 34 altri altri NNP 22599 1899 35 nulla nulla NNP 22599 1899 36 . . . 22599 1899 37 " " '' 22599 1900 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1900 2 238 238 CD 22599 1900 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1900 4 " " `` 22599 1900 5 Quare Quare NNP 22599 1900 6 autem autem NN 22599 1900 7 aliis aliis NNP 22599 1900 8 nominibus nominibus NN 22599 1900 9 vocetur vocetur NNP 22599 1900 10 , , , 22599 1900 11 non non AFX 22599 1900 12 dicit dicit NN 22599 1900 13 auctor auctor NN 22599 1900 14 , , , 22599 1900 15 quia quia NNP 22599 1900 16 omnia omnia NNP 22599 1900 17 alia alia NNP 22599 1900 18 nomina nomina NNP 22599 1900 19 habent habent NNP 22599 1900 20 rationem rationem NNP 22599 1900 21 suae suae NNP 22599 1900 22 lineationis lineationis NNP 22599 1900 23 sive sive JJ 22599 1900 24 figurationis figurationi NNS 22599 1900 25 . . . 22599 1901 1 Quia Quia NNP 22599 1901 2 rotunda rotunda NNP 22599 1901 3 est est NNP 22599 1901 4 , , , 22599 1901 5 dicitur dicitur NNP 22599 1901 6 haec haec NNP 22599 1901 7 figura figura NNP 22599 1901 8 teca teca NNP 22599 1901 9 ad ad NN 22599 1901 10 similitudinem similitudinem NN 22599 1901 11 tecae tecae VBD 22599 1901 12 . . . 22599 1902 1 Teca teca JJ 22599 1902 2 enim enim NN 22599 1902 3 est est VBD 22599 1902 4 ferrum ferrum NNP 22599 1902 5 figurae figurae NNP 22599 1902 6 rotundae rotundae NNP 22599 1902 7 , , , 22599 1902 8 quod quod NN 22599 1902 9 ignitum ignitum NN 22599 1902 10 solet solet NN 22599 1902 11 in in IN 22599 1902 12 quibusdam quibusdam NNP 22599 1902 13 regionibus regionibus NNP 22599 1902 14 imprimi imprimi NNP 22599 1902 15 fronti fronti NNP 22599 1902 16 vel vel NNP 22599 1902 17 maxillae maxillae NNP 22599 1902 18 furis furis NNP 22599 1902 19 seu seu NNP 22599 1902 20 latronum latronum NNP 22599 1902 21 . . . 22599 1902 22 " " '' 22599 1903 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1903 2 Loc loc NN 22599 1903 3 . . . 22599 1904 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1904 2 . . NNP 22599 1904 3 , , , 22599 1904 4 p. p. NN 22599 1905 1 26 26 CD 22599 1905 2 . . . 22599 1905 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1906 1 But but CC 22599 1906 2 in in IN 22599 1906 3 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1906 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1906 5 theca theca NNP 22599 1906 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1906 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1906 8 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1906 9 THEKE theke NN 22599 1906 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1906 11 , , , 22599 1906 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1906 13 Greek greek JJ 22599 1906 14 : : : 22599 1906 15 thêkê thêkê JJ 22599 1906 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1906 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1906 18 is be VBZ 22599 1906 19 a a DT 22599 1906 20 place place NN 22599 1906 21 to to TO 22599 1906 22 put put VB 22599 1906 23 something something NN 22599 1906 24 , , , 22599 1906 25 a a DT 22599 1906 26 receptacle receptacle NN 22599 1906 27 . . . 22599 1907 1 If if IN 22599 1907 2 a a DT 22599 1907 3 vacant vacant JJ 22599 1907 4 column column NN 22599 1907 5 , , , 22599 1907 6 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 1908 1 in in IN 22599 1908 2 the the DT 22599 1908 3 abacus abacus NN 22599 1908 4 , , , 22599 1908 5 was be VBD 22599 1908 6 so so RB 22599 1908 7 called call VBN 22599 1908 8 , , , 22599 1908 9 the the DT 22599 1908 10 initial initial JJ 22599 1908 11 might may MD 22599 1908 12 have have VB 22599 1908 13 given give VBN 22599 1908 14 the the DT 22599 1908 15 early early JJ 22599 1908 16 forms form NNS 22599 1908 17 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1908 18 symbol symbol NN 22599 1908 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1908 20 and and CC 22599 1908 21 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1908 22 symbol symbol NN 22599 1908 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1908 24 for for IN 22599 1908 25 the the DT 22599 1908 26 zero zero CD 22599 1908 27 . . . 22599 1909 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1909 2 239 239 CD 22599 1909 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1909 4 Buteo Buteo NNP 22599 1909 5 , , , 22599 1909 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1909 7 Logistica Logistica NNP 22599 1909 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1909 9 , , , 22599 1909 10 Lyons Lyons NNP 22599 1909 11 , , , 22599 1909 12 1559 1559 CD 22599 1909 13 . . . 22599 1910 1 See see VB 22599 1910 2 also also RB 22599 1910 3 Wertheim Wertheim NNP 22599 1910 4 in in IN 22599 1910 5 the the DT 22599 1910 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1910 7 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1910 8 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1910 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1910 10 , , , 22599 1910 11 1901 1901 CD 22599 1910 12 , , , 22599 1910 13 p. p. NN 22599 1910 14 214 214 CD 22599 1910 15 . . . 22599 1911 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1911 2 240 240 CD 22599 1911 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1911 4 " " `` 22599 1911 5 0 0 NFP 22599 1911 6 est est NNP 22599 1911 7 appellee appellee NNP 22599 1911 8 chiffre chiffre NNP 22599 1911 9 ou ou NNP 22599 1911 10 nulle nulle NNP 22599 1911 11 ou ou NNP 22599 1911 12 figure figure NNP 22599 1911 13 de de FW 22599 1911 14 nulle nulle NNP 22599 1911 15 valeur valeur NNP 22599 1911 16 . . . 22599 1911 17 " " '' 22599 1912 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1912 2 La La NNP 22599 1912 3 Roche Roche NNP 22599 1912 4 , , , 22599 1912 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1912 6 L'arithmétique L'arithmétique NNP 22599 1912 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1912 8 , , , 22599 1912 9 Lyons Lyons NNP 22599 1912 10 , , , 22599 1912 11 1520 1520 CD 22599 1912 12 . . . 22599 1912 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1913 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1913 2 241 241 CD 22599 1913 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1913 4 " " `` 22599 1913 5 Decima Decima NNP 22599 1913 6 autem autem NN 22599 1913 7 figura figura NNP 22599 1913 8 nihil nihil NNP 22599 1913 9 uocata uocata NNP 22599 1913 10 , , , 22599 1913 11 " " '' 22599 1913 12 " " `` 22599 1913 13 figura figura NNP 22599 1913 14 nihili nihili NNP 22599 1913 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1913 16 quam quam NNP 22599 1913 17 etiam etiam NNP 22599 1913 18 cifram cifram NNP 22599 1913 19 uocant uocant NNP 22599 1913 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1913 21 . . . 22599 1913 22 " " '' 22599 1914 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1914 2 Stifel Stifel NNP 22599 1914 3 , , , 22599 1914 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1914 5 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 1914 6 integra integra NNS 22599 1914 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1914 8 , , , 22599 1914 9 1544 1544 CD 22599 1914 10 , , , 22599 1914 11 f. f. NNP 22599 1915 1 1 1 LS 22599 1915 2 . . . 22599 1915 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1916 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1916 2 242 242 CD 22599 1916 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1916 4 " " `` 22599 1916 5 Zifra zifra NN 22599 1916 6 , , , 22599 1916 7 & & CC 22599 1916 8 Nulla Nulla NNP 22599 1916 9 uel uel VB 22599 1916 10 figura figura JJ 22599 1916 11 Nihili Nihili NNP 22599 1916 12 . . . 22599 1916 13 " " '' 22599 1917 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1917 2 Scheubel Scheubel NNP 22599 1917 3 , , , 22599 1917 4 1545 1545 CD 22599 1917 5 , , , 22599 1917 6 p. p. NN 22599 1917 7 1 1 CD 22599 1917 8 of of IN 22599 1917 9 ch ch NN 22599 1917 10 . . . 22599 1918 1 1 1 LS 22599 1918 2 . . . 22599 1918 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1919 1 _ _ NNP 22599 1919 2 Nulla Nulla NNP 22599 1919 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1919 4 is be VBZ 22599 1919 5 also also RB 22599 1919 6 used use VBN 22599 1919 7 by by IN 22599 1919 8 Italian italian JJ 22599 1919 9 writers writer NNS 22599 1919 10 . . . 22599 1920 1 Thus thus RB 22599 1920 2 Sfortunati Sfortunati NNP 22599 1920 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1920 4 1545 1545 CD 22599 1920 5 ed ed NNP 22599 1920 6 . . NNP 22599 1920 7 , , , 22599 1920 8 f. f. NNP 22599 1920 9 4 4 CD 22599 1920 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1920 11 says say VBZ 22599 1920 12 : : : 22599 1920 13 " " `` 22599 1920 14 et et FW 22599 1920 15 la la NNP 22599 1920 16 decima decima NNP 22599 1920 17 nulla nulla NNP 22599 1920 18 & & CC 22599 1920 19 e e NNP 22599 1920 20 chiamata chiamata NNP 22599 1920 21 questa questa NNP 22599 1920 22 decima decima NNP 22599 1920 23 zero zero CD 22599 1920 24 ; ; : 22599 1920 25 " " `` 22599 1920 26 Cataldi Cataldi NNP 22599 1920 27 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1920 28 1602 1602 CD 22599 1920 29 , , , 22599 1920 30 p. p. NN 22599 1920 31 1 1 CD 22599 1920 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1920 33 : : : 22599 1920 34 " " `` 22599 1920 35 La La NNP 22599 1920 36 prima prima NNP 22599 1920 37 , , , 22599 1920 38 che che NNP 22599 1920 39 è è NNP 22599 1920 40 o o NNP 22599 1920 41 , , , 22599 1920 42 si si NNP 22599 1920 43 chiama chiama NNP 22599 1920 44 nulla nulla NNP 22599 1920 45 , , , 22599 1920 46 ouero ouero NNP 22599 1920 47 zero zero CD 22599 1920 48 , , , 22599 1920 49 ouero ouero NNP 22599 1920 50 niente niente JJ 22599 1920 51 . . . 22599 1920 52 " " '' 22599 1921 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1921 2 also also RB 22599 1921 3 found find VBD 22599 1921 4 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1921 5 way way NN 22599 1921 6 into into IN 22599 1921 7 the the DT 22599 1921 8 Dutch dutch JJ 22599 1921 9 arithmetics arithmetic NNS 22599 1921 10 , , , 22599 1921 11 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 1922 1 Raets raet NNS 22599 1922 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1922 3 1576 1576 CD 22599 1922 4 , , , 22599 1922 5 1580 1580 CD 22599 1922 6 ed ed NNP 22599 1922 7 . . NNP 22599 1922 8 , , , 22599 1922 9 f. f. NNP 22599 1922 10 A_3 A_3 NNP 22599 1922 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1922 12 : : : 22599 1922 13 " " `` 22599 1922 14 Nullo Nullo NNP 22599 1922 15 dat dat NNP 22599 1922 16 ist ist NNP 22599 1922 17 niet niet NNP 22599 1922 18 ; ; : 22599 1922 19 " " `` 22599 1922 20 Van Van NNP 22599 1922 21 der der NN 22599 1922 22 Schuere Schuere NNP 22599 1922 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1922 24 1600 1600 CD 22599 1922 25 , , , 22599 1922 26 1624 1624 CD 22599 1922 27 ed ed NNP 22599 1922 28 . . NNP 22599 1922 29 , , , 22599 1922 30 f. f. NNP 22599 1922 31 7 7 CD 22599 1922 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1922 33 ; ; : 22599 1922 34 Wilkens wilken NNS 22599 1922 35 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1922 36 1669 1669 CD 22599 1922 37 ed ed NNP 22599 1922 38 . . NNP 22599 1922 39 , , , 22599 1922 40 p. p. NN 22599 1922 41 1 1 CD 22599 1922 42 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1922 43 . . . 22599 1923 1 In in IN 22599 1923 2 Germany Germany NNP 22599 1923 3 Johann Johann NNP 22599 1923 4 Albert Albert NNP 22599 1923 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1923 6 Wittenberg Wittenberg NNP 22599 1923 7 , , , 22599 1923 8 1534 1534 CD 22599 1923 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1923 10 and and CC 22599 1923 11 Rudolff Rudolff NNP 22599 1923 12 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1923 13 1526 1526 CD 22599 1923 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1923 15 both both DT 22599 1923 16 adopted adopt VBD 22599 1923 17 the the DT 22599 1923 18 Italian italian JJ 22599 1923 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1923 20 nulla nulla NN 22599 1923 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1923 22 and and CC 22599 1923 23 popularized popularize VBD 22599 1923 24 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1923 25 . . . 22599 1924 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1924 2 See see VB 22599 1924 3 also also RB 22599 1924 4 Kuckuck Kuckuck NNP 22599 1924 5 , , , 22599 1924 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1924 7 Die Die NNP 22599 1924 8 Rechenkunst Rechenkunst NNP 22599 1924 9 i -PRON- PRP 22599 1924 10 m be VBP 22599 1924 11 sechzehnten sechzehnten VBD 22599 1924 12 Jahrhundert Jahrhundert NNP 22599 1924 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1924 14 , , , 22599 1924 15 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1924 16 , , , 22599 1924 17 1874 1874 CD 22599 1924 18 , , , 22599 1924 19 p. p. NN 22599 1924 20 7 7 CD 22599 1924 21 ; ; : 22599 1924 22 Günther Günther NNP 22599 1924 23 , , , 22599 1924 24 _ _ NNP 22599 1924 25 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1924 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1924 27 , , , 22599 1924 28 p. p. NN 22599 1925 1 316 316 CD 22599 1925 2 . . . 22599 1925 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1926 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1926 2 243 243 CD 22599 1926 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1926 4 " " `` 22599 1926 5 La La NNP 22599 1926 6 dixième dixième NNP 22599 1926 7 s'appelle s'appelle NNP 22599 1926 8 chifre chifre FW 22599 1926 9 vulgairement vulgairement NNP 22599 1926 10 : : : 22599 1926 11 les les NNP 22599 1926 12 vns vns NNP 22599 1926 13 l'appellant l'appellant NNP 22599 1926 14 zero zero CD 22599 1926 15 : : : 22599 1926 16 nous nous JJ 22599 1926 17 la la NNP 22599 1926 18 pourrons pourron NNS 22599 1926 19 appeller appeller NN 22599 1926 20 vn vn NNP 22599 1926 21 Rien Rien NNP 22599 1926 22 . . . 22599 1926 23 " " '' 22599 1927 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1927 2 Peletier Peletier NNP 22599 1927 3 , , , 22599 1927 4 1607 1607 CD 22599 1927 5 ed ed NNP 22599 1927 6 . . NNP 22599 1927 7 , , , 22599 1927 8 p. p. NN 22599 1928 1 14 14 CD 22599 1928 2 . . . 22599 1928 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1929 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1929 2 244 244 CD 22599 1929 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1929 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1929 5 appears appear VBZ 22599 1929 6 in in IN 22599 1929 7 the the DT 22599 1929 8 Polish polish JJ 22599 1929 9 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1929 10 of of IN 22599 1929 11 K[=l]os K[=l]os NNP 22599 1929 12 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1929 13 1538 1538 CD 22599 1929 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1929 15 as as IN 22599 1929 16 _ _ NNP 22599 1929 17 cyfra cyfra NN 22599 1929 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1929 19 . . . 22599 1930 1 " " `` 22599 1930 2 The the DT 22599 1930 3 Ciphra Ciphra NNP 22599 1930 4 0 0 CD 22599 1930 5 augmenteth augmenteth JJ 22599 1930 6 places place NNS 22599 1930 7 , , , 22599 1930 8 but but CC 22599 1930 9 of of IN 22599 1930 10 himselfe himselfe JJ 22599 1930 11 signifieth signifieth NNP 22599 1930 12 not not RB 22599 1930 13 , , , 22599 1930 14 " " `` 22599 1930 15 Digges digge NNS 22599 1930 16 , , , 22599 1930 17 1579 1579 CD 22599 1930 18 , , , 22599 1930 19 p. p. NN 22599 1930 20 1 1 CD 22599 1930 21 . . . 22599 1931 1 Hodder hodder NN 22599 1931 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1931 3 10th 10th JJ 22599 1931 4 ed ed NNP 22599 1931 5 . . NNP 22599 1931 6 , , , 22599 1931 7 1672 1672 CD 22599 1931 8 , , , 22599 1931 9 p. p. NN 22599 1931 10 2 2 CD 22599 1931 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1931 12 uses use VBZ 22599 1931 13 only only RB 22599 1931 14 this this DT 22599 1931 15 word word NN 22599 1931 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1931 17 cypher cypher NN 22599 1931 18 or or CC 22599 1931 19 cipher cipher NN 22599 1931 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1931 21 , , , 22599 1931 22 and and CC 22599 1931 23 the the DT 22599 1931 24 same same JJ 22599 1931 25 is be VBZ 22599 1931 26 true true JJ 22599 1931 27 of of IN 22599 1931 28 the the DT 22599 1931 29 first first JJ 22599 1931 30 native native JJ 22599 1931 31 American american JJ 22599 1931 32 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 1931 33 , , , 22599 1931 34 written write VBN 22599 1931 35 by by IN 22599 1931 36 Isaac Isaac NNP 22599 1931 37 Greenwood Greenwood NNP 22599 1931 38 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1931 39 1729 1729 CD 22599 1931 40 , , , 22599 1931 41 p. p. NN 22599 1931 42 1 1 CD 22599 1931 43 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1931 44 . . . 22599 1932 1 Petrus Petrus NNP 22599 1932 2 de de NNP 22599 1932 3 Dacia Dacia NNP 22599 1932 4 derives derive VBZ 22599 1932 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1932 6 cyfra cyfra NN 22599 1932 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1932 8 from from IN 22599 1932 9 circumference circumference NN 22599 1932 10 . . . 22599 1933 1 " " `` 22599 1933 2 Vocatur Vocatur NNP 22599 1933 3 etiam etiam JJ 22599 1933 4 cyfra cyfra NN 22599 1933 5 , , , 22599 1933 6 quasi quasi NNP 22599 1933 7 circumfacta circumfacta NNP 22599 1933 8 vel vel NNP 22599 1933 9 circumferenda circumferenda NNP 22599 1933 10 , , , 22599 1933 11 quod quod NN 22599 1933 12 idem idem NNP 22599 1933 13 est est NNP 22599 1933 14 , , , 22599 1933 15 quod quod NN 22599 1933 16 circulus circulus IN 22599 1933 17 non non AFX 22599 1933 18 habito habito NNP 22599 1933 19 respectu respectu NNP 22599 1933 20 ad ad NN 22599 1933 21 centrum centrum NN 22599 1933 22 . . . 22599 1933 23 " " '' 22599 1934 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1934 2 Loc loc NN 22599 1934 3 . . . 22599 1935 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1935 2 . . NNP 22599 1935 3 , , , 22599 1935 4 p. p. NN 22599 1936 1 26 26 CD 22599 1936 2 . . . 22599 1936 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1937 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1937 2 245 245 CD 22599 1937 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1937 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1937 5 Opera Opera NNP 22599 1937 6 mathematica mathematica NN 22599 1937 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1937 8 , , , 22599 1937 9 1695 1695 CD 22599 1937 10 , , , 22599 1937 11 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 1937 12 , , , 22599 1937 13 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1937 14 . . . 22599 1938 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1938 2 , , , 22599 1938 3 chap chap NNP 22599 1938 4 . . . 22599 1939 1 ix ix NNP 22599 1939 2 , , , 22599 1939 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1939 4 Mathesis Mathesis NNP 22599 1939 5 universalis universalis NNP 22599 1939 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1939 7 , , , 22599 1939 8 " " `` 22599 1939 9 De De NNP 22599 1939 10 figuris figuris NNP 22599 1939 11 numeralibus numeralibus NNP 22599 1939 12 , , , 22599 1939 13 " " '' 22599 1939 14 pp pp NNP 22599 1939 15 . . . 22599 1940 1 46 46 CD 22599 1940 2 - - SYM 22599 1940 3 49 49 CD 22599 1940 4 ; ; : 22599 1940 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1940 6 . . . 22599 1941 1 II II NNP 22599 1941 2 , , , 22599 1941 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1941 4 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 1941 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1941 6 , , , 22599 1941 7 p. p. NN 22599 1941 8 10 10 CD 22599 1941 9 . . . 22599 1942 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1942 2 246 246 CD 22599 1942 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1942 4 Martin Martin NNP 22599 1942 5 , , , 22599 1942 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1942 7 Origine Origine NNP 22599 1942 8 de de NNP 22599 1942 9 notre notre NNP 22599 1942 10 système système NNP 22599 1942 11 de de NNP 22599 1942 12 numération numération NNP 22599 1942 13 écrite écrite NNP 22599 1942 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1942 15 , , , 22599 1942 16 note note VB 22599 1942 17 149 149 CD 22599 1942 18 , , , 22599 1942 19 p. p. NN 22599 1942 20 36 36 CD 22599 1942 21 of of IN 22599 1942 22 reprint reprint NN 22599 1942 23 , , , 22599 1942 24 spells spell VBZ 22599 1942 25 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1942 26 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1942 27 : : : 22599 1942 28 tsiphra tsiphra NN 22599 1942 29 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1942 30 from from IN 22599 1942 31 Maximus Maximus NNP 22599 1942 32 Planudes Planudes NNP 22599 1942 33 , , , 22599 1942 34 citing cite VBG 22599 1942 35 Wallis Wallis NNP 22599 1942 36 as as IN 22599 1942 37 an an DT 22599 1942 38 authority authority NN 22599 1942 39 . . . 22599 1943 1 This this DT 22599 1943 2 is be VBZ 22599 1943 3 an an DT 22599 1943 4 error error NN 22599 1943 5 , , , 22599 1943 6 for for IN 22599 1943 7 Wallis Wallis NNP 22599 1943 8 gives give VBZ 22599 1943 9 the the DT 22599 1943 10 correct correct JJ 22599 1943 11 form form NN 22599 1943 12 as as IN 22599 1943 13 above above RB 22599 1943 14 . . . 22599 1944 1 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 1944 2 von von NNP 22599 1944 3 Humboldt Humboldt NNP 22599 1944 4 , , , 22599 1944 5 " " `` 22599 1944 6 Über Über NNP 22599 1944 7 die die VBP 22599 1944 8 bei bei NNP 22599 1944 9 verschiedenen verschiedenen NN 22599 1944 10 Völkern Völkern NNP 22599 1944 11 üblichen üblichen NN 22599 1944 12 Systeme Systeme NNP 22599 1944 13 von von NNP 22599 1944 14 Zahlzeichen Zahlzeichen NNP 22599 1944 15 und und JJ 22599 1944 16 über über NN 22599 1944 17 den den NN 22599 1944 18 Ursprung Ursprung NNP 22599 1944 19 des des FW 22599 1944 20 Stellenwerthes Stellenwerthes NNP 22599 1944 21 in in IN 22599 1944 22 den den NNP 22599 1944 23 indischen indischen NNP 22599 1944 24 Zahlen Zahlen NNP 22599 1944 25 , , , 22599 1944 26 " " `` 22599 1944 27 Crelle Crelle NNP 22599 1944 28 's 's POS 22599 1944 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1944 30 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1944 31 für für NN 22599 1944 32 reine reine NN 22599 1944 33 und und NN 22599 1944 34 angewandte angewandte NNS 22599 1944 35 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1944 36 _ _ NNP 22599 1944 37 , , , 22599 1944 38 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1944 39 . . . 22599 1945 1 IV IV NNP 22599 1945 2 , , , 22599 1945 3 1829 1829 CD 22599 1945 4 , , , 22599 1945 5 called call VBN 22599 1945 6 attention attention NN 22599 1945 7 to to IN 22599 1945 8 the the DT 22599 1945 9 work work NN 22599 1945 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1945 11 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1945 12 : : : 22599 1945 13 arithmoi arithmoi NNP 22599 1945 14 Indikoi Indikoi NNP 22599 1945 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1945 16 of of IN 22599 1945 17 the the DT 22599 1945 18 monk monk NN 22599 1945 19 Neophytos Neophytos NNP 22599 1945 20 , , , 22599 1945 21 supposed suppose VBN 22599 1945 22 to to TO 22599 1945 23 be be VB 22599 1945 24 of of IN 22599 1945 25 the the DT 22599 1945 26 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 1945 27 century century NN 22599 1945 28 . . . 22599 1946 1 In in IN 22599 1946 2 this this DT 22599 1946 3 work work NN 22599 1946 4 the the DT 22599 1946 5 forms form NNS 22599 1946 6 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1946 7 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1946 8 : : : 22599 1946 9 tzuphra tzuphra NN 22599 1946 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1946 11 and and CC 22599 1946 12 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1946 13 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1946 14 : : : 22599 1946 15 tzumphra tzumphra NN 22599 1946 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1946 17 appear appear VBP 22599 1946 18 . . . 22599 1947 1 See see VB 22599 1947 2 also also RB 22599 1947 3 Boeckh Boeckh NNP 22599 1947 4 , , , 22599 1947 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1947 6 De De NNP 22599 1947 7 abaco abaco NNP 22599 1947 8 Graecorum Graecorum NNP 22599 1947 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1947 10 , , , 22599 1947 11 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 1947 12 , , , 22599 1947 13 1841 1841 CD 22599 1947 14 , , , 22599 1947 15 and and CC 22599 1947 16 Tannery Tannery NNP 22599 1947 17 , , , 22599 1947 18 " " '' 22599 1947 19 Le Le NNP 22599 1947 20 Scholie Scholie NNP 22599 1947 21 du du NNP 22599 1947 22 moine moine VB 22599 1947 23 Néophytos Néophytos NNP 22599 1947 24 , , , 22599 1947 25 " " '' 22599 1947 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1947 27 Revue Revue NNP 22599 1947 28 Archéologique Archéologique NNP 22599 1947 29 _ _ NNP 22599 1947 30 , , , 22599 1947 31 1885 1885 CD 22599 1947 32 , , , 22599 1947 33 pp pp NNP 22599 1947 34 . . . 22599 1948 1 99 99 CD 22599 1948 2 - - SYM 22599 1948 3 102 102 CD 22599 1948 4 . . . 22599 1949 1 Jordan Jordan NNP 22599 1949 2 , , , 22599 1949 3 loc loc NNP 22599 1949 4 . . . 22599 1950 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1950 2 . . . 22599 1950 3 , , , 22599 1950 4 gives give VBZ 22599 1950 5 from from IN 22599 1950 6 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 1950 7 and and CC 22599 1950 8 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 1950 9 century century NN 22599 1950 10 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 1950 11 the the DT 22599 1950 12 forms form NNS 22599 1950 13 _ _ NNP 22599 1950 14 cifra cifra NN 22599 1950 15 _ _ NNP 22599 1950 16 , , , 22599 1950 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1950 18 ciffre ciffre NN 22599 1950 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1950 20 , , , 22599 1950 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1950 22 chifras chifra NNS 22599 1950 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1950 24 , , , 22599 1950 25 and and CC 22599 1950 26 _ _ NNP 22599 1950 27 cifrus cifrus NNP 22599 1950 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1950 29 . . . 22599 1951 1 Du Du NNP 22599 1951 2 Cange Cange NNP 22599 1951 3 , , , 22599 1951 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1951 5 Glossarium Glossarium NNP 22599 1951 6 mediae mediae VBZ 22599 1951 7 et et FW 22599 1951 8 infimae infimae NN 22599 1951 9 Latinitatis Latinitatis NNP 22599 1951 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1951 11 , , , 22599 1951 12 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1951 13 , , , 22599 1951 14 1842 1842 CD 22599 1951 15 , , , 22599 1951 16 gives give VBZ 22599 1951 17 also also RB 22599 1951 18 _ _ NNP 22599 1951 19 chilerae chilerae NNP 22599 1951 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1951 21 . . . 22599 1952 1 Dasypodius Dasypodius NNP 22599 1952 2 , , , 22599 1952 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1952 4 Institutiones Institutiones NNP 22599 1952 5 Mathematicae Mathematicae NNP 22599 1952 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1952 7 , , , 22599 1952 8 Strassburg Strassburg NNP 22599 1952 9 , , , 22599 1952 10 1593 1593 CD 22599 1952 11 - - SYM 22599 1952 12 1596 1596 CD 22599 1952 13 , , , 22599 1952 14 adds add VBZ 22599 1952 15 the the DT 22599 1952 16 forms form NNS 22599 1952 17 _ _ NNP 22599 1952 18 zyphra zyphra NNP 22599 1952 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1952 20 and and CC 22599 1952 21 _ _ NNP 22599 1952 22 syphra syphra NN 22599 1952 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1952 24 . . . 22599 1953 1 Boissière Boissière NNP 22599 1953 2 , , , 22599 1953 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1953 4 L'art L'art NNP 22599 1953 5 d'arythmetique d'arythmetique NN 22599 1953 6 contenant contenant JJ 22599 1953 7 toute toute NN 22599 1953 8 dimention dimention NN 22599 1953 9 , , , 22599 1953 10 tres tres NNP 22599 1953 11 - - HYPH 22599 1953 12 singulier singulier NNP 22599 1953 13 et et FW 22599 1953 14 commode commode NN 22599 1953 15 , , , 22599 1953 16 tant tant NN 22599 1953 17 pour pour NNP 22599 1953 18 l'art l'art CC 22599 1953 19 militaire militaire NN 22599 1953 20 que que NN 22599 1953 21 autres autre VBZ 22599 1953 22 calculations calculation NNS 22599 1953 23 _ _ NNP 22599 1953 24 , , , 22599 1953 25 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1953 26 , , , 22599 1953 27 1554 1554 CD 22599 1953 28 : : : 22599 1953 29 " " `` 22599 1953 30 Puis Puis NNP 22599 1953 31 y y NNP 22599 1953 32 en en IN 22599 1953 33 a a DT 22599 1953 34 vn vn FW 22599 1953 35 autre autre NNP 22599 1953 36 dict dict NN 22599 1953 37 zero zero CD 22599 1953 38 lequel lequel NNP 22599 1953 39 ne ne NNP 22599 1953 40 designe designe NNP 22599 1953 41 nulle nulle NNP 22599 1953 42 quantité quantité NNP 22599 1953 43 par par NNP 22599 1953 44 soy soy NNP 22599 1953 45 , , , 22599 1953 46 ains ain VBZ 22599 1953 47 seulement seulement NNP 22599 1953 48 les les NNP 22599 1953 49 loges loges NNP 22599 1953 50 vuides vuide NNS 22599 1953 51 . . . 22599 1953 52 " " '' 22599 1954 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1954 2 247 247 CD 22599 1954 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1954 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1954 5 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1954 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1954 7 , , , 22599 1954 8 pp pp NNP 22599 1954 9 . . . 22599 1955 1 27 27 CD 22599 1955 2 , , , 22599 1955 3 234 234 CD 22599 1955 4 , , , 22599 1955 5 442 442 CD 22599 1955 6 . . . 22599 1956 1 Treutlein Treutlein NNP 22599 1956 2 , , , 22599 1956 3 " " `` 22599 1956 4 Das Das NNP 22599 1956 5 Rechnen Rechnen NNP 22599 1956 6 i -PRON- PRP 22599 1956 7 m be VBP 22599 1956 8 16 16 CD 22599 1956 9 . . . 22599 1957 1 Jahrhundert Jahrhundert NNP 22599 1957 2 , , , 22599 1957 3 " " `` 22599 1957 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1957 5 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1957 6 zur zur NN 22599 1957 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 1957 8 der der VBD 22599 1957 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1957 10 _ _ NNP 22599 1957 11 , , , 22599 1957 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1957 13 . . . 22599 1958 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1958 2 , , , 22599 1958 3 p. p. NN 22599 1958 4 5 5 CD 22599 1958 5 , , , 22599 1958 6 favors favor VBZ 22599 1958 7 the the DT 22599 1958 8 same same JJ 22599 1958 9 view view NN 22599 1958 10 . . . 22599 1959 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 1959 2 is be VBZ 22599 1959 3 combated combat VBN 22599 1959 4 by by IN 22599 1959 5 many many JJ 22599 1959 6 writers writer NNS 22599 1959 7 , , , 22599 1959 8 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 1960 1 A. A. NNP 22599 1960 2 C. C. NNP 22599 1960 3 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 1960 4 , , , 22599 1960 5 loc loc NNP 22599 1960 6 . . . 22599 1961 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1961 2 . . NNP 22599 1961 3 , , , 22599 1961 4 p. p. NN 22599 1961 5 59 59 CD 22599 1961 6 . . . 22599 1962 1 Long long RB 22599 1962 2 before before RB 22599 1962 3 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1962 4 , , , 22599 1962 5 I. I. NNP 22599 1962 6 F. F. NNP 22599 1962 7 and and CC 22599 1962 8 G. G. NNP 22599 1962 9 I. I. NNP 22599 1962 10 Weidler Weidler NNP 22599 1962 11 , , , 22599 1962 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1962 13 De De NNP 22599 1962 14 characteribus characteribus NNP 22599 1962 15 numerorum numerorum NNP 22599 1962 16 vulgaribus vulgaribus NNP 22599 1962 17 et et NNP 22599 1962 18 eorum eorum NNP 22599 1962 19 aetatibus aetatibus NNP 22599 1962 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1962 21 , , , 22599 1962 22 Wittenberg Wittenberg NNP 22599 1962 23 , , , 22599 1962 24 1727 1727 CD 22599 1962 25 , , , 22599 1962 26 asserted assert VBD 22599 1962 27 the the DT 22599 1962 28 possibility possibility NN 22599 1962 29 of of IN 22599 1962 30 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1962 31 introduction introduction NN 22599 1962 32 into into IN 22599 1962 33 Greece Greece NNP 22599 1962 34 by by IN 22599 1962 35 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNP 22599 1962 36 or or CC 22599 1962 37 one one CD 22599 1962 38 of of IN 22599 1962 39 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1962 40 followers follower NNS 22599 1962 41 : : : 22599 1962 42 " " `` 22599 1962 43 Potuerunt potuerunt NN 22599 1962 44 autem autem NN 22599 1962 45 ex ex NNP 22599 1962 46 oriente oriente NNP 22599 1962 47 , , , 22599 1962 48 uel uel NNP 22599 1962 49 ex ex FW 22599 1962 50 phoenicia phoenicia NNP 22599 1962 51 , , , 22599 1962 52 ad ad NN 22599 1962 53 graecos graecos NNP 22599 1962 54 traduci traduci NNP 22599 1962 55 , , , 22599 1962 56 uel uel NNP 22599 1962 57 Pythagorae Pythagorae NNP 22599 1962 58 , , , 22599 1962 59 uel uel NNP 22599 1962 60 eius eius NNP 22599 1962 61 discipulorum discipulorum NNP 22599 1962 62 auxilio auxilio NNP 22599 1962 63 , , , 22599 1962 64 cum cum NNP 22599 1962 65 aliquis aliquis NNP 22599 1962 66 eo eo NNP 22599 1962 67 , , , 22599 1962 68 proficiendi proficiendi NNP 22599 1962 69 in in IN 22599 1962 70 literis literis NNP 22599 1962 71 causa causa NNP 22599 1962 72 , , , 22599 1962 73 iter iter NN 22599 1962 74 faceret faceret NNP 22599 1962 75 , , , 22599 1962 76 et et FW 22599 1962 77 hoc hoc FW 22599 1962 78 quoque quoque NNP 22599 1962 79 inuentum inuentum NNP 22599 1962 80 addisceret addisceret NNP 22599 1962 81 . . . 22599 1962 82 " " '' 22599 1963 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1963 2 248 248 CD 22599 1963 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1963 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 1963 5 , , , 22599 1963 6 they -PRON- PRP 22599 1963 7 adopted adopt VBD 22599 1963 8 the the DT 22599 1963 9 Greek greek JJ 22599 1963 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1963 11 in in IN 22599 1963 12 use use NN 22599 1963 13 in in IN 22599 1963 14 Damascus Damascus NNP 22599 1963 15 and and CC 22599 1963 16 Syria Syria NNP 22599 1963 17 , , , 22599 1963 18 and and CC 22599 1963 19 the the DT 22599 1963 20 Coptic Coptic NNP 22599 1963 21 in in IN 22599 1963 22 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 1963 23 . . . 22599 1964 1 Theophanes Theophanes NNP 22599 1964 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1964 3 758 758 CD 22599 1964 4 - - SYM 22599 1964 5 818 818 CD 22599 1964 6 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1964 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1964 8 , , , 22599 1964 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1964 10 Chronographia Chronographia NNP 22599 1964 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1964 12 , , , 22599 1964 13 Scriptores Scriptores NNP 22599 1964 14 Historiae Historiae NNP 22599 1964 15 Byzantinae Byzantinae NNP 22599 1964 16 , , , 22599 1964 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1964 18 . . . 22599 1965 1 XXXIX XXXIX NNP 22599 1965 2 , , , 22599 1965 3 Bonnae Bonnae NNP 22599 1965 4 , , , 22599 1965 5 1839 1839 CD 22599 1965 6 , , , 22599 1965 7 p. p. NN 22599 1965 8 575 575 CD 22599 1965 9 , , , 22599 1965 10 relates relate VBZ 22599 1965 11 that that IN 22599 1965 12 in in IN 22599 1965 13 699 699 CD 22599 1965 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1965 15 the the DT 22599 1965 16 caliph caliph NNS 22599 1965 17 Wal[=i]d Wal[=i]d NNP 22599 1965 18 forbade forbid VBD 22599 1965 19 the the DT 22599 1965 20 use use NN 22599 1965 21 of of IN 22599 1965 22 the the DT 22599 1965 23 Greek greek JJ 22599 1965 24 language language NN 22599 1965 25 in in IN 22599 1965 26 the the DT 22599 1965 27 bookkeeping bookkeeping NN 22599 1965 28 of of IN 22599 1965 29 the the DT 22599 1965 30 treasury treasury NN 22599 1965 31 of of IN 22599 1965 32 the the DT 22599 1965 33 caliphate caliphate NN 22599 1965 34 , , , 22599 1965 35 but but CC 22599 1965 36 permitted permit VBD 22599 1965 37 the the DT 22599 1965 38 use use NN 22599 1965 39 of of IN 22599 1965 40 the the DT 22599 1965 41 Greek greek JJ 22599 1965 42 alphabetic alphabetic JJ 22599 1965 43 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1965 44 , , , 22599 1965 45 since since IN 22599 1965 46 the the DT 22599 1965 47 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 1965 48 had have VBD 22599 1965 49 no no DT 22599 1965 50 convenient convenient JJ 22599 1965 51 number number NN 22599 1965 52 notation notation NN 22599 1965 53 : : : 22599 1965 54 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1965 55 Greek Greek NNP 22599 1965 56 : : : 22599 1965 57 kai kai NNP 22599 1965 58 ekôluse ekôluse NN 22599 1965 59 graphesthai graphesthai NNP 22599 1965 60 Hellênisti Hellênisti NNP 22599 1965 61 tous tous JJ 22599 1965 62 dêmosious dêmosious JJ 22599 1965 63 tôn tôn NNP 22599 1965 64 logothesiôn logothesiôn NNP 22599 1965 65 kôdikas kôdikas NNP 22599 1965 66 , , , 22599 1965 67 all all DT 22599 1965 68 ' ' '' 22599 1965 69 Arabiois Arabiois NNP 22599 1965 70 auta auta NNP 22599 1965 71 parasêmainesthai parasêmainesthai NNP 22599 1965 72 , , , 22599 1965 73 chôris chôris NNP 22599 1965 74 tôn tôn NNP 22599 1965 75 psêphôn psêphôn NNP 22599 1965 76 , , , 22599 1965 77 epeidê epeidê NNP 22599 1965 78 adunaton adunaton NNP 22599 1965 79 têi têi NNP 22599 1965 80 ekeinôn ekeinôn NNP 22599 1965 81 glôssêi glôssêi NNP 22599 1965 82 monada monada NNP 22599 1965 83 ê ê NNP 22599 1965 84 duada duada NNP 22599 1965 85 ê ê NNP 22599 1965 86 triada triada NNP 22599 1965 87 ê ê NNP 22599 1965 88 oktô oktô NNP 22599 1965 89 hêmisu hêmisu NNP 22599 1965 90 ê ê NNP 22599 1965 91 tria tria NNP 22599 1965 92 graphesthai graphesthai NNP 22599 1965 93 ; ; : 22599 1965 94 dio dio NNP 22599 1965 95 kai kai NNP 22599 1965 96 heôs heôs NNP 22599 1965 97 sêmeron sêmeron NNP 22599 1965 98 eisin eisin NNP 22599 1965 99 sun sun NNP 22599 1965 100 autois autois NNP 22599 1965 101 notarioi notarioi NNP 22599 1965 102 Christianoi Christianoi NNP 22599 1965 103 . . . 22599 1965 104 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1966 1 The the DT 22599 1966 2 importance importance NN 22599 1966 3 of of IN 22599 1966 4 this this DT 22599 1966 5 contemporaneous contemporaneous JJ 22599 1966 6 document document NN 22599 1966 7 was be VBD 22599 1966 8 pointed point VBN 22599 1966 9 out out RP 22599 1966 10 by by IN 22599 1966 11 Martin Martin NNP 22599 1966 12 , , , 22599 1966 13 loc loc NN 22599 1966 14 . . . 22599 1967 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1967 2 . . . 22599 1968 1 Karabacek Karabacek NNP 22599 1968 2 , , , 22599 1968 3 " " '' 22599 1968 4 Die die VB 22599 1968 5 Involutio Involutio NNP 22599 1968 6 i -PRON- PRP 22599 1968 7 m be VBP 22599 1968 8 arabischen arabischen RB 22599 1968 9 Schriftwesen Schriftwesen NNP 22599 1968 10 , , , 22599 1968 11 " " `` 22599 1968 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1968 13 . . . 22599 1969 1 CXXXV CXXXV NNP 22599 1969 2 of of IN 22599 1969 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1969 4 Sitzungsberichte Sitzungsberichte NNP 22599 1969 5 d. d. NNP 22599 1969 6 phil.-hist phil.-hist NNP 22599 1969 7 . . . 22599 1970 1 Classe Classe NNP 22599 1970 2 d. d. NNP 22599 1970 3 k. k. NNP 22599 1970 4 Akad Akad NNP 22599 1970 5 . . . 22599 1971 1 d. d. NNP 22599 1971 2 Wiss Wiss NNP 22599 1971 3 . . . 22599 1971 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1971 5 , , , 22599 1971 6 Vienna Vienna NNP 22599 1971 7 , , , 22599 1971 8 1896 1896 CD 22599 1971 9 , , , 22599 1971 10 p. p. NN 22599 1971 11 25 25 CD 22599 1971 12 , , , 22599 1971 13 gives give VBZ 22599 1971 14 an an DT 22599 1971 15 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1971 16 date date NN 22599 1971 17 of of IN 22599 1971 18 868 868 CD 22599 1971 19 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1971 20 in in IN 22599 1971 21 Greek greek JJ 22599 1971 22 letters letter NNS 22599 1971 23 . . . 22599 1972 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1972 2 249 249 CD 22599 1972 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1972 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1972 5 The the DT 22599 1972 6 Origin Origin NNP 22599 1972 7 and and CC 22599 1972 8 History history NN 22599 1972 9 of of IN 22599 1972 10 Our -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1972 11 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 1972 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1972 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1972 14 in in IN 22599 1972 15 Russian Russian NNP 22599 1972 16 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1972 17 , , , 22599 1972 18 Kiev Kiev NNP 22599 1972 19 , , , 22599 1972 20 1908 1908 CD 22599 1972 21 ; ; : 22599 1972 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1972 23 The the DT 22599 1972 24 Independence Independence NNP 22599 1972 25 of of IN 22599 1972 26 European European NNP 22599 1972 27 Arithmetic Arithmetic NNP 22599 1972 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1972 29 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1972 30 in in IN 22599 1972 31 Russian Russian NNP 22599 1972 32 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1972 33 , , , 22599 1972 34 Kiev Kiev NNP 22599 1972 35 . . . 22599 1973 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1973 2 250 250 CD 22599 1973 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1973 4 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1973 5 , , , 22599 1973 6 loc loc NN 22599 1973 7 . . . 22599 1974 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1974 2 . . . 22599 1974 3 , , , 22599 1974 4 pp pp NNP 22599 1974 5 . . . 22599 1975 1 462 462 CD 22599 1975 2 , , , 22599 1975 3 262 262 CD 22599 1975 4 . . . 22599 1976 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1976 2 251 251 CD 22599 1976 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1976 4 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1976 5 , , , 22599 1976 6 loc loc NN 22599 1976 7 . . . 22599 1977 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1977 2 . . NNP 22599 1977 3 , , , 22599 1977 4 p. p. NN 22599 1977 5 240 240 CD 22599 1977 6 . . . 22599 1978 1 _ _ NNP 22599 1978 2 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1978 3 H.]is[=a]b H.]is[=a]b NNP 22599 1978 4 - - HYPH 22599 1978 5 al-[.G]ob[=a]r al-[.G]ob[=a]r NNP 22599 1978 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1978 7 , , , 22599 1978 8 by by IN 22599 1978 9 an an DT 22599 1978 10 anonymous anonymous JJ 22599 1978 11 author author NN 22599 1978 12 , , , 22599 1978 13 probably probably RB 22599 1978 14 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 1978 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1978 16 Sahl Sahl NNP 22599 1978 17 Dunash Dunash NNP 22599 1978 18 ibn ibn NNP 22599 1978 19 Tamim Tamim NNP 22599 1978 20 , , , 22599 1978 21 is be VBZ 22599 1978 22 given give VBN 22599 1978 23 by by IN 22599 1978 24 Steinschneider steinschneider NN 22599 1978 25 , , , 22599 1978 26 " " `` 22599 1978 27 Die die VBP 22599 1978 28 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 1978 29 bei bei NNP 22599 1978 30 den den NN 22599 1978 31 Juden Juden NNP 22599 1978 32 , , , 22599 1978 33 " " '' 22599 1978 34 _ _ NNP 22599 1978 35 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 1978 36 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 1978 37 _ _ NNP 22599 1978 38 , , , 22599 1978 39 1896 1896 CD 22599 1978 40 , , , 22599 1978 41 p. p. NN 22599 1978 42 26 26 CD 22599 1978 43 . . . 22599 1979 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1979 2 252 252 CD 22599 1979 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1979 4 Steinschneider steinschneider NN 22599 1979 5 in in IN 22599 1979 6 the the DT 22599 1979 7 _ _ NNP 22599 1979 8 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 1979 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1979 10 , , , 22599 1979 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1979 12 . . . 22599 1980 1 III III NNP 22599 1980 2 , , , 22599 1980 3 p. p. NN 22599 1980 4 110 110 CD 22599 1980 5 . . . 22599 1981 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1981 2 253 253 CD 22599 1981 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1981 4 See see VB 22599 1981 5 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1981 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1981 7 Grammaire Grammaire NNP 22599 1981 8 arabe arabe NN 22599 1981 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1981 10 , , , 22599 1981 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 1981 12 . . . 22599 1982 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1982 2 , , , 22599 1982 3 Paris Paris NNP 22599 1982 4 , , , 22599 1982 5 1810 1810 CD 22599 1982 6 , , , 22599 1982 7 plate plate NN 22599 1982 8 VIII viii NN 22599 1982 9 ; ; : 22599 1982 10 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 1982 11 , , , 22599 1982 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1982 13 Études Études NNP 22599 1982 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1982 15 , , , 22599 1982 16 pp pp NNP 22599 1982 17 . . . 22599 1983 1 9 9 CD 22599 1983 2 - - SYM 22599 1983 3 11 11 CD 22599 1983 4 , , , 22599 1983 5 and and CC 22599 1983 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1983 7 Entstehung Entstehung NNP 22599 1983 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1983 9 etc etc FW 22599 1983 10 . . . 22599 1983 11 , , , 22599 1983 12 p. p. NN 22599 1983 13 8 8 CD 22599 1983 14 ; ; : 22599 1983 15 I. I. NNP 22599 1983 16 F. F. NNP 22599 1983 17 Weidler Weidler NNP 22599 1983 18 , , , 22599 1983 19 _ _ NNP 22599 1983 20 Spicilegium Spicilegium NNP 22599 1983 21 observationum observationum JJ 22599 1983 22 ad ad FW 22599 1983 23 historiam historiam NNP 22599 1983 24 notarum notarum NNP 22599 1983 25 numeralium numeralium NNP 22599 1983 26 pertinentium pertinentium NNP 22599 1983 27 _ _ NNP 22599 1983 28 , , , 22599 1983 29 Wittenberg Wittenberg NNP 22599 1983 30 , , , 22599 1983 31 1755 1755 CD 22599 1983 32 , , , 22599 1983 33 speaks speak VBZ 22599 1983 34 of of IN 22599 1983 35 the the DT 22599 1983 36 " " `` 22599 1983 37 figura figura NNP 22599 1983 38 cifrarum cifrarum JJ 22599 1983 39 Saracenicarum Saracenicarum NNP 22599 1983 40 " " '' 22599 1983 41 as as IN 22599 1983 42 being be VBG 22599 1983 43 different different JJ 22599 1983 44 from from IN 22599 1983 45 that that DT 22599 1983 46 of of IN 22599 1983 47 the the DT 22599 1983 48 " " `` 22599 1983 49 characterum characterum JJ 22599 1983 50 Boethianorum Boethianorum NNP 22599 1983 51 , , , 22599 1983 52 " " '' 22599 1983 53 which which WDT 22599 1983 54 are be VBP 22599 1983 55 similar similar JJ 22599 1983 56 to to IN 22599 1983 57 the the DT 22599 1983 58 " " `` 22599 1983 59 vulgar vulgar JJ 22599 1983 60 " " '' 22599 1983 61 or or CC 22599 1983 62 common common JJ 22599 1983 63 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1983 64 ; ; : 22599 1983 65 see see VB 22599 1983 66 also also RB 22599 1983 67 Humboldt Humboldt NNP 22599 1983 68 , , , 22599 1983 69 loc loc NN 22599 1983 70 . . . 22599 1984 1 cit cit NNP 22599 1984 2 . . . 22599 1985 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1985 2 254 254 CD 22599 1985 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1985 4 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 1985 5 mentions mention VBZ 22599 1985 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 1985 7 in in IN 22599 1985 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 1985 9 _ _ NNP 22599 1985 10 Entstehung Entstehung NNP 22599 1985 11 _ _ NNP 22599 1985 12 etc etc FW 22599 1985 13 . . . 22599 1985 14 , , , 22599 1985 15 p. p. NN 22599 1985 16 8 8 CD 22599 1985 17 ; ; : 22599 1985 18 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1985 19 , , , 22599 1985 20 _ _ NNP 22599 1985 21 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1985 22 _ _ NNP 22599 1985 23 , , , 22599 1985 24 states state VBZ 22599 1985 25 that that IN 22599 1985 26 these these DT 22599 1985 27 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1985 28 were be VBD 22599 1985 29 used use VBN 22599 1985 30 not not RB 22599 1985 31 for for IN 22599 1985 32 calculation calculation NN 22599 1985 33 , , , 22599 1985 34 but but CC 22599 1985 35 very very RB 22599 1985 36 much much RB 22599 1985 37 as as IN 22599 1985 38 we -PRON- PRP 22599 1985 39 use use VBP 22599 1985 40 Roman roman JJ 22599 1985 41 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1985 42 . . . 22599 1986 1 These these DT 22599 1986 2 superposed superpose VBN 22599 1986 3 dots dot NNS 22599 1986 4 are be VBP 22599 1986 5 found find VBN 22599 1986 6 with with IN 22599 1986 7 both both DT 22599 1986 8 forms form NNS 22599 1986 9 of of IN 22599 1986 10 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1986 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1986 12 _ _ NNP 22599 1986 13 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 1986 14 _ _ NNP 22599 1986 15 , , , 22599 1986 16 pp pp NNP 22599 1986 17 . . . 22599 1987 1 244 244 CD 22599 1987 2 - - SYM 22599 1987 3 246 246 CD 22599 1987 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1987 5 . . . 22599 1988 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1988 2 255 255 CD 22599 1988 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1988 4 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 1988 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1988 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1988 7 Études Études NNP 22599 1988 8 _ _ NNP 22599 1988 9 , , , 22599 1988 10 p. p. NN 22599 1988 11 9 9 CD 22599 1988 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1988 13 from from IN 22599 1988 14 a a DT 22599 1988 15 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1988 16 in in IN 22599 1988 17 the the DT 22599 1988 18 Bibliothèque Bibliothèque NNP 22599 1988 19 Nationale Nationale NNP 22599 1988 20 . . . 22599 1989 1 The the DT 22599 1989 2 numeral numeral JJ 22599 1989 3 forms form NNS 22599 1989 4 are be VBP 22599 1989 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1989 6 symbols symbol NNS 22599 1989 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1989 8 , , , 22599 1989 9 20 20 CD 22599 1989 10 being be VBG 22599 1989 11 indicated indicate VBN 22599 1989 12 by by IN 22599 1989 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1989 14 symbol symbol NN 22599 1989 15 with with IN 22599 1989 16 dot dot NN 22599 1989 17 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1989 18 and and CC 22599 1989 19 200 200 CD 22599 1989 20 by by IN 22599 1989 21 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1989 22 symbol symbol NN 22599 1989 23 with with IN 22599 1989 24 2 2 CD 22599 1989 25 dots dot NNS 22599 1989 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1989 27 . . . 22599 1990 1 This this DT 22599 1990 2 scheme scheme NN 22599 1990 3 of of IN 22599 1990 4 zero zero CD 22599 1990 5 dots dot NNS 22599 1990 6 was be VBD 22599 1990 7 also also RB 22599 1990 8 adopted adopt VBN 22599 1990 9 by by IN 22599 1990 10 the the DT 22599 1990 11 Byzantine Byzantine NNP 22599 1990 12 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 1990 13 , , , 22599 1990 14 for for IN 22599 1990 15 a a DT 22599 1990 16 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1990 17 of of IN 22599 1990 18 Planudes Planudes NNPS 22599 1990 19 in in IN 22599 1990 20 the the DT 22599 1990 21 Bibliothèque Bibliothèque NNP 22599 1990 22 Nationale Nationale NNP 22599 1990 23 has have VBZ 22599 1990 24 numbers number NNS 22599 1990 25 like like IN 22599 1990 26 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1990 27 pi pi NN 22599 1990 28 alpha alpha NN 22599 1990 29 with with IN 22599 1990 30 4 4 CD 22599 1990 31 dots dot NNS 22599 1990 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1990 33 for for IN 22599 1990 34 8,100,000,000 8,100,000,000 CD 22599 1990 35 . . . 22599 1991 1 See See NNP 22599 1991 2 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 1991 3 , , , 22599 1991 4 _ _ NNP 22599 1991 5 Études Études NNP 22599 1991 6 _ _ NNP 22599 1991 7 , , , 22599 1991 8 p. p. NN 22599 1991 9 19 19 CD 22599 1991 10 . . . 22599 1992 1 Pihan Pihan NNP 22599 1992 2 , , , 22599 1992 3 _ _ NNP 22599 1992 4 Exposé Exposé NNP 22599 1992 5 _ _ NNP 22599 1992 6 etc etc FW 22599 1992 7 . . . 22599 1992 8 , , , 22599 1992 9 p. p. NN 22599 1992 10 208 208 CD 22599 1992 11 , , , 22599 1992 12 gives give VBZ 22599 1992 13 two two CD 22599 1992 14 forms form NNS 22599 1992 15 , , , 22599 1992 16 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 1992 17 and and CC 22599 1992 18 Maghrebian maghrebian JJ 22599 1992 19 , , , 22599 1992 20 of of IN 22599 1992 21 " " `` 22599 1992 22 Ghob[=a]r ghob[=a]r JJ 22599 1992 23 " " '' 22599 1992 24 numerals numeral NNS 22599 1992 25 . . . 22599 1993 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1993 2 256 256 CD 22599 1993 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1993 4 See See NNP 22599 1993 5 Chap Chap NNP 22599 1993 6 . . . 22599 1994 1 IV IV NNP 22599 1994 2 . . . 22599 1995 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1995 2 257 257 CD 22599 1995 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1995 4 Possibly possibly RB 22599 1995 5 as as RB 22599 1995 6 early early RB 22599 1995 7 as as IN 22599 1995 8 the the DT 22599 1995 9 third third JJ 22599 1995 10 century century NN 22599 1995 11 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 1995 12 , , , 22599 1995 13 but but CC 22599 1995 14 probably probably RB 22599 1995 15 of of IN 22599 1995 16 the the DT 22599 1995 17 eighth eighth JJ 22599 1995 18 or or CC 22599 1995 19 ninth ninth JJ 22599 1995 20 . . . 22599 1996 1 See see VB 22599 1996 2 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 1996 3 , , , 22599 1996 4 I -PRON- PRP 22599 1996 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1996 6 3 3 CD 22599 1996 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1996 8 , , , 22599 1996 9 p. p. NN 22599 1996 10 598 598 CD 22599 1996 11 . . . 22599 1997 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1997 2 258 258 CD 22599 1997 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1997 4 Ascribed ascribe VBN 22599 1997 5 by by IN 22599 1997 6 the the DT 22599 1997 7 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 1997 8 writer writer NN 22599 1997 9 to to IN 22599 1997 10 India India NNP 22599 1997 11 . . . 22599 1998 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1998 2 259 259 CD 22599 1998 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1998 4 See See NNP 22599 1998 5 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 1998 6 's 's POS 22599 1998 7 description description NN 22599 1998 8 of of IN 22599 1998 9 a a DT 22599 1998 10 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 1998 11 in in IN 22599 1998 12 the the DT 22599 1998 13 Chasles Chasles NNPS 22599 1998 14 library library NN 22599 1998 15 , , , 22599 1998 16 " " `` 22599 1998 17 Recherches recherche NNS 22599 1998 18 sur sur FW 22599 1998 19 l'histoire l'histoire FW 22599 1998 20 des des NNP 22599 1998 21 sciences sciences NNPS 22599 1998 22 mathématiques mathématiques NNP 22599 1998 23 chez chez NNP 22599 1998 24 les les NNP 22599 1998 25 orientaux orientaux NNP 22599 1998 26 , , , 22599 1998 27 " " '' 22599 1998 28 _ _ NNP 22599 1998 29 Journal Journal NNP 22599 1998 30 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 1998 31 _ _ NNP 22599 1998 32 , , , 22599 1998 33 IV IV NNP 22599 1998 34 ( ( -LRB- 22599 1998 35 5 5 CD 22599 1998 36 ) ) -RRB- 22599 1998 37 , , , 22599 1998 38 1859 1859 CD 22599 1998 39 , , , 22599 1998 40 p. p. NN 22599 1998 41 358 358 CD 22599 1998 42 , , , 22599 1998 43 note note NN 22599 1998 44 . . . 22599 1999 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 1999 2 260 260 CD 22599 1999 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 1999 4 P. P. NNP 22599 1999 5 56 56 CD 22599 1999 6 . . . 22599 2000 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2000 2 261 261 CD 22599 2000 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2000 4 Reinaud Reinaud NNP 22599 2000 5 , , , 22599 2000 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2000 7 Mémoire Mémoire NNP 22599 2000 8 sur sur NNP 22599 2000 9 l'Inde l'Inde NNP 22599 2000 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2000 11 , , , 22599 2000 12 p. p. NN 22599 2000 13 399 399 CD 22599 2000 14 . . . 22599 2001 1 In in IN 22599 2001 2 the the DT 22599 2001 3 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 2001 4 century century NN 22599 2001 5 one one CD 22599 2001 6 Sih[=a]b Sih[=a]b NNP 22599 2001 7 al al NNP 22599 2001 8 - - HYPH 22599 2001 9 D[=i]n D[=i]n NNP 22599 2001 10 wrote write VBD 22599 2001 11 a a DT 22599 2001 12 work work NN 22599 2001 13 on on IN 22599 2001 14 which which WDT 22599 2001 15 , , , 22599 2001 16 a a DT 22599 2001 17 scholiast scholiast NN 22599 2001 18 to to IN 22599 2001 19 the the DT 22599 2001 20 Bodleian bodleian JJ 22599 2001 21 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2001 22 remarks remark VBZ 22599 2001 23 : : : 22599 2001 24 " " `` 22599 2001 25 The the DT 22599 2001 26 science science NN 22599 2001 27 is be VBZ 22599 2001 28 called call VBN 22599 2001 29 Algobar Algobar NNP 22599 2001 30 because because IN 22599 2001 31 the the DT 22599 2001 32 inventor inventor NN 22599 2001 33 had have VBD 22599 2001 34 the the DT 22599 2001 35 habit habit NN 22599 2001 36 of of IN 22599 2001 37 writing write VBG 22599 2001 38 the the DT 22599 2001 39 figures figure NNS 22599 2001 40 on on IN 22599 2001 41 a a DT 22599 2001 42 tablet tablet NN 22599 2001 43 covered cover VBN 22599 2001 44 with with IN 22599 2001 45 sand sand NN 22599 2001 46 . . . 22599 2001 47 " " '' 22599 2002 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2002 2 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2002 3 , , , 22599 2002 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2002 5 Études Études NNP 22599 2002 6 , , , 22599 2002 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2002 8 p. p. NN 22599 2003 1 11 11 CD 22599 2003 2 , , , 22599 2003 3 note note VBP 22599 2003 4 . . . 22599 2003 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2004 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2004 2 262 262 CD 22599 2004 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2004 4 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2004 5 , , , 22599 2004 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2004 7 Entstehung Entstehung NNP 22599 2004 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2004 9 etc etc FW 22599 2004 10 . . . 22599 2004 11 , , , 22599 2004 12 p. p. NN 22599 2004 13 20 20 CD 22599 2004 14 . . . 22599 2005 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2005 2 263 263 CD 22599 2005 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2005 4 H. H. NNP 22599 2005 5 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2005 6 , , , 22599 2005 7 " " `` 22599 2005 8 Das Das NNP 22599 2005 9 Rechenbuch Rechenbuch NNP 22599 2005 10 des des NNP 22599 2005 11 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 2005 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2005 13 Zakar[=i]j[=a Zakar[=i]j[=a NNP 22599 2005 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2005 15 el-[H.]a[s.][s.][=a]r el-[h.]a[s.][s.][=a]r NN 22599 2005 16 , , , 22599 2005 17 " " '' 22599 2005 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2005 19 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2005 20 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2005 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2005 22 , , , 22599 2005 23 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2005 24 . . . 22599 2006 1 II II NNP 22599 2006 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2006 3 3 3 CD 22599 2006 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2006 5 , , , 22599 2006 6 p. p. NN 22599 2006 7 15 15 CD 22599 2006 8 . . . 22599 2007 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2007 2 264 264 CD 22599 2007 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2007 4 A. a. NN 22599 2007 5 Devoulx Devoulx NNP 22599 2007 6 , , , 22599 2007 7 " " '' 22599 2007 8 Les Les NNP 22599 2007 9 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 2007 10 arabes arabe VBZ 22599 2007 11 , , , 22599 2007 12 " " `` 22599 2007 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2007 14 Revue Revue NNP 22599 2007 15 Africaine Africaine NNP 22599 2007 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2007 17 , , , 22599 2007 18 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2007 19 . . . 22599 2008 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2008 2 , , , 22599 2008 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2008 4 . . . 22599 2009 1 455 455 CD 22599 2009 2 - - SYM 22599 2009 3 458 458 CD 22599 2009 4 . . . 22599 2010 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2010 2 265 265 CD 22599 2010 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2010 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2010 5 Kit[=a]b Kit[=a]b NNP 22599 2010 6 al al NNP 22599 2010 7 - - HYPH 22599 2010 8 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 2010 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2010 10 , , , 22599 2010 11 G. G. NNP 22599 2010 12 Flügel Flügel NNP 22599 2010 13 , , , 22599 2010 14 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 2010 15 , , , 22599 2010 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2010 17 . . . 22599 2011 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2011 2 , , , 22599 2011 3 1871 1871 CD 22599 2011 4 , , , 22599 2011 5 and and CC 22599 2011 6 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2011 7 . . . 22599 2012 1 II II NNP 22599 2012 2 , , , 22599 2012 3 1872 1872 CD 22599 2012 4 . . . 22599 2013 1 This this DT 22599 2013 2 work work NN 22599 2013 3 was be VBD 22599 2013 4 published publish VBN 22599 2013 5 after after IN 22599 2013 6 Professor Professor NNP 22599 2013 7 Flügel Flügel NNP 22599 2013 8 's 's POS 22599 2013 9 death death NN 22599 2013 10 by by IN 22599 2013 11 J. J. NNP 22599 2013 12 Roediger Roediger NNP 22599 2013 13 and and CC 22599 2013 14 A. A. NNP 22599 2013 15 Mueller Mueller NNP 22599 2013 16 . . . 22599 2014 1 The the DT 22599 2014 2 first first JJ 22599 2014 3 volume volume NN 22599 2014 4 contains contain VBZ 22599 2014 5 the the DT 22599 2014 6 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 2014 7 text text NN 22599 2014 8 and and CC 22599 2014 9 the the DT 22599 2014 10 second second JJ 22599 2014 11 volume volume NN 22599 2014 12 contains contain VBZ 22599 2014 13 critical critical JJ 22599 2014 14 notes note NNS 22599 2014 15 upon upon IN 22599 2014 16 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2014 17 . . . 22599 2015 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2015 2 266 266 CD 22599 2015 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2015 4 Like like IN 22599 2015 5 those those DT 22599 2015 6 of of IN 22599 2015 7 line line NN 22599 2015 8 5 5 CD 22599 2015 9 in in IN 22599 2015 10 the the DT 22599 2015 11 illustration illustration NN 22599 2015 12 on on IN 22599 2015 13 page page NN 22599 2015 14 69 69 CD 22599 2015 15 . . . 22599 2016 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2016 2 267 267 CD 22599 2016 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2016 4 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2016 5 , , , 22599 2016 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2016 7 Recherches Recherches NNP 22599 2016 8 sur sur NNP 22599 2016 9 l'histoire l'histoire FW 22599 2016 10 des des NNP 22599 2016 11 sciences sciences NNPS 22599 2016 12 mathématiques mathématiques NNP 22599 2016 13 chez chez NNP 22599 2016 14 les les NNP 22599 2016 15 orientaux orientaux NNP 22599 2016 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2016 17 , , , 22599 2016 18 loc loc NNP 22599 2016 19 . . . 22599 2017 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2017 2 . . . 22599 2018 1 ; ; : 22599 2018 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2018 3 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2018 4 , , , 22599 2018 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2018 6 p. p. NN 22599 2019 1 57 57 CD 22599 2019 2 . . . 22599 2020 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2020 2 268 268 CD 22599 2020 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2020 4 Al-[H.]a[s.][s.][=a]r Al-[H.]a[s.][s.][=a]r NNP 22599 2020 5 's 's POS 22599 2020 6 forms form NNS 22599 2020 7 , , , 22599 2020 8 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2020 9 , , , 22599 2020 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2020 11 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2020 12 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2020 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2020 14 , , , 22599 2020 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2020 16 . . . 22599 2021 1 II II NNP 22599 2021 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2021 3 3 3 CD 22599 2021 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2021 5 , , , 22599 2021 6 p. p. NN 22599 2021 7 15 15 CD 22599 2021 8 . . . 22599 2022 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2022 2 269 269 CD 22599 2022 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2022 4 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2022 5 , , , 22599 2022 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2022 7 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2022 8 une une NNP 22599 2022 9 donnée donnée VBZ 22599 2022 10 historique historique NNP 22599 2022 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2022 12 , , , 22599 2022 13 etc etc FW 22599 2022 14 . . FW 22599 2022 15 , , , 22599 2022 16 loc loc NNP 22599 2022 17 . . . 22599 2023 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2023 2 . . . 22599 2024 1 The the DT 22599 2024 2 name name NN 22599 2024 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2024 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2024 5 .g]ob[=a]r .g]ob[=a]r . 22599 2024 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2024 7 is be VBZ 22599 2024 8 not not RB 22599 2024 9 used use VBN 22599 2024 10 in in IN 22599 2024 11 the the DT 22599 2024 12 text text NN 22599 2024 13 . . . 22599 2025 1 The the DT 22599 2025 2 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2025 3 from from IN 22599 2025 4 which which WDT 22599 2025 5 these these DT 22599 2025 6 are be VBP 22599 2025 7 taken take VBN 22599 2025 8 is be VBZ 22599 2025 9 the the DT 22599 2025 10 oldest old JJS 22599 2025 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2025 12 970 970 CD 22599 2025 13 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2025 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2025 15 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 2025 16 document document NN 22599 2025 17 known know VBN 22599 2025 18 to to TO 22599 2025 19 contain contain VB 22599 2025 20 all all DT 22599 2025 21 of of IN 22599 2025 22 the the DT 22599 2025 23 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2025 24 . . . 22599 2026 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2026 2 270 270 CD 22599 2026 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2026 4 Silvestre Silvestre NNP 22599 2026 5 de de NNP 22599 2026 6 Sacy Sacy NNP 22599 2026 7 , , , 22599 2026 8 loc loc NNP 22599 2026 9 . . . 22599 2027 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2027 2 . . . 22599 2028 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2028 2 gives give VBZ 22599 2028 3 the the DT 22599 2028 4 ordinary ordinary JJ 22599 2028 5 modern modern JJ 22599 2028 6 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 2028 7 forms form NNS 22599 2028 8 , , , 22599 2028 9 calling call VBG 22599 2028 10 them -PRON- PRP 22599 2028 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2028 12 Indien Indien NNP 22599 2028 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2028 14 . . . 22599 2029 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2029 2 271 271 CD 22599 2029 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2029 4 Woepcke Woepcke VBN 22599 2029 5 , , , 22599 2029 6 " " `` 22599 2029 7 Introduction introduction NN 22599 2029 8 au au NNP 22599 2029 9 calcul calcul NNS 22599 2029 10 Gob[=a]r[=i Gob[=a]r[=i . 22599 2029 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2029 12 et et FW 22599 2029 13 Haw[=a][=i Haw[=a][=i NNP 22599 2029 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2029 15 , , , 22599 2029 16 " " `` 22599 2029 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2029 18 Atti Atti NNP 22599 2029 19 dell dell NNP 22599 2029 20 ' ' POS 22599 2029 21 accademia accademia NNP 22599 2029 22 pontificia pontificia NNP 22599 2029 23 dei dei NNP 22599 2029 24 nuovi nuovi NNP 22599 2029 25 Lincei Lincei NNP 22599 2029 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2029 27 , , , 22599 2029 28 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2029 29 . . . 22599 2030 1 XIX XIX NNP 22599 2030 2 . . . 22599 2031 1 The the DT 22599 2031 2 adjective adjective NN 22599 2031 3 applied apply VBD 22599 2031 4 to to IN 22599 2031 5 the the DT 22599 2031 6 forms form NNS 22599 2031 7 in in IN 22599 2031 8 5 5 CD 22599 2031 9 is be VBZ 22599 2031 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2031 11 gob[=a]r[=i gob[=a]r[=i NNP 22599 2031 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2031 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2031 14 and and CC 22599 2031 15 to to IN 22599 2031 16 those those DT 22599 2031 17 in in IN 22599 2031 18 6 6 CD 22599 2031 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2031 20 indienne indienne NNP 22599 2031 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2031 22 . . . 22599 2032 1 This this DT 22599 2032 2 is be VBZ 22599 2032 3 the the DT 22599 2032 4 direct direct JJ 22599 2032 5 opposite opposite NN 22599 2032 6 of of IN 22599 2032 7 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2032 8 's 's POS 22599 2032 9 use use NN 22599 2032 10 of of IN 22599 2032 11 these these DT 22599 2032 12 adjectives adjective NNS 22599 2032 13 in in IN 22599 2032 14 the the DT 22599 2032 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2032 16 Recherches Recherches NNPS 22599 2032 17 sur sur NNP 22599 2032 18 l'histoire l'histoire FW 22599 2032 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2032 20 cited cite VBD 22599 2032 21 above above IN 22599 2032 22 , , , 22599 2032 23 in in IN 22599 2032 24 which which WDT 22599 2032 25 the the DT 22599 2032 26 ordinary ordinary JJ 22599 2032 27 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 2032 28 forms form NNS 22599 2032 29 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2032 30 like like IN 22599 2032 31 those those DT 22599 2032 32 in in IN 22599 2032 33 row row NN 22599 2032 34 5 5 CD 22599 2032 35 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2032 36 are be VBP 22599 2032 37 called call VBN 22599 2032 38 _ _ NNP 22599 2032 39 indiens indien NNS 22599 2032 40 _ _ NNP 22599 2032 41 . . . 22599 2033 1 These these DT 22599 2033 2 forms form NNS 22599 2033 3 are be VBP 22599 2033 4 usually usually RB 22599 2033 5 written write VBN 22599 2033 6 from from IN 22599 2033 7 right right NN 22599 2033 8 to to IN 22599 2033 9 left left NN 22599 2033 10 . . . 22599 2034 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2034 2 272 272 CD 22599 2034 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2034 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2034 5 G. G. NNP 22599 2034 6 Wilkinson Wilkinson NNP 22599 2034 7 , , , 22599 2034 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2034 9 The the DT 22599 2034 10 Manners Manners NNPS 22599 2034 11 and and CC 22599 2034 12 Customs Customs NNP 22599 2034 13 of of IN 22599 2034 14 the the DT 22599 2034 15 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 2034 16 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS 22599 2034 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2034 18 , , , 22599 2034 19 revised revise VBN 22599 2034 20 by by IN 22599 2034 21 S. S. NNP 22599 2034 22 Birch Birch NNP 22599 2034 23 , , , 22599 2034 24 London London NNP 22599 2034 25 , , , 22599 2034 26 1878 1878 CD 22599 2034 27 , , , 22599 2034 28 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2034 29 . . . 22599 2035 1 II II NNP 22599 2035 2 , , , 22599 2035 3 p. p. NN 22599 2035 4 493 493 CD 22599 2035 5 , , , 22599 2035 6 plate plate NN 22599 2035 7 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2035 8 . . . 22599 2036 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2036 2 273 273 CD 22599 2036 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2036 4 There there EX 22599 2036 5 is be VBZ 22599 2036 6 an an DT 22599 2036 7 extensive extensive JJ 22599 2036 8 literature literature NN 22599 2036 9 on on IN 22599 2036 10 this this DT 22599 2036 11 " " `` 22599 2036 12 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2036 13 - - HYPH 22599 2036 14 Frage Frage NNP 22599 2036 15 . . . 22599 2036 16 " " '' 22599 2037 1 The the DT 22599 2037 2 reader reader NN 22599 2037 3 who who WP 22599 2037 4 cares care VBZ 22599 2037 5 to to TO 22599 2037 6 go go VB 22599 2037 7 fully fully RB 22599 2037 8 into into IN 22599 2037 9 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2037 10 should should MD 22599 2037 11 consult consult VB 22599 2037 12 the the DT 22599 2037 13 various various JJ 22599 2037 14 volumes volume NNS 22599 2037 15 of of IN 22599 2037 16 the the DT 22599 2037 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2037 18 Jahrbuch Jahrbuch NNP 22599 2037 19 über über NN 22599 2037 20 die die VBP 22599 2037 21 Fortschritte Fortschritte NNP 22599 2037 22 der der IN 22599 2037 23 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2037 24 _ _ NNP 22599 2037 25 . . . 22599 2038 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2038 2 274 274 CD 22599 2038 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2038 4 This this DT 22599 2038 5 title title NN 22599 2038 6 was be VBD 22599 2038 7 first first RB 22599 2038 8 applied apply VBN 22599 2038 9 to to IN 22599 2038 10 Roman roman JJ 22599 2038 11 emperors emperor NNS 22599 2038 12 in in IN 22599 2038 13 posthumous posthumous JJ 22599 2038 14 coins coin NNS 22599 2038 15 of of IN 22599 2038 16 Julius Julius NNP 22599 2038 17 Cæsar Cæsar NNP 22599 2038 18 . . . 22599 2039 1 Subsequently subsequently RB 22599 2039 2 the the DT 22599 2039 3 emperors emperor NNS 22599 2039 4 assumed assume VBD 22599 2039 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2039 6 during during IN 22599 2039 7 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2039 8 own own JJ 22599 2039 9 lifetimes lifetime NNS 22599 2039 10 , , , 22599 2039 11 thus thus RB 22599 2039 12 deifying deify VBG 22599 2039 13 themselves -PRON- PRP 22599 2039 14 . . . 22599 2040 1 See see VB 22599 2040 2 F. F. NNP 22599 2040 3 Gnecchi Gnecchi NNP 22599 2040 4 , , , 22599 2040 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2040 6 Monete Monete NNP 22599 2040 7 romane romane NN 22599 2040 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2040 9 , , , 22599 2040 10 2d 2d NNP 22599 2040 11 ed ed NNP 22599 2040 12 . . NNP 22599 2040 13 , , , 22599 2040 14 Milan Milan NNP 22599 2040 15 , , , 22599 2040 16 1900 1900 CD 22599 2040 17 , , , 22599 2040 18 p. p. NN 22599 2040 19 299 299 CD 22599 2040 20 . . . 22599 2041 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2041 2 275 275 CD 22599 2041 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2041 4 This this DT 22599 2041 5 is be VBZ 22599 2041 6 the the DT 22599 2041 7 common common JJ 22599 2041 8 spelling spelling NN 22599 2041 9 of of IN 22599 2041 10 the the DT 22599 2041 11 name name NN 22599 2041 12 , , , 22599 2041 13 although although IN 22599 2041 14 the the DT 22599 2041 15 more more RBR 22599 2041 16 correct correct JJ 22599 2041 17 Latin latin JJ 22599 2041 18 form form NN 22599 2041 19 is be VBZ 22599 2041 20 Boëtius Boëtius NNP 22599 2041 21 . . . 22599 2042 1 See see VB 22599 2042 2 Harper Harper NNP 22599 2042 3 's 's POS 22599 2042 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2042 5 Dict Dict NNP 22599 2042 6 . . . 22599 2043 1 of of IN 22599 2043 2 Class Class NNP 22599 2043 3 . . . 22599 2044 1 Lit Lit NNP 22599 2044 2 . . . 22599 2045 1 and and CC 22599 2045 2 Antiq Antiq NNP 22599 2045 3 . . . 22599 2045 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2045 5 , , , 22599 2045 6 New New NNP 22599 2045 7 York York NNP 22599 2045 8 , , , 22599 2045 9 1897 1897 CD 22599 2045 10 , , , 22599 2045 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2045 12 . . . 22599 2046 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2046 2 , , , 22599 2046 3 p. p. NN 22599 2046 4 213 213 CD 22599 2046 5 . . . 22599 2047 1 There there EX 22599 2047 2 is be VBZ 22599 2047 3 much much JJ 22599 2047 4 uncertainty uncertainty NN 22599 2047 5 as as IN 22599 2047 6 to to IN 22599 2047 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2047 8 life life NN 22599 2047 9 . . . 22599 2048 1 A a DT 22599 2048 2 good good JJ 22599 2048 3 summary summary NN 22599 2048 4 of of IN 22599 2048 5 the the DT 22599 2048 6 evidence evidence NN 22599 2048 7 is be VBZ 22599 2048 8 given give VBN 22599 2048 9 in in IN 22599 2048 10 the the DT 22599 2048 11 last last JJ 22599 2048 12 two two CD 22599 2048 13 editions edition NNS 22599 2048 14 of of IN 22599 2048 15 the the DT 22599 2048 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2048 17 Encyclopædia Encyclopædia NNP 22599 2048 18 Britannica Britannica NNP 22599 2048 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2048 20 . . . 22599 2049 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2049 2 276 276 CD 22599 2049 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2049 4 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2049 5 father father NN 22599 2049 6 , , , 22599 2049 7 Flavius Flavius NNP 22599 2049 8 Manlius Manlius NNP 22599 2049 9 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2049 10 , , , 22599 2049 11 was be VBD 22599 2049 12 consul consul NN 22599 2049 13 in in IN 22599 2049 14 487 487 CD 22599 2049 15 . . . 22599 2050 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2050 2 277 277 CD 22599 2050 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2050 4 There there EX 22599 2050 5 is be VBZ 22599 2050 6 , , , 22599 2050 7 however however RB 22599 2050 8 , , , 22599 2050 9 no no DT 22599 2050 10 good good JJ 22599 2050 11 historic historic JJ 22599 2050 12 evidence evidence NN 22599 2050 13 of of IN 22599 2050 14 this this DT 22599 2050 15 sojourn sojourn NN 22599 2050 16 in in IN 22599 2050 17 Athens Athens NNP 22599 2050 18 . . . 22599 2051 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2051 2 278 278 CD 22599 2051 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2051 4 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2051 5 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2051 6 is be VBZ 22599 2051 7 dedicated dedicate VBN 22599 2051 8 to to IN 22599 2051 9 Symmachus Symmachus NNP 22599 2051 10 : : : 22599 2051 11 " " `` 22599 2051 12 Domino Domino NNP 22599 2051 13 suo suo NN 22599 2051 14 patricio patricio NN 22599 2051 15 Symmacho Symmacho NNP 22599 2051 16 Boetius Boetius NNP 22599 2051 17 . . . 22599 2051 18 " " '' 22599 2052 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2052 2 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2052 3 ed ed NNP 22599 2052 4 . . NNP 22599 2052 5 , , , 22599 2052 6 p. p. NN 22599 2053 1 3 3 LS 22599 2053 2 . . . 22599 2053 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2054 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2054 2 279 279 CD 22599 2054 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2054 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2054 5 was be VBD 22599 2054 6 while while IN 22599 2054 7 here here RB 22599 2054 8 that that IN 22599 2054 9 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2054 10 wrote write VBD 22599 2054 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2054 12 De De NNP 22599 2054 13 consolatione consolatione NN 22599 2054 14 philosophiae philosophiae NNP 22599 2054 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2054 16 . . . 22599 2055 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2055 2 280 280 CD 22599 2055 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2055 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2055 5 is be VBZ 22599 2055 6 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 2055 7 given give VBN 22599 2055 8 as as IN 22599 2055 9 525 525 CD 22599 2055 10 . . . 22599 2056 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2056 2 281 281 CD 22599 2056 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2056 4 There there EX 22599 2056 5 was be VBD 22599 2056 6 a a DT 22599 2056 7 medieval medieval JJ 22599 2056 8 tradition tradition NN 22599 2056 9 that that WDT 22599 2056 10 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2056 11 was be VBD 22599 2056 12 executed execute VBN 22599 2056 13 because because IN 22599 2056 14 of of IN 22599 2056 15 a a DT 22599 2056 16 work work NN 22599 2056 17 on on IN 22599 2056 18 the the DT 22599 2056 19 Trinity Trinity NNP 22599 2056 20 . . . 22599 2057 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2057 2 282 282 CD 22599 2057 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2057 4 Hence hence RB 22599 2057 5 the the DT 22599 2057 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2057 7 Divus Divus NNP 22599 2057 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2057 9 in in IN 22599 2057 10 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2057 11 name name NN 22599 2057 12 . . . 22599 2058 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2058 2 283 283 CD 22599 2058 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2058 4 Thus thus RB 22599 2058 5 Dante Dante NNP 22599 2058 6 , , , 22599 2058 7 speaking speak VBG 22599 2058 8 of of IN 22599 2058 9 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2058 10 burial burial NN 22599 2058 11 place place NN 22599 2058 12 in in IN 22599 2058 13 the the DT 22599 2058 14 monastery monastery NN 22599 2058 15 of of IN 22599 2058 16 St. St. NNP 22599 2058 17 Pietro Pietro NNP 22599 2058 18 in in IN 22599 2058 19 Ciel Ciel NNP 22599 2058 20 d'Oro d'oro NN 22599 2058 21 , , , 22599 2058 22 at at IN 22599 2058 23 Pavia Pavia NNP 22599 2058 24 , , , 22599 2058 25 says say VBZ 22599 2058 26 : : : 22599 2058 27 " " `` 22599 2058 28 The the DT 22599 2058 29 saintly saintly JJ 22599 2058 30 soul soul NN 22599 2058 31 , , , 22599 2058 32 that that WDT 22599 2058 33 shows show VBZ 22599 2058 34 The the DT 22599 2058 35 world world NN 22599 2058 36 's 's POS 22599 2058 37 deceitfulness deceitfulness NN 22599 2058 38 , , , 22599 2058 39 to to IN 22599 2058 40 all all DT 22599 2058 41 who who WP 22599 2058 42 hear hear VBP 22599 2058 43 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2058 44 , , , 22599 2058 45 Is be VBZ 22599 2058 46 , , , 22599 2058 47 with with IN 22599 2058 48 the the DT 22599 2058 49 sight sight NN 22599 2058 50 of of IN 22599 2058 51 all all PDT 22599 2058 52 the the DT 22599 2058 53 good good JJ 22599 2058 54 that that WDT 22599 2058 55 is be VBZ 22599 2058 56 , , , 22599 2058 57 Blest Blest NNP 22599 2058 58 there there RB 22599 2058 59 . . . 22599 2059 1 The the DT 22599 2059 2 limbs limb NNS 22599 2059 3 , , , 22599 2059 4 whence whence IN 22599 2059 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2059 6 was be VBD 22599 2059 7 driven drive VBN 22599 2059 8 , , , 22599 2059 9 lie lie VB 22599 2059 10 Down down RB 22599 2059 11 in in IN 22599 2059 12 Cieldauro Cieldauro NNP 22599 2059 13 ; ; : 22599 2059 14 and and CC 22599 2059 15 from from IN 22599 2059 16 martyrdom martyrdom NN 22599 2059 17 And and CC 22599 2059 18 exile exile NN 22599 2059 19 came come VBD 22599 2059 20 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2059 21 here here RB 22599 2059 22 . . . 22599 2059 23 " " '' 22599 2060 1 --_Paradiso --_Paradiso NNP 22599 2060 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2060 3 , , , 22599 2060 4 Canto Canto NNP 22599 2060 5 X. X. NNP 22599 2061 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2061 2 284 284 CD 22599 2061 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2061 4 Not not RB 22599 2061 5 , , , 22599 2061 6 however however RB 22599 2061 7 , , , 22599 2061 8 in in IN 22599 2061 9 the the DT 22599 2061 10 mercantile mercantile NN 22599 2061 11 schools school NNS 22599 2061 12 . . . 22599 2062 1 The the DT 22599 2062 2 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2062 3 of of IN 22599 2062 4 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2062 5 would would MD 22599 2062 6 have have VB 22599 2062 7 been be VBN 22599 2062 8 about about IN 22599 2062 9 the the DT 22599 2062 10 last last JJ 22599 2062 11 book book NN 22599 2062 12 to to TO 22599 2062 13 be be VB 22599 2062 14 thought think VBN 22599 2062 15 of of IN 22599 2062 16 in in IN 22599 2062 17 such such JJ 22599 2062 18 institutions institution NNS 22599 2062 19 . . . 22599 2063 1 While while IN 22599 2063 2 referred refer VBN 22599 2063 3 to to IN 22599 2063 4 by by IN 22599 2063 5 Bæda Bæda NNP 22599 2063 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2063 7 672 672 CD 22599 2063 8 - - SYM 22599 2063 9 735 735 CD 22599 2063 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2063 11 and and CC 22599 2063 12 Hrabanus Hrabanus NNP 22599 2063 13 Maurus Maurus NNP 22599 2063 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2063 15 c. c. NN 22599 2063 16 776 776 CD 22599 2063 17 - - SYM 22599 2063 18 856 856 CD 22599 2063 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2063 20 , , , 22599 2063 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2063 22 was be VBD 22599 2063 23 only only RB 22599 2063 24 after after IN 22599 2063 25 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2063 26 's 's POS 22599 2063 27 time time NN 22599 2063 28 that that IN 22599 2063 29 the the DT 22599 2063 30 _ _ NNP 22599 2063 31 Boëtii Boëtii NNP 22599 2063 32 de de NNP 22599 2063 33 institutione institutione NN 22599 2063 34 arithmetica arithmetica NNP 22599 2063 35 libri libri NNP 22599 2063 36 duo duo NNP 22599 2063 37 _ _ NNP 22599 2063 38 was be VBD 22599 2063 39 really really RB 22599 2063 40 a a DT 22599 2063 41 common common JJ 22599 2063 42 work work NN 22599 2063 43 . . . 22599 2064 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2064 2 285 285 CD 22599 2064 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2064 4 Also also RB 22599 2064 5 spelled spell VBN 22599 2064 6 Cassiodorius Cassiodorius NNP 22599 2064 7 . . . 22599 2065 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2065 2 286 286 CD 22599 2065 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2065 4 As as IN 22599 2065 5 a a DT 22599 2065 6 matter matter NN 22599 2065 7 of of IN 22599 2065 8 fact fact NN 22599 2065 9 , , , 22599 2065 10 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2065 11 could could MD 22599 2065 12 not not RB 22599 2065 13 have have VB 22599 2065 14 translated translate VBN 22599 2065 15 any any DT 22599 2065 16 work work NN 22599 2065 17 by by IN 22599 2065 18 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNP 22599 2065 19 on on IN 22599 2065 20 music music NN 22599 2065 21 , , , 22599 2065 22 because because IN 22599 2065 23 there there EX 22599 2065 24 was be VBD 22599 2065 25 no no DT 22599 2065 26 such such JJ 22599 2065 27 work work NN 22599 2065 28 , , , 22599 2065 29 but but CC 22599 2065 30 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2065 31 did do VBD 22599 2065 32 make make VB 22599 2065 33 the the DT 22599 2065 34 theories theory NNS 22599 2065 35 of of IN 22599 2065 36 the the DT 22599 2065 37 Pythagoreans Pythagoreans NNPS 22599 2065 38 known know VBN 22599 2065 39 . . . 22599 2066 1 Neither neither CC 22599 2066 2 did do VBD 22599 2066 3 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2066 4 translate translate VB 22599 2066 5 Nicomachus Nicomachus NNP 22599 2066 6 , , , 22599 2066 7 although although IN 22599 2066 8 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2066 9 embodied embody VBD 22599 2066 10 many many JJ 22599 2066 11 of of IN 22599 2066 12 the the DT 22599 2066 13 ideas idea NNS 22599 2066 14 of of IN 22599 2066 15 the the DT 22599 2066 16 Greek greek JJ 22599 2066 17 writer writer NN 22599 2066 18 in in IN 22599 2066 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2066 20 own own JJ 22599 2066 21 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2066 22 . . . 22599 2067 1 Gibbon Gibbon NNP 22599 2067 2 follows follow VBZ 22599 2067 3 Cassiodorus Cassiodorus NNP 22599 2067 4 in in IN 22599 2067 5 these these DT 22599 2067 6 statements statement NNS 22599 2067 7 in in IN 22599 2067 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2067 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2067 10 Decline Decline NNP 22599 2067 11 and and CC 22599 2067 12 Fall Fall NNP 22599 2067 13 of of IN 22599 2067 14 the the DT 22599 2067 15 Roman Roman NNP 22599 2067 16 Empire Empire NNP 22599 2067 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2067 18 , , , 22599 2067 19 chap chap NNP 22599 2067 20 . . . 22599 2068 1 xxxix xxxix NN 22599 2068 2 . . . 22599 2069 1 Martin Martin NNP 22599 2069 2 pointed point VBD 22599 2069 3 out out RP 22599 2069 4 with with IN 22599 2069 5 positiveness positiveness NN 22599 2069 6 the the DT 22599 2069 7 similarity similarity NN 22599 2069 8 of of IN 22599 2069 9 the the DT 22599 2069 10 first first JJ 22599 2069 11 book book NN 22599 2069 12 of of IN 22599 2069 13 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2069 14 to to IN 22599 2069 15 the the DT 22599 2069 16 first first JJ 22599 2069 17 five five CD 22599 2069 18 books book NNS 22599 2069 19 of of IN 22599 2069 20 Nicomachus Nicomachus NNP 22599 2069 21 . . . 22599 2070 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2070 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2070 3 Les Les NNP 22599 2070 4 signes sign VBZ 22599 2070 5 numéraux numéraux NNP 22599 2070 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2070 7 etc etc FW 22599 2070 8 . . . 22599 2070 9 , , , 22599 2070 10 reprint reprint NN 22599 2070 11 , , , 22599 2070 12 p. p. NN 22599 2071 1 4 4 LS 22599 2071 2 . . . 22599 2071 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2072 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2072 2 287 287 CD 22599 2072 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2072 4 The the DT 22599 2072 5 general general JJ 22599 2072 6 idea idea NN 22599 2072 7 goes go VBZ 22599 2072 8 back back RB 22599 2072 9 to to IN 22599 2072 10 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNP 22599 2072 11 , , , 22599 2072 12 however however RB 22599 2072 13 . . . 22599 2073 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2073 2 288 288 CD 22599 2073 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2073 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2073 5 C. C. NNP 22599 2073 6 Scaliger Scaliger NNP 22599 2073 7 in in IN 22599 2073 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2073 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2073 10 Poëtice Poëtice NNP 22599 2073 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2073 12 also also RB 22599 2073 13 said say VBD 22599 2073 14 of of IN 22599 2073 15 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2073 16 : : : 22599 2073 17 " " `` 22599 2073 18 Boethii Boethii NNP 22599 2073 19 Severini Severini NNP 22599 2073 20 ingenium ingenium NN 22599 2073 21 , , , 22599 2073 22 eruditio eruditio NNS 22599 2073 23 , , , 22599 2073 24 ars ars NN 22599 2073 25 , , , 22599 2073 26 sapientia sapientia NN 22599 2073 27 facile facile NNP 22599 2073 28 provocat provocat NN 22599 2073 29 omnes omne NNS 22599 2073 30 auctores auctore NNS 22599 2073 31 , , , 22599 2073 32 sive sive JJ 22599 2073 33 illi illi NN 22599 2073 34 Graeci Graeci NNPS 22599 2073 35 sint sint NN 22599 2073 36 , , , 22599 2073 37 sive sive JJ 22599 2073 38 Latini latini NN 22599 2073 39 " " '' 22599 2073 40 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2073 41 Heilbronner Heilbronner NNP 22599 2073 42 , , , 22599 2073 43 _ _ NNP 22599 2073 44 Hist Hist NNP 22599 2073 45 . . . 22599 2074 1 math math NN 22599 2074 2 . . . 22599 2075 1 univ univ NNS 22599 2075 2 . . . 22599 2075 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2075 4 , , , 22599 2075 5 p. p. NN 22599 2075 6 387 387 CD 22599 2075 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2075 8 . . . 22599 2076 1 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2076 2 , , , 22599 2076 3 speaking speak VBG 22599 2076 4 of of IN 22599 2076 5 the the DT 22599 2076 6 time time NN 22599 2076 7 of of IN 22599 2076 8 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2076 9 , , , 22599 2076 10 remarks remark VBZ 22599 2076 11 : : : 22599 2076 12 " " `` 22599 2076 13 Nous nous JJ 22599 2076 14 voyons voyon NNS 22599 2076 15 du du VBP 22599 2076 16 temps temp NNS 22599 2076 17 de de NNP 22599 2076 18 Théodoric Théodoric NNP 22599 2076 19 , , , 22599 2076 20 les les NNP 22599 2076 21 lettres lettres NNP 22599 2076 22 reprendre reprendre NNP 22599 2076 23 une une NNP 22599 2076 24 nouvelle nouvelle NNP 22599 2076 25 vie vie NNP 22599 2076 26 en en NNP 22599 2076 27 Italie Italie NNP 22599 2076 28 , , , 22599 2076 29 les les NNP 22599 2076 30 écoles écoles NNP 22599 2076 31 florissantes florissantes NNPS 22599 2076 32 et et FW 22599 2076 33 les les FW 22599 2076 34 savans savans NNPS 22599 2076 35 honorés honorés NNP 22599 2076 36 . . . 22599 2077 1 Et et NN 22599 2077 2 certes certe VBZ 22599 2077 3 les les VBP 22599 2077 4 ouvrages ouvrage NNS 22599 2077 5 de de IN 22599 2077 6 Boëce Boëce NNP 22599 2077 7 , , , 22599 2077 8 de de NNP 22599 2077 9 Cassiodore Cassiodore NNP 22599 2077 10 , , , 22599 2077 11 de de NNP 22599 2077 12 Symmaque Symmaque NNP 22599 2077 13 , , , 22599 2077 14 surpassent surpassent NN 22599 2077 15 de de FW 22599 2077 16 beaucoup beaucoup NNP 22599 2077 17 toutes toute NNS 22599 2077 18 les les NNP 22599 2077 19 productions production NNS 22599 2077 20 du du NNP 22599 2077 21 siècle siècle NNP 22599 2077 22 précédent précédent NNP 22599 2077 23 . . . 22599 2077 24 " " '' 22599 2078 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2078 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2078 3 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2078 4 des des NNP 22599 2078 5 mathématiques mathématique NNS 22599 2078 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2078 7 , , , 22599 2078 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2078 9 . . . 22599 2079 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2079 2 , , , 22599 2079 3 p. p. NN 22599 2080 1 78 78 CD 22599 2080 2 . . . 22599 2080 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2081 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2081 2 289 289 CD 22599 2081 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2081 4 Carra Carra NNP 22599 2081 5 de de NNP 22599 2081 6 Vaux Vaux NNP 22599 2081 7 , , , 22599 2081 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2081 9 Avicenne Avicenne NNP 22599 2081 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2081 11 , , , 22599 2081 12 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2081 13 , , , 22599 2081 14 1900 1900 CD 22599 2081 15 ; ; : 22599 2081 16 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2081 17 , , , 22599 2081 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2081 19 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2081 20 l'introduction l'introduction NNP 22599 2081 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2081 22 , , , 22599 2081 23 etc etc FW 22599 2081 24 . . . 22599 2082 1 ; ; : 22599 2082 2 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2082 3 , , , 22599 2082 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2082 5 Entstehung Entstehung NNP 22599 2082 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2082 7 etc etc FW 22599 2082 8 . . . 22599 2082 9 , , , 22599 2082 10 p. p. NN 22599 2082 11 20 20 CD 22599 2082 12 . . . 22599 2083 1 Avicenna Avicenna NNP 22599 2083 2 is be VBZ 22599 2083 3 a a DT 22599 2083 4 corruption corruption NN 22599 2083 5 from from IN 22599 2083 6 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 2083 7 S[=i]n[=a S[=i]n[=a NNP 22599 2083 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2083 9 , , , 22599 2083 10 as as IN 22599 2083 11 pointed point VBN 22599 2083 12 out out RP 22599 2083 13 by by IN 22599 2083 14 Wüstenfeld Wüstenfeld NNP 22599 2083 15 , , , 22599 2083 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2083 17 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2083 18 der der VBP 22599 2083 19 arabischen arabischen RB 22599 2083 20 Aerzte Aerzte NNP 22599 2083 21 und und NN 22599 2083 22 Naturforscher Naturforscher NNP 22599 2083 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2083 24 , , , 22599 2083 25 Göttingen Göttingen NNP 22599 2083 26 , , , 22599 2083 27 1840 1840 CD 22599 2083 28 . . . 22599 2084 1 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2084 2 full full JJ 22599 2084 3 name name NN 22599 2084 4 is be VBZ 22599 2084 5 Ab[=u Ab[=u NNP 22599 2084 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2084 7 ` ` '' 22599 2084 8 Al[=i Al[=i NNP 22599 2084 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2084 10 al-[H.]osein al-[H.]osein NNP 22599 2084 11 ibn ibn NNP 22599 2084 12 S[=i]n[=a S[=i]n[=a NNP 22599 2084 13 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2084 14 . . . 22599 2085 1 For for IN 22599 2085 2 notes note NNS 22599 2085 3 on on IN 22599 2085 4 Avicenna Avicenna NNP 22599 2085 5 's 's POS 22599 2085 6 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2085 7 , , , 22599 2085 8 see see VB 22599 2085 9 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2085 10 , , , 22599 2085 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2085 12 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2085 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2085 14 , , , 22599 2085 15 p. p. NN 22599 2085 16 502 502 CD 22599 2085 17 . . . 22599 2086 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2086 2 290 290 CD 22599 2086 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2086 4 On on IN 22599 2086 5 the the DT 22599 2086 6 early early JJ 22599 2086 7 travel travel NN 22599 2086 8 between between IN 22599 2086 9 the the DT 22599 2086 10 East East NNP 22599 2086 11 and and CC 22599 2086 12 the the DT 22599 2086 13 West West NNP 22599 2086 14 the the DT 22599 2086 15 following follow VBG 22599 2086 16 works work NNS 22599 2086 17 may may MD 22599 2086 18 be be VB 22599 2086 19 consulted consult VBN 22599 2086 20 : : : 22599 2086 21 A. A. NNP 22599 2086 22 Hillebrandt Hillebrandt NNP 22599 2086 23 , , , 22599 2086 24 _ _ NNP 22599 2086 25 Alt Alt NNP 22599 2086 26 - - HYPH 22599 2086 27 Indien Indien NNP 22599 2086 28 _ _ NNP 22599 2086 29 , , , 22599 2086 30 containing contain VBG 22599 2086 31 " " `` 22599 2086 32 Chinesische Chinesische NNP 22599 2086 33 Reisende Reisende NNP 22599 2086 34 in in IN 22599 2086 35 Indien Indien NNP 22599 2086 36 , , , 22599 2086 37 " " `` 22599 2086 38 Breslau Breslau NNP 22599 2086 39 , , , 22599 2086 40 1899 1899 CD 22599 2086 41 , , , 22599 2086 42 p. p. NN 22599 2086 43 179 179 CD 22599 2086 44 ; ; : 22599 2086 45 C. C. NNP 22599 2086 46 A. A. NNP 22599 2086 47 Skeel Skeel NNP 22599 2086 48 , , , 22599 2086 49 _ _ NNP 22599 2086 50 Travel Travel NNP 22599 2086 51 in in IN 22599 2086 52 the the DT 22599 2086 53 First First NNP 22599 2086 54 Century Century NNP 22599 2086 55 after after IN 22599 2086 56 Christ Christ NNP 22599 2086 57 _ _ NNP 22599 2086 58 , , , 22599 2086 59 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 22599 2086 60 , , , 22599 2086 61 1901 1901 CD 22599 2086 62 , , , 22599 2086 63 p. p. NN 22599 2086 64 142 142 CD 22599 2086 65 ; ; : 22599 2086 66 M. M. NNP 22599 2086 67 Reinaud Reinaud NNP 22599 2086 68 , , , 22599 2086 69 " " `` 22599 2086 70 Relations relation NNS 22599 2086 71 politiques politique VBZ 22599 2086 72 et et NNP 22599 2086 73 commerciales commerciales NNP 22599 2086 74 de de NNP 22599 2086 75 l'empire l'empire NNP 22599 2086 76 romain romain NNP 22599 2086 77 avec avec NNP 22599 2086 78 l'Asie l'Asie NNP 22599 2086 79 orientale orientale NN 22599 2086 80 , , , 22599 2086 81 " " '' 22599 2086 82 in in IN 22599 2086 83 the the DT 22599 2086 84 _ _ NNP 22599 2086 85 Journal Journal NNP 22599 2086 86 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 2086 87 _ _ NNP 22599 2086 88 , , , 22599 2086 89 Mars Mars NNP 22599 2086 90 - - HYPH 22599 2086 91 Avril Avril NNP 22599 2086 92 , , , 22599 2086 93 1863 1863 CD 22599 2086 94 , , , 22599 2086 95 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2086 96 . . . 22599 2087 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2087 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2087 3 6 6 CD 22599 2087 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2087 5 , , , 22599 2087 6 p. p. NN 22599 2087 7 93 93 CD 22599 2087 8 ; ; : 22599 2087 9 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 2087 10 , , , 22599 2087 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2087 12 Dawn Dawn NNP 22599 2087 13 of of IN 22599 2087 14 Modern Modern NNP 22599 2087 15 Geography Geography NNP 22599 2087 16 , , , 22599 2087 17 a a DT 22599 2087 18 History history NN 22599 2087 19 of of IN 22599 2087 20 Exploration Exploration NNP 22599 2087 21 and and CC 22599 2087 22 Geographical Geographical NNP 22599 2087 23 Science Science NNP 22599 2087 24 from from IN 22599 2087 25 the the DT 22599 2087 26 Conversion Conversion NNP 22599 2087 27 of of IN 22599 2087 28 the the DT 22599 2087 29 Roman Roman NNP 22599 2087 30 Empire Empire NNP 22599 2087 31 to to TO 22599 2087 32 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2087 33 1420 1420 CD 22599 2087 34 _ _ NNP 22599 2087 35 , , , 22599 2087 36 London London NNP 22599 2087 37 , , , 22599 2087 38 1897 1897 CD 22599 2087 39 - - SYM 22599 2087 40 1906 1906 CD 22599 2087 41 , , , 22599 2087 42 3 3 CD 22599 2087 43 vols vol NNS 22599 2087 44 . . . 22599 2088 1 ; ; : 22599 2088 2 Heyd Heyd NNP 22599 2088 3 , , , 22599 2088 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2088 5 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2088 6 des des NNP 22599 2088 7 Levanthandels Levanthandels NNP 22599 2088 8 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2088 9 m be VBP 22599 2088 10 Mittelalter Mittelalter NNP 22599 2088 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2088 12 , , , 22599 2088 13 Stuttgart Stuttgart NNP 22599 2088 14 , , , 22599 2088 15 1897 1897 CD 22599 2088 16 ; ; : 22599 2088 17 J. J. NNP 22599 2088 18 Keane Keane NNP 22599 2088 19 , , , 22599 2088 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2088 21 The the DT 22599 2088 22 Evolution Evolution NNP 22599 2088 23 of of IN 22599 2088 24 Geography Geography NNP 22599 2088 25 _ _ NNP 22599 2088 26 , , , 22599 2088 27 London London NNP 22599 2088 28 , , , 22599 2088 29 1899 1899 CD 22599 2088 30 , , , 22599 2088 31 p. p. NN 22599 2088 32 38 38 CD 22599 2088 33 ; ; : 22599 2088 34 A. A. NNP 22599 2088 35 Cunningham Cunningham NNP 22599 2088 36 , , , 22599 2088 37 _ _ NNP 22599 2088 38 Corpus Corpus NNP 22599 2088 39 inscriptionum inscriptionum NN 22599 2088 40 Indicarum Indicarum NNP 22599 2088 41 _ _ NNP 22599 2088 42 , , , 22599 2088 43 Calcutta Calcutta NNP 22599 2088 44 , , , 22599 2088 45 1877 1877 CD 22599 2088 46 , , , 22599 2088 47 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2088 48 . . . 22599 2089 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2089 2 ; ; : 22599 2089 3 A. A. NNP 22599 2089 4 Neander Neander NNP 22599 2089 5 , , , 22599 2089 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2089 7 General General NNP 22599 2089 8 History History NNP 22599 2089 9 of of IN 22599 2089 10 the the DT 22599 2089 11 Christian Christian NNP 22599 2089 12 Religion Religion NNP 22599 2089 13 and and CC 22599 2089 14 Church Church NNP 22599 2089 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2089 16 , , , 22599 2089 17 5th 5th JJ 22599 2089 18 American american JJ 22599 2089 19 ed ed NNP 22599 2089 20 . . NNP 22599 2089 21 , , , 22599 2089 22 Boston Boston NNP 22599 2089 23 , , , 22599 2089 24 1855 1855 CD 22599 2089 25 , , , 22599 2089 26 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2089 27 . . . 22599 2090 1 III III NNP 22599 2090 2 , , , 22599 2090 3 p. p. NN 22599 2090 4 89 89 CD 22599 2090 5 ; ; : 22599 2090 6 R. R. NNP 22599 2090 7 C. C. NNP 22599 2090 8 Dutt Dutt NNP 22599 2090 9 , , , 22599 2090 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2090 11 A a DT 22599 2090 12 History history NN 22599 2090 13 of of IN 22599 2090 14 Civilization Civilization NNP 22599 2090 15 in in IN 22599 2090 16 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 2090 17 India India NNP 22599 2090 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2090 19 , , , 22599 2090 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2090 21 . . . 22599 2091 1 II II NNP 22599 2091 2 , , , 22599 2091 3 Bk Bk NNP 22599 2091 4 . . . 22599 2092 1 V V NNP 22599 2092 2 , , , 22599 2092 3 chap chap NNP 22599 2092 4 , , , 22599 2092 5 ii ii NNP 22599 2092 6 ; ; : 22599 2092 7 E. E. NNP 22599 2092 8 C. C. NNP 22599 2092 9 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 2092 10 , , , 22599 2092 11 loc loc NNP 22599 2092 12 . . . 22599 2093 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2093 2 . . NNP 22599 2093 3 , , , 22599 2093 4 p. p. NN 22599 2093 5 28 28 CD 22599 2093 6 et et NN 22599 2093 7 seq seq NN 22599 2093 8 . . . 22599 2094 1 ; ; : 22599 2094 2 A. A. NNP 22599 2094 3 C. C. NNP 22599 2094 4 Burnell Burnell NNP 22599 2094 5 , , , 22599 2094 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2094 7 . . . 22599 2095 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2095 2 . . . 22599 2095 3 , , , 22599 2095 4 p. p. NN 22599 2095 5 3 3 CD 22599 2095 6 ; ; : 22599 2095 7 J. J. NNP 22599 2095 8 E. E. NNP 22599 2095 9 Tennent Tennent NNP 22599 2095 10 , , , 22599 2095 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2095 12 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 2095 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2095 14 , , , 22599 2095 15 London London NNP 22599 2095 16 , , , 22599 2095 17 1859 1859 CD 22599 2095 18 , , , 22599 2095 19 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2095 20 . . . 22599 2096 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2096 2 , , , 22599 2096 3 p. p. NN 22599 2096 4 159 159 CD 22599 2096 5 ; ; : 22599 2096 6 Geo Geo NNP 22599 2096 7 . . . 22599 2097 1 Turnour Turnour NNP 22599 2097 2 , , , 22599 2097 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2097 4 Epitome Epitome NNP 22599 2097 5 of of IN 22599 2097 6 the the DT 22599 2097 7 History History NNP 22599 2097 8 of of IN 22599 2097 9 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 2097 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2097 11 , , , 22599 2097 12 London London NNP 22599 2097 13 , , , 22599 2097 14 n.d n.d NNP 22599 2097 15 . . NNP 22599 2097 16 , , , 22599 2097 17 preface preface NN 22599 2097 18 ; ; : 22599 2097 19 " " `` 22599 2097 20 Philalethes Philalethes NNP 22599 2097 21 , , , 22599 2097 22 " " '' 22599 2097 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2097 24 History History NNP 22599 2097 25 of of IN 22599 2097 26 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 2097 27 _ _ NNP 22599 2097 28 , , , 22599 2097 29 London London NNP 22599 2097 30 , , , 22599 2097 31 1816 1816 CD 22599 2097 32 , , , 22599 2097 33 chap chap NNP 22599 2097 34 , , , 22599 2097 35 i i PRP 22599 2097 36 ; ; : 22599 2097 37 H. H. NNP 22599 2097 38 C. C. NNP 22599 2097 39 Sirr Sirr NNP 22599 2097 40 , , , 22599 2097 41 _ _ NNP 22599 2097 42 Ceylon Ceylon NNP 22599 2097 43 and and CC 22599 2097 44 the the DT 22599 2097 45 Cingalese Cingalese NNP 22599 2097 46 _ _ NNP 22599 2097 47 , , , 22599 2097 48 London London NNP 22599 2097 49 , , , 22599 2097 50 1850 1850 CD 22599 2097 51 , , , 22599 2097 52 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2097 53 . . . 22599 2098 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2098 2 , , , 22599 2098 3 chap chap NNP 22599 2098 4 . . . 22599 2099 1 ix ix IN 22599 2099 2 . . . 22599 2100 1 On on IN 22599 2100 2 the the DT 22599 2100 3 Hindu hindu JJ 22599 2100 4 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 2100 5 of of IN 22599 2100 6 the the DT 22599 2100 7 Nile Nile NNP 22599 2100 8 see see VBP 22599 2100 9 F. F. NNP 22599 2100 10 Wilford Wilford NNP 22599 2100 11 , , , 22599 2100 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2100 13 Asiatick Asiatick NNP 22599 2100 14 Researches Researches NNP 22599 2100 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2100 16 , , , 22599 2100 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2100 18 . . . 22599 2101 1 III III NNP 22599 2101 2 , , , 22599 2101 3 p. p. NN 22599 2101 4 295 295 CD 22599 2101 5 , , , 22599 2101 6 Calcutta Calcutta NNP 22599 2101 7 , , , 22599 2101 8 1792 1792 CD 22599 2101 9 . . . 22599 2102 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2102 2 291 291 CD 22599 2102 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2102 4 G. G. NNP 22599 2102 5 Oppert Oppert NNP 22599 2102 6 , , , 22599 2102 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2102 8 On on IN 22599 2102 9 the the DT 22599 2102 10 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 2102 11 Commerce Commerce NNP 22599 2102 12 of of IN 22599 2102 13 India India NNP 22599 2102 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2102 15 , , , 22599 2102 16 Madras Madras NNP 22599 2102 17 , , , 22599 2102 18 1879 1879 CD 22599 2102 19 , , , 22599 2102 20 p. p. NN 22599 2102 21 8 8 CD 22599 2102 22 . . . 22599 2103 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2103 2 292 292 CD 22599 2103 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2103 4 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2103 5 , , , 22599 2103 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2103 7 Études Études NNP 22599 2103 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2103 9 etc etc FW 22599 2103 10 . . . 22599 2103 11 , , , 22599 2103 12 pp pp NNP 22599 2103 13 . . . 22599 2104 1 8 8 CD 22599 2104 2 , , , 22599 2104 3 11 11 CD 22599 2104 4 . . . 22599 2105 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2105 2 293 293 CD 22599 2105 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2105 4 See See NNP 22599 2105 5 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2105 6 's 's POS 22599 2105 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2105 8 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 22599 2105 9 of of IN 22599 2105 10 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2105 11 and and CC 22599 2105 12 Roman Roman NNP 22599 2105 13 Biography Biography NNP 22599 2105 14 and and CC 22599 2105 15 Mythology Mythology NNP 22599 2105 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2105 17 . . . 22599 2106 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2106 2 294 294 CD 22599 2106 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2106 4 P. P. NNP 22599 2106 5 M. M. NNP 22599 2106 6 Sykes Sykes NNP 22599 2106 7 , , , 22599 2106 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2106 9 Ten Ten NNP 22599 2106 10 Thousand thousand CD 22599 2106 11 Miles Miles NNPS 22599 2106 12 in in IN 22599 2106 13 Persia Persia NNP 22599 2106 14 , , , 22599 2106 15 or or CC 22599 2106 16 Eight eight CD 22599 2106 17 Years year NNS 22599 2106 18 in in IN 22599 2106 19 Irán Irán NNP 22599 2106 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2106 21 , , , 22599 2106 22 London London NNP 22599 2106 23 , , , 22599 2106 24 1902 1902 CD 22599 2106 25 , , , 22599 2106 26 p. p. NN 22599 2106 27 167 167 CD 22599 2106 28 . . . 22599 2107 1 Sykes Sykes NNP 22599 2107 2 was be VBD 22599 2107 3 the the DT 22599 2107 4 first first JJ 22599 2107 5 European european JJ 22599 2107 6 to to TO 22599 2107 7 follow follow VB 22599 2107 8 the the DT 22599 2107 9 course course NN 22599 2107 10 of of IN 22599 2107 11 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 2107 12 's 's POS 22599 2107 13 army army NN 22599 2107 14 across across IN 22599 2107 15 eastern eastern JJ 22599 2107 16 Persia Persia NNP 22599 2107 17 . . . 22599 2108 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2108 2 295 295 CD 22599 2108 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2108 4 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 2108 5 , , , 22599 2108 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2108 7 Indian Indian NNP 22599 2108 8 Br[=a]hma Br[=a]hma NNP 22599 2108 9 Alphabet Alphabet NNP 22599 2108 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2108 11 , , , 22599 2108 12 note note NN 22599 2108 13 , , , 22599 2108 14 p. p. NN 22599 2108 15 27 27 CD 22599 2108 16 ; ; : 22599 2108 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2108 18 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 2108 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2108 20 , , , 22599 2108 21 p. p. NN 22599 2108 22 2 2 CD 22599 2108 23 ; ; : 22599 2108 24 _ _ NNP 22599 2108 25 Herodoti Herodoti NNP 22599 2108 26 Halicarnassei Halicarnassei NNP 22599 2108 27 historia historia VBZ 22599 2108 28 _ _ NNP 22599 2108 29 , , , 22599 2108 30 Amsterdam Amsterdam NNP 22599 2108 31 , , , 22599 2108 32 1763 1763 CD 22599 2108 33 , , , 22599 2108 34 Bk Bk NNP 22599 2108 35 . . . 22599 2109 1 IV IV NNP 22599 2109 2 , , , 22599 2109 3 p. p. NN 22599 2109 4 300 300 CD 22599 2109 5 ; ; : 22599 2109 6 Isaac Isaac NNP 22599 2109 7 Vossius Vossius NNP 22599 2109 8 , , , 22599 2109 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2109 10 Periplus Periplus NNP 22599 2109 11 Scylacis Scylacis NNP 22599 2109 12 Caryandensis Caryandensis NNP 22599 2109 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2109 14 , , , 22599 2109 15 1639 1639 CD 22599 2109 16 . . . 22599 2110 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2110 2 is be VBZ 22599 2110 3 doubtful doubtful JJ 22599 2110 4 whether whether IN 22599 2110 5 the the DT 22599 2110 6 work work NN 22599 2110 7 attributed attribute VBN 22599 2110 8 to to IN 22599 2110 9 Scylax Scylax NNP 22599 2110 10 was be VBD 22599 2110 11 written write VBN 22599 2110 12 by by IN 22599 2110 13 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2110 14 , , , 22599 2110 15 but but CC 22599 2110 16 in in IN 22599 2110 17 any any DT 22599 2110 18 case case NN 22599 2110 19 the the DT 22599 2110 20 work work NN 22599 2110 21 dates date VBZ 22599 2110 22 back back RB 22599 2110 23 to to IN 22599 2110 24 the the DT 22599 2110 25 fourth fourth JJ 22599 2110 26 century century NN 22599 2110 27 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 2111 1 See see VB 22599 2111 2 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2111 3 's 's POS 22599 2111 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2111 5 Dictionary Dictionary NNP 22599 2111 6 of of IN 22599 2111 7 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2111 8 and and CC 22599 2111 9 Roman Roman NNP 22599 2111 10 Biography Biography NNP 22599 2111 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2111 12 . . . 22599 2112 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2112 2 296 296 CD 22599 2112 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2112 4 Herodotus Herodotus NNP 22599 2112 5 , , , 22599 2112 6 Bk Bk NNP 22599 2112 7 . . . 22599 2113 1 III iii CD 22599 2113 2 . . . 22599 2114 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2114 2 297 297 CD 22599 2114 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2114 4 Rameses ramese VBZ 22599 2114 5 II II NNP 22599 2114 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2114 7 ? ? . 22599 2115 1 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2115 2 , , , 22599 2115 3 the the DT 22599 2115 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2115 5 Sesoosis Sesoosis NNP 22599 2115 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2115 7 of of IN 22599 2115 8 Diodorus Diodorus NNP 22599 2115 9 Siculus Siculus NNP 22599 2115 10 . . . 22599 2116 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2116 2 298 298 CD 22599 2116 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2116 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2116 5 Indian Indian NNP 22599 2116 6 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 2116 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2116 8 , , , 22599 2116 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2116 10 . . . 22599 2117 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2117 2 , , , 22599 2117 3 p. p. NN 22599 2117 4 229 229 CD 22599 2117 5 ; ; : 22599 2117 6 F. F. NNP 22599 2117 7 B. B. NNP 22599 2117 8 Jevons Jevons NNP 22599 2117 9 , , , 22599 2117 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2117 11 Manual Manual NNP 22599 2117 12 of of IN 22599 2117 13 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2117 14 Antiquities Antiquities NNPS 22599 2117 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2117 16 , , , 22599 2117 17 London London NNP 22599 2117 18 , , , 22599 2117 19 1895 1895 CD 22599 2117 20 , , , 22599 2117 21 p. p. NN 22599 2117 22 386 386 CD 22599 2117 23 . . . 22599 2118 1 On on IN 22599 2118 2 the the DT 22599 2118 3 relations relation NNS 22599 2118 4 , , , 22599 2118 5 political political JJ 22599 2118 6 and and CC 22599 2118 7 commercial commercial JJ 22599 2118 8 , , , 22599 2118 9 between between IN 22599 2118 10 India India NNP 22599 2118 11 and and CC 22599 2118 12 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 2118 13 c. c. NNP 22599 2118 14 72 72 CD 22599 2118 15 B.C. B.C. NNP 22599 2118 16 , , , 22599 2118 17 under under IN 22599 2118 18 Ptolemy Ptolemy NNP 22599 2118 19 Auletes Auletes NNP 22599 2118 20 , , , 22599 2118 21 see see VBP 22599 2118 22 the the DT 22599 2118 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2118 24 Journal Journal NNP 22599 2118 25 Asiatique Asiatique NNP 22599 2118 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2118 27 , , , 22599 2118 28 1863 1863 CD 22599 2118 29 , , , 22599 2118 30 p. p. NN 22599 2118 31 297 297 CD 22599 2118 32 . . . 22599 2119 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2119 2 299 299 CD 22599 2119 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2119 4 Sikandar Sikandar NNP 22599 2119 5 , , , 22599 2119 6 as as IN 22599 2119 7 the the DT 22599 2119 8 name name NN 22599 2119 9 still still RB 22599 2119 10 remains remain VBZ 22599 2119 11 in in IN 22599 2119 12 northern northern JJ 22599 2119 13 India India NNP 22599 2119 14 . . . 22599 2120 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2120 2 300 300 CD 22599 2120 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2120 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2120 5 Harper Harper NNP 22599 2120 6 's 's POS 22599 2120 7 Classical Classical NNP 22599 2120 8 Dict Dict NNP 22599 2120 9 . . . 22599 2120 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2120 11 , , , 22599 2120 12 New New NNP 22599 2120 13 York York NNP 22599 2120 14 , , , 22599 2120 15 1897 1897 CD 22599 2120 16 , , , 22599 2120 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2120 18 . . . 22599 2121 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2121 2 , , , 22599 2121 3 p. p. NN 22599 2121 4 724 724 CD 22599 2121 5 ; ; : 22599 2121 6 F. F. NNP 22599 2121 7 B. B. NNP 22599 2121 8 Jevons Jevons NNP 22599 2121 9 , , , 22599 2121 10 loc loc NNP 22599 2121 11 . . . 22599 2122 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2122 2 . . . 22599 2122 3 , , , 22599 2122 4 p. p. NN 22599 2122 5 389 389 CD 22599 2122 6 ; ; : 22599 2122 7 J. J. NNP 22599 2122 8 C. C. NNP 22599 2122 9 Marshman Marshman NNP 22599 2122 10 , , , 22599 2122 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2122 12 Abridgment Abridgment NNP 22599 2122 13 of of IN 22599 2122 14 the the DT 22599 2122 15 History History NNP 22599 2122 16 of of IN 22599 2122 17 India India NNP 22599 2122 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2122 19 , , , 22599 2122 20 chaps chaps NNP 22599 2122 21 . . . 22599 2123 1 i i PRP 22599 2123 2 and and CC 22599 2123 3 ii ii NNP 22599 2123 4 . . . 22599 2124 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2124 2 301 301 CD 22599 2124 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2124 4 Oppert Oppert NNP 22599 2124 5 , , , 22599 2124 6 loc loc NN 22599 2124 7 . . . 22599 2125 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2125 2 . . NNP 22599 2125 3 , , , 22599 2125 4 p. p. NN 22599 2125 5 11 11 CD 22599 2125 6 . . . 22599 2126 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2126 2 was be VBD 22599 2126 3 at at IN 22599 2126 4 or or CC 22599 2126 5 near near IN 22599 2126 6 this this DT 22599 2126 7 place place NN 22599 2126 8 that that WDT 22599 2126 9 the the DT 22599 2126 10 first first JJ 22599 2126 11 great great JJ 22599 2126 12 Indian indian JJ 22599 2126 13 mathematician mathematician NN 22599 2126 14 , , , 22599 2126 15 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2126 16 = = SYM 22599 2126 17 A]ryabha[t.]a A]ryabha[t.]a NNP 22599 2126 18 , , , 22599 2126 19 was be VBD 22599 2126 20 born bear VBN 22599 2126 21 in in IN 22599 2126 22 476 476 CD 22599 2126 23 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2126 24 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2126 25 302 302 CD 22599 2126 26 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2126 27 Bühler Bühler NNP 22599 2126 28 , , , 22599 2126 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2126 30 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 2126 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2126 32 , , , 22599 2126 33 p. p. NN 22599 2126 34 2 2 CD 22599 2126 35 , , , 22599 2126 36 speaks speak NNS 22599 2126 37 of of IN 22599 2126 38 Greek greek JJ 22599 2126 39 coins coin NNS 22599 2126 40 of of IN 22599 2126 41 a a DT 22599 2126 42 period period NN 22599 2126 43 anterior anterior NN 22599 2126 44 to to IN 22599 2126 45 Alexander Alexander NNP 22599 2126 46 , , , 22599 2126 47 found find VBN 22599 2126 48 in in IN 22599 2126 49 northern northern JJ 22599 2126 50 India India NNP 22599 2126 51 . . . 22599 2127 1 More more RBR 22599 2127 2 complete complete JJ 22599 2127 3 information information NN 22599 2127 4 may may MD 22599 2127 5 be be VB 22599 2127 6 found find VBN 22599 2127 7 in in IN 22599 2127 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2127 9 Indian Indian NNP 22599 2127 10 Coins Coins NNPS 22599 2127 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2127 12 , , , 22599 2127 13 by by IN 22599 2127 14 E. E. NNP 22599 2127 15 J. J. NNP 22599 2127 16 Rapson Rapson NNP 22599 2127 17 , , , 22599 2127 18 Strassburg Strassburg NNP 22599 2127 19 , , , 22599 2127 20 1898 1898 CD 22599 2127 21 , , , 22599 2127 22 pp pp NNP 22599 2127 23 . . . 22599 2128 1 3 3 CD 22599 2128 2 - - SYM 22599 2128 3 7 7 CD 22599 2128 4 . . . 22599 2129 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2129 2 303 303 CD 22599 2129 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2129 4 Oppert Oppert NNP 22599 2129 5 , , , 22599 2129 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2129 7 . . . 22599 2130 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2130 2 . . NNP 22599 2130 3 , , , 22599 2130 4 p. p. NN 22599 2130 5 14 14 CD 22599 2130 6 ; ; : 22599 2130 7 and and CC 22599 2130 8 to to IN 22599 2130 9 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2130 10 is be VBZ 22599 2130 11 due due JJ 22599 2130 12 other other JJ 22599 2130 13 similar similar JJ 22599 2130 14 information information NN 22599 2130 15 . . . 22599 2131 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2131 2 304 304 CD 22599 2131 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2131 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2131 5 Beloch Beloch NNP 22599 2131 6 , , , 22599 2131 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2131 8 Griechische Griechische NNP 22599 2131 9 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2131 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2131 11 , , , 22599 2131 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2131 13 . . . 22599 2132 1 III III NNP 22599 2132 2 , , , 22599 2132 3 Strassburg Strassburg NNP 22599 2132 4 , , , 22599 2132 5 1904 1904 CD 22599 2132 6 , , , 22599 2132 7 pp pp NNP 22599 2132 8 . . . 22599 2133 1 30 30 CD 22599 2133 2 - - SYM 22599 2133 3 31 31 CD 22599 2133 4 . . . 22599 2134 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2134 2 305 305 CD 22599 2134 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2134 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 2134 5 , , , 22599 2134 6 the the DT 22599 2134 7 denarius denarius NN 22599 2134 8 , , , 22599 2134 9 the the DT 22599 2134 10 words word NNS 22599 2134 11 for for IN 22599 2134 12 hour hour NN 22599 2134 13 and and CC 22599 2134 14 minute minute NN 22599 2134 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2134 16 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2134 17 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2134 18 : : : 22599 2134 19 hôra hôra NNS 22599 2134 20 , , , 22599 2134 21 lepton lepton NNP 22599 2134 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2134 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2134 24 , , , 22599 2134 25 and and CC 22599 2134 26 possibly possibly RB 22599 2134 27 the the DT 22599 2134 28 signs sign NNS 22599 2134 29 of of IN 22599 2134 30 the the DT 22599 2134 31 zodiac zodiac NNP 22599 2134 32 . . . 22599 2135 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2135 2 R. R. NNP 22599 2135 3 Caldwell Caldwell NNP 22599 2135 4 , , , 22599 2135 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2135 6 Comparative Comparative NNP 22599 2135 7 Grammar Grammar NNP 22599 2135 8 of of IN 22599 2135 9 the the DT 22599 2135 10 Dravidian Dravidian NNP 22599 2135 11 Languages Languages NNPS 22599 2135 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2135 13 , , , 22599 2135 14 London London NNP 22599 2135 15 , , , 22599 2135 16 1856 1856 CD 22599 2135 17 , , , 22599 2135 18 p. p. NN 22599 2136 1 438 438 CD 22599 2136 2 . . . 22599 2136 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2137 1 On on IN 22599 2137 2 the the DT 22599 2137 3 probable probable JJ 22599 2137 4 Chinese chinese JJ 22599 2137 5 origin origin NN 22599 2137 6 of of IN 22599 2137 7 the the DT 22599 2137 8 zodiac zodiac NNP 22599 2137 9 see see VB 22599 2137 10 Schlegel Schlegel NNP 22599 2137 11 , , , 22599 2137 12 loc loc NNP 22599 2137 13 . . . 22599 2138 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2138 2 . . . 22599 2139 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2139 2 306 306 CD 22599 2139 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2139 4 Marie Marie NNP 22599 2139 5 , , , 22599 2139 6 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2139 7 . . . 22599 2140 1 II II NNP 22599 2140 2 , , , 22599 2140 3 p. p. NN 22599 2140 4 73 73 CD 22599 2140 5 ; ; : 22599 2140 6 R. R. NNP 22599 2140 7 Caldwell Caldwell NNP 22599 2140 8 , , , 22599 2140 9 loc loc NNP 22599 2140 10 . . . 22599 2141 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2141 2 . . . 22599 2142 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2142 2 307 307 CD 22599 2142 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2142 4 A. a. NN 22599 2142 5 Cunningham Cunningham NNP 22599 2142 6 , , , 22599 2142 7 loc loc NNP 22599 2142 8 . . . 22599 2143 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2143 2 . . NNP 22599 2143 3 , , , 22599 2143 4 p. p. NN 22599 2143 5 50 50 CD 22599 2143 6 . . . 22599 2144 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2144 2 308 308 CD 22599 2144 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2144 4 C. C. NNP 22599 2144 5 A. A. NNP 22599 2144 6 J. J. NNP 22599 2144 7 Skeel Skeel NNP 22599 2144 8 , , , 22599 2144 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2144 10 Travel Travel NNP 22599 2144 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2144 12 , , , 22599 2144 13 loc loc NNP 22599 2144 14 . . . 22599 2145 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2145 2 . . NNP 22599 2145 3 , , , 22599 2145 4 p. p. NN 22599 2145 5 14 14 CD 22599 2145 6 . . . 22599 2146 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2146 2 309 309 CD 22599 2146 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2146 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2146 5 Inchiver Inchiver NNP 22599 2146 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2146 7 , , , 22599 2146 8 from from IN 22599 2146 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2146 10 inchi inchi NNP 22599 2146 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2146 12 , , , 22599 2146 13 " " `` 22599 2146 14 the the DT 22599 2146 15 green green JJ 22599 2146 16 root root NN 22599 2146 17 . . . 22599 2146 18 " " '' 22599 2147 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2147 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2147 3 Indian Indian NNP 22599 2147 4 Antiquary Antiquary NNP 22599 2147 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2147 6 , , , 22599 2147 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2147 8 . . . 22599 2148 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2148 2 , , , 22599 2148 3 p. p. NN 22599 2149 1 352 352 CD 22599 2149 2 . . . 22599 2149 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2150 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2150 2 310 310 CD 22599 2150 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2150 4 In in IN 22599 2150 5 China China NNP 22599 2150 6 dating date VBG 22599 2150 7 only only RB 22599 2150 8 from from IN 22599 2150 9 the the DT 22599 2150 10 second second JJ 22599 2150 11 century century NN 22599 2150 12 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2150 13 , , , 22599 2150 14 however however RB 22599 2150 15 . . . 22599 2151 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2151 2 311 311 CD 22599 2151 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2151 4 The the DT 22599 2151 5 Italian Italian NNP 22599 2151 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2151 7 morra morra NNP 22599 2151 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2151 9 . . . 22599 2152 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2152 2 312 312 CD 22599 2152 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2152 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2152 5 Bowring Bowring NNP 22599 2152 6 , , , 22599 2152 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2152 8 The the DT 22599 2152 9 Decimal Decimal NNP 22599 2152 10 System System NNP 22599 2152 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2152 12 , , , 22599 2152 13 London London NNP 22599 2152 14 , , , 22599 2152 15 1854 1854 CD 22599 2152 16 , , , 22599 2152 17 p. p. NN 22599 2152 18 2 2 CD 22599 2152 19 . . . 22599 2153 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2153 2 313 313 CD 22599 2153 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2153 4 H. H. NNP 22599 2153 5 A. A. NNP 22599 2153 6 Giles Giles NNP 22599 2153 7 , , , 22599 2153 8 lecture lecture NN 22599 2153 9 at at IN 22599 2153 10 Columbia Columbia NNP 22599 2153 11 University University NNP 22599 2153 12 , , , 22599 2153 13 March March NNP 22599 2153 14 12 12 CD 22599 2153 15 , , , 22599 2153 16 1902 1902 CD 22599 2153 17 , , , 22599 2153 18 on on IN 22599 2153 19 " " `` 22599 2153 20 China China NNP 22599 2153 21 and and CC 22599 2153 22 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 2153 23 Greece Greece NNP 22599 2153 24 . . . 22599 2153 25 " " '' 22599 2154 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2154 2 314 314 CD 22599 2154 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2154 4 Giles Giles NNP 22599 2154 5 , , , 22599 2154 6 loc loc NN 22599 2154 7 . . . 22599 2155 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2155 2 . . . 22599 2156 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2156 2 315 315 CD 22599 2156 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2156 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 2156 5 , , , 22599 2156 6 the the DT 22599 2156 7 names name NNS 22599 2156 8 for for IN 22599 2156 9 grape grape NN 22599 2156 10 , , , 22599 2156 11 radish radish NNP 22599 2156 12 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2156 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2156 14 la la NNP 22599 2156 15 - - HYPH 22599 2156 16 po po NNP 22599 2156 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2156 18 , , , 22599 2156 19 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2156 20 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2156 21 : : : 22599 2156 22 rhaphê rhaphê NN 22599 2156 23 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2156 24 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2156 25 , , , 22599 2156 26 water water NN 22599 2156 27 - - HYPH 22599 2156 28 lily lily NN 22599 2156 29 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2156 30 _ _ NNP 22599 2156 31 si si NNP 22599 2156 32 - - HYPH 22599 2156 33 kua kua NNP 22599 2156 34 _ _ NNP 22599 2156 35 , , , 22599 2156 36 " " `` 22599 2156 37 west west NNP 22599 2156 38 gourds gourds NNP 22599 2156 39 " " '' 22599 2156 40 ; ; : 22599 2156 41 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2156 42 Greek greek JJ 22599 2156 43 : : : 22599 2156 44 sikua sikua NN 22599 2156 45 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2156 46 , , , 22599 2156 47 " " `` 22599 2156 48 gourds gourds NNP 22599 2156 49 " " '' 22599 2156 50 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2156 51 , , , 22599 2156 52 are be VBP 22599 2156 53 much much RB 22599 2156 54 alike alike RB 22599 2156 55 . . . 22599 2157 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2157 2 Giles Giles NNP 22599 2157 3 , , , 22599 2157 4 loc loc NN 22599 2157 5 . . . 22599 2158 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2158 2 . . . 22599 2158 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2159 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2159 2 316 316 CD 22599 2159 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2159 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2159 5 Epistles Epistles NNPS 22599 2159 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2159 7 , , , 22599 2159 8 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2159 9 , , , 22599 2159 10 1 1 CD 22599 2159 11 , , , 22599 2159 12 45 45 CD 22599 2159 13 - - SYM 22599 2159 14 46 46 CD 22599 2159 15 . . . 22599 2160 1 On on IN 22599 2160 2 the the DT 22599 2160 3 Roman roman JJ 22599 2160 4 trade trade NN 22599 2160 5 routes route NNS 22599 2160 6 , , , 22599 2160 7 see see VB 22599 2160 8 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 2160 9 , , , 22599 2160 10 loc loc NNP 22599 2160 11 . . . 22599 2161 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2161 2 . . . 22599 2161 3 , , , 22599 2161 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2161 5 . . . 22599 2162 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2162 2 , , , 22599 2162 3 p. p. NN 22599 2162 4 179 179 CD 22599 2162 5 . . . 22599 2163 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2163 2 317 317 CD 22599 2163 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2163 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2163 5 Am Am NNP 22599 2163 6 . . . 22599 2164 1 Journ Journ NNP 22599 2164 2 . . . 22599 2165 1 of of IN 22599 2165 2 Archeol Archeol NNP 22599 2165 3 . . . 22599 2165 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2165 5 , , , 22599 2165 6 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2165 7 . . . 22599 2166 1 IV IV NNP 22599 2166 2 , , , 22599 2166 3 p. p. NN 22599 2166 4 366 366 CD 22599 2166 5 . . . 22599 2167 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2167 2 318 318 CD 22599 2167 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2167 4 M. M. NNP 22599 2167 5 Perrot Perrot NNP 22599 2167 6 gives give VBZ 22599 2167 7 this this DT 22599 2167 8 conjectural conjectural JJ 22599 2167 9 restoration restoration NN 22599 2167 10 of of IN 22599 2167 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2167 12 words word NNS 22599 2167 13 : : : 22599 2167 14 " " `` 22599 2167 15 Ad ad VB 22599 2167 16 me -PRON- PRP 22599 2167 17 ex ex AFX 22599 2167 18 India India NNP 22599 2167 19 regum regum NN 22599 2167 20 legationes legationes NNP 22599 2167 21 saepe saepe NNP 22599 2167 22 missi missi NNP 22599 2167 23 sunt sunt NNP 22599 2167 24 numquam numquam NNP 22599 2167 25 antea antea NNP 22599 2167 26 visae visae NNP 22599 2167 27 apud apud NNP 22599 2167 28 quemquam quemquam NNP 22599 2167 29 principem principem NNP 22599 2167 30 Romanorum Romanorum NNP 22599 2167 31 . . . 22599 2167 32 " " '' 22599 2168 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2168 2 M. M. NNP 22599 2168 3 Reinaud Reinaud NNP 22599 2168 4 , , , 22599 2168 5 " " `` 22599 2168 6 Relations relation NNS 22599 2168 7 politiques politique VBZ 22599 2168 8 et et NNP 22599 2168 9 commerciales commerciales NNP 22599 2168 10 de de NNP 22599 2168 11 l'empire l'empire NNP 22599 2168 12 romain romain NNP 22599 2168 13 avec avec NNP 22599 2168 14 l'Asie l'Asie NNP 22599 2168 15 orientale orientale NN 22599 2168 16 , , , 22599 2168 17 " " '' 22599 2168 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2168 19 Journ Journ NNP 22599 2168 20 . . . 22599 2169 1 Asiat asiat NN 22599 2169 2 . . . 22599 2169 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2169 4 , , , 22599 2169 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2169 6 . . . 22599 2170 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2170 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2170 3 6 6 CD 22599 2170 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2170 5 , , , 22599 2170 6 p. p. NN 22599 2171 1 93 93 CD 22599 2171 2 . . . 22599 2171 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2172 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2172 2 319 319 CD 22599 2172 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2172 4 Reinaud Reinaud NNP 22599 2172 5 , , , 22599 2172 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2172 7 . . . 22599 2173 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2173 2 . . NNP 22599 2173 3 , , , 22599 2173 4 p. p. NN 22599 2173 5 189 189 CD 22599 2173 6 . . . 22599 2174 1 Florus Florus NNP 22599 2174 2 , , , 22599 2174 3 II II NNP 22599 2174 4 , , , 22599 2174 5 34 34 CD 22599 2174 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2174 7 IV IV NNP 22599 2174 8 , , , 22599 2174 9 12 12 CD 22599 2174 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2174 11 , , , 22599 2174 12 refers refer VBZ 22599 2174 13 to to IN 22599 2174 14 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2174 15 : : : 22599 2174 16 " " `` 22599 2174 17 Seres sere NNS 22599 2174 18 etiam etiam JJ 22599 2174 19 habitantesque habitantesque NN 22599 2174 20 sub sub NN 22599 2174 21 ipso ipso NNP 22599 2174 22 sole sole NNP 22599 2174 23 Indi Indi NNP 22599 2174 24 , , , 22599 2174 25 cum cum NNP 22599 2174 26 gemmis gemmis NNP 22599 2174 27 et et NNP 22599 2174 28 margaritis margaritis NNP 22599 2174 29 elephantes elephante VBZ 22599 2174 30 quoque quoque NNP 22599 2174 31 inter inter NNP 22599 2174 32 munera munera NNP 22599 2174 33 trahentes trahentes NNP 22599 2174 34 nihil nihil NNP 22599 2174 35 magis magis NNP 22599 2174 36 quam quam NNP 22599 2174 37 longinquitatem longinquitatem NNP 22599 2174 38 viae viae NNP 22599 2174 39 imputabant imputabant NNP 22599 2174 40 . . . 22599 2174 41 " " '' 22599 2175 1 Horace horace NN 22599 2175 2 shows show VBZ 22599 2175 3 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2175 4 geographical geographical JJ 22599 2175 5 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 2175 6 by by IN 22599 2175 7 saying say VBG 22599 2175 8 : : : 22599 2175 9 " " `` 22599 2175 10 Not not RB 22599 2175 11 those those DT 22599 2175 12 who who WP 22599 2175 13 drink drink VBP 22599 2175 14 of of IN 22599 2175 15 the the DT 22599 2175 16 deep deep JJ 22599 2175 17 Danube Danube NNP 22599 2175 18 shall shall MD 22599 2175 19 now now RB 22599 2175 20 break break VB 22599 2175 21 the the DT 22599 2175 22 Julian julian JJ 22599 2175 23 edicts edict NNS 22599 2175 24 ; ; : 22599 2175 25 not not RB 22599 2175 26 the the DT 22599 2175 27 Getae Getae NNP 22599 2175 28 , , , 22599 2175 29 not not RB 22599 2175 30 the the DT 22599 2175 31 Seres Seres NNPS 22599 2175 32 , , , 22599 2175 33 nor nor CC 22599 2175 34 the the DT 22599 2175 35 perfidious perfidious JJ 22599 2175 36 Persians Persians NNPS 22599 2175 37 , , , 22599 2175 38 nor nor CC 22599 2175 39 those those DT 22599 2175 40 born bear VBN 22599 2175 41 on on IN 22599 2175 42 the the DT 22599 2175 43 river river NN 22599 2175 44 Tanaïs Tanaïs NNP 22599 2175 45 . . . 22599 2175 46 " " '' 22599 2176 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2176 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2176 3 Odes Odes NNP 22599 2176 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2176 5 , , , 22599 2176 6 Bk Bk NNP 22599 2176 7 . . . 22599 2177 1 IV IV NNP 22599 2177 2 , , , 22599 2177 3 Ode Ode NNP 22599 2177 4 15 15 CD 22599 2177 5 , , , 22599 2177 6 21 21 CD 22599 2177 7 - - SYM 22599 2177 8 24 24 CD 22599 2177 9 . . . 22599 2177 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2178 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2178 2 320 320 CD 22599 2178 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2178 4 " " `` 22599 2178 5 Qua qua NN 22599 2178 6 virtutis virtutis NN 22599 2178 7 moderationisque moderationisque NN 22599 2178 8 fama fama NNP 22599 2178 9 Indos Indos NNP 22599 2178 10 etiam etiam NN 22599 2178 11 ac ac IN 22599 2178 12 Scythas Scythas NNP 22599 2178 13 auditu auditu VBD 22599 2178 14 modo modo NNP 22599 2178 15 cognitos cognitos NNP 22599 2178 16 pellexit pellexit NNP 22599 2178 17 ad ad NNP 22599 2178 18 amicitiam amicitiam NNP 22599 2178 19 suam suam NNP 22599 2178 20 populique populique NN 22599 2178 21 Romani Romani NNP 22599 2178 22 ultro ultro NNP 22599 2178 23 per per IN 22599 2178 24 legatos legatos NNP 22599 2178 25 petendam petendam NNP 22599 2178 26 . . . 22599 2178 27 " " '' 22599 2179 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2179 2 Reinaud reinaud NN 22599 2179 3 , , , 22599 2179 4 loc loc NNP 22599 2179 5 . . . 22599 2180 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2180 2 . . NNP 22599 2180 3 , , , 22599 2180 4 p. p. NN 22599 2181 1 180 180 CD 22599 2181 2 . . . 22599 2181 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2182 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2182 2 321 321 CD 22599 2182 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2182 4 Reinaud Reinaud NNP 22599 2182 5 , , , 22599 2182 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2182 7 . . . 22599 2183 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2183 2 . . . 22599 2183 3 , , , 22599 2183 4 p. p. NN 22599 2183 5 180 180 CD 22599 2183 6 . . . 22599 2184 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2184 2 322 322 CD 22599 2184 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2184 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2184 5 Georgics Georgics NNP 22599 2184 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2184 7 , , , 22599 2184 8 II II NNP 22599 2184 9 , , , 22599 2184 10 170 170 CD 22599 2184 11 - - SYM 22599 2184 12 172 172 CD 22599 2184 13 . . . 22599 2185 1 So so RB 22599 2185 2 Propertius Propertius NNP 22599 2185 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2185 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2185 5 Elegies Elegies NNP 22599 2185 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2185 7 , , , 22599 2185 8 III III NNP 22599 2185 9 , , , 22599 2185 10 4 4 CD 22599 2185 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2185 12 : : : 22599 2185 13 Arma arma VB 22599 2185 14 deus deu VBZ 22599 2185 15 Caesar Caesar NNP 22599 2185 16 dites dite VBZ 22599 2185 17 meditatur meditatur NN 22599 2185 18 ad ad NN 22599 2185 19 Indos Indos NNP 22599 2185 20 Et Et NNP 22599 2185 21 freta freta NN 22599 2185 22 gemmiferi gemmiferi NNP 22599 2185 23 findere findere NNP 22599 2185 24 classe classe NNP 22599 2185 25 maris maris NNP 22599 2185 26 . . . 22599 2186 1 " " `` 22599 2186 2 The the DT 22599 2186 3 divine divine JJ 22599 2186 4 Cæsar Cæsar NNP 22599 2186 5 meditated meditate VBN 22599 2186 6 carrying carry VBG 22599 2186 7 arms arm NNS 22599 2186 8 against against IN 22599 2186 9 opulent opulent JJ 22599 2186 10 India India NNP 22599 2186 11 , , , 22599 2186 12 and and CC 22599 2186 13 with with IN 22599 2186 14 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2186 15 ships ship NNS 22599 2186 16 to to TO 22599 2186 17 cut cut VB 22599 2186 18 the the DT 22599 2186 19 gem gem NN 22599 2186 20 - - HYPH 22599 2186 21 bearing bear VBG 22599 2186 22 seas sea NNS 22599 2186 23 . . . 22599 2186 24 " " '' 22599 2187 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2187 2 323 323 CD 22599 2187 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2187 4 Heyd Heyd NNP 22599 2187 5 , , , 22599 2187 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2187 7 . . . 22599 2188 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2188 2 . . . 22599 2188 3 , , , 22599 2188 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2188 5 . . . 22599 2189 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2189 2 , , , 22599 2189 3 p. p. NN 22599 2189 4 4 4 CD 22599 2189 5 . . . 22599 2190 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2190 2 324 324 CD 22599 2190 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2190 4 Reinaud Reinaud NNP 22599 2190 5 , , , 22599 2190 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2190 7 . . . 22599 2191 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2191 2 . . NNP 22599 2191 3 , , , 22599 2191 4 p. p. NN 22599 2191 5 393 393 CD 22599 2191 6 . . . 22599 2192 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2192 2 325 325 CD 22599 2192 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2192 4 The the DT 22599 2192 5 title title NN 22599 2192 6 page page NN 22599 2192 7 of of IN 22599 2192 8 Calandri Calandri NNP 22599 2192 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2192 10 1491 1491 CD 22599 2192 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2192 12 , , , 22599 2192 13 for for IN 22599 2192 14 example example NN 22599 2192 15 , , , 22599 2192 16 represents represent VBZ 22599 2192 17 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNP 22599 2192 18 with with IN 22599 2192 19 these these DT 22599 2192 20 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2192 21 before before IN 22599 2192 22 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2192 23 . . . 22599 2193 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2193 2 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2193 3 , , , 22599 2193 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2193 5 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2193 6 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 2193 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2193 8 , , , 22599 2193 9 p. p. NN 22599 2194 1 46 46 CD 22599 2194 2 . . . 22599 2194 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2195 1 Isaacus Isaacus NNP 22599 2195 2 Vossius Vossius NNP 22599 2195 3 , , , 22599 2195 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2195 5 Observationes Observationes NNP 22599 2195 6 ad ad NN 22599 2195 7 Pomponium Pomponium NNP 22599 2195 8 Melam Melam NNP 22599 2195 9 de de NNP 22599 2195 10 situ situ NN 22599 2195 11 orbis orbi VBD 22599 2195 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2195 13 , , , 22599 2195 14 1658 1658 CD 22599 2195 15 , , , 22599 2195 16 maintained maintain VBD 22599 2195 17 that that IN 22599 2195 18 the the DT 22599 2195 19 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 2195 20 derived derive VBD 22599 2195 21 these these DT 22599 2195 22 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2195 23 from from IN 22599 2195 24 the the DT 22599 2195 25 west west NN 22599 2195 26 . . . 22599 2196 1 A a DT 22599 2196 2 learned learn VBN 22599 2196 3 dissertation dissertation NN 22599 2196 4 to to IN 22599 2196 5 this this DT 22599 2196 6 effect effect NN 22599 2196 7 , , , 22599 2196 8 but but CC 22599 2196 9 deriving derive VBG 22599 2196 10 them -PRON- PRP 22599 2196 11 from from IN 22599 2196 12 the the DT 22599 2196 13 Romans Romans NNPS 22599 2196 14 instead instead RB 22599 2196 15 of of IN 22599 2196 16 the the DT 22599 2196 17 Greeks Greeks NNPS 22599 2196 18 , , , 22599 2196 19 was be VBD 22599 2196 20 written write VBN 22599 2196 21 by by IN 22599 2196 22 Ginanni Ginanni NNP 22599 2196 23 in in IN 22599 2196 24 1753 1753 CD 22599 2196 25 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2196 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2196 27 Dissertatio Dissertatio NNP 22599 2196 28 mathematica mathematica NNP 22599 2196 29 critica critica NNP 22599 2196 30 de de IN 22599 2196 31 numeralium numeralium NNP 22599 2196 32 notarum notarum NNP 22599 2196 33 minuscularum minuscularum NNP 22599 2196 34 origine origine NNP 22599 2196 35 _ _ NNP 22599 2196 36 , , , 22599 2196 37 Venice Venice NNP 22599 2196 38 , , , 22599 2196 39 1753 1753 CD 22599 2196 40 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2196 41 . . . 22599 2197 1 See see VB 22599 2197 2 also also RB 22599 2197 3 Mannert Mannert NNP 22599 2197 4 , , , 22599 2197 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2197 6 De De NNP 22599 2197 7 numerorum numerorum NNP 22599 2197 8 quos quos NNP 22599 2197 9 arabicos arabicos NNP 22599 2197 10 vocant vocant NNP 22599 2197 11 vera vera NNP 22599 2197 12 origine origine NNP 22599 2197 13 Pythagorica Pythagorica NNP 22599 2197 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2197 15 , , , 22599 2197 16 Nürnberg Nürnberg NNP 22599 2197 17 , , , 22599 2197 18 1801 1801 CD 22599 2197 19 . . . 22599 2198 1 Even even RB 22599 2198 2 as as RB 22599 2198 3 late late JJ 22599 2198 4 as as IN 22599 2198 5 1827 1827 CD 22599 2198 6 Romagnosi Romagnosi NNP 22599 2198 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2198 8 in in IN 22599 2198 9 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2198 10 supplement supplement NN 22599 2198 11 to to IN 22599 2198 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2198 13 Ricerche Ricerche NNP 22599 2198 14 storiche storiche NN 22599 2198 15 sull sull NN 22599 2198 16 ' ' '' 22599 2198 17 India India NNP 22599 2198 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2198 19 etc etc FW 22599 2198 20 . . . 22599 2198 21 , , , 22599 2198 22 by by IN 22599 2198 23 Robertson Robertson NNP 22599 2198 24 , , , 22599 2198 25 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2198 26 . . . 22599 2199 1 II II NNP 22599 2199 2 , , , 22599 2199 3 p. p. NN 22599 2199 4 580 580 CD 22599 2199 5 , , , 22599 2199 6 1827 1827 CD 22599 2199 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2199 8 asserted assert VBD 22599 2199 9 that that IN 22599 2199 10 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNPS 22599 2199 11 originated originate VBD 22599 2199 12 them -PRON- PRP 22599 2199 13 . . . 22599 2200 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2200 2 R. R. NNP 22599 2200 3 Bombelli Bombelli NNP 22599 2200 4 , , , 22599 2200 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2200 6 L'antica L'antica NNP 22599 2200 7 numerazione numerazione NN 22599 2200 8 italica italica NNP 22599 2200 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2200 10 , , , 22599 2200 11 Rome Rome NNP 22599 2200 12 , , , 22599 2200 13 1876 1876 CD 22599 2200 14 , , , 22599 2200 15 p. p. NN 22599 2201 1 59 59 CD 22599 2201 2 . . . 22599 2201 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2202 1 Gow Gow NNP 22599 2202 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2202 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2202 4 Hist Hist NNP 22599 2202 5 . . . 22599 2203 1 of of IN 22599 2203 2 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2203 3 Math Math NNP 22599 2203 4 . . . 22599 2203 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2203 6 , , , 22599 2203 7 p. p. NN 22599 2203 8 98 98 CD 22599 2203 9 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2203 10 thinks think VBZ 22599 2203 11 that that IN 22599 2203 12 Iamblichus Iamblichus NNP 22599 2203 13 must must MD 22599 2203 14 have have VB 22599 2203 15 known know VBN 22599 2203 16 a a DT 22599 2203 17 similar similar JJ 22599 2203 18 system system NN 22599 2203 19 in in IN 22599 2203 20 order order NN 22599 2203 21 to to TO 22599 2203 22 have have VB 22599 2203 23 worked work VBN 22599 2203 24 out out RP 22599 2203 25 certain certain JJ 22599 2203 26 of of IN 22599 2203 27 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2203 28 theorems theorem NNS 22599 2203 29 , , , 22599 2203 30 but but CC 22599 2203 31 this this DT 22599 2203 32 is be VBZ 22599 2203 33 an an DT 22599 2203 34 unwarranted unwarranted JJ 22599 2203 35 deduction deduction NN 22599 2203 36 from from IN 22599 2203 37 the the DT 22599 2203 38 passage passage NN 22599 2203 39 given give VBN 22599 2203 40 . . . 22599 2204 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2204 2 326 326 CD 22599 2204 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2204 4 A. a. NN 22599 2204 5 Hillebrandt Hillebrandt NNP 22599 2204 6 , , , 22599 2204 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2204 8 Alt Alt NNP 22599 2204 9 - - HYPH 22599 2204 10 Indien Indien NNP 22599 2204 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2204 12 , , , 22599 2204 13 p. p. NN 22599 2204 14 179 179 CD 22599 2204 15 . . . 22599 2205 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2205 2 327 327 CD 22599 2205 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2205 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2205 5 C. C. NNP 22599 2205 6 Marshman Marshman NNP 22599 2205 7 , , , 22599 2205 8 loc loc NNP 22599 2205 9 . . . 22599 2206 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2206 2 . . NNP 22599 2206 3 , , , 22599 2206 4 chaps chaps NNP 22599 2206 5 . . . 22599 2207 1 i i PRP 22599 2207 2 and and CC 22599 2207 3 ii ii NNP 22599 2207 4 . . . 22599 2208 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2208 2 328 328 CD 22599 2208 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2208 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2208 5 reigned reign VBD 22599 2208 6 631 631 CD 22599 2208 7 - - SYM 22599 2208 8 579 579 CD 22599 2208 9 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2208 10 ; ; : 22599 2208 11 called call VBN 22599 2208 12 Nu['s][=i]rw[=a]n nu['s][=i]rw[=a]n CD 22599 2208 13 , , , 22599 2208 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2208 15 the the DT 22599 2208 16 holy holy JJ 22599 2208 17 one one CD 22599 2208 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2208 19 . . . 22599 2209 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2209 2 329 329 CD 22599 2209 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2209 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2209 5 Keane Keane NNP 22599 2209 6 , , , 22599 2209 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2209 8 The the DT 22599 2209 9 Evolution Evolution NNP 22599 2209 10 of of IN 22599 2209 11 Geography Geography NNP 22599 2209 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2209 13 , , , 22599 2209 14 London London NNP 22599 2209 15 , , , 22599 2209 16 1899 1899 CD 22599 2209 17 , , , 22599 2209 18 p. p. NN 22599 2209 19 38 38 CD 22599 2209 20 . . . 22599 2210 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2210 2 330 330 CD 22599 2210 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2210 4 The the DT 22599 2210 5 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 2210 6 who who WP 22599 2210 7 lived live VBD 22599 2210 8 in in IN 22599 2210 9 and and CC 22599 2210 10 about about IN 22599 2210 11 Mecca Mecca NNP 22599 2210 12 . . . 22599 2211 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2211 2 331 331 CD 22599 2211 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2211 4 S. S. NNP 22599 2211 5 Guyard Guyard NNP 22599 2211 6 , , , 22599 2211 7 in in IN 22599 2211 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2211 9 Encyc Encyc NNP 22599 2211 10 . . . 22599 2212 1 Brit Brit NNP 22599 2212 2 . . . 22599 2212 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2212 4 , , , 22599 2212 5 9th 9th NNP 22599 2212 6 ed ed NNP 22599 2212 7 . . NNP 22599 2212 8 , , , 22599 2212 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2212 10 . . . 22599 2213 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2213 2 , , , 22599 2213 3 p. p. NN 22599 2213 4 597 597 CD 22599 2213 5 . . . 22599 2214 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2214 2 332 332 CD 22599 2214 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2214 4 Oppert Oppert NNP 22599 2214 5 , , , 22599 2214 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2214 7 . . . 22599 2215 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2215 2 . . NNP 22599 2215 3 , , , 22599 2215 4 p. p. NN 22599 2215 5 29 29 CD 22599 2215 6 . . . 22599 2216 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2216 2 333 333 CD 22599 2216 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2216 4 " " `` 22599 2216 5 At at IN 22599 2216 6 non non JJ 22599 2216 7 credendum credendum NN 22599 2216 8 est est NNP 22599 2216 9 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2216 10 d d NN 22599 2216 11 in in IN 22599 2216 12 Autographis Autographis NNP 22599 2216 13 contigisse contigisse NNP 22599 2216 14 , , , 22599 2216 15 aut aut NNP 22599 2216 16 vetustioribus vetustioribus NNP 22599 2216 17 Codd Codd NNP 22599 2216 18 . . . 22599 2217 1 MSS MSS NNP 22599 2217 2 . . . 22599 2217 3 " " '' 22599 2218 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2218 2 Wallis Wallis NNP 22599 2218 3 , , , 22599 2218 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2218 5 Opera Opera NNP 22599 2218 6 omnia omnia NN 22599 2218 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2218 8 , , , 22599 2218 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2218 10 . . . 22599 2219 1 II II NNP 22599 2219 2 , , , 22599 2219 3 p. p. NN 22599 2220 1 11 11 CD 22599 2220 2 . . . 22599 2220 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2221 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2221 2 334 334 CD 22599 2221 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2221 4 In in IN 22599 2221 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2221 6 Observationes Observationes NNP 22599 2221 7 ad ad NN 22599 2221 8 Pomponium Pomponium NNP 22599 2221 9 Melam Melam NNP 22599 2221 10 de de NNP 22599 2221 11 situ situ NN 22599 2221 12 orbis orbi VBD 22599 2221 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2221 14 . . . 22599 2222 1 The the DT 22599 2222 2 question question NN 22599 2222 3 was be VBD 22599 2222 4 next next RB 22599 2222 5 taken take VBN 22599 2222 6 up up RP 22599 2222 7 in in IN 22599 2222 8 a a DT 22599 2222 9 large large JJ 22599 2222 10 way way NN 22599 2222 11 by by IN 22599 2222 12 Weidler Weidler NNP 22599 2222 13 , , , 22599 2222 14 loc loc NNP 22599 2222 15 . . . 22599 2223 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2223 2 . . . 22599 2223 3 , , , 22599 2223 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2223 5 De De NNP 22599 2223 6 characteribus characteribus NNP 22599 2223 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2223 8 etc etc FW 22599 2223 9 . . . 22599 2223 10 , , , 22599 2223 11 1727 1727 CD 22599 2223 12 , , , 22599 2223 13 and and CC 22599 2223 14 in in IN 22599 2223 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2223 16 Spicilegium Spicilegium NNP 22599 2223 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2223 18 etc etc FW 22599 2223 19 . . . 22599 2223 20 , , , 22599 2223 21 1755 1755 CD 22599 2223 22 . . . 22599 2224 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2224 2 335 335 CD 22599 2224 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2224 4 The the DT 22599 2224 5 best good JJS 22599 2224 6 edition edition NN 22599 2224 7 of of IN 22599 2224 8 these these DT 22599 2224 9 works work NNS 22599 2224 10 is be VBZ 22599 2224 11 that that DT 22599 2224 12 of of IN 22599 2224 13 G. G. NNP 22599 2224 14 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2224 15 , , , 22599 2224 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2224 17 Anicii Anicii NNP 22599 2224 18 Manlii Manlii NNP 22599 2224 19 Torquati Torquati NNP 22599 2224 20 Severini Severini NNP 22599 2224 21 Boetii Boetii NNP 22599 2224 22 de de IN 22599 2224 23 institutione institutione NN 22599 2224 24 arithmetica arithmetica NNP 22599 2224 25 libri libri NNP 22599 2224 26 duo duo NNP 22599 2224 27 , , , 22599 2224 28 de de NNP 22599 2224 29 institutione institutione NNP 22599 2224 30 musica musica NNP 22599 2224 31 libri libri NNP 22599 2224 32 quinque quinque NNP 22599 2224 33 . . . 22599 2225 1 Accedit accedit NN 22599 2225 2 geometria geometria NN 22599 2225 3 quae quae RB 22599 2225 4 fertur fertur JJ 22599 2225 5 Boetii Boetii NNP 22599 2225 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2225 7 .... .... . 22599 2225 8 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 2225 9 .... .... NFP 22599 2225 10 MDCCCLXVII MDCCCLXVII NNP 22599 2225 11 . . . 22599 2226 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2226 2 336 336 CD 22599 2226 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2226 4 See see VB 22599 2226 5 also also RB 22599 2226 6 P. P. NNP 22599 2226 7 Tannery Tannery NNP 22599 2226 8 , , , 22599 2226 9 " " `` 22599 2226 10 Notes note NNS 22599 2226 11 sur sur NNP 22599 2226 12 la la FW 22599 2226 13 pseudo pseudo NNP 22599 2226 14 - - NN 22599 2226 15 géometrie géometrie JJ 22599 2226 16 de de IN 22599 2226 17 Boèce Boèce NNP 22599 2226 18 , , , 22599 2226 19 " " '' 22599 2226 20 in in IN 22599 2226 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2226 22 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2226 23 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2226 24 _ _ NNP 22599 2226 25 , , , 22599 2226 26 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2226 27 . . . 22599 2227 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2227 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2227 3 3 3 CD 22599 2227 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2227 5 , , , 22599 2227 6 p. p. NN 22599 2227 7 39 39 CD 22599 2227 8 . . . 22599 2228 1 This this DT 22599 2228 2 is be VBZ 22599 2228 3 not not RB 22599 2228 4 the the DT 22599 2228 5 geometry geometry NN 22599 2228 6 in in IN 22599 2228 7 two two CD 22599 2228 8 books book NNS 22599 2228 9 in in IN 22599 2228 10 which which WDT 22599 2228 11 are be VBP 22599 2228 12 mentioned mention VBN 22599 2228 13 the the DT 22599 2228 14 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2228 15 . . . 22599 2229 1 There there EX 22599 2229 2 is be VBZ 22599 2229 3 a a DT 22599 2229 4 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2229 5 of of IN 22599 2229 6 this this DT 22599 2229 7 pseudo pseudo NN 22599 2229 8 - - NN 22599 2229 9 geometry geometry NN 22599 2229 10 of of IN 22599 2229 11 the the DT 22599 2229 12 ninth ninth JJ 22599 2229 13 century century NN 22599 2229 14 , , , 22599 2229 15 but but CC 22599 2229 16 the the DT 22599 2229 17 earliest early JJS 22599 2229 18 one one CD 22599 2229 19 of of IN 22599 2229 20 the the DT 22599 2229 21 other other JJ 22599 2229 22 work work NN 22599 2229 23 is be VBZ 22599 2229 24 of of IN 22599 2229 25 the the DT 22599 2229 26 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 2229 27 century century NN 22599 2229 28 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2229 29 Tannery Tannery NNP 22599 2229 30 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2229 31 , , , 22599 2229 32 unless unless IN 22599 2229 33 the the DT 22599 2229 34 Vatican Vatican NNP 22599 2229 35 codex codex NN 22599 2229 36 is be VBZ 22599 2229 37 of of IN 22599 2229 38 the the DT 22599 2229 39 tenth tenth JJ 22599 2229 40 century century NN 22599 2229 41 as as IN 22599 2229 42 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2229 43 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2229 44 p. p. NN 22599 2229 45 372 372 CD 22599 2229 46 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2229 47 asserts assert VBZ 22599 2229 48 . . . 22599 2230 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2230 2 337 337 CD 22599 2230 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2230 4 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2230 5 feels feel VBZ 22599 2230 6 that that IN 22599 2230 7 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2230 8 is be VBZ 22599 2230 9 partly partly RB 22599 2230 10 spurious spurious JJ 22599 2230 11 , , , 22599 2230 12 but but CC 22599 2230 13 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2230 14 says say VBZ 22599 2230 15 : : : 22599 2230 16 " " `` 22599 2230 17 Eorum Eorum NNP 22599 2230 18 librorum librorum NN 22599 2230 19 , , , 22599 2230 20 quos quos NN 22599 2230 21 Boetius Boetius NNP 22599 2230 22 de de NNP 22599 2230 23 geometria geometria NNP 22599 2230 24 scripsisse scripsisse NNP 22599 2230 25 dicitur dicitur NNP 22599 2230 26 , , , 22599 2230 27 investigare investigare NNP 22599 2230 28 veram veram NNP 22599 2230 29 inscriptionem inscriptionem NNP 22599 2230 30 nihil nihil NNP 22599 2230 31 aliud aliud NNP 22599 2230 32 esset esset NNP 22599 2230 33 nisi nisi NNP 22599 2230 34 operam operam NNP 22599 2230 35 et et FW 22599 2230 36 tempus tempus NN 22599 2230 37 perdere perdere NNP 22599 2230 38 . . . 22599 2230 39 " " '' 22599 2231 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2231 2 Preface preface NN 22599 2231 3 , , , 22599 2231 4 p. p. NN 22599 2231 5 v. v. IN 22599 2231 6 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2231 7 N. N. NNP 22599 2231 8 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2231 9 in in IN 22599 2231 10 the the DT 22599 2231 11 Russian russian JJ 22599 2231 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2231 13 Journal Journal NNP 22599 2231 14 of of IN 22599 2231 15 the the DT 22599 2231 16 Ministry Ministry NNP 22599 2231 17 of of IN 22599 2231 18 Public Public NNP 22599 2231 19 Instruction Instruction NNP 22599 2231 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2231 21 , , , 22599 2231 22 1907 1907 CD 22599 2231 23 , , , 22599 2231 24 in in IN 22599 2231 25 an an DT 22599 2231 26 article article NN 22599 2231 27 of of IN 22599 2231 28 which which WDT 22599 2231 29 a a DT 22599 2231 30 synopsis synopsis NN 22599 2231 31 is be VBZ 22599 2231 32 given give VBN 22599 2231 33 in in IN 22599 2231 34 the the DT 22599 2231 35 _ _ NNP 22599 2231 36 Jahrbuch Jahrbuch NNP 22599 2231 37 über über NN 22599 2231 38 die die VBP 22599 2231 39 Fortschritte Fortschritte NNP 22599 2231 40 der der IN 22599 2231 41 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2231 42 _ _ NNP 22599 2231 43 for for IN 22599 2231 44 1907 1907 CD 22599 2231 45 , , , 22599 2231 46 asserts assert VBZ 22599 2231 47 that that IN 22599 2231 48 the the DT 22599 2231 49 geometry geometry NN 22599 2231 50 was be VBD 22599 2231 51 written write VBN 22599 2231 52 in in IN 22599 2231 53 the the DT 22599 2231 54 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 2231 55 century century NN 22599 2231 56 . . . 22599 2232 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2232 2 338 338 CD 22599 2232 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2232 4 The the DT 22599 2232 5 most most RBS 22599 2232 6 noteworthy noteworthy JJ 22599 2232 7 of of IN 22599 2232 8 these these DT 22599 2232 9 was be VBD 22599 2232 10 for for IN 22599 2232 11 a a DT 22599 2232 12 long long JJ 22599 2232 13 time time NN 22599 2232 14 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2232 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2232 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2232 17 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2232 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2232 19 , , , 22599 2232 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2232 21 . . . 22599 2233 1 I. I. NNP 22599 2233 2 , , , 22599 2233 3 3d 3d NNP 22599 2233 4 ed ed NNP 22599 2233 5 . . NNP 22599 2233 6 , , , 22599 2233 7 pp pp NNP 22599 2233 8 . . . 22599 2234 1 587 587 CD 22599 2234 2 - - SYM 22599 2234 3 588 588 CD 22599 2234 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2234 5 , , , 22599 2234 6 who who WP 22599 2234 7 in in IN 22599 2234 8 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2234 9 earlier early JJR 22599 2234 10 days day NNS 22599 2234 11 even even RB 22599 2234 12 believed believe VBD 22599 2234 13 that that IN 22599 2234 14 Pythagoras Pythagoras NNP 22599 2234 15 had have VBD 22599 2234 16 known know VBN 22599 2234 17 them -PRON- PRP 22599 2234 18 . . . 22599 2235 1 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2235 2 says say VBZ 22599 2235 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2235 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2235 5 Die Die NNP 22599 2235 6 römischen römischen NNP 22599 2235 7 Agrimensoren Agrimensoren NNP 22599 2235 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2235 9 , , , 22599 2235 10 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 2235 11 , , , 22599 2235 12 1875 1875 CD 22599 2235 13 , , , 22599 2235 14 p. p. NN 22599 2235 15 130 130 CD 22599 2235 16 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2235 17 : : : 22599 2235 18 " " `` 22599 2235 19 Uns Uns NNP 22599 2235 20 also also RB 22599 2235 21 , , , 22599 2235 22 wir wir NNP 22599 2235 23 wiederholen wiederholen NNP 22599 2235 24 es es NNP 22599 2235 25 , , , 22599 2235 26 ist ist NNP 22599 2235 27 die die VBP 22599 2235 28 Geometrie Geometrie NNP 22599 2235 29 des des FW 22599 2235 30 Boetius Boetius NNP 22599 2235 31 echt echt NN 22599 2235 32 , , , 22599 2235 33 dieselbe dieselbe JJ 22599 2235 34 Schrift Schrift NNP 22599 2235 35 , , , 22599 2235 36 welche welche NN 22599 2235 37 er er UH 22599 2235 38 nach nach RB 22599 2235 39 Euklid Euklid NNP 22599 2235 40 bearbeitete bearbeitete NNP 22599 2235 41 , , , 22599 2235 42 von von NNP 22599 2235 43 welcher welcher NNP 22599 2235 44 ein ein NNP 22599 2235 45 Codex Codex NNP 22599 2235 46 bereits bereit NNS 22599 2235 47 in in IN 22599 2235 48 Jahre Jahre NNP 22599 2235 49 821 821 CD 22599 2235 50 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2235 51 m be VBP 22599 2235 52 Kloster Kloster NNP 22599 2235 53 Reichenau Reichenau NNP 22599 2235 54 vorhanden vorhanden NNP 22599 2235 55 war war NN 22599 2235 56 , , , 22599 2235 57 von von NNP 22599 2235 58 welcher welcher NNP 22599 2235 59 ein ein NNP 22599 2235 60 anderes andere VBZ 22599 2235 61 Exemplar Exemplar NNP 22599 2235 62 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2235 63 m be VBP 22599 2235 64 Jahre Jahre NNP 22599 2235 65 982 982 CD 22599 2235 66 zu zu VBZ 22599 2235 67 Mantua Mantua NNP 22599 2235 68 in in IN 22599 2235 69 die die VBP 22599 2235 70 Hände Hände NNP 22599 2235 71 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2235 72 's 's POS 22599 2235 73 gelangte gelangte NN 22599 2235 74 , , , 22599 2235 75 von von NNP 22599 2235 76 welcher welcher NN 22599 2235 77 mannigfache mannigfache NNP 22599 2235 78 Handschriften Handschriften NNP 22599 2235 79 noch noch NNP 22599 2235 80 heute heute NNP 22599 2235 81 vorhanden vorhanden NNP 22599 2235 82 sind sind NNP 22599 2235 83 . . . 22599 2235 84 " " '' 22599 2236 1 But but CC 22599 2236 2 against against IN 22599 2236 3 this this DT 22599 2236 4 opinion opinion NN 22599 2236 5 of of IN 22599 2236 6 the the DT 22599 2236 7 antiquity antiquity NN 22599 2236 8 of of IN 22599 2236 9 MSS MSS NNP 22599 2236 10 . . . 22599 2237 1 containing contain VBG 22599 2237 2 these these DT 22599 2237 3 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2237 4 is be VBZ 22599 2237 5 the the DT 22599 2237 6 important important JJ 22599 2237 7 statement statement NN 22599 2237 8 of of IN 22599 2237 9 P. P. NNP 22599 2237 10 Tannery Tannery NNP 22599 2237 11 , , , 22599 2237 12 perhaps perhaps RB 22599 2237 13 the the DT 22599 2237 14 most most RBS 22599 2237 15 critical critical JJ 22599 2237 16 of of IN 22599 2237 17 modern modern JJ 22599 2237 18 historians historian NNS 22599 2237 19 of of IN 22599 2237 20 mathematics mathematic NNS 22599 2237 21 , , , 22599 2237 22 that that IN 22599 2237 23 none none NN 22599 2237 24 exists exist VBZ 22599 2237 25 earlier early RBR 22599 2237 26 than than IN 22599 2237 27 the the DT 22599 2237 28 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 2237 29 century century NN 22599 2237 30 . . . 22599 2238 1 See see VB 22599 2238 2 also also RB 22599 2238 3 J. J. NNP 22599 2238 4 L. L. NNP 22599 2238 5 Heiberg Heiberg NNP 22599 2238 6 in in IN 22599 2238 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2238 8 Philologus Philologus NNP 22599 2238 9 , , , 22599 2238 10 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2238 11 f. f. NNP 22599 2238 12 d. d. NNP 22599 2238 13 klass klass NNP 22599 2238 14 . . . 22599 2239 1 Altertum Altertum NNP 22599 2239 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2239 3 , , , 22599 2239 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2239 5 . . . 22599 2240 1 XLIII XLIII NNP 22599 2240 2 , , , 22599 2240 3 p. p. NN 22599 2240 4 508 508 CD 22599 2240 5 . . . 22599 2241 1 Of of IN 22599 2241 2 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2241 3 's 's POS 22599 2241 4 predecessors predecessor NNS 22599 2241 5 , , , 22599 2241 6 Th Th NNP 22599 2241 7 . . . 22599 2242 1 H. H. NNP 22599 2242 2 Martin Martin NNP 22599 2242 3 was be VBD 22599 2242 4 one one CD 22599 2242 5 of of IN 22599 2242 6 the the DT 22599 2242 7 most most RBS 22599 2242 8 prominent prominent JJ 22599 2242 9 , , , 22599 2242 10 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2242 11 argument argument NN 22599 2242 12 for for IN 22599 2242 13 authenticity authenticity NN 22599 2242 14 appearing appear VBG 22599 2242 15 in in IN 22599 2242 16 the the DT 22599 2242 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2242 18 Revue Revue NNP 22599 2242 19 Archéologique Archéologique NNP 22599 2242 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2242 21 for for IN 22599 2242 22 1856 1856 CD 22599 2242 23 - - SYM 22599 2242 24 1857 1857 CD 22599 2242 25 , , , 22599 2242 26 and and CC 22599 2242 27 in in IN 22599 2242 28 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2242 29 treatise treatise NN 22599 2242 30 _ _ NNP 22599 2242 31 Les Les NNP 22599 2242 32 signes sign VBZ 22599 2242 33 numéraux numéraux NNP 22599 2242 34 _ _ NNP 22599 2242 35 etc etc FW 22599 2242 36 . . . 22599 2243 1 See see VB 22599 2243 2 also also RB 22599 2243 3 M. M. NNP 22599 2243 4 Chasles Chasles NNP 22599 2243 5 , , , 22599 2243 6 " " `` 22599 2243 7 De De NNP 22599 2243 8 la la NNP 22599 2243 9 connaissance connaissance NN 22599 2243 10 qu'ont qu'ont NNP 22599 2243 11 eu eu NNP 22599 2243 12 les les NNP 22599 2243 13 anciens anciens NNP 22599 2243 14 d'une d'une NNP 22599 2243 15 numération numération NN 22599 2243 16 décimale décimale NN 22599 2243 17 écrite écrite NN 22599 2243 18 qui qui NNP 22599 2243 19 fait fait NNP 22599 2243 20 usage usage NNP 22599 2243 21 de de NNP 22599 2243 22 neuf neuf NNP 22599 2243 23 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 2243 24 prenant prenant NN 22599 2243 25 les les NNP 22599 2243 26 valeurs valeurs NNP 22599 2243 27 de de NNP 22599 2243 28 position position NN 22599 2243 29 , , , 22599 2243 30 " " '' 22599 2243 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2243 32 Comptes Comptes NNP 22599 2243 33 rendus rendus VBP 22599 2243 34 _ _ NNP 22599 2243 35 , , , 22599 2243 36 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2243 37 . . . 22599 2244 1 VI VI NNP 22599 2244 2 , , , 22599 2244 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2244 4 . . . 22599 2245 1 678 678 CD 22599 2245 2 - - SYM 22599 2245 3 680 680 CD 22599 2245 4 ; ; : 22599 2245 5 " " `` 22599 2245 6 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2245 7 l'origine l'origine NNP 22599 2245 8 de de NNP 22599 2245 9 notre notre NNP 22599 2245 10 système système NNP 22599 2245 11 de de NNP 22599 2245 12 numération numération NNP 22599 2245 13 , , , 22599 2245 14 " " `` 22599 2245 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2245 16 Comptes Comptes NNP 22599 2245 17 rendus rendus VBP 22599 2245 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2245 19 , , , 22599 2245 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2245 21 . . . 22599 2246 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 2246 2 , , , 22599 2246 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2246 4 . . . 22599 2247 1 72 72 CD 22599 2247 2 - - SYM 22599 2247 3 81 81 CD 22599 2247 4 ; ; : 22599 2247 5 and and CC 22599 2247 6 note note VB 22599 2247 7 " " `` 22599 2247 8 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2247 9 le le NNP 22599 2247 10 passage passage NN 22599 2247 11 du du NNP 22599 2247 12 premier premier NNP 22599 2247 13 livre livre NNP 22599 2247 14 de de NNP 22599 2247 15 la la NNP 22599 2247 16 géométrie géométrie NNP 22599 2247 17 de de NNP 22599 2247 18 Boèce Boèce NNP 22599 2247 19 , , , 22599 2247 20 relatif relatif NNP 22599 2247 21 à à NNP 22599 2247 22 un un NNP 22599 2247 23 nouveau nouveau NNP 22599 2247 24 système système NNP 22599 2247 25 de de NNP 22599 2247 26 numération numération NNP 22599 2247 27 , , , 22599 2247 28 " " '' 22599 2247 29 in in IN 22599 2247 30 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2247 31 work work NN 22599 2247 32 _ _ NNP 22599 2247 33 Aperçu Aperçu NNP 22599 2247 34 historique historique NNP 22599 2247 35 sur sur NNP 22599 2247 36 l'origine l'origine NNP 22599 2247 37 et et FW 22599 2247 38 le le NNP 22599 2247 39 devéloppement devéloppement NNP 22599 2247 40 des des NNP 22599 2247 41 méthodes méthode NNS 22599 2247 42 en en IN 22599 2247 43 géométrie géométrie NNP 22599 2247 44 _ _ NNP 22599 2247 45 , , , 22599 2247 46 of of IN 22599 2247 47 which which WDT 22599 2247 48 the the DT 22599 2247 49 first first JJ 22599 2247 50 edition edition NN 22599 2247 51 appeared appear VBD 22599 2247 52 in in IN 22599 2247 53 1837 1837 CD 22599 2247 54 . . . 22599 2248 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2248 2 339 339 CD 22599 2248 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2248 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2248 5 L. L. NNP 22599 2248 6 Heiberg Heiberg NNP 22599 2248 7 places place VBZ 22599 2248 8 the the DT 22599 2248 9 book book NN 22599 2248 10 in in IN 22599 2248 11 the the DT 22599 2248 12 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 2248 13 century century NN 22599 2248 14 on on IN 22599 2248 15 philological philological JJ 22599 2248 16 grounds ground NNS 22599 2248 17 , , , 22599 2248 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2248 19 Philologus Philologus NNP 22599 2248 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2248 21 , , , 22599 2248 22 loc loc NNP 22599 2248 23 . . . 22599 2249 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2249 2 . . . 22599 2250 1 ; ; : 22599 2250 2 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2250 3 , , , 22599 2250 4 in in IN 22599 2250 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2250 6 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2250 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2250 8 , , , 22599 2250 9 p. p. NN 22599 2250 10 44 44 CD 22599 2250 11 ; ; : 22599 2250 12 Blume Blume NNP 22599 2250 13 , , , 22599 2250 14 Lachmann Lachmann NNP 22599 2250 15 , , , 22599 2250 16 and and CC 22599 2250 17 Rudorff Rudorff NNP 22599 2250 18 , , , 22599 2250 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2250 20 Die Die NNP 22599 2250 21 Schriften Schriften NNP 22599 2250 22 der der NN 22599 2250 23 römischen römischen RB 22599 2250 24 Feldmesser Feldmesser NNP 22599 2250 25 _ _ NNP 22599 2250 26 , , , 22599 2250 27 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2250 28 , , , 22599 2250 29 1848 1848 CD 22599 2250 30 ; ; : 22599 2250 31 Boeckh Boeckh NNP 22599 2250 32 , , , 22599 2250 33 _ _ NNP 22599 2250 34 De De NNP 22599 2250 35 abaco abaco NNP 22599 2250 36 graecorum graecorum NNP 22599 2250 37 _ _ NNP 22599 2250 38 , , , 22599 2250 39 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2250 40 , , , 22599 2250 41 1841 1841 CD 22599 2250 42 ; ; : 22599 2250 43 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2250 44 , , , 22599 2250 45 in in IN 22599 2250 46 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2250 47 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 2250 48 edition edition NN 22599 2250 49 of of IN 22599 2250 50 1867 1867 CD 22599 2250 51 ; ; : 22599 2250 52 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2250 53 , , , 22599 2250 54 _ _ NNP 22599 2250 55 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2250 56 _ _ NNP 22599 2250 57 , , , 22599 2250 58 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2250 59 . . . 22599 2251 1 II II NNP 22599 2251 2 , , , 22599 2251 3 p. p. NN 22599 2251 4 185 185 CD 22599 2251 5 , , , 22599 2251 6 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2251 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2251 8 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2251 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2251 10 , , , 22599 2251 11 pp pp NNP 22599 2251 12 . . . 22599 2252 1 1 1 CD 22599 2252 2 , , , 22599 2252 3 247 247 CD 22599 2252 4 , , , 22599 2252 5 and and CC 22599 2252 6 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2252 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2252 8 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2252 9 der der VBD 22599 2252 10 Einführung Einführung NNP 22599 2252 11 der der VB 22599 2252 12 jetzigen jetzigen NNP 22599 2252 13 Ziffern Ziffern NNP 22599 2252 14 in in IN 22599 2252 15 Europa Europa NNP 22599 2252 16 durch durch NN 22599 2252 17 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2252 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2252 19 , , , 22599 2252 20 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2252 21 , , , 22599 2252 22 1892 1892 CD 22599 2252 23 , , , 22599 2252 24 p. p. NN 22599 2252 25 11 11 CD 22599 2252 26 ; ; : 22599 2252 27 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 2252 28 , , , 22599 2252 29 loc loc NNP 22599 2252 30 . . . 22599 2253 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2253 2 . . NNP 22599 2253 3 , , , 22599 2253 4 p. p. NN 22599 2253 5 59 59 CD 22599 2253 6 ; ; : 22599 2253 7 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2253 8 , , , 22599 2253 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2253 10 Études Études NNP 22599 2253 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2253 12 , , , 22599 2253 13 p. p. NN 22599 2253 14 17 17 CD 22599 2253 15 , , , 22599 2253 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2253 17 Entstehung Entstehung NNP 22599 2253 18 und und NN 22599 2253 19 Ausbreitung Ausbreitung NNP 22599 2253 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2253 21 , , , 22599 2253 22 p. p. NN 22599 2253 23 14 14 CD 22599 2253 24 ; ; : 22599 2253 25 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 2253 26 , , , 22599 2253 27 _ _ NNP 22599 2253 28 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2253 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2253 30 , , , 22599 2253 31 p. p. NN 22599 2253 32 57 57 CD 22599 2253 33 ; ; : 22599 2253 34 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2253 35 , , , 22599 2253 36 loc loc NNP 22599 2253 37 . . . 22599 2254 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2254 2 . . . 22599 2255 1 See see VB 22599 2255 2 also also RB 22599 2255 3 the the DT 22599 2255 4 discussion discussion NN 22599 2255 5 by by IN 22599 2255 6 Chasles Chasles NNPS 22599 2255 7 , , , 22599 2255 8 Halliwell Halliwell NNP 22599 2255 9 , , , 22599 2255 10 and and CC 22599 2255 11 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2255 12 , , , 22599 2255 13 in in IN 22599 2255 14 the the DT 22599 2255 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2255 16 Comptes Comptes NNPS 22599 2255 17 rendus rendus NN 22599 2255 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2255 19 , , , 22599 2255 20 1839 1839 CD 22599 2255 21 , , , 22599 2255 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2255 23 . . . 22599 2256 1 IX ix NN 22599 2256 2 , , , 22599 2256 3 p. p. NN 22599 2256 4 447 447 CD 22599 2256 5 , , , 22599 2256 6 and and CC 22599 2256 7 in in IN 22599 2256 8 Vols Vols NNP 22599 2256 9 . . . 22599 2257 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 2257 2 , , , 22599 2257 3 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2257 4 , , , 22599 2257 5 XVII XVII NNP 22599 2257 6 of of IN 22599 2257 7 the the DT 22599 2257 8 same same JJ 22599 2257 9 journal journal NN 22599 2257 10 . . . 22599 2258 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2258 2 340 340 CD 22599 2258 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2258 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2258 5 Marquardt Marquardt NNP 22599 2258 6 , , , 22599 2258 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2258 8 La La NNP 22599 2258 9 vie vie NNP 22599 2258 10 privée privée VB 22599 2258 11 des des NNP 22599 2258 12 Romains Romains NNP 22599 2258 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2258 14 , , , 22599 2258 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2258 16 . . . 22599 2259 1 II II NNP 22599 2259 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2259 3 French french JJ 22599 2259 4 trans tran NNS 22599 2259 5 . . . 22599 2260 1 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2260 2 , , , 22599 2260 3 p. p. NN 22599 2260 4 505 505 CD 22599 2260 5 , , , 22599 2260 6 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2260 7 , , , 22599 2260 8 1893 1893 CD 22599 2260 9 . . . 22599 2261 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2261 2 341 341 CD 22599 2261 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2261 4 In in IN 22599 2261 5 a a DT 22599 2261 6 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 2261 7 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2261 8 of of IN 22599 2261 9 the the DT 22599 2261 10 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2261 11 of of IN 22599 2261 12 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2261 13 of of IN 22599 2261 14 the the DT 22599 2261 15 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 2261 16 century century NN 22599 2261 17 , , , 22599 2261 18 for for IN 22599 2261 19 example example NN 22599 2261 20 , , , 22599 2261 21 the the DT 22599 2261 22 Roman roman JJ 22599 2261 23 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2261 24 are be VBP 22599 2261 25 all all DT 22599 2261 26 replaced replace VBN 22599 2261 27 by by IN 22599 2261 28 the the DT 22599 2261 29 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 2261 30 , , , 22599 2261 31 and and CC 22599 2261 32 the the DT 22599 2261 33 same same JJ 22599 2261 34 is be VBZ 22599 2261 35 true true JJ 22599 2261 36 in in IN 22599 2261 37 the the DT 22599 2261 38 first first JJ 22599 2261 39 printed print VBN 22599 2261 40 edition edition NN 22599 2261 41 of of IN 22599 2261 42 the the DT 22599 2261 43 book book NN 22599 2261 44 . . . 22599 2262 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2262 2 See see VB 22599 2262 3 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2262 4 's 's POS 22599 2262 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2262 6 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2262 7 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 2262 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2262 9 , , , 22599 2262 10 pp pp NNP 22599 2262 11 . . . 22599 2263 1 434 434 CD 22599 2263 2 , , , 22599 2263 3 25 25 CD 22599 2263 4 - - SYM 22599 2263 5 27 27 CD 22599 2263 6 . . . 22599 2263 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2264 1 D. D. NNP 22599 2264 2 E. E. NNP 22599 2264 3 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2264 4 also also RB 22599 2264 5 copied copy VBD 22599 2264 6 from from IN 22599 2264 7 a a DT 22599 2264 8 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2264 9 of of IN 22599 2264 10 the the DT 22599 2264 11 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2264 12 in in IN 22599 2264 13 the the DT 22599 2264 14 Laurentian laurentian JJ 22599 2264 15 library library NN 22599 2264 16 at at IN 22599 2264 17 Florence Florence NNP 22599 2264 18 , , , 22599 2264 19 of of IN 22599 2264 20 1370 1370 CD 22599 2264 21 , , , 22599 2264 22 the the DT 22599 2264 23 following follow VBG 22599 2264 24 forms form NNS 22599 2264 25 , , , 22599 2264 26 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2264 27 Forged forge VBN 22599 2264 28 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2264 29 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2264 30 342 342 CD 22599 2264 31 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2264 32 Halliwell Halliwell NNP 22599 2264 33 , , , 22599 2264 34 in in IN 22599 2264 35 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2264 36 _ _ NNP 22599 2264 37 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2264 38 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2264 39 , , , 22599 2264 40 _ _ NNP 22599 2264 41 p. p. NN 22599 2265 1 107 107 CD 22599 2265 2 , , , 22599 2265 3 states state VBZ 22599 2265 4 that that IN 22599 2265 5 the the DT 22599 2265 6 disputed dispute VBN 22599 2265 7 passage passage NN 22599 2265 8 is be VBZ 22599 2265 9 not not RB 22599 2265 10 in in IN 22599 2265 11 a a DT 22599 2265 12 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2265 13 belonging belong VBG 22599 2265 14 to to IN 22599 2265 15 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 2265 16 Ames Ames NNP 22599 2265 17 , , , 22599 2265 18 nor nor CC 22599 2265 19 in in IN 22599 2265 20 one one CD 22599 2265 21 at at IN 22599 2265 22 Trinity Trinity NNP 22599 2265 23 College College NNP 22599 2265 24 . . . 22599 2266 1 See see VB 22599 2266 2 also also RB 22599 2266 3 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2266 4 , , , 22599 2266 5 in in IN 22599 2266 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2266 7 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2266 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2266 9 , , , 22599 2266 10 pp pp NNP 22599 2266 11 . . . 22599 2267 1 37 37 CD 22599 2267 2 and and CC 22599 2267 3 42 42 CD 22599 2267 4 . . . 22599 2268 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2268 2 was be VBD 22599 2268 3 the the DT 22599 2268 4 evident evident JJ 22599 2268 5 corruption corruption NN 22599 2268 6 of of IN 22599 2268 7 the the DT 22599 2268 8 texts text NNS 22599 2268 9 in in IN 22599 2268 10 such such JJ 22599 2268 11 editions edition NNS 22599 2268 12 of of IN 22599 2268 13 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2268 14 as as IN 22599 2268 15 those those DT 22599 2268 16 of of IN 22599 2268 17 Venice Venice NNP 22599 2268 18 , , , 22599 2268 19 1499 1499 CD 22599 2268 20 , , , 22599 2268 21 Basel Basel NNP 22599 2268 22 , , , 22599 2268 23 1546 1546 CD 22599 2268 24 and and CC 22599 2268 25 1570 1570 CD 22599 2268 26 , , , 22599 2268 27 that that WDT 22599 2268 28 led lead VBD 22599 2268 29 Woepcke Woepcke VBD 22599 2268 30 to to TO 22599 2268 31 publish publish VB 22599 2268 32 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2268 33 work work NN 22599 2268 34 _ _ NNP 22599 2268 35 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2268 36 l'introduction l'introduction FW 22599 2268 37 de de FW 22599 2268 38 l'arithmétique l'arithmétique NNP 22599 2268 39 indienne indienne NNP 22599 2268 40 en en IN 22599 2268 41 Occident Occident NNP 22599 2268 42 _ _ NNP 22599 2268 43 . . . 22599 2269 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2269 2 343 343 CD 22599 2269 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2269 4 They -PRON- PRP 22599 2269 5 are be VBP 22599 2269 6 found find VBN 22599 2269 7 in in IN 22599 2269 8 none none NN 22599 2269 9 of of IN 22599 2269 10 the the DT 22599 2269 11 very very RB 22599 2269 12 ancient ancient JJ 22599 2269 13 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 2269 14 , , , 22599 2269 15 as as IN 22599 2269 16 , , , 22599 2269 17 for for IN 22599 2269 18 example example NN 22599 2269 19 , , , 22599 2269 20 in in IN 22599 2269 21 the the DT 22599 2269 22 ninth ninth JJ 22599 2269 23 - - HYPH 22599 2269 24 century century NN 22599 2269 25 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2269 26 ? ? . 22599 2269 27 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2270 1 codex codex NNP 22599 2270 2 in in IN 22599 2270 3 the the DT 22599 2270 4 Laurentian laurentian JJ 22599 2270 5 library library NN 22599 2270 6 which which WDT 22599 2270 7 one one CD 22599 2270 8 of of IN 22599 2270 9 the the DT 22599 2270 10 authors author NNS 22599 2270 11 has have VBZ 22599 2270 12 examined examine VBN 22599 2270 13 . . . 22599 2271 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2271 2 should should MD 22599 2271 3 be be VB 22599 2271 4 said say VBN 22599 2271 5 , , , 22599 2271 6 however however RB 22599 2271 7 , , , 22599 2271 8 that that IN 22599 2271 9 the the DT 22599 2271 10 disputed dispute VBN 22599 2271 11 passage passage NN 22599 2271 12 was be VBD 22599 2271 13 written write VBN 22599 2271 14 after after IN 22599 2271 15 the the DT 22599 2271 16 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2271 17 , , , 22599 2271 18 for for IN 22599 2271 19 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2271 20 contains contain VBZ 22599 2271 21 a a DT 22599 2271 22 reference reference NN 22599 2271 23 to to IN 22599 2271 24 that that DT 22599 2271 25 work work NN 22599 2271 26 . . . 22599 2272 1 See see VB 22599 2272 2 the the DT 22599 2272 3 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2272 4 ed ed NNP 22599 2272 5 . . NNP 22599 2272 6 , , , 22599 2272 7 p. p. NN 22599 2272 8 397 397 CD 22599 2272 9 . . . 22599 2273 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2273 2 344 344 CD 22599 2273 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2273 4 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2273 5 , , , 22599 2273 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2273 7 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2273 8 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 2273 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2273 10 , , , 22599 2273 11 p. p. NN 22599 2273 12 66 66 CD 22599 2273 13 . . . 22599 2274 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2274 2 345 345 CD 22599 2274 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2274 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2274 5 L. L. NNP 22599 2274 6 Heiberg Heiberg NNP 22599 2274 7 , , , 22599 2274 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2274 9 Philologus Philologus NNP 22599 2274 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2274 11 , , , 22599 2274 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2274 13 . . . 22599 2275 1 XLIII XLIII NNP 22599 2275 2 , , , 22599 2275 3 p. p. NN 22599 2275 4 507 507 CD 22599 2275 5 . . . 22599 2276 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2276 2 346 346 CD 22599 2276 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2276 4 " " `` 22599 2276 5 Nosse Nosse NNP 22599 2276 6 autem autem NNP 22599 2276 7 huius huius NNP 22599 2276 8 artis artis NNP 22599 2276 9 dispicientem dispicientem NNP 22599 2276 10 , , , 22599 2276 11 quid quid NNP 22599 2276 12 sint sint NNP 22599 2276 13 digiti digiti NNP 22599 2276 14 , , , 22599 2276 15 quid quid NNP 22599 2276 16 articuli articuli NNP 22599 2276 17 , , , 22599 2276 18 quid quid NNP 22599 2276 19 compositi compositi NNP 22599 2276 20 , , , 22599 2276 21 quid quid NNP 22599 2276 22 incompositi incompositi NNP 22599 2276 23 numeri numeri NNP 22599 2276 24 . . . 22599 2276 25 " " '' 22599 2277 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2277 2 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2277 3 ed ed NNP 22599 2277 4 . . NNP 22599 2277 5 , , , 22599 2277 6 p. p. NN 22599 2278 1 395 395 CD 22599 2278 2 . . . 22599 2278 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2279 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2279 2 347 347 CD 22599 2279 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2279 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2279 5 De De NNP 22599 2279 6 ratione ratione JJ 22599 2279 7 abaci abaci NN 22599 2279 8 . . . 22599 2279 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2279 10 In in IN 22599 2279 11 this this DT 22599 2279 12 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2279 13 describes describe VBZ 22599 2279 14 " " `` 22599 2279 15 quandam quandam NNP 22599 2279 16 formulam formulam NNP 22599 2279 17 , , , 22599 2279 18 quam quam NNP 22599 2279 19 ob ob NNP 22599 2279 20 honorem honorem NNP 22599 2279 21 sui sui NNP 22599 2279 22 praeceptoris praeceptoris NNP 22599 2279 23 mensam mensam NN 22599 2279 24 Pythagoream Pythagoream NNP 22599 2279 25 nominabant nominabant JJ 22599 2279 26 ... ... : 22599 2279 27 a a DT 22599 2279 28 posterioribus posterioribus NN 22599 2279 29 appellabatur appellabatur NN 22599 2279 30 abacus abacus NN 22599 2279 31 . . . 22599 2279 32 " " '' 22599 2280 1 This this DT 22599 2280 2 , , , 22599 2280 3 as as IN 22599 2280 4 pictured picture VBN 22599 2280 5 in in IN 22599 2280 6 the the DT 22599 2280 7 text text NN 22599 2280 8 , , , 22599 2280 9 is be VBZ 22599 2280 10 the the DT 22599 2280 11 common common JJ 22599 2280 12 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2280 13 abacus abacus NN 22599 2280 14 . . . 22599 2281 1 In in IN 22599 2281 2 the the DT 22599 2281 3 edition edition NN 22599 2281 4 in in IN 22599 2281 5 Migne Migne NNP 22599 2281 6 's 's POS 22599 2281 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2281 8 Patrologia Patrologia NNP 22599 2281 9 Latina Latina NNP 22599 2281 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2281 11 , , , 22599 2281 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2281 13 . . . 22599 2282 1 LXIII LXIII NNP 22599 2282 2 , , , 22599 2282 3 an an DT 22599 2282 4 ordinary ordinary JJ 22599 2282 5 multiplication multiplication NN 22599 2282 6 table table NN 22599 2282 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2282 8 sometimes sometimes RB 22599 2282 9 called call VBN 22599 2282 10 Pythagorean pythagorean JJ 22599 2282 11 abacus abacus NN 22599 2282 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2282 13 is be VBZ 22599 2282 14 given give VBN 22599 2282 15 in in IN 22599 2282 16 the the DT 22599 2282 17 illustration illustration NN 22599 2282 18 . . . 22599 2283 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2283 2 348 348 CD 22599 2283 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2283 4 " " `` 22599 2283 5 Habebant habebant JJ 22599 2283 6 enim enim NN 22599 2283 7 diverse diverse JJ 22599 2283 8 formatos formatos NN 22599 2283 9 apices apex NNS 22599 2283 10 vel vel NN 22599 2283 11 caracteres caractere NNS 22599 2283 12 . . . 22599 2283 13 " " '' 22599 2284 1 See see VB 22599 2284 2 the the DT 22599 2284 3 reference reference NN 22599 2284 4 to to IN 22599 2284 5 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2284 6 on on IN 22599 2284 7 p. p. NN 22599 2284 8 117 117 CD 22599 2284 9 . . . 22599 2285 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2285 2 349 349 CD 22599 2285 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2285 4 C. C. NNP 22599 2285 5 Henry Henry NNP 22599 2285 6 , , , 22599 2285 7 " " `` 22599 2285 8 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2285 9 l'origine l'origine FW 22599 2285 10 de de NNP 22599 2285 11 quelques quelques NNP 22599 2285 12 notations notations NNP 22599 2285 13 mathématiques mathématique NNS 22599 2285 14 , , , 22599 2285 15 " " '' 22599 2285 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2285 17 Revue Revue NNP 22599 2285 18 Archéologique Archéologique NNP 22599 2285 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2285 20 , , , 22599 2285 21 1879 1879 CD 22599 2285 22 , , , 22599 2285 23 derives derive VBZ 22599 2285 24 these these DT 22599 2285 25 from from IN 22599 2285 26 the the DT 22599 2285 27 initial initial JJ 22599 2285 28 letters letter NNS 22599 2285 29 used use VBN 22599 2285 30 as as IN 22599 2285 31 abbreviations abbreviation NNS 22599 2285 32 for for IN 22599 2285 33 the the DT 22599 2285 34 names name NNS 22599 2285 35 of of IN 22599 2285 36 the the DT 22599 2285 37 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2285 38 , , , 22599 2285 39 a a DT 22599 2285 40 theory theory NN 22599 2285 41 that that WDT 22599 2285 42 finds find VBZ 22599 2285 43 few few JJ 22599 2285 44 supporters supporter NNS 22599 2285 45 . . . 22599 2286 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2286 2 350 350 CD 22599 2286 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2286 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 2286 5 , , , 22599 2286 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2286 7 appears appear VBZ 22599 2286 8 in in IN 22599 2286 9 Schonerus Schonerus NNP 22599 2286 10 , , , 22599 2286 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2286 12 Algorithmus Algorithmus NNP 22599 2286 13 Demonstratus Demonstratus NNP 22599 2286 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2286 15 , , , 22599 2286 16 Nürnberg Nürnberg NNP 22599 2286 17 , , , 22599 2286 18 1534 1534 CD 22599 2286 19 , , , 22599 2286 20 f. f. NNP 22599 2286 21 A4 A4 NNP 22599 2286 22 . . . 22599 2287 1 In in IN 22599 2287 2 England England NNP 22599 2287 3 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2287 4 appeared appear VBD 22599 2287 5 in in IN 22599 2287 6 the the DT 22599 2287 7 earliest early JJS 22599 2287 8 English english JJ 22599 2287 9 arithmetical arithmetical JJ 22599 2287 10 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2287 11 known know VBN 22599 2287 12 , , , 22599 2287 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2287 14 The the DT 22599 2287 15 Crafte Crafte NNP 22599 2287 16 of of IN 22599 2287 17 Nombrynge Nombrynge NNP 22599 2287 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2287 19 : : : 22599 2287 20 " " `` 22599 2287 21 ¶ ¶ VB 22599 2287 22 fforthermore fforthermore NNP 22599 2287 23 ye ye NNP 22599 2287 24 most most JJS 22599 2287 25 vndirstonde vndirstonde JJ 22599 2287 26 that that IN 22599 2287 27 in in IN 22599 2287 28 this this DT 22599 2287 29 craft craft NN 22599 2287 30 ben ben NNP 22599 2287 31 vsid vsid JJ 22599 2287 32 teen teen NN 22599 2287 33 figurys figury NNS 22599 2287 34 , , , 22599 2287 35 as as RB 22599 2287 36 here here RB 22599 2287 37 bene bene NN 22599 2287 38 writen writen VBN 22599 2287 39 for for IN 22599 2287 40 ensampul ensampul NN 22599 2287 41 , , , 22599 2287 42 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2287 43 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 2287 44 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2287 45 ... ... NFP 22599 2287 46 in in IN 22599 2287 47 the the DT 22599 2287 48 quych quych NN 22599 2287 49 we -PRON- PRP 22599 2287 50 vse vse VBP 22599 2287 51 teen teen NN 22599 2287 52 figurys figury NNS 22599 2287 53 of of IN 22599 2287 54 Inde Inde NNP 22599 2287 55 . . . 22599 2288 1 Questio Questio NNP 22599 2288 2 . . . 22599 2289 1 ¶ ¶ ADD 22599 2289 2 why why WRB 22599 2289 3 ten ten CD 22599 2289 4 fyguris fyguris NN 22599 2289 5 of of IN 22599 2289 6 Inde Inde NNP 22599 2289 7 ? ? . 22599 2290 1 Solucio Solucio NNP 22599 2290 2 . . . 22599 2291 1 for for IN 22599 2291 2 as as IN 22599 2291 3 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2291 4 have have VBP 22599 2291 5 sayd sayd VBN 22599 2291 6 afore afore NN 22599 2291 7 thei thei NN 22599 2291 8 were be VBD 22599 2291 9 fonde fonde JJ 22599 2291 10 fyrst fyrst NN 22599 2291 11 in in IN 22599 2291 12 Inde Inde NNP 22599 2291 13 of of IN 22599 2291 14 a a DT 22599 2291 15 kynge kynge NN 22599 2291 16 of of IN 22599 2291 17 that that DT 22599 2291 18 Cuntre Cuntre NNP 22599 2291 19 , , , 22599 2291 20 that that WDT 22599 2291 21 was be VBD 22599 2291 22 called call VBN 22599 2291 23 Algor Algor NNP 22599 2291 24 . . . 22599 2291 25 " " '' 22599 2292 1 See see VB 22599 2292 2 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2292 3 , , , 22599 2292 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2292 5 An an DT 22599 2292 6 Early early JJ 22599 2292 7 English English NNP 22599 2292 8 Algorism Algorism NNP 22599 2292 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2292 10 , , , 22599 2292 11 loc loc NNP 22599 2292 12 . . . 22599 2293 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2293 2 . . . 22599 2294 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2294 2 351 351 CD 22599 2294 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2294 4 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2294 5 ed ed NNP 22599 2294 6 . . NNP 22599 2294 7 , , , 22599 2294 8 p. p. NN 22599 2294 9 397 397 CD 22599 2294 10 . . . 22599 2295 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2295 2 352 352 CD 22599 2295 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2295 4 Carlsruhe Carlsruhe NNP 22599 2295 5 codex codex NN 22599 2295 6 of of IN 22599 2295 7 Gerlando Gerlando NNP 22599 2295 8 . . . 22599 2296 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2296 2 353 353 CD 22599 2296 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2296 4 Munich Munich NNP 22599 2296 5 codex codex NN 22599 2296 6 of of IN 22599 2296 7 Gerlando Gerlando NNP 22599 2296 8 . . . 22599 2297 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2297 2 354 354 CD 22599 2297 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2297 4 Carlsruhe Carlsruhe NNP 22599 2297 5 codex codex NN 22599 2297 6 of of IN 22599 2297 7 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 2297 8 . . . 22599 2298 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2298 2 355 355 CD 22599 2298 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2298 4 Munich Munich NNP 22599 2298 5 codex codex NN 22599 2298 6 of of IN 22599 2298 7 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 2298 8 . . . 22599 2299 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2299 2 356 356 CD 22599 2299 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2299 4 Turchill Turchill NNP 22599 2299 5 , , , 22599 2299 6 c. c. NN 22599 2299 7 1200 1200 CD 22599 2299 8 . . . 22599 2300 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2300 2 357 357 CD 22599 2300 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2300 4 Anon Anon NNP 22599 2300 5 . . . 22599 2301 1 MS MS NNP 22599 2301 2 . . NNP 22599 2301 3 , , , 22599 2301 4 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 2301 5 century century NN 22599 2301 6 , , , 22599 2301 7 Alexandrian Alexandrian NNP 22599 2301 8 Library Library NNP 22599 2301 9 , , , 22599 2301 10 Rome Rome NNP 22599 2301 11 . . . 22599 2302 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2302 2 358 358 CD 22599 2302 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2302 4 Twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 2302 5 - - HYPH 22599 2302 6 century century NN 22599 2302 7 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2302 8 , , , 22599 2302 9 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2302 10 , , , 22599 2302 11 p. p. NN 22599 2302 12 396 396 CD 22599 2302 13 . . . 22599 2303 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2303 2 359 359 CD 22599 2303 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2303 4 Vatican Vatican NNP 22599 2303 5 codex codex NN 22599 2303 6 , , , 22599 2303 7 tenth tenth JJ 22599 2303 8 century century NN 22599 2303 9 , , , 22599 2303 10 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2303 11 . . . 22599 2304 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2304 2 360 360 CD 22599 2304 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2304 4 a a DT 22599 2304 5 , , , 22599 2304 6 h h NN 22599 2304 7 , , , 22599 2304 8 i i PRP 22599 2304 9 , , , 22599 2304 10 are be VBP 22599 2304 11 from from IN 22599 2304 12 the the DT 22599 2304 13 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2304 14 ed ed NNP 22599 2304 15 . . . 22599 2305 1 ; ; : 22599 2305 2 the the DT 22599 2305 3 original original NN 22599 2305 4 in in IN 22599 2305 5 the the DT 22599 2305 6 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2305 7 from from IN 22599 2305 8 which which WDT 22599 2305 9 a a DT 22599 2305 10 is be VBZ 22599 2305 11 taken take VBN 22599 2305 12 contains contain VBZ 22599 2305 13 a a DT 22599 2305 14 zero zero CD 22599 2305 15 symbol symbol NN 22599 2305 16 , , , 22599 2305 17 as as IN 22599 2305 18 do do VBP 22599 2305 19 all all DT 22599 2305 20 of of IN 22599 2305 21 the the DT 22599 2305 22 six six CD 22599 2305 23 plates plate NNS 22599 2305 24 given give VBN 22599 2305 25 by by IN 22599 2305 26 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2305 27 . . . 22599 2306 1 b b LS 22599 2306 2 - - HYPH 22599 2306 3 e e NNP 22599 2306 4 from from IN 22599 2306 5 the the DT 22599 2306 6 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2306 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2306 8 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2306 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2306 10 , , , 22599 2306 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2306 12 . . . 22599 2307 1 X X NNP 22599 2307 2 , , , 22599 2307 3 p. p. NN 22599 2307 4 596 596 CD 22599 2307 5 ; ; : 22599 2307 6 f f NNP 22599 2307 7 ibid ibid NNP 22599 2307 8 . . . 22599 2307 9 , , , 22599 2307 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2307 11 . . . 22599 2308 1 XV XV NNP 22599 2308 2 , , , 22599 2308 3 p. p. NN 22599 2308 4 186 186 CD 22599 2308 5 ; ; : 22599 2308 6 g g NNP 22599 2308 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2308 8 Memorie Memorie NNP 22599 2308 9 della della NNP 22599 2308 10 classe classe NNP 22599 2308 11 di di NNP 22599 2308 12 sci sci NNP 22599 2308 13 . . NNP 22599 2308 14 , , , 22599 2308 15 Reale Reale NNP 22599 2308 16 Acc Acc NNP 22599 2308 17 . . . 22599 2309 1 dei dei NNP 22599 2309 2 Lincei Lincei NNP 22599 2309 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2309 4 , , , 22599 2309 5 An An NNP 22599 2309 6 . . . 22599 2310 1 CCLXXIV CCLXXIV NNP 22599 2310 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2310 3 1876 1876 CD 22599 2310 4 - - SYM 22599 2310 5 1877 1877 CD 22599 2310 6 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2310 7 , , , 22599 2310 8 April April NNP 22599 2310 9 , , , 22599 2310 10 1877 1877 CD 22599 2310 11 . . . 22599 2311 1 A a DT 22599 2311 2 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 2311 3 - - HYPH 22599 2311 4 century century NN 22599 2311 5 arithmetician arithmetician NN 22599 2311 6 , , , 22599 2311 7 possibly possibly RB 22599 2311 8 John John NNP 22599 2311 9 of of IN 22599 2311 10 Luna Luna NNP 22599 2311 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2311 12 Hispalensis hispalensis UH 22599 2311 13 , , , 22599 2311 14 of of IN 22599 2311 15 Seville Seville NNP 22599 2311 16 , , , 22599 2311 17 c. c. NNP 22599 2311 18 1150 1150 CD 22599 2311 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2311 20 , , , 22599 2311 21 speaks speak VBZ 22599 2311 22 of of IN 22599 2311 23 the the DT 22599 2311 24 great great JJ 22599 2311 25 diversity diversity NN 22599 2311 26 of of IN 22599 2311 27 these these DT 22599 2311 28 forms form NNS 22599 2311 29 even even RB 22599 2311 30 in in IN 22599 2311 31 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2311 32 day day NN 22599 2311 33 , , , 22599 2311 34 saying say VBG 22599 2311 35 : : : 22599 2311 36 " " `` 22599 2311 37 Est Est NNP 22599 2311 38 autem autem VBP 22599 2311 39 in in IN 22599 2311 40 aliquibus aliquibus NNP 22599 2311 41 figuram figuram NNP 22599 2311 42 istarum istarum NNP 22599 2311 43 apud apud NNP 22599 2311 44 multos multos NNP 22599 2311 45 diuersitas diuersitas NNP 22599 2311 46 . . . 22599 2312 1 Quidam Quidam NNP 22599 2312 2 enim enim NNP 22599 2312 3 septimam septimam NNP 22599 2312 4 hanc hanc NNP 22599 2312 5 figuram figuram NNP 22599 2312 6 representant representant JJ 22599 2312 7 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2312 8 Symbol symbol NN 22599 2312 9 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2312 10 alii alii VB 22599 2312 11 autem autem NN 22599 2312 12 sic sic NN 22599 2312 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2312 14 Symbol Symbol NNP 22599 2312 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2312 16 , , , 22599 2312 17 uel uel NN 22599 2312 18 sic sic NN 22599 2312 19 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2312 20 Symbol symbol NN 22599 2312 21 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2312 22 . . . 22599 2313 1 Quidam quidam JJ 22599 2313 2 vero vero NN 22599 2313 3 quartam quartam VBZ 22599 2313 4 sic sic NN 22599 2313 5 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2313 6 Symbol Symbol NNP 22599 2313 7 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2313 8 . . . 22599 2313 9 " " '' 22599 2314 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2314 2 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2314 3 , , , 22599 2314 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2314 5 Trattati Trattati NNP 22599 2314 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2314 7 , , , 22599 2314 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2314 9 . . . 22599 2315 1 II II NNP 22599 2315 2 , , , 22599 2315 3 p. p. NN 22599 2316 1 28 28 CD 22599 2316 2 . . . 22599 2316 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2317 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2317 2 361 361 CD 22599 2317 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2317 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 2317 5 . . . 22599 2318 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2318 2 . . NNP 22599 2318 3 , , , 22599 2318 4 p. p. NN 22599 2318 5 59 59 CD 22599 2318 6 . . . 22599 2319 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2319 2 362 362 CD 22599 2319 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2319 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2319 5 . . . 22599 2319 6 , , , 22599 2319 7 p. p. NN 22599 2319 8 101 101 CD 22599 2319 9 . . . 22599 2320 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2320 2 363 363 CD 22599 2320 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2320 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 2320 5 . . . 22599 2321 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2321 2 . . . 22599 2321 3 , , , 22599 2321 4 p. p. NN 22599 2321 5 396 396 CD 22599 2321 6 . . . 22599 2322 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2322 2 364 364 CD 22599 2322 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2322 4 Khosr[=u Khosr[=u NNP 22599 2322 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2322 6 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2322 7 , , , 22599 2322 8 who who WP 22599 2322 9 began begin VBD 22599 2322 10 to to TO 22599 2322 11 reign reign VB 22599 2322 12 in in IN 22599 2322 13 531 531 CD 22599 2322 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2322 15 See See NNP 22599 2322 16 W. W. NNP 22599 2322 17 S. S. NNP 22599 2322 18 W W NNP 22599 2322 19 Vaux Vaux NNP 22599 2322 20 , , , 22599 2322 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2322 22 Persia Persia NNP 22599 2322 23 , , , 22599 2322 24 _ _ NNP 22599 2322 25 London London NNP 22599 2322 26 , , , 22599 2322 27 1875 1875 CD 22599 2322 28 , , , 22599 2322 29 p. p. NN 22599 2322 30 169 169 CD 22599 2322 31 ; ; : 22599 2322 32 Th Th NNP 22599 2322 33 . . . 22599 2323 1 Nöldeke Nöldeke NNP 22599 2323 2 , , , 22599 2323 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2323 4 Aufsätze Aufsätze NNP 22599 2323 5 zur zur NNP 22599 2323 6 persichen persichen NNP 22599 2323 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2323 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2323 9 , , , 22599 2323 10 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 2323 11 , , , 22599 2323 12 1887 1887 CD 22599 2323 13 , , , 22599 2323 14 p. p. NN 22599 2323 15 113 113 CD 22599 2323 16 , , , 22599 2323 17 and and CC 22599 2323 18 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2323 19 article article NN 22599 2323 20 in in IN 22599 2323 21 the the DT 22599 2323 22 ninth ninth JJ 22599 2323 23 edition edition NN 22599 2323 24 of of IN 22599 2323 25 the the DT 22599 2323 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2323 27 Encyclopædia Encyclopædia NNP 22599 2323 28 Britannica Britannica NNP 22599 2323 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2323 30 . . . 22599 2324 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2324 2 365 365 CD 22599 2324 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2324 4 Colebrooke Colebrooke NNP 22599 2324 5 , , , 22599 2324 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2324 7 Essays Essays NNP 22599 2324 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2324 9 , , , 22599 2324 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2324 11 . . . 22599 2325 1 II II NNP 22599 2325 2 , , , 22599 2325 3 p. p. NN 22599 2325 4 504 504 CD 22599 2325 5 , , , 22599 2325 6 on on IN 22599 2325 7 the the DT 22599 2325 8 authority authority NN 22599 2325 9 of of IN 22599 2325 10 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 2325 11 al al NNP 22599 2325 12 - - HYPH 22599 2325 13 Adam[=i Adam[=i NNP 22599 2325 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2325 15 , , , 22599 2325 16 astronomer astronomer NN 22599 2325 17 , , , 22599 2325 18 in in IN 22599 2325 19 a a DT 22599 2325 20 work work NN 22599 2325 21 published publish VBN 22599 2325 22 by by IN 22599 2325 23 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2325 24 continuator continuator NN 22599 2325 25 Al Al NNP 22599 2325 26 - - HYPH 22599 2325 27 Q[=a]sim Q[=a]sim NNP 22599 2325 28 in in IN 22599 2325 29 920 920 CD 22599 2325 30 A.D. A.D. NNS 22599 2325 31 ; ; : 22599 2325 32 Al Al NNP 22599 2325 33 - - HYPH 22599 2325 34 B[=i]r[=u]n[=i B[=i]r[=u]n[=i NNP 22599 2325 35 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2325 36 , , , 22599 2325 37 _ _ NNP 22599 2325 38 India India NNP 22599 2325 39 , , , 22599 2325 40 _ _ NNP 22599 2325 41 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2325 42 . . . 22599 2326 1 II II NNP 22599 2326 2 , , , 22599 2326 3 p. p. NN 22599 2326 4 15 15 CD 22599 2326 5 . . . 22599 2327 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2327 2 366 366 CD 22599 2327 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2327 4 H. H. NNP 22599 2327 5 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2327 6 , , , 22599 2327 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2327 8 Die Die NNP 22599 2327 9 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 2327 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2327 11 etc etc FW 22599 2327 12 . . . 22599 2327 13 , , , 22599 2327 14 pp pp NNP 22599 2327 15 . . . 22599 2328 1 4 4 LS 22599 2328 2 - - SYM 22599 2328 3 5 5 CD 22599 2328 4 , , , 22599 2328 5 states state VBZ 22599 2328 6 that that IN 22599 2328 7 Al Al NNP 22599 2328 8 - - HYPH 22599 2328 9 Faz[=a]r[=i Faz[=a]r[=i NNP 22599 2328 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2328 11 died die VBD 22599 2328 12 between between IN 22599 2328 13 796 796 CD 22599 2328 14 and and CC 22599 2328 15 806 806 CD 22599 2328 16 . . . 22599 2329 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2329 2 367 367 CD 22599 2329 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2329 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2329 5 , , , 22599 2329 6 loc loc NN 22599 2329 7 . . . 22599 2330 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2330 2 . . NNP 22599 2330 3 , , , 22599 2330 4 p. p. NN 22599 2330 5 63 63 CD 22599 2330 6 . . . 22599 2331 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2331 2 368 368 CD 22599 2331 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2331 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2331 5 , , , 22599 2331 6 loc loc NN 22599 2331 7 . . . 22599 2332 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2332 2 . . NNP 22599 2332 3 , , , 22599 2332 4 p. p. NN 22599 2332 5 74 74 CD 22599 2332 6 . . . 22599 2333 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2333 2 369 369 CD 22599 2333 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2333 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2333 5 , , , 22599 2333 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2333 7 Das Das NNP 22599 2333 8 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 2333 9 - - HYPH 22599 2333 10 Verzeichniss Verzeichniss NNP 22599 2333 11 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2333 12 m be VBP 22599 2333 13 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 2333 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2333 15 . . . 22599 2334 1 The the DT 22599 2334 2 references reference NNS 22599 2334 3 to to IN 22599 2334 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2334 5 , , , 22599 2334 6 unless unless IN 22599 2334 7 otherwise otherwise RB 22599 2334 8 stated state VBN 22599 2334 9 , , , 22599 2334 10 are be VBP 22599 2334 11 to to IN 22599 2334 12 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2334 13 later later JJ 22599 2334 14 work work NN 22599 2334 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2334 16 Die Die NNP 22599 2334 17 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 2334 18 und und JJ 22599 2334 19 Astronomen Astronomen NNP 22599 2334 20 der der VBP 22599 2334 21 Araber Araber NNP 22599 2334 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2334 23 etc etc FW 22599 2334 24 . . . 22599 2335 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2335 2 370 370 CD 22599 2335 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2335 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2335 5 , , , 22599 2335 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2335 7 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 2335 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2335 9 , , , 22599 2335 10 p. p. NN 22599 2335 11 37 37 CD 22599 2335 12 , , , 22599 2335 13 no no DT 22599 2335 14 date date NN 22599 2335 15 . . . 22599 2336 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2336 2 371 371 CD 22599 2336 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2336 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2336 5 , , , 22599 2336 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2336 7 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 2336 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2336 9 , , , 22599 2336 10 p. p. NN 22599 2336 11 38 38 CD 22599 2336 12 , , , 22599 2336 13 no no DT 22599 2336 14 date date NN 22599 2336 15 . . . 22599 2337 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2337 2 372 372 CD 22599 2337 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2337 4 Possibly possibly RB 22599 2337 5 late late RB 22599 2337 6 tenth tenth NN 22599 2337 7 , , , 22599 2337 8 since since IN 22599 2337 9 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2337 10 refers refer VBZ 22599 2337 11 to to IN 22599 2337 12 one one CD 22599 2337 13 arithmetical arithmetical JJ 22599 2337 14 work work NN 22599 2337 15 which which WDT 22599 2337 16 is be VBZ 22599 2337 17 entitled entitle VBN 22599 2337 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2337 19 Book Book NNP 22599 2337 20 of of IN 22599 2337 21 the the DT 22599 2337 22 Cyphers Cyphers NNPS 22599 2337 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2337 24 in in IN 22599 2337 25 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2337 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2337 27 Chronology Chronology NNP 22599 2337 28 _ _ NNP 22599 2337 29 , , , 22599 2337 30 English English NNP 22599 2337 31 ed ed NNP 22599 2337 32 . . NNP 22599 2337 33 , , , 22599 2337 34 p. p. NN 22599 2337 35 132 132 CD 22599 2337 36 . . . 22599 2338 1 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2338 2 , , , 22599 2338 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2338 4 Die Die NNP 22599 2338 5 Mathematiker Mathematiker NNP 22599 2338 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2338 7 etc etc FW 22599 2338 8 . . . 22599 2338 9 , , , 22599 2338 10 pp pp NNP 22599 2338 11 . . . 22599 2339 1 98 98 CD 22599 2339 2 - - SYM 22599 2339 3 100 100 CD 22599 2339 4 , , , 22599 2339 5 does do VBZ 22599 2339 6 not not RB 22599 2339 7 mention mention VB 22599 2339 8 this this DT 22599 2339 9 work work NN 22599 2339 10 ; ; : 22599 2339 11 see see VB 22599 2339 12 the the DT 22599 2339 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2339 14 Nachträge Nachträge NNP 22599 2339 15 und und VB 22599 2339 16 Berichtigungen Berichtigungen NNP 22599 2339 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2339 18 , , , 22599 2339 19 pp pp NNP 22599 2339 20 . . . 22599 2340 1 170 170 CD 22599 2340 2 - - SYM 22599 2340 3 172 172 CD 22599 2340 4 . . . 22599 2341 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2341 2 373 373 CD 22599 2341 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2341 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2341 5 , , , 22599 2341 6 pp pp NNP 22599 2341 7 . . . 22599 2342 1 96 96 CD 22599 2342 2 - - SYM 22599 2342 3 97 97 CD 22599 2342 4 . . . 22599 2343 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2343 2 374 374 CD 22599 2343 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2343 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2343 5 , , , 22599 2343 6 p. p. NN 22599 2343 7 111 111 CD 22599 2343 8 . . . 22599 2344 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2344 2 375 375 CD 22599 2344 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2344 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2344 5 , , , 22599 2344 6 p. p. NN 22599 2344 7 124 124 CD 22599 2344 8 . . . 22599 2345 1 As as IN 22599 2345 2 the the DT 22599 2345 3 name name NN 22599 2345 4 shows show VBZ 22599 2345 5 , , , 22599 2345 6 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2345 7 came come VBD 22599 2345 8 from from IN 22599 2345 9 the the DT 22599 2345 10 West West NNP 22599 2345 11 . . . 22599 2346 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2346 2 376 376 CD 22599 2346 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2346 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2346 5 , , , 22599 2346 6 p. p. NN 22599 2346 7 138 138 CD 22599 2346 8 . . . 22599 2347 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2347 2 377 377 CD 22599 2347 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2347 4 Hankel Hankel NNP 22599 2347 5 , , , 22599 2347 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2347 7 Zur Zur NNP 22599 2347 8 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2347 9 der der VBD 22599 2347 10 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2347 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2347 12 , , , 22599 2347 13 p. p. NN 22599 2347 14 256 256 CD 22599 2347 15 , , , 22599 2347 16 refers refer VBZ 22599 2347 17 to to IN 22599 2347 18 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2347 19 as as IN 22599 2347 20 writing write VBG 22599 2347 21 on on IN 22599 2347 22 the the DT 22599 2347 23 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 2347 24 art art NN 22599 2347 25 of of IN 22599 2347 26 reckoning reckon VBG 22599 2347 27 ; ; : 22599 2347 28 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2347 29 , , , 22599 2347 30 p. p. NN 22599 2347 31 162 162 CD 22599 2347 32 . . . 22599 2348 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2348 2 378 378 CD 22599 2348 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2348 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2348 5 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2348 6 : : : 22599 2348 7 Psêphophoria Psêphophoria NNP 22599 2348 8 kat kat NNP 22599 2348 9 ' ' `` 22599 2348 10 Indous Indous NNP 22599 2348 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2348 12 , , , 22599 2348 13 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2348 14 ed ed NNP 22599 2348 15 . . NNP 22599 2348 16 , , , 22599 2348 17 C. C. NNP 22599 2348 18 I. I. NNP 22599 2348 19 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2348 20 , , , 22599 2348 21 Halle Halle NNP 22599 2348 22 , , , 22599 2348 23 1865 1865 CD 22599 2348 24 ; ; : 22599 2348 25 and and CC 22599 2348 26 German german JJ 22599 2348 27 translation translation NN 22599 2348 28 , , , 22599 2348 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2348 30 Das Das NNP 22599 2348 31 Rechenbuch Rechenbuch NNP 22599 2348 32 des des FW 22599 2348 33 Maximus Maximus NNP 22599 2348 34 Planudes Planudes NNP 22599 2348 35 _ _ NNP 22599 2348 36 , , , 22599 2348 37 H. H. NNP 22599 2348 38 Wäschke Wäschke NNP 22599 2348 39 , , , 22599 2348 40 Halle Halle NNP 22599 2348 41 , , , 22599 2348 42 1878 1878 CD 22599 2348 43 . . . 22599 2349 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2349 2 379 379 CD 22599 2349 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2349 4 " " `` 22599 2349 5 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2349 6 une une NNP 22599 2349 7 donnée donnée VBZ 22599 2349 8 historique historique NNP 22599 2349 9 relative relative NNP 22599 2349 10 à à NNP 22599 2349 11 l'emploi l'emploi FW 22599 2349 12 des des NNP 22599 2349 13 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 2349 14 indiens indiens NNP 22599 2349 15 par par IN 22599 2349 16 les les NNP 22599 2349 17 Arabes Arabes NNP 22599 2349 18 , , , 22599 2349 19 " " `` 22599 2349 20 Tortolini Tortolini NNP 22599 2349 21 's 's POS 22599 2349 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2349 23 Annali Annali NNP 22599 2349 24 di di NNP 22599 2349 25 scienze scienze NNP 22599 2349 26 mat mat NN 22599 2349 27 . . . 22599 2350 1 e e LS 22599 2350 2 fis fis NNP 22599 2350 3 . . . 22599 2350 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2350 5 , , , 22599 2350 6 1855 1855 CD 22599 2350 7 . . . 22599 2351 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2351 2 380 380 CD 22599 2351 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2351 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2351 5 , , , 22599 2351 6 p. p. NN 22599 2351 7 80 80 CD 22599 2351 8 . . . 22599 2352 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2352 2 381 381 CD 22599 2352 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2352 4 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2352 5 , , , 22599 2352 6 p. p. NN 22599 2352 7 68 68 CD 22599 2352 8 . . . 22599 2353 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2353 2 382 382 CD 22599 2353 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2353 4 Sprenger Sprenger NNP 22599 2353 5 also also RB 22599 2353 6 calls call VBZ 22599 2353 7 attention attention NN 22599 2353 8 to to IN 22599 2353 9 this this DT 22599 2353 10 fact fact NN 22599 2353 11 , , , 22599 2353 12 in in IN 22599 2353 13 the the DT 22599 2353 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2353 15 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2353 16 d. d. NNP 22599 2353 17 deutschen deutschen NNP 22599 2353 18 morgenländ morgenländ NNP 22599 2353 19 . . . 22599 2354 1 Gesellschaft Gesellschaft NNP 22599 2354 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2354 3 , , , 22599 2354 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2354 5 . . . 22599 2355 1 XLV XLV NNP 22599 2355 2 , , , 22599 2355 3 p. p. NN 22599 2355 4 367 367 CD 22599 2355 5 . . . 22599 2356 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2356 2 383 383 CD 22599 2356 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2356 4 Libri Libri NNPS 22599 2356 5 , , , 22599 2356 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2356 7 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2356 8 des des NNP 22599 2356 9 mathématiques mathématique NNS 22599 2356 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2356 11 , , , 22599 2356 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2356 13 . . . 22599 2357 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2357 2 , , , 22599 2357 3 p. p. NN 22599 2357 4 147 147 CD 22599 2357 5 . . . 22599 2358 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2358 2 384 384 CD 22599 2358 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2358 4 " " `` 22599 2358 5 Dictant dictant JJ 22599 2358 6 la la FW 22599 2358 7 paix paix FW 22599 2358 8 à à FW 22599 2358 9 l'empereur l'empereur FW 22599 2358 10 de de FW 22599 2358 11 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 2358 12 , , , 22599 2358 13 l'Arabe l'Arabe NNP 22599 2358 14 victorieux victorieux NN 22599 2358 15 demandait demandait FW 22599 2358 16 des des FW 22599 2358 17 manuscrits manuscrits NNPS 22599 2358 18 et et NNP 22599 2358 19 des des FW 22599 2358 20 savans savan NNS 22599 2358 21 . . . 22599 2358 22 " " '' 22599 2359 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2359 2 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2359 3 , , , 22599 2359 4 loc loc NNP 22599 2359 5 . . . 22599 2360 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2360 2 . . NNP 22599 2360 3 , , , 22599 2360 4 p. p. NN 22599 2361 1 108 108 CD 22599 2361 2 . . . 22599 2361 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2362 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2362 2 385 385 CD 22599 2362 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2362 4 Persian Persian NNP 22599 2362 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2362 6 bagadata bagadata NN 22599 2362 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2362 8 , , , 22599 2362 9 " " `` 22599 2362 10 God God NNP 22599 2362 11 - - HYPH 22599 2362 12 given give VBN 22599 2362 13 . . . 22599 2362 14 " " '' 22599 2363 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2363 2 386 386 CD 22599 2363 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2363 4 One one CD 22599 2363 5 of of IN 22599 2363 6 the the DT 22599 2363 7 Abbassides Abbassides NNPS 22599 2363 8 , , , 22599 2363 9 the the DT 22599 2363 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2363 11 at at RB 22599 2363 12 least least JJS 22599 2363 13 pretended pretended JJ 22599 2363 14 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2363 15 descendants descendant NNS 22599 2363 16 of of IN 22599 2363 17 ` ` '' 22599 2363 18 Al Al NNP 22599 2363 19 - - HYPH 22599 2363 20 Abb[=a]s Abb[=a]s NNP 22599 2363 21 , , , 22599 2363 22 uncle uncle NN 22599 2363 23 and and CC 22599 2363 24 adviser adviser NN 22599 2363 25 of of IN 22599 2363 26 Mo[h.]ammed Mo[h.]ammed NNP 22599 2363 27 . . . 22599 2364 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2364 2 387 387 CD 22599 2364 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2364 4 E. E. NNP 22599 2364 5 Reclus Reclus NNP 22599 2364 6 , , , 22599 2364 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2364 8 Asia Asia NNP 22599 2364 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2364 10 , , , 22599 2364 11 American American NNP 22599 2364 12 ed ed NNP 22599 2364 13 . . NNP 22599 2364 14 , , , 22599 2364 15 N. N. NNP 22599 2364 16 Y. Y. NNP 22599 2364 17 , , , 22599 2364 18 1891 1891 CD 22599 2364 19 , , , 22599 2364 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2364 21 . . . 22599 2365 1 IV IV NNP 22599 2365 2 , , , 22599 2365 3 p. p. NN 22599 2365 4 227 227 CD 22599 2365 5 . . . 22599 2366 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2366 2 388 388 CD 22599 2366 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2366 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2366 5 Historical Historical NNP 22599 2366 6 Sketches Sketches NNPS 22599 2366 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2366 8 , , , 22599 2366 9 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2366 10 . . . 22599 2367 1 III III NNP 22599 2367 2 , , , 22599 2367 3 chap chap NN 22599 2367 4 . . . 22599 2368 1 iii iii NNP 22599 2368 2 . . . 22599 2369 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2369 2 389 389 CD 22599 2369 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2369 4 On on IN 22599 2369 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2369 6 prominence prominence NN 22599 2369 7 at at IN 22599 2369 8 that that DT 22599 2369 9 period period NN 22599 2369 10 see see VB 22599 2369 11 Villicus Villicus NNP 22599 2369 12 , , , 22599 2369 13 p. p. NN 22599 2369 14 70 70 CD 22599 2369 15 . . . 22599 2370 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2370 2 390 390 CD 22599 2370 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2370 4 See see UH 22599 2370 5 pp pp NN 22599 2370 6 . . . 22599 2371 1 4 4 LS 22599 2371 2 - - SYM 22599 2371 3 5 5 CD 22599 2371 4 . . . 22599 2372 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2372 2 391 391 CD 22599 2372 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2372 4 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2372 5 , , , 22599 2372 6 D. D. NNP 22599 2372 7 E. E. NNP 22599 2372 8 , , , 22599 2372 9 in in IN 22599 2372 10 the the DT 22599 2372 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2372 12 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2372 13 Festschrift Festschrift NNP 22599 2372 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2372 15 , , , 22599 2372 16 1909 1909 CD 22599 2372 17 , , , 22599 2372 18 note note NN 22599 2372 19 pp pp NNP 22599 2372 20 . . . 22599 2373 1 10 10 CD 22599 2373 2 - - SYM 22599 2373 3 11 11 CD 22599 2373 4 . . . 22599 2374 1 See see VB 22599 2374 2 also also RB 22599 2374 3 F. F. NNP 22599 2374 4 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2374 5 , , , 22599 2374 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2374 7 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2374 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2374 9 . . . 22599 2375 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2375 2 392 392 CD 22599 2375 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2375 4 Eneström Eneström NNP 22599 2375 5 , , , 22599 2375 6 in in IN 22599 2375 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2375 8 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2375 9 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2375 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2375 11 , , , 22599 2375 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2375 13 . . . 22599 2376 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2376 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2376 3 3 3 CD 22599 2376 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2376 5 , , , 22599 2376 6 p. p. NN 22599 2376 7 499 499 CD 22599 2376 8 ; ; : 22599 2376 9 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2376 10 , , , 22599 2376 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2376 12 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2376 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2376 14 , , , 22599 2376 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2376 16 . . . 22599 2377 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2377 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2377 3 3 3 CD 22599 2377 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2377 5 , , , 22599 2377 6 p. p. NN 22599 2377 7 671 671 CD 22599 2377 8 . . . 22599 2378 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2378 2 393 393 CD 22599 2378 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2378 4 Cited cite VBN 22599 2378 5 in in IN 22599 2378 6 Chapter Chapter NNP 22599 2378 7 I. i. NN 22599 2379 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2379 2 begins begin VBZ 22599 2379 3 : : : 22599 2379 4 " " `` 22599 2379 5 Dixit Dixit NNP 22599 2379 6 algoritmi algoritmi NN 22599 2379 7 : : : 22599 2379 8 laudes laudes NNP 22599 2379 9 deo deo NNP 22599 2379 10 rectori rectori NNP 22599 2379 11 nostro nostro NNP 22599 2379 12 atque atque NNP 22599 2379 13 defensori defensori NNP 22599 2379 14 dicamus dicamus NNP 22599 2379 15 dignas digna NNS 22599 2379 16 . . . 22599 2379 17 " " '' 22599 2380 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2380 2 is be VBZ 22599 2380 3 devoted devote VBN 22599 2380 4 entirely entirely RB 22599 2380 5 to to IN 22599 2380 6 the the DT 22599 2380 7 fundamental fundamental JJ 22599 2380 8 operations operation NNS 22599 2380 9 and and CC 22599 2380 10 contains contain VBZ 22599 2380 11 no no DT 22599 2380 12 applications application NNS 22599 2380 13 . . . 22599 2381 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2381 2 394 394 CD 22599 2381 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2381 4 M. M. NNP 22599 2381 5 Steinschneider Steinschneider NNP 22599 2381 6 , , , 22599 2381 7 " " `` 22599 2381 8 Die die VBP 22599 2381 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2381 10 bei bei NNP 22599 2381 11 den den NN 22599 2381 12 Juden Juden NNP 22599 2381 13 , , , 22599 2381 14 " " '' 22599 2381 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2381 16 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2381 17 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2381 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2381 19 , , , 22599 2381 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2381 21 . . . 22599 2382 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 2382 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2382 3 2 2 CD 22599 2382 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2382 5 , , , 22599 2382 6 p. p. NN 22599 2382 7 99 99 CD 22599 2382 8 . . . 22599 2383 1 See see VB 22599 2383 2 also also RB 22599 2383 3 the the DT 22599 2383 4 reference reference NN 22599 2383 5 to to IN 22599 2383 6 this this DT 22599 2383 7 writer writer NN 22599 2383 8 in in IN 22599 2383 9 Chapter Chapter NNP 22599 2383 10 I. i. NN 22599 2384 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2384 2 395 395 CD 22599 2384 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2384 4 Part part NN 22599 2384 5 of of IN 22599 2384 6 this this DT 22599 2384 7 work work NN 22599 2384 8 has have VBZ 22599 2384 9 been be VBN 22599 2384 10 translated translate VBN 22599 2384 11 from from IN 22599 2384 12 a a DT 22599 2384 13 Leyden Leyden NNP 22599 2384 14 MS MS NNP 22599 2384 15 . . . 22599 2384 16 by by IN 22599 2384 17 F. F. NNP 22599 2384 18 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2384 19 , , , 22599 2384 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2384 21 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2384 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2384 23 , , , 22599 2384 24 and and CC 22599 2384 25 more more RBR 22599 2384 26 recently recently RB 22599 2384 27 by by IN 22599 2384 28 H. H. NNP 22599 2384 29 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2384 30 , , , 22599 2384 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2384 32 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2384 33 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2384 34 _ _ NNP 22599 2384 35 , , , 22599 2384 36 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2384 37 . . . 22599 2385 1 VII VII NNP 22599 2385 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2385 3 3 3 CD 22599 2385 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2385 5 , , , 22599 2385 6 pp pp NNP 22599 2385 7 . . . 22599 2386 1 113 113 CD 22599 2386 2 - - SYM 22599 2386 3 119 119 CD 22599 2386 4 . . . 22599 2387 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2387 2 396 396 CD 22599 2387 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2387 4 A. a. NN 22599 2387 5 Neander Neander NNP 22599 2387 6 , , , 22599 2387 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2387 8 General General NNP 22599 2387 9 History History NNP 22599 2387 10 of of IN 22599 2387 11 the the DT 22599 2387 12 Christian Christian NNP 22599 2387 13 Religion Religion NNP 22599 2387 14 and and CC 22599 2387 15 Church Church NNP 22599 2387 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2387 17 , , , 22599 2387 18 5th 5th JJ 22599 2387 19 American american JJ 22599 2387 20 ed ed NNP 22599 2387 21 . . NNP 22599 2387 22 , , , 22599 2387 23 Boston Boston NNP 22599 2387 24 , , , 22599 2387 25 1855 1855 CD 22599 2387 26 , , , 22599 2387 27 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2387 28 . . . 22599 2388 1 III III NNP 22599 2388 2 , , , 22599 2388 3 p. p. NN 22599 2388 4 335 335 CD 22599 2388 5 . . . 22599 2389 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2389 2 397 397 CD 22599 2389 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2389 4 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 2389 5 , , , 22599 2389 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2389 7 . . . 22599 2390 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2390 2 . . . 22599 2390 3 , , , 22599 2390 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2390 5 . . . 22599 2391 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2391 2 , , , 22599 2391 3 p. p. NN 22599 2391 4 49 49 CD 22599 2391 5 . . . 22599 2392 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2392 2 398 398 CD 22599 2392 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2392 4 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 2392 5 , , , 22599 2392 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2392 7 . . . 22599 2393 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2393 2 . . . 22599 2393 3 , , , 22599 2393 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2393 5 . . . 22599 2394 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2394 2 , , , 22599 2394 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2394 4 . . . 22599 2395 1 50 50 CD 22599 2395 2 , , , 22599 2395 3 460 460 CD 22599 2395 4 . . . 22599 2396 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2396 2 399 399 CD 22599 2396 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2396 4 See see UH 22599 2396 5 pp pp NN 22599 2396 6 . . . 22599 2397 1 7 7 CD 22599 2397 2 - - SYM 22599 2397 3 8 8 CD 22599 2397 4 . . . 22599 2398 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2398 2 400 400 CD 22599 2398 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2398 4 The the DT 22599 2398 5 name name NN 22599 2398 6 also also RB 22599 2398 7 appears appear VBZ 22599 2398 8 as as IN 22599 2398 9 Mo[h.]ammed mo[h.]ammed JJ 22599 2398 10 Ab[=u]'l Ab[=u]'l NNP 22599 2398 11 - - HYPH 22599 2398 12 Q[=a]sim Q[=a]sim NNP 22599 2398 13 , , , 22599 2398 14 and and CC 22599 2398 15 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 2398 16 Hauqal Hauqal NNP 22599 2398 17 . . . 22599 2399 1 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 2399 2 , , , 22599 2399 3 loc loc NNP 22599 2399 4 . . . 22599 2400 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2400 2 . . . 22599 2400 3 , , , 22599 2400 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2400 5 . . . 22599 2401 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2401 2 , , , 22599 2401 3 p. p. NN 22599 2401 4 45 45 CD 22599 2401 5 . . . 22599 2402 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2402 2 401 401 CD 22599 2402 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2402 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2402 5 Kit[=a]b Kit[=a]b NNP 22599 2402 6 al al NNP 22599 2402 7 - - HYPH 22599 2402 8 mas[=a]lik mas[=a]lik NNP 22599 2402 9 wa'l wa'l NNP 22599 2402 10 - - HYPH 22599 2402 11 mam[=a]lik mam[=a]lik NNP 22599 2402 12 . . . 22599 2402 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2402 14 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2402 15 402 402 CD 22599 2402 16 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2402 17 Reinaud Reinaud NNP 22599 2402 18 , , , 22599 2402 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2402 20 Mém Mém NNP 22599 2402 21 . . . 22599 2403 1 sur sur NNP 22599 2403 2 l'Inde l'Inde NNP 22599 2403 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2403 4 ; ; : 22599 2403 5 in in IN 22599 2403 6 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2403 7 , , , 22599 2403 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2403 9 Études Études NNP 22599 2403 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2403 11 , , , 22599 2403 12 p. p. NN 22599 2403 13 18 18 CD 22599 2403 14 . . . 22599 2404 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2404 2 403 403 CD 22599 2404 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2404 4 Born bear VBN 22599 2404 5 at at IN 22599 2404 6 Shiraz Shiraz NNP 22599 2404 7 in in IN 22599 2404 8 1193 1193 CD 22599 2404 9 . . . 22599 2405 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2405 2 himself -PRON- PRP 22599 2405 3 had have VBD 22599 2405 4 traveled travel VBN 22599 2405 5 from from IN 22599 2405 6 India India NNP 22599 2405 7 to to IN 22599 2405 8 Europe Europe NNP 22599 2405 9 . . . 22599 2406 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2406 2 404 404 CD 22599 2406 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2406 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2406 5 Gulistan Gulistan NNP 22599 2406 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2406 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2406 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2406 9 Rose Rose NNP 22599 2406 10 Garden Garden NNP 22599 2406 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2406 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2406 13 , , , 22599 2406 14 Gateway Gateway NNP 22599 2406 15 the the DT 22599 2406 16 third third JJ 22599 2406 17 , , , 22599 2406 18 XXII XXII NNP 22599 2406 19 . . . 22599 2407 1 Sir Sir NNP 22599 2407 2 Edwin Edwin NNP 22599 2407 3 Arnold Arnold NNP 22599 2407 4 's 's POS 22599 2407 5 translation translation NN 22599 2407 6 , , , 22599 2407 7 N. N. NNP 22599 2407 8 Y. Y. NNP 22599 2407 9 , , , 22599 2407 10 1899 1899 CD 22599 2407 11 , , , 22599 2407 12 p. p. NN 22599 2407 13 177 177 CD 22599 2407 14 . . . 22599 2408 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2408 2 405 405 CD 22599 2408 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2408 4 Cunningham Cunningham NNP 22599 2408 5 , , , 22599 2408 6 loc loc NN 22599 2408 7 . . . 22599 2409 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2409 2 . . NNP 22599 2409 3 , , , 22599 2409 4 p. p. NN 22599 2409 5 81 81 CD 22599 2409 6 . . . 22599 2410 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2410 2 406 406 CD 22599 2410 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2410 4 Putnam Putnam NNP 22599 2410 5 , , , 22599 2410 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2410 7 Books Books NNP 22599 2410 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2410 9 , , , 22599 2410 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2410 11 . . . 22599 2411 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2411 2 , , , 22599 2411 3 p. p. NN 22599 2411 4 227 227 CD 22599 2411 5 : : : 22599 2411 6 " " `` 22599 2411 7 Non Non NNP 22599 2411 8 semel semel NN 22599 2411 9 externas externas NNP 22599 2411 10 peregrino peregrino JJ 22599 2411 11 tramite tramite NN 22599 2411 12 terras terra VBZ 22599 2411 13 Jam Jam NNP 22599 2411 14 peragravit peragravit NNP 22599 2411 15 ovans ovans NNP 22599 2411 16 , , , 22599 2411 17 sophiae sophiae NNP 22599 2411 18 deductus deductus NNP 22599 2411 19 amore amore NNP 22599 2411 20 , , , 22599 2411 21 Si Si NNP 22599 2411 22 quid quid NN 22599 2411 23 forte forte NNP 22599 2411 24 novi novi NNP 22599 2411 25 librorum librorum NNP 22599 2411 26 seu seu NNP 22599 2411 27 studiorum studiorum NNP 22599 2411 28 Quod Quod NNP 22599 2411 29 secum secum NNP 22599 2411 30 ferret ferret NNP 22599 2411 31 , , , 22599 2411 32 terris terris NNP 22599 2411 33 reperiret reperiret NNP 22599 2411 34 in in IN 22599 2411 35 illis illis NNP 22599 2411 36 . . . 22599 2412 1 Hic Hic NNP 22599 2412 2 quoque quoque NNP 22599 2412 3 Romuleum Romuleum NNP 22599 2412 4 venit venit NN 22599 2412 5 devotus devotus NN 22599 2412 6 ad ad NN 22599 2412 7 urbem urbem NN 22599 2412 8 . . . 22599 2412 9 " " '' 22599 2413 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2413 2 " " `` 22599 2413 3 More More JJR 22599 2413 4 than than IN 22599 2413 5 once once IN 22599 2413 6 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2413 7 has have VBZ 22599 2413 8 traveled travel VBN 22599 2413 9 joyfully joyfully RB 22599 2413 10 through through IN 22599 2413 11 remote remote JJ 22599 2413 12 regions region NNS 22599 2413 13 and and CC 22599 2413 14 by by IN 22599 2413 15 strange strange JJ 22599 2413 16 roads road NNS 22599 2413 17 , , , 22599 2413 18 led lead VBN 22599 2413 19 on on RP 22599 2413 20 by by IN 22599 2413 21 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2413 22 zeal zeal NN 22599 2413 23 for for IN 22599 2413 24 knowledge knowledge NN 22599 2413 25 and and CC 22599 2413 26 seeking seek VBG 22599 2413 27 to to TO 22599 2413 28 discover discover VB 22599 2413 29 in in IN 22599 2413 30 foreign foreign JJ 22599 2413 31 lands land NNS 22599 2413 32 novelties novelty NNS 22599 2413 33 in in IN 22599 2413 34 books book NNS 22599 2413 35 or or CC 22599 2413 36 in in IN 22599 2413 37 studies study NNS 22599 2413 38 which which WDT 22599 2413 39 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2413 40 could could MD 22599 2413 41 take take VB 22599 2413 42 back back RB 22599 2413 43 with with IN 22599 2413 44 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2413 45 . . . 22599 2414 1 And and CC 22599 2414 2 this this DT 22599 2414 3 zealous zealous JJ 22599 2414 4 student student NN 22599 2414 5 journeyed journey VBD 22599 2414 6 to to IN 22599 2414 7 the the DT 22599 2414 8 city city NN 22599 2414 9 of of IN 22599 2414 10 Romulus Romulus NNP 22599 2414 11 . . . 22599 2414 12 " " '' 22599 2414 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2415 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2415 2 407 407 CD 22599 2415 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2415 4 A. a. NN 22599 2415 5 Neander Neander NNP 22599 2415 6 , , , 22599 2415 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2415 8 General General NNP 22599 2415 9 History History NNP 22599 2415 10 of of IN 22599 2415 11 the the DT 22599 2415 12 Christian Christian NNP 22599 2415 13 Religion Religion NNP 22599 2415 14 and and CC 22599 2415 15 Church Church NNP 22599 2415 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2415 17 , , , 22599 2415 18 5th 5th JJ 22599 2415 19 American american JJ 22599 2415 20 ed ed NNP 22599 2415 21 . . NNP 22599 2415 22 , , , 22599 2415 23 Boston Boston NNP 22599 2415 24 , , , 22599 2415 25 1855 1855 CD 22599 2415 26 , , , 22599 2415 27 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2415 28 . . . 22599 2416 1 III III NNP 22599 2416 2 , , , 22599 2416 3 p. p. NN 22599 2416 4 89 89 CD 22599 2416 5 , , , 22599 2416 6 note note VBP 22599 2416 7 4 4 CD 22599 2416 8 ; ; : 22599 2416 9 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2416 10 , , , 22599 2416 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2416 12 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2416 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2416 14 , , , 22599 2416 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2416 16 . . . 22599 2417 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2417 2 , , , 22599 2417 3 p. p. NN 22599 2417 4 143 143 CD 22599 2417 5 . . . 22599 2418 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2418 2 408 408 CD 22599 2418 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2418 4 Cunningham Cunningham NNP 22599 2418 5 , , , 22599 2418 6 loc loc NN 22599 2418 7 . . . 22599 2419 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2419 2 . . NNP 22599 2419 3 , , , 22599 2419 4 p. p. NN 22599 2419 5 81 81 CD 22599 2419 6 . . . 22599 2420 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2420 2 409 409 CD 22599 2420 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2420 4 Heyd Heyd NNP 22599 2420 5 , , , 22599 2420 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2420 7 . . . 22599 2421 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2421 2 . . . 22599 2421 3 , , , 22599 2421 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2421 5 . . . 22599 2422 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2422 2 , , , 22599 2422 3 p. p. NN 22599 2422 4 4 4 CD 22599 2422 5 . . . 22599 2423 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2423 2 410 410 CD 22599 2423 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2423 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2423 5 . . . 22599 2423 6 , , , 22599 2423 7 p. p. NN 22599 2423 8 5 5 CD 22599 2423 9 . . . 22599 2424 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2424 2 411 411 CD 22599 2424 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2424 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2424 5 . . . 22599 2424 6 , , , 22599 2424 7 p. p. NN 22599 2424 8 21 21 CD 22599 2424 9 . . . 22599 2425 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2425 2 412 412 CD 22599 2425 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2425 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2425 5 . . . 22599 2425 6 , , , 22599 2425 7 p. p. NN 22599 2425 8 23 23 CD 22599 2425 9 . . . 22599 2426 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2426 2 413 413 CD 22599 2426 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2426 4 Libri Libri NNPS 22599 2426 5 , , , 22599 2426 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2426 7 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2426 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2426 9 , , , 22599 2426 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2426 11 . . . 22599 2427 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2427 2 , , , 22599 2427 3 p. p. NN 22599 2427 4 167 167 CD 22599 2427 5 . . . 22599 2428 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2428 2 414 414 CD 22599 2428 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2428 4 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2428 5 , , , 22599 2428 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2428 7 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2428 8 , , , 22599 2428 9 un un NNP 22599 2428 10 pape pape NNP 22599 2428 11 philosophe philosophe NNP 22599 2428 12 , , , 22599 2428 13 d'après d'après NNP 22599 2428 14 l'histoire l'histoire NNP 22599 2428 15 et et FW 22599 2428 16 d'après d'après NNP 22599 2428 17 la la NNP 22599 2428 18 légende légende NNP 22599 2428 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2428 20 , , , 22599 2428 21 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2428 22 , , , 22599 2428 23 1897 1897 CD 22599 2428 24 , , , 22599 2428 25 p. p. NN 22599 2428 26 19 19 CD 22599 2428 27 . . . 22599 2429 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2429 2 415 415 CD 22599 2429 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2429 4 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 2429 5 , , , 22599 2429 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2429 7 . . . 22599 2430 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2430 2 . . . 22599 2430 3 , , , 22599 2430 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2430 5 . . . 22599 2431 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2431 2 , , , 22599 2431 3 chap chap NNP 22599 2431 4 , , , 22599 2431 5 i i PRP 22599 2431 6 , , , 22599 2431 7 and and CC 22599 2431 8 p. p. NN 22599 2431 9 54 54 CD 22599 2431 10 seq seq NN 22599 2431 11 . . . 22599 2432 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2432 2 416 416 CD 22599 2432 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2432 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2432 5 . . . 22599 2432 6 , , , 22599 2432 7 p. p. NN 22599 2432 8 57 57 CD 22599 2432 9 . . . 22599 2433 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2433 2 417 417 CD 22599 2433 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2433 4 Libri Libri NNPS 22599 2433 5 , , , 22599 2433 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2433 7 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2433 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2433 9 , , , 22599 2433 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2433 11 . . . 22599 2434 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2434 2 , , , 22599 2434 3 p. p. NN 22599 2434 4 110 110 CD 22599 2434 5 , , , 22599 2434 6 n. n. NNP 22599 2434 7 , , , 22599 2434 8 citing cite VBG 22599 2434 9 authorities authority NNS 22599 2434 10 , , , 22599 2434 11 and and CC 22599 2434 12 p. p. NN 22599 2434 13 152 152 CD 22599 2434 14 . . . 22599 2435 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2435 2 418 418 CD 22599 2435 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2435 4 Possibly possibly RB 22599 2435 5 the the DT 22599 2435 6 old old JJ 22599 2435 7 tradition tradition NN 22599 2435 8 , , , 22599 2435 9 " " '' 22599 2435 10 Prima Prima NNP 22599 2435 11 dedit dedit JJ 22599 2435 12 nautis nautis NN 22599 2435 13 usum usum NN 22599 2435 14 magnetis magnetis NN 22599 2435 15 Amalphis Amalphis NNP 22599 2435 16 , , , 22599 2435 17 " " `` 22599 2435 18 is be VBZ 22599 2435 19 true true JJ 22599 2435 20 so so RB 22599 2435 21 far far RB 22599 2435 22 as as IN 22599 2435 23 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2435 24 means mean VBZ 22599 2435 25 the the DT 22599 2435 26 modern modern JJ 22599 2435 27 form form NN 22599 2435 28 of of IN 22599 2435 29 compass compass NN 22599 2435 30 card card NN 22599 2435 31 . . . 22599 2436 1 See see VB 22599 2436 2 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 2436 3 , , , 22599 2436 4 loc loc NNP 22599 2436 5 . . . 22599 2437 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2437 2 . . . 22599 2437 3 , , , 22599 2437 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2437 5 . . . 22599 2438 1 II II NNP 22599 2438 2 , , , 22599 2438 3 p. p. NN 22599 2438 4 398 398 CD 22599 2438 5 . . . 22599 2439 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2439 2 419 419 CD 22599 2439 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2439 4 R. R. NNP 22599 2439 5 C. C. NNP 22599 2439 6 Dutt Dutt NNP 22599 2439 7 , , , 22599 2439 8 loc loc NN 22599 2439 9 . . . 22599 2440 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2440 2 . . . 22599 2440 3 , , , 22599 2440 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2440 5 . . . 22599 2441 1 II II NNP 22599 2441 2 , , , 22599 2441 3 p. p. NN 22599 2441 4 312 312 CD 22599 2441 5 . . . 22599 2442 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2442 2 420 420 CD 22599 2442 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2442 4 E. E. NNP 22599 2442 5 J. J. NNP 22599 2442 6 Payne Payne NNP 22599 2442 7 , , , 22599 2442 8 in in IN 22599 2442 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2442 10 The the DT 22599 2442 11 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 22599 2442 12 Modern Modern NNP 22599 2442 13 History History NNP 22599 2442 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2442 15 , , , 22599 2442 16 London London NNP 22599 2442 17 , , , 22599 2442 18 1902 1902 CD 22599 2442 19 , , , 22599 2442 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2442 21 . . . 22599 2443 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2443 2 , , , 22599 2443 3 chap chap NNP 22599 2443 4 . . . 22599 2444 1 i. i. NNP 22599 2445 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2445 2 421 421 CD 22599 2445 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2445 4 Geo Geo NNP 22599 2445 5 . . . 22599 2446 1 Phillips Phillips NNP 22599 2446 2 , , , 22599 2446 3 " " `` 22599 2446 4 The the DT 22599 2446 5 Identity Identity NNP 22599 2446 6 of of IN 22599 2446 7 Marco Marco NNP 22599 2446 8 Polo Polo NNP 22599 2446 9 's 's POS 22599 2446 10 Zaitun Zaitun NNP 22599 2446 11 with with IN 22599 2446 12 Changchau Changchau NNP 22599 2446 13 , , , 22599 2446 14 in in IN 22599 2446 15 T'oung T'oung NNP 22599 2446 16 pao pao NNP 22599 2446 17 , , , 22599 2446 18 " " `` 22599 2446 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2446 20 Archives Archives NNP 22599 2446 21 pour pour VBP 22599 2446 22 servir servir NNP 22599 2446 23 à à NNP 22599 2446 24 l'étude l'étude NNP 22599 2446 25 de de NNP 22599 2446 26 l'histoire l'histoire FW 22599 2446 27 de de NNP 22599 2446 28 l'Asie l'Asie NNP 22599 2446 29 orientale orientale NN 22599 2446 30 _ _ NNP 22599 2446 31 , , , 22599 2446 32 Leyden Leyden NNP 22599 2446 33 , , , 22599 2446 34 1890 1890 CD 22599 2446 35 , , , 22599 2446 36 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2446 37 . . . 22599 2447 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2447 2 , , , 22599 2447 3 p. p. NN 22599 2447 4 218 218 CD 22599 2447 5 . . . 22599 2448 1 W. W. NNP 22599 2448 2 Heyd Heyd NNP 22599 2448 3 , , , 22599 2448 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2448 5 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2448 6 des des NNP 22599 2448 7 Levanthandels Levanthandels NNP 22599 2448 8 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2448 9 m be VBP 22599 2448 10 Mittelalter Mittelalter NNP 22599 2448 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2448 12 , , , 22599 2448 13 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2448 14 . . . 22599 2449 1 II II NNP 22599 2449 2 , , , 22599 2449 3 p. p. NN 22599 2449 4 216 216 CD 22599 2449 5 . . . 22599 2450 1 The the DT 22599 2450 2 Palazzo Palazzo NNP 22599 2450 3 dei dei NNP 22599 2450 4 Poli Poli NNP 22599 2450 5 , , , 22599 2450 6 where where WRB 22599 2450 7 Marco Marco NNP 22599 2450 8 was be VBD 22599 2450 9 born bear VBN 22599 2450 10 and and CC 22599 2450 11 died die VBN 22599 2450 12 , , , 22599 2450 13 still still RB 22599 2450 14 stands stand VBZ 22599 2450 15 in in IN 22599 2450 16 the the DT 22599 2450 17 Corte Corte NNP 22599 2450 18 del del NNP 22599 2450 19 Milione Milione NNP 22599 2450 20 , , , 22599 2450 21 in in IN 22599 2450 22 Venice Venice NNP 22599 2450 23 . . . 22599 2451 1 The the DT 22599 2451 2 best good JJS 22599 2451 3 description description NN 22599 2451 4 of of IN 22599 2451 5 the the DT 22599 2451 6 Polo Polo NNP 22599 2451 7 travels travel NNS 22599 2451 8 , , , 22599 2451 9 and and CC 22599 2451 10 of of IN 22599 2451 11 other other JJ 22599 2451 12 travels travel NNS 22599 2451 13 of of IN 22599 2451 14 the the DT 22599 2451 15 later later JJ 22599 2451 16 Middle Middle NNP 22599 2451 17 Ages Ages NNP 22599 2451 18 , , , 22599 2451 19 is be VBZ 22599 2451 20 found find VBN 22599 2451 21 in in IN 22599 2451 22 C. C. NNP 22599 2451 23 R. R. NNP 22599 2451 24 Beazley Beazley NNP 22599 2451 25 's 's POS 22599 2451 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2451 27 Dawn Dawn NNP 22599 2451 28 of of IN 22599 2451 29 Modern Modern NNP 22599 2451 30 Geography Geography NNP 22599 2451 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2451 32 , , , 22599 2451 33 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2451 34 . . . 22599 2452 1 III III NNP 22599 2452 2 , , , 22599 2452 3 chap chap NNP 22599 2452 4 , , , 22599 2452 5 ii ii NNP 22599 2452 6 , , , 22599 2452 7 and and CC 22599 2452 8 Part Part NNP 22599 2452 9 II II NNP 22599 2452 10 . . . 22599 2453 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2453 2 422 422 CD 22599 2453 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2453 4 Heyd Heyd NNP 22599 2453 5 , , , 22599 2453 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2453 7 . . . 22599 2454 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2454 2 . . . 22599 2454 3 , , , 22599 2454 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2454 5 . . . 22599 2455 1 II II NNP 22599 2455 2 , , , 22599 2455 3 p. p. NN 22599 2455 4 220 220 CD 22599 2455 5 ; ; : 22599 2455 6 H. H. NNP 22599 2455 7 Yule Yule NNP 22599 2455 8 , , , 22599 2455 9 in in IN 22599 2455 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2455 11 Encyclopædia Encyclopædia NNP 22599 2455 12 Britannica Britannica NNP 22599 2455 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2455 14 , , , 22599 2455 15 9th 9th JJ 22599 2455 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2455 17 10th 10th JJ 22599 2455 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2455 19 or or CC 22599 2455 20 11th 11th NNP 22599 2455 21 ed ed NNP 22599 2455 22 . . NNP 22599 2455 23 , , , 22599 2455 24 article article NN 22599 2455 25 " " `` 22599 2455 26 China China NNP 22599 2455 27 . . . 22599 2455 28 " " '' 22599 2456 1 The the DT 22599 2456 2 handbook handbook NN 22599 2456 3 cited cite VBD 22599 2456 4 is be VBZ 22599 2456 5 Pegolotti Pegolotti NNP 22599 2456 6 's 's POS 22599 2456 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2456 8 Libro Libro NNP 22599 2456 9 di di NNP 22599 2456 10 divisamenti divisamenti NNP 22599 2456 11 di di NNP 22599 2456 12 paesi paesi NNP 22599 2456 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2456 14 , , , 22599 2456 15 chapters chapter NNS 22599 2456 16 i i PRP 22599 2456 17 - - HYPH 22599 2456 18 ii ii NNP 22599 2456 19 , , , 22599 2456 20 where where WRB 22599 2456 21 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2456 22 is be VBZ 22599 2456 23 implied imply VBN 22599 2456 24 that that IN 22599 2456 25 $ $ $ 22599 2456 26 60,000 60,000 CD 22599 2456 27 would would MD 22599 2456 28 be be VB 22599 2456 29 a a DT 22599 2456 30 likely likely JJ 22599 2456 31 amount amount NN 22599 2456 32 for for IN 22599 2456 33 a a DT 22599 2456 34 merchant merchant NN 22599 2456 35 going go VBG 22599 2456 36 to to IN 22599 2456 37 China China NNP 22599 2456 38 to to TO 22599 2456 39 invest invest VB 22599 2456 40 in in IN 22599 2456 41 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2456 42 trip trip NN 22599 2456 43 . . . 22599 2457 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2457 2 423 423 CD 22599 2457 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2457 4 Cunningham Cunningham NNP 22599 2457 5 , , , 22599 2457 6 loc loc NN 22599 2457 7 . . . 22599 2458 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2458 2 . . . 22599 2458 3 , , , 22599 2458 4 p. p. NN 22599 2458 5 194 194 CD 22599 2458 6 . . . 22599 2459 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2459 2 424 424 CD 22599 2459 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2459 4 I.e. i.e. ADD 22599 2460 1 a a DT 22599 2460 2 commission commission NN 22599 2460 3 house house NN 22599 2460 4 . . . 22599 2461 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2461 2 425 425 CD 22599 2461 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2461 4 Cunningham Cunningham NNP 22599 2461 5 , , , 22599 2461 6 loc loc NN 22599 2461 7 . . . 22599 2462 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2462 2 . . . 22599 2462 3 , , , 22599 2462 4 p. p. NN 22599 2462 5 186 186 CD 22599 2462 6 . . . 22599 2463 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2463 2 426 426 CD 22599 2463 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2463 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2463 5 R. R. NNP 22599 2463 6 Green Green NNP 22599 2463 7 , , , 22599 2463 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2463 9 Short Short NNP 22599 2463 10 History History NNP 22599 2463 11 of of IN 22599 2463 12 the the DT 22599 2463 13 English English NNP 22599 2463 14 People People NNPS 22599 2463 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2463 16 , , , 22599 2463 17 New New NNP 22599 2463 18 York York NNP 22599 2463 19 , , , 22599 2463 20 1890 1890 CD 22599 2463 21 , , , 22599 2463 22 p. p. NN 22599 2463 23 66 66 CD 22599 2463 24 . . . 22599 2464 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2464 2 427 427 CD 22599 2464 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2464 4 W. W. NNP 22599 2464 5 Besant Besant NNP 22599 2464 6 , , , 22599 2464 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2464 8 London London NNP 22599 2464 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2464 10 , , , 22599 2464 11 New New NNP 22599 2464 12 York York NNP 22599 2464 13 , , , 22599 2464 14 1892 1892 CD 22599 2464 15 , , , 22599 2464 16 p. p. NN 22599 2464 17 43 43 CD 22599 2464 18 . . . 22599 2465 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2465 2 428 428 CD 22599 2465 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2465 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2465 5 Baldakin Baldakin NNP 22599 2465 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2465 7 , , , 22599 2465 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2465 9 baldekin baldekin NNP 22599 2465 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2465 11 , , , 22599 2465 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2465 13 baldachino baldachino NN 22599 2465 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2465 15 . . . 22599 2466 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2466 2 429 429 CD 22599 2466 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2466 4 Italian italian JJ 22599 2466 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2466 6 Baldacco Baldacco NNP 22599 2466 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2466 8 . . . 22599 2467 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2467 2 430 430 CD 22599 2467 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2467 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2467 5 K. K. NNP 22599 2467 6 Mumford Mumford NNP 22599 2467 7 , , , 22599 2467 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2467 9 Oriental Oriental NNP 22599 2467 10 Rugs Rugs NNP 22599 2467 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2467 12 , , , 22599 2467 13 New New NNP 22599 2467 14 York York NNP 22599 2467 15 , , , 22599 2467 16 1901 1901 CD 22599 2467 17 , , , 22599 2467 18 p. p. NN 22599 2467 19 18 18 CD 22599 2467 20 . . . 22599 2468 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2468 2 431 431 CD 22599 2468 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2468 4 Or or CC 22599 2468 5 Girbert Girbert NNP 22599 2468 6 , , , 22599 2468 7 the the DT 22599 2468 8 Latin latin JJ 22599 2468 9 forms form NNS 22599 2468 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2468 11 Gerbertus Gerbertus NNP 22599 2468 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2468 13 and and CC 22599 2468 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2468 15 Girbertus Girbertus NNP 22599 2468 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2468 17 appearing appear VBG 22599 2468 18 indifferently indifferently RB 22599 2468 19 in in IN 22599 2468 20 the the DT 22599 2468 21 documents document NNS 22599 2468 22 of of IN 22599 2468 23 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2468 24 time time NN 22599 2468 25 . . . 22599 2469 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2469 2 432 432 CD 22599 2469 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2469 4 See see VB 22599 2469 5 , , , 22599 2469 6 for for IN 22599 2469 7 example example NN 22599 2469 8 , , , 22599 2469 9 J. J. NNP 22599 2469 10 C. C. NNP 22599 2469 11 Heilbronner Heilbronner NNP 22599 2469 12 , , , 22599 2469 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2469 14 Historia Historia NNP 22599 2469 15 matheseos matheseos NNP 22599 2469 16 universæ universæ NN 22599 2469 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2469 18 , , , 22599 2469 19 p. p. NN 22599 2469 20 740 740 CD 22599 2469 21 . . . 22599 2470 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2470 2 433 433 CD 22599 2470 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2470 4 " " `` 22599 2470 5 Obscuro Obscuro NNP 22599 2470 6 loco loco NN 22599 2470 7 natum natum VBP 22599 2470 8 , , , 22599 2470 9 " " '' 22599 2470 10 as as IN 22599 2470 11 an an DT 22599 2470 12 old old JJ 22599 2470 13 chronicle chronicle NN 22599 2470 14 of of IN 22599 2470 15 Aurillac Aurillac NNP 22599 2470 16 has have VBZ 22599 2470 17 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2470 18 . . . 22599 2471 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2471 2 434 434 CD 22599 2471 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2471 4 N. N. NNP 22599 2471 5 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2471 6 , , , 22599 2471 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2471 8 Gerberti Gerberti NNP 22599 2471 9 postea postea NN 22599 2471 10 Silvestri Silvestri NNP 22599 2471 11 II II NNP 22599 2471 12 papae papae NN 22599 2471 13 opera opera NN 22599 2471 14 mathematica mathematica NNP 22599 2471 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2471 16 , , , 22599 2471 17 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2471 18 , , , 22599 2471 19 1899 1899 CD 22599 2471 20 , , , 22599 2471 21 is be VBZ 22599 2471 22 the the DT 22599 2471 23 most most RBS 22599 2471 24 complete complete JJ 22599 2471 25 and and CC 22599 2471 26 reliable reliable JJ 22599 2471 27 source source NN 22599 2471 28 of of IN 22599 2471 29 information information NN 22599 2471 30 ; ; : 22599 2471 31 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2471 32 , , , 22599 2471 33 loc loc NN 22599 2471 34 . . . 22599 2472 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2472 2 . . . 22599 2472 3 , , , 22599 2472 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2472 5 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2472 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2472 7 etc etc FW 22599 2472 8 . . . 22599 2473 1 ; ; : 22599 2473 2 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 2473 3 , , , 22599 2473 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 5 Oeuvres Oeuvres NNP 22599 2473 6 de de NNP 22599 2473 7 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2473 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 9 , , , 22599 2473 10 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2473 11 , , , 22599 2473 12 1867 1867 CD 22599 2473 13 ; ; : 22599 2473 14 Havet Havet NNP 22599 2473 15 , , , 22599 2473 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 17 Lettres Lettres NNP 22599 2473 18 de de NNP 22599 2473 19 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2473 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 21 , , , 22599 2473 22 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2473 23 , , , 22599 2473 24 1889 1889 CD 22599 2473 25 ; ; : 22599 2473 26 H. H. NNP 22599 2473 27 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2473 28 , , , 22599 2473 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 30 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2473 31 ; ; : 22599 2473 32 Beiträge Beiträge NNP 22599 2473 33 zur zur NNP 22599 2473 34 Kenntnis Kenntnis NNP 22599 2473 35 der der VBD 22599 2473 36 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2473 37 des des NNP 22599 2473 38 Mittelalters Mittelalters NNP 22599 2473 39 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 40 , , , 22599 2473 41 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2473 42 , , , 22599 2473 43 1888 1888 CD 22599 2473 44 , , , 22599 2473 45 and and CC 22599 2473 46 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 47 Zur Zur NNP 22599 2473 48 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2473 49 der der VBD 22599 2473 50 Einführung Einführung NNP 22599 2473 51 der der VB 22599 2473 52 jetzigen jetzigen NNP 22599 2473 53 Ziffern Ziffern NNP 22599 2473 54 in in IN 22599 2473 55 Europa Europa NNP 22599 2473 56 durch durch NN 22599 2473 57 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2473 58 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 59 , , , 22599 2473 60 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2473 61 , , , 22599 2473 62 1892 1892 CD 22599 2473 63 ; ; : 22599 2473 64 Büdinger Büdinger NNP 22599 2473 65 , , , 22599 2473 66 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 67 Ueber Ueber NNP 22599 2473 68 Gerberts Gerberts NNPS 22599 2473 69 wissenschaftliche wissenschaftliche VBP 22599 2473 70 und und NNP 22599 2473 71 politische politische NNP 22599 2473 72 Stellung Stellung NNP 22599 2473 73 _ _ NNP 22599 2473 74 , , , 22599 2473 75 Cassel Cassel NNP 22599 2473 76 , , , 22599 2473 77 1851 1851 CD 22599 2473 78 ; ; : 22599 2473 79 Richer Richer NNP 22599 2473 80 , , , 22599 2473 81 " " '' 22599 2473 82 Historiarum Historiarum NNP 22599 2473 83 liber liber NN 22599 2473 84 III iii CD 22599 2473 85 , , , 22599 2473 86 " " '' 22599 2473 87 in in IN 22599 2473 88 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2473 89 , , , 22599 2473 90 loc loc NNP 22599 2473 91 . . . 22599 2474 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2474 2 . . . 22599 2474 3 , , , 22599 2474 4 pp pp NNP 22599 2474 5 . . . 22599 2475 1 376 376 CD 22599 2475 2 - - SYM 22599 2475 3 381 381 CD 22599 2475 4 ; ; : 22599 2475 5 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 2475 6 , , , 22599 2475 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2475 8 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2475 9 und und RB 22599 2475 10 die die VBP 22599 2475 11 Rechenkunst Rechenkunst NNP 22599 2475 12 des des NNP 22599 2475 13 10 10 CD 22599 2475 14 . . . 22599 2476 1 Jahrhunderts Jahrhunderts NNP 22599 2476 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2476 3 , , , 22599 2476 4 Vienna Vienna NNP 22599 2476 5 , , , 22599 2476 6 1888 1888 CD 22599 2476 7 . . . 22599 2477 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2477 2 435 435 CD 22599 2477 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2477 4 Richer Richer NNP 22599 2477 5 tells tell VBZ 22599 2477 6 of of IN 22599 2477 7 the the DT 22599 2477 8 visit visit NN 22599 2477 9 to to IN 22599 2477 10 Aurillac Aurillac NNP 22599 2477 11 by by IN 22599 2477 12 Borel Borel NNP 22599 2477 13 , , , 22599 2477 14 a a DT 22599 2477 15 Spanish spanish JJ 22599 2477 16 nobleman nobleman NN 22599 2477 17 , , , 22599 2477 18 just just RB 22599 2477 19 as as IN 22599 2477 20 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2477 21 was be VBD 22599 2477 22 entering enter VBG 22599 2477 23 into into IN 22599 2477 24 young young JJ 22599 2477 25 manhood manhood NN 22599 2477 26 . . . 22599 2478 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2478 2 relates relate VBZ 22599 2478 3 how how WRB 22599 2478 4 affectionately affectionately RB 22599 2478 5 the the DT 22599 2478 6 abbot abbot NN 22599 2478 7 received receive VBD 22599 2478 8 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2478 9 , , , 22599 2478 10 asking ask VBG 22599 2478 11 if if IN 22599 2478 12 there there EX 22599 2478 13 were be VBD 22599 2478 14 men man NNS 22599 2478 15 in in IN 22599 2478 16 Spain Spain NNP 22599 2478 17 well well RB 22599 2478 18 versed verse VBN 22599 2478 19 in in IN 22599 2478 20 the the DT 22599 2478 21 arts art NNS 22599 2478 22 . . . 22599 2479 1 Upon upon IN 22599 2479 2 Borel Borel NNP 22599 2479 3 's 's POS 22599 2479 4 reply reply NN 22599 2479 5 in in IN 22599 2479 6 the the DT 22599 2479 7 affirmative affirmative NN 22599 2479 8 , , , 22599 2479 9 the the DT 22599 2479 10 abbot abbot NN 22599 2479 11 asked ask VBD 22599 2479 12 that that IN 22599 2479 13 one one CD 22599 2479 14 of of IN 22599 2479 15 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2479 16 young young JJ 22599 2479 17 men man NNS 22599 2479 18 might may MD 22599 2479 19 accompany accompany VB 22599 2479 20 him -PRON- PRP 22599 2479 21 upon upon IN 22599 2479 22 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2479 23 return return NN 22599 2479 24 , , , 22599 2479 25 that that IN 22599 2479 26 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2479 27 might may MD 22599 2479 28 carry carry VB 22599 2479 29 on on IN 22599 2479 30 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2479 31 studies study NNS 22599 2479 32 there there RB 22599 2479 33 . . . 22599 2480 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2480 2 436 436 CD 22599 2480 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2480 4 Vicus Vicus NNP 22599 2480 5 Ausona Ausona NNP 22599 2480 6 . . . 22599 2481 1 Hatto Hatto NNP 22599 2481 2 also also RB 22599 2481 3 appears appear VBZ 22599 2481 4 as as IN 22599 2481 5 Atton Atton NNP 22599 2481 6 and and CC 22599 2481 7 Hatton Hatton NNP 22599 2481 8 . . . 22599 2482 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2482 2 437 437 CD 22599 2482 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2482 4 This this DT 22599 2482 5 is be VBZ 22599 2482 6 all all DT 22599 2482 7 that that WDT 22599 2482 8 we -PRON- PRP 22599 2482 9 know know VBP 22599 2482 10 of of IN 22599 2482 11 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2482 12 sojourn sojourn NN 22599 2482 13 in in IN 22599 2482 14 Spain Spain NNP 22599 2482 15 , , , 22599 2482 16 and and CC 22599 2482 17 this this DT 22599 2482 18 comes come VBZ 22599 2482 19 from from IN 22599 2482 20 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2482 21 pupil pupil NN 22599 2482 22 Richer Richer NNP 22599 2482 23 . . . 22599 2483 1 The the DT 22599 2483 2 stories story NNS 22599 2483 3 told tell VBN 22599 2483 4 by by IN 22599 2483 5 Adhemar Adhemar NNP 22599 2483 6 of of IN 22599 2483 7 Chabanois Chabanois NNP 22599 2483 8 , , , 22599 2483 9 an an DT 22599 2483 10 apparently apparently RB 22599 2483 11 ignorant ignorant JJ 22599 2483 12 and and CC 22599 2483 13 certainly certainly RB 22599 2483 14 untrustworthy untrustworthy JJ 22599 2483 15 contemporary contemporary NN 22599 2483 16 , , , 22599 2483 17 of of IN 22599 2483 18 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2483 19 going go VBG 22599 2483 20 to to IN 22599 2483 21 Cordova Cordova NNP 22599 2483 22 , , , 22599 2483 23 are be VBP 22599 2483 24 unsupported unsupported JJ 22599 2483 25 . . . 22599 2484 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2484 2 See see VB 22599 2484 3 e.g. e.g. RB 22599 2485 1 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2485 2 , , , 22599 2485 3 p. p. NN 22599 2486 1 34 34 CD 22599 2486 2 . . . 22599 2486 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2487 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB 22599 2487 2 this this DT 22599 2487 3 testimony testimony NN 22599 2487 4 is be VBZ 22599 2487 5 still still RB 22599 2487 6 accepted accept VBN 22599 2487 7 : : : 22599 2487 8 K. K. NNP 22599 2487 9 von von NNP 22599 2487 10 Raumer Raumer NNP 22599 2487 11 , , , 22599 2487 12 for for IN 22599 2487 13 example example NN 22599 2487 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2487 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2487 16 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2487 17 der der VBD 22599 2487 18 Pädagogik Pädagogik NNP 22599 2487 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2487 20 , , , 22599 2487 21 6th 6th JJ 22599 2487 22 ed ed NNP 22599 2487 23 . . NNP 22599 2487 24 , , , 22599 2487 25 1890 1890 CD 22599 2487 26 , , , 22599 2487 27 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2487 28 . . . 22599 2488 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2488 2 , , , 22599 2488 3 p. p. NN 22599 2488 4 6 6 CD 22599 2488 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2488 6 , , , 22599 2488 7 says say VBZ 22599 2488 8 " " `` 22599 2488 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2488 10 studierte studierte VBZ 22599 2488 11 man man NN 22599 2488 12 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2488 13 m be VBP 22599 2488 14 Mittelalter Mittelalter NNP 22599 2488 15 bei bei NN 22599 2488 16 den den NN 22599 2488 17 Arabern Arabern NNP 22599 2488 18 in in IN 22599 2488 19 Spanien Spanien NNP 22599 2488 20 . . . 22599 2489 1 Zu zu VB 22599 2489 2 ihnen ihnen NN 22599 2489 3 gieng gieng NNP 22599 2489 4 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2489 5 , , , 22599 2489 6 nachmaliger nachmaliger NN 22599 2489 7 Pabst Pabst NNP 22599 2489 8 Sylvester Sylvester NNP 22599 2489 9 II II NNP 22599 2489 10 . . . 22599 2489 11 " " '' 22599 2490 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2490 2 438 438 CD 22599 2490 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2490 4 Thus thus RB 22599 2490 5 in in IN 22599 2490 6 a a DT 22599 2490 7 letter letter NN 22599 2490 8 to to IN 22599 2490 9 Aldaberon Aldaberon NNP 22599 2490 10 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2490 11 says say VBZ 22599 2490 12 : : : 22599 2490 13 " " `` 22599 2490 14 Quos Quos NNP 22599 2490 15 post post NNP 22599 2490 16 repperimus repperimus NN 22599 2490 17 speretis speretis NN 22599 2490 18 , , , 22599 2490 19 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2490 20 d d VBN 22599 2490 21 est est NNP 22599 2490 22 VIII VIII NNP 22599 2490 23 volumina volumina NNP 22599 2490 24 Boeti Boeti NNP 22599 2490 25 de de NNP 22599 2490 26 astrologia astrologia NNP 22599 2490 27 , , , 22599 2490 28 praeclarissima praeclarissima NNP 22599 2490 29 quoque quoque NNP 22599 2490 30 figurarum figurarum NNP 22599 2490 31 geometriæ geometriæ NNP 22599 2490 32 , , , 22599 2490 33 aliaque aliaque NNP 22599 2490 34 non non AFX 22599 2490 35 minus minus NNP 22599 2490 36 admiranda admiranda NNP 22599 2490 37 " " '' 22599 2490 38 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2490 39 Epist epist UH 22599 2490 40 . . . 22599 2491 1 8) 8) CD 22599 2491 2 . . . 22599 2492 1 Also also RB 22599 2492 2 in in IN 22599 2492 3 a a DT 22599 2492 4 letter letter NN 22599 2492 5 to to IN 22599 2492 6 Rainard Rainard NNP 22599 2492 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2492 8 Epist epist UH 22599 2492 9 . . . 22599 2493 1 130 130 CD 22599 2493 2 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2493 3 , , , 22599 2493 4 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2493 5 says say VBZ 22599 2493 6 : : : 22599 2493 7 " " `` 22599 2493 8 Ex Ex NNP 22599 2493 9 tuis tuis NN 22599 2493 10 sumptibus sumptibus NNP 22599 2493 11 fac fac NNP 22599 2493 12 ut ut UH 22599 2493 13 michi michi NNP 22599 2493 14 scribantur scribantur NNP 22599 2493 15 M. M. NNP 22599 2493 16 Manlius Manlius NNP 22599 2493 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2493 18 Manilius Manilius NNP 22599 2493 19 in in IN 22599 2493 20 one one CD 22599 2493 21 MS MS NNP 22599 2493 22 . . . 22599 2493 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2493 24 de de NNP 22599 2493 25 astrologia astrologia NNP 22599 2493 26 . . . 22599 2493 27 " " '' 22599 2494 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2494 2 439 439 CD 22599 2494 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2494 4 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2494 5 , , , 22599 2494 6 loc loc NN 22599 2494 7 . . . 22599 2495 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2495 2 . . NNP 22599 2495 3 , , , 22599 2495 4 p. p. NN 22599 2495 5 31 31 CD 22599 2495 6 . . . 22599 2496 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2496 2 440 440 CD 22599 2496 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2496 4 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2496 5 , , , 22599 2496 6 loc loc NN 22599 2496 7 . . . 22599 2497 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2497 2 . . . 22599 2497 3 , , , 22599 2497 4 p. p. NN 22599 2497 5 36 36 CD 22599 2497 6 . . . 22599 2498 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2498 2 441 441 CD 22599 2498 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2498 4 Havet Havet NNP 22599 2498 5 , , , 22599 2498 6 loc loc NN 22599 2498 7 . . . 22599 2499 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2499 2 . . NNP 22599 2499 3 , , , 22599 2499 4 p. p. NN 22599 2499 5 vii vii NNP 22599 2499 6 . . . 22599 2500 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2500 2 442 442 CD 22599 2500 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2500 4 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2500 5 , , , 22599 2500 6 loc loc NN 22599 2500 7 . . . 22599 2501 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2501 2 . . NNP 22599 2501 3 , , , 22599 2501 4 p. p. NN 22599 2501 5 37 37 CD 22599 2501 6 . . . 22599 2502 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2502 2 443 443 CD 22599 2502 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2502 4 " " `` 22599 2502 5 Con Con NNP 22599 2502 6 sinistre sinistre NNP 22599 2502 7 arti arti NNP 22599 2502 8 conseguri conseguri NNP 22599 2502 9 la la NNP 22599 2502 10 dignita dignita NNP 22599 2502 11 del del FW 22599 2502 12 Pontificato Pontificato NNP 22599 2502 13 .... .... . 22599 2502 14 Lasciato Lasciato NNP 22599 2502 15 poi poi NNP 22599 2502 16 l l NNP 22599 2502 17 ' ' `` 22599 2502 18 abito abito NNP 22599 2502 19 , , , 22599 2502 20 e e NNP 22599 2502 21 ' ' '' 22599 2502 22 l l NNP 22599 2502 23 monasterio monasterio NNP 22599 2502 24 , , , 22599 2502 25 e e NNP 22599 2502 26 datosi datosi NNP 22599 2502 27 tutto tutto NNP 22599 2502 28 in in IN 22599 2502 29 potere potere NNP 22599 2502 30 del del NNP 22599 2502 31 diavolo diavolo NNP 22599 2502 32 . . . 22599 2502 33 " " '' 22599 2503 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2503 2 Quoted quote VBN 22599 2503 3 in in IN 22599 2503 4 Bombelli Bombelli NNP 22599 2503 5 , , , 22599 2503 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2503 7 L'antica L'antica NNP 22599 2503 8 numerazione numerazione NN 22599 2503 9 Italica Italica NNP 22599 2503 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2503 11 , , , 22599 2503 12 Rome Rome NNP 22599 2503 13 , , , 22599 2503 14 1876 1876 CD 22599 2503 15 , , , 22599 2503 16 p. p. NN 22599 2503 17 41 41 CD 22599 2503 18 n. n. NN 22599 2503 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2503 20 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2503 21 444 444 CD 22599 2503 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2503 23 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2503 24 writes write VBZ 22599 2503 25 from from IN 22599 2503 26 Rheims Rheims NNP 22599 2503 27 in in IN 22599 2503 28 984 984 CD 22599 2503 29 to to IN 22599 2503 30 one one CD 22599 2503 31 Lupitus Lupitus NNP 22599 2503 32 , , , 22599 2503 33 in in IN 22599 2503 34 Barcelona Barcelona NNP 22599 2503 35 , , , 22599 2503 36 saying say VBG 22599 2503 37 : : : 22599 2503 38 " " `` 22599 2503 39 Itaque Itaque NNP 22599 2503 40 librum librum NNP 22599 2503 41 de de NNP 22599 2503 42 astrologia astrologia NNP 22599 2503 43 translatum translatum NNP 22599 2503 44 a a DT 22599 2503 45 te te NNP 22599 2503 46 michi michi NNP 22599 2503 47 petenti petenti NNP 22599 2503 48 dirige dirige NNP 22599 2503 49 , , , 22599 2503 50 " " '' 22599 2503 51 presumably presumably RB 22599 2503 52 referring refer VBG 22599 2503 53 to to IN 22599 2503 54 some some DT 22599 2503 55 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 2503 56 treatise treatise NN 22599 2503 57 . . . 22599 2504 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2504 2 Epist epist UH 22599 2504 3 . . . 22599 2505 1 no no UH 22599 2505 2 . . . 22599 2506 1 24 24 CD 22599 2506 2 of of IN 22599 2506 3 the the DT 22599 2506 4 Havet Havet NNP 22599 2506 5 collection collection NN 22599 2506 6 , , , 22599 2506 7 p. p. NN 22599 2507 1 19 19 CD 22599 2507 2 . . . 22599 2507 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2508 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2508 2 445 445 CD 22599 2508 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2508 4 See See NNP 22599 2508 5 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2508 6 , , , 22599 2508 7 loc loc NNP 22599 2508 8 . . . 22599 2509 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2509 2 . . NNP 22599 2509 3 , , , 22599 2509 4 p. p. NN 22599 2509 5 x. x. NNP 22599 2510 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2510 2 446 446 CD 22599 2510 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2510 4 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 2510 5 , , , 22599 2510 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2510 7 . . . 22599 2511 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2511 2 . . . 22599 2511 3 , , , 22599 2511 4 p. p. NN 22599 2511 5 361 361 CD 22599 2511 6 , , , 22599 2511 7 l. l. NNP 22599 2511 8 15 15 CD 22599 2511 9 , , , 22599 2511 10 for for IN 22599 2511 11 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 2511 12 ; ; : 22599 2511 13 and and CC 22599 2511 14 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2511 15 , , , 22599 2511 16 loc loc NNP 22599 2511 17 . . . 22599 2512 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2512 2 . . NNP 22599 2512 3 , , , 22599 2512 4 p. p. NN 22599 2512 5 381 381 CD 22599 2512 6 , , , 22599 2512 7 l. l. NNP 22599 2512 8 4 4 CD 22599 2512 9 , , , 22599 2512 10 for for IN 22599 2512 11 Richer Richer NNP 22599 2512 12 . . . 22599 2513 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2513 2 447 447 CD 22599 2513 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2513 4 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2513 5 found find VBN 22599 2513 6 this this DT 22599 2513 7 in in IN 22599 2513 8 a a DT 22599 2513 9 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2513 10 MS MS NNP 22599 2513 11 . . NNP 22599 2513 12 of of IN 22599 2513 13 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 2513 14 of of IN 22599 2513 15 Laon Laon NNP 22599 2513 16 , , , 22599 2513 17 c. c. NN 22599 2513 18 1100 1100 CD 22599 2513 19 . . . 22599 2514 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2514 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2514 3 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2514 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2514 5 , , , 22599 2514 6 p. p. NN 22599 2515 1 246 246 CD 22599 2515 2 . . . 22599 2515 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2516 1 " " `` 22599 2516 2 Et et NN 22599 2516 3 prima prima NNP 22599 2516 4 quidem quidem NNP 22599 2516 5 trium trium NNP 22599 2516 6 spaciorum spaciorum NNP 22599 2516 7 superductio superductio NNP 22599 2516 8 unitatis unitatis NNP 22599 2516 9 caractere caractere NNP 22599 2516 10 inscribitur inscribitur NNP 22599 2516 11 , , , 22599 2516 12 qui qui NNP 22599 2516 13 chaldeo chaldeo NNP 22599 2516 14 nomine nomine NNP 22599 2516 15 dicitur dicitur NNP 22599 2516 16 igin igin NNP 22599 2516 17 . . . 22599 2516 18 " " '' 22599 2517 1 See see VB 22599 2517 2 also also RB 22599 2517 3 Alfred Alfred NNP 22599 2517 4 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 2517 5 , , , 22599 2517 6 " " `` 22599 2517 7 Der Der NNP 22599 2517 8 arithmetische arithmetische NNP 22599 2517 9 Tractat Tractat NNP 22599 2517 10 des des NNP 22599 2517 11 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 2517 12 von von NNP 22599 2517 13 Laon Laon NNP 22599 2517 14 " " '' 22599 2517 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2517 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2517 17 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2517 18 zur zur NN 22599 2517 19 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2517 20 der der VBD 22599 2517 21 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2517 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2517 23 , , , 22599 2517 24 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2517 25 . . . 22599 2518 1 V V NNP 22599 2518 2 , , , 22599 2518 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2518 4 . . . 22599 2519 1 85 85 CD 22599 2519 2 - - SYM 22599 2519 3 133 133 CD 22599 2519 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2519 5 , , , 22599 2519 6 p. p. NN 22599 2519 7 97 97 CD 22599 2519 8 . . . 22599 2520 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2520 2 448 448 CD 22599 2520 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2520 4 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2520 5 , , , 22599 2520 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2520 7 . . . 22599 2521 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2521 2 . . NNP 22599 2521 3 , , , 22599 2521 4 p. p. NN 22599 2521 5 239 239 CD 22599 2521 6 . . . 22599 2522 1 When when WRB 22599 2522 2 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 2522 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2522 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2522 5 Oeuvres Oeuvres NNP 22599 2522 6 de de NNP 22599 2522 7 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2522 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2522 9 , , , 22599 2522 10 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2522 11 , , , 22599 2522 12 1867 1867 CD 22599 2522 13 , , , 22599 2522 14 p. p. NNP 22599 2522 15 cci cci NNP 22599 2522 16 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2522 17 says say VBZ 22599 2522 18 , , , 22599 2522 19 " " `` 22599 2522 20 C'est c'est VB 22599 2522 21 à à CD 22599 2522 22 lui lui NN 22599 2522 23 et et FW 22599 2522 24 non non JJ 22599 2522 25 point point NN 22599 2522 26 aux aux NNP 22599 2522 27 Arabes Arabes NNPS 22599 2522 28 , , , 22599 2522 29 que que NNP 22599 2522 30 l'Europe l'Europe NNP 22599 2522 31 doit doit NNP 22599 2522 32 son son NN 22599 2522 33 système système NNP 22599 2522 34 et et NNP 22599 2522 35 ses se VBZ 22599 2522 36 signes signes NNP 22599 2522 37 de de NNP 22599 2522 38 numération numération NNP 22599 2522 39 , , , 22599 2522 40 " " '' 22599 2522 41 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2522 42 exaggerates exaggerate VBZ 22599 2522 43 , , , 22599 2522 44 since since IN 22599 2522 45 the the DT 22599 2522 46 evidence evidence NN 22599 2522 47 is be VBZ 22599 2522 48 all all RB 22599 2522 49 against against IN 22599 2522 50 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2522 51 knowing know VBG 22599 2522 52 the the DT 22599 2522 53 place place NN 22599 2522 54 value value NN 22599 2522 55 . . . 22599 2523 1 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2523 2 emphasizes emphasize VBZ 22599 2523 3 this this DT 22599 2523 4 in in IN 22599 2523 5 the the DT 22599 2523 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2523 7 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2523 8 für für NN 22599 2523 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2523 10 und und VBP 22599 2523 11 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2523 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2523 13 , , , 22599 2523 14 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2523 15 . . . 22599 2524 1 XII XII NNP 22599 2524 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2524 3 1867 1867 CD 22599 2524 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2524 5 , , , 22599 2524 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2524 7 Literaturzeitung Literaturzeitung NNP 22599 2524 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2524 9 , , , 22599 2524 10 p. p. NN 22599 2524 11 70 70 CD 22599 2524 12 : : : 22599 2524 13 " " `` 22599 2524 14 Für Für NNP 22599 2524 15 das das NNP 22599 2524 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2524 17 System System NNP 22599 2524 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2524 19 unserer unserer NN 22599 2524 20 Numeration Numeration NNP 22599 2524 21 ist ist NN 22599 2524 22 die die VBP 22599 2524 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2524 24 Null Null NNP 22599 2524 25 _ _ NNP 22599 2524 26 das das NNP 22599 2524 27 wesentlichste wesentlichste NN 22599 2524 28 Merkmal Merkmal NNP 22599 2524 29 , , , 22599 2524 30 und und JJ 22599 2524 31 diese diese NN 22599 2524 32 kannte kannte NNP 22599 2524 33 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2524 34 nicht nicht NNP 22599 2524 35 . . . 22599 2525 1 Er er UH 22599 2525 2 selbst selbst VB 22599 2525 3 schrieb schrieb NNP 22599 2525 4 alle alle NNP 22599 2525 5 Zahlen Zahlen NNP 22599 2525 6 mit mit NNP 22599 2525 7 den den NNP 22599 2525 8 römischen römischen NNP 22599 2525 9 Zahlzeichen Zahlzeichen NNP 22599 2525 10 und und JJ 22599 2525 11 man man NN 22599 2525 12 kann kann NNP 22599 2525 13 ihm ihm NNP 22599 2525 14 also also RB 22599 2525 15 nicht nicht NNP 22599 2525 16 verdanken verdanken NNP 22599 2525 17 , , , 22599 2525 18 was be VBD 22599 2525 19 er er UH 22599 2525 20 selbst selbst NNP 22599 2525 21 nicht nicht NNP 22599 2525 22 kannte kannte NNP 22599 2525 23 . . . 22599 2525 24 " " '' 22599 2526 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2526 2 449 449 CD 22599 2526 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2526 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 2526 5 , , , 22599 2526 6 Chasles Chasles NNPS 22599 2526 7 , , , 22599 2526 8 Büdinger Büdinger NNP 22599 2526 9 , , , 22599 2526 10 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2526 11 , , , 22599 2526 12 and and CC 22599 2526 13 Richer Richer NNP 22599 2526 14 . . . 22599 2527 1 So so RB 22599 2527 2 Martin Martin NNP 22599 2527 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2527 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2527 5 Recherches Recherches NNP 22599 2527 6 nouvelles nouvelle VBZ 22599 2527 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2527 8 etc etc FW 22599 2527 9 . . . 22599 2527 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2528 1 believes believe VBZ 22599 2528 2 that that IN 22599 2528 3 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2528 4 received receive VBD 22599 2528 5 them -PRON- PRP 22599 2528 6 from from IN 22599 2528 7 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2528 8 or or CC 22599 2528 9 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2528 10 followers follower NNS 22599 2528 11 . . . 22599 2529 1 See see VB 22599 2529 2 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2529 3 , , , 22599 2529 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2529 5 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2529 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2529 7 , , , 22599 2529 8 p. p. NN 22599 2529 9 41 41 CD 22599 2529 10 . . . 22599 2530 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2530 2 450 450 CD 22599 2530 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2530 4 Büdinger Büdinger NNP 22599 2530 5 , , , 22599 2530 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2530 7 . . . 22599 2531 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2531 2 . . . 22599 2531 3 , , , 22599 2531 4 p. p. NN 22599 2531 5 10 10 CD 22599 2531 6 . . . 22599 2532 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB 22599 2532 2 , , , 22599 2532 3 in in IN 22599 2532 4 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2532 5 's 's POS 22599 2532 6 time time NN 22599 2532 7 one one CD 22599 2532 8 Al Al NNP 22599 2532 9 - - HYPH 22599 2532 10 Man[s.][=u]r Man[s.][=u]r NNP 22599 2532 11 , , , 22599 2532 12 governing govern VBG 22599 2532 13 Spain Spain NNP 22599 2532 14 under under IN 22599 2532 15 the the DT 22599 2532 16 name name NN 22599 2532 17 of of IN 22599 2532 18 Hish[=a]m hish[=a]m NN 22599 2532 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2532 20 976 976 CD 22599 2532 21 - - SYM 22599 2532 22 1002 1002 CD 22599 2532 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2532 24 , , , 22599 2532 25 called call VBD 22599 2532 26 from from IN 22599 2532 27 the the DT 22599 2532 28 Orient Orient NNP 22599 2532 29 Al Al NNP 22599 2532 30 - - HYPH 22599 2532 31 Be[.g][=a]n[=i Be[.g][=a]n[=i NNP 22599 2532 32 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2532 33 to to TO 22599 2532 34 teach teach VB 22599 2532 35 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2532 36 son son NN 22599 2532 37 , , , 22599 2532 38 so so IN 22599 2532 39 that that IN 22599 2532 40 scholars scholar NNS 22599 2532 41 were be VBD 22599 2532 42 recognized recognize VBN 22599 2532 43 . . . 22599 2533 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2533 2 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2533 3 , , , 22599 2533 4 p. p. NN 22599 2534 1 36 36 CD 22599 2534 2 . . . 22599 2534 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2535 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2535 2 451 451 CD 22599 2535 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2535 4 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2535 5 , , , 22599 2535 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2535 7 . . . 22599 2536 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2536 2 . . NNP 22599 2536 3 , , , 22599 2536 4 p. p. NN 22599 2536 5 235 235 CD 22599 2536 6 . . . 22599 2537 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2537 2 452 452 CD 22599 2537 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2537 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2537 5 . . . 22599 2537 6 , , , 22599 2537 7 p. p. NN 22599 2537 8 234 234 CD 22599 2537 9 . . . 22599 2538 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2538 2 453 453 CD 22599 2538 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2538 4 These these DT 22599 2538 5 letters letter NNS 22599 2538 6 , , , 22599 2538 7 of of IN 22599 2538 8 the the DT 22599 2538 9 period period NN 22599 2538 10 983 983 CD 22599 2538 11 - - HYPH 22599 2538 12 997 997 CD 22599 2538 13 , , , 22599 2538 14 were be VBD 22599 2538 15 edited edit VBN 22599 2538 16 by by IN 22599 2538 17 Havet Havet NNP 22599 2538 18 , , , 22599 2538 19 loc loc NN 22599 2538 20 . . . 22599 2539 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2539 2 . . . 22599 2539 3 , , , 22599 2539 4 and and CC 22599 2539 5 , , , 22599 2539 6 less less RBR 22599 2539 7 completely completely RB 22599 2539 8 , , , 22599 2539 9 by by IN 22599 2539 10 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 2539 11 , , , 22599 2539 12 loc loc NNP 22599 2539 13 . . . 22599 2540 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2540 2 . . . 22599 2541 1 Those those DT 22599 2541 2 touching touching JJ 22599 2541 3 mathematical mathematical JJ 22599 2541 4 topics topic NNS 22599 2541 5 were be VBD 22599 2541 6 edited edit VBN 22599 2541 7 by by IN 22599 2541 8 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2541 9 , , , 22599 2541 10 loc loc NNP 22599 2541 11 . . . 22599 2542 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2542 2 . . . 22599 2542 3 , , , 22599 2542 4 pp pp NNP 22599 2542 5 . . . 22599 2543 1 98 98 CD 22599 2543 2 - - SYM 22599 2543 3 106 106 CD 22599 2543 4 . . . 22599 2544 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2544 2 454 454 CD 22599 2544 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2544 4 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2544 5 published publish VBD 22599 2544 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2544 7 in in IN 22599 2544 8 the the DT 22599 2544 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2544 10 Monumenta Monumenta NNP 22599 2544 11 Germaniae Germaniae NNP 22599 2544 12 historica historica RB 22599 2544 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2544 14 , , , 22599 2544 15 " " `` 22599 2544 16 Scriptores scriptore NNS 22599 2544 17 , , , 22599 2544 18 " " '' 22599 2544 19 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2544 20 . . . 22599 2545 1 III III NNP 22599 2545 2 , , , 22599 2545 3 and and CC 22599 2545 4 at at RB 22599 2545 5 least least RBS 22599 2545 6 three three CD 22599 2545 7 other other JJ 22599 2545 8 editions edition NNS 22599 2545 9 have have VBP 22599 2545 10 since since IN 22599 2545 11 appeared appear VBN 22599 2545 12 , , , 22599 2545 13 viz viz NN 22599 2545 14 . . . 22599 2546 1 those those DT 22599 2546 2 by by IN 22599 2546 3 Guadet Guadet NNP 22599 2546 4 in in IN 22599 2546 5 1845 1845 CD 22599 2546 6 , , , 22599 2546 7 by by IN 22599 2546 8 Poinsignon Poinsignon NNP 22599 2546 9 in in IN 22599 2546 10 1855 1855 CD 22599 2546 11 , , , 22599 2546 12 and and CC 22599 2546 13 by by IN 22599 2546 14 Waitz Waitz NNP 22599 2546 15 in in IN 22599 2546 16 1877 1877 CD 22599 2546 17 . . . 22599 2547 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2547 2 455 455 CD 22599 2547 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2547 4 Domino Domino NNP 22599 2547 5 ac ac RB 22599 2547 6 beatissimo beatissimo NN 22599 2547 7 Patri Patri NNP 22599 2547 8 Gerberto Gerberto NNP 22599 2547 9 , , , 22599 2547 10 Remorum Remorum NNP 22599 2547 11 archiepiscopo archiepiscopo NNP 22599 2547 12 , , , 22599 2547 13 Richerus Richerus NNP 22599 2547 14 Monchus Monchus NNP 22599 2547 15 , , , 22599 2547 16 Gallorum Gallorum NNP 22599 2547 17 congressibus congressibus NN 22599 2547 18 in in IN 22599 2547 19 volumine volumine NNP 22599 2547 20 regerendis regerendis NNP 22599 2547 21 , , , 22599 2547 22 imperii imperii NNP 22599 2547 23 tui tui NNP 22599 2547 24 , , , 22599 2547 25 pater pater NN 22599 2547 26 sanctissime sanctissime NNP 22599 2547 27 Gerberte Gerberte NNP 22599 2547 28 , , , 22599 2547 29 auctoritas auctorita VBZ 22599 2547 30 seminarium seminarium NN 22599 2547 31 dedit dedit NN 22599 2547 32 . . . 22599 2548 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2548 2 456 456 CD 22599 2548 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2548 4 In in IN 22599 2548 5 epistle epistle NN 22599 2548 6 17 17 CD 22599 2548 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2548 8 Havet Havet NNP 22599 2548 9 collection collection NN 22599 2548 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2548 11 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2548 12 speaks speak VBZ 22599 2548 13 of of IN 22599 2548 14 the the DT 22599 2548 15 " " `` 22599 2548 16 De De NNP 22599 2548 17 multiplicatione multiplicatione NN 22599 2548 18 et et FW 22599 2548 19 divisione divisione NN 22599 2548 20 numerorum numerorum NNP 22599 2548 21 libellum libellum NNP 22599 2548 22 a a DT 22599 2548 23 Joseph Joseph NNP 22599 2548 24 Ispano Ispano NNP 22599 2548 25 editum editum NN 22599 2548 26 abbas abba VBZ 22599 2548 27 Warnerius Warnerius NNP 22599 2548 28 " " `` 22599 2548 29 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2548 30 a a DT 22599 2548 31 person person NN 22599 2548 32 otherwise otherwise RB 22599 2548 33 unknown unknown JJ 22599 2548 34 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2548 35 . . . 22599 2549 1 In in IN 22599 2549 2 epistle epistle NN 22599 2549 3 25 25 CD 22599 2549 4 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2549 5 says say VBZ 22599 2549 6 : : : 22599 2549 7 " " `` 22599 2549 8 De De NNP 22599 2549 9 multiplicatione multiplicatione NN 22599 2549 10 et et FW 22599 2549 11 divisione divisione NN 22599 2549 12 numerorum numerorum NN 22599 2549 13 , , , 22599 2549 14 Joseph Joseph NNP 22599 2549 15 Sapiens Sapiens NNP 22599 2549 16 sententias sententia NNS 22599 2549 17 quasdam quasdam VBP 22599 2549 18 edidit edidit NN 22599 2549 19 . . . 22599 2549 20 " " '' 22599 2550 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2550 2 457 457 CD 22599 2550 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2550 4 H. H. NNP 22599 2550 5 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2550 6 , , , 22599 2550 7 " " `` 22599 2550 8 Zur Zur NNP 22599 2550 9 Frage Frage NNP 22599 2550 10 über über NN 22599 2550 11 den den NN 22599 2550 12 Josephus Josephus NNP 22599 2550 13 Sapiens Sapiens NNP 22599 2550 14 , , , 22599 2550 15 " " '' 22599 2550 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2550 17 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2550 18 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2550 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2550 20 , , , 22599 2550 21 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2550 22 . . . 22599 2551 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 2551 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2551 3 2 2 CD 22599 2551 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2551 5 , , , 22599 2551 6 p. p. NN 22599 2551 7 84 84 CD 22599 2551 8 ; ; : 22599 2551 9 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2551 10 , , , 22599 2551 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2551 12 Einführung Einführung NNP 22599 2551 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2551 14 , , , 22599 2551 15 p. p. NN 22599 2551 16 14 14 CD 22599 2551 17 ; ; : 22599 2551 18 also also RB 22599 2551 19 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2551 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2551 21 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2551 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2551 23 ; ; : 22599 2551 24 M. M. NNP 22599 2551 25 Steinschneider Steinschneider NNP 22599 2551 26 , , , 22599 2551 27 in in IN 22599 2551 28 _ _ NNP 22599 2551 29 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2551 30 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2551 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2551 32 , , , 22599 2551 33 1893 1893 CD 22599 2551 34 , , , 22599 2551 35 p. p. NN 22599 2551 36 68 68 CD 22599 2551 37 . . . 22599 2552 1 Wallis Wallis NNP 22599 2552 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2552 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2552 4 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 2552 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2552 6 , , , 22599 2552 7 1685 1685 CD 22599 2552 8 , , , 22599 2552 9 chap chap NNP 22599 2552 10 . . . 22599 2553 1 14 14 CD 22599 2553 2 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2553 3 went go VBD 22599 2553 4 over over IN 22599 2553 5 the the DT 22599 2553 6 list list NN 22599 2553 7 of of IN 22599 2553 8 Spanish Spanish NNP 22599 2553 9 Josephs Josephs NNP 22599 2553 10 very very RB 22599 2553 11 carefully carefully RB 22599 2553 12 , , , 22599 2553 13 but but CC 22599 2553 14 could could MD 22599 2553 15 find find VB 22599 2553 16 nothing nothing NN 22599 2553 17 save save IN 22599 2553 18 that that IN 22599 2553 19 " " `` 22599 2553 20 Josephus Josephus NNP 22599 2553 21 Hispanus Hispanus NNP 22599 2553 22 seu seu NNP 22599 2553 23 Josephus Josephus NNP 22599 2553 24 sapiens sapien VBZ 22599 2553 25 videtur videtur NN 22599 2553 26 aut aut NN 22599 2553 27 Maurus Maurus NNP 22599 2553 28 fuisse fuisse NNP 22599 2553 29 aut aut NNP 22599 2553 30 alius alius NNP 22599 2553 31 quis quis NNP 22599 2553 32 in in IN 22599 2553 33 Hispania Hispania NNP 22599 2553 34 . . . 22599 2553 35 " " '' 22599 2554 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2554 2 458 458 CD 22599 2554 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2554 4 P. P. NNP 22599 2554 5 Ewald Ewald NNP 22599 2554 6 , , , 22599 2554 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2554 8 Mittheilungen Mittheilungen NNP 22599 2554 9 , , , 22599 2554 10 Neues Neues NNP 22599 2554 11 Archiv Archiv NNP 22599 2554 12 d. d. NN 22599 2554 13 Gesellschaft Gesellschaft NNP 22599 2554 14 für für NN 22599 2554 15 ältere ältere RB 22599 2554 16 deutsche deutsche FW 22599 2554 17 Geschichtskunde Geschichtskunde NNP 22599 2554 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2554 19 , , , 22599 2554 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2554 21 . . . 22599 2555 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 2555 2 , , , 22599 2555 3 1883 1883 CD 22599 2555 4 , , , 22599 2555 5 pp pp NNP 22599 2555 6 . . . 22599 2556 1 354 354 CD 22599 2556 2 - - SYM 22599 2556 3 364 364 CD 22599 2556 4 . . . 22599 2557 1 One one CD 22599 2557 2 of of IN 22599 2557 3 the the DT 22599 2557 4 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 2557 5 is be VBZ 22599 2557 6 of of IN 22599 2557 7 976 976 CD 22599 2557 8 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2557 9 and and CC 22599 2557 10 the the DT 22599 2557 11 other other JJ 22599 2557 12 of of IN 22599 2557 13 992 992 CD 22599 2557 14 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2557 15 See see VB 22599 2557 16 also also RB 22599 2557 17 Franz Franz NNP 22599 2557 18 Steffens Steffens NNP 22599 2557 19 , , , 22599 2557 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2557 21 Lateinische Lateinische NNP 22599 2557 22 Paläographie Paläographie NNP 22599 2557 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2557 24 , , , 22599 2557 25 Freiburg Freiburg NNP 22599 2557 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2557 27 Schweiz Schweiz NNP 22599 2557 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2557 29 , , , 22599 2557 30 1903 1903 CD 22599 2557 31 , , , 22599 2557 32 pp pp NNP 22599 2557 33 . . . 22599 2558 1 xxxix xxxix NN 22599 2558 2 - - HYPH 22599 2558 3 xl xl NNP 22599 2558 4 . . . 22599 2559 1 The the DT 22599 2559 2 forms form NNS 22599 2559 3 are be VBP 22599 2559 4 reproduced reproduce VBN 22599 2559 5 in in IN 22599 2559 6 the the DT 22599 2559 7 plate plate NN 22599 2559 8 on on IN 22599 2559 9 page page NN 22599 2559 10 140 140 CD 22599 2559 11 . . . 22599 2560 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2560 2 459 459 CD 22599 2560 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2560 4 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2560 5 is be VBZ 22599 2560 6 entitled entitle VBN 22599 2560 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2560 8 Constantino Constantino NNP 22599 2560 9 suo suo NN 22599 2560 10 Gerbertus Gerbertus NNP 22599 2560 11 scolasticus scolasticus NN 22599 2560 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2560 13 , , , 22599 2560 14 because because IN 22599 2560 15 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2560 16 was be VBD 22599 2560 17 addressed address VBN 22599 2560 18 to to IN 22599 2560 19 Constantine Constantine NNP 22599 2560 20 , , , 22599 2560 21 a a DT 22599 2560 22 monk monk NN 22599 2560 23 of of IN 22599 2560 24 the the DT 22599 2560 25 Abbey Abbey NNP 22599 2560 26 of of IN 22599 2560 27 Fleury Fleury NNP 22599 2560 28 . . . 22599 2561 1 The the DT 22599 2561 2 text text NN 22599 2561 3 of of IN 22599 2561 4 the the DT 22599 2561 5 letter letter NN 22599 2561 6 to to IN 22599 2561 7 Constantine Constantine NNP 22599 2561 8 , , , 22599 2561 9 preceding precede VBG 22599 2561 10 the the DT 22599 2561 11 treatise treatise NN 22599 2561 12 on on IN 22599 2561 13 the the DT 22599 2561 14 Abacus Abacus NNP 22599 2561 15 , , , 22599 2561 16 is be VBZ 22599 2561 17 given give VBN 22599 2561 18 in in IN 22599 2561 19 the the DT 22599 2561 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2561 21 Comptes Comptes NNPS 22599 2561 22 rendus rendus NN 22599 2561 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2561 24 , , , 22599 2561 25 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2561 26 . . . 22599 2562 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2562 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2562 3 1843 1843 CD 22599 2562 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2562 5 , , , 22599 2562 6 p. p. NN 22599 2562 7 295 295 CD 22599 2562 8 . . . 22599 2563 1 This this DT 22599 2563 2 book book NN 22599 2563 3 seems seem VBZ 22599 2563 4 to to TO 22599 2563 5 have have VB 22599 2563 6 been be VBN 22599 2563 7 written write VBN 22599 2563 8 c. c. IN 22599 2563 9 980 980 CD 22599 2563 10 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2563 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2563 12 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2563 13 , , , 22599 2563 14 loc loc NN 22599 2563 15 . . . 22599 2564 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2564 2 . . NNP 22599 2564 3 , , , 22599 2564 4 p. p. NN 22599 2565 1 6 6 LS 22599 2565 2 . . . 22599 2565 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2566 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2566 2 460 460 CD 22599 2566 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2566 4 " " `` 22599 2566 5 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2566 6 de de FW 22599 2566 7 l'Arithmétique l'Arithmétique NNP 22599 2566 8 , , , 22599 2566 9 " " '' 22599 2566 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2566 11 Comptes Comptes NNP 22599 2566 12 rendus rendus VBP 22599 2566 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2566 14 , , , 22599 2566 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2566 16 . . . 22599 2567 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2567 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2567 3 1843 1843 CD 22599 2567 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2567 5 , , , 22599 2567 6 pp pp NNP 22599 2567 7 . . . 22599 2568 1 156 156 CD 22599 2568 2 , , , 22599 2568 3 281 281 CD 22599 2568 4 . . . 22599 2569 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2569 2 461 461 CD 22599 2569 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2569 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 2569 5 . . . 22599 2570 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2570 2 . . . 22599 2570 3 , , , 22599 2570 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2570 5 Gerberti Gerberti NNP 22599 2570 6 Opera Opera NNP 22599 2570 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2570 8 etc etc FW 22599 2570 9 . . . 22599 2571 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2571 2 462 462 CD 22599 2571 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2571 4 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2571 5 thought think VBD 22599 2571 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2571 7 spurious spurious JJ 22599 2571 8 . . . 22599 2572 1 See see VB 22599 2572 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2572 3 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2572 4 für für NN 22599 2572 5 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2572 6 und und VBP 22599 2572 7 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2572 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2572 9 , , , 22599 2572 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2572 11 . . . 22599 2573 1 XII XII NNP 22599 2573 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2573 3 1867 1867 CD 22599 2573 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2573 5 , , , 22599 2573 6 Hist.-lit hist.-lit CD 22599 2573 7 . . . 22599 2574 1 suppl suppl NNP 22599 2574 2 . . . 22599 2574 3 , , , 22599 2574 4 p. p. NN 22599 2574 5 74 74 CD 22599 2574 6 . . . 22599 2575 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2575 2 was be VBD 22599 2575 3 discovered discover VBN 22599 2575 4 in in IN 22599 2575 5 the the DT 22599 2575 6 library library NN 22599 2575 7 of of IN 22599 2575 8 the the DT 22599 2575 9 Benedictine Benedictine NNP 22599 2575 10 monastry monastry NN 22599 2575 11 of of IN 22599 2575 12 St. St. NNP 22599 2575 13 Peter Peter NNP 22599 2575 14 , , , 22599 2575 15 at at IN 22599 2575 16 Salzburg Salzburg NNP 22599 2575 17 , , , 22599 2575 18 and and CC 22599 2575 19 was be VBD 22599 2575 20 published publish VBN 22599 2575 21 by by IN 22599 2575 22 Peter Peter NNP 22599 2575 23 Bernhard Bernhard NNP 22599 2575 24 Pez Pez NNP 22599 2575 25 in in IN 22599 2575 26 1721 1721 CD 22599 2575 27 . . . 22599 2576 1 Doubt Doubt NNP 22599 2576 2 was be VBD 22599 2576 3 first first RB 22599 2576 4 cast cast VBN 22599 2576 5 upon upon IN 22599 2576 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2576 7 in in IN 22599 2576 8 the the DT 22599 2576 9 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 2576 10 edition edition NN 22599 2576 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2576 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2576 13 Oeuvres Oeuvres NNP 22599 2576 14 de de NNP 22599 2576 15 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2576 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2576 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2576 18 . . . 22599 2577 1 See see VB 22599 2577 2 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2577 3 , , , 22599 2577 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2577 5 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2577 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2577 7 , , , 22599 2577 8 pp pp NNP 22599 2577 9 . . . 22599 2578 1 2 2 CD 22599 2578 2 , , , 22599 2578 3 6 6 CD 22599 2578 4 , , , 22599 2578 5 168 168 CD 22599 2578 6 , , , 22599 2578 7 and and CC 22599 2578 8 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2578 9 , , , 22599 2578 10 p. p. NN 22599 2578 11 81 81 CD 22599 2578 12 . . . 22599 2579 1 Hock Hock NNP 22599 2579 2 , , , 22599 2579 3 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2579 4 , , , 22599 2579 5 and and CC 22599 2579 6 Th Th NNP 22599 2579 7 . . . 22599 2580 1 Martin Martin NNP 22599 2580 2 place place VBP 22599 2580 3 the the DT 22599 2580 4 composition composition NN 22599 2580 5 of of IN 22599 2580 6 the the DT 22599 2580 7 work work NN 22599 2580 8 at at IN 22599 2580 9 c. c. NN 22599 2580 10 996 996 CD 22599 2580 11 when when WRB 22599 2580 12 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2580 13 was be VBD 22599 2580 14 in in IN 22599 2580 15 Germany Germany NNP 22599 2580 16 , , , 22599 2580 17 while while IN 22599 2580 18 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 2580 19 and and CC 22599 2580 20 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2580 21 refer refer VBP 22599 2580 22 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2580 23 to to IN 22599 2580 24 the the DT 22599 2580 25 period period NN 22599 2580 26 when when WRB 22599 2580 27 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2580 28 was be VBD 22599 2580 29 at at IN 22599 2580 30 Rheims Rheims NNP 22599 2580 31 . . . 22599 2581 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2581 2 463 463 CD 22599 2581 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2581 4 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2581 5 , , , 22599 2581 6 loc loc NN 22599 2581 7 . . . 22599 2582 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2582 2 . . . 22599 2582 3 , , , 22599 2582 4 p. p. NN 22599 2582 5 182 182 CD 22599 2582 6 . . . 22599 2583 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2583 2 464 464 CD 22599 2583 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2583 4 Who who WP 22599 2583 5 wrote write VBD 22599 2583 6 after after IN 22599 2583 7 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2583 8 became become VBD 22599 2583 9 pope pope NNP 22599 2583 10 , , , 22599 2583 11 for for IN 22599 2583 12 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2583 13 uses use VBZ 22599 2583 14 , , , 22599 2583 15 in in IN 22599 2583 16 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2583 17 preface preface NN 22599 2583 18 , , , 22599 2583 19 the the DT 22599 2583 20 words word NNS 22599 2583 21 , , , 22599 2583 22 " " '' 22599 2583 23 a a DT 22599 2583 24 domino domino NN 22599 2583 25 pape pape NN 22599 2583 26 Gerberto Gerberto NNP 22599 2583 27 . . . 22599 2583 28 " " '' 22599 2584 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2584 2 was be VBD 22599 2584 3 quite quite RB 22599 2584 4 certainly certainly RB 22599 2584 5 not not RB 22599 2584 6 later later RB 22599 2584 7 than than IN 22599 2584 8 the the DT 22599 2584 9 eleventh eleventh JJ 22599 2584 10 century century NN 22599 2584 11 ; ; : 22599 2584 12 we -PRON- PRP 22599 2584 13 do do VBP 22599 2584 14 not not RB 22599 2584 15 have have VB 22599 2584 16 exact exact JJ 22599 2584 17 information information NN 22599 2584 18 about about IN 22599 2584 19 the the DT 22599 2584 20 time time NN 22599 2584 21 in in IN 22599 2584 22 which which WDT 22599 2584 23 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2584 24 lived live VBD 22599 2584 25 . . . 22599 2585 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2585 2 465 465 CD 22599 2585 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2585 4 Picavet Picavet NNP 22599 2585 5 , , , 22599 2585 6 loc loc NN 22599 2585 7 . . . 22599 2586 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2586 2 . . . 22599 2586 3 , , , 22599 2586 4 p. p. NN 22599 2586 5 182 182 CD 22599 2586 6 . . . 22599 2587 1 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2587 2 , , , 22599 2587 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2587 4 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2587 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2587 6 , , , 22599 2587 7 p. p. NN 22599 2587 8 227 227 CD 22599 2587 9 . . . 22599 2588 1 In in IN 22599 2588 2 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 2588 3 , , , 22599 2588 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2588 5 Liber Liber NNP 22599 2588 6 Abaci Abaci NNP 22599 2588 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2588 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2588 9 of of IN 22599 2588 10 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 2588 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2588 12 , , , 22599 2588 13 p. p. NN 22599 2588 14 361 361 CD 22599 2588 15 . . . 22599 2589 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2589 2 466 466 CD 22599 2589 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2589 4 Richer Richer NNP 22599 2589 5 , , , 22599 2589 6 in in IN 22599 2589 7 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2589 8 , , , 22599 2589 9 loc loc NNP 22599 2589 10 . . . 22599 2590 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2590 2 . . NNP 22599 2590 3 , , , 22599 2590 4 p. p. NN 22599 2590 5 381 381 CD 22599 2590 6 . . . 22599 2591 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2591 2 467 467 CD 22599 2591 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2591 4 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2591 5 , , , 22599 2591 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2591 7 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2591 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2591 9 , , , 22599 2591 10 p. p. NN 22599 2591 11 241 241 CD 22599 2591 12 . . . 22599 2592 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2592 2 468 468 CD 22599 2592 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2592 4 Writers writer NNS 22599 2592 5 on on IN 22599 2592 6 numismatics numismatic NNS 22599 2592 7 are be VBP 22599 2592 8 quite quite RB 22599 2592 9 uncertain uncertain JJ 22599 2592 10 as as IN 22599 2592 11 to to IN 22599 2592 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2592 13 use use NN 22599 2592 14 . . . 22599 2593 1 See see VB 22599 2593 2 F. F. NNP 22599 2593 3 Gnecchi Gnecchi NNP 22599 2593 4 , , , 22599 2593 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2593 6 Monete Monete NNP 22599 2593 7 Romane Romane NNP 22599 2593 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2593 9 , , , 22599 2593 10 2d 2d NNP 22599 2593 11 ed ed NNP 22599 2593 12 . . NNP 22599 2593 13 , , , 22599 2593 14 Milan Milan NNP 22599 2593 15 , , , 22599 2593 16 1900 1900 CD 22599 2593 17 , , , 22599 2593 18 cap cap NN 22599 2593 19 . . . 22599 2594 1 XXXVII XXXVII NNP 22599 2594 2 . . . 22599 2595 1 For for IN 22599 2595 2 pictures picture NNS 22599 2595 3 of of IN 22599 2595 4 old old JJ 22599 2595 5 Greek greek JJ 22599 2595 6 tesserae tessera NNS 22599 2595 7 of of IN 22599 2595 8 Sarmatia Sarmatia NNP 22599 2595 9 , , , 22599 2595 10 see see VB 22599 2595 11 S. S. NNP 22599 2595 12 Ambrosoli Ambrosoli NNP 22599 2595 13 , , , 22599 2595 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2595 15 Monete Monete NNP 22599 2595 16 Greche Greche NNP 22599 2595 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2595 18 , , , 22599 2595 19 Milan Milan NNP 22599 2595 20 , , , 22599 2595 21 1899 1899 CD 22599 2595 22 , , , 22599 2595 23 p. p. NN 22599 2595 24 202 202 CD 22599 2595 25 . . . 22599 2596 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2596 2 469 469 CD 22599 2596 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2596 4 Thus Thus NNP 22599 2596 5 Tzwivel Tzwivel NNP 22599 2596 6 's 's POS 22599 2596 7 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2596 8 of of IN 22599 2596 9 1507 1507 CD 22599 2596 10 , , , 22599 2596 11 fol fol NNP 22599 2596 12 . . . 22599 2597 1 2 2 CD 22599 2597 2 , , , 22599 2597 3 v. v. CC 22599 2597 4 , , , 22599 2597 5 speaks speak VBZ 22599 2597 6 of of IN 22599 2597 7 the the DT 22599 2597 8 ten ten CD 22599 2597 9 figures figure NNS 22599 2597 10 as as IN 22599 2597 11 " " `` 22599 2597 12 characteres character VBZ 22599 2597 13 sive sive JJ 22599 2597 14 numerorum numerorum NN 22599 2597 15 apices apex NNS 22599 2597 16 a a DT 22599 2597 17 diuo diuo NN 22599 2597 18 Seuerino Seuerino NNP 22599 2597 19 Boetio Boetio NNP 22599 2597 20 . . . 22599 2597 21 " " '' 22599 2598 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2598 2 470 470 CD 22599 2598 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2598 4 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2598 5 uses use VBZ 22599 2598 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2598 7 sipos sipos NN 22599 2598 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2598 9 for for IN 22599 2598 10 0 0 CD 22599 2598 11 . . . 22599 2599 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2599 2 is be VBZ 22599 2599 3 not not RB 22599 2599 4 given give VBN 22599 2599 5 by by IN 22599 2599 6 Bernelinus Bernelinus NNP 22599 2599 7 , , , 22599 2599 8 and and CC 22599 2599 9 appears appear VBZ 22599 2599 10 in in IN 22599 2599 11 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 2599 12 of of IN 22599 2599 13 Laon Laon NNP 22599 2599 14 , , , 22599 2599 15 in in IN 22599 2599 16 the the DT 22599 2599 17 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 2599 18 century century NN 22599 2599 19 . . . 22599 2600 1 See see VB 22599 2600 2 Günther Günther NNP 22599 2600 3 's 's POS 22599 2600 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2600 5 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2600 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2600 7 , , , 22599 2600 8 p. p. NN 22599 2600 9 98 98 CD 22599 2600 10 , , , 22599 2600 11 n. n. NN 22599 2600 12 ; ; : 22599 2600 13 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2600 14 , , , 22599 2600 15 p. p. NN 22599 2600 16 11 11 CD 22599 2600 17 ; ; : 22599 2600 18 Pihan Pihan NNP 22599 2600 19 , , , 22599 2600 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2600 21 Exposé Exposé NNP 22599 2600 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2600 23 etc etc FW 22599 2600 24 . . . 22599 2600 25 , , , 22599 2600 26 pp pp NNP 22599 2600 27 . . . 22599 2601 1 xvi xvi NNP 22599 2601 2 - - HYPH 22599 2601 3 xxii xxii NNP 22599 2601 4 . . . 22599 2602 1 In in IN 22599 2602 2 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2602 3 's 's POS 22599 2602 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2602 5 Boetius Boetius NNP 22599 2602 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2602 7 , , , 22599 2602 8 p. p. NN 22599 2602 9 396 396 CD 22599 2602 10 , , , 22599 2602 11 the the DT 22599 2602 12 plate plate NN 22599 2602 13 shows show VBZ 22599 2602 14 that that IN 22599 2602 15 all all DT 22599 2602 16 of of IN 22599 2602 17 the the DT 22599 2602 18 six six CD 22599 2602 19 important important JJ 22599 2602 20 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 2602 21 from from IN 22599 2602 22 which which WDT 22599 2602 23 the the DT 22599 2602 24 illustrations illustration NNS 22599 2602 25 are be VBP 22599 2602 26 taken take VBN 22599 2602 27 contain contain VBP 22599 2602 28 the the DT 22599 2602 29 symbol symbol NN 22599 2602 30 , , , 22599 2602 31 while while IN 22599 2602 32 four four CD 22599 2602 33 out out IN 22599 2602 34 of of IN 22599 2602 35 five five CD 22599 2602 36 which which WDT 22599 2602 37 give give VBP 22599 2602 38 the the DT 22599 2602 39 words word NNS 22599 2602 40 use use VB 22599 2602 41 the the DT 22599 2602 42 word word NN 22599 2602 43 _ _ NNP 22599 2602 44 sipos sipos NN 22599 2602 45 _ _ NNP 22599 2602 46 for for IN 22599 2602 47 0 0 CD 22599 2602 48 . . . 22599 2603 1 The the DT 22599 2603 2 names name NNS 22599 2603 3 appear appear VBP 22599 2603 4 in in IN 22599 2603 5 a a DT 22599 2603 6 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 2603 7 - - HYPH 22599 2603 8 century century NN 22599 2603 9 anonymous anonymous JJ 22599 2603 10 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2603 11 in in IN 22599 2603 12 the the DT 22599 2603 13 Vatican Vatican NNP 22599 2603 14 , , , 22599 2603 15 in in IN 22599 2603 16 a a DT 22599 2603 17 passage passage NN 22599 2603 18 beginning begin VBG 22599 2603 19 Ordine Ordine NNP 22599 2603 20 primigeno primigeno NNP 22599 2603 21 sibi sibi NNP 22599 2603 22 nomen nomen NNP 22599 2603 23 possidet possidet NNP 22599 2603 24 igin igin NNP 22599 2603 25 . . . 22599 2604 1 Andras Andras NNP 22599 2604 2 ecce ecce NNS 22599 2604 3 locum locum JJ 22599 2604 4 mox mox NNP 22599 2604 5 uendicat uendicat NNP 22599 2604 6 ipse ipse NNP 22599 2604 7 secundum secundum NNP 22599 2604 8 Ormis Ormis NNP 22599 2604 9 post post NNP 22599 2604 10 numeros numeros NNP 22599 2604 11 incompositus incompositus NNP 22599 2604 12 sibi sibi NNP 22599 2604 13 primus primus NNP 22599 2604 14 . . . 22599 2605 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2605 2 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2605 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2605 4 Buttetino Buttetino NNP 22599 2605 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2605 6 , , , 22599 2605 7 XV XV NNP 22599 2605 8 , , , 22599 2605 9 p. p. NN 22599 2606 1 132 132 CD 22599 2606 2 . . . 22599 2606 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2607 1 Turchill Turchill NNP 22599 2607 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2607 3 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 2607 4 century century NN 22599 2607 5 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2607 6 gives give VBZ 22599 2607 7 the the DT 22599 2607 8 names name NNS 22599 2607 9 Igin Igin NNP 22599 2607 10 , , , 22599 2607 11 andras andras NNP 22599 2607 12 , , , 22599 2607 13 hormis hormis NNP 22599 2607 14 , , , 22599 2607 15 arbas arbas NNP 22599 2607 16 , , , 22599 2607 17 quimas quimas NNP 22599 2607 18 , , , 22599 2607 19 caletis caletis NNP 22599 2607 20 , , , 22599 2607 21 zenis zenis NNP 22599 2607 22 , , , 22599 2607 23 temenias temenias NNP 22599 2607 24 , , , 22599 2607 25 celentis celentis NN 22599 2607 26 , , , 22599 2607 27 saying say VBG 22599 2607 28 : : : 22599 2607 29 " " `` 22599 2607 30 Has have VBZ 22599 2607 31 autem autem JJ 22599 2607 32 figuras figura NNS 22599 2607 33 , , , 22599 2607 34 ut ut UH 22599 2607 35 donnus donnus NNP 22599 2607 36 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2607 37 dominus dominus NN 22599 2607 38 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2607 39 Gvillelmus Gvillelmus NNP 22599 2607 40 Rx Rx NNP 22599 2607 41 testatur testatur NNP 22599 2607 42 , , , 22599 2607 43 a a DT 22599 2607 44 pytagoricis pytagoricis NNP 22599 2607 45 habemus habemus NN 22599 2607 46 , , , 22599 2607 47 nomina nomina NNP 22599 2607 48 uero uero NNP 22599 2607 49 ab ab NNP 22599 2607 50 arabibus arabibus NNP 22599 2607 51 . . . 22599 2607 52 " " '' 22599 2608 1 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2608 2 Who who WP 22599 2608 3 the the DT 22599 2608 4 William William NNP 22599 2608 5 R. R. NNP 22599 2608 6 was be VBD 22599 2608 7 is be VBZ 22599 2608 8 not not RB 22599 2608 9 known know VBN 22599 2608 10 . . . 22599 2609 1 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2609 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2609 3 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2609 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2609 5 XV XV NNP 22599 2609 6 , , , 22599 2609 7 p. p. NN 22599 2610 1 136 136 CD 22599 2610 2 . . . 22599 2610 3 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2611 1 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 2611 2 of of IN 22599 2611 3 Laon Laon NNP 22599 2611 4 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2611 5 d. d. NNP 22599 2611 6 1131 1131 CD 22599 2611 7 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2611 8 asserted assert VBD 22599 2611 9 that that IN 22599 2611 10 they -PRON- PRP 22599 2611 11 were be VBD 22599 2611 12 Chaldean Chaldean NNP 22599 2611 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2611 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2611 15 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2611 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2611 17 , , , 22599 2611 18 p. p. NN 22599 2611 19 48 48 CD 22599 2611 20 n. n. NN 22599 2611 21 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2611 22 . . . 22599 2612 1 A a DT 22599 2612 2 discussion discussion NN 22599 2612 3 of of IN 22599 2612 4 the the DT 22599 2612 5 whole whole JJ 22599 2612 6 question question NN 22599 2612 7 is be VBZ 22599 2612 8 also also RB 22599 2612 9 given give VBN 22599 2612 10 in in IN 22599 2612 11 E. E. NNP 22599 2612 12 C. C. NNP 22599 2612 13 Bayley Bayley NNP 22599 2612 14 , , , 22599 2612 15 loc loc NNP 22599 2612 16 . . . 22599 2613 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2613 2 . . . 22599 2614 1 Huet Huet NNP 22599 2614 2 , , , 22599 2614 3 writing write VBG 22599 2614 4 in in IN 22599 2614 5 1679 1679 CD 22599 2614 6 , , , 22599 2614 7 asserted assert VBD 22599 2614 8 that that IN 22599 2614 9 they -PRON- PRP 22599 2614 10 were be VBD 22599 2614 11 of of IN 22599 2614 12 Semitic semitic JJ 22599 2614 13 origin origin NN 22599 2614 14 , , , 22599 2614 15 as as IN 22599 2614 16 did do VBD 22599 2614 17 Nesselmann Nesselmann NNP 22599 2614 18 in in IN 22599 2614 19 spite spite NN 22599 2614 20 of of IN 22599 2614 21 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2614 22 despair despair NN 22599 2614 23 over over IN 22599 2614 24 ormis ormis NNP 22599 2614 25 , , , 22599 2614 26 calctis calctis VB 22599 2614 27 , , , 22599 2614 28 and and CC 22599 2614 29 celentis celentis NN 22599 2614 30 ; ; : 22599 2614 31 see see VB 22599 2614 32 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2614 33 , , , 22599 2614 34 _ _ NNP 22599 2614 35 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2614 36 _ _ NNP 22599 2614 37 , , , 22599 2614 38 p. p. NN 22599 2614 39 48 48 CD 22599 2614 40 . . . 22599 2615 1 The the DT 22599 2615 2 names name NNS 22599 2615 3 were be VBD 22599 2615 4 used use VBN 22599 2615 5 as as RB 22599 2615 6 late late RB 22599 2615 7 as as IN 22599 2615 8 the the DT 22599 2615 9 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 2615 10 century century NN 22599 2615 11 , , , 22599 2615 12 without without IN 22599 2615 13 the the DT 22599 2615 14 zero zero CD 22599 2615 15 , , , 22599 2615 16 but but CC 22599 2615 17 with with IN 22599 2615 18 the the DT 22599 2615 19 superscript superscript NN 22599 2615 20 dot dot NN 22599 2615 21 for for IN 22599 2615 22 10 10 CD 22599 2615 23 's 's POS 22599 2615 24 , , , 22599 2615 25 two two CD 22599 2615 26 dots dot NNS 22599 2615 27 for for IN 22599 2615 28 100 100 CD 22599 2615 29 's 's POS 22599 2615 30 , , , 22599 2615 31 etc etc FW 22599 2615 32 . . FW 22599 2615 33 , , , 22599 2615 34 as as IN 22599 2615 35 among among IN 22599 2615 36 the the DT 22599 2615 37 early early JJ 22599 2615 38 Arabs Arabs NNPS 22599 2615 39 . . . 22599 2616 1 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2616 2 mentions mention NNS 22599 2616 3 having have VBG 22599 2616 4 seen see VBN 22599 2616 5 a a DT 22599 2616 6 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 2616 7 or or CC 22599 2616 8 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 2616 9 century century NN 22599 2616 10 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2616 11 in in IN 22599 2616 12 the the DT 22599 2616 13 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2616 14 Amploniana Amploniana NNP 22599 2616 15 with with IN 22599 2616 16 the the DT 22599 2616 17 names name NNS 22599 2616 18 " " `` 22599 2616 19 Ingnin Ingnin NNP 22599 2616 20 , , , 22599 2616 21 andras andra NNS 22599 2616 22 , , , 22599 2616 23 armis armis NNP 22599 2616 24 , , , 22599 2616 25 arbas arbas NNP 22599 2616 26 , , , 22599 2616 27 quinas quinas NNP 22599 2616 28 , , , 22599 2616 29 calctis calctis NNP 22599 2616 30 , , , 22599 2616 31 zencis zencis NNP 22599 2616 32 , , , 22599 2616 33 zemenias zemenias NNP 22599 2616 34 , , , 22599 2616 35 zcelentis zcelentis NN 22599 2616 36 , , , 22599 2616 37 " " '' 22599 2616 38 and and CC 22599 2616 39 the the DT 22599 2616 40 statement statement NN 22599 2616 41 " " `` 22599 2616 42 Si Si NNP 22599 2616 43 unum unum NNP 22599 2616 44 punctum punctum NNP 22599 2616 45 super super RB 22599 2616 46 ingnin ingnin JJ 22599 2616 47 ponitur ponitur NN 22599 2616 48 , , , 22599 2616 49 X x NN 22599 2616 50 significat significat NN 22599 2616 51 .... .... . 22599 2616 52 Si si NN 22599 2616 53 duo duo NN 22599 2616 54 puncta puncta NNP 22599 2616 55 super super NNP 22599 2616 56 ... ... NFP 22599 2616 57 figuras figuras NNP 22599 2616 58 superponunter superponunter NN 22599 2616 59 , , , 22599 2616 60 fiet fiet NNP 22599 2616 61 decuplim decuplim NNP 22599 2616 62 illius illius NNP 22599 2616 63 quod quod NNP 22599 2616 64 cum cum NNP 22599 2616 65 uno uno NNP 22599 2616 66 puncto puncto NNP 22599 2616 67 significabatur significabatur NNP 22599 2616 68 , , , 22599 2616 69 " " '' 22599 2616 70 in in IN 22599 2616 71 _ _ NNP 22599 2616 72 Monatsberichte Monatsberichte NNP 22599 2616 73 der der VBP 22599 2616 74 K. K. NNP 22599 2616 75 P. P. NNP 22599 2616 76 Akad Akad NNP 22599 2616 77 . . . 22599 2617 1 d. d. NNP 22599 2617 2 Wiss Wiss NNP 22599 2617 3 . . . 22599 2617 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2617 5 , , , 22599 2617 6 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2617 7 , , , 22599 2617 8 1867 1867 CD 22599 2617 9 , , , 22599 2617 10 p. p. NN 22599 2617 11 40 40 CD 22599 2617 12 . . . 22599 2618 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2618 2 471 471 CD 22599 2618 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2618 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2618 5 A a DT 22599 2618 6 chart chart NN 22599 2618 7 of of IN 22599 2618 8 ten ten CD 22599 2618 9 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2618 10 in in IN 22599 2618 11 200 200 CD 22599 2618 12 tongues tongue NNS 22599 2618 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2618 14 , , , 22599 2618 15 by by IN 22599 2618 16 Rev. Rev. NNP 22599 2619 1 R. R. NNP 22599 2619 2 Patrick Patrick NNP 22599 2619 3 , , , 22599 2619 4 London London NNP 22599 2619 5 , , , 22599 2619 6 1812 1812 CD 22599 2619 7 . . . 22599 2620 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2620 2 472 472 CD 22599 2620 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2620 4 " " `` 22599 2620 5 Numeratio Numeratio NNP 22599 2620 6 figuralis figurali NNS 22599 2620 7 est est NNP 22599 2620 8 cuiusuis cuiusuis NNP 22599 2620 9 numeri numeri NNP 22599 2620 10 per per IN 22599 2620 11 notas notas NNP 22599 2620 12 , , , 22599 2620 13 et et NNP 22599 2620 14 figuras figuras NNP 22599 2620 15 numerates numerate VBZ 22599 2620 16 descriptio descriptio JJ 22599 2620 17 . . . 22599 2620 18 " " '' 22599 2621 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2621 2 Clichtoveus Clichtoveus NNP 22599 2621 3 , , , 22599 2621 4 edition edition NN 22599 2621 5 of of IN 22599 2621 6 c. c. NNP 22599 2621 7 1507 1507 CD 22599 2621 8 , , , 22599 2621 9 fol fol NNP 22599 2621 10 . . . 22599 2622 1 C C NNP 22599 2622 2 ii ii NNP 22599 2622 3 , , , 22599 2622 4 v. v. CC 22599 2622 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2622 6 " " `` 22599 2622 7 Aristoteles aristotele NNS 22599 2622 8 enim enim NN 22599 2622 9 uoces uoce VBZ 22599 2622 10 rerum rerum NNP 22599 2622 11 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2622 12 Greek Greek NNP 22599 2622 13 : : : 22599 2622 14 sumbola sumbola NN 22599 2622 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2622 16 uocat uocat RB 22599 2622 17 : : : 22599 2622 18 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2622 19 d d NN 22599 2622 20 translatum translatum NN 22599 2622 21 , , , 22599 2622 22 sonat sonat NNP 22599 2622 23 notas notas NNP 22599 2622 24 . . . 22599 2622 25 " " '' 22599 2623 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2623 2 Noviomagus Noviomagus NNP 22599 2623 3 , , , 22599 2623 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2623 5 De De NNP 22599 2623 6 Numeris Numeris NNP 22599 2623 7 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2623 8 II II NNP 22599 2623 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2623 10 , , , 22599 2623 11 cap cap NN 22599 2623 12 . . . 22599 2624 1 vi vi NNP 22599 2624 2 . . . 22599 2624 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2625 1 " " `` 22599 2625 2 Alphabetum Alphabetum NNP 22599 2625 3 decem decem NN 22599 2625 4 notarum notarum NN 22599 2625 5 . . . 22599 2625 6 " " '' 22599 2626 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2626 2 Schonerus Schonerus NNP 22599 2626 3 , , , 22599 2626 4 notes note VBZ 22599 2626 5 to to IN 22599 2626 6 Ramus Ramus NNP 22599 2626 7 , , , 22599 2626 8 1586 1586 CD 22599 2626 9 , , , 22599 2626 10 p. p. NN 22599 2626 11 3 3 CD 22599 2626 12 seq seq NN 22599 2626 13 . . . 22599 2626 14 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2627 1 Richer Richer NNP 22599 2627 2 says say VBZ 22599 2627 3 : : : 22599 2627 4 " " `` 22599 2627 5 novem novem NNP 22599 2627 6 numero numero NNP 22599 2627 7 notas notas NNP 22599 2627 8 omnem omnem NNP 22599 2627 9 numerum numerum NNP 22599 2627 10 significantes significantes NNP 22599 2627 11 . . . 22599 2627 12 " " '' 22599 2628 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2628 2 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2628 3 , , , 22599 2628 4 loc loc NN 22599 2628 5 . . . 22599 2629 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2629 2 . . NNP 22599 2629 3 , , , 22599 2629 4 p. p. NN 22599 2630 1 381 381 CD 22599 2630 2 . . . 22599 2630 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2631 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2631 2 473 473 CD 22599 2631 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2631 4 " " `` 22599 2631 5 Il Il NNP 22599 2631 6 y y NNP 22599 2631 7 a a DT 22599 2631 8 dix dix NN 22599 2631 9 Characteres Characteres NNPS 22599 2631 10 , , , 22599 2631 11 autrement autrement JJ 22599 2631 12 Figures figure NNS 22599 2631 13 , , , 22599 2631 14 Notes Notes NNPS 22599 2631 15 , , , 22599 2631 16 ou ou NNP 22599 2631 17 Elements Elements NNP 22599 2631 18 . . . 22599 2631 19 " " '' 22599 2632 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2632 2 Peletier Peletier NNP 22599 2632 3 , , , 22599 2632 4 edition edition NN 22599 2632 5 of of IN 22599 2632 6 1607 1607 CD 22599 2632 7 , , , 22599 2632 8 p. p. NN 22599 2633 1 13 13 CD 22599 2633 2 . . . 22599 2633 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2634 1 " " `` 22599 2634 2 Numerorum Numerorum NNP 22599 2634 3 notas notas NN 22599 2634 4 alij alij NNP 22599 2634 5 figuras figuras NNP 22599 2634 6 , , , 22599 2634 7 alij alij NNP 22599 2634 8 signa signa NNP 22599 2634 9 , , , 22599 2634 10 alij alij NNP 22599 2634 11 characteres character VBZ 22599 2634 12 uocant uocant JJ 22599 2634 13 . . . 22599 2634 14 " " '' 22599 2635 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2635 2 Glareanus Glareanus NNP 22599 2635 3 , , , 22599 2635 4 1545 1545 CD 22599 2635 5 edition edition NN 22599 2635 6 , , , 22599 2635 7 f. f. NNP 22599 2635 8 9 9 CD 22599 2635 9 , , , 22599 2635 10 r. r. NNP 22599 2635 11 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2635 12 " " `` 22599 2635 13 Per per IN 22599 2635 14 figuras figuras NNP 22599 2635 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2635 16 quas quas NNP 22599 2635 17 zyphras zyphras NNP 22599 2635 18 uocant uocant NNP 22599 2635 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2635 20 assignationem assignationem NNP 22599 2635 21 , , , 22599 2635 22 quales quales NNP 22599 2635 23 sunt sunt NNP 22599 2635 24 hæ hæ NNP 22599 2635 25 notulæ notulæ NNP 22599 2635 26 , , , 22599 2635 27 1 1 CD 22599 2635 28 . . . 22599 2636 1 2 2 LS 22599 2636 2 . . . 22599 2637 1 3 3 LS 22599 2637 2 . . . 22599 2638 1 4 4 LS 22599 2638 2 .... .... . 22599 2638 3 " " '' 22599 2638 4 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2638 5 Noviomagus Noviomagus NNP 22599 2638 6 , , , 22599 2638 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2638 8 De De NNP 22599 2638 9 Numeris Numeris NNP 22599 2638 10 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2638 11 II II NNP 22599 2638 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2638 13 , , , 22599 2638 14 cap cap NN 22599 2638 15 . . . 22599 2639 1 vi vi NNP 22599 2639 2 . . . 22599 2639 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2640 1 Gemma Gemma NNP 22599 2640 2 Frisius Frisius NNP 22599 2640 3 also also RB 22599 2640 4 uses use VBZ 22599 2640 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2640 6 elementa elementa NNP 22599 2640 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2640 8 and and CC 22599 2640 9 Cardan Cardan NNP 22599 2640 10 uses use VBZ 22599 2640 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2640 12 literae literae NNP 22599 2640 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2640 14 . . . 22599 2641 1 In in IN 22599 2641 2 the the DT 22599 2641 3 first first JJ 22599 2641 4 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2641 5 by by IN 22599 2641 6 an an DT 22599 2641 7 American American NNP 22599 2641 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2641 9 Greenwood greenwood NN 22599 2641 10 , , , 22599 2641 11 1729 1729 CD 22599 2641 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2641 13 the the DT 22599 2641 14 author author NN 22599 2641 15 speaks speak VBZ 22599 2641 16 of of IN 22599 2641 17 " " `` 22599 2641 18 a a DT 22599 2641 19 few few JJ 22599 2641 20 Arabian Arabian NNP 22599 2641 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2641 22 Charecters Charecters NNPS 22599 2641 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2641 24 or or CC 22599 2641 25 Numeral Numeral NNP 22599 2641 26 Figures Figures NNPS 22599 2641 27 , , , 22599 2641 28 called call VBD 22599 2641 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2641 30 Digits Digits NNP 22599 2641 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2641 32 " " '' 22599 2641 33 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2641 34 p. p. NN 22599 2641 35 1 1 CD 22599 2641 36 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2641 37 , , , 22599 2641 38 and and CC 22599 2641 39 as as RB 22599 2641 40 late late JJ 22599 2641 41 as as IN 22599 2641 42 1790 1790 CD 22599 2641 43 , , , 22599 2641 44 in in IN 22599 2641 45 the the DT 22599 2641 46 third third JJ 22599 2641 47 edition edition NN 22599 2641 48 of of IN 22599 2641 49 J. J. NNP 22599 2641 50 J. J. NNP 22599 2641 51 Blassière Blassière NNP 22599 2641 52 's 's POS 22599 2641 53 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2641 54 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2641 55 1st 1st NNP 22599 2641 56 ed ed NNP 22599 2641 57 . . . 22599 2642 1 1769 1769 CD 22599 2642 2 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2642 3 , , , 22599 2642 4 the the DT 22599 2642 5 name name NN 22599 2642 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2642 7 characters character NNS 22599 2642 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2642 9 is be VBZ 22599 2642 10 still still RB 22599 2642 11 in in IN 22599 2642 12 use use NN 22599 2642 13 , , , 22599 2642 14 both both DT 22599 2642 15 for for IN 22599 2642 16 " " `` 22599 2642 17 de de NNP 22599 2642 18 Latynsche Latynsche NNP 22599 2642 19 en en NNP 22599 2642 20 de de FW 22599 2642 21 Arabische Arabische NNP 22599 2642 22 " " '' 22599 2642 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2642 24 p. p. NN 22599 2642 25 4 4 CD 22599 2642 26 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2642 27 , , , 22599 2642 28 as as IN 22599 2642 29 is be VBZ 22599 2642 30 also also RB 22599 2642 31 the the DT 22599 2642 32 term term NN 22599 2642 33 " " `` 22599 2642 34 Cyfferletters Cyfferletters NNPS 22599 2642 35 " " '' 22599 2642 36 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2642 37 p. p. NN 22599 2642 38 6 6 CD 22599 2642 39 , , , 22599 2642 40 n. n. NNP 22599 2642 41 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2642 42 . . . 22599 2643 1 _ _ NNP 22599 2643 2 Ziffer Ziffer NNP 22599 2643 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2643 4 , , , 22599 2643 5 the the DT 22599 2643 6 modern modern JJ 22599 2643 7 German german JJ 22599 2643 8 form form NN 22599 2643 9 of of IN 22599 2643 10 cipher cipher NN 22599 2643 11 , , , 22599 2643 12 was be VBD 22599 2643 13 commonly commonly RB 22599 2643 14 used use VBN 22599 2643 15 to to TO 22599 2643 16 designate designate VB 22599 2643 17 any any DT 22599 2643 18 of of IN 22599 2643 19 the the DT 22599 2643 20 nine nine CD 22599 2643 21 figures figure NNS 22599 2643 22 , , , 22599 2643 23 as as IN 22599 2643 24 by by IN 22599 2643 25 Boeschenstein Boeschenstein NNP 22599 2643 26 and and CC 22599 2643 27 Riese Riese NNPS 22599 2643 28 , , , 22599 2643 29 although although IN 22599 2643 30 others other NNS 22599 2643 31 , , , 22599 2643 32 like like IN 22599 2643 33 Köbel Köbel NNP 22599 2643 34 , , , 22599 2643 35 used use VBD 22599 2643 36 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2643 37 only only RB 22599 2643 38 for for IN 22599 2643 39 the the DT 22599 2643 40 zero zero CD 22599 2643 41 . . . 22599 2644 1 So so RB 22599 2644 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2644 3 zifre zifre NNP 22599 2644 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2644 5 appears appear VBZ 22599 2644 6 in in IN 22599 2644 7 the the DT 22599 2644 8 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2644 9 by by IN 22599 2644 10 Borgo Borgo NNP 22599 2644 11 , , , 22599 2644 12 1550 1550 CD 22599 2644 13 ed ed NN 22599 2644 14 . . . 22599 2645 1 In in IN 22599 2645 2 a a DT 22599 2645 3 Munich Munich NNP 22599 2645 4 codex codex NN 22599 2645 5 of of IN 22599 2645 6 the the DT 22599 2645 7 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 2645 8 century century NN 22599 2645 9 , , , 22599 2645 10 attributed attribute VBN 22599 2645 11 to to IN 22599 2645 12 Gerland Gerland NNP 22599 2645 13 , , , 22599 2645 14 they -PRON- PRP 22599 2645 15 are be VBP 22599 2645 16 called call VBN 22599 2645 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2645 18 characters character NNS 22599 2645 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2645 20 only only RB 22599 2645 21 : : : 22599 2645 22 " " `` 22599 2645 23 Usque usque JJ 22599 2645 24 ad ad NN 22599 2645 25 VIIII viiii NN 22599 2645 26 . . . 22599 2646 1 enim enim NNP 22599 2646 2 porrigitur porrigitur NNP 22599 2646 3 omnis omnis NNP 22599 2646 4 numerus numerus NNP 22599 2646 5 et et NNP 22599 2646 6 qui qui NNP 22599 2646 7 supercrescit supercrescit NNP 22599 2646 8 eisdem eisdem NNP 22599 2646 9 designator designator NN 22599 2646 10 Karacteribus Karacteribus NNP 22599 2646 11 . . . 22599 2646 12 " " '' 22599 2647 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2647 2 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2647 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2647 4 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2647 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2647 6 , , , 22599 2647 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2647 8 . . . 22599 2648 1 X. X. NNP 22599 2648 2 p. p. NN 22599 2649 1 607 607 CD 22599 2649 2 . . . 22599 2649 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2650 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2650 2 474 474 CD 22599 2650 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2650 4 The the DT 22599 2650 5 title title NN 22599 2650 6 of of IN 22599 2650 7 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2650 8 work work NN 22599 2650 9 is be VBZ 22599 2650 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2650 11 Prologus Prologus NNP 22599 2650 12 N. N. NNP 22599 2650 13 Ocreati Ocreati NNP 22599 2650 14 in in IN 22599 2650 15 Helceph Helceph NNP 22599 2650 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2650 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2650 18 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 2650 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2650 20 al al NNP 22599 2650 21 - - HYPH 22599 2650 22 qeif qeif NNP 22599 2650 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2650 24 , , , 22599 2650 25 investigation investigation NN 22599 2650 26 or or CC 22599 2650 27 memoir memoir NN 22599 2650 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2650 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2650 30 ad ad NN 22599 2650 31 Adelardum Adelardum NNP 22599 2650 32 Batensem Batensem NNP 22599 2650 33 magistrum magistrum NN 22599 2650 34 suum suum NN 22599 2650 35 _ _ NNP 22599 2650 36 . . . 22599 2651 1 The the DT 22599 2651 2 work work NN 22599 2651 3 was be VBD 22599 2651 4 made make VBN 22599 2651 5 known known JJ 22599 2651 6 by by IN 22599 2651 7 C. C. NNP 22599 2651 8 Henry Henry NNP 22599 2651 9 , , , 22599 2651 10 in in IN 22599 2651 11 the the DT 22599 2651 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2651 13 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2651 14 für für NN 22599 2651 15 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2651 16 und und VBP 22599 2651 17 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2651 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2651 19 , , , 22599 2651 20 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2651 21 . . . 22599 2652 1 XXV XXV NNP 22599 2652 2 , , , 22599 2652 3 p. p. NN 22599 2652 4 129 129 CD 22599 2652 5 , , , 22599 2652 6 and and CC 22599 2652 7 in in IN 22599 2652 8 the the DT 22599 2652 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2652 10 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2652 11 zur zur NN 22599 2652 12 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2652 13 der der VBD 22599 2652 14 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2652 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2652 16 , , , 22599 2652 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2652 18 . . . 22599 2653 1 III iii CD 22599 2653 2 ; ; : 22599 2653 3 Weissenborn Weissenborn NNP 22599 2653 4 , , , 22599 2653 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2653 6 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2653 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2653 8 , , , 22599 2653 9 p. p. NN 22599 2653 10 188 188 CD 22599 2653 11 . . . 22599 2654 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2654 2 475 475 CD 22599 2654 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2654 4 The the DT 22599 2654 5 zero zero CD 22599 2654 6 is be VBZ 22599 2654 7 indicated indicate VBN 22599 2654 8 by by IN 22599 2654 9 a a DT 22599 2654 10 vacant vacant JJ 22599 2654 11 column column NN 22599 2654 12 . . . 22599 2655 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2655 2 476 476 CD 22599 2655 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2655 4 Leo Leo NNP 22599 2655 5 Jordan Jordan NNP 22599 2655 6 , , , 22599 2655 7 loc loc NNP 22599 2655 8 . . . 22599 2656 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2656 2 . . NNP 22599 2656 3 , , , 22599 2656 4 p. p. NN 22599 2656 5 170 170 CD 22599 2656 6 . . . 22599 2657 1 " " `` 22599 2657 2 Chifre chifre NN 22599 2657 3 en en IN 22599 2657 4 augorisme augorisme NN 22599 2657 5 " " '' 22599 2657 6 is be VBZ 22599 2657 7 the the DT 22599 2657 8 expression expression NN 22599 2657 9 used use VBN 22599 2657 10 , , , 22599 2657 11 while while IN 22599 2657 12 a a DT 22599 2657 13 century century NN 22599 2657 14 later later RB 22599 2657 15 " " `` 22599 2657 16 giffre giffre NN 22599 2657 17 en en IN 22599 2657 18 argorisme argorisme NN 22599 2657 19 " " '' 22599 2657 20 and and CC 22599 2657 21 " " `` 22599 2657 22 cyffres cyffre VBZ 22599 2657 23 d'augorisme d'augorisme NNP 22599 2657 24 " " '' 22599 2657 25 are be VBP 22599 2657 26 similarly similarly RB 22599 2657 27 used use VBN 22599 2657 28 . . . 22599 2658 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2658 2 477 477 CD 22599 2658 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2658 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2658 5 The the DT 22599 2658 6 Works Works NNP 22599 2658 7 of of IN 22599 2658 8 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP 22599 2658 9 Chaucer Chaucer NNP 22599 2658 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2658 11 , , , 22599 2658 12 edited edit VBN 22599 2658 13 by by IN 22599 2658 14 W. W. NNP 22599 2658 15 W. W. NNP 22599 2658 16 Skeat Skeat NNP 22599 2658 17 , , , 22599 2658 18 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2658 19 . . . 22599 2659 1 IV IV NNP 22599 2659 2 , , , 22599 2659 3 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 2659 4 , , , 22599 2659 5 1894 1894 CD 22599 2659 6 , , , 22599 2659 7 p. p. NN 22599 2659 8 92 92 CD 22599 2659 9 . . . 22599 2660 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2660 2 478 478 CD 22599 2660 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2660 4 Loc Loc NNP 22599 2660 5 . . . 22599 2661 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2661 2 . . . 22599 2661 3 , , , 22599 2661 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2661 5 . . . 22599 2662 1 III III NNP 22599 2662 2 , , , 22599 2662 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2662 4 . . . 22599 2663 1 179 179 CD 22599 2663 2 and and CC 22599 2663 3 180 180 CD 22599 2663 4 . . . 22599 2664 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2664 2 479 479 CD 22599 2664 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2664 4 In in IN 22599 2664 5 Book Book NNP 22599 2664 6 II II NNP 22599 2664 7 , , , 22599 2664 8 chap chap NN 22599 2664 9 , , , 22599 2664 10 vii vii NN 22599 2664 11 , , , 22599 2664 12 of of IN 22599 2664 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2664 14 The the DT 22599 2664 15 Testament Testament NNP 22599 2664 16 of of IN 22599 2664 17 Love Love NNP 22599 2664 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2664 19 , , , 22599 2664 20 printed print VBN 22599 2664 21 with with IN 22599 2664 22 Chaucer Chaucer NNP 22599 2664 23 's 's POS 22599 2664 24 Works work NNS 22599 2664 25 , , , 22599 2664 26 loc loc NNP 22599 2664 27 . . . 22599 2665 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2665 2 . . . 22599 2665 3 , , , 22599 2665 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2665 5 . . . 22599 2666 1 VII VII NNP 22599 2666 2 , , , 22599 2666 3 London London NNP 22599 2666 4 , , , 22599 2666 5 1897 1897 CD 22599 2666 6 . . . 22599 2667 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2667 2 480 480 CD 22599 2667 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2667 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2667 5 Liber Liber NNP 22599 2667 6 Abacci Abacci NNP 22599 2667 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2667 8 , , , 22599 2667 9 published publish VBN 22599 2667 10 in in IN 22599 2667 11 Olleris Olleris NNP 22599 2667 12 , , , 22599 2667 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2667 14 Oeuvres Oeuvres NNP 22599 2667 15 de de NNP 22599 2667 16 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2667 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2667 18 , , , 22599 2667 19 pp pp NNP 22599 2667 20 . . . 22599 2668 1 357 357 CD 22599 2668 2 - - SYM 22599 2668 3 400 400 CD 22599 2668 4 . . . 22599 2669 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2669 2 481 481 CD 22599 2669 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2669 4 G. G. NNP 22599 2669 5 R. R. NNP 22599 2669 6 Kaye Kaye NNP 22599 2669 7 , , , 22599 2669 8 " " `` 22599 2669 9 The the DT 22599 2669 10 Use Use NNP 22599 2669 11 of of IN 22599 2669 12 the the DT 22599 2669 13 Abacus Abacus NNP 22599 2669 14 in in IN 22599 2669 15 Ancient Ancient NNP 22599 2669 16 India India NNP 22599 2669 17 , , , 22599 2669 18 " " '' 22599 2669 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2669 20 Journal Journal NNP 22599 2669 21 and and CC 22599 2669 22 Proceedings Proceedings NNP 22599 2669 23 of of IN 22599 2669 24 the the DT 22599 2669 25 Asiatic Asiatic NNP 22599 2669 26 Society Society NNP 22599 2669 27 of of IN 22599 2669 28 Bengal Bengal NNP 22599 2669 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2669 30 , , , 22599 2669 31 1908 1908 CD 22599 2669 32 , , , 22599 2669 33 pp pp NNP 22599 2669 34 . . . 22599 2670 1 293 293 CD 22599 2670 2 - - SYM 22599 2670 3 297 297 CD 22599 2670 4 . . . 22599 2671 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2671 2 482 482 CD 22599 2671 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2671 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2671 5 Liber Liber NNP 22599 2671 6 Abbaci Abbaci NNP 22599 2671 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2671 8 , , , 22599 2671 9 by by IN 22599 2671 10 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 2671 11 Pisano Pisano NNP 22599 2671 12 , , , 22599 2671 13 loc loc NN 22599 2671 14 . . . 22599 2672 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2672 2 . . NNP 22599 2672 3 , , , 22599 2672 4 p. p. NN 22599 2672 5 1 1 CD 22599 2672 6 . . . 22599 2673 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2673 2 483 483 CD 22599 2673 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2673 4 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2673 5 , , , 22599 2673 6 " " '' 22599 2673 7 Die Die NNP 22599 2673 8 Entwickelung Entwickelung NNP 22599 2673 9 des des FW 22599 2673 10 Rechnens Rechnens NNP 22599 2673 11 mit mit NN 22599 2673 12 Columnen Columnen NNP 22599 2673 13 , , , 22599 2673 14 " " `` 22599 2673 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2673 16 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2673 17 für für NN 22599 2673 18 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2673 19 und und VBP 22599 2673 20 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2673 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2673 22 , , , 22599 2673 23 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2673 24 . . . 22599 2674 1 X X NNP 22599 2674 2 , , , 22599 2674 3 p. p. NN 22599 2674 4 247 247 CD 22599 2674 5 . . . 22599 2675 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2675 2 484 484 CD 22599 2675 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2675 4 The the DT 22599 2675 5 divisor divisor JJ 22599 2675 6 6 6 CD 22599 2675 7 or or CC 22599 2675 8 16 16 CD 22599 2675 9 being be VBG 22599 2675 10 increased increase VBN 22599 2675 11 by by IN 22599 2675 12 the the DT 22599 2675 13 difference difference NN 22599 2675 14 4 4 CD 22599 2675 15 , , , 22599 2675 16 to to IN 22599 2675 17 10 10 CD 22599 2675 18 or or CC 22599 2675 19 20 20 CD 22599 2675 20 respectively respectively RB 22599 2675 21 . . . 22599 2676 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2676 2 485 485 CD 22599 2676 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2676 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 2677 1 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2677 2 , , , 22599 2677 3 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2677 4 . . . 22599 2678 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2678 2 , , , 22599 2678 3 p. p. NN 22599 2678 4 882 882 CD 22599 2678 5 . . . 22599 2679 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2679 2 486 486 CD 22599 2679 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2679 4 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2679 5 , , , 22599 2679 6 loc loc NN 22599 2679 7 . . . 22599 2680 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2680 2 . . . 22599 2681 1 ; ; : 22599 2681 2 Friedlein Friedlein NNP 22599 2681 3 , , , 22599 2681 4 " " `` 22599 2681 5 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2681 6 's 's POS 22599 2681 7 Regeln Regeln NNP 22599 2681 8 der der NN 22599 2681 9 Division Division NNP 22599 2681 10 " " '' 22599 2681 11 and and CC 22599 2681 12 " " `` 22599 2681 13 Das Das NNP 22599 2681 14 Rechnen Rechnen NNP 22599 2681 15 mit mit NN 22599 2681 16 Columnen Columnen NNP 22599 2681 17 vor vor NN 22599 2681 18 dem dem VB 22599 2681 19 10 10 CD 22599 2681 20 . . . 22599 2682 1 Jahrhundert Jahrhundert NNP 22599 2682 2 , , , 22599 2682 3 " " `` 22599 2682 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2682 5 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2682 6 für für NN 22599 2682 7 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2682 8 und und VBP 22599 2682 9 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2682 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2682 11 , , , 22599 2682 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2682 13 . . . 22599 2683 1 IX ix NN 22599 2683 2 ; ; : 22599 2683 3 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2683 4 , , , 22599 2683 5 loc loc NNP 22599 2683 6 . . . 22599 2684 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2684 2 . . . 22599 2684 3 , , , 22599 2684 4 pp pp NNP 22599 2684 5 . . . 22599 2685 1 197 197 CD 22599 2685 2 - - SYM 22599 2685 3 245 245 CD 22599 2685 4 ; ; : 22599 2685 5 M. M. NNP 22599 2685 6 Chasles Chasles NNP 22599 2685 7 , , , 22599 2685 8 " " '' 22599 2685 9 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2685 10 de de NNP 22599 2685 11 l'arithmétique l'arithmétique FW 22599 2685 12 . . . 22599 2686 1 Recherches recherche NNS 22599 2686 2 des des NNP 22599 2686 3 traces trace NNS 22599 2686 4 du du VBP 22599 2686 5 système système NNP 22599 2686 6 de de FW 22599 2686 7 l'abacus l'abacus NNP 22599 2686 8 , , , 22599 2686 9 après après NNP 22599 2686 10 que que NNP 22599 2686 11 cette cette NNP 22599 2686 12 méthode méthode NNP 22599 2686 13 a a DT 22599 2686 14 pris pris NNP 22599 2686 15 le le FW 22599 2686 16 nom nom NNP 22599 2686 17 d'Algorisme.--Preuves d'Algorisme.--Preuves NNP 22599 2686 18 qu'à qu'à NNP 22599 2686 19 toutes toute NNS 22599 2686 20 les les VBP 22599 2686 21 époques époque NNS 22599 2686 22 , , , 22599 2686 23 jusq'au jusq'au NNP 22599 2686 24 XVI^e XVI^e NNP 22599 2686 25 siècle siècle NNP 22599 2686 26 , , , 22599 2686 27 on on IN 22599 2686 28 a a DT 22599 2686 29 su su NNP 22599 2686 30 que que NNP 22599 2686 31 l'arithmétique l'arithmétique NNP 22599 2686 32 vulgaire vulgaire NNP 22599 2686 33 avait avait NNP 22599 2686 34 pour pour NNP 22599 2686 35 origine origine NNP 22599 2686 36 cette cette NNP 22599 2686 37 méthode méthode NNP 22599 2686 38 ancienne ancienne NNP 22599 2686 39 , , , 22599 2686 40 " " '' 22599 2686 41 _ _ NNP 22599 2686 42 Comptes Comptes NNP 22599 2686 43 rendus rendus VBP 22599 2686 44 _ _ NNP 22599 2686 45 , , , 22599 2686 46 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2686 47 . . . 22599 2687 1 XVII XVII NNP 22599 2687 2 , , , 22599 2687 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2687 4 . . . 22599 2688 1 143 143 CD 22599 2688 2 - - SYM 22599 2688 3 154 154 CD 22599 2688 4 , , , 22599 2688 5 also also RB 22599 2688 6 " " `` 22599 2688 7 Règles Règles NNP 22599 2688 8 de de FW 22599 2688 9 l'abacus l'abacus FW 22599 2688 10 , , , 22599 2688 11 " " '' 22599 2688 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2688 13 Comptes Comptes NNP 22599 2688 14 rendus rendus VBP 22599 2688 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2688 16 , , , 22599 2688 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2688 18 . . . 22599 2689 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2689 2 , , , 22599 2689 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2689 4 . . . 22599 2690 1 218 218 CD 22599 2690 2 - - SYM 22599 2690 3 246 246 CD 22599 2690 4 , , , 22599 2690 5 and and CC 22599 2690 6 " " `` 22599 2690 7 Analyse Analyse NNP 22599 2690 8 et et NNP 22599 2690 9 explication explication NN 22599 2690 10 du du NNP 22599 2690 11 traité traité NNP 22599 2690 12 de de NNP 22599 2690 13 Gerbert Gerbert NNP 22599 2690 14 , , , 22599 2690 15 " " `` 22599 2690 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2690 17 Comptes Comptes NNP 22599 2690 18 rendus rendus VBP 22599 2690 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2690 20 , , , 22599 2690 21 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2690 22 . . . 22599 2691 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2691 2 , , , 22599 2691 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2691 4 . . . 22599 2692 1 281 281 CD 22599 2692 2 - - SYM 22599 2692 3 299 299 CD 22599 2692 4 . . . 22599 2693 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2693 2 487 487 CD 22599 2693 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2693 4 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2693 5 , , , 22599 2693 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2693 7 . . . 22599 2694 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2694 2 . . . 22599 2694 3 , , , 22599 2694 4 pp pp NNP 22599 2694 5 . . . 22599 2695 1 203 203 CD 22599 2695 2 - - SYM 22599 2695 3 204 204 CD 22599 2695 4 , , , 22599 2695 5 " " `` 22599 2695 6 Abbonis Abbonis NNP 22599 2695 7 abacus abacus NN 22599 2695 8 . . . 22599 2695 9 " " '' 22599 2696 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2696 2 488 488 CD 22599 2696 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2696 4 " " `` 22599 2696 5 Regulae Regulae NNP 22599 2696 6 de de NNP 22599 2696 7 numerorum numerorum NNP 22599 2696 8 abaci abaci NNP 22599 2696 9 rationibus rationibus NNP 22599 2696 10 , , , 22599 2696 11 " " '' 22599 2696 12 in in IN 22599 2696 13 Bubnov Bubnov NNP 22599 2696 14 , , , 22599 2696 15 loc loc NNP 22599 2696 16 . . . 22599 2697 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2697 2 . . . 22599 2697 3 , , , 22599 2697 4 pp pp NNP 22599 2697 5 . . . 22599 2698 1 205 205 CD 22599 2698 2 - - SYM 22599 2698 3 225 225 CD 22599 2698 4 . . . 22599 2699 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2699 2 489 489 CD 22599 2699 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2699 4 P. P. NNP 22599 2699 5 Treutlein Treutlein NNP 22599 2699 6 , , , 22599 2699 7 " " '' 22599 2699 8 Intorno intorno NN 22599 2699 9 ad ad NN 22599 2699 10 alcuni alcuni NNP 22599 2699 11 scritti scritti NNP 22599 2699 12 inediti inediti NNP 22599 2699 13 relativi relativi NNP 22599 2699 14 al al NNP 22599 2699 15 calcolo calcolo NNP 22599 2699 16 dell dell NNP 22599 2699 17 ' ' `` 22599 2699 18 abaco abaco NNS 22599 2699 19 , , , 22599 2699 20 " " '' 22599 2699 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2699 22 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2699 23 di di NNP 22599 2699 24 bibliografia bibliografia NNP 22599 2699 25 e e NNP 22599 2699 26 di di NNP 22599 2699 27 storia storia NNP 22599 2699 28 delle delle NNP 22599 2699 29 scienze scienze NNP 22599 2699 30 matematiche matematiche NNP 22599 2699 31 e e NNP 22599 2699 32 fisiche fisiche NN 22599 2699 33 _ _ NNP 22599 2699 34 , , , 22599 2699 35 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2699 36 . . . 22599 2700 1 X X NNP 22599 2700 2 , , , 22599 2700 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2700 4 . . . 22599 2701 1 589 589 CD 22599 2701 2 - - SYM 22599 2701 3 647 647 CD 22599 2701 4 . . . 22599 2702 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2702 2 490 490 CD 22599 2702 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2702 4 " " `` 22599 2702 5 Intorno Intorno NNP 22599 2702 6 ad ad NN 22599 2702 7 uno uno NNP 22599 2702 8 scritto scritto NNP 22599 2702 9 inedito inedito NNP 22599 2702 10 di di FW 22599 2702 11 Adelhardo Adelhardo NNP 22599 2702 12 di di FW 22599 2702 13 Bath Bath NNP 22599 2702 14 intitolato intitolato NN 22599 2702 15 ' ' '' 22599 2702 16 Regulae Regulae NNP 22599 2702 17 Abaci Abaci NNP 22599 2702 18 , , , 22599 2702 19 ' ' '' 22599 2702 20 " " `` 22599 2702 21 B. B. NNP 22599 2702 22 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2702 23 , , , 22599 2702 24 in in IN 22599 2702 25 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2702 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2702 27 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2702 28 _ _ NNP 22599 2702 29 , , , 22599 2702 30 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2702 31 . . . 22599 2703 1 XIV XIV NNP 22599 2703 2 , , , 22599 2703 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2703 4 . . . 22599 2704 1 1 1 CD 22599 2704 2 - - SYM 22599 2704 3 134 134 CD 22599 2704 4 . . . 22599 2705 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2705 2 491 491 CD 22599 2705 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2705 4 Treutlein Treutlein NNP 22599 2705 5 , , , 22599 2705 6 loc loc NN 22599 2705 7 . . . 22599 2706 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2706 2 . . . 22599 2707 1 ; ; : 22599 2707 2 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2707 3 , , , 22599 2707 4 " " '' 22599 2707 5 Intorno Intorno NNP 22599 2707 6 al al NNP 22599 2707 7 Tractatus Tractatus NNP 22599 2707 8 de de NNP 22599 2707 9 Abaco Abaco NNP 22599 2707 10 di di NNP 22599 2707 11 Gerlando Gerlando NNP 22599 2707 12 , , , 22599 2707 13 " " '' 22599 2707 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2707 15 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2707 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2707 17 , , , 22599 2707 18 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2707 19 . . . 22599 2708 1 X X NNP 22599 2708 2 , , , 22599 2708 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2708 4 . . . 22599 2709 1 648 648 CD 22599 2709 2 - - SYM 22599 2709 3 656 656 CD 22599 2709 4 . . . 22599 2710 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2710 2 492 492 CD 22599 2710 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2710 4 E. E. NNP 22599 2710 5 Narducci Narducci NNP 22599 2710 6 , , , 22599 2710 7 " " `` 22599 2710 8 Intorno Intorno NNP 22599 2710 9 a a DT 22599 2710 10 due due JJ 22599 2710 11 trattati trattati NNS 22599 2710 12 inediti inediti NNP 22599 2710 13 d'abaco d'abaco NNP 22599 2710 14 contenuti contenuti NNP 22599 2710 15 in in IN 22599 2710 16 due due JJ 22599 2710 17 codici codici NN 22599 2710 18 Vaticani Vaticani NNP 22599 2710 19 del del NNP 22599 2710 20 secolo secolo NN 22599 2710 21 XII XII NNP 22599 2710 22 , , , 22599 2710 23 " " '' 22599 2710 24 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2710 25 _ _ NNP 22599 2710 26 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2710 27 _ _ NNP 22599 2710 28 , , , 22599 2710 29 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2710 30 . . . 22599 2711 1 XV XV NNP 22599 2711 2 , , , 22599 2711 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2711 4 . . . 22599 2712 1 111 111 CD 22599 2712 2 - - SYM 22599 2712 3 162 162 CD 22599 2712 4 . . . 22599 2713 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2713 2 493 493 LS 22599 2713 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2713 4 See See NNP 22599 2713 5 Molinier Molinier NNP 22599 2713 6 , , , 22599 2713 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2713 8 Les Les NNP 22599 2713 9 sources source NNS 22599 2713 10 de de FW 22599 2713 11 l'histoire l'histoire FW 22599 2713 12 de de NNP 22599 2713 13 France France NNP 22599 2713 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2713 15 , , , 22599 2713 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2713 17 . . . 22599 2714 1 II II NNP 22599 2714 2 , , , 22599 2714 3 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2714 4 , , , 22599 2714 5 1902 1902 CD 22599 2714 6 , , , 22599 2714 7 pp pp NNP 22599 2714 8 . . . 22599 2715 1 2 2 CD 22599 2715 2 , , , 22599 2715 3 3 3 CD 22599 2715 4 . . . 22599 2716 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2716 2 494 494 CD 22599 2716 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2716 4 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2716 5 , , , 22599 2716 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2716 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2716 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2716 9 , , , 22599 2716 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2716 11 . . . 22599 2717 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2717 2 , , , 22599 2717 3 p. p. NN 22599 2717 4 762 762 CD 22599 2717 5 . . . 22599 2718 1 A. A. NNP 22599 2718 2 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 2718 3 in in IN 22599 2718 4 the the DT 22599 2718 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2718 6 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2718 7 zur zur NN 22599 2718 8 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2718 9 der der VBD 22599 2718 10 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2718 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2718 12 , , , 22599 2718 13 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2718 14 . . . 22599 2719 1 V V NNP 22599 2719 2 , , , 22599 2719 3 p. p. NN 22599 2719 4 85 85 CD 22599 2719 5 . . . 22599 2720 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2720 2 495 495 CD 22599 2720 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2720 4 1030 1030 CD 22599 2720 5 - - SYM 22599 2720 6 1117 1117 CD 22599 2720 7 . . . 22599 2721 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2721 2 496 496 CD 22599 2721 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2721 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2721 5 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2721 6 zur zur NN 22599 2721 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2721 8 der der VBD 22599 2721 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2721 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2721 11 , , , 22599 2721 12 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2721 13 . . . 22599 2722 1 V V NNP 22599 2722 2 , , , 22599 2722 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2722 4 . . . 22599 2723 1 85 85 CD 22599 2723 2 - - SYM 22599 2723 3 133 133 CD 22599 2723 4 . . . 22599 2724 1 The the DT 22599 2724 2 work work NN 22599 2724 3 begins begin VBZ 22599 2724 4 " " `` 22599 2724 5 Incipit Incipit NNP 22599 2724 6 Liber Liber NNP 22599 2724 7 Radulfi Radulfi NNP 22599 2724 8 laudunensis laudunensis NN 22599 2724 9 de de IN 22599 2724 10 abaco abaco NNS 22599 2724 11 . . . 22599 2724 12 " " '' 22599 2725 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2725 2 497 497 CD 22599 2725 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2725 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2725 5 Materialien Materialien NNP 22599 2725 6 zur zur NNP 22599 2725 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2725 8 der der VBD 22599 2725 9 arabischen arabischen RB 22599 2725 10 Zahlzeichen Zahlzeichen NNP 22599 2725 11 in in IN 22599 2725 12 Frankreich Frankreich NNP 22599 2725 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2725 14 , , , 22599 2725 15 loc loc NNP 22599 2725 16 . . . 22599 2726 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2726 2 . . . 22599 2727 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2727 2 498 498 CD 22599 2727 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2727 4 Who who WP 22599 2727 5 died die VBD 22599 2727 6 in in IN 22599 2727 7 1202 1202 CD 22599 2727 8 . . . 22599 2728 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2728 2 499 499 CD 22599 2728 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2728 4 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2728 5 , , , 22599 2728 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2728 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2728 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2728 9 , , , 22599 2728 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2728 11 . . . 22599 2729 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2729 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2729 3 3 3 CD 22599 2729 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2729 5 , , , 22599 2729 6 pp pp NNP 22599 2729 7 . . . 22599 2730 1 800 800 CD 22599 2730 2 - - SYM 22599 2730 3 803 803 CD 22599 2730 4 ; ; : 22599 2730 5 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2730 6 , , , 22599 2730 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2730 8 Trattati Trattati NNP 22599 2730 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2730 10 , , , 22599 2730 11 Part Part NNP 22599 2730 12 II II NNP 22599 2730 13 . . . 22599 2731 1 M. M. NNP 22599 2731 2 Steinschneider Steinschneider NNP 22599 2731 3 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2731 4 " " `` 22599 2731 5 Die Die NNP 22599 2731 6 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2731 7 bei bei NNP 22599 2731 8 den den NN 22599 2731 9 Juden Juden NNP 22599 2731 10 , , , 22599 2731 11 " " '' 22599 2731 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2731 13 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2731 14 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2731 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2731 16 , , , 22599 2731 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2731 18 . . . 22599 2732 1 X X NNP 22599 2732 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2732 3 2 2 CD 22599 2732 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2732 5 , , , 22599 2732 6 p. p. NN 22599 2732 7 79 79 CD 22599 2732 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2732 9 ingeniously ingeniously RB 22599 2732 10 derives derive VBZ 22599 2732 11 another another DT 22599 2732 12 name name NN 22599 2732 13 by by IN 22599 2732 14 which which WDT 22599 2732 15 he -PRON- PRP 22599 2732 16 is be VBZ 22599 2732 17 called call VBN 22599 2732 18 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2732 19 Abendeuth Abendeuth NNP 22599 2732 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2732 21 from from IN 22599 2732 22 Ibn Ibn NNP 22599 2732 23 Da[=u]d da[=u]d NN 22599 2732 24 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2732 25 Son Son NNP 22599 2732 26 of of IN 22599 2732 27 David David NNP 22599 2732 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2732 29 . . . 22599 2733 1 See see VB 22599 2733 2 also also RB 22599 2733 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2733 4 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2733 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2733 6 , , , 22599 2733 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2733 8 . . . 22599 2734 1 III III NNP 22599 2734 2 , , , 22599 2734 3 p. p. NN 22599 2734 4 110 110 CD 22599 2734 5 . . . 22599 2735 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2735 2 500 500 CD 22599 2735 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2735 4 John John NNP 22599 2735 5 is be VBZ 22599 2735 6 said say VBN 22599 2735 7 to to TO 22599 2735 8 have have VB 22599 2735 9 died die VBN 22599 2735 10 in in IN 22599 2735 11 1157 1157 CD 22599 2735 12 . . . 22599 2736 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2736 2 501 501 CD 22599 2736 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2736 4 For for IN 22599 2736 5 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2736 6 says say VBZ 22599 2736 7 , , , 22599 2736 8 " " `` 22599 2736 9 Incipit Incipit NNP 22599 2736 10 prologus prologus NNP 22599 2736 11 in in IN 22599 2736 12 libro libro NNP 22599 2736 13 alghoarismi alghoarismi NNP 22599 2736 14 de de NNP 22599 2736 15 practica practica NNP 22599 2736 16 arismetrice arismetrice NNP 22599 2736 17 . . . 22599 2737 1 Qui qui WDT 22599 2737 2 editus editus NNP 22599 2737 3 est est VBD 22599 2737 4 a a DT 22599 2737 5 magistro magistro NNP 22599 2737 6 Johanne Johanne NNP 22599 2737 7 yspalensi yspalensi NNP 22599 2737 8 . . . 22599 2737 9 " " '' 22599 2738 1 It -PRON- PRP 22599 2738 2 is be VBZ 22599 2738 3 published publish VBN 22599 2738 4 in in IN 22599 2738 5 full full JJ 22599 2738 6 in in IN 22599 2738 7 the the DT 22599 2738 8 second second JJ 22599 2738 9 part part NN 22599 2738 10 of of IN 22599 2738 11 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2738 12 's 's POS 22599 2738 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2738 14 Trattati Trattati NNP 22599 2738 15 d'aritmetica d'aritmetica NNP 22599 2738 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2738 17 . . . 22599 2739 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2739 2 502 502 CD 22599 2739 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2739 4 Possibly possibly RB 22599 2739 5 , , , 22599 2739 6 indeed indeed RB 22599 2739 7 , , , 22599 2739 8 the the DT 22599 2739 9 meaning meaning NN 22599 2739 10 of of IN 22599 2739 11 " " `` 22599 2739 12 libro libro NNP 22599 2739 13 alghoarismi alghoarismi NNP 22599 2739 14 " " '' 22599 2739 15 is be VBZ 22599 2739 16 not not RB 22599 2739 17 " " '' 22599 2739 18 to to IN 22599 2739 19 Al Al NNP 22599 2739 20 - - HYPH 22599 2739 21 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 2739 22 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2739 23 's 's POS 22599 2739 24 book book NN 22599 2739 25 , , , 22599 2739 26 " " '' 22599 2739 27 but but CC 22599 2739 28 " " '' 22599 2739 29 to to IN 22599 2739 30 a a DT 22599 2739 31 book book NN 22599 2739 32 of of IN 22599 2739 33 algorism algorism NN 22599 2739 34 . . . 22599 2739 35 " " '' 22599 2740 1 John John NNP 22599 2740 2 of of IN 22599 2740 3 Luna Luna NNP 22599 2740 4 says say VBZ 22599 2740 5 of of IN 22599 2740 6 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2740 7 : : : 22599 2740 8 " " `` 22599 2740 9 Hoc Hoc NNP 22599 2740 10 idem idem NN 22599 2740 11 est est NNP 22599 2740 12 illud illud VB 22599 2740 13 etiam etiam NNP 22599 2740 14 quod quod NNP 22599 2740 15 ... ... NFP 22599 2740 16 alcorismus alcorismus NNP 22599 2740 17 dicere dicere NNP 22599 2740 18 videtur videtur NNP 22599 2740 19 . . . 22599 2740 20 " " '' 22599 2741 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2741 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2741 3 Trattati Trattati NNP 22599 2741 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2741 5 , , , 22599 2741 6 p. p. NN 22599 2742 1 68 68 CD 22599 2742 2 . . . 22599 2742 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2743 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2743 2 503 503 CD 22599 2743 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2743 4 For for IN 22599 2743 5 a a DT 22599 2743 6 résumé résumé NN 22599 2743 7 , , , 22599 2743 8 see see VB 22599 2743 9 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2743 10 , , , 22599 2743 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2743 12 . . . 22599 2744 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2744 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2744 3 3 3 CD 22599 2744 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2744 5 , , , 22599 2744 6 pp pp NNP 22599 2744 7 . . . 22599 2745 1 800 800 CD 22599 2745 2 - - SYM 22599 2745 3 803 803 CD 22599 2745 4 . . . 22599 2746 1 As as IN 22599 2746 2 to to IN 22599 2746 3 the the DT 22599 2746 4 author author NN 22599 2746 5 , , , 22599 2746 6 see see VB 22599 2746 7 Eneström Eneström NNP 22599 2746 8 in in IN 22599 2746 9 the the DT 22599 2746 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2746 11 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2746 12 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2746 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2746 14 , , , 22599 2746 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2746 16 . . . 22599 2747 1 VI VI NNP 22599 2747 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2747 3 3 3 CD 22599 2747 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2747 5 , , , 22599 2747 6 p. p. NN 22599 2747 7 114 114 CD 22599 2747 8 , , , 22599 2747 9 and and CC 22599 2747 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2747 11 . . . 22599 2748 1 IX ix NN 22599 2748 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2748 3 3 3 CD 22599 2748 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2748 5 , , , 22599 2748 6 p. p. NN 22599 2748 7 2 2 CD 22599 2748 8 . . . 22599 2749 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2749 2 504 504 CD 22599 2749 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2749 4 Born bear VBN 22599 2749 5 at at IN 22599 2749 6 Cremona Cremona NNP 22599 2749 7 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2749 8 although although IN 22599 2749 9 some some DT 22599 2749 10 have have VBP 22599 2749 11 asserted assert VBN 22599 2749 12 at at IN 22599 2749 13 Carmona Carmona NNP 22599 2749 14 , , , 22599 2749 15 in in IN 22599 2749 16 Andalusia Andalusia NNP 22599 2749 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2749 18 in in IN 22599 2749 19 1114 1114 CD 22599 2749 20 ; ; : 22599 2749 21 died die VBD 22599 2749 22 at at IN 22599 2749 23 Toledo Toledo NNP 22599 2749 24 in in IN 22599 2749 25 1187 1187 CD 22599 2749 26 . . . 22599 2750 1 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2750 2 , , , 22599 2750 3 loc loc NNP 22599 2750 4 . . . 22599 2751 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2751 2 . . . 22599 2752 1 ; ; : 22599 2752 2 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2752 3 , , , 22599 2752 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2752 5 Atti Atti NNP 22599 2752 6 d. d. NN 22599 2752 7 R. R. NNP 22599 2752 8 Accad Accad NNP 22599 2752 9 . . . 22599 2753 1 d. d. NNP 22599 2753 2 n. n. NNP 22599 2753 3 Lincei Lincei NNP 22599 2753 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2753 5 , , , 22599 2753 6 1851 1851 CD 22599 2753 7 . . . 22599 2754 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2754 2 505 505 CD 22599 2754 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2754 4 See see VB 22599 2754 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2754 6 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2754 7 zur zur NN 22599 2754 8 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2754 9 der der VBD 22599 2754 10 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2754 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2754 12 , , , 22599 2754 13 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2754 14 . . . 22599 2755 1 XIV XIV NNP 22599 2755 2 , , , 22599 2755 3 p. p. NN 22599 2755 4 149 149 CD 22599 2755 5 ; ; : 22599 2755 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2755 7 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2755 8 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2755 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2755 10 , , , 22599 2755 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2755 12 . . . 22599 2756 1 IV IV NNP 22599 2756 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2756 3 3 3 CD 22599 2756 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2756 5 , , , 22599 2756 6 p. p. NN 22599 2756 7 206 206 CD 22599 2756 8 . . . 22599 2757 1 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2757 2 had have VBD 22599 2757 3 a a DT 22599 2757 4 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 2757 5 - - HYPH 22599 2757 6 century century NN 22599 2757 7 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2757 8 of of IN 22599 2757 9 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2757 10 work work NN 22599 2757 11 , , , 22599 2757 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2757 13 Gerardi Gerardi NNP 22599 2757 14 Cremonensis Cremonensis NNP 22599 2757 15 artis artis NN 22599 2757 16 metrice metrice NN 22599 2757 17 practice practice NN 22599 2757 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2757 19 . . . 22599 2758 1 See see VB 22599 2758 2 also also RB 22599 2758 3 T. T. NNP 22599 2758 4 L. L. NNP 22599 2758 5 Heath Heath NNP 22599 2758 6 , , , 22599 2758 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2758 8 The the DT 22599 2758 9 Thirteen Thirteen NNP 22599 2758 10 Books Books NNPS 22599 2758 11 of of IN 22599 2758 12 Euclid Euclid NNP 22599 2758 13 's 's POS 22599 2758 14 Elements Elements NNPS 22599 2758 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2758 16 , , , 22599 2758 17 3 3 CD 22599 2758 18 vols vol NNS 22599 2758 19 . . . 22599 2758 20 , , , 22599 2758 21 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 22599 2758 22 , , , 22599 2758 23 1908 1908 CD 22599 2758 24 , , , 22599 2758 25 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2758 26 . . . 22599 2759 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2759 2 , , , 22599 2759 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2759 4 . . . 22599 2760 1 92 92 CD 22599 2760 2 - - SYM 22599 2760 3 94 94 CD 22599 2760 4 ; ; : 22599 2760 5 A. a. NN 22599 2761 1 A. A. NNP 22599 2761 2 Björnbo Björnbo NNP 22599 2761 3 , , , 22599 2761 4 " " `` 22599 2761 5 Gerhard Gerhard NNP 22599 2761 6 von von NNP 22599 2761 7 Cremonas Cremonas NNP 22599 2761 8 Übersetzung Übersetzung NNP 22599 2761 9 von von NNP 22599 2761 10 Alkwarizmis Alkwarizmis NNP 22599 2761 11 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 2761 12 und und NN 22599 2761 13 von von NNP 22599 2761 14 Euklids Euklids NNPS 22599 2761 15 Elementen Elementen NNP 22599 2761 16 , , , 22599 2761 17 " " '' 22599 2761 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2761 19 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2761 20 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2761 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2761 22 , , , 22599 2761 23 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2761 24 . . . 22599 2762 1 VI VI NNP 22599 2762 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2762 3 3 3 CD 22599 2762 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2762 5 , , , 22599 2762 6 pp pp NNP 22599 2762 7 . . . 22599 2763 1 239 239 CD 22599 2763 2 - - SYM 22599 2763 3 248 248 CD 22599 2763 4 . . . 22599 2764 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2764 2 506 506 CD 22599 2764 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2764 4 Wallis Wallis NNP 22599 2764 5 , , , 22599 2764 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2764 7 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 2764 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2764 9 , , , 22599 2764 10 1685 1685 CD 22599 2764 11 , , , 22599 2764 12 p. p. NN 22599 2764 13 12 12 CD 22599 2764 14 seq seq NN 22599 2764 15 . . . 22599 2765 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2765 2 507 507 CD 22599 2765 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2765 4 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2765 5 , , , 22599 2765 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2765 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2765 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2765 9 , , , 22599 2765 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2765 11 . . . 22599 2766 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2766 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2766 3 3 3 CD 22599 2766 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2766 5 , , , 22599 2766 6 p. p. NN 22599 2766 7 906 906 CD 22599 2766 8 ; ; : 22599 2766 9 A. a. NN 22599 2767 1 A. A. NNP 22599 2767 2 Björnbo Björnbo NNP 22599 2767 3 , , , 22599 2767 4 " " `` 22599 2767 5 Al Al NNP 22599 2767 6 - - HYPH 22599 2767 7 Chw[=a]rizm[=i Chw[=a]rizm[=i NNP 22599 2767 8 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2767 9 's 's POS 22599 2767 10 trigonometriske trigonometriske NNP 22599 2767 11 Tavler Tavler NNP 22599 2767 12 , , , 22599 2767 13 " " `` 22599 2767 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2767 15 Festskrift Festskrift NNP 22599 2767 16 til til IN 22599 2767 17 H. H. NNP 22599 2767 18 G. G. NNP 22599 2767 19 Zeuthen Zeuthen NNP 22599 2767 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2767 21 , , , 22599 2767 22 Copenhagen Copenhagen NNP 22599 2767 23 , , , 22599 2767 24 1909 1909 CD 22599 2767 25 , , , 22599 2767 26 pp pp NNP 22599 2767 27 . . . 22599 2768 1 1 1 CD 22599 2768 2 - - SYM 22599 2768 3 17 17 CD 22599 2768 4 . . . 22599 2769 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2769 2 508 508 CD 22599 2769 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2769 4 Heath Heath NNP 22599 2769 5 , , , 22599 2769 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2769 7 . . . 22599 2770 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2770 2 . . . 22599 2770 3 , , , 22599 2770 4 pp pp NNP 22599 2770 5 . . . 22599 2771 1 93 93 CD 22599 2771 2 - - SYM 22599 2771 3 96 96 CD 22599 2771 4 . . . 22599 2772 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2772 2 509 509 CD 22599 2772 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2772 4 M. M. NNP 22599 2772 5 Steinschneider Steinschneider NNP 22599 2772 6 , , , 22599 2772 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2772 8 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2772 9 der der VBD 22599 2772 10 deutschen deutschen RB 22599 2772 11 morgenländischen morgenländischen NNP 22599 2772 12 Gesellschaft Gesellschaft NNP 22599 2772 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2772 14 , , , 22599 2772 15 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2772 16 . . . 22599 2773 1 XXV XXV NNP 22599 2773 2 , , , 22599 2773 3 1871 1871 CD 22599 2773 4 , , , 22599 2773 5 p. p. NN 22599 2773 6 104 104 CD 22599 2773 7 , , , 22599 2773 8 and and CC 22599 2773 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2773 10 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2773 11 für für NN 22599 2773 12 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2773 13 und und VBP 22599 2773 14 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2773 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2773 16 , , , 22599 2773 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2773 18 . . . 22599 2774 1 XVI XVI NNP 22599 2774 2 , , , 22599 2774 3 1871 1871 CD 22599 2774 4 , , , 22599 2774 5 pp pp NNP 22599 2774 6 . . . 22599 2775 1 392 392 CD 22599 2775 2 - - SYM 22599 2775 3 393 393 CD 22599 2775 4 ; ; : 22599 2775 5 M. M. NNP 22599 2775 6 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2775 7 , , , 22599 2775 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2775 9 Centralblatt Centralblatt NNP 22599 2775 10 für für NN 22599 2775 11 Bibliothekswesen Bibliothekswesen NNP 22599 2775 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2775 13 , , , 22599 2775 14 1899 1899 CD 22599 2775 15 , , , 22599 2775 16 p. p. NN 22599 2775 17 289 289 CD 22599 2775 18 ; ; : 22599 2775 19 E. E. NNP 22599 2775 20 Wappler Wappler NNP 22599 2775 21 , , , 22599 2775 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2775 23 Zur Zur NNP 22599 2775 24 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2775 25 der der VBD 22599 2775 26 deutschen deutschen NNP 22599 2775 27 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 2775 28 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2775 29 m be VBP 22599 2775 30 15 15 CD 22599 2775 31 . . . 22599 2776 1 Jahrhundert Jahrhundert NNP 22599 2776 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2776 3 , , , 22599 2776 4 Programm Programm NNP 22599 2776 5 , , , 22599 2776 6 Zwickau Zwickau NNP 22599 2776 7 , , , 22599 2776 8 1887 1887 CD 22599 2776 9 ; ; : 22599 2776 10 L. L. NNP 22599 2776 11 C. C. NNP 22599 2776 12 Karpinski Karpinski NNP 22599 2776 13 , , , 22599 2776 14 " " '' 22599 2776 15 Robert Robert NNP 22599 2776 16 of of IN 22599 2776 17 Chester Chester NNP 22599 2776 18 's 's POS 22599 2776 19 Translation translation NN 22599 2776 20 of of IN 22599 2776 21 the the DT 22599 2776 22 Algebra Algebra NNP 22599 2776 23 of of IN 22599 2776 24 Al Al NNP 22599 2776 25 - - HYPH 22599 2776 26 Khow[=a]razm[=i Khow[=a]razm[=i NNP 22599 2776 27 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2776 28 , , , 22599 2776 29 " " `` 22599 2776 30 _ _ NNP 22599 2776 31 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2776 32 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2776 33 _ _ NNP 22599 2776 34 , , , 22599 2776 35 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2776 36 . . . 22599 2777 1 XI XI NNP 22599 2777 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2777 3 3 3 CD 22599 2777 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2777 5 , , , 22599 2777 6 p. p. NN 22599 2777 7 125 125 CD 22599 2777 8 . . . 22599 2778 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2778 2 is be VBZ 22599 2778 3 also also RB 22599 2778 4 known know VBN 22599 2778 5 as as IN 22599 2778 6 Robertus Robertus NNP 22599 2778 7 Retinensis Retinensis NNP 22599 2778 8 , , , 22599 2778 9 or or CC 22599 2778 10 Robert Robert NNP 22599 2778 11 of of IN 22599 2778 12 Reading Reading NNP 22599 2778 13 . . . 22599 2779 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2779 2 510 510 CD 22599 2779 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2779 4 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 2779 5 , , , 22599 2779 6 A. a. NN 22599 2779 7 , , , 22599 2779 8 " " '' 22599 2779 9 Ueber Ueber NNP 22599 2779 10 eine eine NN 22599 2779 11 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 2779 12 - - HYPH 22599 2779 13 Schrift Schrift NNP 22599 2779 14 des des FW 22599 2779 15 XII xii NN 22599 2779 16 . . . 22599 2780 1 Jahrhunderts jahrhundert NNS 22599 2780 2 und und JJ 22599 2780 3 über über NN 22599 2780 4 die die VBP 22599 2780 5 Verbreitung Verbreitung NNP 22599 2780 6 der der NN 22599 2780 7 indisch indisch NNP 22599 2780 8 - - HYPH 22599 2780 9 arabischen arabischen NNP 22599 2780 10 Rechenkunst Rechenkunst NNP 22599 2780 11 und und JJ 22599 2780 12 Zahlzeichen Zahlzeichen NNP 22599 2780 13 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2780 14 m be VBP 22599 2780 15 christl christl NN 22599 2780 16 . . . 22599 2781 1 Abendlande Abendlande NNP 22599 2781 2 , , , 22599 2781 3 " " `` 22599 2781 4 in in IN 22599 2781 5 the the DT 22599 2781 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2781 7 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2781 8 für für NN 22599 2781 9 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2781 10 und und VBP 22599 2781 11 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2781 12 , , , 22599 2781 13 Hist.-lit hist.-lit ADD 22599 2781 14 . . . 22599 2782 1 Abth Abth NNP 22599 2782 2 . . . 22599 2782 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2782 4 , , , 22599 2782 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2782 6 . . . 22599 2783 1 XXXIV XXXIV NNP 22599 2783 2 , , , 22599 2783 3 p. p. NN 22599 2783 4 129 129 CD 22599 2783 5 . . . 22599 2784 1 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2784 2 , , , 22599 2784 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2784 4 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2784 5 zur zur NN 22599 2784 6 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2784 7 der der VBD 22599 2784 8 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2784 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2784 10 , , , 22599 2784 11 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2784 12 . . . 22599 2785 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 2785 2 , , , 22599 2785 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2785 4 . . . 22599 2786 1 1 1 CD 22599 2786 2 - - SYM 22599 2786 3 27 27 CD 22599 2786 4 . . . 22599 2787 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2787 2 511 511 CD 22599 2787 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2787 4 See see VB 22599 2787 5 line line NN 22599 2787 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2787 7 a a DT 22599 2787 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2787 9 in in IN 22599 2787 10 the the DT 22599 2787 11 plate plate NN 22599 2787 12 on on IN 22599 2787 13 p. p. NN 22599 2787 14 143 143 CD 22599 2787 15 . . . 22599 2788 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2788 2 512 512 CD 22599 2788 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2788 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2788 5 Sefer Sefer NNP 22599 2788 6 ha ha NNP 22599 2788 7 - - HYPH 22599 2788 8 Mispar Mispar NNP 22599 2788 9 , , , 22599 2788 10 Das Das NNP 22599 2788 11 Buch Buch NNP 22599 2788 12 der der VBP 22599 2788 13 Zahl Zahl NNP 22599 2788 14 , , , 22599 2788 15 ein ein NNP 22599 2788 16 hebräisch hebräisch NN 22599 2788 17 - - HYPH 22599 2788 18 arithmetisches arithmetische VBZ 22599 2788 19 Werk Werk NNP 22599 2788 20 des des FW 22599 2788 21 R. R. NNP 22599 2788 22 Abraham Abraham NNP 22599 2788 23 ibn ibn NNP 22599 2788 24 Esra Esra NNP 22599 2788 25 _ _ NNP 22599 2788 26 , , , 22599 2788 27 Moritz Moritz NNP 22599 2788 28 Silberberg Silberberg NNP 22599 2788 29 , , , 22599 2788 30 Frankfurt Frankfurt NNP 22599 2788 31 a. a. NN 22599 2788 32 M. M. NNP 22599 2788 33 , , , 22599 2788 34 1895 1895 CD 22599 2788 35 . . . 22599 2789 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2789 2 513 513 CD 22599 2789 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2789 4 Browning brown VBG 22599 2789 5 's 's POS 22599 2789 6 " " `` 22599 2789 7 Rabbi Rabbi NNP 22599 2789 8 ben ben NNP 22599 2789 9 Ezra Ezra NNP 22599 2789 10 . . . 22599 2789 11 " " '' 22599 2790 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2790 2 514 514 CD 22599 2790 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2790 4 " " `` 22599 2790 5 Darum Darum NNP 22599 2790 6 haben haben NN 22599 2790 7 auch auch NN 22599 2790 8 die die VBP 22599 2790 9 Weisen Weisen NNP 22599 2790 10 Indiens Indiens NNP 22599 2790 11 all all DT 22599 2790 12 ihre ihre VBP 22599 2790 13 Zahlen Zahlen NNP 22599 2790 14 durch durch NN 22599 2790 15 neun neun NNS 22599 2790 16 bezeichnet bezeichnet NN 22599 2790 17 und und NN 22599 2790 18 Formen Formen NNP 22599 2790 19 für für NN 22599 2790 20 die die VBP 22599 2790 21 9 9 CD 22599 2790 22 Ziffern Ziffern NNP 22599 2790 23 gebildet gebildet NN 22599 2790 24 . . . 22599 2790 25 " " '' 22599 2791 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2791 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2791 3 Sefer Sefer NNP 22599 2791 4 ha ha NNP 22599 2791 5 - - HYPH 22599 2791 6 Mispar Mispar NNP 22599 2791 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2791 8 , , , 22599 2791 9 loc loc NNP 22599 2791 10 . . . 22599 2792 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2792 2 . . NNP 22599 2792 3 , , , 22599 2792 4 p. p. NN 22599 2793 1 2 2 LS 22599 2793 2 . . . 22599 2793 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2794 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2794 2 515 515 CD 22599 2794 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2794 4 F. F. NNP 22599 2794 5 Bonaini Bonaini NNP 22599 2794 6 , , , 22599 2794 7 " " '' 22599 2794 8 Memoria Memoria NNP 22599 2794 9 unica unica NNP 22599 2794 10 sincrona sincrona NN 22599 2794 11 di di NNP 22599 2794 12 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 2794 13 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP 22599 2794 14 , , , 22599 2794 15 " " '' 22599 2794 16 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 2794 17 , , , 22599 2794 18 1858 1858 CD 22599 2794 19 , , , 22599 2794 20 republished republish VBD 22599 2794 21 in in IN 22599 2794 22 1867 1867 CD 22599 2794 23 , , , 22599 2794 24 and and CC 22599 2794 25 appearing appear VBG 22599 2794 26 in in IN 22599 2794 27 the the DT 22599 2794 28 _ _ NNP 22599 2794 29 Giornale Giornale NNP 22599 2794 30 Arcadico Arcadico NNP 22599 2794 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2794 32 , , , 22599 2794 33 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2794 34 . . . 22599 2795 1 CXCVII CXCVII NNP 22599 2795 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2795 3 N.S. N.S. NNP 22599 2796 1 LII LII NNP 22599 2796 2 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2796 3 ; ; : 22599 2796 4 Gaetano Gaetano NNP 22599 2796 5 Milanesi Milanesi NNP 22599 2796 6 , , , 22599 2796 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2796 8 Documento Documento NNP 22599 2796 9 inedito inedito NNP 22599 2796 10 e e XX 22599 2796 11 sconosciuto sconosciuto NNP 22599 2796 12 a a DT 22599 2796 13 Lionardo Lionardo NNP 22599 2796 14 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP 22599 2796 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2796 16 , , , 22599 2796 17 Roma Roma NNP 22599 2796 18 , , , 22599 2796 19 1867 1867 CD 22599 2796 20 ; ; : 22599 2796 21 Guglielmini Guglielmini NNP 22599 2796 22 , , , 22599 2796 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2796 24 Elogio Elogio NNP 22599 2796 25 di di NNP 22599 2796 26 Lionardo Lionardo NNP 22599 2796 27 Pisano Pisano NNP 22599 2796 28 _ _ NNP 22599 2796 29 , , , 22599 2796 30 Bologna Bologna NNPS 22599 2796 31 , , , 22599 2796 32 1812 1812 CD 22599 2796 33 , , , 22599 2796 34 p. p. NN 22599 2796 35 35 35 CD 22599 2796 36 ; ; : 22599 2796 37 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2796 38 , , , 22599 2796 39 _ _ NNP 22599 2796 40 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2796 41 des des NNP 22599 2796 42 sciences science NNS 22599 2796 43 mathématiques mathématique NNS 22599 2796 44 _ _ NNP 22599 2796 45 , , , 22599 2796 46 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2796 47 . . . 22599 2797 1 II II NNP 22599 2797 2 , , , 22599 2797 3 p. p. NN 22599 2797 4 25 25 CD 22599 2797 5 ; ; : 22599 2797 6 D. D. NNP 22599 2797 7 Martines Martines NNP 22599 2797 8 , , , 22599 2797 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2797 10 Origine Origine NNP 22599 2797 11 e e VBZ 22599 2797 12 progressi progressi NNP 22599 2797 13 dell dell NNP 22599 2797 14 ' ' POS 22599 2797 15 aritmetica aritmetica NNP 22599 2797 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2797 17 , , , 22599 2797 18 Messina Messina NNP 22599 2797 19 , , , 22599 2797 20 1865 1865 CD 22599 2797 21 , , , 22599 2797 22 p. p. NN 22599 2797 23 47 47 CD 22599 2797 24 ; ; : 22599 2797 25 Lucas Lucas NNP 22599 2797 26 , , , 22599 2797 27 in in IN 22599 2797 28 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2797 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2797 30 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2797 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2797 32 , , , 22599 2797 33 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2797 34 . . . 22599 2798 1 X X NNP 22599 2798 2 , , , 22599 2798 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2798 4 . . . 22599 2799 1 129 129 CD 22599 2799 2 , , , 22599 2799 3 239 239 CD 22599 2799 4 ; ; : 22599 2799 5 Besagne Besagne NNP 22599 2799 6 , , , 22599 2799 7 ibid ibid NNP 22599 2799 8 . . . 22599 2799 9 , , , 22599 2799 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2799 11 . . . 22599 2800 1 IX ix NN 22599 2800 2 , , , 22599 2800 3 p. p. NN 22599 2800 4 583 583 CD 22599 2800 5 ; ; : 22599 2800 6 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2800 7 , , , 22599 2800 8 three three CD 22599 2800 9 works work NNS 22599 2800 10 as as IN 22599 2800 11 cited cite VBN 22599 2800 12 in in IN 22599 2800 13 Chap Chap NNP 22599 2800 14 . . . 22599 2801 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2801 2 ; ; : 22599 2801 3 G. G. NNP 22599 2801 4 Eneström Eneström NNP 22599 2801 5 , , , 22599 2801 6 " " '' 22599 2801 7 Ueber Ueber NNP 22599 2801 8 zwei zwei NN 22599 2801 9 angebliche angebliche IN 22599 2801 10 mathematische mathematische NNP 22599 2801 11 Schulen Schulen NNP 22599 2801 12 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2801 13 m be VBP 22599 2801 14 christlichen christlichen NNP 22599 2801 15 Mittelalter Mittelalter NNP 22599 2801 16 , , , 22599 2801 17 " " '' 22599 2801 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2801 19 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2801 20 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2801 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2801 22 , , , 22599 2801 23 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2801 24 . . . 22599 2802 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 2802 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2802 3 3 3 CD 22599 2802 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2802 5 , , , 22599 2802 6 pp pp NNP 22599 2802 7 . . . 22599 2803 1 252 252 CD 22599 2803 2 - - SYM 22599 2803 3 262 262 CD 22599 2803 4 ; ; : 22599 2803 5 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2803 6 , , , 22599 2803 7 " " `` 22599 2803 8 Della Della NNP 22599 2803 9 vita vita NNP 22599 2803 10 e e NNP 22599 2803 11 delle delle NNP 22599 2803 12 opere opere NNP 22599 2803 13 di di NNP 22599 2803 14 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 2803 15 Pisano Pisano NNP 22599 2803 16 , , , 22599 2803 17 " " '' 22599 2803 18 loc loc NN 22599 2803 19 . . . 22599 2804 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2804 2 . . . 22599 2805 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2805 2 516 516 CD 22599 2805 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2805 4 The the DT 22599 2805 5 date date NN 22599 2805 6 is be VBZ 22599 2805 7 purely purely RB 22599 2805 8 conjectural conjectural JJ 22599 2805 9 . . . 22599 2806 1 See see VB 22599 2806 2 the the DT 22599 2806 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2806 4 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2806 5 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2806 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2806 7 , , , 22599 2806 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2806 9 . . . 22599 2807 1 IV IV NNP 22599 2807 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2807 3 3 3 CD 22599 2807 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2807 5 , , , 22599 2807 6 p. p. NN 22599 2807 7 215 215 CD 22599 2807 8 . . . 22599 2808 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2808 2 517 517 CD 22599 2808 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2808 4 An an DT 22599 2808 5 old old JJ 22599 2808 6 chronicle chronicle NN 22599 2808 7 relates relate VBZ 22599 2808 8 that that IN 22599 2808 9 in in IN 22599 2808 10 1063 1063 CD 22599 2808 11 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 2808 12 fought fight VBD 22599 2808 13 a a DT 22599 2808 14 great great JJ 22599 2808 15 battle battle NN 22599 2808 16 with with IN 22599 2808 17 the the DT 22599 2808 18 Saracens Saracens NNP 22599 2808 19 at at IN 22599 2808 20 Palermo Palermo NNP 22599 2808 21 , , , 22599 2808 22 capturing capture VBG 22599 2808 23 six six CD 22599 2808 24 ships ship NNS 22599 2808 25 , , , 22599 2808 26 one one CD 22599 2808 27 being be VBG 22599 2808 28 " " `` 22599 2808 29 full full JJ 22599 2808 30 of of IN 22599 2808 31 wondrous wondrous JJ 22599 2808 32 treasure treasure NN 22599 2808 33 , , , 22599 2808 34 " " '' 22599 2808 35 and and CC 22599 2808 36 this this DT 22599 2808 37 was be VBD 22599 2808 38 devoted devoted JJ 22599 2808 39 to to IN 22599 2808 40 building build VBG 22599 2808 41 the the DT 22599 2808 42 cathedral cathedral NN 22599 2808 43 . . . 22599 2809 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2809 2 518 518 CD 22599 2809 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2809 4 Heyd Heyd NNP 22599 2809 5 , , , 22599 2809 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2809 7 . . . 22599 2810 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2810 2 . . . 22599 2810 3 , , , 22599 2810 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2810 5 . . . 22599 2811 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2811 2 , , , 22599 2811 3 p. p. NN 22599 2811 4 149 149 CD 22599 2811 5 . . . 22599 2812 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2812 2 519 519 CD 22599 2812 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2812 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2812 5 . . . 22599 2812 6 , , , 22599 2812 7 p. p. NN 22599 2812 8 211 211 CD 22599 2812 9 . . . 22599 2813 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2813 2 520 520 CD 22599 2813 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2813 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2814 1 A. A. NNP 22599 2814 2 Symonds Symonds NNP 22599 2814 3 , , , 22599 2814 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2814 5 Renaissance Renaissance NNP 22599 2814 6 in in IN 22599 2814 7 Italy Italy NNP 22599 2814 8 . . . 22599 2815 1 The the DT 22599 2815 2 Age Age NNP 22599 2815 3 of of IN 22599 2815 4 Despots Despots NNPS 22599 2815 5 . . . 22599 2815 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2815 7 New New NNP 22599 2815 8 York York NNP 22599 2815 9 , , , 22599 2815 10 1883 1883 CD 22599 2815 11 , , , 22599 2815 12 p. p. NN 22599 2815 13 62 62 CD 22599 2815 14 . . . 22599 2816 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2816 2 521 521 CD 22599 2816 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2816 4 Symonds symond NNS 22599 2816 5 , , , 22599 2816 6 loc loc NN 22599 2816 7 . . . 22599 2817 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2817 2 . . . 22599 2817 3 , , , 22599 2817 4 p. p. NN 22599 2817 5 79 79 CD 22599 2817 6 . . . 22599 2818 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2818 2 522 522 CD 22599 2818 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2818 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2819 1 A. A. NNP 22599 2819 2 Froude Froude NNP 22599 2819 3 , , , 22599 2819 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2819 5 The the DT 22599 2819 6 Science Science NNP 22599 2819 7 of of IN 22599 2819 8 History History NNP 22599 2819 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2819 10 , , , 22599 2819 11 London London NNP 22599 2819 12 , , , 22599 2819 13 1864 1864 CD 22599 2819 14 . . . 22599 2820 1 " " `` 22599 2820 2 Un Un NNP 22599 2820 3 brevet brevet VBZ 22599 2820 4 d'apothicaire d'apothicaire NNP 22599 2820 5 n'empêcha n'empêcha NNP 22599 2820 6 pas pas NN 22599 2820 7 Dante Dante NNP 22599 2820 8 d'être d'être NNP 22599 2820 9 le le NNP 22599 2820 10 plus plus CC 22599 2820 11 grand grand JJ 22599 2820 12 poète poète NNP 22599 2820 13 de de FW 22599 2820 14 l'Italie l'Italie NNP 22599 2820 15 , , , 22599 2820 16 et et FW 22599 2820 17 ce ce NNP 22599 2820 18 fut fut NNP 22599 2820 19 un un NNP 22599 2820 20 petit petit NNP 22599 2820 21 marchand marchand NNP 22599 2820 22 de de NNP 22599 2820 23 Pise Pise NNP 22599 2820 24 qui qui NNP 22599 2820 25 donna donna NNP 22599 2820 26 l'algèbre l'algèbre NNP 22599 2820 27 aux aux NNP 22599 2820 28 Chrétiens Chrétiens NNP 22599 2820 29 . . . 22599 2820 30 " " '' 22599 2821 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2821 2 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2821 3 , , , 22599 2821 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2821 5 Histoire Histoire NNP 22599 2821 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2821 7 , , , 22599 2821 8 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2821 9 . . . 22599 2822 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2822 2 , , , 22599 2822 3 p. p. NN 22599 2823 1 xvi xvi NNP 22599 2823 2 . . . 22599 2823 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2824 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2824 2 523 523 CD 22599 2824 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2824 4 A a DT 22599 2824 5 document document NN 22599 2824 6 of of IN 22599 2824 7 1226 1226 CD 22599 2824 8 , , , 22599 2824 9 found find VBN 22599 2824 10 and and CC 22599 2824 11 published publish VBN 22599 2824 12 in in IN 22599 2824 13 1858 1858 CD 22599 2824 14 , , , 22599 2824 15 reads read VBZ 22599 2824 16 : : : 22599 2824 17 " " `` 22599 2824 18 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 2824 19 bigollo bigollo VBP 22599 2824 20 quondam quondam NNP 22599 2824 21 Guilielmi Guilielmi NNPS 22599 2824 22 . . . 22599 2824 23 " " '' 22599 2825 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2825 2 524 524 CD 22599 2825 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2825 4 " " `` 22599 2825 5 Bonaccingo Bonaccingo NNP 22599 2825 6 germano germano NNP 22599 2825 7 suo suo NN 22599 2825 8 . . . 22599 2825 9 " " '' 22599 2826 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2826 2 525 525 CD 22599 2826 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2826 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 2827 1 Libri Libri NNP 22599 2827 2 , , , 22599 2827 3 Guglielmini Guglielmini NNP 22599 2827 4 , , , 22599 2827 5 Tiraboschi Tiraboschi NNP 22599 2827 6 . . . 22599 2828 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2828 2 526 526 CD 22599 2828 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2828 4 Latin Latin NNP 22599 2828 5 , , , 22599 2828 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2828 7 Bonaccius Bonaccius NNP 22599 2828 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2828 9 . . . 22599 2829 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2829 2 527 527 CD 22599 2829 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2829 4 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2829 5 and and CC 22599 2829 6 Milanesi Milanesi NNP 22599 2829 7 . . . 22599 2830 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2830 2 528 528 CD 22599 2830 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2830 4 Reprint Reprint NNP 22599 2830 5 , , , 22599 2830 6 p. p. NN 22599 2830 7 5 5 CD 22599 2830 8 . . . 22599 2831 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2831 2 529 529 CD 22599 2831 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2831 4 Whence Whence NNP 22599 2831 5 the the DT 22599 2831 6 French french JJ 22599 2831 7 name name NN 22599 2831 8 for for IN 22599 2831 9 candle candle NN 22599 2831 10 . . . 22599 2832 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2832 2 530 530 CD 22599 2832 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2832 4 Now now RB 22599 2832 5 part part NN 22599 2832 6 of of IN 22599 2832 7 Algiers Algiers NNP 22599 2832 8 . . . 22599 2833 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2833 2 531 531 CD 22599 2833 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2833 4 E. E. NNP 22599 2833 5 Reclus Reclus NNP 22599 2833 6 , , , 22599 2833 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2833 8 Africa Africa NNP 22599 2833 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2833 10 , , , 22599 2833 11 New New NNP 22599 2833 12 York York NNP 22599 2833 13 , , , 22599 2833 14 1893 1893 CD 22599 2833 15 , , , 22599 2833 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2833 17 . . . 22599 2834 1 II II NNP 22599 2834 2 , , , 22599 2834 3 p. p. NN 22599 2834 4 253 253 CD 22599 2834 5 . . . 22599 2835 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2835 2 532 532 CD 22599 2835 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2835 4 " " `` 22599 2835 5 Sed Sed NNP 22599 2835 6 hoc hoc FW 22599 2835 7 totum totum NN 22599 2835 8 et et NNP 22599 2835 9 algorismum algorismum JJ 22599 2835 10 atque atque NNP 22599 2835 11 arcus arcus NNP 22599 2835 12 pictagore pictagore NNP 22599 2835 13 quasi quasi NNP 22599 2835 14 errorem errorem NNP 22599 2835 15 computavi computavi NNP 22599 2835 16 respectu respectu NNP 22599 2835 17 modi modi NNP 22599 2835 18 indorum indorum NNP 22599 2835 19 . . . 22599 2835 20 " " '' 22599 2836 1 Woepcke Woepcke NNP 22599 2836 2 , , , 22599 2836 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2836 4 Propagation Propagation NNP 22599 2836 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2836 6 etc etc FW 22599 2836 7 . . . 22599 2836 8 , , , 22599 2836 9 regards regard VBZ 22599 2836 10 this this DT 22599 2836 11 as as IN 22599 2836 12 referring refer VBG 22599 2836 13 to to IN 22599 2836 14 two two CD 22599 2836 15 different different JJ 22599 2836 16 systems system NNS 22599 2836 17 , , , 22599 2836 18 but but CC 22599 2836 19 the the DT 22599 2836 20 expression expression NN 22599 2836 21 may may MD 22599 2836 22 very very RB 22599 2836 23 well well RB 22599 2836 24 mean mean VB 22599 2836 25 algorism algorism NN 22599 2836 26 as as IN 22599 2836 27 performed perform VBN 22599 2836 28 upon upon IN 22599 2836 29 the the DT 22599 2836 30 Pythagorean Pythagorean NNP 22599 2836 31 arcs arc NNS 22599 2836 32 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2836 33 or or CC 22599 2836 34 table table NN 22599 2836 35 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2836 36 . . . 22599 2837 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2837 2 533 533 CD 22599 2837 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2837 4 " " `` 22599 2837 5 Book Book NNP 22599 2837 6 of of IN 22599 2837 7 the the DT 22599 2837 8 Abacus Abacus NNP 22599 2837 9 , , , 22599 2837 10 " " '' 22599 2837 11 this this DT 22599 2837 12 term term NN 22599 2837 13 then then RB 22599 2837 14 being be VBG 22599 2837 15 used use VBN 22599 2837 16 , , , 22599 2837 17 and and CC 22599 2837 18 long long RB 22599 2837 19 afterwards afterwards RB 22599 2837 20 in in IN 22599 2837 21 Italy Italy NNP 22599 2837 22 , , , 22599 2837 23 to to TO 22599 2837 24 mean mean VB 22599 2837 25 merely merely RB 22599 2837 26 the the DT 22599 2837 27 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2837 28 of of IN 22599 2837 29 computation computation NN 22599 2837 30 . . . 22599 2838 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2838 2 534 534 CD 22599 2838 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2838 4 " " `` 22599 2838 5 Incipit Incipit NNP 22599 2838 6 liber liber NN 22599 2838 7 Abaci Abaci NNP 22599 2838 8 a a DT 22599 2838 9 Leonardo Leonardo NNP 22599 2838 10 filio filio NN 22599 2838 11 Bonacci Bonacci NNP 22599 2838 12 compositus compositus NN 22599 2838 13 anno anno NN 22599 2838 14 1202 1202 CD 22599 2838 15 et et NNP 22599 2838 16 correctus correctus NNP 22599 2838 17 ab ab NNP 22599 2838 18 eodem eodem NNP 22599 2838 19 anno anno NNP 22599 2838 20 1228 1228 CD 22599 2838 21 . . . 22599 2838 22 " " '' 22599 2839 1 Three three CD 22599 2839 2 MSS MSS NNP 22599 2839 3 . . . 22599 2840 1 of of IN 22599 2840 2 the the DT 22599 2840 3 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 2840 4 century century NN 22599 2840 5 are be VBP 22599 2840 6 known know VBN 22599 2840 7 , , , 22599 2840 8 viz viz NN 22599 2840 9 . . . 22599 2841 1 at at IN 22599 2841 2 Milan Milan NNP 22599 2841 3 , , , 22599 2841 4 at at IN 22599 2841 5 Siena Siena NNP 22599 2841 6 , , , 22599 2841 7 and and CC 22599 2841 8 in in IN 22599 2841 9 the the DT 22599 2841 10 Vatican Vatican NNP 22599 2841 11 library library NN 22599 2841 12 . . . 22599 2842 1 The the DT 22599 2842 2 work work NN 22599 2842 3 was be VBD 22599 2842 4 first first RB 22599 2842 5 printed print VBN 22599 2842 6 by by IN 22599 2842 7 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2842 8 in in IN 22599 2842 9 1857 1857 CD 22599 2842 10 . . . 22599 2843 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2843 2 535 535 CD 22599 2843 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2843 4 I.e. i.e. ADD 22599 2844 1 in in IN 22599 2844 2 relation relation NN 22599 2844 3 to to IN 22599 2844 4 the the DT 22599 2844 5 quadrivium quadrivium NN 22599 2844 6 . . . 22599 2845 1 " " `` 22599 2845 2 Non non JJ 22599 2845 3 legant legant NN 22599 2845 4 in in IN 22599 2845 5 festivis festivis NNP 22599 2845 6 diebus diebus NNP 22599 2845 7 , , , 22599 2845 8 nisi nisi NNP 22599 2845 9 Philosophos Philosophos NNP 22599 2845 10 et et NNP 22599 2845 11 rhetoricas rhetoricas NNP 22599 2845 12 et et NNP 22599 2845 13 quadrivalia quadrivalia NNP 22599 2845 14 et et NNP 22599 2845 15 barbarismum barbarismum NNP 22599 2845 16 et et NNP 22599 2845 17 ethicam ethicam NN 22599 2845 18 , , , 22599 2845 19 si si NN 22599 2845 20 placet placet NN 22599 2845 21 . . . 22599 2845 22 " " '' 22599 2846 1 Suter Suter NNP 22599 2846 2 , , , 22599 2846 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2846 4 Die Die NNP 22599 2846 5 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2846 6 auf auf NNP 22599 2846 7 den den NN 22599 2846 8 Universitäten Universitäten NNP 22599 2846 9 des des NNP 22599 2846 10 Mittelalters Mittelalters NNP 22599 2846 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2846 12 , , , 22599 2846 13 Zürich Zürich NNP 22599 2846 14 , , , 22599 2846 15 1887 1887 CD 22599 2846 16 , , , 22599 2846 17 p. p. NN 22599 2846 18 56 56 CD 22599 2846 19 . . . 22599 2847 1 Roger Roger NNP 22599 2847 2 Bacon Bacon NNP 22599 2847 3 gives give VBZ 22599 2847 4 a a DT 22599 2847 5 still still RB 22599 2847 6 more more RBR 22599 2847 7 gloomy gloomy JJ 22599 2847 8 view view NN 22599 2847 9 of of IN 22599 2847 10 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 2847 11 in in IN 22599 2847 12 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2847 13 time time NN 22599 2847 14 in in IN 22599 2847 15 his -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2847 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2847 17 Opus Opus NNP 22599 2847 18 minus minus IN 22599 2847 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2847 20 , , , 22599 2847 21 in in IN 22599 2847 22 the the DT 22599 2847 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2847 24 Rerum Rerum NNP 22599 2847 25 Britannicarum Britannicarum NNP 22599 2847 26 medii medii NN 22599 2847 27 aevi aevi NNP 22599 2847 28 scriptores scriptore NNS 22599 2847 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2847 30 , , , 22599 2847 31 London London NNP 22599 2847 32 , , , 22599 2847 33 1859 1859 CD 22599 2847 34 , , , 22599 2847 35 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2847 36 . . . 22599 2848 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2848 2 , , , 22599 2848 3 p. p. NN 22599 2848 4 327 327 CD 22599 2848 5 . . . 22599 2849 1 For for IN 22599 2849 2 a a DT 22599 2849 3 picture picture NN 22599 2849 4 of of IN 22599 2849 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 22599 2849 6 at at IN 22599 2849 7 this this DT 22599 2849 8 time time NN 22599 2849 9 consult consult NNP 22599 2849 10 F. F. NNP 22599 2849 11 W. W. NNP 22599 2849 12 Newman Newman NNP 22599 2849 13 , , , 22599 2849 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2849 15 The the DT 22599 2849 16 English English NNP 22599 2849 17 Universities Universities NNPS 22599 2849 18 , , , 22599 2849 19 translated translate VBN 22599 2849 20 from from IN 22599 2849 21 the the DT 22599 2849 22 German German NNP 22599 2849 23 of of IN 22599 2849 24 V. V. NNP 22599 2849 25 A. A. NNP 22599 2849 26 Huber Huber NNP 22599 2849 27 _ _ NNP 22599 2849 28 , , , 22599 2849 29 London London NNP 22599 2849 30 , , , 22599 2849 31 1843 1843 CD 22599 2849 32 , , , 22599 2849 33 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2849 34 . . . 22599 2850 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2850 2 , , , 22599 2850 3 p. p. NN 22599 2850 4 61 61 CD 22599 2850 5 ; ; : 22599 2850 6 W. W. NNP 22599 2850 7 W. W. NNP 22599 2850 8 R. R. NNP 22599 2850 9 Ball Ball NNP 22599 2850 10 , , , 22599 2850 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2850 12 History history NN 22599 2850 13 of of IN 22599 2850 14 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 22599 2850 15 at at IN 22599 2850 16 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 22599 2850 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2850 18 , , , 22599 2850 19 1889 1889 CD 22599 2850 20 ; ; : 22599 2850 21 S. S. NNP 22599 2850 22 Günther Günther NNP 22599 2850 23 , , , 22599 2850 24 _ _ NNP 22599 2850 25 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2850 26 des des NNP 22599 2850 27 mathematischen mathematischen NNP 22599 2850 28 Unterrichts Unterrichts NNP 22599 2850 29 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2850 30 m be VBP 22599 2850 31 deutschen deutschen NN 22599 2850 32 Mittelalter Mittelalter NNP 22599 2850 33 bis bi VBD 22599 2850 34 zum zum NN 22599 2850 35 Jahre Jahre NNP 22599 2850 36 1525 1525 CD 22599 2850 37 _ _ NNP 22599 2850 38 , , , 22599 2850 39 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2850 40 , , , 22599 2850 41 1887 1887 CD 22599 2850 42 , , , 22599 2850 43 being be VBG 22599 2850 44 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2850 45 . . . 22599 2851 1 III iii CD 22599 2851 2 of of IN 22599 2851 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2851 4 Monumenta Monumenta NNP 22599 2851 5 Germaniae Germaniae NNP 22599 2851 6 paedagogica paedagogica NNP 22599 2851 7 _ _ XX 22599 2851 8 . . . 22599 2852 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2852 2 536 536 CD 22599 2852 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2852 4 On on IN 22599 2852 5 the the DT 22599 2852 6 commercial commercial JJ 22599 2852 7 activity activity NN 22599 2852 8 of of IN 22599 2852 9 the the DT 22599 2852 10 period period NN 22599 2852 11 , , , 22599 2852 12 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2852 13 is be VBZ 22599 2852 14 known know VBN 22599 2852 15 that that IN 22599 2852 16 bills bill NNS 22599 2852 17 of of IN 22599 2852 18 exchange exchange NN 22599 2852 19 passed pass VBN 22599 2852 20 between between IN 22599 2852 21 Messina Messina NNP 22599 2852 22 and and CC 22599 2852 23 Constantinople Constantinople NNP 22599 2852 24 in in IN 22599 2852 25 1161 1161 CD 22599 2852 26 , , , 22599 2852 27 and and CC 22599 2852 28 that that IN 22599 2852 29 a a DT 22599 2852 30 bank bank NN 22599 2852 31 was be VBD 22599 2852 32 founded found VBN 22599 2852 33 at at IN 22599 2852 34 Venice Venice NNP 22599 2852 35 in in IN 22599 2852 36 1170 1170 CD 22599 2852 37 , , , 22599 2852 38 the the DT 22599 2852 39 Bank Bank NNP 22599 2852 40 of of IN 22599 2852 41 San San NNP 22599 2852 42 Marco Marco NNP 22599 2852 43 being be VBG 22599 2852 44 established establish VBN 22599 2852 45 in in IN 22599 2852 46 the the DT 22599 2852 47 following following JJ 22599 2852 48 year year NN 22599 2852 49 . . . 22599 2853 1 The the DT 22599 2853 2 activity activity NN 22599 2853 3 of of IN 22599 2853 4 Pisa Pisa NNP 22599 2853 5 was be VBD 22599 2853 6 very very RB 22599 2853 7 manifest manif JJS 22599 2853 8 at at IN 22599 2853 9 this this DT 22599 2853 10 time time NN 22599 2853 11 . . . 22599 2854 1 Heyd heyd NN 22599 2854 2 , , , 22599 2854 3 loc loc NN 22599 2854 4 . . . 22599 2855 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2855 2 . . . 22599 2855 3 , , , 22599 2855 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2855 5 . . . 22599 2856 1 II II NNP 22599 2856 2 , , , 22599 2856 3 p. p. NN 22599 2856 4 5 5 CD 22599 2856 5 ; ; : 22599 2856 6 V. V. NNP 22599 2856 7 Casagrandi Casagrandi NNP 22599 2856 8 , , , 22599 2856 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2856 10 Storia Storia NNP 22599 2856 11 e e NNP 22599 2856 12 cronologia cronologia NNP 22599 2856 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2856 14 , , , 22599 2856 15 3d 3d NNP 22599 2856 16 ed ed NNP 22599 2856 17 . . NNP 22599 2856 18 , , , 22599 2856 19 Milan Milan NNP 22599 2856 20 , , , 22599 2856 21 1901 1901 CD 22599 2856 22 , , , 22599 2856 23 p. p. NN 22599 2856 24 56 56 CD 22599 2856 25 . . . 22599 2857 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2857 2 537 537 CD 22599 2857 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2857 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2858 1 A. A. NNP 22599 2858 2 Symonds Symonds NNP 22599 2858 3 , , , 22599 2858 4 loc loc NN 22599 2858 5 . . . 22599 2859 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2859 2 . . . 22599 2859 3 , , , 22599 2859 4 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2859 5 . . . 22599 2860 1 II II NNP 22599 2860 2 , , , 22599 2860 3 p. p. NN 22599 2860 4 127 127 CD 22599 2860 5 . . . 22599 2861 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2861 2 538 538 CD 22599 2861 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2861 4 I. I. NNP 22599 2861 5 Taylor Taylor NNP 22599 2861 6 , , , 22599 2861 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2861 8 The the DT 22599 2861 9 Alphabet Alphabet NNP 22599 2861 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2861 11 , , , 22599 2861 12 London London NNP 22599 2861 13 , , , 22599 2861 14 1883 1883 CD 22599 2861 15 , , , 22599 2861 16 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2861 17 . . . 22599 2862 1 II II NNP 22599 2862 2 , , , 22599 2862 3 p. p. NN 22599 2862 4 263 263 CD 22599 2862 5 . . . 22599 2863 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2863 2 539 539 CD 22599 2863 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2863 4 Cited cite VBN 22599 2863 5 by by IN 22599 2863 6 Unger Unger NNP 22599 2863 7 's 's POS 22599 2863 8 History history NN 22599 2863 9 , , , 22599 2863 10 p. p. NN 22599 2863 11 15 15 CD 22599 2863 12 . . . 22599 2864 1 The the DT 22599 2864 2 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 2864 3 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2864 4 appear appear VBP 22599 2864 5 in in IN 22599 2864 6 a a DT 22599 2864 7 Regensburg Regensburg NNP 22599 2864 8 chronicle chronicle NN 22599 2864 9 of of IN 22599 2864 10 1167 1167 CD 22599 2864 11 and and CC 22599 2864 12 in in IN 22599 2864 13 Silesia Silesia NNP 22599 2864 14 in in IN 22599 2864 15 1340 1340 CD 22599 2864 16 . . . 22599 2865 1 See see VB 22599 2865 2 Schmidt Schmidt NNP 22599 2865 3 's 's POS 22599 2865 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2865 5 Encyclopädie Encyclopädie NNP 22599 2865 6 der der VBP 22599 2865 7 Erziehung Erziehung NNP 22599 2865 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2865 9 , , , 22599 2865 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2865 11 . . . 22599 2866 1 VI VI NNP 22599 2866 2 , , , 22599 2866 3 p. p. NN 22599 2866 4 726 726 CD 22599 2866 5 ; ; : 22599 2866 6 A. A. NNP 22599 2866 7 Kuckuk Kuckuk NNP 22599 2866 8 , , , 22599 2866 9 " " `` 22599 2866 10 Die Die NNP 22599 2866 11 Rechenkunst Rechenkunst NNP 22599 2866 12 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2866 13 m be VBP 22599 2866 14 sechzehnten sechzehnten VBD 22599 2866 15 Jahrhundert Jahrhundert NNP 22599 2866 16 , , , 22599 2866 17 " " `` 22599 2866 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2866 19 Festschrift Festschrift NNP 22599 2866 20 zur zur NNP 22599 2866 21 dritten dritten VBP 22599 2866 22 Säcularfeier Säcularfeier NNP 22599 2866 23 des des NNP 22599 2866 24 Berlinischen Berlinischen NNP 22599 2866 25 Gymnasiums Gymnasiums NNP 22599 2866 26 zum zum NN 22599 2866 27 grauen grauen NNP 22599 2866 28 Kloster Kloster NNP 22599 2866 29 _ _ NNP 22599 2866 30 , , , 22599 2866 31 Berlin Berlin NNP 22599 2866 32 , , , 22599 2866 33 1874 1874 CD 22599 2866 34 , , , 22599 2866 35 p. p. NN 22599 2866 36 4 4 CD 22599 2866 37 . . . 22599 2867 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2867 2 540 540 CD 22599 2867 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2867 4 The the DT 22599 2867 5 text text NN 22599 2867 6 is be VBZ 22599 2867 7 given give VBN 22599 2867 8 in in IN 22599 2867 9 Halliwell Halliwell NNP 22599 2867 10 , , , 22599 2867 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2867 12 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2867 13 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2867 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2867 15 , , , 22599 2867 16 London London NNP 22599 2867 17 , , , 22599 2867 18 1839 1839 CD 22599 2867 19 . . . 22599 2868 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2868 2 541 541 CD 22599 2868 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2868 4 Seven seven CD 22599 2868 5 are be VBP 22599 2868 6 given give VBN 22599 2868 7 in in IN 22599 2868 8 Ashmole Ashmole NNP 22599 2868 9 's 's POS 22599 2868 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2868 11 Catalogue Catalogue NNP 22599 2868 12 of of IN 22599 2868 13 Manuscripts Manuscripts NNPS 22599 2868 14 in in IN 22599 2868 15 the the DT 22599 2868 16 Oxford Oxford NNP 22599 2868 17 Library Library NNP 22599 2868 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2868 19 , , , 22599 2868 20 1845 1845 CD 22599 2868 21 . . . 22599 2869 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2869 2 542 542 CD 22599 2869 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2869 4 Maximilian Maximilian NNP 22599 2869 5 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2869 6 , , , 22599 2869 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2869 8 Petri Petri NNP 22599 2869 9 Philomeni Philomeni NNP 22599 2869 10 de de IN 22599 2869 11 Dacia Dacia NNP 22599 2869 12 in in IN 22599 2869 13 Algorismum Algorismum NNP 22599 2869 14 Vulgarem Vulgarem NNP 22599 2869 15 Johannis Johannis NNP 22599 2869 16 de de NNP 22599 2869 17 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 2869 18 commentarius commentarius NN 22599 2869 19 , , , 22599 2869 20 una una NNP 22599 2869 21 cum cum NNP 22599 2869 22 Algorismo Algorismo NNP 22599 2869 23 ipso ipso NN 22599 2869 24 _ _ NNP 22599 2869 25 , , , 22599 2869 26 Copenhagen Copenhagen NNP 22599 2869 27 , , , 22599 2869 28 1897 1897 CD 22599 2869 29 ; ; : 22599 2869 30 L. L. NNP 22599 2869 31 C. C. NNP 22599 2869 32 Karpinski Karpinski NNP 22599 2869 33 , , , 22599 2869 34 " " `` 22599 2869 35 Jordanus Jordanus NNP 22599 2869 36 Nemorarius Nemorarius NNP 22599 2869 37 and and CC 22599 2869 38 John John NNP 22599 2869 39 of of IN 22599 2869 40 Halifax Halifax NNP 22599 2869 41 , , , 22599 2869 42 " " '' 22599 2869 43 _ _ NNP 22599 2869 44 American American NNP 22599 2869 45 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 22599 2869 46 Monthly Monthly NNP 22599 2869 47 _ _ NNP 22599 2869 48 , , , 22599 2869 49 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2869 50 . . . 22599 2870 1 XVII XVII NNP 22599 2870 2 , , , 22599 2870 3 pp pp NNP 22599 2870 4 . . . 22599 2871 1 108 108 CD 22599 2871 2 - - SYM 22599 2871 3 113 113 CD 22599 2871 4 . . . 22599 2872 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2872 2 543 543 CD 22599 2872 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2872 4 J. J. NNP 22599 2872 5 Aschbach Aschbach NNP 22599 2872 6 , , , 22599 2872 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2872 8 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2872 9 der der VBD 22599 2872 10 Wiener Wiener NNP 22599 2872 11 Universität Universität NNP 22599 2872 12 i -PRON- PRP 22599 2872 13 m be VBP 22599 2872 14 ersten ersten VB 22599 2872 15 Jahrhunderte Jahrhunderte NNP 22599 2872 16 ihres ihre VBZ 22599 2872 17 Bestehens Bestehens NNP 22599 2872 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2872 19 , , , 22599 2872 20 Wien Wien NNP 22599 2872 21 , , , 22599 2872 22 1865 1865 CD 22599 2872 23 , , , 22599 2872 24 p. p. NN 22599 2872 25 93 93 CD 22599 2872 26 . . . 22599 2873 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2873 2 544 544 CD 22599 2873 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2873 4 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2873 5 , , , 22599 2873 6 loc loc NN 22599 2873 7 . . . 22599 2874 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2874 2 . . . 22599 2874 3 , , , 22599 2874 4 gives give VBZ 22599 2874 5 the the DT 22599 2874 6 text text NN 22599 2874 7 . . . 22599 2875 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2875 2 545 545 CD 22599 2875 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2875 4 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2875 5 , , , 22599 2875 6 loc loc NN 22599 2875 7 . . . 22599 2876 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2876 2 . . . 22599 2876 3 , , , 22599 2876 4 found find VBD 22599 2876 5 some some DT 22599 2876 6 forty forty CD 22599 2876 7 - - HYPH 22599 2876 8 five five CD 22599 2876 9 copies copy NNS 22599 2876 10 of of IN 22599 2876 11 the the DT 22599 2876 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2876 13 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 2876 14 _ _ NNP 22599 2876 15 in in IN 22599 2876 16 three three CD 22599 2876 17 libraries library NNS 22599 2876 18 of of IN 22599 2876 19 Munich Munich NNP 22599 2876 20 , , , 22599 2876 21 Venice Venice NNP 22599 2876 22 , , , 22599 2876 23 and and CC 22599 2876 24 Erfurt Erfurt NNP 22599 2876 25 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2876 26 Amploniana Amploniana NNP 22599 2876 27 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2876 28 . . . 22599 2877 1 Examination examination NN 22599 2877 2 of of IN 22599 2877 3 two two CD 22599 2877 4 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 2877 5 from from IN 22599 2877 6 the the DT 22599 2877 7 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 2877 8 collection collection NN 22599 2877 9 and and CC 22599 2877 10 the the DT 22599 2877 11 Columbia Columbia NNP 22599 2877 12 library library NN 22599 2877 13 shows show VBZ 22599 2877 14 such such JJ 22599 2877 15 marked marked JJ 22599 2877 16 divergence divergence NN 22599 2877 17 from from IN 22599 2877 18 each each DT 22599 2877 19 other other JJ 22599 2877 20 and and CC 22599 2877 21 from from IN 22599 2877 22 the the DT 22599 2877 23 text text NN 22599 2877 24 published publish VBN 22599 2877 25 by by IN 22599 2877 26 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2877 27 that that IN 22599 2877 28 the the DT 22599 2877 29 conclusion conclusion NN 22599 2877 30 seems seem VBZ 22599 2877 31 legitimate legitimate JJ 22599 2877 32 that that IN 22599 2877 33 these these DT 22599 2877 34 were be VBD 22599 2877 35 students student NNS 22599 2877 36 ' ' POS 22599 2877 37 lecture lecture NN 22599 2877 38 notes note NNS 22599 2877 39 . . . 22599 2878 1 The the DT 22599 2878 2 shorthand shorthand NN 22599 2878 3 character character NN 22599 2878 4 of of IN 22599 2878 5 the the DT 22599 2878 6 writing write VBG 22599 2878 7 further further RB 22599 2878 8 confirms confirm VBZ 22599 2878 9 this this DT 22599 2878 10 view view NN 22599 2878 11 , , , 22599 2878 12 as as IN 22599 2878 13 it -PRON- PRP 22599 2878 14 shows show VBZ 22599 2878 15 that that IN 22599 2878 16 they -PRON- PRP 22599 2878 17 were be VBD 22599 2878 18 written write VBN 22599 2878 19 largely largely RB 22599 2878 20 for for IN 22599 2878 21 the the DT 22599 2878 22 personal personal JJ 22599 2878 23 use use NN 22599 2878 24 of of IN 22599 2878 25 the the DT 22599 2878 26 writers writer NNS 22599 2878 27 . . . 22599 2879 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2879 2 546 546 CD 22599 2879 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2879 4 " " `` 22599 2879 5 Quidam Quidam NNP 22599 2879 6 philosophus philosophus NN 22599 2879 7 edidit edidit NN 22599 2879 8 nomine nomine NN 22599 2879 9 Algus Algus NNP 22599 2879 10 , , , 22599 2879 11 unde unde JJ 22599 2879 12 et et NNP 22599 2879 13 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 2879 14 nuncupatur nuncupatur NNP 22599 2879 15 . . . 22599 2879 16 " " '' 22599 2880 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2880 2 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2880 3 , , , 22599 2880 4 loc loc NN 22599 2880 5 . . . 22599 2881 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2881 2 . . NNP 22599 2881 3 , , , 22599 2881 4 p. p. NN 22599 2882 1 1 1 LS 22599 2882 2 . . . 22599 2882 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2883 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2883 2 547 547 CD 22599 2883 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2883 4 " " `` 22599 2883 5 Sinistrorsum Sinistrorsum NNP 22599 2883 6 autera autera NN 22599 2883 7 scribimus scribimus NN 22599 2883 8 in in IN 22599 2883 9 hac hac NNP 22599 2883 10 arte arte NNP 22599 2883 11 more more JJR 22599 2883 12 arabico arabico NN 22599 2883 13 sive sive JJ 22599 2883 14 iudaico iudaico NN 22599 2883 15 , , , 22599 2883 16 huius huius NNP 22599 2883 17 scientiae scientiae NNP 22599 2883 18 inventorum inventorum NNP 22599 2883 19 . . . 22599 2883 20 " " '' 22599 2884 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2884 2 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2884 3 , , , 22599 2884 4 loc loc NN 22599 2884 5 . . . 22599 2885 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2885 2 . . NNP 22599 2885 3 , , , 22599 2885 4 p. p. NN 22599 2886 1 7 7 LS 22599 2886 2 . . . 22599 2886 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2887 1 The the DT 22599 2887 2 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 2887 3 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2887 4 omits omit VBZ 22599 2887 5 the the DT 22599 2887 6 words word NNS 22599 2887 7 " " `` 22599 2887 8 sive sive JJ 22599 2887 9 iudaico iudaico NN 22599 2887 10 . . . 22599 2887 11 " " '' 22599 2888 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2888 2 548 548 CD 22599 2888 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2888 4 " " `` 22599 2888 5 Non Non NNP 22599 2888 6 enim enim NN 22599 2888 7 omnis omnis NN 22599 2888 8 numerus numerus NNP 22599 2888 9 per per IN 22599 2888 10 quascumque quascumque NN 22599 2888 11 figuras figura VBZ 22599 2888 12 Indorum Indorum NNP 22599 2888 13 repraesentatur repraesentatur NNP 22599 2888 14 , , , 22599 2888 15 sed se VBD 22599 2888 16 tantum tantum NNP 22599 2888 17 determinatus determinatus NN 22599 2888 18 per per IN 22599 2888 19 determinatam determinatam NNS 22599 2888 20 , , , 22599 2888 21 ut ut UH 22599 2888 22 4 4 CD 22599 2888 23 non non NN 22599 2888 24 per per IN 22599 2888 25 5 5 CD 22599 2888 26 , , , 22599 2888 27 ... ... : 22599 2888 28 " " '' 22599 2888 29 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2888 30 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2888 31 , , , 22599 2888 32 loc loc NN 22599 2888 33 . . . 22599 2889 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2889 2 . . NNP 22599 2889 3 , , , 22599 2889 4 p. p. NN 22599 2890 1 25 25 CD 22599 2890 2 . . . 22599 2890 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2891 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2891 2 549 549 CD 22599 2891 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2891 4 C. C. NNP 22599 2891 5 Henry Henry NNP 22599 2891 6 , , , 22599 2891 7 " " `` 22599 2891 8 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2891 9 les les FW 22599 2891 10 deux deux FW 22599 2891 11 plus plus CC 22599 2891 12 anciens anciens NNP 22599 2891 13 traités traités NNP 22599 2891 14 français français NNP 22599 2891 15 d'algorisme d'algorisme NNP 22599 2891 16 et et NNP 22599 2891 17 de de NNP 22599 2891 18 géométrie géométrie NNP 22599 2891 19 , , , 22599 2891 20 " " '' 22599 2891 21 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2891 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2891 23 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2891 24 _ _ NNP 22599 2891 25 , , , 22599 2891 26 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2891 27 . . . 22599 2892 1 XV XV NNP 22599 2892 2 , , , 22599 2892 3 p. p. NN 22599 2892 4 49 49 CD 22599 2892 5 ; ; : 22599 2892 6 Victor Victor NNP 22599 2892 7 Mortet Mortet NNP 22599 2892 8 , , , 22599 2892 9 " " '' 22599 2892 10 Le Le NNP 22599 2892 11 plus plus CC 22599 2892 12 ancien ancien NNP 22599 2892 13 traité traité NNP 22599 2892 14 français français NNP 22599 2892 15 d'algorisme d'algorisme NNP 22599 2892 16 , , , 22599 2892 17 " " '' 22599 2892 18 loc loc NNP 22599 2892 19 . . . 22599 2893 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2893 2 . . . 22599 2894 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2894 2 550 550 CD 22599 2894 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2894 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2894 5 L'État L'État NNP 22599 2894 6 des des NNP 22599 2894 7 sciences science NNS 22599 2894 8 en en IN 22599 2894 9 France France NNP 22599 2894 10 , , , 22599 2894 11 depute depute JJ 22599 2894 12 la la FW 22599 2894 13 mort mort NN 22599 2894 14 du du NNP 22599 2894 15 Roy Roy NNP 22599 2894 16 Robert Robert NNP 22599 2894 17 , , , 22599 2894 18 arrivée arrivée NN 22599 2894 19 en en NNP 22599 2894 20 1031 1031 CD 22599 2894 21 , , , 22599 2894 22 jusqu'à jusqu'à NNP 22599 2894 23 celle celle NNP 22599 2894 24 de de IN 22599 2894 25 Philippe Philippe NNP 22599 2894 26 le le NNP 22599 2894 27 Bel Bel NNP 22599 2894 28 , , , 22599 2894 29 arrivée arrivée NN 22599 2894 30 en en NN 22599 2894 31 1314 1314 CD 22599 2894 32 _ _ NNP 22599 2894 33 , , , 22599 2894 34 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2894 35 , , , 22599 2894 36 1741 1741 CD 22599 2894 37 . . . 22599 2895 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2895 2 551 551 CD 22599 2895 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2895 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2895 5 Discours Discours NNP 22599 2895 6 sur sur NNP 22599 2895 7 l'état l'état NNP 22599 2895 8 des des NNP 22599 2895 9 lettres lettre NNS 22599 2895 10 en en IN 22599 2895 11 France France NNP 22599 2895 12 au au NNP 22599 2895 13 XIII^e XIII^e NNP 22599 2895 14 siecle siecle NN 22599 2895 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2895 16 , , , 22599 2895 17 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2895 18 , , , 22599 2895 19 1824 1824 CD 22599 2895 20 . . . 22599 2896 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2896 2 552 552 CD 22599 2896 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2896 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2896 5 Aperçu Aperçu NNP 22599 2896 6 historique historique NNP 22599 2896 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2896 8 , , , 22599 2896 9 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2896 10 , , , 22599 2896 11 1876 1876 CD 22599 2896 12 ed ed NNP 22599 2896 13 . . NNP 22599 2896 14 , , , 22599 2896 15 p. p. NN 22599 2896 16 464 464 CD 22599 2896 17 . . . 22599 2897 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2897 2 553 553 CD 22599 2897 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2897 4 Ranulf Ranulf NNP 22599 2897 5 Higden Higden NNP 22599 2897 6 , , , 22599 2897 7 a a DT 22599 2897 8 native native NN 22599 2897 9 of of IN 22599 2897 10 the the DT 22599 2897 11 west west NN 22599 2897 12 of of IN 22599 2897 13 England England NNP 22599 2897 14 , , , 22599 2897 15 entered enter VBD 22599 2897 16 St. St. NNP 22599 2897 17 Werburgh Werburgh NNP 22599 2897 18 's 's POS 22599 2897 19 monastery monastery NN 22599 2897 20 at at IN 22599 2897 21 Chester Chester NNP 22599 2897 22 in in IN 22599 2897 23 1299 1299 CD 22599 2897 24 . . . 22599 2898 1 He -PRON- PRP 22599 2898 2 was be VBD 22599 2898 3 a a DT 22599 2898 4 Benedictine Benedictine NNP 22599 2898 5 monk monk NN 22599 2898 6 and and CC 22599 2898 7 chronicler chronicler NN 22599 2898 8 , , , 22599 2898 9 and and CC 22599 2898 10 died die VBD 22599 2898 11 in in IN 22599 2898 12 1364 1364 CD 22599 2898 13 . . . 22599 2899 1 His -PRON- PRP$ 22599 2899 2 _ _ NNP 22599 2899 3 Polychronicon Polychronicon NNP 22599 2899 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2899 5 , , , 22599 2899 6 a a DT 22599 2899 7 history history NN 22599 2899 8 in in IN 22599 2899 9 seven seven CD 22599 2899 10 books book NNS 22599 2899 11 , , , 22599 2899 12 was be VBD 22599 2899 13 printed print VBN 22599 2899 14 by by IN 22599 2899 15 Caxton Caxton NNP 22599 2899 16 in in IN 22599 2899 17 1480 1480 CD 22599 2899 18 . . . 22599 2900 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2900 2 554 554 CD 22599 2900 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2900 4 Trevisa Trevisa NNP 22599 2900 5 's 's POS 22599 2900 6 translation translation NN 22599 2900 7 , , , 22599 2900 8 Higden Higden NNP 22599 2900 9 having have VBG 22599 2900 10 written write VBN 22599 2900 11 in in IN 22599 2900 12 Latin Latin NNP 22599 2900 13 . . . 22599 2901 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2901 2 555 555 CD 22599 2901 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2901 4 An an DT 22599 2901 5 illustration illustration NN 22599 2901 6 of of IN 22599 2901 7 this this DT 22599 2901 8 feeling feeling NN 22599 2901 9 is be VBZ 22599 2901 10 seen see VBN 22599 2901 11 in in IN 22599 2901 12 the the DT 22599 2901 13 writings writing NNS 22599 2901 14 of of IN 22599 2901 15 Prosdocimo Prosdocimo NNP 22599 2901 16 de de IN 22599 2901 17 ' ' '' 22599 2901 18 Beldomandi Beldomandi NNP 22599 2901 19 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2901 20 b. b. NNP 22599 2901 21 c. c. NNP 22599 2901 22 1370 1370 CD 22599 2901 23 - - SYM 22599 2901 24 1380 1380 CD 22599 2901 25 , , , 22599 2901 26 d. d. NNP 22599 2901 27 1428 1428 CD 22599 2901 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2901 29 : : : 22599 2901 30 " " `` 22599 2901 31 Inveni Inveni NNP 22599 2901 32 in in IN 22599 2901 33 quam quam NNP 22599 2901 34 pluribus pluribus NNP 22599 2901 35 libris libris NNP 22599 2901 36 algorismi algorismi NNP 22599 2901 37 nuncupatis nuncupatis NNP 22599 2901 38 mores mores NNP 22599 2901 39 circa circa NNP 22599 2901 40 numeros numeros NNP 22599 2901 41 operandi operandi NNP 22599 2901 42 satis satis NNP 22599 2901 43 varios varios NNP 22599 2901 44 atque atque NNP 22599 2901 45 diversos diversos NNP 22599 2901 46 , , , 22599 2901 47 qui qui NNP 22599 2901 48 licet licet NNP 22599 2901 49 boni boni NNP 22599 2901 50 existerent existerent NNP 22599 2901 51 atque atque NNP 22599 2901 52 veri veri NNP 22599 2901 53 erant erant NNP 22599 2901 54 , , , 22599 2901 55 tamen tamen NNP 22599 2901 56 fastidiosi fastidiosi NNP 22599 2901 57 , , , 22599 2901 58 tum tum NNP 22599 2901 59 propter propter NNP 22599 2901 60 ipsarum ipsarum NNP 22599 2901 61 regularum regularum NNP 22599 2901 62 multitudinem multitudinem NNP 22599 2901 63 , , , 22599 2901 64 tum tum NNP 22599 2901 65 propter propter NNP 22599 2901 66 earum earum NNP 22599 2901 67 deleationes deleationes NNP 22599 2901 68 , , , 22599 2901 69 tum tum NN 22599 2901 70 etiam etiam NNP 22599 2901 71 propter propter NNP 22599 2901 72 ipsarum ipsarum NNP 22599 2901 73 operationum operationum NNP 22599 2901 74 probationes probationes NNP 22599 2901 75 , , , 22599 2901 76 utrum utrum NNP 22599 2901 77 si si NNP 22599 2901 78 bone bone NN 22599 2901 79 fuerint fuerint NNP 22599 2901 80 vel vel NNP 22599 2901 81 ne ne NNP 22599 2901 82 . . . 22599 2902 1 Erant erant JJ 22599 2902 2 et et NNP 22599 2902 3 etiam etiam NNP 22599 2902 4 isti isti NNP 22599 2902 5 modi modi NNP 22599 2902 6 interim interim NNP 22599 2902 7 fastidiosi fastidiosi NNP 22599 2902 8 , , , 22599 2902 9 quod quod NN 22599 2902 10 si si NNP 22599 2902 11 in in IN 22599 2902 12 aliquo aliquo NNP 22599 2902 13 calculo calculo NN 22599 2902 14 astroloico astroloico NNP 22599 2902 15 error error NN 22599 2902 16 contigisset contigisset NNP 22599 2902 17 , , , 22599 2902 18 calculatorem calculatorem VB 22599 2902 19 operationem operationem NNP 22599 2902 20 suam suam NNP 22599 2902 21 a a DT 22599 2902 22 capite capite NN 22599 2902 23 incipere incipere NN 22599 2902 24 oportebat oportebat NN 22599 2902 25 , , , 22599 2902 26 dato dato NNP 22599 2902 27 quod quod NNP 22599 2902 28 error error NNP 22599 2902 29 suus suus NNP 22599 2902 30 adhuc adhuc NNP 22599 2902 31 satis satis NNP 22599 2902 32 propinquus propinquus NNP 22599 2902 33 existeret existeret NN 22599 2902 34 ; ; : 22599 2902 35 et et NNP 22599 2902 36 hoc hoc FW 22599 2902 37 propter propter NNP 22599 2902 38 figuras figuras NNP 22599 2902 39 in in IN 22599 2902 40 sua sua NNP 22599 2902 41 operatione operatione NNP 22599 2902 42 deletas deleta NNS 22599 2902 43 . . . 22599 2903 1 Indigebat Indigebat NNP 22599 2903 2 etiam etiam NNP 22599 2903 3 calculator calculator NNP 22599 2903 4 semper semper NNP 22599 2903 5 aliquo aliquo NNP 22599 2903 6 lapide lapide NNP 22599 2903 7 vel vel NNP 22599 2903 8 sibi sibi NNP 22599 2903 9 conformi conformi NNP 22599 2903 10 , , , 22599 2903 11 super super RB 22599 2903 12 quo quo NNP 22599 2903 13 scribere scribere NNP 22599 2903 14 atque atque NNP 22599 2903 15 faciliter faciliter NNP 22599 2903 16 delere delere VBD 22599 2903 17 posset posset JJ 22599 2903 18 figuras figuras NNP 22599 2903 19 cum cum NNP 22599 2903 20 quibus quibus NNP 22599 2903 21 operabatur operabatur NNP 22599 2903 22 in in IN 22599 2903 23 calculo calculo JJ 22599 2903 24 suo suo NN 22599 2903 25 . . . 22599 2904 1 Et et NN 22599 2904 2 quia quia NN 22599 2904 3 haec haec VBZ 22599 2904 4 omnia omnia NNP 22599 2904 5 satis satis NNP 22599 2904 6 fastidiosa fastidiosa NNP 22599 2904 7 atque atque NNP 22599 2904 8 laboriosa laboriosa NNP 22599 2904 9 mihi mihi NNP 22599 2904 10 visa visa NNP 22599 2904 11 sunt sunt NNP 22599 2904 12 , , , 22599 2904 13 disposui disposui NNP 22599 2904 14 libellum libellum NNP 22599 2904 15 edere edere NNP 22599 2904 16 in in IN 22599 2904 17 quo quo NNP 22599 2904 18 omnia omnia NNP 22599 2904 19 ista ista NNP 22599 2904 20 abicerentur abicerentur NNP 22599 2904 21 : : : 22599 2904 22 qui qui NNP 22599 2904 23 etiam etiam NNP 22599 2904 24 algorismus algorismus NNP 22599 2904 25 sive sive NNP 22599 2904 26 liber liber NNP 22599 2904 27 de de NNP 22599 2904 28 numeris numeris NNP 22599 2904 29 denominari denominari NNP 22599 2904 30 poterit poterit NNP 22599 2904 31 . . . 22599 2905 1 Scias Scias NNP 22599 2905 2 tamen tamen VBZ 22599 2905 3 quod quod NN 22599 2905 4 in in IN 22599 2905 5 hoc hoc FW 22599 2905 6 libello libello NNP 22599 2905 7 ponere ponere RB 22599 2905 8 non non AFX 22599 2905 9 intendo intendo NNP 22599 2905 10 nisi nisi NNP 22599 2905 11 ea ea NNP 22599 2905 12 quae quae NNP 22599 2905 13 ad ad NNP 22599 2905 14 calculum calculum NNP 22599 2905 15 necessaria necessaria NNP 22599 2905 16 sunt sunt NNP 22599 2905 17 , , , 22599 2905 18 alia alia NNP 22599 2905 19 quae quae VBD 22599 2905 20 in in IN 22599 2905 21 aliis aliis NNP 22599 2905 22 libris libris NNP 22599 2905 23 practice practice NNP 22599 2905 24 arismetrice arismetrice NNP 22599 2905 25 tanguntur tanguntur NNP 22599 2905 26 , , , 22599 2905 27 ad ad NN 22599 2905 28 calculum calculum NN 22599 2905 29 non non NNP 22599 2905 30 necessaria necessaria NNP 22599 2905 31 , , , 22599 2905 32 propter propter NNP 22599 2905 33 brevitatem brevitatem NNP 22599 2905 34 dimitendo dimitendo NNP 22599 2905 35 . . . 22599 2905 36 " " '' 22599 2906 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2906 2 Quoted quote VBN 22599 2906 3 by by IN 22599 2906 4 A. a. NN 22599 2906 5 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 2906 6 , , , 22599 2906 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2906 8 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2906 9 für für NN 22599 2906 10 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2906 11 und und VBP 22599 2906 12 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2906 13 , , , 22599 2906 14 Hist.-lit hist.-lit ADD 22599 2906 15 . . . 22599 2907 1 Abth Abth NNP 22599 2907 2 . . . 22599 2907 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2907 4 , , , 22599 2907 5 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2907 6 . . . 22599 2908 1 XXXIV XXXIV NNP 22599 2908 2 , , , 22599 2908 3 p. p. NN 22599 2908 4 143 143 CD 22599 2908 5 ; ; : 22599 2908 6 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2908 7 , , , 22599 2908 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2908 9 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2908 10 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 2908 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2908 12 , , , 22599 2908 13 p. p. NN 22599 2908 14 14 14 CD 22599 2908 15 , , , 22599 2908 16 in in IN 22599 2908 17 facsimile facsimile NN 22599 2908 18 . . . 22599 2908 19 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2909 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2909 2 556 556 CD 22599 2909 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2909 4 P. P. NNP 22599 2909 5 Ewald Ewald NNP 22599 2909 6 , , , 22599 2909 7 loc loc NNP 22599 2909 8 . . . 22599 2910 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2910 2 . . . 22599 2911 1 ; ; : 22599 2911 2 Franz Franz NNP 22599 2911 3 Steffens Steffens NNP 22599 2911 4 , , , 22599 2911 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2911 6 Lateinische Lateinische NNP 22599 2911 7 Paläographie Paläographie NNP 22599 2911 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2911 9 , , , 22599 2911 10 pp pp NNP 22599 2911 11 . . . 22599 2912 1 xxxix xxxix NN 22599 2912 2 - - HYPH 22599 2912 3 xl xl NNP 22599 2912 4 . . . 22599 2913 1 We -PRON- PRP 22599 2913 2 are be VBP 22599 2913 3 indebted indebted JJ 22599 2913 4 to to IN 22599 2913 5 Professor Professor NNP 22599 2913 6 J. J. NNP 22599 2913 7 M. M. NNP 22599 2913 8 Burnam Burnam NNP 22599 2913 9 for for IN 22599 2913 10 a a DT 22599 2913 11 photograph photograph NN 22599 2913 12 of of IN 22599 2913 13 this this DT 22599 2913 14 rare rare JJ 22599 2913 15 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2913 16 . . . 22599 2914 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2914 2 557 557 CD 22599 2914 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2914 4 See see VB 22599 2914 5 the the DT 22599 2914 6 plate plate NN 22599 2914 7 of of IN 22599 2914 8 forms form NNS 22599 2914 9 on on IN 22599 2914 10 p. p. NN 22599 2914 11 88 88 CD 22599 2914 12 . . . 22599 2915 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2915 2 558 558 CD 22599 2915 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2915 4 Karabacek Karabacek NNP 22599 2915 5 , , , 22599 2915 6 loc loc NNP 22599 2915 7 . . . 22599 2916 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2916 2 . . NNP 22599 2916 3 , , , 22599 2916 4 p. p. NN 22599 2916 5 56 56 CD 22599 2916 6 ; ; : 22599 2916 7 Karpinski Karpinski NNP 22599 2916 8 , , , 22599 2916 9 " " `` 22599 2916 10 Hindu Hindu NNP 22599 2916 11 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 2916 12 in in IN 22599 2916 13 the the DT 22599 2916 14 Fihrist Fihrist NNP 22599 2916 15 , , , 22599 2916 16 " " '' 22599 2916 17 _ _ NNP 22599 2916 18 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2916 19 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2916 20 _ _ NNP 22599 2916 21 , , , 22599 2916 22 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2916 23 . . . 22599 2917 1 XI XI NNP 22599 2917 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2917 3 3 3 CD 22599 2917 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2917 5 , , , 22599 2917 6 p. p. NN 22599 2917 7 121 121 CD 22599 2917 8 . . . 22599 2918 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2918 2 559 559 CD 22599 2918 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2918 4 Woepcke Woepcke VBN 22599 2918 5 , , , 22599 2918 6 " " '' 22599 2918 7 Sur Sur NNP 22599 2918 8 une une NNP 22599 2918 9 donnée donnée VBZ 22599 2918 10 historique historique NNP 22599 2918 11 , , , 22599 2918 12 " " '' 22599 2918 13 etc etc FW 22599 2918 14 . . . 22599 2918 15 , , , 22599 2918 16 loc loc NNP 22599 2918 17 . . . 22599 2919 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2919 2 . . . 22599 2919 3 , , , 22599 2919 4 and and CC 22599 2919 5 " " `` 22599 2919 6 Essai Essai NNP 22599 2919 7 d'une d'une NNP 22599 2919 8 restitution restitution NN 22599 2919 9 de de IN 22599 2919 10 travaux travaux JJ 22599 2919 11 perdus perdus NN 22599 2919 12 d'Apollonius d'Apollonius NNP 22599 2919 13 sur sur FW 22599 2919 14 les les FW 22599 2919 15 quantités quantités NNP 22599 2919 16 irrationnelles irrationnelles NNP 22599 2919 17 , , , 22599 2919 18 d'après d'après FW 22599 2919 19 des des FW 22599 2919 20 indications indication NNS 22599 2919 21 tirées tirées IN 22599 2919 22 d'un d'un NNP 22599 2919 23 manuscrit manuscrit NNP 22599 2919 24 arabe arabe NNP 22599 2919 25 , , , 22599 2919 26 " " `` 22599 2919 27 _ _ NNP 22599 2919 28 Tome Tome NNP 22599 2919 29 XIV XIV NNP 22599 2919 30 des des FW 22599 2919 31 Mémoires Mémoires NNP 22599 2919 32 présentés présentés JJ 22599 2919 33 par par NN 22599 2919 34 divers diver NNS 22599 2919 35 savants savant VBZ 22599 2919 36 à à NNP 22599 2919 37 l'Académie l'Académie NNP 22599 2919 38 des des NNP 22599 2919 39 sciences science NNS 22599 2919 40 _ _ NNP 22599 2919 41 , , , 22599 2919 42 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2919 43 , , , 22599 2919 44 1856 1856 CD 22599 2919 45 , , , 22599 2919 46 note note NN 22599 2919 47 , , , 22599 2919 48 pp pp NNP 22599 2919 49 . . . 22599 2920 1 6 6 CD 22599 2920 2 - - SYM 22599 2920 3 14 14 CD 22599 2920 4 . . . 22599 2921 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2921 2 560 560 CD 22599 2921 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2921 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2921 5 Archeological Archeological NNP 22599 2921 6 Report Report NNP 22599 2921 7 of of IN 22599 2921 8 the the DT 22599 2921 9 Egypt Egypt NNP 22599 2921 10 Exploration Exploration NNP 22599 2921 11 Fund Fund NNP 22599 2921 12 for for IN 22599 2921 13 1908 1908 CD 22599 2921 14 - - SYM 22599 2921 15 1909 1909 CD 22599 2921 16 _ _ NNP 22599 2921 17 , , , 22599 2921 18 London London NNP 22599 2921 19 , , , 22599 2921 20 1910 1910 CD 22599 2921 21 , , , 22599 2921 22 p. p. NN 22599 2921 23 18 18 CD 22599 2921 24 . . . 22599 2922 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2922 2 561 561 CD 22599 2922 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2922 4 There there EX 22599 2922 5 was be VBD 22599 2922 6 a a DT 22599 2922 7 set set NN 22599 2922 8 of of IN 22599 2922 9 astronomical astronomical JJ 22599 2922 10 tables table NNS 22599 2922 11 in in IN 22599 2922 12 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2922 13 's 's POS 22599 2922 14 library library JJ 22599 2922 15 bearing bear VBG 22599 2922 16 this this DT 22599 2922 17 date date NN 22599 2922 18 : : : 22599 2922 19 " " `` 22599 2922 20 Nota Nota NNP 22599 2922 21 quod quod NN 22599 2922 22 anno anno NN 22599 2922 23 d[=n]i d[=n]i : 22599 2922 24 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2922 25 = = SYM 22599 2922 26 n]ri n]ri : 22599 2922 27 ihû ihû NN 22599 2922 28 x[=p]i x[=p]i NNS 22599 2922 29 . . . 22599 2923 1 1264 1264 CD 22599 2923 2 . . . 22599 2924 1 perfecto perfecto NNP 22599 2924 2 . . . 22599 2924 3 " " '' 22599 2925 1 See see VB 22599 2925 2 Narducci Narducci NNP 22599 2925 3 's 's POS 22599 2925 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2925 5 Catalogo Catalogo NNP 22599 2925 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2925 7 , , , 22599 2925 8 p. p. NN 22599 2925 9 130 130 CD 22599 2925 10 . . . 22599 2926 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2926 2 562 562 CD 22599 2926 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2926 4 " " `` 22599 2926 5 On on IN 22599 2926 6 the the DT 22599 2926 7 Early early JJ 22599 2926 8 use use NN 22599 2926 9 of of IN 22599 2926 10 Arabic Arabic NNP 22599 2926 11 Numerals Numerals NNPS 22599 2926 12 in in IN 22599 2926 13 Europe Europe NNP 22599 2926 14 , , , 22599 2926 15 " " `` 22599 2926 16 read read VBD 22599 2926 17 before before IN 22599 2926 18 the the DT 22599 2926 19 Society Society NNP 22599 2926 20 of of IN 22599 2926 21 Antiquaries Antiquaries NNP 22599 2926 22 April April NNP 22599 2926 23 14 14 CD 22599 2926 24 , , , 22599 2926 25 1910 1910 CD 22599 2926 26 , , , 22599 2926 27 and and CC 22599 2926 28 published publish VBN 22599 2926 29 in in IN 22599 2926 30 _ _ NNP 22599 2926 31 Archæologia Archæologia NNP 22599 2926 32 _ _ NNP 22599 2926 33 in in IN 22599 2926 34 the the DT 22599 2926 35 same same JJ 22599 2926 36 year year NN 22599 2926 37 . . . 22599 2927 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2927 2 563 563 CD 22599 2927 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2927 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2927 5 . . . 22599 2927 6 , , , 22599 2927 7 p. p. NN 22599 2927 8 8 8 CD 22599 2927 9 , , , 22599 2927 10 n. n. NN 22599 2927 11 The the DT 22599 2927 12 date date NN 22599 2927 13 is be VBZ 22599 2927 14 part part NN 22599 2927 15 of of IN 22599 2927 16 an an DT 22599 2927 17 Arabic arabic JJ 22599 2927 18 inscription inscription NN 22599 2927 19 . . . 22599 2928 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2928 2 564 564 CD 22599 2928 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2928 4 O. O. NNP 22599 2928 5 Codrington Codrington NNP 22599 2928 6 , , , 22599 2928 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2928 8 A A NNP 22599 2928 9 Manual Manual NNP 22599 2928 10 of of IN 22599 2928 11 Musalman Musalman NNP 22599 2928 12 Numismatics Numismatics NNP 22599 2928 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2928 14 , , , 22599 2928 15 London London NNP 22599 2928 16 , , , 22599 2928 17 1904 1904 CD 22599 2928 18 . . . 22599 2929 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2929 2 565 565 CD 22599 2929 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2929 4 See See NNP 22599 2929 5 Arbuthnot Arbuthnot NNP 22599 2929 6 , , , 22599 2929 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2929 8 The the DT 22599 2929 9 Mysteries Mysteries NNPS 22599 2929 10 of of IN 22599 2929 11 Chronology Chronology NNP 22599 2929 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2929 13 , , , 22599 2929 14 London London NNP 22599 2929 15 , , , 22599 2929 16 1900 1900 CD 22599 2929 17 , , , 22599 2929 18 pp pp NNP 22599 2929 19 . . . 22599 2930 1 75 75 CD 22599 2930 2 , , , 22599 2930 3 78 78 CD 22599 2930 4 , , , 22599 2930 5 98 98 CD 22599 2930 6 ; ; : 22599 2930 7 F. F. NNP 22599 2930 8 Pichler Pichler NNP 22599 2930 9 , , , 22599 2930 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2930 11 Repertorium Repertorium NNP 22599 2930 12 der der NN 22599 2930 13 steierischen steierischen NNP 22599 2930 14 Münzkunde Münzkunde NNP 22599 2930 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2930 16 , , , 22599 2930 17 Grätz Grätz NNP 22599 2930 18 , , , 22599 2930 19 1875 1875 CD 22599 2930 20 , , , 22599 2930 21 where where WRB 22599 2930 22 the the DT 22599 2930 23 claim claim NN 22599 2930 24 is be VBZ 22599 2930 25 made make VBN 22599 2930 26 of of IN 22599 2930 27 an an DT 22599 2930 28 Austrian austrian JJ 22599 2930 29 coin coin NN 22599 2930 30 of of IN 22599 2930 31 1458 1458 CD 22599 2930 32 ; ; : 22599 2930 33 _ _ NNP 22599 2930 34 Bibliotheca Bibliotheca NNP 22599 2930 35 Mathematica Mathematica NNP 22599 2930 36 _ _ NNP 22599 2930 37 , , , 22599 2930 38 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2930 39 . . . 22599 2931 1 X X NNP 22599 2931 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2931 3 2 2 CD 22599 2931 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2931 5 , , , 22599 2931 6 p. p. NN 22599 2931 7 120 120 CD 22599 2931 8 , , , 22599 2931 9 and and CC 22599 2931 10 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2931 11 . . . 22599 2932 1 XII XII NNP 22599 2932 2 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2932 3 2 2 CD 22599 2932 4 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2932 5 , , , 22599 2932 6 p. p. NN 22599 2932 7 120 120 CD 22599 2932 8 . . . 22599 2933 1 There there EX 22599 2933 2 is be VBZ 22599 2933 3 a a DT 22599 2933 4 Brabant brabant JJ 22599 2933 5 piece piece NN 22599 2933 6 of of IN 22599 2933 7 1478 1478 CD 22599 2933 8 in in IN 22599 2933 9 the the DT 22599 2933 10 collection collection NN 22599 2933 11 of of IN 22599 2933 12 D. D. NNP 22599 2933 13 E. E. NNP 22599 2933 14 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2933 15 . . . 22599 2934 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2934 2 566 566 CD 22599 2934 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2934 4 A a DT 22599 2934 5 specimen speciman NNS 22599 2934 6 is be VBZ 22599 2934 7 in in IN 22599 2934 8 the the DT 22599 2934 9 British British NNP 22599 2934 10 Museum Museum NNP 22599 2934 11 . . . 22599 2935 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2935 2 Arbuthnot Arbuthnot NNP 22599 2935 3 , , , 22599 2935 4 p. p. NN 22599 2936 1 79 79 CD 22599 2936 2 . . . 22599 2936 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2937 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2937 2 567 567 CD 22599 2937 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2937 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2937 5 . . . 22599 2937 6 , , , 22599 2937 7 p. p. NN 22599 2937 8 79 79 CD 22599 2937 9 . . . 22599 2938 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2938 2 568 568 CD 22599 2938 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2938 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2938 5 Liber Liber NNP 22599 2938 6 de de IN 22599 2938 7 Remediis Remediis NNP 22599 2938 8 utriusque utriusque JJ 22599 2938 9 fortunae fortunae NN 22599 2938 10 Coloniae Coloniae NNP 22599 2938 11 . . . 22599 2938 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2938 13 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2938 14 569 569 CD 22599 2938 15 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2938 16 Fr Fr NNP 22599 2938 17 . . . 22599 2939 1 Walthern walthern JJ 22599 2939 2 et et NN 22599 2939 3 Hans Hans NNP 22599 2939 4 Hurning Hurning NNP 22599 2939 5 , , , 22599 2939 6 Nördlingen Nördlingen NNP 22599 2939 7 . . . 22599 2940 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2940 2 570 570 CD 22599 2940 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2940 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2940 5 Ars Ars NNP 22599 2940 6 Memorandi Memorandi NNP 22599 2940 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2940 8 , , , 22599 2940 9 one one CD 22599 2940 10 of of IN 22599 2940 11 the the DT 22599 2940 12 oldest old JJS 22599 2940 13 European european JJ 22599 2940 14 block block NN 22599 2940 15 - - HYPH 22599 2940 16 books book NNS 22599 2940 17 . . . 22599 2941 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2941 2 571 571 CD 22599 2941 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2941 4 Eusebius Eusebius NNP 22599 2941 5 Caesariensis Caesariensis NNP 22599 2941 6 , , , 22599 2941 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2941 8 De De NNP 22599 2941 9 praeparatione praeparatione NN 22599 2941 10 evangelica evangelica NNP 22599 2941 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2941 12 , , , 22599 2941 13 Venice Venice NNP 22599 2941 14 , , , 22599 2941 15 Jenson Jenson NNP 22599 2941 16 , , , 22599 2941 17 1470 1470 CD 22599 2941 18 . . . 22599 2942 1 The the DT 22599 2942 2 above above JJ 22599 2942 3 statement statement NN 22599 2942 4 holds hold VBZ 22599 2942 5 for for IN 22599 2942 6 copies copy NNS 22599 2942 7 in in IN 22599 2942 8 the the DT 22599 2942 9 Astor Astor NNP 22599 2942 10 Library Library NNP 22599 2942 11 and and CC 22599 2942 12 in in IN 22599 2942 13 the the DT 22599 2942 14 Harvard Harvard NNP 22599 2942 15 University University NNP 22599 2942 16 Library Library NNP 22599 2942 17 . . . 22599 2943 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2943 2 572 572 CD 22599 2943 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2943 4 Francisco Francisco NNP 22599 2943 5 de de NNP 22599 2943 6 Retza Retza NNP 22599 2943 7 , , , 22599 2943 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2943 9 Comestorium Comestorium NNP 22599 2943 10 vitiorum vitiorum NN 22599 2943 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2943 12 , , , 22599 2943 13 Nürnberg Nürnberg NNP 22599 2943 14 , , , 22599 2943 15 1470 1470 CD 22599 2943 16 . . . 22599 2944 1 The the DT 22599 2944 2 copy copy NN 22599 2944 3 referred refer VBD 22599 2944 4 to to IN 22599 2944 5 is be VBZ 22599 2944 6 in in IN 22599 2944 7 the the DT 22599 2944 8 Astor Astor NNP 22599 2944 9 Library Library NNP 22599 2944 10 . . . 22599 2945 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2945 2 573 573 CD 22599 2945 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2945 4 See See NNP 22599 2945 5 Mauch Mauch NNP 22599 2945 6 , , , 22599 2945 7 " " `` 22599 2945 8 Ueber Ueber NNP 22599 2945 9 den den NN 22599 2945 10 Gebrauch Gebrauch NNP 22599 2945 11 arabischer arabischer NN 22599 2945 12 Ziffern Ziffern NNP 22599 2945 13 und und RB 22599 2945 14 die die VBP 22599 2945 15 Veränderungen Veränderungen NNP 22599 2945 16 derselben derselben NN 22599 2945 17 , , , 22599 2945 18 " " `` 22599 2945 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2945 20 Anzeiger Anzeiger NNP 22599 2945 21 für für NN 22599 2945 22 Kunde Kunde NNP 22599 2945 23 der der NN 22599 2945 24 deutschen deutschen NNP 22599 2945 25 Vorzeit Vorzeit NNP 22599 2945 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2945 27 , , , 22599 2945 28 1861 1861 CD 22599 2945 29 , , , 22599 2945 30 columns column NNS 22599 2945 31 46 46 CD 22599 2945 32 , , , 22599 2945 33 81 81 CD 22599 2945 34 , , , 22599 2945 35 116 116 CD 22599 2945 36 , , , 22599 2945 37 151 151 CD 22599 2945 38 , , , 22599 2945 39 189 189 CD 22599 2945 40 , , , 22599 2945 41 229 229 CD 22599 2945 42 , , , 22599 2945 43 and and CC 22599 2945 44 268 268 CD 22599 2945 45 ; ; : 22599 2945 46 Calmet Calmet NNP 22599 2945 47 , , , 22599 2945 48 _ _ NNP 22599 2945 49 Recherches Recherches NNP 22599 2945 50 sur sur NNP 22599 2945 51 l'origine l'origine NNP 22599 2945 52 des des NNP 22599 2945 53 chiffres chiffres NNP 22599 2945 54 d'arithmétique d'arithmétique NNP 22599 2945 55 _ _ NNP 22599 2945 56 , , , 22599 2945 57 plate plate NN 22599 2945 58 , , , 22599 2945 59 loc loc NN 22599 2945 60 . . . 22599 2946 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2946 2 . . . 22599 2947 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2947 2 574 574 CD 22599 2947 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2947 4 Günther Günther NNP 22599 2947 5 , , , 22599 2947 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2947 7 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2947 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2947 9 , , , 22599 2947 10 p. p. NN 22599 2947 11 175 175 CD 22599 2947 12 , , , 22599 2947 13 n. n. NN 22599 2947 14 ; ; : 22599 2947 15 Mauch Mauch NNP 22599 2947 16 , , , 22599 2947 17 loc loc NNP 22599 2947 18 . . . 22599 2948 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2948 2 . . . 22599 2949 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2949 2 575 575 CD 22599 2949 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2949 4 These these DT 22599 2949 5 are be VBP 22599 2949 6 given give VBN 22599 2949 7 by by IN 22599 2949 8 W. W. NNP 22599 2949 9 R. R. NNP 22599 2949 10 Lethaby Lethaby NNP 22599 2949 11 , , , 22599 2949 12 from from IN 22599 2949 13 drawings drawing NNS 22599 2949 14 by by IN 22599 2949 15 J. J. NNP 22599 2949 16 T. T. NNP 22599 2949 17 Irvine Irvine NNP 22599 2949 18 , , , 22599 2949 19 in in IN 22599 2949 20 the the DT 22599 2949 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2949 22 Proceedings Proceedings NNP 22599 2949 23 of of IN 22599 2949 24 the the DT 22599 2949 25 Society Society NNP 22599 2949 26 of of IN 22599 2949 27 Antiquaries Antiquaries NNP 22599 2949 28 _ _ NNP 22599 2949 29 , , , 22599 2949 30 1906 1906 CD 22599 2949 31 , , , 22599 2949 32 p. p. NN 22599 2949 33 200 200 CD 22599 2949 34 . . . 22599 2950 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2950 2 576 576 CD 22599 2950 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2950 4 There there EX 22599 2950 5 are be VBP 22599 2950 6 some some DT 22599 2950 7 ill ill RB 22599 2950 8 - - HYPH 22599 2950 9 tabulated tabulate VBN 22599 2950 10 forms form NNS 22599 2950 11 to to TO 22599 2950 12 be be VB 22599 2950 13 found find VBN 22599 2950 14 in in IN 22599 2950 15 J. J. NNP 22599 2950 16 Bowring Bowring NNP 22599 2950 17 , , , 22599 2950 18 _ _ NNP 22599 2950 19 The the DT 22599 2950 20 Decimal Decimal NNP 22599 2950 21 System System NNP 22599 2950 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2950 23 , , , 22599 2950 24 London London NNP 22599 2950 25 , , , 22599 2950 26 1854 1854 CD 22599 2950 27 , , , 22599 2950 28 pp pp NNP 22599 2950 29 . . . 22599 2951 1 23 23 CD 22599 2951 2 , , , 22599 2951 3 25 25 CD 22599 2951 4 , , , 22599 2951 5 and and CC 22599 2951 6 in in IN 22599 2951 7 L. L. NNP 22599 2951 8 A. A. NNP 22599 2951 9 Chassant Chassant NNP 22599 2951 10 , , , 22599 2951 11 _ _ NNP 22599 2951 12 Dictionnaire Dictionnaire NNP 22599 2951 13 des des NNP 22599 2951 14 abréviations abréviation NNS 22599 2951 15 latines latine VBZ 22599 2951 16 et et NNP 22599 2951 17 françaises française NNS 22599 2951 18 ... ... . 22599 2951 19 du du NNP 22599 2951 20 moyen moyen NNP 22599 2951 21 âge âge NNP 22599 2951 22 _ _ NNP 22599 2951 23 , , , 22599 2951 24 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2951 25 , , , 22599 2951 26 MDCCCLXVI MDCCCLXVI NNP 22599 2951 27 , , , 22599 2951 28 p. p. NN 22599 2951 29 113 113 CD 22599 2951 30 . . . 22599 2952 1 The the DT 22599 2952 2 best good JJS 22599 2952 3 sources source NNS 22599 2952 4 we -PRON- PRP 22599 2952 5 have have VBP 22599 2952 6 at at IN 22599 2952 7 present present JJ 22599 2952 8 , , , 22599 2952 9 aside aside RB 22599 2952 10 from from IN 22599 2952 11 the the DT 22599 2952 12 Hill Hill NNP 22599 2952 13 monograph monograph NN 22599 2952 14 , , , 22599 2952 15 are be VBP 22599 2952 16 P. P. NNP 22599 2952 17 Treutlein Treutlein NNP 22599 2952 18 , , , 22599 2952 19 _ _ NNP 22599 2952 20 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2952 21 unserer unserer NN 22599 2952 22 Zahlzeichen Zahlzeichen NNP 22599 2952 23 _ _ NNP 22599 2952 24 , , , 22599 2952 25 Karlsruhe Karlsruhe NNP 22599 2952 26 , , , 22599 2952 27 1875 1875 CD 22599 2952 28 ; ; : 22599 2952 29 Cantor Cantor NNP 22599 2952 30 's 's POS 22599 2952 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2952 32 Geschichte Geschichte NNP 22599 2952 33 _ _ NNP 22599 2952 34 , , , 22599 2952 35 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2952 36 . . . 22599 2953 1 I -PRON- PRP 22599 2953 2 , , , 22599 2953 3 table table NN 22599 2953 4 ; ; : 22599 2953 5 M. M. NNP 22599 2953 6 Prou Prou NNP 22599 2953 7 , , , 22599 2953 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2953 9 Manuel Manuel NNP 22599 2953 10 de de NNP 22599 2953 11 paléographie paléographie NNP 22599 2953 12 latine latine NNP 22599 2953 13 et et NNP 22599 2953 14 française française NNP 22599 2953 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2953 16 , , , 22599 2953 17 2d 2d NNP 22599 2953 18 ed ed NNP 22599 2953 19 . . NNP 22599 2953 20 , , , 22599 2953 21 Paris Paris NNP 22599 2953 22 , , , 22599 2953 23 1892 1892 CD 22599 2953 24 , , , 22599 2953 25 p. p. NN 22599 2953 26 164 164 CD 22599 2953 27 ; ; : 22599 2953 28 A. A. NNP 22599 2953 29 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 2953 30 , , , 22599 2953 31 _ _ NNP 22599 2953 32 Dizionario Dizionario NNP 22599 2953 33 di di NNP 22599 2953 34 abbreviature abbreviature VB 22599 2953 35 latine latine NN 22599 2953 36 ed ed NNP 22599 2953 37 italiane italiane NNP 22599 2953 38 _ _ NNP 22599 2953 39 , , , 22599 2953 40 Milan Milan NNP 22599 2953 41 , , , 22599 2953 42 1899 1899 CD 22599 2953 43 . . . 22599 2954 1 An an DT 22599 2954 2 interesting interesting JJ 22599 2954 3 early early JJ 22599 2954 4 source source NN 22599 2954 5 is be VBZ 22599 2954 6 found find VBN 22599 2954 7 in in IN 22599 2954 8 the the DT 22599 2954 9 rare rare JJ 22599 2954 10 Caxton Caxton NNP 22599 2954 11 work work NN 22599 2954 12 of of IN 22599 2954 13 1480 1480 CD 22599 2954 14 , , , 22599 2954 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2954 16 The the DT 22599 2954 17 Myrrour Myrrour NNP 22599 2954 18 of of IN 22599 2954 19 the the DT 22599 2954 20 World World NNP 22599 2954 21 _ _ NNP 22599 2954 22 . . . 22599 2955 1 In in IN 22599 2955 2 Chap Chap NNP 22599 2955 3 . . . 22599 2956 1 X X NNP 22599 2956 2 is be VBZ 22599 2956 3 a a DT 22599 2956 4 cut cut NN 22599 2956 5 with with IN 22599 2956 6 the the DT 22599 2956 7 various various JJ 22599 2956 8 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2956 9 , , , 22599 2956 10 the the DT 22599 2956 11 chapter chapter NN 22599 2956 12 beginning begin VBG 22599 2956 13 " " `` 22599 2956 14 The the DT 22599 2956 15 fourth fourth JJ 22599 2956 16 scyence scyence NN 22599 2956 17 is be VBZ 22599 2956 18 called call VBN 22599 2956 19 arsmetrique arsmetrique NN 22599 2956 20 . . . 22599 2956 21 " " '' 22599 2957 1 Two two CD 22599 2957 2 of of IN 22599 2957 3 the the DT 22599 2957 4 fifteen fifteen JJ 22599 2957 5 extant extant JJ 22599 2957 6 copies copy NNS 22599 2957 7 of of IN 22599 2957 8 this this DT 22599 2957 9 work work NN 22599 2957 10 are be VBP 22599 2957 11 at at IN 22599 2957 12 present present JJ 22599 2957 13 in in IN 22599 2957 14 the the DT 22599 2957 15 library library NN 22599 2957 16 of of IN 22599 2957 17 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 2957 18 J. J. NNP 22599 2957 19 P. P. NNP 22599 2957 20 Morgan Morgan NNP 22599 2957 21 , , , 22599 2957 22 in in IN 22599 2957 23 New New NNP 22599 2957 24 York York NNP 22599 2957 25 . . . 22599 2958 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2958 2 577 577 CD 22599 2958 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2958 4 From from IN 22599 2958 5 the the DT 22599 2958 6 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 2958 7 - - HYPH 22599 2958 8 century century NN 22599 2958 9 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2958 10 on on IN 22599 2958 11 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2958 12 , , , 22599 2958 13 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 2958 14 , , , 22599 2958 15 loc loc NN 22599 2958 16 . . . 22599 2959 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2959 2 . . . 22599 2959 3 , , , 22599 2959 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2959 5 Abhandlungen Abhandlungen NNP 22599 2959 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2959 7 , , , 22599 2959 8 and and CC 22599 2959 9 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 2959 10 , , , 22599 2959 11 loc loc NN 22599 2959 12 . . . 22599 2960 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2960 2 . . . 22599 2961 1 The the DT 22599 2961 2 forms form NNS 22599 2961 3 are be VBP 22599 2961 4 copied copy VBN 22599 2961 5 from from IN 22599 2961 6 Plate Plate NNP 22599 2961 7 VII VII NNP 22599 2961 8 in in IN 22599 2961 9 _ _ NNP 22599 2961 10 Zeitschrift Zeitschrift NNP 22599 2961 11 für für NN 22599 2961 12 Mathematik Mathematik NNP 22599 2961 13 und und VBP 22599 2961 14 Physik Physik NNP 22599 2961 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2961 16 , , , 22599 2961 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2961 18 . . . 22599 2962 1 XXXIV XXXIV NNP 22599 2962 2 . . . 22599 2963 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2963 2 578 578 CD 22599 2963 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2963 4 From from IN 22599 2963 5 the the DT 22599 2963 6 Regensburg Regensburg NNP 22599 2963 7 chronicle chronicle NN 22599 2963 8 . . . 22599 2964 1 Plate plate NN 22599 2964 2 containing contain VBG 22599 2964 3 some some DT 22599 2964 4 of of IN 22599 2964 5 these these DT 22599 2964 6 numerals numeral NNS 22599 2964 7 in in IN 22599 2964 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2964 9 Monumenta Monumenta NNP 22599 2964 10 Germaniae Germaniae NNP 22599 2964 11 historica historica RB 22599 2964 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2964 13 , , , 22599 2964 14 " " `` 22599 2964 15 Scriptores Scriptores NNPS 22599 2964 16 " " '' 22599 2964 17 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2964 18 . . . 22599 2965 1 XVII XVII NNP 22599 2965 2 , , , 22599 2965 3 plate plate NN 22599 2965 4 to to IN 22599 2965 5 p. p. NN 22599 2965 6 184 184 CD 22599 2965 7 ; ; : 22599 2965 8 Wattenbach Wattenbach NNP 22599 2965 9 , , , 22599 2965 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2965 11 Anleitung Anleitung NNP 22599 2965 12 zur zur NNP 22599 2965 13 lateinischen lateinischen NNP 22599 2965 14 Palaeographie Palaeographie NNP 22599 2965 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2965 16 , , , 22599 2965 17 Leipzig Leipzig NNP 22599 2965 18 , , , 22599 2965 19 1886 1886 CD 22599 2965 20 , , , 22599 2965 21 p. p. NN 22599 2965 22 102 102 CD 22599 2965 23 ; ; : 22599 2965 24 Boehmer Boehmer NNP 22599 2965 25 , , , 22599 2965 26 _ _ NNP 22599 2965 27 Fontes Fontes NNP 22599 2965 28 rerum rerum NN 22599 2965 29 Germanicarum Germanicarum NNP 22599 2965 30 _ _ NNP 22599 2965 31 , , , 22599 2965 32 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2965 33 . . . 22599 2966 1 III III NNP 22599 2966 2 , , , 22599 2966 3 Stuttgart Stuttgart NNP 22599 2966 4 , , , 22599 2966 5 1852 1852 CD 22599 2966 6 , , , 22599 2966 7 p. p. NNP 22599 2966 8 lxv lxv NNP 22599 2966 9 . . . 22599 2967 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2967 2 579 579 CD 22599 2967 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2967 4 French French NNP 22599 2967 5 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 2967 6 of of IN 22599 2967 7 1275 1275 CD 22599 2967 8 ; ; : 22599 2967 9 from from IN 22599 2967 10 an an DT 22599 2967 11 unpublished unpublished JJ 22599 2967 12 photograph photograph NN 22599 2967 13 of of IN 22599 2967 14 the the DT 22599 2967 15 original original JJ 22599 2967 16 , , , 22599 2967 17 in in IN 22599 2967 18 the the DT 22599 2967 19 possession possession NN 22599 2967 20 of of IN 22599 2967 21 D. D. NNP 22599 2967 22 E. E. NNP 22599 2967 23 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2967 24 . . . 22599 2968 1 See see VB 22599 2968 2 also also RB 22599 2968 3 p. p. NN 22599 2968 4 135 135 CD 22599 2968 5 . . . 22599 2969 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2969 2 580 580 CD 22599 2969 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2969 4 From from IN 22599 2969 5 a a DT 22599 2969 6 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2969 7 of of IN 22599 2969 8 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 2969 9 c. c. NNP 22599 2969 10 1294 1294 CD 22599 2969 11 , , , 22599 2969 12 in in IN 22599 2969 13 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 2969 14 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 2969 15 's 's POS 22599 2969 16 library library NN 22599 2969 17 . . . 22599 2970 1 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2970 2 , , , 22599 2970 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2970 4 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2970 5 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 2970 6 _ _ NNP 22599 2970 7 , , , 22599 2970 8 Plate Plate NNP 22599 2970 9 I. I. NNP 22599 2971 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2971 2 581 581 CD 22599 2971 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2971 4 Numerals numeral NNS 22599 2971 5 in in IN 22599 2971 6 a a DT 22599 2971 7 1303 1303 CD 22599 2971 8 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2971 9 in in IN 22599 2971 10 Sigmaringen Sigmaringen NNP 22599 2971 11 , , , 22599 2971 12 copied copy VBN 22599 2971 13 from from IN 22599 2971 14 Wattenbach Wattenbach NNP 22599 2971 15 , , , 22599 2971 16 loc loc NNP 22599 2971 17 . . . 22599 2972 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2972 2 . . NNP 22599 2972 3 , , , 22599 2972 4 p. p. NN 22599 2972 5 102 102 CD 22599 2972 6 . . . 22599 2973 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2973 2 582 582 CD 22599 2973 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2973 4 From from IN 22599 2973 5 a a DT 22599 2973 6 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 2973 7 , , , 22599 2973 8 Add Add NNP 22599 2973 9 . . . 22599 2974 1 Manuscript Manuscript NNP 22599 2974 2 27,589 27,589 CD 22599 2974 3 , , , 22599 2974 4 British British NNP 22599 2974 5 Museum Museum NNP 22599 2974 6 , , , 22599 2974 7 1360 1360 CD 22599 2974 8 A.D. A.D. NNP 22599 2975 1 The the DT 22599 2975 2 work work NN 22599 2975 3 is be VBZ 22599 2975 4 a a DT 22599 2975 5 computus computus NN 22599 2975 6 in in IN 22599 2975 7 which which WDT 22599 2975 8 the the DT 22599 2975 9 date date NN 22599 2975 10 1360 1360 CD 22599 2975 11 appears appear VBZ 22599 2975 12 , , , 22599 2975 13 assigned assign VBN 22599 2975 14 in in IN 22599 2975 15 the the DT 22599 2975 16 British British NNP 22599 2975 17 Museum Museum NNP 22599 2975 18 catalogue catalogue NN 22599 2975 19 to to IN 22599 2975 20 the the DT 22599 2975 21 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 2975 22 century century NN 22599 2975 23 . . . 22599 2976 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2976 2 583 583 CD 22599 2976 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2976 4 From from IN 22599 2976 5 the the DT 22599 2976 6 copy copy NN 22599 2976 7 of of IN 22599 2976 8 Sacrabosco Sacrabosco NNP 22599 2976 9 's 's POS 22599 2976 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2976 11 Algorismus Algorismus NNP 22599 2976 12 _ _ NNP 22599 2976 13 in in IN 22599 2976 14 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 2976 15 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 2976 16 's 's POS 22599 2976 17 library library NN 22599 2976 18 . . . 22599 2977 1 Date date NN 22599 2977 2 c. c. NN 22599 2977 3 1442 1442 CD 22599 2977 4 . . . 22599 2978 1 See see VB 22599 2978 2 Smith Smith NNP 22599 2978 3 , , , 22599 2978 4 _ _ NNP 22599 2978 5 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2978 6 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 2978 7 _ _ NNP 22599 2978 8 , , , 22599 2978 9 p. p. NN 22599 2978 10 450 450 CD 22599 2978 11 . . . 22599 2979 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2979 2 584 584 CD 22599 2979 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2979 4 See see VB 22599 2979 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2979 6 Rara Rara NNP 22599 2979 7 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 2979 8 _ _ NNP 22599 2979 9 , , , 22599 2979 10 pp pp NNP 22599 2979 11 . . . 22599 2980 1 446 446 CD 22599 2980 2 - - SYM 22599 2980 3 447 447 CD 22599 2980 4 . . . 22599 2981 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2981 2 585 585 CD 22599 2981 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2981 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2981 5 . . . 22599 2981 6 , , , 22599 2981 7 pp pp NNP 22599 2981 8 . . . 22599 2982 1 469 469 CD 22599 2982 2 - - SYM 22599 2982 3 470 470 CD 22599 2982 4 . . . 22599 2983 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2983 2 586 586 CD 22599 2983 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2983 4 Ibid Ibid NNP 22599 2983 5 . . . 22599 2983 6 , , , 22599 2983 7 pp pp NNP 22599 2983 8 . . . 22599 2984 1 477 477 CD 22599 2984 2 - - SYM 22599 2984 3 478 478 CD 22599 2984 4 . . . 22599 2985 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2985 2 587 587 CD 22599 2985 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2985 4 The the DT 22599 2985 5 i i PRP 22599 2985 6 is be VBZ 22599 2985 7 used use VBN 22599 2985 8 for for IN 22599 2985 9 " " `` 22599 2985 10 one one CD 22599 2985 11 " " '' 22599 2985 12 in in IN 22599 2985 13 the the DT 22599 2985 14 Treviso Treviso NNP 22599 2985 15 arithmetic arithmetic JJ 22599 2985 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2985 17 1478 1478 CD 22599 2985 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2985 19 , , , 22599 2985 20 Clichtoveus Clichtoveus NNP 22599 2985 21 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2985 22 c. c. NNP 22599 2985 23 1507 1507 CD 22599 2985 24 ed ed NNP 22599 2985 25 . . NNP 22599 2985 26 , , , 22599 2985 27 where where WRB 22599 2985 28 both both CC 22599 2985 29 i i PRP 22599 2985 30 and and CC 22599 2985 31 j j NNP 22599 2985 32 are be VBP 22599 2985 33 so so RB 22599 2985 34 used used JJ 22599 2985 35 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2985 36 , , , 22599 2985 37 Chiarini Chiarini NNP 22599 2985 38 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2985 39 1481 1481 CD 22599 2985 40 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2985 41 , , , 22599 2985 42 Sacrobosco Sacrobosco NNP 22599 2985 43 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2985 44 1488 1488 CD 22599 2985 45 ed ed NN 22599 2985 46 . . . 22599 2986 1 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2986 2 , , , 22599 2986 3 and and CC 22599 2986 4 Tzwivel Tzwivel NNP 22599 2986 5 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2986 6 1507 1507 CD 22599 2986 7 ed ed NNP 22599 2986 8 . . NNP 22599 2986 9 , , , 22599 2986 10 where where WRB 22599 2986 11 jj jj NNP 22599 2986 12 and and CC 22599 2986 13 jz jz NNP 22599 2986 14 are be VBP 22599 2986 15 used use VBN 22599 2986 16 for for IN 22599 2986 17 11 11 CD 22599 2986 18 and and CC 22599 2986 19 12 12 CD 22599 2986 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2986 21 . . . 22599 2987 1 This this DT 22599 2987 2 was be VBD 22599 2987 3 not not RB 22599 2987 4 universal universal JJ 22599 2987 5 , , , 22599 2987 6 however however RB 22599 2987 7 , , , 22599 2987 8 for for IN 22599 2987 9 the the DT 22599 2987 10 _ _ NNP 22599 2987 11 Algorithmus Algorithmus NNP 22599 2987 12 linealis linealis NNP 22599 2987 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2987 14 of of IN 22599 2987 15 c. c. NNP 22599 2987 16 1488 1488 CD 22599 2987 17 has have VBZ 22599 2987 18 a a DT 22599 2987 19 special special JJ 22599 2987 20 type type NN 22599 2987 21 for for IN 22599 2987 22 1 1 CD 22599 2987 23 . . . 22599 2988 1 In in IN 22599 2988 2 a a DT 22599 2988 3 student student NN 22599 2988 4 's 's POS 22599 2988 5 notebook notebook NN 22599 2988 6 of of IN 22599 2988 7 lectures lecture NNS 22599 2988 8 taken take VBN 22599 2988 9 at at IN 22599 2988 10 the the DT 22599 2988 11 University University NNP 22599 2988 12 of of IN 22599 2988 13 Würzburg Würzburg NNP 22599 2988 14 in in IN 22599 2988 15 1660 1660 CD 22599 2988 16 , , , 22599 2988 17 in in IN 22599 2988 18 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 2988 19 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 2988 20 's 's POS 22599 2988 21 library library NN 22599 2988 22 , , , 22599 2988 23 the the DT 22599 2988 24 ones one NNS 22599 2988 25 are be VBP 22599 2988 26 all all RB 22599 2988 27 in in IN 22599 2988 28 the the DT 22599 2988 29 form form NN 22599 2988 30 of of IN 22599 2988 31 i. i. NNP 22599 2989 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2989 2 588 588 CD 22599 2989 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2989 4 Thus thus RB 22599 2989 5 the the DT 22599 2989 6 date date NN 22599 2989 7 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2989 8 Numerals Numerals NNP 22599 2989 9 1580 1580 CD 22599 2989 10 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2989 11 , , , 22599 2989 12 for for IN 22599 2989 13 1580 1580 CD 22599 2989 14 , , , 22599 2989 15 appears appear VBZ 22599 2989 16 in in IN 22599 2989 17 a a DT 22599 2989 18 MS MS NNP 22599 2989 19 . . . 22599 2989 20 in in IN 22599 2989 21 the the DT 22599 2989 22 Laurentian laurentian JJ 22599 2989 23 library library NN 22599 2989 24 at at IN 22599 2989 25 Florence Florence NNP 22599 2989 26 . . . 22599 2990 1 The the DT 22599 2990 2 second second JJ 22599 2990 3 and and CC 22599 2990 4 the the DT 22599 2990 5 following follow VBG 22599 2990 6 five five CD 22599 2990 7 characters character NNS 22599 2990 8 are be VBP 22599 2990 9 taken take VBN 22599 2990 10 from from IN 22599 2990 11 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 2990 12 's 's POS 22599 2990 13 _ _ NNP 22599 2990 14 Dizionario Dizionario NNP 22599 2990 15 _ _ NNP 22599 2990 16 , , , 22599 2990 17 p. p. NN 22599 2990 18 380 380 CD 22599 2990 19 , , , 22599 2990 20 and and CC 22599 2990 21 are be VBP 22599 2990 22 from from IN 22599 2990 23 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 2990 24 of of IN 22599 2990 25 the the DT 22599 2990 26 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 2990 27 , , , 22599 2990 28 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 2990 29 , , , 22599 2990 30 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 2990 31 , , , 22599 2990 32 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 2990 33 , , , 22599 2990 34 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 2990 35 , , , 22599 2990 36 and and CC 22599 2990 37 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 22599 2990 38 centuries century NNS 22599 2990 39 , , , 22599 2990 40 respectively respectively RB 22599 2990 41 . . . 22599 2991 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2991 2 589 589 CD 22599 2991 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2991 4 E.g. e.g. CD 22599 2992 1 Chiarini Chiarini NNP 22599 2992 2 's 's POS 22599 2992 3 work work NN 22599 2992 4 of of IN 22599 2992 5 1481 1481 CD 22599 2992 6 ; ; : 22599 2992 7 Clichtoveus Clichtoveus NNP 22599 2992 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 2992 9 c. c. NNP 22599 2992 10 1507 1507 CD 22599 2992 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 2992 12 . . . 22599 2993 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2993 2 590 590 CD 22599 2993 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2993 4 The the DT 22599 2993 5 first first JJ 22599 2993 6 is be VBZ 22599 2993 7 from from IN 22599 2993 8 an an DT 22599 2993 9 algorismus algorismus NN 22599 2993 10 of of IN 22599 2993 11 the the DT 22599 2993 12 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 2993 13 century century NN 22599 2993 14 , , , 22599 2993 15 in in IN 22599 2993 16 the the DT 22599 2993 17 Hannover Hannover NNP 22599 2993 18 Library Library NNP 22599 2993 19 . . . 22599 2994 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2994 2 See See NNP 22599 2994 3 Gerhardt Gerhardt NNP 22599 2994 4 , , , 22599 2994 5 " " '' 22599 2994 6 Ueber Ueber NNP 22599 2994 7 die die NN 22599 2994 8 Entstehung Entstehung NNP 22599 2994 9 und und NN 22599 2994 10 Ausbreitung Ausbreitung NNP 22599 2994 11 des des NNP 22599 2994 12 dekadischen dekadischen NN 22599 2994 13 Zahlensystems Zahlensystems NNP 22599 2994 14 , , , 22599 2994 15 " " '' 22599 2994 16 loc loc NN 22599 2994 17 . . . 22599 2995 1 cit cit NNP 22599 2995 2 . . NNP 22599 2995 3 , , , 22599 2995 4 p. p. NN 22599 2996 1 28 28 CD 22599 2996 2 . . . 22599 2996 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 2997 1 The the DT 22599 2997 2 second second JJ 22599 2997 3 character character NN 22599 2997 4 is be VBZ 22599 2997 5 from from IN 22599 2997 6 a a DT 22599 2997 7 French french JJ 22599 2997 8 algorismus algorismus NN 22599 2997 9 , , , 22599 2997 10 c. c. NNP 22599 2997 11 1275 1275 CD 22599 2997 12 . . . 22599 2998 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 2998 2 Boncompagni Boncompagni NNP 22599 2998 3 _ _ NNP 22599 2998 4 Bulletino Bulletino NNP 22599 2998 5 _ _ NNP 22599 2998 6 , , , 22599 2998 7 Vol Vol NNP 22599 2998 8 . . . 22599 2999 1 XV XV NNP 22599 2999 2 , , , 22599 2999 3 p. p. NN 22599 3000 1 51 51 CD 22599 3000 2 . . . 22599 3000 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3001 1 The the DT 22599 3001 2 third third JJ 22599 3001 3 and and CC 22599 3001 4 the the DT 22599 3001 5 following follow VBG 22599 3001 6 sixteen sixteen CD 22599 3001 7 characters character NNS 22599 3001 8 are be VBP 22599 3001 9 given give VBN 22599 3001 10 by by IN 22599 3001 11 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3001 12 , , , 22599 3001 13 loc loc NNP 22599 3001 14 . . . 22599 3002 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3002 2 . . . 22599 3002 3 , , , 22599 3002 4 and and CC 22599 3002 5 are be VBP 22599 3002 6 from from IN 22599 3002 7 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 3002 8 of of IN 22599 3002 9 the the DT 22599 3002 10 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 3002 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3002 12 1 1 CD 22599 3002 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3002 14 , , , 22599 3002 15 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3002 16 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3002 17 2 2 CD 22599 3002 18 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3002 19 , , , 22599 3002 20 fourteenth fourteenth NNP 22599 3002 21 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3002 22 7 7 CD 22599 3002 23 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3002 24 , , , 22599 3002 25 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3002 26 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3002 27 3 3 CD 22599 3002 28 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3002 29 , , , 22599 3002 30 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 3002 31 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3002 32 1 1 CD 22599 3002 33 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3002 34 , , , 22599 3002 35 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 3002 36 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3002 37 2 2 CD 22599 3002 38 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3002 39 , , , 22599 3002 40 and and CC 22599 3002 41 eighteenth eighteenth NNP 22599 3002 42 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3002 43 1 1 LS 22599 3002 44 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3002 45 centuries century NNS 22599 3002 46 , , , 22599 3002 47 respectively respectively RB 22599 3002 48 . . . 22599 3003 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3003 2 591 591 CD 22599 3003 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3003 4 Thus thus RB 22599 3003 5 Chiarini Chiarini NNP 22599 3003 6 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3003 7 1481 1481 CD 22599 3003 8 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3003 9 has have VBZ 22599 3003 10 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3003 11 Symbol symbol NN 22599 3003 12 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3003 13 for for IN 22599 3003 14 23 23 CD 22599 3003 15 . . . 22599 3004 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3004 2 592 592 CD 22599 3004 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3004 4 The the DT 22599 3004 5 first first JJ 22599 3004 6 of of IN 22599 3004 7 these these DT 22599 3004 8 is be VBZ 22599 3004 9 from from IN 22599 3004 10 a a DT 22599 3004 11 French french JJ 22599 3004 12 algorismus algorismus NN 22599 3004 13 , , , 22599 3004 14 c. c. NNP 22599 3004 15 1275 1275 CD 22599 3004 16 . . . 22599 3005 1 The the DT 22599 3005 2 second second JJ 22599 3005 3 and and CC 22599 3005 4 the the DT 22599 3005 5 following follow VBG 22599 3005 6 eight eight CD 22599 3005 7 characters character NNS 22599 3005 8 are be VBP 22599 3005 9 given give VBN 22599 3005 10 by by IN 22599 3005 11 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3005 12 , , , 22599 3005 13 loc loc NNP 22599 3005 14 . . . 22599 3006 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3006 2 . . . 22599 3006 3 , , , 22599 3006 4 and and CC 22599 3006 5 are be VBP 22599 3006 6 from from IN 22599 3006 7 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 3006 8 of of IN 22599 3006 9 the the DT 22599 3006 10 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 3006 11 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3006 12 2 2 CD 22599 3006 13 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3006 14 , , , 22599 3006 15 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3006 16 , , , 22599 3006 17 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 3006 18 , , , 22599 3006 19 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3006 20 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3006 21 3 3 CD 22599 3006 22 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3006 23 , , , 22599 3006 24 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 3006 25 , , , 22599 3006 26 and and CC 22599 3006 27 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 22599 3006 28 centuries century NNS 22599 3006 29 , , , 22599 3006 30 respectively respectively RB 22599 3006 31 . . . 22599 3007 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3007 2 593 593 CD 22599 3007 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3007 4 See see VB 22599 3007 5 Nagl Nagl NNP 22599 3007 6 , , , 22599 3007 7 loc loc NN 22599 3007 8 . . . 22599 3008 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3008 2 . . . 22599 3009 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3009 2 594 594 CD 22599 3009 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3009 4 Hannover Hannover NNP 22599 3009 5 algorismus algorismus NNP 22599 3009 6 , , , 22599 3009 7 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3009 8 century century NN 22599 3009 9 . . . 22599 3010 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3010 2 595 595 CD 22599 3010 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3010 4 See see VB 22599 3010 5 the the DT 22599 3010 6 Dagomari Dagomari NNP 22599 3010 7 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 3010 8 , , , 22599 3010 9 in in IN 22599 3010 10 _ _ NNP 22599 3010 11 Rara Rara NNP 22599 3010 12 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 3010 13 _ _ NNP 22599 3010 14 , , , 22599 3010 15 pp pp NNP 22599 3010 16 . . . 22599 3011 1 435 435 CD 22599 3011 2 , , , 22599 3011 3 437 437 CD 22599 3011 4 - - SYM 22599 3011 5 440 440 CD 22599 3011 6 . . . 22599 3012 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3012 2 596 596 CD 22599 3012 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3012 4 But but CC 22599 3012 5 in in IN 22599 3012 6 the the DT 22599 3012 7 woodcuts woodcut NNS 22599 3012 8 of of IN 22599 3012 9 the the DT 22599 3012 10 _ _ NNP 22599 3012 11 Margarita Margarita NNP 22599 3012 12 Philosophica Philosophica NNP 22599 3012 13 _ _ NNP 22599 3012 14 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3012 15 1503 1503 CD 22599 3012 16 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3012 17 the the DT 22599 3012 18 old old JJ 22599 3012 19 forms form NNS 22599 3012 20 are be VBP 22599 3012 21 used use VBN 22599 3012 22 , , , 22599 3012 23 although although IN 22599 3012 24 the the DT 22599 3012 25 new new JJ 22599 3012 26 ones one NNS 22599 3012 27 appear appear VBP 22599 3012 28 in in IN 22599 3012 29 the the DT 22599 3012 30 text text NN 22599 3012 31 . . . 22599 3013 1 In in IN 22599 3013 2 Caxton Caxton NNP 22599 3013 3 's 's POS 22599 3013 4 _ _ NNP 22599 3013 5 Myrrour Myrrour NNP 22599 3013 6 of of IN 22599 3013 7 the the DT 22599 3013 8 World World NNP 22599 3013 9 _ _ NNP 22599 3013 10 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3013 11 1480 1480 CD 22599 3013 12 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3013 13 the the DT 22599 3013 14 old old JJ 22599 3013 15 form form NN 22599 3013 16 is be VBZ 22599 3013 17 used use VBN 22599 3013 18 . . . 22599 3014 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3014 2 597 597 CD 22599 3014 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3014 4 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3014 5 , , , 22599 3014 6 loc loc NN 22599 3014 7 . . . 22599 3015 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3015 2 . . . 22599 3016 1 They -PRON- PRP 22599 3016 2 are be VBP 22599 3016 3 partly partly RB 22599 3016 4 from from IN 22599 3016 5 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 3016 6 of of IN 22599 3016 7 the the DT 22599 3016 8 tenth tenth JJ 22599 3016 9 , , , 22599 3016 10 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 3016 11 , , , 22599 3016 12 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3016 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3016 14 3 3 CD 22599 3016 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3016 16 , , , 22599 3016 17 fourteenth fourteenth NNP 22599 3016 18 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3016 19 7 7 CD 22599 3016 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3016 21 , , , 22599 3016 22 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3016 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3016 24 6 6 CD 22599 3016 25 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3016 26 , , , 22599 3016 27 and and CC 22599 3016 28 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 22599 3016 29 centuries century NNS 22599 3016 30 , , , 22599 3016 31 respectively respectively RB 22599 3016 32 . . . 22599 3017 1 Those those DT 22599 3017 2 in in IN 22599 3017 3 the the DT 22599 3017 4 third third JJ 22599 3017 5 line line NN 22599 3017 6 are be VBP 22599 3017 7 from from IN 22599 3017 8 Chassant Chassant NNP 22599 3017 9 's 's POS 22599 3017 10 _ _ NNP 22599 3017 11 Dictionnaire Dictionnaire NNP 22599 3017 12 _ _ NNP 22599 3017 13 , , , 22599 3017 14 p. p. NN 22599 3017 15 113 113 CD 22599 3017 16 , , , 22599 3017 17 without without IN 22599 3017 18 mention mention NN 22599 3017 19 of of IN 22599 3017 20 dates date NNS 22599 3017 21 . . . 22599 3018 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3018 2 598 598 CD 22599 3018 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3018 4 The the DT 22599 3018 5 first first JJ 22599 3018 6 is be VBZ 22599 3018 7 from from IN 22599 3018 8 the the DT 22599 3018 9 Hannover Hannover NNP 22599 3018 10 algorismus algorismus NN 22599 3018 11 , , , 22599 3018 12 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3018 13 century century NN 22599 3018 14 . . . 22599 3019 1 The the DT 22599 3019 2 second second JJ 22599 3019 3 is be VBZ 22599 3019 4 taken take VBN 22599 3019 5 from from IN 22599 3019 6 the the DT 22599 3019 7 Rollandus Rollandus NNP 22599 3019 8 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 3019 9 , , , 22599 3019 10 1424 1424 CD 22599 3019 11 . . . 22599 3020 1 The the DT 22599 3020 2 others other NNS 22599 3020 3 in in IN 22599 3020 4 the the DT 22599 3020 5 first first JJ 22599 3020 6 two two CD 22599 3020 7 lines line NNS 22599 3020 8 are be VBP 22599 3020 9 from from IN 22599 3020 10 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3020 11 , , , 22599 3020 12 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 3020 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3020 14 3 3 CD 22599 3020 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3020 16 , , , 22599 3020 17 fourteenth fourteenth NNP 22599 3020 18 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3020 19 6 6 CD 22599 3020 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3020 21 , , , 22599 3020 22 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3020 23 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3020 24 13 13 CD 22599 3020 25 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3020 26 centuries century NNS 22599 3020 27 , , , 22599 3020 28 respectively respectively RB 22599 3020 29 . . . 22599 3021 1 The the DT 22599 3021 2 third third JJ 22599 3021 3 line line NN 22599 3021 4 is be VBZ 22599 3021 5 from from IN 22599 3021 6 Chassant Chassant NNP 22599 3021 7 , , , 22599 3021 8 loc loc NNP 22599 3021 9 . . . 22599 3022 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3022 2 . . NNP 22599 3022 3 , , , 22599 3022 4 p. p. NN 22599 3022 5 113 113 CD 22599 3022 6 , , , 22599 3022 7 no no DT 22599 3022 8 mention mention NN 22599 3022 9 of of IN 22599 3022 10 dates date NNS 22599 3022 11 . . . 22599 3023 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3023 2 599 599 CD 22599 3023 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3023 4 The the DT 22599 3023 5 first first JJ 22599 3023 6 of of IN 22599 3023 7 these these DT 22599 3023 8 forms form NNS 22599 3023 9 is be VBZ 22599 3023 10 from from IN 22599 3023 11 the the DT 22599 3023 12 Hannover Hannover NNP 22599 3023 13 algorismus algorismus NN 22599 3023 14 , , , 22599 3023 15 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3023 16 century century NN 22599 3023 17 . . . 22599 3024 1 The the DT 22599 3024 2 following follow VBG 22599 3024 3 are be VBP 22599 3024 4 from from IN 22599 3024 5 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3024 6 , , , 22599 3024 7 fourteenth fourteenth NNP 22599 3024 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3024 9 3 3 CD 22599 3024 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3024 11 , , , 22599 3024 12 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3024 13 , , , 22599 3024 14 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 3024 15 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3024 16 2 2 CD 22599 3024 17 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3024 18 , , , 22599 3024 19 and and CC 22599 3024 20 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 22599 3024 21 centuries century NNS 22599 3024 22 , , , 22599 3024 23 respectively respectively RB 22599 3024 24 . . . 22599 3025 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3025 2 600 600 CD 22599 3025 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3025 4 The the DT 22599 3025 5 first first JJ 22599 3025 6 of of IN 22599 3025 7 these these DT 22599 3025 8 is be VBZ 22599 3025 9 taken take VBN 22599 3025 10 from from IN 22599 3025 11 the the DT 22599 3025 12 Hannover Hannover NNP 22599 3025 13 algorismus algorismus NN 22599 3025 14 , , , 22599 3025 15 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3025 16 century century NN 22599 3025 17 . . . 22599 3026 1 The the DT 22599 3026 2 following follow VBG 22599 3026 3 forms form NNS 22599 3026 4 are be VBP 22599 3026 5 from from IN 22599 3026 6 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3026 7 , , , 22599 3026 8 twelfth twelfth JJ 22599 3026 9 , , , 22599 3026 10 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3026 11 , , , 22599 3026 12 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 3026 13 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3026 14 5 5 CD 22599 3026 15 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3026 16 , , , 22599 3026 17 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3026 18 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3026 19 2 2 CD 22599 3026 20 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3026 21 , , , 22599 3026 22 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 3026 23 , , , 22599 3026 24 and and CC 22599 3026 25 eighteenth eighteenth JJ 22599 3026 26 centuries century NNS 22599 3026 27 , , , 22599 3026 28 respectively respectively RB 22599 3026 29 . . . 22599 3027 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3027 2 601 601 CD 22599 3027 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3027 4 All all DT 22599 3027 5 of of IN 22599 3027 6 these these DT 22599 3027 7 are be VBP 22599 3027 8 given give VBN 22599 3027 9 by by IN 22599 3027 10 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3027 11 , , , 22599 3027 12 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3027 13 , , , 22599 3027 14 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 3027 15 , , , 22599 3027 16 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3027 17 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3027 18 2 2 CD 22599 3027 19 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3027 20 , , , 22599 3027 21 and and CC 22599 3027 22 sixteenth sixteenth JJ 22599 3027 23 centuries century NNS 22599 3027 24 , , , 22599 3027 25 respectively respectively RB 22599 3027 26 . . . 22599 3028 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3028 2 602 602 CD 22599 3028 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3028 4 Smith Smith NNP 22599 3028 5 , , , 22599 3028 6 _ _ NNP 22599 3028 7 Rara Rara NNP 22599 3028 8 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 3028 9 _ _ NNP 22599 3028 10 , , , 22599 3028 11 p. p. NN 22599 3028 12 489 489 CD 22599 3028 13 . . . 22599 3029 1 This this DT 22599 3029 2 is be VBZ 22599 3029 3 also also RB 22599 3029 4 seen see VBN 22599 3029 5 in in IN 22599 3029 6 several several JJ 22599 3029 7 of of IN 22599 3029 8 the the DT 22599 3029 9 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 3029 10 manuscripts manuscript NNS 22599 3029 11 , , , 22599 3029 12 as as IN 22599 3029 13 in in IN 22599 3029 14 one one CD 22599 3029 15 written write VBN 22599 3029 16 at at IN 22599 3029 17 Ancona Ancona NNP 22599 3029 18 in in IN 22599 3029 19 1684 1684 CD 22599 3029 20 . . . 22599 3030 1 See see VB 22599 3030 2 also also RB 22599 3030 3 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3030 4 , , , 22599 3030 5 loc loc NNP 22599 3030 6 . . . 22599 3031 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3031 2 . . . 22599 3032 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3032 2 603 603 CD 22599 3032 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3032 4 French french JJ 22599 3032 5 algorismus algorismus NN 22599 3032 6 , , , 22599 3032 7 c. c. NNP 22599 3032 8 1275 1275 CD 22599 3032 9 , , , 22599 3032 10 for for IN 22599 3032 11 the the DT 22599 3032 12 first first JJ 22599 3032 13 of of IN 22599 3032 14 these these DT 22599 3032 15 forms form NNS 22599 3032 16 . . . 22599 3033 1 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3033 2 , , , 22599 3033 3 thirteenth thirteenth JJ 22599 3033 4 , , , 22599 3033 5 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 3033 6 , , , 22599 3033 7 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3033 8 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3033 9 3 3 CD 22599 3033 10 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3033 11 , , , 22599 3033 12 and and CC 22599 3033 13 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 3033 14 centuries century NNS 22599 3033 15 , , , 22599 3033 16 respectively respectively RB 22599 3033 17 . . . 22599 3034 1 The the DT 22599 3034 2 last last JJ 22599 3034 3 three three CD 22599 3034 4 are be VBP 22599 3034 5 taken take VBN 22599 3034 6 from from IN 22599 3034 7 _ _ NNP 22599 3034 8 Byzantinische Byzantinische NNP 22599 3034 9 Analekten Analekten NNP 22599 3034 10 _ _ NNP 22599 3034 11 , , , 22599 3034 12 J. J. NNP 22599 3034 13 L. L. NNP 22599 3034 14 Heiberg Heiberg NNP 22599 3034 15 , , , 22599 3034 16 being be VBG 22599 3034 17 forms form NNS 22599 3034 18 of of IN 22599 3034 19 the the DT 22599 3034 20 fifteenth fifteenth JJ 22599 3034 21 century century NN 22599 3034 22 , , , 22599 3034 23 but but CC 22599 3034 24 not not RB 22599 3034 25 at at RB 22599 3034 26 all all RB 22599 3034 27 common common JJ 22599 3034 28 . . . 22599 3035 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3035 2 Symbol symbol NN 22599 3035 3 : : : 22599 3035 4 Qoppa Qoppa NNP 22599 3035 5 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3035 6 was be VBD 22599 3035 7 the the DT 22599 3035 8 old old JJ 22599 3035 9 Greek greek JJ 22599 3035 10 symbol symbol NN 22599 3035 11 for for IN 22599 3035 12 90 90 CD 22599 3035 13 . . . 22599 3036 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3036 2 604 604 CD 22599 3036 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3036 4 For for IN 22599 3036 5 the the DT 22599 3036 6 first first JJ 22599 3036 7 of of IN 22599 3036 8 these these DT 22599 3036 9 the the DT 22599 3036 10 reader reader NN 22599 3036 11 is be VBZ 22599 3036 12 referred refer VBN 22599 3036 13 to to IN 22599 3036 14 the the DT 22599 3036 15 forms form NNS 22599 3036 16 ascribed ascribe VBN 22599 3036 17 to to IN 22599 3036 18 Boethius Boethius NNP 22599 3036 19 , , , 22599 3036 20 in in IN 22599 3036 21 the the DT 22599 3036 22 illustration illustration NN 22599 3036 23 on on IN 22599 3036 24 p. p. NN 22599 3036 25 88 88 CD 22599 3036 26 ; ; : 22599 3036 27 for for IN 22599 3036 28 the the DT 22599 3036 29 second second JJ 22599 3036 30 , , , 22599 3036 31 to to IN 22599 3036 32 Radulph Radulph NNP 22599 3036 33 of of IN 22599 3036 34 Laon Laon NNP 22599 3036 35 , , , 22599 3036 36 see see VB 22599 3036 37 p. p. NN 22599 3036 38 60 60 CD 22599 3036 39 . . . 22599 3037 1 The the DT 22599 3037 2 third third JJ 22599 3037 3 is be VBZ 22599 3037 4 used use VBN 22599 3037 5 occasionally occasionally RB 22599 3037 6 in in IN 22599 3037 7 the the DT 22599 3037 8 Rollandus Rollandus NNP 22599 3037 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3037 10 1424 1424 CD 22599 3037 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3037 12 manuscript manuscript NN 22599 3037 13 , , , 22599 3037 14 in in IN 22599 3037 15 Mr. Mr. NNP 22599 3037 16 Plimpton Plimpton NNP 22599 3037 17 's 's POS 22599 3037 18 library library NN 22599 3037 19 . . . 22599 3038 1 The the DT 22599 3038 2 remaining remain VBG 22599 3038 3 three three CD 22599 3038 4 are be VBP 22599 3038 5 from from IN 22599 3038 6 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3038 7 , , , 22599 3038 8 fourteenth fourteenth JJ 22599 3038 9 ( ( -LRB- 22599 3038 10 2 2 CD 22599 3038 11 ) ) -RRB- 22599 3038 12 and and CC 22599 3038 13 seventeenth seventeenth JJ 22599 3038 14 centuries century NNS 22599 3038 15 . . . 22599 3039 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3039 2 605 605 CD 22599 3039 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3039 4 Smith Smith NNP 22599 3039 5 , , , 22599 3039 6 _ _ NNP 22599 3039 7 An an DT 22599 3039 8 Early early JJ 22599 3039 9 English English NNP 22599 3039 10 Algorism Algorism NNP 22599 3039 11 _ _ NNP 22599 3039 12 . . . 22599 3040 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3040 2 606 606 CD 22599 3040 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3040 4 Kuckuck Kuckuck NNP 22599 3040 5 , , , 22599 3040 6 p. p. NN 22599 3040 7 5 5 CD 22599 3040 8 . . . 22599 3041 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3041 2 607 607 CD 22599 3041 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3041 4 A. a. NN 22599 3041 5 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3041 6 , , , 22599 3041 7 loc loc NNP 22599 3041 8 . . . 22599 3042 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3042 2 . . . 22599 3042 3 , , , 22599 3042 4 p. p. NN 22599 3042 5 372 372 CD 22599 3042 6 . . . 22599 3043 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3043 2 608 608 CD 22599 3043 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3043 4 Smith Smith NNP 22599 3043 5 , , , 22599 3043 6 _ _ NNP 22599 3043 7 Rara Rara NNP 22599 3043 8 Arithmetica Arithmetica NNP 22599 3043 9 _ _ NNP 22599 3043 10 , , , 22599 3043 11 p. p. NN 22599 3043 12 443 443 CD 22599 3043 13 . . . 22599 3044 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3044 2 609 609 CD 22599 3044 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3044 4 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 3044 5 , , , 22599 3044 6 _ _ NNP 22599 3044 7 Petri Petri NNP 22599 3044 8 Philomeni Philomeni NNP 22599 3044 9 de de IN 22599 3044 10 Dacia Dacia NNP 22599 3044 11 _ _ NNP 22599 3044 12 etc etc FW 22599 3044 13 . . . 22599 3044 14 , , , 22599 3044 15 p. p. NN 22599 3044 16 IX IX NNP 22599 3044 17 . . . 22599 3045 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3045 2 610 610 CD 22599 3045 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3045 4 Cappelli Cappelli NNP 22599 3045 5 , , , 22599 3045 6 loc loc NN 22599 3045 7 . . . 22599 3046 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3046 2 . . NNP 22599 3046 3 , , , 22599 3046 4 p. p. NN 22599 3046 5 376 376 CD 22599 3046 6 . . . 22599 3047 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3047 2 611 611 CD 22599 3047 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3047 4 Curtze Curtze NNP 22599 3047 5 , , , 22599 3047 6 loc loc NN 22599 3047 7 . . . 22599 3048 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3048 2 . . . 22599 3048 3 , , , 22599 3048 4 pp pp NNP 22599 3048 5 . . . 22599 3049 1 VIII VIII NNP 22599 3049 2 - - HYPH 22599 3049 3 IX IX NNP 22599 3049 4 , , , 22599 3049 5 note note NN 22599 3049 6 . . . 22599 3050 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3050 2 612 612 CD 22599 3050 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3050 4 Edition Edition NNP 22599 3050 5 of of IN 22599 3050 6 1544 1544 CD 22599 3050 7 - - SYM 22599 3050 8 1545 1545 CD 22599 3050 9 , , , 22599 3050 10 f. f. NNP 22599 3050 11 52 52 CD 22599 3050 12 . . . 22599 3051 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3051 2 613 613 CD 22599 3051 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3051 4 _ _ NNP 22599 3051 5 De De NNP 22599 3051 6 numeris numeris NNP 22599 3051 7 libri libri NNP 22599 3051 8 II II NNP 22599 3051 9 _ _ NNP 22599 3051 10 , , , 22599 3051 11 1544 1544 CD 22599 3051 12 ed ed NNP 22599 3051 13 . . NNP 22599 3051 14 , , , 22599 3051 15 cap cap NN 22599 3051 16 . . . 22599 3052 1 XV XV NNP 22599 3052 2 . . . 22599 3053 1 Heilbronner Heilbronner NNP 22599 3053 2 , , , 22599 3053 3 loc loc NN 22599 3053 4 . . . 22599 3054 1 cit cit NNP 22599 3054 2 . . NNP 22599 3054 3 , , , 22599 3054 4 p. p. NN 22599 3054 5 736 736 CD 22599 3054 6 , , , 22599 3054 7 also also RB 22599 3054 8 gives give VBZ 22599 3054 9 them -PRON- PRP 22599 3054 10 , , , 22599 3054 11 and and CC 22599 3054 12 compares compare VBZ 22599 3054 13 this this DT 22599 3054 14 with with IN 22599 3054 15 other other JJ 22599 3054 16 systems system NNS 22599 3054 17 . . . 22599 3055 1 [ [ -LRB- 22599 3055 2 614 614 CD 22599 3055 3 ] ] -RRB- 22599 3055 4 Noviomagus Noviomagus NNP 22599 3055 5 says say VBZ 22599 3055 6 of of IN 22599 3055 7 them -PRON- PRP 22599 3055 8 : : : 22599 3055 9 " " `` 22599 3055 10 De De NNP 22599 3055 11 quibusdam quibusdam NNP 22599 3055 12 Astrologicis Astrologicis NNP 22599 3055 13 , , , 22599 3055 14 sive sive JJ 22599 3055 15 Chaldaicis Chaldaicis NNP 22599 3055 16 numerorum numerorum NN 22599 3055 17 notis notis NN 22599 3055 18 .... .... . 22599 3055 19 Sunt Sunt NNP 22599 3055 20 & & CC 22599 3055 21 aliæ aliæ NNP 22599 3055 22 quædam quædam NNP 22599 3055 23 notæ notæ NNP 22599 3055 24 , , , 22599 3055 25 quibus quibus NNP 22599 3055 26 Chaldaei Chaldaei NNP 22599 3055 27 & & CC 22599 3055 28 Astrologii Astrologii NNP 22599 3055 29 quemlibet quemlibet NNP 22599 3055 30 numerum numerum NNP 22599 3055 31 artificiose artificiose NNP 22599 3055 32 & & CC 22599 3055 33 arguté arguté NNP 22599 3055 34 describunt describunt NNP 22599 3055 35 , , , 22599 3055 36 scitu scitu VBP 22599 3055 37 periucundae periucundae JJ 22599 3055 38 , , , 22599 3055 39 quas quas NNP 22599 3055 40 nobis nobis NNP 22599 3055 41 communicauit communicauit NN 22599 3055 42 Rodolphus Rodolphus NNP 22599 3055 43 Paludanus Paludanus NNP 22599 3055 44 Nouiomagus Nouiomagus NNP 22599 3055 45 . . . 22599 3055 46 " " ''