Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 42 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 83095 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 67 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 England 13 man 10 value 9 time 9 money 9 Mr. 8 price 8 good 8 economic 8 Europe 7 work 7 labour 7 capital 7 York 7 United 7 Smith 7 New 7 Government 6 life 6 great 6 german 6 chapter 6 States 6 London 6 France 5 wealth 5 wage 5 production 5 produce 5 interest 5 french 5 english 5 State 5 Professor 5 Marx 5 God 5 America 5 Adam 4 year 4 thing 4 social 4 labor 4 increase 4 european 4 Ricardo 4 Paris 4 John 4 Economy 4 Dr. 3 theory Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 8342 value 8239 man 6826 price 6693 capital 6202 time 6172 money 5275 country 4972 part 4653 land 4436 year 4401 labour 4282 interest 4076 good 4066 wage 3863 profit 3855 production 3739 thing 3617 law 3565 case 3308 life 3250 trade 3126 class 3065 commodity 3045 work 3032 rate 3016 property 2915 industry 2855 labor 2849 quantity 2778 people 2746 power 2742 way 2739 society 2735 day 2706 rent 2646 state 2620 product 2613 wealth 2592 fact 2519 business 2415 market 2391 condition 2359 place 2342 right 2310 demand 2273 use 2253 hand 2235 form 2210 effect 2195 kind Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 27047 _ 2512 Smith 1786 England 1167 Mr. 1142 | 995 Europe 909 Marx 895 States 894 Qu 890 London 864 France 845 United 796 America 642 . 639 Britain 629 New 628 Professor 622 Great 553 pp 540 M. 538 Adam 504 State 499 II 478 God 467 Dr. 461 Ricardo 443 Government 442 Lord 429 York 407 John 405 Scotland 404 vol 399 Hume 383 English 380 Bank 377 Germany 370 Economy 356 Sir 355 Paris 351 Political 348 cit 332 Department 329 Footnote 329 Edinburgh 327 St. 322 J. 322 Glasgow 314 Capital 312 India 310 et Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 37484 it 15547 he 13046 they 10753 i 9256 we 7362 them 4593 you 4393 him 2091 us 1917 me 1876 itself 1720 himself 1563 themselves 1038 she 534 one 362 her 313 myself 254 ourselves 133 yours 117 herself 86 yourself 61 mine 54 theirs 45 thee 31 his 29 ours 17 ''em 10 oneself 5 ye 5 ''s 4 yourselves 4 thyself 3 hers 1 you----a 1 you''ll 1 yer 1 yd 1 whosoever 1 wh 1 view_.--"is 1 tro 1 think?--what 1 them,--you 1 rights''--that 1 pelf 1 pay--(i 1 p 1 not[98]--we 1 not,--they 1 nil Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 132327 be 32417 have 9512 do 8057 make 5148 give 5036 say 4602 take 4126 pay 3244 see 3228 increase 2924 become 2884 find 2851 come 2728 go 2695 produce 2481 get 2211 use 2185 call 2165 know 2146 employ 2108 seem 1809 work 1787 think 1744 sell 1704 fall 1704 bring 1664 follow 1608 require 1555 appear 1536 receive 1452 carry 1430 show 1426 raise 1408 consider 1382 suppose 1381 buy 1379 leave 1361 keep 1314 put 1296 rise 1248 remain 1239 mean 1223 accord 1212 continue 1182 live 1114 exist 1092 write 1090 hold 1088 maintain 1031 let Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 23496 not 10087 more 8879 other 7929 great 7581 so 6929 only 5529 same 4593 very 4453 such 4428 much 4372 most 4125 as 4061 well 3581 first 3420 own 3405 even 3397 good 3391 less 3331 then 3302 economic 3188 many 3047 now 3038 therefore 3019 large 2926 high 2754 general 2716 social 2613 new 2609 different 2563 up 2484 always 2361 however 2357 also 2344 far 2262 long 2180 out 2101 present 2081 thus 2077 certain 2063 small 2051 natural 1979 whole 1968 just 1964 still 1890 never 1880 little 1859 necessary 1855 public 1740 too 1687 human Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1049 least 1011 good 997 most 612 great 385 high 217 low 160 large 124 Most 105 bad 97 small 91 strong 81 simple 74 near 67 early 59 poor 58 cheap 57 rich 54 slight 54 late 42 fine 38 manif 28 close 27 noble 25 full 25 broad 24 old 21 eld 21 deep 20 rude 20 grave 20 free 19 wide 19 happy 19 common 19 clear 16 fit 16 easy 15 short 15 able 14 wise 14 mean 13 dear 12 young 11 sure 11 long 11 big 10 safe 10 remote 10 heavy 10 extreme Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3375 most 170 well 152 least 6 hard 3 ¦ 3 worst 3 long 3 highest 2 richest 2 lest 2 fast 1 tithe 1 shortest 1 near 1 greatest 1 fullest 1 farthest 1 fairest 1 close Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 www.gutenberg.org 2 archive.org 1 posner.library.cmu.edu Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/32252/32252-h/32252-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/32252/32252-h.zip 1 http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/) 1 http://archive.org/details/distributivejust00ryaniala 1 http://archive.org Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 _ see _ 31 things being equal 31 value is not 30 _ is _ 27 property is impossible 20 man is not 18 property is not 17 men do not 17 production is not 16 land is not 16 money is not 13 things are not 12 law does not 12 man does not 11 money does not 10 capital does not 10 interest does not 10 interest is not 10 labour is not 10 wages are not 10 work is not 9 capital is not 9 labor is not 9 land does not 9 price does not 9 value does not 8 _ are _ 8 _ is not 8 _ was _ 8 goods do not 8 things do not 8 value is always 7 country is not 7 goods is not 7 interest is necessary 7 men are not 7 price was not 7 time is not 7 wages are high 6 labour is necessary 6 labour worked up 6 land is worth 6 law is not 6 life is not 6 man has not 6 men did not 6 money be not 6 money is only 6 price is not 6 production does not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 land paying no rent 3 production knows no other 2 capital is not so 2 commodities is not demand 2 country is not so 2 goods do not always 2 interests is not eminently 2 interests were not clearly 2 man has no choice 2 production is not capitalistic 2 production is not yet 2 property is no exception 2 rates are not subject 2 things are not so 2 time is not far 2 trade has not so 2 value is no more 2 value is not possible 1 _ do not necessarily 1 _ has not enough 1 _ have no incentive 1 _ have no right 1 _ is not _ 1 _ is not always 1 _ is not positive 1 _ was not ashamed 1 _ were not all 1 capital are not correlative 1 capital are not identical 1 capital does not _ 1 capital does not appreciably 1 capital does not directly 1 capital had no object 1 capital has not merely 1 capital has not sufficient 1 capital is not large 1 capital is not necessarily 1 capital was not at 1 case are no less 1 case are not appreciably 1 case be not very 1 case is not different 1 case is not great 1 case is not so 1 case make no scruple 1 cases are not so 1 cases is not carefully 1 cases is not uncommon 1 class are not often 1 class are not self A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = 38047 author = Anderson, Benjamin M. (Benjamin McAlester) title = Social Value: A Study in Economic Theory, Critical and Constructive date = keywords = Clark; Davenport; Jevons; Principles; Professor; Seligman; Wieser; austrian; chapter; economic; social; theory; value summary = utility"--Relation of social-value theory to Austrian to no individual values, great social forces of theory of social value--Intensity of a man''s feelings or Professors Ross, Merriam, and Kinley, value _is_ that social marginal the conception that value and social marginal utility coincide, or that [9] In his discussion of social value in the _Principles_, Professor Schumpeter indicates that his objection to the social value concept relates of the exponents of the social value concept named, except Professor marginal utility, or the social value, of the money unit. PROFESSOR CLARK''S THEORY OF SOCIAL VALUE PROFESSOR CLARK''S THEORY OF SOCIAL VALUE social organism, and that the value of a good, at a given time, measures treatment of economic social values, seeming to hold that the Austrian a theory of "social value." These individual "utilities" and "costs" have of social economic value in terms of a feeling-magnitude which an theory of social value. id = 37290 author = Beer, Max title = The life and teaching of Karl Marx date = keywords = Engels; Hegel; Marx; Paris; Proudhon; Ricardo; State; Vol; capital; class; french; german; labour; socialism; value summary = critical periods of Marx''s intellectual development; it was a time of productive power, of destruction of existing social conditions, of French and English Socialism, Marx gave up Hegel''s overstrained idea to feel that living labour-power forms the soul of the economic life. Marx''s doctrine of the class struggle as exercised in political capitalist and working class, cannot be the State form during the labour power can work during a whole day; that consequently the value of all social wrongs, Marx used the theory of surplus value as the key course of the productive process; it creates no fresh value: Marx also production: it creates new additional value: Marx also called variable unpaid labour, or, shortly, s/v, Marx calls the rate of surplus value: living labour power) create a surplus value in the process of living labour power, without the wage worker, his whole capital capital, which means that living labour-power, the source of surplus id = 4543 author = Berkeley, George title = The Querist Containing Several Queries Proposed to the Consideration of the Public date = keywords = Amsterdam; England; France; Ireland; bank; great; industry; people; state summary = Qu. Whether a bank of national credit, supported by public England, but a bank in the hands of the public, wherein there are no made use of by other nations, paper-money, bank-notes, public funds, stock for a national bank, under direction of certain persons, bank, ought not to be in different hands, and both under public national bank with power to extend its credit, to circulate notes industry, can be any just objection against a national bank hath credit in the bank can want money from particular persons, who industry, if we had a national bank? Qu. Whether the objection to a pubic national bank, from want of people of England to encourage rather than to oppose a national bank Qu. Whether, as a national bank would increase our industry, and Qu. Whether a national bank would not be the great means and Qu. Whether upon the circulation of a national bank more land id = 31159 author = Clark, John Bates title = Essentials of Economic Theory As Applied to Modern Problems of Industry and Public Policy date = keywords = America; Economic; Effect; capital; case; change; cost; good; illustration; increase; interest; labor; man; pay; price; product; production; rate; static; value; wage; wealth; work summary = market exists and every man makes by his own labor all the goods that _Forms of Wealth produced by Labor._--Few useful goods are presented _The Necessity for measuring the Productive Powers of Capital Goods profits attract labor and capital, increase the output of those goods their presence by making labor and capital more productive in some labor without adding anything to the capital makes the total product certain amount of labor and capital on a piece of land of good Total product of land, labor and auxiliary capital the case of land, "What labor and capital create by the use of this _The Equalization of the Productive Power of Labor and of Capital in Changes of this kind affect values, cause labor and capital methods of making goods, and the movements of capital and labor across increase in the productive power of that final unit of social labor id = 8436 author = Clarke, Charles Baron title = Speculations from Political Economy date = keywords = England; Free; Government; London; Rate; Trade; english summary = English corn trade: a small rise in the price of wheat at Mark Lane National Rate on Real Property (_i.e._ Land, with the houses, mines, because they will not pay the tithe, land tax, and rates already on his land was taken up by Government or by a railway company for some So if a new tax or rate is laid on land (and made present price of agricultural labour in England this seems to be be employed to ordinary trade profit on the land must be transferred to present; the company would make a large profit on their capital. the land they take as valued in the National Rate Book, with the 30 companies would very generally gain by Free Trade in railways. By the small increase in value of some land, the large £1000 a year, has a land tax of £2:l0s. id = 21623 author = Elliott, Calvin title = Usury A Scriptural, Ethical and Economic View date = keywords = God; Lord; States; United; chapter; christian; debt; great; increase; interest; law; loan; man; money; pay; poor; property; usurer; usury; wealth summary = Chapter XXVI--Usury oppresses the poor--continued 160 Chapter XXVII--Usury oppresses the poor--continued 168 money, or increase taken for a loan of any kind of property. Theological Dictionary: "Usury, the gain taken for a loan of money or These laws of God, given by Moses, positively forbade usury or to prohibit usury on a loan which the borrower secures as capital for brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the Lord thy God may usury of him, or increase: but fear thy God; that thy brother may live hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy off his hand from the poor, that hath not received usury or increase, The usurer and the borrower on usury, both, reverse the true order by wealth, no great fortune can be gathered in the life time of one man. money by usury was no better than taking a man''s life. id = 12217 author = Fetter, Frank A. (Frank Albert) title = Economics Volume II: Modern Economic Problems date = keywords = Act; America; England; Europe; Federal; Germany; New; Reserve; States; United; Vol; York; bank; chapter; economic; european; footnote; gold; good; large; money; price; public; rate; tariff; time; wage summary = total number of improved acres in farms in the United States increased The character of a _general_ price good clearly distinguishes money and silver production, paper money issues, banking growth, and gold is in general use as money, and where for some time there has the forced issue of large amounts of bank notes) and prices rose above of gold fell off while its use as money increased greatly, and prices great state bank, made forced issues of notes of a political nature, and act under the general state laws governing private contracts; 1866, at which time a federal tax of 10 per cent on state bank notes They received deposits, issued bank notes under state laws, market for United States bonds at a time when government credit was [Footnote 2: The general property tax in the United States rate, a market price for labor, is it possible for a wage contract to id = 40077 author = Fetter, Frank A. (Frank Albert) title = The Principles of Economics, with Applications to Practical Problems date = keywords = Ages; America; England; Europe; Middle; New; States; United; York; chapter; economic; good; increase; industry; interest; labor; man; money; production; public; relation; rent; sidenote; social; time; value; wage; wealth summary = have the second quality of a good money material, that of great value in [Sidenote: Industrial changes affect the convenience of certain money [Sidenote: Land, the main form of wealth, was rented without the use of of the general unit of value._ In economic discussion new conditions [Sidenote: Time-value in the case of different kinds of gratifications] [Sidenote: The exchange value of present and future goods] enjoyable goods his income at its capitalized value; or he may use up [Sidenote: Rent and time-value are essentially different phrases of the values of uses and gratifications of wealth at different points of time. [Sidenote: The products of land are increased at a given time and place time-value or of money interest, appears as large as the present good. industrial agents would reduce marginal productivity._ Labor makes use [Sidenote: Relations of wages, rent, and time-value] [Sidenote: Economical use of machinery in large production] id = 41856 author = Fetter, Frank A. (Frank Albert) title = Manual of References and Exercises in Economics for Use with Volume II. Modern Economic Problems date = keywords = Rev.; States; United summary = causes as affecting the political history of the United States. _White, Horace_, Money and banking illustrated by American history. money: gold ingots, gold coin, silver dollars, copper cents, level of money prices effects similar to those produced by an the United States) sell in New York for $201.25 has the money 3. Is a United States standard silver dollar commodity or fiduciary secure the privilege of note issue, buys United States 2 per cent. BANKING IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE 1914 money in other ways than by issuing bank notes? 2. Describe the trade, banking and price conditions which obtain just effect on prices, foreign trade, rate of exchange? conduct of industry in competition with countries where money wages present general wage level in the United States. in the United States with reference to the taxation of public service F._, Trade unionism in the United States: general R._, Industrial insurance in the United States. id = 38194 author = Garnier, M. (Germain) title = An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations date = keywords = America; Britain; CHAP; China; East; Edinburgh; England; Europe; France; Great; Holland; III; India; Indies; Ireland; London; Mr.; North; Portugal; Rome; Scotch; Scotland; Smith; Spain; West; british; country; english; european; french; labour; price; produce; roman; spanish summary = wages of labour are generally higher in a great town than in a country In all great countries, the greater part of the cultivated lands are countries where labour is equally well rewarded, the money price of of a rise in the real price of labour, in the particular market of Great annual produce of the land and labour of the country had before required value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country would great countries of Europe, however, much good land still remains countries an advantageous carrying trade, of which Great Britain was equally supported the annual produce of the land and labour of Great trade, maintain in Great Britain a greater quantity of productive labour capital generally affording a greater revenue than a great profit upon a the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, have generally id = 10612 author = Henderson, Hubert Douglas, Sir title = Supply and Demand date = keywords = capital; chapter; cost; demand; interest; joint; labor; land; marginal; price; production; rent; supply; utility summary = similar to those between price, demand, and supply in commodity Price tends to the level at which demand is equal to supply. relations which exist between demand, supply and price, if we exhibit fact that demand and supply are both dependent upon price. an increase in demand or a decrease in supply will raise the price in demand, or an increase in supply will tend to lower the price since a condition of things in which supply generally exceeds demand speak of cost of production as a factor determining price, we must use marginal utility and price holds good generally of the ultimate agents supply a commodity to poor people below cost price, it is possible to Supply and demand, changes in, and their reaction on price; general relation of price, utility and cost; general relation of price, utility and cost; general relation of price, utility and cost; id = 33219 author = Jevons, William Stanley title = Political economy date = keywords = England; capital; good; great; labour; man; money; people; thing; wage; wealth; work summary = being the case; rich men, as a general rule, have very little money in labour, for the reason that capital must have been the produce of land Work at the best Time.# Of course we ought to do things when it is labour, so that each man shall do the kind of work he can do best. The capital invested in any work may always be said to consist of wages labourer seldom owns all the land and capital he uses; he goes to work gets higher wages by making other people pay dearer for the goods they The general result of trades-union monopolies to the working people working men saving up their wages until they have got small capitals, so produce enough to pay the wages of the labourers who work upon it, get a valuable thing like gold with little labour, many people would id = 7361 author = Juglar, Clément title = A Brief History of Panics and Their Periodical Occurrence in the United States date = keywords = Bank; England; Europe; Government; National; New; President; States; Treasury; United; York; min|max summary = business world in the United States to prevent panics, and farther yet showing the condition of banks at the time of various panics, etc., calling in of government bonds, the basis of bank-note issue.] and a YEAR |LATION | HAND |TENDERS| AND | DEPOSITS| BANKS |CAPITAL|DIVIDED| YEAR |LATION | HAND |TENDERS| AND | DEPOSITS| BANKS |CAPITAL|DIVIDED| YEAR |LATION | HAND |TENDERS| AND | DEPOSITS| BANKS |CAPITAL|DIVIDED| YEAR |LATION | HAND |TENDERS| AND | DEPOSITS| BANKS |CAPITAL|DIVIDED| national bank, in order to re-establish metallic circulation, an end the paper issued but not redeemed by their bank-note circulation, being Mr. Biddle, the President of the United States Stock Bank, said that the was the Bank of the United States'' increase of circulation from August, in New York, bank notes passed at 2 or 3 per cent. New York banks before and during the panic--that is to say, in 1852 and id = 38185 author = Knowlton, Charles title = Fruits of Philosophy: A Treatise on the Population Question date = keywords = Dewees; Dr.; Physiology; case; fallopian; female; semen; time; uterus summary = calls of nature in a like place; yet they must and ought to be attended People generally, as it was the case with physicians until late years, partake in their general form of the male character, and are called The internal organs of generation consist in the female of the Vagina, physiological property is that of exciting the female genital organs in It ought to be known that women have conceived when the semen was merely semen lodged in the vagina to the ovary, and excites those actions which female organism increases like that of the male, until an emission of forming an organized being, I do not believe such a thing takes place, ovary, and have consequently presumed this is not generally the case. error that the semen must enter the uterus to effect impregnation, I semen to pass through the mouth of the uterus to produce conception have id = 29673 author = Lipman, Frederick L. (Frederic Lockwood) title = Creating Capital Money-making as an aim in business date = keywords = aim; business; making; man; money summary = CREATING CAPITAL: MONEY-MAKING AS AN AIM IN BUSINESS. bearing on business life under the new economic order, first delivered MONEY-MAKING AS AN AIM IN BUSINESS MONEY-MAKING AS AN AIM IN BUSINESS the business enterprise indeed is supposed to be the money-maker, _par it is as a money-maker that the business man is contemned by some and enterprise, due to the fact that on economic principles such money The business enterprise then directs its attention to profits, man in his money-making aim as follows: demands of business enterprise for new methods of creating capital and money-making, and what goes with it, is not the only aim in life. Not every man, while concentrating upon money-making, is In short, the money-making aim spurs on the business enterprise, just economic necessity to aim at money-making--meaning, however, profits money, unless, indeed, he can use them as capital in his own business. id = 48446 author = Loria, Achille title = Karl Marx date = keywords = Capital; Engels; Karl; Loria; Malthus; Marx; economic; german; labour; marxist; theory; value; work summary = distant," he means the morrow of the social revolution, when Marx''s Economic Synthesis_; but since in his theory of social evolution the Marx rejected the idea that, for human beings, population tends to grow 645 of _Capital_ Marx writes: "The labouring free land, labour owns the means of production, so that agriculture is hardly be disputed, to question the labour theory of value. to point out that Marx, though in the first volume of _Capital_ he in the third volume that in the capitalist economic phase value neither relationships of men in social life, says Marx, are determined by the In fact, according to Marx, the historic mission of capitalism based transmits into the product a value equal to the quantity of labour In the posthumous work Marx traces the development of the theory of The value of Marx''s work is, in fact, displayed in the most brilliant id = 41405 author = Luxemburg, Rosa title = The Accumulation of Capital date = keywords = Adam; Baranovski; Bulgakov; Capital; China; Department; Egypt; England; Europe; Free; Ibid; India; Kirchmann; Marx; Ricardo; Rodbertus; Russia; Sismondi; Smith; Tugan; Vorontsov; british; capitalist; english; european; footnote; french; german; labour; mean; production; surplus; value summary = reproduction (production with capital accumulating) set out in volume ii It is the production of surplus value which turns reproduction of social new capital must first assume its productive form of labour and means of production as constant capital, the labour necessary for the capital and of the surplus value in the production of producer goods economic form of fixed capital, or those means of production which in and labour power in the natural form of productive capital, and by capital because the social surplus product comes into the world from the means-of-production-department increase both their variable capital and condition for capitalist production that the surplus value must be Under capitalist forms of production, the value of the aggregate social simple, he identifies capital with the means of production in capitalist surplus product into an invention of capital and the capitalist into a an expansion of capital and a production of surplus-value on an enlarged id = 4239 author = Malthus, T. R. (Thomas Robert) title = An Essay on the Principle of Population date = keywords = Adam; Condorcet; England; Europe; Godwin; Smith; chapter; great; increase; man; population summary = The different ratio in which population and food increase--The remain no doubt in the mind of any thinking man that the population of these countries produce a greater quantity of human subsistence. positive check to the natural increase of population. little variation to any other country where the population increases consequence of the increased population, be distributed to every man in country even thinly inhabited, if an increase of population take place, population of the country has gone beyond the increased produce, and the natural progress of the population of any country, more good land population of any country is the increase of the means of subsistence. produce of the earth might be increasing every year, population would to the real state of man on earth will sufficiently appear from the The probable increase of the voluntary power of man over his animal directed exertions of man, could produce food for its support, appears id = 4336 author = Malthus, T. R. (Thomas Robert) title = An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, and the Principles by Which It is Regulated date = keywords = land; price; produce; rent summary = corn laws, and the effects of rent on the price of raw produce, and the of taxes, he speaks of the high price of the produce of land as show us how essentially different the high price of raw produce is, both The causes of the high price of raw produce may be stated to be three. primary causes of the high price of raw produce, are the gifts of rent, nor any essential surplus produce of the land in the form of high clear, that if the price of produce does not fall, the rents of land of production increases, the rents of land will rise. in agriculture, and the high price of raw produce, occasioned by the the price of produce and the expense of cultivation might increase, Practically, also, the prices of raw produce, in the different countries supply the same demand for labour, the necessary price of production id = 20435 author = Mavrogordato, John title = The World in Chains: Some Aspects of War and Trade date = keywords = 8vo; CRITICAL; Company; Crown; England; Footnote; Government; John; Mr.; STUDY; State; Trade; War; german; imperialism; moral; profit; year summary = TRADE PROFITS IN WAR NOT SHARED BY THE NATION national opinion, create their own markets by the threat of war, and Trade during the war seems to have had a remarkably good time. neighbouring nations, although in war as in peace the commercial classes Trade Profits in war not shared by the Nation but confined to Employers and that the effect of war has been to increase the profits of Capital means that War, in addition to the actual profits of his Trade, shall For war is actually in the community of nations what the street Cammell, Laird & Co. averaged profits of £146,000 for the three years before the war. Beardmore, whose profits rose from £184,000 (three years'' pre-war profits from an average of £140,000 (three years'' pre-war average) to WAR PROFITS AND THE GOVERNMENT The German trade has survived the shocks of the first year of war id = 12004 author = Mill, John Stuart title = Essays on some unsettled Questions of Political Economy date = keywords = Economy; England; Germany; Mr.; Political; Ricardo; capital; country; labour; produce summary = capital, to purchase a quantity of another commodity which, if produced foreign country, we may be able to obtain a greater return to our labour commodities at a smaller expense of labour and capital than they cost cost her 100 days'' labour, equal to the quantity produced in England by 200 days'' labour, she could in the supposed case purchase in England the labour in England in the article of cloth would be equal to the produce therefore, the general fall of money-prices, the English producers will increase in the general productiveness of the labour and capital of the latter case, a large portion of the productive capital of the country is productive labourer; so were the producers of the perishable articles; labour, to the production of commodities, no more than the price of production; in other words, the _quantity of labour_ required to produce id = 13488 author = O''Brien, George Augustine Thomas title = An Essay on Mediæval Economic Teaching date = keywords = Ages; Aquinas; Aristotle; Ashley; Christianity; Church; Cleary; Cunningham; Dr.; Economy; God; Ibid; Middle; St.; Summa; Thomas; christian; father; footnote summary = writings of St. Thomas Aquinas,'' says Ingram, ''the economic doctrines the fundamental points of usury and just price, commercial law in the moulded by Christian teaching--this is the case in regard to usury. The teaching of the mediæval Church on the subject of property was [Footnote 5: ''Biblical and Early Christian Idea of Property,'' [Footnote 5: ''Biblical and Early Christian Idea of Property,'' the price is the expression of the exchange value in money. element of value, states that the Church sought to fix the price of ''The just price of things,'' says Aquinas, ''is not priced at a money value, as may be seen in the case of those who offer the teaching of Aquinas on price left a great deal to be supplied by Buridan says that usury is contrary to natural law and the central point of the usury teaching was that money which has Church, economic teaching of the mediæval, 12. id = 14943 author = Parker, Cornelia Stratton title = An American Idyll The Life of Carleton H. Parker date = keywords = Berkeley; California; Carl; Economics; Heidelberg; I.W.W.; New; Parker; Professor; Seattle; Sunday; University; Washington; York; american; day; german; know; life; time; year summary = It was a year ago to-day that Carl Parker died--March 17, 1918. An old friend wrote: "Dear, splendid Carl, the very embodiment of life, Prom of my Freshman year Carl Parker asked me to marry him, and two days Thereafter, for a time, Carl went into University Extension, lecturing The first night out on our trip, Carl said, "You start developed that one day the baby--just seven months old, remember--got up everything on earth," said Carl, "but we''ll never economize on doctors." prosperous days, at Carl''s last illness, with that good Seattle doctor calling day and night, and caring for me after Carl''s death, he refused As time went on, we came to have one little group of nine students whom article, and almost a year before his study of psychology began, Carl From the day Carl left Castle Crags, his time was never his own; we id = 41936 author = Perry, Arthur Latham title = Principles of Political Economy date = keywords = Bank; Britain; Congress; Credit; Economics; Economy; England; France; God; Government; John; Labor; Law; London; Massachusetts; New; Political; Science; States; United; Value; York; capital; commodity; cost; demand; english; exchange; money; nature; production; service; supply; taxis; valuable summary = any given country are due to general and great changes in the Money Market-value is the present rate of exchange between dollars and cents times, and later became Money or a medium in exchanging other things; tariff-taxes, in the buying and selling of useful commodities into credit-money valid as against the United States as debtor, like nature of Bank Bills; they are a form of commercial credit; and indefinitely; especially as _credit-money_ in the form of bank bills, time till the present all the paper money of the United States of both United States the national moneys deposited there, and placed them "in Government took in return for the moneys a Right to demand of the Bank gold and silver money must have been circulating a long time in their (2) The second general reason why gold and silver make the best money appraised _money value_ of the goods subject to the tax. id = 32252 author = Pirenne, Henri title = The Stages in the Social History of Capitalism date = keywords = Ages; England; Middle; century; commerce; economic; merchant; town summary = period preceding the middle of the eleventh century, we know too little period was sufficient to create gathering-places of merchants at the of commerce begins to furnish men with new means of existence. merchant coming from the country to establish himself in the town. commerce of the eleventh and twelfth centuries to that bloody In the first place, down to the end of the twelfth century, the number In the second place, at the period we have now reached the towns devoted thirteenth century we find a period of free capitalistic expansion. In the course of the fifteenth century this second class of capitalists, the same time that is sets commerce and industry free from the by the capitalists of the late Middle Ages in a class of new men. the twelfth century, so mercantilism imposed itself upon commerce and that commerce which in the beginning made their fortunes. id = 360 author = Proudhon, P.-J. (Pierre-Joseph) title = What is Property? An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government date = keywords = Academy; Besancon; Blanqui; Christianity; Footnote; Fourier; France; God; Lamennais; Leroux; Louis; Nature; Paris; Peuple; Proudhon; St.; State; Troplong; Wolowski; accord; equality; idea; labor; law; man; possession; power; principle; product; property; proprietor; right; roman; social; society; thing; time; work summary = PROPERTY CONSIDERED AS A NATURAL RIGHT.--OCCUPATION AND CIVIL LAW Property is the Right of Increase claimed by the Proprietor over OBSTRUCTS property; the second that the right of labor DESTROYS it. organic law of society; we shall explain the origin of property, the The Roman law defined property as the right to use and abuse one''s own and inalienable rights of man, four in all: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, PROPERTY, rights--liberty, equality, security, and property; to maintain order in of permanent labor,--granting, for the time being, his right of property Admit, however, that labor gives a right of property in material. HIS WAGES, A NATURAL RIGHT OF PROPERTY IN THE THING WHICH HE HAS laborer-proprietors, all of whom had an equal right to lead the life the laborer is obliged by the right of property to pay a rent to the his own labor, his property would yield him a product equal only to id = 17196 author = Rae, John title = Life of Adam Smith date = keywords = Adam; Buccleugh; Burke; College; Dr.; Duke; Earl; Edinburgh; England; Ferguson; France; Glasgow; Hume; James; John; Life; London; Lord; Moral; Mr.; Nations; Oxford; Paris; Professor; Rogers; Scotch; Scotland; Sir; Smith; Society; Stewart; Strahan; Theory; Turgot; University; Wealth; english; french summary = Hume and Robertson, and all Smith''s Edinburgh friends; and he was, Smith''s chief friend in Edinburgh was David Hume. letter mentions Smith''s views on some historical subjects, it may be Smith sent a copy to Hume in London, and received the following reply, Smith visited London for the first time in September 1761, when Hume Lansdowne) writes Dugald Stewart: "I owe to a journey I made with Mr. Smith from Edinburgh to London the difference between light and That appears from a letter Hume writes Smith from London on A few days after the date of that letter Smith writes Hume again, Smith seems to have shown Hume''s letter to their common friends in Smith does not appear to have answered this letter at the time, but A week later Smith wrote Lord Hailes another letter, "giving," says His mother, his friends, his books--these were Smith''s three great id = 33310 author = Ricardo, David title = On The Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation date = keywords = Adam; England; Government; Malthus; Mr.; Portugal; Smith; commodity; price; produce; profit; value summary = wages rise, the value of commodities produced in that manufacture, is natural price, the quantity of labour necessary to their production, price of commodities, wages, or profits, since these effects are equally The natural price of all commodities excepting raw produce and labour in the price of corn, which increases the money wages of the labourer, The high profits on capital employed in producing that commodity will the money price of commodities would not be raised by a rise of wages, cheaper price, wages will fall and profits rise; but if the commodities Taxes are a portion of the produce of the land and labour of a country, Neither a fall in the value of money, nor a tax on raw produce, though and therefore money rent varies with the price of corn; but a tax on raw money wages of labour which raises the price of commodities, but that id = 36345 author = Ricardo, David title = Letters of David Ricardo to Thomas Robert Malthus, 1810-1823 date = keywords = America; Bank; DAVID; DEAR; Economy; England; India; London; Malthus; Mill; Mr.; Mrs.; Political; Ricardo; SIR; Smith; corn; letter; price; profit; value summary = value of a thing depends on the labour employed in producing it. corn remained low, money wages would not rise, and general profits could [_sic_] not corn and labour enter into its price or value? opinion that a rise in the price of corn always lowers general profits wages of labour produce, I think, the same effects as the second rise in relative price of corn rises from more labour being required to produce the demand may be, unless commodities fall in value from less labour commodity which a day''s labour will produce, and I cannot help thinking if, from an increased quantity of labour on the land, corn should appear or fall of corn, labour, and commodities, in real value, that is to say value of a commodity would be in proportion to the quantity of labour The value of almost all commodities is made up of labour and profits, id = 36541 author = Ruskin, John title = Unto This Last, and Other Essays on Political Economy date = keywords = Dante; England; English; God; Government; Greek; Italy; Mill; Mr.; art; economy; good; great; labour; law; life; man; mean; money; nation; person; political; power; price; produce; quantity; rich; state; thing; time; true; value; wealth; work summary = STORE, NATURE OF LABOUR, VALUE AND PRICE, THE CURRENCY 225 possess a good picture, as that any work of real merit should cost the first question of a good art-economist respecting any work is, we had political power, we would use it for the good of the nation; powers of mind would do far more real good by merely carrying out man is among His best works presently visible, and, as things stand, a real riches or property; and, supposing the men both to have worked some person working for us, that for the time and labour he spends in support so many persons as labour applied to produce useful articles, quantity of labour given by the person desiring it, in order to obtain and life-giving things, and by what degrees and kinds of labour they Property--that a man who works for a thing shall be allowed to get it, id = 42759 author = Ryan, John A. (John Augustine) title = Distributive Justice: The Right and Wrong of Our Present Distribution of Wealth date = keywords = Commission; Company; George; Henry; Labour; New; Professor; Report; Single; State; Tax; United; York; capital; interest; land; man; private; product; rate; right; socialism; value; wage summary = reckon the land as so much capital value, and the economic rent as has a right to the full product of his labour applies to capital as that land owners have a right to rent and to the selling value of socially created land values; for they expend neither time nor labour Since social production does not constitute a right to land values nor already existing land values than it has to seize the labourer''s wages from men''s equal rights to land merely proves that private ownership evils; and the so called production of the social values of land Private ownership of land belongs in a third class of natural rights. both are morally weaker than the labourer''s right to a living wage. THE ALLEGED RIGHT OF LABOUR TO THE ENTIRE PRODUCT OF INDUSTRY the value of the product belongs by a moral right to the labourer. id = 38439 author = Somerville, H. G. title = Curiosities of Impecuniosity date = keywords = Charles; Court; Dr.; Drury; England; George; John; Kean; King; Lane; London; Lord; Majesty; Mathews; Miss; Mr.; Mrs.; Old; Oxford; Queen; Richard; Robert; Scott; Shakespeare; Sheridan; Sir; St.; Street; Theatre; day; great; life; man; money; time; year summary = The man handed him the wig, and as soon as the doctor put it on, he said The men bowed and went away pleased, and early the next day waited on his business-man, Sherry took a look at the meagrely-filled house, and calling Sir Peter Laurie, when Lord Mayor of London, said at a dinner given to the The young blacksmith obtained work on his arrival, and some short time in Ely Place, on my return one day from Court, I found an old gentleman said, "very hard" at his time of life to every day perform the allotted eccentric provincial manager, abruptly closed the theatre at Bury St. Edmunds, after keeping it open a week or ten days, leaving the unfortunate was three years old, and living under the protection of a poor man and he lived three days on the shilling, and said afterwards the most my boy," said the man, and away went John. id = 20743 author = Spargo, John title = The Marx He Knew date = keywords = Engels; Hans; Jenny; Karl; Marx summary = he was a wonderful man, my comrade," said Old Hans at length. Karl said to me one day as we were going home from school, Karl handed around a few copies of his poem about old Herr von "Soon after that Karl came home and I saw him nearly every day upon Karl''s father is rich alongside of poor people like us, but last Karl wrote to old Westphalen about it, and asked for Jenny in a like Karl: he had a way somehow of saying things you couldn''t forget. Then the government suppressed the paper, and Karl went away to Paris. Sometimes Karl and Engels would talk seriously about the great cause, Karl knew my writing, but not Barbara''s, so she wrote a little letter "How like Marx that was, Hans," said the Young Comrade then, "how then that I, poor old Hans Fritzsche, went to school with Karl; that I id = 33741 author = Tawney, R. H. (Richard Henry) title = The Acquisitive Society date = keywords = Coal; England; France; State; economic; function; industry; man; private; property; public; right; service; social; society; work summary = owners of property against the possibility that their private rights social purpose is at once to turn property and economic activity from fact that the meaning of industry is the service of man, all who labor conditions of industrial organization, of the institution of private private property in the fact that it enabled the industrious man to The application to property and industry of the principle of function property used in industry, though not, of course, of the managers who As long as the private ownership of industrial capital remains, the property in capital in the important group of industries in which property in land and industrial capital, except for purposes specified public service, is so much the rule in private industry that no one The first condition of the right organization of industry is, then, the The first condition of the right organization of industry is, then, the id = 12920 author = Train, Arthur Cheney title = The "Goldfish" Being the Confessions af a Successful Man date = keywords = Europe; Hastings; New; Paris; Street; York; american; child; day; dollar; french; good; house; life; like; look; man; money; thing; thousand; time; way; wife; year summary = I like hot baths and spend a good deal of time in the Turkish bath money and they read my wife''s name in the society columns of the New this way at my daughter''s request, cost thirty-seven hundred dollars. I could rent a good house for five thousand dollars successful fellow man lies in having a bigger house, men servants week-end party at the country-house of a widely known New York hostess In what we call the Old World a man''s social position is a matter of for the purpose of enabling people to have a good time, there is far eight hours a day for a thousand dollars a year, while his classmate is a good turn to let him know what I thought; and it was time that I did man; living my own life; finding happiness in things that were worth id = 33946 author = Unknown title = A Stiptick for a Bleeding Nation Or, a safe and speedy way to restore publick credit, and pay the national debts date = keywords = Company; Government; Stock; Trade summary = A Safe and Speedy WAY to Restore _Publick Credit_, and Pay If the _South-Sea_ Company would trade to our own Islands, _viz._ the _The Debt of =Seven Millions, Five Hundred Thousand Pounds=, One great Calamity is the Loss of _Paper Credit_, on which our _Trade_ If the _Government_ will forgive the _South-Sea_ Company the Debt of Has not the easy Way of getting Money prevented the _South-Sea_ Company us in a Way speedily to pay our _Debts_, and prevent _Stock-Jobbing_, or _South-Sea_ Company, of Lending Money on their _Stock_; had it not been, And for the _East-India_ Company, their _Trade_ is so far extended, Way to distress _Trade_: Especially when Corporations are suffer''d to _South-Sea_ Stock at _One Hundred and Twenty Five_ per Cent. _Losses_ of the _South-Sea_ Company shall be made good? _Bodies_ will be never able to raise Money to carry on a _Trade_, or id = 11262 author = Vaknin, Samuel title = Cyclopedia of Economics date = keywords = RTF summary = Copyright (C) 2007 by Lidija Rangelovska. Please see the corresponding RTF file for this eBook. RTF is Rich Text Format, and is readable in nearly any modern word processing program. id = 8214 author = Vaknin, Samuel title = Capitalistic Musings date = keywords = RTF summary = Copyright (C) 2007 by Lidija Rangelovska. Please see the corresponding RTF file for this eBook. RTF is Rich Text Format, and is readable in nearly any modern word processing program. id = 39949 author = Veblen, Thorstein title = The Place of Science in Modern Civilisation, and Other Essays date = keywords = Adam; Book; Cairnes; Clark; Europe; Marx; Mediterranean; Mr.; Professor; Schmoller; Smith; aryan; british; darwinian; economic; european; fact; german; good; hegelian; life; marxian; nature; point; science; term; theory; work summary = industry; the matter-of-fact theories were accepted as substantial and items in the scheme of life, these productive goods are facts of human like nature is true for economic science; and it is the aim here to sequence in economic phenomena, they are worked out in terms given by In hedonistic theory the substantial end of economic life is individual Yet the critic is required to speak impersonally of Mr. Clark''s work as a phase of current economic theory. "natural." In point of economic theory the law appears on examination to growth, sequence, change, process, or the like, in economic life. The business man enters the economic life process from the pecuniary productive effect compassed by the industrial use of the material means are questions of the bearing of economic life upon the cultural changes The nature of landed wealth, in point of economic theory, especially as natural-rights theories in economic science, the growth of technological id = 833 author = Veblen, Thorstein title = The Theory of the Leisure Class date = keywords = class; community; conspicuous; consumption; economic; good; habit; high; human; individual; industrial; leisure; life; man; pecuniary; point; predatory; sense; time; western summary = characteristic feature of leisure class life is a conspicuous exemption leisure class has affected the economic life of later times were taking leisure-class scheme of life, since the household of this pecuniary leisure-class scheme of life here comes to an expression at the second whose tastes have been formed under middle-class habits of life or under shape leisure-class economic life. life under the leisure-class scheme, and so controlling the effective The leisure class lives by the industrial community rather than in it. leisure-class canon of reputable waste; at the same time all activity, the sporting life which the higher leisure-class code of proprieties leisure class of a modern community, or to the economic motives of which substantial canons of the leisure-class scheme of life are a conspicuous but it at the same time fits into the leisure-class scheme of life as leisure-class scheme of life.