An attempt to correlate cattle breed origins and diseases associated with or transmitted by the tick Amblyomma variegatum in the French West Indies J.C. Maillard l S.J. Kemp * M. Naves 3 C. Palin 4 C. Demangel l A. Accipe 5 N. Maillard 6 A. Bensaid 7 STVM-93 I An attempt to correlate cattle breed origins and diseases associated with or transmitted by the tick Amblyomma variegatuh in the French West Indies MAILLARD (J.C.), KEMP, (S.J.), NAVES (M.), PALIN (C.), DEMANGEL (C.), ACCIPE (A.), MAILLARD (N.), BENSAID (A.). Tentative de corrélation de l’origine des races bovines et des maladies associées à ou transmises par la tique Amblyomma vnriegntum dans les Antilles françaises. Revue Eh. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1993, 46 (l-2) : 283-290 A l’aide de données biologiques et de la recherche historique, on a essayé d’expliquer la différence, en ce qui concerne la résistance et la sensibilité aux maladies transmises par (cowdriose) ou associées à (dermatophilose) la tique AmbZyomma variegatum, entre deux races bovines des Antilles françaises : la race Créole hybride de la Guadeloupe et le zébu Brahman de la Martinique. Les polymor- phismes de 5 systèmes génétiques indépendants (hémoglobine éry- throcytaire, albumine et transferrine du sérum, la région classe 1 du complexe BoLA et le gène gamma S cristallin) ont été étudiés chez différentes races, à savoir des Bos faurus d’Europe et d’Afrique, des Bos indicus d’Afrique de l’Ouest et de l’Est, le Brahman de la Martinique et le Créole de la Guadeloupe. Par comparaison des fré- quences de différents allèles de ces 5 loti polymorphiques non liés et à l’aide de deux matrices mathématiques différentes de NE1 et de CAVALLI-SFORZA, on a établi les distances génétiques entre ces races. Il apparaît clairement que le bovin Créole de la Guadeloupe est dans une position intermédiaire entre le Bos turcrus N’Dama de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et deux races de zébu, Bos indicus, le zébu souda- nais de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et le Brahman. Grace aux études d’archives différentes dans les Caraibes et en Europe, des preuves historiques ont pu être accumulées sur les origines géographiques et sur la chronologie de l’établissement des bovins Créole et Brahman dans les Antilles françaises. La résistance élevée des bovins Créole de la Guadeloupe aux maladies associées à ou transmises par la “tique sénégalaise”, Amblyomma variegatum, semble due à l’héritage d’un lot de gènes de bovins de l’Afrique occidentale, en particulier de la race N’Dama. En effet, la tique A. variegatum, implantée dans toute l’Afrique de l’Ouest, a été introduite dans la région caraïbe avec des bovins ouest-africains. Cette tique a certainement continué à exercer une pression parasitaire, ce qui explique la capacité innée des bov-ins Créole à maîtriser ces maladies spontanément. Mots clés : Bovin - Bovin Créole Bovin N’Dama Zébu Brahman Zébu soudanais - Cowdriose Dermatophilose Tique - Amblyomrnn variegatum - Résistance aux maladies - Antilles françaises Guadeloupe - Martinique. 1. CIRAD-EMVT, Guadeloupe. 2. ILRAD, Nairobi, Kenya. 3. INRA-CRAAG, Guadeloupe. 4. Veterinary Service of Martinique. 5. Veterinary Service of Guadeloupe. 6. Historian, Guadeloupe. 7. CIRAD-EMVT Maisons Alfort, France. INTRODUCTION The Brahman zebu cattle of Martinique is a crossbred population coming from a stabilized mix of different Indian zebu breeds (Gir, Nelore, Gujera) selected in the South of the USA (27, 32) and introduced in this island around 1952. These cattle are very well adapted to the tropical breeding conditions but it is to some extent sus- ceptible to dermatophilosis (5, 11, 12, 26). As a matter of fact, before its introduction in Martinique, this cattle population had never been in contact with the tick Amblyomma variegatum. Also, imported “exotic” European breeds are fully susceptible to dermatophilo- sis and cowdriosis and are in addition not adapted to the tropical conditions. The Creole cattle of Guadeloupe are a population high- ly resistant to dermatophilosis and to cowdriosis (5, Il, 43). Phenotypically, they show a more or less important hump but also several taurine features. This capability to resist diseases associated or transmitted by the “Senegalese” bont tick Amblyomma variegatum is an innate genetic character which is inheritable and proba- bly maintained by a constant parasitic pressure (1, 12, 22, 29, 37, 44). It is known for a long time that these cattle are a cross- bred between 130s taurus and 130s indicus breeds, but this fact presumed by zootechnical and phenotypical observations (5) has never been proved by biological data. Furthermore the ancestral breeds of the Creole cattle have never been clearly identified. We have tried to answer several questions. On the one hand, is the Bos taurus type coming from European breeds, first introduced during the colonization of the West Indies (27), and/or from African taurines introduced later during trade shipping exchanges (16, 41) ? Does the Bos irtdicus type corne from African and/or Indian zebu breeds ? It is evident that if we could answer these questions, we could explain many breeding traits ‘of this Creole popula- tion. Furthermore, it would be possible to include these breeds in comparative studies on genetic research on the improvement of disease resistance and/or zootechnical characters. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1993, 46 (l-2) : 283-290 283 Retour au menuRetour au menu J.C. Maillard S.J. Kemp M. Naves C. Palin C. Demangel A. Accipe N. Maillard A. Bensaid MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals The polymorphism of 5 genetic systems in the 9 following breeds have been compared (table 1): - 2 European taurine breeds : 139 Friesian and 212 Jersey ; - 2 African taurine breeds, living in the West African tro- pical area infested by the tick Amblyomma variegatum, and well known to be resistant to several diseases, especially trypanosomosis. These are 1 ,016 shorthorn Baoule of Burkina Faso and 220 longhorn N’Dama of Guinea ; - 167 Creole cattle of Guadeloupe ; - 3 African zebu breeds : 106 Sudan zebus living in the Sahelian area of West Africa, 218 Boran and 393 Kapiti zebus of Kenya in East Africa ; - 121 Brahman zebus from Martinique. TABLEZ Species, geographical origins and numbers of ani- mals sampled in each population of the different breeds studied. L AFRICA West Crossbreed 60s t. indicus GUADELOUPE West AFRICA ~ East MARTINIQUE ! 139 Friesian 212 Jersey 1016 Baoule (shorthorn) 220 N’Dama (longhorn) 167 Creole 106 Sudan 393 Kapiti 218 Boran 121 Brahman Techniques The 5 genetic systems studied were: - the B chain of haemoglobin which is an erythrocytic pro- tein showing 10 electrophoretic variants. The authors have considered the 2 main alleles A and B detected by electrophoresis on a cellulose acetate support, and well known to be good markers of differentiation in the 50s genus between the taurus and indicus species (4, 6, 8, 30, 31, 33,35) ; 284 - the serum albumin displaying 7 variants by polyacryla: mide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). As for haemoglobin, the authors have considered the 2 main alleles ; the F (fast) rather characteristic of Bos taurus breeds, and the S (slow) more frequent in Bas indicus breeds (3, 6, 7, 1.51 19, 33, 36, 38) ; ) - the serum transferrin also analysed by PAGE showing 6 electrophoretic variants : 2 of them (B and F) are known to be specific for Bos indicus zebu breeds (3, 6, 8, 33: 34). The Brahman population of Martinique was not typed for this system ; - the Bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex : BoLA, highly polymorphie, shows in cattle about 50 allo speci- ficities in the class I region (2, 9, 14, 39). These are serologically detected by the standard method of lym- phocytotoxicity. Some antigens of this BoLA class 1, ; region are known to be associated with resistance or susceptibility to several diseases but also 2 of them are ~ ~ specific breed markers (25, 40) when considering ove- rall breed populations. * The KN8 specificity, isolated in Kenya, is a good i3os indicus breed marker (17, 25) . * The KN18 specificity is more interesting because it is, not only a Bos taurus marker but is above all specific for African taurines (17, 25, 42). Its frequency in European taurines and in zebu breeds is low ; - the gamma S crystallin gene, investigated by molecular analysis (18) and showing a bi-allelic polymorphism due to a punctual G/C substitution detected at base number 1754. Indeed, after amplification by the PCR technique and separation by agarose gel electrophoresis, two DNA fragments of 128 and/or 149 bp cari be detected, each’ DNA fragment being representative of one of the two alleles. Mathematical models By using the frequency differences of these 5 polymor- phic loti situated on 5 different chromosomes in the bovi- i ne genome, we have established the genetic distances ) (21) between the 9 breeds. Calculation was based on the ~ two mathematical matrices of NEI (28) and CAVALLI-1 SFORZA (10). Historical research We have studied different historical and commercial’ archives in the two French West Indies islands of, Guadeloupe and Martinique and we have tried to summa- rize numerous specialized books and bibliographical refe- rentes (16, 20, 41). Retour au menuRetour au menu STVM-93 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In the B haemoglobin system, where the A allele is a marker of 130s taurus breeds (frequency always higher than 90 % whereas in /~OS indicus it rarely exceeds 50 %), it was noticed (figure 1) that the Brahman frequency (55 %) is closer to the zebu average while the Creole one (71 %) indicates clearly an intermediate value between Bas taurus and ~?OS indicus. In the serum albumin system, where the F allele is also a marker of Bos taurus breeds, it is observed here again (figure 2), an intermediate frequency of 52 % for the Creole breed whereas the Brahman value is closer to the The results obtained from these two systems of hae- moglobin and albumin show evidence for the presence of taurine features in the Creole population of Guadeloupe. Concerning the transferrin system :, - for the B allele, (figure 3) the Creole displays a frequen- cy which is very similar to that of zebu breeds, whereas for the taurine breeds the allele B is completely absent ; - for the F allele, the same phenomenon cari be observed (figure 4) suggesting also the presence of 130s indicus blood in the Creole breed. other zebu breeds. Percent. 0,06 _’ : .’ 0,05 .’ .’ .’ : 0,04 f ,’ .’ : .’ 0,03 .’ : :. ,: 0,02 ,,: : 1 Percent. /l , >>, .̂ ̂ \ :t..<:.o:,..r;.. , 1 1.00 030 0,60 0,40 0,20 0.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..A 0 HBI3 type B n HBB type A F J B N’D CG SZ KZ F J B N’D CG SZ KZ BZ SM BE Breeds Figure 3 :Transferrin B type polymorphism : Allele frequencies (in percen- tage) in different cattle breeds (seefigure 1) (nd = not determined). The Creole frequency is very similar to those of zebu breeds, wherens this allele is completeh absent in the taurine breeds. (Data sources : CIRAD- EMVT, CRTA, ILRAD, AFRUABRO) Figure 1 : Haemoglobin B type polymorphism : Allele frequencies (in per- centage) in different cattle breeds : F = Friesian, J = Jersey, B = Baoule, N’D = N’Dama, CG = Creole Guadeloupe, SZ = West African Sudan Zebu, KZ = East African Kapiti Zebu, BZ = East African Boran Zebu, BM = Brahman Martinique. The frequency of the A allele which is a taurine marker indicates in the Creole of Guadeloupe, an intermediate value (71 %) between Bas taurus and Bos indicus, whereas the Brahman frequency (55 %) is closer to the zebu average. (Data sources : CIRAD-EMVT, INRA, ILRAD, AFRUABRO) Percent. a’ 0,50 : : : 0,40 .. .’ _’ I i : 0,30 .. ) _ ; : : 0,20 .- . : : :.. . . 0,lO .. , Percent. 1,20 :’ 0.60 0,oo F J B N’D CG SZ KZ BZ BM Breeds 0 ALB type S 1 HALBtype F j 0,oo F J B N’D CG SZ KZ BZ BM Breeds Figure 2 : Albumin type polymorphism : Allele frequencies (in percentage) in dtjferent cattle breeds (see figure 1). The frequency of the F allele which is also a taurine marker indicates in the Creole of Guadeloupe, an intermediate value (55 %) between Bos taurus and Bos indicus, whereas the Brahman frequency is 12 % (Data sources : CIRAD-EMVT, INRA, ILRAD, AFRUABRO) Figure 4 : Transferrin F type polymorphisrn : Allele frequencies (in per- centage) in dtrerent cattle breeds (seejlgure 1) (nd = not determined). The Creole frequency irrdicates an intennediate value between Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds where this allele is absent. (Data sources : CIRAD- EMVT CRTA. ILRAD, AFRUABRO) 285 Retour au menuRetour au menu J.C. Maillard S.J. Kemp M. Naves C. Palin C. Demangel A. Accipe N. Maillard A. Bensaid In the BoLA Complex: - the frequencies of the KN8 specificity (figure 5) confirm the previous results shown with the transferrin polymor- phisms, that the Creole breed possesses this zebu mar- ker, as expected for the Brahman zebu ; - high frequencies of the KN18 specificity (figure 6) are characteristic of West African Bos taurus populations whereas this specificity has only been found in a very low Gene - : - !i / o.oov ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ,-- F J 6 N’D CG SZ KZ BZ BM Breeds Figure 5 : Polymorphism of the KN8 specificity in the BoLA Complex : Gene freguencies in different cattle breeds (see figure 1). The Creole frequency of this specifkity is closer to those of Bos indicus breeds including Bruhman. (Data sources : CIRAD-EMVT, ILRAD) Gene Frequencies F J B N’D CG SZ KZ BZ BM Breeds Figure 6 : Polymorphism of the KN18 specificity in the BoLA Complex: Gene frequencies in dtflerent cnttle breeds (see figure 1). The Creole frequency of this specificity is closer to those of the 2 African Bos taurus breeds : N’Damn and Bnoule, indicnting its Africnn taurine ori- gin. Indeed, this KN18 antigen is specific to African taurine being nlmost absent in European taurine breeds. The frequency of’the Brahmnn populo- tion is normnlly closer to those of other Bos indicus breeds. (Data sources : CIRAD-EMVT, ILRAD) level in cattle from Northern Europe. For this reason, a KN18 frequency of 15 % in the Creole population is highly significative in determining the partial West African 90s taurus origin of the Creole breed. This result strongly sug- gests that Creole cattle have acquired their taurine fea- tures not only from European Bos taurus but also from African Bos taurus . For the gamma S crystallin gene polymorphism, it is found (figure 7) that the allele represented by the 128 bp fragment is monomorphic at 100 % in the Creole popula- tion. The most similar frequency of this allele is encounte- red in the African N’Dama (85 %). This result confirms the previous hypothesis obtained with MHC-BoLA typing, viz. that some of the Creole taurine features have been inheri- ted from an N’Dama ancestor. The two dendrograms obtained by the calculations of genetic distance indicate clearly (figure 8) the intermedia- te position of the Creole, breed of Guadeloupe between the N’Dama Bos faurus breed of West Africa and two zebu breeds, the Sudan zebu of West Africa and the Brahman. In the NEI dendrogram the Creole is closer to the African taurine group and far from the European tauri- ne breeds. In the CAVALLI-SFORZA dendrogram the Creole is closer to the zebu group but the N’Dama remains the nearest taurine breed. This slight difference could be explained by the existence of a close equilibrium between Bos taurus and Bos indicus types. Regarding the historical approach, evidence have been accumulated suggesting the following *chronology of the establishment of cattle in the French West Indies. When Christopher Columbus discovered the Caribbean islands in 1492, there was no domestic livestock. i,20 0,60 F N’D CG 5 10 10 SZ BZ BM Breeds 5 5 9 Nb. Of mImals Figure 7 : G/C Bi-Allelic polymorphism of the Gamma S Crystctllin gene in different cattle breeds (seefigure 1). The allele represented by a 128 bp fragment is monomorphic ut 100 % in the Creole population and the most similnr frequency of this allele is the one of the African N’Dnma with 85 %. This indicntes once agnin the African Bos taurus N’Dnmn origin of the Creole crossbred. (Data sources : CIRAD-EMVT, ILRAD) 286 Retour au menuRetour au menu STVM-93 T Z 1 T Z KZ - BZ - CAVALLI-SFORZA Figure 8 : Dendrograms of genetic distance are obtained by using the two different mathematical matrices of NEI and CAVALLI-SFORZA in difSe- rent cattle breeds (see figure 1). It cari be seen clearly in the two dendrograms the intermediate position of the Creole breed of Guadeloupe between the N’Dama Bas taurus breed of West Africa and two zebu breeds, the West African zebu and the BI-ahman In the NEI dendrogram the Creole is closer to the African taurirle groap and far from the European taurine breeds. In the CAVALLI-SFORZA den- drogram the Creole is closer to the zebu group but the N’dama rernains the nearest taurine breed. This slight difference could be explained by the existence of a close equilibrium between Bos taurus and Bos indicus types. All during the colonization period from the XVlth to the XVlllth Century, the cattle which populated these islands were imported from Europe, mainly from Spain and Portugal, but a few from France. At the same time, African cattle were probably also imported from the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonial establishments of Africa, which were located essentially all along the Guinea Gulf Coast (map 1). These dwarf, humpless and shorthorn Bas taurus cattle have been established for 7,000 years (13) in this area infested by the tick Amblyomma variegatum. It was well adapted to the tropi- cal environment and was resistant to certain tropical diseases. In this way it is possible that these cattle could be responsible for the introduction of Amblyomma varie- gatum into the Caribbean islands, since the XVlth centu- ry. Its survival during some weeks of shipping was proba- bly possible by completing its development cycle on different hosts during the journey. Arriving in the tropical environment of the Caribbean islands, this tick was able to acclimatize. Map 1 : Map of .4frica showing the foci of origin and tirne of subse- quent spread in indigenous breeds of &rican cattle. Data are based on PAYNE (1964) and EPSTEIN (1971). The distribution area of .4fricarz Bos taurus either longhorn or shorthortl lies ail along the Guinea Gulf Coast and is included in the distribution area of the tick Amblyomma variegatum. The Spanish, Portuguese and French colonial establish- ments were mainly based in these areas between the South of Senegal and Angola. This tick could have existed in small numbers, without visible pathologie consequences on cattle, before 1828 when its introduction is presumed to have occurred with zebu cattle of Senegal. These cattle of African origin might have resisted diseases associated or with trans- mitted by Amblyomma variegatum, whereas the cattle of European origin might have disappeared progressi- vely. During the XIXth Century, African cattle were imported again : mainly zebus from Senegal to improve the pheno- typic aspects necessary for cart traction in sugar cane cultivation, and pure or crossbred N’Dama cattle from the Gambia (24). This African zebu al,so originated from an area infested with Amblyomma variegatum, and was accustomed to the environmental conditions. It was crossbred with the taurine cattle of African origin (such as the Senepol breed of the Virgin Islands which is a cross- bred population between 2 60s taurus breeds: African N’Dama of Senegal and European Red Poll). The hetero- sis effect could improve the resistance phenomenon in the areas infested by Amblyomma variegatum where the constant parasitic pressure maintained this genetic pre- disposition. 287 Retour au menuRetour au menu J.C. Maillard S.J. Kemp M. Naves C. Palin C. Demangel A. Accipe N. Maillard A. Bensaid All during the XXth Century, the African zebu type was gradually replaced by Indian zebu breeds imported since, from the French establishments of India and from Venezuela. At the present time, this crossbreeding is continuing with Brahman zebu selected in the USA. Also, different attempts at crossbreeding with European breeds for zootechnical improvements were severe failures because of disease. At present, have been studied 5 distinct polymorphie loti situated in 5 distinct chromosomes out of the 26 autoso- mal chromosomes constituting the bovine genome. It is therefore impossible to conclude with certainty on the exact phylogeny of the French West Indies cattle popu- lations. Contribution of Spanish and Portuguese cattle to the taurine features of the Creole breed needs to be assessed because these cattle are the ancestors of the Criollo Bas taurus breed widely distributed in South America and in the Spanish Caribbean islands. Origin and genetic characteristics of European breeds have been recently studied in relation to Indian and African cattle (23, 24)). These studies performed by using mole- cular techniques have revealed new molecular markers, one of them associated with the Y chromosome, allo- wing to distinguish Bas taurus from i3o.s indicus geno- types. In the light of these results, the authors plan to further investigate the genetics of the French West Indian cattle by including Spanish and Portuguese breeds in our pre- sent panel. The rationale of these studies is to define gene pools in different breeds known to be resistant or susceptible to diseases in order to preserve these gene pools in future breeding programs. The authors also think that it could be very interesting and useful to pursue their historical investigations by studies of other archives in several countries. These could be the formerly colonized countries like Trinidad, St Domingo, Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean, and the formerly colonizing countries like Spain, Portugal and France. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is financially supported by the European Economie Communities (TS3-CT91-0012) and the department of Elevage et médecine vétérinaire of CIRAD. We thank Drs R. QUEVAL and G. DUVALLET (CRTA Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso), Dr. A. TEALE (ILRAD, Nairobi, Kenya), Dr. R.L SPOONER (ABRO Edinburgh, Scotland), Dr. H. LEVEZIEL (INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France), Drs D. BRADLEY and D. MACHUGH (University of Dublin, Ireland), Dr. P. ZARAGOZA (University of Saragossa, Spain), for their cooperation in providing samples, reagents or data. 288 REFERENCES 1. ADAMS (T.E.), BRANDON (M.R.). Genetic aspects of disease resistan- ce in cattle. In : BUTLER (J.E.), Ed. The Ruminant system. New York, London, Plenum Press, 1981. P. 451.473. 2. AMORENA (B.), STONE (W.H.). Bovine lymphocyte antigens (BoLA) : a serologic, genetic and histocompatibility analysis. Tiss~e Antigens, 1982, 16(3):212-225. 3. ASHTON (G.C.), LAMPKIN (G.H.). 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MAILLARD (JC.), KEMP (S.J.), LEVEZIEL (H.), TEALE (A.J.), QUEVAL (R.). Le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de bovins ouest-africains. Typages d’antigenes lymphocytaires (BoLA) de taurins Baoulé (Bas tanrus) et de, zébus soudaniens (Bas indicus) du Burkina Faso (Af. Occid.). Revue Elev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1989, 42 (2) : 275. 281. 26. MAILLARD (J.C.), PALIN (C.), TRAP (I.), BENSAID (A.). An attempt to identify genetic markers of resistance or susceptibility to derma- tophilosis in the zebu Brahman population of Martinique. Revue Elev. M&l. véf. Pays trop., 1993,46 (l-2) : 291-295. 27. MAULE (J.P.) The Cattle of the Tropics. Univ. of Edinburgh, CTVM. Melksham, Wilts, Eds Redwood Press Ltd, 1990. 225 p, 28. NE1 (M.). Genetic distance between populations, An?. Nnturnlisr, 1972, 106:283-292. 29. OPPONG (E.N.W.). Epizootiology of dermatophilosis infection in catt- le in the Accra plains of Ghana. In : LLYOD (D.H.), SELLERS (K.C). Eds. Dermatophilus Infection in Animals and Man. 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Polymorphisme biochimique de l’hémo- globine de populations bovines trypanosensibles,et trypanotolérantes et de leurs croisements dans l’Ouest africain. Revue Elev. Méd. vét. Pqs frop., 1982, 35.(2) : 137.146. 36. QUEVAL (R.), BAMBARA (L.). Polymorphisme de l’albumine dans la race Baoulé et une population de zébus de type soudanien. Revue Elev. ,!4&/. vét. Pays trop., 1984, 37 (N” spécial) : 288-296. 37. SPOONER (R.L.). Genetics of resistance to disease in domestic animals. In : UILENBERG (G.), HAMERS (R.), Eds. Resistance or’ Tolerance of Animals to Disease and Veterinary Epidemiology and Diagnostic Methods. Proceedings of EEC contractant Workshops, Rethymno (Crete), 2-6 nov. 1992. Maisons-Alfort, CIRAD-EMVT, 1993. P.I.5. 38. SPOONER (R.L.), OLIVIER (R.A.). Albumin polymorphism in British cattle. Anim. Prod., 1969,ll : 59-63. 39. SPOONER (R.L.), LEVEZIEL (H.), GROSCLAUDE (F.), OLIVIER (R.A.), VAIMAN (M.). Evidence for a possible major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) in cattle. .Z. Zmmunogen., 1978, 5 :335-346. 40. STEAR (M.J.), BROWN (SC.), DIMMOCK (C.K.). DUFTY (J.H.), HETZEL (D.J.S.), MACKIE (J.T.), NICHOLAS (F.W.), TIERNEY (T.J.), WETHERALL (J.D.). Breed differences in the’frequency of bovine lym phocyte antigens. Exp. C/irt. In?ntunoger?et.,l987. 4 : 27-36. 41. TAILLEMITE (E.). Inventaire de la correspondance à l’arrivée des gou- vernements de Martinique. Paris, SEVPEN, Séries C8A, 197 1. 42. TEALE (A.J.), KEMP (S.J). BoLA typing applications in the Gambia. 111 : Abstracts of African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 1987. 43. UILENBERG (G.), BARRÉ (N.), CAMUS (E.), BURRIDGE (M.J.), GARRIS (GI.). Heartwater in the Caribbean. In : RIEMANN (H.P.), BURRIDGE (M.J.), Eds. Impact of livestock diseases on livestock pro- duction in the tropics. Amsterdam. Elsevier Sciences Publishers, 1984. P. 255-268. -14. WAKELIN (D.). Genetic control of susceptibility and resistance to parasitic infection. :lrh.. Pnr-crsitol. 1978. 16 : 2 19-308. 289 Retour au menuRetour au menu J.C. Maillard S.J. Kemp M. Naves C. Palin C. Demangel A. Accipe N. Maillard A. Bensaid MAILLARD (J.C.), KEMP (S.J.), NAVES (M.), PALIN (C.), DEMANGEL (C.), ACCIPE (A.), MAILLARD (N.), BENSAID (A.). An attempt to correlate cattle breed origins and diseases associated with or trans,mitted by the tick Amblyommn varie@um in French West Indies. Revue Elev. Méd. vét. Puys trop., 1993,46 (l-2) : 283-290 By using biological data and historical research, we have tried to explain the difference hetween resistance and susceptibility to the diseases transmitted (cowdriosis) or associated (dermatophilosis) with the tick Amblyomma variegatum, in two cattle breeds of the French West Indies: the Creole crossbred cattle of Guadeloupe and the Brahman zebu cattle of Martinique. Have been studied the polymor- phisms of 5 independent genetic systems (erythrocytic haemoglobin, serum albumin and transferrin, the class 1 region of the BoLA com- plex and the gamma S crystallin gene) in different breeds comprising Bas taurus cattle of Europe and Africa, Bos indicus of West and East Africa, as well as the Brahman of Martinique and the Creole cross- bred of Guadeloupe. By comparing the different allele frequencies of these 5 non related polymorphie loti and by using the two different mathematical matrices of NE1 and of CAVALLI-SFORZA, have been estahlished the genetic distances hetween these breeds. It appears clearly that the Creole cattle of Guadeloupe are in an intermediate position between the Bos taurus N’Dama breed of West Africa and two Bos indicus zebu breeds, namely the West African Sudan zebu and the Brahman. Thanks to studies of different archives in the Caribbean and in Europe, historical evidence have been accumulated on the geographical origins and on the chronology of the establish- ment of Creole and Brahman cattle in the French West Indies. The high resistance of the Creole cattle of Guadeloupe to diseases associa- ted with or transmitted by the “Senegalese” tick Amblyomma variega- tum seems to he due to the inheritance of a pool of genes from West African cattle and more particularly from the N’Dama hreed. Indeed, the tick AmbZyomma variegatum, endemic in all West Africa, was introduced in the Caribhean with West African cattle. Most certainly, this tick maintained a parasitic pressure, hence the innate capability of the Creole cattle to naturally control these diseases. Key words : Cattle - Creole cattle N’Dama cattle Brahman zebu cattle Sudan zebu cattle Heartwater Dermatophilosis - Tick - Amblyomma varie- gntum - Disease resistance - French West Indies - Guadeloupe - Martinique. MAILLARD (J.C.), KEMP, (S.J.), NAVES (M.), PALIN (C.), DEMANGEL (C.), ACCIPE (A.), MAILLARD (N.), BENSAID (A.). Intento de correlacion entre las razas bovinas y las enfermedades relacio-; nadas o transmitidas por,la garrapata Amblyommn vaviegatum en las Antillas francesas. Revue Eh. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1993, 46 (l-2) : 283-’ 290 Mediante el uso de datos biologicos e historicos, se trata de explicar la; diferencia entre la resistencia y la susceptibilidad a las enfermedades transmitidas (por ejemplo la cowdriosis) o asociadas (por ejemplo la dermatofïlosis) con el acaro Amblyomma variegutum, en dos razas de ganado de las Antillas Francesas : cruce autoctono (Criollo) de Guadalupe y ganado Brahman de Martinica. Se estudiaron Los poli- morfismos de cinco sistemas genéticos independientes (hemoglobina eritrocitica, albumina sérica y transferrina, complejo de clase 1 de BoLA y gen cristalino gama S),,en diferentes razas de ganado Bas; taurus europeo y Bos indicus de Africa del Este y del Oeste, incluyen- do el cruce autoctono (Criollo) de Guadalupe y el ganado Brahman de Martinica. Las distancias genéticas de estas razas, se establecieron mediante la comparacion de las frecuencias alélicas de estos 5 Ioci polimorficos e independientes y el uso de dos matrices matematicas diferentes, de NE1 y CAVALLI-SFORZA. Parece claro que el ganado Criollo de Guadalupe se encuentra en una position intermedia entre el Bos tuurus N’Dama de Africa del Oeste y dos razas cebuinas de Bos indicus, el cebu Sudanés de Africa del Oeste y el Brahman. Gracias a 10s estudios de diferentes archives, tanto en el Caribe como en Europa, logramos acumular la evidencia historica sobre 10s origenes geograficos y cronologicos del estahlecimiento del ganado Criollo y Brahman en las Antillas Francesas. La alta resistencia del ganado Criollo de Guadalupe a las enfermedades asociadas o transmitidas por la garrapata “senegalesa” Amblyomma variegatum, parece ser debida a la carga hereditaria de un “pool” de genes de ganado de Africa del Oeste y particularmente de la raza N’Dama. De hechoi Amblyomma vuriegutum, endémica en Africa del Oeste, fue introduci- da en el Caribe junto con el ganado del oeste africano. Aparentemente, este acaro ha mantenido una presion parasitaria suficiente para la conservation de la capacidad natural del ganado Criollo para el control de este tipo de enfermedades. Palabras claves : Bovino - Bovino Criollo - Bovino N’Dama - Cebu Brahman - Cebti Sudanés - Cowdriosis - Dermatofilosis - Garrapata - Amblyomma variegntum - Resistancia a las enfermedades - Antillas fran- cesas - Guadalupe - (La) Martinica. 290 Retour au menuRetour au menu