Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 63 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 88488 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Mr. 26 form 25 Darwin 21 animal 19 Professor 19 Dr. 17 America 16 specie 15 plant 15 great 14 Europe 11 man 11 life 11 Sir 11 New 10 illustration 10 case 10 North 9 time 9 nature 9 South 9 Origin 9 Natural 8 variation 8 cell 8 Wallace 8 Species 8 Society 8 Huxley 7 natural 7 Nature 7 Lyell 7 London 7 Lamarck 6 fact 6 body 6 States 6 St. 6 Life 6 Journal 6 England 6 Australia 6 Africa 5 selection 5 history 5 character 5 Spencer 5 Selection 5 Prof. 5 Man Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 12302 specie 11055 animal 9420 part 9143 case 8961 form 8265 time 8208 plant 7079 man 6944 life 6455 fact 5023 condition 4836 variety 4836 character 4807 selection 4677 cell 4634 body 4633 nature 4614 p. 4424 change 4304 year 4263 variation 4246 number 4215 action 4181 power 4037 work 4033 organ 3857 structure 3794 period 3757 bird 3663 view 3657 water 3654 difference 3582 kind 3430 matter 3397 way 3363 development 3321 male 3316 theory 3305 one 3229 individual 3204 cause 3114 organism 3088 page 3077 group 3067 place 2993 result 2959 point 2890 day 2849 process 2824 world Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 44691 _ 5556 Mr. 5379 Darwin 4085 i. 3062 ii 2233 . 2032 Dr. 1556 Professor 1544 M. 1404 Lamarck 1376 Origin 1342 America 1301 vol 1182 de 1122 Natural 1080 Sir 1040 Europe 1037 Lyell 971 pp 874 Selection 849 II 839 New 786 LETTER 779 Society 779 Nature 775 I. 761 Wallace 760 Man 749 Species 747 London 737 c. 716 C. 701 Huxley 688 South 688 England 686 Fig 674 la 656 J. 603 Soc 596 | 595 H. 593 North 571 Prof. 560 Hooker 535 Buffon 530 W. 530 St. 520 p. 519 Journal 517 S. Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 44831 it 25597 i 22967 we 16516 they 14810 he 8841 them 6914 you 4730 me 4097 us 2802 him 1995 itself 1646 themselves 1288 himself 1094 she 636 one 598 myself 422 her 360 ourselves 102 herself 94 yourself 56 mine 54 ours 49 yours 21 theirs 17 oneself 17 his 10 je 5 thee 5 iv 5 hers 5 > 4 à 3 ii 2 |245| 2 yourselves 2 thyself 2 pp 2 nature,--the 2 imagination.--the 2 fertility 2 em 2 65):-- 2 ''s 1 â 1 |instinct 1 |246| 1 |233| 1 yew 1 ye 1 wolff Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 189417 be 59893 have 11670 do 10166 see 7302 give 7243 find 7182 make 6198 say 5951 become 5871 produce 5610 know 5539 take 4963 show 4534 seem 3845 appear 3777 form 3659 call 3617 think 3607 come 3587 live 3182 exist 3076 suppose 2990 believe 2847 follow 2765 occur 2679 go 2472 increase 2345 consider 2311 use 2231 develop 2185 bring 2081 observe 2034 remain 2020 pass 2007 bear 1996 lead 1849 explain 1841 grow 1824 leave 1791 look 1770 contain 1765 write 1762 arise 1738 differ 1727 change 1689 continue 1683 acquire 1634 begin 1632 accord 1597 regard Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 29175 not 14790 other 13927 more 11395 so 10921 same 10187 great 8556 only 8340 very 7894 many 7361 such 6951 most 6599 first 6331 much 6124 now 5950 as 5929 well 5600 thus 5189 long 5149 different 4959 even 4953 natural 4893 new 4876 also 4732 then 4617 certain 4590 less 4331 large 4028 far 3869 small 3827 up 3405 high 3404 out 3354 however 3237 little 3149 general 3122 good 3105 common 3058 here 3014 still 2996 few 2919 often 2879 present 2846 several 2652 low 2616 early 2601 whole 2567 distinct 2532 almost 2477 old 2464 own Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1595 most 1387 least 994 good 701 high 700 great 465 low 340 early 265 simple 237 near 208 fit 180 slight 180 Most 174 small 174 old 170 large 154 strong 116 manif 97 late 72 fine 67 close 65 wide 57 common 48 bad 47 full 42 long 40 deep 31 clear 29 minute 29 broad 25 easy 24 young 24 weak 24 rich 23 plain 22 eld 21 hard 20 safe 20 rare 20 new 19 strange 18 lofty 18 grave 16 heavy 16 brief 16 able 15 bright 14 true 14 rude 14 pure 14 noble Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5356 most 325 well 253 least 9 highest 6 long 5 hard 4 lowest 3 ¦ 3 worst 3 says:-- 3 oldest 3 goethe 3 early 2 warmest 2 richest 2 near 2 easiest 1 soon 1 of--"the 1 newest 1 kinship:-- 1 is!--the 1 hindermost 1 fittest 1 finest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 www.gutenberg.net 2 www.gutenberg.org 1 gallica.bnf.fr Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31316/31316-h/31316-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31316/31316-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/7/6/0/27600/27600-h/27600-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/7/6/0/27600/27600-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/1/7/8/21781/21781-h/21781-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/1/7/8/21781/21781-h.zip 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/6/1/3/16136/16136-h/16136-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/6/1/3/16136/16136-h.zip 1 http://gallica.bnf.fr Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132 _ see _ 40 _ is _ 23 species are not 22 _ are _ 21 selection is not 20 darwin does not 17 changes take place 16 _ do _ 16 _ is not 16 species are only 14 man does not 13 characters are more 13 nature is not 12 animals are not 12 characters do not 12 darwin did not 12 man is not 12 selection does not 12 species are more 12 species do not 11 _ does _ 11 changes going on 11 facts do not 11 life is not 11 nature does not 11 species are generally 10 _ does not 10 animals are more 10 animals do not 10 case is not 10 darwin was not 10 forms have not 10 plants have not 9 animals is so 9 case is very 9 darwin is not 9 darwin was able 9 forms are not 9 species are common 9 species were not 9 time goes on 9 varieties do not 8 _ do not 8 _ form _ 8 cells are not 8 nature are not 8 plants do not 8 species are now 8 species are so 8 species are very Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 species are not immutable 4 power does not long 4 species are not only 3 darwin does not so 3 form have not either 3 man does not normally 3 men have no fear 3 plants is not divisible 3 species are not so 3 species were not supernaturally 2 _ is not only 2 animals are not even 2 animals have no doubt 2 animals is not altogether 2 bodies are not afterwards 2 bodies are not mere 2 case be no doubt 2 case is not so 2 cells are no longer 2 cells are not double 2 characters is not manifest 2 conditions are no longer 2 conditions do not necessarily 2 darwin had no wish 2 darwin is not responsible 2 facts are not opposed 2 forms are not immutable 2 forms has not indefinitely 2 life did not insensibly 2 men is not only 2 nature does not necessarily 2 nature is not incessant 2 nature making no mistake 2 plants had not thus 2 plants have no volition 2 powers are no longer 2 powers do not at 2 selection is not always 2 selection is not applicable 2 selection is not hypothetical 2 species do not now 2 species have no material 2 species is no sure 2 species is not always 2 time has no limit 2 time is not sufficient 2 varieties do not essentially 2 work is not only 1 _ are not half 1 _ are not so Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 311799 2300 272565 1909 245817 54612 238746 27600 225132 28897 213152 2740 208990 2009 198292 2739 193450 15707 184499 7234 182735 49818 168790 6335 158252 22764 132085 20556 129969 39969 124084 58867 119734 23427 116377 6919 108943 16729 108327 5273 107767 1043 96723 10060 94233 44582 92591 22728 89507 20818 75443 39910 74047 18335 57292 21781 56039 14325 55586 16487 54237 38584 51847 33862 46533 35490 45462 42606 42959 29739 41001 31316 40845 19192 40527 37221 35458 16136 25613 26438 24970 34077 24258 18521 16069 26260 15639 6882 14184 2929 9279 2089 8412 2923 7571 2925 7428 2936 7010 2926 6891 2921 6807 18911 6766 2922 6602 2930 6512 2924 5944 59516 4048 2354 24923 2872 2871 2928 24648 25711 Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" ----------------------------------------------------------- 91.0 59516 82.0 26260 82.0 6882 78.0 2740 76.0 2739 75.0 39969 73.0 27600 71.0 21781 70.0 28897 70.0 39910 69.0 42606 69.0 35490 69.0 2300 68.0 19192 68.0 23427 68.0 22728 68.0 20556 66.0 18335 66.0 2925 66.0 15707 65.0 16487 65.0 1043 64.0 31316 64.0 7234 63.0 2354 63.0 14325 63.0 49818 62.0 44582 61.0 20818 61.0 58867 61.0 29739 61.0 6335 61.0 2923 61.0 2924 61.0 2930 60.0 6919 60.0 1909 60.0 2922 59.0 26438 59.0 16729 59.0 2921 58.0 10060 58.0 34077 58.0 33862 58.0 16136 57.0 38584 57.0 18521 56.0 18911 56.0 22764 56.0 37221 56.0 5273 56.0 2089 56.0 2926 54.0 54612 52.0 2009 50.0 2929 49.0 2936 24923 2872 2871 2928 24648 25711 Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 10060 And in respect of certain groups of animals, the wellestablished facts of paleontology leave no rational doubt that they arose existence of living _Globigerinoe_ at great depths, which are based upon shells of animals which live in different zones of depth will prove that true cretaceous forms may be discovered in the deep sea, the modern types highly-organized animals do continue to live at a depth of 300 and 400 calcareous element of the deep-sea "chalk" owes its existence, the fact organic formation like chalk; that, as a matter of fact, an area on the time or other, formed part of the organized framework of living living things, whence the two great series of plants and animals have forming in the midst of a sea which swarms with living beings, the great [Footnote 1: There is every reason to believe that living plants, like diameter, when magnified 400 times; but forms of living matter abound, 1043 of living nature to-day, that for ages the early organisms had no hard life will be, to a great extent, the story of how animals and plants time little one-celled living units appeared in the waters of the earth, Two groups were developed from the primitive fish, which have great age, when large continents, with great inland seas, existed in North types for freer life, and the earth will pass into a new age. advancing life that a new type of organism has its period of triumph, the evolution of the higher types of land-life. Returning to the water, the primitive insects would develop gills, like The remaining land-life of the Coal-forest is confined to worm-like important preparation of the earth for higher land animals and plants. a period of low-lying land, great sea-invasions, and genial climate, Miocene period there is a great development of the horse-like mammals. 14325 primitive sex taboos on the evolution of the social mores and family cells; Limitations of biology in social problems; Sex always present in early origin of sexual reproduction the males and females were the sex complex; The male and the female type of body; How removal of the sex glands, no organ or cell in a male body can be exactly like the Each of these sex types, male and female, varies somewhat within itself, associated with the male and female sex glands, respectively, is basis for both sexes exists in each individual, are not some women more Chemical life cycles of the sexes; Functional-reproductive period and pure, uniform sex-types, male and female. the almost universal custom of the "woman shunned" and the sex taboos of factors of the sex life; Taboo control has conditioned the natural which also modify the sex life of the human individual. 15707 action the sensorial power termed irritation; but also pleasure or pain, retina into animal motion by their stimulus; at the same time that those because the sensation of pleasure or pain frequently continues some time 1. _Animal motion includes stimulus, sensorial power, and contractile power has been for some time increased, and the muscles or organs of sense exertion as to produce sensation, be continued for a certain time, it will For these powerful stimuli excite pain at the same time, that they produce irritation; and this pain not only excites fibrous motions by its stimulus, irritative motions generally induces an increase of pleasure or pain, as in motions are produced by the increased quantity of sensation existing in the great as to excite sensation, it produces greater sensitive actions of the agreeable ideas excite into motion the sensorial power of sensation, and ideas and other motions in consequence of the sensorial power of sensation. 16136 into existence at no great distance of time from the present; and that existing animals and plants are taken by other forms, as numerous and indications of the existence of terrestrial animals, other than birds, period as four thousand years, no form of the hypothesis of evolution animals which are so closely allied to existing forms that, at one time, remains, and present the appearance of beds of rock formed under of organic remains in a deposit, that animals or plants did not exist at tertiary rocks; but, so far as our present knowledge goes, the birds of The horse is in many ways a remarkable animal; not least so in the fact we find animals which are extremely like horses--which, in fact, are so so far as our present knowledge extends, the history of the horse-type five great modifications of the animal form; and the like is true in 16487 of Nature''s power of building machines--The origin of the cell ==The Mechanical Nature of Living Organisms.==--This new attitude forced the powers of the living organism and the forces of heat and chemical forces, explain the activities taking place in the living organism? the body of the animal is formed out of these cells, and when it is or plant which produced it, begins to divide, as already shown in Fig. 8, and the many cells which arise from it eventually form the new The cell is simply a bit of protoplasm and is the unit of living matter. that the simplest living machine is the cell whose study must always The living machine has developed by natural processes, all animal and plant machines have been built up from the simple cell as the building during which this cell machine was built by certain natural machine upon whose activities all vital phenomena rest--the living cell. 16729 Educational Value of the Natural History Sciences," contains a view of seekers after natural knowledge, of the kinds called physical and Now the value of a knowledge of physical science as a means of getting school-life, and to learn, for the first time, that a world of facts nature, or to lay his mind alongside of a physical fact, and try to whole school existence to physical science: in fact, no one would lament ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. ON THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SCIENCES. Now, so far as we know, there is no natural limit to the existence of time, and, if the like had been done with every animal, the sciences of pre-existing form by the operation of natural causes. series of species has come into existence by the operation of natural explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin 18335 only look upon a living body as a machine by forming new conceptions of The physical and chemical forces of dead matter are The mechanical and the chemical forces of dead matter are the Mechanical forces and chemical affinities rule our physical lives, and living body as only the sum of its physical and chemical activities; physical life forms a closed circle, science says, and what goes into The cell is the unit of life; all living bodies are but vast all; the main thing about the live body--its organization, its life--you pulls matter down; life lifts it up; chemical forces pull it to pieces; Life rides on the mechanical and chemical forces, but it does Life appears like the introduction of a new element or force or tendency a peculiar ''vital force'' acts in the chemistry of life," says Professor only chemical and physical forces are discoverable in living matter; 18521 author the generative process is still in progress, and new worlds are Suppose a planet formed by the author''s process, what kind of a body found to enclose remains of the organic beings, plants, and animals, rocks may be thus said to form a kind of history of the organic earliest forms of animated being of which we have any traces as existing existence of certain humbler forms of life, vegetable and animal, for organism, and land plants became a conspicuous part of the new creation. conclusions of the author of the _Vestiges of Creation_ on the origin of at this stage seems formed on a new pattern--plants as well as animals forms of animal life are found in the lowest fossiliferous rocks, and In almost every form of life, whether animal or vegetable, art animal forms appeared. author''s hypothesis and the need of successive organic creations by a 18911 not, in fact, denote any particular science but is a generic term general are the phenomena of life related to those of the non-living In its bearing on man''s place in nature this question is one of the merely mechanical principles of nature, much less can we explain them; biologist of to-day views the matter differently; and I shall give his nature and origin of organic adaptations. life is "response to the order of nature." This seems a long way from Without attempting adequately to illustrate the nature of organic found in certain cases, including animals as highly organized as Such combinations appear in definite series, the nature of which may fundamental problem is, how far the process may be mechanically this problem relates to the origin of organic adaptations, the But Darwin himself did not consider natural selection as an adequate mutations, any adequate general theory of evolution must explain the 1909 species, and as Darwin himself pointed out, in many cases the two forms of "The Origin of Species", Darwin stated his view on this point very the only true ''Origin of Species''" ("Life and Habit", London, page publication of Darwin''s "Origin of Species", Huxley stated his own views Darwin''s immortal work, "The Origin of Species", first shed light for way affects the fact recognised by Darwin, that ear-forms showing the labours for his immortal work, "The Origin of Species", Darwin expresses always bear in mind Darwin''s words ("Descent of Man", page 229.) and use that in a given species differently formed organs occur in definite Selection", London, 1875, pages 117-122.) Darwin''s original letter Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection", page 214.) Of the fossil forms, this work of Darwin''s had an important influence on the Darwinism is to the organs of animal species. Darwin''s theory of the origin of species, "it depends upon observation, 19192 Scriptural doctrine accounts for the spiritual nature of man, and meets his book on "Natural Selection," to prove that the organs of plants and 4. To account for the existence of matter and life, Mr. Darwin admits a As Natural Selection which works so slowly is a main element in Mr. Darwin''s theory, it is necessary to understand distinctly what he means by the term Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to man''s variety of structure in plants and animals is due to the law of natural Origin of Species," he says, "that when he first read Mr. Darwin''s book, animals below man, maintains that natural selection must, even in their Haeckel says that Darwin''s theory of evolution leads inevitably to of God from the works of nature, endangered faith in that great doctrine what Mr. Darwin says natural selection has done. To banish design from nature, as is done by Darwin''s theory, is, 2009 facts as these, if we suppose that each species of animal and plant, or the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. animals and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, fact that if any animal or plant in a state of nature be highly useful selection; and in this case the individual differences given by nature, natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, SPECIES are crossed the case is reversed, for a plant''s own pollen that as new species in the course of time are formed through natural the case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and Natural selection cannot possibly produce any modification in a species So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance 20556 efficient causes of organic change, and thus to account for the origin organization of the present Museum of Natural History as it is to-day. But the life-work of Lamarck and his theory of organic evolution, as of course it takes a new form if Lamarck''s views, improved by yours, great length of geological time; (2) The continuous existence of animal WHEN DID LAMARCK CHANGE HIS VIEWS REGARDING THE MUTABILITY OF SPECIES? vulgar have generally formed on the nature and origin of living "_It is not the organs, i.e., the nature and form of the parts of the state of organization of the different animals now living! nature has gradually formed the different animals that we know, "It is known that different places change in nature and character by general form, the parts, and the very organization of these animals, "Naturalists having observed that the forms of the parts of animals 20818 St. Hilaire.--Professor Burt Wilder.--Foot-wings.--Facts of pathology.--Mr. James Paget.--Dr. William Budd.--The existence of such an internal power of Admitting, then, organic and other evolution, and that new forms of animals a way as to lead men to regard the present organic world as formed, so to The theory of "Natural Selection" supposes that the varied forms and influences and with Natural Selection in the evolution of organic forms. the theory of "Natural Selection" as the sole origin of species. to produce a considerable effect on horses, and instances are given by Mr. Darwin of pony breeds[79] having independently arisen in different parts of like enough for the evolution of all organic forms by "Natural Selection"? of the same organic forms in animals high in the scale of nature. evolution of all organic forms by the exclusive action of mere minute, forces, and forms structures which neither Natural Selection nor any other 2089 And with respect to that theory of the origin of the forms of life biological sciences are studied, the ''Origin of Species'' lights the Evolution were fabricated by Darwin; and the ''Origin of Species'' has the new theory respecting the origin of species first became known to allied species, supposing for this purpose a very long period of time." species of animals and plants did originate in that way, as a condition account for the origination of all past and present species of living pithecoid origin of man involved in Lamarck''s doctrine, he observes:-Lyell meant natural causation; and I see no reason to doubt (The creation and extinction of species, out of the common course of nature; present day, which has not existed from the time that philosophers the universality of natural causation assumed by the man of science. Newton''s ''Principia,'' is Darwin''s ''Origin of Species.'' 21781 organic mechanism, our sections upon the frog and dog-fish, and the alimentary canal or by certain organs called glands, which open be seen by gently scraping the roof of a frog''s mouth (the cells figured Figure 2 gives a dorsal view of the rabbit''s brain; a (Rabbit, Section 2) of the frog; the tail is absent-in a fish it would do Describe, with figures, the brain of a frog, and compare it with that body-wall muscle, and connected with a line of sense organs similar If the student will compare Figure 10 of the frog, and, like the corresponding arch in the frog, forms the carotid artery; frog, as compared with the rabbit and dog-fish, notably in the skull frog, amphioxus, rabbit, and dog-fish. 1. Compare the brain of the frog with that of the rabbit. 2. Compare the vertebrae of dog-fish, rabbit, and frog. 22728 THAT SPECIES ARE NATURALLY FORMED RACES, DESCENDED species be produced adapted by exquisite means to prey on one animal or authors probably breeds of dogs are another case of modified species selection on one species: even in case of a plant not capable of and in the case of plants from monstrous changes, that certain organs in species scarcely differ more than breeds of cattle, are probably ON THE VARIATION OF ORGANIC BEINGS IN A WILD STATE; ON THE NATURAL MEANS into a change from the natural conditions of the species [generally it, if species are only races produced by natural selection, that when organic beings in a state of nature; if changes of condition from selecting such individuals until a new race or species was formed. the number of different species on each island), a form transported from The races or new species supposed to be formed would be 22764 single species--On Extinction--On simultaneous changes in the forms of life Varieties from one or more Species--Domestic Pigeons, their Differences individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. and plants, and compare them with closely allied species, we generally closely allied natural species--for instance, of the many foxes--inhabiting to the many species of finches, or other large groups of birds, in nature. Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, Variability--Individual differences--Doubtful species--Wide ranging, natural selection cannot do, is to modify the structure of one species, new species in the course of time are formed through natural selection, species, which are already extremely different in character, will generally case in nature; species (A) being more nearly related to B, C, and D, than selection, the extreme amount of difference in character between species large groups of species, has _differed_ considerably in closely-allied So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to 2300 foregoing, the males and females of some animals differ in structures male differs greatly in colour from the female, as well as from the As the males and females of many animals differ somewhat in habits and The sexes do not generally differ much in colour, but the males are being widely different in the males and females of certain species, In most cases the males and females of distinct species that the males of some species differ widely in colour from the females, females; and yet, when the sexes differ, the males are almost always the the females in comparison with the males cannot be accounted for, as Mr. Wallace believes to be the case with birds, by the greater exposure of When the male differs in colour from the female, he generally exhibits differences of, with those of man; fighting of males for the females; 23427 Or the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, addition which I have ventured to make to the theory of Buffon and Dr. Erasmus Darwin--then the wideness of the difference between the Mr. Darwin seems to have followed the one half of Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire''s "full account of Buffon''s conclusions" upon the subject of climate, food, and other changed conditions of life, and that of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, which assigns only an indirect effect to these, while evolution, may be seen from the following passage, taken from Mr. Darwin''s ''Origin of Species'':-organs of living bodies, all animal and vegetable forms have been study of animals and plants under domestication than Buffon, Dr. Darwin, "Nature changes a plant or animal''s surroundings gradually--man Nevertheless, the use of the word "means" here enables Mr. Darwin to speak of Natural Selection as if it were an active cause 2354 AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN IN MAN AND APES in the structure of the brain in man and the apes, which arose some developed in apes'' as in human brains, or even better; and that it is gyri which appear upon the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in man brains of man, the orang, the chimpanzee, the gorilla, in spite of all characters, between the ape''s brain and man''s: nor any as to the the external perpendicular fissure of Gratiolet, in the human brain for chimpanzee''s brains resemble man''s, but in which they differ from the difference in the development of the brains of apes and that of the appearance of the sulci and gyri in the foetal human brain is in the posterior sulci appear before the anterior, in the brains of the temporal or frontal sulci, appear, the foetal brain of man presents 24648 24923 25711 26260 When we think of these creatures as little men (which is all wrong of A race of civilized beings descended from these great cats would have Like ants and bees, the cat race is nervous. planet of super-cat-men could look down upon ours, they would not know In a world of super-cat-men, I suppose there would have been fewer When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely. A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who Each simian will wish to know more than his head can hold, let such an ambition, yet simians won''t like to think it''s beyond their primitive simian feelings,--wars, accidents, love affairs, and family (The average simian will imagine he knows without learning.) In a simian civilization, great halls will great cats, simians tend to undervalue the body. as the simians are would naturally have a hard time behaving as though 26438 The question whether the effects of use and disuse are inherited, or, in eye-stalks_ appear to illustrate the effects of natural selection rather use-inheritance, surely we may believe that natural selection, inheritance of the effects of use and disuse in kind_. use-inheritance as it undoubtedly is to effect great changes in direct SIMILAR EFFECTS OF NATURAL SELECTION AND USE-INHERITANCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS OF NATURAL SELECTION AND USE-INHERITANCE. natural selection are inherited effects of use or disuse. necessarily by directly inherited effects of use or disuse of parts in use-inheritance by natural or artificial selection acting upon general the alleged inheritance of the similar effects of use and disuse, unless The alleged inheritance of the effects of use and disuse in our domestic selection has shown itself in cases where use-inheritance could have WOULD NATURAL SELECTION FAVOUR USE-INHERITANCE? WOULD NATURAL SELECTION FAVOUR USE-INHERITANCE? various evil results of use-inheritance, natural selection would be 2739 Joseph Hooker, who has most generously given the original letters to Mr. Darwin''s family. February 4th: Began work on Man. February 10th: New edition of "Variation under Domestication." Read Natural History." See "Life and Letters," II., page 31.) I feel sure I be noted that these pages were written before the appearance of Mr. Darwin''s book on ''The Origin of Species''--a work which has effected a of such cases, says ("On the Nature of Limbs," pages 39, 40), ''I think "Review of Darwin''s Theory on the Origin of Species by means of Natural A passage from Agassiz''s review is given by Mr. Huxley in Darwin''s "Life and Letters," II., page 184.), but I hope to "Man''s Place in Nature," page 110, note, Huxley remarks: "Surely it is in "Life and Letters," Volume II., page 25, but not, we think in the 2740 This letter is in reply to Mr. Darwin''s criticisms on Mr. Wallace''s "Island Life," 1880.) "Animals and Plants," Edition II., Volume I., page 306.) I am very glad (page 14), he published a letter to Mr. Darwin in which he speaks of the The pages refer to Darwin''s "Geological Observations on the "Origin," Edition V., 1869, page 451, Darwin discusses Croll''s theory, page 178, 1880) Mackintosh mentions a letter received from Darwin, "who It is an interesting fact that Darwin''s work on climbing plants and Letters," III., page 279.) Judging from a long review in the "Bot. Zeitung", and from what I know of some the plants, I believe Delpino''s Plants," Volume I., page 348, Darwin added, with respect to the rarity The following five letters refer to Darwin''s work on "bloom"--a 1887; see also Darwin''s "Life and Letters," I., pages 355, 356, 362, 363.) 27600 heat is produced by the increased action of the absorbents appears from the action of the heart owing to the deficient sensorial power of irritation or The increased arterial action in this sensitive irritated fever is not inflammation, a violent inflammatory fever, with great pain, occurs, vessels of the skin are exposed to great heat, an excess of sensorial power warm skin for a moderate time to cold air increases the action of the stomach into greater action, as appears by their increasing the power of degree of these sensorial powers; increased actions, and consequent sensorial powers in the cold fit produces the increased actions of the hot stomach excite a greater quantity of the sensorial power of association, heart and arteries in fevers with weak pulse increases the action of the with the cold water, and consequently the sensorial power of association, action of the stomach by exciting the sensorial power of association; this 2871 2872 28897 ANIMALS AND PLANTS--REVERSION IN CROSSED VARIETIES AND SPECIES--REVERSION INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS--STERILITY OF PLANTS FROM CHANGED CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENCE IN FERTILITY BETWEEN CROSSED SPECIES AND VARIETIES--CONCLUSIONS SELECTION--INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT BREEDERS ON THE SAME SUB-VARIETY--PLANTS varieties have probably in some cases run wild, and their crossing alone when they crossed certain breeds, pigeons coloured like the wild _C. distinct evidence that the crossing of differently-coloured varieties well with the converse case of domesticated animals and cultivated plants When fowls, pigeons, or cattle of different colours are crossed, cases, in which the breed has not been crossed, but some ancient character species (and conversely with the white-flowered variety), when crossed crossing of the differently coloured varieties of the same species, is PLANTS--STERILITY OF CROSSED SPECIES DUE TO DIFFERENCES CONFINED TO THE In some few cases varieties tend to keep distinct, by breeding at different plants crossed species should have been rendered sterile by a different 2921 matter; we must endeavour to look into the foundations of living Nature, be the upper part of the animal--that great mass of bones that we spoke off by all living beings, in the form of organic matters, are constantly with the plant, of the organic with the inorganic world, which is shown organic life from inorganic matters, and as constant a return of the matter of living bodies to the inorganic world; so that the materials supporting the masses of flesh and the various organs forming the living that you see, this living animal, this horse, begins its existence as to those conditions of inorganic matter in which its substance But, as you know, horses are not the only living creatures in the world; same organs that I have already shown you as forming parts of the Horse. from the inorganic world, but that the forces of that matter are all of 2922 multiplicity of the forms of animal life, great as that may be, may be deposits itself above it, and forms another layer, and in that way you gradually have layers of mud constantly forming and hardening one above that the different beds shall be older at any particular point or spot question--is this, the sea-bottom on which the deposit takes place is many times, it follows that the thickness of the deposits formed at any mud, and beds, or strata, are being as constantly formed, one above the of limestones in which such fossil remains of existing animals are other animals existing in the sea, the shells of which form exceedingly case, but even when animal remains have been safely imbedded, certain of these orders of animals have lived at a former period of the world''s different beds through which I passed the remains of animals which I 2923 ORGANIC NATURE ARE TO BE DISCOVERED.--THE ORIGINATION OF LIVING BEINGS phenomena of Organic Nature, I must now turn to that which constitutes same way, the man of science replies to objections of this kind, by walk to a knowledge of the origin of organic nature, in the same way causes of the phenomena of organic nature, or, at any rate, setting out that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, second general law that you have arrived at in the same way is, that other way than by a man''s hand and shoe, the marks in question have been by the natural probabilities of the case, and if you will be kind enough to four forms: one a kind of animal or plant that we know nothing about, same kind of infusion, and left one entirely exposed to the air, and 2924 The cases of asexual perpetuation are by no means so common as the cases of sexual perpetuation; and they are by no means so common in This tendency to variation is less marked in that mode of propagation the experiment in each case, the offspring is entirely different in great extent; but this second cause of variation cannot be considered his notice of a variation in the form of a human member, in the person fingers upon each hand, and the like number of toes to each of his feet. the present, I mention only these two cases; but the extent of variation tendency to variation; the third was Andre; he had five fingers and five We have in this case a good example of nature''s tendency to the let me now point out what took place in the case of Seth Wright''s sheep, variation distinct from the original stock, and make them breed 2925 be as different in their structure from the original stock as species There is no doubt that breeds may be made as different as species in to this in the different races known to be produced by selective in the case of distinct species; then you have, as the result of their which have been developed by selective breeding from varieties to return noticed the great differences in these breeds, that if, among any of important one--is this: Does this selective breeding occur in nature? same thing--that varieties exist in nature within the limits of species, As to the first point, of varieties existing among natural species, I animal may vary in nature; that varieties may arise in the way I have animal or a plant lives or grows; for example, the station of a fish as a matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there 2926 ORIGIN OF SPECIES," IN RELATION TO THE COMPLETE THEORY OF THE CAUSES OF objections which have been made to the ''Origin of Species.'' Mr. Darwin, hypothesis, having supposed cause for the phenomena in question, we must causes of the phenomena exist in nature; that they are what the known causes are competent to produce those phenomena. the supposed cause existed in nature, because it was competent to phenomena of organic nature, past and present, result from, or are do these supposed causes of the phenomena exist in nature? fact that in nature these properties of organic matter--atavism and rock-pigeon, as the members of any great natural group have with a real if you accept Mr. Darwin''s hypothesis, and see reason for believing that of organic nature which has preceded the one which now exists, presents that the structural differences between man and the lower animals are of 2928 2929 the nature of the objects to which the word "species" is applied; but it group of animals, or of plants, a species, we may imply thereby, either animals are really of different physiological species, or not, seeing many natural species are either absolutely infertile if crossed with produced in the same way, the groups are races and not species. others produced in the same way, they are true physiological species. species goes, is, that there are such things in Nature as groups of ever exhibits, when crossed with another race of the same species, those or stocks, the doctrine of the origin of species is obviously not of structural plan exhibited by large groups of species differing very The objections to the doctrine of the origin of species by special permanent races and then into new species, by the process of ''natural characters exhibited by species in Nature, has ever been originate 2930 In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin''s great work have made their appearance. "Darwin," says Professor Kolliker, "is, in the fullest sense of the The teleological general conception adopted by Darwin is a mistaken according to general laws of Nature, and may be either useful, or Darwin''s Theory will do for the organic world. conditions in which it is found; for the Darwinian an organism exists Kolliker''s conception of Mr. Darwin''s hypothesis. "If Darwin is right, it must be demonstrated that forms may be produced "The existence of general laws of Nature explains this harmony, even if explained by the "existence of general laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin endeavours to explain the exact order of organic nature which exists; influence of a general law of development, the germs of organisms which we term the "conditions of existence," is to living organisms. non-existent: and, as Darwin "imagina" natural selection, so Harvey 2936 existence who look upon geology as Brindley regarded rivers. different kinds of living beings; the second, that the order of between series of strata, containing organic remains, in different first of all living existences; and to trace out the law of progress in time of a "great epoch"--whether it means a hundred years, or a form have not either come into existence by chance, nor result from changes in the living population of the globe during geological time of the case, we possess more abundant positive evidence regarding Fishes are represented in the Coal, either by existing genera, or by forms great as is their range in time, a large mass of evidence has recently modification, the fact is, so far, evidence in favour of a general law more embryonic, or less differentiated, than the existing forms. type in a great many groups of animals of long-continued geological 29739 be a law of nature if each species has been independently created no man other species possess differently coloured flowers, than if all allied species, when placed under widely different conditions of life, modification of their descendants, causes the forms of life, after long As species have generally diverged in character during their long course yet distant species occur, doubtful forms and varieties belonging to the species, by the general succession of the forms of life. a distinct species by descent from some lower form, through the laws of of the species, as well as through natural selection in relation to the It is also well known that animals in a state of nature produce white in the colour, form and structure of all animals, has furnished There is a general harmony in nature between the colours of an animal have insects which are formed as well as coloured so as exactly to 31316 Scrope, Wallace, Lyell and Darwin--and, with some of them, I was long on Lyell at a time when he was still unacquainted with Hutton''s works, and The most important influence of Lyell''s great work is seen, however, in How Lyell''s first volume inspired Darwin with his passion for geological referring to it as ''Lyell''s grand work on the _Principles of Geology_, All through his life, Darwin, like Lyell, showed a positive Darwin''s mind towards the great problem that came to be the work of his from the great work of Lyell'' he thought ''some valuable conclusions great influence exercised by Lyell and his works on Darwin--an influence For a time there was hesitation, as Darwin''s correspondence with Lyell Both Lyell and Darwin insisted that geology is a work with Lyell at Geological Society, 105; great influence of Lyell''s works on Darwin and Evolution, 150; Slavery, views of Lyell and Darwin, 76 33862 _Osmotic Pressure._--Like the molecules of a gas, the molecules of a solute molecular concentration and osmotic pressure of a solution is by Hence the difference of osmotic pressure of the sugar in the two solutions _Action of Solutions of Different Degrees of Concentration on Living measure the osmotic pressure in a muscle by finding a salt solution in drops, one of water, and one of a salt solution of greater concentration and how liquids subjected only to differences of osmotic pressure diffuse the phosphate solution is placed on the gelatine in the form of a drop, we organic forms by precipitation from inorganic solutions. _Osmotic Membranes._--Certain substances in concentrated solution have the Osmotic growths may be obtained from a great number of chemical substances. solutions of calcium salts, but in this case the osmotic growths are not so osmotic growth played in the evolution of living forms, and what traces of 34077 protective coloring has selective value for the species, that is, that if will carry us in the explanation of such cases--natural selection, I mean, place where it is determined what variations of the parts of the organism by man rests on the fact that by means of the selection of individuals progressive variation of a given part is produced by continued selection in displacement of the zero-point of variation as the result of selection. that the displacement of the zero-point of variation by personal selection this or that primary variation''s being preferred, the selective process process of adaptation rested entirely {52} on personal selection. variation by personal selection, is impossible; for where all units are expected, if it is a fact that selection favors only the useful variations Without the Aid of Natural Selection_, 1894, regards the variations transforming the species, but that definitely directed variation is 35490 Young Star-fish (Astracanthion) in different stages tentacles or in the form, size, color, and texture of the body, are animals having so little solidity, and consisting so largely of water. represent, and indeed are themselves the distinct individuals (Fig. 17) composing the community, and they look not unlike the star-shaped large gelatinous umbrella-like disks, commonly called Jelly-fishes, we must not leave unnoticed one very remarkable Hydroid Acaleph (Fig. 24), not found in our waters, and resembling the Polyps so much, that The Campanella (Fig. 51) is a pretty little Jelly-fish, not larger (Fig. 73), another very pretty little Jelly-fish, closely allied to In Fig. 90 we have the little Jelly-fish in its adult condition, about Looked at from the under or the oral side, as seen in Fig. 134, the animal presents the mouth, a circular aperture furnished with Star-fish, for these two cavities will develop into two water-tubes, 37221 In the course of a series of divisions the eight cells come to form finally, each different kind of cell in the whole body contains a specific first cleavage of the egg-cell become different, so that the one contains these organs--determined by the number of cells composing them--depend upon ''cannot _become_ different in the cells of the fully formed organism; the otherwise the different products of the division of the egg-cell could not masses of cells which grow into organs of definite form and of complex body cell-groups, which may give rise to complex organs in unnatural single-celled organisms exhibit only doubling division, as by that alone development nor upon the characters of the cells (fixed germplasm, represent characters of the adult due to groups of cells and organisms, he influences, as determined by the whole organism, and only by the cell Both cases--the course of the development of the egg-cell into a man, and 38584 on Insect variation (with reference to external disturbing causes) to remark the variation to which certain insects are at times liable certain species, is not remarkable; but that every individual insect insect-aberration generally, whether regarded as a _universal fact_ appear to produce any very decided modifying effect on insect form, and which has been naturalized even in the Madeira Islands, passes insects is liable to be controlled by the physical state of the areas common in the other species of the generic group[26]." isolation over insect form is perhaps more especially to be detected influence of isolation and other circumstances on external insect There are many insects which appear to have _two distinct states_, case in the northern and southern ones), whilst in Madeira proper it the local nature of its various species, 152, 153. States, large and small ones indicated in some insects, 105. 39910 the second great period of organic existence.'' The reply seemed composed of organic remains, were formed before the clay was deposited animals manifest no less interesting an approximation to existing forms inferred the existence of vast periods of past time from geological existed in the form of a _planule_, a minute soft-bodied, pear-shaped development; the young unexpanded leaves grow within two large leaf-like form, developing many Hydroid polypes, just like itself, by successive In this species each periodic deposit took the form of a a long-lived animal; and a period of many years must have passed in created present us with any evidences of a past existence, and if so, does appear, its existence as an organism capable of developing the If the Tree-frog afforded us evidence of pre-existent time, in the process of development, however, new locomotive organs are formed; and the earth, at its creation, evidence of its having existed ages before 39969 Plants furnish man with the greater part of his food in the form conditions in their surroundings in order to live: water, air, food, a All Animals depend on Green Plants.--But insects in their turn are the food _(d) How a plant or animal is able to use its food supply._ _(e) How a plant or animal prepares food to use in various parts all our work with plants and animals that the problem of food supply is the bodies of all animals, including man, starchy foods are changed in a called pitcher plants, use as food the decayed bodies of insects which fall in soil, from the bodies of dead plants and animals, or even from foods and other parts of growing plants useful to man as food. A living plant or animal takes organic food, water, and oxygen Needs of plants and animals: (1) food, (2) water, (3) 42606 close resemblance between butterflies belonging to different families and by certain peculiarities in the form or colour or habits of a species. mimic so closely in appearance species belonging to an entirely different to the three different forms of female, of which one is like the male while female alone of some unprotected species mimics a model with obnoxious serves {24} as a model for several species belonging to different groups. forms are close mimics of a common Danaine or Acraeine model. form, and with its strong red colour and black wing margins broken by white Both supposed that in general colour and pattern the groups to which model resemblance shewn by this form to another species of Swallow-tail, _Papilio years to breeding the different forms of this butterfly in Ceylon[45]. Observations on birds attacking butterflies where mimetic forms occur have resemblances between different species of butterflies have been brought 44582 quoted the two forms concerned are really distinct species, but the Species were formed by the act of Nature, who by inter-mixing the genera a natural and physiological distinction between species and variety. forms are this original parental species. type how comes it that B may range through some twenty distinct forms, Compare the condition of a variable form like the male Ruff (or in division may be presented by the bodies of animals and plants in forms case of a species which acquires a new factor and emits a dominant general rule that _species_-hybrids breed true, but that the cross-breds studied the curious colour variations of this species especially in the The relation of local forms to species has often been discussed from types as distinct species, but they are in any case closely allied, and special case of a problem which in its more general form is that of the 49818 the matter, that a general work on Animal Life and Intelligence, if organisms are formed either of single cells or of a number of related animals the cells in different parts of the body take on different forms individual is produced from some group of cells in the parent organism. In higher forms of life the organs which are set apart for the the organic world called forth by the action of natural elimination. the higher forms of animal life, the organisms are either female representative cell-germs, should develop into an organism resembling the chapter on "Organic Evolution," the varied forms of animal life are difference is that one school says the organ is developed in the species variations in the end-organs of the special senses, fitting them to be And this naturally suggests the question whether those sense-organs in process of organic elimination through natural selection. 5273 Views and Definitions of Species--How Darwin''s differs from that of Agassiz, Nature to secure Cross-Fertilization of Individuals.-Reference to Mr. Darwin''s Development of this View Darwin''s "Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection," as a review of In applying his principle of natural selection to the work in hand, Mr. Darwin assumes, as we have seen: i. species and organs through natural agencies, the author means a series of perusal of the new book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural So long as the existing species of plants and animals were thought to have the origination of species through variation and natural selection of such works as the "Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection," the "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the 54612 produce changes of molecular arrangement in organic matter. A certain general trait of animal organization may fitly be named distinguishes the changes taking place in an organism during life from The facts of structure shown in an individual organism, are of two The structural changes which any series of individual organisms exhibits, which the force generated in organisms by chemical change, is transformed structures in individual organisms, come the facts showing that functions, and presently unite to form certain parts of the growing structures. together, form the different organs: we have to observe the general and certain general truths displayed by animal organization at large. germ-cells, in some cases arising in different organs set apart for their causes by which organic forms are changed. occurrence in other organic forms, of changes great enough to produce what different parts are exposed, every individual organic aggregate, like all 58867 Natural history had a parallel development with comparative anatomy, animals and plants, greatly advanced the subject of natural history. Von Baer, by his studies of the development of animal life, supplied Besides working on the structure and life-histories of animals, by his great work on the development of animals in 1828, before the organization of animal and plant life, he did much to extend the number of studies upon the structure of organisms, both plant and animal, cell-theory into better form, and in 1858 published a work on _Cellular life in animals and vegetables, a work that had general influence life had a great influence in the development of higher animal forms. different kinds of animals and plants, in working out their anatomy and The theory of organic evolution relates to the history of animal and plant life, while Darwin''s theory of natural selection is only one of 59516 face of the equinoctial swamps, but Wellesley knew that the giant "Here, boy," said Wellesley, who neither liked nor trusted children. "I guess he''s drunk," Joseph said. "Over there is my ship," Joseph said, pointing. thought he heard the slap-slap of bare feet running past his door. Wellesley called Amos Sealilly, who had been avoiding him all day. "In which case," said Sealilly, "you will not come back, and that will "You won''t have to do that," Joseph said. "His name is Omur," Joseph said. "Closer than brothers," Joseph said, scratching Omur''s head. "Omur went up the pipe," Joseph said, "but _you_ can get him." There "We''ll see," said Lieutenant Wellesley brusquely. "Believe that I am grateful," Wellesley said, "I''m not afraid," Joseph said. "It''s _my_ rocket," said Joseph''s disembodied voice, from somewhere "It''s the fastest ship in the universe," Joseph said. "_I_ am not laughing," said Wellesley, with a strange lump in his 6335 co-existence in ancient times of Man with certain species of mammalia new living species of shells obtained from different parts of the globe period to form so great a thickness as 20 feet. recent species, traced up to a height of 14 feet above the sea by Mr. W.J. Hamilton at Elie, on the southern coast of Fife, is doubtless -PLEISTOCENE PERIOD--BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN -PLEISTOCENE PERIOD--BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN It has naturally been asked, if Man co-existed with the extinct species the present valley, we discover an old extinct river-bed covered by no want of bones of mammalia belonging to extinct and living species. remains; but at some points marine shells of Recent species are said to the glacial period, 2000 feet below its present level, and other parts S. Fossil shells of recent species in the drift at this point. 6882 When we think of these creatures as little men (which is all wrong A race of civilized beings descended from these great cats would Like ants and bees, the cat race is nervous. If a planet of super-cat-men could look down upon ours, they would not know which to think was the most amazing: the way we tamely live, In a world of super-cat-men, I suppose there would have been fewer which makes mere men feel speechless: but with all love for When great power comes naturally to people, it is used more urbanely. A sudden vision comes to me of one of the first far-away ape-men who to accomplish such an ambition, yet simians won''t like to think it''s civilized simian, every day of his life, in addition to whatever simian feelings,--wars, accidents, love affairs, and family quarrels. In a simian civilization, great halls the great cats, simians tend to undervalue the body. 6919 "Species originated by means of natural selection, or through the commend this state of mind to students of species, with respect to Mr. Darwin''s or any other hypothesis, as to their origin. In the course of the present year several foreign commentaries upon Mr. Darwin''s great work have made their appearance. "existence of General laws of Nature." Mr. Darwin endeavours to explain the exact order of organic nature which exists; not the mere fact that there is probability in favour of the evolution of man from some lower animal form, Moreover, if the animal nature of man was the result of evolution, so must edition of the _Origin of Species_.] up to the year 1858, when Mr. Darwin and Mr. Wallace published their "Theory of Natural Selection." The present condition of animated nature, until we found that each species took matter of fact, that for every species of animal or plant there are fifty 7234 of mutation assumes that new species and varieties are produced from The question of the experimental origin of new species and varieties has single individual, or a small group of plants, or a lot of seeds. In some cases his species were real plants, and the varieties seemed to saved the seeds of a single plant of each supposed variety separately. term "variety" in opposition to "species." The larger groups of forms, garden-varieties differ from their species by a single sharp character White varieties of species with red or blue flowers are the most common leaves and red fruits; its white flowered variety may be distinguished this lecture, we have seen that varieties differ from elementary species From this seed plants of a wholly different type came the next year, of variety next to the red or blue-flowering species, or thornless forms in Many large genera of hybrid garden-flowers owe their origin to species